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►
UNIVERSAL GAZETTEER,
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PRINCIPAL
KNOWN WORLD,
(.lb
BY R. BROOKES, M. D.
■ WSttLI K>-VaBBI.I.U> A*t> TH nilTOBIUL IBV IT&TItncAL DtMkTaMT 1
DOWV to THI rKUMUT FRKIOD,
Bt JOHN MARSHALL, ESQ.
ILLDSTRATED WITH TWO HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS.
* roB 1890; 4 vibcbiptiok or tai i
BRIEF DICTIONART OF COMMERCE,
ALL THE MOMKTS IN THK UTOITM WOMLD,
TvnoH* iHD Aiaooii^ioai ; i>v ■
PHILADBLPHU:
PUBLISHED BY W. MARSHALL * Oa
EuTEMMD acooidiiig to AU of Congreiii la the jmt 1638» by
W. MamhiTiT. ft Co.,
in the (Mtee of the CLerk of the INftrict Coun of the Eutern District of Pennsyl^nie.
NEW UrflVERSAL GAZETTEER,
OB
GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY.
IB
AA
AAy the sue o^ *3 riYcn, in Wmaia fiinope, iac in the Gnmd Ducky ef the lower RUne,
m. lit, liaee $n Bamogitia, rone throoffh the ftfling info the Rhine, the other riaing In Naaec,
Daehj of Conriaad into the beyof Ria; Stad^in ftUinf into the Lahn.
Saioof ,&Uing into Lake Blanken; 3a. in Bwiti- Amtgrntu fenneilj a dietrict, hat fimned into ft
tfland, fallinir into Lake Looeme ; 4tli, do. into eanton of Switierlaad ; about 060 i^. m. in ea»
Uke Wakt^ten; 5th, do. into the Aar river; tent Pop. in 1796 abooi 130^000.
Gth,in Weetohnlm, falling into the Wehr; 7th, JimrkuuSf the eeoond of the four bifhopri^ of
do. into the V echt ; 8th, do. into the Enia ; 9th, Jutland ; it ia a very frmtftd diftrict, o» «Ihi V.
ID Holland, filing into the Veeht, at Swaririuys ; aide of the Peninsnla, extending for about 60 m.
10th, do. into tJie Oldyeeel ; Uth. in Oreryieel, along the ahore of the Cattegat, bounded on the
(alUaginto '.^akeGiter; li2th, in Biihant, fUUng W. by the biahoprie of Viborg, intereeoted by
iato tne Dommel ; and 13th, in pea de Calaia, nmnerooa atreama. abounding with fiah, and m
Fiance, &Uing into the aea at Gravelinea. richly adorned witn fbreela. It containa the ree-
Juk, the name of a river in Switaerland, and idencea of a great portion of the nobility of Den-
oT two olhen in Suahia. ind alao of a town in mark. The chief town of the aanie name ie ait-
Soahia, about 90 milee N. of Conatance. uate on the coaat, in 56. 10. N. lat. 10. 13. E. lonyr.
AakmUfitm ehief townof a amall district of the The town a divided into two unequal parte, by
nme name, in the govern ment of Munsier, one water oonveyed ftom a lake about 15 m. in the in*
of the Pniaainii atatea, in the province of West- terior. It is largo and populous ; and haa sis
philia. 8^tM» ^<' principal churches, two market-plaoes ;
Aum'Charmim.h village near Jerusalem, said to a univerilty, a nee-ecfaool, and a weU-«ndowed
be the puAce wheie Zachariua lived. It ia fie- homital, and haa a considerable trade in grain,
qoentcd by pilgrima; and near it theie ia a eon- timber, dbc.
vtot. a huge elegant building, with a handsome jferon's IdamiL See St. Mida,
copoia, ana under H an eztxaordinary fine moaaio Aaraiubwrg. t. Northumberland Co. Pa. It is
pavement; the A ar, which is a very aplendid aituated a little more than a mile E. of Elk ereek,
one, enoompoeeed with marble 8tepe,is aaid to be whieh unites with Penn*s oreek, BUling into the
boilt on the very spot where Joan the Bi^tist Susquehanna, 5 m. bekvw Sunbury
was bom. JianmAwrg^ p.t. Centre Co. ra. 15 m. K.
JkSktrg, one of the four bishopries of the Pen- Bellelbnte.
insular province of Jutland, being the aaoet Mmck or Wtiimibmrgf a market town in Lower
Dorthcriy part, and about 190 square milee in ex- Bavaria, aeated on tiM Danube, 7 m. ftom Ratie-
lent, containing about 90,000 inhahitanta. The bon. It is di^nded bv a citadel, and is remark-
chief town, of t»Ae aame name, is sitoale on the able for Roman antiquities, aa well ts Ibr tti min-
nuth coast of the CNilf of Lymfiord, in N.lat 67. eial wateri, which are ceMurated for euringvaii-
3. E. kmg. 7. 56. Next to Copenhagen it ia the OM diseases. Long. II. 56. £. kt.'48. 58. If.
most considerable town in Denmark. It haa an Mtdt. or Skmdt Abrnde^ a village of E^ypt, en
exchange for merchanta; the epieoop^ nakee, the left bank of the Nile, 80 m. 8. of Cairo; im*
two churches, two poor-housea, a hospital, oon- mense architectural ruins testify its having been
vent and cathedral scho<d-house^ are all respeet»* the alte of a gnat and populous ei^.
ble edifices; a^d it haa a oonsiderahle trade in Jthmitk, a oonaideraMe town at the Bovth of
com, heiringa, dre-arms, saddles, gloves. Ac. It the Tigris, pn^inoe of Fua, Penda.
WIS taken by the Swedea m 1643 and 1668 JMtmuk, a town situate oo a braneh of the
^sr, a large river in Switaerland, whMi rises river Yenisei, in the province ci Kottmrane,
ra a lake, near Mount Saalbery, in the 8. of the flovemment of Tobolsk, Asiatie Russia. It waa
euton of Bern, and running N. W. throuoh the founded in 1707, and rebuilt in 1735, and since
whole extent of tibe lake oT Brienx and Tdma to fortified : some aneient tomba with fine ineorip-
Bem, takes a eirenitous course to Boleure ; tions, beepeak it to have been a plane of impor-
whenee it flowa £. to Arburg,aiid N. E. to Bragg; tance, prior to the oonquest of Siberia by Russia.
bekiw which, being joined by the Reum and N.lat 54. E. kmg. 91. 14.
Uaunett, it folia intr iie Rhine Oftpoaite Wald^ AMak, a town m the vicinity of Siberia, eele
KkMt; also the name of two other rivers,oae via- braled foran image of the Virgin, whieh is vimt
f
I
a
ABB 6 ABE
ftd \iy many pilffrima, and earned in proceaaion aontheni extremity of the FHth of Forth, lyinff fai
annually to ToDolaki. the pa^^ of Coldingham and the co. of Berwiok,
Abana, a river of Syria, oalled in Scripture, to- Scotland, about 10 milea N. of Berwick, and the
cethcr with Pharpar, riveri of Damaaeua.— «ee aame diatance 8. from Dunbar. W. loxup. 2. 8.
2 Kinga V. 12. hit. 65. 56. N.
Jbtmeay, a proTinee of Peru, 8. America ; the JSMa^ a amall but fertile proT. of Moioeoo.
vince, and another town in C^nca, province of It ia leated on a apacioua open bay in the Little
Quito. Belt, aurrounded on three aidea by high monn«
Jihano, a conaiderable town of Italy, in the vi- taina, which render the harbour aafe. Pop. about
olnity of Padua, diatingniahed for iU hot aulphu- 3,000. Long. 9. 26. £. Ut 66. 3. N.
bathe. Jibmuperg or Jihentbergf a town in the circle of
JhaMia, or Mgah, a country of Aaiatic Runia, Begen, Bavaria, aeated on the Abena, near tbr
iyinff between the Caapian and Black Seaa. The Danube, 16 m. S. W. of Ratiabon.
inhiS. are eatimated at about 160,000, subaiating Mar, a village in Caemarvonahire, N. Walea.
ehiefly by hunting and plunder, and apeaking a 6 m. £. from Ban^ror, on the direct road from
lingnaf e peculiar to themaelvea. London to Holyhead. Pop. 625.
dAo-l^fear, a j^atinate of Upper Hungary, *,* There are 16 towna and villagea in Walea,
•bout 7(K) aq. m. m extent, divided into 102 par- to which the word Aber ia prefixed, which ligni-
iihea. Pop. about 120,000. Be9 the fall of a leaser water into a greater, and
Mbf a town in Yemen, Arabia. usually refers to a place aituate at the mouth of a
JibbehkalL a village, 12 m. from Gloucester, 3 river,
from Newnham, Eng. noted fi»r a mineral spring, Jiberbroikoekf or Arhroatk, an ancient royal burgh
verv efficacious in the cure of cutaneous eruptiona. and sespport, aituate at the estuary of the river
Jibberhmf or Jtlberhury, a large parish, divided Brothock, jntrtly in a pariah of the same name,
into 6 townships, in Shropshire, and 4 othera in and partly in mat of St. Vifeans, in the co. of
Montgomerydiire, contaimng together 1,946 in- ' Forfar, Scotland, 66 m. N. N. £. of Edinburgh,
habitanta. The village of Albexbury is 7 m. W. in 66. 34. N. lat. and 2. 36. W. long. William I.
of Shrewsbury. Pop. 332. It was formerly the sumamed the Lion, kinv of Scotland, founded a
site of an alien priory and castle. magnificent abbey at Arbroath, in 1178, and con-
jMemUe, a considerable town of France, in the ferred upon it yerj extensive immunities. Some
department of Somme, and late province of Pi- vestiges of the bmlding still remain to attest its
oardy, se^ed in a pleaaant valley, where the riv- former grandeur. A murbor was formed in 1194,
er Somme divides mto several branches, and sep- to the eaatward of the present one ; the impor-
arates the town into two parts. It ia pretty well tance of the town declined with the devaatation of
peopled; has a woollen manufactoiy, tiesidea the abbey, during the ruthless period of the refor-
manufactories of sail-cloth. It lies 16 m. £. from raation. The commerce of the town revived about
the British Channel. 20 N. W. fVom Amiens, 52* the year 1738. when the linen manuftcture waa
S. of Calaia^ and 80 N. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 5. introduced, wnich pro^ssiveljir extended up to
lat. 60. 7. N. the commencement of^the war in 1793, when it
MbmiaUj a village near Pershore, noted for a was vastly promoted by the increased demand
bitter apenent mineral spring; also another vil- for sail-cloth. 4,000 to 5,000 tone of doping be-^
lage, 6 m. S. of Colchester. lon^ to the town, part or which is employ^ in
MbemlU, a district of S. Carolina, about 700 aq. the importation of flax, deab, &c. from the Bai-
rn, in extent. The landa are agreeably diveraified tic. A public library was established in 1727 ; a
with hill and dale, well watered and productive, new town-hall has been more recently erected,
Pop. 2B434. The chief town of the same name and the town at lerge haa undergone considera-
is aituate on Savannah river, 118 m.W. by N. of ble improvement. The hariwur at spring tides
Qolumbia. will only admit vessels of about 200 tons burthen,
AhheyfedU, a parish in Connello, Upper Barony, but being exeeedinglr well sheltered and oommo-
e#. of Limerick, Ireland, containing, in 18Sa, diooa, and easily made, it affords security to ves-
3,070 inhab. The village contains 437 of the in- sels of easy draught of water. Arbroatii is, how-
hab. It had formerly a monastery, and in the vi- ever, a manufacturing rather than a commercial
einity are the ruina ca Purt Castle. town, it haa 3 fairs annually. 31st of Jan. SM
Jmof-Grun, a village, in thejparish of Leamah- Wed. of June, and 18th of July. Pop. in 1821
gow, eo. of Lsinark ; B m. S. W. of the town of 8,972.
Lanark. It had formerly an abbey, and alao a Ahtreom, a village and pariah, in the co. of Lin-
pnory. l^e entire parish of Lesmahgow con- lithgow^ Scotland, on the S. bank of the Tnth of
(ained 6,692 inhab. in 1821. Forth, 12 m. W. of Edinburgh. A monastery ex-
Mbey-Haimef a quarter of the pariah of Holm isted here in the 7th oentu^ ; and the casUe of
Cnltram, co. of Cumberland. Pop. of the entire Aberoom was a place of great strength in the fk
parish in 1821, 2,772, and of the Abbejr quarter, mUy of the Douglasses. It was £smantled in
758, which is pleasantly aituate on the river Wa- 1446, and no trace of either monastery or castle
▼er, 27 m. N. of Penritn. now rematna. Abercom still gives tne British
MbeuldXf a parish in CuOinaffh Barony, title of Marquis, and the Scottish title of Earl to a
Queen a Co. Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 0,486. The branch of the family of Hamilton. The Roman
town is sometimes called Clonkyne, and contains wall is said to have begun in this narish. The
about 2,000 of the inhab. 48 m. S. W . of Dublin, village has increased in importance since iSlOjJar
MboUt9wnf p.t. York Co. Pa. ita contiguity to the Union Canal. Pop. in 1821,
AbbeyviUef p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. 143 m. 1,044.
fVnm Richmond. Ahtreom, v. Effingham Co. Geo. 18 m. H. Sa
JiW» H^adf St. a promoDtory, forming the vannah
ABE 7 ABE
djiirrftwi^ tlM prinQiml eitf in the North of pvUk hotldSafi mo tho lown-hBll, mttket*lMMn*y
Sootiaad, aituated on the ooMt of the Genoon the hooM of the Aberdeen Banking CompeBT,
ocean, et the efflux of the hyn Dee and Don, e oroM, an octagon boilding of onrioue wors-
127 m. N. E. from Eidinbaigb It hae an obaer^ manahip, a diapeniary, infirmary, and lonatio asy*
▼atorj ; in Ion. 3. 90. W. £t 57. 9. N. Under Inm, a poov-houae, teideweU, faol, and extensiTe
the denomination of Aberdeen are comprehended banracka. An elegant alreet fnm the 8. ia eon-
two towna, diatingaiflfaed aa the Old and Xlsw, tinnedoTaranaren of cut granite, 132 ft. apan, 99
which, however, are almoet nnited by their le^ in height, and 40 wide fistween the parapete.
apectiTo 8fri>iirba. Aberdeen had formerly aaveral religiona honaea ;
Aierdemy Old, formerly Aberdon. in the pariah beaidea the oniTeratty, there ia areapeetable gram-
of Old MachaTj or St Maohar, ia pieaaantly aita- mar aohool and aevenl alma-honaea, and npwaida
aled on an emmenoe near the mouth of the river of 90 plaoea for religiona worihip. The harbonr
Don, about a mile north of the New Town. It waa rormerly dangeroua, but haa been rendered
m of great anticraity, and waa of some importance aafe and oommodioua, by apier 1,900 ft. in lengthi
ID lomr ago aa 893, when, according to tradition, and % in perpendicular height ; and the conatme-
kiii|g^ Gregory the Great conferred on it aome pe- tion of wet docks, anthoriaed by an act of itelia-
euliar privileges, but no anthentic fecorda are ex- ment, in 1810. Aoerdeen waalormeriy celenrated
tant pnor to 1154. By charter, the free buroesa- for the manufteture of knit stockings, and woollen
ea or the town are vested with tne power of cEoos- fUnics generally, which, althoufffa still carried on
in^ their own magistracy, who are a jptovost, 3 to some extent, are now superseded in importaaee
beiliea^ a treasurer, and council, with the deacons bv the linen and cotton manufactures, which, in
of 6 moorporated trades. The town eonaists autiieir branches, are carried on to a great extent,
ehieflv of one lonff atreet. There ia a neat There ia a valuable salmon fiahery in the Dee ; a
town-nonse, a new JEnilding, and a Trades Hcs- considerable number of vessels are built at Aber-
pital for decayed freemen and their widows, and deen, and about 40,000 tons belong to it. It hae
a hospital for 13 poor men, founded b^ Biahop several puhUc bieweriea, rope works, iron fonn-
William Dunbar, in 1539. But the cmef oma- deries, oc. and three fairs annually on the 31st
ment of CMd Aberdeen is the large and stately ia- Jan. 3rd Wed. in June, and 13th or July ; a canal
brie of Kinff *8 College, founded by Bishop Elphin- 19 m. in length to Inverary, ccmtribntes not a lit-
stone, in 1494, situ&d on the S. side of the town, tie to the advantage of botn places.
It is built round a square, with cloisters on the Jtherdeen. a county of Scotland, bounded on the
eonth aide. The structure contains a chapel, li- N. W. by Banfishire, and the Deveron ; on the N.
brary, museum, common hall, and lecture-rooms, and N. £. by the German Ocean : on the S. by the
rugged and
town,' bein^ formerly the aeat of a bishop, had a mountainous, some of the hills risingto tne height
most magmficient cathedral, first founded m 1154, of 4,000 ft. above the level of the sea, covered in
but the preaent edifice was begun by Bishop Kin- some parts, with extensive natural forests ; the N.
nimontn, in 1357, and was 80 years in building ; part is bleoJc and barren ; but the midland parts of
it was dedicated to St. Machar, but like many the co. are more fertile ; and since the period of
others it fell a sacrifice to the religious frenxy of 1788, have undergone improvementa ecual to any
the reformers. Two very antique spires, and one part of Scotland. Its rivers are the Dee, Don,
aisle, which is used as a cnureh, are all that is now Ythan, Bo^e, Urie, Ugie, Cruden ; and the Dev-
left. In this cathedral there waa a fine library, eron, for many miles forms its boundary with the
which was also destroyed. Over the Don at Ola co. of Banff; all of which abound- more or less,
Aberdeen, there is a noble Gothic bridge, built by with salmon, and on the Tthan some valuable
Bishop Cbeyne, in 1981, of one arch. A'feet span pearls have been found. Its mineral productions
and 34 1-9 high from the surface of tne river. On are various, but none of much note, except the
both sides it rests on a solid ledse of rock. The granite, the exportation of which constantly em-
pi^Milation of Old Aberdeen and parish was 3,901 ploys several 100 tons of shipping,
m 1801, and 18,319 in 1891. Jherdseiiy p.t. Brown Co. Ohio, on the nver
Merdeen, JVhe, u the capital of the shire of Aber- Ohio, opposite Mavsville.
deen. For extent, trade and beauty, it far exceeds Jibertumrj a parish in the N. of Aberdeenshire, on
any town in the north of Scotland. It is built on the S. coast or Murray Frith. Pop. in 1891, 1 ,496
a gentle eminence, rising firom a small bay, form- also another pariah and village 9 m. W. of Burnt^
e£by the river Dee, over which there is an elegant Island, in the co. of life, Scotland. Fop. in
Mdge of 7 arches, rebuilt in 1794, the first having 1891, 1^.
been built by Bishop Dunbar, in 1539. The streets Mafirrd, a town in the W. riding of Torfc-
aie numerous, spacious, and well paved; the shire, 9 m. N. of Ferrybridge, on the direct road to
houses are built of granite, {from adjoining quar- Durum; it haa a market on Wed. and 4 feir*
ries) generally four storiea high, remariLabhr neat annually. Pop. of the parish 900, of the town
and elegant, having almost nmversa]ly,garaens in 579.
their rear. The whole town is about two miles Aberfrow, a village pleasantly aituate near the
in circumference, and in 1891 contained a popu- coast of Cnmarvon oay, on the isle of Angleaaa,
lation of 91,484. The municipal government is 9 m. W. of Llangefni, on the direct roan firom
vested in a provost, 4 bailies, a dean of ffuild, Ban^r to Hd|vhead ; it had formerly a palace,
treasurer, town-clerk, a town council, and 7 dea^ at wnich 11 Princes of Walea are aaid to have
eons of incorporated trades. The town is a royal reaided. It haa 4 feira annuaUv, 7th March. Wed.
borgli, and uniting witii Aberbrothock, Brechin, after Trinity, 93rd Oct and 11th t>ec. Pop. in
Inverbervie, and Montrose, sends a member to 1821, 1,904.
parliament. New Aberdeen is graced with an AbtrgmDmmy, a town of Monmouthshire, situ*
elegant college, founded by George Keith, the ato at tibe confluence of the river Gavenny wHh
Bar! Mtirisehal of Seotiaad, in 1593. Ito other the Usk, over the latter is a fine bridge of 15
MM 8 A0T
14 m. W. of MoamMlh; it hv the ai- yerf gM«U and it Iwa t eomidmhie mumlutaM
▼sBtige of » ooUttenl out froot Che comli fiom of eoane linen, eeokiny, dco. It ie divided into
lireoon to the Britieh chinnol : then m eomo two pomhee, eoeh having a ehnich, and Knda
ooaaidBfable iion worka in the vioinitf , and it alao one member to jMrttunent. Pep. in 18SS1 , 6437.
partioipotoa in the flauMl alannftotwe* Ithai dlMifdbiiy t Harford Go. Md. 26 m. N. £. Bal-
a oonndenUe market on Tnee. and 3 fain annn* ttmoro.
ally, on May Ut, Tnee. after Trinity, end Sep. Mingdtm. p.t. oaaital of Waahington Co. Va.
S&th. Pop in 1801, 9,573, and in 1891, 3,368. 380 miV. 8. W. IQohmoBd.
' 4krgib, a town in Denbi|^ehilo, Walea, JiHmgUm,p,L Plymouth Co. Maaik 98 m. 8. £.
pleMantly eitoafte on the ooast of the Iriah eea, Boelan. Pop. 9,493.
OB the dureet road from Cheater to Holyhead, 7 Ako, a eeeHBort, and diief town of what waa
m. W. of 8t Aaeiph, and 994 from London ; it ia farmeKy Swodiah Finleyd, hut which waa wrceted
mooh fieqoented m the eommer eeeaon fix bath* from that power, by Rnmia, in 1806. The port
Ing, hae *a market on Sat and 3 friia annually, and town of Abo are finely located in N. lat. 60.
Pop. in 1801, 1,748, in 1891, 9,317. 97. W. k>nff. 99. 18. at the aouthem extremity of
MergwUhff a villafe liear Carmarthen, 8. the Promontory of Finland, on the E. ehore of
Wake. Btoate at the eonflnenoe of the river GuiU the Qalf of Bothnia, where it forma itaiunction
If with the Towj, It oontaina the only epiaoo- with the Oulf of Fmland. Under the Bwedidi
Ml pakee^bolonging to the eee of 8t David'e. govemnmit, Abo waa the eee of a biahop, euflSn-
PoB. in 1891, 94S3. can of Upeal, and had a udiveni^, fi>unded by
MmmUiff a town in Perthahire, Scothmd, liuoeB Chrietina, in 1640, endowed with the
eeated near the junction of the Erne, with the eame privilem aa that of Upial; and aJeo .
Tay, 7 m. from Perth. It ia eaid to have been iehool, foan£d by Guatavea Adolphne, for 300
the eeat of the Pictiah kinge, aa well aa the aee eeholaia. It waatheaeatof thooonrerenoewhefe
of an aichbiahop. In the town churoh-yard ia a the treaty of peaee waa eoaoloded between Ruana
round tower 74 feet hiffh and 48 in cireumferenee, and Sweden, in 1743. The town haa flouriahed
the only one beaides that of Brechin in ttcotland. oonaideiahly emoe ita trammer to Ruaaia; ita chief
It paiticipatee in the manuftctnree of Perth, and trade ia in timber, deala, and grain. Pop. about
hm three frire annually. Pop. of the pariah in 19,000.
1891, 1,701. Alao the name of another pariah, jMomay, a populona town, the capital of the
from 150 to 180 aq. m. in extent, partly in Elgin kingdom of Dahomey, on the Gold Coaat of Af-
and partly in Invemeaa-ahire. abounding With rica. N. lat. 7. 50. £. long. 0. 55. Pop. about
natural foreata of fir, which form an eztenaive 95,000.
tiaflio. Pop. in 1891, 1,968. Ahoukir, a town of Egypt, in N. lat. 31. 18. E
AUrffMtwUky a town of S. Wake, in Cardigan- long. 80. 38, about 6 le^iwn £. of Alexandria,
ftire, eeated on the Tatwith near ita oonfluenoe A Britiah army of 19^000 men, commanded by
'^^ '"^ " ^' ' ' " ««..... « ^. » . . .. landed here in 1801
neck of land, on
on the £. by anoth-
and 39 N. E. firom Cardigan. It waa fiarmerly er neck of land which bounda the Roaetta branch
fbrtified with aicaatle, and defrnded with walla ; of the Nile, ia very apaoioua, and will forever be
but both are now in mine. It ia, however, a memorable m hiatory, aa the aoene of one of the
flonriahing town, havinc a great trade in lead^ a moat aplendid and deciaive naval battlea on re*
oonaiderBfile fiahery of herringa. cod, and whit- cord, in which 9 French ahipa of the line were
inga, and a good weekly raaraet on Monday ; taken, and 9 oUien deatroyed, oy Lord Nelaon, on
about 8,000 tone of ahipping belong to thia town, the lat Aug. 1798.
In the bathing aeaaon, it ia much frequented aa a Mnmies. a town of Portugal, in Eatremadura,
fiuhionable watering place. Long. 3. 58. W. lat. eeated on the Tagua, 45 milea £. by N. of Lbbon,
69. 95. N. Pop. in 1891, 3,556. and belonging to a marqnia of that title. It ia
Mez^ a eountry of Africa, on the Red Sea, aituated on high greund. aurrounded with w-
which bounda it on the eaat ; on the weat it ia dena and olive-treea, ana containa about 35^K)0
bounded by Abyaainia and Nubia, on the north inhabitanta, and haa 4 conventa, an hoapital, and
by Egypt, and on the aouth by the coaat of Alan, an alma-houae.
The cfiier towna are Arkeko, or Erooco.and Sua- JihrMas Idandt, dangeroua ahoala on the ooaal
Stem; which laat ia the capital, and the aeat of of Braxil, S. lat 17. 58. W. long. 38. 96.
e governor. It ia aubject to the Turka : and ia Mnuxo, one of the four great provinoea of Na^
very aandy and barren, being deatitute of water, plea, bounded on the E. by the jrnlf of Venice, on
The heat ia exoeaaive,* and the air unhealthy to the N. and W. by Ancona, Umbria, and the
Enrepeana. In the monntaina are foreata of ebo- Campagna di Roma, and on the S. by the Terra di
njr treea, abounding with wild beaata. It ia 500 Lavoro and Moliae. It ia divided into two parts by
Bulea in lentfth, and 100 in breadth. The mhabi- the river Peacan, called Ulteriore and Citeriore.
tanta are BiyiometaiiB. The fivmer haa A({uila, and the latter Sulmona,
Jibrngdon^ a market and borough town in Beik* for ita capital. It la fertile in com, rice, fniita,
ahlre, fingknd, and, with the exception of Read- aaffion, vmea, and olivea. Pop. about 500,000.
ing, the chief town ia the co« It ia aituate on JShg^ a town in France, in the department of
the 8. bank of the river Thamea, 6 m. N. W. of Ardeohe, formerly the chief town of Vivarea, and
OxfimL and 56 m. 8. W. firom London. It ia a a biahop'a aee, now in a very ruinoua atate.
plaee of great aatiqoityjjuid haa flneqaently been Ahoukg; a town in Upper Egypt, on the aite
the abode of royalty. The market-place la apap of the ancient Abotia, near the Nile, where great
eiaua, in the centre of which ia a reapeotable edi- quantitiea of poppiea grow, of which the nativea
fice, a apaoioua hall, aupported by lofty pillara, in make the beat opium in the Levant. Long. 33.
whioh the awimi 1 maiaea for the eo. are held jUie £. let 96. 30. N.
opaee beneath aerving ton a marketpheuae. The Mereomke, p.t. Glouceater Co. N. J.
iftarket for grain anj auh, on Hon. and FVi. ia JHyv or Mugo, one of the Philippine ialaadai
ACA » 4CQ
*
m tlw EmI Indiefl between Mmdanao and Luon. whieh followed the Freneh revolatioA in 1T92,
Loitf. ISi. 15. £. lat 10. 0 N. nnoe whiph oeriod to the present time (1832) tiie
J^iiiMii^ » kingdom on the E. dde of Afliea, commerce or all 8. America hae been ezpoaed to
exfeandinf , m lengthy from about the 9Ui to the nnmerous Tidaaitadea, and Acapnlco has aonk
I7th deg. of N. lat and at ita aonthem baae, into the ntmoat inaiffnificance. ita harbour ia oar-
from about the 35th to the 43rd deg. c/£ E. long, pacioua and aecure, lieing formed into a baain by
and at the N. from about the 35th to the 38th of the email ialand of Rogneta, and defended by a
da. Ibimiiig an area of about 140,000 aq. m. fort on the N. W. The town oontaina only about
booaded on the N. by Sennaar, on the £, by the 4/)00 inhalntanta, and ia exceedingly unhealthy.
Arabian Gulf, w Red Sea, and on the 8. and W. the temperature preTailing aa hi^h aa 96, ana
br ^«fy unddined limita, and countriea very lit- hardly ever below 86 of Fuirenheit.
tie known. A range of rugged mountaina of jfeowAe jef en, a riTer of Mexico, in the proTJnee
eonaftderahle altitade, extending along the whole of Vera Paz, which rune into the Gulf of Dolce
fine ef eoaet of the Red Sea, abut in Abyaainia, There ia alao a yiUage of the aame name, in the
■ltd nearly exclude it from all adyantagea of man- proTince of Chiapa.
dme intereourae. Some fine and frmtfbl plaina Aeeonutek^ a Co. of Virginia, forming the H
perrade the aouthem part of the teritorjr, but the part of a pronrontory, bounded on the W. by
fRTailing chaxaeteriatic of Ab^annia ia moun- Cheaapeake Bay, and on the £. by the Atlantic
tainooa uid wild, and ita infaabitanta are aa rude Ocean, extending fiom the S. E. comer ef the
■ltd feroeioaa aa tneir country ia wild and rugged. State of Maryland. Pop. 19,656. Drummond^
Ila efimate ia Tarioua, but on the whole fine; it town, 907. m.c. by N. otBiohmond, ia the chief
la exceedingly rich in -ratable productioiia, both town .
of utility and beauty, ifte elepnant, rhinoceroa. Atkun^ a kingdom, forming the N. W. part of
bufikloea, kooarda of rarioua apeciea, zebra, ana the ialand of Sumatra, the head of Point Pedro,
opeeially the hjmiay abound^ the latter ia particu- the meet northerly part being in 5. 42. N. lat. and
lany ferociouB and deatructire; there are no ti* 95. 35. E. lonff> and extendmg about 50 m. E. by
gera, and the lion ia not common; there are yari- 8. During; the early period cf the intereourae of
ona other wild animala, aa well aa the domeatic Europe with Aaia, by the Cape of Good Hope,
ooea common to Europe; the horaea are atrong AchcKBU waa a powerful atate and carried on an
■ltd handaome, and there ia a apeciea of oxen with extenaire trade with the Malay and Coromaodel
horaa 4 ft in length, and 90 inchea in circumfer- coeata, and other parta of Aaia; and on the Por-
«Doe at the root; tlie hippopotami and crocodile tugueae aacceaaiveiy attempting to form a aettle-
■le common to the awampa and riyera which flow ment upon the Ialand of Susuitra, in the early
into the Nik. Amongat the nnmeroua feathered part of the 16th century, they were completely
tribes common to the country ia the golden and exoelled by the Acheneae, and although conafder-
black eagle, and aome owla of extraorainary aize ably declined in power and importance, the Ache-
and beauty ; beea abound to auch a degree, that nese are atill an actiye, and wnen compared with
honey, in ue aouthem parta of the country, rorma other Aaiatica, an efficient and induatriona people
the ataple article of production, and atandard of The chief town of the aame name, ia aituate on
yalue in exchange for all other commoditiea, and a riyer about 2 m. from the bay formed by King'a
eoostitntea the principal article of food; locuata Point, in N. lat 5. 33. and ft. 17. £. long, and
ccimmit great deyaatation, and there ia a apeciea Point Pedro aboye mentioned.
of fly extremely ann^ing and eyen deatmctiye AckOl, an ialand, forming part of the Co. of
to the cattle in the rmj aeaaon. The whole 6i Mayo, on the weatem coaat of Ireland, in 54. 7.
the external traffic of Abyaainia ia carried on at N. lat. 10. 31. W. long.
Maaaowah, a amall ialand on the coaat of the Red Aehimtm^ a town ofjESgypt, the reaidence of an
Sea, in N. lat. 15. 34. £. long. 39 37. where ele- emir, or prince of the country. It haa manufbe-
phaata' teeth, rhinoceroa' horaa, gold-duat, honey, turea of coarae cottonb. and atanda on a amall
wax, and alayea are exchanged for apicea, iron, eminence, on the right iMtnk of the Nile, 200 m.
lead, copper, tin, and manufactured gooda gener- S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 56. E. lat 26. 40. N.
ally. The eoontry ia formed into tluee great di- Jiekonry, a popmoua pariah, in Leney Barony,
yiaona. IsL Tim, N. of which the chief towna eo. of Sligo, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 12,990.
aie Adowa, Antuo, Dixan, and Axum; 2nd Am- Aehortiown, p. yillage in Middleiown, Colum-
haim, W. of the Taueazze riyer, of which Gondar bia Co. Ohio, 160 m. N. E. Columbua.
and Empiaa are the chief towna, and the former the Mun. a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
capital of tiw whole kingdom; 3rd. Shoe Efiit, S. of Magaeburg, with a citadel, on the Elbe, 5 m.
«r whieh Ankober and Tegnlet are the chief N. W. of Deaaau.
fcpwiia. The Abyaainiana profeaa tobe Chriatiana, Aeklam, a yillage 12 m. firom York, where the
end aome of their churchea are apacioua edificea, body of the Emperor Seyeroa, who died at York,
but their religioua ceremoniea are made up of the waa burnt to aahea, agreeably to the euatom ef
crude fimnafitiea of the Jewiah worahip^ and of thoae timea.
the Greek Chriatiana. Their language la a dia^ Acoma, or A. EHefMUi de Aeamm, a town of
laet of the Arabic; of the extent (? the pop. it ia New Mexico, aeated on a hill, with a good caatle.
diffieuH to fbmi eyen a conjecture. The town ia aacended by a flight m atepe cot
jteapiilea, a town of Mexico, on the ahoree of out of the rock. It waa rormet^ theeuutal of
the F^ifie Ocean, in Ui. 16. 55. N. and 100. 54. that proyince. Lom. 104. 15. W. lat. 35. 0. N.
W. kng. During the domination of Spaniah Aeontarua, one of^the'proyincea of Chile, in-
rale in South America, Acapulco waa the princi- teraected l>y the 32d degree of S. lat and 70th of
pal trading town of all New Spain; one. and W. Ion?. It ia inconaiderable both in extent and'
aoowtimea two ahipa, annually, of aeyerai 100 population. There ia a town of the aame name.
burthen, need to arriye from the Philippine and alao a riyer running thfou|^ the proyinee
Uaada, laden with all the choiceatproductiona of and that of Quillota into tne aea.
Aaia, to be exchanged for the gold and ailyer of Aequo, a town of Tuaeany, noted fbr ila warm
Madea; but thia intareouxaa oeaMd with the wan batha, 15 m. E. of Leghonu
Aeqm, a town of Italy, in the Doehjr of Moiit^ ' 44aow^ p.y. Hyde Co. N» C. 399 m. Wash
ferrety on the river Bormia; it hae eoi|MdeFaUo AdammrgfB,r. Weetmoreland Co. Pa. 145 m
manoftietiiiee of ailk. Pop. abont 7,000. W. Han^iifgn.
Sata, a tenritoiy of Qutnea, on the Gold eoM(f MmmfUf f .▼, Washington Co. N. Y. G7 m.
where aome Enropean atatea have ferts, and each Albaay.
fart itsyillafle. Lat.5. S5. N. 0. 10. W. Umf, Adair ^ a County of Kentacky. Pop. BfiaO
. Aer; or &. Jahi d'Aen, a eeaport of Sjn^ ia Colombia ia the capital.
Paleatine, and a biahop'a tee. It Im ealkd Ptole* M^ama^ a town of Aaiatic Torkey^ in Cair-
mab by the Gnelu, toad itands on a plain at th? mania^ and a biihop'a aee, with aatrongcaatle. It
N. point of a bay, which eztenda in a lODueirele baa a trade in com. wine, and fruits; and ia aea^
of nine m. to fhie point of Mount Camel, neat ed on a riyer of the same name. 12 m. from the
the mouth of the Kardanah, or ancient Elehis. Mediterranean, in N. lat. 36. 48. E. long. 3S. 0.
In the time of the cnuadea, it underwent aereral Aidoy a river of Switzerland, which riaea in
alegea; and nothing ia now to be eeen of thia an- the Gnaona, paaaes through the lake Corao^ the
cient city, but the remains of monuments erected Vatteline. and the N. part of the Milanese, fiUla
by the elwiatianB. and aome ruins of a church into the Pc^ 5m. above Cremona,
diedioated to St. Andrew. The new city is dis- Addium^ a County of Vermont, on the W
tani one m. fiom the ancient walla, tnd toe Iprii- aide of the Green Mountains near the centre o^
llcatians bi» of ]ittl» importance. The palace of the State. It contains about 700 so. m. Middle-
the grand master of the order of St. John of Je- bury is the shire town. Pop. d4,dl0.
Bosafem is the maidenoe of the chief of Acre. .^dtifson, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Chamnlain
Here are three mosques, four churches, and a Pop. 1,306. Magnetic oxide ef iron ia toiind
aynagogue. 'Hur obief articles of commerce are here.
oom and cotton. In 1759 great damage was dono Addittmy t. Wafhiivgton Co. 1^. Pop. 741.
by an earthquake; and the year following 5,000 AddiMon, i ^teubeu Co. N. T* Pop. 944.
persons, near one tUid of the inhab. died liy the Ad^^tam, t. SomerBet Co. F^
phtfue. In 1790, aided by the British, under Sir Addy a kingdom of Afirica, called also Zqik^
Sitmey Smith, it withstood a flevere seige by the from a rich tnding town of that name, situatea
Frencn under Buonaparte, who retreated after near ita coast by toe Red Sea. It aelaom taina
fkiling in the twelfth assault. It is 27 m. 8. of here ; but the country is well watered by rivers.
Tyre, and S3 m. N. N. W. of Jerusalem. N. lat. and abounds with wheat, millet, fr?mkinGense,ana
So. 0. £. long. 36. 10. Pop. about 30,000. pepper. The inhab. are Mahometans. It waa
Acrcnj a mstrict of the rantee territory, on the formerly a part of Abyssinia. The capital ia Au-
Gold ooast of Africa, about 50 n. E. N. E. of cagurel.
Cape Coest Castle. AddfoTM, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, iio«
AeUmy the name of 6 villages, and a prefix to ted for iti gold mines, about 70 m. N. W. of Cal-
10 others in difierent parts of England signifying mar.
places originally situate among oaks; oc Ming AddM.\fX. Colerain township, Roaa Co. OhiO|
the Saxon word for oak. Am the name of a 40 m. 8. £. Columbus.
village in the parish of Ballymore, co. of Armagh, Adige, a riyer of Lombardy, which riaes S. of
Ireland. the Lake of Glace, and passing by Tyrol, Brixen.
Actorif t. Windham Co. Vt, 13 m. N. W. Bratp Trent, and Verona, falls into ttie gulf of Venice,
tleboro. Pop. 176. a little N. of the mouth of the Po.
jfeioM, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,198. Adirbeitztanj a province of Persia (part of the
AcUmrBumdf a village in Shropshire, 8 m. S. ancient Media,) bounded on the N. by Armenia,
of Shrewsbuiy. Heve are eonaideimble remains E. by Ghilan, S. by Irae Agemi, and W. by Cur-
of a castle, in which a parliament was held in distui. Tauris is the capitiu.
the reign of Edward I. AdmiroUy-Ulands^ a cluster of islands in the 8.
Aett^am, the c»ital of a district of the same Pacific ocean, to the N. W. of New Ireland,
name in the Intendencia de Mexico, about 70 m. They were discovered in 1767, and are between
N. N. E. of the city of Mexico. 20 and 30 in number ; some of them appear of
Aeworth, p.L Sulliyan Co. N. Hampshire. 87 considerable extent; and the W. end of the
m. from Portsmouth, and 93 from Boaton. f*op. principal island is in 2. 6. S. lat. and 146. 57. E.
1,401. louff.
Admmtkfwm^ t Lancastor Co. Pa. 20 m. N. E. Adoury a river of France, which rises in the
Lancaster. department of Upper Pyrenees, flows by Tarbea
Adamtf t. Cooe Co. N. Hampahire, 90 m. from and Dax, and enters tlie Bay of Biscay, below
Portmouth. Pop. 515. Bayonne. The Duke of Wellington effected r
Adams. p.t. Berkakire Co. Mass. Pop. 2j648. pauage across this river, with the allied Engiia^
Saddle Mountain Usa partly in this town. Here and Spaniah army, in the middle of February
are extensive manufactures of cotton, woollen 1814, after considezable difficulty, in the presence
and linen. of the French army, commanded by Marshi^
Adams, p.t. Jeffemon Co. N. T. 160 m. N. W. Soult
Albany. Pop. 2,905. Adoway the capital and residence of the aoye-
AdmMy p.t. Danphin Co. Plu 133 m. Washing- reign of Abyssinia, and the place through which
ion. the commerce of the inland parts of Abyssinia is
Adams, a Covm^ of Pennsylvania. Pop. 21, maintained with Massowah in the Bed Sea.
Sro. Gettysburg is the capital. ^^f^ ^ leaport of Spain, in Gianada, 47 m. S
Adamsy a County of Ohio, pn the Ohio river, E. of Granada. Long. 3. 7. W. lat 3!B. 45. N.
20 m. in extent and containing 550 sq. m. West AdmmiHy a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nat-
Union in Tiffin township ia the seat c^ justice, olia, on the E. coast of a gulf of its name, 7D ai.
Pop. 12^^78. N. by W. of Smyrna. Deng. 26. 50. E. lat. 39.
JdoMM. a OovBtv of MisiuBippi. Pop. 12,120, 26. N.
Natehea m the aapitaL Adrm, a town of Italy, in Polaaino di RoyigKi
tun
wlBch fiTW BUM to th* Adriatic MA. Md wi«' tiw ••mttJ; fart tfct tots md efmflntgOlMwiilwPf
JbimedT of great note, bat haa been moon reduced kept tBtir court at Cabnl. About the year 1790
br fi^e^ent inunttationi. It ia seated en the an army of A^huis invaded Penia, took lapahaa,
Ivtaro. 25 m* S. 8. W. of Venice. and made the sultan Hune/n priioner. Thej
JSdruuufpU^ a city of European Turkey, in kept poaaeiaiiA of lapahaa and thft aouthem pior*
Rrnnania^ the aee of a Greek archbiahop. and ineea for ^n years, when they were defeated in
fimnerly the European seat of the Turkian do* several battles, and driven 6ut.of the country by
minion. It is eignt m. in ciroum&rence. situ- Nadir Kuli, commonly known in Euroce by the*
ale in a idain, on the river Msrissa, whicn here name of Kouli Khan. After Nadir Ima deposed
receiTcs two tributary streams. Several of the his sovereign, Shah Thames, he kid seige tc and
mesques are very splendid, and many of the took Candimar j butafWrward received a conaid*
bcnmes neat, but the streets are narrow and devi* erable bod^ of A%hana into his army, who ba»
JOB. ^ The seraglio is separated from the city by came his mvourite foreign trooBs. On Jiis assai
4be river Arda, and commands an extensive view stnstion, in 1747, the generaJi of the Afffhatt
of the country, which is fertile^ and famous for troojps, Uiough Axtiously attacked b;^ the wlioito
ezoeOent vines. The commerce of the city by Persian army, effected a sa& retreat mto his owll
the river is considerable, and celebrated for ita country, where he caused himaelf to be acknowi*
keantilul red dye. The Turks took this city edged soversign of the Afghan kingdom. In 1806
from the Greeks in 1362. It is 135 m. N. W. of the English £. India company deputed the He^
Omitantinople. Long. 28. 30. £. lat. 41. N. Mount Stuart ElphiMtone on a mission to Cas-
Mnatic 5m. See VmiMf Gulf ff, bul, aeeompaniea by a large military retinna.
uUantere JBay. at the S. £. end of Van Die- The miasion fefl Delhi on &« 13lh Oct. the ra>
men^s land, so called from the ship in in^chCap- suit of their observations and enquiries on the
I Furoeaz sailed. Long 14?. 30. £. lat 4i3. then circumstances and condition of Caabul, Ay
S. 9 which name the Afghan territory is genetam
JFi^eAn or JEgoUa^ three small islknds on the called^) aa well as the countriea through whicn
W. side of Sicily, between Maraella and Trapani} the mission passed, have been aince published,
their names are Levenzo, Favignana, and Mare- Afrua^ one of the four great divisions of the
tima. world, forming a peninsula to A«a, to which il
Xttia or JBenai a celebrated burniiw mountain is oonneeted by a neck of land at the N. £. ex*
of S^y, now called bv the nativea MonU Gibdr tiemity, about 60 m. across, called the isfthaaua
I0. It IS situated in tne Eastern part of the isl- of Sues. In its extreme , length it extendi frssn
and, in Jang. 15. 0. £. lat. 36. 0. N. Pindar, who Cape Negro, in lat. 37. 81. NT to Fake Gape in
lived 435 years before Christ, calls it the PtUor ^ Jat 34. 25. S. being about 4^ m. and in its «»-
Aesesii, cm account of its great beiffht, which la treme breadth from Cape Verd in 17. 34. W. ta
ganerally reckoned to be about ll,(w0 feet; and Cape Gnardafui in 51. 32. £. long, being abool
nm circumference at the baae 70 m. It affoids an 4^00 m. It will however in the first place ba
epitome of all the di^ferencea of climate. The well to conaider Africa as divided by nature into
summit ia a league in circumference, and within two great parts, N. and S., by a chain of moon-
formed like a vast amphitheatre, from whence taina, commonly called the Motmtsina of the
flamesy aahes. a|id smoke, issue in divers places* Moon, supposed to extend acroas the entire con*
^Iruptions or thia mountain are mentioned by tinent between the 7th to the 11th degrees of N*
Diodorua Siculus, as happening 1,603 y eara before lat North Africa will then on ita otEer sides ba
Chriat; and Thucydidea speuui of three erup* bounded, on the £. by the Arabian gulf or Had
4ana, which happened in Tm, 477, and 425, B. C. sea, on the N. by the Mediterranean, and on the
From thia penod till 1447, there were about 18 W. by the Atlantic ocean, apptoximating in fSntn
difl^ent ernptiona. the most destructive of which to a parallelogram; the mean length of which
were in 11& anu 1329 ; there have been other fiom W. to £. la about fifty degreea of long, and
muptiona since, which have done immense dam- the mean breadth fimn N. to 8. about 27 degreea
tfc, po^f^iiluly those in 1669, 1765. 1780. and of lat. forming an area of about 42560,000 sq. m.
1787. In 1809 eruptions took plaoe m 12 differ- ef which the gteat deserta of Sahara, Tuarick,
ent parts of the mountain, and covered the adj»* and Lybia constitute about one third ef the ex*
cent land with lava to the depth of 40 feet, tent. N. Africa ia subdivided into a great nnm«
and another en^tion occurred in 1822. her of kingdoms, statea and terrimries ; the
JlfghMusUoif a country of Asia, stretching moat prominent <m which are, Qalla, Abyssinia,
from the mountains of Tartary to the Arabian Sennaar, and Nubia on the £. bordering on the
aea, and from the Indus to the confines of Persia* Red sea, Esypt, at the N. £. extremity^ Ly^>^
The inhab. of this wide domain have no written Feaan, and Barbery , (oompriaing, TripoU, Tunis,
character, and speak a languvc peculiar to them- Algiers, and Fea ;) on the N. Mrdenng on the
selves. They are a robuot hardy race aC men ; MMiterranean, and Morocco at the N. W. ex-
and being generally addicted to a state of preda- tsemity, bounded by the Atlantic ocean : a larga
tciy wamre, their manners partake of a iMrbar^ extent of coaat S. m Morocco,is called Aaani^,
ona inaolence. Tbejr avow a fixed contempt for and 8. of the river Senegal in lat 16. N. to Swr-
the occupations of civil life ; and are esteemed m Leone in lat. 8. 30. the coast is occupied by sev-
the most negligent of religious observanees, of all eral Negro tribes, the limits of whose temtoriea
the Mahometans. Their common dress consists are verv imperfectlv defined. Inland, 8. of the
of a ahirt, which falls over the upper part of flTcat deaert, are tne kingdtHna of Tombuctoo,
long and narrow trowsera; a woolen vest, fitted Houssa, Caasina, and Wangara ; and £. of the
closely to the body, and reaching to the midleg ; desert, are Aahber, Bomou, Begherm, Berffoo,
and anigh tnmed-up cap of broadcloth or cotton, Darfur, dkc. &c. With the exoeption m the des>
usually of one colour, and of a conic form, with arts and the more monntainoua diatrieti, this jMVt
two amall parallel alits in the upper edge of ita of Africa is well watered, and exceedingly fertile.
Cssing. The principal cities of Afgbaniatan are The moat celebrated river is the Nik, which,
Cbnnahay and Cabal, the fomer S which waa rialag from various sources on the N. side of th9
AFR » . APR
giMt ehain of nMrnntaiiM, and flowing through cos withia tfaa tropics in Africa the wuaat eftefi
Abjninia, Sennaar, Nubia, and Eg3rpt, ftllf into * aa within the lame degrees of latitade in other
tlie Mediterranean sea by several channels between parti of the world. The prevalent drought is hera
the lat of 80. 16. and 31. 60. E. The riTcr Niger in some meaanre checked by the tropical rains ;
baa long fiimished a subject of considerable inter- and, so far as has been ascertained, the tropical re •
est to tb learned. It is now known to run into the gions are perhaps that part of this continent whidh
Atlantic ocean at the Bight of Benin. See/dger. u best watered. The mater jiart of the im-
Numerons streams and lakes intersect all the mense deserts — thatof Suara for instance — lie in
fanterior part of tha country situate between the general too far N. ever to be under the influence of
desert of Sahara and the chain of mountains a vertical sun. The torrid sone may therefore be
which divide the continent into two parts. Sev- considered as hiving only two seasons— the dry
end rivers fidl into the Atlantic ocean 8. of the and the wet, which are likewise distinguished, in
Great desert ; the first of these is the Senegal, the some places, as the summer and winter. In some
entrance of which from the sea is in lat. 1^53. N. districts, inaeed, there are two dry and two wet
Sad. the Gambia, in lat. 13. 8. N., and further 8. seasons in the year ; and these are called th^
the PoUfioa, Rio Grande, Noonez, and Sierra Le- abort and the long seasons. In all the countriee
one, in uit. 8. 30. N. within 20. of the equator the difference in the
Independently of the great chain of mountains amount of temperature is scarcely perceptible, at
which divides Africa into two parts, a ridge of least in the countries lying near the coast, for the
eonsiderable altitude extends along the whole ex- interior here is almost entirely unknown to us.
tant of the shores of the Red sea;, and the states In the countries from Cape Blanco up to the
ef Barbary are bounded on the S. by another Senegal, the mean temperature from Novemher
ehain called the Atlas, which at the greatest ele- to the end of March is at 6 a. m. ahout 73. Fahr.,
vation rise to tha height of 13,000 feet above tha and at noon, in the shade, 67. Fahr. Farther into
level of the sea tha interior of the country— at Bambouk, for in-
Tlie middle portion of the western coast of Af> stance— 4he heat is much more intense. At the
riea is denominated the Coast of Guinea, on Gambia, in the same months, the mean tempera-
which several of the European states have forts ture at 6 a. m. is .77., and at noon in the shade,
and settlements ; it is. occupied by several pow- 91. In the months of April, May, and June, at
eif\il tribes of negroes, witn whom the Europ- the Senegal, the thermometer 6 a. m. indicatee
eana carry on a very extensive traffic, with the 83., and at noon, in the shade, 96. From the
nanufkctured productions of Europe in general, month of July to the end of October, the meaa
in exchange fbr gold dust, ivory, skins, bees wax, temperature at 6 a. m. is 96. ; and at noon 107. In
palm oil, barwood, &c.; S. of the Coast of Gui- the more southern countries the heat is still great-
nea, for ahout 15 degrees of lat., the coast is also er, and also in the sandy plains ; in those dia-
oeeupied with several Negro tribes, who live in tricts which are situated nither towards the E.,
eonstant collision with each other, and fix>m and even in those farther to the N., the heat ia
amount whom about 100,000 annually, at the f%«quently rendered insupportable by peculiar
period of 1820 — ^1896, were transported as slaves localitiea. Thus at Ombos and Syene, in the
ey the ships of France, Portugal, and Spain, for 8. of Egypt, tha sand absolutely scorches the
working the plantations of those countries in 8. feet of the traveller, and eggs may be dressed
America and the W. Indies ; the remaining por- by burying them in the sand. At Algiers the
tion of the W. coast, as well as all the interior, and mean temperature is 7S. ; at the Cape of Good
the E. coaat of this part of Africa, is very little Hope the thermometer frequenUy rises to 96. or
known ; but as far as Knowledge has been obtain- 96., and often much higher ; but change of tam-
ed the inhab. appear mora rude and unsocial than peratnre is very quickly efiected here, and a
even those of N. Africa. A very rude and un- Duming day is frequently followed by a chilly
eiviliaed people, tha Hottentots, occupy the more nighL During eight monihs of the year constant
S., extremity or the continent extending to tha fine weather is prevalent throughout a |[reat part
Cape of Good Hope. of Afirica. The sun rises every mommg in a
If the climate of America is distingfuished by clear atmosphere, and spreads a glaring light over
auperabundant moisture and cold, that of Africa the whole country, too brilliant almost for the
is not less remakable for its g^eneral want of hu- aye to sustain ; no cloud casts a passing shadow
midity, and its warmth. Of this feet the immense over the landacape ; and, in the evening, the oi^
extent of and and burning deserts already men- of day rinks magnifioently into (he ocean But
tioned, afibrda incontrovertible proof. The most the excessive heat diminishea the pleasure man
northern and the most southern districts are might feel in contemplating the glorious aky;
equally without a winter; and the greater part of and the first clouds whichtbretelfthe approach
tM continent is situated within the tropics. of rain are hailed with delight by the Europeac
The ancients indeed supposed the torrid sone resident, overwhelmed by the oppressive heat,
to be so parched by the perpendicular rays of the The physical peculiarities which distinguish
•un as to be nninhahitaole ; but modem disoov- Afirica, seem to aepend chiefly on the circum-
eries have assured us that the theory of tha an- stance that almost her whole territory is rituated
cients is not altogether true. The sun, when within the tropics. 1^ other portions of the
vertical, universally brings with him an immense earth's surfkee which lie directly beneath the
train of clouds, which pour down upon the subja^ solar influence consist generally either of sea, or
cent country an incessant deluge. When the sun of narrow and insular lands, refreshed by breexea
is in the N. the rainy season wgins m the coun- from^ the ocean. But the greatest breadth of Af
tries lying northward from the equator; when in riea is under the immediate power and dominion
the S-ip^ rainy season is to the 8. of the equa^ of the sun ; and most of her people see that great
tor. This quantity of rain cools the atmoephere, planet, in its annual progress from tropic to trop-
so as to produce a temperature much more mod- ic, pass twice over their heads, and tnus experi-
erats than that which prevails when the sun re- anoe a repetition of its most intense and perpendi
moves~to a greater cpstance ; nnd the mm prodiK enlar myk Tha higheM Wassingi of tkia aqbliu
AFR 1U APR
iiarj world, when carried heynnd a certnin limit, in pverlaslinjr snow. Still more extensiye iithat
become its deadliest bane. That imrent orb, which central range, which, amid its various local names,
cheers and illumines the rest of tiie earth, jrlares is most generally known under the poetical ap-
on Africa witli oppressive and malignant beam, pellation of '*The Mountains of the Moon." Yet
blasting tlie face of nature, and covermg her with tJiese chains, besides beinff not altogether so gi-
barrenness and desolation. Sometimes it con- gantic as those of the otner continents, labour
verts tlie soil into a naked desert ; sometimes under the peculiar disadvantages of extending
overspreads it with a noxious excess of animal and across the breadth only of Africa. The Andefi
vegetable life. The soil, when not watered by and the Htminaleh, those stupendous heights of
copious rains or river inundations, is scorclied America and Asia, as tliey traverse tliese conti-
and dried up till it is converted into a dreary nents in the direction of their length, cover a
waste. Hence it is, tliat in Africa, plains of sand much greater surface, and thus create fertility in
Ibnn a feature so truly alarming. The Great Uie more limited plains which intervene between
Desert, with the exception of the narrow valley of the mountains and the ocean. 3ut the largest of
\he Nile, reaches across the entire continent, ex- tlie African rivers, directing their course through
hibitin^ an expanse of burning surface, where for a vast extent of low land, reach the sea only by a
muiy days the traveller finds not a drop of water, circuitous course. Several of them, too, difms«
mor sees the least vestige of animal or vegetable ing their waters into lakes or marshes, expire in
nature. He pursues his dreary route amid loose the very heart of the continent. The result is, that
hills continually shifting, and leaving no marks the enormous breadth of the Sahara, or Great
to guide his course. Every breeze is filled with Desert, is scarcely irrigated even by a streamlet.
dust, which enters the mouth and nostrils, and It depends entirely on the periodical rains ; and
penetrates between the clothes and skin. Some- these sink into the sandy and porous surface, till
times it drives along in clouds and whirlwinds, being arrested at the depth ot eight or ten feet,
beneath which it was once thought that caravans they form that " sea under ground" which has
and even armies had been buried ; but it is been traced over a large portion of the waste.
now ascertained that the numerous bones which Vegetable life, in consequence of this absence
whiten the desert are merely those of travellers of moisture, is scantily diffused over ajgreat ex-
who have sunk under famine, thirst and fatigue ; tent of the continent. In the heart of the moun-
and that the sand, which continually blows, has tains, however, and in the kingdoms along their
accumulated above them. Travellers over these border, the soil is most profusely watered, and,
tracts of shingle have been impressed with the under the influence of a tropical sun, produces,
idea of their being the bed of an ancient ocean, perhaps, beyond any other part of the world, that
This is not the place to enter into a speculation luxuriant growth and those gigantic vegetable
on the formation of the earth. That every part forms, which distinguish the equatorial regions.
of its surfiice lay once beneath the waters is suffi- The baobab, or great calabash, appears to be the
eiently apparent; but there is at least no histori- most enormous tree on the face or the earth. Ad-
cal prooi that Africa emerged later than other anson assures us, that the circumference in some
continents. The earliest records represent her cases is equal to thirteen fathoms, as measured by
deserts to have been aa extensive as they are in his arms clasped round the trunk, that is varying
our days, and to have pressed equally close upon from seventy -four to seventy-seven feet. Branch-
the cultivated belt along the northern coast. In es extending horizontally from the trunk, each
general, all regions between the tropics, when not equal to a large tree, make the baobab a forest as
copiouslv watered, moulder into sand, alternating it were by itself. The mangrove, too, which
with a Kard and impenetrable stratum of clay, rises on the borders of rivers or inundated spots,
The central wastes of Asia, those of Arabia and diffuses itself in a manner truly remarkable. The
of Sindetic Hindostan, though inferior to those of branches, dropping down upon the waterv bank,
Africa, are yet of similar character and of im- strike root and grow ; hence the original plant,
mense extent. In order to obviate the extreme ef- spreading farther and farther, forms over the
fects of the tropical sun, which produces a desola- stream a species of natural arcade. These mighty
tion so dreadful. Nature has provided suitable re- trees do not stand alone, but have their intersti-
medies. Every country under this latitude has ced filled up by numberless shrubs, canes, creep-
its ramy season, when, amid the blaze of li^ht- inf and paras j»tica] plants, which intersect and en-
nings and the noise of thunders rending the sicy, twine with each other till they form a thick and
heaven seems to open all her windows to pour an impenetrable mass of underwood. To cut even
nnbroken flood upon the earth. The ground is cov- a narrow pass through these dense forests is a la-
ered as with a deluge, and the dry beds of the bcrious process ; and as shoots are continually
rivulets are converted into torrents ; yet so intense protruding inwards on each side, the track, witli-
are the sun*s rays, that the moisture thus lavished out constant travelling, and the diligent use of tlie
upon the surface is quickly dried up. Great riv- axe, soon becomes impassable.
ers, which, swollen by the rains, overflow their As we approach the confines of the Desert,
banks and lay the surrounding country under these giants of the wood disappear, and vegeta-
water, or at least afford the means of artificial in- tion presents a different and more pleasing aspect.
nndation, are the principal source of that luxuri- It exhibits now the light and gay form of^he aca-
ant fertility, that mighty growth of vegetable cia, whole forests of which rise amid the sand,
forms, which singulany characterize the tropical distilling those rich gums that afford an impor-
climates. It is to the waters which descend from tant material of African commerce. The htns, a
the lofty precipices and eternal snows of the Him- celebrated and classical shrub, the tamarisk, and
maleh, that the plains of Hindoostan and China other small and elegant trees, afford agreeable and
owe their amazing fruitfulnesa. Africa, too, has nutritive berries, which constitute the food of
elevated mountain-chains, which give rise tosev- several nations. Various flowering shrubs of the
eral rivers of great magnitude and most fertilizing most delicate tints, rising in wild and spontane-
influence. Atlas, aloni; its northern border, pre- ocJ beauty, embellish the precincts of the waste.
fento even in bo hot a cliniats, pinnacles wrapped Tbas the Desert, in its first approaches, and be-
B
ita nulure u it pasKS from one to anollier of these
oppOBite regioni. In those plains whicb aie in-
UTidB.ted by the great rivers, it multipliea it iui
utmordiniuy rate, and often BMumea huge and
rcpulaive formi. Througliout all this continent
the wild tiibea eiist in large and formidable num-
bers, ond there is acucely a tract which, the; do
not either hold in full posseBiion, or fiercely di>-
pute with man. Even the moat denaely-peopled
counttiei border on wide forests and wastes,
vhose savttge tenants lind their prey occasionally
in mui himself, u well as in the domeatjc ani-
malg which surround him ; and when the scent
of huinan slaughter is wafted on the broeie,
to Ihe feast of blood. These ferocious creatorei
hold, indeed, so commanding a position, that the
coloniat scarcely makes any attempt to extirpate
them, or even to keep down their Dumbers. He
wages aeainst them only a defensive war, and
employs his courage and skill chiefly in huutinE
the elephant, the antelope, and other peacefiu
species, by whose spoil hs may be enriched.
4 AFA
In the Urg« and broad riveTs of Aftiet, mwI
through the immense forests which overshadow
them, a nice of amphibious animals of monstrous
form and aiie display their unwieldly figures.
The rhinoceros, though not strictly amphibioos,
slowly traverses marshes and swampy grounds,
and almost equals the elephant in strength and
defeniive powers, but wants his stature, hia dig-
nity, and his wisdom. The single or doable
horn with which tie defends himself is an article
of commerce in the East, thonrh not valued in
Europe, A still huger shape is mat of the hippo-
potamus, or river-horse, fitted alike to stalk on
The lion, that kin^ of the desert, that mightiest
among the tribes which have the wilderness ibr
theirabode, abounds in Africa, and causes all her
forests to re-echo his midnight roar. Yet both
his courage and fierceness have, it is said, been
overrated ; and the man who can undauntedly
face him, or evade his first dreadful spring, rarely
falls his victim. Wider ravages ixo committed
by the hyena, not the strongest, but the most fe-
rocious and ontameable of all the beasts of prey.
These creatures, by moving in numerous bands,
achieve what is beyond the single strength of the
greater animals ; they burst with mighty inroad
into the cities, and have even carried by storm
fortified enclosures. The elephant roams in vast
herds through the denscly-wooded tracts of the
.interior, disputing with the Uon the rank of king
of the lower creation ; matchless in bulk and
strength, yet tranquil, majestic, peaceful, led i
troops under the guidance of the most ancient r
the number, having a social and alnost mural ex-
istence. He attach neither man nor beast. The
human being is more frequently the agsfessor. not
only with the view of protecting the fruits o^the
earth, but also in order to obtain the bony sub-
stance composing his tusks, which, under the
name of ivory, forms one of the most valued aiti-
lies of African trade. The prodigious slrenffth
of the elephant, his almost impenetrable hide, his
rapid though unwieldly movements, render him
a most penlooB object of attack, even to the bold-
est hunters ; so that pits and snares of vaiions
ciod* are the usual modes by which hia capture
is eSecled. Instead of the tiger, Africa hu the
leopard and the panther ; bebnfing, howavar,
unly lo eerlain of its di«trint«.
land, to march along the bottom of the water*, or
to swim on their surface. He is slow, ponderous,
gentle ; yet when annoyed either by design or
accident, his wrath is terrible ; he rashes up
from bis watery retreat, and by merely slrikiag
loaded canoe. But Ihe most dreaded of the in-
habitants of the African rivers ie the crocodile,
the largest and fiercest of the lizud tribe. He
lies like a log upon the watera watching lor hia
piej, attacking men, and even the strongest of
animals, which, however, engage with him in ob-
We have not yet done with all the monstroDa
and prodigious forms which Africa generates.
She swarma with the serpent brood, which spread
terror, some by their deadly poison, others bj
their mere bulk and strength. In tliis last re-
spect the African aerpenta have atnick the world
with amazement; ancient history records that
whole provinces were overrun by them, and that
one, after disputing the pasaage of a river with a
Roman army, was destroyed only by the use of a
battering engine.
Emerging from these dark regions, where the
earth, under the united influence of heat and
moisture, leema with such a noiiona superabund-
ance of life, we approach the Desert, Hers a
change takes place equally singular and pleasinv
as in the vegetable world. Only light, aity, and
fantastic forms trip along the sandy border ; crea-
lope of twen^ d
K
bright eyes, erect, and uaually elegant figtire*.
Keying neither on men nor animali, hut pursued
, all on Bcooimt of the delioate food which thor
mart remarkable i^ auinul formi, vith i(« long
Ion-legs uid high-itratching neck of linguUi
uid fonUatic b«sjtj, crop* me leavei of lh« Af-
ricui forest. Though a nte ipeciei, he ii «««□
ocoaonallT itnyijig orer ■■ great proportum of
IhU contiiiant. Here, Lew, roanu the lebra, with
ill Gucly-stTiped akm wrapped around it like a
robe of lieb cloth.
Nature, ■poHinc as it woald eeam in the pro-
dodion of eztraoidiauT objects, hae tilled Afnca
nith a wonderful multitude of (hose aaimalt
which beu the closeil alliance to " Ihe hunum
fbim divine." The orang-oolsng appeals to
coiulitale the link between man and the lower
order* of living thing*. Standing erect, without
a tail, with Hat face, and anus of not great); die-
proportioned length, it displaya in every puticu-
a defon
It ■
a the lord of the
proaeh than any other animal lo the exercise of
reason. It has been taught to make its own bed,
to sit at table, to eat with a knife and fork, and
to pour out tea. M. Degrandpre mention* dqb
kept on board a French vessel, which Lghted and
kept the oven at a due lempenUure, put in the
bread at a given aigoal, and even aaaialed in
drawing the ropes. There was a strong siupi-
•:ion among the sailors that it would have spoken,
but for the fear of being put to harder work.
The baboons, again, are a Targe, shapeteiB, brutal
■pecies, Dg]y and disgnating in their appearance,
yet not without some kind of onioB and polity.
The monkey tribe, now familiar in Europe, and
attracting attention by their playful movei
„. ^.L .__ ----" -^e forests of u
t AJII
cheto and its allie* do not spread snch a fearfo]
desolation ; ytt by their poisoned and tormenting
stiagi, they reuiler life miserable, and not verf
uofrequently lead lo its eilinclion. Even aawarm
of wild hen, in the aolilary woods of Western
Africa, has put a whole caravan to flight, wound-
ing severely some of its members. But perhs^
the most extrsjordinary of all the insect race* are
the termilea, or white ants, which display on a
greater scale the arts and social organiiation for
which their species have been so famed in Eu
rope. They cover Ihe plains with their conical
hula from ten to twelve feel in height ; they are
regularly dislribuLed into labourer* and soldien,
with others holding the rank of king and qoeen.
This lalter personage, when she is about to add
to the numbers of Uie tribe, presents a moat ei-
traordinajy spectacle, being then awelled to many
limes the amcunl of her natural dimenaions) and
when the critical period arrive*, instead of a
progeny of two or three, she produces as many
thoiuand*. These anta are far from being of
the same harmless description as the dorreapond-
ing insect* of llija quarter, of the world. On
finding their way into a houte, they devour every
thin^, clothes, furniture, food, not even it is said
sparing the imnates, who are compelled to make
a epeedy retreat.
Such are the evils to which the people of thia
continent are perpetually exposed from the low-
er creation ; and yet they experience in full force
the truth of tlie pathetic lamenlation of the poe^
that " man is to man the aureet, deadlie*t foe.''
Africa from the earliest age* ha* been the motft
con*picuoua theatre of crime and of wrong ; where
social life has lost the traces of primitive simpli-
city, wilhont rising to order, principle, or refine-
e fraua ,
mbles
dragged ii
opposing 1
■ill with sportive cries all the fc
A&ici
The insectrace, which in our climate is gener-
aUy haimle**, presents here many singular and
eren formidable cbaracleiiatic*. The flying tribes,
in particular, through the action of the sun on
the swampy foreit*, rise up in terrible and de-
stroeUve numbers. They fill tlie air and darken
'lie aky ; they annihilate the labour of nations ;
they dnve even armies before them. The locust,
when it* band* iaaae in close and dark amy from
the depth* of the Desert, commits ravsge* aur-
P~'"ir tli°*c of the moat ferocious wila beasts,
or even the more desolating career of human war-
fiue. In rain do the deapairing inhabitant* seek
with firs and other means to urest their progreu;
the dense and irresistible mai* continue* to move
onward, and soon baffle* every attempt to check
it* cmne. Whole prorinoes, wliich at their en-
trance are covered with rich haiveits and bril-
liant verdure, are left without a leal or a blade.
Even when destroyed by famine or tsinpeats, they
aover tnunense tracts, exhaling the most noxious
sunoh. Tel they may be used a* lood, and are
eren irlkbed bj oartain nativs tribes. The mos-
«ight
this contanent
i of her unfortunate children
aver its deseils and across the
ir lives in foreign and distant
Jon,tyraDny,aiiaichy,Bndthe
of numberless petty slalns.
It and deitruclive warfare in
this BulTpring portion of the earth.
Fever i* much lea* common among native Af-
rican* than among European settlers. IVfricsn* art
Brldom affected with enlargement of the *pleen.
A dangerou* ipecie* of lethargy i* very frequent
in the Foolah country. Venereal complaints
occur in variou* forms in Africa, but mustly in
tbatofgonorrbcea. The oni^i i^ so^ (sun-stroke)
is unknown in this country, although the native*
arc in the liahit of expoaing Ihe head to the per-
pendicular ray* of the sun during tlie greateit
bodily exertions, and Europeans, under such cir-
kerchief folded round the head. Dysentery i* a
frequent complaint on shore. Goat ii wholly un-
known. The diseases of children are few ; and
ly be readily imagined, a
are about Uie SOth degree on each side of the
equator. Within this region are the paasage
wind*. The*e blow more or 1e*a N. B. in Se
northern hemisphere, and S, E. in the Boutbem.
The moi.ioons, which aie attong and regular in the
open Arabian sea become changeable on approach-
ing the land. In the Aiabian *ea they generally
blow from the E. during Ihe month* and intsrven-
ing months of October and May ; and during Ihs
ATR 16 Am
rMt of the year they blow flom the W. In the Red of terror forbade communication. Ita fiiry Bpent
jea the S. E. wind prevails in the southern parta itself , like the stoTms of ocean, in sudden lulls
from October to June, when the N. wind begins to and squalls ; but it was not until the third or
blow, and lasts during the remainder of the year, fourth interval that our fears were sufficiently
in the northern parts of this sea violent N. winds conquered to address each other ; nor shall I soon
prevail for nine months of the year. The transi- lose the recollection of the impressive manner in
tion from one season to another is generally ac- which that was done. ^Mah ktreem!* exclaimed
companied by violent hurricanes and thunder- the poor Bedouin, although habit had familiarised
storms. Some districts are more exposed to these him with these resistless blasts. * Allah kereemf*
visitations than others ; as, for instance, the coun- repeated the Egyptians, with terrified solemnity ;
tries between Cape Verga and Cape Monte, which and both my servant and myself, as if by instinct,
are often visited betwixt the months of June and joined in the general exclamation. The bold im
October by dreadful tornadoes, the effects of which agery of the Eastern poets, describing the Deity
seldom extend to the neighbouring coasts. — In the as avenging in his anger, and temble in his
deserts the wind is oflen very troublesome to the wrath, riding upon the wings of the wind and
traveller, by raising the sand, and filling the air breathing his fury in the storm, must have been
with dust, so as to render it impossible to keep inspired by scenes like these."
one's eyes open, and difficult even to breathe.— Mr. In E^ypt a S. wind prevails in summer, which
Buckingham, while travelling betwixt the Red raises immense quantities of sand, and is ofleo
s^a ana the Mediterranean m 1814, encounter- so hot as to stop respiration. Another called sa
ed one of these sand-tempests, which he has mid by the natives is still hotter and more tcrri
described with ^reat beauty and effect. '* On ble. — But the most dreadful of all these burning
leaving," says he, ** the site of these now eva- winds is the simoon^ which seems to be a concen-
porated lakes, fthe Bitter lakes,) we entered up- trated column of tlie positive electric fluid, mov-
nn a loose and snifling sand again, like that which ing northwards, from the S. or S. E., and carry-
Pliny describes when speaking of Uie roods from ing sure destruction to all who breathe the bale-
Peltisium, across the Hands of the desert ; in ful atmosphere which accompanies it. The only
which, he says, unless there be reeds stuck in the chance or escaping destruction when the simoon
ground to point out the line of direction, the way glides across the desert is, for the traveller tc
could not be found, because the wind blows up Oirow himself flat on his face, which he has not
the sand, and covers the footsteps. — The morning always time to do. for it moves with amazing m*
was delightful on our setting out, and promised pidity. Bruce, wnose ardent mind was not eaji
us a fine day ; but the light airs from the south ly deterred from the attainment of knowledge by
soon increased to a gale, tne sun became obscure, the presence of danger, has described this fearfu*
and as every hour Drought us into a looser sand, phenomenon. On tne attendants calling out that
it flew around us in such whirlwinds, with the the simoon was coming, he immediately turned
sudden gusts that blew, that it was impossible to for a moment to the quarter whence it came. I*
proceed. We halted, therefore, for an hour, and resembled a haze, in o^lour like the purple part
took shelter under the lee of our beasts, who of the rainbow, but not so compressed or thick. It
were themselves so terrified as to need fastening was a kind of blush upon the air, and was about
by the knees, and uttered in their wailings but 20 yards in breadth, and about 4 from the ground,
a melancholy symphony. I know not whether it Its motion was so rapid, that before he could
was the novelty of the situation that gave it ad- turn and fall upon the ground, he felt its violent
ditional horrors, or whether the habit of ma^ni- heat upon his face. It passed like a gentle ros-
fying evils to which we are unaccustomed, had tling wind, but was succeeded by a slight breeze,
increased its effect ; but certain it is, that fifty which for two or three hours was of such inten-
eales of wind at sea appeared to me more easy to sity of heat, as nearly to suffocate them. Bruce
be encountered than one amongst those sands, unfortunately inhaled a little of the purple haze.
It is. impossible to imagine desolation more com- which nearly deprived him of his yoice, anu
plete ; we could see neither sun, earth, nor sky : caused an asthma of two years' continuance,
the plain at ten paces distance was absolutely im- They saw it twice afterwards as they journeyed
perceptible : our beasts, as well as ourselves, were across the desert. The second time, it was more
so covered as to render breathin v difficult ; they southerly — its edges were less defined, resembling
hid their faces in the ground, and we could only a thin smoke — and it had about a yard in the
uncover our own for a moment, to behold this middle tinged with purple and blue. The third
chaos of mid-day darkness, and wait impatiently time, it haa the same purple and blue appearance,
for its abatement. Alexander's journey to the but was preceded by the largest sand pular they
temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the destruction bad seen. — One of tne most striking phenomena
of tne Persian armies of Cambyaes in the Lybian on the Gold Coast is the N. E. wind called harmat-
desert, rose to my recollection with new impres- tan. It comes on indiscriminately at any hoar
sions, made by the horror of the scene before me; of the day, at any time of the tide, or at any
while Addison's admirable lines, which I also re- period of the moon ; and continues sometimes
membered with peculiar force on this occasion, only a day or two, sometimes five or six days, and
•eemed to possess as much truth as beauty : has been occasionally known to last fifteen or six-
. Lo : when» our wide Numidlui w..t»i extend, ^^ ^^I\ There are genendly three or four re-
Sudden ihe impetuoui hurricane* descend, turns of it every season ; it blows with a moder-
Whlcb through Ihe air in circlinc eddies play. ate force, not so strongly as the sea-breeze, but
Tew up the aanda, and sweep whole plains away. eomewhat more so than the land-wind. A fog or
SS'tS'/il? irStlii ilUHLTbl-rrr- i^ « 0"e f the pecuniae, which dw.y. jj-
And, smothered in the dusty whirlwind, dlcs.» company a harmattan ; extreme dryness is anoth-
er property of it : no dew faUs during its continn-
** The few hours we remained in this situation ance, nor is there the least appearance of moisture
were passed in lubroken silence ; every one was in the atmorohere, yegetables of every kind are
occupied with his own reflections, as if the reign much injured by it, and the grass withers vmier
AON
ir
AJA
lU iafliience. The process of eyiqionktion daring
this wud proceeds with astonishing mpiditv.
.^^oA/y, a ]»oTince in the centre of N. Africa.,
the chief town of the same name is sitaate in
about 20, N. lat. and 13. £. long.
jlgnllda or GaUtUi^ an island of Africa, near
M»£iga8car. Long. 24. 8. £. lat 10. 12. N.
Agamenticus, a monntain in the State of Maine,
about 8 m. fironi York harbour. It a^brda pasture
up to its summit, and is a searmark for the en-
tj^ of Piscataqua river. Long. 70. 30. W. lat. 43.
Agmcam^ r. Mass. flows into the sea at Ware-
bam.
JigdSf a town of France, in the deoartment of
Hexmult, on the riyer Herault, not far from its
mouth, in the Gulf of Lions, where there is a
fort to defend the entrance. It is 17 m. N. £. of
Narbonne. Long. 3. 28. £. lat. 43. 19. N.
Agen^ a city of France, capital of the depart*
ment of Lot and Garonne, and a bishop's see.
Prunes form here a considerable object of com-
merce ; and it has manu&ctures of camblets, ser-
ges, and canyas. It is seated in a fertile country,
on the banks of the Garonne, 80 m. £. S. £. of
Bordeaux. Lopg. 0. 36. £. lat. 44. 12. N.
Agga^ AggonAy or Aconahy a town and district
on the coast of Guinea, in which is a very high
hill, called the De yU's Mount. The £nglish bays
a fort here. Lonf • 0. 5. £. hit. 6. 0. N.
AggtrkuMSy a mrtress of Norway, in the gov-
ernment of the same name, which is fnS of
mountains. See Ckrittiawia.
Aghuy there are 16 townships or parishes in
Ireland, the names of which conunence with
Agha y as, Agha-ftoe, hogy hoUogty da, dtrgy doty
dmrnty gaUeHy gotsTy Ue,lvrehery lo, macarty Tnorty
vaUaghy Tea, most of them contain from 4 to 6,000
inbab. and A|rhalurcher in Fermanagh Ck>. up-
wards of 12,000.
AghrmmuUiHy a parish in the Co. of Monaghan,
beUnd. Pop. in 1821, 15,627.
Aghrimy properly Augkrim, See Augh.
A^imarCy or AjmeWy a town of Hindoostan, cap-
ital of a province of the same name. It stands at
the foot of a high mountain, on the top of which is
a fortress of great strength. It was at Ajmeer , that
Sir Wm. Rowe, as English ambassador, was in-
troduced to the Great Aiogul in 1716. it is 150 m.
W. by S. of Agra. Long. 75. 20. E. lat. 26.
35. N. ^
Aginamrty a village of France, in the depart-
ment of Pas de Calais, famous in history for the
battle fought here in 1405, wherein Henry V. of
England, with an army of 10,000 men, defeated
the French army of 60,000, leaving near 10,000
dead on the field. It is 7 m. N. of flesdin.
AgUahy the name of 4 parishes in Ireland, vis.
1st, m the Co. of Kilkenny. Pop. 1,665, 2nd, in
Kerry, pop. 2,298. 3rd, in Cork, pop. 2,446. 4th,
in Waterford, pop. 3J268
AgnuUy a town of Morocco, on a river of the
same name, and on the W. side of one of the
mountains of Atlas, 16 m. 8. of Morocco.
Agmondeskam, See AmersJkam^
Agmamoy a circular lake in the kingdom of Na-
ples, 7 m. from Puzzuoli. It is about half a m. in
diameter, surrounded by mountains. On its mar-
gin is the famous Grotta del Cane, where many
dogs have been tortured and suffocated, to show
the effect of a vapour which rises a foot above
the bottom of the cave, and is destructive to ani-
mal life.
Agnes, St, one of die Soilly Islands, off the
3
Lands End, Cornwall ; there is a light house upon
it in lat. 42. 54. N. 6. 19. W. long. Also the
name of a parish in the Co. of Cornwall, Eng-
land, rich in mines. Pop. 5,762.
Agouj AgoUy or Agotn^ an island of Sweaen, in
the gulf of Bothnia, with a good harbour, long.
18. 10. £. hit. 42. 55. N.
Agotta, an island in the Adriatic sea, near the
coast of Dalmatia, 18 m. in circumference, and
18, S. W. of the isUnd of Gunola. Long 17. 0
E. lat. 42. 55. N.
Agastay a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, with
an excellent harbour, on the E. coast, 18 miles
north of Syracuse. Long. 15. 10. E. lat. 37. 20. N.
Agray a city of Hindoostan Proper, capital of a
F province of the same name, witn a strong fort,
t was once the most splendid of all the Indian
cities, and now exhibits the most magnificent
ruins. About the year 1566, the emperor Acbar
made it bis capital, and gave his name to it; since
which time it is often named Acbarabad. In the
17th century, the great Mo^rul freauently resided
here ; iiis palace was prodigiously large ; the pal-
aces of the omrahs and others are very numerous;
and there are above 60 caravanseras, 800 baths,
700 mosques, and two magnificent mausoleums.
It has since rapidly declined. In the war with
the Mahrattas, m 1803, it was taken by the Brit-
ish. It stands on the right bank of the Jumna, a
branch of the Ganges, 100 m. S. by £. of Dehli.
Long. 78. 30. £. lat. 27. 16. N.
A^ram or Zagraby a strong town of Croatia,
capital of the county of Zagrab, and a bishop's see;
seated on the Save, 27. m. N. £. of Carlstadt.
Long. 16. 18. E. kt. 45. 48. N.
Agriuy a town of Upper Hungfury, and s
bishop's see, with a citadel. It was besieged by
the Turks, in 1552, with 70,000 men ; they lost
8,000 men in one day, and were obliged to raise
the siege, though the garrison consisted only of
2,000 Hungarians, assisted by the women, who
performed wonders on this occasion. It b seated
on the Agra, 47 m. N. £. of Buda. Long. 20. 10.
£. lat. 48. 10. N.
Agrigaity or Island of Xavier, one of the La-
drone islands, 43 m. in compass, and has several
volcanic mountains. Long. 146. 0. £. lat. 19. 40. N.
Aguas CalierUeSy a city in the province of Gua-
dalaxara, Mexico, it is situate »>vtut 250 m. N. N.
W. of the city of Mexico on tne direct route U>
Santa Fe, and is noted for its warm springs.
Agulhas Capty the most southern point of
AfrKA, 13 leagues £. S. £. of the Cape of Good
Hope. Long. 20. 18. £. lat 34. 55. S.
AhanUiy a district on the Gold Coast, Africa
Axim, the chief town, is on the coast in 4.57. N
lat. 2. 55. W. long. Dixcove and Secondee are
other stations on the coast through which con-
siderable trafiic is carried on with the inland parts.
Muucragky a town in the Co. of Gralway, Ire-
land, containing 600 inhab. and the parish 4,240.
Ahmedabad. See Amedahad,
Ahmednagur. See Amednagttr.
Akmedparsy a town in the province of Orissa,
Hindoostan. 34 miles S. ftqm Cuttack.
AkoghUlJL populous parish in the Co. of Antnm,
Ireland. Pop. m 1821, 18,120; there is a town ot
the same name. Pop. only 370. Port^enone
town with 618 inhab. Ballykennedy, Culley-
backy, and Galgorim, villages ; total pop. 796
are all included m the parish.
AjaedOy a seaport of Corsica, capital of the d*.
partment of Liamone, and a bisnop s see This is
the birth-place of Napoleon BonaparU. It stands
b9
AIR in All
on the weit aide of the island, on a point of land Mrt^ a town of France, in the department of
that juts into the golf, 160 m. S. £. of Toulon. Landes, seated on the side of a mountaixK on the
Ijonff. 8. 43. E lat. 41. 56. N. river Adonr, 65 m. S. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0.
A^an or Ajtn^ a countnr on the eastern coast of 10. E. lat. 43. 42. N.
Africa, extending from Magodoza to Cape Guar- Avrty a town of France, in the department of
dafui, 1,500 leagues. It is divided into several Pas de Calais. It communicates witn St. Omer,
states or kingdoms ; the principal of which are by a canal, 22 m. S. of Dunkirk. Long. 2. 24.
Adel and Magadoza. The south coast <yi Ajan is E. lat. 30. 42.
sandy and barren, but to the N. it is more fertile. Airt^ a river in Yorkshire, which issues from
The kings of Ajan are frequently at war with a lake on Malham moor, near Settle, flows by
the emperor of Abyssinia, and sell the prisoners Skipton, Keighley, Leeds, and Snaith,and enters
which they take. Ivory, ^Id, and horses of an the Ouse, below Howden.
ezcellent breed, are the articles of trade. Aisne, a department of France, including the
AjaziOf Aias or Ajasso, a seaport of Asiatic territories of Soissonnois and Vermandois. It
Tuntey , in Syria, seated on the Mediterranean on takes its name from a river which runs by Sois-
the site of the ancient Issus, where Alexander sons, and enters the Oise, above Compiegne. It
fought his second battle with Darius. It is 30 m. was overrun by the allied armies in 1814, and was
S. o£ Antioch, and 40 W. Aleppo. Long. 36. 10. the scene of several obstinate and bloody bat-
E. lat. 36. 0. N. ties fought between the allies and French, in the
Aiek or Aichaehy a town of Bavaria, with a cas- months of February and March, of the same year,
tie, seated on the Par, 18 m. S. of Neuberg. Laon is the capital.
AiehgtadtftL town of Franconia in Bavaria. In the Aix, an ancient city of France, capital of the
church is a piece of curious workmanship, called department of the Mouths of the Rhone, and an
the Sun of the Holy Sacrament, whicn is of archbishop's see. It was founded by C. S. Cal-
massy gold, enriched with diamonds, pearls, ru- vinus, a Roman General, 120 B. C. and was
bies, and other precious stones. It is seated on formerly the capital of Provence, when it had a
the Altmuhl, 40 m. S. by E. of Nuremburg. parliament. It is seated in a plain, where there
Lon^. 11. 10. E. lat. 48. 50. N. are hot baths near the river Arc, accidentally
Atdy t. Lawrence Co. Ohio. discovered in 1704, but several medals and other
Aidalf the principal seaport of Nubia, seated on antiques, dug up at that time, confirm the baths
a mountain, on the coast of the Red sea. It has being known to the Romans. It is 75 m. E. of
a trade in ebony, and aromatic plants. Long. 35. Montpelier. Long. 5. 27. E. lat. 43. 32. N.
57. E. lat. 22. 2d. N. Aix, a town of Savoy, on the lake Bonrget.
Aigerif a town of Austria, on the confines of Here are mineral waters, much frequented. It is
Bohemia. 24 m. N. W. of Steyre. 12 m. N. by E. of Chamberry.
AiffU, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of Aix, a small island of France, between the isle
Vaud. All the houses, even the meanest, are built of Oleron and the Continent. It is 12 m. N. W.
of white marble, found in the neighbourhood. It of Rochfort. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 46. 5. N.
is seated near the Rhone, 6 m. from its entrance Aix4a-ChapeUe, a city of Prussia in the grand
into the lake of Geneva. duchy of the lower Rhine, lately an imperial ci-
Aigle, a town of France, in the department of ty oTGermany, in the duchy of Juliers. Charle-
Ome, 47 m. S. W. of Rouen. magne was so delighted with the beauty of
Aigiutn, St. a town of France, in the depart- the place, that he chose it for his residence ; he
roent of Loire and Cher, on the river Cher, 24 m. is interred in the church of Notre Dame, where
S. by E. of Blois. they keep his sword and belt. It is seated in a
Ailahy a town of Arabia Petrea, at the head of bottom, surrounded by mountains, 22 m. N. E. of
an inlet of the Red sea, 108 m. £. S. E. of Sues. Leige. Long. 5. 54. E. lat. 50. 52. N. Pop. 33,
Lon^. 34. 10. E. lat. 29. 10. N. 000.
Auiy, a town of France, in the department of The population of the town, during the period
Somme, 9 m. S. S. £. of Amiens. of its prosperity, was estimated at upwards of
AUsa, an insulated rock, in the frith of Clyde. 100,000, mostly supported by their native manu-
off the coast of Ayreshire, Scotland, its base is 2 factures, which were carried on to a considerable
m. in circumference. It consists of a stupendous eztent ; being chiefly in woolen cloths, needle-
assemblage of precipitous cliffs, rising in a Pyra- works, Prussian blue, white soap, needles, and
midial series, 900 ft. high, accessible on the it. E. pins. The impolitic selfishness of the trading
It affords refuge to an immense number of sea- guilds or corporations has been a great check up-
fowl, and is well stocked with rabbits. The ruins on manufacturing industry, and Hbe population
of a chapel and of a castle, are still seen; and has proportionally decreased. The two last-nam-
near the latter is a spring of fresh water. It ed branches of manufacture are, however, still
gives the title of Baron of the United Kingdom, carried on with much spirit,
to the family of Kennedy, Earls of CassilTis, in The town consists of two parts: the inner, about
ScotV^d. three ouarters of a league in circumference, and
Airif a department of France, which takes its flanked with ten towers, of which Charlemagne
name from the river, boimded on tlie N. E. and is said to be, if not the founder, the great improv-
' 8. by the departments of Jura, Mont Blanc, er ; and the outer, by which the former has been
and Isere, and on the W. by those of the Rhone surrounded. The latter has eight gates, is about
find the Loire, and Saone and Loire. Bourg is the two leagues in circuit, and is built partly of brick
capital. and partly of a blue stone raised from a quarry at
AirdrUf a town in the parish of New Monk- some distance. There are upwards of seventy
land, Co. of Lanark^ Scotland. It has an iron streets ; some handsome, and adorned with fine
foundry, and a considerable trade in the distilla- houses. Though no lairge river approaches tbe
tion of malt spirits. It is 10 m. E. of Glasgow, town, it is abundantly supplied fh>m tnrce streams
vn the direct road to Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, which flow througn it, the Pau, the Paunelle,
4,860, and of the parish, 7,362. and the Johannis, whose waters are found fully
AIX 19 ALA
sufficient for the mannfacturmj; and domestic loda tnd carbonate of lime : thej are eztremelj
fiemandfl of the inhabitants. nauseous ; though habit, arising from a convietion
The town hall is chiefly remarkable for two an* of their utility , renders them at length somewhat
eient towers, the erection of one of which is at- palatable. These waters near the sources an
tributed to the Romans ; and for a spacious hall clear and pellucid, with a strong sulphureous
measuring IG2 feet hy 60, in which the emperor smell resembling the washings of a foul ^n ; but
dined on the day of his coronation. A picture they lose this smell by exposure to the air. Their
representing the congress of 1748 is to be seen in taste is saline and bitter. They do not contain
this building ; the portraits of all the members of iron. They are also neutral near the fountain ;
the congress having been painted at the request but afterwards are manifestly and pretty strongly
of the town magistrates. It contains also sever- alkaline, insomuch that clothes are washed in
ai portraits of Charlemagne, and statues of all them without soap. The accounts of diftrent
the emperors since his time. Opposite to this writers as to the height of their temperature are
building is an antique fountain, on the top of various ; ranging, however, from 136. to 146. of
which IS a statue of the same emperor, in copper Fahrenheit The baths are seven in number,
filt, holding in his right hand a sceptre and in arising from five springs, called the Imperial, the
IB left a globe. Cornelius, the Quirinus, the Small, and the Rose :
The choir of the great church, in which the the two first named are deemed the most effica-
ceremonial of the coronation took place, is a high- cions. Besides these, there is a cold spring called
ly admired piece of Grothic architectures enriched Campasbad : though weaker, and therefore less
vrith some exquisitely wrought pieces or tapestry, efficacious, it is frequented by many, on account
In it is also the tomb of the emperor Otho. The of its lower temperature and its less disagreeable
pulpit is richly ornamented with gold and pre- taste. The poorer classes also use it. The reve-
cious stones. The remains of the great benefac- nues of the town arise in part lh>m the farming'
tor of the town, so dften mentionedalready, were of these springs.
deposited in a tomb covered with a plain black Like other watering places. Aix is resorted to
■lab, under the centre of the dome, and msrked for pleasure as well as for health. A suite of
with the simple inscription " Carolo Maono." anaitments called the Redoubte is laid out as a
On the tomb being opened by Otho III., the body place of promenade and refreshment, together
of the monarch was found seated in a chair of with a saloon for balls and evening entertainments,
marble, dressed in his robes and adorned with the The charitable institutions are, an hospital for
insignia of royalty. These were taken away, to the diseased, another for orphans, another for in*
je used in subsequent coronations. The tomb was curables, an institution for the maintenance of
again opened by Frederick I., and placed in an the poor who come to the waters, and a school
antique sarcophagus, which was* carried off by for me education of the poor, with a house of
the French on account of its singular beauty, and refuge for the indigent : both these last were
lodged in the Louvre at Paris ; but it has since founded by the empress Josephine.
been restored. The church is also much frequen- Aixenay, a town of France, 29 m. S. of J^antes.
ted on account of the numerous relics deposited Akerman. See Bidmod,
in it. The person in whose custody they are, Akissat, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
ftunishes the curious visitant with a long list of the ancient Thyatira, built in a fine plain above
the particulars connected with each : they are 17 miles wide, which produces com and cotton,
earetully preserved ; and many of them richly It is seated on the river Hermits. 50 m. 8. E. of
embellidied with precious stones, and enclosed Fergamo. Long. 28. 30. E. lat. 38. 48. N.
in cosUy cabinets. On the advance of the French jBcron, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. E.
army, uier the Revolution, all the relics were re- Columbus. It is situated on the Ohio canal.
moved into the interior of Germany, and placed Jikskehr, a town in Caramania, on the confines
under the special custodv of the emperor. They of Natolia, about 250 m. E. of Smyrna, to which
have since been restored to their ancient abode, place it sends considerable supplies of wool, fine
with the exception of the sword of Charlemagne, carpets, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls.
some earth steeped with the blood of Stephen the Alabimat one of the United States of America.
' it. and 85. ana
Tennessee, E.
usuoc luf uis uvuuio lit lA&iug vara ui uie uuicm. i>jr wcTviKtii, ». uy x'iuiiui»»uu mxc^ OuII 01 AlCXlCOa
The church of St. Nicholas has some fine paint- and W. oy Mississippi ; having a length of 280
ings. and a breadth of 160 m. and containing an
liearthe town is the hill of Louisburg, which area of 46,000 sq. m. It is divided into 36
commands a fine view of it and of the sdjacent counties, and is watered by the Tennessee, the
ooontry. On its summit was an obelisk, erected Chatahoochee, the Alabama and Tombeckbee, and
in honour of Napoleon. After his flight from has in the south the seaports of Mobile and
Russia it was thrown down by the Cossacks, m Blakeley. Population 308.997, of whom 117,294
hopes of coming at the coins buried beneath. It are slaves. Tuscaloosa is tne seat of government,
has been restor^ by the king of Prussia ; the in- Alabama was originally a pMurt of the Mississippi
seriptions in praise of Napoleon being changed to Territory, but was erected into a separate ttfmto-
others commemorating nis reverses and down- rial government in 1817, and into a State in 1819.
fall. The Cherokees and Creeks occupy the northern
But the peculiar characteristics of Aix, which parts,
chiefly attract strangers and secure its prosperity, The soil, with the exception of the alluvial
are its warm baths, which have been long in the tracts on Mobile river, is generallv a pine barren,
highest repute for scrofulous and cutaneous dis- The surface is mostiy hilly and broken. In the
^ases, and also for the removal of visceral ob- north it is mountainous, and in this region begins
stmctions and diseases arising from a derange* the great Apalachian chain. The ^^^^^^JP^*^^
ment in the organs of digestion. Their analysis undulating. Toward the south, within 50 or 60
shows t^at they oontain carbonate and muriate of miles of norida, the swamps are for the most part
MlA M ALB
Bovered witii cyptew and gum trees, and the up- entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia. The principal
lands with long leaved pine. These pine swells island, from which the rest take their names, is
and levels have a very thin soil, with a snbstra- 40 m. long, and near 16 broad ; and is dom. N. £.
turn of clay. They produce without the aid of of Stocklwlm. Pop. about 12,000. Lon^. 20.28
manure, two or three crops of maize and one or £. lat. 60. 10. N. They were ceded with Fin-
two of cotton. Among the pine grows a rank land, by Sweden to Russia, in the treaty of 1809.
crass furnishing a fine and inexhaustible summer Alois ^ a town of France, in the department of
feed. The alluvions on the Alabama and Tom- Gard. It has a citadel, and is seated near the
beckbee rivers are generally wide and first rate river Gard, at the foot of the Cevennes, 28 m
lands, and this species of soil on all the streams N. W. of Nismes. Long. 2. 54. lat. 44. 8. N.
is generally productive. The hammock lands Alarcon^ a town of Spain, in New Castile. It
constitute an mtermediate belt between the hot- is seated on the Xucar, 50 m. S. of Cuenca.
toms and pine ridges. They generally have a w^ZotomoAa, or AUamaha, a river of Georgia,
slope likea glacis. In the best lands, no pines U. S. formed by the Oakmulgee and Oconee, two
.are to be seen. In second rate land, they are long streams which rise in Uie northern part of
intermixed with dogwood, hickory and oak. the State. It flows into the sea by several moutiM
Along the southern limit the soil is thin, and the at St. Simon *8 Sound, 60 m. from Savannah. It is
unvarying verdure of the pine, beautiful as it is navigable 300 m. to Milledgeville on the Oconee,
in itself, tires by its uniformity. On the head for boati of 30 tons, and including its longest
waters of the Escambia and Conecuh, are groves branch is 500 m. in length. Its mouth is banred
of orange trees. On approaching Florida, the by a shoal on which there is a depth of 14 feet of
swamps become more and more extensive. Cy- water at low tide.
press lands are abundant. On the alluvial ground Alatyr, a town of Russia, on the river Sura, 40
which is not inundated, is large and rank cane. m. E. of Kasan.
In these drowned regions tlie moschetoes are very AlatUa, a river of European Turkey, which ri-
annoying. In goiuff toward the central part of ses in the mountains that separate Molaavia, from
the State, the lands hecome high and broken, and Transylvania, flows through Wallachia, and en-
the pines less frequent; oak, mckoiy and poplar ters the Danube, near Nicopolis.
succeed. Aiha^ a town of Piedmont, in Montserrat, and aa
The climate generally is &vourable to health ancient bishopric. It contains three parochial
compared with we soutnem country in the same and three other churches, besides the cathedral,
parallels. The lower part of the State is con- and seven convents. It is seated on the Tanaro,
stantly fiinned during the summer heats, by the 20 m. S. E. of Turin.
trade wind. There is hardly such a season as Albania^ a maritime province of European Tur*
winter, yet the summers are not hotter than many key, 240 m. long, and 60 broad ; bounded on the
degrees farther N. In the northern parts, tfaie N. by Dalmatiaand Bosnia, £. by Macedonia and
sti^^ant waters often freeze. In the S. snow or Janna, S. by Livadia and W. by the Adriatic and
ice is seldom seen. Cattle require no shelter Ionian seas. It produces excellent wines. It
during winter, and maize is planted early in was formerly an independent kingdom. Durasso
Marcn. is the capital.
Cotton is the staple production of Alabama. Alhane, a town of Italy, on a lake of the sama
Sugar, rice and tobacco are also cultivated. Many name, in Campaffna di Roma. The environs
of the people about Mobile are shepherds, and produce the best wine in all this country. It is
have large droves of cattle. Swine are raised 15 m. S. S. £. of Rome.
with great ease where they can be guarded from Alhano^ a town of Naples, in Basilicata, on the
the wolves, couffars and alligators. The small river, Basiento, 15 m. £. by S. of Potenza.
breed of Indian norses are u^ly, but hardy and AlhanopoUs, a town of European Turkey, for-
strong. Alabama exported m 1828, 1,174,737 merly the capital of Albania, out now a poor
dollars value of domestic produce ; anil imported place, seated on the Drino, 43 m. £. of Alessio.
merchandize to the amount of 171,909 dollars. Albans, St., a borough town in Hertfordshire,
This State in 1800, had only 2,000 inhabitants, distinguished in every period of English history.
No part of the southern or western country has It wss once the metropolis of Britain, and on the
had a more rapid incresse of population. The invasion of the country by the Romans, became
people began to pay attention to the business of one of their most important stations, they gave it
schools and education, though seminaries of learn- the name of Verulam, and by the privileges con-
ing and literary institutions are rare. The uni- ferred upon it, so attached the native inhabitants
versity of Alabama is at Tuscaloosa. to their interest, as to excite the vexureance of
Alabama, r. is the eastern branch of the Mobile. Queen Boadicea, who massacred 70,00(rof them,
and is formed by the junction of the Coosa ana after which she was completely defeated by Sue-
Talapoosa. It is navigable by laree vessels 100 tonius Paulinus, the then Roman governor of
m. shove Mobile Bay. Beyond Uiis it affords Britain. St Albans again became tranquil, and
a good boat navigation 150 m. further. This river flourbhed till the Diocletian persecution, about
gives its name to the State. the commencement of the 4th century, when is
Alaehua, a prairie in E. Florida, about 70 m. W became distinguished for the martyrdom of its
of St. Augustine. It is level and grassy, but saint, whose name the town at present bears.
'barren of trees and shrubs. It is 16 m. in length After this period, St. Albans declined, till m the
and consists of a sandy soil surrounded with high 9Ui century Ofia, king of the Mercians, in expia-
hiUs covered with orange trees. tion for his unprovoked murder of St. Ethelbert.
MadttUa. a maritime province of Asiatic Tur- king of the East Angles, whom he had inviteil
key, bounded on the S. by the N. E. extremity of to his court to be his son-in-law, erected and en-
the Levant sea. The chief town is Adana. dowed a most magnificent abbey and monastery
jMaman, a town in Switzerland, in the canton for Benedictine monks. After this period, St. Al-
of Bern. 9 m. N. E. of Nion. bans experienced various alternations of fortune
Aimi, a duster of islands in th« Baltk, at the till the final dissdiation of its monastexy in the
ALB SI ALB
■luwidiiif and rapacioiu age of Henry VIII. mat. Steamboats constantly pass between Al
which led to the demolition of this magnificent bony and New-Tork. A railroad extends 15
establishment, of which the gateway only m. to Schenectady ; the Northern Canal brin^
remains, now used as the boroo^ prison ; ex- the waters of Lake Champlain with those of Ene
cept the abbey church, which was rescued from into the bosom of the city, and lines of staires
impending destruction by the inhabitants, who pass to Boston, Saratoga, Utica and many other
porchased it of the succeeding monarch, Edward parts. Albany was founded in 1612, and next to
Vl. for iS400. when it was made parochial ; but Jamestown is the oldest settlement in the United
was again doomed to a reverse, in being exposed States. It is governed by a Mayor and a Board
to the plunder and fimaticism of Cromwell, dur- of Aldermen and Assistants. Fop. 24,238.
ing the period of his predominance. It has since Albany , t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. W Paris.
been repaired, and many vestiges of its former Pop. 387.
grandeur still remain. It is one of the largest ec- »Ubanv, t. Orleans Co. Vt. 34 m. N. Montpeher.
elesiastical edifices in Europe. There are three Pop. 683.
other churches, in one of which (St. Michael) is Albany ^ a County of New York. Pop. 53,560 ;
a monument to the memorjr of the illustrious its capital is the city of this name.
Francis Bacon, whose analysis and organization Albany, t. Berks Co. Pa. on the S. side of Blue
of the laws of nature will immortalize his name. St. Mountams.
Albans is governed bv a mayor and 12 aldermen, Albany j JVeto, p.t. Clarke Co. Ind. 642 m^ Wash.
and returns two members to parliament. Its mar- Albany, a river of Upper Canada, which flows
ket on Saturdays is considerable in grain, &c. and E. through several small lakes into James's Bay ,
especially for straw-plait, which is brought in by there is a fort of the same name at its month.
the country people, and bought up for manufac- Long. 82. W. lat. 52. 14. N.
toring into bonnets in London. The town is sit- Awaraxin, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a
uate on the banks of the little river Ver, on bishop's see. Its wool is the best in Arragon. It
which there are two mills for throwing silk. It is is seated on the Guadalaviar, 100 m. E. of Aladrid.
21 m. N. of London. Albacete, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with
Albans, St. p.t. capital of Franklin Co. Vt. 23 m. manufactures in iron and steel ; seated in a fertile
N. Burlington. country on the post road from Madrid (dis. 40 lea.)
Albans, St. D.t Somerset Co. Me. 30 m. £. N. E. to Carthagena, dis. 33 1-2 leag^
Norridgewock. Pop. 911. AUmzin, a town of Chinese Tartary, with a for-
AlbMS, St. t. Licking Co. Ohio. Pop. 935. tress, on the N. side of the Saghalien. Lon. 123.
Aliamv, capital of the state of New York, stands 30. £. lat. 53. 0. N.
on the W. baink of the Hudson, at nearly the head Albeck, a town and castle of Suabia, on the river
of tide water, 160 m. above New York city, and Alb, 5 m. N. by E. of Ulm.
164 W.pf Boston. It is a place of much business and Albemarle, or Aumaie, a town of France, in the
wealth, bein^ situated at the point where the great department of Lower Seine, with a manufacture
Erie canal joins the Hudson, and commanding of serges and other stufls, 20 m. S. W. of Dieppe
in a manner the whole interior trade of the State, and ^ N. N. W. of Kouen.
The prosperity of the city has been wonderful AVbemarie, a central Co. of the state of Virginia.
since the opening of this great channel of in- Pop. 22,618. Charlottesville is the chief town,
temal navi^tion, and its population has increased Albemarle Sound, an inlet of the Atlantic ocean,
one half within six years. Ite first appearance is in N. Carolina, 60 m. long, and from 8 to 12 broad.
not prepossessing to a stranger, but the bustle and It is 30 m. N. of Pamlico Sound ; and is unit-
haetivity of ite business give it an air of great liveli- ed with Chesapeake bay at Norfolk, by a canal
nees ', while many public and private buildings cut through the Dismal Swamp,
with which it is adorned, display much taste and Albtnea, a strong seaport on the coast of Genoa,
elegance. There are many good specimens of the surrounded by olive-trees, 37 m. S. W. of Genoa,
old Duteh architecture in various parte of the city, Lonjr. 8. 7. £. lat. 44. 6. N.
but ite general appearance has been greatly mod- AUnon, p.t. Kennebeck Co. Me. 91 m. N. £.
emized within a few years. The capital is a fine Portland. Pop. 1,393.
stone edifice upon the brow of a hill overlooking AUnon, p.v. Edwards Co. Illinois. 88 m. S. E.
the city, and immediately at the head of State VandaJia.
street, a wide and handsome avenue. It is 115 Albion Jfew, a name given bySir Francis Drake,
feet long and has in front an Ionic portico of 4 who explored the coast in 1578, to a country on
magnificent columns, 33 feet in height. The the W. coast of N. America, extending from the
pQDiic square adjoining the capitol, is laid out into 35 to the 48th. degree of N. lat. j but the northern
walks and avenues. North of this building part is now comprehended in the Missouri territo-
stands the Academy, the most elegant structure ry, and the soutnem in New California.
in the city. It is built of freestone and has a mSlbona, a town of Italy, in Istria, near the gulf
firont of 90 feet. The State Hall is an ancient of Camero, 16 m. E. bv S. of Rovigno.
building. The Albany, Farmers and Mechanics AUret, a town of Irance, in the department of
Banks are handsome edifices of white marble. The Gironde, 37 m. S. of'Bourdeaux.
Ci^ Hall has a gilded dome. The Museum is one Albufeira, a town on the S. coast of Algarva,
of the most splendid structures in the Stete, and Portugal ; pop. about 2,000. Also a town of Va-
contains a large and valuable collection of curio*- lencia, Spain, on the sea coast,
ities. The buin where the canal joins the river Albuquerque, a town of Spain, in Estremadnm,
is fbrmed by a pier 4,300 f. in length and includes with a strong castle. It has a considerable trade in
an area of'^32 acres. Here are stored immense wool and cloth, and is 18 m. N. N. W. of Badajoz.
quantities of goods of every description. The city Also a town on the Rio del Norte, a few miles S.
has a library of 8,000 vols., a theatre and 16 ofSanteFe, Mexico. There is also a village of
churches. A mineral spring has been recently dis- thQ same name in the province of Puebla, Mex-
eovered here. The neighbourhood is pleasant and ico.
the fiu»lities for travelfing in every direction vexy Alburgh, p.t Grand Isl* Co. Vt in the S. W
AhC 9t ALK
comer of the state, surrounded by water on all wickshire. Many Roman coinSi brickfl, &4i. have
sides but the N. Pop. 1,2^. been found near it, and the Icknild street passes
My or ^Ibi. an ancient city of France, in the through the town. It has a manu&cture ofneed-
department or Tarn, seated on the river of that les, and is situate at the confluence of the AIne
name. It is the chief city of the Albigeois, and with the Arrow, 14 m. W. S. W. of Warwick, and
was formerly the see of an archbishop. The ca- 103 N. W. of London. Market on Tuesday,
thedral was dedicated to St. Cecilia, and before the AUrmaer or AUtmaer^ a city of North Holland,
reyolution, was ornamented with a valuable silver It is a handsome city and one of the cleanest in
shrine, of exquisite workmanship, of the Mosaic Holland. The streets and houses are extremely
kind,, and contained the relics of St. Clair, the neat and regular, and the public buildini^
first bishop of this city. The chapel of this saint very beautiful. The Spaniards, under Frederick
is a magmficent building, adorned with paintings, of Toledo, besieged it afler they had taken
Alby has manufiictures of both linens and wool- Haerlem, in 1578; but were forced to ralr«
ens, and four gates, which open into beautiful the sie^e, after lying before it three months, it
and fruitful plains. openedits gates to the British troops in 1799, aiYer
Alcala de Henares, a beautiful and extensive city the second battle near Bergen ; and here the trea-
of Spain, in New Castile, seated upon the river ty for the evacuation of Holland by the invaders,
Henares. The university, which had gone to de- was aflerwards concluded. It is recorded in the
cay^as re-established in 1494, by Cardinal Fran- register of this city, that in the year 1G39, 120
cu Ximenes ; at whose charge and under whose tulips, with the off-sets, sold for '90,000 florins ;
direction, the first polyglot biole was printed in and in particular, that one of them called the Vice-
this town. Without the walls is a spring, the ro;/ sold for 4,203 guilders! The States at last put
water of which is so pure and well tasted, Uiat it a stop to this extravagant and ruinous passion for
u inclosed for the king of Spain's own use, from flowers. The town has a good trade in butter and
whence it is carried to IVIadrid. It is 11 miles S. cheese, which is esteemed the best in Holland.
W. of Guadalaxara, and 15 N. E. of Madrid. It is about 4 m. from the sea, 15 from Haerlem,
AUalalaRealj a city of Spain, with a fine abbey, and 20 N. from Amsterdam,
situate on the summit of the Sierra de Granada, Jilcoutimy a town of Portutral, in Algarves, with
on the high road from Madrid to Granada, from a strong castle, seated on onlsland in the Guadia-
which it IS distant 18 m. and 190 from Madrid. na, opposite to San Lucar, 16 m. from tlie entrance
AUala de GuadayrafB. town of Spain, dis. 6. m. of the Guadianainto the Gulf of Cadiz, 22 N. N. £.
from Seville on the road to Madrid. of Tavira.
AlcavMiy a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazaro, 25 Alcudia, a town of Majorca, situate on the N. £.
m. S. W. of Palermo. coast, between two large harbours. Long. 3. 0. £.
Alcanizy a town of Arragon, in Spain. It was lat. 39. 50. N.
formerly the capital of the Kingdom of the Moors. Aldborougkj a borough, returning 2 members to
It has a remarkable fountain, which throws up parliament, and sea-port, in SuflTolk, with a market
water, through 42 pipes. It is seated on the on Wednesday and Saturday ; pleasantly seated on
river Bergantes, 12 m. from Caspe. the Aide, between a high hill and the sea ; and the
Alcantara, a fortified town of Spain, in Estre- harbour is tolerably good, but small. The town
madura, ana the chief place of the knights of was formerly much larger ; but the sea has taken
that name. It has a celebrated stone bridge over away whole streets. It is 40 m. E. of Bury, and
the Tejo, or Tagus, built in the time of Trajan. 94 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,212.
It was taken by the earl of Gal way, in 1706, but Aldhorough, a borough in the West Riding of
retaken the same year. It is situate on the high Yorkshire, returning 2 members to parliament,
post road from Badajos to Ciudad Rodrigo. Here are many remains of Roman woras. It is 15
Aleantaray or AUarUariUuy a town of Spain, in m. N. E. of York, and 208 N. by W. of London.
Andalusia, near the river Guadalquivir. Here is Pop. 484.
a bridge built b^ the Romans to pass the marshes Aldenburg, a town of Westphalia, 20 m. E. S. £.
formed by the river. It is 14 m. S. of Seville. of Dusseldori*.
Alcantara, a town of Portugal, near Lisbon, Alderbury, a town in Wiltshire, on a hill near
having a royal palace. There is also a town of the Avon,d m. from Salisbury. It has amanufac-
the same name in Brazil, in the proryince of ture of fustians. By a fire in 1777, 200 houses
Maranham. were destroyed.
Alcaraz, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with Alderkolmj an island in Sweden, formed bv tlie
a strong castle, and a remarkable ancient aqueduct, three arms of the river Gefle,in the Gulf of 6oth-
Itissituatenear the source of the Guadalquivir, 80 nia. It has a considerable trade in planks and
m. E. by S. of Calatrava. Long. 2. 20. W. £. lat. deals. It is 60 m. N. of Stockholm.
38. 28. N. Aldemeify an island in the English channel, 8 m.
.^2earaz or ^(eorraz, a town of Arragon, Spain, in circunuerence, separated from France by a
2 leagues from Lerida, on the road to Madrid. strait called the Race of Aldemey, which is a dan-
Alaizar de Sal, a town of Portugal, in Estrema- gerous passage, on account of the rocks under
dura. Fine white salt is made here. It is seated water. It is fertile in com and pasture ; and is cele-
on the Cadoan, 15 m. from the sea, and 35 S. £. brated for a breed of small cattle, which yield an
of Lisbon. Long. 9. 5. W. lat. 38. 18. N. abundance of very rich milk. There is a
Alcazar Q^iber, a town of the kingdom of Fez, town of the same name. Long. 2. 12. W. lat. 49.
near which Sebastian, king of Portugal, lost his 45. N.
life in a battle with the Moors, in 1578. It is seated Aldgtone. See Alston-Moor.
on the Lucos, 36 m. S. of Tangier. Alegre, a town of France, in the department of
Alcazar Seguar, a town of tlie kingdom of Fez, Upper Loire, 15 m. S. E. of Brioude.
on the strait of Gibraltar. It was taken by Al- Alemtejoj the largest, in its superficies, of the 6
phonso, king of Portugal, in 1468, but soon afler provinces of Portugal, bounded on the north by
abandoned. It is 14 m. E. of Tangier. the Ta^us, and south by the ancient kingdom of
AlcesUr, or Alncester, a market town in War- Algarva. Ito superficial extent is 883 French
leaipffs, and the p(miilatioa,tii 1800, was 380/480. baths, and ilands near the Pyrenees, on the river
Evora is the capital. Auda, 15 m. S. by W. of Carcassone.
jHeiuMm, a city of Fnnoe, capital of the de- Mmnuler, p.i. Athens Co. Ohio, 75 m. S. E.
partment of Ofme. Its roanofaeture of lace is Columbus. This township and Athens belong to
considerable. Near it are stone quarries in which the Ohio Uniyersity.
are found a sort of crystal like Bristol stones. JUexandermiUe, p.t. in Miami township, Mont*
it is seated on the Sarte, which divides the de- fomery Co. Ohio, on the Great Miami, 75 m. S.
partments of L'Orne and La Sarte, 30 m. N. by W. W . Columbus. The Miami canal runs through
of Lemans, and 87 W. S. W. of Paris. this town.
Alepfo, the capital of Syria, and next to Con- .Alexander, a Co. of the state of Illinois, at its
stantinople and Cairo, the most considerable city southern extremity, bounded ou the east by the
in the Turkish empire. It stands on 8 hills, in Ohio river to the point where it unites wim the
the middle of a fruitiui plain, and is of an oval Mississippi, which bounds on the county on the
Sgure. The castle is on the highest hill, in the west. rop. 1 ,390. America is the chiei town.
«e»tre of the city ; and the houses are better than Alexander, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 334.
in oUier places in Turkey. As usual in the East, Alexander, a County of Illinois. Pop. 1 ,390.
they consist of a laree court, with a dead wall to Alexander, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 18 m. S.
the street, an arcade running round it, paved Batavia. Pop. 2,331.
with marble, and a marble fountain in the middle. Alexanders, p.v. York Dia. S. C. 441 m. Wash.
The streets are narrow, but well paved '.vith. large Alfrandretta, or Seanderoon, a town of Syria, on
square stones, and kept very clean. Here are the Mediterranean sea, and the port of Aleppo.
many stately mosques and caravanaeras, fountains It is now a poor place, the tombs being more nu-
and reservoirs of water, and vineyards and gar- merous than the houses. It is 60 m. N. W. of
dens. The water in the wells is brackish, l>ut Aleppo. Long. 36. 15. £. lat. 36. 35. N.
good water is brought from some springs about Alexandria, or Alessandria, a considerable and
five miles off, by an aqueduct, said to have been strong city of Italy, in the Milanese, with a good
built bv the empress Helena. The Christians castle, built in 1178, in honour of Pope Alexan-
bave tneir houses and churches in the suburbs derlll. It was taken in 1706, by prince Eugene ;
and carry on a considerable trade in silks, camlets, in 1746, by the French, but retaken in 1749, by
and leatner. Large caravans freauently arrive the king of Sardinia. The French again took it
from Bagdad and Bassorah, chargea with the pro- in 1798, but were driven out by the Austro-Rus-
ducts ofrersia and India. sian army in 1799 ; it was delivered up to the
Several European nations have factories here. French after the celebrated battle of Marengo, in
and the merchants live in ^eater splendour and 1800, but reverted to the dominion of Austria,
safety than inanyother city m the Turkish empire, after the peace of Paris in 1815. It is 15 m. S.
Coadies are not used here, but persons of quality E. of Casal, 35. N. W. of Genoa, and 40. S. by
ride on horseback, with a number of servants be- W. of Milan.
fore them, according to their rank. Aleppo and its Alexandria, a celebrated city of Egypt, now
suburbs are 7 m. in compass. An old wall, and a much decayed, though there are stiU some re-
broad ditch, now in many places turned into gar- mains of its ancient splendor, particularly an obe-
4ens, surround the city, which was estimated bv lisk full of hieroglyphics, called Cleopatra*s Nce-
Dr. RuBsel to contain 230,000 inhab., of whom 8'>, die; and Pompey s Pillar, which is one entire
000 were Christians, and 5,000 Jews; but at present piece of granite, vO ft. high, and 25 in circumfer-
accordingto Mr. Eton, it does not contain more ence. The ancient Pharos, so famous in antiqui-
than 50,<M)0, which depopulation, occasioned chief- ty, that it was numbered among the seven won-
1y by the plague, baa taken place since 1770 ; ders of the world, is now a castle called Pharil-
whole streets being uninhabited and bazars aban- Ion, and still used to direct vessels into the har-
dened. All the iiuiabitants of botii sexes smoke hour. From the harbour is a canal to the west
tobacco to great excess ; even the very servants branch of the Nile, at Rhamanie. This city was
have almost constantly a pipe in their mouths, built by Alexander the Great, and now consists
Eighteen miles S. E. of Aleppo is a large plain, chiefly of one long street, ftcing the harbour, the
bounded by low rocky hills, called the Valley rest being a heap of ruins : part of the walls are
of Salt : this is overflowed in winter, and in April, standing, with great square towers^ 200 paces dis-
the water being soon evaporated by the sun, tant ; and the gates are of Thebaic and granite
leaves a cake of salt, in some places half an inch marble. It was formerly a place of ^at trade,
thick, which is sufficient to supply all this part all the treasures of the East Indies being depod-
of the country. Aleppo is seateo on a rivulet, 70 ted there, before the discovery of the route by the
miles S. E. of Alexandretta, or Seanderoon, and Cape of Good Hope. It is subject to the grand
150 N. of Damascus. Long. 37. 16. E. lat. 35. seignior who, however, has but a Umited authority.
40. N. It sufiered greatly by a succession of Alexandria was taken by the French, under Bona-
eaxthquakes in 1^. parte, in 1796 ; and taken from them by the En^
Aleppo, t. Green Co. Pa. fish in 1801. It surrendered to the English m
Alien, p.t. Erie Co. N. Y. 287 m. W. Albany. 1807, but was soon after evacuated. Itis seated
Pop. 1,257. on the Mediterranean, 125 m. N. W. of Cairo.
Alessttno, a town of Naples, near the extremity Long. 30. 16. £. 31. 11. N.
of the promontory of the Terra d' Otranto, 15 Alexandria, t. Grafton Co. N. Hampshire, 70
m. S. W. of Otranto. m. from Poitsmouth. Pop. 1,083.
Alessio, a town of European Turkey, in Dal- Alexandria, p.t. Jellereon Co. N. Y. 172. m. N
matia, and a bishop's see, seated on Uie Drino, W. Albany. Pop. 1,523.
near its entrance into the Adriatic Sea. 20 m. S. Alexandria, t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on the Dela-
of Scutari. Long. 19. 30. E. kt. 41. 53. N. ware, 15 ro. S. E. £a«ton. '
Aleutian Islands. See Arekivelago, ^ortkem. Alexandria, p.t. Huntington Co. Pa. 192 m. N.
Alet, a town of France, in the department of ,W. Philad.
Aude, lately an episcopal see. It is noted for its Alexandria^ a city and port of entiy in wm
nictn«l d OdnniDis, on the W. bank of the Po-
torase, 6 mile* below Wuhin^too. It ia 4 place
of some baainen and ftahioBablH mart daring
*■"" "n of Con^TMS, and ' " " '
, bot the neighbouih"
fliinly inhiibiteJ. The _.
wide and the waler in the channel 30 fuet in depth,
but notwithitanding the commeicial Ednntagei
within her reach, Aleiundria hu not inereased
roach oTlntc, The citr ie regululy built, and the
■breeta are clean and well pave^ The trade la
chieflv in flour. The ahipping in 1831 ainoanled
to S5J!37 tons. Here ia a TBeolorical Semina-
r7. Pop. 8^.
Maandria, JVae, p.t. Weatrooreland Co. Pa.
aeU m. Waah.
AUxandria, p.t. capital of the Pariah of Ra-
Sides, Lou. OD the Red River, 70 m. above the
[iaaiasippi in a atraight line. Itia aituated In a
beautiful plain. Steamboata aacend the river to
thia place, and vaat qnantitiee of cotton are ex-
ported from it. The aumninding coiintij ia
It W. of the Ba; of Gibraltar
iSlgitri, a counb^ of Barbaiy, comptehendiog
the ancient Numidia, and put of Mauritania.
It ia 600 m. from E. lo W. and 170 in breadth ,
bounded on the E. by Tonii, N. by the Mediter-
ranean, S. by Moont AUai, and W. by Morocco.
Mineral apiinga and watera are met with in many
place*, and aeretal of the chaina of mountaina
contain lead and copper. In the interior of the
country commence the dreaiy deaerta. TJie princi-
pal rivera are the Shellif, Haiafran, Malva, and
Zaine. The land toward the north ia fertile in com
and the valleya are full of fruit. The melona have
an eiquiaite taate, aome of which are ripe inaum-
mer, and others in winter. I'be al«ma ofthe vinea
are very laj^, and the buncbea of grapea are r
foot and a h^f long. Itia divided into the territo-
1. N. E.
Ataandria, p.t. Smith Co. Lou. t
Murftee aboroogh .
Jtenatdria, t. in Waahington townabip, Scioto
Co. Ohio : 90 m. 8. Columbua.
JUzandria, a Co. of the diatrict of Columlna.
Pop. 9,608.
^leanufriona, p.v. Mecklenburz Co. N. C. 464
m. Waah.
JHbwrtW, Blown of Poitngal, in Beira, defend-
ed by a wall and caaUe. ft la 150 m. N. E. of
XJabon. Long.5.48.W.lat.40. 9. N.
Jitfazeraii, a town of Portugal, on the aea wde,
73. m.N.N. E.ofLiabon. Long.9.1S. W.lat.39.
M.N.
Jlftld,^ town of Lower Saxony, 15 m. 8. 8.
W.ofHildeabrim.
Alfotd, a town in Linconahire, Eng< with amar-
kel on Tueaday, seated on a brook, 9in. from the
■ea, 25 N. of Boilon, 140 of London. Pop. 1,506.
Mford, a pariah of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire.
Tilia pariah ia rendered memorable bj a battle
fonght here, wherein the marqoiaof Montroee de-
feated general Baillie and a party ofthe Covenant-
era, on the 2d July 1645 ; and there wu lately dia-
eovered in one ofthe moMCB a man in armour on
horacback, HUppoaed to hare been drowned in at-
temping to escape.
AlfardiUnm, p.t. capital of Moore Co. N. C. 30
m. N. W. Kayetteville.
mordnUlt, p.t. Robereon Co. N. C, 108 ro. S.
W. RaUigh.
AUrcd, p.t. Tork Co. Me. 88 m. N. E. Boaton.
Pop. 1,453.
Alfrtd, p.t. Allegany Co. N. T. Pop. 1,416.
Alfred, p.t. Glengaiy Co. Upper Canada, on
tbeOtUwa.
Affi-^im, a town in Derbyahire, with a market
on Monday. Here are maimiactnrea of atockioga
and brown earthenware, and 3 iron worka. It la
■eated on a hill, 13 m. N. of Derby, and 142 N. N.
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,^.
AlgagUola, a email fbrtiSed aevport on the N.
W. coaat of CoraicB, at the mouth ofthe Aregno,
S8m. W. by 8. of Baatia.
Algarea, or Algmytt, a provinoa of Portugal.
Itf aaperflciea is 232 sq. leagues, and in 1800 con-
tained 137^ inhabitanta. It fonw the S. ez-
tnmitj of Portngal. Lacoa, Faro, and Tanra, all
on the S. ooaat are the chief towns. It ia fertile
in figa, oranges, almonds, dates, olives, tod eloel-
who had the govemmeat in theif hands befbre
the French conquest, were not above 7,000 in
number ; and yet the Moora, or nativea of Africa,
had no share in it. It was a kind of republic under
the prolectioD of the grand aeignor, and governed
"■ — overeign called the Dey, who,
I governed
however.
in tenta, are a diatinct people, governed bj theiz
own laws and magiatratcH, though the Torka in-
terpoae aa often aa they please. The Dey waa an
abeoluta monarch, but elected by the Turkish
Boldiera and frequently deposed and put to death
by them. The revenues of the government arose
from the tribute paid by the Moors and Arabs, a
detachment ofthe arm V being sent into each prov-
ince every year to collect it ; and the prices Qmj
took at sea aometimea equalled the taxca they laid
npoo the nativea. The Dey had several thousand
Moors in his service, both bone and foot ; and
the beya or viceroy* of the provinces had each an
army under bia command. Their religion ia
Hahomelnniam and their language a dialect of the
Aiabie. They have likewise a jargon, composed
of Italian, French and Spaniab, called Lingoa
Franca, which iaunderatood by the common peo-
ple and merchants. The compleiion of the na-
tives ia tawny, and they are strong and well
The dresa of the Hoora consiats of a piece nf
woolen doth. 5 ella in length and an ell and a
half in breadth, threwu over the ahoulders and
ftstened round the body. This is called aAouaa
snd serves also for a covering by night when
•sleep on their maltreases. To thia are added an
AL« m ALL
iipp«r ^armont called a eaftany with a red cap, a forrendered, and the French immediatelj took
hood and slippere. The women in the coantijr poasesBion of the city. The Dey went into exile
wear haiquee like those of the men. Their oma- at Naples, and a grreat treasure in ffold and silyer
ments are ear-rings, bracelets }3pon their arms, found in his palace, indemnified Uie captors for
and rinva npon their ankles, lliej tatoo their the cost of the enterprise. The French still hold
rkins with representations of flowers Ac. and dye Alters, and appear determined to establish them-
their hair, feet, and the ends of the fingers or a selves permanently in the country. The external
■affroR color with henna. commerce, before the conquest, was principal! jr
The ladies of the city differ little in the fashion, with Gibraltar, from whence the Algerines drew
but considerably in the costliness of their oma- considerable supplies of European manufactures,
ments. The caftan is of fine cloth or velyct, em- spices, and India piece-goods, in exchange for
broidered with gold and fastened with buckles of cattle, fruits, &c. for the supply of the town and
snld and silver. The head is surrounded with garrison.
folds of gauze, wrought of gold and silk. The Alarnbia, a town of Spain, in Arragon, near a
«ar-rinffs, bracelets, &c. for the legs, are of gold river of its name, 7 m. N. of Tereul.
and siWer. Paint is sometimes used, and the Micanty a sea-port of Spain, in Valencia, fk-
eyebrowB and eyelashes are frequently darkened, mous for excellent wine and fruits. It has also
The Moon esteem corpulence a prime constitu- a great trade in barilla, and the Americans, £n-
ent of beauty. ghsh, Dutch, French, and Italians, have consuls
Algiers, a strong city, capital of the whole here. The castle, on a high rock, was reckoned
country of Algiera. It is built on the side of a impregnable, but it was taken by the English, in
monntain, in the form of an amphitheatre, next 1706. It was likewise taken by the French and
the harbour ; and the houses appearing one above Spaniards, after a siege of almost two years, when
another, of a resplendent whiteness, make a fine part of the rock was Mown up. It is seated on
appearance from the sea. The tops of the houses the Mediterranean, on a bay of the same name,
are flat, covered with earth, and form a sort of 64 French leagues S. E. of Madeira, 23 S. of Va-
gardens. The streets are narrow, and serve to lencia, and 21^. of Carthagena. Long. 0. 29. W
keep off the extreme heat of the sun. There are lat. 38. 20. N.
five gates, but no public places or squares of con- AlietUa, a sea-port of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
•iderable extent. The larger mosques are ten, with a fortress on ^ small cape, at the mouth of
bat there is nothing remarkable in their arehi- the Salso, 22 m. S. E. of Girgenti. Long. 14. 7.
tf^^^nre, except the one begun to be built about £. lat. 37. 14. N.
me year 1790, which is beautiful ; and the Dey's AUcudL the most western of tKe Lipari islands,
palace is fiu: from being spacious and extensive, in the Mediterranean, 10 m. W. of Felicuda.
The harbour is small, shallow, and insecure, and N. lat. 38. 33. £. long. 14. 32.
its entrance is incommoded with numerous rocks. Al^, a town of Naples, at the foot of the Ap-
The mole of the harbour is 600 paces in length, ennines, ^ m. N. W. of Benevento.
extending from the continent to a small island, Allahabad^ an interior province of Hindoostan
where there is a castle and a large battery of guns. Proper, 160 m. long and 120 broad ; bounded on
The Turkish soldiers here were formerly great the N. by Oude, E. by Bahar, S. by Orissa and
tyrants ; and would go to the farm-houses in the Berar, and W. by Malwa and Agra. The Ner-
coun try for 20 days together, live at free quarters, budda, which rises on the S. £. border of the
and make use of every thing, not excepting Uie province, flows from E. to W. near its side ; and
women. There were about 100,000 Mahometans, the Ganges crosses it from W. to E. near its N.
15,000 Jews, besides 2,000 Christian slaves in tliis side.
city before its recent capture by the French. AUahahad, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
Their chief subsistence was derived from their province of the same name, with a magnificent
piracies, for they made prizes of all Christian citadel. It was founded by the Emperor Acbar,
ship« not at peace with them. The country about in 1583, who intended it as a place of arms ; but
Algiers is adorned with gardens and fine villas, its fortifications will hardly resist the battering of
watered by fountains and rivulets ; and thither a field-piece. It is seated at the confluence of
the inhabitants resort in the hot seasons. Algiers the Jumna with the Granges, 470 m. W. N. W.
had for ages braved the resentment of the most of Calcutta. Long. 82. 0. E. lat. 26. 45. N. It
S>werfu] states in Christendom. The Emperor was finally ceded, together with the province, to
faarles V. lost a fine fleet and army, in an ex- the English E. I. Company, in 1801.
pedition against it, in 1541. The English burnt AUdh'Skehry or City of Ood, the ancient Phila-
their vessels in the harbour in 1635, and 1670; delphia; it is now occupied by about 300 families,
and it was bombarded by the French in 1688. In principa Uy Greeks. It is situate in the province
1775, the Spaniards attacked it by sea and land, of NatoHa. Asiatic Turkey, about 100 m. due E.
bat were repulsed with great loss, tliough they of Smyrna.
had near 20,000 foot, 2,000 horse, and 47 royal Alleghany Mountains. See Apelatkian.
ships of different rates, and 346 transports. In Alleghany, a river of Pennsylvania, which rises
17^ and 1784, they renewed their attacks by sea in the S. W. comer of the state of New York, in
to destroy the city and galleys ; but were forced lat. 42. It is navigable for keel-boats of 10 tons
to retire without effecting either its capture or burthen, to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsburg,
destruction. In 1816, a British squadron, under where it joins the Monongahela, and then assumes
the command of Lord Exmouth, bombarded the the name of Ohio. See Ohio.
town, and fleet in the harbour. But the year Alleghany, a County of New York, in the 8.
1830 finally witnessed the fall of Algiers before W. Pop. 26,218. Angelica is the chief town,
the arms of a Christian power. On the 14th of Alleghany, a County of Pennsylvania, in the
June, the French landed an armv of 40,000 men W. Pop. 37,964. Pittsburg is the capital.
in the bay of Sidi Feruch near the city, and afler Allevhany, a County of IVfiirvland, in the N.W.
several battles, closely invested the place. The Fop. 10,602. Cumberland is the chief town,
siege lasted six days. On the 5th of July, Algiers Alleghany is the name of G towns in Pcnnsyl-
4 %./
ALM » ALA
vania, yi%., in WMtmoreUuid, Camliria, Hunt- and 68 N. of Mnioia. Lonf . 1. 10. W. lat. 38
ingtton, Armstrong, Somerset, and Venango 48. N.
counties. Mmeida, a fortified town of Portugal, in Beira.
Mlemamee^ p.v. Guilford Co. N. C. 335 m. It was taken by the French, after a short sieee^
Wash. in 1810, who ulerwards demolished the fortifica-
AUen^pX. Allegfaanj Co. N. T. S76 m. W. Al- tions. It is situate on the river Coa, and near
bany. Pop. 898. the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. £. of Guarda.
Alltn^ t Cumberiand Co. Pa. Almeria^ a seaport of Spain in Granada, and a
AUen^ a County in Kentucky. Pop. 6,486. bishop's see, seated at the mouth of the Aimeria,
AUen, a County of Ohio, in the N. W. part, 24 62 m. S. £. of Granada. Long. 2. 31. W. lat. 36
m. in extent, containing 554 sq. miles. Pop. 578. 51. N.
Wapakonetta is the capital. Mndsta^ a town of Dalmatia, famous for its
Aflen.i. Union Co. Ohio. wines. It stands at the foot of a high rock, and
AUen^s Ferry, p.v. Harrison Co. Ind* 537 m. at the mouth of the Cetina, 12 m. £. of Spala-
Wash. tro.
Allen's Frtshf p.r. Charles Co. Md. 91 m. 8. Almond, p.t. AUeghany Co. N. J. 27 m. W.
W. Baltimore. Albany. Pop. 1,804.
AUenUnon, p.t. Monmouth Co. N. J. 34 m. N. Almandburyy a village in West Yorkshire, sev
£. Phil. ted on the Calder, 2 m. S. S. £. of Hudderafield.
AUentown, p.v. Montgomery Co. N. C. 428 m. It was the Campodonum of the Romans, after-
Wash, wards a seat of toe Saxon kinj|rs, and had once a
AtUnMawn, t. Merrimack Co. N. Hampshire, castle and a cathedral. Pop. 5,680.
58 m. fr. Boston : 38 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 461. dfl^moiuifitiry, a village in Gloucestershire^ 7 m.
AUenatowky p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. on the N. of Bristol, where Alimond, father of King
Lehigh, 52 m. N. W. Phil. Kgbert, is said to have been buried. Here is a
AlTensmlle, t. Mifflin Co. Pa. fortification of the Saxons, with a double ditch,
AUensv'Mt, p.v. Switserland Co. Ind. 28 m. S. which commands an extenuve view of the Se-
W. Cincinnati. vem.
AUenburg, a town of Prussia, on the river Al- Almunaearf a town of Spain, in Granada, seat-
le, 25 m. £. S. £. of Koni|[rBberg. ed on the Mediterranean, witli a jrood harbour,
Allendale f a parish and mining district at the defended by a strong castle, 30 m. S. S. £. of Al-
foot of Fuller Hill, in the Co. of Northumberknd, hama. Long. 3. 45. W. lat. 36. 30. N.
£njr. Pop. in 1821, 4,629. ./2/im, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 53 m. N. £. Port-
AUendarf, a town of Germany, fiunous for its land. Pop. 1,175.
sait^ works, and three bridges over the Werra. It Alnwick^ a considerable town of Northumber-
is 15 m. £. of Cassel ; also the name of several land^ on the road to Scotland ; a place peculiarly
other small towns in Germany. fatal to some of the ancient Scottish monarchs.
AUerttm, the name of a village in Lancashire, Here Malcolm UI. making an inroad into Nor-
En^land ; another in Somerset ; and of 6 others thumberland, was killed, with Edward his son ,
in Yorkshire. and his army defeated, by Robert Mowbray, earl
AUerUm, Jiarth. See Jfardi AUerton, of this county, in 1093. And here too his great
AUietf a department of France. It is so called grandson, William I. invading England with an
from a river which flows by Moulins, and onters army of 80,000 men, was encountered, his army
the Loire, below Nevers. Pop. 254,558. routed, and himself made prisoner, in 1174. The
Alligator, r. a stream of N. Carolina, runiiing town appears to have been formerly fortified, from
into Albennarle Sound. the vestiges of a wall still to be seen in several
AUoa, a seaport of Scotland, in Clackmanan- parts, and 3 gates, which remain almost entire,
shire, near the mouth of the river, on the (Vith Alnwick is a well-built town ; and is ornamented
of Forth. Here is a custom-house, and an ex- by a stately old gothic castle, the seat of the
cellent dty dock ; and its harbour is the resort of duke of Northumberland. It is seated on the
all the coal-vessels in the neighbourhood. It has Alne, 310 m. N. by W. from London, 33 N. of
a glass-house, 2 distilleries, and 2 breweries, the Newcastle, and 26 S. of Berwick. Pop. in 1821,
produce of which is in great repute. Near the 5,927.
town is a tower 90 ft. in neLrht, with walls 11 ft. Alpnaeh, a town of Switzerland, in Unterwal-
in thickness. It is 30 m. W. N. W. of £din- den, seated on an arm of the lake of the Four
burgh. Cantons, 6 m. S. of Luoem.
MUnoay Creek, t. Salem Co. N. J. '^^p^t ^ chain of mountains, in Europe, which
AU-sainis Bay. See BakLa. begins at the Gulf of Genoa, to the E. of Nice,
Almada, a town of Portugal, seated on a point Pfu^Ms into Switaerland, crosses that country and
of land, on the south bank of the Tagus, nearly Tyrol, separates Germany from Italy, and ter-
opposite Lisbon. minatesat the north part of the gulf of Venice.
Almaden del Axogue, a town of Spam, in La This grand chain is sometimes mvidr^d into two
Mancha, famous for its rich mines of meroury and or more ridges, ranging one by another, with on-
vermillion, 45 m. S. W. of Ciudad Real. ly narrow valleys between : and the dlfierent
Almaden de la PUUaj a town of Spain in Anda> portions have distinct appellations, as the Mari-
usia, on the river Colar, 34 m. N. by £. of Se- time, Pennine, Lepontine, Helvetian, Rhetian,
ville. Julian, &o. They are composed of stupendous
Almanxay a town of Spain in Muroia, romarka- rocky masses, two, four, and even six being piL
ble for the victory gained by the French and ed upon each other, and from 4,000 to uwve
Spaniards over the alues in 1707, when most of 15,600 ft. high. There are few passes over them,
the English wero killed or taken, having been and those of difiicult access. Switzerland has
abandoned bj the Portuguese horse at the first the central part of these mountains, and the val-
char^. It is situate in a fertile plain on the leys between them. These mountains are fre-
frontiers of Valencia, 35 m. S W. of Xativa, quenled by the ehamob, an animal about the
a of a, pxX, uid of wondeifn] aplit^. Thej
II leap down piecipicea 30 feet in beigbt, nni
lead appear rather to fly tEun ran. The
atiar of the chunoia, ii full of Ubanr anil
■ pnnaed with the bigheat iDthnu-
'ile peneverance bj
S.of CarHile.udSTlN.bjW.of Londoii. F<n.
in 1631, 4^10.
Jillai Mounlaitu, a fanfs of mountaiiu inter-
■ecting Asia fVom Bouth to north, commeDoine
wart of the Indos, in W. long, about 68. and dt-
vareing northward b; wTenl iidg« towaiib
Eaal ^pe, Id £. long. 170.
JUavatr; a town of Naplai at the foot of the
Apenninea, 10 m. N. E. of Gravina. Pop. about
16,000.
JAfliMi, a town of Lower Sazonj
Ion of Bnuuwick, S m. T
r Sazonv, in
of Go«W.
o erow the Alpe on the lide of Pisdmont, in
winter teuon, wbco he iaraded Italy, and
if hi* elephonta among them. Thfy
d TOCoeMfiilly by "" " "
srmr imder Bonaparte in 160
D called finm iti vicinity to the
that nune. The capital ii Embnin.
Mpt, LoBKr, a department of Prance, ioclnd-
ing part of the late pnmace of Provence. The
capital U Digne.
AlpM, Mantniu, a late department of Fianoe,
including the oounty of fuce. The oapilal ia
JlpiBttrras, high monntaina of Spain, in Grana-
da, near the Mediterranean. They ue inhibi-
ted by the Moriaeoa, who carefiiUy cultivate
the groond, which prodnoea excellent winea and
brd, a towi
on Thnra. a _
It ia 18 in. N. N. E. of Soulhimipton, and 57 W.
B. W. of London.
Jllaaet, a late provinoe oT France, now divided
into the Upper and Lower Rhine, which aee.
M*aa, p.t. Berks Co. Fa. on the Schaylkill.
aUtn, a fertile ialond of Denmark, in the Lit-
tle Belt, between Bleawlck uid Funen, 100 m.
W. of Copenbagen. The ohief town ia Sonder-
M^idd, a town of Germany, with a oaatle, 12
■n. E. of Marburg.
AUieda, a town of Sweden, in Smaland, near
wfaieh a gold mine wu diacovered La 1738.
AhUrm, a town of Naptea, in the Moliae, on
the rivFr Tiaemo, 33 m- K E. of Moliae.
Jlsliten, a town of Upper Saiony, 9 m. S. 8.
W. of Bembarg.
JlUadt, a town of Upper Saiony, in Thnrin-
1^ with a caatle, on the rivulet luiie, B m. W.
of Qoeffiirt.
Altudt, a town of Moravia, in tba circle of
Olmnti, near the aoiuce of the Monn, 35 m.N.
N. W. of Olmnti.
Mtttad, p.t. Cbeahire Co. N. Hampahira, 82 ni.
(t. Fortamonth. Pop. 1,669.
.dbtoB, L N. C. on Little river.ao m. W. Bmna-
AUlm-vuoT taJldttau, a town iitCnmberluid,
with a market on Sat. Here ia an iron foundry,
■nd a abot manufacture ; and in iti vicinity are
numerona lead-fniuea. It id aeated on the aide of
a hill, aa the 8. branch of Iha Tyna, SO m. E. by
eelebratedforila tin mine, SO m. S. cd Dresden
JUmitrg, a townof Upper Saiony, in Thurin-
?'ia, with a caatle on a rook. It ia aeated on the
leuae, 80 m. S. of Leipuc.
JUtnhirg, a town of Lower Hungary, on the
river Leitha, at ita entrance into Uie Danube.
Hen are 3 chorchea and a college; and it*
aneienl caatle ia now principally ased for a
com magaiine. It ia 17 m. 8. B. E. of Preaburg.
AltaJnrchtn, a town of (iermany, in the Wea-
lerwald, chief of the county of Bayn, with a caa-
Ue, 15 m. N. N. E. of Coblenti.
jltettm, a town of Piedmont, between the riv-
en Doire and Stora, 3 m. N. of Turin.
AIMtcK, a town of France in the department
of Upper Rhine, on an eminence, near the aourc*
of the river lil, 25 m. 8. of Colmar.
Alton, pL StaSbrd Co. N. Hunpahire, 33 m. tt.
Portamonth. Fop. I 993.
Alton, a town in Hampahire Eng. with a mar-
ket on Saturday. It haj manuftctniei of wora-
ted atofii, and roond the town are plantation* of
hop». It la aeatad on the Wey, 28 ro. E. N. E. of
Southampton, and 47. W. B. W. of London.
Jlltim, t. Madiaon Co. lUinoia, on the Miaaia-
aippi, 3 m. above the Miasouri.
Altma, a city and aea-port of Lower Bazony,
in Hotatein, seated on t^e Elbe,contiguoDB to
Hambmrgh. The Danea boilt it in thii aituation,
that it might rival Hamburgh in conunerce. It
waa burnt by the Swedea in 1712, but haa been
beautifully rebuilt, and ia estimated to contain
25,000 inhab. Long, 9. 58. E, lat. 53. 34. N.
■SlUnf, a town of Franconia, in the teTTitin|y of
Nurenbcrg, with a univcnity, 16 m. S. E. of
Nurenberg.
AUorf, a town of SuabU, 20 m. N. E. ^ Con-
AWnf, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
canton of Url. Here are two atone pillara, 130
paces fKun each other, at which distance Tell ia
aaid to have ahot the apple from hia aou'a head.
This deliverer of hi* country lived at Burgli, near
tht* place, and hia cottage ia changed into a chap'
el, where mass ia solemnly aaid. Altorf standa
on the lake of Lucem, near the iuSiu of tbs riv-
er Ruaa, 20 m. B. E. of Lncem.
Attringluait, a town in Cheahiie, Eng. govern-
ed by a mayor, witha market on Tue»4ay. Here
are aeveial manufacture* of worsted and cotton }
and much fruit and vegetables are sent hence to
Manoheiter. ItisBealEdnearlhe duke of Bridge-
water's canal, 30 m. N- E. of Chester, and 180
N. W. of London.
Alttmktmri, a town of AaiaUo Turkey, the
capital of Curdislan, and the realdence of a pa-
cha It is ailuats on the river Altun, wbicb flowa
into tha Tigris, 50 m. S. E. of Mosul. Long. 44.
30. E. lat.ffi, 45. N.
Altm Crttk, r. Ohio, ia a braneh of the Big
Walnut Rivar
AMA 98 AMB
jilva de TormeSf a town of Spain, in Leon, by an earthquake, in 1794. It is seated on the
with a castle, once the residence of the celebrated Uasalmsck, wiiich falls into the Black Sea, 36 m.
duke of Alva, seated on the Tormes, 16 m. S. £. N. of Tocat. Long. 36. 0. E. lat. 40. 31. N.
of Salamanca. Atnatkiu, an ancient town in the isle of Cj-
Alvaradoy a river of Mexico, in the province of prus, so called from Amathus the founder, or
Vera Cruz, which rises 40 miles above the town from Amath in Phcenicia. It had a very ancient
of Cordova, and flows N. E. till it enters the gulf temple of Venus and Adonis ; and according to
of Mexico, at a town of the same name, 40 m. S. Ovid, was rich in copper ore. It is now called
E. of Vera Cruz. lAmisso.
jSlvaston. a villa^ in Gloucestershire, Enf., 8 wtfmazon, or Jlfarofum, a river of South Ameri-
m. N. by £. of Bnstol. On the top of a nill, ea, and the greatest in the world. Ite source is
near the Severn, is a round camp, called Oldbury, in Peru, not far from the Pacific ocean, and run-
where several antiquities have been dug up. ing east, it enters the Atlantic Ocean, directly
Alzira, or Alcira^ a populous town of Spain, under the equinoctial line. Ite course is 3,300
which has a gr^at trade in silk. It is surrounded miles, ite mouth is 150 miles broad, and 1,50^
by the Xucar, 17 m. S. of Valencia. miles from ite mouth, it is 30 fathoms deep. \«
Amadany or Hamadan, a town of Persia, in Irac receives, in ite progress, near 200 rivers, many
Ajami. Here are many Jews, who allege that of whicn have a course of 1,500 miles, and some
the tombs of Mordecai and Esther are in the of them not inferior to the Danube, or the Nile.
5 lace which serves them for a synagogue. Ama- In the rainy season it overflows ite banks, and
an is a very ancient city ; on ite site, or near fertilizes the adjacent country,
it, the ancient Ecbatena is supposed to have stood. Anununtiaf a country of South America,
It is said to have been destroyed by Nebuchad- 1 ,400 m. long and 960 broad ; bounded on the
nezzar, and rebuilt by Darius, who brought hith- N. by Terra Firma and Guiana. E. by the
er all his riches. It is situate to the norm of the Atlantic Ocean and Brasil, S. by tiie Paraguay,
upper road from Bagdad to Ispahan, about 15 and W. by Peru. It was discovered in ISS) by
miles from Kenghey. It has considerable manu- Francesco Orellana, who, coming from Peru,
faetures of leather, and conUuns about 40,000 in- sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic,
habitente. Observing companies of women in arms on ite
Amadiaf a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdis- banks, he called the country Amazonia, and gave
tan, governed by a Bey, seated on a high moun- the name of Amazon to the river, which had
tain, 40 miles S. E. of Gezira. Long. 41. 35. lat. formerly been called Maranon. The air in this
37. 20. N. country is cooler than might be expected, consid-
Amakf or Amager, an island of Denmark, on ering ite situation in the torrid zone ; this is owing
which part of (Jopenhagen, called Christiansha- partly to the heavy rains, which cause the inun-
fen, is built. It is eignt miles long and four dations of the riven for one half of the year ;
broad, and separated from Zealand by a narrow and partly to the cloudiness of the atmosphere,
channel, over which are two bridges that commu- by wnich the sun is obscured the greatest part of
nicate with Copenhagen. It is laid out in gar- the day. The fair season is about the time of the
dens and pastures, andsupplies Copenhagen with solstices, and the rainy seasons about the equi-
milk, butter, and vegetables. noxes. The soil is very rich and fertile ; the
Amalf a town of Sweden, in €h)thland, with trees and plante are verdant all the year. The
a good harbour on the lake Wener. It has a woods abound with game of various kinds. The
great trade in timber, deals, and tar ; and is 175 rivers and lakes abound with fish, but are infested
m. S. W. of Upsal. Long. 12. 40. E. lat. 59. by alligators and water serpente. Their banks
0. N. are inhabited by difierent tribes of Indians, ffoy-
Amalagano, one of the Ladrone islands, about emed by petty sovereigns, distinffuished from
6 leagues in circumference. Lon. 145. 38. E. lat. their subjecte by a coronet of feathen, a belt of
18. 0. N. tigers' teeth or claws, and a wooden sword. The
AmaJfif a sea-port of Naples, in Principato Ci- natives are of a good steture and copper colour,
teriore, and an vchbishop's see. Flavio Gioia, with handsome features and lon^ black hair,
who is said to have invented the mariners com- They make cotton cloth, and their houses are
pass, was a native of this town. It is seated on built of wood and clay, thatehed with reeds,
the N. W. side of the gulf of Salerno, 13 m. S. Their arms are darte, javelins, bows and arrows,
W. of Salerno. Long. 14. 45. E. lat. 40. 28. N. and targete of cane or fish-skin. The Spaniards
Amandy St. a town of France, in the depart- have made many unsuccessful attempte to settle
ment of Cher, near the river Cher, 21 m. S. of in this country ; but on the ooast, between Cape
Bourges. North and the mouth of the Amazon, the Porto-
Amandf St. a town of France, in the depart- guese have some small settlemento.
ment of Nord, with an abbey; seated on the .^m^o-OwAen, a rock in Abyssinia, of a most pro-
Scarp, 7. m. N. of Valenciennes. digious steepness, in the form a castle, built of
Amanda, p.t. Fairfield Co. Ohio. free-stone, and almost impregnable. The Ethiopio
Amandasmtte, p.v. Elbert Co. Geo. princes were formerly banished hiUier by their
Amantea, a sea-port of Naples, near the bay fathers, the emperors, that they might not attempt
of Eufemia, 20 m. S. W. of Cfosenza. Long. 16. any thing against the stete,and that their residence
10. E. lat. 39. 12. N. . might be as noted for ite height as their birth.
AmapaUa, a sea-port of Mexico, in Nicaragua, Jnn^er, p.y. Onondaga Co. N. T. 145 m. W. Al-
seated on an island on the west side of the en- bany.
trance of a gulf of the same name. Long. ^. Amhergj a fbrtified town of Bavaria, with a
30. W. lat. 13. 10. N. strong castle. The magnificent churoh of St. Mar-
Amasia, or Amasiekj a town of Asiatic Turkey tin contains many beautiful paintings and curi
m Natolia, the birth-place of Strabo, the geogra- osities ; and the mint is esteemed one of the finest
pher. It is the capital of a province which produ- buildings of the kind in Germany. In 1743 it
ces excellent wines and fruite. It was devasteted was taken by the Austriana, and in 1796 by th*
Freneh. It is seated oa the mer Ilk, or Wills, Ocesn,50in. in cirenmferenoe. Long. 166. 12. C.
oo the confines of the principality of Sultsbach, 49 lat. 16. 10. N.
m. £. of Nnrenberg. Long. 11. 48. £. lat. 40. Amedabady a city of Hindoostan, the cajpital of
87. N. Guxerat. The walls are 6 m. in circumKrenoe,
An^erty a town of France, in the department of and contain 12 sates ; but now not a quarter of the
Puy de Dome. There are numerous papermakers area is inhabited. The mosque and tomb of the
m its TicinitTjand it has a trade in coane lar founder, Tatay Ahmed^ are built of stone and mar-
ees, camlets, ferrets, &c. Itis seated inabeauti- ble, the last of exquisite workmanship. It was
iiil Talley , on the nrer Dore, 21 m. £. of Issoire. taken by general Groddard in 1780, from the Poo-
^oi6£esuf«, a town in Westmoreland, standing on nah Mahrattas, to whom it was restored in
the site of a Roman city, called Dtetms, wim a 17£8. It is seated in a level country, on a nav-
naarket on Wednesday. Here is a manufacture of igable river that enters the gulf of Cambay,
woolen cloth. It is seated on the Rotha, near £o m. N. of Bombay. Long. 72. 27. £. lat. fa.
the head of Windermerewater, 13 m. N. W. of 18. N.
iCendal, and 276 N. N. W. of London. Anudjuurtar^ a city and fort of Hindoostan, once
JhmbUUusey a seaport of France, in the depart- the capital of the soubah of its name, which is now
.sent of Pas de Calais, defended by a battery. At better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city
this port CflBsar embarked his cavalry wh^ he was tiie residence of the emperor Aurungxebe,
passed over into England; and here James II. land- during his conquest of the Deccan and the Gam-
ed on his departure from £ngland, in 1688. It atic. In 1803 it was taken by the British armv
is seated on the English channel, 8 m. N. of Bou- under general Wellesley (now Duke of Well-
logne. Long. 1. 36. £. lat. 50. 49. N. ington.) It is 73 m. N. £. of Poona. Long. 75. 0.
Amboisej a town of France, in the department £. lat 19. 10. N.
of the Indce and Loire. The town is mean and Jimeenabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore , 35
ill-built ; but has been rendered famous in histon^, m. N. by W. of Lahore.
by the conspiracy of the Huguenots, in 15^, w9me^, a town of Italy, seated on a mountain
which opened the fatal religious wars in France, between the Tiber and Nira, 20 ul S. W. of Spol-
Here Loms XI. instituted the order of St. Michael; eto, and 45 N. of Rome.
it was also the birth-place of the poet Jesuit Com- Jimdia, an inland county of Virginia. Pop.
■line, and the spot where Charles VIII. died. It lli^l. The court-house of the county is 58 m.
is seated at the confluence of the Massee with W. S. W. of Richmond.
the Loire, 12 m. £. by N. of Tours, and 115 S. by AmeUa, or AvuUa JsUmdj on the coast of £.
W. of Paris. Florida, the north end of it is nearly ooposite St.
Amkotf, or Perth Jhnboy, city, Middlesex Co. N. Mary's in Georgia. It is about 14 m. long and a
J. upcm a ba^ at the South end of Staten Island, mile and a halfwide, with a good soil and an ez-
eommunicating with N. York harbour by Arthur cellent hazbour, called Fernandina.
Knll Sound and with the ocean below the nar- AmeUabwrgy p.t. Prince £dward Co. U. C. on
rows. Thifl harbour is safe and easy of access and L. Ontario.
Che town has considerable commerce. Amemay t. Duchess Co. N. T. Pop. 2,389
Jkmho^j South, p.t Middlesex Co. N. J., lying America^ in its most comprehensive sense and
8. of the above. present acceptation, may be considered as compris-
Amboyna, an island of the Moluccas, in the ing half of the terrestial globe, or the whole of
Indian Ocean. It is 56 m. in len|rth from N. to the western hemisphere. It has been usual to
8. and divided on the west side by a lanre bay speak of America as constituting one of the four
in two parts ; the largest of which is ealleiHiteu, <)uarters, or four grand divisions of the globe ; but
and the other Leytimw. The face of this island it is equally matter for surprise as well as for re-
is beautiful ; woody mountains and verdant plains cret, that the western hemisphere should so long
being interspersed with hamlets, and enriched by have remained subject to a misnomer so obvious,
eoltivation. The chief products are nutmegs, on- and a designation so inappropr ate and indefi-
gar, coffee, and many delicious fruits, but more es- nite. This hemisphere first tiecame known to
pectallv cloves. The princhial animals are deer Europe, in the year 1493 of the Christian era,
and wild hogs. The £nglish and Dutch had &c- when Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa,
tones here at the beginning of the 17th century ; who, from a long and close application to the stu-
bnt the Dutch expefled the English, and tortured dy of geographv and navigation, had obtained a
and put to death many of them. The natives knowledge or the figure u the earth, much su-
wear large whiskers, and their dress is only a nerior to the generafnotions of the age in which
slight piece of stuff wrapped round their mimile. se lived, was led to conceive that another conti-
The men buy their wives of their parents, and if nent existed. Having fully satisfied himself of
they prove barren, the marriage is void* Thej the truth of this vjrstem, he became impatient to
are ^nerally Mahometans ; but there are some reduce it to practice, and accordingly laid his
Christians among them. This island was taken scheme before the senate of Genoa, making his
by the English in 1796, and restored by the treaty native country the first offer of his services.
of Amiens in 1802, recaptured in 1810, and a^ain They, however, rejected his proposal, as the dream
restored to the Dutch, Wthe treaty at Pans in of a chimerical projector. It met with the same
1814, and confirmed in 1834. The chief town is fiite at the courts of Portu^nil, Spain, and £ng-
of the same name, neatly built, and stands near land, and some of the ether JGuropean powers of
the B. W. extremity. Fort Victoria is in long, less note ; but, still undiscouraged, he applied
198. 15. £. lat. 3. 40. S. agun to the court of Spain, who were at length
Ambrose St., an island on the coast of Chile, 15 induced to fit out a squadron of three small ves-
ra. W. firom St. Felix Island. The crew of contain sels, of which Columbus was made admiral ; and
Roberts, in 1792, killed and cured here 13,000 with these he set out on his voyage of discovery,
seal skins, in seven weeks. Long. 80. 65. W. in 1492, in which voyage he discovered several of
kt. 96. 13. 8. the Bahama islands, with those of Cuba and His-
JsifcryM, one ofthelilMr Hebrides, in the Pastfit paaioiay and returned to Spain in the followitt|{;
c9
AMB 30 kUE
year. In a second yoya^ he discorered many taini a superficies of aboat 2,700,000 sq. miles,
more of the West Incua islands; and in a thira ai^d the promontory about 110,000 sq. miles. The
he attained the great object of his ambition, by extreme length of the grand northern division, in
discovering the southern^ division of the oonti- a straight, unbroken Una, from the mouth of the
nent, near the mouth of the Orinoco. Amongst Copper-mine River which runs 8. to N. into the -
the crowd of new adventurers who now followed Icy sea, in lat. 70, to Acapulco, in lat. 17, is
from all parts of Europe, was one Americus Ves- attout 3,200 miles, and the extreme breadth, frouk
pucius, a Florentine, who, with much art, and the mouth of the Penobscot river which falls into
some degree of elegance, drew up an amusing the Atlantic Ocean in N. lat. 44. 24. W. long. 68.
history of his voyage, in which he insinuated 45. to the mouth of Columbia river which falls
tiiat he first discovered what is commonly called into the North Pacific Ocean in N. lat 46. W.
the cotitinent of the New World. This being long. 124. the distance is about 2,500. The north-
published and read with admiration, the country em part of this grand division of the western
was from him called Amerieaj though it is now hemisphere is indented by Hudson *s Bay, which
well understood that Columbus was the first dis- extenos from the line of the Arctic circle, to the
coverer. The celebrity of Columbus and Amen- 51st deg. of N. lat. and in its extreme breadth,
cus Vespucius soon resounded throughout all £u- from the 78th to the 95th deg. of W. long. It is
rope, inspiring numbers of adventurers to witness also intersected by a chain of fresh water Takes of
the fruits of their discoveries. Among the rest, vast extent. Athapescow, and the Slave Lake,
Giovanni Gabota (Anglicised Cabot) a Venetian, (the latter of great extent,) discharging their
and his three sons, under the auspices of Henry waters into the Icy Sea, Wmnipeg, and several
VII. of England, sailed from Bristol, in 1497, and of leaser extent and note discharge their waters
discovered the coast of Labrador as the 57th deg. into Hudson's Bay, whilst Superior, Michigan,
of N. lat. Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, between
On a second voyage, in the following year, in the latitudes of 42. and 48. N. oischarge their
a ship, fumuhed by the king, accompanied by waters by Uie great river St. Lawrence into the
four small barques provisioned by the merchants gulf of St. Lawrence, in the lat. of 50. N. and W.
of Bristol, under the direction of Giovanni's long, about 65. the western extremity of lake
second son, Sebastian, (who had been bom in Superior being in long, about 92. Innumerable
Bristol, hence the claim of the northern division streams of n^ter intersect the country in all
of the western hemisphere having been discovered directions, and form themselves into noble rivers,
by an Englishman,) they discovered the island several of which run into Hudson's Bay, whilst
of Newfoundland in N. lat. about 47, and coasted those south of the great chain of lakes and the
southward as far as Florida. Cabot made a third St. Lawrence, run a course from N. to S. or S. £
voyage to Newfoundland in 1502. In 1519 a falling into the Atlantic Ocean. Taking them in
body of Spaniards, under the command of Cortex, order from N. to S. the most prominent are St.
landed at Vera Cruz, and discovered the populous John's, the Penobscot, Kennebec, Androscoggin,
district of Mexica In 1524 the French sent an Piscataoua, Merrimack, Connecticut, the Hudson,
expedition, which traversed the coast from the or Norm river, Delaware, Susquehannah, Poto-
lat. of 28. to 50. N. France, Spain, and England mac, Rappahanock, James river, Roanoke, San-
each sent successive expeditions to North Ameri- tee, and Savannah. All these rivers have their
ea, and made attempts to establish settlements ; source £. of a chain of mountains, called the
but so unsuccessfully, it is believed, that at Apalachian, running parallel with the Atlantic
the commencement or the 17th century, not a coast, from about the 94th to the 43rd deg. of N.
single European remained north of Mexico. In lat. and 2 to 300 miles from the ocean. South of
1€(% renewed efforts were made by England ; the 34th deg. of lat. the Apalachicola, Alabama,
since when, the extent, features, population, and Tombigbee, and some other rivers of less note, run
productions of the whole of the W. hemisphere a course due S. fallmg into the Gulf of Mexico,
nave progress! /ely been developed to Europe. West of the Apdachian mountains, innumerable
America, or the western hemispnere, is subdivi- other streams have their source, forming another
ded by nature into two grand divisions, north and collection of noble rivers, the most important of
$ouih ; very distinct in diaracter and feature. which are the Ohio, and Tennessee, running from
AmerUa. J^oHk, extends from the polar regions E. to W. the Missouri, Kansas, and Arkansas,
to the 15th deg. of N. lat.« the more norUiem and the Red river, running from W. to ^. all or
part, as far as lat. 50., extending from about the which fall into one grand channel, called the
56th to the 130th deg. of W. long, and at lat. 65. Mississippi, which has iU source about the 47th
as far west as 168. of long. From the 50th to the Aitg. of rf. lat. ranning a course nearly due S. fal-
30th deg. of lat. the country assumes a very com- ling into the Gulf of Mexico in lat. S». 5. N. and
pact form, extending at the north from about the 89. 8. W. long. The Rio del Norte, or Rio Bravo,
ti2nd to the 124th deg. of long, gradually con- another noble river, has its source westward of
Verging southerly, and at lat. 30. extending only the Arkansas and Red riven, in N. lat. about 42.
from about the 81st to the 115 deg. of long, at and falls into the Gulf of Mexico in N. lat. 26.
about the 30th deg. of N. lat. The great gulf of W. long. 97. 25. On the westem coast, the Co-
Mexico bounds the land, from about the SOth to lumbia, and Colorado, are the only rivers of im-
the 97th deg. of long, the land converging into a portance, and they are not considerable ; the first
promontory of about 10 deg. at the nortii, extend- ndls into the Pacific Ocean in N. lat. about 45.
m^ S. to the chain which unites the northern and the other into the Gulf of California in N.
with the ^and southern division, gradually con- lat. about 32. A ridge of mountains mns paral-
verging in long, to about 1 deg. only, in N. lat. lei with the westem coast, the whole extent of
15. ana in W. long. 95. The superficies of the the north division, from the point of the promon-
first of these three divisions of the N. W. hemis- tory S. in lat. of 70. N. bearing west from ths
phere, cannot be stated with any degree of accu- Ofito to the 122nd or 123rd of long, and about 10
racy, owing to the unknown lioundaries on the deg. from the westem coast or shore of the Pacific
side of the polar regions. The central part eon- Ocean ; this ridgs which seems to be a oontinma-
Item tf lie AndM of the nntheni dlndoD, from
tbt I Jlli lo aboDt tbe 40th deg. of N. Ut. ii oaUed
iV Conlillena, and mora northarlj the Rocky
Hraabuna, the gnateit altitode it in N. Ut.
ibHt 19. where Popooatapetl umei tbrth Tolcuiio
rraptiou at > height of 17,720 ft. ibcrre the level
of Ibe Ha. Another range of moantaiiu nuu
innlkl with the eastern or Atlaotic coait, fhHH
iboal the Xth to the 45lh deg. of N. lat. diverg-
inr jntoiererat distinct and parallel ridffet dengn-
awd at the While, Greeo, CaUkiU, Blue, AUefrW
af , Laoral and CunibeTluid mountaiiu, and coUec-
linlr the; are called the Apalaehjaii Moantaim.
ThriT altitnde doea not exceed BfiOO ft. aboTe the
tm\ of the i».
On the diacorery of tbi* Tait territory, at the
prrioda prenooalj elated, it was found, to the N.
of the 30th deg. oT lat. to b« thinly ^polated
■itb inhabitauta, and except the Esqiumaoi at
the moie northem pait, poaaesaing one common
chaiadet, and apoaking one conunou tangoage,
Lbongb Mtmewhat raiied in dialect. In peraon,
tall ud well-proportioned J complexion coppery,
Bay. In many porta of the United Btalea they
exiat in great abundance and are taken in vaal
nomben for their Seah and iiir ; they do great
muchief to the ftiniera. The beaven are atill
nomerooi in the North and Weat. Most of the
animali of America form particular apeeies, or
at least diatinct racea irom thoae of Europe, and
ore eridently aboriginal in the connlry which
they inhabit.
In the plaina between the Apalachian and
Rocky Moontaini, forail bonei of animala have
been fbund &r exceeding in size thoae of any
known animal now existing, oi erer known.
Neither the elephant, lion, tiger, leopard, nor hy-
ena have erer been found in America.
The birdi of America are not, aa abrardly sta-
ted by Bofibn, inferior to their kindred species of
the old world. The Washington or great aea ea-
gle a natire of the United ^(eb, is the noblest
of his tribe. The bald eagle is distribuled orer
nearly the whole continent. Vnlturei and hawks
of many species are conunon. The pasaenger pi-
Dcka, and when
B the
„ . :> black
into Tariona tribea or eommanities,
none of whom were found to have made any, or
my little progreaa in the arte which contnbnla
w Um eoaubtt of life j apears and atrowa being
Ibeir only uutrumenta of deienca, of attack, ai^
sabwiMiee, whilst stun*, mats, and the coarKst
doth df Red*, paaa, or hemp, conatitoted their
ehitf dothinf and protection ftom the inclemen-
cy of the weather. Ther were nevertheleM
nond poaaaaainf many manlv qualities, and aooial
riltaas, QDtil oormpted and debased by the Ti-
■ ' ■•- ir invadeiB, before whom
1 Anieiica, as in all other regions of the
wDtId, the animal tribea bear a proportion both in
LBmber and aiie, to the extent of the country
which baa giTen them birth. The musk, or the
North American bison, and the Mageleanio os-
trich of Sonth America, equ^ in aiie their eor-
iMpanding species of the old world. The elk or
•titf of New California, atlaina a gigantic magni-
twfe. The mooee is found from the Rocky
Hoontaina to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is
•mnrtimes 12 leet high. The elk and red deer
IK inhabitants of the United Sutes. The while,
Uaek, and griiily bear are common in various
puts. The wolf and the cougar, or catamotmt,
ut widely diatribated. Foxea and squirrels are
abundant. The hare of America, u ~
nlVd rMii, is fbund as far North as
The
B..se and dnckst>an alaogthe whole
ofthecL
The robin and blue bird court the society of man,
and in the colder districts ore the earliest harbin-
gera of spring. The oriole, the woodpecker, the
blue Jay, the cardinal and the lanoger, odbm the
woods with their brilliant plumage ; while the
unriralled mocking-bird makes tne forest echo
with hia thousand melodious and varied notes.
The deep woods and swampa of the Weat still
the wild turkey, onoe eommwi
all over the United States.
Insects and reptiles are of conne larger and
more abundant in the aoulhem than in the north
em part of this country. Little incommodity is
snJIbredfitan inaecta in the temperate poriionp.
In the south the moechetoes are very annoying.
Beea are numerDna in the woods of the waat, and
the people who go into the forests to collect honey
reluin with waggon loads. Loonats an onknown.
■AMB BS AMI
and the iniMtnicKttroublaMnneto ■cnealtorktai, litonfh near half & eentsir elipaed befbr* aaj
the Hevnui fir, vu imported thim i^nps. The effeotaaJ efforta wete mule bj the Portngnerc to
finn In the Soalh twane wjtk mlligalon. Bat femi & pemuuient Mttlemenl, the whole of th«
the tnoet ttnibk of AmerioM reptilei ii the rat- aauthem diTinon of the trestern hemiiphare
(with the aieeption of a eompantiretv trifling
eitent of tenilorj, between the 3rd aiiilTth deg.
of N. lat. Ktlled b^ the Dutch, and the ■oulhem
•xtramity continuinij ia poiHnion of the natirea)
ftll nader the dominion of Spain and Porlogal;
thfl Spaninh portJoD being dirided into fire de-
Hitmenti: vii. New Granada, Venezuela, Pern,
Bnenoa Ajres, and Chik, each sub-divided into
— ' '- "—whole of the FortQ^eae
HrlioiiooatinuingDDdeTone genera] goveinment.
Since the period of 1635, the dominahoa and
lleanake, who is fonnd in nearly all paita of the rale of both Spaia aad Portagal haa entirely cea-
hot and temperate regioni of tnia country. aed over erery part of the great BOuthem diviiion
The northern portion of the wegteia hemia- of the western hemiiphere ; new and diitinct (fov-
phere ii at present divided into three great parti ; cmmenti having eatabliihed themaelvea, giving
via. lat. North, under the dominian of Great riae to new bonndariea and anbdiviaioni of tern-
Britain, which part extends S. fVom the Icy Sea, lory, which will be found detailed under the >ev-
and polar regions, to about the 48lh deg. of N. eial heads of Cotombia, Peru, United Province!
lal.eubdivided into seven provinceg orteiritoriea: of La Plata, or Sonth America, Chile, and Bra-
yii. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower and zil, and the remaining portion under the heads of
Upper Canada, Labrador New Bouth Wales, and Amazonia, Guiana, and Pilagonia.
the H. W. terriloiy ; 2nd, the Centra] part, from The natural features of Oia division of the
the baundarj of the Britiah terrlloriea on the western hemisphere are in the highest decree
North, to the Gulf of Mexico 9. and W. from grand and impoaine; eitensive fertile puins
the Atlantic Ocean to about the 100th deg. of W. yield a variety and uundance of every thing cal-
long. and from the 4and to Ihe 49th deg. of N. . .. , - -
lat. eitsndine W. to the Pacific Ocean under the tains display the majesty of creation, affording
rule of the federal government of the U. S. af abundance en' malleable and indestructible metata,
^TRffrifdand 3rd- the part extending from the Uui- aad innumerable streams, forming themselves
ted States territory S. to the isthmus which unite* into noble riven, yielding their proportioa of sup-
the northern with the grand southern division, ply, afibrdingfaciuty of conveyance, andemiaent-
Thiapart.for three cenlurieB,continued under the ly contribnling to promote the sociality, enjoy-
dominion of Spain ; but from the period of 1820 ment, and happiness of society. The range of
or 1@Q1, it may be considered as forming asepa- mountains called tfie Andes, extends from the
rate and independent territorv. utmost extreniity of this diviiion south, to the
SouA Ametita extends llirough 68 deg. of cliain which nmlea it with the north, runoiDS
lat.f^mCapelaVelaial2. IS-NTtoCapeHorn parallel with the abores of the Pacific Ocean, at
in 55. 56. S. being about 4,100 miles, and under the distance of 100 to 200 miles from the sea, and
the lat. of 5. S. extends through 45 deg. of long, occasionally in parallel ridges, the main ridge
from Cape Sf.Roque in X. 40. to Cape^lanoo in maintainingan avarage altitude of 12,000 to 15/KIO
81. 10. W. From the equator N. to the 7th deg. ft. above tie level of the aea, nearly the whole
of lat, it extends only through aboat ZT deg. of extant of the continent. In 1803 the tiavellera,
loag. and from the 7th to its northern extremity, Humboldt and Boaplaad, ascended the peak of
only through about 20 deg. and 3. from about the the Andes called Cfaimboraio, ia the province of
10th de?. of Ut. it assumes a form approximating Quito, to the beaght of 19,400 ft. it* extreme alti-
to a ri^l angled triangle, of which the western tude being 21,440. Tbe peak of Cotopazi, 40 m.
shore oa the Pacific (h»an ia tbe perpendicular, S. E. oftfie ssdelrt oity of Quito.is volcanic, and
and the eastern on the South Atlantic Ocean ia ftequently emits lire with terrific violence, from
the hvpothenuse, so that whilst the exfrnu iU snnunit, 18,^ ft. above tbe level of the sea.
breadth is about 2,700 milea, the mesa will not Various mountain ridges inteneet the more east-
exceed more than abont 1,500, giving a su^erfi- em parts of the continent, all running iTcm soath
cies of about 6,150.000 *q. milea. Tais diviaion to north, timilar in divenity and altitade to the
of the western hemisphere, as prrviDualv staled, Apalachtan of the northern division. The rivers
was first discovered by Columbus (on his third tan m every dirootioa : taking them from north
voyage from Sp^un) on the first of Aagnst, 1498 ; to soath, the finrt demanding notice is the Magda
but it was not till the year 1531 that any knowl- lena ; 2nd Orinoco ; 3d, the Ynpura, Tungunffua.
edge was obtained, of its extent and productions, Ucaysle, Madeira, and T^pajoe, branches which
in which year three low and unprincipled adven- form the Amaion ; 4th. the Amguay ; Gth, Paml-
turers, Pizarro, Almagto, and the priest Lucques, ba, or Matanham ', 6th. the Francisco, and 7tli. the
leovered the rich and then populous dia- mejo, and Salado branches, which form the Rio
" - ■" • ■■ - ■ laP' ■ '■ ■■
. 1 and Peru, In the year 1500, the de la Plata, all of which will be found under their
Portuguese admiral, Alvajei de Cabral, com- respective heads. The inhabitants of this division
manding a squadron of 13 sail, with 1,300 men of the western hemiiphere, on the Gret inroads of
■HI board, destined for the East Indies by the the Spaniards, at the commencement of the 16th
CapeofGoodHope, accidentally diicoveredon the century^ appeared to be of the same stuck; and
S41fa of April the soathem division of the west- possesaing the same common character of featiui;
am hemisphere, abont 4 deg, S, of the equator, and colour as those of the north ; but on the west-
and an the following day landed and took posaee- em side were much further advanced in the arti
■ion of Ihe aountry, since galled Brail] ; and al- of social liffe. Of their origin no credible •«
aoant citber of historj ot tncRtion coald ba ob- umwIiUo ■■ m rerj curioui litlle uiiiiul elu] in ■
tuned. Iiuteul o(an Adun, fornuKi of (he diut notunl coat of nnil, without hur. Thfj bonow
t^ the MJth, and ta Et«, foimMl of Adun'i rib, in tha groand Ilka m rabbit uid ara genanllj in-
the Pernnuis had a Manco-Capac, who
frum an iiland on a great lake aooth, to inauori
thi;ir men in &sncultai« and othat lueflil empliij-
ments, and a Mama-Ocllo, to inatmct the women
ID apinniag and weaving. Of the pnciae en,
however, of their appearanoe, their chronologj
waa too imperfect to define ; thej enumerated 14
rei^a of iDcai or eorereigna since their time,
which would carry the epoch back to about the end
of tha J2th,or beginning of the 13lh centuir. In
ace of eTideoce to imperfect, it would be ah-
Dooent in their manuen. Monkeys of Tariooa
spociea awarm in the foreati-, one of theae, the
coaita, has a remarkable resemblance to an Indian
old woman. The beaver of thia region doei not
boild hii habitation after the manner of the com-
mon beaver. The chinchilla is prized for iti val-
uable >kin. The sloth ii peculiar to thii conntir :
he ia nnfnmiafaed with teeth, and cianls ■loiA]' ,
from tree to tree devouring their leave*. The
peccary eiiita in abundance here aa well ai in
Mexico.' The cavy frequents the marahes, and
the ooati prowls among the woods devouring
amall aninala, poultry and egg*. The agouti is
about the eiie of a hare, and burrow* in hollow
tree* ; faeding upon potato**, yam* and *uch
ttaer>ci
surd tfi haiard e
that the north dinBioD was first peopled by em-
igrant* from the louth, rather than from any part
oTtbe eastern hemiipherc. Thi**eem* probable,
as well from the similarity of geneial feature and
ch*nu;ter, as from the regular gradation of the
athletic power and energy whioh aeemed to pre-
vail amcmget them from aauth to north. The most
healthy and robuit of the race would doubtleaa
be meet likely to advanoa onward.
In the animal creation we bete meat with tha
jaguar, or South American tiger, an animal lU'
pmoT ID *i» to tbe leopard, with a tpotted hide,
and ferocionk in habits. He i* found Stota Fare-
gnay to Guiana. The eoDgar, or puma, lome-
tmies called the South American Han, inhabits
the >outhem at well as the northern put of tha
American continent. The tapir dwell* in the
riven of every part of South America and live*
upon sugar cane, ^rau, ahrnbs and fruit*. Hie
tiger cat ia a beautiful spotted animal not much
larger than the common cat, and i* mi*chievon*
apd lutameable. Here are three specie* of ant-
eaters with a long snont, no teeth and a lotig
toogne, perpetual^ occupied in destroying the
autHiilla. The Uorna of Peru is a very useful
beast of burthen ; the vicuna and alpaco famiih
! droves. Th*
fruit* a* &1I from the tree*. It use* it* paws in
the manner of hand*, like a aqnirrel, and i* ex-
ceedingly voracious.
Birds are various in species, and numeron* ;
tbe condor of the Andes ia considered superior
in majeity to the ostrich of the deserts of
Africa ; in the plains is another large bird of
a species between the ostrich and caaaowary of
New Holland ; there are eaeles of various kinds,
and an endless variety of smuler birds oreiquisite-
ly beautiful plumage. The winged tribe and in-
sects are various and infinite, same surpassing in
beauty, and others in noxiousness ; but next to
the volcanic eruptions and natural convulsions
of the earth, the greatest terror of 9. America
are the reptiles, which eiceed in variety, number,
and voracity those of any other part of the
world. Of the inhabitants of the waters, the
electric eel and ink-ii*h ars peculiar to the eaM-
em ooaat of the equatorial latitudes of this hernia-
pfaera ; in addition to which, nearly all tha specuea
common to other seas and riven are also abun-
dant. Indestructible metals and gem* are more
abundant in this diviaion of the weMemhemie-
phere than any other part of the world ; and
gold and stiver seem to abound to *uch a degree
aa is likely soon to satiate tbe mania for Iheir
possession. Copper, in aeveml part*, is also
ahtuidant. The vegetable productions eiceed iu
variety, beauty, and ntihty, those of Asia, or any
other part of the glbbe, whether oonudeied iu
refsrenoe to ristenance, or to luxury, taste, and
adornment in art. Vegetatlim presents a great
number of gradations. From tne shores of tbe
sea to the height of 1,083 ft. we meet with mag-
nificent palms, the ma«t odoriferous lilie«| and
the balsam of Tolu. Th* large flowered jsok
neek. Thera
and Uieti
AUK M AML
mine ond the dtton uborei. exhsl« at night theii Met, and turn> out SOO pieCea in i
deliciou* pprfumr, and crmiment the head drra* ue ■ftituI other fsctoriei, bleuhenet, wo,
or tlw luLieB with their beauLful fiowen. On AmcAaTi/, or AmbnAury, i. town in Wilbliire,
the BTid shoieg ot the ocean u well u in the with & muket on Fridaj. It it WBted on the
drplh of the interior Toreati, |[towb spontaneouBly lower Avon, at the plice where s number of Brit-
Ihe cocoa tree, whose fruil ii applied to so many una were tre^cherouily murderpd, and near that
useful purposea. The Irank ia conipo8cd of haril, faznaiu monument of antiquity, Stonelienae. EIrrir
'rone fibrea crouiaff each other like net work, are the rnins of a venenble abbey . Thia ptac>?
.J 1\ -^ properly no brancbea. The husk gave birth to Addison. Iti* U m. N. orSalisbiiry,
1 nut u twitted into «ordafe, and of and 77 W. of London. Fop. 610.
AmhuTa, a. diatrict of Abyninia, between the
Deuder and Tacaiie brancbea of the ,\ile.
Jmherit, a town, recently eatabliahed by the
English, at the bottom of the gnlf of Martaban, in
the Binnan empire. Here ii a Baptist Uiuioii-
ary.
AmhtTtt, p.t. Hunpshiie Co. Mass. 91 m. W
Boston and 7 E. of Conn, river. Pop. 2,ti3i :
hai a callese incorporated in 1835. This Semina
ry hai 7 Frofeaeora and 4 tutors. The number
ol" Students is 188. The libraries contains about
7,000 volumei. Here are also an academy, and
an institution called the Mount Pleasant Inslilu-
tioD, containing 9 initructiirs.
Amktrit, p.t. one of the seats of justice in Hilla-
borougb, M. H., on SouLegan river, a branch of
the Merrimack, 47 m. Ir. Boston ; it is a pleasant
town, and contains a mineral spring. Pop. l,ti5T.
Amkerst, 1. Erie Co. N. T. IS m. M. BuSiIo.
Pop, 2.4fW.
Amkerat, an inland county ofVirginia. on thp
north bank of James River. The court house of
the county is 130 m. W. of Richmocd. Pop.
1H,0TH.
JImhertt Springt, p.v. Amherat Co. Va. 211 tn
W. Wash.
AmAcTit, p.L Lorun Co. Ohio. 130 m. H. E.
Columbus.
AmherstbuTg, a town and fort of Upper Canada ,
tlie pulp a ipecies of butter is made. Above the
region of the palm commences that of the arbores-
cent tern and the cinchona which beara the febri-
fuge bark. Above this, a broad lone of fi.UOO to
13,000 a. coutains the region of alpine plants. The
sugar cane, the orange, coffee and cotton have
been introduced bj tne Enropeans, and flourish
in great luinriance. The climate, though nox-
ious in certain confined and local situations, is on
Bie whole delightful ; in abort, nothing is wanting
but judicious and well-directed means, on the part
of man, to render the whole southern division of
the western hemisphere the abode of enjoyment
and proa peri ty.
Jhrterica, p.t. capital of Alexander Co, Illinots,
on the Ohio, 7 m. above the Mississippi.
JlTiuTpare, a town of Nepaul, 10 m. W of
Moowanpoor.
Amtrlaae, a fort of HindoosUn, in Ibe exten-
sive sandy desert between the Indus and the Piid-
dar. This place is celebrated as (be retreat of
the emperor Humaioon, during his troubled; and
here was bom his son, the illustrious Acbar. It
is 160 m. E. N. E. of Tatta.
Amrrafort, a town of Holland, in the atate of
Utrecht. A considerable qiuinUly of tobacco is
raised in the neighbourhood. It has a trade in
beer, and goods from Germany are shipped here
for Amstei^sm. It is seated in a fertile conntry,
on the river Ema, 10 m. E. Pi. E. of Utrecht.
Amertkan or Agmonde^am, a borough in Buck-
inghamshire, returning 3 members to parliament,
With B market on Tuesday. It has a conaidersble
manufacture of black lace. The town-hall is the
Pop, 2,G12.
Ama, p,t, Athens Co. Ohio, 77 m. S. E. Co-
lumbus.
Amabary, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. E.
Boston ; on the Merrimack 4 m. above Newbury-
E>rl,, is a thriving manulaclurine town. Fop,
445. In the iron faclnrias l,0(Xl tons of iron
were formerly wrought in a venr. The nail ma-
chine invented hv Jacob Perkins, was first put in
motion here. Tne flannel faclary biM 5,000 spin-
uu the east side of the river Detroit, at its bu-
trance into Lake Erie, Long. 83. 56. W. lat. 42.
36, N,
AmiaiM, a large and populous town of France,
in the department of Somme. It is a place of
great antiquity ; being mentioned by Cesar (by
whom it was called Samaro-Briva) as a town that
had made a vigorous resistance against the Ro-
mans, and where he convened a general assem-
bly of the Gauls, The town ia enccmpasaed with a
wall and other fortifications ; and the ramparta ars
planted with trees, which form a delightful walk .
The city has five gates. At liie nte of Noyon
there is a suburb, remarkable for the abbe; of^St.
Achen, The cathedral ia one of the largest and
most magnificent churches in Fiance. Thre^
branches of the river Bom me pass through this
city, and aderwards unite. Amiens was takev
by the Spaniards in Il>07, but retaken by Henr/
IV. who built a citadel in it. A treaty of peace was
concluded here, March 27, 1802, between Spain,
Holland, France, and England. It has manufac-
tures of linen and woolen cloth, which employ
in tlie city and adjacent eountry, 30,000 people
IliaaO m. S. E. of Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris,
Amite, a county of Mississippi, Pop. IfH^
Liberty ia the chief town.
JhaUy, p.v. Washington Co. Pa.
Amity, p.v. Allegany Co, N. Y. Pop. 872.
Amity, t. Berks Co. Fa.
AmUtrUle, p.v. CulpeppeiCo. Va.M. m. Wash.
AnJteUh, a town of Wales, on the N. coast of
Anglrwy with a hsrboDr for imall vessels. In
17(W. when the Parys copper mines were opened,
it did not contain above 0 houK-si but ii Ih21,
AMB » AMS
1J006, and 7^392 mhab. It is S5 m. W. of Bean- tnaciBUlity was distarb«d by tumults and kunir-
maris, and Si66 N. W. of London. See Parys, rections occasioned bj the annbaptists ; in one of
.An^moMy a town of Syria, anciently the capital which Van Geelen, the leader of these enthu-
of the Ammonites, called Rabbah Ammon,and by siasts, led his followers openly in military array,
tiie Greeks Philadelphia, and now the principal with drums beating and colours flying to the town
place of a district. It is 30 m. S. W. of Bom, house, where he filed his head oaarters. He was
and 38 N. of Jerusalem. however, soon disnossessed. The magistrates
j§mcly a town of Usbec Tartaiy, in Bucharia, assembled the buri^hers, who showed no diiposi-
and a place of considerable trade. It is seated on tion to take part with the insurgents, and being
the Amu, which falls into the sea of Aral, 60 m. aided by some regular troops, surrounded the
W. of Bucharia. Long. 60. 40. £. lat 39. 90. N. place; and afler an obstinate resistance, he and
Jhmol, a town of Persia, in Masandesan, with the whole of his surviving band were token pris-
tiie remains of an ancient fortress and palace. It oners, and put to death under circumstances of
has manufactures of cotton, and in the neighbour- extreme cruelty. The city was taken possession
hood are iron mines and cannon fbundenes. It of by the Hollanders in 1578, on condition that
stands in a plain, at the foot of Mount Taurus, the religious lights of the Roman Catholic citi-
and on the borders of the Caspian sea, 30 m. N. zens should be respected. The condition was but
W. of Ferabad. Long. 52. 38. £. lat. 37. 30. N. ill observed ; for alt the ecclesiastics of both sexes
Awumoasuckj Upper and Lower; two rivers were driven out of the city, the ima^s broken,
rising among the White Mountains and flowing and the altars demolished. From this period its
into thb Connecticut ; each about 50 m. lott|r. opulence and splendour increased with an almost
Amar^o^ an island of the Archipela^, fertile in uninterrupted rapidity till its connection with the
wine, oil, and com. The best cultivated parts revolutionary government of France, which cans-
belong to a monastery. It is 30 miles in cxroum- ed a total annihilation of its commerce during the
ference, and 67 north of Caadia. Long. 96. 15. continuation of tlie union of the countries.
£. lat. 36. 20. N. One cause of the advancement of Amsterdam
Amotkaag fdUg, on the Merrimack, in N. Hemp- was the decay of Antwerp, occasioned chiefly by
■hire, 15 m. below Conoord, consist of 3 pitches the dosing of the navigation of the Scheldt ; an-
withxn half a mile, descending about 50 feet. A other, which also concurred in securing the sta-
eanal passes round them. bility of its commerce, was the erection of the
AmewTy or Jkamry river of Chinese Taitary. public bank. This establishment was instituted
See SagkaUen. m 1609, in order to obviate the inconveniences
Jimnfy an iiland on the S. £. coast of China, arising from the very debased state of the curren-
15 miles in circumference. The English had a cy oT Holland, which was made up of coins
ftretory here, but abandoned it on account of the brought from every part of the world. Merchants
impositions of the inhabitants. Its port, on tlie often found it diiEcnlt to procure standard coin to
west side, is capable of receiving l/MX) ships, pay their bills ; but as the bank received the light
Long. 118. 45. £. lat. 24. 90. N. and worn out coin at its intrinsic value, an inva^
AmplepmiM, a town of France, in the department riable standard was thus formed which tended
of Rhone^ celebrated for its wines. It is 16 m. greatly to simplify the operations of trade. The
W. of Villefranche, and 26 N. W. of Lyons. amount of the capital of the bank was never co^
Jimpthill, a town in Bedfordshire, with a mar- rectly aseertainea, though it ii said to have in-
ket on Thursday. It was the residence of Cath- creased in the period of its prosperity to upwards
arine, ^ueen of Henry VIII. during the time that of forty millions sterling of actual deposits. These
her unjust divorce was in ^a^tation. This event originally consisted or coined money, but after-
is commemorated by a poetical inscription on a wards large quantities of gold and silver bullion
column where the old castle stood. It is situate were received. Afler the French invasion in
between 2 hills, 6 m. SI of Bedford, and 45 N. 1795 it was ascertained, however, that its boasted
W. of London. Pop. 1,587. treasures were ima^nary: the precious metals
AmpuriMSf a ses^port of Spain, in Catalonia, at had been lent out by ^e directors to different
the mouth <^ the Fluvia, 70 m. N. £. of Baicelo- public bodies, whose bonds were deposited in their
na. Long. 3. 0. £. hU. 42. 9. N. stead.
jfmrss, a castle or palace of Germany, in Tjrrol, In consequence of its extensive commercial
at the foot of a mountain, 2 m. S. £. of Inspruck. credit, Amsterdam was long the centre of ex-
Amsterdam, the principal city of Holland Pro- change for £arDpe ; but from the time that a
per, the capital of the northern divisimi of the want of confidence in the bank began to be felt,
Netherlanas, and formerly of the republic of the a great part «f the exchange transactions have
Seven United Provinees, is sitiPated at the eonflu- bem canried on in London and Hamburgh.
enee of the rivers Amstel and T, or Wye, near In the year 1757 this mty suffered considerably
the south-western extremity ef the Zi^der Zee. firom the explosion of a powder magazine, bj
90 m. N. by £. from. Antwerpi, in lat. «2. 25. N. which vmaj buildings were destroved. During
kmg. 4. 40. £. Pop. 160/)OO. This city was un* the intemal troubles that agitated the republic m
known in history before me latttr end of the thir- 1797, 'A was occupied by the Prussians, who main*
teenth centurv, and 'Was then notioed only as a tained possession of it for a year ; afterwards, in
collection of Mermen's huls in the middle of a 1905, it submitfted to the Fwnoh ; and when the
morass. It first acquired a commeroial efaancter United Prorismes were incorporated into the body
about tlie year 1370, but was not fortified Kill the of the FMBck empire under Napoleon,' Amster
end of the succeeding century ; after which period dam was considered the tUrd^citv in rank, being
it gradually increased in magnitude and mesean- dec«ied iaforior only io Parisaaa Rome,
tile celebrity, yet not without experienoing nonn The govemaaeiit is veabed in a connoil called
severe checa. In 1512 it was besieged bv the Vvoedsduqi, ef thirty-six members, in vHbtom tbs
pe<^»te of Gfieldcrlaad, who, tm fidlnre in iheir suipreme power is lodged. The office is held
attempt to take the ei^, set fire to the -shipping dnring Hfi&, and vacancies an filled by the snrvi*
utheharbonr. Doring the mmm ocntwy its v«n. TUs hady aiaolB tfaa diiaf jnagistnd/M,
Alls y AM8
nunedborgomasten or echeyim, a nak tomt- who paid a tax for Qie priTilege of uaing them;
what similar to that of alderman : the number bf the magiatratea conceiving that the rolling of the
these b twelve ; they have the direction of all wheels prodticed a dangerous concussion of the
public works, and hold the keys of the city^ bank, piles. Goods are conveyed through the town on
The military protection of the to?m is in the sledges ; and the common conveyance for those
charge of the militia, consisting of siztv compa> who do not wish to walk is a kind of sleigh or
nies of ftom 200 to 300 men each. Jews and traineau, consisting of the body of a carriage fix*
anabaptists are excluded fVom this body, as ed on a hurdle, drawn by a single horse, and
they are not allowed to bear arms : they are. guided by the driver, who walks by its side. The
however, obUged to contribute to the support or streets in general are narrow, with the exception
the city guard, consisting of 1/100 soldiers, and to of a few which present a fine appearance, and are
the niffht watch, which patroles the streets and adorned with spacious mansions. The principal
calls the hours. In addition to this night patrole, square is the Dam, in front of the palace ; besides
trumpeters are stationed in every church steeple, which there are three others, where markets and
who sound ev«ry half hour, and, in case of fire, an annual fair are held. The palace, formerly
ring the alarm tiells, and durect enquirers to the the stadthouse, or town hall, is considered to he
place. the most magnificent building in Holland.. It
The city extends in the form of a semicircle on forms an oblonff square, 282 feet in length, 235 in ,
the southern bank of the T, wUch is its diameter; breadth, and 116 in height, besides uie tower,
on the land side it was surrounded by a wall and which is 67 feet high. Within is a spacious hall,
bastions, with a broad and deep fosse : the wall is 150 feet long, 60 broad, and 100 high. This hall,
dismantled ; but the bastions still remain, and are and the other apartments of the pa&ce, are adorn-
used as sites for corn-mills. The Amstel, on en- ed with some fine paintings. Strangers are ad-
tering the citv, divides into two branches, from mitted daily to view it, under the sole restriction
each of which issue numerous canals, forming « of writing down their names on entering. The
collection of islands, connected with each other front entrance has seven doors, which were in-
by 290 bridges ; of which, that over the Amstel, tended for the representatives of the Seven Unit>
commanding a panoramic view of the city and its ed Provinces, but are now reserved exclusively
environs, is the only one worthy of notice. That for the royal familv. All other persons obtain
part of the river Y which forms the port of Am- admission through the back entrance. The base-
sterdam, is guarded bv a double row of piles, with ment story was formerly used to hold the im-
openings at intervals tor the admission of vessels : mense treasures of the bank,
these openings are always closed at night. The The royal museum contains, besides other eu-
deeplv laden ships lie outside the piles, in a place riosities, a fine collection of paintings, chiefly of
callea the Laag. During the period of Dutch the Flemiah school. It is said that the emperor
prosperity, an hundred vessels nave entered the Alexander offered the sum of 30,000/. for one
port in one tide, and six or seven hundred were alone. Visitors are admissible to the museum on
to be seen there at anchor together. On the op- terms of eoual liberality as to the palace,
posite side of the Y are the locks b^ which ships The excnange is a large but plam building, 230
enter the great canal, which is carried thence, in feet in length and 130 in breadth : it is capable of
a straight line, northwards to the Texel; thus containing 4,500 persons ; and is divided into thir-
preventing the risk and delay of a vo^a^ through ty-six compartments, for the transaction of the
the Zuyder Zee. This canal, which has been various kinds of commercial business carried on
recenUy finished, is 120 feet wide at the surface, there.
and twenty-five deep. It was constructed at an The deficiency of architectural elegance in the
expense of 1,000,000/. sterling. It terminates at places of public worship is very striking, particu-
the Helder, which was nothing more than a fish- larly to travellers coming from the Netherlands,
ing village, until it was fortified by Bonaparte for where much attention is raid to their embelish-
the defence of a naval arsenal he formed there, ment. The old church of^ St Nicholas has some
and which is now called Willems-oord. The isl- fine painted windows, and contains the tombs of
and of the Texel is principally devoted to the several of the celebrated Dutch admirals. The
breeding of sheep. The cheese made from their burial ground of one of the sixteen chapels attach •
milk is much prized b^ the inhabitants. The ed to it was appropriated, by the catiiolic magis-
canals with which the citv is intersected, though tracy of Amsterdam, during the period of religious
extremely convenient ana ornamental, are attend- persecution, for the interment of the protestant
ed with one very disagreeable consequence : from merchants of Hamburgh who died here. The
the stagnation of the water, and the collection of new church of St. Catherine contains a splendid
offal of everv kind dischareed into them, they monument of white marble, erected to the memory
■end forth effluvia equally o&nsive and unwhole- of admiral de Ruyter. The Portuguese ^nagogue
some, which all the characteristic cleanliness of is said to have been built in imitation or the tem-
the inhabitants has not been able wholly to re- pie of Solomon. The churches of the established
move. Mills have been erected on their banks, religion, which is the reformed or Calvinistic, are
to promote a circulation of air by ventilation; distinguished by being the only places of worship
others, called mud-mills, from the purpose to which are allowed the use of oells. The total
which they are applied, are also used to raise and number of churches is, ten Dutch reformed,
remove the slime which the river deposits largely, twenty-two catholic, one IVench reformed, one
In consequence of the badness or the fbunda- Bhiglish presbyterian, three Lutheran, one ana^
tion, the whole citv is built on piles driven end- baptist, one Walloon, one Greek, and seven syna-
ways into the mua ; a circumstance which occa- gogues. The number of resident Jews is estuna-
rioned the witty remark of Erasmus, on visiting tea at 17,000.
it, " that he was in a town where the inhabitants The management of thepenitentiaries is pecu-
lived, like rooks, on the the tops of trees." This liarly worthy of notice. The number of convicts
oiioumstance also occasioned the restriction of is great, not because crime is more common, but
— ibei to men of oonseqoence and phyuciansi becauM the puniahment of death is seldom inflict-
AM8 37 ANC
imprisonment for rarioiia periods, in moat conTenient landing-place. Long. 77. 48. E. lat.
I, vapplies iU place. The priBcipal prison ia 37. 51. S.
the hottde of correction, called also the Rasp- Amsterdam^ Jfew, one of the Friendly islands.
boup, because the chief employment of its in- See Tongatahoo.
mates is the catting and raspmg of Brazil wood. Amsterdam^ p t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. 33 m.
In this place of ooimnement, no one is sufiered to N. W. Albany. Pop. 3^54.
be idle : and thus the government is indemnified Amu^ GUum^ Ami, or OxttSf a river of Indepen-
lor much of the expenditure incurred ; and the dent Tortary, formed by numerous streams wnich
priaoners, on their part, are frequently reclaimed, issue from the mountains of Belur, on the con-
bv its wholesome and rigid discipline, from the fines of India and Persia, and flowing W. bv N.
disaoliite and ncions habits which led tnem to be- through Bucharia, enters the S. extremity of th««
eome its inmates. In the yard of the prison is lake Aral after a course of 1,200 m., part of which
one cell, and one only, for the treatment of the Is through a desert
iiftcorrigiblj idle. A stream of water constantly Amioal, a village in Hertfordshire, 1 m. S. of
flows into it, which can oidy be discharged througn Ware, famous for originally giving rise to tlie
a pamp set np within. The only means, there- NewRiver, which supplies a great part of London
tore^ by which the inmate can avoid being over- with water.
whelmed by the inffresa of the water is by work- AmwdL^ p. t. Washington Co. Pa.
ini; incessantly at we pump : if he persists in his Anacopia, the capital of the nation of the
idleness, he is inevitably drowned. It is said that Abkahs, on the river Makai, near its entrance
it is now never used. into the Black sea. Long. 40. 30. £. lat. 43. 20. N.
The workhouse is intended for minor oflTenoes ; Anadir, a river of Siberia, which has its source
sofDe of which are not recognised by our laws, in a lake in the province of Tchukotski, and runs
Hasbands may send their wives thither on a into Notchen Bay, near Behring's straits,
charge of drunkenness or extravagance ; and they Ana Capri. See Capri.
are tLemselves liable to punishment for the same Anah, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbeck,
offences. Tonng women, also, even of good fam- in a country producing abundance of com and
ilies, are sometimes sent thither as to a school o^ fruit. It stands on a river that flows into the
rigorous reformation. The charitable institutions Euphrates, 80 m. W. N. W. of Bagdad and 240
vte numerous, and generally well conducted. 8. S.E. of Diarbekir. Long. 42. 28. E. lat. 34. 6. N.
Amsterdam can Doast of a fair proportion of j^nontoour, a town of Hindoostan. in Mysore,
literary and scientific societies. Tne principal, 100 m. N. £. of Chitteldroog, and 120 N. otBan-
namen Felix Meritis, comprehends among its galore.
members most of the literature of the kin^om. AnamutOf a district in the province of Quito,
Its business is distributed among five classes or and kingdom of Peru, where Almagro and Piz-
committees : one fbr agriculture, manufactures, arro Qjoint ^scoverers of Peru, ) engaged each
and commerce ; the second for mathematics ana other in battle, in 1546.
its kindred sciences; the third for the polite arts; AiuUlom, an island, the moat southern of the
the fourth for music ; and the fiflh for general or New Hebrides, in the racific ocean. Long. 170. 9.
miscellaneous literature. The building contains £. lat. 20. 10. N.
a theatre for the delivery of lectures, a museum, Anbar, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac Arabi,
a gallery of sculpture, a drawing school, and an seated on the Euphrates, 50 m. W. of Baf dad.
observatory commanding a fine view of the city Anearani, a town o£ Italy, 5 m. N. of^Ascoli,
and its environs. The public botanic garden, and 82 N. £. of Rome.
though plentifully stocked, does not contain any Ancasler, p.t. Upper Canada, at the W. end of
plants of extraordinary value. In the Royal L. Ontario.
Academy of Liberal Arts, a late institution for Ancaster, a village in Lincolnshire, Eng. 15 m.
communicating instructions in painting, sculp- S. Lincoln. It stands on a Roman hiffh- way at the
lore, and arehitecture, penaiona for fbor years are foot of a hill which abounds with antiquities,
granted to the most oeserving pupils, which are and at the S. end are the remains of a castle.
appr(M>riated to a journey to Italy. In the naved Ancenis.tL town of France, in the department
schools, children of common seamen, when prop- of Lower Loire, seated on the Loire, 20 m. £. of
erly recommended, are educated gratuitously ; as Nantes.
are the sons of officers, on the payment of a small Aneholm, a river in Lincolnshire, Encr. which ri-
pension. All are treated alike ; and almost every ses near Market Raisin, flows to Glanmbrd-bridge
officer who has elevated ^e naval character of and is navigable thence to the Humber.
hii countiT has received his education here. Andam, a fortified town of Hither Pomerania,
mlwuterdam and St. Paid, two islands in the on tlie river Peene, 20 m. S. £. of Gripswald.
'adian Ocean, Mnf in the same longitude, at Ancoder, a territory of Guinea, on the Gold
40 m. distance. Their names are reversed by nav- coast, to the W. of Axim. It has a river of the
i^ators, but most of them call the northern one same name flowing throuffh it ; and at its mouth
Rt. Paul, and the southern Amsterdam. The is a town with a good harbour. Long. 1. 10. W
latter is high land, and upward of 4 m. long, and lat. 4. 50. N.
2 broad. It has evident marks of volcanic erup- Anama,Marquisateof, a maritime province of
tion in every part, and is almost wholly covered the states of the church, Italy, bounded on tlie £.
with a deep fertile soil, but is destitute of trees, by the Adriatic, and on the W. by the Apennines ;
On the east side is a great crater, into which the it is very fruitful in com, fruits and silk.
aea has made a narrow and shallow entrance ; its Ancona, a city and seaport of Italy in the a-
shelving sides are 700 feet in perpeodiculax heieht, hove province, and a bishop's see, with a citadel
in which, and in the causeway dividing it from on a hill. The cathedral stands upon another
the sea, are several hot springs of ^sh water, hill, and the houses extend down the side of the
St. Paul, or the northern island, presents no eminence toward the Gulf of Venice. Clement
very high land, or any rise in a conic form. It XII. built a mole, to render Uie harbour safe ; it is
is covered with shmbs and low trees, but has no erected on the ruins of the ancient mole, raised by
D
AND 38 AJVD
Trajan, above 3,000 ft. in length. Near this stands AnAerkk^ a city of Usbee Tartary, capital of iJie
tho iM^autiful triumphal arch of Trajan. Here province of Tokaristan. In its vicinity are rich
likewise Clement XII. erected a lazaretto, which quarries of lapis lazuli. It is seated on a branch
advances a little way into the sea iu the form of of the Gihon Amu, and near a pass through the
M pentagon. Great numbers of Jews are settled in mountains of Hindooko into the Kingdom g? Cau-
liiid citv, where they have a synagogue; and they bml, 240 m. E. S. E. of Balk. Long. 68. 58. E.
liAve the principal share of its commerce. An- lat. 36. 10. N.
(•('Ha was taken in 1796 by the French, who sur- Anderson, a County of E. Tennessee. Pop
rendered it to thcAustrians in 1799. It is 116 5,312. Clinton, on CUnch river, is the chief town.
m. N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 29. E. lat. 43. 38. Anderson, a County of Kentucky. Pop. 4,542.
N. Pop. about 20,000. Lawrenceburg is the chief town.
Ancrnnif p.t. Columbia Co. N.Y. 52 m. 8. Al- Andersonhurg, p.v. Perry Co. Pa. 36 m. N-
baiiy. Pop. 1,533. Here are large manufactures of Harrisburg.
Isar and pig iron. Anderson, t. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Ancyra, the capital of Galatia, near the river Andersontmon, p.v. Madison Co. Ind. 21 m. N
lUlyH, said to have been built by Midas, king of W. Indianopolis.
Pbrj gia, and so named from an anchor found AndersonviUe, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. 150 m.
there. See Angoura, N. W. Columbia.
Andahnailas, the chief town of a district of the Andersonville, p.t. Hancock Co. Miss. 42 m. S.
Kuiio name, in the intendcncy of Guamanga, Pe- E. Monticello.
ru, about 100 m. W. of Cuzco. Andes, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. 87 m. W. Al-
Andalusia, a province of Spain, which in its bany. Pop. 1,859.
largest sense comprises the kingdom of Granada, Andero, St. See Sanlander.
Seville, Cordova. Jaen, and the colony of Sierra Andes, a chain of mountains running through
Morena, bounded on the N. by Estremadura and the whole extent of North and South America,
La Mancha, £. by Murcia, S. bv the Mediterra- although the name is confined to S. America alone;
nran, and W. by the Atlantic and Portugal. The and N. of the isthmus of Darien the chain is
Guadalquivir runs through its whole length ; known by the name of the Cordilleras, Rocky
and it is the most fertile and tradinj? country in Mountains &c. From the utmost extremity of
Spain. Its aggregate superficies are 2,281 French the Southern division, in south lat. 54, to about
leagues, and pop. about 1,900,000. The French the lat. of 18 south, thev continue in an unbroken
overran this province in 1810, but evacuated it in line to run narallel with the shore of the Pacific
consequence of the battle of Salamanca, in 1812. Ocean, at a distance of 100 to 200 miles, with here
The capital is Seville. and there parallel ridges further east, and at an al-
Andalusia, JWier. See Paria, titude of 12,000 to 15,000 ft. above the level of the
Andalusia, p. t. Bucks Co. Pa. 94 m. E. Harris- sea ; from about the 18th to the 15th deg. of south
burff. lat. the chain is somewhat broken, but further
Andaman islands, several islands on the E. north they assume a more mnd and imposing
side of the bay of Bengal. The largest called form, diverging into parallel ridges, and rising
Great Andaman, is 120 m. long and 16 broad, near the equator to an autitude of 21,440 fl. and in
indented by deep bays affording good harbours, several places issue forth volcanic eruptions with
and intersected by rivers one of which passes quite terrific violence. N. of the equator they diverge
through the island, and at high water is navigable into 4 parallel and distinct ridges, running to
(or small vessels. The forests afford some precious the shores of the Caribean Sea, and Uie outermost
trcofl, as ebony and the Nicobar bread-fruit : and ridge skirting the coast of that sea to the Atlantic,
the eiible birds' nests abound here. The only through the chain which unites the two grand
({uadrupeds seem to be wild hogs, monkeys, and flivisions of America, or the western hemisphere,
rats. The inhabitants are in a state of barbarism, the mountains are considerably broken ; but at
and live chiefly on fish, fruits, and herbs ; they about the 15th degree of north lat. through the
perfectly resemble negroes, and their canoes are of teritoiy of Mexico, they afain assume their won-
fhe rudest kind. In 1793, the English made a ted grandeur, rising to a height of 17,720 fl. and
aettlement on the N. end of Great Andaman, the again pouring forth volcanic matter, and proceed
largest island, which is called Port Comwallis, in an unbroken line at a somewhat greater dis-
ana has a commodious harbour to shelter ships tance from the sea than through the south division,
during the N. E. monsoon. Long. 93. 0. E. lat. by the name of the Rocky Mountains, to the Icy
13. 30. N. &;a in the 70th deg. of north lat. From the 40th
.^ndoye, a fortified town of France, in the departs deg. of lat. south, to tfie 30th north, the Andes
ment of Lower Pyrenees, famous tor its brandy, abound with gold, silver, copper, and other me-
lt is situate near the mouth of the Bidassoa, ttllic substances.
almost opposite Fontarabia, in Spain, 18 m. S. W. ' In the Colombian orovinces, the Andes are di-
of Bayonne. vided into three parallel chains separated by deep
Andely, a town of France, in the department of and extensive valleys, which are the basins of
Kure, divided by a paved road into Great and great rivers. Farther south these mountains in-
Little Andely, a mue from each other. Great termingle in one group and stretch onward be-
Andely is on the rivulet Gamons, and Little Ande- yond the equator. The Andes of Quito are the
Iv on the Seine. The cloths manufactured here most elevated points of the whole chain, Chimbo-
•are in high esteem. It is 17 m. N. E. of Evrenx, raao being the highest summit in America, unless
.and 20 S. £. of Rouen. according to the statement of a recent traveller,
Andemaeh, a town in the grand duchy of the the peak of Ylimani be entitled to this distinc-
iy>wer Rhine, now forming part of the Prussian tion. Throughout Peru and Chile these moun-
territory. Great quantities of timber are collected tains still maintain a sublime elevation and con-
here, which are formed into vast rafls, and floated tain enormous metallic riches. The highest peaks
hence to Dordrecht, in Holland. It is seated on are in the region of eternal snow, and they pre*
the Rhine, 20 ro. N. W. of Coblentz. sent in evtrj quarter the most grand and imposing
&«]aeiit]; no more than two kel in bresdih, sod
icaembte ■ hollow ^ntlvry, open to the Ay, The
traveller shudden Jn paninr along tbeie tremens
duiu Suurei, wliich ue fUled with mnd; while
Xiv! tliick vegtrtnllon, which, hinging down from
tbow, coven the opening. Tbe quehradmM ore
imoKuae renU breakins through the whole chun
or the mountun* and forming Tut sbjnges luffi-
cienl inaize to »w»llow up an ordinaij "
It u hen that the e;e of die terrified tn
Iwst com^ehend the gigiuitic magnifier
Tl ■ ■■ ■ --• -.-
The chittT
viibg^ . , . ....
tUmis and iheep ; orchardi bordered with qnick-
Kt bedges and Inioriant and highly cnKivited
eonirtetds, occusjring a station auapended ai it
Wf re in the lorty legiona of the air ; uid tbe
tniTeller can hardl; bring himaeif to believe that
thia hatiitable region i> highei above the aea than
the summit of the ryreneea,
Jliuilaii, a town of France, in the department
of Lower Rhine, with a castle, aituate on ■ moun-
Uin, la m. S. S. W. of Blraabiug.
Jndinxr, a borongh in Mampahira, Enr. re-
turning two memlwra to Fu^amcnt, with a
market on Satnrday, a manufacture of shallooni,
and ■ conaidrrahle trade in moJt. A navigable
canal paasea benc4? to BnuthoRiptOD water. It is
■ilaate near th>^ river Ande, 10 m. N. bv W. of
Wincheater, and 63. W. by 8, of Loodon. Pop.
m 1821, 4,123.
Aiidmer, p.\. Merrimack Co. N. H. SI. m. fr.
Concord. Fop. 13*
Andmier, p.t. Windior Co. Vt 66. m. S. Hont-
pelier. Pop. 975.
AaAner, p.t. Essex Co. Maia. SO m. N , Boaton.
Pop. ifA^. Thie i* a pieuant and thriving town
with manoi^torcB of flannel and other woolen
elotha; but ie chiefly diatingoished for ila Theo-
locical Seminary, &«t eatobliahed in 1907 and
enlarged by eubsequent endowment!, amounting
to 4<JO,000 dollars. It compHaea three large piles
of building with aecomodalions for 120 atudenU,
The doctrines of thia institution are aubstantial-
Iv Calvinism. The library has 5,000 volnmea.
Mo*t of the students are supported h» charity.
The officrn are a Preaidenl and 4 ^rofeason.
Andover also contains Phillipa Academy, founded
in I78S. Its nfficcn are a princinal and !> asus-
lants. The nanal number of itudents is 130 ; all
of them are engaged in cliasical studies. The
fVinda of tlie inatitution amount toSO.OOO dollars.
AnJover baa a third Seminary called Franklin
Academy.in which classical studies are pursued.
jfnifoTcr, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 15 TT E.Hart-
ford.
Ando<ecT. p.t. Allegany Co. N. Y. 2S5 m. W.
Albinv. Pop. 638.
.diu/oDcr, p.t. BuBWixCo.N. J.48m. N. Trenton.
At^attt, p.t. Ashtabula Co, Ohio. SOO m. N.
E. Columbus.
.l^itagiTy, the capital of a ItingdoD
E. coast of tbe island of Sumatra. T
produce ia pepper. It ia s
modiouB for trade, 200 m. N. by W. of Bencooleii.
Lone. 102. 0. E. Ut. 0. 56. 9.
Aidranvm, a town of Sweden, in Gotliland,
It
JindriaaktTg, a town of Lower Saiony, in thH
duclw of Brunswick, with good silver mmea, 2d
m. B. E. of Gottingen.
Mdrtw, St. a town of Germany, in Carinthia,
and a bishop's see ; seated on tha riverLavanl,20
m. E. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Andmc; Si. a sea-port town of New Bruns-
wick, at the entrance of Fnssamanuoddy River.
^dr«c«, Si. a citr of Scotland, in Fifeshin-,
ouee the metropolis of the Pictish kingdom, and
tbe see of an arclibishop.
About the middle of the twelfth cenlurv, Da-
vid I. erected the town into a ro^al burgh, and
the privileges which it thus obUined were con-
firmed by Malcolm II. In the wars of subM--
quent times, it was more than once the object ot
bloody contention between the Inyalista and the
Reformation it sufiered ila fiiU share in the vio-
lences which were committed.
The cathedral, which was once the glory of the
city, is now a ruin. It is eaid to have been not
teas than l57yeDra in building, but waa nearly
dealioyed in one day, the aasailanlB leaving only
aufGcient of it standing to indicate ila Tbrmer
magnitude and great antiquity. Tbe remainn
conaiat of part of the east and west ends, and of
the south side, logetlier with the chapel of 8t.
Regulus, the entire' body and great tower of
which alill exist. The latter is 103 fret high, and
forms an immense equilateral triangle, each aide
being twenty feet broad.
The ancient caitla retains aa liltie of ite origi-
nal grandeur as the cathedral ; but it Is still re-
^bered as the scene of many a desperart^
I former times. It was from one of lli>-
if thia building that cardinal Heatouii
beheld hia unjust aentence of the heroic refbrmer
Wishart put m eiecntjon ; and it was before the
same window that hia own body was Inid aAer
his asBaasinatioD by the (riend* of the reformer.
The univeraity of St. Andrew'a ia the oldest in
Scotland, and uri^natly consiatcd of three col-
E' ea— Bt. Balvator'i, St. Leonard's, and St.
ry's or the new college. Ita government i«
formed of a chancellor, who, previous to the Re-
■ince then has been elected by the professor, and of
■he principalsof Ihecolleges. The numberof xtn-
denbi seldom exceeds 300; but both the healthv
situation of the town and ita accommodations for
study gnve it great advantages aaa place of educa-
tion. TTie college of St. Maiv is devoted entirely to
studenla in theology ', that of 8t Salvalor to the
sciences in genenu. The extensive library of
the university contains near 40,000 volumes, and
miiiietouB mannscripta.
Dr. Johnson visited this ci^ in his tour throueli
Reoltnnri, and speaks of it with more than usual
urtmnify. " Wp found," says he. " that, by (lie
interpr4ttinn <S same invisibls friend, lodgings
.ruffgle i
AND 40 ANG
had been provided for Qs at the house of one of Andro$eoggmy a nVer rising from Umbogog
the professors, whose easy ciyility quickly made Lake, on the W.side of the state of Maine, it runs
us forget that we were strangers ; and in the into New Hampshire, and re-enters Maine, falling
whole time of our stay we were gratified by every into the Kennebeck, about 18 m. above its conflu-
mode of kindness, and entertained with idl the ence with the sea.
elegance of lettered hospitality. In the morning Andnxaty or Andujar^ a town of Spain, in Anda-
we rose to perambulate a city which only history lusia, with a castle, and some beautiful churches
shows to have once flourished ; and surveyed the and convents. The environs abound in wheat,
remains of ancient magnificence, of which even wine, oil, honey, and fruit. It is seated on the
the ruins cannot long be visible, unless some care Guaaalquivir, and on the great post road from
be taken to preserve them ; and where is the Madrid, dis. 5 1-2 leagues, by way of Cordova
pleasure of preserving such moumfhl memorials ? to Seville and Cadiz.
They have oeen till ver^ lately so much neglect- ^intmuTf Cape, the southern extremity of Cara
ed, that every man carried away the stones, who mania, opposite the Isle of Cyprus ', on the prom-
fancied that he wanted them. The university ontory are the ruins of the ancient city Anemu-
within a few years consisted of tliree colleges, rium. N. lat. 36. 15. E. long. 32. 36.
but is now reduced to two; the college of St. Angediva, a small island in the Indian Ocean,
Leonard being lately dissolved by the sale of its off the coast of Malabar, belonging ^o the Portu-
buildings and the appropriation of its revenues to guese. It is 60 m. S. S. £. of Goa. Long. 74. 12.
the professors of the two others. The chapel of £. lat. 14. 43. N.
the alienated college is yet standing — a fabric Anegada, the most northern of the English
not inelegant of external structure ; but I was Virgin Islands. Long. 64. 7. W. lat. 18. 40. N.
always by some civil excuse hindered from enter- ^tgeHeaj the chiex town of Alleghany Co. N.
ing it. The dissolution of St. Leonard's college T. 2&. m. W. of Albany. Pop. 998.
was doubtless necessary; but of that necessity AngdOf St., a town of Italy, 14 m. S W. of
there is reason to complain. It is surely not Urbino.
without just reproach, that a nation, of which the Angdo, St., a town of Naples, 6 m. N. N. W. of
commerce is hourly extending and the wealth in- Conza.
creasing, denies any participation of its prosperity Angdos, a city of Mexico. See PuMa de los
to its literary societies, and, while its merchants Angaos.
or its nobles are raising palaces, suffers its uni- Angerburg, a town oC Prussia, with a castle,
versities to moulder into dust." In the year 1683, seated on the N. side of a lake, to which it gives
the tomb of bishop Kennedy in the college church name, 70 m. S. E. of Konigsberg. Long. 22. 15.
was opened, and six silver maces were found in £. lat. 54. 8. N.
it of very beautiful workmanship. The other Angerbury. or Angermardand, a prrvincc of
religious ftructures of this town are interesting Swe&n, in Noi dland, 150 miles long, &nd from
for their i nti^uity ; and the principal church, 25 to 80 broad, the widest part being to the eiAt
which is su.ficiently large to hold between two on the gulf of Bothnia. ' It is mountainous and
ani^three thousand people, contains the monument woody, and in it are considerable iron-works*,
of archbishop Sharpe, who was murdered near The chief town is Hemosand.
the town by the covenanters, and whose tragical Angermunde, a town of Brai Jenburg, in the
history is displayed in rude sculpture on one of Ucker Mark, on the lake Mund. , 48 m. N. N. E.
the walls. of Berlin.
Till the Reformation, St. Andrew's enjoyed the Angers, a large city of France, in the depa't-
high distinction of being the metropolitan see of ment of Maine and Loire, situated near the rr n-
the Scottish kingdom. It also carried on a profit- fluence of the Sarte, the Loire, and the Miioe,
able trade ; and, in the time of Charles I., posses- which divides the citj into two equal partp, be-
sed between thirty and forty vessels. Both its tween which there is a communication by two
commerce and its manufactures have of late years large bridges. Angers contains 36,000 inhabit-
been reduced to a low ebb, and the manufacture of anS. The castle is situated in the centre of the
golf-balls is now the only one that exists. It is city, on a rock, overhanging the river. The
associated with Dundee, Cupar, Perth, and Forfiir, cathedral is a venerable and elegant structure:
in sending one member to parliament. It is seat- the principal gate is surrounded with three steeples,
ed at the bottom of a bay, on the level top of a Here lies interred with her ancestors, the renown -
small hill, 30 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh. I jong. ed Margaret, daughter of Rene, king of Sicily,
2. 50. W. lat. 56. 18. N. Pop. in 1821. 4,900. and queen of Henry VI. of England, who ex-
Andretos'bridge, p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 38 m. pired after many intrepid but ineffectual efforts
S. E. Harrisburg. to replace her husband on the throne, in 1482, at
Androa, an island in the Archipelago, 24 m. long the castle of Dampierre. The university of An-
and 8 broad. It is one of the ancient Cyclades. gers was founded in 1398, and Uie academy of
It has fertile plains, which are well watered; and Belles Lettres in 1685. It has a oonsiderable
it wants only a good harbour. The inhabitants manufacture of handkerchiefs and canvas ; and
are of the Greek church, and have a bishop and the produce of the slate quarries, at the extremity
several monasteries. The principal riches of this of the suburb of Bressigny, forms likewise an im-
inland consist in silks, and the fields produce oran- portant article of commerce. The walls with
ges, citrons, mulberries, pomegranates, and figs, which kin^ John of England surrounded it in
The capital is of the same name ; and about two 1214, remain nearly entire, and are of very great
miles from it ore to be seen the ruins of a strong circumference. It is 50 m. £. N. E. of Nantes,
wall, with the fragments of many columns, chapi- and 175 S. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 33. W. lat. 47
ters, bases, broken statues, and several inscriptions, 28. N.
some of which mention the senate and people of Anglen, or AngtUn, a small country of Den-
Andros, and the priests of Bacchus ; from which mark, in the duchy of Sleswick. Many authors
it is probable that thiK was the site of the ancient suppose that from the people of this country the
city ; Long. 25. 2. E. lat 38. 0. N. English originated ; bping called in to assist thv
AUG 41 ANN
BrJtnna against tlie invaden from Norway , they distributed among the departments of Charente,
in process of time became masters of the country, Dordogne, and Deux Sevres,
and gave it llie name of England. ^ngrOf the capital of Terceira, one of the Azores.
Jin^iesey, an island and Co. at tha N. W. eztrem- It is a bishop's see and the resid«*nce of the gov-
ity of Wales. It is separated from Caernarvonshire emor of the Azores. The town is well built, and
by a long and narrow channel called Menai, which populous ; and here are royal magazines for all
passes from St. €reoree*s Channel, by Caernarvon sorts of naval stores, a cathedral, five churches,
and Ban^r, to the Irish Sea. That oart of the and several monastic houses. It stands on a bay,
island wTiich borders this strait is finely wooded, between two mountains, on the S. side of the
recalling to tlie mind its ancient state, when it was island. Long. 27. 12. W. lat. 38. 30. N.
the celebrated seat of the Druids, whose terrific Angrognay a town of Piedmont, on a river of
religious rites were performed in the gloom of the the same name, 7 m. W. of Pifnerol.
thicKcst woods. Rude mounds and heaps of AnguiUay or Sriafce Island j the most nortlie riy
•tone, said to be druidical remains, are still to be of the English Leeward islands in the West In-
■crt^n ; but a little way within, the whole appears dies. It is 30 miles long and 3 broad, winding
a naked tract, without trees or hedges, watered somewhat in the manner of a snake, and is G() m.
by numerous rills, ferfile in grass and corn, and N. W. of St. Christopher. Lonff. €2. 35. W. lat.
abounding in cattle. This island produces vast 18. 15 N. One of the Bahama iuands is also call-
«|uan titles of copper and sulphur (see Par us) and ed Anguilla.
in the N. W. part is a quarry of green marole, in- Angusshire, or Forfarshirty a maritime county
tfnnixed witli asbestos. Beaumaris and Holyhead on the N. £. coast of Scotland ; bounded on tM
are tJie chief towns. S. by the Frith of Tay, W. by the county of Pertli .
Augotay tiie whole extent of territory on the and N. by Kincardineshire. The chief towns aro
western coast of S. Africa, from near the equator Dundee, Arbroatli, Forfar, Montrose, and Brechin,
to the 13th or 14th de^. of S. lat. comprehending It is prettily diversified with hill, dale, and water.
Loan^o, Congo, Angola Proper, and Benguela, is An/utlty a principality of Germany, in Upper
eoniinonly called Angola; but Angola Proper, or Saxony, 42 m. lonff and 10 broad ; bounded ou
the kingdom of Angola lies S. of the Uonffo, Uie S.by Mansfiela, W. bv Halberstadt, E. by the
between the lat. of 7 to 9 S. All this part of 3ie ducliy of Saxony, and N. by Maedeburff. It
coattt of South Africa is well watered and exceed- abounds in com, and is watered by me Salde and
in«rly capable of yielding abundance, not only Mulda. Its ancient castle is gone to decay
for ttio subsistence but tlie luxury of man. It is Zerbst is the capital.
divided into numerous petty states and sovereign- AnhoUy an island of Denmark, in the Cattegat,
ties, the chiefs of which live in constant collision surrounded by sand banks so dangerous to seamen,
with each other ; since the restriction of the traf- that on it is a light house. The English took
fie in slaves to the S. of the equator, rapine and possession of it in 1810, and made it a place ofren-
crU'w'lty have reigned witli uncontrolled sway over dezvous for the North Sea squadron. Long. 11.
tlie wliole of Uiis fine and extensive district ; and 35. E. lat. 56. 38. N.
since the period of] 815 and 1816,more than 100.000 Anianey a town of France, in the department of
of the natives have been annually transported as Herault, 13. m. W. N. W. of Montpelier. It has
slaves, by the French, Spaniards, and Portuguese, an extensive manufacture of mineral alkali.
to Marti nimie, Guadaloupe, Cuba, and the Brazils. Aniens^by a town of Uindoostan, in Travancore,
St. Paulo ue Loango in lat. about 8. 30. S. is the whicn has a trade in pepper and calicoes. It
princi}>al place on the coast of Angola Proper, at stands at tlie mouth of a river, 46 m. W. N. W.
which the Brazilians more particularly carry on of Travancore. Lonf . 76. 40. £. lat. 8. 40. N.
their o|jeration of slave tramc. Abstracted firom Animalyy a town of Uindoostan, in the province
Llie unsfxsializing and debasing influence which of Coimbatore, with a fort. It has a trade in
tile slave-traffic is so strongly calculated to excite dru^s, honey, and wax, collected in the hills to the
and promote, the inliabitants of this part of South souui, and is seated on the Alima, 21 m. S. of
Africa are much addicted to habits of idleness^ Coimbatore
idolatry, and polygamy. AnjoUy a late pro vince of France, bounded on tho
Angaiuy p.v. Erie Co. N. Y. 291 m. W. Al- N.by Maine, W. by Bretaffne, S. by Poitou.and
bany. £. by Touraine. It formerly belonged to the sov-
Angora, or Angmirif the ancient Ancyra, a city weigns of England. It now forms the depart-
of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and a Greek arch- ment of Mayenne and Loire,
bishop's see, remarkable for its remains of antioui* Ann, Si. a town of New Brunswick, situate on
tv ; such as inscriptions, pillars, ruins of temples, the river St. John nearly opposite to Fredericton,.
^c. The castle lias a triple inclosure, and the and 80. m. above the city of St John. Also the-
walls are of white marble and stone, resembling name of the chief town of the province of Parana,,
porphyry. The inliabitants are estimated at 100, in Paraguay, and of a lake in Upper Canada, to
000. Here are bred tlie finest ^oats in the world; the norUi of Sjake Superior.
tJie hair being almost like silk, is worked into fine Anne Anmddy a county of Maryland, on Wu"
stuffs. It stands in a k>fly situation, 212 m. S. E. western shore of Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 28,^^.^).
of Omstantinople. Long. 32. 50. E. lat. 40. 4. N. Annapolis is the chief town.
AngauUmty a town ot France, capital of the AwHy Ca/m, a noint of land which forms the
department of Cbarente, and the see of a bishop, north side of Massachusetts Bay. Two Ijj^ht-
It IS seated on a mountain surrounded by rocks, houses on an island at the extreniitv of this Cape
The river Charente runs at the foot of it; and are in N. lat. 42. 40. W.Longr. 70. ^.
there are some paper manufactures in its environs. Anny Forty a town in Washington Co. N. Y. bo-
lt is 50 m. W. S. W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 9. E. tween the North River and Lake Charapkin.
lat. 45. 3!). N. Pop. 3,90].
Anfonnutisy a late province of Frtince, bounded Annabergy St. a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis-
oil th'* N. by Poitou, E. by Limosin and Manche, nia, noted for silver mines and tlic maiuikctuie
S. by PtTigord, and W. by Saintonga. It if now of laoe, 17 m. 8. of Chemnitx.
6 D'^
ANN 4M ANT
AnnagKy an island on the W. coast of Ireland on Sonth Carolina, and bounded on the N. E. by
5 miles in circumference, between the isle of the Yadkin River. Pop. 14,061. Wadesborougliy
Achil and the coast of the county of Mayo. Long. 142 m. 8. W. by W. of Raleigh, is the chief town.
9. 39. W. lat. 53. 58. N. Also the name of three jibuon, p.t. Somervt Co. IMe. on the Kenne-
parishes in different parts of Ireland ; 1st, in the bee. Pop. Iy532.
CO. of Kerry, pop. 2,089 ; 2d, in Cavan, pop. 10,488; Anspaeh or Onotxhatk a principalitr of Germany,
3rd, in Majro, pop. 5,749. in the south part of the circle of Franconia. it
Annaghf is also a prefix to several other parish- has iron mines and several medicinal springs ;
es in Ireland, such as Annagh-c^<me, dovntj eu/fff ^. and the soil produces considerable quantities of
Annamahoty dne of the principal commercial com, and feeds great numbers of cattle,
places on the Gold coast of North Africa, in N. Jhupach, a city, and capital of the above prin-
lat. 5. 9. W. long. 1. 41. cipalify, with a castle, a palace and an excellent
Annamooka, one of the Friendly Islands, dis- academy. It has many handsome buildings ; and
covered by Tasman, in 1643, and visited by cap- the principal manufacture is lace. It is seated on
tain Cook in 1774 and 1777. It is well cultivated the Retzat, 24 m. W. S. W. of Nurenberg. Long,
in many places^ consisting of plantations of yams 10. 28. £. lat. 49. 18. N.
and plantains, inclosed with neat fences of reed. Anstrtitker^ East and WtH, two boroughs oft
The bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees are interpers- Scotland, on the 8. £. coast of Fifeshire. They
ed with little order, but chiefly near the haibita* adjoin each other ; and Blast Anstruther, which
tions of the natives ; and the other parts of the is much the largest, is little more than a fishing
island, especially towards the sea, are covered village, 9 m. S. 8. £. of St. Andrew. Pop. of
with trees and bushes. It is situate about 187. £. both, 1,519.
lonff. 20. S. lat. Antabf or Ahdab^ a town at the N. £. ex-
Annan, a borouf h of Scotland, in Dumfries- tremity of S^ria. situate on two hills, and the
shire, seated on the river Annan, 3 m. from its valley that lies oetween them is watered by the
mouth, which forms a good harbour for vessels Sejour. It is three miles in circumference, with
of 250 tons burden. Here was a fine castle, built a strong old castle on* a rock, and had formerly a
by one of the Bruces, the. ruins of which still re- considerable manufacture of printed calicoes. Ma-
main. Much com is exported hence ; and there ny medals of the Syrian kings have been found
is a manufacture for carding and spinning. It is here, and some also of the kings of Cappadocia.
16 m. £. 8. £. of Dumfries, and 80 S. of Edin- It is 50 m.E. of Alexandretta, and 60 N. by £. of
burjrh. Long. 3. 8. W. lat. 55. 2. N. Aleppo. Long. 37. 35. £. lat. 36. 35. N.
Jmnapolis. the capital of Anne Arundel county, Antequera, a town of Spain, in Granada, diri-
and seat of the legislative government of tiie ded into the Upper and tne Lower. The Upper
state of Maryland. The state-house, a noble is seated on a hill, and has a castle : the Lower
building, stands in the centre of the city, from stands in a fertile plain, and is watered by many
which point the streets diverge in ev^iy direc- brooks. Here are large quantities of natural salt,
tion. Here also is St. John*s colle^, which with quarries of excellent stone, and a spring famous
Washington college at Chester, constitute one for the cure of the gravel. It is 26 m. N. N. W.
university, named the University of Maryland, of Malaga. Long. 4. 30. W. lat. 37. 1. N.
Annapolis is situate on the west side of Uhesa- AnJLtquera^ a town of Mexico. See Gttaxaea.
peak bay, at the mouth of the Severn, 40 m. £. Anthonif's Jfose, a point on the £. bank of the
by N. of Washington, and 35 S. of Baltimore. Hudson, just above Peekskill.
Long. 76. 48. W. lat. 39. 0. N. Pop. 2,623. Anthonys Kill, a little stream running into the
Annapolis f a sea-port of Nova Scotia, on the Hudson irom the W. 7 m. above the Moiiawk.
£. side of the Bay of Fundy. It has one of the Anthony, St.. Falls off on the Mississippi River,
finest harbours in the world ; but the entrance is m N. lat. 45. W. long. 93. being more than 2,000
through a difficult strait, called the Gut of Anna- m. above the entrance of the river into the Gulf
polis. The town stands on the 8. side of the of Mexico. Tliere is a fort in the Missouri trrri-
harbour, at the mouth of a river of its name, 86 m. tory, on the point of land formed by the St. Pe-
W. by N. of Halifax. Long< 64. 55. W. lat. 44. ter s River, which river falls into the Mississippi
50. N. just below the Falls .of St. Anthony.
Annapolis f p. v. Salem township, Jefferson Co. AnHbtis, a town of France, in the department of
Ohio, 135 m. N. E. Columbus. Var, with a str^n* castle, and harbour for small
Anneeyf a town of Savoy, seated on a lake of vessels. Its teriitory produces excellent fruit;
its name, whence issues the canal of Thioux, and it is seated on the Mediterranean, 11 m. S. S.
which runs through the town and then enters the W. of Nice. Long. 7. 7. E. lat. 4b. 35. N.
river Sier. It was l&tehr the see of a bishop, who Antieosti, an island at the mouth of the river
also assumed the title or bishop and prince of Ge- St. Lawrence, 90 m. long and 20 broad. It is
neva* Annecy is the largest town in Savoy next full of rocks, covered with wood, and has no har
to Chamberry, and is 16 m. S. of Geneva. Long, boor ; but excellent cod is found on the shores.
6. 5. E. lat. 45. 53. N. AnHetam, a small tributary of the Potomac, run-
Annohon, an island near the coast of Guinea, so ninff into it near Shepardstown.
called because it was discovered by the Portu- Mtiguaj one of the English Leeward Islands,
guese on New Tear*s day. It is well stocked in the West Indies, about 20 m. in length and
with catUe, and abounds with palm trees and breadth, and 60 east by south of St. Christopher,
fhiit. Long. 5. 10. E. lat. 1. 50. 8. It is destitute of water, and the inhabitants are
Annonay, a town of France, in the department obliged to save the rain water in cisterns. The
of Ardeche, with manufactures of very fine pa- chief produce is sugar, of which it annually pro-
KT : seated at the confluence of the Cances and duces about 10,000 hogsheads. It was taken by
eumes, 12 m. 8. W. of Vienne. the French in 171^, but restored in 1783. The
AunsvUle, p.v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. 54 m. 8. capital is St. John. See Appendix.
Richmond. AntUlM, the name which tiie French give tf-
AnsoUf a Coqnty of North Carolina, bordering the Caribbee, or West India islands, which set •
ANT « ANT
^mtiochj OTAnthMa, a town of Syria, of which aboat 19 m. N. W. of Belfast. Fop. of tha town
it was formerly the capital. This ancient city in 3,485, and of the parish. 5,129. The town b situate
which Ihc disciples of Christ were first called on the bank of a small stream, which runs into
Christians, and yet the see of a Greek patriarch, Lough Neagh, at a short distance on the north-
is now almost come to nothing; but the magni- east.
ficcnt ruins of it still remain. It is seated on the .^ntrtin, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. Hampshire,
river Orontes, now called Osi, 15 m. fiom the 67 m. fir. Boston. Pop. ljS)9.
Mediterranean, and 50 N. W. of Aleppo. Long. Aurimf p.t. FVanklin Co. Pa. adjoining Mary-
36. 40. E. lat. 36. 10. N. land.
AnHoeketta, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Car- Antrim, t. Crawford Co. Ohio,
auiania, and a bishop's see, seated on the shore of Antwerp^ a celebrated city of Biabant, and af-
the Levant, opposite Cj^roB, 88 m. S. of Konieh. ter the decline of Venice and Genoa it became one
Long. 32. 26. E. lat. 36. 30. N. of the most considerable commercial depots of
AntiogOy St. an island on the S. W. coast of Sax- Europe. It is situated on the east bank of the
diaia, 14 m. long and 3 broad. In 1793 it was Scheldt, in N. lat. 51. 13. and 4. 24. E. long
taken by the French, but eyacuated soon after. The era of its greatest importance was about the
AntuMpaa, or St. Fe de Antioauia, a town in the commencement of the i7th century, when its
new department of Cauca, Colombia. It is seat- population amounted to about 200,000, but the de-
ed on the banks of the river Cauca, about 200 m. Tsstating policy of Austria and Spain involved it
N. N. W. St. Fe de Bogota. in Uie bigoted and ruthless contentions of that pe-
AntiparoSy the ancient Of^aras.tn island of the nod ; further, bv the extent of the commercial
Archipelago, two miles west of raros. It is onlj transactions, which its localities drew hither as
a rock, 16 miles in circuit; yet in some parts is to a centre, it greatly rivalled the transactions of
a vast variety of figures, and a white transparent in 1648, by the treaty of Westphalia, between
crystalline substance resembling vegetables, mar- Spain and Holland, and Antwerp inconsequence,
b!e pillars, and a superb marble pyramid. Long, progressively declined in population and impor-
25. 44. E. lat. 37. 8. N. tance, until the period of the French revolution.
ArUitaiuLy a peak of the Andes, in the depart- When the Frencn overran th'is part of Europe in
ment of Quito, which is volcanic, 19,150 ft. alMve 1794, they proclaimed the free navigation of the
the level of the sea. There is a tillage of the Scheldt, and after the renewal of the war subse-
same name, a few leagues east of the city of Qui- quent to the peace, or rather the respite of Amiens
to, at a height of 13,500 ft. being the highest in- in 1802, Antwerp claimed the especial notice of
habited pli^e on the globe. Napoleon, who constructed a basin to hold about
AntouUf ^. a town of France, in the department 20 sail of the line^ and a noble quay, along the
of Isere, 5 m. N. E. of St. Marcellan. east bank of the nver, and made it his principal
Antonio f St. the most northern of the Cape Verde naval .arsenal for the northern part of his empire,
islands, 15 m. firom St. Vincent It is fiiU of high It was not, however, till subsequent to the g«ne-
mountains, whence proceed streams of excellent ral peace of Europe in 1814. when the Nether-
water, which render the land fruitful. The prin- lanos were ceded to Holland, and Antwerp de-
cipai town is seated among the mountains. Long, clared a free port for the transit of merchandise,
2o. 0. W. lat. 17. 0. N. that it began to resume its former wonted activity
j^ntonio <fe ^eAor, Sent, the Capital of Texas, on and importance. Since that period, Brussels,
the S. Antonio river. It is a village composed of and a vast extent of countnr westward «f the
mud cabins covered with turf. Rhine, draw their supplies of foreign produce from
Antonio de Conoy St. a town of Bnunl, in the prov- Antwerp, which is, m consequence , progressively ,
ince of Pemambuco, situate near Cape St. Angus- though slowly, increasing in population and in-
tin, 30 m. S. S. W. Olinda. terest. It has, however, but few articles of ex-
** There are near 100 other towns and streams port, either within itself, or of transit,
in different parts of South America and Mexico, Tne city is nearly a semicircle, of about seven
dedicated to the tutelar saint of the Portuguese miles round. It was defended by the citadel,
and Spaniards, AnAony, or SanAnUmio, who does built by the duke of Alva to overawe the inhabi-
not appear to have done much for them, as they tants. The whole appearance of its public build-
are mostly insignificant. ing>» atreets, and houses^ afibrds the most incon*
Antrim, a maritime county, on the N. E. coast testible evidence of its former splendour. Many
of Ireland. It has two sreat natural curiosities ; instances of the immense wealth of its raeichants
Lough Neagh, a large luce, the area of which ex- are recorded : among others, it is said that when
cee£ 100,000 acres, the waters being of a petrify- Charles V. once dined with one of the chief mag-
ing quali^ ; and the Giant's Causeway, consist- istrates, his host immediately after dinner threw
Ing of lofty nillazB of basaltes, all or angular into the fir^ a bond for two millions of ducats,
shapes, firom uiree sides to eight, and extending which he had received as security for a loan to
three miles alon^ the north shore. The linen manu- that monarch, saying that he was more than re
facture is carried on very extensively in this paid by the honour of being permitted to enter-
county, and since about 18S» the cotton manufac- tain his sovereign.
ture has been nvkking considerable progress. The The most remarkable of the streets is the Place
principal towns are Belfast, Lisburne, and Carrick- de Mer, said to be unequalled by any in Europe
fer^}9, each of which (in addition to the two for for its great length, its still more unusual breadtJi,
the county) returns one member to the parliament and the extraoniinary sumptuousness of its hou-
of the United Kingdom. Carrickfergus is the a«- ses. A crucifix thirty-three feet high, made fh>m
size town. The county contained in 1821, 270, a demolished statue of the duke of Alva, stands at
fn^'.l inhabitanto, and 48,088 houses. one end of the street ; but the eye of taste is of
Antrim, a town and parish of the above county, funded here and elsewhere by the great intermix
ANT 44 A08
tore of dwellings of the lowest description with the then kings of France, Denmark, Portugal,
splendid palaces. The noble and the mechanic Poland, Bohemia, and the Romans, were made
often inhabit adjoining houses. The want of knifhts of the order^ of the Grolden Fleece, by
sunken areas before the houses, and of raised foot- Philip II. of Spain, in the year 1555.
paths for pedestrians, is also severely commented The church of St. James contains the tomb of
on by British visitors. the great Rubens : It is of black marble, simple in
The quays present a noble appearance : they design, but most appro]>riately adorned witn one
are richly planted, and form one of the mort fa- of that master's own paintings. The windows of
vourite promenades. In the neighbourhood of this church are much admired,
the basins for shipping, is a square building, 230 The church of St. Paul or of the Dominicans
feet long each way, intended as a place of mer- Jms in it some works of Rubens and Vandyke ;
chandise for the Oosterling or Hanseatic towns cf .particularly the scourging of Christ, by the for-
Germany. In its middle story, which has a igii mer. But it is more nequently visited to see a
lery quite round the square, there are^SOO Iwg- -represetatation of mount Calvary near its en-
ing rooms, but they are no longer used as silcB. .trance. On desc^andinff into a cavity in the rocL
The cellars serve for stables. intended to represent the place of our Saviour e
Besides the canals usual in all Dutch towns, snfierings, the body of Christ is seen laid out on
others of an extraordinary construction are to be a tomb, and covered with a shroud of silk ; the
found here. They are carried on wholly under walls around are painted to resemble the flames of
ground, having been excavated at the expense of purgatory, and the figures of those su^ring its
individuals, in order to convey in small boats, to .torments. The whole is executed in a coarse
their storehouses, the goods which had been style, almost bordering on the grotesque ; yet, sit-
brouffht in by the usual conveyance of the open uate as it is, it seldom fails to produce a solemn
canals. They are now used as sewers. efiect The other churches are in possession of
The town hall, in the great market-place, is a paintings by the old masters,
spacious building 250 feet long, having its front At the academy of fine arts upwards of 1,000
adorned with statues. It was rebuilt in 1581, the students receive gratuitous instruction in painting
period of the commercial downfid of the city, and its kindred arts. The academy is held in
This buildinf contains the public library, which some of the departments of the museum, where
is not remarkable for the number or rarity of its also there is a fine collection of pictures and of
books. It also contains a fine collection of paint- casts. A public annual exhibition of the produc-
ings. The royal palace in the Place de Mer, tions of the pupils is held here alternately with
which had been fitted up for the residence of Bo- Brussels ana Ghent; prizes are distributed ; and
naparte, contains also some fine paintings. The the successful pictures are purchased by the cities
Exchange, a large, but by no means an elegant to which the victors belong, to be lodged in their
structure, has served as a model for those of public collections, as rewards to the successful
Amsterdam and London. candidates and as excitements to others. Ant-
Of the places of public worship, the cathedral is werp boasts of being the native place of Ru-
by far tlie most noble, not only as compared with bens and Vandyke, as also of Teniers, Snyders,
those in the neighbourhood, but with any other on and Joerdans. Opposite to the town, ancf near
the continent. It is 500 feet long, 230 wide, and the spot whence it was bombarded by the English
360 high ; its erection occupied a period of ninety- in 1809, the place of a new city was traced out by
six years. The spire is 46(B feet in height. Ac- Bonaparte, its site is now occupied by some
coruin^ to the onginal design, another of equal forts ouilt under the direction of the duke of
dimensions was to nave been erected on the other Wellington.
side of the great entrance. But after having been The recent separation of the Netherlands from
carried up to a certain height, the work was dis- Holland, will doubtless have a considerable efiect
continuec ; yet, notwithstanding this defect in upon the commercial prosperity of Antwerp,
uniformity, it is thouffht that the want of the sec- During the insurrection wnich preceded this
ond spire adds to the simple grandeur of that event, the city was bombarded by the Dutch, and
which has been completed. .The gallery to the a great number of its buildings burnt. The Dutch
summit of the tower is attained hj an ascent of were ropulsed afler much hard fighting.
'€122 steps ; and the toil of goins up Is well repaid jMteern, p.t. Jefibrson Co. N. x . iS m. N. W.
by the commanding view afiforded of the city be- Albany. Pop. 2,412.
ueath, the country, the Scheldt, and its neigh- Anvil y p.t. Lebanon Co. Pa.
bouring islands, stretching into the main sea. ^nriUe /r/oiuf, an island in the gulf of Georgia.
This church contains many fine paintings, mostly discovered by Vancouver, and so called from its
by Rubens : that of the taking down of our Sa- shape.
viour fVom the cross, in which the figures are as AnweUer, or AwHUer, a town in the duchy of
large as life, is universally con&dered his master- Deux Ponts, 6 ni. W. from Laudan. It was
piece. It also contains the monuments of Am- formerly a city of Austria, and the inhabitants en-
brose * Capello, seventh bishop of the see ; joyed the singular privilege of exemption frnm
those of Moretus the printer, the successor toll dues in aU parts of Uie empire ; but in 1330 it
of Plantin ; of Plantin himself, and of Van was brought under the dominion of the counts
Delft. Outside its walls is the tomb of Quinten palatine.
Matsys, originally a blacksmith, but who, on be- Anxtrmaf a town of New Granada in tlie prov-
ing refused the daughter of Flors the painter till ince of Popajran, where there are mines of crold.
he had proved himself a painter also, laboured It is seated on the Cauca, 140 m. N. N. E. (»f
with incessant assiduitj^ till he overcame the old Popayan. Long. 75. 25. W. lat. 4. 58. N.
man's scruples, and ultimately surpassed him in AnxikOf a kingdom of Guinea, lying east of
fais favourite art. Near the tomb is a pump, the Gabon and north of Congo, but it is little known,
iron-work of which is said to have been wrought The king is styled the Micoco, whence the coun-
by Matsys before his transformation. In this ca- try is sometimes so called. The capital is Mons* 1.
^odral Henry VIII. of England, together with j9mCs, or jimtsty duchy of, a province of Piid-
APP 45 APU
nv^Qt, boniMied on the west and north hj the chiefly by agriculture ; and aiz exterior, bordering
Aip^, or rather on the north by the Valaia, for on the canton of St. Gall, are Protestant, with a
ut' uiountunsrun from north to south into Aoust, population of 40,000, a great portion of which are
vWx'ti miy be considered altogether as a moun- employed by the manufacturers of the city of
U:nio4 district. Pop. about 65,000. The princi- St. Gall.
pal o^:/ of the same name, which b a bishop's see, JS^enzd^ the chief town of the aboye Canton,
.i s.tuite about the centre of the province, be- is situate on the bank of the river Sitter, on the
ivcfQ two streams of the Baltea River, which interior side, and containing about 3,000 inhab.
iiils into the Po, and on the great high road from Apfia Via^ or JSppian Way^ a celebrated road
thepiasofSt. Bernard to Timn. It contains sev- from Rome through Capua to Brundusinm. It
cnl Dionuments of the Romans. Pop. 5,500. was besun by Appius ClaudiuB Coecus, and con-
Apaluckian Mountains^ the name given to the tinned by Julius and Augustus CsBsar.
iuitnen^ chain extending along the whole At* JippU Forum, a town in the south west of Italy,
lontic coast of the U. States, from Alabama to about 50 m. S. of Rome, and IB from the Three
Maine, in the Southern States they are 200 m. Taverns ; where the Christians of Rome came to
fr^m the sea, but as they extend northward ap- meet Paul in his journey from Puteoli to that me*
pnvu:h near the coast. They run ^nerally in tropolis of the world.
pirallcl ridges and their various divisions go by .^jip/e^j^, a borough in Eng. returning two mem-
al.ierent names. These are the Cumberland hers to parliament, and the county- town of West-
mountains of Tennessee, the Blue mountains of moreland, with a market on Saturday. It was a
»per
t'le White mountains of New Hampshire. They part is the castle, and at the lower end is the
ire sometimes broken into ^rroups and isolated church. The town is governed by a mayor, and
rinins. Their highest summits are in N. Hamp- almost encircled by the Eden. It is 20 m. N. N.
s'lin* ; and are between 6 and 7,000 ft. above the E. of Kendal, and 270 N. N. W. of London. Pop.
l*M-e] of the sea. East of the Hudson they are in 1821, 824, and Bongate, which fonns part of
^a.-iitic. In the W. and S. they consist of zran- the town, 6^ more.
itp. gneiss, mica and clay slate, primitive Time- Applecro8Sy a parish extendinj? for about 20
•U)n-», &c. Their name in the language of the miles along the western coast of Koss-shire, Scot-
ladians signified endUss. land. Pop. in 1821, 2,793, who subsist mainly by
Jpalofkuufla, a river of North America, formed the herrin? fishery. There is a town of the same
by the junction of the Chatahooche and Flint, at name, in which the population is principally con-
an old Indian fort of the same name on the south centrated.
rnnfines of Georgia, and thence flows between Appltdore, a village of England in Northam,
>Vcst and East Florida into Apaiache bay, in the Devonshire, situate at the mouth of Towridve, in
ipilf of Mexico, east of Cape Blaise. Barnstable bay, three miles north by east of Bid*
Afmmmm, a town seated on the N. W. coast ford. Here the Danes landed, under Hubba, in the
of the island of Santorin, 7 m. N. N. W. of time of Alfred. It is now resorted to for bathing.
Scanro, at the entrance of the Grecian Archipe- Appltton, t. Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 735.
lago. AjtpUngf a Co. of Georgia, in the S. E. part of
jfMe, one of the New Hebrides, near MallcoUo, the state, upon the Altamaha. Pop. 1,468.
in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 27. £. lat. 16. Jipplingmlle, the chief town of Columbia Co.
46. S. Geo. 93. m. from Millcdgeville.
jipenradBf or Ampewrade, a sea-port of Denmark, AppoUonia, a district extendin|r about 100 miles
ia S!«^wick, with a citadel. It is a place of consid- on tne S. W. coast of North Africa. Cape Appol-
enble trade, seated at the bottom of a gulf of the Ionia is in 5. N. lat. and 3. 57. W. long.
Little Belt, 27 m. N. N W. of Sleswick. Long 9. Appolobamba, a town in La Paz, one of the
3d. E. lat. 55. 8. N. united provinces of Paraguay, on the border of
Apkiomj or A/imm^kara'kissar, a town of Asiatic Peru.
Turkey, in Natolia, built round a high rock, on Appomattox, a stream of Virginia, falling into
the top of which is a fortress. It is 3 m. in the James from the S. near City Point,
drcunuerence, and has a considerable trade. The Appoqtunimink, a stream in the state of Dela-
chief manufacture is carpets ; and the country ware, running into Delaware Bay, a little below
aroond produces much opium, called aphiom by Reedy Island.
'he Tons. It stands on the Mindra, 150 m. E. Appoquinimink, t. Newcastle Co. Del.
/Smyrna. Long. 31. 10. £. lat. 38. 35. N. ^^, a town of France, in the department of
ApoliU, a town of Upper Saxony in Thuringia, Mouths of the Rhone. It has a trade in prunes,
8 m. N. of Jena, and 40 S. W. of Leipsic. coarse serges, and wax chandlery ; and contains
Ayenmnrj, a chain of mountains, in Europe many Roman antiquities. It is seated on the
which begins near Oneglia, on the gulf of Genoa, Calaron, 20 m. N. of Aix.
passes round that gulf at no great distance from ApuUa, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. T. 129 m. W.
the sea, then proceeds east to ue centre of Italy, Albany.
and afterward divides that country in a mediate Apure, a river of Colombia rising from varions
vrath-east direction to the extremities of the sources on the E, side of the eastern range of the
kingdom of Naples. Hence proceed all the rivers Andes and falling into the Oronoko.
vhich water Italy. The Apnmines are at first a Apurhnac,a, river of Peru, which rises ID miles
branch of the Alps, but, in general they may rather N. of Areouipa, and flows N. about 430 miles;
be regarded as hills than as mountains. receiving the Pauoartambo, and Pilcomayo from
Jhfemxel, a canton in the N. E. part of Switxer- the E. and the Jauja or Mantaro from the W. It
haa, bordering on Tyrol. It is divided into 12 then takes the name of Ucayale, and continuing
communities : six called the interior, are Roman its course 470 miles further, enters tlie river AraSi-
Cith<4ic, with a pc^QlaUon of 16,000, subsisting son, in long. 72. 46. W.
ARA I
Jfui, «. town Pltdniont. in tlie duchy of Mont-
fEnat, wilh & ciladf 1, and balhs of miupr&l water ;
■eutcJ oil the nonh bonk of the Borniida, 15 m.
a, of AlcxRuilm.
jtqiula, s fine large city of the kingdom of
Nd()U, uiicientlj cSled AiU, uid AvelU, the
cafiilal uf Abruziu, Bealed on a hill, eutof the
A|>eaiiines, on the builii of the river Alletno, or
Slid IB a bishop 8 aec. An earthquske wu lovlo-
tcut litre in Feb. 1703, that 24,000 peoole peiiih-
cJ,iind^eiitnuniben were wounded. It iaiituale
:Si m. W. from the Adriatic, and 92 E. of Romi-.
Long. 14. 30. E. kt. 42. 50. N.
Jiaudtia, an ancient and large city of the Cami,
or Veneti, in Italy, Bcat«d near the coaat at the
head uf the ^ulfof Vrniire. A Roman colony
wai aettled in it, betwrrn the hret and aecond
Mac-doniaji wars, to \k a bulwark aifainst ttie
lliina and Goths. In iS> it was beaie^d by Attila
with an innumerable host of barbariana. Three
montliB were consumed without efFoct in the
) AHA
rietirs uf tlie chuie, lliia, though klie most labori-
ous, ia yet the most enlerUiiniiig. Aaaoon ai> tbt
hunlei comes within sight of bia prey, he- puts an
his horso witli ■ gentle gallop, so aa to keep the
ostrich still in sight ; yet not to ai to terrily him
that the troops shauld strike their tents the next
iiiorninjf, and begin their retreat. But as he rode
round the wall, pensive, angry, and disappointed,
he observed a stork preparing to leave her nest in
una of iht tDn-irN,and to liy, with iK-r infant fami-
ly, towards the country ; this he interpreted as an
omen that those towera were devoted to iuipend-
ing ruin and solitude. The siege waa renewed
and pnisecuted with fresh vigour ; a targe breach
was made in tlie part of the wall frnm whence the
atork had taken her flight; the Huns mounted to
the assault with irresistible ftiry; and the suc-
ceeding generation could scarcely discover the
ruina of Aquilein.
Ji^irui, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
ruined by the emperor Conrad. It ia the birth-
plac- of Juveual, and sealed near the Carig-
liano, on the great high road ftum Rome to Na-
ples, 20 m. S. V K. of Sora.
Araiiat, a town and fort of tlie Crimea, and
province of Taurida, on the borders of the sea of
Asoph, 2a m. N. by E. of Caffa.
Jirahia, a country of Asia, extending from the
13th t(i the 32nd drg. of N. jat. and from the 33rd
to the r>Hlh of W.long. being about I Am m. in
length, 1,200 in breadth; bounded on the W. by
the Ked Sea, and the isthmus of Suez, N. E. by
the Euphrates, which divides it from Diarlwhir, £.
by the f;ulfs of Persia and Ormus, and S. by the
Indian Ocean. It ia divided into three parts, Ara-
bia Petrea, Deserta, and Felix, so namvd by Eu-
ropeans from their supposed qualities of soil and
climate. Arabia Petrea, much the smallest of the
three, lies to the south of Syria olonir the east
coast of the Red Sea. The nortii part is moun-
tainous, and in general atonv, smdy. and barren;
but some parts yield sufficient nourishment for
cattle, whose milk, and camels' flesh, ia tlie chief
food of its few inhabitants. Arabia Deserta lies
south of Syria, and east of Arabia Petrea, and
the Red Sen. It is for the moat part desert, be-
'm% intersected by barren mountains, and many
of tln^ plains nothmg but great sands and heaths;
t— there are some plains and valleys that feed
great flocks of sheep and goats ; there are aim
grpst ■ numbe-s of oslriches, and a fine breed of
nohlesl of the species.
The Arabians train up their bi>st and fleetest
lurscs, to hunt ttie ostrich. Perhaps, of all va>
from the plain into the mountaiuB. Upon observ-
ing himself, therefore, pursued st a distance, the
bird begins to run at first, but gently, either in-
sensible of his danger, or sure of CHcaping. In
this situation he somewhat resemblra a man at
full spent ; his wings, like two arms, keep work-
ing with a motion corn^spondent to that of hi-
\f& : and his speed would verv soon sn^lrh him
fri^m tlie view of his pursuersj but. unlbrtunale-
Iv for the sill/ cn-ature, instead of going otF in a
direct line, lie takes his course in circles; while
IliG hunters still make a small course wilhin, re.
Ilcvc each other, meet him at nnexpented turns,
and keep him thus still employed, still followed,
for two or three days together. At last, spent
with fiitigue and famine, and finding all power of
escape impossible, he endeavours to hide himself
from those enemies he cannot avoid, and covers
hisheadiu the aand, or the first thicket he meets.
Sometimes, however, he attempts to face his piT-
suera : and, though in general the moat gentle
animal in nature, when ^Iven to desperation, h<-
defends himaelf with his beak, his wings, and
hia feet. Such is the force of his moUon, that a
man would be utterly unable to witbatand him in
the shock. The oxen of Arabia have generally
a hump on their bock like Uiriie of Svria.
The sheep have a tliick and broad tail, wliirh
they are said lo drag liehind them on a carriage ;
tlieir wool is coarse, and their flesh not very deli-
rate. The »ild goat is found in the mountain!!
of Arabia Petrea. The other animals are the
jackal, hy«na, many aorta of apes, the jerboa
or rat of^ Pharaoh, antelopes, wild oxen, wolves,
foxes, wild boars and the great and little panther.
The CBiacal or syagoah is a sort of lynx, and is
probably the lynx of the ancienla. It follows the
lion and lives npon the remains of that animal's
meals. It is somewhat larger than a fox, ami
much fiercer and stronger. Itclimhs wilh nslon-
iahing agility to the tope of the tallral trees ii
of bar
called c
1 hirds.
•pm, betwrrn tlie Red S«a auil lb* ludiu Oocui.
It ■• by Ax Uie inoal enasidenble put, uid thongb
th# centre is occupivd bj vttj drj lieferU, tlisn
MP manj ricli proviucei on Ihe cnuta, producing
m vuii'tv of fruiU, hone^, wat.cinDanion.canu,
nvuias, ipikcnnrd, rnaliiiicenae, myrrh, imd cof-
fee, of whlcli latUr gnul qiuntitiei are exported
riom Moka. Thi; Arabi us of a loiddle ■tature and
inebuicholy ur. The; dsrlre their BuUiiitvnce
froui their Bovks, from hunting, and from what
they acquire by plunder of the cunivuis which
pisi from Aleppo to Bauora, and from Buaon
to Mecca. They auknowledge no Bovereign but
the emirm of (heir tribfli, who arc their natural
princM,and In whom they pay obedicDce. Tlicy
' ' - -•--'•-- -- chieft of snadviuieed age,
inlt, and wIiok advice tiiey
I of the Arabs oouststii of a
white robe, bouod roand with a brood leather gir-
dle, raateaed by a itrong buckle or loroa clasp.
Tileir dnwers ore mode of linen, and deocend lo
the lower part of the leg. They wear a kind of
ilipp-'». aHer the manner of tlie Turk>, but are
leufnlly iu hiilf boots thai they may be ready to
jftonhomebick. Winter and Huniiner Ihey wear
a liri^ elo;ik, itriped block and white, made of
the liair of goatu or some other aniinal. Tlii>ir
einin drru in the sorne manner, eicepi thai their
■ for Ihe most part nil black. The
count of tbs rarogpa made by theie aniinali.
phanti' teeth, beei' wm», and rice ; but its trade
wa» never very eooaidcrahle. Aracan wa» long
on independent nation, governed by a hing ; but
it WB* lubdued by the Birmana in ITSK.and i*
now a province of that empire,
Aracan, the capital of the country of the name
nwiie, with an extensive fort. It isiitualp at Die
head uf an inlet of the ta, which fnriits one ot
the finest and most capacious harbours for "hip-
ping in the world. The river Anuan run! through
the city, and waters the street* by means of seve-
ral orins or canals, into which it is divided. The
inhabitajita are about 100,000. ]t was token by
tbe Birmans in 1783. It is StM m. S. S. E. of
Islamabad, and ?J0 \V. S, W.of Ava. Lon« iO
10. E. lal. 90. .18. N.
^raJ^ an interior county of Upper Iluigary,
poitulation about l.W.OOO. There are two lownii
of the same name, Uie Old, which ia the capital
of the county, on the north, and tlie New town
on the south side of (he Marosch river. The old
lown it a great mart for eatlle, and is about SI m.
N. N. E. of Tcmeswor.
^rafnt, or Grbel Orphal, a mountain of Arabia,
alwul IM A. in h«i):ht, 15 m. 8. B. E. of Mecca.
Its name implies the Jfniutfo-'n nf KnoirMte,
and as such is an object of adoration with t)ie
devoteea of Mahomet; in 1607, upwird of WIJKK)
pilgriniB, including 4.'>,r)0U mnuiiled Wab^bees,
were assembled about it.
.Iragaaya, ■ river of South America, which
rises in the tat. of abool 19.8. near loth<- Parana,
which runs from north to south, whil*l the .4ra-
gUBva runs tlirough the heart of Brimil from south
In iiurlh. to the lat. of about 7. 8. where it h join-
ed hy the Toeonlina, and about .1 Jep. fbrl.her it
diyerges Into two branches, one foiling into the
Amazon, and the olher forniin-T a separate ehan-
nel into (he Atlantic, called Paro, in the lut. ot
0. 90. S. and 4lf- 20. W, long.
•Iral, a lake of Indejiendent Tarlary, 190 miles
east of the Caspian Sea. It is 300 miles in length,
and in some ])laceB 70 in breadth, inleraeeted by
llie lines of 43. N. lat. and CO. W. long. The
water is salt, and there are many small aaline
I the d
from place Iu place, partly for the sake of pasture,
and partly to lie in wait for the caravans. The
funoo* Mahomet wob a native of this country ;
and his followers^ soon after Ilia death, conquered
agreul part of Asia, Africa, and Europe, eatahlish-
iog their religion wherever they came. The in-
t-'nor of Ihia vast territory is very little known,
but il aei'ms nearly destitute of water, aa but very
few riven are found round its coast for near 2,!50O
miles. Medina, Meoco, and Moka, all on Uie
oail of the Red Sea, arc the diief towns.
Aracan. or Itwraa, a maritime and fertile coun-
try of Asia, on the cost coast of the bay of Ben-
gll. bounded on the east by Birmah. The rainy
c-'a-wn continues from April lo October, and the
r>-sl of llie year ia called summer. The inhabitants
ate Idol^leni. The women ate tolerably fair, but
Ihe lonn-st cars are reckoned the most beaatJAll,
and in lliesc ther wear manv rings. They ire a
dasiardly race of people, and have only conraffe to
H'.laek defenneless merchants and boatmen. TTiere
are such numbers of elephants, buffaloes, and
tigera, tlut bnt few places an Inbo^ted, on oc-
ity. but il h
nicalion with the sea.
JlraHJuez, a town of 8pain, in New Castile,
with broad streeti) intersecting each olherat right
angles. The great square is surrounded by porti-
coes, and has a fountain that snpplies the lown
witli water. Here are three churches, and a thea-
tre for bull-fights; but the glory of Aranjuei ia
the royal palace and gardens, situate on an island
fbrnied by the Tagun, Ihe Xaroma, and a eanal.
This palace justly ranks among the finest and
most agreeable residences in Europe ; it was in it
the supreme junta of government of the king-
dom, on the declaration in favour of Ferdinand
VII. were installed, and held their first meeting,
Sept.SSlh, leOd. Aranjuei isBCated on the Tajo,
90 m. 8. at Madrid. -
Ararat, a mountain of Armenia, distingui^ed
in Mosaic history. See Oen. TJii. 4. Its height
is about D,500 ft. above the level of the sea.
Ararat, a mountain in N. Carolina, 19 m ftom
Bethany in Stokes Co.
Ariuri, a maritime town of the territory of Ge
noa, 5 m. 8. W. of Albengn.
Araa, a town of Switierland, capital of tke
department of Lower Argo, canton of Beme,
with mann&ctlirei of cotton, printtd Hneti, and
ARC 48 ARD
cutlery. A treaty between the protestant and greatly declined in importance rince the building
cathouc cantons was concluded here in 1712. It of St. Peteraburg, it atill exports considerable
is seated on the river Aar, 27 m. W. of Zurich. quantities of tallow, deals, and some bristles ; but
J9raiKOf a district extending from the 42nd to as it ia only attained by the dreary coast of Nor
the ^th deg. of S. lat. on the shore of the Pacific way, and tne North Cape, in lat. 71 . 10. , it is ac-
Ocean, bounded on the E. by the Andes, and is cessible only a few months in the year, in Jul^,
considered as belonging to Chile, but it is inhabi- August, and September, during which short peri-
ted almost exclusively by natives, who have not od it is resorted to by 60 or 70 sail of vessels an-
only successfully resisted every attempt of the nually, principally Enfflish. It was nearly de-
Spaniards to become masters or the countrjr, but stroyed by fire in 1793, out has since been rebuilt
frequently made incursions into their territory, with neatness, principally of wood, the severity
The district contains both gold and silver, is wa- of the winter beinff counteracted by stoves. Pop.
tered by several streams, is very ^rtile, and about 7,000, who nave about a doien churches,
the climate is delightful. The Spaniards con- one Lutheran, one Calvinist, and the others
structed a fort about 40 m. S.of Concepcion, (na- Greek. Archangel is about 400 m. N. E. of St
med after the district) ss a defence against the Petersburg,
incursions of the Araucans. Archer, t. Harrison Co. Ohio.
Araxes, or Aras^ a river of Asia, which rises in Archipelago, is a term applied to a cluster or
Georgia, flows S. £. across Armenia, and joins group of islands, hence the Grecian, Eastern,
the Kur, near its entrance into the Caspian Sea. Nortnem, &c. &c.; but the most celebrated group
It is a very rapid river, and is supposed to be the is the Grecian, at the head of the Mediterranean
Gihon mentioned by Moses. sea, having Romania on the north, Natolia on the
Arbe, an island 30 m. in circumference, on the east, the isle of Candia on the south, Macedonia,
coast of Dalmatia, from which it is 5 m. distant. Livadia, and the Morea on the west. It is partly
The soil is rich, but the inhabitants are indolent, in Europe, and partly in Asia, containino; the isl
It has a town of the same name. Long. 14. 55. ands of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tcnedos,
E. lat. 45. 5. N. Scyros, Mytilene, Scio, Samos, Patmos, Paros,
Aiherg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton Antiparoe, Cerigo, Santorini, Andros, Tina,Nax-
of Berne, on an island formed by two branches ia, Milo, Delos, Argentiera, and many others.
of the Aar. It is 10 miles W. by N. of Berne. Archivda^o, Northern, a part of the Pacific
Arbdj a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Curdistan. Ocean, having the peninsula of Kamschatka on
ancient Arbela, near which Alexander defeatea the west, and the coast of America on the east.
Darius. Here are the remains of an ancient cas- It includes a number of islands, amonor which arc
tie, and in the vicioHy are naptha nits. It is four i>rincipal groups. The first, called Sasignan,
seated in an extensive plain 36 m. N. or Altunku- contains five islands; the second, called Khoa,
pri, and 50 E. of Mosiu. includes eight islands ; and both these groups to-
Arbela, p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. 45 m. E. Harris- gether are styled the Aleutian Islands. The
bure. 9iird group is called the AnpreofTski Ostrova^ and
Arbois, a town of France, in the department of comprises 16 islands. The fourth group is the
Jura, famous for its white wines. It is 22 m. S. Lissie Ostrova or the Fox Islands, lo in number.
W. of Besantj'on. They all belong to Russia, and are valuable chiefly
Arhoga, a town of Sweden, Westmanland, for tne skins of animals found there, particularly
seated on the Ulvison, by which river, and a ca- the sea-otter. Sec Fox Islands.
nal, it has a communication with the lakes Hiel- Arcis-sur-Aube, a town of France, in the depart-
inar and Maelar. It is 25 m. E. N. E. of Orebro. ment of Aube, seated on the river Aube, 15 m.
Arbon, a town of Switzerland, situate on a north of Troyes.
point of land jutting into the lake of Constance, Arco, a town and castle of Germany, in Tyrol,
12 m. S. E. of Constance. taken by the French in 1703, and abandoned soon
Arbroath. See Aberbrothioick. after. It stands on the Sarca, near the bead of
Arburgy a town of Switzerland, in the canton the lake Garda, and 15 m. W. S. W. of Trent,
of Berne, with a citadel on a rock, seated on the Areas, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated on
Aar, opposite Olten, 12 m. E. of Soleure. a craggy rock, on the river Guadalete, 28 m. N
Arcadia, a division of Modem Greece, in the E. orCadiz. It is the residence of the vicar gen-
central part of the Morea. eral of the metropolitan church of Seville. T^iere
Arcadia, a town on the west coast of the Morea, are several other towns of the same name in Spain
near the gulf of its name, W. of the above district, and Portugal.
22 m. north of Navarino. Long. 21. 42. E. lat. 37. Areot, a city of Hindooetan, capital of the Car
24. N. natic, which became subject to the English East
Archangd, a large province of Russia, boun- India Company in 1801. The citadel is largi..
ded on the north by tne Arctic Ocean. It is di- and esteemed a place of some strength ; but me
vided into eight circles : viz. Archangel, Chen- nabob often resides at Madras. In the vicinity
courisk, Chounegar, Kem, Kola, Meson, Onega, are several celebrated temples, visited by numer
and Senega. It is a very dreary district, especial- ous pilgrims. Arcot has a manufacture of coarse
ly the eastern part ; it supplies some fir timber cotton cloth. It is seated on the south bank of
and deals, and contains many wild animals, which the Paliar. 66 m. W. by S. of Madras, and 180 E.
are slaughtered for their fat; and tallow and bris- by N. of Seringapatam. Long. 79. 24. E. lat. 12.
ties form great articles of export. 51. N.
Archangel, or St. Michael, the chief town of Ardagh, the name of a barony in the county of
the above province, is situate on the east bank of Longford, Ireland, containing 6 parishes, and the
the Dwina River, a short distance above its en- towns of Longford and Edgworthstoun ; a parish of
trance into a bay of the White Sea, in N. lat. 64. the same name, in 1822, contained a population
34. £. long. 38. 59. It was for many years the of 4,962, and which, united with Kilmore gives
pnneipal sea-port of Russia, and was fint resort- name to a bishopric, but there is neither cathedral
ed to by th« Engliih in 1553| and although nor epiacopal rendenoe in Ardagh. There are
ARE 4t ARO
four other pmruhM of the tame name in difibrent Jfrequipaf an emsoopal town of Peru, fonnded
parts of Ireland: viz. Ist in Meath, pop. 1,074 ; by Pizarro, in 1539. Near it is a volcano. Itha«
S2nd in Cork, pop. 2,344 ; 3rd in Limenck, pop. been four times laid in ruins by earthquakes. It
l^tiSO ; and 4th in Mayo, pop. 1,556. There are stands in a fertile country, a few miles south of a
40 other parishes in different parts of Ireland be- small lake, which is the source of the Apurimae
ginning with Jird. branch of the Amazon River ; 240 m. 8. or Cuzco,
Ard^U, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitzan, the and 460 S. £. of Lima. Long. 72. 30. W. lat. 16
residence and burial-place of many kings, putic- 40. 8.
ularly of Sheik 8e8si, the founder of the Persian ^ezzOf a town of Tuscany, in the Fiorentino.
sect. Pilgrims resort to this place from all parts Guy Aretin, a Benedictine monk, inventor of the
of Persia ; and caravans are frequently' passing to musical notes, ut. re, &c. was born here ; also the
and from Constantinople and Smyrna. It is 35 celebrated Francis Petrarch, and Mecenas. It
m. £. 8. E. of Tauris. Long. 47. «10. £. lat 38. stands on a hUl, at the conflux of the Chianno
flO. N. and Amo, 15 m. west of Citta di Castello.
Ardeeke, a department of France, including the Argau^ or Lower Argow^ a canton of Switzer-
latc territory of Vivarez. It takes its name from land, formerly the north part of the canton of
a river, which flows into the Rhone, at the south Berne, lying to the west of that of Zurich. Arau
extremity of the department. Privas is the capi- is the capitS.
jal. Pop. about 285,000. Argencu, a town of France, in the department
ArdMf a borough of Ireland, in the county of of Calvados, on the river Menace, 10 m. E. of
Louth. Here is a large mount, apparently artifi- Caen.
sial : some suppose it to have been a burial place Argentan. a town of France, in the department
>f the Irish km^ ; others, that it was a place of Ome, wnich has a considerable trade in lace.
where the people assembled to deliberate on pub- It is seated on an eminence, in the middle of a
(ic aflbirs. It is 14 m. N. W. of Drogheda. Pop. fertile plain, on Uie banks of Uie Ome, 12 m. N.
of the town 3,588, and the parish 1,773 more. W. of Seez, and 110 W. of Paris.
Ardemneg^ a department of France, containing Argenteuily a town of France, on the river
part of the late province of Champagne. It is so Seine, 5 m. N. W. of Paris. It has a fine vine-
named from a &moua forest, Iving on the river yard, and in the environs are quarries of the plas-
Meuse. The principal town is Sedan. Pop. about tor of Paris.
350,000. Argentieraj a barren island of the Archipelago,
Anffertf a borough of Ireland, in the county of so called from the silver mines in it. There is
Kerry, and a bishop's see united with Aghadoe. but one village, and it has no water but what is
to Lixnerick. It was formerly the capital of the kept in cisterns. Long. 23. 10. £. lat. 36. 50. N.
county, but is now a pocw pl^^y ^ik extensive Argenton, a town of France, in the department
ruins. It is seated on a nver which runs into of Indre, divided into two parte by tne river
Tralee bay, 7 m. N. N. W. of Tralee. Pop. Creuse. It is 37 m. 8. W. of Bourses.
of the town 629 ; of the oommons 283 ; and of the Argdis, one of the divisions of Modern Greece
whole parish 2,481. in the eastern part of the Moreaor Peloponnesus,
Ardmore, a town of Ireland, in the county of established since the recent independence of that
Waterfbrd, on a cape and bay of ite name, 10 m. country.
8. 8. W. of Dun^urvon. Pop. of the town 403, Argos^ a seaport of Modem Greece, m the pre-
and of the parish 2,761. ceding district, 25 m. 8. of Corinth. Long. 23.
Atdra, a small kingdom of Guinea, on the Slave 5. £. Tat. 37. 30. N.
coast, at the bottom of the gulf of St. Thomas. Argostoli, a town of the island of Cefalonia,
The country is fertile in maize, palm wine,plante with a fortress and the best harbour in the island,
and fruite, which last all the year; and it pro- It is 8 m. W. 8. W. of Cefalonia.
duces a great deal of salt. It lias a to *^ of the ArgueU, a town of France, in the department
■ame name. Long. 3. 5. £. lat 6. 0. N. of Lower Seine, 18 m. N. E. of Rouen.
Ardres, a town of France, in the department Arguing an island and fort on the coast of Za-
of Pas de Calais. On an open plain between the hara, 30 m. 8. E. of Cape Blanco. It was taken
town and Gnisnes, was the celebrated interview by the Duteh from the Portuguese, in 1637; af>
between Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. terward the French took it firom the Duteh.
of England, in 1520. It is 10 m. 8. 8. E. of Long. 17. 5. W. lat. 20. 30. N.
Calais. Argun^ a river of Asia. See Sagkalien.
Areea, an island in the ffulf of Persia, 3 m. Argun»koi, a town of Siberia, on the fron-
8. W. of Ormus. The DuUm attempted to estab- tiers of Chinese Tartary. Tliere are mines of
lish a factory, and built a ibrt here, but were ex- silver and lead near it, and a pearl fisherv in tlie
|ielled by the Persians. river Argun, on the west bank of which the town
j^sikea, a searport of Abvssinia. is situate. Itis70m. 8. E. of Nertohinsk. Long.
Arauborgf the capital of a county of the same 118. E. lat. 52. 30. N.
name, in the dnch^ of Westphalia. It is seated Argyle^ t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 326.
on a hill, by the river Roer, 22 m. 8. S. E. of Argy^y p.t. Wasliington Co. N. Y. 4(> m. If
Ham, and ^ N. £. of Cologne. Long. 8. 10. E. Albany. Pop. 3,459.
lat 51. 23. N. ArgyUshiref a county of Scotland, bounded on
Arensburg, a sea-port of Russia, in the govern- the north by Invemesshire, east by the counlies
ment of Riga, capital of the isle of Osel, and a of Perth and Dumbarton, and south and west
bishop's see. Long. 25. 40. £. laL 58. 15. N. by the Atlantic ocean, by which it is broken
Araukardef a district in Denmark, in the duchy into islands and peninsulas. It is 110 miles long
of Sleswick, containing the greatest part of the from the Mull of Canty re to ite N. K. extremity ;
famous rampart built by king Gotric, in the be- ite breadth is very uneaual, about 40 miles vrhora
ginning of the 9th century, as a defence against greatest. To the N. W. is a peninsula, nearly do-
the irruptions of the Saxons, it extends across tached from the rest of the county : it containH
the country, about 9 m. in length. the districte of Ardnamurcfaom, Morven, Sunart^
7 E
ARK 60 AKK
ind Ard^wtf. Tho peninralas of Cantyn tnd There are nmra of hiUa, that hafe the name of
CowbI are Ukewioe very large. The chief udanda, moantams, whioh separate the waters of Ar-
attached to this county, are Mull, ^^Jt Jura* kanaas from thoee of Washita. Near the Hot
Tirey, and Col. The soil of Arcyleshirei in the springs, these rid^^ mount up into elevated
hiffh fTQunds, though little fitted for cultiyation. peaks, which in the eye of a visitor at the springs,
afiords excellent pasture. Some parts are coverea from the level country of Louisiana, have the as-
with heath, and others exhibit rugged and bare pact of loftv mountains. At the south-western
rocks. The sides of the hills and lakes are in- extremity or the territory, there are three parallel
t^rspersed with woods ; and there are rich mines ranees of hills, that divide the watere of Red riv-
of copper, iron, and lead. The mountainous parts er from those of Washita. There are, also, many
abound wiUi deer and the heaths with grouse. The detached hills, and flint knobs. On some of these
chief town is Inverary. is found the whortleberry *vaccuumn^ of the north,
ArUa^ a seaport at the south extremity of Pern, in fi[reat perfection and abundance. These hills
It is but badly fortified, and has been much injur- exhibit red cedars and savins, such as ^ow on
ed by earthquakes. Here the treasure brought hillsof a similar appearance on the Atlantic shore,
from Potosi 18 shipped ; and there are many farms In the c^tral parts of the territory, and intermedi-
employed in the cultivation of Guinea pepper, in ate between Arkansas and Washita riven, on the
which it has a great trade. It is 550 m. d. £. of waters of the latter is that singular detached el-
Lima. Long. 70. 25. W. lat. 18. 27. S. evation, called < Mount Prairie? On the waters
ArUnzOy a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, 6f White river and St Francis, the country gene-
14 m. N. £. of Naples. rally is rolling.^ But, take the extent of the terri-
er tru^, a town of Norway in the government tory together, it is either very level or very hilly,
of Berfifen, noted fof the poductive iron mines in In some places, the hills rise at once firom level
its vicinity. It is seated near the sea, 10 m. N. prairies and plains. A very considerable portion
N. £. of Christiansand. of the country is broken land, and unfit for culti-
'Arisch. or El Arisch, a town and fort of £gypt, vation. A ^at part of the *■ Darrens' of this state
on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to -which it £^]^s are what their name imports. There are four con-
name. The French became masters of it in 1799 ; siderable detached bodies of good upl^d. But
but it was rettUien by the Turks and English at it may^ be assumed as a general fact, that the high
the end of the year. In 1800, the Turks and prairies and timbered lands are sterile. Thatpurt
French signed a convention here, by which the of the course of the Washita, which runs in this
troops of the latter were to evacuate Egypt ; but territory, has narrow, though in some places rich
tlie English admiral refused to ratify we capitu- >>ttoms. Here are cane brakes, birch, maple,
lation. Arisch stands on the confines of Arabia holly, and muscadine grape vines. The tender
and Palestine, 36 m. S. W. of Oaza^, and 1520 N. soil on the banks is oAen torn away by the sweep-
E. of Suez, in N. lat. 31. 8. E. long. 34. 3. ing and rapid course of the fyXi river. Rugged
ArispBj the chief town of the extensive district hifis, covered with stinted pines and cedars come
of Sonora, Mexico. Arispe it situate at the foot in close to the river \ and the valley is so deep,
of the Cordilleras, near the souree of the Hia, or and its boundaries so abrupt, that tlie sun is seen
Taqui river, in tne lat of about 31. N. and 109. but a few hours in a day.
W. long. There is a large tract of country, on the upper
ArkansaSy a territory of the U. S. formed from waters of Wiiite river, which has sometimes been
a part of the Missouri territory in 1819. It lies denominated New Kentucky, either from its be-
between 33. and 36. 30. of N. lat. and between ing fertile, rolling, and abundant in lime stone
90. and 100. W. long. Bounded N. by the state ^>rings ; or firom its being more congenial to the
of Missouri, E. by the river Mississippi, separat- staple products of Kentucky, than the country
inj|r it from Tennessee and Mississipm, S. by Lou- lower down. It is sheltered on the north by
isiana, and W. by the Mexican ana Missouri ter- mountains. The fertile tracts are valleys emboe-
ritories, Containing above 500,000 sq. m., and a omed between high hills ; and the productions of
population of 30,383, of which 4y578 are slaves, the north and the south for the most part succeed
The limits of this region are stronfirly defined by in this soil. It has one great inconvenience,
physical and geographical lines. These lines are The streams, that run amon^r its precipitous hills,
for the most part large rivers and the ocean of receive the watere of the powernil showere that
prairies beyond. The chief rivers are the Missis- occasionally fidl, and po«ir these waten from an
sippi, Arkansas, White, Washita and Red rivers, hundred shelving declivities into the streams.
The western part is traversed by the Ozrak and They have been known to rise forty feet in per
Maaseme Mountains. penoicular height, in a few houn. The stanoing
For some distance up the watera of Arkansas com and cotton is submerged ; and the hope <?
and White riven, the country is an extensive, the year destroyed.
heavily timbered and deeply inundated swamp. Arkansas is ^e northern limit of the cotton
Near the St. Francis hills and at Point Chico, the growing country. The rich lands on the Arkansas
eastern front along the Mississippi is above the produce cotton of the same staple and luxuriance
overflow. The remainder of the eastern line is a as those of Red river ; but, having a season some
continued and monotonous flooded forest. It has what shorter, it cannot ripen so well. Neverthe
r large and level prairie plains. It possesses a great less, the planten here assert, that even here they
extent of rocky and sterile ridges, and no inconsid- can raise more, that their hands can 'pick out/
erable surface covered with mountains. Perhaps as the phrase is ; consequently they affirm, that
no section of our country is more diversified, in re- they lose nothing by the shortness or their season,
gard to its surface. Rs northern line is inter- Cotton becomes an uncertain crop north of the
sected by a range of hills, which are commonly river St. Francis. As we ascend the Arkansas
denominated the ' alack mountains,' a line of towards the hig^ table prairies, the temperature
elevations running from Black river to the west- diminishes more rapidly, than would be indicated
em extremity of u; territory, and separeting be- by the latitude ; and cotton ceases to be a sure
tween the waten of White nver and Arkansas. — erop a little beye^ 34. in that direation. It j« al
ARC U ARK
preient the stapte aiticla of cnltiviium. The rich soil on the St Francis if very fertile ; and ia cov
ianda bring fine maixe, sweet potatoes, and the ered with a heavy growth of beech, generally de-
regetahles generally of Miaaisaippi and Louisiana, noting a rich soil ; out the hilb are so precipitous,
In the high country above 34. wheat does well, and exposed to wash, as hardly to be susceptible
Rye and Earley will thrive almost in any parts of of cultivation. On the whole, this territory haa a
tlie country. Mulberry abounds ', and on the ba- aufficiency of excellent lands, to become a rich
see of the precipitous hills of White river, we and populouaatate. — ^In its eastern front, and near
should suppose, would be the happiest soil and the Mississippi and the Arkansas, it is exposed to
climate for the vine. Muscadine, and pm€ wood' 9 excessive annoyance from its myriads of mos-
gj^p^ abound ', as do pawpaws, and peraimons. chetoes.
rigs are raised, but with difficulty ^ and the tree Thia climate is a compound of that of Missouri
is ofien killed to the ground by the frost. Peach- and Louiaiana. Until we advance 200 miles west
t^s are raised in great excellence and abundance, of the Mississippi, in its humidity it more nearly
Apple orchards 3o well at Mount Prairie, and in resembles the latter. The season, in point of the
m Point on forwardness of vegetation in the spnng, is also,
Red river} andlio doubt, will thrive in all the much more like that of Louisiana. The season of
the open and high lands above Peccan
higher and more northern regiona of this territory, planting is three weeks later than on the coast
In the lower and more settled parts of it they have above New Orleans ; and is more than that in ad-
no where succeeded well. Chickasaw and prairie vance of the climate of Missouri. — ^Tbe distribu-
plums iprow wild in abundance , -and the woods tion of rain is extremely unequal. There are often
and prairies abound in native fruits and berries drenching rains and thunder eveiy day, for thirty-
The soil is of all qualities from the best to the six days m succession. At other times, the weatn-
most sterile. The settlement of Point Chico, on er is as remarkable, for long droughts. Planting
generally so rich, as those of Red river. — The shores of no river show a deeper tangle of vines
belt of cultivated land below the Post of Arkan- near the soil, and of nobler forest trees above,
ns, called 'the coasy does, indeed, somewhat The riiores of Arkansaa, as far up aa Little Rock,
resemble the delightful country so called above are decidedly unhealthy. Great tracts on all sides
New Orleans in appearance. The resemblance are covered with sleeping lakes and stajornant bay-
oeases here. It has a soil of but moderate rich- ous. The country is a dead level. The falling
ness ; and needs manuring to produce large cot- waters of the rains cannot be drained off. In the
ton, or maiie. To one emerging from the inun- commencement of summer they are exposed to
dated and mephitic swamps beh>w, this line of the intense ardors of the sun. Sickness is the
open, contiguous plantations, dotted with beauti- natural result. On the vast prairie, which com-
ful clumps of the fine trees of thii climate, and mences just above the Post, and extends ninety
French habitations, which generally have a miles up the country, it is more healthy; and there
very picturesque appearance, this tract, odled is less annoyance from the moschetoes. This long
'the cooMt^ has a charihing appearance. There is sweep <^ country is thoroughly ventilated. But
a great extent of cotton luids of the first quality, the air, in the timbered bottoms, is close, and un-
in the country along the river, above the ^ost, m elastic; and the moschetoes are excessively trouble-
the * Quawpaw purchase.' The country, five or some. There is but too often an abundant visita-
six hundiea miles up the Arkansas, where the tion of bilious and remittent fevers in the latter
American garrison used to be, and that, where it part of summer and the first of autumn. Farther
now ii, and the country where the Arkansas mis- up the country and on the open prairies, it is as
sion is settled, have large prairies interspersed healthy as in any other country in the same di-
with forest bottoms, and great tracts of excellent mate. It is a very absurd idea, that a country of
soil. There is much fine country in this territory the extensiveness of this should all be alike sickly,
above Peccan Point on Red river. Mount Prairie, In this territory there are many positions, but a
whioh rises, like a prodigious Indian mound, from few miles apart, one of which may be aa sickly as
the siibjaeent plains, may be reckoned among the the dioies of Surinam, and the other as healthy,
striking spectacles of the country. It is ten or as any country in America,
twelve miles in .diameter ; and is situated on the Among the curiosities of this region may be
waters of the Washita. It has a soil of great fer- mentioned the vast masses of sea shells, that are
tility, and of the blackness of ink ; rather expos- found dispersed over different tracts of the coun-
ed, nowever,- to *■ bake,' as the phrase is, in the try. They are generally found in points remote
hot and dry weather. They obtain water from from limestone ; and answer a valushle purpose
wells, which are obliged to be dug of very Ijp^at to the inhabitants, who collect, and burn tnem for
depth. — ^In the whole depth vast Quantities of sea- lime. Far above the poJtical Umits of the territo-
shells appear. — ^In a state of pulverization they ry, and towards the sources of the Arkansas, is the
are mixed with the earth, communicating a maw- sublime elevation, which we hope will always re-
kish and unpleasant taste to the water, and very tain the name of Pike's mountain. The prairies
great fertility to the soil. On White river are are bounded in that direction by the stupendous
some of the finest lands and the healthiest sites ridges of the Rocky mountains. There are very
for planters in this country. In short this terri- considerable mountains near' the Hot Springs,
tory possesses great bodies of the best soil. There which see.
are vast tracu, too, of precipitous knobs, sterile The Quawpaw Indians intermixed with many
ridges, sandy, or muddy prairies, and miierable fugitive Choctaws^jreside on the Arkansas not far
bamns. The country on the Mississippi, between above the Post. That portion of the Cherokee
White river and the St Francis, is in many places nation, which has emigrated west of the Mis-
above the overflow, and of the highest fertility, sissippi, has its chief sr tSements on the Arkansas.
Wappanocka bottom, opposite Memphis, is an un- Beyond this territory < b White river are congre-
eommonly high, rich ana extensive bottom. The gated the Shawnees - pA Delawares, that have
emignted from Ohio ani HufonH. Abore the
Ch^kees, on the Arkuuu, >re the OeKgci ; and
rtill higher ue ths P*wii«««. In the vut warie
!.?.fJ.!;.i /i| .'
of pnurie*, that interpoge between this territorj
and the Rocky mountAJns, loun diSerenl tiibea
of Indians, among which are oflen seen, Indiana
from th* Mexican connUy, who come here to huDt
the biaon. TheM inimala with deei, elk, bean
and wolres are abnndant in thia region. Herdaof
wild horaea are seen rangingthe prairies and foi-
esla of the weslera parU. The; are rather amall
in aiie hu*. very fleet and hardy. They are MMht
with the noosi^ or ciitiapped into pens, and wEem
die or hajneaa.
There (re no Ittge towns m this territoiy ini]
the settlements are scattered about in iaolated and
detached siluaUana, generally with great tracts oT
wild countiT between them. Little Rock, on the
muth bank of the Arkaiua*, u the seat of gov-
Arkantat, a great rirer running into the Mia-
■isaippi, from the West, through the centre of the
Territory of Arkansas.
The extent of thismightyatreBni,wbioh is said
to meander a long distance in the Rocky moun-
tains, ia commonly gtren at 3,500 m. This la prob.
ably an eitravagant calculation. Itia believed, that
Its distance Irom the point, where it has a rotume
of waters to entitle it to the nameofriver.to itsen-
Irnnce into the Mississippi, metsuring its cnrrea,
is about 2,000 miles. In summer it poura abroad
and deep stream from the mooDtains upon Iha
arid, bare, and sandy plains. The sand and Iha
dry snnoiinding atrooaphere ao drink np the wa-
ter, that in the drr aeaaoa itmajbe crossed, manj
Iiundred miles below the niount&ins, without wa-
ding oa high aa the kneea. The tributary atream*
are far from being so well known, as to render
themsnsceptible of anaccurate description. Some
of them are remarkable for being impregnated
irith sail to such a degree, thai we have tasted
Die waters of the main river ao sail, as la be un-
potable. Th* whole allavial earth along the
S ARI.
banks is so strongly impregnated with salt, tba
the cattle aomettmes kill themselvss by eating it
Tor a distance of many hundred miles fhim iU
mouth, it receives no tributaries of any conuder'
able length, owing to the conRguiation of the
coanliy Uirough which it pasBea,and to the vicinity
of Red river and Washita on one aide, and the
Tellow Stone, Kanaas, and Osage on the other.
When it haa arrived within four hundred miles
ofthe Mis*UDppi,itbegina tossaiime the charac-
ter of Red river, in the numbers nfits bayou* and
lakea. Tfaebeltof highland, betweentheriverand
the cypress swamps, taby nomeanaso wide,aathat
on the other river. "Ybe aUnvial aoil is of tls
same colQat and qualities, though it is notgener
a" aofertile. Ithasabroaderchsnnel.and gene.
J a narrower valley. We believe, thai ildoek
not oany so much water ; and the rapidity o(
its ordinary current is less. When it is full, its
waters ha»e a still deeper colour. IB curves, that
is to say, its ^nfi and hendt are broader and
deeper. It surpasses the Misaisaippi, or any riter
of the west in the perfect regularity of these, and
in the uniformity and beauty of the yonng cotton
wood groTes, that spring up on the convex aand
ban. In other respects, it has a surprising re-
semblance to Red river. The Arkansas has de-
cidedly the advantage in the eitent of its naviga-
tion. In the spring floods, steam-boats can as-
cend it nearly to the mountains. The first thirty
or forty railea of its course, is through a heavy,
inundated forest, with very little Isna sufficiently
above the floods, to admit of cultivation. Forty or
fifty mtlea by the course of the river above the
Post, blufi, crowned with pine, come into the river.
Between that distance and the Post, only a narrow
belt along the river is above the overflow; andeven
through this belt the river haa torn greal numbers of
erCBOMei, through which in high floods its waters
escape into the swamps. Directly beyond these
heltasregnm trees, and othervegelatioti denoting
swampy soil. Beyond these are vast cyprcsa
swamps ; and in all its conrse from the blulfs to
the mouth, like Red river, il has its net-work
cheeqaering ofbayous and lakea. The lakes, on
the aubsidence of the river, are covered with vast
leaves of the Nymphca ffehanho. The bayous,
when filled with the river waters, have the aamo
curves as the river : and while the river U toll,
the same colour; and, until we observe their want
of current,might easily be, as they have a thous-
and times been, mistaken for the river itself.
Arktou), a baniny containing 13 pariahea, and
the towna of Arklow, and part of Wicklow, in
the county of Wicklow, Ireland. The town of
Arklow ia sitnate on the ahore oT St. George's
channel, about 13 m. S. of Wicklow, and contain*
ed a popnlaUon of 3,808 in 1631, and the parish
3,418 more.
Jlrla, an ancient cityof France, in the depart
ment of Months of the "Rhone, lately an archiepis-
copal see. It was the chief city of ancient Oan)
during the reign of Constsntjne , and Boson made
it the capital of Ibe kingdom of Borgundy. Tho
country around prodncea good wine, vermilion,
manna, oil, and fruits. There are a great number
the Rhone, 30 m. S. E. of Nismes. Long. 5. 37.
E. lat. 43, 40. N.
.irlington, p.t. Bennlnglan Co. Vt. 40 m. from
Troy, Saratoga Springs, Whitehall and Rutland
Pop. 1,307. It has quarries of marble and lime
ARM 63 AKR
Armagh f an interior county in the N. £. part of etopC ap the hwbovr. Salt-works are its chief re-
Ireland. 32 m. long and 19 broad ; bounded on the source. It is 3 m. E. of Middlebnr^.
The soil is reckoned the richest in Ireland ; but a Anukwy^ a town of Brandenburg in the Old
tract called the Fewes is hilly and barren, and there Mark, witn a ruined castle, on a hill on the river
are also some considerable liogs. Some good mar- Elbe, 3 m. from Werben.
ble is found in this country ; and the linen man- Anudoy a seaport of Peru, with agood harbour, ^
ufacture flourishes in all its branches. It has no in the Pacific Ocean, 25 m. N. of (Sllao. Long,
river of consequence but the Blackwater, which 76. 53. W. lat. 11. 40. 6.
separates it from Tyrone. Arnkanua^ a town of Crennany, in Pomerania,
Armaorkj a populous parish and city of Ireland, 24 m. E. of J^ew Stettin. Aleo another town on
the capital of the countj^ of its name, and the see the east bank of the Saal, bishopric of Warts-
of an archbishop, who is primate or all Ireland, burg.
It has one of the best linen markets in Ulster, and jSmkeimy a strong town of Holland, in Gelder-
many bleaching grounds in its vicinity. It is land, capital of the quarter or county of its name,
seated near the river Kalin, 45 m. S. £. of Lon* It was formerlv the reaidenoe of the dukes of
donderry, and 62. N. by W. of Dublin. Long. Gelderland, and is seated on the Rhine, 8 m. N.
7. 6. W. lat 54. 20. N. Pop. of the ci^ in 1821, of Nime^n. Long. 5. 54. £. lat. 62. 2. N.
8,493, and the parish 22,650 more. Jhrmkeim Bay, on the N. W. side of the gre^
Armagh, p. v. Indiana Co. Pa. 160 m. W. Har- gulf of Carpentaria,
rltfburg. Amoy a celebrated river of Toseany, which risef
jfniumuie, a late province of France, in Out* in the Apennines and passing by fiorence and
enne, 55 m. long and 40 broad. It is fertile in Pisa, enters the grulf of Qenoa a little below the
com and wine, and has a trade in brandy and latter town.
wool. This province, with Gsscony, now forms AmMf a populous parish contiguous to Not^
the department of Gers. tingham, Eng., bordering on Sherwood Forest.
Jtrmenia, a country of Asiatic Turkev, border- Pop. in 1821,^,572.
mg on the S. £. extremity of the Black Sea, Jhmshdmt the name of two towns in the palate
and extending eastward into Persia ; it lies be- inate of the Lower Rhine, one near Worms, and
tween the 38th and 45th deg. of £. long, and the other about 10 m. £. of I^iew Baumberg.'
under the 39th and 40th of N. lat. The Euphra- Anukorf, the name of several' small towns in
tes, which has its source at the S. E. extremity Germany, one in Lower Bavaria, two in Silesia,
of the country, runs parallel with its southern one in Obieland, and another in Ermeland.
boundary ; it is watered by several other rivers Amstadt, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin-
falling into the Black Sea, and the Karsi which cipality of Grotha, with a castle, a palace, and
rises in the centre of the country runs eastward three churches ', seated on the Gere, 11 m. S. of
falling into the Caspian. It is a mountainous Erfurt.
eonntry (Ararat rising to the height of 9,500 ft.) Amstein, a town of Fraaconia, in the prineinali*
and abounds in minerals, whilst the valleys yield ty of Wurtzburg with a castle, seated on the We-
abondance of com and fruit. The inhabitants ren, 9 m. S. W. of Schweinfurt, and about the
are much addicted to commerce and have a high same distance E. from Carlstadt
reputation for probity, they are the chief mer- Arokkage, a city of Persia, in Se^iestan, and
emuafs for the eastern commerce of Turkey, as the capital of a district to which il gwes name.
Ihe Greeks are for the western. The Armenians It is 110 m. S. S. W. of Cannahar and 210
form a distinct sect of Christians under a patri- E. S. £. of Zareng. Long. 65. 40. £., lat. 31.
tfch and an archbishop. Erzerum, or An Roum, 20. N.
m N. lat 40. and 40. 50. E. long, is the capital. AroUan, a town of Germany, in the electorate
Of the dvil, judicial, or military institutions, or of Hesse, county of Waldeck, near the river Aar,
•xtent of population of Armenia, but yery little 29 m. S. S. E. of Paderbom.
m known to Europeans ; the Persians clum au- Arona, a town of Italv, in the Milanese, with a
ihority over the eastern part, and the Kurds in- ruined castle, on the lake Msggiore, 30 m. N. W.
«rfere from the south. of Milan.
ArmaUUrSf a town of France, in the depart- ArpinOf a town of Naples, in Terre di LavorO|
ment of Nord, seated on the Lis, 8 m. W. N. W. 8 m. N. of Aquino.
of Lisle. Armia, a town of Italy, in the Padoan, lemarit-
AfmkT9f a town of France, in the department able for the tomb of Petrarch, it is 10 m. 8. of
t€ Nord, seated on the Sambre, 20 m. S. of Mens. Padua.
Jtmaro, a town of European Turkey, in Thes- AnptaJUky a town of the teiritory of Genoa, eeat-
ja)y, on the gulf of Volo, 30 m. S. £. of Larissa. ed on the Sorivia, 25 m. N. of Genoa.
Long. 23. 22. £., lat 39. 30. N. ArqyuUy a town of France, in the department of
^tfrsumJ, Se. a town of Lower Canada, at the N. Lower Seine, with an ancient castle, fiere
end <Q& Lake Champlain. Henry IV. gained a complete victory over the
Armttron^y a Countv in the western part of duke of Mayenne, general of the leagues, in 1569.
Pennsylvania. Pop. 17,625. Kittaning,2l4 m« It stands on a river of its name, 4 m. S. £. of
W. by N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. The Dieppe.
AUegnany river enters the county at the N. jS^agon, a province of the kingdom of Spain.
W. extremity, runs in an angle to the centre, Arragon was tormerlv an independent kingdom
and leaves it at the S. W. extremity. Kittaning and comprehended Arra^n Proper^ CataEmmy
is situate on the east bank, near the centre of Valenci|i, and the Baleanc isles or Majorca, MIb-
the eounty . orea» Ivica, Cabrem, and FooBeatefu. The kin^
Armuyden^ a town of IloUand, in the island of dom of Axnfon Prcwe* is an interior distiiot, es-
Wakheren, now inconsiderable, the sea having tending south from New Castile in the lat of 40
■ 2
AR8 fi4 ARZ
N. in a N. E. direction to the Pyreneea, boondsd Jlgwr, a town on the eout of Syria, in Palestine,
on the N. W. by. Old Oastile and Navarre ; and on with a fortrem, 10 m. N. of Jafia.
the east by the north end of Valencia, and Cata- jfrta, a seaport of European Turkey, in Albar
Ionia ;. its superficies is about 1,230 sq. French nia, and a Greek archbishop's see. It nas a con-
leagues, and its population in 1810 was about siderable tnde in tobacco and skins, and is seated
6()0,000. The river Ebro enters the territory on the Arta, 70 m. N. N. W. of Lepantc. Lon^.
from the N. W. and runs through the middle of 21. 20. E. lat. 39.26. N.
it in a S. £. direction. Sarsgosaa seated on the Jhtald^ a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
bonks of the Ebro, is the chief and only place of on the south coast of the sea of Marmora, 76 m.
importance in the whole territory, nor is it re- 8. W. of Constantinople. Long. 27.40. E. lat. 39.
markable for any natural productions ; whilst the 90. N. ^
domination of the priestcraft, which oervades all Artakulj a town of European Turkey, in Rom-
Spain, operates as a barrier to all social enterprise ania, 48 m. N. W. of Gallipoli.
and improvement. jfrfern, a town of Upper Saxony, in the county
Arraky or Arraha, a river on the east side of the of Mansfield, circle of Thurin^fia, on the rive
piovince of Mekhran, Persia. There is a town Unstrutt, 29 m. N. N. E. of Ermrt.
of the seme name on the coast about 60 m. west ArtoiSj a late province of France, bounded oa
of the river, in lat 2$, 30. N. 65. E. long. the north and east by Flanders, and south and
Arrak, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, 33 m. west by Hainault. C&mbresis, and Picardy . It is
W. by S. of Patna. now included in tne department of Pas de Calais
ArroMy an island of Scotland, In the frith of An^y an island 15 m. in circumference, situ-
Clyde, to the south of the isle of Bute. It is of ated near the month of the gulf of Maracaybo.
an oval form, 20 m. long and 12 broad, and oon- 46 m. W. of Curasao. Long. 70. 6. W. lat 12.
■litutes the greatest part of the county of Bute. 10. N.
Ridges of ruffged mountains extend across the Antnddy a borough in Sussex, Eng., governed
island, and Uoatfell is near 3,000 ft. in height, by a mayor. It is seated on the side of a hul on the
The southern parts present low and cultivated river Arun, about 5 m. from the sea, and has a
grounds. The climate is healthful, and invalids venerable gothic church, formerly, collee^ate. Its
resort hitherto drink the whe^ of goats milk, castle, the ancient seat of the aukes of Norfolk,
Robert Bruce took refuge in tms island, during stands on the hill, and is of great extent ; a vast
the time of his greatest distress. Among the sum was expended upon it by Charles the XII.
rocks are found iron-ore, spar, and a great variety duke ; the interior court forms a sijuare of 200 ft.
of beautiful pebbles. On tne coast are many each way, the centre of the east side is decorated
wonderful caverns, which often afford shelter to by a magnificent work of art, a has relief, repre-
smugglera. It is divided into two parishes, Kil- senting Alfred and the assembling of the first jury,
bride, and Kilmorey. Total pop. 6,541. The prin- It was executed by the elder Rossi, and is toe
cipal place is Lamlash. finest and most characteristic work of art of the
ArraSy a fortified ci^ of France, capital of the kind in Europe ; the library is on the same side,
* department of Pas de Calais, and an episcopal see, fitted up with the finest maho^anjr and cedar most
and one of the most ancient towns or France ; it highly wrought ; the west side is occupied by a
was the seat of the Atrebates in the time of CsBsar. grana banqueting room and chapel ; the south, the
It is divided into two towns ; one named the city, state apartments ; the north is open to the gardens,
which is the most ancient; and the other the but at the N. W. comer is the old gateway, and
town, which is modem. The great square is tower, a circular building of great dimensions, and
full of fine buildings, surrounded with piazzas, was formerly the strongest place of defence in
It <T as the birth-place of Robespierre, and is seat- Britain. The possession of tnis castle confers an
ed on the Scarpe, 22 m* W. N. W. of Cambray. earldom on the proprietor. The river is naviga-
Long. 2. 46. K. lat. 50. 17. N. Pop. about 19,000. ble for barges, and great quantities of timber are
ArrUgty a department ofFranoe, containing the sent hence for the oock-yards. It is 11 m. S. E.
late provinces of Couserans, and Foix. It is so of Chichester and 56 S. 8. W. of London,
named from a river, which rises in the Pyrenees, Array a County at the northern extremity of
and passingby Foix and Pamiers, enters the Gar- Lower Hungary, intersected by the Carpathian
onne, near Toulouse. Gold dust b found among mountains; it contains a pop. of about 75,000,
its sands. Foix is the ci^ital. Pop. about 2^, subsisting chiefly by agriculture, more paiticular-
000. ly flax for domestic manufacture and some foi
Arroe or Aarot and JEroey two islands of Den- trade. There is a town which ^ives name to the
mark, the first about the middle of the little Belt, county, situate on a stream which &lls into thp
and the other at its entrance into the Baltic. WaglUver.
There are a cluster of islands also called Arroe, .frve, a rapid river of Savoy, which ris^s in
just within the Red Sea, opposite to Moka. Faucigny, and watering Salenche, Cluse, and
Arrooy five Islands in the Indian Ocean, to the Bonneville, joins the Rhone, below Geneva,
south and west of New Guinea, extending from 5 Arwangmiy a town and castle of Switzerland, in
30. to 7. 0. S. laL with nairow channels between the canton of Beme, on the river Aar, 12 m. E.
Oiem. The chief product is sago. During the ofSoleure.
dry or western monsoon, numerous flocks of the ArzeWy a seaport town of Algiers, about 15 m.
birds of paradise, from New Guinea, reside in W. of Gran. It appears to be die ancient Arsen-
these islands, where great numbers are killed, aria, there being many relics of antiquity in the
dried, and exported to Banda. The Arroo isles neighbourhood,
are considered as belonging to the Dutch. ArzUlay a seaport in the kingdom of Fez. about
Arsanuu, a town of Russia, situate near the 30 m. S. of Cape Spartel, and oO S. S. W. of Tan-
source of the Techa, a branch of the Oka river, in giers. It was formerly a Roman colony, and a
the province of Nishnei, or Lower Novogorod. place of considerable importance, but at present
Tt is about 100 m. E. of Moscow, and has a variety does not contain more than 1,000 inhabitants,
of raanufiietuiM. Pop. about 6 000 Arzmfftm, a town of Armenia, on the west
ABC 15 ASH
Imnk of a bnnch of the Euphntei, 45 m. S. W. mnito rock with very fbw trees. The nimmit cf-
of An Roum. fords an eztensire prospect of the Connecticut
Jmiby or As9aby a town of Abyssinia, in Dan- and a hij^y cultiTated region in the neighboar-
caii, on a bay in the straits of babehnandel, 96 hood,
m. S. £. of Bailur. wisftontee, an interior territory of North Afiica,
Asangaroj a town and district of Peru, west of extending ftom the meridional line to the 5th or
the Andes, north of the lake Chniento. It is very 6th deg. of W. long, boonded by the Gold coaiit.
thinly peopled. The Aahantees have for a long period been the
Jisuffh, Si. a city of Wales, and a bishop's see, most powerful of all the Negro tribes of W. Africa,
in FUntshire, on the river ^ Elway, where it not only in their contests with their neighbours,
anites with the Clwyd. It is a poor plaoe, of but they have frequently defied the scientific and
note only for its catheorajL but has a market on destruetiTS means of European warfiue: daring the
Saturday. It is 27 m. W. of Chester, and 217 period of the uncontrolled sway of the slave trade,
N. W. of London, on the line of road to Holyhead, previous to the commencement of the present
j2s6«a, an interior country of North Afinca, of century, the Ashantees, though little known upon
which Agadas is the capital ; it is bounded on the coast, were the main instruments in the in-
the east by Bomou, and north and west by the terior, by which that debasingr traffic was carried
deserts of Zaara and Tuarick. on, being constantly at war with their neighbours
jSsbunf, p.v. Warren Co. N J. 34 m. N. W. for the <%taining or prisoners to send to the coast
Trenton. as slaves, and it was the Ashantees who gave nse
Aaealtm, a town on the coast of Palestine, dis- to the famous, or rather infamous Assientocootract
tinguished in Jewish history as one of the chief of the Spaniards : since the restriction of the slave
cities of the Philistines. It is now an insiAuficant trade to the south of the eduator, the Ashantees.
pla^ about 30 m. S. W. of Jerusalem, and 10 N. though still full of thirst tor war, have directea
of Ckoa. more of their attention to commerce. It was in 1806
jfjceiusoit, a parish in the Eastern District of that they first appeared formidable on the coast
Louisiana, upon the BiissisBippi. The soil is rich against the Annamboes, and in 1823 they com-
and produces sugar and cotton. Donaldson, 75 m. pletely defeated the whole British force of the
from New Orleans, is the chief town. Pop. of the coast, which took the field against them ; the
parish, 5,400. governor who commanded in person being slain
•isesiuisn, a barren island in the Atlantic Ocean, m the conflict, and the wreck of the army com-
GOO m. N. W. of St. Helena. It hss a safe pelled to take refuge in the forts,
liarbour, at which the East India ships often touch. JSskhoraugh^ p.v. Randolph Co. N. C. 78 m. W.
to procure turties which are here plentiful ana Raleigh.
large. Long. 13. 50. W. lat. 7. 57. S. Also the Mbonu, a town of Derbyshire, Eng It is fk-
name of a bay on the east coast of Tucatan, and moos for cneese, and seated between the rivers
of the chief town of the island of Margarita on Dove and Compton. 10 m. N. E. of Uttozeter,
the coast of Cnmana. and 139 N. N. W. or London. Pop. of the pariah
Jtsek or Jhtsekj a town of Bohemia, in the circle 4,688.
of Leutmeritz, situate on the banks of a small AMumhmm, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m.
river which fails into the Elbe, about 90 miles N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,403. Leather is made here
above the town of Leutmerits. Also the nsme of in large quantities by an incorporated company
a small town in Wirtemburg, and cf another in with a capital of 30,000 dollars. Here is also the
Bavaria. Boston Soap-stone manufactory with a capital of
jSMkack, a considerable town of Upper Austria, 90,000 dollars,
in the quarter of Hausruck, on the south bank of Ashhurtan, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. It is
the Danube. one of the four stannary towns, and has a consid-
AaeMadmry, a town of Germany, lately in erable manufacture of serges. It is seated among
the territory of^Mentz, but now the capital of a hills (remarkable for tin and copper) near the river
principality of the same name, in the circle of the Dart, 19 m. S. W. of Exeter, and 199 W. by 8.
Lower Rhine, insnlated in that of Fianconia. of London. It returns two members to parliament.
Here is a palace in which George II. of England Pop. in 1891, 3,403.
took up his quarters the night before the battle of Ashby,yX, Middlesex Co. Mass. 50 ro. N. W.
Dettingen, in 1748. It was taken by the French Boston. Pop. 1,940.
in 1796 and 1800. It is situate near the^ conflux of Athby dt la Ztmehy a town in Leicestershire,
the Asehaff with tlie Maine, on the east side of Eng. It had a castle with a very high tower, some
the latter river, 90 m. E. S. £. of Frankfort, and ruins of which are standing. Here are manufae-
40 W. N. W. of Wurtzburgh. Long. 9. 5. £. lat. tures of stockings, hats and ribands, and a con-
50. 0. N. siderable trade m malt. A canal from the town
JiMkerdeben, a considerable town on the west communicates with the Coventry canal. Ashby
bank of the Saal, in the principality of Anhah, cir- is 13 m. 8. of Derby, and 115 N. N. W. of Lon-
ele of Upper Saxony. don. Pop. in 1891, 4,297. A vein of coal, of a
eona,
bv t . _
Long. 13. 99. E. lat 49. 44. N. has been much resorted to.
Jlseoli di SatrianOy a town of Naples, in Cap- Asher^y or HMref; a town of Persia, situate. on
itanaU. seated on a mountain, 70 m. E. of Naples, a small rivulet which fidls into the Caspian Sea
Long. 15. 50. E. lat. 41. 8. N. at its south end.
./iSearay a town in the island of Majorca, with a Athfidd, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W.
church containing a celebrated image of the Vir- Boston. Pop. 1*739.
gin much resorted to by pilgrims. AMord, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 97 m. N. E.
Asattiuvy a mountain in Vt. between Weathers- Hartfbrd. Pop. 9,668.
field and Windsor, 3,390 feet high. It is chiefly a Atkfordy a town in Kent, Eng., governed by a
An M An
intyor, with a market on Tneiday. TIm ekvzeh then fonns the remainder of its weetem bonndar
u larffe, and wu formerly collegiiUe. It is aeafed rj, and the Arabian Sea. Indian Oeean, and Chi-
on the Aah, near its confluence with the Stoori na ^ee, bounds it on tne sooth, and the North
l<m. S. W. of Canterboiy, and 65 8. £. of London. Pacific Ocean on the east, and the Arctic Ocean
Pop. m 1821, 8,773. as preTiomdy stated, forms its notthem boundary ;
AMmdj p.t. Montgomery township, Richland this vast extent or territM;y is divided into 11
Co. Ohio, 90 m. from Columbus. 827^ P"!^ ^* Siberia, Chmese Tartary, China,
«f a citi
on the
Cairo. Long. 31. 7^ E. lat. 28. 10. N. ly insular. Beyeral noUe riyers flow in various
JshnaruTf a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- nirections : the Obi, the Tnessei and Lena, fidl
ince of Cabnl, seated on the Kameh, 80 m. N. into the Arctio Ocean, the Amoor or Saffhalien,
»f Attook, and 110 S. E. of Cabul. into the sea of Oehotik, in the North Pacific, the
Asktabulaf a County at the N, E. extremity of Yellow and Great Rivers intersect China from
Ohio, bordering on Jake Erie. Pop. 14|564. Jef- west to east falling into the bay of Nankin, and
feraon is the chtef town. the Ganges, Indus, and Euf^irates flowing from
AMkttAula^ p.t. in the shove County, on L. Erie, north to south \ but it is worthy of remark, thaJi
200 m. from Columbus. It has a fgaoA harbour neither in Asia or Europe, or in either of the two
and is a flourishing town. grand divisions of the western hemisphere, ai^
^AMhtahula^ a stream of Ohio, shout 30 m. in tneie any riven of importance that flow finom east
length, running into L. Erie. to west, whilst in Afinca there are none that flow
JlrAloi^«(ju2er-(tiia, a town and populous jpariah from west to east.
of Lancashire, Eng. ; the town is seated on a Although the riven of Asia do not vie in mag-
high bank which rises from the river Tame. 7 m. nificence with those of the western hemisphew,
east of Manchester. The parish is dividea into Asia far exceeds it in the magnificence of its
four districts, viz. that of the town, which in 1821 mountains. The Himalaya range which separates
contained 9,225 inhab. Audenahaw, 3,781, Harts- Hindoostan firom Tartary in the lat. of 20. N
head J 9,137, and Knott-Lanes, 3,827: total 25,967, rises to the prodigious height of 27,677 ft. shove
formmg together one of the most important seals the level of the sea ; the Ural ridge extends in a
of the cottdn manufacture, containing upwards of uniform and unbroken chain, from the line of the
60 large establishments for spinning and machine- Arctic circle to the sea of Aral, and although not
weaving, four iron and brass foundries^ as many rising higher than about 4,600 it they are em-
machine manufactories, and about 30 establish- phaticallv denominated by the Russians, the backy
ments for the manufacture of hats. It has also and by tne Tartan, the gir^e of the world ;• the
extensive collieries in its vicinity, and it is inter- Altaian chain intersects the entire territory in «•
sected by the Manchester, and the Huddersfield N. £. direction, from the Arabian Sea to the east
and Peat Forest canals. The foundation stone of cape in Behring's straits, snd in the lat of 49. N.
a new church in the gothic style was laid in 1821. rises to the height of 12,800 It. and Mounts Can-
There are 16 other towns or viUsges in different ^pasus, Taurus, Ararat, Ac. dbc. spread over the
parts of England named Ashton, or to which it is western part of Asia, rising to the height of 8 to
prefixed. 10,000 ft The Casman, Baikal, and sea of Aral,
Askudoi, r. Cheshire Co. N. Hampshire, flows are the only inland waten that merit notice in
8. W. into the Connecticut this plaoe^ and when compared with those of the
Asia^ one of the three grand divisions of the north division of the western hemisphere, they
eastern hemisphere ; its boundaries are so exceed- are very insignificant The islands of the eastp
ingly irregular as to render it difficult to convey em ocean are so numerous, and so difiuselv scat-
an accurate idea of its position, limits, and extent, tered, as to render it ^fiicnlt to decide which prop-
except by a map; it lies however whoUy north erly belong to Asia, and which do not; those
of the equator. Point Romaine, the most souther- however which admit of no dilute may be enu-
ly point of the Malaya promontory, being in lat merated as follows, beginning at the north : vis.
1. !i3. 30. N. Bounded on the north dv the Arctic Saghalien, Jesso, the Juianeee, Loo Choo, For-
Ocean, or as a medial line by the 70th deg. of N. mosa, Hainan, the Philippines, Borneo, Cele-
lat. firom west to east it extends in its extreme bes, Java, Sumatra, Ceyton, the Maldives, and
limits from the Dardanelles in 26. to Behring*s Laocadives; the Ladrone, New Carolines, Pelew,
straits in 190. £. but exclusive of the promonto- New Guinea. Solomon's, New Hebridn, New
ries of Natolia. Hindoostan, Malaya, Kamschatka, Caledonia, Sandwich, Society, Friendly. -New
and the islands under the equator, Asia may be Zealand ; and Van Diemen's Land, will most
considered as lying between the 15th snd 70th probably hereafter become more particularly iden-
deff. of N. lat and the 40th and 131th of E. long, tified with New Holland,
and containing an area of about 11,000,000 of sq. Asia was the parent of nations, and the scene
m. Asia is separated firom Europe on the west of most of those remarkable transactions whict
bv the Ural mountains, extending firom the line are recorded in sacred history. After the deluge,
or the Arctic circle in the long, or 63. E. bearing Noah is said to have settled near the borden ok
west to the lop^. 54. in the lat of 63. fW>m which the Euphrates, and to have peopled the whole
point they agam bear to the east to the long, of continent, the posterity d Shem occupying the
59. in the lat of 65., firom which point, while the central regions, Japhet the northern, and Ham the
Ural mountains run in a parallel line with the southern. Javan and his descendants. Ashkenas,
59th of long, the Asiatic boundary becomes part- Dodanim, Tharahish, Elisha, Togermui, and Rip-
Vf conventional, bearingwest to the sea of Asoph ; hath, are supposed to have been the ancient in-
Rom which, the Black Bea, the Sea of Marmora, habitants of^ Asia Minor. The Cuiaanites and
the Dardanelles, and Levant, form the western Amalekites were the peqile of Syria and Arabia
boundary to the isthmus of Sues which separates Petrea. Modem writers have referred the pres-
et fhnn Afitioa: Un Arabian gulf or Red Sea. ent natives of Asia to thow different stocks th«
ASl Sr AM.
Hebravi, tndiuu, uid Tnrtui, the piopiietj of niei il up tbe trees. Uraillj he ihnn* nun, but
wliich will oppeur from their make, teatuies, uid when cloeeljr preEsed, he tuma npoa the hnntrt
langiuge*. There are, however, •oioe large tribe* and aonietiiaea when pinched by hangei be will
which ciumat be referred to any of thew al— M. attack unprovoked, though by Keilth, the hnnuuk
Mr. PiokertoD observes that tbe popalation of race. Tbe interior climes of theanimal creation
Asia is allowed by alt aothors to be wbally ptimi- will be more particularly adverted to under the
live, with the exception of the Tahuktahia (whom beada of the seveiaj diviaiooi of Asia. Althouffb
the RuaaLan hlstoriant sapiKisa to have paned apparently not bo rich in precioua minei^a aalLa
from the opposite coast of America), the colonies aoDthem division of the western hemisphere,
that have mifraled &om KussLa to the nortbem AaiaindieateBBbandaneeof void, and some silver,
tirts as fax aa tbe sea of KamCschatka, the well- and its gema are deservedly held in the higbeit
TiDWO European settlements, and a few others, estimation. Of the inierior melals, if tbej
A^iA certainly contains a decidedly original popa- abonnd, a snbduinz species of policy preclodes
lation, and preaenta an ample field for tbe study their preparation tor utility, and Asia drawi con-
of man in all tbe stages of his progress finm bar- aiderable SDppLea of iron, copper, tin, and lead
harisin to civilization. Tbe weatern part of Asia &ora Europe.
appears to have been occupied by nomcTODS pet- Rice fS» food, and cotton fbr clothing, are tha
tf sovereignties, whose very names an now ex- main productions of the soil over all the aonlb
lincU Al a somewhat Eater period the Bahvlon- parts of Asia and China, and in the latter coon-
ian empiie extended over the greater part of West' try, a decoution of the well known tea shrub,
em Asia; the Persians next reigned paramount constitutes the principal drink of that populous
on that side, 3S3 years before the Christian era; empire, whilst the vegetable tallow tree snppUes
Alexander uf Macedon extended his arms as &r many of their domestic wants,
as tbe Granges; but his exploits in Asia may be Hahomediam ia establiahsd in the central and
considered as incuraioni rather than conquests. western pails, white paganism, sod the most de-
The ascendancy of the PersLani in its turn grading sjid cruel superstitions, prevail in all the
yielded to tbe still greater ascendant inSnence other regions of Asia. Christianity is scarcely
aDdpoweroftbeTartaisfiom tbenorth,whoalao known Uiroushout this part of the globe, except
in me 12th century subdued China in the east; in Siberia and in Qreece, where the profesaiou
and indeed such was tbe extent of their power, of it has been perpetuated amidst cruelly and
that at one period nearly tbe whole of Asia as oppieaaion; — nor have any adequate exertions
well as a great part of Eoiope fell under their been made by Europeans for its introduction, tha
dominion. small tract of India brought under cullivaUon by
Tbe Mogul empire succeeded the Tartar, whilst our missionaries being only as a single oasis in a
tlie greater part of Eastern Tattary became uni- vast and dreary desert.
■ "o China, which ft* several centuries has re- Tbe govemments of Asia appear in all ages to
, nd despotic
present time, a company of Cngliib traders, un- much addicted to parade and pageantry, and that
der the denomination of "The United ComMny to a degree of which Europe has exhibited no
of Merchants of England trading to tbe £aat parallel. The government of China, altboDgh in
lodiea," may be regarded as the ascendantpower, name and form a complete despotism, appears
and as reigning lords paramount over all Asia, however to be administered not only with temper-
" may be regarded as the ascendant power, name and form a complete despotism, appei
I reigning lords paramount over all Asia, however to be administered not only with temp
The Rnsaians however occupy the whole of tbe anee, but with a paternal solicitude for tbe wel-
nnrth of Asia, from the Arctic Sea to tbe 50th fare of tbe great body of the people, who may
degree of north latitude ; and it tsiU prababiT yet at the same time be ranked amongat tbe moat
be their turn next to rule the S. as well as the N. abject of tbe human race. The ascendancy of
The productions of Asia, animal,mineral,vegB- the English at the close of the 18tb and corn-
table, as well as birds, insects, reptiles, and Gahes, mencement of the I9tb century is unqueationa-
are as majeatic, valuable, and useful, as tbej are bly the most important era in the bistoiy of Aaia;
various and infinite. The elephant m Asia, like and, allhougb much that is objeetionable and rep-
the camel in Africa, is made the inatrument of rebenaible prevails, in sinne respects il indicates
burthen, and in war and pageantry ranks highest brighter and better prospects to Asia than it has
in importance ; tbe lion and tiger of Asia are the ever before eiperienoed.
noblest of their species, and as distinguished for ^fia Maior comprehends that part of west-
their heautv and their symmetry as for their g^- em A«a under the dominion of tbe Turks, bol
ity, strengUi, and ferocitj^. The leopard inhabits dering north on the Black Bea, and south on the
eaaitem and southern Asia and in rapidity and Levant, including the provincesof JValoiM, Caro-
sgilitj of motion i* unrivalled by anv othsr ani- nanis, and Koiisi. which see.
iral. He ha« a restiess eye uid • sinister Aiiage, a considerable town of Italy, in Vioen-
tino, 30 m. N. of Vioenia.
Mnara, an island in tbe Mediterranean, on tha
N. W. coast of Sardinia, 17 m. N. b; W. of Sa»-
aari It is 38 m. in compass, and la fertile and
Long. g. 34. E. lat. 41. O.N.
^UKsoum, a town and parish of Inland, in (he
county of Limerick, noted for its castle, and fiHr
one of the most perfect abbeys in the oonntry ;
bnilt by one of tbe earls of Desmond. Il is seat-
ed on the Dee, near ils oonflnence with the
— r-^ \>>--;^».>i.^ 8hannon,aOm.W.B.W. of Limerick. Pop. in
"^^-^^^^-^-"^"-^^^ 1820, 1539, and of the parish, 3,435.
ce, and is remark^tlr distingnlsbed by Ming, a town in North Yorksbite, Enr. seat-
die beauty of his bide, covered wii brilliant ed near the Ure, 18 m. W. 8. W. of Richmond
lyota. He lurks for bis prey in ambush, or pur- and S46 N. of London. Pop. in 1031,765.
A8B m AST
Asni&ras, a town of France, in the department try of Cutch, at the moat eastern mouth of the
of Upper Vienne, 10 m. N. W. of Bellac. Indus, 38 m. W. of Boofebooge.
JSmif a town of Italj, in Breaciano, 20 m. S. Jisseerpw^ a strong hiU fort of Hindoostan, io
£. of Brescia. Candeisn. In the war with the IVfahrattas, in
AsolOf k town of Ital]^. in Treyisano, with a 1803, it surrendered to the British. It is 20 ra.
spacious citadel on a hill. It is snrroonded bj N. £. of Burhanpour.
walls, and situate near the Musone, 17 m. N. W. Asseuy a town of Holland in Overyssel, 12 in.
of Treyiso. ^. of Groningen, and 51 N. N. W. of Coevordon
Asophf or Axoff a sea, anciently the Palus JisgetUuimf a town of Germany, in the circle of
MttotiB, lying N. of the olack Sea, with which Upper Rhine, at the conflux of the Wetter with
it conmiunicates by the strait of Ca&, the an- the Nidda, 11 m. N. £. of Frankfort,
dent Cimmerian Bosphoms. The sea, which Assens, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of
is' sometimes called the Sea of Zabak, extends Funen. It is the common passage from the duchy
240 m. from S. W. to N. £. between the* latitudes of Sleswick to Copenhagan, and is 17 m. S. W.
of 42. to 47. N. and 34. to 39. of W. long. of Odensee. Long. 10. 22. £. lat. 55. 17. N.
Aaophf a district of the Russian empire, in the JSUsiniboinSy or Assetubayney a river of North
province of Catharineslaf, including a large tract America, falling into the S. W. end of Lake
of territory to the east and west of the town of Winnipeg ; the North West Fur Trading Coni-
Asoph. It was ceded by the Turks in 1774, and pany have a house on the south bank of the rivcr^
after that period, several new towns were built about 15 m. above its entrance into the lake,
by Catharine II. ; one of which, Catharineslaf, is Assisif a town of Italy, in the duchy of SpoIet(K
now the capital. with a magnificent church| 22 m. N. W. of
Asoph, a town of Russia, lately the capital of Spoleto.
a district of the same name, seated on tne east AstamptUn^ a township and village of Lower
bank of the Don, near its entrance into tho sea Canada, situate on the bank of a river of the same
of Asoph. It has been several times taken by the name, which falls into the St. Itawrence a little
Turks and Russians. It is not of the importance below Montreal.
it was in the reign of Peter the Great ; the river Assontt, p.v. in Berkley, Bristol Co. Mass.
bein^ now so choked with sand as scarcely to ^jjo*, a^a>port of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
admit the smallest vessel. Long. 38. 32. £. lat. on a bay of the Archipelago. 12 m. S. £ of Troas.
46. 58. N. Long. 26. 36. £. lat. 39. 32. N.
Asperen, a town of Holland, famous for a long AMsurnvdon, an episcopal city, capital of a prov-
sieffe which it held out against the Geldrians, in ince in Paraguay. It stands in a fertile country,
1517. It is seated on the Linghe, 13 m. S. of on the east bank <^ the river Paraguay, a little
Utrecht, and 22 £. of Rotterdam. above the confluence of the Pilcomayo. Long.
Aspem, a town of Austria, on the north bank 57. 40. W. lat. 22. 47. Also the name of one of
of the eastern branch of the Danube, a little the Ladrone islands, in N. lat. 19. 45. and 45.
below Vienna, distinguished for a ^at battle 35. E. lon^.
fought between the French and Austnans in 1809, Assumptum, a parish in the £. District of Lon-
dunng which the town was totally destroyed, but isiana, on the river Lafourche. Pop. 5,400. The
has been since re-built. court-house is 90 m. W. of New Orleans.
Assam, an interior country of Asia, bounded on Astabat, a town of Persian Armenia^ 3 m. from
the W. by Bengal and Bootan, N. by Thibet, and the river Aras, and 32 S. £. of Naksivan.
8. £. and S. by Meckley. The nver Burram- Astara, a town of Persia, in Ghilan, on a river
pooter divides it into two provinces ; the northern, of the same name, near its entrance into the S. W.
which is the most fertile, being called Uttercul, end of the Caspian Sea. Long. 50. 40. £. laL
and the southern Dachincul. Among the pro- 38. 30. N.
ducts are many kinds of valuable fruits, with silk, Asterabad, or Esttrahad, a town of Persia, capi-
musk, pepper, cocoanuts, sugar, and ginger. The tal of a province of its name at the S. £. part of
open parts are marked with population and tillage ; the Caspian Sea. It stands at the mouth of a
the woods abound with elephants. The moun- river, wnich forms a bay convenient for trade,
tains are inhabited by a savage tribe called Nancs, 410 m. E. of Ferahad. Long. 54. 58. £. lat. 37.
who go naked, and eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts, 16. N.
and any thing they can find. The other inhabi- Asd, a city of Piedmont, capital of the depart^
tants or Assam are base and unprincipled, have ment of Tanaro, with a citadel. Beside the cath-
no fixed religion, nor any rule but their inclina- edral, it contains upward of thirty other churches,
tion. They eat all flesh except human, and even It is seated on the Tanaro, 24 m. £. of Turin
animals that die a natural death. They are en- Pop. about 22,000.
terprizing, savage, vindictive, and fond of war. Astorga, an episcopal town of Spain, in Leoa.
They have neither horses, asses, nor camels; but well fortified by art and i^ature. It is seated in
these are sometimes brought there from other a plain, on the nver Tueria, 25 m. S. W of Leon,
countries. Asses they are fond of, but are so and about midway on the high road from Co-
much afraid of a horse, that one trooper would runna to Madrid.
put a hundred of them to flight. The invention Astrahad, a tongue of land on the northeast
of gunpowder is sscribed to the Assamese. It coast of the Crimea, extending into the sea of
was known in China and Hindoostan in very Asoph.
remote antiquity ; and in the code of Gentoo laws Astracan, a city of the Caucasus, and the prin-
there is a pronibition of the use of fire-arms : cipal city of Asiatic Russia, capital of a province
but what these fire-arms were is not distinctly of^the same name, and an archbishop's see. It
known. Ghergonf is the capital. is situate on an island formed by two branches
Assaneale. or HasankalOj a town of Turkish of the Volffa River, near its entrance into the
Armenia, which has hot baths much frequented, north end of the Caspian Sea, in tiie lat. of 46.
It is seated on the Ares,' 22 m. E. of Enerum. and has a good harbour, it is surrounded by
Assarpour^ a town of Hindoostan, in the coon- walls, and on the west has a triangular rortress
ATC 19 ATH
Here are 25 Russian churcheS) and two conventi ; this riirer, and becoming clogged between ha
the Armenians, Lutherans, and Papists, have Ibeir banks have formed what is callea the Great RaH.
places of worabip ; and the Hindoos of Mou)tan where the river is covered with a floating bridge or
nave been permitted to erect a temple. The hou- timber, extending with interruptions, a lengUi of
•es are in general of wood ; and the inhabitants are 95 miles.
estimated at 70,000. It seldom rains here, but the JStauif a town of Nifties in Principato Citeriorei
river Volga overflows, like the Nile, and when near the river Negro, 22 m. N. of rolicastro.
the water has run off, vegetation is very rapid* j(ilA,a fortified town ofthe Netherlands, in Hain*
Here are several large vineyards from which some ault. It has been often taken, and is seated on the
wine is made for home consumption ; also mann* Dender, 12 m. N. W. of Mons, on the road from
factores of ^npowder, and nitre, and on the side Brussels to Toumay. Pop. about 7,500.
of the Caspian Sea, are lonf marshes which pro- jSthabolif a town of European Turkey, in Ro-
duce a great quantity of saU. The Vol^ either mania, on the coast of the Black Sea, 70 m. N.
of itselfyor by its numerous branches, mtersects £. of Adrianople.
half of the interior provinces of European Russia, JiihapescotD, a lake in the N. part of British
and affords to Astracan a facility of communication America, discharging its waters into Slave Lake.
by water of inestimable advantage ; it communi- It is 200 m. lon^.
cates with Moscow by the Kashma branch and •ithboy. a parish and town in the county of
with St. Petersburgh from Twer, pvtjy by canal, Meath, Ireland. In 1821 the town contained a
and partly by intermediate waters. Ijie months population of 1,569, and the parish, including the
of the river abound with bdumi, a species ofstmv commons, and the village of Castletown, 4,275.
geon, from the sound of whi^ is made the finest The town is 30 m. N. of Dublin, and has three
isinglass, which forms a very extensive branch of annual fairs.
the commerce of Astracan. Here is also the cen- AUubMy^ an island in Somerset, Co. Eng. at the
tre of all the commerce of Russia with Persia and confluence of the Thone and Parret, a few miles be-
the East, in which Russians. Persians, Armenians, low Taunton, memorable for having afforded ahel-
Greeks, Tartars, Jews, Hindoos, French, attfl ter to kmg Alfred. Here he collected some of his
English all participate. It was taken fr^m the retainers, on which accouRt he called it £tlielin-
Mongol Tartars about the middle of the 15th gay, or the isle of Nobles, and hence he made fre-
century, and is about 770 m. S. E. of Mos^ quent sallies upon the Danes.
oow, and 1,060 S. S. E. of St. Petersburgh. Athenrey, a populous parish and town in the
Attiaiu, a maritime province of the northwest county of Gal way, Ireland ; in 1821, the pop-
of Spain, extending for about 12(1 m. along the ulation of the town was 1,093, and total of the par-
■here of the Bay of Biseaj. It is dividecf into ish 10,977.
two parts, Astnrias deOviedo and Asturias de JhkinSf a once celebrated city, situate on a p.
8antillana, so named from their chief towns. This montory at the southern extremity of Eastern Eu
province is full of mountains and forests, its wine rope, supposed to have been founded by Cecrops,
and horses are excellent^ and it has mines of gold, ld556 years antecedent to the Christian era, or
lapis lazuli and vermilion. The eldest son of the about tne period of the height of Egyptian glory
king of Spain is styled prince of the Asturias. It in the age of Moses ; it became the seat of kingly
was formerly a principality of the kingdom of auUioritv under Codrus, about the period of the
Leon, and is bounded on the S. by the province reign of David in Palestine, and in about l^OOO
of Leon ; on the W. b^ €rallicia ; and on the E. years subsequent to its foundation, it had attained
by Biscay and Old Castile ; it extends inland from the summit of its glory, when it became the chief
the Bay of Biscay about 45 m. and contains a -city of the Grecian republic, which successfully
superficies of 308 sq. leagues, and in 1810, a poj^* contended against the powerful arms of the Per-
nlation of 364,238. St. Andero at the eastern ex- sian monarciiy, and excelled in all the arts of
tremi^ of the province, in lat. 43. 28. N. and 3. poetry, painting, sculpture, and architecture ; the
40. W. long, and distant by way of Segovia two last^ the Atnenians may be said to have per-
87 and by Aranda 711-2 leagues north firom fected, for all that succeeding ages have done has
Madrid, is the principal town on the coast, and been to copv, mix, and truismrm. Eighty-six
Oviedo, 75 1-2 leagues N. W. from Madrid, is the yealts antecedent to the Christian era, when refine-
ehief town inland. ment among the Athenians had sunk into licen-
Asylum, t. Luzerne Co. Pa., on the Snsquehan- tiottsness, and patriotism into selfish ambition, and
na, 66 m. N. W. Wilkesbarre. individual aggrandisement, Athens fell a prey to
jftoeoma, a seaport and province of Peru. The the furious arms of Sylla, who sacked it of some
province has a g£eat desert of the same name', of itschoioest treasures; from this period it may
which sepentes Peru firom Chile. The town is be considered as having passed the meridian of
remarkable for the fish called tollo, with which it its glory. In the 50th year oi the Christian era.
carries on a great trade with the inland provinces, it was visited bv the apostle Paul, whose speech
It b 210 m. S. by £. of Ariea. Long. 69. 30. to the multitude from the celebrated temple oa
W. Ut 21. 20. 8. Mar*s HHl, as recorded in the 18th chap, of the
Jltddmk, a considerable town in the goverment Acts of the Anostlee, Terse 22nd, will best testify
of Tobolsk, on the frontiers of Col^van. It is sit- the social and moral condition of its inhabitants
uate on a branch of the Obi river, m the lat. of 56. at the period ; it subsequently became a prey to
20. N. and 89. 30. E. long. internal commotiens, as well as to external ene
JtUkafalAva, a river or Louisiana, one of the mies, and after experiencing various alternations
mouths of the Mississippi, striking off firom that of fortune, it became tributary to the Turks, on
stream just below the entrance of Red River, their establbhing their dominion in Europe, and
and llowing south into the Gulf of Mexico. It is under them was the chief town of the district of
only however when the river is very high, that Livadia; numerous vestiges of architectural gran
any great portion of the waters of the Mississippi deur still remain to attest the supremacy of the
passes off by this channel. Vast quantities of drift Athenians in that noble and useful art. The tow-
Maiber have passed from the main streaia into er of the new ehurch of St. Paneias, built in LoB«
ATH 60 ATR
4on in 1822, U a copy of the oelebnted 'jTemple jftAoI, p.t. Warren Co. N. T. 61 m. N. Albany,
of the Winds which adorned Athena ; and it is Pop. 909.
propoaed to erect in Westminister a fao simile of AAom^ or MonU SaniOf a hi^h mountain of
the Parthenon, an edifice which has delighted the Greece, Macedonia^ on a peninsula at the en-
eye of evezy beholder, throufh a perioa of 2,500 trance of the gulf of Contessa. It has been cele-
yeais, Uie latter part <n which it has been a proT brated in all a^es for its singular locality, and the
to every species of «poliation. In 1806, lord £1- majesty of its appearance, and became an object
gin, then ambassador from England at Conatan- of such great attraction to the Greeks, as to draw
tinople, ransacked the Parthenon of the choicest deyotees from all parts of Eastern Europe, who
vestiges of its friezes, &o. which now adorn the have intersperaed it with numerous churches,
national Museum in London. Athens was besieged monasteries, and hermitages ; hence it has acquir-
by the Greeks in the early part of their rev^u- ed the name of Monte Santo, or the Holy Moun
tionarjr struggle, and the acro^lis fell into their tain. The monks amount to about 6,000, who sul'
hands in 18^. Since which tmie they have been sist chiefly by preying on the numerous devoteep
masters of the city. It stands in a spacious plain ; whom their arocted sanctity and craft continuar
the hill of Mars, on the summit of which stcod the ly draw around them ; they however cultivate th .
temple, dedicated to the idol of that name, was, olive and the vine to some extent, and there are four
during the zenith c^ its greatness, in the centre of establishments of education for Greek ecclesias-
the city, but now, at some distance from the pre- tics ; there is a fortified town called Kareis, about
sent town, which is bounded on one side by Mount halfway uj^ the mountain, at which a Turkish aga
Hvmettus, deservedly celebrated for the honey resides. It is about 70 m. E. of Salonica, and in lat.
which it produces. On the sea ude it has three 40. 7. N. and 24. 15. £. long.
forts; the Phalereus,Munchyia, and Piraus, about Mky,9. borough of Ireland, in the county of
miles distant from the town, and throUjgh which Kildare. It is seated on the river Barrow, 12 m.
it carries on some little external traffic in honey, S. of Kildare, and communicates with Dublin daily
wax, oil, olives, silk, &c. in exchange for the by passageboats, by the line of the grand canal,
manufactures of Western Europe generally, but Fop. in 1621, 3,693. The remains of an old castle
for which, its chief means of payment consist in now serve for a countv jail, and there are ruins
the bilk of exchange, drawn to defray the ex- of two monasteries in the vicinity,
penses of its numerous visitors ; it is in lat. 37. j^tfctiuoit, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. Hampshire,
58. N. and 23. 46. W. long. Pop. 12,000. 36 m. fr. Boston : 30 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 555.
Athens, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,200. Atlantie.'aT Jitlaniie OeeoHj takes its name from
Athens, t. Windham Co. Vt. 25 m. N. Brat- mount Atlas in Africa, and lies between the west
tleboro. rop. 415. continents of Africa and Europe, and the east
Athens, p.t. Greene Co. N. T. or the E. bank continent of America. Its least breadth frt>m
of the Hudson, opposite Troy. 26 m. below Al- Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in South America, is
bany. Pop. 2,4!^. 2,300 miles. On one side of the equator, it is call-
Athens, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. on the Susque- ed the North Atlantic Ocean, and on the other
hannah. the South Atlantic Ocean.
Athens, p.t. Clarke Co. Geo. 68 m. N. Mil- Adas, a chain of high mountains, in Africa,
ledgeville, contains the university of Georgia, separating Barbary from Biledulgerid, and extend-
which has a President and 6 Professors ; the librae ing east from the coast of the Atlantic to the ber-
ries contain 4,500 vols.; the students in 1831 der of E^pt, upwards of 2,000 m. ; their greatest
were 95. Pop. 1,100. altitude is about 13,000 ft. above the level of the
Athens, a Co. of Ohio, in the S. £. part. Pop. sea. Silver, copper, iron, lead, and antimony, are
9,763. Athens is the chief town. found in aififerent parts of these mountains.
Athens, p.t. capital of the above Co. belongs to Another chain, calleo the Little Atlas, extends
the Ohio university . ThecoUege at this place com- from the strait of Gibraltar to Bona in the state
f rises 2 buildings, and had in 1831, 57 students, of Algiers. These mountains have different
ts annual revenue is 2,300 doUars. Athens is 70 m. names, according to the various countries thev
8. E. Columbus. pass through, and the plains and vallevs bv wliich
Athens, t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 125 m. £. Colum- they are intersected. They are inhabited almost
bus. in every place, except where the extreme cold
AthersUm, a town in Warwickshire. Eng.. with will not permit,
manufactures of hats, ribands, and shalloons. Atiiseo, a town of Mexico, in Tlascala, seated
Richard III. held a council with his nobles here, in an extensive plain of its name, 20 m. W. S. W.
the night before the battle of Bosworth. It is seat- of Puebla de los Angelos.
ed near the Anker, on the high road from Lon- Atooi,otiB of the Sandwich islands, in the North
don to Holyhead, by Chester. 13 m. N. of Cov- Pacific Ocean. It is 30 m. long, and contains a
entry, and lOB N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, sreat portion of gently rising land. On the S.
3^34. W. sioe is a good road and anchoring place, called
AtkUme,% borough of Ireland, partly in the Wymoa. Long. 159. 40. W. lat 21. d7. N. Pop.
Co. of Westmeath, and partly in Roscommon, about 55,000.
It stands on both sides of the Shannon, over which Atayaq%te, a town of Mexico, south of the river
is a lonff bridge that is the grand pass between Zacatula, and a few miles inland from the Pacific
the provinces of Leinster and Connauffht. It is Ocean in lat. 18. N.
60 m. W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821. 7,543, and Atrato.h, river of Colombia, which rises be-
of tiie parishes of St. »Iu7 ^^^ St. Peter tween the first and second ridge of the Andes,
in which the town is situate, 0,270 more. This and runs from south to north about 250 m. into
is now one of the most extensive military stsp the gulf of Darien, in lat. 8. N. and W. long,
tions in all Ireland ; and sends one member to 77. 6.
the parliament of the United Kingdom. Atri, a town of Naples^ in Abruzzo Ulteriore^
Aihol, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. W. Bos- on a craggy mountain. It was the birthplace of
Ion. Pop. 1,325. th« emperor Adrian. It is shout 4 m. from
AUB ei AUG
the shore of the Adriatic, and 10 S. E. of Teramo. 109 m. W. Albany. Pop. 4,486. It is Biti]«i«d near
Long. 14. 2. E. lat. 42. 40. N. the W. end of Owaaco lake and i« very hand-
jfesioM, a village in Burlington Co. N. J. 30 m. lomelj boilt. It contains a Theological Seminarj,
E. by S. Philad. Here are several iron fbunderies. and the New-Tork State Prison.
JUtea, a province of Greece, of which Athens ^uhumy or Aldhom. a town in Wiltshire, Eng.,
is the capital ; boanded N. by Thessaly ; £. by seated on a branch of the Kennet, 8 m. N. £. of
the Archipelago ; 8. by Peloponnesus and W. by Marlborough, and 81 W. of London.
Locris. U includes the most celebrated portion Aubuston^ a town of France, in the department
of ancient Greece. The soil is very productive of Greuse, with a manufacture of tapestry; ses^H
in wine, olives and fruits. Under the Turks it on the river Creuse, 37 m. N. E. of Limoges,
was called Livadia. JSueagural, the capital of the kinjrdom of Adel,
dittica, p.t. G«nnesee Co. N.J. 288 m. W. seated on an eminence near the nver Hawash.
Albuny. Pop. 2,485. Long. 44. 25. E. lat. 856. N.
Jtttlebanmghj p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 28 m. S. jfudk, a city of France, capital of the department
Boston, 9 m. K. Providence, pop. 3,215 : has 3 |>oet of Gers ; lately an archiepiscopal see, and the cap-
offices. Here are 3 cotton ana woolen fiustories, ital of Gascony. The cathedral is one of the finest
with a capital of above 200,000 dollars. in France. Here are manufactures of velvet, ser-
Mddtoraugh, an inland town in Norfolk, Eng., ges, crapes, hats, and leather. It is seated bythe
14 m. N. E. of Thetford on the road to Norwich, summit and side of a hill, on the river Gers, 37 m.
Pop. In 1821, 1,659. It was formerly a city and W. of Toulouse. Long. 0. 35. E. lat. 43. 39. N.
chief town of the county. Auckland BiakojM, a town in the bishoprick of
Attack f or Attack Benares , a city and fortress of Durham, En^.. at which the bishop has a palace.
Hindoostan, in the province of Lahore. It stands It has a beautiral castle, and a chapel, whose archi-
on the east bank of the Indus, near the confluence tecture is very curious. Hera are manu^tures
of the Cabul, and on the site of the Tazila of of cotton and muslin. It is seated by the side of
Alexander, where he crossed that river, and ad- a hill, on the river Wear, 8 m. S. by W. of Dur-
vanced onwards to the Ganges, in the year 328 ham, and 249 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 2,180.
antecedent to the Christian era. Attock is about AtuUf a maritime department of France, at the
700 m. above the entrance of the Indus into the S. E. extremity, containing part of the late pro-
Arabian Sea, and about midway between Cabul vince of Languedoc. It receives its name from
and Liahore, or 180 to 200 m. fit>m each, in lat. 33. a river, which rises in the Pyrenees, and flow-
6. N. and 71. 15. E. long. The present fortress ing bv Quillan, Limeux, and Carcassone, enters
was built by the Emperor Akbar, in 1581. the Mediterranean near Narbonne, and which, by
AUooTf a strong town of Hindoostan, in the the Royal canal and Graronne, is united with the
Camatic,60 m. NT of Tritehinopoly, and 80 W. Atlantic Ocean. Carcassone is the capital.
S. W. of Pondicheny. Audieme, a town of France, in the department
Atwatety p.t. Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E. of Finisterre, seated in the bay of Biscay, 18 m
Columbus. W. of Quimper.
Atub, a town of Germany, in the principality of Auerbaeh, a town on the east side of the Vogt-
Wurtzburg, on the river GoUach, 12 m. S. £. of land, in the S. W. comer of the circle of Upper
Wurtzburg. Saxony.
j9u^, an interior department in the N. E. of jfu^rsto^if, a village of Thuringia, circle of Upper
France, containing part of the late province of Saxony, W. of the Saal River, celebrated for a bat^
Champagne. It takes its name from a river, tie between Napoleon and the Prussians, on the
which, passing by Bar-sur-Aube and Arcis, joins 14th October, 1806. This battle is called Uie battle
the Seine, above Nogent. Troyes is the capital, of Jana; because the portion of the French army
Pop. about 240,000. under the immediate command of Napoleon was
Aubenas, a town of France, in the department euffaged with the armv at that town. See Jena.
of Ardeche, with manufactures of woolen cloths, Augilaj a territory ox North Africa, lying to the
red cotton, and silk ; seated on the Ardeche, at the south of Barca, between Fezzan and Egypt. It
fl>ot of the Cevennes, 15 m. S. of Viviers. abounds in dates ; and many of the inhabitants
Aubentan, a town of France, in the department engage in the caravan trade. The capital is of the
of Somme, situated on the Aine, 10 m. S. of same name, 220 m. W. of Siwah, and 540 E. by
Viviens. N. of Moursouk. Long. 23. 40. lat. 29. 33. N.
AuheUrre, a town of France, on the fit)ntiers of Auglaize, r. a branch of the Maumee, Ohio.
Charente and Dordogne, seated on the Drome, 22 Augsburg , a city of Suabia, lately imperial, and a
m. 8. of Angouleme. Long. 0. 12. E. lat. 45. 17. N. bishop's see, but now the capital of a principality
Aubieres, a town of Fruice^ in the department subject to Bavaria. It is a large fortifiea place, has •
of Pay de Dome, 3 m. S. E. of Clermont. a variety of manufiustures, and is one or the prin-
Awi^ne, or Avbigmt, a small town of France, cipal trading towns, and for the negociation of^bills
in the department of Cher, seated in a fine plain, of^exchange, in the interior of Germany. The ca^
24 m. north of Bourges, surrounded with strong thedral, town-house, and other public buildings,
wallsy wide ditches, and high counterscarps. The are magnificent. In the bishop's palace, the Luu
castle is within the town, and is very handsome, erans presented their confession of faith to the eia
Aubiuj St. a town of the island of Jersey, with a peror Charles V. in 1550, hence called Uic Confes
fi>rt, standing on a bay of the same name, opening sion of Augsburg. It was taken by the French in
to the south. See St. Hdier. 1703, and again m 1796. It is seated between the
Aubomu, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays Werdach and Lech, 30 m. N. W. of Munich
ds Vand, on a river of its name, which frils into Long. 10. 55. E. lat. 48. 17. N.
the lake of Geneva, 10 m. W. of Lausanne. Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Maine,
Ambumj p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. situated upon the W. branch of the Kennebec
Auburn, 2 towns, in Geauga and Richland river, in the co. of Kennebec, 2 m. above Hallo-
Counties, Ohio. well. Pop. 3,990. It contains a State House of
A^Arnn^ p.t. the chief town in Cayuga Co. N.T. ^tone, a eonrt-house, aoademy jail and bank
• P
AUR m AdlB
Here u a bridge acroes the river. Tlie nvet is kiiiffdom of Hanover .eested in a plain rarnnmdetf
navigable below for vessels of 100 tons. by forests, 12 m. N. E. of Emden.
Augusta, p.t Oneida Co. N. T. 110 m. N. W. SmrtUus, p.t. Cayuga Co. N.T. 173 m. W. Alba-
Albany. Fop. 3,058. ny, on Owasco lake. Pop. 2,767.
Augusta, p.t. JNorthnmberland Co. Pa. Aurelius, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio ; 96 m. S.
Augusta, a County of the W. District of yir|^- £. Columbus,
ia, near the centre of the State, subdiyided into AuriesmtUf p.T. Montgomery Co. N. C. 123 m.
N. and S. AugusU. Pop. of N. A. 9^142. of 8. A. 8. W. Raleigh.
10,783. Staunton is the seat of justice tor both. AuriUac, a town of Franoe, in the department
Augusta, p.t. the capital of the State of Georgia, of Cantal. Quantities of lace and relvet are man-
stau(u on the S. W. bank of the riyer Savannah, u&ctured here. It is seated on the Jordanne. 30
alK>ut 140 m. from the sea. It is regukrly built of m. S. W. of St. Flour. Pop. 10,500.
brick upon a level spot and surrounded by a fer- Auriol, a town of France, in the department of
tile country i It has a great trade in cotton and Mouths of the Rhone^ 12 m. S. £. of Axis, and
other>productions of the interior. Pop^,696. 12 N. N. E. of Marseilles.
Augusta, p.v. Perry Co. Mississippi. 72 m. 8. E. Aurora, p.t. Erie Co. N. T. 175 m. W. Albany.
MonticeUo. Pop. 2,421.
A%^;usta, p.v. Montgomeiy Co. Alab. 67 m. £. Amira, p.t Portage Co. Ohio ; 140 m. N. E.
Cahawba. Columbus.
Augusta, t. Columbiana Co. Ohio. Aurora, p.v. Dearborn Co. Ind. 25 m. W. Cin*
Agustin, St, a cape on the coast of Brazil, 300 cinnati.
m. N. E. of the bav of All Saints. Long. 35. 40. Aurora, an island, one of the New Hebrides,
W. lat. 8. 80.. S. Also the name of a river, bay, in the Pacific Ocean. It is 36 m. long and six
and port, on the coast of Labrador, in the straits bsoad, affords plenty of wood and water, and has
of Belleisle ; and of a river and bay, at the 8. W. a small bay on the a. W. coast. Long. 168. 18. E.
end of the island of Madagascar. lat. 15. 8. H.
Augustine, St. p.t. St Jonn's Co. E. Florida, on Aurungahad, a considerable city of Hindoostan,
the eastern coast. It was formerly the capital oapital of Dowlatabad. It owes the greatest part
of the whole territory of Florida. The town of its msfnificenceto the neat Aurungzebe^ who
stands in a prairie near the sea, with a good bar- made it nis place of residence and eave it the
hour, which however hss a shallow entrance, present name. It stands in a fertile puiin, almost
It is regularly built of a stone formed by the con- surrounded bymountains, 110 m. 8. W. of Bnrh-
cretion of sea-shells. One of the churches is an anpour, and 250 £. 8. £. of Snrat. Long. 76. 2.
old edifice in the gothic style. The situation of £. lat. 19. 45. N.
the town is low, but pleasant. In the neighbour- Aurungabunder, a town of Hindoostan in the
hood are numerous groves of oranfe trees. Before province of Tatta, on the branch of the Indus, to
it came into the possession of the United States, its which it gives name, 40 m. 8. by W. of Tatta.
population was about 5,000. Since this period Ausa, formerly Alsa, a river of Camiola, which
the yellow fever has made its appearance, and the' running southward bv AquUeia, after a short
population has diminished. St. Augustine is 310 courBe,lalls into the Adriatic. On the banks of this
in. S. S. W. of Charleston, in lat. 29. 45. N. river, Constantinej the son of Constantino the
Long. 81. 40. W. Grei^, fighting agamst Constans was slain.
Augustow, a town of Poland, in Polaehia, seat- AuspUz, a town of Moravia, 20 m. S. 8. E. of
ed on the Narieu, 44 m. N. of Blelisk. Brunn.
Augustus, Fort, a fortress of Scotland in Inver- Aussig, a town of Bohemia, seated on the Elbe,
ness-shire, at the influx of the Oich into the south 11 m. iT. N. W. of Leutmeritz.
extremity of I^iOchNess, 34 m. 8. 8. W. of Inver- .^tut, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 10 m.
ness. north of Bristm, noted for its ancient ferry over the
Augusthurg. See SeheUenberg, Severn.
Aidtndoff, a town of Suabia, situate on the river AusteU, St. a town of Cornwall, in the centre of
Schus, 9 m. N. of Ravensburg. an extensive mining: district. In the environs is
Aulnay, two towns of Fruice adjoining each abundance of fine clav, which is sent to Liver-
other, in the department of Calvados, 14 m. 8. W. pool, Bristol and Staflbrdshire, for the potteries,
of Caen. Pop. about 3,500. Also the name of It is seated near the English Channel, 13 m. £.
another town in the department of the Lower N. E. of Truro, and 245 W. by S. of London.
Charente. Pop. in 1821, 6,175.
AumaU. See AJhemarU, Austerlitx, or Slawhow, a town of Moravia*
. Aumont, a town of France, in the department Near this place a great and decisive victoiy was
of Lozere, 15 m. N. W. of Mende, obtained oy the French, commanded by Bons
Aumore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 30 m. parte, over the Anstrians and Rusuans, on tho
8. of Rajemai; and 46 N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. 2nd of Dec. 1805, which led to the treaty of Pres-
Aunis, lately a small territory of France, in the burg. It is 12 m. £. of Brunn and 30 8. 8. W. of
8. W. part ofroitou, and now forming part of the Olinuti.
department of Lower Charente. AustsrUtz, p.t. Colombia Co. N. J. 34 m. 8. E.
Auraek, a fortified town of Suabia, seated at the Albany. Pop. 2,245.
feot of a mountain, on the rivulet Eras, 15 m. E. Austhilnary, p.t. Ashtabula, Co. Ohio ; 192 m. N.
of Tubingen. E. Columbus ;nas a number c^ mills and woolen
Auras, a town of Silesia, on the river Oder, 12 manufactories,
m. N. W. of Breslan. AustmUnm, p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio ; 160 m. N.
Auray, a town of France, in the department of E. Columbus. Pop. 1^^.
Morbihan, on a river of its name, near its entrance AustmoilU, p.v. Wythe Co. Va. on the Km-
into the gulf of Morbihan, in the Bay of Biscay, nahwa.
8 m. W. of Vannes. Australasia, a name conventionally applied to
Aurieh, the capital of East Friesland, in the the •Jtemmw Isffitoiy of Mew HolhMtd, and ibm
Mfenl gnxip* ei uluuu lonui of tae eqaabn, in
tlK FaeSc Ooon. 8e« Jfac BoOmKd.
Jutritt, Emfirt. CirtU, mad Ardtduduf tf, in
Eonipe. The Aiutrun enifiue mid^Iwimu tlia
laeieul kingdom* of Bi>iieim&, Honvu, and Hon-
guj, the Italian Slotea of the Tjrol, uid the ut'
dent rajniblie of Venice, Dafautu, the dochiei
et Mantua nod Milancw, parta of the cirele of
Banna, of SvitKrland, and of Poland^^uid the
circle wliich inchidea tbe aichdaohj. Thia fine
empire liei betveen the 45th and Slat iag. of N.
kt. and the 9th and 87th of E. long, and oeottina
■ nipcrticiea of aboot 300,000 aq. m. and SSfiOOitW
i£ inhabitants In an a^gregBte Benae the Ana-
trian empire maj be oonndered an interiM and tg-
ricnluual, nther than a maritime and oommaiieal
eonntrj,the only part that bordera npon the na
beiag the Italian State* on tbe aouth, which maj
be coniideied trlbularjr, rather than integral parte
tri'the empire, and ea aiich are held b; too preoari-
lO rank of order, is fiee &am creduL
tj, inpeiatitian and bigotij. Bat although the
inAabitanta are ignojant, they ere not coirupt j
it, and the dom ■■ - ■ ■
ignoiBut,
me men are noneat, and L .
oheria^d in the ftmilj ciide.
excite a tpirit of commercial enterpdie.
e river the Danube, rnua finm weal b>
zh the heart of the empire, and bj ita
branchee, interaerla almoat every part,
itfiirding great interna] bellit]' of commnnication,
and adrantages ; bat the peculiar locality of it*
eammnnieation vith the Black Sea within the
Dardancllea, pieolndea it fiwn affording auyveiy
grrai external advanta^. The Elbe riie* in Bohe-
niia; but it* conree la too circuitous, and too
much liable to political impedbnenla, to afibrd any
advanlages to Auatria to be relied on ; all thcnse-
fnl branehe* of mana&ctun, however, in wool,
flax, silk, and leather, and moat of the (uetbl art*
whieli contribnte to the comfiirt and promeri^ of
■neietv, are carried on over erery part of the em-
pire, &i>m materials drawn from its Own internal
of almost e»ery species .. ,
the foreata eupp^ abnDdanee of timber, and tbe
C' u inch number* of cattle and abeep, aa to af-
■everal million lb«. wei^t^wool to beennn-
ally exported, after anpplying their own internal
demands. The Italian Statee fhmiah nlk, olive*,
and oil, and Hnngary the ehiuceet wine* ; and in-
deed the Austrian empire may be eoniidered a* con-
taining within itself all the mean* of mbetantial
*nb«i*tance and of comJbrI, and mneb of Inxtiiy.
Bat althoogh Amrtria ia not de*titnle of seuin*,
enterprise, and efficiency in the higberdepart-
Bients<rf' art, a bigoted and idotatrons specie* i^
religiona &ith, and ■elf-«uffieienay of p(ditieal aa-
MndancT, tend to aabdue rather than excite the
n Ibrm, and tbe formnlane* of the cbnroh
Rone, axe tbe eatabliahed religion of the empire i
the government however if not mild, is not lan-
ninary, and the religion i* rendered loletaot.
The ruling passion of the government ia military
paiade, to maintain which a rerenoe of man than
50,000^ dollara is abstracted annnally fhim the
pTodnctive classes of the empire.
RaUes from every part of the emjiire settle In
the capital, and eontribata bf their wealth to
inorcase it* eommerce and jndoatry. The ia-
dolenee and ennni of the rich render many place*
of amnscment necessary, but none are so much
Kequented a* the theatre. Much has not been
done in literature, still less in science; mnslc forms
the only exception ; it baa been caltivated with
great soeoee* Tbe peo^ an panetilion* in ob-
71i< CJreUo/vfmfru, is bounded on the east by
Hungary, north by Moravia and Bohemia, west by
Bavaria, Suabia, and Switierlaod, and south by
the Austrian and Italian Stale*, and Iho gulf of
Venice,and containa superficies of about 50,000 sq.
miles, and 4,600,000 mhabitant*. It i* divided
into the Voratberff, and the counties of Bregen
and Tyrol, the bishopric of Trent, the duchic* of
SUria, Carinthia, and Camiola, each subdivided
into upper and lower, Friuli, and Istria, the biah-
opricB ofSalibnrg and Fasaau , insulated in the circle
of Bavaria, and two small lerrilories of the Teuton-
ic knights, insulated in the circle of Suabia and
Franoonia, all of which will be found more amply
deecribed under their respective heads.
7l« ^chducky of Auttria, i* bounded on the
N, by Bohemia and Moravia, E. by Hungary,
8. by Stiria, and west by Bavaria ; it form!* the
the north-eaat part of tbe circle, and is divided
into Weat, Upper, and Eaat, Lower, Upper Aua-
tria is agam aubdivided into tbe Inn Quarter, Hi-
hel Quuter, Quarter i^)Iau*ruck, and Black and
Traon Quarter* ; and Lower Auatria north of the
Danube ia aubdivided into the circle*, weat above
and eaA below the Manhartaberg, and *onth of
the Danube, into the circles above and below the
foreat of Vienna. Upper Auatria contains abont
5,100 aq. miles, 100 cities and towns, nnmeroos
villages, and 630,000 inhobitanU; and Lower
Auatria abonl 78 JXWsq.mUea, 280 cities and towns,
numeroiu villagea, and 1,100,000 inhabilanto.
lite Archduchy of Austria constitutes what con-
ventkinally is conaiderod the hereditary dominion*
of the house ofHapsborg, the reigning and ruling
Amily, and the dtv of Vienna, situate on tbe
south bank of the Danube, in the circle below
the fbreat of Vienna, in lower Anstria, ia the
■eat ofgoremment of the whole Austrian em-
pire. Incept Vienna, there are no other citiea
or town* in the Archduohy of Aiutria, that merit
any particalBr notice ; it may be considered an
agricnltnral and a somewhat frnitflil diatrict, and
it* peasantry are cotuidered to be the happiest
ancf best conditioned of any in Europe. To obtain
however a just view, and to form a just estimate of
Ibeir condition, and indeed of the condition of any
itanees under which they are bom,Biid by whict
^
AVA 64 AVE
they are rarrounded. The peaaaots o^ Austria It ii situate on the S. side of the Erahaitj, 4 m.
have been bom under the innuence of the star of S. W. of Ummerapoorai the present capital, in N.
p4unve chedience, which for jean past has been lat. 522. £. long. 96. 5.
preached to them with mildness and persuasion, ^valon, a town of France, in the department of
rather than violence ; and as such has made them Yonne, which has a great trade in grain, wine,
a quiet and contented people, and as fkr as con- and cattle, and a maniuactore of cloth. It is seat-
tentment constitutes happiness, the peasantry of ed on the Cousin, 24 m. S. S. £. of Auzerre. Pop.
the archduchy of Austna, may perhaps, justly be about 4,300.
considered as the happiest and best conditioned Jivallon, a town of France, on the east side of
in Eurupe ; but after all. in the leffitinlate sense the department of Yonbe, about 90 m. S. by E. <^
of the term happiness, it is a condition alike re- Auzerre.
puguant to common sense, and derogatoiy to the .^MitKAa, or Ateal^a, a laree bay, forming a
character of man. The character or the ffOTem- very commodious harbour for snips of the largest
ment, courtiers, and privileged classes of the arch- buithen, near the 8. £. extremitv of the coast of
duchy of Austria, although tending somewhat to Kamschatka. The town of St. reter and St. Paul
self-importance, is on the whole, courteous, affa- on the north side of the bay, is in lat. 53. I. N. and
ble, ana condescending ; and whilst the peasantry 15.8. E. long. Saratounka is another town on
of the archduchy may oe considered the most con- the S. side.
tented, the court may be considered the least licen- .Aveiro, a town of Portugal, in Beira, with a
tious of any in Europe. good harbour for vessels of a moderate size. The
JhUaugay a county of Alabama, on the river Al- chief trade is in salt, of which great quantities are
abama. rop. 11,872. Washington is the chief town, made in its vicinity. It stancb on a small gulf,
Autun, a city of France, and an episcopal see, at the mouth of the Vouga. 33 m. S. of Oporto,
m the department of Saone and Loire. It con- Long. 8. 40. W. lat. 40. 40. N.
tains many vestiges of Roman magnificence, par- Aveinm, an interior department of the south of
ticularly the temples of Janus and Cybele. Here France, including the late province of Rouergue.
are manufactures of tapestry, carpets, coverlets, It is named from a river which rises near Severac
and delft ware. The cathedral of St. Lazarus, le Chateau, and flowing by Rhodes and Ville-
the college, and the seminary, are worthy of no- franche, joins the Garonne, below Montauban.
tice. Autun is seated on the Arroux, at the foot The Lot intersects the northern, and the Tarn the
of three mountains, 45 m. E. by S. of Nevers, and southern part of the department ; it is divided in-
162 S. £. of Paris. to five arondisements ; Villefranche, Milhau, St
AuvergntjK late province of France, 100 miles Afriqne, Espalion, and Rhodes, the last is the
long, and 75 broad ; bounded on the north by the capital of the deputment, which contains a popn-
Bourbonnois, east by Forez and Velay, south by lation of about SiO,000.
Rouergue and the Cevennes, and west by Limo- Aodla, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro
sin, Querci, and La Manche. It now forms the celebrated for its honey and apples, 15 m. N. E;
two departments of Cantal and Puy de Dome. of Naples.
AuoMard.n. town of France, in the department AvMinOf a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte-
of Lot and Craronne, situate on the river Oaronne, riore. It was almost ruined 1^ an eartnquake in
13 m. S. E. of Agen. 1694, and vain in 1806. Near it is the celebrated
dtfttxerre, a city "of France, capital of the depart- convent or Monte Virgine, on a wild mountain,
ment of Von ne, and lately an episcopal see. It which formerly had a sumptuous temple of Cybele.
contains many fountains and squares, and the Avellino is famous for the dye of cloth, also for
episcopal palace is deemed one of the most beau- nuts and maccaroni. It is 25 m. E. of Naples,
tiful in France. It is seated on the side of a hill. Pop. about 9,000.
on the river Yonne, 75 miles W. N. W. of Dijon, Avenay^ a town of France, in the department
and 90 S. S. £. of Paris. Pop. about 11,000. of Mame, on the river Mame, 15 m. W. rf. W. of
Jhtzan^ a town of France, in the department of Chalons-sur-Mame.
Aube, 13 m. S. of Troyes. Jhotmeke^ a town of Switzerland, in the canton
i^uxonns, atown of France, in the department of Berne, formerly the capital of Helvetia, but
of Cote d'Or, with a castle, an arsenal, a foundry now greatly decayed, grain and tobacco being
for cannon, and a school for the artillery. It is raised on the site of part of the ancient city. It
seated on the Saone, 17 m. E. of Dijon. Pop. stands at the south end of Ihe lake Morat, 15 m.
about 5,300. W. of Bern.
Auzen or Tigre. a town of Abyssinia, capital of AvenUmUef p.y. Nash Co. N. C. 75 m. N. E.
the province of Tigre, and a place of considerable Raleigh.
commerce. It is seated on a river that flows into Averbach, a town of Upper Saxony, in Yogt-
the Taccazze, 170 m. N. £. of Gondar. liong. land, near which is a rock nmous for pale topazes-
39. 93. E. Ut. 14. 4. N. It is 14 m. S. of Zwickau.
AvQy a country of Asia, now generally called AverilLtL town in Essex Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Honi-
BtrmoA, which see. pelier. Fop. 1.
AvQj a lar^ city, formerly the metropolis of the AvemOf a lake of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro.
Birman empire. It is diviaed into an upper and 600 jrards in diameter, near Puzzuoli. Virgil and
lower city, ooth of which are fortified ; the lower others have said the water was so bad, that birds
is the most extensive, about four miles in circnm- dropt dead when flying over it, and nence they
ference, protected by a lofty wall, now moulder- call it the lake of hell; but it now has no such
ing into decay. The materials of the houses, con- poisonous quality, for birds swim upon it. A lit-
sistinflr chiefly of wood^ were removed about the tie to the west of the lake is a cave, where some
year 1783 to the new city ; and its numerous tem- pretend they went formerly to consult the Cume-
Eles, on which the Birmans never lay sacrilegious an sybil. There are also some old walls, which
ands, are dilapidating by time. Cmmpsof Dam- some suppose to be the ruins of a temple of Apol
boos, a few plantain trees, and tall thorns, occupy lo, and othen t>f Pluto,
most of the area of this lately flourishing capital Atartm, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro
AVO • ATL
In 1805, it nifieied cmtfy by an aaztliqaalM. tiaetioik to tlta other is called tho Lower Aton
It ifl aeated in a 6iie plain, 18 m. N. £. of Nwplea. Awm^ another rirer which riaes near Bedwin,
AMnuhoro, p.v. Comberland Co. N. C. on Cape In Wihahire, numing paat Saliabnry, and akirting
Fear river, 35 m. S. Raloiah. the edce of the New Toreat, &llin|r into Chriat
dtfoea, or Ths IsUmd» ofBirdMf ao called from the Church hay, in the Englidi Channel.
Eatnomber of birda tiiat frequent them, thootfh Avam, p.t. Someraet Co. Me. Pop. 745.
y hare not a trae. They an 70 m. £. of (%• Avam^ p.t. livingaton Co. N. T. S36 m. W. Al-
raeao, and 100 N. of the ooaat of Tam Finna, in bany. Fop. 3,363.
N. laft. 15. 60. W. long. 63. 43. .ANm, p.t Lorain, Co. Ohio. 146 m. N. £. Co-
• J§99$ns9f a frontier town of Ftenoe, in the aoath Inmboa.
afthe department of Nord| aeated on the high Avo^tUu. a pariah in the weatem diatrict of
road from Mona to Paria. Loniaiana, oetween the Miaaiaaippi, Red and At-
dAeefCodk^ a town of Sweden, in Weatmania, chafalaya rivera. It prodncea great qnantitiea of
noted fat ita copper- worka, and a mint for copper eotton. Pop. 3,488. Markayille ia the chief town.
moMmy, 35 m. N.n. W <A Weatexoa. AcramekMSy a town of FVance, in the aouth of
dtfaaaono, a town of Naptoa, in Abraiio Uheri- the maritime department of La Manche. It ia
ore, 18 m. 8. of Aqnilla. aitoate on an eminence, about 3 milea from the aea,
Aione, a town of Xtalyi In I^inll, 23 m. W. of in a fine agricnlttural oiatrict It waa formerly a
Udina. biahop'a aee, to which Henry II. of England went
•tfe^tano, a Ibrtified town of Piedmont, on a to obtain absolution from tne pope's nuncio, for
InU near the Cotian Alpa, 10 m. W. of Turin. the murder of Thomas a Becket in 1172. Al-
JMgmom, a city of the south of France, capital though much declined in importanoe^ the cathe-
of thedepartnentof Vancluae,andabiahop'aaee. dral, epiacopal palace, and caatle, giye it some
It waa rannerly dependent on the pope, and an oonaequenee ; and it contains about d,000 inhab-
ardkbiahop*a aee, but became annexed to France itanta ; 10 m. £. of St. Malo.
in 1791. It haa a uniyersity, aeyeral handaome Aw. Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
chnrchea and a nrnagogue, and numeroua menu- 30 miles long, and in some parte aboye 2 broad. It
factoring eataWianments. It ia aeatedin the heart eontaina four little islands, tufted with trees, on
of a yeiy fruitfol district, (in which the oliyc, one of which are the ruins of an ancient castle;
yine, and fruita of all kinoa are yenr abundant,) and on a peninsula of a lake are the noble ruins
on the east bank of the Rhone, near tne confluence of Kilchum castle. At the north extremi^ rises
of the Durance, about 20 m. N. £. of Miamea. the mountain of Cruachan, eleyated 3^390 ft.
Pop. 32,000. aboye the auriace of the lake ; and near its top is
Avil^t a town of SiMtin, in Old Caatile, and a the sprinff which forms this beautiful expanse of
biahop*B aee. with a uniyeraity and a manufacture water. The riyer Aw, the outlet of this lake,
of fine dotn. It is seated on the Adaga, in a rune into Loch Etiye, at the yillage of BonaW.
krge plain, aonoonded by mountaina eoyered jtftoaCtAca. Bee AwUteka,
wim miit^treeo and yinejnurda, 66 m. N. W. of Jhoeri^ or Otero, a kingdom of Africa, depen-
Madrid. It waa fiirmerly one of the.moat conaid- dent on Benin, with a town of the same name,
vnii^ citiea of Spain, butdoeanot now oontain on the riyer rormoaa. Long. 5. 10. £. lat. 6.
more than 4,000 inhabitants. 10. N.
AMeOj a town of Spain, in Aatuiaa, near the Awoti. a town of Snabia, on the riyer Cochen,
bay of Biscay, 16 m. N. of Oriedo. 20 m. W. S. W. of Oeting.
AtkOy a town of Portugal, in Alente}o, aeated on Axbridgej a tow&in Someraetshire, Eng. seated
an eminence, with a caatle, near the riyer Ayb. on the riyer Ax, under the Mendip hills, 10 m.
Hence the military order of the knights of Ayia N. W. of Wells, and 130 W. of London,
haye their name. It ia 25 m. N. W. of Eatremos. Axd, a town of the Netherlands^ in Flanders,
Aoiotfj a town of Naplea, in Terra di Layoro, 6 aeated in a moraaa, 10 m. N. of Ghent,
m. £ of Sora. Axkn, a territory of Qxunea, on *he Gold Coast,
Ammy a riyer of EnglancL celebiated fiir ita a^ with a riyer of the same name flowing through it,
aeeiatk»n with the name of Shakapeaze. It riaea and a town on the eaat aide, at its entrance into
6om aereral aprings in Naaeby Field, intheoom- the ocean. The country ia fertile, and weU cul^
ty of If orthampton ; ita moat eleyated aouroo tiyated, producing pafan-oil, cocoaa, oringes^ pine-
springa from under the wall of afrrm yard, a ftw apples, yams, water-melona, and a piodigioua
pacea north of the church, in the yilla|ra of If aaeby, quantity of rice. The Dutch haye a fnt ano frc-
aad within a quarter of a mile fhmi tne aooice of tory hm, called St. Anthony. Long. 1. 3. W.
the Nee, whidi flowa eaat^ and in a eonimy di* hit. 4. 42. N.
reetion to the Ayon, ibih^ inio the German AxminoUrj a town in Dsrvonahire, Eng. on the
Ocean ; whilBl te Ayon puraoea a westerly riyer Ax. King Athelstan eatabliahed a minater
oonrae, a abort diatance ftoaa ila aaaraa, dividing ban ta the memery of the princes slain in his
the coun^ of Nortiwanpiwa ftoaa that of Leiceater , amy, when he defeated the Danes in this neigh-
ontilitentaattecountyofWarwick, in whichit booriiood. Here ia a mamilhetnie of leather
oraamenta the fine domain of Stoneleigh Abbey, gloyea. Ao. and a fiunoua one of carpela. It 1827
afterward waahing the rocky foundation of War- m. £. by N. of Exeter^ and 147 W. of London,
wick caatle, firom whence it prooeeda to Strat- Axwrn, a town, anciently the capital of Abya-
fbid, the birth-plaoe of Shakapeara, and where it mtSm^ Maroina are yeiy extenaiye, among v. hich
beeomea nayigahle ftr baigea of 30 to 50 tone bur- are many obellska ef gpanite, with sculptures, but
then, running past Eyesham to Tewkeabury in no hieroglyphica. It la 70 m. N. W. of Auaen.
Qeocesteishire, where it fidla into the Seyem. It Long. 38. 45. E. lat 14. 10. N.
haa numeroua com and paper milla on ita baaka. A^bnoMik, AtnOf or Alemoutk^ a town in North-
There ia also another riyer of tiie aame name in umberland, at the mouth of the Alne, 4 mileaeaat
England, which riaeain the north of Wiltafaire, of Alamak. It haa a good harbour fiir ^hing
nma paat Blahnabury and Chippenhaaa la Bath, yeaaela. In the vaign of queen Elizabeth the
iaOingintotheBiisCoIChannelythaainoontnuUa- Fkenchhalditand ftrtifiedk^ai hwaa the fiiat
• f2
BAA 06 BAB
port near Scotland, when they eonld aafely land paztieular notice. Pop. in 1821, 7,425, and JVoe^
their anpplies for Mary of Goiae, the queen regent. Town Jiyr^ immediately contiguona, 4,027 mora.
It is aaid that the bones of giants are often dug up The Ayr nyer aa well as the Don, affords a eon«
in the neighbourhood. It exports considerable siderabie supply of salmon,
quantities of grain for the London market. Jtysgartk, a parish and Tillage of North Tork-
AyamonU, a seaport of Spain, in Andaluaia, ahiie ; the parish contains 12 townships, and a
'with a castle on a rock, at the mouth of the river population of 5^620 \ the village contains 2^ in-
Guadiana, opposite Castro-Marino, 80 m. N. W. habitants ; and is seated on the Eure, four miles
of Cadiz. Long. 7. 15. W. lat. 37. 12. N. east of Askrigff. Here is a grand picturesque
AyUsbunff a Imrough in Buckinghamshire, Enf . waterftU, eallea Ajragarth Force ; and a bridge of
It is the centre of the bostness of the fertile vale one aich, 72 feet in the span, overgrown with
of Aylesbury. Many people here derive their ivy.
support from a pecuhar manner of rearing ducks Jhamor^ a town of Morocco, on the river Mot*
for the London market; and the making of lace beys, near the sea, 80 m. N. of Morocco,
is carried on to a great extent. It is 17 m. S. £. Atmredo^ a sea^port of Brazil, in the bay ol
of Buckingham, and 38 N. W. of London. Pop. Spirito Santo, celebrated for sugar. Long. 40.
in 1821, 4,400. 10. W. lat. 20. 18. 8.
Aylesford. a town in the county of Kent, Eng. Atom or Western idandSf a gnmpof ialandsia
situate on tne west bank of the Medway river, the Atlantic, between 25. and 30. W. longhand
Pop. in 1821, 1,136. 37. and 40. N. lat. 900 m. W. of Portugal. They
AyU$ham^ a town in Norfolk, Eng. 11 m. N. of are nine in number, viz. St. Maria, St. Michael,
Norwich, and 118 N. E. of London. There is a Terceira, St George. Graeiosa, Fayal, Pico,
spring aoout a mile from the town, very eifica- Flores, and Corvo. Toey were first diseoverea
Clous in chronic disorders. It is seated on the in 1439, by John Vanderberg, a merchant of Bru-
south bank of the river Bure, which is navigable ges, who waa driven here by stress of weather,
to Tarmouth. Pop. in 1821, 1,853. On hia arrival at Lisbon, he boasted of hia dis-
Ayr, a county, parish, royal burgh, and river of covery ; on which the Portugneae set sail, and
Scotland. The county extends for about 56 miles look possession of them, which they have retained
alonff the S. W. coaat, and is about 20 in mean ever since. They have all a clear sky and salu-
breadth. It is one of the most productive coun- briousair; are extremely fertile in com, wine,
ties in Scotland, and exports considerable quanti- and various firuits \ and breed great numbers of
ties of grain to Liverpool; and the north part of cattle. It is said they are quite free of venom-
the county participates largely in the cotton man- ous animals ; but they are subject to earthquakes
ufoctnre. It also abounds in coal and iron, and and volcanic eruptions. They are seen at a great
has some veins of copper and antimony, and sonie distance, one of them having a very high moun-
kelp is made on the coast firom sea weed, which tain, called the Pico, or Peak of the Azores. The
is aiso extensively used aa manure. It has been govemor-^neral resides at Angra, in Terceira ;
proposed to intersect the north part of the county but St. Michael is the largest island. In the year
with a canal from Adrossan to the Clyde at Glas- 1819 they exported to Great Britain 51,706 boxes
gow, but after having been completed for about 12 of oranges, and in 1824-5 a still greater quantity,
miles fiY>m the Clyde, the work has been suspend* Azoth, Atobu, or Ashdodf one of the Are cities
ed. Agates, mphjij, jasper, and calcareous pet- of the Philistines, and a celebrated seaport of the
rifactions are found in various parti of the county; Mediterranean. It was in this city that the idol
whilst lime, and freestone abound, and on the nv- Dagon foil down before the Ark ; and ao strong
er Ayr is obtained the whetatone, so usefril in a place it was, if we may believe Herodotus, that
sharpening of agricultural cutlery. The principal it sustained a siege of S9 years, by Psammeticua,
towns beside Ajrr, are Kilmarnock^ Kilwinning, king of Egypt It was, nowever taken by the
and Irvine, N., St. Quivox, Mauchline, Muirkirk, Maccabees, m a much shorter time, who burned
in the centre, Maybole, Kirkmichael, Daily, both city and temple, and with them about 8,000
Girvan, and Ballantrae, S. men. The town is now called by the Arabs Has-
2%ei20yaZ^«r^Aefifyr is situate in the parish, ansyvit. It is but thinly inhabited, though the
and at the mouth of the river of the same name, utnation Is very pleasant. The town is wiut a
on the sea coast, the light-house beinff in lat. 54. mile and a hair in circumference, and has in it a
35. N.'and 4. 26. W. long. It is a puoe of eon- mosque, a public bath, a market-place^ and two
aiden^le antiquity, having been a royal burgh aa inns. Here is an old structure with fine marble
far back as 1202 ; its commercial importance de- pillars, which the inhabitants say waa the house
elined with the rise of Glasgow, but has revived that Sampaon pulled down ; and to the S. £. just
somewhat since the commencement of the present out of the town, is the water where Philip bap-
century. Itsexportof coal is very great. About tized the Ethiopian eunuch. There are several
6,000 tons of shipping belong to the plaoe, a por* ancient buildinga, with capitals and pillars stand-
tion of which is empfoyed in the timoer trade, to ing. It is situiSed about 14 or 15 m. S. of Ekron,
Britiah America, its buildings do not merit any between that and Asoalen,
B
BAAL BECK, or the Valley of Aurf, a fertile Baha, or Babadagf a town of European Turkey,
country of Asia, between Lebanon and AntiUba- in Bulgaria, celebrated for its knives and sword
nus, about 30 miles from Damascus, where there blades. It stands on a gulf of its name, in the
was formerly a magnificent temple of the Sun, Black Sea, 90 m. N. K. of Silistria. Long. 28,
the ruina of which are atill admired by travellere. 38. E. lat. 44.40. N.
Some geomphers make it a part, and othera Uie Bahdmtmddf a strait between the coast of
whole of Ccelosyria ; but all agree, that it was Abyssinia and Arabia, uniting the Bed Sea with
one of tiia most pleaaant apots on the earth. the Indian Ocean. In it is a small ialand and a
AAC W BAD
moontain of the lame name. Long. 43. 60. £. leflsedby Ruana, since 1801. The eonntiy round
lat 12. 50. N. abounds in petroleum, and, in some placesy oon-
BabenKaugeHf^ a town of Suabia, in Germany, stantlj emits flame, but without i»oducing any
5 m. N. of Tubingen. very sensible degree of heat. . It was prooably
Babic, or BabaStg, a town of Persia, on the con- this district that gave rise to the sect of the Par-
fines of the Desert of Kerman, situate at about an sees, Guebres, or Fire Worshippers, by whom it
equal distance from the cities of Kerman, Shirax was formerly much resorted to. A similar phe*
and Zed. nomenon or ignited petroleum prevailed near
BabiiigUy, a village of Norfolk, Kng. is noted as Brosely, in Smopshire, Eng. from 1711 to 1750,
being the place where Felix the Burgundian first since when the flame has entirely ceased,
landed, to instruct the East Angles in the doc- What was more singular at Brosely wai^that the
trines of the gospel, and where the first church is flame emitted from a spring of water There are
said to have been erected. It is 4 m.^. E. of a number of inflammable springs in the western
Lynn. part of N. ToriE. See Burning Sjningw. Baku
BakuyantBj a cluster of six or seven small iai- is now an ine<msiderable place ; it is in 40. 5. N.
ands in the North Pacific OceaiK 10 leagues N. of lat. and 50. 10. £. long.
the isle of Luconia. The chief produce is wax, Badafox, a town of Spain, capital of Estremadu-
ebony, bananas, cocoas, and plantains. ra, and a bishop's see. It is ntmous for a bridge
BwyUrHf the capital of the ancient kingdom of built by the Romans over the Guadiana. On this
Babylonia or Chiddea. Semiramis is said bj bridge the Portuguese were defeated by don John
some, and Belus by others, to have founded this of Asturias, in 1661. Badajoz was taken by the
city. But by whomsoever it was founded, Nebu- French in 1809, and retaken by the allied army,
chadnezzar embellished it, and made it one of the under Lord Wellington, by storm, on the 6th of
wonders of the world. The most fiunous works in April, 1813. It is a frontier town toward Portu-
and about it were, the walls of the city, the temple gal. and well fortified. It is 14 m. £. of Elvas,
of Belus, Nebuchadnezzar's palace, the hanging and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40. W.
I of the city, the temple gal. and well fortified. It is 14 m. £. of £1
r's palace, the hanging and 175 S. by W. of Madrid. Long. 6. 40.
river, the artificial Uke, lat. 38. 45. N.
gardens, the banks of the river,
and the canals. The walls were 87 feet thick, 2S56 Badakshan, a citv of Usbec Tartary, or Great
feet high, and 60 miles in circumference, forming Bucharia, capital or the province of Kilan. Gold,
an exact sauaie, having 100 gates of solid brass, 25 silver, and rubies are round in its vicinity ; and
on each side, with a street running firom each in a caravans pass by this city to Cabul and China.
straight line to the opposite gate ; so that there It is seated on the main branch of the Gihon, about
were in all 50 great streets, each 15 miles long. 100 miles from its source, at the foot of the Belur
It is supposed to have stood on both banks of the mountains, 120 m. £. of Balk. Long. 68. 50. N.
Euphrates, in long. 44. 0. E. lat. 3S. 0. N. Alex- lat 37. 10. £.
anoer of Macedon died here April 21, B. C. 323. BaMnirv, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng. on a
B4Mea.oT Boat, a town of Spain, in Granada, 15 considesable eminence, 4 m. N. W. of Win-
m. N. E. of Guadix. Pop. about 7,000. bom. It was a summer station of the Romans,
Baeky or Botha, a town of Hungary, formerly and many of their coins, urns, &jc. have been
the see of a bishop^ seated near the Danube, 30 m. feund. Here is also a Saxon camp, which con-
E. N. E. of FuiEfjurehen, and 85 S. of Buda. sists of three oblong ramparts.
Baeharaeh, a town of Germany, in the palatin- Badelvna^ a town of Spain, in Catalonia, seated
ate of the Rhine. It is fkmous for its wine, and on the Mediterranean, 10 m. N. £. of Barcelona,
stands at the foot of a mountaiivn®'' ^^ Rhine, Baden, or Baaden, formerly amargraviate, in the
24 m. S. by £. of Coblentz. The Counts pala- circle of Soabia, stretching along the east bank of
tine had fermerly a castle here, and levied. toil on the Rhine, from the canton of Kule, in Switzer^
the produce and merehandize passing up and down land, on the south, in the lat. of 47. 30. to the bish-
tiieRhine,which, from the extent of the exaction, opric of Spires, in the lat. of 49. 10. N. bounded
was denominated the golden toll. It at present on the E. by the Black Forest. It was divided in-
forms part of the Prussian territory. to upper and lower, or Baden-Baden and Baden-
Baekettrai, a town of Russia^ in the province of Duriach, firom the names of the chief towns of the
Taorida. It was lately the residence of the Tar- two divisions. Under Napoleon's formation of the
tar elans of the Crimea, and the palace is a curi- Rhenish confederacy in 1806, Baden was conrtitut-
oiQs species of painted Chinese structure. Near ed a grand duchy, with some change of territoiy.
this |Maoe, on a high rock, is an old fort called the divided into three parts of the Upper, Middle, ana
Jews* Citadel^ so named as having been from time Lower Rhine ; but receiving a further accession
immemorial mhabited by about 200 femilies of of territorv of Brisgan^ &c. m 1809, it was divi-
Jews. Bacheseiai is seated in a deep valley, on ded into the 10 following oireles, viz. The Lake
the rivulet Katza, 18 m. S. S. W. ot Symphero- Danube, Weisen, Treisam. Kinzig, Murg, Pfutz
sol. and Enz, Neckar, Odenwald, and Main andlTauber,
BaekioHf an island, the largest and most south- being names of so many rivers intersecting the
em of the proper Moluccas. It is 70 m. in cir- territory ; the code Napoleon was adopted as the
cumferenee, and the interior rises into woody hills, constitution of the state, and the seat of govern-
it is governed by a sultan, who is also sovereign ment, established at Carlsruhe, about two miles
of Onby and Ceram ; and he receives a pension from Durlaeh. The whole territory contains
^om tbie Dutch, either for the destruction or sup- about 5,600 square miles, and a population of about
ply of nutmegw. The Dutch first formed a settle- 925,000, from the productive portion of whom a
ment here in 1610. Zabonga is the chief town, revenue of about £600,000 annually is collected
Long. 127. 0. E. lat. 0. 23. S. fer military and state purposes. That portion of
BaekUj or Baku, a city of Sliirvan, in Persia, the territory bordering on the Rhine, includinr
sitnate on the shore of a fine haven on the W. the old margraviate. is exceedingly f^uitflily and
side of the Gaspian Sea. It was taken possession contains about 180,000 inhabitantsc The forests
of by Russia at the eommenoement of the last yield abundance of materials for buildingand fuel,
eentory ; ceded back to Persia in 1735, and repos- Baden, the capital of Upper Baden, with a ca»*
lAO it B4H
tfa, on the top ofa hill, wherethe prinee often le- Mason. It is about 60 miles north of the site of
sides. It is remarkable for its hot baths, and is the ancient Babylon, fSO north of Bassora, and 8
seated between the Murg and the Rhine, 40 m. 6eg. due east of Damascus. Lat 33. 20. N. and
W. of Stuttgard, and 20 S. of Cwlsruhc. Long. 44. 46. £. long. Pop. estimated at from 60JOOO to
6. 22. £. ho. 48. 48. N. 90,000, three-fourths of whom are Turks, Uie xe-
Badetit a town of Switxerland, in Arg[au, capital mainder are Jews, Persians, and of vanous na-
of tbe county of the same name. Near it are some tions.
warm baths, mentioned by the ancients under the Ba^Uma, a country of the Deccan of HindoostaSi
names of Aquas and Therme Helvetice. In bounded on the north by Guierat^ east by Cande-
1714, a treaty was concluded here between Ger- ish and Dowlatabad, south by Visiapour, and west
many and Spain. It is seated on the Limmat, 10 by the ocean. It is exceedingly mountainous, hoi
m. N. W. of Zurich. Long. 8. 24. E. lat. 47. 26. N. fertile in many places.
Badem, a town of Austria, fiunons for its numer- BagtUUuea. or Banjahikaf a town of European
ons hot baths ; seated on the Suechat, 15 m. S. 8. Turkey, in tne N. W. comer of Bosnia, on the bor*
W. of Vienna. Also of a Tillage in the Valais, der of Croatia, 55 m. N. W. of Serai.
Switxerland, with a hot bath of a sufficient degree Bagnara, a seaport of Naples, in Calabria Ulter*
of heat to boil an egg. lore. Here are several high waterfalls : and among
BadenweUer, a town of the grand duchy of Ba- the rocks are the ruins of the former town, in
den, in the circle of Weisen^uch frequented for iti which 3,017 |>ersons perished by an earthquake in
hot baths, seated near the Rhine, 5 m. B. S. W« of 1783. It is situate near the straight of Messina,
Sulzburg. 15 m. N. N. E. of Rejn^io. Long. 16. 8. £.<iat« 38.
Badmoarih, a village in Gloucestershire, En^. 7 15. N. Pop. about 5,000.
m. N. £. of Gloucester. Here is a mineral spring Bagnarea^ a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
called Cold Pool, nearly the same in quality as that St. Peter, 5 m. S. of Onrieto.
of Cheltenham. Bagnertiy a town of France, in the department
Baexa, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated of Upper Pyrenees, famous for its baths and min-
near the source of theGuadalaquivir. It was onoe eral waters ; seatea on the river Adonr, 10 m. 8.
the residence ofa Moorish king, and was since a of Tarbes.
bishop's see, and seat of an universitv, but is now BagnoU, a town of France, in the department of
deemed of little importance, although its popula- of Gud, near the river Cese, 8 m. S. of Pont St.
tion is still considerable. It lies four leagues £. £sprit. It has manufactures of silk,
of the great post road from Madrid to Cadiz by JBafsAoC, a villi^ in Surrey, £ng. 12 m. N. by
Cordova, ana about 10. N. of Jaen. E. ofnPamham. It is surrounded by an extensive
Bafa,B, seaport town at the west end of the heath, bordered on the west by Windsor park.
Isle of Cyprus, with a fort, near the ancient Pa- Since 1800 a considerable portionhas been enclosed
ihos, of wnich considerable ruins remain, particu- and brought under cultivation.
arly some broken columns, which probably be- Bahama ty or Lueayos lsUmi$i a group of Islands,
\ onged to the temple of Venus. Long. 32. 30. E. forming part of the Britidi West Indies, exten*
lat. 91. 50. N. ding from the long, of 79. W. in the lat of 28. in
Buffings Bay, a vast expanse of sea, so called from a S. E. direction, to the long, of 70. in the lat of
an English captain of the name of Baffin, who 21. N. The northern part Bes contiguous to the
navigated it in 1616. It is entered from the Atlan- coast of Florida, and the southern contiguous to
tic by Davis's Straits, between the lon|^. of 54. the north end of St Doming. The greater por-
and uT. W. and in the lat. of the Arctic Circle. It tion are mere rocks and umnhabited ; the follow
is still questionable whether it be a bay or not ; ing are the principal islands : Bahama^baco, An-
and the English govemcnt, since the general dreas. New Providence, Eleuthera, £xuma. Cat
Seaoe of Europe in 1814, have sent several ezpe- Island, Long Island, Crooked Island, Mariguana,
itions, to endeavour to penetrate in the direction Great Cai^cos, Grand Turk, Tnsgna, Square
of that sea into the Pacific Ocean. Handkerchief. Of these Cat Island first deservea
Bagdad, a celebrated city of. Asiatic Turkey, notice, as being the first land of the western
the capital of a pachalic of the same name, or, as hemisphere, discovered by Columbus on the 12th
it is now more commonly called, Irac Arabi ; Bac- of Oct 1492, by whom it was called Guanahana.
dad is finely seated on the east bank of the noblB New Providence is the best cultivated, producing
river Tigris, and previous to the route to India by a little aogar^ coffise, and cotton, and exporting
the Cape of Good Hope, it was the centre of a large quantities of fruit to the U. S. of America,
very extensive corameroe. It was the capital of £xuma and Turks Islands have exported 30,600
the Saracen empire^ till taken by the Turks in tons of 'salt annually; but the chief occupatioo of
the 13th century ; since which it has ofien been the inhabitanti, is we turtle fishery. The passage
an object of contention between the l\irks and between the northernmost island and the ecMt
Persians, until it was taken the last time by the of Florida is called the Bahama channel, end
Turks, in 1631. It still continues to be a place of another passage between Long and Crooked isl-
considerable resort, for all the commodities of ends is called &e windward passage, and fiirms the
Natolia, Sjrria, Persia, and India ; but has lost route of the ships bound from Jamaica tor Europe :
much <n its ancient splendour, and is not so opu- the Jamaica packet touches st Cnxtked IsMund
lent as when in the possession of the Persisns. homeward-bound as the point of departure. The
The tomb of the Jewish prophet Eaekiel is still number of slaves upon the whole islands acooard*
shown here. Ii has several manufiustories of silk, ing to a return made to parliament in 1823, wss
cotton, wool, and leather, and has a cannon foun- 10^08, and the while population probably amounts
dij. Tbe city is surrounded by a wall shout five to about 4,000.
miles in circumference, and contains some commo- Bakar^ an interior province of Hindoostan, west
dious houses, bat its general character is mean and of Bengal ; bounded on the north bv Ncpaul, west
dittf . its markets are abundantly supplied with bv Ou& and Allahabad, and south bv Bexar and
ail kinds of provisions ; but the great neat of its (hissa. It is intersected by the Cfanges fi'om
eluaats rsnoBrs it uneomfortaUe i the summer west to east, which reocivcs sewal tribntaiy
BAI 00 BAL
itreuns in its eonne through the province, the comer of the ffolf of AiaMo, supposed to hare been
most considerable of which are, the Goosey from the ancient Issus, celebrated for the Tictory of
the north, and the Soane from the south. It is an Alexander over Darius.
exceeding'lv fertile district ; its rice is the finest Baibaurdij an inland town of Armenia, about
of all Hinaoostan ; suffar, silk, indigo, cotton, and 45 m. N. of Arz Roum.
sah petie are produced in great abundimce. Pat- Baikalf a lake of Siberia, in the province of
n% on the south bank of the Ganges, is the chief Irkutsk, 350 ro. in length, but its greatest breadtli
town. The town of Bahar, formerly the capital, not above 40, between the lat. of52. and 55. N.
is about 35 m. S. £. of Patna. The whole prov- and 104. to 109. £. long. The water is fresh, and
inoe is subject to the English East India Company, the Russians speak of it with reverence, calling it
Bakittf one of the 12 captaincies of Brazil, ly- the Holy Sea. There are many seals in it of a
ing south- of Pernambuco, and extending from blackish colour, and abundance offish ; also sev-
Uie 11th to nearly the 16th deg. of S. lat. and west eral islands, and that of Olchon, the largest, has
from the Atlantic Ocean in £e long, of 40. to a sulphureous springs, and naptha sometiirtes floats
ridge of mountains in 44. which bound it on the on its snr&ce. It receives the Selinga from the
west ; it is intersected bv another ridge of moun- south, and its outlet is the Angara, which flows
tains, its whole extent uom south to north in the north into the Yenisei.'
long.of about 42. and the river St. Francisco runs BaUeyshurg^ p.v. Surry Co. Va. 70 m. S. £.
from south to north between the two ridges of Richmond.
mountains, to the north extremity of the territo- BaUltvl, a town of France in the department of
ry ; when it abruptly changes its course to the east Nord,9 m. 8. W. of Ypres. It is » manufactur-
forming the boun<uiry between Bahia and Per- ing town. Pop. about 9,000. There are several
nambuco. Bahia contains a surface of about 50,- other .towns of the same name, in different parts
COO sq. miles, and is the most extensively culti. of France.
▼aied district of all Brazil ;su^, coffee, cotton, BaUur^ a seaport of Abyssinia, and chief town
and tobacco are all produced in great abundance, in the country of Dancali. It stands on a spacious
and the culture is progressively extending. Tht bay of the Red Sea, 340 m. £. by N. of Gondar.
forests abound in a variety ox wood, and are so Long. 42. 40. £. lat. 13. 3. N.
dense as to be almost impenetrable. The chief town jBotn. atown of France, in the department of
of the same name, or as it is sometimes called, St. Ille ana Vilaine, 16 m. S. of Rennes.
Salvador, is situate in lat 12. 45. S. and 38. 25. Bainbridge,ja.t. Chenango Co. N. T. 135 m. W.
W. long, on the east bank of a noble bay, called Albany. Pop. 3,040.
the bay of All Saints, which runs up from south BaxtJnidgey p.t. Ross Co. Ohio,
to north about 40 m. being about 8 m. wide at its Bainbru^e, p.v. Franklin Co. Alab. on the
mouth. The town is situate just within the en- Tennessee, 5 m. above Florence.
the centre of which buildings have been extended of Syria, in Palestine, and tne chief town or the
to the summit of the rising ground, which com* Druses. The port is nearly choked with sand
mands a very extensive and beautiful view of and ruins ; but many cottons and silks axe expor-
the sea and the country inland. Next to Rio Ja- ted hence for Cairo. It stands on the north side
neiro, Bahia is the most important town of Brazil of a broad promontory, 50 m. W. N. W. of Da-
and in point of commerce is the greatest. The mascus. Long. 36. 10. £. lat. 33. 45. N. Pop
houses are in general well built, mostly of stone, about 7,500.
and it has several churches and convents of con- Bakery a County in the S. W. part of Georgia
siderable magnitude. Pop. about 100,000. on Flint river. Pop. 1 ,2^. B^on is the capital.
Baklingenj a town of Wurtemburg, situate near Bakersfidd,_p.i, Fraxiklin do. Vt. 48 m. N. W.
the source of the Teyah, a branch of the Neekar MontpeUer. Pop. 1,067.
River, about 20 m. S. W. of Hohenzollem. Baker*s River , a branch of the Merrimack,
Bakrtateky a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- Grafton Co. N. Hampshire,
ince of Oude, G2m. N. N. W. of Fyzabad, and Bakerstoum, p.v. Allegany Co. Pa. 13 m. N.
65N. E. of Lucknow. Long. 81. 56. £. lat. 27. Pittsburg.
30. N. BakeweSly an extensive parish and town, in the
Bdhrenhurgy a town of Westphalia, in the Peak of Derbyshire, £ng. Here is a large cotton-
county of l£>ya, on the river Sunlingen, 20 m. mill ; and near it at the village of Ashford, are
W. or Nieuburg. marble works, where the black and grey marbles
BoAroA, a town of Arabia, situate on an island, fbund in the vicinity are sawn and pDlished. It
30 m. long, in the ffulf of Persia. It gives name is seated on the Wye, 27 m. N. N. W. of Derby,
not only to the is&nd on which it is built, but and 153 of London. The town contains a pop.
also to a cluster of them, celebrated for the pearl of 1,782, and the parish about 9160.
fishery ; and likewise to a province, extending BakatOf or BakoUy a town of European Tnrkevy
alonf the west coast of the gulf. The town is in Moldavia, on the river Bistritza, 60 m. S. W.
fortified, and belonged once to the Portuguese, but Jassy.
IS now possessed by the Wahabees. It stands on Biaku or Backn, a town of Persia, in the prov-
tbe west side of the island, 70 m. N. Ifi. of Lasha. ince of Schirvan, the most commodious haven of
Long. 49. 5. £. lat. 26. 20. N. the Caspian Sea. on the west coast of which it is
Bwa, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, situate. The vicinity produces much rook-salt,
formerly fiimons for its not baths and elegant pal- sulphur, and naptha, and it is &mouB for sal&on.
aces, of which some ruins remain . It is seated on Baku is a fortress, surrounded by high brick walls,
the bay of Naples, 12 m. W. of Naples. 300 m. S. of Astiaoan. Long. 49. 15. £. lat 40.
Bb/0, a town of Lower Hungaiy, on the east 2. N.
bank of the Danube, 35 m. N. W. of Esseg. BoZa, a corporate town of Wales, in Merioneth
BmaSf or PaigaSf a town of Syria, at the N. £. shire. It is seated on the lake of BaUi or Fem
•AI. 7i BAL
blemere, which is three miles long, and one broad, forming part of the province of Arragon ; thej are
and abounds with a fish called gulnard, resem- named, Maiorca^Minorca, Ivica, Formentera, and
bling a salmon in shape, and tasting like a trout. Cabrera, which see.
The river Dee issues from this lake. It has the Balfiushj a town of Persia, in Mazanderan, on
remains of three Roman camps, which seem to the south shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 m. W. ot
have been used as exploratory stations, befbre the Ferabad.
Ordoyices were totally subdued. The inhabitants Balga, a town of Prussia, on the Frisch Haff,
carry on a considerable trade in knit woolen stock- 24 m. S. W. of Koni^berff.
ings. It is 40 m. S. £. of Caemarron, and 196 BaU, or Ballyf an island, 75 miles long and 45
N. W. of London. Pop. 1,163. broad, at the east end of the isle of Java, from
BalacheOf a town of European Russia, situate which it is separated by a channel called the Strait
on a brancn of the Don, 90 m. W. of Saratov. of Bali. It is populous, abounds in rice and fruits,
Balachnay a town Russia, seated near the Volga, and fornishes staves, cotton-ram,- and pickled
40 m. W. N. W. of Niznei Novogorod. pork. Long. 11. 50. £. lat. 8. 30. S.
BalaffUeTy a fortified town of Spain, in Catalon- BaUzty a river which divides the provinces of
ia, on the- river Segra, at the foot of a craggy rock, Yucatan and Guatemala, fidling into the bay of
75 m. W. N. W. of Barcelona. Long. 0. 4a £. Honduras in lat. 14. 50. N. 91. 15. W. long. There
lat. 41. 43. N. is a town of the same name near the mouth of the
Balaganskoi, a town in the province of Irkoutsk, river, which forms the principal settlement of the
Siberia, about 30 m. N. of the city of Irkoutsk. English for supplying mahogany and logwood, to
Balakatoa, a seaport at the south-west end of the extent of 20,000 tons annuauy.
the Crimea. There is also a fort called Balize in the Swamp,
Balambanganf a smaH but very fruitful island, at the mouth of the Mississippi River, in lat. fa,
off the north end of Borneo, in fat. 7. 16. N. and 6. N. 89. 20. W. long.
116. 58. W. long. Balky a southern province of Independent Tar-
Balamhuan. See Palambuan. tary, bordering on Persia, now subject to Caubul.
Balapura. Chiea, a town of Hindoostan, in My- The principal city of the same name is situate on
sore, noted for the manufacture of sugar-candy and the De wasn, a branch of the Oxus or Amu River.
clayed sugar, 15 m. N. E. of Doda Salapura. and is a place of grreat antiqui^, once the capital
Balnpuraf Doda, a town of Hindoostan, in My- of Persia, and the residence of Cyrus. It is s^l
sore, surrounded by a mud- wall and hedge, and a place of considerable importance and intercourse
has a strong mud fort with a palace. Here are between the inhabitants of the countries border-
manufactures of cloth and suffar. It is 22 m. N. ing on the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and
by W. of Bangalore, and 57 S. E. of Sera. the sea of Aral and Bukharia on one side, and of
BalaraCj a town of France, in the department Hindoostan on the other. The khan's castle is a
of Herault, fiunous for its baths. It is 12 m. from magnificent structure, built of marUe, dug out of
Montpelier. the neighbouring mountains. It is ai>out 220 m.
Batasore, a seaport of Hindoostan, in Orissa, and S. £. of Bokhara, and 260 N. W. of Attock Bena^
a place of considerable trade ; situate on the Gon- res on the Indus, in 36. 28. N. lat. and 65. 20. W.
gahar, 20 m. fit>m its moUth in the bay of Bengal, long* Pop. about 7,000.
and 124 S. W. of Calcutta. Long. 86. 46. E. lat BaUaghj a parish in the county of Mayo, Iie-
21. 26. N. land. Pop. in 1821, 3,380, in which is mcluded
BdUUouy a lake in the south part of Lower Hun- the town of Minola with 415 inhabitants and the
gary , 40 m. in leuj^th, and 1 to 4 broad. The N. village of Ballagh with 329.
endi8^bout5m. fromStuhl-Weisenburgh, and 36 BaUaiUrae^ a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
more from the Danube, with which it is proposed near the mouth of the Stinchar, 24 m. S. S. W. of
to unite the lake b^ a canal. Ayr.
Balbastroj an episcopal town of Spain, in Arra- BalUeborough, a parish and town in the county
gon, on the river Vero, near its conflux with the of Cavan. Ireland. In 1821, pop. of the pari^
Cinca, 45 m. E. N. £. of Saragossa. Pop. about 6,283, and of the town 804.
5,000. BaUibaphay^ a town in the county of Donegal,
BalheCf the ancient Heliopolis, a town of Syria, Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 290.
at the foot of Mount Libanus, near the north-east BaUina. a town in the county of Mayo, Ireland,
extremity of the fertile valley of Bocat. On the 7 m. S. of Killala, and 120 W. by N. of Dublin,
east side are magnificent ruins, particularly those Pop. in 1821, 4,422. It was occupied by the
of the temple <tedicated to the Sun. The town French in 1798.
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, in 1759, BaUinaslo^y a town chiefly in the parish of Kil-
and is now a poor place, 37 m. N. N. W. of Da- doony, county of Galway, but extends into the
mascus. parish of Creagh, in the county of Roscommon,
BaldeagUf ts. Lycoming Co. Pa. and Centre Co. Ireland. It is distinguished fbr its great annual
P^ sheep fair, the first week in Oct. when about 100,-
Baldiffia. 8ee Valdima. 000 sheep, and 10,000 head of homed cattle are
Baldoekf a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seated brou^t to market. It is 12 m. W. of Athlone.
among hills, 9 m. W. S. W. of Royston, and 37 and 72 W. of Dublin. It is sometimes called
N. N. W. of London. It was originally built by Dunloe. Pop. in 1821, 1,811.
the knights templars in the 12th century, on the Ballinffarru, a parish and town in the county
Mte of the Roman way, called the Ikeneild street, of Limerick, Ireland. Pop. of the town 1,553. and
Pop. in 1821, 1,550. of the parish 5,328 more.
Baldwin^ t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 947. Balhnakiny a town and parish in Queen's Coun-
Pop. 2,32i. Blakely is the chief town. Gallen, 2,467.
BaUarie Ides, five islands in the Mediterranean, */ There are about 300 other parishes and -vil
SAL -i
hft* in IreUnd be^nning witJi BaBin, but dodb
that merit tnj puticnlor notice ; wKreral o( Ihem
ue popnloQ*.
BoUkoh, p.t. Sarat^x Co. N. Y. 35 m. N. A1-~
banj. Pap. 2,113. Tbia lawn U bmoui for iU
mineral Bprinfji, See SartOoga.
B^y, m Lriih li^ifiea town; thero ore up-
mrdi oflSO p&iiahci, lowoB, and TilIafM in Ire-
land beginainf with BaJtj, auch aa Baltybey, Bfd-
lytattU, 4«. 4<.
BaiiHTUD, a tom of Scotland, in t^feahire,
which ha* a bade in corn and aalmon. The niina
or ita once maf(mfic«&t aiibej, fbnuded in 1929,
•re much admired. It ia aeated on the trith of
Taj, oppomte Onndee, 10 m. N. W. of St. An-
BiUtie, an inland mb, in the N. W. af .Europe,
between the coaata of Sweden, RoMia, Courland,
PmcBB, 0«munT,UMl Denmark, aiteDding irom
the 64th U) the 60Ui dec. of N. lat. the Gulf of
P^*'"" ninnlne up to Uw lat. of 66. and lying
between the 16th and 32nd dec- of W. long, the
Golf of Livonia extending S 3eg. fWther west,
and that of nnland aa Git u 30. lU aorftuie ia
eatimated at L20/)0D aq. milea, it contaiua a great
niunlier of ialanda, the principal of which aie
Aland, Dago,Oeael, aothfand,Oeland, Bomholm
Rdgen, and Lalaod ; and the ialanda of Zealand
atmetore loe feet in length and 127 feet high to
thecToaeat theaiunmitoftbe dome. It oontaina
the largeat organ in tha United atatei, IwTing
6,000 pipea a--* ™ -• — " •- — -
ftaTigahle ehannela into the Baltic from the aea
enlM the Cattc^U, which commDnloatea with the
Oennan Oteao : lat which ia the moat northeiij
and moalfte4tienled,ia called the Sound, between
tbe coaat o( Sweden S. and the coaat of the lale
at Zealand S. Thia paaaage ia about fVmr nulea
actoaa, and ia naTigat^ bj 8,000 to 9,000 aail of
Daniah goTemment, fbi the maintenance of the
light-honaea on tbe coeata of the levenl cbanneta.
'The middle channel between the aouth side of the
lale of Zealand, and tbe lalei of Fanen and Laland
ia called the Great Belt ; and the moat aoutherly,
between the iale of FiiDen and Laland, and the
coast of Jutland, tbe Little Belt ; but tha naviga-
tion of both ii ciicuitoDs and intricate compared
with the Sound, and (her are onN paaaed under
Teiy partienlar ciroumatancei. There ia little or
no ti<to within the Baltic, and the ehaoneU and
barbonia are generally Ainen np three or foor
montha in the winter. Amber is fbnnd on the
«oaat of Praaria.
Baltiriutrt, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Cork, OD a headland which runa iuta the leo, and
fbmii a good harbour, 5 m, N, E. of Cape Clear-
It haa tbe raina of an abbey, and ia 50 m. S. W.
of Cork. Long. 9. 14. W. hit. 51. 16. N.
Babiawj a Coonty of Maryland, on Cheaa^
peakBay. Fop. ISO^K. The city of Baltimore
lalhe aeatof juatice.
Bmltiaon, the ohlef city in Harjland, near the
mouth of the river Patapaco on the wealem aide
of Cheaapeak Bay, ia a place of great oommeree
and wealth. It waa founded in 17dQ, but grew
■o riowly that in 1753 it oonaiated of only SS
lioiuea. Since the revolation il haa increaaed
wilh aitoniihiog- rapidity and at pfeaent ia one of
the Grit American cttira. Itstanda at tbe head of
tide-water, 14 miles from the bay, and containa
45 chnrcbea, 5 rauketa, 2 Uiealrea, in banks, an
' exchange, a public library, St. Mary's College
and the Ifnivenilyof Maryland, alonatiD aavlun,
an obaervatai;, 2 mnaanms, and snrerr' -' *
pthtic fonulauis. Tha Cathedral ia
in length, with a hall 86 feel bj 53, lighted from
the dome of the building; in this hsJl the mer-
chants meet daily to tranaacl bnajnes*.
There are two aplendid ntonnmenta at Balti-
more. The Battle Monument is bnlll of marble,
55 feet in height, and conuneniontes the defeat of
the British in tfaeir attack upon the city in (614.
The Washington Monument ia also of white mar-
ble, 50 feet aqnare at the baae and aualaining a
coloaaal atatue of Waahington at the height of
163 feel ftom tbe gronml. The City Hotel ia one
of the first public hooaea in theconntrj. Moat of
the streets of tbe citT are broad and at right as
gles. Fell'i Point, the lower part of the city, ia
the quarter where moat of the stores and shipping
are collected. Baltimore is the greateat flour
market in the United Slatea. In Um immediate
neighbourhood are above 60 flour mills, a aingle
one of which haa produced 32/X)0 barrela in a
year. In tha aame compass sre also 13 cotton
mannfactoriei, and others of cloth, powder, paper,
iron, gloss, ateam engines, chemical worka, Ac.
Baltimore haa 80,625 inhabitants and is tbe third
commercial city in tbe United States. It ia in
lat. 39. 17. N. and long. 76. 36. W. 37 m.
n. G. Washington, and JW m. S. W. Fhiladel-
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad eitenda ftom
thia city to the Ohio river at Pittaburg, 300 miles.
It was begun in 1829 and a great portion of il
is already completed. There are aeveral viadoMa
and emunkments In ita course near Baltimore,
substantially built of granite, and a deepcut three
with aails go sometimes SS mites an hour and can
lie within 4 points of tbe wind. The whole dis-
tance from Baltimore to Pittaburg, when oomplet-
ed,will be travelled according to estimation, br
hone power in 30 houra, and by ateam in SO.
Another railroad has been commenced to extend
from Ballimore to York Havan on the SuMpie.
banni, GO mjlea.
BaUimore, Jfca, p.t. Gieeue Co. N. Y. 90 m.
S. Albany, on the Hudson. Pop. 3,370.
BaltimBTt, t. Sussei Co. Del, compri^ng tha
Hundreda of-Dayaborongh, Indian River, LewM
Rehobolh and Broad Kiln.
BalHnglait, a town and pariah of Ireland fai
tbe county of Wioklow. It has some mannfte-
turea of linen and woolen, and is saalad on th*
BAN
79
BAN
Slaney, 29 m. S. W. of Dublin. Population of
the town in 1820, l^SOO, and of the parish, 2,303
more.
Bamlbaf a town of the kingdom of Con|^, in a
rich province of the same name. It camea on a
traffic in alaves, and is seated on the Lose. 160 m.
8. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 45. £. lat. 7.
S.S.
Bamharray a kingdom of Negroland. which lies
to the S. W. of that of Tombuctoo. The cultiva-
tion of. com is here carried on to a great extent ;
and the inhabitants are liospitable to strangers.
Sego is the capital. It is intersected from west
to east by a river, the supposed Niger, navigable
for canoes the whole extent of the countnr.
Bambergy the territory of, formerly an miperial
bishopric but made over to Bavaria m the Bona-
partean territorial arrangements in 1803, and is
now called the Circle of the Mayne. It is inter-
sected by the lines of 50. N. lat. and the 11th of
E. long, containing a surface of about 1,430 sq.
miles, several towns and villages, and a popul&>
tion of 210,000. The chief town of the same name
is situate in the centre of the territory, on the cast
bank of the Rednits River, a little above its conflux
with the Mayne. It is the seat of an university,
and the cathedral and episcopal palace are stately
edifices.
Bawberg, a town of Bohemia, at the foot of a
mountain, 30 m. S. of Glatz.
Bamboraugky a village in Northumberland, Eng.
on the sea-coast, 14 m. N. of Alnwick, it was
once a borough, and gave name to a tract called
Bamborooghshire. It has a castle, on a rock, in-
accessible on all sides, except the south, said to
have been built by king Ida, about 560.
"Bamboukf a kingdom of Africa, between the
rivers Faleme and Senegal. It is said to be very
populous, and on the borders of the rivers fertile,
but in other parts sandy and barren. The most
remarkable animals are a species of whito apes,
which the inhabitants will not allow to be sent
out of the country \ whito foxes, and the giraffe,
an animal like a camel, and of extraordinary
swiftness. There are mines of ^old, silver, tin,
lead, and iron. The capital is of the same name.
Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 13. 30. N.
^ Bamian, a city of Usbec Tartary, in the pro-
vince of Gaur, south of the Gaur moimtains.
Here are a great number of apartments and re-
cesses cut out of a mountain, some of which, from
their ornamental work and extraordinary dimen-
sions, are supposed to have been temples. It is
seated near a river of the same name, 170 m. S.
S. E. of Balk, and 100 W. of Cabul. Long. 66.
10. E. lat. 34. 30. N.
BsmoA, a town on the north border of the
kingdom of Birmah, with a fort, seated on the
Irrawaddy, 170 m. N. N. E. of Ummerapoora.
Bampton, a town in Oxfordshire, £ng. The
remains of its ancient castle yet exist ; and it has
a trade in leather gloves, jackets, and breeches.
It is seated near the Thames, 12 m. W. of Oxford,
and 71 W. by N. of London. Pop. 1,460.
Bampton, a town in 'Devonshire, Eng. with a
chalybeate spring and a manu&cture of serges. It
is seated in a bottom, surrounded by hills, 20 m.
N. N. £. of Exeter, and 163 W. by S. of London.
Pop. 1,630.
Banagker, a borough of Ireland, in King's
County, seated on the Shannon, 15 m. 8. of a3i-
lohe. Pop. 2,813.
JBofMtoara, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
with a fine mud fort, and the ruins of an extensive
palace. Much tobacco is cultivated in the vicmi
ty. It is 68 m. N. W. of Seringapatam.
Bankuryy a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It
is noted for ito cakes and ale, and is seated on the
Cherwell, 71 m. N. N. W. of London, and on the
line of the Oxford Canal. It has a manufacture
of silk plush, and returns one member to parlia-
ment.
Btonca, an island on the S. £. coast of Sumatra,
celebrated for ite productive tin mines. It has a
town and strait of the same name. It was possess-
ed by the English during the war of 1812-13,
but ceded back to the Duteh in 1814.
Baiuaiiy a seaport on an island off the east coast
of Sumatra, in tne straite of Malacca, where the
Dutoh have a settlement. It is 130 m. S. of Malac-
ca. Long. 101. 7. E. lat. 1. 15. N.
Bancaluiiry, the chief town of the island of Ma-
dura. It is the residence of the Sultan, and po-
pulous.
Baneapaur, a frontier town of Mysore, in lat
14. 58. belonging to the Mahrattas.
Banroek, a town of the kingdom of Siam, with a
fort ; seated near the mouth of the Menan, 48 m.
south of Siam. Lon^. 101. 48. E. lat. 13. 44. N.
Banamif or Fort Vtetoria, a town and fortress of
Hindoostan, on the coast of the Concan, with a
good harbour, and a trade In salt. It was taken
by the British in 1755 ; and is 66 m. S. of Bombay.
Long. 72. 48. £. lat 18. 5. N.
Bamda. the chief of the Banda, or Nutmeg Isl-
ands in tre Indian Ocean. The group comprises
the isle called Lantor, and six or seven others.
The nutmeg, covered with mace, grows principal-
ly on these islands. It flourishes best in a black
mould, and grows also amon^^ the lavas of Go-
nong, the highest of all the islands, ite summit
being 1,940 ft. above the sea. In ite general ap-
pearance the nutmeg resembles the clove tree,
only it is less pointed at the top, and ite branches
are more spreading. Ite leaves are similar to
those of the pear tree, but larger, and like those
of the nut tribe are dark green on the upper
surface and gray beneath. After sm^U white
flowers it produces a firuit very similar in form
and colour to a nectarine. When ripe it resembles
a ripe peach, and bursting at the furrow, discovers
the nutmeg with ite reticulated coat, the mace, of
a fine crimson colour. The external pulpy cov-
ering has an astringent taste. Within the mace is
the nutmeg, inclosed in a thin shell of a glossy
black, and easily broken. It has 8 varieties which
appear to bepermanent. Ite cultivation is nice and
difficult. The best trees are produced from the
seeds voided by a blue pigeon called the nirfm^
hird. These islands have been subject to the
Duteh ever since 1609, when they expelled both
the English and natives. Tliey are all very small,
the largest being only 20 m. in circumference, and
are subject to earthquakes. Banda was taken by
BAA 75 BAM
the Extf Itflh, in 1796, and restored in 1802. Re- shore of the bay of Carrickftr^s, opposite tlM
taken in IdlO, and restored a^a at the peace in town of that name. Pop. in lo2l, of the town,
1814. Lat 4. 40. S. lon^. 12J. £. 2,043 ; of the corporation, 327 ; and of the parish.
Banda OriaUal, or Eastern Shore, a district of 6^2, making a total of 9,542 ; 90 m. N. by £. ot
the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, lying in Dublin, and about 10 £. of Belfast,
the eastern part, between the riyer Uruguay and Bangor , p.t. Penobscot Ck>. Me. on the Penob-
the sea. It is bounded N. by Brazil and S. by scot, & m. above Castine. It has a considerable
the bay of the Rio de la Plata, and contains about commerce in lumber, and a Theological Seminary.
70,0J0 sq. m. It is a fertile and well watered dis- Pop. 2,868.
trict and has been the subject of contention and Bangor , p.t. Franklin Co. N: Y. 204 m. N. W.
warfare between the Buenos Ayrean and Brazil- Albany. Pop. 1,076.
ian governments. Monte Video is the chief town. Bonutor, p. v. Halifiuc Co. Va.' 140 m. S. W
Bandon, or itoiujon-^ridf e, a borough of Ireland, Richmond.
in the county of Cork. It is commonly a milita- Banjahika. See Bagnaluka.
'■y station, and has manufactures of cotton, cam- BaHjer, or Bender , a considerable river in the
lets, ticking, &c. It is situate on a river of the island of Borneo, which flows almost due south
same name, 13 m. 8. W. of Cork. It extends from the centre of the country to the harbour of
into three parishes, the part in the parish of Desart, Banjermassinff, and at its mouth the Dutch have
contained in 1820, 10,179 inhabitants, and the re- their principu fkctory.
inainder about 4,000 more. Banjemuissingf or Bendermassinjr, ft kingdom
Bandora, a town of Hindooetan, on the south in the south part of the island of Borneo, the
side of the island of Salsette which is separated capital of which is Metapura. The country pro-
from that of Bombay, by a narrow channel. It is duces great quantities of pepper ; also ffold, iron,
6 m. N. of Bombay. diamonds, canes, birds-nests, wax, and dra^ns-
Bof^f a County of Scotland, bounded on the N. blood. It has a town of the same name, with a
by the ocean, S. £. by Aberdeenshire, and W. by eood harbour, at the mouth of the river Banjer.
MurraysMxe. Its greatest length is 50 miles, and Long. 114. 30. £. lat. 3. 15. S.
Aa extent along the coast 22, but tiie main breadth Banks Island^ an island in the Pacific Ocean,
« not more thui 16. The south part is very moun* on the east side of New Zealand, about 100 m. in
tainous, but the northern district is level and fer- circimiference. Lon^. 184. 0. £. lat. 43. 30. S.
tile. The principal rivers are the Deveron and Banks Jsland, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
9pey, which form a part of its east and west boun- near the west coast of North America, about 60
Uries, and yield abundance of fine salmon. The m. long and 5 broad. Long. 130.0. W. lat. 53«
Aven rises firoma small lake at the south extrem- 30. N.
ity of 'the county, ftlling into the Spey, where that Bann, a river of Ireland, which issues from the
river divides the county from Mnrrayshire. The Mourne mountains, in the county of Down, flows
principal towns are Gamry, Cullen, Fochabers, N. W. into Armagh, throufirh Lough Neagh, and
Keith, Aberlour, and Kirkmichael. thence forms the boundary oetween Londonderry
Banff, the chief town of the preceding county, and Antrim, entering the sea four miles below
is situate at itsN. W. extremity, on the east bank Coleraine.
of the Deveron, over which is a handsome bridge Bannalec, a town in the S. £. part of the depart-
of seven arches. It has some manufactures of lin- ment of Finisterre, France, 15 m. £. ot Quim-
en and cotton, but it is more a place of fashiona- per.
Me resort than either a manufacturing or cominer- Bannhrids^e, a town of Ireland, in the county of
eial town. The town-hall was built m 1798, and Down, on the river Bann, 14 m. N. by £. of
is a handsome edifice. It is a royal burgh, gov- Ncwry, on the road to Belfast. Pop. in 1821 ,
emed by a provost, fi>ur bailies, aud 12 councillors. 1 ,715.
45 m. N. of Aberdeen, and 167 of Edinburgh. Pop. Bannockburny a village of Scotland in the parish
in 1820, 3y866. of St. Ninians, on the river Bannock, two miles
Bangalsre, a city of Hindoostan, in Mysr>re. south of Stirling. It is noted fi>r a battle between
It had a strong fisrt, built by Hyder, deemed the £dward II. and Robert Bruce, in 1314, in which
bulwark of Mysore, toward Arcot : it was taken by tlie former was defeated. Here also James the III.
the English in 1791, and restored the next year in 1487. was defeated by his subjects, wounded, and
to "nDpoo, who destroyed it : but since reverted to soon after murdered by a priest takmg hisconfes-
the English. The palace is composed of mud, sion.
jet not without some degree of magnificence, and Bannow, a town of Ireland, in the county of Wcx-
there are two extensive gardens made by the two ford, seated on the east shore of a bay to which it
sultans. The chief manufactures are silk and cot- gives name, 20 m. S. W. of Wexford. Long 6
too cloths, mushus, leather, and oil. It is 74 m. 50. W. lat. 52. 12. N. Pod. in 1821, 1,298.
N. £. of Sieringapatam. Long. 77. 37. £. lat. 1 3. Bantam^ a town on the N. W. coast of Java, cap
0. N. ttal of a kingdom of the same name, with two forts
Bangor J a city of Wales, in Caernarvonshire. It is divided into two parts by a river. The Ku
It is situate on the east shore of the Mrnai Strait f lish and Danes had factories here till 1652, whoii
on the high road from London to Holyhead. It tney were expelled by the Dutch. The chief pro'
was once so considerable, tliat it was called Ban- duce of the country is pepper, of which vast quan
gor the 2*^^* ^^^ defended by a castle. The tities were formerly exported by the Dutch, whr»
principal buildings are the cathedral and the bish- deposed the kings of the ancient race, and raonop-
op*s palace. Tte see is of very great antiquity, olized the entire traffic of the country. Bftntain,
The church was dedicated to St. Daniel, who once populous and flourishing, is now a poor place,
was bishop about the year 51(i. It is 36 m. W. its harbour being so choked up that it is inacces-
of SL Asaph, and 251 N. W. of London. Pop. in sible to vessels of burden ; its commerce is trans-
1321,3^79. feredto Batavia. Long. 105. 26. E. lat 6. 20. S.
Bangor, a borough and populous parish of Ire- Bantry, a capacious bay, at the S. W. extremi-
Itnd, in the uounty of Down, seated on the south ty of Ireland, on the coast of Cork, capable of
10 G
BAR 74 BAR
oontainiiig all the shipping of Europe ; but loiiie- tioui until the year 1813, when a very aingalar phe-
what cxpoaed to the swells of the Atlantic Ocean, nomenon occurred, wluch contributed essentially
A Frencn fleet endeavoured to land succours of to its resuscitation ; a yaat dense cloud of matter
arms in this bay to the adherents of James II . 1689, from the eastward, composed ^parently of rolcan-
aad they madf* another unsuccesful attempt to ic eruption, fell, and covered nearly the whole sur-
effect a landing with a formidable force 1796. It &oe of the island, which tended greatly to its fer-
is 26 miles long, 3 broad, and 40 fathoms deep in tility. Barbadoes was constituted an ecclesiastical
the middle. There is a town named Bantry^ at see over the whole of the Carribee Islands in 1824.
tlio head of the bay on the east side, the spacious It is also the chief seat of commissariat for the same,
liarbour of which is defended from the swells of which occasions the internal commerce of the is-
the ocean by the island of Whiddy. It is 46 m. land to be considerable. It was first settled by the
W. by S. or Cork, and 163 from Dublin Pop. in English in 1624 ; after the restoration of Charles
1821 , 3,659. II. a duty of 4 1-3 per ct. was exacted upon all pro-
BanwtU. a village in Somersetshire, £ng. four duce exported, under the pretext of maintaining
miles N. N. W. of Axbridge. Here was a mon- and keeping in repair the forts of the island, and
Astery, founded by one of the Saxon princes, for other protection. The duty has continued 150
which was destroyed by the Danes. On its site years, and in 1820 amounted fo jS18,637, but whol-
an episcopal palace was erected, some remains of ly converted into pensions, and the expenses of the
which are to be seen near the church. Pop. 1,430. island defrayed out of the taxes levied in £ng-
Bapaumef a town of France, in the department land. It is divided into five districts and 11 par-
of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Arras. Pop. 3,150. isbes. Bridgetown, the chief town, is in lat. 13.
There is a river of the same name, falling into the 5. N. and 59. 43. W. long. Charles's, James's, and
Seine, which drives about 20 paper mills. Speight's towns are the other towns of the island ;
BMitistawHf p.v. Hunterdon Ck>. N. J. 30 m. N. the tree population amounts to about 20,000.
W. Trenton. Barbaraf St. a town on the west coast of North
Bar, a town of Podolia, in Russian Poland, on a America, capital of a jurisdiction of its name. It
river that flows east into Uie Bog. In 1768, a cath- stands in a rugged, barren country, but has a good
olic confederation was held here, to protect the reli roadstead. Ix>ng. 119. 17. W. lat. 34. 54. N.
fion of the country fiaom the encroachments ot Bar(areen, a village of Ceylon, on the west
issenters. It is 48 m. £. N. £. of Kaminieck, and coast, 35 m. south orColombo. It has a harbour
55 N. W. of Braclaw. Long. 27. 40. E. lat. 49. 14. for ship-boats, and a considerable manufacture of
N. cordaffe and cables from the cocoa tree.
Bar, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, near the BaHforyf or the Barbary SUiUs. comprise the
Ganges, 34 m. £. S. E. of Patna. whole northern coast of North Amea, bordering
Bar, or fiaiTots, a late duchy of France, lying on on the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic
both sides of the Mouse, between Lorraine and Ocean to Egypt ; bounded or rather intersected,
Champagne. It now forms the department of on the south by the Atlas chain of mountains and
Meuse. bounded by the deserts of Sahara, Tuarick, and
Baracoa. a town on the N. E. coast of Cuba, with Lybia, extending in length from the long, of 10.
a good harbour for small vessels, 90 m. E. N. £. of W . to 25. of £. and varymg in breadth from 300 to
St. Jago de Cuba. Long. 74. 42. W. lat. 20. 30. N. 600 or 700 m. between the lai of 29. and 37. N. di-
Baraneo de MaJUunba, or BarangmBA, a town of vided into the six foUowing sovereignties, or
Colombia, in the province of Magdaiena, and a states : vis. first, beginning with the west ; Mo-
bishop's see, with a ffood harbour, at the mouth rocco. bordering whoUy on the Atlantic .Ocean,
of the Majrdalena. 70 m N. £. of Carthagena. Fes, torming the north-west comer of the African
Ijong 74. 50. W. lat. 11. 20. N. continent^ and Algiers^ Tunis, Tripoli^and Barca,
Barony, or Baranwokr, a town of Lower Hunsa- all bordermg on the Mediterranean. This exten-
rvt capital of the county of Barany, taken from uie* sive territory was known to the ancients by the
Turks m 1684. It is seated in an island, formed name of Mauritania, Numidia, Africa Proper,
by the river Crasso, 14 m. N. E^egi ^^^ ^^ S. and Ljrbia, and at one period contended with
of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E. lat. 45. 42. N. Rome for the empire of the world; and although
Barataria, a bay or the coast of Louisiana, near at the present day its inhabitants are among ttie
the mouth of the Mississippi, surrounded by a flat most unsocial and ilUterate of the communities of
marshy country. Boats can pass from the Mis- civilization, they were at one period as distin-
sissippi at New Orleans, through this bay to the guished for their attainments in art, as in arms.
This was formerly a great resort for pirates. The whole country abounds in local beauties, and
the east side of the lake Maracaybo, 130 m. S. by as lemons, oranges, the vine, olives, figs, almonds,
W. of Venexuela. and dates are in great profiision ; the mountains
Barbadoes. iht most easterlyof the Windward are rich in minerS substances, and all the domes-
islands, in tne West Indies^ 25 m. long and 15 tic animals common to Europe abound over the
of culture is the sugar cane, the produce of which merous in the mountains, and frequently make
IS about 15,000 tons of sugar annually, which, with inroads into the plains. Reptiles are also verj
some ginger and arrow-root, form its main exports, numerous, and the Boa-Constrictor, the most fero
The island sufleredgreatly by the storm, on the cious of the serpent kind, is common on the bor
10th of October, 1780, when upwards of 4,000 per- ders of the deserts. The external eommerce of the
sons perished by its violence, and at the commence- cotmtry is limited, but will be more particularly
ment of the 19th century^ was considerably on the adverted to when treating of the respective d*iri
decline, the soil indicating symptoms of^oxhaus- sions. Mahometanism, in its utmost degree of
BAK
n
BAH
personal indiil||[eiiee and wantonnesa of power,
prevails alike in all the states, and lestralns aU
rational and social advancement.
BarherinOy a town of Tuscany, at the foot of the
Apennines, on the river Sieva, 12 m. N. of Flor-
ence.
Barbesievx, a town of France, in the departr
ment of Chaiente, with a mineral spring, and a
minn&ctnre of linen cloth. It is 45 m/N. E. of
Bordeaoz. Pop. 2,750.
BarbovmUUy p.v. Orange Co. Va. 78 m. N. W.
Richmond.
BarboursviUef p.t. Knox Co. Ken. on Comber-
land River, 125 m. S. E. Frankfort.
Barbuda^ one of the Leeward islands, in the
West Indies^ 20 m. lon^r and 10 broad. It has
^od road for shippinsr, but the inhabitants (about
t,oOO]) are chiefly employed in raising com, and
breeding cattle, for the use of the neighbouring
islands. It is 35 m. N. of Antigua. Long. 61.
50. W. lat. 17. 50. N.
Barhy, a town in the Prussian principality of
Anholt, circle of Upper Soxonj, capital of a coun-
ty of its name, witn an ancient castle, and an
academical coUe^, foimded bv the United Breth-
ren, in 1754. It 18 seated on tne Elbe, 15 m. S. £.
of Magdeburg. Long. 12. 4. E. lat. 52. 2. N.
^ Barcaf one of the six Barbary states, the an-
cient Cyrenaica, on the south coast of the Medi-
terranean, between Tripoli and Egypt. The
south part is a barren desert, inhabited oy won-
dering Arabs. The north part along the coast
is fertile and well peopled. It belongs to the
Turks, and is governed by a sanjgiac, dependent
on the bashaw, who resides at Tripoli. Derne is
the capital.
Bandona, a city of Spain, capital of Catalonia,
and a bishop's see, with a good harbour, on the
Mediterranean. It is of an oblong form, defend-
ed by a strong fort, called Montjuicli, which stands
on a Tockv mountain, a mile west of the town.
It has double walls on the north and east, and
the sea on the south, with a mole for the security
of ships. It is divided into the new and old town,
by a wall and a ditch ; and the sea having retired
considerably from the portgates, a whole quarter
of the town now stands on the sands that were
once the bottom of the harbour. It has a fine
univernty, an inquisition, a cathedral with two
lofty towers, a palace for the viceroy, a large ex-
chan^, an extensive cannon foundry, on arsenal
containing arms for several thousand men, and
docks for the building of galleys. It has various
mann&ctures, but is more particularly distin-
guished for those of fire arms of all kinds, swords,
catlery, and soap, and there are several very ex-
tensive distilleries of brandy ; its commerce is gen-
eral. In 1705 it was taken by the earl of Peterbo-
rough, after a siege of three weeks. In 1706,
Philip V. invested it with a numerous army, but
was obliged to raise the siege. In 1714, it was
taken by the French and Spaniards, and a citadel
boilt to keep it in awe. The French took this
city by treachery in 1806. In 1823 it held out to
the last in favour of the constitutionalists, and did
not yield until all hmie or expectation of success-
ful renstonce was obviously useless. It is 250
m. E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 2. 12. E. lat 41.
23. N. Pop. of the citv and the new town or
anbuib of Barceloneta ldO,000.
BMred&na, is also the name of a populous sea-
port town situated at the mouth of the little river
Neveri, in the new province of Oronoko, Colom-
bia, about 50 m. W. of Cumana. It is a mean
dirty place ; the inhab. about 14,000, under the
proscnbed system of Old Spain, were the cbief
medium of the smuggling carried on between
Trinidad and the interior ^rts of the country.
Barcehnetie, a town of France, situate among
the Alpine mountains, in the department of the
Lower Alps, about 10 m. S. of Embrun.
Baredore, or Boretcra, a town of Hindoostan, on
the coast of Canara, wluch gives name to a dis-
trict, but has been long in ruins. If is 40 m. N.
N. W. of Mangalore.
Barcelos, a very ancient town of Portugal, in En-
tre Douro e Minho, near the river Cavado, 10
m. W. S. W. of Bra^, supposed to have been
founded by Homilcar oorca, 250 B. C.
Bardj and BardiUjiwo towns in the province of
Kerman, Persia. JBardin is on the route firom
Ormus to Lake Gaxel, and Bard about 10 m. E.
of Bardin.
Bardewicky a town of Lower Saxony, in the
dutchy of Lunenburg, on the river Ilmenau, 17
m. S. E. of Hamburg.
Bardi, a town of Italy, in the Parmesan, with
a magnificent castle. ^ m. S. W. of Parma.
Bardt, or Bartk. a town of Swedish Pomerania,
with a castle and narbour, near the Batlic, 15 m.
W. by N. of Stralsund. Long. 12. 50. E. lat. 54.
25. N.
Bareges^ town of France, in the department
of Upper Pyrenees, much freq[uented on account
of its mineral baths. It is seated in a valley of the
same name, 24 m. S. of Tarbes.
BarenUm, a town of France, in the department
of Manche, 20 m. E. S. E. of Avranches.
BarJUury a town of France, in the department
of Manche. It was from this port that William
the Norman embarked on his expedition to Eng-
Und in the 11th century. Barfleur was destroyed
by the English in 1346, and the harbour filled up.
The cape of that name is 12 m. E. of Cherburg
and near it jpart of the navy of France was destroy-
ed by the English in 1692. It is 174 m. N.W. of
Paris. Long. 1. 10. W. lat. 49. 40. N.
Bcirga, a considerable town of Italy, about 10
m. N. of Lucca. Pop. about 9,000.
Bargainttnony p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 50 m. S.
E. PWlad.
Bar gey or Barges, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S.
ofPinerola.
Barguzinsk, or Barghouxmy a town of Siberia,
in the government of Irkutsk, on the east side of
the Lake Baikal, at the influx of the Borguzin, 170
m. N. N. E. of Selenginsk. Long. 109. 30. E. lat
53. 20. N.
Bariy or Terra di Bari. a maritime province of
Naples, on the shore of the Adriatic, Dounded on
the south-east by Otranto, south-west by Basilica-
ta, and north-west by Capitanata. Tfie soil is fer-
tile, but there are many serpents and tarantulas.
See Trani.
Bariy a seaport of Naples, capital of Terra di Bari ,
and an archbishop's see. It is seated on the shore
of the Adriatic, has a good harbour, and is well
fortified. The trade principally consists in olives
and almonds. It is 26 m. E. by S . of Trani. Long.
E. 17. 0. lat. 41. 15. N.
BarioUy a town of France, in the department of
Var,l9m. S. S. W. ofRiejK.
BarkhamsUady p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop.
1,715.
BarAaA^, a town in Essex, Eng^ It was cele-
brated for a magnificent nunnery, of which a gate-
way and part of the walls are still visible. It is
diiefly inhabited by fishermen, and seated on
Jak
M
BAR
the river Roding, near the Thames, 7 m. E. of
London.
BarUtta, a seaport of Naples, in Qari. It has a
large stone pier, and a trade in com, almonds, and
salt. It is seated on the shore of the Adriatic, 25
m. W. S. W. of Ban. Long. 16. 32. E. lat. 41.
19. N.
Barmouthf a small seaport of Wales, in the par-
ish of Corwen, Merionethshire. It has a good
trade in flannels and hose, and is much frequented
m the bathing season. It stands on a bay of the
same name, 12 m. S. of Harlech, and 222 N. W.
of London. Long. 3. 53. W. lat. 52. 44. N. Pop.
of the parish 1,742.
BanuunUf a considerable town in the province
of Colyvan, Asiatic Russia, situ'ite at tho mouth
of a river of the same name, falling into tlie Obi
obout 200 m. S. of the city of Coljvan. It is
the seat of the supreme court of all the mines in
the Altaian mountains. Pop. about 5.000.
Bamardy p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 60 m. N. E.
Bennington. Pop. 1,881.
Bamegatf an inlet on the coast of New Jersey,
70 m. N. E. Cape May.
BamesvUlej p,y. Montgomery Co. Maryland,
12 m. S. Fredericktown.
BamesmlUf p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio.
Bametf p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Connec-
ticut. Pop. 1,764.
Bamet, a town in Hertfordshire, En^. Near this
glace was fought, in 1471, the decisive battle
etween the houses of York and Lancaster ; and
at the meeting of the St. Alban and Hatfield roads
is a column, with an inscription to commemorate
this event. Bamet \m 11 m. N. by W. of London,
and being the first port town out of London on
the Great North road, is a place of great inter-
course and bustle.
Bamevdt*s IslandSf two small islands a little
north of cape Horn, and to the south of Terra del
Fuego. LK)no:. 66. 58. W. lat. 55. 49. S.
Bamevd£y or Barnweldy an interior town of
Guelderland, Holland, situate about an equal dis-
tance from Arnheim and Ammersfort. Pop. about
5,000.
BamsUyj a town of West Yorkshire, Eng. Here
are considerable manufactures of coarse linen, and
in the vicinity are many bleaching grounds, a
glass manufacture, and several coal mmes. It has
a canal to the Calder, and another to the Don, and
is seated near the Deme, 19 m. S. of Leeds, and
172 N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 8,284.
BamstahUj s County of Massachusetts compris-
ing the peninsula of Cape Cod. Pop. 28,525. The
chief town has the same name. Vast quantities
of salt are made in this county by solar evapora-
tion.
Barnstable^ p.t. the capital of the above Co. stands
on a harbour at the bottom of Cape Cod Bay. The
town is built with considerable neatness and has
some conmierce and fishing business. There are
extensive salt marshes in ue neighbourhood, but
vhe soil here is better than in almost any other
part of the Co. It is 64 m. S. E. of Boston. Pop.
3,975.
BamstapU, a seaport and borough in Devon-
shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, but none of
the works remain except the mount. Here are
manu&ctures of tammies, shalloons, baize, &c.
an^ a variety of articles are exported. It is seat-
ed on the river Taw, 12 m. E. of Barnstaple bay,
in Bristol channel, 35 N. N. W. of Exeter, and 192
W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 5. W. lat. 51. 8. N.
Fop. IB 1821, 5,079.
Barnsteadf p.t. Stafford Co. N. H. 36 m. torn
Portsmouth. Pop 2,047.
BamwtUf a district in the south part of South
Carolina, bounded on the south by tne Savannah,
and north by the Edisto River. Pop. 19,236, who
are chiefly occupied in the culture and cleaninjg
of cotton. The chief town of the same name is
situated in the centre of the district, 116 m. S. by
W. of Columbia.
Baroach, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, Gu-
zerat, with considerable manufactures of cotton ;
seated on the N. bank of the Nerbudda, near its
entrance into the gulfof Cambay, 40 m. N. by £.
of Surat. Long. 72. 55. E. lat. 21. 45. N.
BarquisimetOf an ancient inland town of th
province of Venezuela, Colombia. It is situate ift»
a fertile plain, about 20 m. from the E. shore or
the bay of Maracaybo, and 120 W. by S. of the
city of^ Caracas.
Barra, or Barray. one of the Hebrides of Scot-
land, to the south of South Uist. It is 12 m. long
and 4 broad, and has a mountainous appearance,
but the soil in many parts is fertile. Great quan-
tities of cod and ling are caught on the coast ; and
shell-fish, especially cockles, are found in freat
abundance. On the N. E. side is a good harbour.
Long. 7. 27. W. lat. 57. 2. N.
Barra, a town of Naples, in the vicinity of the
city of Naples. Pop. about 5,000.
Barra, a fertile and populous district, north of
the Gambia, in North Afirica, bordering on the At-
lantic Ocean.
Barra Inding or Barranding^ situate on the
west bank of a small river which falls into the
Gambia, near its conflux with the Atlantic Ocean.
it is the capital town of the territory of Barra, ana
is a place of considerable traffic. There is anoth-
er town of the same name, about 100 miles up the
river, on the north bank, between the rivers Ko-
lar and Badiboo.
Barraconda a considerable town in the interior
of North Africa, about 400 miles up the Grambia,
where there are some falls which impede the nav-
igation of that river.
Barragonj a small town about 12 m. below Bu-
enos Ayres, situate on the shore of a bay to which
it gives name.
BarrauZy a fortress of France, in the Alpine de-
partment of Isere, at the entrance of the valley of
Gresivauden, and on the river Isere, 6 m. S. of
Chambery.
Barre, p.t Washington Co. Vt. Pop. 2,012.
BarrCf p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 2,503.
Barre i. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
BarreUf a County in the south central part of
Kentucky. Pop. 14,821. Glasgow, the chief
town, is 134 m. S. W. by S. of Frankfort Two
rivers, one called the Little, and the other the Big
Barren, have their source within the county, run-
ning in difierent directions, but both falling into
the Green River.
Barrinstonf p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 65 ro. fir
Boston : 20 fr. rortsmouth. Pop. 1,895.
Barringtonf p.t, Bristol Co. R. I. 8 m. S. E
Providence. Fop. 612.
BarrotOj a river of Ireland, which rises in the
N. part of Queen's County, and flows S. by Athy,
Canow, ana New Ross, into Waterford harbour.
Barrow f a village in Leicestershire, Eng. on the
river Soar, two miles N. of Mountsorrel. It has
for centuries been famed for a very fine lime, m
particular request for works in water, and which
IS exported in large quantities. Pop. 1,668.
BAR 77 BAM
Bmr UDmCfOtBm^mir'Ot miii, > town of IVance, ilai«f , a town and pariah on the N. W. ooMt of
QapitalofthedemurtaiantofMeaae, withaoaaOe. the iale of Lewia. Pop. in 1821, 3,668. The
Ita wine ia aa delicate aa Champagne, and^ it haa town ia litaato on the ahore of a fine haj.
MTeial mannfaetniea. It ia leatea on the side of a Ba*, a small island off the N. coast of the de-
hill, bj the riynlet Ornain, 30 m. W. of Toul, and partment of Finiatene, France, in N. lat. 48. 46.
133 E. of Paria. Pop. abont 10,000. W. long. 4. 2.
Bar-«air-»Jai6e, a town of France, in the depart- BaMrt«dUdk,a town of Eoropean Turkey, in Ro-
ment of Anbe, famoos for ita winea ; seated at the mania. It haa a ipreat trade, and is seated on the
loot of a mountain, 18 m. 8. W. of JoinTille. Pop. river M erite. Long. 24. 40. £. kt. 42. 19. N.
3,600. Basel, BadSf or SaUf a canton of Switzerland,
Bar^naT'SemB, a town of France in the depart- 24 miles long and 21 broad: bounded on the north
ment of Aube, on the riyer Seine, at the foot of a bv Brisgau, east by the Forest towns, south by
mountain, 20 m. S. W. of Bar-sur-Anbe. Pop. tne canton of Soleure, and west by the bishopric
%aOO. of Basael and France. It contains about 38/)00
Bart, an interior county in the north part of inhabitants, and is of the reformed reliflHion.
liower Hungary ; a town of the same name, for- Basd a biahopric in tne N. W. part <n Switzer
•nerly fortified, waa once the capital. Kremoni land ; bounded on the east by the canton of Basel*
In tlie centre of a mining diatrict m now the chief south by that of Soleure, and weat and north by
lown. France. The biahop was a prince of the German
BmrmCf a town of France, on the weat bank of empire. In 1796 the French seized on this terri-
the Garonne, ahout 20 m. 8. £. of Bordeaux. It tory, annexed it to France, and made it a new de-
givea name to a fovourito wine. partment called Mont Terrible.
Bmrt, p.t. Lancaster Go. Pa. ^<ve<) the capital of the canton of the same name,
Btutfidty a town in the County of Baroa, north and the largest town in Switzerland, ia situate at
part of UppMsr Hunnry , situate among the Carpa- the north extremity of the canton, and on the
thian mountains. It had a nrinting pnm in the firontiers of F^ce on the west, and the duchy
16th centnry . It haa manumcturea of linen, and of Baden on the eaat It is surrounded by thick
eontaina about 4i)00 inhabitaata. walls, flanked by towers and bastions ; and ia di-
Baifan, and Auteastam, two interior towna of yided into two parts by the Rhine, which com-
the kingdom of Pruasia Proper, 30 to 40 m. E. of muntcato hf a handsome bridge. The largest
Konigsfisig. part is on tlus side of Switzerland, and the least
Bmrtholmiiitw, a riyer which risea in Arkansaa on that of Germany. The larger has fiye gates,
territory, and falla into the Waahita, in the state six suburbs, numerous streeta and fountains,
of Louisiana, a Uttle below the town of Waah- and is partly seated on a hill ; the other stands
ington. on a plain, and has but two gates^ with seyeral
BartMamsis, a small island in the Pacific Ocean, streete and fountains. The principal church is
one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 18. E. lat. an elegant gothic building but disfigured by rose-
15. 42. S. coloured paint spread oyer the whole edifice.
Bmrikdomtw, St. one of the Canibee islands, in Under a marble tomb in it ia interred the great
the Weat Indies, 24 miles in circumference, and Erasmus, who died in 1596, The town-house,
25 north of St. Chiiatopher. The Ftanch ceded it and fine puntings in fresco are much admired.
to the Swedea ia 1785 ; and it waa taken by the The Uniyersity founded in 1459, haa a fine libra-
Britiah in 1801, but restored to Sweden in 1814. ry and a rich cabinet of medals. The clocks here
niie chief exporte are drugs and lignumyits ; are always an hour too fast, because the town-clock
and it haa a good harbour. Long. 63. 40. W. lat went so on a day appointed to murder the magis-
17. 46. N. trates, by which the conspiracy was disconcerted.
BmrthdomeWf Si. a pariah of S. Carolina, in Basel haa seyeral manumotuns, particularly of
Charieston District. V^V^h ribands, and cottons ; and it carriea on an
AwflcC. p.t Gooa Co. N. H. at the fbot of the extenaiye trade. Three treatiea of peace were
White Mountains, 85 m. fr. Portsmouth. Pop. concluded here in one y«v» 1796, with the French
644. republic ; namely, by Pruasia, Spain, and Hesse
Barton, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It haa Cassel. The alhes passed through this city, when
two large churehea, and waa formerly a conaider- they inyaded France, in December, 1813. Baael
able place, surrounded by a rampart and fosse, the is capable of containing IQOflOO inhabitante ; but
remains of which are yet yiaible. Four miles E. the number is scarce^ more than 14j000. It u
8. B. are the noble ruins of Thornton abbey. Bar- 174 m. N. by £. of Geneya, and 250 E. by 8. of
ton ia seated on the Humber, oyer which is a fer- Paria. Long. 7. 30. E. lat. 47. 35. N.
ry into Yorkshire, 34 m. N. of Lincoln, and 167 of Basket, an iahmd in the China Sea, the moat
London. Pop in 1821, 2,496. eastern of a cluster called from this, the Baabee
B&rtam ia also the name of a populoua town- islands, lying to the South of Formosa. The pro-
riiip in the parish of Eocles, situate on the hanks ductions are plantains, bananas, pine-apples, su-
of the Irw^, 7 m. £. of Manchester. Pop. in gar-canes, potatoea, Vams and cotton. The quad-
1890, 1,077. There are also 30 other towns or yil- rupeds are gptU and hen. Baabee is of a cir-
lages called Barton in dififerent parte of England, cular form, six miles in mameter, and has a town
Barteii, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt 50 m. N. E. Mont- of the same name. Long. 121. 50. £. lat. 20
peliei. Pop. 729. A riyer of this name runa 30. N.
through the town N. into Lake Memphramagog, BanUeato, a maritime preyince, in the south ol
and in 1810 waa the scene of a remarkable inun- Naples, bounded on the nmrth by Capitanata and '
dation oocaaioned by the bunting of a lake from Bari, east by the gulf of T^ranta, aouth hjf Cala-
ito banks. See VermonL bria Citeriore and west by PrincipataCitenore and
Bamtk, a town of Luaatia. on the fSmntiera of Ulteriore. it haa aome mountaina continually
Brandenbuigh, 25 m. 8. by. E. of Potadam. covered with snow, but is fertile in com, wii^,
Banak, a town of Syria, with a Chriatiaa oil, cotton, honey and saffion. Aroerensa ia the
•lNDeh,90m.N.E.ar8a7da. aapilal.
• ft
flA8 76 MAS
m
I
BmgiUpatamo^ a river of European Turicer, in bounded on one aide by liif h hiHs, wooded, in
thp Morea, which flows into the ^f of Colocj- many places, to their bases -, on the other, bj the
thia. It was called Eurotas by the ancients. , fields and the skirts of Skiddaw. The river Der-
Baringstoke^ a town in Hampshire, Ens. It has went flows throo^fh its whole length. There is a
a great trade in com and malt, a mano&ctore of villa^ named Bwnenthwaite on tne east bank of
drug^ts and shalloons, and a navigable canal to the lake, containing 264 inhabitants,
the nver Wey, near its entrance into the Thames; Basseterre, the capital of St. Christopher, boilt
and being situate at the junction of several great by the French, when this part of the isUnd was in
roads, from all parts of the West of England, it is possession, before it was ceded to the En^ish in*
a place of considerable bustle. Pop. in 1821 , 3,615. 1713. It is situate on the S. £. end of the island,
It is 18 m. N. N. E. of Winchester, and 45 W. by and is defended by three forts. Long. 63. 13. W
S: of London. lat. 17. 10. N.
The yilla^ of Old Basing, which is a township Basseterre, the capital of Guadalonpe^ on the 8.
in tlie pansh of Bnsingstoke, situate about two W. part of the island, defended by a citadel and
miles in the east, is distinguished for the deter- other fortifications. Long. 61. 59. W. lat 15. 59.
mined stand which it made against the forces N.
of Cromwell, by whom it was ultimately taken, BasjisB,orPersa»i»,acityofPegn,eapitalofth0
when he put nearly the whole garrison to the province of Bassien. It is a trading place,- situate
sword, and razed the fortress, which was the real- on a river of the same name, whicn is the west
dence of the marquis ofWinche8ter,^to the ground, branch of the Irrawaddy, 110 m. 8. W. of Pegn.
Pop. 1073. Long. 94. 53. E. lat 16. 92. N.
Baskenridge, p.i. Somerset Co. N. J. 8 m. S. W. Bassarah, or Basra, a city and se^Knt of Asiatic
Morristown. General Lee was taken prisoner Turkey, in Irac And>i. It stands on the west
here by the British during the revolutionary war. bank of the Euphrates, or Shat-nl- Arab, navignhle
Basques, a late territory of France, which inclu* Tot ships of 500 tons burthen up to the town, nboai
ded Lower Navarre, Laliourd, and Soule, and now 65 m. above the entrance of the river, into the Gulf
forms with Beam, the deparUnent of Lower Py- of Persia. Bassorah appears to have beenfiiunded
renees. about the middle of the seventh century, and priH
Bass, an insulated rock near the coast of Scot* gressively advanced into importance until it be-
land,at the entrance of the Frith of Forth, between came the most considerable trading town of all
the towns of North Berwick and Dunbar. On western Asia ; and previous to the route to India
the south side it is almoet conic, on the other it by the Cape of Good Hope, it was the medium
overnangs the sea in a tremendous manner. It through which a great portion of the eommeroe
b inaccessible on all sides, except the south-west, of Asia passed to Venice and Genoa, and from
and there it is with difficulty a man can climb up thence over western Europe. It was taken poa-
by the help of a rope or laddier. In May and June session of by the Turks, in 1688, since which pe-
it is quite covered with the nests, eggs, and young riod it has continued to decline, having been al-
birds of the gurnets and solan geese. The rock is ternatelv exposed to the inteimptions of the Per*
one mile in circumference, ana has a rabbit war^ sians, Arabs, and Turks ; and since the oom-
ren and pasture for a few sheep. A ruinous mencement of the 19th century, when the tide of
castle, once the state i>rison of Scotland, stands at commerce besan to set firom thie west to the east,
the edge of the precipice. The garrison in 1694,, Smyrna has become what Baasoreh was, for so
surrendered to king WUliam, and the fortifications many centuries, the emporium of the greater por*
were demolished. tion of the commerce of that part of^the world.
Bass Islands, a group of islands in Lake &rie, Baasorah however still continues to be a place of
comprised in Huron county, Ohio. There are 3 considerable traffic, which is participated m,more
large and several snudler ones. The southern- or less, by most of the trading nations of both £u-
most contains the haven of Put-in-Bay, near rope and Asia. The city is surrounded by a wall
which Commodore Perry engaged and captured of^olay, said to be six miles in cireunuerence,
the whole.British squadron, £pt. 10th, 1813. mounted with a great number of cannon ; the
Bass*s Strait, a channel about 40 leagues wide, streets are bad and narrow, and the houses con-
which separates Van Diemen*s Land fVom the structed of bricks have a mean aspect It is
south extremity of New Holland. It contains a nominallv under the dominion of Turkey, but
chain of islands that run north and south. This governed by an Arab chieflain, with little defer
etrait was discovered, in 1798, bv surgeon Bass, ence to the Ottoman authority. The great desert
in an open whale-boat and passed through by him of Arabia runs up nearly to the town ; ue immedi-
and lieutenant Flinders, in tne Norfolk, in 1799. ate vicinity, however, is very fertile. A wallof seva-
BassoHo, a town in the north of Italy , in Vincen- ral miles in exteat has been constructed on the side
tino, on the east bank of the river Brenta, in a of the desert, as a check on the predatory incursions
country productive of excellent wine and oil . The of the Arabs, who frequently commit depredations
French defeated the Austrians at tliis place in under the very walls of the town. The popula-
1796. It u 18 m. N. of Vicenza. tion is estimated at about 60.000, among whom
Basses, or La Basse, a town of France, in the de- are a considerable number or Jews, Armenians, »
partment of Nord, fi^nnerly of great strength, but and Arabs, and natives of the more eastern parts
dismantled by Louis XIV. It b seated on the of Asia. It is about 210 m. 8. W. of Ispahan, in
Deule. 18 m. S. W. of Lisle. lat. 30. 30. N. and 47. 45, £. long.
Ba^seen, a townaf Hindoostin, in the countrv Bastia, a seaportof European Turkey, in Alba-
of Baglana. It was taken by the English in 1780, nia, opposite the island of Corfu, at the mouth of
but lestoied to the Mahrattad in 17S3. It stands the Calamu. Long. SO. 20. £. lat. 39. 40. N.
on the sea^<M>a3t, opposite the N. W. point of the Bastia, a city on the N. £. coast of the Island
island of Salsette, 20 m. N. of Bdmbay. L ng. of Corsica, capital of the island, with a good bar-
72. 40. E. lat 19. 20. N. hour and a strong castle. It was taken by the En
Bassentkwaite-'waler, a lake in Cumberland, three glish in 1794. It is 80 m. S. S. W. of Leghora
miles N. W. of Keswick. It is four mUe > long, Long. 9. 20. E. hU. 42. 38. N. Pop. about U,500
BUHT It HAT
Bmttimmaotj mnamXi ialnids new the itknnas of D«teh on fhe peace of 1814, who haym; reldsed'
ihoien, at tiie entranee of tbe b^ of Nombre de aomewliat ftoanT their fbrmer system of proacriptkin
Dioa, with a fert and « good harbour. Long. 79. and monopoly in their commercial reffolauons,
45. W. Ut. 9. 90. N. Hatayia oontmoea a flonrishinff and important
BatUgnSf a city of the Netherlands, in Lnxem- place. Tlie atadthouae is the pnncipal edince de-
m. N. N. W. of Loxembuiv. charehes, mooqaes, and templesi bnt there are
Banompaimitna, a town ofHindoostan ,in Mysore, none that merit any particular notice. The nature
with a fort and a celebrated mosque, 60 m.£. by of its commerce will be more fully elucidated un-<
•N. of Nagura. dor the head of Jaya. The observatory is in lat
Balabaita, a town on the south coast of Cuba, 69. S. and 106. 52. £. long.
knate on the north side of a large bay, opposite Botosia, p.t. Oennesee Go. N. Y. 38 m. N. E.
Finos Island, 55 m. 8. S.W. of Hayannah. Long. BuiEdo. Pop. 4,271. It is a handsome town,
^ 0. W. lat S3. 20. N. with considerable trade.
BataeoUjjL town of Hindoostan, on the coast of Bsfoma, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio.
Canara. The country produces a great quantity BtUemriUs, p.t. Inifependenoe Vo, Arkansas, on
of pepper. It is 10 m. N. of Baroakne. White riyer. 110 m. N. E. Little Bock.
Ba<aeolo, a small fortress on the east side of Cey- Bath, a oi^ of England, in the east oomer of
Ion, built by the Dutch. It is of great importance, the county of Somerset, on the confines of Glon-
an account of the extreme fertility of the adjacent cester and Wilts ; it is bounded on the north by
country, which, during a war, or times of scarcity a range of hills, up the decliyity of which build-
in tbe distiict of Trinoomale, can supply the gar- ings haye been constructed in yaried, ornamental,
risons there with all kinds of provisions. It sur- and tasteful styles of architecture, terraces, ores-
rendered to the English in 1796; and is situate at cents, Ac. of a beautiful white stone, dug on the
the head of a deep bay, 54 m. 8. 8. E. of Trineo- spot. The city is beautifully situated on the riv-
male. er Avon. Its foundation is generally ascribed to
Bslntt*, a town of Portugal, in Estiemaduraj the Romans. A rude tradition, however, exists
celebrated for its rich monastery, founded, in 1386. which would carry its origin back mto more dis-
hy John I. who is interred here, with his queen tant times, and attribute tne honour of its com-
niilippa. It is 8 m. 8. 8. W. of Lerida. mencement to one of the earliest British kinn,
Baiamaf the ancient name of an island in Hd- who, being expelled while a prince from his fath-
land, whence the Dutch are sometimes called Ba- er's court, cured himself of leprosy by accidentally
tayiaas. washiog m its waters. But rejecting what ap-
BatamOj a city and seaport, on the N. E. partof pears most fabulous in this tale, it is not impro-
the island of Java, ountal of all the Dutch settle- bable that the inhabitants of the Strict were well ■
ments in the East uidies, finely situate in the acquainted with the virtue of the spring before
bosom of a raaeioos bay. Toe fort is built the arrival of the invaders, and thai the elements
of eoral rock, brought mm some of the adjoin- of a town or village existed there from very early
ing islands, and hw a fortification of brick. A times. The Romans, chancteristically luxurious
part of the town wall is built of dense lava in their baths, and choosing their situations with
from the mountains in the centre of Java. No the most scrupulous care, were not likely to neg-
slone, of any kind^ is to be found for many lect the advantages which such a neiffhbourhoM
miles beyond this city ; but marble and granite presented. The mildness of the air, ana the lovely
are brought here from China. The harbour is ex- amphitheatre of hills which sunonnds this valley
eeOent, and there are canals in the principal of waters, vrould tend still farther to delight them
streets, planted on each side with trees, after the with the station, — the best counterpart of their
manner of the towns in Holland. The inhabitants own Italy which the uncultivated land afforded, —
are composed of natives fWim nearly all the conn- and we accordingly learn from the best accredited
tries and islands of Asia and the Indian Ocean, accounts, that it shortly became the fovourite re-
as well as of most of the chief trading parts of Eo- sidence of the Roman governors, and sometimes
rope and America, amongst whom tie number of of the emperors. The form in which the city was
Chinese is consideiable. first built was a parallelognm, extending fi«m east
The ci^ was founded in 1619, and rose rapidly to west about 400 yvds, and from north to south
into importance ; during the eighteenth centuiy about 380. It was'fortiiied b^ a wall twenty feet
it was denned the finest European settlement in high, and of a thickness varying fhmi aixteenfoet
all Asia; and althonsh considered unhealthy, fipom at the base to eight at the top. Sevetal strong
the influence of the Eeat of the dimate on the mnd towers supported its angles ; and its four gates
and stagnant waters of the canals and streams by stood one at each extremity of the two pjmd
which It is intersected, it was vainly denominated streets, which intersected each other, and divided
bj the Dutch, the << Queen of the East." The the city mto four ports. Near the centre of the
houses oftwo streets, forming the European part of town were built tnose splendid baths, of which
the town, are handsome and commodious, and vie the ruins were discovered in 1755 at the depth of
with if they do not excel in capaciousness and con- twenty feet below the surface of the ground. 8ey-
venience Inose of the best towns in Holland ; bnt oral other Roman relics have been also dug up in
the ports occu]ned by the Javanese, Chinese, and late yean ; and among them a head of Minerva,
other natives (n'the east, like most of the Asiatic reckoned one of the most valuable remains of an-
towns, are crowded, mean, and dirty. Bataviawas tiquity. In the time of William the Conqueror
very sensibly sifiBcted by the war of 1793, and be- it was named as one of the royal demenses ; and in
came almost deserted^ until its capture, with the that of Rufhs it was erected mto a see by John 4s
whole of the Island of Java, by the EnffHsh, in Villnlo, who removed thither firom Wells. After
1811, when it became again the centre of an ex- nndeming several changes during the politicU
tensive oomfneroe. It ms oetfed back to Iks ttsnvidnons of the following oentniiss, it saoaivM
AAT 9 BAT
A charter from qoeen Elisabeth in 1590, wliidi was hiaespeiiaaabyaloiignmof ■oeoeHaithe gun-
lenewed and modified in 1794. Aocordinff to this ing table. His dreaa waa covered with expenaiTe
charter, it is governed by a major, eight aldermen, lace, and he wore a laiffe white cocked hat. The
and twenty-rour eonmion connciUnen ; and sends chariot in which he roae was dmwn by six grey
two members to parliament. horses, and attended by a long cavalcade of ser-
The situation of Bath affords every advantage vants, some on horses, others on foot ; while his
for architectural effect ; and the arrangement of progress through the streets was made known by
its streets and terraces, the splendour and richly a bund of French horns and other instruments,
ornamented character of the buildings, together His common title was the Kin^ of Bath ; and his
with the luxurious beauty of the intervening gar- reign continued, with undiminished splendour,
dens and villas, form one of the loveliest aoenes for more than fifteen years. His health then
that can be found in any city of these northern began to decline, and nis resources grew less
climes. The hills on which it is built open on plentiful. As the change in his spirits and cir-
the two opposite sides to admit the Avon, which, cumstances became more evident, his former
flowing through the valley, and being the princi- acquaintances gradualljr forsook him ; and he died
pal channel for the trade of the neighbouring at the age of eiffhty-ei^ht, in comparative indi-
counties, adds greatly to the beauty andliveliness gence and solitude. His character, however, was
of the prospect. As the streets rise one above the so estimated by the corporation of the cit^, that
other, according to the gradual elevation of the he was buried with mat magnificence at its ex-
hills, the principal part of the cit^ at a distance pense, and his epitara, a neat tribnte to his memo-
hss a close resemblance to the interior of a mighty ryjwas written by Dr. Haninaton.
theatre, which gave rise to Smollet's well-known The Crescent, the North andSouth Parades, the
sarcasm, '*an antique amphitheatre turned in- Circus, and Pultenev-street, are the principal
side out." The opinion of the novelist has not public avenues ; but toe great points ofattraetion
been unsupported by others ; and it is argued by for the visitors of Bath are the pump and ball-
persons of the best taste, that however imposing rooms : the former is 85 feet long ; the interior is
the prospect of Bath is at a distance, the arehitec- surrounded by three-quarter Ccmnthian columns,
ture, when more closely inspected, is greatly de- crowned with entablatures and surmounted by a
foctive in taste and correctness of aesign. five-feet coving. At the west end is a music gal-
The citv is divided into four parishes— St. Pe- lery ; and a recess at the east is occupied by a
ter's and St. Paul, St. James's, St. MichaeFs, and statue of Nash. In the centre of .the south side
Walcot ; besides which there are some out-parish- stands the marble vase, from which the water is
es, now closely connected with the more ancient taken by an attendant and handed to the com-
part of the town. The abbey chureh is regarded pany.
as one of the most beautiful specimens of the rich- The public baths are, the king's and queen's,
ly ornamented 'style of Gothic arehitectnre that the hot bath, and the cross bath ; besides which,
exists, but its numerous windows, amounting to there are the duke of Kingston's, the corpoca-
fifty-two, have gained it the appellation of the tion's, and some other private onea. The kmg's
lantern of Engiuid. Some of the monuments it is on the south side of the pump-room, and is
contains are verv much admired ; and the oratory rather more than €5 feet long and 40 broad, con-
of prio^ Bird, who died in the early part of the taining, when filled, more than 346 tons of water :
aixteenth century, is extremely rich in monumen- it is surrounded by a Doric colonnade ; and in the
tal beauties. Amouff the tombs which generally centre, where the spring rises, is a brass hand-
attract attention in this church, are those of lady rail. In the hottest part of the bath the thermom-
Waller, wife of the celebrated sir William Waller ; eter stands at 111 ; m the coolest, at 100. The
of the noted comedian Quin. of bishop Montague, hot bath raises it to 117.
and Beau Nash, the well-known originator or There are several public charities in this city
most of the regulations of Bath etiquette. There of great utility. The general hospital, which was
are few names connected with the histoir of the founded at the benevolent instigation of Nash,
city better known to fame than that of tnis oele- receives poor persons, to whom the waten are
Ivrated master of fashion ; and his fortunes are likely to be beneficial, ttam all parts of the king-
well calculated to point a moral for the place of dom. Two or three establishments also exist for
which he was the hero. He was bom in 1674, at the support of sged men and women ; and eariy
Swansea in Qlamorganshire, and was intended in the uist century the venersble Robert Nelson
for the law. but entered the army ; which, taking founded a charity school for fifty boys and fifty
disgust at tne discipline and his subordinate rank, girls. Nor b Bath wanting in previsions for lit-
he soon forsook, and took chambers in the Tem- erary and scientific pursuits : it nas a large public
pie. Here he oevoled himself entirely to pleas- library, a society for the promotion of sgriculture,
ure and fiuhion ; and when king William visited uid a philosophical society.
the Inn, he was chosen as master of the pageant Bath is 10/ miles west from London, and 19
with which it was customary to welcome the mon- miles east horn Bristol. Lat. 51. 23. N. Ion. 2.
areh. So pleased was William with the enter- 22. W. Pop. 37,000.
tainment, that he oflfered him the honour ofkni|^t- JBelA, p.t.lancoln Co. Me. on the Kennebec, 12
hood ; but Nash refused it, saying, '* Please your m. from the sea, has considerable commerce and
majesty, if you intend to make me a knu4it, 1 ship building. It has two academies and two
itmay beoneofyourpoorknightiof Wind- banks. Pop. 3.773.
sor, and then I shall have a fortune at least equal JBelA, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecti-
the wants and society of the piece. While in the N. C. and Ohio.
plenitade of his power and popularity, Nash lived BsU, a County in the centre of Virgmia. among
<n the most splendid s^le of elegance, supporting the Apalacbian mountains, but comprised in the
BAT m VAV
Western District. Pop. 4,006. Amonc tiieee BaitUotUi^ a town in the northern part of Cey^
monntuna, 183 m. W. N. W. of Riohmona, are the Ion, where la an American nuBsionaiy atation.
hot springs which give name to the countv. There BaUU, a town in Sussex, Ezig* near the English
is another spring a few miles north, called the Channel. Near this place, William, duke of
Warm Spring ; me north and south forks of the Normandv, defeated Harold, king of England,
Jackson Kiver run through the plain between the 1066, and in memory of Uiis yictoiy, he found-
two ridges of mountains and the Cow Pasture ed here an abbey, which from its remains ap-
River, east of the eastern ridge, all of which fall pears to haye been magnificent. This town is
into James River, at the south end of the county, famous for a manufacture of gunpowder. It is
There is another hot spring in Berkeley county, S4 m. £. of Lewes, 6 N. of Hastings, and 56 S. E.
Virginia, between the root of the Bluff of the C«- of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,868.
capon ridge of the Alleghany Mountains and the Batd^M.^ a Tillage in Shropshire, Eng. 6 miles
Potomac RiTor, about 40 m. N. by W. of the city N. of Shrewsbury. Here a aecisire victory was
of Washington. gained by Henry IV. over Henry Percy, sur>
BaAj a County of Kentucky, in the N. E., on named Hotspur.
Licking river. Pop. 8,799. Owingsville and BaUUtown^ p.v. Frederick Co. Va. 6 m. E. Win-
Sharpsburg are the cnief towns. Chester.
Bathgate, a town of Scotland, in Linlithgow- Bavaria, PalatinaUf Duchy, Electorate, CircU,
ahire, 19 m. W. by S. of Edinburgh, on the high and Kingdom cf. The former drde cf BawnriaMen
road to Glasgow. Pop. in 1821, 3^268, principaUy between the 47th and 50th deg. of N. lat. and the
employed in weaving. 11th and 14th of E. long., is bounded on the north-
Bamar, an interior town of Upper Hunganr, in east by Bohemia, soum-east and souUi by Aus-
the county of Szabolts, about 30 m. N. WT of De- tria and the TVrol, sooth- west by Suabia, and
bretzin. « north-west by Franconia ; and comprises the pal-
Batktarst, an English settlement on the W. coast atinate, and principalities of Sulzbach and Neu-
of North Africa, at the entrance of the river Gram- berg, in the north ; the duchy, which constituted
bia. the greater portion of the circle, divided into
Batkurst Plains, extensive fertile plains, west Lower and Upper, the county of Werdenfels in
of a ridge of mountains, called the Blue Moun- the south-west ; the bishopric of Passau on the
tains, running parallel vrith the east coast of New east ; the provostship of Berchtolsgaden, insulated
Holland in tte lat. of about 36. S. in the archbishopric of Saltzburff, which formed
Batinda, the chief town of a fertile district of the south-east put of the circle, forming together
the same name, on the N. W. confines of Dehli, an area of about 16,500 sq. miles, and containing
bordering on the desert of Moultan. a population of 1,300,000. ^
Batoa, a small island in the Indian Ocean, near Jne Ducky of Baoaria, which formed about
the west side of Sumatra, on the equinoctial line, two-thirds of the circle, was part of the ancient
in long. 96. 0. E. Noricum, peopled from ancient Gaul, firom which
Baton RougCj a parish in the £. District of they were driven about 590 years B. C. It was
Louisiana, subdivided into E. and W. The form- constituted a duchy in the early part of the 10th
er has a pop. of 6,717, ch. town Concordia. The century of the Christian era, under which title
latter has a pop. of 3,092, ch. town Baton Rouge, it contmued uninterrupted until the reign of the
Baton Rouge, p.t. capital of the aboTe, on the E. emperor Ferdinand of Grermany, who raised Ba-
bankof the Mississippi, 138 m. above N. Orleans, vana into an Electorate of the Germanic confed-
along the river. The country around is fertile, eracy; but Maximilian Emanuel, grandson of the
but me town is small. first elector, forfeited his possessions, by violating
BatomUu, a considerable town of the Andes, or his allegiance in entering into an aUiance with
Cordilleras of Mexico, in the intendency of Du- France, against the emperor. He was however
lango. reinstatea in his possessions in 1714, and the sue-
jSaUmmi, a town at the mouth of a river of the ceeding elector^ Charles, introduoed numerous
same name, falling into the Black Sea, and form- salutary regulations into the social institutions
ing the N. E. boundary of Armenia. of the state, under which it rose in prosperity and
^^tta, two towns on the west bank of the Dan- reputation, and continued to make advances in
nbe, in Lower Hungary ; one a few miles S. of social improvement, and to retain its influence in
Buda, and the other afew miles E. of Funfldrchen. the Germanic diet, until Napoleon interposed his
BttttaUak, a town of Hindoostan, about 60 m. power, at the commencement of the 19th century
east hy south of Lahore, in the province of that when the elector was affain induced to withdraw
name. from the Germanic coi&deraey under the pledge
BaUeeoUi, a town on the Malabar coast, about of being rested with regal authority, and guaran-
100 m. N. oif Mangalore. teed in an accession of territory at the expense of
BaUenburg, a town of Holland in Guelderland, Austria ', hence the
with a castle on the north bank of the Mouse, 10 m. Kingdom of Bawuria, which was acknowledged
8.W. ofWimeguen. by the emperor of Austria at the peace of Pres-
Battmburg, a town and castle of Germany, in burg in 1805 : the accession of territoir obtained
Upper Hesse, seated on the Eder, 14 m. N. of with the regal title, lay on the side of Franconia,
llarbcirg. Suabia, and the Tyrol. The disaster experienced
Battereea, a Tillage in Surrey, Eng. on the N. by Napoleon at M'lecow in the winter of 1812,
bank of the Thames, 4 miles W. S. WT of London. lol3, induced the new king to conclude a secret
Here was the seat of the St. Johns, where the fa- treaty with the confederate powers against his
BOOS Lord Bolingbroke was bom,and died. On the former patron, on condition of being guaranteed
^te of it now stands a distillery and a horizontal in the integrity of his newly acquired &miniof!s ,
air-mill for grinding malt. Here is a timber bridge and at the congress of Vienna, in 1818, the bound-
over the river to Chelsea. Pop. in 1^1, 4,7&, ariesofthe Bavarian kingdom were finally adjust-
ehiefly occupied in gardening and supplying the ed, when the territory was divided into the eight
Loodon markets with vegetables. following eiroles, with the chief towns of each
BAU at BAT
innezed u follows : viz. Boui, a town in the interior of the maritinie
1 The Rhine, W. Spiiet. PJ^^^ «f MorbiWJ?^ce, about IS m. N. E.
S Lower MaJne. N. Wurxborgh. "^LPr/^it^i^^^f ^" ;„ th-. A.™.H«.«nt rf
3 Upper ditto. N. BayreuthT Bai^e, aftown of France, in the department of
5Upper'Dannbe,S.W. AogSiarj. "iL'lfr*^* wL?:?^ 0?fT'
A T«l» fl M7!«ii«.K Bott^AuMMi, t. Wayne Co. Ohio.
S T ' i> u 5* wanicn. B^eah, a town of Hindooetan, in Bemral, on
ft fe^l^n 'n V ^^n tfc« feft bLik of the Gangea. It i. on^of' the
8 Regen, «. t. Katiabon. principal stations for coUecting of silk, 22 m. N.
Of these divisions the 1st lies on both sides of £. of Moorshedabad.
the Rhine, at the northern extremity of the terri- Baunum's Islandtj three islands in the Pacific
tory of the mnd duke of Baden, and is detached Ocean, discovered by Bamnan, a Datchman, who
from the ouier seven. Nos. 2, 3, and 4, formed accompanied Roggewein, in 1722. They are cov-
part of the circle of Franconia, and No. 5 of Sua- ered with firnit trees, and divers^ sorts of vegeta-
bia. The last three previously forming the ^rand bles. The inhabitants are numerous, and arme»
duchv and the palatinate, the archbishopric of with bows and arrows; but of a gentle and humane
Saltzburg having been ceded to Austria. The disposition, and fiiendly to stiui^ers. The largest
whole of this territory comprises about 32,000 sq. island is about 22 m. in circumference. Long,
miles, and a pooulation of about 3^,000. The 170. 0. W. lat. 14. 0. S.
frontier parts of Uie kingdom of Bavaria are in Baume Us Jfonts, or JB^ncms Ut Vamu. a town
general rugged and mountainous, but the inland of France, in the department of Doubs. It has a
parts are remle in com and pasture ; all the va- nunnery, from which it received its ap»ellation ;
rious branchesof manufacture of flax, wool, some and is seated on the Doubs, 15 m. N. £. of Be-
silk, leather, and working of metals, are followed sancon.
more or less as domestic occupations over most Eattsk^ or BautUa^ a town of Conrland. on the
parts of the country ; having but little surplus frontiers of Poland, with a castle on a rock. It is
produce of any kind for external traffic. Bavaria seated on the Musza, 15 m. 8. £. of Mittau.
may be regarded as possessing within itself all the Bautzen f or Budisseiiy the capital of Upper Lusa-
means of domestic and social comfort. It is ex- tia, with a citadel on a rock, called Ortenburg. Its
ceedinffly well watered ; the Danube, which rises trade arising from various manufactures is con
on the border of the Black Forest in Suabia, runs siderable. It is famous for a great battle having
from west to east through the heart of the country, been fought here on May 20, 1813. between the
passes Dilligen, Donauwerth, Neuberg, Ingol* allied army under the emperor of Russia and the
stadt. and Ratisbon to Passau, where it enters the king of Prussia, and the French army commanded
archauchy of Austria. The Inn, Iser, Lech, and by Napoleon, in which the former were defeated.
Iller, run from south to north into the Danube, It stands on the river Spree, 30 m. C. by N. of
and the Maine runs from east to west, past Dresden. Long. 14. 30. £. lat. 51. 10. N.
Schweinfurth and Wurtzburg into the Rhine. Baux, a town of Fhmce, in the department of
Four-fifths of the inhabitants are Roman Catho- Mouths of the Rhone, seated on a rock, at the top
lies, and the remainder Protestants : the latter of which is a castle, 10 m. E. by N. of Aries,
however not only enjoy the unrestrained exercise Batctryj a small town in the West Riding of
of their worship, but are eligible to civil offices Yorkshire, Eng. It has a trade in lead, mill-
and military appointments. Like all the other stones, and grindstones ; and is seated on the ri-
Germanic states, militarv pretension and parade ver Idle, 9 m. S. by £. of Doncaster, and 153 N.
is the rulinff passion of tne government, and from of London.
40,000 to 50,000 men are held under military Baya^ a seaport of Guinea, on the Gold coast, 60
discipline, to sustain which and other expenses m. E. S. £. of Acra. Long. 1. 59. E. lat. 5. 45 N.
of the state, taxes, equal to about 11,000,000 dol- Bay of Idandg^ there aCre several bays in differ-
lars American money, are levied annually on the ent parts of the world so called ; viz. 1st, on the
produce of the labour of the people. IViunich is west coast of Newfoundland ; 2nd, in the straits
the capital of the whole kingdom, and tlie seat of of Magellan ; 3rd, on the noilh-east coast of New
fovemment. which is unlimited, and vested in the Holland in lat. 10. 30. ; 4th. on the north-west
ing, the title to which is hereditary. The power coast of America in lat. 57. M. ; 5th, on the east
has however been exercised with discretion, coast of New Zealand.
prudence, and mildness, although not with all BayagtuoMj an inland town of the Island of St.
the wisdom and efficiency to be desired. Edu- Domingo, about 35 m. N. £. of the city of St
cation has of late years been widely diffused Domingo.
through the Bavanan states ; academies, Iv- Bayamo. a town in the east part of Cuba ,on
ceums, and universities, have been multiplied ; the river Estero, which forms a t>ay on the coa«*,
productions of foreign literature have been im- 20 m. below the town. It gives name to a chan-
ported ; and the effects are already apparent in nel, between Cuba and the islands, called the
the improved condition of society and the grad- Queen's Garden, and is 80 m. W. S. W. of St.
unl advance of moral and physical renovation. Jago. Long. 77. 20. W. lat. 20. 45. N.
Bavaria may now be considered as holding the %a^ta,or J?atezia, a large town of Asiatic Tur-
first rank among the secondary class of European key, m the south-east comer of Armenia, near
states. the souroe of the Euphrates, on the confines of
Baeavt a town of France, in the department of Persia. It is surrounded by a wall, and contains
Nord. It was taken by the Austrians in ITdSi^ two mosques, and several other edifices of gn^at
but recovered the same year. It u 6 m. N. £. or arohitectural beauty, and about 30,000 inhab.
Quesnov, and 12 S. W. of Mons. Baytrgdorf, a town of the Bavarian cirole of the
BaueiermlUt a beautifully located village, on Upper Mayne, with a seat of rastiee and a large
the west bank of the river St. lAwrence, awmt 10 synagogue, seated on the Rednitx, 4 m. N. of
Ui, VV. of Montreal. Erlang.
83 BSA
Bftjllnix, a town of France, in the department of Bazas, a town of Franoe, in the department of
Calyadoa, and a bishop's see. The cathedral is Gironde and lately an episcopal see. - It is seated
yerj ho^le, end contains an exhibition on tapes- on a rock, 5 m. from the riyer Garonne, and 42
tnr, of the conouest of England by William the 8. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 2. W. iat. 44. 22. N.
Norman, and there are 17 other churches. The Beaeky Head, the highest promontory on the
chief trade is in leather. It is seated on the riy- south coast of England, between Hastings and
er Aiiie, 4 m. from the English Channel, and 140 Seaford. Long. 0. 15. £. Iat. 50. 44. N.
W. by N. of Paris. Long. 0. 42. W. Iat. 49. 17. Beaecntfidd. a town in Buckin^ghamshire, Eng.
N. rop. shout 10,500. The poet Waller liyed here, and is interred in the
Bayon, a town of IVance, in the department of churchyard. It is also the place of interment of
Meuzthe, on the riyer Moselle, 12 m. e. of Nancy. Edmund Burke. It is seated on a hill, 23 m. W.
Bsyoa, a town of Spain, in GalUcia, on a small N. W. of London. Pop. 1,756.
gulf of ttie Atlantic, with a oonyenient harbour, BeaUsvilU, p.y. Wasningion Co. Pa. 7 m. W.
12 m. W. by N. of Tuy. Brownsyille.
Baytmn^y a city and seaport of France, in the Beaminster, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with
department of Lower Pyrenees, and a oishop's manufactures of canyas, iron, and copper. This
see. The Niye and Adour unite their streams in place suffered greatly by fire in 1781. It is 15 m.
the middle of the city, and proceed to the sea, at W . N. W. of Dorchester, and 132 W. by S. of Lon-
the distance of a mile. The first, which is deeper don. Pop. in 1821, 2,806.
and mote rapid than the Adour, diyides the town Bearcampf r. N. H. fidls into Ossipee Lake,
into two unequal parts, the smallest of which is Bearfidd, t. Perry Co. Ohio,
called the Bourg neuf, or new town. They haye Bear Island, an island in Bantry Bay, Ireland,
acommunicationby three timber bridges. A bank with fortifications which form a strong defence
of sand, at the mouth of the Adour. renders the en- to the head of the bay. The island is about 12 m.
trance of the harbour difilcult. The citadel is the firom the town of Bantry.
strongest in France, and the cathedral is remark- Beam, a late proyince of France, 40 m. long
able for the heijght of the nefand the delicacy and 30 broad ; bounded on the east by Bigorre,
of the pillars which support it The military weap- south by Spanish Nayarre, west by Soule and a
on, the bayonet, beai-j the name of this city, in part of Lower Nayarre, and north by Gaacony and
which it was inyented. The chocolate of Bayonne Armagnac. The plains are fertile, especially in
is hmoQB ; and it also exports wines, woolen pastures, and the hills are loaded with yines. It
cloths^ silks, cottons, &c. The chief trade arises now forms with Basques the department of the
out of its relation with Spain ; and it is a kind of Lower Pyrenees.
emporium for the merchandise of that country. Beat, St. a town of France, in the department
The courted France was held here for some time of Upper Ghironne, the houses are built of marble,
in 1808, when the king of Spain and his son, the there being no other stone in the neighbourhood,
prince of the Asturias, were myited here to settle It b seated on the Garonne, 12 m. S. S. E. of St.
their difierences before Bonaparte, the result of Bertrand.
which was. that they were made to mgn a treaty, Beaueaire, a town of France, in the department
resigning the crown of Spain into his hands. Bay- of Grard. on the Rhone, about 20 m. from the sea,
onne was besieged by the English in 1814, during where tne riyer forms a spacious harbour and has
which the French made a sally, and attacked the a communication b^ a bridge of boats with Taras-
English with success, but were at length driyen con on the opposite bank of the riyer. Much
back. The loss of the British in this affiiir was trade is carried on here, and an annual fair, held
considerable, and their commander wounded and for six days, in the month of Jul;^, was formerly
taken prisoner. It is 25 m. S. W. of Dax and 518 S. the most famous in Europe, but is now of little
by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 29. W. Iat. 43. 29. N. importance. It is 11 m. E. of Nismes.
Bavp<mr, a town of fiindoostan, in the proyince Beauee, a late proyince of France, between the
of Malabar, on a riyer capable of receiyingyessels Isle of France, Blasois, and Orleanois. It is so
of 400 tons. It is 15 m. S. bj E. of Calicut. fertile in wheat that it is called the granary of
Bayam, the name giyen in Louisiana to the Paris. It now forms the department of Eure and
forks of the riyers,or natural canals which inter- Loire.
sect almost eyery part of the state. It is probably Beatrfbrt, a maritime district, forming the
a corruption of the French word boyau. south-east corner of the state of South Carolina ;
Ba^eutk, a city of Franconia, capital of a prin- bounded on the south-west by the Sayannah Riy-
cipahtj of the same name, witn a palace, a fine er. It is a low swampy district, but yery pro-
castle, and a fimious college. Near it, forming a ductiye in rice and cotton. In addition to the
Mnd of suburb, is the town of Georgen, which has Sayannah on the south, it is bounded on the north
a large castle, a manufacture of excellent brown by the Big-sl^c-hatchie Riyer, and the Coosaw-
aad white porcelain, and a house of correction, in hatchie intersects the district from north-west tO'
which the marble of the country is polished by the south-east, diyiding into two branches aboat
means of a machine. In 1783 the archiyes of the • the centre of the district and forming an island
principality were brought to Bayreuth, from Pla- called Port Royal Island, on which is a town nam-
senbnrg;see CulwAaeh: and in 1791 the margrayate ed Beaufort, formerly the capital of the district,
of Bayreuth, with that of Anspach, was abdicated but the courts are now held at the town of Coosaw-
by the reigning prince in fiiyour of the king of hatchie, about 20 m. N. W. of Beaufort, and 193
Prussia, but both were* annexed and guaranteed S. of Columbia, the capital of the state,
by Bonaparte, and afterward confirmed by the Beaufort, a County of North Carolina, diyided
congress at Vienna, to the kingdom of Bayaria, in two parts by the Pamlico Riyer, at its entrance
(which see ;) and Bayreuth is now the capital of into Pamlico Sound ; it is a swampyand dreary
the circle of Upper Mayne. It is 32 m. £. of dbtrict, with a population of 10,949. Washington,
Bamberg. I^mg. 11 . 44. £. Iat. 49. 55. N. 130 m. E. by S. of Raleigh is the chief town.
Baza, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on Beaufort, p.t. a seaport of North Carolina, chief
the Gaudalantin, 21 m. £. N. E. of Guadix town of Carteret County. It b aitnats on tlie N.
BHUk 9A BgK
E. side <^ Core Sound, 65 m. S. S. E. of Newbem. namet of a number of other towne in different parte
Long. 76. 50. W. lat. 34. 38. N. of France, aAd to a few in England.
Beoa^ort, p.t. Beaufort District, S. C. on the ial- Bemtrivagtf a river of Lower Canada, south of
and ofrortiloyal, 75 m. S. Charleston. It has a the St. Lawrence; it falls into the (Jhaadien;,
fine harbour, but tlue town is not in a very flour- about four miles above the entrance of that river
ishing state. into the St. Lawrence.
Beaufort, a (own of France, in the department Beaver, r. N. H. fiJls into the Merrimack at Dra-
of Mayenne and Loire, with a castle, 15 m. £. of . cut, Mass.
Angers. Pop. 6,000. Beaver, Great and LUde, two head streams of the
JBeauJfart, a town of Savoy, on the river Oron, Ohio, the former in Pa. and the latter in Ohio,
a branch of the Ysere, 12 m. N. £. of Moutier. Beaver, a County at the west extremity of th«
Pop. about 3,000. state of Pennsvlvania, bordering on Ohio ; it is in
SeaUgeney, a town of France, in the department terseeted by tne Ohio River. Pop. 24,206.
of Loire, famous for its wines, seated on the river Beaver, or Beverton, the chief town of this conn-
Loire, 6 m. W. of Orleans. ty, is situate at the junction of the Beaver Riv«*'
Beaujeu, a town of France, in the department with the Ohio, near the centre of the county, 2«0
of Rhone, with an ancient castle, seated on the W. by N. of Harrisburgh.
Ardiere, at the foot of a mountain, 13 m. N. N. There are also 9 other towns in Pa. called Bea-
W. of Villefranche. Pop. 1,600. ver N. S. Little, Big &c. Also 3 towns in Ohio.
Beamjoloig, a late province of France^ 30 m. Beaver Islands, a cluster of Islands at the north
long and 24 broad. It lies north of the Lyonois^ extremity of iiske Michigan,
ana both of them now form the department or Beaver Dam, in Southampton township, Long
Rhone. Island, and in Roxbury township, Delaware coun*
Bea/uUff, a river of Scotland in Inverness-shire, ty, and in Berne township, Albany county, and
formed by the union of the nvulets Farrar, Can- Aeaver-kiU, in Hurlytownship, Ulster county, all
nich, ana Glass, on the borders of Ross-shire. It in the state of Newiork.
takes a N. £. course, and afler forming the falls BMin^en, a town of the kingdom of Wurtem-
of Kilmoraek and other cascades, flows to the bursh, withacastle onahill,10m. N. W. of Stut
town of Beauley , where it enters the head of Mur- gara.
ray frith. It produces a considerable supply of Bee, a town ofFrance, in the department of Low-
salmon for the London market. er Seine, with a noble Benedictin^ abbey, 18 m. S.
Beauleify a town of Scotland, in the parish of W. of Rouen.
Kilmoraek, in Inverness-shire, at the mouth of the BeeancMir, a river of Lower Canada, which falls
river Beauley, 12 m. W. of Inverness. into the St. Lawrence, from the south, opposite
BeauUeu, a village in Hampshire, Eng. on a riv- the town of Three Rivers,
er of its name, six miles S. S. W. of Southampton. Beeearia, X. Clearfield Co. Pa.
It has a manufacture of coarse sacking; and on Beecles, a corporate town in Suffolk, Eng. It
the opposite side of the river are the remains of has a noble church, with a lofiy steeple, and a
its &mous abbey, founded by king John. grammar school, endowed with 10 sholarships for
Beaumarckez, a town of France, in the depart* Emanuel college, Cambridge. It is seated on the
ment of Gen, 13 m. W. of Mirande. Waveney, 12 m. S. W. ofYarmouth, and 109 N.
Beavfitaru, a borough of Wales, capital of An- E. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,493.
glesey *, governed by a mavor, a recorder, 24 burg- Beehin, a town in Bohemia, capital of a circle
esses, and other officers, woo return one member to of the same name, in which are several medicinal
parliament. It stands on the strait of Menai, was springs and mines of salt It has an ancient for-
rortified with a castle by Edward I. and has a good tified castle, and stands on the river Lausnitz, 57
harbour. It is 59 m. W. by N. of Chester, and m. S. by W. of Prague. Long. 14. 28. £: lat. 49.
251 N. W. of London. Long. 4. 15. W. lat. 53. 18. N.
15. N. Pop. 2,205. Beeket, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 110 m. W.
BeaununU, a town of the Netherlands, on the Boston. Pop. 1,065.
frontiers of the department of Nord, France, about BeekkaimsviUe, f.t. Chester Die. S. Con the
eight miles east of Maubeuge. There are eijrht Wateree, 32 m. N.W. Camden,
other towns in different parts of France caUed Beckum, a town of Westphalia, in the principal!
Beaumont, but none that merit any particular no- tv of Munster, at the source of the Verse, 20 m.
tice, unless one in the department of Vaueluae, S. E. of Munster.
the residence of Mirabeau . Bedale, a town in North Yorkshire, Eng. the sur-
Beaune, a town of France^ in the department of rounding district is distiniruished for its breed of
Cote d*Or, remarkable for its excellent wine. It horses, and of horse-jockies, 10 m. S. E.of Rich-
is ^ m. S. S. W. of Dijon. mond, and 222 N. N. W. of London. Pop. 1 ,137.
is, a town of France, capital of the depart- Bedarieux, a town of France, in the department
ment of Oise. and lately an episcopal see. The of Herault, with a manufacture of druggets, and
cathedral is aamired for its fine architecture ; and other woolen stuflb, seated on the Orbre, 16 m. N.
the church of St. Stephen is remarkable for its of Bezieres. Pop. 3,350.^
curious windows. It was besieged in 1463, by the Beddington, a village in Surrey, Eng. 2 m
duke of Burgundy, at the he^l of 80,000 men, W. of Croydon. HereisBeddington-park,one of
when the women, under the conduct of Jean de the many said to have been the residence of queei»
Hachette, obliged the duketo raise the siege. The Elisabeth. The church is a €h>thic pile, with
inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful ta^ stalls in the aisles, like a cathedral. Pop. 480.
pMtary. It is seated on the Thesin, 42 m. N. of Beder, a town of France in the department of
Paris. Pop. about 30,000. Ille Vihune, 10 m. W. N. W. of Rennes.
Bsttuvoir, a town of France, in the department Beder, a fortified town of Hindooeton, in Dow
of Vendee, on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. If. N. W. latabad, situate on the south bank of the Maniorah
of Sables d^Olonne. river, once the capital of a considerable kingdom,
Bsai, whieh implies fine, is prefixed to the and still celebrated for the number and magnifi
BED 86 0BE
cMsnce qf its pagodas. It is 80 m N. W. of Hydra- Bt^fordy is also the naine of a county in West
bad. Long. 78. 2. £. lat. 17. 48. N. Tennessee. Pop. 30,444. She]lbyyille,&m. south
Be^ordy an inland county of £ngland. At the of Murfreesboroughy is the chief town.
time firitain was inyadcKl by the Romans, Cassib- Bedford, another county in the Western Dis-
elinus, the chief of the inhabitants of this part of trict of Pennsylyania, botderinff on Maryland,
the country, was appointed to the command of all* lying between the Tusoarora and the main ridffe
the forces of Britain, against Ciesar ; and under ra the Alleghany Mountains. Pon. 54,636. The
the heptarchy of the Saxons, it formed part of the chief town of the same name, in the centre of the
kingdom of Mereia, and the couoty-town is sup- county, is 105 m. W. of Harrisburg.
poeed to haye been the burial-place of king Offii; Bedford, p.t. Hillsborough Ck>. N. H. 58 m. fr.
It was afterwards the scene or many contests be- Boston. Pop. 1,554.
tween Britons, Saxons, and Danes and at later Bedford, p.t. Middlebury Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W
periods became inyolyed in the collisions between Boston. Pop. G&S.
king John and the barons; and in 1642 it took Bedford, p.t. West Chester Co. N. T. 110 m
the side of the people against the kingly authority S. Albany. Pop. 2,750.
of Charles I. The river Ouse intersects it by a Bedford, p.y. Uuyahoga Co. Ohio,
very winding course from west to east ; and the Bedminsler, t. Somerset Co. N. J.
Ivel, with several tributary streams, waters the Bedminster, t. Bucks Co. Pa.
south part. The &ce of the country is varied with BedMore, a district of Hindoostan, forming the
small nills and valleys ; and on the south is a N. W. comer of the Mysore, intersected by the
range of chalky hills, which, rising to a consider- Ghaut Mountains, the cluef town of the district,
able elevation, and projecting irregularly over the and which was formerly the capital of Canara, is
valleys, give the landscape a bold and remarkable situate east of the mountains, and is supposed
appearance. From the south-east comer to the once to have been a magnificent and important
middle of the county rans a line of good meadow- place ; but having been repeatedly subject to the
land ; and the north and east portions have a deep assaults of the Ma^rattas, tne British, and Tipp'>o
soil, which is well cultivated aud produces large Saib, it is much reduced. It is seatea on a branch
crops of com. The mineral productions are lime- of the Trombudra River, 185 m. N. W. of Ser-
■tone, coarse marble, and imperfect coal ; and ful- ingapatam.
ler*s earth is obtained in considerable quantities. Bedotdns, tribes of wandering Arabs, who live
Mineral springs are found in different parts of the in tents, and are dispersed all over Arabia, Egypt,
county, but they have not acquired much celebri- and the North of Africa, governed by their own
ty. The manufactures are chiefly confined to the chieft. in the same manner as the Patriarchs liv-
making of lace and preparing straw plat for bon- ed ana governed anciently ; the principal employ-
nets, baskets, toys, &c. The remains ofboth Sax- ment of both, the grazing of cattle.
on and Gothic architecture are to be seen in sev- Bedtoin, GreaJt, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng.
era] of the churches, as also a few specimens of it has neither market nor fiur, but returns two
stained glass in their windows. Roman antiqui- members to parliament. It is situate on the line of
ties have also been firequently discovered in the tiie Kennet and Avon Canal, five miles S. W. of
county; and it is intersected by three Roman roads. Hungerford, and 70 W. of London. Pop. 1,928.
Bedford, the chief town ofwe preceding conn- B3Lv>ortk, a town in the county of Warwick,
ty, is situate about the centre of the county, on England, seated on the great coal strata, which is
a spacious plain, north of the Chiltern hiUs, here extensively worked. A number of oersons
which run across the south part. The river Ouse, are also employed in the riband manufacture ',
over which there is a beautiful stone bridge of 5 m. N. of Coventry. Pop. in 1821,3,519.
five arches, divides the town into two parts It Beekinan, p.t. Duchess Co. N. Y. 86 m. S. Alba-
has five churches, a county hospital, and the lana- ny. Pop. 1,584.
tic asylum, a well endowed public school, and Beckmantoum, p.t. Clinton Co. N. T. 160 m. N.
about 50 alms-houses, liberally endowed by Sir Albany. Pop. 2,^1.
William Harpur, knight, a former inhabitant of Be«97uiA, a river of Hindoostan, which rises in
the town. It is a borough town, governed by a the mountains to the North of Poonah, and flows
mayor, recorder, aldermen, two chamberlains, and S. E. upwards of 300 miles, till it joins the Kristna,
13 common council, and returns two members to near Kaghir.
parliament, by the suffrage of the male inhabitants Beering*s Bay, a bay formerly called Admiral-
at large. It is the seat of assize, and of election ty Bay, in N. lat. 59. 18. on the west coast of North
p\f the county. Pop. in 1821, 5,46C, 27 in. E. by Amenci.
N. of Buckingham, and 50 N. by W. of London. Beering's Island, an Island in the Pacific Ocean,
Bedford Level, a tract of fenny land, about about 90 m. long and 30 wide, 30 leagues east of
300,000 acres, in the counties of Norfolk, Suf- the coast of Kamschatka. Long. 166. 30. £. lat.
f jlk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, and 55. 30. N.
Lincoln. Afler various attempts to drain these Bearing's Slraitf the narrow sea between the
fens, in the reign of Henry VI. and Charles I., west coast of North America and the oast coast
William, earl of Bedford, in 1649, undertook and of Asia. It is 13 leagues wide in the narrowest
completed it; and in the reign of Charles II. a part, between the capes Prince of Wales and
corporation was established for tlie government Tchukotskoi, in lat. Go. 45. N. 168. 17. W. long,
of tiiis great level. In these fens arc several de- Beeroo, a country of Negroland, between Zahu-
coys, in which innumerable quantities of wild fowl ra on the north, and Bambara on the soath.
are taken during the season. Walet is the capital.
Bedford, a County in tlic £. District of Virgin- Bees, St. a village in Cumberland, Eng. near the
ta, bounded on tlie west by the Blue Ridge : on sea, five miles south of Whitehaven. Here is a
the north by James River, and ou the sooth oy the noted free-school ', also the remains of a priory, the
Staunton, a branch of the Roanoke. Pop. 2i),253. nave of its church being now used as the parish
UberijjOie chief town, in the centre of the coun- church.
ty, is IGS m. W. by 3. of Richmond. Bessko, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, witli a
H
olotfa mtnn&etan ; wated on the Spne^ 40 m. 8. fiaUr*, or BdUbre, m town of Fnnee, in the de
E. of Berlin. partment of Indre, 25 m. S. W. of Chateannmx
Bcfortf or Beifort, a fortified town of France, in Bdairj p.t Hartford Co. Maryland, 53 m. N
the department of Upper Rhine, with manufac- Annapolis.
tures of excellent iron. It stands at the foot of a Bt&eia, a considerable town of Egypt, 35 m. N
mountain, 34 m. S. W. of Colna. Pop. about £. of Cairo, and 45 N. W. of Suez.
5,000. Befoutra, a town of Naples, in Calabria tJlteri-
Btghermtf an interior country, in the centre ore, seated on a mountain, eight miles from the
of North Africa, south of Bornou. The capital, of Gulf of Squilace and 12 S. W. of St. Severino.
the same name, is situate in the lat. of 17. N. Belchertownj p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 80 m.
and 22. 50. G. long. A salt lake in the centre of the N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,491 .
territory supplies a great extent of country with Belchite, a town of Spain, in Arragon, on the ri-
that inaispensable article. ver Almonazir, 20 m. S. of Sara^ossa.
BdtabuT^ a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, 75 Belez. or Bdz^ a town of Gallicia, abont 25 m
m. W. by N. of Lahore, on the road to Cashmere. N. by £. of Lemberg.
Behkeff or Bhahor, a town of Hindoostan, capi- Bdem, a village oiPortugal, in Estremadura. on
tal of a country of the same name. It stands on the north side ox the Tagu8,four miles below Lis*
an island formed by the Indus, near the Junction bon. Here b a royal monastery , where the kings
of the Dummoody, 160 m. S. by W. of Moultan. and oueens of Portugal are interred ; a strong fort,
Long. 70. 2. £. lat. 27. 30. N. which defends the entrance to the city ; and to
BeiUteiftf the name of several towns in different the north a noble modem aqueduct,
parts of Germany : 1st in the Duchy of Wurtem- Bdtstaty a town of France, in the department
Kurg at which is a mineral bath, about 20 m. N. of Aude, 27 m. S. W. of Carcassone.
by £. of Stuttf ard ; 2nd in the Prussian states of Belfast^ a town in the county of Antrim, Ireland,
the Grand Ducny of the Lower Rhine, on the east situate at the head of a spacious bay, about 15
bank of the Moselle, about 5 m. N. of Zell, and miles in length, which forms a safb and commo-
S2 S. W. of Coblentz ; 3rd a little to the west of dious harbour. Vessels drawing more than eight
Leon, on the Mayhe. or nine feet of water load and unload by lighters,
BsiiiA^'m, a town of France, in the department about seven miles below the town. Bielfast is a
of Lower Rhine, seated on the Sur, near its con- regular well-built town ; the principal street
fluenoe with the Rhine, 22 m. N- N. £. of Stras- runs in a straight line from the head of the bay,
burg. and is very handsome. It is the entrepot for a
Seiraf a province of Portugal, bordering on the great portion of the linens manufiu;tured in the
Atlantic Ocean, extending from the mouUi of the north of Ireland, for the storing of which there is
Mondego River, S. in lat. 40. to the Douro, which a spacious edifice called the Linen Hall, on the
forms its northern boundarv, in lat. 41. 11. N. It plan of the cloth halb in Leeds. It has a thea-
is bounded on the cast by the Spanish province of tre and an exchange, over which is an assembly-
Salamanca, and south by the Portuguese province room ) two handsome churches, and several meet-
of Estremadura, and contains an area or 823 so. ing-houses. and in 1806 a public school on an ex-
foagues, and in 1810 a population of 1,121,695. tensive scale was founded; there are also very ex-
The province is interspersed with mountains, tensive barracks on the north side of the town ;
from which rise several streams, some falling into the river Lagan, over which there is a bridge of
the Ta^s, and others into the Douro, in addition 21 arches, falls into the bay, on the S. £. side, and
to the Mondego, which intersects nearly the communicates with Lough Neagh by a canal,
whole province from east to west, and is, on the The markets are exceedingly well supplied with
ii()iole, a fine and fruitful district. The capital is all kinds of provisions, and large quantities of
Coimbra, and the other chief towns are Lamego. linens, in small parcels, are brought in for sale
Visen, Pinhel, Almeida, Guarda, and Castel by Uie country people, tor whose accommodation
Branco. there is a separate market. In addition to large
BeitdFakiyh. town of Arabia, in Yemen, fa- quantities of linens, butter, salt provisions, and
mouB asbeinga|rreat mart for conee. It is 24 m. grain, shipped to Great Britian, partly in ex-
E. S. £. of Hodeida, and about 70 N. by £. of Moka. change for manufactures and partly m payment o'
Beith, a parish and town of Scotland ; tlie parish rent, to a non-resident proprietor, Belfast carries
is partly in Ayr and partly in Renfrewshire, and on a direct trade to the West Indies, Spain, Amer-
in 1821 contained 4,472 inhabitants. The town, ica, and the Baltic; builds and owns a considera-
tn which the greater portion of the population is ble extent of shipping, and has several manufiu;-
concentrated, and emploved in the cotton manu- tures of leather, chemicals, glass, &c.; and the
facture, is in Ayrshire, about 10 m. S. by W. of cotton manufacture, is endeavouring to establish
Paisley. itself in Belfast and iU vicinity. It is 88 m. N. of
Be;a, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, supposed Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 37J2^, and returns one
to hive been the Pax Julia of the Romans, seated member to the parliament of the United Kingdom,
on an eminence in an extensive plain, near a lake Bdfastf p.t. Waldo Co. Me. at the month of the
of its name, 72 m. S. £. of Lisbon. Long. 7. 40. Penobscot, 12 m. W. Castine, lias a food harbour
W. lat. 37. 58. N. Pop. about 6,000. and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 3,077.
• Beiapour. See Visiapour, Bdfast, t. Bedford Co. Pa.
Bekesh, a town in a county of the same name, Bdfardf p.v. Nash Co. N. C. 64 m. E. Raleigh,
in Upper Hungary, situate in a fork of the Korash Bdfordy a town of Northumberland, Eng. on Uic
River, a few miles east of Tur. line of the high road from London to Edinburgh.
B«te, a large towh of Upper Hungary, situate a- 49 m. N. by W. of Newcastle, and 15 S. by E. of
roon^rtlie Carpathian Mountains on the frontiers Berwick. Pop. 1,206.
of Poland . Bdgard^ a town of Prussian Pomerania, immedi-
Bd'Aleasar, or Baleatar^ a town of Cordova, ately contiguous to Corbin, and about 15 m. 8. by
Spain, situate on the east bank of the Goga river, £. of Colberg.
96 m. N. N. W. of Cordova. Bdgem^ a town of Saxony Proper, with a good
W B£L
tnde in lieer, seated on the Elbe, 8 m. S. E. of ^^ttUjf, a town of France, in the department of
Torgao. Ain, and lately a bishop's see ; seated near the
Bi^Mtm. BeeJftAaUmdi Rhone,40 m. S. E.of Bourg. Long. 5. 44. £. lat
BelgnuU^ a celebrated town and fortress of En- 45. 47. N. Pop. about 3,8(S).
lopean Turkey, capital of Senria, and a Greek BdUdem^ a town in the BaTBiian circle of the
hiahop*8 see, seated at the confluence of the Saave Rhine, lying between Laudan and Phillipsburg,
with the Danube, immediately contiguooa to the on the west side of the riyer.
Selavonian fortress of Semlin. It was first pos- BdUn, a town of Brandenburg, in the new Mark.
seseed by the Turks in 1522, retaken by the east of the Oder Canal, about 18 m. N. N. W. oi
confederated Gierraan powers in 1688, but again Kustin.
taken by the Turks in 1690. It was taken by Bellingham, a town in Northunberland, Eng.
prince £ugene in 1717, and kept till 1739, when seated on the north branch of the Tyne, 15 m. N.
it was oe<led to die Turks. It was a^n ta^en in N. W. of Hexham, and 300 of London.
1789, and restored at the peace of Reichenbach, in HelUngkamyp.i, Norfolk Co. Mass. 26 m. 8.
1790, and in 1806 it surrendered to an insurgent W. Boston. Pop. 1,101.
force of Servians, in opposition to the wanton au- BelUnzona, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
tbority of the Janissanos. In addition to its emi- canton of Tessin. It is seated on the Tesino, five
nenoe as a fortress, it is one of the most considen- miles above its entrance into the lake Magiaore,
ble trading towns in Western Turkey. It is about and 22 W. S. W. of Chiavenna. Long. 8. &, £.
440 m. N. W. of Constantinople, and 160 S. S. £. lat. 46. 8. N.
of Pest BdJUnos Falls ^ a cataract on the Connecticut be-
Bdgrade^ a town of European Turkey, in Ro- tween Walpole and Rockingham, consisting of
mania, on tlie strait of Constantinople, 2U miles several pitches in a reiy narrow strait of the riv-
north of that city. er. A large rock here myides the stream into two
BeUradOya. town of Italy, in Friuli. seated near channeb, each 90 feet wide, but when the river ia
the T^iamenta, 81 m. S. by W. of Udina. low the whole current is thrown into the western
BelidafOT Ble^tUf a town of Algiers, in the pro- channel, where it is contracted to 16 feet and rush-
▼ince ofTiteria, at the foot ofa ridge of mountams, es with astonishing rapidity. A bridge is built
15 m. S. £. of Algiers. over these falls, and a canal passes round them.
Belitx^ a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the Bell Rocky or Inch Cape, a ledge of partly sunk-
Middle Mark, with a manutacture of cloUi, sea- en rocks, off the east coast of Gotland, bietween
ted on a river of the same name, 27 m. S. W. of the Friths of ForUi and Tay, formerly very dan-
Berlin. gerouB in fognr weather, and by night, but some
BeUaCy a town of France, in the department of what obviated since 1811, by the erection of a
Upper Vienne, seated on the Vinoon, 20 m. N. of light-house upon the most prominent point, in lat
Limoges. Pop. about 4,000. 66. 26. N. and long. 2. 23. W.
BtUmmf Bank, r. unites with the Piscataqua at Bellunese, a district of Italy, lying between Fri-
Dovar, N. H. nil, Cadorino, Feltrino, and Tyrol. It has large
JBsiis/iirte,p.t<yentre Co. Pa. woods, and iron mines; and is fertile in com.
BelUgardef a fortjess of France, in the depart- wine, and fruit. Belluno is the only place or
mentotEastem Pyrenees, and an important place, note. ,
OB account of its being a pas8a|pe to the Pyrenees. BeUvno, a town of Italy, capital of the Bel-
It was taken by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken lunese, and a bishop's see, seated among the Alps,
tbe next year. It is 15 m. S. of Perptgnao. on the river Piave. 15 m. N. £. of Feltri. Long.
BtUegarde, a town of France, in the department 12. 9. E. lat. 43. 13. N. Pop. about 7,500.
of Saone and Loire, on the river Saone, 15 m. N. Belmantj a county on the east side of the state
£. of Chalons. of Ohio, bordering on the Ohio River, which se-
BelUisU, an island of France, 15 miles from the paratcs it from Virginia. Pop. 24,412. St. Clairs-
coast of Bretagne. It is 10 miles long and three vilio, the chief town, is 123 m. E. of Columbus.
broad, diversified with craggy mountains, salt- _ Bdmonty p.t Waldo Co. Me. 20 m. W. Castine
, and fertile plains. The principal place Pop. 1,024.
is Palais, a fortified town, with a citadel. It was Belmont^ Wayne Co. Missouri.
taken by the English, in 1761, and restored in Bdmonty the name of two inconsiderable towns
17G3. It now forma part of tl^ department of in France^ one in the department of Loire, and
Moffiriiian,and cmttains a population orabout 5,800. the other in Aveiron.
Long. 3. 5. W. lat. 47. 17. N. Belavery a town in the N. E. part of Croatia,
S^2scs2e, an island at the N. E. end of a channel near the frontiers of Sclavonia.
between New Britain and Newfoundland, called BehockisUaiy a country of Asia^ lying between
the Strait of Belleisle. The island is 20 miles Peraia and the Indus, the boundanes of which are
io circuit, and has a small harbour on the N. W. very imperfeotly defined; the inhabitants consist-
side. Long. 55. 25. W. lat 51. 58. N. ing wholly of pastoral tribes, extend their territo-
BeUatme, a town of France, in the department ry wherever ]>asture and fertility invite, and the
of Ome, with an ancient castle, 24 m. £. 8. £. of power of their arms prove sufficient to defend
Alenoon and 80 8. W. of Paris. them against interruption ; in fact, instead of Be-
Beuariewy p.t. Washington Co. Missouri, in the loochistan being designated a country, it would be
Mine Durtrict more proper to consider it as tbe eastern part of
BsUsmtts, p.v. Essex Co. N. J. on the Passaic, 5 Persia^ inhabited by numerous nredatory and law-
m. above Newark. Here are calico printing less tribes, possessing peculiar Mahometan tenets,
woriu which turn oat annually near 7,000,000 from which the name of Belooches has been deriv-
yards, slso manufactares of copper, brass, silver, ed, and which will be more fully described under
led and while lead, dbc. the head of Persia.
BeiUmlUy p.t. Wood Co. Va. on the Ohio. Theie BeUuza, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
■re also towns of this name ia Ohio, Illinois, Ken a citadel, both of them strongly fortified with a
tocky and Alabaau. mud wall and a ditch. In the ricinity is laoch
BEN 9B BEN
fine rice groand, and a great number of sheep Benar§gf an exceedingly fertile district of Hin-
aie bred. — It is 38 m. N. of Seringapatam. doostan, in the north-east part of the province of
Beipetf a town in Derbyshire, Eng. Here are Allahabad, between those of Bahar and Oade. It
■everal large cotton-mills, a bleaching mill and an contains the circars of Benares, Jionpour. Chunar,
iron-forge, and about a dozen large establishments and Gasypour ; and was ceded to the Englbh in
for the manufacture of nails. It is seated on the 1775. It is very productive in rice, sogar, silk,
Derwent, 8 m. N. of Derby, 134 N. N. W. of cotton, and indigo,
l«ondon. Pop. in 1821,7,235. Benares , the chief town of the district, is one
Belpre, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio, on the N. of the finest and most populous towns of all Hin-
W. bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the dooetan. It is beautifully situated on the north
Little Kanahwa, 14 m. S. W. of Marietta, and bank of the Ganges, and celebrated as the ancient
4G N. E. of Gallipolis seat of Brahminical learning. Several Hindoo
Belpuigf a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a temples embellish the high banks of the river;
famous convent, 18 m. £. N. E. of Lerida. and many other public and private buildings are
Belt J Great f a strait of Denmark, )>etwecn the magnificent. The streets are narrow, the houses
islands of Zealand and Funen, which forms a com- hivn, and some of them five stories each, inhabit-
munication between the Cattegat and t!u' Baltic, eaby different families, but the more weaUhy
Owing to its more circuitous course it is not so Grentoos live in detached houses, with an open
muchlrequented as the Sound. (See Baitie.) In court, surrounded by a wall. Nearly in the cen-
,1658 the whole strait was frozen so hard, that tre of the city is a considerable Mafaomedan
Charles Gustavus, king of Sweden, marched over mosque, built by the emperor Aurunffzebe, who
it, irith a design to take Copenhagen. destroyed a magnificent Hindoo temple to make
Belt, Little, a strait, west of the Great Belt, be- room for it. Tnere is also a very superb temple,
tween Funen and North Jutland. It is one or the built by the rajah Cheytsing, who was driven from
passages from the Cattegat to the Baltic, though Benares for exciting an insurrection against the
not three miles in breadth, and very crooked. British in 1781, and who was finally deposed in
Belturbet, a town in tlic north part of the coun- 1783. There are ruins of several Hindoo temples
tyof CavaUjIreland, itisintheparishof Annagh, in the vicinity, destroyed by the intolerance of
which in 1821 contained a population of 10,4b8, Mahometans. In addition to the consequence
and is sometimes called BeUurbet. The town derived from the vast congregatipn of persons oc-
contains about 1,800 inhabitants, 9 m. N. N. W. casioncd by the priestcraft of Benares, it is the
of Cavan, and 61 of Dublin. centre of a very extensive traffic for all the pro-
Bdvedere, a town of European Turkey, capital ductions and manufactures of the eftst, and is dis>
of a fertile province of the same name, in the Mo^ tinguished for its trade in diamonds, and works in
rea. The raisins called Belvederes come from this ffold and jewelry. It is the seat of a Britishjuris-
8 lace. It is 17 m. N. E. of Chirenza. Long. 21. diction, and is about 130 m. W. by 8. of ratna,
5. E. lat. 38. 0. N. ^ and 460 W. by N. of Calcutta. Pop. about 600,000.
Belvedere, p. v. Warren Co. N. J. on the Dela- Benatek, a town in the circle of^Bunzlau, Bohe-
ware. mia, situate on the west bank of the Iser River.
Belvez, a town of France, in the department of about 30 m. N. E. of Prague. Tycho Brahe diea
Dordourne, 27 m. S. S. E. of Perigucux. Pop. here in 1601.
about 3,000. Benaeari, a town of Spain, in Arragon, 17 m.
Bdum, a town of Hanover, near the mouth of N. of Lerida.
the Gate, 24 m. N. W. of Stade. Considerable BenaveHte, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
quantities of flax are raised in its vicinity. river Esla, 26 m. S. S. W. of Leon.
Belur, a town of Usbec Tartar^ , capital of a BenaoeHte, a town of Portugal, in Alemteio, on
province of the same name, which is a hilly coun- the river Soro, near its confluence with the Tagns,
try, bounded on the north and east by tiie Belur 30 m. E. N. E. of Lisbon.
'Ag, or Dark Mountains, ancienuy the Imaus. Benbeevla, an island of Scotland, one of the
The capital is 200 m. E. of Badakshan. Long. 74. Hebrides, between North and South Uist, fixnn the
10. E. lat. 36. 35. N. last of which it is separated b^ a narrow channel,
Belmdere, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 38 m. N. Mont- nearly dry at low water. It is of a circular fonn,
pelier. Pop. 185. including the inlets of the sea, 9 miles in
Being, a town of Saxony Proper, with a castle, ter. The soil is sandy and unproductive, but
seated on the Walse, 25 m. N . K. W. of Witten- much kelp is made fipom the sea-weed thrown on
burg. the coast
Ben, a name prefixed to most of the mountains Benuoolen,, a settlement of the English East
in Scotland ; the following are among the most India Company, on the south-west side of the
considerable^ with the counties in which they be- Island of Sumatra. The settlement was first form-
long and their altitude above the level of the sea: — ed in 1690, siter the valiant Dutoh drove all liie
FeU, English from BataTia. The unhealthiness of the
Ben Ardlanich Perth 3,500 spot first chosen, destroyed in 1698, nearly the
Beauchonzie 2,922 whole of the European population: a new site
Beinglo 8,725 was chosen, and the fort called Fort Marlborough,
Abonrd Aberdeen 3,940 has proved more congenial to the physical oon-
, Avon 3,920 stitutions of Europeans, but it is still oonsidered
Choachan Ross 3,000 the most disagreeable place in all the British do-
Cloch Clackmannan 2,420 minions cf the east The town is inhabited by
Ivas Perth 4,000 natives from all parts of Asia. The chief occupa-
Nevis Inverness 4,370 tion of the people of the ooontry is the culture of
Lomond Stirling 3,240 the pepper plant, the extent of liie produce of
BsRA, or Bens, a fortified town of Piedmont, in which is very great, and oonstituies its exclusive
the north-west part of the province of Mondovi, means of external oommerce. Fori Malborougii
28 m. S. by E. of Turin. Pop. about 5,000. is in lat 3* 48. 6. and 102. 28. £. long.
. . . _ ..rMt eztremiW
of the iilud of SmiMm, about LW m. B. E. of
BeDCDoUn.
Cniutuitine, 35 m. B. 3. E. oT' Seleef.'
flndala, a town ofBoniou, North Aftio, about
900ni.E. ofDwupital.
BauUr, or Tckem, a ibrtiSed town ot Eoropean
Tnrkej, capita] of BMHrabia. Here Charka the
XII. of Sweden resided, after hii defeat at Pullo-
wa Id 1709. Previoiu to 1770, when the Ruviani
look Bender b; ator>n, and totallj deatroyed tba
town, and afl«rwajdii abandontd it^ it ooQtauied
ainut 30,000 inhabitanU. in 17t» it waa taken
agiin bj the Hmsiana aliowt withoat a atmgglc,
bat restored to the Turks in the following year;
X'n taken by (he Kuiaiana, to whom with the
le of Beaaarabia and all that part oTMoldaTia
ter, about iOU m. E. b; S. of Jaaaj, and tlO N. of
Conatanlinoi^. Freaent pop. about 10,000,
Balder Major, Bagk, and Bitlur, thiee towna
on the oDrth-eaat shore of tbe PenUo rolf-
Bmdorf, a town on tbe east bank of tbe I
aboat 5 m. N. of CoUeoti.
Bejuadi, a laxve town of Upper Effjpt. oi
veat wde of tbe Nile, in lat. about 87. 30 N.
BaiudeUo, St. a town of Italr, in tha Hull
near tbp river Po, 15 m. 8. 8. E. of Mantua, distin-
gniahed before the rarolution, for one of the rich-
er and fioeat conrents in all Ital^. There iaalao
another town of the same name la Piedmont, 19
na. E. of Bena.
le Rhine,
SSlli and 9]>t deg. of low. He Bnrramncntn'
anten the province from Aaaam.at tbe north-east
eitnmit}', and unitea with the moat northern,
whieh ia the main branch of the Ganges at ila
confluenoe with the aea; whilst tbe Dutnoiaoda
waten the south aide of the province, falling into
tbe Hooffly, or southern braneb of Uie Ganges,
below CaJcutta: theM [ivtn, with their numer-
oni Iributarj itreams, afford a facilitj of oomma
nication bj water to almost every town in the
province, and by their periodical overflowinga add
fertilitv to the luxuriant and cibauatlca* aoil.
Bengal ia altogether a level country, former^ il
vast plaitu, IwnndtKl to the rye only by Ihe
horiion, yielding, with but tittle aid of culture, all
the plants nnd fruits peculiar lo a tropical climati-.
Rice, cotton, silk, and saltpetre, are its indigenoui
and staple productions, and sugar and indigo have
been recently cultivated with great iuccees and lo
alaa produced for internal coniamption, but being
inferior in quality to the like productione of
America and Europe, they are not eiported.
Giuni and medicinal plants are varion* and abun-
dant. Tbe great forests and manhy districts art-
peopled with elephanta, Tlieae ginntie animals,
once fonnidahte in the field ofbattfe, an now em-
ployed only lo drag cannon and canj amunitioD,
Btiuilui, SI. a iwvket town of Hue
lut, SI. a markat town of Himgarr, <m
It bank of tha Gran, about 5 m. W. of
Pnkani.
Beaetdaa, a town in the aonth-weat part oT
Sileaia, on the ihmtiei of theprincipali^ of Tn^
pan. Also the name of Ibar small towiu in Bo-
uid fiaz ; aeated on
BaievaiU, a town of France,
ofOense, 10 m. N. N. ■" "'
I m. S. of Cairn.
nee, ui the depart
of Borganeuf.
1 small
Benereato hai lul
patticnlariy in 1388,
out of (ha rains alive. Except Borne, no city in
Italy can boast of so many miua of ancient aculp-
toie aa ate to bo fonnd in tlua plaoe. It is teated
near the conSoence uf tbe Sabato and Caloro,
35 m. N. B. ofNaplea. Lonr. U. 47. E. lat. 41.
8. N. Pop. aboiit 14,000.
Ba^eUsa, a town of rranee, in the deurtmant
of Lower Bhine, on the river III, 13 m. 8. S. W.
ne, Ulaly belonging to the pope.
niBeied greatly^v eaitluiuakeB,
188, when the ardiliiahap waa dng
Baigmt, a maritinr province fuiming the north-
eut extremity of tlie great promontory of Hiu'
davtan, Iviag between the lat of Sa. and 96. 30.
N. and the Sdiand9&iddca. ofE. lonr. His
boDDded on the north-eart and north by Heeklrv,
n laniii, and Bootan, eonntrie* at preaent liut little
known ; north-weal by Bahar ; south bj Oriaaa :
•ad >o(rth-eaat by IheooaaB or ha* of Bengal, and
eontaina an aiea i^ apwarda of 1(10,000 aq. roiloi.
1^ river Gangeo inteneeta tha proviiue Aom
^ ~raat to aMttfa-eaat, dividing into Dnmarooa
la Mbn it Ufa iato the mr, LbIwmi U»
to aet heavjenginea in motion, to eany
Uiicfc jungle which overspreads the plaiiu
tigera are numerous among the underwood of the
marshes. The rhinoceros lives in the mud and
water, and is espcciatly common upon the lelanda
at the mouth ofthe Ganges. Bunloee and horn-
ed cattle are nunteroua, and horaea of various
kind* are common. Birds and domestic poultT]'
of a]] kinda are very abundant. Frevioua lo the
oommenoement of tbe 13th century, Bengal was
inhabited by an nnmiied and feeble race of Hin-
doos, who at that period yielded their authority
to a horde of Mahometan marauders from the con-
fines of Persia and Tartary. They established
their leat of empire at Dehti, and Bengal con-
tinued tributary for about HO yean, when it re-
mined, and preaerredits independence fbrnearlr
? ^-.„ .. ;-7ftded again b- •»— -
Bhah, and af^rwards by the emperor J
again rendered it tributary to Dehli, iv wuitu n
continued aubject until the year 1756, when the
i, to which it
the authority
rftbe llagliBh East India Company, who for half
a century nevionalj had ealablisbed settlement*
on the hanks of the Ganges, and progreaaivelj ex-
tended their influence. They have since divided
> three diatricti fbr civil and " "--'
I <ri«. Oaloatta, DaMa. and lil
and formed riz great mifitanr ttatioiifl of which po|rahnis of all Weateni Afhoa, oontainiaff about
Calcatta is the chief, as well as the seat of soy- 15,000 inhabitants. It is situate inland about 40
enunentcf the whole British empire in Asia. The m. from Gatto. a town standing at the head* of a
total po]fulation is about ZfiOOfifM, of whom about large inlet of tne Formosa river. The road from
nine>tentbs are native Hindoos, and the remain- Gatto to Benin is over a level country, in some
der a mixed race of Mahometans, descendants of places swampy and thickly wooded, and the coun-
of the early conquerors, by intermarriages with try around the town of Benin is also thickly wood-
the natives; and a few Europeans. Miuiufactures eu. Like all other African towns, Benin is very
of cotton, or silk, are carried on in almost every unequaJly laid out. The houses are all built with
town of the province, and in the principal cities clay, ana covered with reeds, straw, or leaves,
tlie works in gold and jewelry are very extensive. The royal palace is of vast extent, but neither el-
The nature and present extent of Uie commerce egant nor commodious. All male slaves here are
of Ben^ will be more fully elucidated under the foreigners ; for the inhabitants cannot be sold for
head of Calcutta, and the nature and extent of such, only they bear the name of the kings
revenue under the head of Ilindoostan. slaves. Since the restriction of the slave-trade to
Ben^tida, a maritime district on the west coast the south of the equator, Benin, in common wiUi
of South Africa, lying south of the Congo river, the whole extent of the western coast of Africa,
between the lat of 10. 30. and 16. S. There are from the river Gambia, in lat. 13. N. to Malemba,
two towns or settlements of the Portuguese on the in lat. 5. S. has shewn itself capable of affording
coast, called Benguela, Old and New, the former ail the means requisite for the formation of an
in tl^ lat. of 10. 60. and the other in about 12. intercourse, as social and reciprocal, as the slave
30. S. from whence the Portuguese and Brazilian traffic was debasing, partial, and^ vicious. The
ships obtain a considerable portion of their slaves, commerce of Great Britain with this part of Africa
Benif a large river of South America, rising is inconsiderable,
near the south extremi^ of La Paz, running north, Bmun-DazUf St. a town of France, in the de-
parallel with, and within the most easterly ridce partment of Nievre, having several iron mines in
of the Andes, and forming the east branch of the its vicinity. Pop. 1,600.
Ucayale, which falls into the Amazon aflcr run- Bcnisurf, a town of Egypt, with manufoctures
ning from south to north through the whole inte* of carpets, and woolen and linen stoflb, seated on
rior of Peru. The Jesuits founded some settle- the Nile, 60. m. 8. of Cairo,
ments on the banks of the Beni, of which St. Fran- BenAcnsCstK, or Bameekmutmnf a town of the
Cisco, Trinidad, and Reyez, in the lat. of 12. to Prussian states, in the duchy of Saxony, 11 m.
14. 8. are the chief. S. W. of Halberstadt
BaueariOf a town of Valencia, Spain, a few m. Benrnngen, a village of Wirtemburg, on the
north of Peniscola. It u celebrated for its wines, Neckar, where the remains of a Roman town
of which considerable quantities are exported. were discovered in 1597.
BenignOf St. a populous villa^ of Piedmont, Bennbufton^ a village in Hertfordshire, England
situate on the high road to tlie Alps, about 10 m. near Stevenaffe. Here the Mercian kuigs had a
N. of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. palace; and ue castle, in which a council was
Benihassen^ a maritime province of Fes, border- neld in 850, still remains near the church. Pop.
ing on the Atlantic, of which New Salee or Rabat, 668.
in lat. 34. 5. N. is the principal outport. Baadngtim, a County forming the south-west
ffsiun, a country in North Africa, towards the part of the state of Vermont, mirdering on the
cast extremity of upper Guinea, lying principal- state of New York. Pop. 17,470.
ly north and west of the river Formosa, the en- Bemungtan^ the chief town of the pieceding
trance to which is in lat 5. 33. N. an^ 4. 35. £. County. Though the largest and oldest town in
louff. It is bounded on the west bv Dahomey \ the state, the judicial courts are commonly held
on the east by Waree ; and north by undefined at Rutland and Windsor alternately. Near this
boundaries and countries but little known. Benin town. General Staric guned two battles, on Aug
exhibits many beautiful landsci4»es ; but the air 16th, 1777, which contributed to the subsequent
IS noxious near the coast, on account of the gross surrender of general Burgoyae's army. Benning-
vapours from the marshes. Oranges and lemons ton is situate at the foot of the Green Mountains
grow on the side of the roads, and the cotton and near the 8. W. oomer of the state, 30 m. E. by
pepper plants are indigenous to the soil, but both N. of Albany and 1S9 8. 8. W. of Mon^lier.
are very imperfectly cultivated. Among the ani- Pop. 3^19.
male are elephants in great number, leopards, lliereaiealsoiownsof thie nameinNewTork,
stags, wild boars, civet and mountain oats, horses. Pa., Ohio and Alabama,
hares, and hair^r sheep ; a vast number of serpents BenssZsm, t. Burks Go. Pa.
and other reptiles; and the principal birds are Bsiuforo, p.v. Pitt Co. N.C. 60 m. 8.E. Raleigh,
parroquets, pigeons, partridges, storks, and ostri- Bauktrg, a town of the duohy of Berg, West-
ches. The dress of the natives is neat. Th^ rich phalia, 7 m. £ of Mulheim, on the Rhine,
wear white calico or cotton petticoats, but the up- BenMstm, a town of Germany, 25 miles N. N.
per part of the body is commonly naked. The W. of Heidelberg, and ION. a. of Worms. Pop.
women use great art in dressing their hair, which about 3400.
they reduce into a varietur of forms. The people Be$uittgtmiy commonly called Bshmii, a town
are skilful in making various sorts of dyes ; and in Oxforul^re, Eng. on the high road from L(m-
they manufacture some cotton into cloths. Poly- don to Oxford. It was formerly the abode of royal-
^amy is allowed, and the number of wives is lim* ij, and has a hospital called God's House. Pop.
tied by the state of their circumstances only, doO.
Tliougii jealous of each other, they offer their JBsiison, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt on L. Cfaamplain.
wives to Europeans. Their religion is paganism^ Pop. 1^93.
the king himself bein^p fetiekef and as such the BetUktim, formerly a eoonty of the drole of
chief object of adoration in hiii dominion. The Westphalia,but now forming part of the kingdom
chief town, called also Bmin, is one of the ipost of Hanover. It is about 18 nules in breadth aad
46 in kngtfa, botderinff on th» United rwyfaMw warn exported to Engluid; the dbtriet pndiMte
of Holland, inteTseetea from sonth to north by the gre«t muuititiefl of aut.
Vecht. Pop. about 35/)00. There is a town of Berioa, a town of Perua, in EriTan, eeated m
the same name, inconsiderable. The chief town* a fertile plain, 16 m. £. 8. E. of Gangea.
are Neinhns, Northern, and Sohnttorf. Bwte AUtan, a borongrh m DeTonshire, Eng.
Bmiofogiw, a town of Italy, in Bolo^rneae, 10 eontaining ebont 100 hooees, seated between the
m. N. E. of Rologna. Tamar and the Tive, 10 ro. If. by W. of Ply-
BentleysmlU, p.T. Halifax Co. Va. 180 m. S. W. mouth, and 212 W. by S. of London. It returns
Richmond. * two members to parliament.
Benitm, p.t Yates Co. N. Y. 200 m. West Al- Bere lUgU, a town in DorBetshire, Eng. On
bany. Pop. 3,957. Woodbnry-hill ; half a mile to the north-east, is a
BeiUon, p.T. Scott Co. Missouri, 100 m. fr. St. circular lloman camp, inclosed within three
Louis. • trenches. The town is seated on the Bere, near
Benzhausen, a populous village with seTeral its confluence with the Piddle, 12 m. £. by N. of
iron forges, in the mining district of Smalcalden, Dorchester, and 112 S. W. of London. Pop. 968.
county <^ Henneberg, circle of Franconia. BereUly, a city of Hindoostan, capital ofRohil-
Btrart an interior proTince of the Deccan of Hin- k, which was conquered by the nabob of Oude, in
doostan, bounded on the north by Malwa and Al- 1774. It is 120 m. N. N. W. of Lucknow. Long,
lahabad, east by Orissa, south by Golconda, and 79. 40. E. lat. 28. 30. N.
west by DowUtabad and Candeish. The princi- Berel&s, a lake of Egypt, between Damietta and
pal pait of itis nominally subject to a nuah, under Rosetto, of an oval form, 32 miles long, and 10
mrreillanceof the English East India Company, broad in the middle.
tfaeothertocheNisamofthedeocan. The rajah's BereUk, a town at the south-east frontier of
country extends 550 miles from east to west, and TransylTania, near the pass of Oitosch.
in some places 200 from north to south. Its cap- Bertgh^ a frontier county of Upper Hungary.
ital is Nagpour. Little is known respecting the bounded on the south by the river Theiss, and
interior ; hut that about Nagpour is fertile and north by the Carpathtan mountains. Pop. about
well cultivated. The genend appearance of the 46,000.
country, particularly between Na^^ur and Orie- Beregh, and Ber€ghMtax, two of the principal
sa, is that of a forest, thinly set with Tillages and towns, are situate In the S. W. part of the pre-
towns. ceding county.
Berat or Arnmith Bdgradey the ancient Eordea, Berezinaf a rirer of Lithuania, which has ite
m large interior town of Albania, about 40 m. N. E. source near a village of the same name, in lat. 54.
ofValona. Pop. about 12,000. 50. N. and after receiving several tributery
Beraim-Podbradf an interior circle of Bohemia, streams, and running south through the palatinate
lying between 49. 25. and 50. of N. lat. and 13. of Minsk, parallel with the Dnieper, through
4^. uid 14. 30. of E. lonjr. It is intersected from nearly three degrees of lat. fells into that river a
south to north by the Moldau river, which fells little above Rzeczyca. It is memorable for the
into the Elbe, aoout 20 miles nortn of Prague, disasters which ite passage occasioned to the
Beramn, the chief town, is mtuate near the fVench army on ite retreat from Moscow in 1812.
nothem frontier of the circle, on the south bank There is a small river of the same name falling
of a river, of the same name, which rises near the into the Vistula, a few miles S. £. of Thorn,
frontiers of Bavaria, and fells into the Moldau a Benxiiukoi, a town of Siberia, on the Irtisch
few miles south of Prague. It has manufrbctures river, about 40 m. 8. £. of Tobolsk.
of fire-arms and earthen ware ; 15 m. W. S. W. BerexoVf a considerable town of Siberia, situate
of Prague. near the confluence of the Soswa river, with the
BerSera, the projecting coast of Eastern Africa, west branch of the Obe, in lat. 64.
extending fit>m the straite of Babelmandel to ^^g^ ^ duchy of Westphalia, lying along the
ei^ Guardafui. At a town of the same name river Rhine, to the south of the duchy of Cleves,
upon the coast, in lat 10. 25. N. and 45. 8. E. long, about 60 miles in length, and from 10 to 22 in
a famee annual feir is held, at which the manufec- breadth. It is frill of woods and mountuns, but
tnrea productions of Persia and India are ex- fertile upon the banks of the Rhine, and in the
changed for gum, frankincense, myrrh, and va- valleys ; and has mines of lead, iron, and coal.
rimis other commodities. This seems to be a point Dusseldorf is the capital. It now forms a part of
0^ the African coast from whence a more advan- the Prussiannrovinces of the Lower Rhine. Pop.
tageons intercourse might be established with the about 296,000.
interior, than any other either on the western or Berg is also the name of several towns in differ-
eastem ooasto. ent pute of Germany.
BerHe*. a river of South America, the entrance Btrga, a town of Spain in Catalonia, seated on
U» which IS in lat. 6. 29. N. and 57. 11. W. long, the Lobregat. 18 m. E. N. E. of Solsona.
Plantations, formed by the Duteh, extend on Berga, is also the name of two towns in Saxo-
both sides of the river for about 150 miles along ny, one in Switzerland, and another in Norway,
the coast. Thecolony was surrendered to the Eng- Ber^iiuuetf, a province of Italy, bounded by
fish in 1790; given up at the peace of Amiens; Brescia, the Valteline, and the Milanese. Toward
retaken on the renewal of the war, and confirm- the north it is ntountainous and rocky, and has
ed to England at the peace of 1814. mines of iron ; some of the valleys produce much
BcrcAteZmden, provostehip of, encircled by the wine and oil ; and in the vicini^ of the capital,
archbishopric of Saltzburg, formerly part of the Bergamo, it is very fertile. It formed part of
circle of Bavaria, but now of the Austrian em- the kingoomof Italjr, under Bonaparte, but was
pire. The chief town of the same name is situate transferred to Austria at the Congress of Vienna,
at tiie N. E. part of the district, about 14 miles 8. subsequent to the peace of 1815. Pop. about
of Sahxburg. It has a handsome church. POp. S05.0W. ^,^
about 3,000, who are much employed in the man- Bergmas, an ancient city of Itely, ^^'^^^^^
ufeetors of wooden toys, large quantities of which op's see, capital of Bergamaseo, with a eilwel. It
1i ftmom for iti tewiiii; cilk ; and iU fUr o* 8l. Rmmo eoias have been oAeii dog up heie ,
Bartholomew's day , is resorted to by merchants and on the north side are the remains of a oasile,
from distant parte. It stands on a hilly between the residence of the kings of Mercia. In -697 a
the rivers Bremba and Serio, 30 miles N. £. of parliament was held here, and Ina's laws publish-
Milan ; and eontains several fine edifices, and is ed. Here William the Conqueror swore to his no-
distinguished as the birth-place of several eminent bility to maintain the laws made by his predeces-
artiats and literati. Pop. about 30,000. sors. Henry II. kept his court in this town, and
Bergamo f a city of Natolia. See Permmi. granted to it many privileges ; and James I. whose
Bergedoffjji. town of the north bank ofthe Elbe, children were nursed here, made it a corporation ;
about 10 m. £. of Hamburgh. but this government was dropped in the civil wars.
Bergen, a city and seaport of Norway, capital The church is a handsome Gothic structure. It
of a government of the same name, and a bishop's is seated on the west branch of the river Grade,
see, with a castle. It forms a semicircle round a and on the Grand Junction Canal, 26 jn. N. W; of
smallgulf of the sea, and is the most populous London. Pop. in 1821^2,310.
town m Norway, containing 19,000 inhabitante. Berkley , a town in Glouoesterihlre, Eng. It
On the land side it is defended by mountains, and has a trade in timber, coals, malt, and cheese
on the other by several fortifications. All the which is benefited by means of a canal from
churches and many of the houses are of stone, but Gloucester. Here is an ancient castle on a rising
most of the latter are constructed of wood. The ground, in which Edward II. was murderea.
castle and cathedral are remarkable edifices. It Berkley has the honour of ffiving birth to the
carries on a great trade in skins, fir-wood, deals, justly celebrated Dr. Edward jenner. the discov^
tar, and dried fish; and \b 170 m. W. by N. of ererofthe vaccine inoculation. It is seated on
Christiania. Long. 5. 20. £. lat 60. 24. N. the Little Avon, near ito confluence with the
Bergen, a town of North Holland, noted for two Severn. 15 m. S. W. of Gloucester, and ) 14 W
bloody battles, in 1799, between the English of London. Pop. 836.
and Russian forces opposed by the Duteh and BerUw, p.t. Bristol Co. Mast. 35 m. 8. Boston.
French, which terminated in fr.vour of the former. Fop. 907.
It is situate among woods, 4 m. N. N. E. of Ale- BerkUy, p.v. Glouoetter Co. N. J. 13 m. fr.
maer. Philadelphia.
Bergen, the chief town ofthe island of Rugen^ BerkUu, a frt>ntier County of Virginia, bound-
which see. ed on tne north by the Potomac River, which
Bergen, p.t. Genessee Co. N. T. 258 m. W. Al- separates it from Pennsylvania. Pop. 10,526.
banv. Pop. 1,508. MTartinsburgh, 192 m. N. W. of Richmond, is
Bergen, a GMinty of New Jersev, bordering on the chief town,
the Hudson. Pop. 22,414. Hacaensack is the Berkley 9fring$, p.v. Morgan Co. Va. on the
chief town. Potomac.
Bergen, p.t. in the above Co. The inhabitante Berks, or BerkdMre, an inland and verjlrregn
are mostly descendante from the Duteh settlers. It lar shaped county of England. The riverThames
is surrounded by water excepting the north, and by a very circuitous course, divides it on the nortl*
separated b> the river Hudson from the city of and east from the counties of Oxford and Wilt-
New York, 3 miles distant. shire, and south from Hampshire. Reading, 39m.
Berjrenrop-Zoam, a town of Dutch Brabant, cap- west of London is the chief town. At the east
ital of a marquisate of the same name. It is a end of the county, on the south bank of the
handsome place, and ite fortress is one of the Thames, is the castle and extensive domain of
strongest in the Netherlands, seated partly on a Windsor, a residence of the kings of England,
hill, and partlv on the river Zoom, which conimu- and one of the most stately and ma^iificent abodes
nic&tes with the Scheldt by a canal. It has sev- in Eurooe or the world. The other princmal towns
era! times been besieged to no purpose ; but was are Maiuenhead, Newbury, and Hongerford. The
token by the Fronch, m 1747, and 1794. In 1814, countv has but few manuuctnres : some sarking
the English attempted to carry this place by storm, is mane in the vicinity of Abingdon, and some
but after forcing a passage into the town, their re- ribands and silk plush m the vicinity of Read-
treat was cut on*, wnen tney were nearly all kill- ing ; but ite supply of colonial, foreign and man-
ed or made prisoners. It is 15 m. N. of Antwerp, uractured productions, is obtained by means of a
and 22. S. W. of Breda. Long. 4. 22. E. lat 51. surplus of grain, flour, malt, wool, some cattle
30. N. ana sheep, and a considerable quantity of oak tim-
Bergerae, a town of France, in the denartment her. Berkshiro has long been distinguished as
of Dordogne, seated on the north bank ot the Riv- containing the most oelebrated reaidenoe of roy-
er Dordogne, 24 m. S. by W. of Perigueux, and alty in the whole British dominions, Windsor
48 E. of Bourdeaux. Pop. 8,600. Castle, which wss founded by WiUiam the Coc
Bergoo, an interior district of North Africa, ly- queror. In this county are also IVogmore. Cum-
ing to the east of Begherme. /Farra is the chief berland Lodge, Cranboum Lodge, ana other
town. residences of the royal family, with above 150
Berg'RiUhenstem, and Bergetadt, two towns in seate belonging to the nobility and gentry,
the circle of Prachin Bohemia, situate in a mining Berks, an interior county in the E. district of
district on the frontiers of Bavaria. Pennsylvania, bounded on the N. W. by the blue
Bsrguss, a fortified town of France, in the de- ridffe of the Apalachian Mountains, and intersect-
partmant of Nord, on the river Colme, at the foot ed from the N. W. to S. E. by the Schuylkill Riv«
of a mountain, 5 m. S. of Dunkirk. er. Pop. 53,357. Reading, 52 m. E. by N. of
Bergxabem, a town of Bavaria, cirole of the Harrisburgb, is the chief town.
Rhine, seated on the Erlbach, 6 m. S. S. W. of Berkshire, p t Franklin Go. Vt on the Misais-
{(■apdau. #nd 34 S. £. of Deux Fonts. que. ?op. 1,308.
Berkkamstend or Barkkanuiead, i, Litohfield .Bsr&sMre, a countf forming the whole western
Cb. Con. Pop. 1,715. boundary ofthe state of Maasachuaette, bordering
Bsri^^wniirqad^a town hi HartfordsfaiNi, Eng. on the state of New Toifc. Pop. 37^. LcnoX|
Bioi m
th« cliief town, in the oenln of the oeniilyy ie 1S9 Britain ever gince. They tbound in oedar wood
:d. doe west of Boston. with which a nomber of small vessels aie built
Btrkskirt, p.t. Tioga Co. N. T. 21Q m. S. W. Some aufar and coffee is cultivated for ezporta-
Alhanv. Pop. 1,683. tion. The white inhabitants are estimated at
Berkshire, p.t. Delaware Co. Ohio. aboot 4,800, and in 1823 there was 5,176 slaves.
Berlamont, a town of France, in the department The principal island is called St George, and the
of Nord. 6 miles E. S. E. of Quesnoj. town, of the same name, is in lat. 32,22. N. and
BerUburg, a town of Germany in the Electo- 66. 33.W. long.
rate of Hesse, with a castle seated on the Berle- BemnuUaHj p.y. York Co. Pa. 48 m. S. Harris-
bach, near its oonfloence with the Eder, 20 m. N. bn^.
W. of Marburg, and 70 S. £. of Cassel. Bern, the largest of the cantons of Switzer-
BerliMjB, city of Germany, capital of the electo- land, beinff 160 m. long uid 75 broad. It is the
rate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Prus- most fertile country in Switaerland, and divided
sian dominion ; one of the Itftgest, beet built, and into two principal parts, called the German and
best governed of any in Grermany. It is defended Roman ; but the last is most commonly called the
partly bywalls, partly by palisades, and has 16 Pays de Vaud. It is intersected from south to
gates. The streets are straight, wide, and Ions ; north by the river Aar ; on ^e S. E. part are the
and its large squares, magnificent palaces, church- lakes of Thun and Brienz, and on toe N. W it
es, and other buildings, are scarcely to be equalled, extends to Lake Neufchatel, and to that of Gene-
It is 12 m. in circumference ; but within this in- va. The religion is Calvinism. Pop. about 215.000.
closore are numerous gardens, and many beauti- Bern, a town of Svdtzerland, capital or the
All houses are let in stories to mechanics. The canton of Bern. Here is a celebrated academy
population in 1803, was 153,128, exclusive of the and a rich hbrary. It is a strong place, in a pen-
garrison. The royal palace contains a fine libra- insula, fermed by the river Aar, and estimatod
2, a rich cabinet of curiosities and medals, and to contain 18,000 inhid>itants. The houses are
e supreme colleges of j^vemmenL Near the built of fivestone, and pretty uniform, particular-
palace stands the magnificent cathedral. Here ly in the principal street, and there are piazzas
■re also several aeademicB, and hospitals, an as- on each side, with a walk raised four feet above
tronomical observatory, a superb arsenal, and a the level of the street, very commodious in wet
royal cloth manufecture. Berlin has a flourishing weather. The streets are traversed by a canal,
trade occasioned by its numerous manufactures oi and the public buildings are magnificent. In the
■ilk, wool, cotton, cameb' hair. Unen, Pxussian arsenal are preserved the figure and armour oi
blue, cutlery, and porcelain ; and hj its enamelled, the celebrated Wm. Tell, in the act of taking aim
inlaid, and embroidered works. It b seated on the at the apple on his son's hea4. Bern was taken
river S^ree, from which there is a canal to the in 1796, by the French. It is 70 m. N. £. of Ge-
Oder on the east, and another to the Elbe on the neva. Long. 7. 29. E. laL 46. 57. N.
west; thus it has a communication by water, both ^sm, p.t. Albany Co. N. T. 31 m. fir. Albany,
with the Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. This Pop. 3,605. There are also 3 towns of this name
city was taken, in 1760, by an army of Russians, in ra.
Austrians, and Saxons, who were obliged to evacu- Bernard, p.t. Somerset Co. N. T.
ate it in a few days. In 1806, ten days after the Bernard, Grand, St, a mountain of the Pen-
battle of Jena, the French entered this cit^, and nine Alps, on the fix>ntiers of Piedmont, 15 m.
Bonaparte held a court in the palace. It is 100 N. N. W. of Aosta. On the summit, at a heiffht
m. N. of Dresden, and 185 N. W. of Breslau. of 11, 000 feet, isa large convent, where the monks
Long. 13. 22. E. lat 59. 31. N. entertain all travellers gratis fer three days. It
Berlin, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 5 m. 8. E.* was by this passage Bionanarte conducted his
Mon^>elier. Pop. 1,664. army into Italy in 1800. Little St. Bernard, to
Berlin, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 692. the S. W. is 7,194 ft. in height.
Beiim, p.t Hartford Co. Conn. 10 m. S. Hart- Bernard CaiiU, a town in the countj^ of Dup-
feid. Pop. 3,038. This town is celebrated fer ham, Eng. with manufectures of stockings and
the manumeture of tin warn. camlete. It takes iU name &om a castle built
BerUn, B^nsselaer Co. New York, on the east by Bernard Baliol, kin^ of Scotland, whofeunded
bank of the Hudson River, 15 m. £. of Albany, an hospital here. It is seated on the river Tees,
Pep. 9,019. 24 m. 8. W. of Durham, and 246 N. N. W. of
BeHin, p.v. Adams Co. Pa. 100 m. W. Philad. London. Pop. in 1821, 3,580.
BuUn, p.y. Somerset Co. Pa. There are also 8 Bemaw, a fortified town of Brandenburg, in
towns of tnis name in Ohio. the middle mark. The principal eommerce is
BerimoiZZe, p.y. Northampton Co. Pa. in beer, of which large quantities are brewed. . It
Bermeo or Bormeo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, is seated on the Pancho, 15 m. N. N. £. of
on the bay of Biscay, near the cape of MaohioaF BerUn.
eo, 15 m. E. of BUmo. Bemay, a town of France, in the department
fiermuda Httndred. or CUuPoint, a port of Vir* of Eure, seated on the Carantonne, 90 m. 8. W.
ginia, in Chesterfield Co. The exrorts from this of Rouen. Pop. 6,500.
place are collected at Richmond 90 m. above it, Bemhurg, a town of Upper Sazooy, in the
and to which it is the out-port. City Point, firom princirality of Anhalt, seated on the Saale, 29
whieh it is named, is on the south bank of James m. S. W. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 9,500.
River, 4 m. 8. 8. W. of the town. Long. 77. 31. BemeagtU, a town of Germany, remarkable
W. lat 37. 16. N. for ffood wine; seated on the Moselle, 18 m. N.
Bemmdaa, or Samara UUmds, four islands in the E. of Treves.
Atlantic Ocean. 500 m. east of Carolina, and sur» Bama, t. FVanklln Co. Mass.
lounded by roexs. They were discovered by Jn- Bamgritaj or BaUngriea, a town of Franconit,
an Bermndes, a Spaniard, in 1527; but not in^ in the principality of Aichstadt, on the Altmuh),
habited till 1609, when Sir G«oige Somers was 17 m. N. E. of Aichstadt, and 26 W. of RatisboU;
cast away upon them; and they have belonged to BamaUidi, a town of Silesia, in the pxinoipaU*
M BET
^ of Oek, with a oasUe, seated on the W«da, Beeigk&kn, atewnof Biial>ia,inihe1ruigdom of
80 m. E. of Biealau. Pop. 2,860. Wirtembnrgy with two old castles, at the confln-
Berrty a town of France, in the department of ence of the Neckar and Ens, 25 m. If. bj W. of
Months of the Rhone, foimerly one of the stronif- Stuttgard. Pop. about 2,000.
est towns of Provence. It stands on a lake of Bessarahittf or Budxae, a territory of European
the same name, at the influx of a river, 18 m. W. Turkey, on the N. W. coast of tne Black Sea,
8. W. of Aix. Pop. 1,800. between the mouth of the Dannbe and the
Berry, a late province of France, bounded on Dniester. On the banks of the last river the
the norUi bj the Orleanois and Blaisois, east by Tartar inhabitants rove from place to place. Their
the Nivemois and Bourbonnois, south by tlie common food is the flesh of oxen and horses,
Bourbonnois and Marche, and west by Touraine cheese, and mares* milk. Bender is the capi*
and Poitou. It is fertile in com, fruit, hemp, tal.
and flax; and there is excellent wine in somepla- Bessay, a town of France, in the depaitnient
ces. It now forms the two departments of Cfher of Allier, 8 m. 8. of Moulins.
and Indre. fiesM, a town of France, in the department ol
BerrytkuTgy p.v. Dauphin Co. Pa. 30 m. fr. Har- Puy de Dome, leS m. 8. of Clermont,
risburg. Btssenay, a town of France, in the department
BernilOf a town of Italy, in the Modenese, of Rhone, 12 m. W. of Lyons,
with a ca«tle, seated on tne Po, at the influx of Beftricia, a town of Transylvania, with gold
the Linza, 10 m. N. N. E. of Parma. mines in its neighbourhood, ft is 85 m. N. W. of
Bertie, a County of North Carolina, bounded Hermanstadt. Long. 28. 45. E. lat. 47. 30. N.
on the south by the Roanoke River, and east by Betanxoa, a town of Spain, in Galieia, seated
Albemarle Sound. Pop. 12^6. Windsor tbe on the Mandeo, at its entrance into the bay of
chief town, is ld4 m. E. by N. of Raleigh. the AUantic, 20 m. S. of Ferrol. Long. 8. 6. W.
BettieuTOy a town of Italy, in Romagna, with lat. 43. 20. N.
a citadel, seated on a hill, la m. 8. of Blvcnna. BeUlfaugi, or Beit-el-fekik, a town of Arabia
Bertrtmdf St. a town of France, in the depart- Felix, fiunous for the vast quantity of coflte
ment of Upper Garonne. It was lately an epis- bought and sold in it. It is 25 m. E. of Che Red
copal see, and is 45 m. 8. of Auch. Long. 0. 48. Sea. Long. 57. 20. E. lat 15. 40. N.
£. bt. 42. 56. N. Btthabara, a town of North Carolina, in Stokes
Bervie, or ItuferhervU, a borough of Scotland, Conn^, noted for being the first settlement of
in Kincardineshire, at the mouth of the Bervie, the Moravians in those parts, begun in 1753. It
which forms a harbour for small vessels, 12 m. N. is 6 m. N. of Salem.
£. of Montrose. Pop. 1,092. Betkania, or BefAmy, a village at the foot of
BenoUk'^upon.' Tweed, a borough on the borders Mount-Olivet, on the east side, where Lazarus
of England and ScoUand. It was once a strong dwelt, and was raised from the dead ; and where
fortress, of great importance, when England and Christ appeared among his disdples for the last
Scotland were hostile nations, to each of which time aAer his crucifixion, it is anout two miles
it alternately belonged, or was considered aaa dis- to the east of Jerusalem.
trict separate from both countries. It now be- Bethama, p.t. Stokes Co. N. C. 126 m. N. W.
longs to the bishopric of Durham, and the En^- Raleigh. This^aoe was settled by the Moraviam.
lish judges hold the assises here, it is still forti- BeUumy, t. Wayne Co. Pa.
fied, ana has good barracke for the carrison, but Bethany, ^X. GenesBee Co. N. T 850 m«W.
its castle is now in ruins. It supplies the Lon- Albany. Fop . 2,374.
don markets with considerable quantities of sal- ^ Bethd, there are 14 towns of this name in the
mon, pickled pork, and grain, and has some menu- * U. States ; namely in Me., Vt., Conn., N. T., Pa.,
factuies. Pop. in 1821, 6,723. It returns two and Ohio.
members to parliament, and is seated on the north Bethlehem, a town of Syria, in Palestine, fa-
side of the Tweed, near the sea, 54 m. 8. E. of mons for the birth of Chriet. It was once a flour-
Edinburgh, and 337 N. by W. of London. Long, ishing town, but now an inconsiderable place.
2. O.W. lat. 55. 46. N. Here is a church erected by the famous Helena,
Beriosdb,p.tYorkCo.Me.7m.N.W.Tork.Pop. in the form of a cross; also a chapel, called the
3,168. There are also 3 towns of this name in Pa. Chapel of Natiyity, where they pretend to shew
Benokkshire, a maritime end the S. £. border the manger in wnich Christ was laid ; another
county of Scotland. Coldstieam. Greenlaw, called the Chapel of Joseph ; and a third of the
Danse, and Lauder are the principal towns ; it is Holy Innocents. Bethlehem is much visited by
an agricuitiural eooniy, and has but few manu- pilerims ; and is seated on a ridge of hiUs, sis
foctures. miles 8. £. of Jerusalem
Berwick, Jforth, a borough of Scotland, in Had* Bethlehem, a town of Pennsylvania, in North-
dington8hire,on tne Frith of Forth, 9 m. N. of Had- ampton County, eituate on the Lehigh, a branch
diitfton and 28 E.N. £. of Edinburgh. Pop. 1,094. of the Delaware. The town being partly en an
BemUu,ik town of fipaiiK in Catalonia, seated eminence, and partly on the lower banks o^ the
near tlie Fluvia, 44 m. N. N. W. of Gerona. Manakes (a fine creek) has a pleassnt and healthy
BeMibgoB, a fortified city of France, and an situation, and isfieonently visited in summer by
archiepiscopal see, capital of the department of the gentry from difletent parts. It is the princi-
Doubs. It has a citadel^ on a high rock, the base pal settlement in America of the Moravians, who
of which touches two odes of tne Doulw, which were fixed hen by oount ^insendorf, in 1741.
liere fonns a peninnula; also an universitj^, sn The German language is more in use than the
academy of sciences, a literary, military society, English ; but divine service is performed in both
and a public library in the abbey of St. Vincent, languages. It ie 53 m.N. N. W. of Philadelphia.
The trramphal arcn of Aurelian, and other Ro- Long. 75. 8. W. Ut. 40. 37. N. There are 11 other
man antiquities, are still to be seen. It is 52 m. towns called Bethlehem, in N. U., Conn., N. T.,
K. of i>ijen, and 228 S. E. of Paris. It has sey- Pa., Va., Geo., CMiio., and Ind.
<*nl DMiiQfaetnicii. Pop.28;MK). BeAmmt Orem, one of (iit ottt-parinhsy on tkt
?A ^'i.?^ ^ London, in whack there am aiMMt priiictpalkv af Padarboni, at toa ooiuiuaiioa of CM
10,000 looooa employed in tbe broad aUk OMnnfito- Beurar and Weaer, 24 m. S. E. of Paderbom.
^ ,'^^?\™ 1«21, 45,fi76. Be9ertmf€k, a town of North HoUand, on the
BetJuauia, p. ▼. Jonea Co. Goo. 25 m. W. Mil- Wyckemieor, which oomnninicatea with the .Wye,
^P!!r' ^_^ , ^ 7 IB. N. of Hariem, and 11 8. by W. of Alc-
Beihmu, a ibrttfed town of France, in the do- maer.
pwtment of Fka do Cahaa, with a caaUe. It waa Beuthen, a town of Silena, capital of a lon^diip
^^ ^TT* "i?"' ™ *''^^' "^ rettored by the of the aame name. It stands near a branch of the
*^~*^i.^ *'7S^ 'L" ^^ ®° * "^» ^7 ^^ ^«^ ^^ **>« fronliere of Poland, 45 m. E. N. E.
mw Brette. 120 m. N. of Ptois. of Ratisbon. Long. 18. 58. E. lat. 50. 21. N.
-Be««y, a toiji m Staffordahire, Eng. 18 m. N. Beuthen, a town of SHesU, in the principality
£•• Stafford, and 157 of London. Pop. of Carolaih, on the river Oder, 18 m. N. W. Glo-
"*• can.
B4itis, a town of European Turkey, formerly BeicdUy^ a borough in Worceaterahire, Eng
the capital of Curdiatan. Itia now the residence It has a good trade in malt, leather, aalt and
of a bey, who is neither subject to the Turks nor iron ware ; and a free school founded by James I.
Persians, and has a numerous army of horsemen It i* seated, on the Severn, 14 m. N. of Worcester
and infantry. It stands on the Khabur, between and 129 N. W. of London. It returns one mem-
iwo mountains, 150 m. N. N. W. of Altuukupri. her to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,720
Long. 43. 20. E. lat. 37. 20. N. Btx, a town of Switaerland, m the canton of
BeUenMusen, a'populous village of the county Bern, noted for its salt rocks, 4^ m. 8. W. of Bern.
^. Henneberg, Saxony, six miles west of t^--~ »— * — - -'^- -^ " . .» , -
ungen ; it has considerable manufactures
•^v ., . -w^ , . _ ■• circus, and' some' inscriptions, bespeak ita an-
BetUak, a town of Hindooetan, in Bahar, 85 m. cient grandeur. It is seated near the royal ca-'
N. N. W. of Patna. nal, on a hill, at the foot of which flows the Obre,
Betzkoj a considerable town of Lower Hungary, a few miles from the sea, 85 m. E. by 8. of Toul-
situate on the east bank of the Waag River, a few ouse, and 30 8. W. of Montpelier. Lonir 3 12
miles south of Trentsehin. E. lat. 43. 20. N, Pop. 12-500?
Betuwe, an island of Holland, in Guelderland, BAof^on^, a considerable town of Nepaul, about
40 miles long and 10 broad, formed by the bifurca- eight miles E. bv 8. of the capital, Catmandoo ;
tion of the Hhine above Nimeguen, and by the it is the principal residence of the chief Brahmin
union of ita streams, under different appellations, of Nepaul. Pop. about 7,000.
near Worcum. It was the ancient Batavia, ana Bhurtpore, a town and fortress of Hindooatan,
firmerly gave the name of Bataveeren, or Batavi- in the province of Agra. The British took it by
ans, to the inhabitants of the Dutch Netherlands, storm, in 1805. Is it 38 m. W. of Agra.
In this island the ancestors of the present race first Biafra, a country of Guinea, to the 8. E. of
spttledj when they emigrated from Germany. Benin, of which Ltlle is known; but is said to
The principal place is Nimeguen. have a capital of the same name, on the river
Bndaj t. Cambria Co. Pa. 58 m. E. Pittsburg. Camerones. which enters ths Atlantic in long. 11.
Bcteeum. a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, 30. E. lat. 3. 28. N.
10 m. S. or Louvain. ^ Biala, a town of Gallicia, on the frontiers of
BeDtland, Jforth and SatUhy two islands of Hoi- Silesia, opposite to Bilitz ; it participates in the
land, in Zealand, between the east and west branch- linen manufacture of the district. Pop. about
ea of the Scheldt. They were occupied by the 2,300. It is the name of three other sntaU towns
English at the period of their disastrous expedi- in different parta of Germany,
tion to Waicheren in 1809. Bialystock, a considerable town of Russian Po-
Bevergem, a town of Westphalia, in the princi- land, seated on the Biala, a branch of the Vistula
oality of Munster, on the river Ems, 5 m. N. River, 15 m. E. of Wilna.
W . of Tecklenburgh. Biar, a town of Spain, in Valencia. Its principal
Beveren, a populous town of the Netherlands, riches consists in honey, celebrated for its white-
5 m. N. N. £. of Oudenarde. nessaad solidity, which is not affected by weather.
£«rer/«3f, a borough in East Yorkshire, Eng. It is 6 m. fit>m Vilena,
It has two churches, besides the Minster ; and a Bibb, a county of Alabama. Pop. 6,305. Gen-
large marketr place, adorned with a beautiful cross, treville, 112 m. N. by E. of Cahawba, is the seat
The chief trade is malt, oatmeal, and tanned lea- of judicature for the county.
ther. It is famous for being toe retirement of Biberaeh, a town of Suabia, with a mann&c-
John de Beverlev, archbishop of York, who lived ture of fustians, seated in a fertile valley, on the
here four years, built a monastery, and died in Reuss, 20 m. 8. 8. W.of Ulm. Pop. about 4,500
1211 ; in honour of whom several kings, particu It now belongs to Wurtemburg.
laxly Athelstan, who chose him guardian saint, en- Bibra, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurinjp^
dowed the place with manv privileges and immu- muoh frequented on account of its mineral spring
nities. It is seated near the river Hull, 28 m. £. It is 9 m. 8. of Querfurt. «
by S. of York, and 183 N. of London. It returns Btchester. a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. 11 m.
two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, 7,503. N. N. E. of Oxford, and 54 W. b^ N. of London
BcverlujD.i. Essex Co. Mass. is a seaport, and on the mail coach road to Leamington and War
separated from Salem by an inlet which is crossed wick. Pop. 2,544.
bv a bridge. This town was formerly a part of '^BUkatuer, a town of Hindoostan. capital of a
fitelem. It if pleasantly situated and has consid-> cicar, in the country of Ajnmere. It is ^ m. W.
erable commerce and fishing business. Pop. 4,079. of Nagore. Long. 74. 0. E. lat. 27. 12. N.
Beverly, p.v. the seat of iustice of Randolph Co. BidaclUf a town of France, in the departmegft
▼a. on the E. branch of t&e Monongahela, 250 m. of Lower Pyrenees, with a oaistle, seated on tibs
N. W. Richmond Bidouse, 12 m. E. of Bavonne. Pop. about 2^.
Bt9enmgm^ a town of Wactphalia, in thia JBmImm*, a river of Spun, which zi«M is tlM
BIE 96 BIL
Pjreneea, and enten the Bay of Biicay , at Fob- with the rains of a eoOgnmlto church, 10 m. 8. E
tarabla. This river wai a long time a snhieet of of Caniwarth. Pop. 1,727.
dispute between France and Spain, hot it is now Biggluwadt^ a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. seat-
common between the two nations ; the duties paid ed on the iTel, 10 m. £. 8. E. of Bedford, and 45
by those who pass from Spain to France belong- N. N. W. of London. Fop. 2,778.
ing to the latter, and by those who pass the con- Bigorre, a late prorinoe of France, bonnded on
trary way to the former. the north by Armagnac,east br Comminges, west
Hidburtr^ a town of Netherlands, in tlie dnchy by Beam, and south by the Pyrenees. See Ff-
of Luxemburg, 30 m. N. N. £. of Luxemburg. reuses Upper.
Biddrfbrd, a seaport of England, in Devonshire. Bigkmm^ a river of the Missouri territory, North
It has a tracte in coal, culm, timber, and oak bark, America, rising from the Rockv Mountains in the
also in the herring and Newfoundland fisheries, lat. of about 41. N. runs nortn into the Yellow
and builds and owns a considerable burthen of Stone which falls into the Missouri in the lat. of
shipping. A great quanti^ of Welsh lime-stone 48. N. It is represented as flowing through a
is burned here ; and there is a large pottery. It fertile, but at present an uninhabited country,
is seated on both sides of the Torridge, over Big Sandy^ a river which divides the state of
which is an ancient Gothic bridge of 24 arches, Virjginia from that of Kentucky, falling into the
16 m S. by W. of Ilfracomb, ana201 W. of Lon- Ohio, opposite Burlington, in Lawrence county,
don. Pop. in 1821 , 4,053. stote of Ohio.
Biddefordf a seaport of York Co. Me. The Bij^bay p.v. Johnson Co. 111.
County courts are sometimes held here. It is sit- Btg Bone lick, a small river in Woq^ord Co.
uateonthesea-coast, at themouthof the Saco, 14 Ken., where numbers of enormous bones have
m. S. S. W. of Portland. Pop. 1,995. Long, 70. been found.
35. W. lat. 43. 26. N. Biguba, a kingdom on the west coast of Africa.
Bidxifur, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad, watered by the Rio Grande. The capital is of
with a tort on a steep and lofty rock, 50 m. S. of the same name, seated on the north bank of the
Benares. river, about 100 miles from its mouth. Long
Biedenkopf, a town of the grand duchy of Hesse, 13. 50. W. lat. 11. 12. N.
situate on tne north bank of the Lahn, near its Big Walnytf r. an easterly branch of the Sciote
source, 15 m. N. W. of Marburg. in Onio.
BieeZf a town of Poland, in Cracowia, remarka- Bihar, a county of Upper Hungazy, bordering
ble for its mines of vitriol; seated on the Wese- on Transvlvania. It is mtersected by the Korosn
loke, 50 m. S. E. of Cracow. river. Groswarden u the capital. The east part
Biel or Biamef a town of Switzerland, capital is mountainous, and inhabited by Wallachiaas.
of a small territory, lately subject to the bishop Pop. about 223,000, chiefly Hungarians,
of Basil. It stands near a lake of the same name, BihaiZj a town in Croatia, on the frontiers of
on the river Suss, 17 m. N. W. of Bern. Bosnia, seated on an isle formed by the river
Biela, a town of Piedmont, and capital of &prov- Unna, 65 m. S. E. of Carlstadt. Long. 16. 32. E.
ince of the same name, bounded on the W. by lat. 44. 51. N.
Aoust. The town is situate near the river Cerva, BUbaOf a city and seaport of Spain, capital of
24 m. W. of Vercelli. Pop. about 8,300. Biscay. The upper part is built mostly of wood,
^ BielaWf a populous town of Silesia, with con- and has narrow streets, which temunate in a
siderable manufactures of linen and cotton, 15 great square ; the lower part is of freestone and
m. east of Buntzlaw. Pop. about 7,000. brick, with fine broad streets. The houses are
Bielfdd, a town of Westphalia, in the county rather high, and fully inhabited. The principal
of Ravensberg. The linen made and bleached exports are wool, oil, chesnuts, sword-blades, and
here is much esteemed. It is 18 m. north of Lip- other manufactures in iron and steel. It is seat-
stadt. Pop. about. 5,500. ed in a fertile country, on the banks of the Du-
Bielgorodf a town of Russia, in the government range river, which forms a good harbour near the
of Kursk, and an archbishop's see, 80 m. S. S. W. Bay of Biscay, 50 m. W. of St. Sebastian, and
of Kursk. Pop. about 10,000. 72 1-2 leagues N. of Madrid, by way of Aranda,
Bielgorod, or ^kermun, a strong town of Euro- and 88 by way of Valladolid and Segovia. Long.
g;an Turkey m Bessarabia, on Uie coast of the 2. 44. W. lat 43. 14. N.
lack Sea. at the mouth of the Dniester, 70 m. BUdeston, a town in Snfiblk, Eng. seated on
S. S. £. of Bender. Lon^. 31. 15. E. lat 46. 8. N. the river Breton, 12 m. 8. E. of Bury, and 63 N.
Bislaif a town of Russia, in the government of E. of London. It has two fairs annually. Pop. 836.
Smolensk, 60 m. N. E. of Smolensk. BiUdtdgerid, a country of Barbary, bounded
ment
Bielo
same distance E. of St, Petersburgh. Pop. about mountainous and sandv, producing little susten-
3}000. ance, except dates, which are ezchaiLged with the
Bielskf a town of Prussian Poland, capital of neighbouring countries for wheat. The inhabit-
Podiakia, seated on the Biala, one of the sources of ants are deemed lewd, treacherous, thievish, and
the Vistula, 130 m. E. N. E. of Warsaw. Long, cruel. They are a mixture of ancient Africans
23. 39. E. lat. 52. 40. N. and wild Arabs ; the former living in towns and
BtsitvsAtc, a bayou in the Parish of Orleans, the latter in tents.
Lon. running E. into Lake Boigne. Bythischan- BUm, a town of Bohemia, in the south-west
nel the British army reached the Mississippi in part of the circle of Leutmerits, near a mountain
Dec. 1814 when marching upon New Orleans. of its name, 17 m. W. of Leutmeritz.
BisrpUet, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- BtKte, a town of Silesia, with a castle, and
ders, situate on the West Scheldt, and on a small oonsidersble manu^ture of doth ; situate on the
island of its name, 20 m. N. N. W. of Ghent. Biala. on the verge of Poland, 18 m. E. N. E. of
Biggm, a town of Scotland, in Iianarkshire, Tesehtn. Pop. aSrat S^400.
BIO
KR
BUUrieay, a town in Essex, Eng. seated ^n a
hill, 9 m. 3. W. of Chelmsford, and 23 E. of Lon-
don. Pop. about i;200.
BiQesdin, a town in Leicestershire, 'Eng. 8 m.
N. of Leicester, and 93 N. bj W. of London. Pop.
634.
BiUom, a town of France, in the department of
Pay de Dome, seated on an eminence, 15 m. £. S.
E. of Clermont. Pop. 5,S00.
BUmah, a vast burning desert of Africa, be-
tween Fezzan and Bornou, which caravans are
ten days in passing'.
BUsahy a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, capital
of a circar, noted for producing excellent tobacco.
It is situate near the source of the Betwa river,
120 m. E. ofOugein.
BUsen, a town of the Netherlands, in the terri-
tory of Liege. Near it is Munster Bilsen, a cele-
brated temporal foundation and abbey for noble
ladies. It is situate on the Demer, 15 m. N. N.
W. of Liege. Pop. about 2,000.
BilstetJij a town of Germany, in the duchy of
Westphalia, situate on a mountain, 24 m. S. a. £.
of Arensburg.
BUstonf a l&rge Tillage in Staffordshire, Eng.
2 m. S. E. of Wolverhampton. It has a naviga-
ble canal, communicating with the Staffi)rdshire
and Worcestershire canals, and several great riv-
ers. Near it are large mines of coal, iron-stone,
&c. also furnaces, forges, and slitting mills ; and
manufactures of japanned and enamelled goods.
Pop. in 1821, 12,003.
Biminif one of the Bahama islands, near the
channel of Bahama, 8 miles long, and nearly as
many broad. It has a good harbour. Long. 79.
30. W. lat. 25. 0. N.
Bhnlepatam, a town of Hindoostan, on the
coast of the Circars, 12 m. N. of Vizigapatam. *
BinaroSy or Vinaros, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, seated near the Mediterranean, at the mouth
of a river, which forma a small harbour, 7 m. N.
by E. of reniscola, and 23 S. of Torsosa.
Bineky a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
Hainault, on the river Haye, 9 m. E. of Mons.
Pop. 3,800.
BinehesteTy a village in the county of Durham,
Eng. on the river Wear, near Durham. By
several inscriptions and monuments, it appears to
have been the Roman Vinovium ; and many Ro-
man coins have been dug up here.
Bingaziy a town of Barbarv, in Barbaca, with
a harbour for small vessels, 3o m. S. W. of Tolo-
meta.
Bingeuy a town of Germany, seated at the con-
fluence of the Nahe with the Rhine, 15 m. W.by
S. of Mentz. Pop. 2,700.
Bingenheim, a town of Germany, in the circle
of Upper Rhine, 16 m. N. N. E. of'^Frankfort.
Binghaniy a town in Nottinghamshire, Eng. in
the vfle of Belvoir, 9 m. E. of Nottinoham, and
124 N. by W. of London. Pop. 1,574.
Binghamy t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 538.
Bh^eyy a town in West Yorkshire, Eng. seat-
ed on the Aire, 14 m. S. E. of Skipton, and 202
N. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,1 7G.
Biobio, the largest river of Chile, which rises
in the Andes, runs through veins of gold, and
fields of sarsaparilla, and passing the city of Con-
ee^ion, enters the Pacific Ocean, in lat. 36. 55. S.
It 18 the boundary between Chile, and the coun-
try of the Araucan Indians.
Biom^urgy a town of Russian Finland, near
the mouth of the Kune, in the Gulf of Bothnia,
75 m. N. of Abo. Long. 22. 5. £. lat. 61. 42. N.
13
Btr, El-Biry.Beery or Biredgiky a town of Asi-
atic Turkey, in Diarbeck, with a castle. It stands
on the east bank of the Euphrates, near a high
mountain, in a fruitful country, 60 m. N. E. of
Aleppo.
Btrboaniy a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 66
m. W. S. W. of Moorshedabad, and 115 N. N
W. of Calcutta.
Bird FsUmdSy there are a dozen islands and clus*
ters of islands in different parts of the world, cal-
led Bird Islands, mostly uninhabited, except by
birds, from which they have been named. Tlie
most considerable group is in the Carribean Sea,
E. of Curacao.
Birdshorougky p.v. Berks Co. Pa. on the Schuyl
kill, 8 m. below Reading.
Birdsvillcy p.v. Burke Co. Geo. 48 m. S. E.
Milledgeville.
Birkenfeldy a town of Germany, in the county
of Spanheim, in the circle of Upper Rhine ; seat-
ed near the source of the river Nahe, 25 m. £. S.
E. of Treves. It is distinguished for its cattle
fairs.
Birmahy an extensive empire in Asia, to the
east of the Bay of Bengal ; containing Uie king-
doms of Birmui, Cassay, Aracan, and Pegu, and
all the west coast of Siam, to the promontory of
Malay, extending fVom the 10th to the 24th deg.
of N. lat. The kingdom of Birmahy frequentlV
called Ava, from the name of its ancient capital,
has Pegu on the south, and occupies both sides of
the river Irrawaddy, or Errabatty, to the frontiers
of Assam on the north ; on the west it has Am-
can and Cassay, and on the east China and Upper
Siam. This kingdom was conquered in 1752, by
the kin^ of Pegu, who carried the Birman mon-
arch pnsoner to Pegu, and caused him to be mur-
dered there in 1754; but Alompra, a Birman of
low distinction, who was continued by the con-
aueror as chief at Monchaban, a small place to
ie north of Ava, revolted against the Peguese,
fot possession of Ava in 1755, and after continued
attlen, with various success, became the conquer-
or of Pegu, in 1757. This deliverer of his coun-
try continued in a state of warfare to his death, in
1760 ; and his successors have since added the
other countries, which now form the Birman Em-
pire. The climate of Birmah is very salubrious ;
the seasons being regular, and the extremes of
heat and cold seldom experienced. The soil is
remarkably fertile, producing rice, su^ar canes,
tobacco, indigo, cotton, and all the tropical fruits
in perfection ; and on the banks of the Irrawaddy,
which runs south Uirough the whole country, is
produced pure amber, and the finest teak timber in
the world. The kingdom of Birmah abounds in
minerals ; it has mines of gold, silver, rubies, and
sapphires ; and affords amethysts, garnets, chrys-
olites, jasper, load-stone, and marble. The gene-
ral disposition of the Birmans is strikingly con-
trasted with that of the natives of Hindoostan,
though separated only by a narrow ridge of moun-
tains, in several places admittinor of an easy inter-
course. The Birmans are a fivelv, inquisitive
race, active, irascible, and impatient ; but the
character of their Bengal neighbours is known to
be the reverse. The passion of jealousy which
prompts most eastern nations to immure their
women, and surround them with guards, seems to
have little influence on the minds of the Birmans;
for their wives and daughters have as free inter-
course with the other sex as the rules of Euro-
pean society admit. The Birmans are extremely
fond both of poetry and music. Their religion ia^
I
ia &at, that of the Hindooi, thoojrii tbey am not
votaiiea of Bnuno,, but aectaricB ofBoodh. Thtix
jariipnidenca U distinguiihed Kbove Uidt of uij
olIicT Hindoo I
K monarch, nnd
iinanity for pertpieuity and
mpiTor of BirmaJi is a d*»pot-
■.f Ihe aoverelgn of Chinn bc-
rt ii piide. There
hereditKij digniliei oi emplayments in thii goT-
emment. for Si honour* uid officwa, on the demise
of the the poMKBBOr, revert to the crown. Tha
capital «M (ormeTly Ummeiapoora, but this city
■8 now deserted, and the old capital Ava rebuilt.
Tlie chief seaport is Rangoon.
Birmingliata, a larfp, inland, popu Ions and im-
portant town of En^Tsjiil, in WarwickBhire, bor-
dering on the counliei of Worceatf r and Stafford.
It is a place of great antiquity, and has long been
celebrated for its worka in every kind of metal,
and the manufacture of hardware, Gre-arma, cut-
lery, japanned ware*, and trinkets. I'lte era of
ils pro-eminenoa however ia comparatively recent,
ils commencement may be dated subsequent to
Ihe war ofJTTG— 1783; since when it has mora
than doubled in eileut and population. The
number of its inhabitants, inoluding Alton, imme-
diately contigiioua, in 1801 was 72,532, and in 1821
106,723, and the adjacent country, on the borders
of the counties of BtaSbrd and Worcester, contains
from 80,000 to 100,000 persons more, chiefly occu-
pied in the manufacture of articles brought to Bir-
mingham, for sale and distribution. The StaObrd-
■hire border abounds in iron and coal of the Gnest
quality, which contributes essentially to tlieeicet-
Icneeandftcilily of most of it* manufactures. The
town is considered peculiarly healthy, the chief
partbeingbuilt along the ridge of a hill, having
a dry, sandy soil- Tne streets are regular, and
the buildings spacious. The church ofSt. Philip,
boilt in 1711, is a stately and fine edifice, and
since 1800 two other churches have been built,
both equally bandsonie. It has several sectarian
meeting honses, a well^endowerf public school,
handsome theatre, i
The perspective of the town, especially on the
teaat aide, is very imposing, and independent of
ils innate importance, being nearly in the centre
of the kingdom, it is a place of vast intercourse.
It has a canal basin at its hiehesC level, from
whence outs diverge in every direction, and by
which the manufactures of the district are con-
veyed to all the ports of the kingdom, for distri-
butionovereverypartofthehabitableglobe. The
surrounding country ii very ftrtiie, and ita mark-
_. !_ ■_ exceedingly well supplied
Filh all the e
irporated town, and, i
' importance, has at
parliament, thoush this evil
will probably be soon removed. It u governed
by two bailiffs and two constables, and there are
several resident mngistrates who are chosen an-
nually from the most respectsble part of the com-
munitv. In 1C43 Birmingham was besieged and
taken by prince Rupert, and ordered to be burnt
to tlie ground, but, owing to some propitious cir-
cumstances, the conflagration did very little dam-
age. In 1065, or IGUfi, the town suffered severe-
ly from the plague. It began shortly afler this
period to be considerably enlarged, though in 1700
It consisted of only 31) streeU, wiierBaa there are
now upwards of 300. It is 109 m. N. N. Vf. of
London, by way of Coventry or Warwick, &odi
each of which it is distant IS m. and 116 by way
of Oxford, from wliich it is distant 58 m.
There are 3 towns in Pennsylvania by tha
name of Birmingham,
Binum, a hilfof 9cotland, in Parthshire, cele-
brated by Shakspeare in his Macbeth, 1580 feet
above the level of the sea. It wa* anciently ft
forest and part of the Royal domain of Scotland.
Binm, a town of France, department <^ Dor-
dogne, 73 miles E. of Bordeaux.
Siron, a town in the departmsnt of Lower
Charenle, 13 m 8. E. of Sainlea.
BijT,f. parish and town of Ireland, in King'*
county, near the borders of Tipperary, The town
is sometimes called Famns Town : it is 34 m.
N.E. of Limerick, and 34 N.N. W.of Kilkenny.
Pop. in IBSl, 5,406 ; and tlis parish 2,972 more.
Birte, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
seated on the Dee, 98 m. West of Aberdeen. Pop.
1,503.
Birliev, a village in the county of Dnrham, Eng.
10 m. N. of Durham, Pop. in 1821, 1,386. There
is a village of the same name in Northumberland,
having a salt spring, at which great quantities of
salt were fonnerly made.
Birnusca, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 13
ra. N, of Burgos.
fitria, a town of Poland, in Bomogitia, 43 miles
S. E. of MitUu.
Biaaccia, a town of Naples in PrincipatO Ult«-
riore, 15m. N. E. ofConia.
BtKora, a town of Algiers, in the province
of Conslantina, anil the chief place of the dis-
iHct of Zaab. It is an ancient town, 130 m. S, S.
W. of Conslantina. Long. 5. 12. W. lat. 33. 35. N.
Biscay, a maritime proviikce on the N. coast of
Spain, extending &om the Bidassoa, which di-
vides Spain from France in the long, of 1. 40. W.
to Santona, in 3. 18. W. lying on the shore of
of the Bay of Biscay, nearly in a straight line, in
the lat, of 43. 20, tf. extending inland, in nearly
a pyramidal form, to Logrono, m Old Castile ; its
area being 248 snusre leagues, and in 181(1 con-
tained a pop. of 283,450. It is bonnded on the
W. by Asturias and Old CaJtile, and E, by the
Navarre. The river Ebro, which runa B. into the
Mediterranean, rises nearly in the centre of the
province, and afterwards forms part of its west-
ern boundary. It is divided into three parts via.
Alava, S, containing 90 leagues of area, and 67,523
of the pop. chief town Vittoria ; Guipuscoa, E,
conlaining 52 leagues of area, and 104,491 of pop.
chief town St, Sebastian ; this, it will be per-
ceived, is the most popalons part; Biscay Proper,
on the W. containing 106 leagues of area, and 111,-
438 of pop. chief town Bilbao. The oonnbry i« in
BIS 9t BLA
■ome puts mountainoiifl, but w»n coT«red with s market on Friday, much frequented by the
wood, and yielding abundance of iron and lead. Welch. It is seated near the River Clun, 8 miles
The plains and vaueys are well cultivated, yield- £. of Montgomery, and 159 W. N. W. of London.
ing aunple supplies of all that is essential to the It returns two members to Parliament. Pop. in
comfort of the inhabitants. The Biscayans are a 1821, 1,880. Voters about 180.
brave choleric people, possessing a character and BishopsmUe, p.v. Sumpter Dis. 8. C. 00 m. S
speaking a language distinct from that of every E. Columbia.
other part of Spain ; and through all the mutations * * There are about 36 other towns and villages
to which Spain has been exposed during aperiod with Bishop or Bishops prefixed to their names
of 2000 years, by the irruptions of Romans, Cfartha- in different parts of England.
ginians. Moors, d&c. Biscay has retained its an- Bissigano, a town or Naples, in Calabria Cite-
cient Cantabrian laws and independence, and at riore, with a castle : seated on a hill near the
the present time forms an independent republic river Boccona, 16 m. N. of Cosenza.
under the protection of Spain, rattier than an integ- BisUu^ a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. 3 m
ral part ot the kingdom. It admits a corregidor S. E. of Stroud. It has a large church standing
and commissary appointed by the crown, but on an eminence. Pop. in 1^1, 5,421, much em-
permits no taxes to oe levied without the sanction ployed in the woolen manu&cture.
of the province, and yields none to the crown but aisnaguVy or BijnaguTj a town of Hindoostan, in
as gratuitous donations, and sanctions no title of the country of Sanore. It was the capital of the
the king but that of lord. ancient kingdom of Narsinga, and tormerly a
Biscay^ Bay of, a large bay of the Atlantic large city. It is seated on the 8. bank of the
Ocean ; formed by the Isle of Ushant, N. in lat. Toombudra, ^ m. S. S. E. of Sanore, and 106
48. 22. N. and Cape Ortega! S. in lat. 43. 47. N. N. by W. of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 0. E. lat. 15.
and 7. 14. W. long, washing the N. coast of 20. N.
Spain, from Cape Ortegal to St. Jean de Luz, in Bisnte, a town of Bootan, capital of a district
lat. 42. 23 N. and the W. coast of France, on a on the borders of Bengal and Assam. It is 50 m.
line of longitude from St. Jean de Luz, in 1.40. E. N. E. of Rangamutty. and 130 S. £. of Tas-
to Ushant m 5. 3. W. During a prevalence of sasudon. Long. 90. 45. E. lat. 26. 27. N.
westerly winds, the swell of the Atlantic Ocean BissagoSf or B^ugaa, a cduster of islands and
sets into this Bay, and renders the approach to shoals on the W. coast of Africa. The largest,
the British channel by vessels from the S. and called Bissago, is 8M) m. in circuit, inhabited by
8. W. exceedingly difficult, and if the gfales Portuguese and Negroes, and well cultivated. Its
are powerful, quite impossible, until they subside ; N. end b opposite Uie mouth of the Rio Grande,
there being however, plenty of sea-room, it is a Lon^. 15. 10. W. lat. 10. 58. N. ^ ^
position or tediousness and labour, rather than ^tssimopur, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
of danger. oirear in Bengal, 74 m. N. W. of Calcutta.
BUeaVy JfeWj a name given b^ the Spaniards to Bistriez, a populous town in the N. E. part of
a part of the W. coast of Mexico ; now incorpo- Transylvania, on the River Bistrics, 142 m. N.
rated with the intendency of Sonora, Durango, E. of Coloswar. — also the name of another town
and Guadalaxara (all of which see.) in the circle of Prerau, Moravia,
Bischofsteinf a town of Prussia Proper, about Bitchsj a fortified town of France, in the depart-
50 m. S. of Konigsberg, and 5 S. E. of Heilsburg. ment of Moselle, with a castle on a rock. It is
Bi«eAiy/kAs£m,a town ofthe duchy of Wurtzburg, seated at the foot of a mountain near the river
seated on the Tauber, 20 m. 8. S. W. of Wurtx- Schwelb, 30 m. N. by W. of Straaburg. Pop.
burg. — Another seated on the Rhom, 44 m. N. by 2,300.
E. of Wurtzburg. Bitehen. See PUsehai.
Bisekofslack, a town of Upper Camiola, with a BittetOf a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 11
good trade in linen and worsted, 17 m. W. by N. m. S. S. W. of Bari.
of Laybach. Bitono. a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, 10 m
Biaehofnoerda, a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- W. S. W. of Bari.
nia, seated on the Weiseritz, Id m. E. of Dresden. BiUerfeld, a town of the kingdom of Saxony,
BuckofnoerdeTf a town of Prussia, in the prov- seated on the Mulda, 14 m. 8. of Dessau.
Ince of Oberland, on the river Oss, 28 m. N. E. of BlnekhirHf an extensive parish and town in the
Culm. centre of the county of Lancaster, England, in-
Buekofzdl, a town of Switzerland, inThurgau, tersected by the Leeds and Liverpool canal. It
with a castle ; seated at the confluence of the is divided into 23 townships, and in 1821, contain-
Sittur and Thur, 12 m. south of Constance. ed a population of 53,350, chiefly enmloyed in the
*,* There are several other towns prefixed by various branches of the cotton manuncture. Parts
BisclufSf in different parts of Germany. of the parish are bleak and dreary, but it is part-
BisegUa, a town of Naples in Terra di Bari. on ly situate on the great ooal strata, which supplies
m hill, near the shore of the Adriatic, 6 m. E. of abundance of fuel. The town of Blackburn is
W. Trani. Pop. 10,600. seated in a valley, on both sides of a stream call-
Biseria^ Bizerta, or Binxert, a seaport of the ed the Derwent, over which there are four bridges,
kingdom of Tunis, in a country abounding with and it is skirted by the Lieeds and Liverpool canal,
com, fruit, oil, cotton, and other valuable produc- Next to Manchester, it is one of the principal
lions. It stands on a canal, which communi- focuses of that wide occupation, the cotton man-
eates with a gulf of the Mediterranean, 37 m. N. ufacture, there being about a dozen laree establish-
of Tunis. Long. 9. 79. E. lat. 37. 20. N. * menU for spinning, forty more largelv occupied
BisentZfK town of Moravia, near the frontier in the manufacture of calicoes, twenty large estab-
of Hungary, 15 m. 8. W of Haradish. Pop. about lishments for printing of ditto, with all the attend-
2,600. ant occupations of bleaching, dyeing, iron found-
BiMkopw-Aueldand, Stortford, Waltham, and ing and machine and reed making. It has three
Wearmouth. See JhuMand, &Jt. public breweries. In 1821 it contained 21^10 of
JKs*ops-«Mfle» a borough in Shropshire, with the above population. 12 m. E.by 8. of Preston
■ndSSN. W.aTHuisheBleT. U hua &ee grun-
mu ■chool, wilh an endowment of >bout £150
- par um. and b1» a female cbuity school, witli
nearlj ■ limilai endowment ; four churchea, two
of them haadwme, and aeveral meetiag-hoiuea.
Blatk FaresI, a mounlainous and woody district
of Germany, part of the ancipnt Hercyniui Foreal,
eitending M, from the frontiereof Switicrland,
fbr aboul 100 m. parallel with the N. course of
the Rhine. The principal part liee within the
territory of the Duchy of Baden, bordering on
Bavuria, the N. part running into the terrilorjf of
Wurlemburg. It ii in some places rich in iron
and other metaln, and its wood it verv valuable
(U well for fuel as for building both of faoutcs and
I'MieU for navigating (he Rhine.
Blackheath, an elevated and epacioui pinin, tlie
»»c»ntlowhichi»5ra. E. of London nrhlgf. I(
'.A partly in the pariih of Greenwich, and llie up-
per part of the park ofthe hospital of Greenwich
IS part of the plain. It ii intersected by the great
liigh road from London to Dover, and is celebni-
led in several periods of English history. The
Danes encamped upon it in 1013. In lilOO the
celebrated Wat Tyler assembled 100,000 men
fered to his daughter by a pctly tai-gattierer at
Darlford. In U50, Jack Cade nesembled his
forces on the same spoil and in )4'.IT, it was the
scene of a contest between Henry VII, and Lord
Andley. It isiurroundedby detached haUBCi,and
ranges of handsome buildings, residences of some
o( me more opulent cla>^<es connected wilh the
IS of London. Il commands some tins
'ir^o si^'
stone canal extending from WorcMler to ProTi*
deuce, «3 miles. It contains 4H locks baUt of
hammered stone, and is 34 feet wide at (he sur-
face and i feet deep. It was built at a cost of 600,
000 dollars and finished in laaa. The navigaliwi
fsTC^autif
ofthe ascent from London is a
of seven targe moms, which communicate by
■rcbed avenues ; (he sides and roofs of rocks of
Chalk ; and it has a well of cleat water, 27 feet
£atk Laie, a river of Louisiana rising in the N.
W. expanding into a wide sheet of water and
flowing into the Salme.
Blatk Uck, t. Indiana Co. Pa.
BUdauit-aaUe, a fort of Scotland, in Linlith-
gowshire, built on a kind of peninsula on the frith
ofForth,9m, N. E.ofLinlithaow. llconsistsof
four bastiona, and is one of ue foils which, by
the anides of mnion, are to be kept in repair.
Blaclipool, a village in Lancashire, Eng. H m.
W. of Poultoo, muS resorted (o for sea-bathing.
Black RivtT the name of several rivers in dif-
ferent parts of the world. Isl. In the county of
Hajo, Ireland, falling into I.ake Mask. 2nd. In
the S. W. part of the island of Jamaica, foiling
into the Caribean Sea. 3rd. In Upper Canada,
ftUing into Black Bay, Lake Superior, 4tb. In
Orleans county, Vermont, falUog into Lake Mem-
Ebremagog. 5(h. In Windsor conntr, ditto, fal-
ng into uie Connecticut, Gth, In Virginia, fai-
ling into the Nottoway, on the frontiera of N. Car-
olina. 7th. Interaecting Darlington district, S.
Carolina, falling into the great Pedee. 8th. Fal-
3 into Lake Michigan, towards the 3. E. «nd ;
several others, but alt inconsiderable.
Blatk Rock, p.v, Erie Co. N. T. on Lake Erie
4 m. N. Buffalo. It is a small village with a har-
bour artificially improved by a pier. The seams
and patches of dark coloured chert in the lime-
stone hero have given its name to this place.
of Massachusetta finds by lU means a re
ket in the commercial c ty of Providence
UlacktbuTg p V Montgomery Co \ a 217 m
B. W. Richmond.
Blatkaburg, and BlatJitrriUt, 2 towns onlha riv-
er Alabama in Monroe Co. Alab.
Blatk Sea. See Eiediu.
Blarkicall, a suburb of London, sitmte in a nook
at the a. E. eitremity of the county of Middlesex.
Il is bounded on the E. by the river Lea, which
divides it from the county of Essex, at its junc-
tion with (he Thames, which fi^m Blackwall to-
wards London Bridge, makes > considerable detour,
the distance by Uie course of the river being about
10 miles, snd more than double the distance of the
meridional line. This has led to the construction
of a tide canal, nearly a mile in length, for ships
of 600 to 800 tons burthen, Bcrom the isthmus for-
med by the delour of the river ; and also to the
construction of basins or docks jbr the reception
of all the ships arriving from the West and East
Indies. The West India dock establishment is
the most magnificent and complete work of the
kind in the world : it consists of two outer basins
from the river at Blackwall which lead to the
grand receiving basin, tui oblong square, 1,200
yards in length, affording quay room for about sev-
enty sail of large vessels to discharoe their cargoes
at one time, with moorings for iOO to 200 vessels
more in the centre. On the S. side is a range of
magnificent store houses, alternately of two and
five stories, of sufficient capacity to warehouse
100,000 tons of merchandise. The N. side has a
covered quay, and alow range of warehouses over
vsulls, for the storing of 50,IW0 pnocheoni of mm,
dye-woods, dtc.&c. After discharging their car-
goes, the vessels leave the receiving basin at the
W. end throngh an outer basin that communicates
again with the river, or to the outward bound basin
on the 8. in aline parallel with the grar"* '-'—
the o
quays of Qie grand re-
ceiving basin are all of stone, and the conveniences
for unjoadiiig stores, and distributing ofthe mer-
chandiie, with the swing-bridges over the entrance
(o(he outer basins and the dock ntes, are all as
complete as labour and art can make them, whilst
a suitable taste pervades tbe whole. It was first
opened in 1802. Between the West India Dock*
oeption
r I,e>
IS basins for the
mjL Ml 6LA
but all the more Talaableartieleflaiv stored in ware- mulment of Indre, with a castle, seated on the
houses in different parts of the E. side of London. Urease, 35 m. E. of Poitiers. Pop. 3,850.
There is also the largest private ship-buiiding yard Blanco, a cape of Patagonia, 130 m. N. E. of
in the world, where eight or ten ships, averaging Port St. Julien. Long. 65. 56. W. lat. 47. 90. S.
1,000 tons each, are occasionallv on the stocks, BlaneOf a cape of Peru, 120 m. S. W. of Guay-
or repairing, at one time. BlacKwall commands aquil. Long. 81. 10. W. lat. 4.24. S.
a very extensive view down the river, which draws Bhmeo. a ca{>e on the W. coast of Africa, 180
a constant succession of visitors to witness the m. N. ef the river Senegal. Long. 17. 10. W.
nnrivalled passing scene of vessels from and to all lat. 20. 55. N. It is the name of iS or 14 other
parts of the world, which almost every flood and Capes or Promontories in different parts of the
ebb of the tide presents. The pop. of this appen- world.
dage of London in 1821 was 12^223. Blandfordy a corporate town in Dorsetshire,
Blaek Walnuty p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 100 m. S. Eng. In 1731 almost all the town was burnt
W. Richmond. down ; but it was soon rebuilt, and a neat town-
Black Warrior, r. the N. E. branch of Tombig- hall of Portland stone, on columns, in wbich is a
bee river in Alabama. It rises among the moun- pump, was erected in remembrance of that disaster,
tains in the northern part of the state and is nav- The nouses and shops are very handsome. It has a
igable for a great part of its course. considerable manufacture of thread and shirt but-
Biadcwater, a river of Ireland, which flows tons, and is seated on the river Stour, near the
through the counties of Cork and Waterford into Downs, 18 m. N. E. df Dorchester, and 103 W.
Tooghal Bay. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,643.
BuukwaUrjK riyer in Essex, Eng. which flows Blandford. p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 15 m. N.
byBradfield,Braintree,Coggeshal,Kelvedon,and W. Springfield and 116. S. W. Boston. Pop.
Maiden, and then enters the estuary, to which it 1,594.
gives the name of Blackwater bay, near the month Blan^fordy p.v. Prince Geo. Co. Va.
of the Thames. It is also the name of four or Btarus, a town of Soain, in Catalonia, near the
i.ve rivers in the United States, but all inconsider- mouth of^the Todera, 20 m. S. of Gerona.
able. Blankenhtrfr^ a town and fort of the Netherlands,
Bladen, a county in the 8. part of N. Carolina, in Flanders, situate on the German Ocean, 8 m.
bordering on the maritime county of Brunswick. N. E. of Ostend.
It is intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 7,801. Blankenburg. a town of Westphalia, at the S.
Elizabethtown, 96 m. S. of Raleigh, is tne chief end of the ducny of Berg, on the river Sieg, 12
town. m. E. ofBonn.
Bladenoek, a river of Scotland, which rises in Blankenburg, a town of Lower Saxony, capital
the hills in the N. part of Wigtonshire, and after of a principality of the same name, in the Hartz
a winding course of 24 m. enters Wigton bay. distnct, containing about 140 »({. miles. The
Several islands are formed in its bed, which are castle stands on a cn.zey mountain and is one of
ftmous for the resort of eaeles. the finest buildings oftne kind in Germany. It
Madentburg, a town or Maryland, in George was the residence of Louis XVIII. during a part
eotmty, on the E. side of the Potomac, 9 m. from of his exile. The town contains about 3,000 in-
its mouth, at Washington, and 38 S. W. of Balti- habitants, and is 0 m. S. of Ilalberstadt.
more. Tne American army sustained a defeat by Blankenburg, a town in the principality of
the British at this place, on the 24th of August, Schwartzburg, circle of Thuringia, 5 m. N. W. of
1814, in attemptiiur to arrest the progress of the Saalfeld.
British towards Washington. Blankeneese, a town of Holstein, on the north
BUoM, a town of France, in the department of bank of the Elbe, 9 m. W. by N. of Hamburg-
Lower Loire. 22 m. N. N. W. of Nantes. Pop. about 2,000.
BWr jStkol, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, BUmkenhayn, a town of Saxony, 10 m. S. W.
with a castle, the seat of the Duke of Athol, 36 of Jena. Pop. about 1,850.
m. N. N. W. of Perth. Blannerhanett^s Island, a small but very beau-
BUur OMeris, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, tiful island in the Ohio, near Belpre. It was
with a manor boose, built in the form of a castle, namedfrom an Irish gentleman who settled upon it
SS m. N. N. E. of Perth. Pop. 2,253, partly em- in 1801 and was implicated in Burr's conspiracy.
ployed in the cotton manufiusture. Blarney, a parish and town in the county of
AlainmUe, p.v. Indiana Co. Pa. 184 m. W. Cork. Ireland. In 1821 the parish contained a
Hanisbnrg. population of 1,851. The town is situate abont 4
Blaaais, a late province of France, bounded on miles N. W. of Cork, on a branch of the river Lee,
the N. by Beance, E. by Orleanots, S. by Berry, which works a paper-mill, and the cotton manu-
Kcd W. by Touraine. It now forms the departs facture was attempted in this neihbourhood about
ment of Loire and Cher. 1820, at which period the town contained 333 in-
BlaUon, a town of France, in the department of hah.
Marenne and Loire, 8 m. S. £. of Angers. Bias San, a seaport town of Mexico, on an is-
Blakely, p.i. a seaport of Baldwin Oa. Alab. on land at the mouth of the Rio Grande, or Santiago
a branch of^he Mobile, at the head of Mobile Bay. river, which hihi into the Pacific Ocean in lat. Si .
The town was founded in 1816, and is a flonrisn- 30. N. and 104. 46. W. long,
ing place. The situation is healthy, and the har- BUmbeuren, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom
boor commodious. of Wurtembnrg, with a castle on a hill. Great
BUtkelft t. Luzerne Co. Pa. quantities of fustian and linen cloth are made
Blakeimrg, plantation, Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. here. It is seated af the confluence of the Ach
403. with the Blan, 11 m. W. of Ulm.
Blmnoni, a town in France, in the department of Blofe, a seaport of France, in the department of
Menrthe, seated on the Veiouze, 12 m. E. of Ln- Gironde, on the east bank of the river of that
ae-viUe. name, 17 miles below Bordeaux. It has a good
BUmu m bmrWf a Iowa of Fkinoe, in the d«- eitadel, and a fort on an island in the Girondei or
I8
BLO 108 BOB
Gvonne, which is here 3,800 yardi wide. Ite BloommgdalUy a TJllafe on the Hadeon, 7 m.
tnule consists in the wines of the adjacent oountrj. above New York.
Its harbonr is much frequented, beinff the outport .Blooming Grove, p.t. Orange Co. N. T. 102 m.
to Bordeaux, as Gravesend is to London, and S. Albany. Pop. 2,009. Also 2 towns in Ohio,
ships bound to Bordeaux having ^ns on board, BloondngUm^ p. v. the capital of Monroe Co. Ind.
leave them at Blaye. Pop. about o,000. 70 m. N. £. Vincennes.
Bledsoe^ a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 6,448. BioomingviUt, p v. Huron Co. Ohio, 123 m. N.
Pikeville is the capital. Columbus.
Bltkingen, a province of Sweden, in Gothland, Blottmsbutg^ 3 towns ; in Columbia Co. Pa : in
on the coast of the Baltic. It is DO m. long and Hunterdon Co. N. J. and Halifax Co. Pa.
21 broad; and though mountainous, is one of the Blore, a village in Staffordshire, £ng. 10 m. N.
most agreeable countries in tlie kingdom. The of Utoxeter. Its heath is famous for a battle be-
principal trade is in potash, pitch, tar, tallow, twcen the houses of York and Lancaster, in which
hides, and timber. The chief town is Carlscruna. Ncvil, earl of Salisbury, for York, with 500 men
Blenheim^ a village of Snabia, now in the Bava- only, defeated lord Audley with 10,000. TU/
rian circle of the Upper Danube, seat'^d on the latter was killed, and on the spot is erected k
Danube, 3 m. N. E. or Hochstat. It is memorar stone-cross to his memory,
ble for the signal victory over the French and Ba- Blount ^ a County of £. Tennessee, pop. 11,-
varians, gained August 2nd, 1704, by the duke of 027, Marysville is the capital ; also a O^unty of
Marlborough. The Austrians were defeated by Alabama, pop. 4,233, Blountsville is the capital,
the French near this place in 1800. Blountsville j is also a village of Jones Co. Geo
Blenhdmy p.t. SchoWie Co. N. Y. 53 m. from Bluekillf p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,499. It
Albany. Pop. 2,280. stands upon a bay, 12 m. N. £. Castme.
BUre, a town of France, in the department of Blue Mountains, several mountains so called in
Indre and Loire, on the river Cher, 18 m. £. by different parts of the world; viz. 1st, intersecting
S. of Tours. Pop. 2,600. the island of Jamaica from east to west. North
Blessington, a parish and town in the county of Peak is 8,180 fl. above the level of the sea ; 2nd,
Wicklow, Ireland. The parish contains quarries the most easterly ridge of the Apalachians, in the
of granite which are very extensively worked, state of Pennsylvania, extending in the south-west
Pop. in 1821, 1,618. The town is 14 m. W. byS. direction, from the Delaware to the south of the
of Dublin, on the border of KHdare, and in 1821. Susquehannah river, altitude, 3,000 to 4,000 ft.;
contained 494 inhabitants, partially cmployea 3rd, a more southern branch of the same ridge,
in a branch of the woolen manufacture . extending in the same direction from the north
Bletekin^yf a borough in Surrey, Eng. seated of the Potomac river, through the state of Vir-
on a hill, 4 m. £. of Ryegate, and' 21 S. of Lon- giniainto North Carolina. Otter Peak is 3,103 ft.
don. It returns two members to parliament, high, and is the highest point in all Virginia.
Pop. in 1821, 1,187. The passage of the Potomac river through this
Block Id4indj on the coast of Rhode Island, ly- rid^e is peculiarly grand ; 4th, an extensive range
ing 21 m. S. S. W. of Newport and in Newport in New Holland, aividing the settlements of Port
County. It is 7 m. in lensrth, and 4 in its ex- Jackson, &jc. on the coast, from Bathurst Plains :
treme breadth, and famous tor cattle, siioep, but- 5th, intersecting the island of Java in various
ter, and cheese. The south part of it is in lat. 41 . directions.
8. N. It is inhabited by about 700 persons, a con- Blue Rock, t. Muskinmim Co. Ohio,
ciderable portion of whom subsist oy the fishery. Btufton. p. v. Ray Co. Missouri, on the Missouri,
BlockUiff p.t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. 3 m. from 280 m. from St. Louis.
Philad. Blytk, a large parish and town^ at the north-west
Bloekxylf a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with extremity of Uie County of Nottingham, Eng. bor-
a fort ; seated at the mouth of the Aa, on the dering on Yorkshire. The town is 5 m. N. of
Zuyder Zee, where there is a good harbour, 8 m. Woruop. Pop. 801, and of the parish 3,456.
N. W. of Steenwick. Long. 5. 39. £. lat. 52. 44. N. Blyth, a town of Northumberland, England, sit-
BloiSjh city of France, capital of the depart- uate at the mouth of a river of the same name,
ment of Loire and Cher, and lately an episcopal which falls into the €rerman Ocean, 14 m. N. N.
see. The cathedral is a lar^ structure, seated on £. of Newcastle. It has a convenient quay from
an eminence at one extremity of the city, and on which a considerable quantity of coal is shipped,
another eminence at the other end is a magnifi Pop. 1,805. There are two other rivers of the
cent castle. In this castle Louis XII. was lK>rn ; same name, in Enffland : viz. one in the County
and here in 15^, Henry III. caused the Duke of of Suffolk, falling into the sea at Southwold, and
Guise, and his brother the cardinal, to be assassin- anotlier in the Cx)unty of Warwick, falling into
ated. Here are some fine fountains, supplied by the Tame, below Coleshill.
an aqueduct, supposed to have been erected by Boad, a town of Hindoostan, in Orissa, on th*
the Romans. The principal commerce is in wine river Mahanuday, 65 m. S. S. E. of Sumbul-
and brandy; and the chief manufactures are ser- pour, and 115 W. of Cuttack.
ges and ticken, It it seated on the Loire, over Botdthurg^ p. v. Centre Co. Pa. 115 m. N W.
which is a handsome bridge, 37 ra. £. N. £. of Harrisburg.
Tours, and 100 S. S. W. of Paris. Pop. about Boardman^ p.t. Trumbull Co. Ohio.
13,000. BMiaj a town of Italy m the Milanese, on th«
B^ofiies, a town of Poland, in Masovia, 20 m. river Trebia, 25 m. S. £. of Pavia. Pop. 3,500.
W. of Warsaw. Bohenhausen^ a town of Germany, in Hess*
Blo&m^ there are 6 towns of this name in tlie Darmstadt, with a castle, seated on the Gers
U. S., 4 in Ohio, and 2 in Pa. brenti, 43 m. S. E. of Frankfort on the Mayne.
Bloon^iMf there are 14 towns of this name Sober, a river of Germany, which rises in Si
in the 17. S. lesia, on the borders of Bohemia, flowa north b^
Bloominghtrgf villagef in SuHivan Co. N. Y. Lowenburg, Buntzlau, and Sagan, and joins the
and Fajette Co Ohio. Oder below Croaien.
BOO lot BOH
Sober Aerg, a town of Braadenburff, in the New It hia considenble mannfactarei of leather. Pop.
Mark, and duchy of Croesen; seated on the tide about 7,000.
of a hill, by the river Bober, 5 m. S. of Croesen. Bogtunr, a village in SuMex, Enf. 7 m. S. of Chi-
BofoWen, a town of Bavaria, 9 m. S. of Aug«- cheater. It is an improving place, and much
burg. rop. about 1^500. frequented in summer for sea-bathing.
Bobravoa, a town in the circle of Brunn, Mo- BogoUif a river of Colombia, which &lb into
ravia, 4 m. S. W. of Bistitz. the Acific Ocean, in the lat. of 1. N.
BtiretZj a town in the County of Liptau, Up- BogarodiUky a handsome town, containing
?Br Hungary, among the Carpathian Mountains, about 5,000 inhabitants, m the province of Thoula,
op. about 1,700. Russia.
Bobrysk, a town in the palatinate -vf Minsk, Bogota^ a laree citv and the capital of Colom-
Lithuania ; situate eaet of the Bobri^ia river, just bia. During the nue of the Spaniards in S.
above its confluence with the Berezma. America, it was the capital of the viceroyalty of
Boca, signifying mouth, is a term which has New Granada, and was then more commonly call-
been prefixed oy the Spaniards, to the name of ed Santa Fe. Since the orffanization and estab*
several straits or sea-passages in difierent parts lishment of the republic of Colombia, it has been
of South America; the most celebrated is the more commonly called Bogota, and made the
north strait, between the island of Trinidad and chief town of the province oi^ Cundinamarca.
the coast of^Cumana, called the Boea dd Drago, and seat of the whole republican ^vemment of^
or Dragon's Mouth. Colombia. It is situate on a spacious and fertile
Boea Tigris, a strait in Canton river, China. plain, on the most easterly ndge of the Andes,
Boeheita, a chain of mountains, in the territory m the lat. of 4. 36. N. and 73. 30. of W. long,
of Genoa, over which is the road into Lombardy. at an elevation of upwards of 8,000 feet above tro
On the highest mountain is a strong pass that level of the sea, wnich, notwithstanding its con-
will hardly admit three men to ffo abreast; and tiguity to the equator, renders its climate com-
this is, properly, the Bochetta. It is the key of paratively temperate and agreeable. It is inter*
Genoa, and was forced bv the French in 1796 sected by a small river called the Bogota (hence
and by the Aostrians in idOO. its recent appellation^ which falls into the Maf -
Bochua, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of dalena, W. of the rioge of mountains on which
Cracow, with large salt mines, 20 m. £. S. £. the town is situate. The town is tolerably well
of Cracow. Pop. about 3,300. laid out, having four squares, containing some
BockoUf a town of Westphalia, in the principal- handsome buildings ; and, although its remote-
ity of Monster, on the river Aa, 40 m. W. of ness firom the sea, and destitution of water com-
Munster. munication, will operate against its becoming a
. Bodcenkdm. a town of Lower Saxony, in the place of the first magnitude, should it continue
principality of Hildesheim, on the river Nette, 13 to be the seat of government, it will doubtless
m. S. S. £. of Hildesheim. considerably increase both in extent and popula-
Bocking,9. large village in Essex, En^. adjoin- tion, which at present amounts to about 40,000.
ing to Braintree. Its church is spacious ; and The most convenient points of debarkation for
here is a great manufacture of baize. Pop. in Bogota from Europe, are either Laguira or Car-
1821, 2,786. thagena, the distance fh>m the former about 600
Bockum^ a town of Westphalia, in the county miles N. W. and from Carthagena about 450
of Mark, 26 m. S. E. of Wesel. N. £. ; but the routes usually taken will in both
Boden See. See Coiutanee, Lake of. instances, greatly exceed those distances. It is
BodnUn, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. The about 450 m. N. E. of Quito, about 15 m. S. W.
summer assizes areheld here. It has some man- of the town, at a place called Tequendama ; the
nfiustures of serge, and a trade in wool and yam. river Bogota fidls down a precipice with coosid-
The church is the largest in the county, and the erable fury, and is an object of great attraction
remains of an episcopal palace and a priory are to the strangers who visit Bogota,
still to be seen. It is 32 m. N. £. of Falmouth, Bogwannoor, a town of Bahar, Hindoostan, a
and 235 W. by S. of London. It returns two few m. S. £. of Benares,
members to Parliament. Pop. in 1821, 3,278. Bohemia, a kingdom and very compact terri-
Bobrogh, a river of Upper Hungary, rising tory in the centre of Europe, supposed to have
among the Carpathian mountains, and falling into derived its name from a tribe of Celts called the
theTfaeissatT^kay. Boii. It was ori^nally more extensive, inclu-
Bodrwiy a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, ding Lusatia and Silesia on the N. E. and Mora-
on the N. side of the gulf of ScaUmova, 18 m. S. via on the S. E. Previous to 1&17, it was an in-
of Smyrna. Another, on the site of the ancient dependent kingdom, having an elective form of
alicamaasus, on the N. side of the gulf of Stan- government, tlie popularity of which excited the
hio, 45 m. W. by S. of Melassa. jealousy of the. Emperor of Germany, Ferdinand
Bog, a river which rises on the S. border of I. who obtained at that period the consent of the
Volhynia, in Poland, flows through Podolia and Germanic diet, to declare it an hereditary append-
Budzae Ttotary, v»<l enters the Black Sea, be- age of the dominion of Austria. This union was
tween Oczakow and the river Dnieper. severely contested on the part of the Bohemians
S. S. E. of Trieste. 5. N. and 12. 20. to 16. 30. of W. long. Its south
Boglipour, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a em point borders on Upper Austria,and it is boun
circar in Bengal ; seated on the Ganges, 112 m. ded by Bavaria on the S. W., Saxony on the N.
N. E. of MocShedabad. W., Lusatia and Silesia on the N. £., and Moravia
Bosrodauk, or Bogoduchow, a large inland town on the S. £., its extreme length and breadtb wiu
of Euopean BussSa. in the province, of Khaicov. be about 180 by 190 m., but each of the four sides
BOH 1M BOK
m
of its qnadrilatenl figure will not aTonge more Bokmentaldf a denw monntun forest, forming
than about 125, and as such give a tuperScial ex- the aouth-wett boundaiy of Bohemia. The tenn
tent of 15.025 m. m. implies Bohemian Fartat^ Baum in German signi-
Since 1751 it has been divided into the 12 fol- fying wood ; Bokm is probablj a corruption of
lowing circles, named after 12 of the principal that term in Bohemia, and may have given name
towns, (ezclosive of Prague, the metropolis of the to the country, signifying a woody country, and
whole territory, which has a separate jurisdiction :) the two following places as situated in woods,
▼is. Leutmeritx, Bunzlau, Konigingratz, Chmdim Bohmiseh Mehe, a town of Bohemia, in the cir-
Tchaslau, Bechin, Prachin. Bohemia is consider^ cle of Bunzlau, 20 m. N. of June Bunzlau.
ed the most elevated part of Europe, no riven Bohmiseh Brodf a town of Bohemia, in therCir-
running into it. The Spree, the Neisse, and the cle of Kaurzim, 14 m. E. S. E. of Prague.
Bober, running north through Lnsatia and Silesia, Bohcl. one of the Philippine islands, to the
have their source on the frontiers of the circles of north of Mindanao. Long. 124. 5. E. lat. 10. 0.
Bunzlau and Koniginsrratz, and the Elbe has its N.
source in the latter circle near the frontier of Boholy or Boot, a town at the mouth of a river
Silesia, running south into the circle of Chrudim, of the same name, fkUing into the Sooloo Sea, on
and then takes a north-west course, bounding the the north coast of the isle of Celebes,
circle of Buntzlau on the south, intersectingLeut- Bohus, or BahuSf a small district of West Cvoth-
meritz towuds Dresden in Saxony. The Mol- land, Sweden, bordering on the Cattegat, north
dau rises near the frontier of Austria at the south of Gottenburg. Stromstadt, on the coast, in lat.
extremity of the circle of Bechin, and runs near- 58. 56. N. and 11. 15. E. long, is the principal
ly due north past Prague, into the Elbe at Melnik town.
in Buntzlau. Sevenu streams have their sources Bojador, a cape on the west coast of Africa,
in the circle of Pilsen, which unite near the town doubled by the Portuguese in 1433. Long. 14.
of that name, and there form the Beraun, which 27. W. lat. 26. 12. N.
runs into the Moldau a little below Prague. The Boiano^ a town of Naples, in the Molise, at the
Eger intersects the circle of Saaz from south-west foot of the Apennines, on the east, near the river
to north-east, falling into the Elbe a little below Tilemo In 1808 it suffered jgreatly by an earth-
the town of Leutmeritz. These rivers, with their quake, and most of the inhabitants were destroy-
several tributary streams, contribute alike to the ed. It is 45 m. N. N. E. of Naples,
diversity and fertility of the country. There are Boi$ BlanCf an bland in Micnigan Teritory, in
also several small lakes in the south part of the Detroit river, opposite Amherstburg.
cirele of Bechin. The firontiers on all sides, ex- Bois le Due^ a fortified city of Dutch Brabant,
cept on that of Moravia, are mountainous and capital of a district of the same name, which con
woody, whilst the whole of the interior possesses tains also the towns of Helmont, and Eyndhoven
a soil of great capability ; but as a species of feudal It has a castle named Papen-briel, and a little to
tyrannv pervades the whole territory, it naturally the south are two forts, called Isabella and St.
precludes all excitement to social exertion, and Antony. It was taken by the French in 1894.
Its productions are consequently confined to a It is situate amon^ morasses, on the river Dom-
bare means of subsistence. It grows a considers- mel, where it receives the Aa, 22 m. £. by N. of
ble quantity of flax, which, as well as their wool, Breda, and 45 S. S. E. of Amsterdam. Pop.
is manufactured into linens and cloths, for domes- about 13,000.
tic use, and some on the side of Lusatia and Silesia Boiscommun, a town of France, in the depart^
for exportation. Almost every kind of mineral is ment of Loiret, 25 m. N. E. of Orleans,
found in one part of the country, or the other, and Boitieahurgf a town of Lower Saxony, in Meek-
having but little external intercourse, every branch lenburg, at the confluenco of the Boxite with the
of manufacture is carried on as domestic occupa- Elbe, S) m. S. W. of Schwerin.
tions for internal supply. It has several mineral Boitienburgf a town of Brandenburg, in the
springs, but it is deficient in the essential article Ucker Mark, 10 m. W. of Prenslow.
of salt, part of the supply being obtained from Bokharaj a city of Usbec Tartary, in Bokharia.
external sources. It stands on a rising ground, surrounded by a
On the subjugation of Bohemia by Austria, the slender wall of earth, and a dry ditch, on t)ie
ancient form of government was retained, but it south side of the river Sogd. The houses are
was merely the form : and absolute snd despotic low, and mostly built of mud ; but the caravan-
dictation nullified whatever was calculated to jus- seras and mosques, which are numerous, are all
tiijr or vindicate the rights of man, and the con- of brick. The baoan, or market-places, have
duct of blind, passive obedience, may now be con- been stately buildings, but the greatest iMirt of
sidered as firmly established in Bohemia, as in them are now in rums. Here is also a statelv
any part of Europe, or the world. The establish- building for the education of the priests. Great
ed religion of Bohemia is the Roman Catholic, numbers of Jews and Arabians fiequent this
and before the vear 1781 the Protestants were not place ; and the trade with Russia and Penia is
permitted the free exeroise of their wonhip : at considerable. In 1220, Bokhan was taken by
present all religious creeds are tolerated. Out of Jenghis Khan, with a numerous army, who burnt
a population of^about 3,000,000, the dissentients the city, and demolished the castle ; but after the
from Catholicism do not exceed 100,000, about city had remained in ruins some jean, he at
half of whom are Jews. In time of peace, about length ordered > to be rebuilt. It is 138 m. W.
50,000 men are maintained in arms, to support by S. of Samarcand. Long. G2. 56. E. lat. 39. 4.
whom, and other state pretensions, exactions, N.
equal to about 9,000,000 American dollan, are im- Bohhtaia^ or Buthariay a country of Usbec Tar-
posed on the productive labonre of the people, tary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east by
The original language of Bohemia seems to have Cashgar, south by Hindoostan and Persia, and
been Sclavonic, a dialect of which is still common west oy Chorasan and Charism. It is fertile in
in the eonntry ; but the German or high Dutch is com and fruit, and the best cultivated of any part
spoken with considerable parity. ofTarttry. This eouatry comprehends the a&cieni
dutrict of B>ctiUii>, the Datira countrj ol the
tirD-hiiimped eunel. Tbe one-humped cunel, or
dromedary, i> ft much'— — -~" —
The iiihabitantii tie in general tawny, with blocli
hair, bill >ome are while and well made. Thev
are cleanly in their food, which often coneisH of
minced meat.and tea ib the general drink. Thej
are not wartime, but u>e the bow, lance, and aabre.
Samarcand ia the capital.
Bokharia, Lilde. See Cathgar.
Bolatola, one of the Societv lalanda.in the Pa-
cific Ocean, 4 leamiei N. W. of Olaba. Lonir.
151. 52. W. lat. m. 32. 9.
fioIcAereii, B town of Kamtachatka, on the river
Botchoireka, Zi miles from iti mouth, in the aea
of Okolak. Lodg. 156. 37. E. lat. SH. 54. N.
BoUnghnke, a town in LincolDBhlie, Eng. It
waa the birth-place of Henry IV. and has a
manufactnre of earthen ware. It itandi at the
' aoorce of a river which luna into the Witbom,
29 m. E. of Lincoln, and 133 N. by E. of London.
BoUcia, a Kepublic of South America, formed
ont of the province of Upper Peru in 1825. It ia
bounded N. W. by Peru, N. E. and E. by Braiil,
3. by Boenoa Ajrei, and W. by the Pacific Ocean
and Pern. The territory ia mounlainoui, and
manv of the streajni wtuch fall into the Amaion
and La Plata had their origin here. It containi
many silver minea, among other the celebrated
mine of Pntosi. Its principal towni are Potoii,
Charcas, Oropeaa, Oruio, La rax, Cocbabamba, and
La Plata or Chuquisaca which ii the capital. The
population is estimated at something more than
a million. The ffovernment consists of a Presi-
dent, and a legislative body of three chambers.
The battle of Ayacucho which eatablished the in-
dependence of this territory, waa the last eSbrt
Buide by the Spaniards to retain a footing in their
ancient dominion of South America. This battle
waa fboght Dec. 9, 1824. The Colombian army
under Ueneral Sucre, gained a complete victory
over the Spaniards, commanded by the Viceroy
La Sema. Sucre was mute Preaident of Bolivia,
bat was afterwards asussinated.
AiUenAdi/n, a town of Silesia, in the principali-
ty of Schweidniti, m few nulei west of the town
M Schweidniti ; the inhabitanla chiefly employed
in the linen manufacture.
BoUuneUz, or PolkwUt, a town of Sileiia, 12 m.
S.ofGlogaD.
W BOI.
munificently (limisbed with their best prodoc-
tioo*. Nor have the exertions of art been con-
fined to tbe sphere of painting ; the city eihibila
Bome of the finest monumenta of architecture,
(Ucb aa the palace of Capraria, the marble foun-
tain in the riaiia-del-GLganle, and in ract,almo«l
•very building of any note. The academy of arts
and sciences is a building of great inagni lice nee,
and the public theatre ia one of the Urgest and
most beautiful in Italy. Tbe church of St. Petro-
nlus is the largest in Bologna, but ia more remark-
able for its pavement, wliere Cassini drew his
meridian line, 180 ft. lon^. T-be trade of Bnlugna
ia very considerable, being ailualed in a fertile
country, and having an easy conveyance of its
produce by a canal to the Po. Tbe exuberance
of the adJBceDt country enables the inhabilanta to
furnish all Europe wiUi the greatest delicacies in
confectionary, distilled waters, essences, &ji. oil,
wine, flax, hemp, and silk, also furnish abundant
sources of trade and employment. The Rene
which passes by the i ' "
mills for si Ik- works.
than 400
ituated at tbe foot of
the Apennines, '£i m- 8. E. of Modena, and 175 N.
W. of Rome. Lang. II. 21. G. lat. 44. 30. N. It
waa taken poaaession of by the French in 1796, but
restored to the state* of Rome at the general peace.
BoUigiieie, a province of Italy, bounded on the
north by the Ferrareae, west by Modena, south
by Tuscany, and east by Romasoa, It is watered
by aiany snull rivers, and prepuces all aorta of
grain and fruit, particularly rich muscadine grapes
ome miles before the entrance into Bologna, the
country seems one continued garden. Toe vina-
yarda are not divided by hedges, but by rowa of
elms and mulberry-trees; tlie vines banging in
fcstooiks, from one tree to another. There are
also mines of alum and iron. Bologna ia the cap-
ital. There are about 300 other towna, contain-
ing a population of about 200
Baliena, a town of Italy, i
St. Peter, on a Inks of its na
of Viterbo.
BoUmtr, a town in Derbyabire, En*; It has
a spacious castis on the brow of a hill > and is
noted for the manufacture of tolwcco pipes. It is
C m. E. of Chesterfield, and 145 N N. W. o(
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,245.
Bolttetart, a town of Holland, in Friesland. near
the Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. of SloLen. Near tliU
town, which ia about two miles in eatent. was
formerly an abbey of the Cistertians, wbeni tna
Munstcr Auahaptists look refuge in 1534, and
where William, count of Holland, waa buried in
the 14th century.
Beltaii'it-MoiiTt, a large and populous town in
Lancashire^ Eng., consisting of two townshipa.
ray of
Pf W.
ijancasnire, l:.Dg., conj
Great and Little Bolto.
amidst se
Bologna, a city oflta]y,aapitalofllie Bolognese,
It ia about 5 mSes in
} inhabilanta.
and an arohbiahop's aee. ft ia about 5 m
It has long been distinguiahed as a school of
•ncc; the oniTersity wing one of the moat an-
ejent and celebrated in Europe. An academy of
arta and sciencea was founded in 1712, and con-
trOnited greatly to that fame which the oity haa
acquired. As a school of pain ting, it is immortol-
iied by the nnmber of masten it baa produced.
There are here 169 churchea, and these, aa well
" -' lanaiona of the noblea.an moat
14
ao called from it
to distinguish it from another town in the north
part of &B county, called BoUonAt-Sandt. It ia
h miles N. W. of Manchester, on the mail-ooach
road to Preston and Glasgow, and, neit to Man-
chester, is one of the most considerable stations
of the cottonmonufacture.the branches more par-
tioularly puraned beinir those of muslina, dimitira
and counterpanea. The canal to Manchester,
&om which there is a branch to Bnry, has added
materially to the proaperitj of the place ; and the
new railway to Leigh, by afibrding facilities for an
additional anpply of oosl, has rAlnced tbe price
of that indispensable fuel. Besides the fKrish
chntch, here are two other episcopal churchea
of nccnt election, a Aoman Catholic chapel, ud
BOM M BON
tbont ■izteen meeting hooset for duMenten, with Fort St. Andrew, and u not more than 4 in tha
rariouB achools and charitable institutions. A broadest part. It was taken hv the French in
town hall, for the transaction of public business, 1672, and again in 17!)4.
has been recently erected. Pop. in 1821, 89,197. Bonay a seaport of Algiers, in the province of
of which Little fiolton contained 9,258. The earl Constantina. Near it are the ruins of the ancient
of Derby was executed here, in 1651, for pro* Hippo Regius. It has a trade in com, oil, wax
claiming Charles II. and wool, and is 270 m. £. of Algiers. Long. 7
*/ There are 12 other towns and villages 45. £. lat. 36. 52. N.
named Bolton, besides Bolton on the Sands, in Bonair, or Buen Ayrc^ a fertile island in tlie
different parts of England ; viz. three in Cumber- Caribean Sea, to the E. of Curagoa. It is 60 ni.
land, one each in Northumberland and Westmore- in circuit, and has a good harbour and road on
land, and seven in Yorkshire. the S. W. side. Long. 68. 18. W. lat. 12. 10. N.
Bolton J p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 33 m. W. Bos- Bonavista, one of the Cape Verd islands, so call
ton. Pop. 1^8, The town abounds in lime-stone, ed from its beautiful appearance to the first dis-
BoUon. p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 24 m. N. W. coverers, in 1450; but is now become barren.
Montpeher. Pop. 452. through the extreme idleness of the inhabitants.
Bolton, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 744. Long. 22. 47. W. lat. 16. 6. N.
Bc^tton, p.t. Warren Co. N. T. 69 m. N. Albany. Boruivista, a cape on the east side of the island
Pod. 1,466. of Newfoundland. Long. 52. 32. W. lat. 48.
Bomalyn. town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- 15. N.
burg, on- the river Ourt, 20 m. S. of Lie^e. Bondf a County of Illinois or the Kaskaskias.
Bombay f an island on the west coast of the Dec- Pop. 3,124. Greenville is the chief town,
can of mndoostan, 7 miles in lengfth, and 20 in Bondorf, a town of Suabia, in the Black Forest,
eireumference. It came to the English by the capital of a county which ioins the Brisgau. It
marriage of Charles II. with Catherine of rortn- is 7 m. S. by W. of Furstenourg, now included in
gaL and was made over to the East India Compa- the territory of the Duchy of Baden,
ny in 1688, when it was made the seat of govern- Bondtm, an interior country of North Africa,
ment of all their possesions on that side of Hin- lying between the rivers Senegal and Gambia, in-
doostan, which was previously at Surat. It is habited by the Foulah race of negroes, who are
now one of the three presidencies by which their industrious and social in their habits, and Mahom-
oriental territories are ^verned. It contains a etans in religion.
strong and capacious fortress, a city, dockyard, Bontss. or BorrowsUmneSf a town of Scotland,
and marine arsenal. Here the finest merchant ships in Linlithgowshire, with a safe and commodious
are built all of teak, supplied from the neighbour- harbour on the frith of Forth. It has a consider-
ing countries, which is more durable than the ble trade in ship-building and coal, and extensive
best English oak ; and in 1810, the Mindcn, 74 manufactures of salt and stoneware. It is 5 m.
gun ship, was launched, having been built entirely N. of Linlithgow. Pop in 1821 ^ 3,018.
under the superintendence of a Persee. The Bonhommey t. St. Louis Co. Missouri,
ground is in general barren, and good water scaree ; Bonnefemme, t. Howard Co. Missouri,
but it has abundance of cocoa-nuts, and its mar- Boni, or Bony, a spacious bay between the two
kets are well supplied with every delicacy. The southern promontories of the tsle of Celebes. It
population of the territory of Bombay is estimated has numerous shoals and rocks, and is commonly
at 225,000, three-fourths of whom are Hindoos, called Bugges Bay by Europeans. Near the up-
the remainaer Mahometans, Armenians, and Jews per end of the bay, on the shore of the western
and about 8,000 Persees or fire worshippers. (See promontory is the town of Boni, which is the can-
Baehu.) The city of Bombay, next to Calcutta, iial of a kingdom of the same name, but little
may be considered the most commercial place in known. The inhabitants are partly Mahometans.
Hindoostan; its intercourse with China is very It is in the lat. of 3. S. and 120. 30. of E. long,
great, the export of cotton sometimes amounting Bonifaeio, a fortified seaport of Corsica, with a
to 350,000 bales per annum. It is much resorted good harbour and a coral nshery. It stands on a
to, by traders from Persia, Arabia, Abyssinia, Ar- small peninsula, at the south extremity of the
menia, and all parts of western Asia, as well as island, 37 in. S. of Ajaccio. Long. 9. iX. E. lat.
from most of the islands of the Indian Ocean, and 41. 25. N. Pop. about 3,000. .
all the eastern parts of Asia, and the commercial Bonn, a city of Germany, in the territory of
transactions are conducted with more integrity Cologne. It nas a flourishing university, four par-
than is usual in Asiatic cities. It is about iS) m. ish cnurches, and several religious foundations
S. of Surat, and 1,300 W. by S. of Calcutta. The It was taken by the Duke of Marlborough, in
lighthouse, whieh is a very prominent object, and 1703, and by the French in 1794. It is seated ob
visible for 20 miles out at sea, is in lat. lo. 53. the Rhine, 14 m. S. by £. of Cologne.
N. and 72. 53. £. long. BonruU, a town of France, in the department of
Bomene, a seaport of Holland, In Zealand, on La Creuse. Pop. alwut 2,000.
the north shore of the Island of Schowen, 3 m. E. Bonnetable, a town of France, in the depart-
of Browershaven. ment of Sarte, 15 m. N. E. of Mons. Pop. 4,500
Bommel, a town of South Holland, in th« isle Bonneval, a town of France, in the department
of Overfrakke, 7 m. W. of Williamstadt. of Eure and Loire, seated on the Loire, 8 m. N. of
Bommd, a strong town of Holland, in Guelder- Chateaudun.
land, in the island of Bommelwert, on the river BonneviUe, a town of Savoy, capital of Fan
WaaJ, 21 m. S. by £. of Utrecht, and 7 N. of Bois- eingay , seated on the river Arve, at the foot of a
le-Dnc. Pop. about 3,000. mountain called the Mole, 20 m. S. E. of Geneva.
Bommdwert, an island of Holland, formed by Bonny, a kingdom of Guinea, N. Africa, lying
the junctions of the Waal and Maese. It lies in between Warce and Callabar. The inhabitants
the province of Guelderland, except a small dis- are less social than their neighbours, and live in
trict at the west end, which belongs to South Hoi- constant collision with those of Callabar.
ImhI. It is 15 miles in length, fh>m Lowettein to JS^ntAom, a seaport at the 8. extremity of the
BUR 1«? JIOR
western promontory of the island of Celebes, ieat- mont of Coneze. It wss the birth-plaoe of
ed on the shore of a large bay, where ships may Marmontel.
Ue in secnrity daring both the monsoons. The BorbUf a town of Alemtejo, Portugal, lying be-
iown has a^alisado^ fort, and stands on the tween EBtremoz and Vitra-Vicosa.
south side of a small but deep river. Long. 120. BardsauXy a city of France, an episcopal lee,
32. E. lat 5. 31. S. and chief town of the department of the Ghx>nde,
Boogdtoogej a town of Hindoostan. capital of the lies on the left bank of the Garonne , in a semicircu-
country of Cutch, 140 m. S. E. of Tatta, and 230 lar or oval form, corr^ponding with the curve of
W. by N. of Amedabad. Long. 69. 2. £. lat. 23. the river which constitutes its port. The date of
16. N. its foundation, like those of many other cities, is
Bod. See Bohol. lost in the distance of time. It is mentioned by
Boom, a town of Brabant, on the north bank of Strabo and some of the Augustine histuriaii».
the river Nethes, 10 m. S. of Antwerp. Pop. The etymology of its Latin name, Burdigala, it
about 3,500. doubtful, and throws no light upon its fouuderi.
Boone, a firontier country of the state of Ken- Under Augustus it was regarded as a great oily,
tncky, nearly encircled by the Ohio River, which and was further agmndised and emb^Iished by
divides the north end from the states of Ohio and him. Adrian ma£ it the metropolis of the
Indianfi, opposite to where the Miami River falls second Aquitaine. In the third century it became
into the Ohio. Pop. 9,012. Burlington, 90 m. N. by an episcopal see, and in tlie fourth was distin•
E. of Frankfort, is the chief town, gniahed for the cultivation of arts and letters.
Boonsioro, p.v. Washington Co. Maryland, 16 The Roman dominion gave way to barbarism and
m. N. W. Fredricktown. the Visigotlis, who were themselves soon driven
Boon^orou^h, a town of Kentucky in Madison out by the still more barbarous Clovis and his
coonty, seated on Red River, which runs into the Franks. Henceforth it was an integral part of
Kentucky, 38 m. E. S. E. of Lezinjrton. France, and capital of Guienne, with the ez-
Boonelon, v. Morris Co. N. J. 30 m. N. W. oeption of the periods during which it was un-
Newark. der English dominion. The Saracens ravaged
BoonmUe, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 116 m. N. W. it in the eight century, and the Normans in the
Albany. Pop. 2,746. tenth.
Booinnk, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 98 The long and violent rather than sangoiuary
m. N. E. of Calcutta. contests between the French and EnfUah, for the
Bootan, a mountainous country of Hindoostan inheritance of Eleanor of Guienne, bore directly
Proper, lyin^ between the province of Bengal and upon Bordeaux, the capital, which, alternately
Thibet. It is a feudatory province of Thil^t, and French and English, and more indebted to the
abounds in mountains covered with verdure, and latter, retained for them a strong partiality for
rich with abundant forest trees; there is scarce- which it was severely mulcted by Charles VII.
ly a mountain whose base is not washed by in 1451. From that period it has continued an
some torrent, and many of the loftiest bear popu- integral {>art of the kingdom of France, partak-
lous villages, amid orchards and plantations, on ing, but in a less deme than other cities, the
their summits and on their sides. The southern- troubles of the Reformation, the League, the Fronde
most ridffe of the Bootan mountains rises near a (during the regency of Anne of Austria), and
mile and a half above the plains of Bengal, in a the Revolution. Bordeaux sent to the national
horizontal distance of only 15 miles ; and from the assemblies several of the most eloquent and vir-
summit the astonished traveller looks on the plains tuous men of the popular party, called * Gircn-
below as on an extensive ocean. The Booteas are dists,' from the department of which it is the chief
much fairer and more robust than their neighbours town. Deprived almost wholly of its foreign
the Bengalees, with broader faces and higher commerce by the wars and decrees of Bonaparte,
cheek-bones : their hair is invariablv bla^k, and it was the first place to open its gates to the
cut ^ort ; their eyes small and black, with long Bourbons.
pointed comers; and their skins remarkablv The most striking objects upon approaching
smooth. The houses are built on props, thougn Bordeaux are the port and the stupendous bridge,
the country is hilly, and ascended by a ladder : projected and partly executed by Bonaparte, over
the lower part, closed on all sides, serves for hold- the Garonne, an arm of the sea rather than a
ine stores, and accommodating hogs, cows, and river. The practicability of such a bridge was
other animals. The capital is Tassasudon. long doubted, from the breadth of the river — ^nearly
Bootkbay, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. between Sheeps- a quarter of a league — and the violence of the
cut and Damariscotta river. Pop. 2,290. current. The port should be viewed from La
Bootle, a village in Lancashire, Eng. contiguous Bastide, a village opposite Bordeaux, on the right
to Liverpool, which it supplies with fine fresh bank : it then presents its magnifioent curve
water, from abundant and never-fiuling springs round the corresponding segment of the river ,
near the sea-shore. its fagade, uniform and noble ; the quays, crowd-
Bopal, a town of Hindoostan, in Malwa, 98 m. ed and animated ; and the river, covered with
£; otOugein. vessels, generally in a state of gentle movement,'
Bopfingen, a town of Suabia, on the river Eger, heaving with the waves. The town is semicir-
Id m. N. W. of Donawert. cular ; out the port is an elliptic curve, near two
Boppart, a town of Germany, seated at the leagues in diameter between its extremities.
fixyt or a mountain, near the Rlune, 8 m. S. of Bordeaux, like so many other cities, is divided
Coblentz. into the old and new town, on tlie rignt and left.
Baraks, a town of W. Grothland, Sweden, about The ** course" or avenue of Toumy, leading to
10 m. £. of Gottenburg. the fauxbourg de Chartrons, is remarkably beaa-
B&rekolz, a town on the west side of the bishop- tiful. The theatre, in the rue de Chapeau-rougOi
ric of Paderborn, Westphalia, now part of the is a noble building, surpassing in its exterior, but
Prussian States. . not interior, most other theatres of Europe, lie
Bordf or BoU^ a town of France in the depart- peristyle consists of twelve Corinthian oolu
BOR »» BOR
•unnonnted by a baloBtrade, with a statne to each knowledge and the arts ; a branch univeraity, an
colomn. The vestibule is majestic and ornament- academy, a library containing an old copy of
ed. having a double staircase lighted from a cu- Montaigne 4i Essays corrected and noted by him-
poia. The exchange, at the extremity of this self, a cabinet of natural history, a museum of
street, is a vast and imposing structure, with in- antiquities and painting, an observatory, but with-
terior arcades round the walu ; the central space out an observer or instruments of observation,
covered in, and lighted from the top ; and a grand The ancient parliament of Bordeaux was dis-
door opening into the Place Royale, one of the tinguished for eloquence, learning, and philoso-
handsomest squares of Bordeaux, and deficient phy. — Montaigne, Montesquieu, and the presi-
onl^ in extent. This p2ac« merits particular de- dent Dupaty, were among its ornaments. The
scnption : its form is that of a horseshoe, opening modem bar has maintained its ancient reputation
upon the river, with a fine quay between. It is for eloquence in Ferriere, some years dead ;
lined by the- exchange and the custom-house, with Deseze, Lune, and Ravez — all three peers of
corresponding fronts; all the facades richly or- France. In the second national or legislative
namented, and bearing allegorical figures m re- assembly the palm of eloquence was born awiy
lief. by Vergniaud, mferior only to Mtrabean of all th«
The cathedral is the principal Grothic edifice of orators of the Revolution. Guadct, Gensonne,
Bordeaux, but by no means of France, as some and Duces, who perished by suicide or the ^uil-
have described it. It is remarkable chiedy for the lotine, also eloquent members of the national as
two bold, light, and lofly spires which rise above sembly and convention, were of tlie bar of Bor-
the portal. The £n|rlish built it, in part at least, deaux. Among the other distinguished natives
during their occupation of Guienne. There are of Bordeaux are the two Dupatys, sons of the
three other large Gothic churches, — ^those of St. president; the engraver Andrieux ; the two mu-
Michael, St. Croix, and St. Sturin, — which con- sical composers Garat and Rode, the former the
tain some good pictures. The ancient Roman first singer — by the way, an equivocal distinction,
remains called the '' Palais Gallien,'* without any — the second, the first violin player — of France,
good reason fi>r the name, have nearly disappear- — and consequently of Europe. Lais, who was
ed, to make way for modern elegance and avarice, the first singer at the Parisian grand opera for
The Roman remains, called the ** Palais de Tute- several years, and since the restoration, was also
le " ffave way to the chateau de Trompette ; a Bordelese. Berquin, the author of *' L'Ami
which, in its turn, has recently made room for des Enfans ;" the grammarian Lebel, several
new and beautiful edifices, and the spacious Place Jesuit controversialists, whose memory has pass-
de Louis XVI. It was in the chateau de Trom- ed away with the controversy respecting that or-
pette that general Clausel held out so long against der ; and the Latin poet Ausonius, who lived in
the Bourbons. This was probably the main cause the time and in the court of Adrian, were natives
of Its demolition upon their re*establishment. It of Bordeaux.
is well supplied by the place, new streets, and The city of Bordeaux, especially the new town,
market^ which occupy its site, but which will take is beautiful, rather as a uniform whole, than from
some time to be finished. Count Lynch, mayor any detached or single objects. There are no
of Bordeaux, at the fall of Bonaparte, and chiefly very striking beauties in its environs, with the
instrumental in opening its gates to the Bour- exception, perhaps, of the verdant and pictur-
bons, erected in this quarter a small museum, in esque banks of the Gironde. — The chateau of
which are preserved aU the antiquities discovered Brede is visited rather as the residence, and in
in or about Bordeaux : \hey are scanty. The some measure the creation, of Montesquieu, than
house of Montaigne still exists as a curiosity in for its intrinsic merits. It is situated in a plain,
the street bearing liis name, and his monument is well wooded ; a simple hexagonal building, Avith a
in a church in the same street. drawbridge, and approached by a long avenue of
The communications open to Bordeaux by the oak trees. The Tour de Cordouan, at the mouth
Atlantic with the north, America, and the Indies, of the Gironde, is the finest lighthouse in
and by the canal of Lan^uedoc with the south France.
and the Levant, afford to it the greatest facilities A natural phenomenon called the mascaret,
for maritime commerce. It accordingly, has an observed at tne mouth of the Dordogne, and in
extensive and the most various trade of any port, no other river of Europe, should not be passed
in every ^ecies of produce and manufacture, over. When the waters of the Dordogne are
But the difference of peace and war, especially low, and especially in summer, a hillock of wa-
war between England and France, is to it the dit- ter, about the height of an ordinary house, is ob-
ference between prosperity and ruin. Its com- served at its confluence with the Garoime. It
mercial relations (it has been said) have no other suddenly rises and spreads, rolls along the bank,
limits in time of peace than those of the world ; ascends the river in all its sinuosity, with extra-
m time of war they do not extend beyond the ordinary rapidity and a fi^arful noise. All that
lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde, except comes in its way, on the bank by which it moves,
smuggling and privateering. The quay of Char- yields to its fury. Trees are torn up, barges
toon was grass-grown during the continental sunk, and stones are driven to the distance of
blockade : it is, since the peace, the most busy fifty paces ; all fly from it in consternation ; cat*
and crowded, especially with the export of wines, tie even, with a strong and fierce instinct. It
The merchants of Bordeaux are hospitable and sometimes takes the centre of the river, and
polite ; and the higher orders emulate the capital changes its shape. The watermen are able by
in liun^y, the love of pleasure, and what is called their observations to discover its approach, and
ftshion. The women are considered to come thus escape certain destruction. A similar phe-
nearest to those of the capital in accomplishments, nomenon was observed by the French traveller
graeetf, Suk. the love of amusement. Condamine in the Amazon river, and by the
It oontains the same establishments as the other English Rennell in the Ganges. Its cause is
great tovms, but not on the same scale or with the known, and simple, — ^the tide flowing with a dis-
■ame degrM of eultivationy for the purpose of proportionate quantity and impulse into the Dor-
BOR 109 BOR
dogne, which ia light in the direction of the Gi- Borja, a town of Colombia, sitaate on the head
ronde, whilst the course of the Garonne is angu- waters of the river Amazon, 300 m. £. by N. of
lar or divergent. The impediments which the Paita and 90 W. by N. of Jaen. Long. 76. 36. W.
mascaret meets as it ascends the Dordogne from h^t. 4. 15. S.
■and banks, the sinuosities, and the rapidity of Borja, a town in the province of Buenos Ayres,
the opposing current, all tend to increase, and it near the frontier of Brazil. It was founded by
may be said to enfuriate, its force. Such is its the Jesuits.
velocity, that a second must not be lost by him BorUogUbsky a town of Russia, situate on the
who would escape it. banks of the Verona, near the south end of the
The population of Bordeaux fluctuates with its province of Tamboy, about 300 miles S. E. of
commerce between 60,000 and 100,000. From Moscow. — It is also the name of a town in the
the most recent calculations, in 1828, it appears province of Jaroslav, on the west bank of the Vol-
between 93,000 and 96JD00. Its distance from ga, a few miles north of the city of Jaroslav.
Paris is, by Orleans and roitiers, 155 1-2 leagues ; Pop. of each about 3,000.
bv Tours and Angouleme, 154 1-2 leagues ; by Borrissmo, a town of Russian Poland, on thft
Uhateauroux and rerifrueux, 153 1-2 leagues, banks of the Berezina, about 35 m. £. of Minsk.
Lat. 44. 60. N. long. 0. 40. W. Borkdo, a strong town of Holland^ in the coun
BordeuUnon, a town of New Jersey ^n Burling* ty of Zutphen, remarkable for having been the
ton county^ on the west side of the Delaware, 6 subject or two wars : one in 1665, against the
m. below Trenton, and 23 N. £. of Philadelphia, bishop of Munster, and the other with France, in
BoTffe, a town of Denmark, the chief place in 1672. It is seated on the river Borkel, 15 m. E.
the island of Femem, with a fort, on Femem N. £. of Zutphen.
Sound. Lonff. 11. 17. E. lat. 54. 27. N. Borketif a town of Westphalia, in the principal!-
Bor^ejUruckjOT Berventrychf a town on the S. tv of Munster, witii a collegiate church, seated on
W. side of the Bishopric of raderbom, Westphalia, the Aa, 38 m. W. of Munster.
BarghettOf a town on the E. bank of the Adige, Borkumy an island of the kingdom of Hanover,
at the southern extremity of the bishopric of^ lying between the east and west channels of the
Trent. — ^Also the name of a village in the vicinity Ems river. It is partly inundated at hish water,
of Mantua, where a severe battle was fought be- It has a town of tne same name, the iimabitants
tween the French and Anstrians in 1796. subsisting chiefly by fishing.
Borgkolm. a fbrtinea town wn vo >^*H Me of Bormio, a town of Switzerland, capital of a
theisleofOland, in the Baltic, iMurt of the province county of its name, on the confines of Tyrol,
of East Gothland. About a mile from the town are medicinal baths.
Borgy Bargy or BergnoiZAaUitiiy a town in the It is seated at the foot of the mountains, on the
county of Ravensburg, Westphalia. river Fredolso, near its confluence with the Adda,
BorgfUy a lar^e lake or inlet of the sea, between 40 m. S. E. of Coire. Long. 10. 20. lat. 46. 17. N.
the states of Mississippi and Louisana, com- Bormto, or BoniM(2a, a large river of Piedmont,
municating with the Gulf of Mexico, and inland which rises in the territory of Finale, runs north,
with lake rontchartrain. intersecting the dutchy of^ontferrat, falling into
Bar go y a seaport town of Russian Finland, lyincr the Tanaro a little below Alessandria.
betv':rin llelsingfurt and Lovisa. In lat. 60. 21. BorruLy a town of Upper Saxony, in the circle
N. and 25. 45. £. long. of Leipzig, with a manufacture of stuffs ; seated
Borgo Rusz. Pruni and PasSy three towns con- near the river Pleysse, 13 m. S. E. of Leipzig, on
ti^uous to eacn other, near the source of the Bis- the road to Altenburg.
tntz River on the eastern frontier of Transylvania, BomeOy an island of Asia, in the Indian Ocean,
bordering on the Bukowine. They have salt discovered by the Portuguese in 1521, lying be-
springs snd some manufactures of earthenware, tween the lat. of 4. 10. S. and 7. N. and 109. 15.
The population is considerable, principally Wol- to 119. 25. W. long, beinff in its extreme length
lachians. 775 geographical miles otQQ 1-2 to a degree, and
BorgOy signifying a market town, is prefixed to 650 in extreme breath ; but, as the north part con-
twelve towns in difierent parts of Italy. verges into a promontory, if resolved into a square ,
BorgOy St. Donniniy a town in the duchy of Par- the sides would not exceed 600 miles ; which^
ma, so called from the martyrdom of Donnini, who however, will give a surface greater than that of
was beheaded herein 304. It is a bishop's see, any island in the world, except New Holland, be-
and is situate about midway, on the road from ing about 360,000 sq. m. or nearly five times larger
Piaceuza to Parma. than Great Britain. Although under the equator,
Borgo di St. SepoUrOy a town of Tuscany, in the air is not so excessively hot as might be ex-
ihe Florentine, with a fort, seated near the source pected, being frequently refreshed with showers
of the Tiber, 12 m. N. £ of Arezzo. In 1789 and cool breezes, the thermometer varying from
about 1,000 of the inhabitants were destroyed by 82. to 94. of Fahrenheit. In the monsoon, from
an. earth^v* April to September, the wind is westerlv, and
BorgojotUy a town oi iv&iy, in uic riaubutia, on the rains are constant and heavy, attended with
the river Po, at the influx of the Oglia, 10 n^ S. violent storms of thunder and lightning. The
of Mantua; and nine others, all inconsiderable . rainy season continues for eight months, and
BorgOy or Bttrgo D^Osnuiy a town of Spain, sur- during that time all the flat country, from ten to
rounded with walls, and containing aoout 200 twenty miles from the coost, is overflowed, and
families. 33 m. W. of Soria, and 40 S. E. of the air rendered very unhealthy. For this reason
Burgos. the inhabitants build their houses on floats, which
Burgo di Si. Awdo, a fortress of the island of they make fast to trees. They have but one floor,
Malta, a little to the east of Valetta. with partition^ made with canes ) and the roofs
Bona, or Bergosay a town of Spain, in Arra- are covered with palmetto-leaves, the eaves ot
n, in a fixiUful spot, riear Mount Cayo^^ at the which reach within four or five feet of the bottoro.
tc f
K
gon, in a iruitiui spot, near Mount uayo, at me wmcn reacn witnin tour ornve teet ot tne ooirora.
Kwt of the Pyrenees, 42 ra. W. N. W. oi Sara- Some of their houses are built upon pillars, a suf
ficient height from the surface not to be deluged
BOR 110 BOE
The eoantriet on the cout are inhabited by a mix- clusiTe line of policy. Aa &r as onr knowledge
tare of Malaya, Javanese, and Macassars The of the country does extend, whilst the coast on
aborigines of the island, however, live in the in- all sides is low and swampy, the interior seems
terior, and are called Biadjoos, Biayos, or Dijak- much intersected by mountains ; a river called
kese. &c., who are represented as the most un- the Banjar has its source in the centre of the
couth and unsocial of the human race. Indeed it country, about two decrees north of the equator,
seems to be here where nature has united the and runs south into the sea of Java. There are two
chain of animated creation, and placed the orang or three rivers running from £. to W. falling into
outang as the conoectinj^ link between the articu- the sea on the west side, but the north and east
lating, modulating, and inventing, and He instinc- coasts appear deficient m good navigable rivers
tive ; or, in other words, between the biped and for internal communication t>y water. There are,
the quadruped race of animals. Qn one side of however, several fine harbours and roadsteads
the orang outang, which seems to be a native of round the coast ; the principal is Bandermassinf,
the soil of Borneo, are apes, monkeys, bears, at the mouth of the Banjar ; Sambar at the south-
goats, deer, horses, buffaloes and other homea west point ; Sambas on the west coast ; Borneo
cattie, tigers, and the elephant; whilst on the at the north-west : and Passir at the south-east,
other side is a class of beings with apparently no BomeOj the principal city, and capital of a
other claim to the character of man but that of kingdom of the same name at the north part of
the power of articulation ; and yet, amidst this the above island, is situate up a river about 10 m.
unsocial and unappreciating race of beings, na- from the sea, in the lat. of 4. 55. N. and 114. 15.
ture seems to have bestowea in lavish profusion £. long. Like most or all the other towns on the
all her most delectable gifls ; with iron, tin, and coast, the houses are built on piles driven into the
various other metals for purposes of utiUty ', gold,, swamp, inundated at high water, and the trading
diamonds, and various other precious gems, for or- transactions, which are here very considerable
nament, abound. Itisherethatthesalangane.aspe- with the Chinese and other eastehi nations, ai«
cies of swallow, constructs its edible nest, which is carried on in boats and wherries,
exchanged to gratify the luxurious palates of the Bornkeim, a town in the electorate of Cologne,
Chinese, at a rate cjouble its weight of silver. In about 15 m. W. by N. of Bonn. Pop. about 1,100.
the veffetable kingdom, in admtion to rice and — Also, a town of the Netherlands, about 10 m.
maize for substantial subsistence, the sensations N. £. of Dendermonde.
of taste and smell are here to be gratified in the Bomkolnif an island of Denmark, just within
highest possible degree. Cassia, cinnamon, fiank- the Baltic, of an oval A»fm, attooi ^m miles in cir-
incense, and myrrh, are indigenous productions cumference, and nearly snrromided by rocks.* The
of the country. The laurus camphoratus yields soil is stony, but fertile, witn excellent pasture ;
an endless abundance of its fragrant and inflam- and there are mines of coax, ana quarries of mar-
mable substance ; whilst agaric, musk, aloes, and ble. It lies 10 m. S. E. of t&e soothem extremity
various other substances and plants^ are dispersed of Sweden. The chief town is Roune, on the
over the country in endless profusion to aid the west side ; the north end is in lat. 55. 16. N. and
domestic and social economy of man, and to serve 14. 49. £. long.
Is alteratives in case of accident or disease. On BamoSy a town of the province of Seville, about
the other hand, the pernicious and poidbnous 15. m. N. £. of Cadiz. Pop. about 3,000.
class 9f plants and reptiles are also common, and Bonum^ an extensive empire in the interior of
the natives appear equally adept at applying them North Africa, having Cassina or Kashna on the W.
in revenge a^nst their enemies, as in the appli- and Nubia on the £. It consists of a number of
cation of medicines to avoid their consequences, oases, or fertile spots, interspersed with arid
Thus, whilst the soil of Borneo appears suscepti- wastes. The climate is said to be characterized
ble by social arrangements and due cultivation to by excessive, though not by uniform, heat. Two
sustam in a high degree of comfort and enjoy- seasons, one commencing soon after the middle of
ment, a fourth of the whole population of the April, tne other at the same period in October,
globe, the total number of inhabitants is suppos- divide the year. The first is introduced by violent
ed not to exceed 3,000,000, divided into numerous winds firom the south-east and south, with intense
petty sovereignties. With the exception, how- heat, a deluge of sultry rain, and auch tempests
ever, of the coast, very little is known as to the of thunder and lightning as destroy multitudes of
extent and condition of the population. The the cattle, and many ofthe people. At the com-
English £ast India Company formed some settle- mencement of the second season, the ardent heat
ments upon the coast towards the close ofthe 17th subsides ) the air becomes soft and mild, and the
century ; but, in 1706, the Dutch, in the prime weather perfectly serene. Maize, rice, tne horse-
of their valour, drove the English entirely from bean, cotton, hemp, and indigo, are cultivated ;
the country, and for more than a century were the and there are figs, napes, apricots, pomegranates,
only European nation jthat maintained any direct lemons, limes, and melons. The most valuable
intercourse with the island. Their grovelling tree is called redeynah, in form and height like
policy has ever been, and still continues to be, to an olive, the leaf resembling that of a lemon, and
preclude the world from all knowledge of the po- bearing a nut, the kernel and shell of which are in
aition, people, condition, and resources of the great estimation ; the first as a fruit, the last on
countries with which they trade, as far as it is account of the oil it produces. Horses, asses,
possible for them to do so. During the war, sub- mules, dogs, homed cattle, goats, sheep, and
sequently to the peace of Amiens in 1802, when camels (the flesh of which is much esteemed) are
in their turn the Dutch were driven fivm all their the common animals. Bees are so numerous, that
positions in Asia, the English again established the wax is often thrown away as an article of no
themselves on the coast of Borneo, and were value. The game consists of partridgres, wild
making progress in the arts of cultivation and ducks, and ostriches, the flesh of^ which is prized
social eeonomjT, when, by treaty in 1816, the above every other. The other animals are the
Dutch were re-instated in their possessions, and lion, leopard, civet cat, wolf, fox, elephant, bufia^
Borneo again exposed to their confined and ez« lo, antelope, and the camelopard or girafie, one of
BOB,
Itl
Out talleBt, mot t beautiful aud moit hamileM aui-
m^l^ in nature. Its neck u very long and its fore
legs much longer than the hinder ones, at least
>^ ... .»»»^;C.ii<
m outward appearance. It sometimes feeds upon
the grass, which howeyer is scarce in this coun-
try, and its ordinary food is the leaf of a sort of
mimosa. Within a few years, several of these
animals have been transported to Europe. Here
are also great numbers of the hippopotamus. They
abound m Lake Tchad and the waters of the
neighbourhood. Major Denham in his travels in
this country saw a whole troop of them in the
water following a band of martial music in a negro
army marching along the shore. In this country
are also many snakes, scorpions, centipedes, and
toads. The complexion ot the natives is black,
but they are not of the Neffro cast. The dress of
the greater part consists of shirU of blue cotton
manufactured in the country, of a red cap brought
from TrinoU, and a white muslin turban from
Cairo Nose'riuffs of ffold are worn by the prin-
cipal people. But tne only covering of the poorer
sort i« a kind nf wiidle for the waist. In their
manners lue people are courteous and humane :
they ar* i»«««n»telv fond of play j the lower
classes of drau«rtits, and the higher excel in chess.
More than 30 diflbrent languages are said to be
spoken in B^vnoii und its dependencies ; and the
reigning wniffVM is the Mahometan. The mon-
amiy is elective The sultan is said to have 500
ladies in his seraguo, and that his stud contains
likewise 500 horses. His dominions extend be-
yond the desert into the fertile country of Negro-
luid, of which he possesses a large portion. He
has a vast army, which consists almost entirely
of horse : the sabre, pike, and bow, are their
weapons of offence, and a shield of hides is their
armour. ,
Bamou, the capital of the empire of the same
name, with a palace like a citadel. The whole
city is surrounded by a high wall, encompawed
with a ditch ; but the other towns of the kingdom
are open. The principal trade is in gold-dust,
sUves, horses, ostriches' feathers, salt, and civet.
It is seated on the Oazel, 750 m. E. N. E. ot
Kashna. Long. 25. 5. E. lat. 19. 45. N.
Boro Sudor, the chief temple of the Javanese,
situate about 60 m. from Samarang, nearly in
the centre of the island. It is dedicated to Boodh,
and contains several hundred subordinate idols.
Borodino, a village of RuBsia. near the river
Moakwa, about 90 m. W. of Moscow. It will
long be memorable in the annals of Russia, for
the desperate conflict between the French and
Russian armies, during the march of the former
towards Moscow, on the 7th of September, 1612,
when about 90,000 men on each side were either
killed or wounded.
Borough, t. Beaver Co. Pa.
Boroughhridg0, a borough in W. Yorkshire,
Eng. It has a trade* in haraware. Here Edward
II. m 1322, defeated the rebel earl of Lancaster.
It is seated on the Ure, over which is a stone
bridge, 18 m. N. W. of York, and 206 N. by W.
of London. It is immediatelv contiguous to Aid-
borough ; each place returmng two members to
parliament. Pop. 860.
Borovitehiy a town of Russia, on the south
east side of the province of Novogorod, bordering
on Twer, seated on the south bank of the Msta
river, about 170 m. S. E. of St. Petersburg. Pop.
2,600.
Borototsky or Boroosk, another town of Russia,
about 60 m. S. W. of Moscow.
BonianOy or BorrioZ, a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, near the mouth of the Manjares, 21 m. N. of
Valencia. Pop. about 4,000.
Borris, in Oasory, a village in the parish of Ag-
haboe. Queen's County, Ireland, 68 m. "W. by S .
of Maryborough. Pop. in 1821, 919.
Borrosj a parish in Queen's County, Ireland,
which includes the town of Maryborough, by
which name the parish is sometimes called. Pop.
of the parish, exclusive of the town, 2,032, and
of the town, 2,677. Qee Maryborough.
BorrotDdaU. a village in Cumberland, Eng. six
miles south of Keswick. It stands at the end of
a narrow and crooked valley, and is famous for
mines of plumbago or black-lead, a substance al-
most peculiar toxlngland and the vicinity of Ma-
laga, Spain.
Borrowatonnes. See Boness.
Borrod, a county in the north part of Upper
Hungary, bounded on the east by the Shajo
branch of the Sheif river. It is one of the most
fertile dirftricU of the country. Pop. about 95,
000. Mishkoltz is the capitol.
Basay a seaport on the west coast of Sardinia,
and a bishop's aee, with a castle, on a river of the
same name, 17 m. S. S. E. of Argeri. Long. 8.
50. E. lat. 40. 29. N.
Boseatoeny p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 68 m.
from Boston : 52 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,093.
Boseawen Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
about 10 m. in circumference. Long. 175. 10.
W. lat. 15. 50. S. ^ ^^.,
Boscoy or Boschiy a town of Italy, in the Milan-
ese, seated on the Orbe, 5 m. east of Alexandria.
Boscobdy a village in Shropshire, Enjr. 9 m.
south east of Newport, where Charles II. was
concealed in an oak, after the battle of Worcester.
Boshuana. or BooUhutaia, an extensive tract of
country in Uie interior of South Africa, extending
through about 5 deg. of lat. from 25. to 20. south,
inhabited by numerous tribes of people, of whom
at present very little is known. They seem phv-
sically considered, to be of the same stock as the
Caffres, but somewhat more advanced in social
economy, which seems to improve northwards.
Hence it may be inferred, that civilization and
improvement in Africa gradually extended itself
from the north. The chief town, as far as the
country is at present known, is Lattakoo, repre-
sented to have contained about 15,000 inhabitants,
reduced to 7 orS.OOO during the present century,
bv the continued intestine broils of tlie dtfitfirent
lis BOS
tribes. They CQltirateTariouskindiof min, and and convents, with their pointed windows and
look upon fish, as an article of food , with horror, archways, and varied styles of tasteful architcctur-
As far as pretension to worship prevails, the peo- al display, were spread over the country, as bar-
pie are idolaters ', but they seem indifferent to racks, gaols, and workhouses, are at the present
worship of any kind : polygamy is general ; the day, l^ston ranked among the most important
elder men have usually one young wife, and towns in the country, having had not less than ten
another who is past child bearing. Mahomedism fraternal establishments ; all of which were an-
appears not to have reached them. Their dress nulled, and the inmates dispersed under the gen-
is principally of skins, which they tan into lea- eral demolition of those institutions by Henry
Uicr ; and, in the more northern parts, they ap- VIII. Afler this reverse, when England ex-
pear to have made some progress m the smelting changed her agricultural productions and raw n:a-
and working of iron. terials fur the haberdashery and other manufac-
Bosnia^ a compact and naturally fertile diBtrict tures of Germany and Holland, Boston became
of European Turkey, lying between the lat. of 43. one of the principal markets in the kingdom for
18. and 45. 10. N. ana the 17th and 20th of W. wool, which used to be e^qported in large quanti-
long. It is bounded on the west by the Austrian ties to Holland, and the Hanse Towns : but, on
province of Croatia, north by the Soave river, the exportation of wool being totally prohibited,
which falls into the Danube, and divides it from Boston was doomed to a further reverse, and grad-
Sclayonia ; on the east by the Turkish Prov- ually declined until towards the close of the last
ince of' Servia, and south by the north end of century, when a paper circulating medium sub-
Albania and Dalmatia. It has some mountain verted that of ^rold and silver, and the modem
districts, and is intersected by several rivers, run- system of creatmg ideal wealth by funding had
ning from the north into the Saave; and the doubled and trebled the money rate of all articles
Narenta, which rises in the south j>art of the of subsistence, thereby exciting an unusual de-
province, runs south through Dalmatia, into the gree of enterprise in agriculture pursuits, a great
Adriatic at Narisi, a few mues north of Ragusa. portion of the pasture lands of Lincolnshire
Its area may be stated at about 15,000 square m. ; were converted into tillage, and Boston became
yet the population is supposed not to exceed 80,- the principal port through which the surplus pro-
000. As a frontier district, it is principally oc- duce found its way to market, and it has, since the
eupied by Turkish soldiery, who subsist upon the commencement of the present century, gradually
products of the occupiers of the soil ; and as the been rising in population and importance. The
soldiery of the province amount to 40 or 50,000, number orinhabitonts, which in 1801 was only
they or course tend to subdue all excitement to 5,926, in 1821 amounted to 10,330. The town is
a^pricultural exertion ; and thus, although the situate on both the banks of the river Witham,
vine and the olive would yield fruit in abundance, over which is a handsome bridge, of one arch, of
one of the finest districts in Europe is kept a cast iron, eighty-six feet in span, a few miles
wilderness, hy an undisciplined, lawless, and ruth- above the entrance of the river '>* ' ^he sea, called
less horde of'^ soldiery. The principal towns are, Boston Wash, with which river, and by canals,
Sorajo. the capital ; Bonjaluka, Swomiek, Trau- it communicates with a considerable portion of the
mik, , (the seat of the pacha,) and Prisrendi. As interior of the country, and, in addition to its very
fiir as any external commercial intercourse is considerable trade in <naio for the London mar-
maintained with Bosnia, it is principally through ket, it carries on a direct trade with the Baltic for
Dalmatia from Ragusa. The greater part of the deals, hemp, tar, &c. The parish church founded
province formerly belonged to Hungry. The by St. Botoiph in 1^4)9, is a very stately edifice,
inhabitants are principally Sclavonians, speaking being 300 feet in leniitti, supported by dorinthian
the Sclavonic with great purity, and professing pillars, lip-hted by Domted windows, and its steeple
the formulary of the &reek churcn. ascended'by steps, eoiresponding in number with
BospkoruSf the narrow strait, 20 miles in length, the months, weeks, and days, in the year. The
and from I to 1 1-2 broad, which unites the Black steeple or tower w ?R6feet in height, surmounted
Sea with the sea of Marmora. It is sometimes with a lantern, which serves as a beacon for ma-
called the strait of Constantinople. ny miles out at sea, and the country being very
Basra f a town of Syria, where Mahomet is said level inland, it forms a beautiAil and interesting
to have received much information from a Nesto- object in the perspective many miles distant,
rion monk, towards founding his religious doc- The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve
trines. It is 100 m. S. of Damascus. aldermen, and eighteen common councilmen, with
Bossiny, or TVevenna, a borough in Cornwall, subordinate officers, who are vested with the ad-
£ng. seated near the Bristol channel, 17 m. N. miralty jurisdiction of the adjoining coasts. The
W. of Launceston, and 233 W. by S. of London, corporation, since 1600, have erected a commodi-
See Tintagd. ous fish market, which is abundantly supplied, and
Bostf a strong town of Persia, capital of Sigis- large quantities are conveyed into the interior
tan or Seistan. It is seated on the Heermund, counties of Nottingham and Leicester. It has
and on the route of the caravans, from Ispahan to four fairs annually, and two endowed schools, and
Caubul, about 170 m. W. S. W. of Candahar. returns two members to parliament. It is % m.
Long. 64. 15. E. Ut. 32. 30. N. S. E. of Lincoln, and 116 M. of London. Lat. 52.
Bastatif a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the north 48. N. Long. 0. 2. W.
part of the province of Aladeul, situate near the Boston Deeps, is the sea channel of the inlet
eastern confines of Cafamania, and near the source called the Wash, leading from the German Ocean
of a river which falls into Uie Levant Sea, at by the Lincolnshire coast, up to the port of Boston
Adanah. llie opposite side, which washes the coast of Nor-
Boston, a borough and seaport town of Lincoln- folk is called Lynn Deeps. The body of the Wash
shire, Eng. When the idle, the crafty, and the is a large shoal, partly dry at low water, and even
vicious, sought subsistence and refuge, and the op- the Deeps are the reverse of what their name im-
pressed and indigent relief, from monastic insti- plies, not admitting at the most, vessels of more
tutions ; and when monastsriesy abbeys, priories, than 200 tons burthen.
Botiit, tbB capital of M«—rJiB«etU, uid Ih*
chief citj in N«w England, atanda apon a penin-
sula in a CHMcloui batlMur, \l the ■reelern ex-
tfemltj of MaaBachiuetta Bay. Ita nlualioii la
noble and commanding, the aite being elerated
and the citj' near); iiuTounded bj water, ao that
to the eye of the ipectalor iti Mlj donm and
■pirei leenu like Ihoae of Venice to ijie ont of
the waTea, In the inlprior, there ja much irren>-
Uiity, and many crooked and narrow atreeti, but
there are also in Boaton a greater nnmber of ele-
Eint building!, bcautirul ailfa, and objects that
■pla« the wealth, tMte,Bnd pablic spiiit o( the
iohabitanla, than in any other citjr of the United
Stales The beautiful common in the iFcslein
bvh, and ia bnilt of whi(« granite, with poitiooea
of^colnmni eat from a amgla stone. This is
probably the handaoroest market-hooae in the
world, and ia fronted on both sides by solid blocks
of stone sloies in a anilbrm architecture. The
street on the north &aot ia l)5,and thalon the south,
llHfeet in width. In the hallsof the upper story,
are annually held the great sales of American
manufactui^. Old Fanruil Hall, immortal in
the annals of our country u the ' cradle of
Liberty ' stands west of the maikel, and is an an-
cient pile of brick, containing a upaciauB hall, in
which popnlar assemblies are still held and pub-
lic dinnen, celebrations. &c. are performed. The
Post Office and City Hall are in the Old State
House, at the head of State Street. Many of the
banks are elegant slone edificea. The County
Court House ia stone and of bindsome nronor-
tions but its situation is nnfavourable for display,
able for a public squflre. The Massac huseltn
Genera] Hospital ia lar^, and eltgantlr built of
atone it is a monument of the philanlbTopic
munificence of private ciliiens.
Here also the tincel hotel in the United State* nit-
playa the public spirit and liberality of the Boai
people. This edifice iscalled the Tremont Hou
itiful si
KMCQpies the southerly nlupe of Beacon Hill
I aqoarter of a mile in extent surrounded by
a. mall planted with elms, with an open prospect
to the west and fronted in other parta by elegant
traildings. The State House, which stands on the
vnmmit of the hill OTerlooking the common, and
indeed the whole city, is a apacioiu brick edifice,
Cinted of a stone colour and aurmoUBted by a
Fly dome. The Gneet omameDt of its interior,
u a statoe of Waahington in while marble, by
Chantry. Fronting the mall, is atao 9t Paul a
church, built of hanimeied granite with a Gtc^e
of&eestone, exhibiting six massy Doric columns.
ThecSiKtof the sloiple elegance of thia structure
is much injured by the contrast of a huge golhic
pile at its Bide, the Maspnic Temple, whoaa loHy
boat, howoTor, exhibits an impoaing specimen of
that order of architecture. The Stone Chapel is
the name given to a chnich of considerable an-
tiqnity ; it Is a plun edifice, with a iqnare tower,
nuTonnded by a Doric colonnade, and the style ia
both ehaste and dignified. Trinity church ii of
nnigh gianile, in Uie mixed gothic style, with a
lofty tower, and its whole appearance is mas^
and imposing . The congregational church in
Bowdoio streetjs another ediliee in the aame sCjle,
botanialler. The chnrch, in Church Green, is of
white granite, octagonal in ahape and supporting
■ tall and slender spire ; it ii much admired by
Buuj, but is rather finical. The Brattle Street
church is worthy a straoger'a notice for displaying
in its front the cannon Mil shot into it during the
nege of Boston in 1775. The Old South church,
which the British soldiers turned into a hippo-
drome while they held possession of the city, still
remaini, but its locality is now central and not
•outheriy. Park Street church at the head of the
tnall.has a spire that tonen above every other in
(be city. There are besides these, many honaea
of worship, not without cluins to notice.
But the stmeture which rooet strikes the atten-
~ " Hall Mar.
bodir
granite, with an elegant portico of fluted col-
ums cut from a single stone. The wings in the
rear are brick with stone basements, and with the
front form three siden of a qiiadmngle. This
hotel contains nearly 200 apartments, and ia un-
rivalled in the conn try for the excellence of its
accommodations. There are other structures for
Eublic obiecti worthy of ntlentiao,aslhe prisons,
ouses or industry, 'dtc, these are generally of
Quincy or Chelmsford granite, an ezoeflenl
□uilding stone, of which there ia an abundance in
the neighhourbood of the place.
Alterations and additions have of late jears
vastly improved the appearance of Boston. Tba
Btreeta which were formerly almost without an
exception, narrow and crooked, have been in
a great degree rendered wide and cammodioDS)
the old wooden itructures, have in the greater
part of the city been replaced by handsome build-
ings of stone or brick. In the western part, par-
ticularlv, there is much neatness and elegance.
The splendour of the private building* here, ia
not equalled in any other part of tba Union.
The literary institutions of this city are of the
firat Older. The public libraries contun 70,000
volumea. The Boston Athcneom is the finest ei-
tablishment of its kind in the United States ; ita
library contains above 25,000 volumes, and a read*
ing room, in which the most esteemed periodical*,
from all parts of the world, may be found, If we
add to these the libran' of Harvard College, in the
neighbourhood of 40,000 volumes, making the
number of books within the reach of the uiliien*
110,000, it must be allowed that Boston offer* to
the scholar a more advantageous residence than
any other spot in the western world. The litera-
ry chaxactei of the citiiens correapond* to these
advantages^ Boston is distinguiahed for the num-
ber and talent of its periodical works : the North
American Review, which is allowed to ba the
moat able of all the literary journals of our eonn-
try, and the only one that bu gtuned a reputation
in Europe, Is pubhshed here. TThe Christian Ex-
cnlarged ita plan, and ac-
tion of the stranger, is perhaps rsDoeil Hall Mar- loiiiad more of a purely literary ohsraoter, is lank-
bet. Tht* pOs IB 536 feat in Wnftb, two ftoria* ad unonc ttw first pnbUcatioaB of th* dajr. Th>
pnioiieait of the city ore more than CO, includliig
31 ncwipspera, 7 of which are daily. The put
lie ichoola are not eqnalled in any olhpr city in
the world. The ambilian uf the acholaTs is eici-
tcd by ainmal rewarda lo th« moat woithy, in the
aliape of a public dinner al Faneuil Hall in com-
pany with Ihe Mayor and officsra of the city ;
and the dialribution of gold and Bilrer medala,
the product of a fiind for thiH purpoie established
hy the great Franklia, who wo* bom in Ihii
city. In the department of the fine arts, Uiere is
much taale and liberal patronage displayed here.
The annual exhibitions of paintings in the galleiy
of the Allieneum is the beat in the country, and a
fund is collecting from its proceeds for the eacour-
a^ment of the arta.
This citv is distinguished for the earty and rea-
olule Gtand which it made in favour of American
liberty. It was, in fact, the birth-place ol oar in-
dependence, and the first American blood shed by
the Briliati, waa in the skinniah between the citi-
lena of Boston and the soldiery, in Stale Street,
on the 5th of March, 1770, whidi ii known by the
earth, Biced with itona,
inlengt- "" '
a a, mils and a half
if the lights ttpon tl
ue>, Blretctung in long line* acroas the wide bay
that embosoma the city. The western portion oT
tlie bay is enclosed by the causeway above meni'
tioned, and aervea for a mill-basin.
The wealth of Boston ia computed at OS million*
of dollars; probably no other city of iti liie can
be found equally rich. The inhabitants, although
distinguished for being ' full of notiona,' yet have
more of a settled and permanent character than
those of any other American citv. The high de-
gree of wealth, education and literary talent
which prevaila here, has imparted to the upper
clasKB a portion of that eiclusive feeling, which,
for want of a more precise definition is called
aristof^racy , although there ia no wider distiactioa
of clasaea llian auch as the natural operationa of
society mark out. The rich, the gifled, and the
well-bred, are self-complacent in the possession of
their power, or tuperiority, but their pride i> tem-
pered with urbanity and never wears a repuUive
shape. No people are more tolerant in religion,
ana they have long aince diacarded every Uiing
oBenaive in the atrmt-laced purilaniam of thou
ancestors ; yet no where is the state of moral feel-
ing rn
There
eallse
religion
name of the Boston Maaaacre. The anlmoaity
occasioned by this occurrence never anbaided, and
ux yean atlerward the BriUah were driven from
the place.
In commerce, Boaton is the second city in the
Doion, and its trade is carried on with every quar-
ter of the world. The yearly imports are
13,000,000 doUara, and the exports 9,009,000.
The ahlpping of the port amounted in lS2d, to
161,583 tons. The wharves here are the finest in
the United SUtes. Long Wharf and Central
Wharf are each nearly a quarter of a mile in
length, and eovered with stores ; those of the
latter are a aolid pile, with an observatory in the
centre, where sienal* are received by iclecraph
from the islands in the bay. India Wharf has a
•(did pile ofbuildinga, of large extent. All these
form apacioua docks, and are furnished with broad
carriage waya.
The manufactores ofthe city and suburbs, con-
sist of glass, iron, cordage, leaUier, &c.; the finest
cut and croirn glass in the coantry ia made here.
Tlie manufaolurmg Interests are strongly support-
ed in Boston, and a great portion of its capital lies
In the esUbliahments of Lowell, Waltham and oth-
er manqfacturing towns. A railroad is in progress
ftom Boatoa to Lowell, which, when completed,
will give additional spirit to the monufactniing in-
dnst^ ofthe state and contribute to the prosperi-
ty of the capital. There are 8 avenues to the city,
*ii., 6 bridges, the neck, and the western cause-
way. "Hk bridges lead from Ghsrlestown, Cam-
bridge and BoqUi fioston ; they are of wood, and
that leading to Cambridgeport is nearly two thirds
ofa mile in length. The weslemavenueisof •olid
ere are au seuia lu iviigiun,
e the most numerous, and
their clergy can boast of some ofthe ablest heads
of the day. The people are noted for their love
of parade, pomp, and public celebrations, but the
occasions are generally well chosen, and the per-
formances seldom offend good lasle.
The hcilities for travelling in the neighbour-
hood of Boston are very great. Tiiere art more
stage coaches running to and &om this city than
any other in America, Hoorly and half-hoorly
stages carry passengers to the neighbouring towns
at a vary low rate. The number of daily arrivals
and departures is abont 250. In summer there
are steamboats running to Hlngham, Nahant ana
the coast of Maine. The roads about Boston an
excellent, and the public houses ofthe first order.
The country here is exceedingly varied and pic-
turesque, Bdomed with every graceful variety of
bill and dale, garden and grove, and abounding
illages and elegant country seats.
beautiful islands and the ocean twyond, formings
panorama not surpassed by any view of its kind
in the world. The harboor is capacious, safe^and
impregnable to an enemy. The heights of Dor -
_i — ._j.^ which command the city and hr-'
drove the Bntiah &om Boa-
new within the limits of the ciiy.
IS first adopted in l&i ;
and whoae bi
ton in 1776, a
A city government
the officen ate a Mayor, eight Aldermen, anu >
Common Council of 48, ail elected byapopo-
larvotein December annualtv. With Cbelsea,
on the oppowte side ofthe liarbonr, Boston eom-
poaas the county of Suffolk, which has 6 Senators
m the State Legislature. The city alone sendaone
Representative toCongreis, The yearly e xpenses
are about 300,000 dollars, of which above 50,OUO
are appropriated to the support of common scboolai
80,000 for improving the ilreets and 30,000 for
Boston was founded in 1630. Its name in the
Indian lancuage was ^aumul ; and it was called
by the setUers TVanunU or TVnwiuitsua, ftom its
three hills. 'The ttro-hnndndth jretr of the city
wu Klemniied oa the 17lh September 1830 bj a
tplendid jubilee, when *1\ the public officer*, u-
muched to the Old South Church, the niual ecene'
f<>r euch fettivitiea, and were addrened b; the
PreodeDt of Ilsrvard CollegB.
to all practical nurponea, ■□ manj portions o
capital, ita whole papulatioa will amount to i
80,000. The city proper haa 40 churchea ; \0
baaka, 3 tbeatrea, 80 public achaols,5a bookatores,
and ia 210 m. N. E, from New York ; 300 N. E.
&01I1 Philadelphia; 300 S. B. E. from Montreal,
and 436 N. E. from Waahiogton. It ia in N. lat.
<a, 82. and in W. long. 71. 3.
Botlon, p.l. Erie Co. N. T. 220 m. W. Albanv.
Pop. 1,9».
BoMen, t. Portage Co. Ohio.
BonMmilU, p.r. Louiia Co. Va. 30 m. N. W,
Richmond.
Boite<irlA, Marlut, a town in Leicealoraliire,
Eng. In ita vicinity, in 146S, waa fought the fa-
mout battle between Richani III. and the Earl
of Rjcbtnond, afterward Henry VII. in which
the former loat hia crown and life. It ia seated
Mil, 13 ro. W. of Leieeater, and 106 N, N.
great qnantit; of herb*,
promontoriei which Ibr^. ._ euu>uw am ..imcu
Cape Banka and Point Solandar. It woi nrl^i-
aallj fixed on for a eolanj of coavicti firom Great
Britain, which in the aequel, waa eatabliabed at
Port Jackaon, 13 m. fiirther to the N. See Hel-
latul ffeu. Long. 151. 31. E. lat. 34. 0. 8.
SotaMf Iiland, a amall ialaod in the Pacific
Ocean, to the a. E. of New Caledonia. Long.
167. 17. E. lat. as, 27. *"
farming iti northern continuation, extending in a
north by eaat diieelion, from the tale of Aland, in
the lat. of 60. to Tomea, in the hit. of <!6. N. and
having an averve breadth of about 3 degree* of
long, between 17. and S5. E. ll ig bounded on
the weat by Sweden and eaiC by Finland.
Bothnui, £■!*(, the northern province of Pin-
Und, eitendiog liroin Finland Proper, in the lat.
of 62. N. to the line of the arctic circle, which
divide! it [torn Lapland ; lying on the eaet ahore
of the Quif of Bothnia, between 21. and 30. oT
about 28,000 square miles, bat having only about
70,000 inimbilanta. Itiagenerally lovandmanhy,
intersected by lakea and small rivers, abounding
with fish, some aalman. The climate is geiieraf
ly nnfaToureble to vrgFlatiun. It haa, however,
some herds of amall Iwrned cattle, and bears, and
other furred animala are common ; and it eiporti
aome fir timber, deala, tar, and pitch. It it di-
vided into Iwenty-eight parishes under the ecclea-
iasUcal jurisdiction of ttie see of Abo. which fa-
vours the tenets of Luther. The inhabitants,
with some little eieeption of Swedish, speak the
Finniah language. The chief towns are Kajana
on the east sid<-, and Ulcnborg, Brahestod, Car-
Icby, Jacobstadt Wou and CFiristianiitBdt all on
the shores of the gulf of Bothnia. This prov-
ince, with Finland, waa ceded by Sweden to Rus-
betwi
T^M
Lapland, extending south from Angerman-
land, inlhs lat. of 63. BO. to that of 67. N. and 19.
to 25. E. long. Its area is about half that of Goat
Bothnia, and the population does not exceed 50,
000. It difiers but little in character from the
eastern province; it abounds somewhat more in
fhrred animals, which serve alike for subsistence
and traffic, it is lotersacted by numerons streams,
all running from west to east into the gulf Ths
four principal rising from the moonlajns which
divide Lapland from Norland, give name to as
many districts and towna ; via. Tomea, at the head
of tlie gulf, Lulea, Pilea, and Umea, al the south
extremity of the province, all upon the coast of
the gulfT It contains some veins of oopper and
iron ; but ita ohief eiporta ore timber, deals, and
tar. It is under the ecclesiastical juiiadiction of
the aee of Hem^and.
BmIiwM, a town of Scotland, in the county ot
Lanark, aituate on tbe eaat bonk of the Clyde, be-
tween Hamilton and Glasgow. It is distingnish-
ed for the battle fought in its vicinity in 1670, be-
tween the covenanters and the Toyal forces com-
manded by the duke of Monmouth, when the fbi-
raUey, IS n
Pop. SS4.
BtAetmirt, an interior county of the W. District
of Virginia, lying between the two most easterly
ridge* of the Ap^achian moontains. The Roan-
oke and James rivers have both their aourcea
within this county ; and it ia bounded on the north
by the valley over which is the natural bridge,
90 feet in length and 300 feel above the surlac*
ofthe water, gee Cedar Creat.) Pop. 16,354. Tii
mer were completely defeated.
BMley, a village in Hampahire, Eng. 6 m. E. of
Belvoir castle, the ancient seat of th«
dnkes of Rutland. In the church are aeveral
handsome monuments of that noble family ; and
many Roman antiquities have been found in tha
neighbourhood. Pop. 1,070.
BottUluU, p.L Morris Co. N. J. IS m. N. W. ol
Eliiabethtown.
Bonear, a town in the north part ofthe duohr
of Wlrtemburg, On a river of its name, 16 a. S.
S. E. of Hulbion. Pop. about 9,000.
BOXS U6 SOU
V
Botxen, a large town in the interior of the TV- 16 m. S. W. of Calais, in lat. 50. 46. N. mi 1.
rol, beautifully located near the junction of the 37. E. long. There is also another town of the
Eich and Eisach, branches of the Adiffe river, same name in France, in the department of Upper
It has some manufactures of silks, and nas four Garonne, having several tanneries. It is 12 m.
feirs annually, numerously attended. The sur- N. by W. of St. Gaudins.
rounding country produces excellent wine. It Bourbon^ an island in the Indian oeeaiK 50 m.
was taken by the French in March, 1797, but re- long and 35 broad, Ijring 400 m. east of Madagas-
taken by the Austrians immediately after. An oar. It has not a saJe labour, but there are some
Austrian commandant resides here. It is about roads for shipping. On the S. £. is a volcano.
18 m. N. of Trent. Pop. about 8,000. It is a fertile island ) producing, in particular, the
Boizemburghf a town of Brandenburg, in the finest cotton, and excellent coffee. The French
Ucker Mark, 9 m. S. W. of Prentzlau, and about settled here in 1672. It surrendered to the EnfUsh,
50 m. N. of Berlin. It has a manufacture of silk, after the capture of the Isle of France, on the 3d
Bauehain. a fortified town of France, in the de- of December, 1810. But Bourbon was restored
partment of Nord, divided into two parts by the at the General Peace in 1815 ; since when, the
Scheldt. It was taken by the allies m 1711, un- culture of sugar, coffee, and cotton, has been pur
der the Duke of Marlborough, but retaken the year sued with great avidity, by the aid of slaves, ob
following ; and was invested by the Austrians in tained firom Madagascar. . It also produces a va-
1793, but soon relieved. It is 9 m. W. of Valen- riety of woods, resins, ffums, and fiints. Wild
cicnnes. goats and hogs abouna in the mountains and
Bauchart, a town of France, in the department woods. The cattle in the plains are numerous ;
oflndre and Loire, situate on an island in the river and the coasts supply abundance offish. On
Vienne, 15 m. S. S. W. of Tours. the whole, this island affords, not onl^ all the
Bouekemainf a town of France, in the depart^ means of subsistence, but of enioyment m a very
ment of Mayenne and Loire, 4 m. S. of Angers, high degree. The white inhabitants are suppos-
BouelanSj a town of France, in the department ed not to exceed 5,000 ; and the slaves about 20,-
of Doubs, 8 m. E. of Besanoon. 000. St. Denis is the chief town, in lat. 20. 52.
£oic(fry, a town of Switienand, in the County N. and 55. 30. E. long, about 100 m. S. of the
of Neufchatel, 4 m. S. W. of Neufchatel. It was Isle of France,
the 'birth-place of Marat. Bourbon, an interior County in the N. W. part
BougainviUe's Strait f on the S. Pacific Ocean, of the state of Kentucky. Pop. 18,434. Paris,
between an island of the same name and the north situate on a fork of the south branch of the Lick-
end of Solomon's Island, in the lat. of 7. S. and in^ river, 40 m. E. of Frankfort, is the chief town.
156. E. long. Bourboti Lancy, a town of France, on the west
BomUon^z. town of Netherlands, in Luxem- side of the department of Saone and Loire, cele
burff, with a castle, en an almost inaccesible bnted for its not mineral waters, and a larse mar-
rock. The French took it in 1676, when Louis ble pavement, called the Great Bath, which is a
XIV. gave it to the duke of Bouillon. In 1794 work of the Romans. It is 28 m. S. W.of Autun.
this town was taken by storm, by general Beau- Pop. 2^800.
_ _ fiunily
France, 6 m. N. N. E. of Sedan, and 46 W. by kings of France. Ifis situate near the nver Al-
N. of Luxemburg. lier, 15 m. W. of Moulins. Pop. 2,600.
BouUly, a town of France, in the department Bowrhonnt U» Baing, a town of France, in the
of Aube, 7 m. S.. of Treves. department of Upper Mame, fiunous for its hot
BouUvy a town of France, In the department baths, 18 m. E. N. E. of Langres . Pop. 3,200.
of Moselle, 13 m. N. E. of Metz. BowbomunSf a late province of France, boun-
Boulozfi»f a seaport of France, in the depart- ded on the north by Nivemois and Berry, west
ment of Pas de Calais. It is divided into two by Berry and Marche, south by Auvergne, and
towns, the Upper and the Lower ; the former is east b^ Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in
strongly fortified ; but the latter is merely sur- com, fruit, pastures, wood, game^ and wine. It
rounded with walls. The ^ort has for a lone now forms the department en Allier.
time been so shallow that no ships of burden could Bourbourg,tL town of France, in the depart^
enter it. But owinff to some recent improve- ment of Nord, seated near the river Aa, and on
ment, it is represented to hold ten feet at low wa- a canal, that communicates with Calais and
have been added. Under Bonapute, Boulogne ent parts of France ; among the more considera-
was made a royal port, and no merchant vessel, ble are,
{>rivateera, nor even prizes were admitted, unless Bomrg'tn-BresM, the capital of the department
oaded with ordnance or military stores, being the of Ain. Near it is the magnificent church and
principal depot of the armaments which he intend- monastery of the Augustins, which contains the
ed for the invasion of Britain. Since the peace mausoleum of Margaret of Austria, and of Charles
in 1815, it has been noch resorted by the £n^ V. The principal commerce is in com, hones,
ish, several hundreds of families having adoptml cattle, and white leather. It stands in a marshy
it as their place of residence, who, subsisting on but fertile country, on the river Ressousse, 36 m.
annuities paid out of the taxes raised in England, N. E. of Lyons, and 233 S. S. E. of Paris. It was
eontribttte essential^ to the interest of the town the birth place of Lalande. Pop. about TJdOO.
and neighbourhood. Bonaparte oommeneed the Bomrg^nar^Mery in the department of Gironde,
•fBOtionof a. tower, apMjentlf intended to be car- with a tide harbour on the Dordogne, near the
riedto a^greathei^ht ; but it is left in an tinfinish- point of land formed by the junction of that river
ed state, and its utility is not very obvious. It is with the Gan>iuie, on its north aide. It has a
BOU
117
BOV
great trade in wine, and ia 15 m. N. by £. of Bor-
deaux. Pop. 2,700.
BouTEaneufy a town of Francei in the depart-
ment of Crease. Here is a lofty tower, faced with
stones cut diamond-wise, erected by Zisim, broth-
er of Bajazet II. emperor of the Turks, when he
was obliged to exile nimself, after the loss of a deci-
sive battle. Bourganeuf is seated on the Taurion,
20 m. N. E. of Limoffes. Pop. about 2,000.
BauTfeSf a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Cher, and an archiepiscopal see, with a
university, founded by LK>uis Xl. the Nero of
France, who was bom nere. In extent, it is one
of the greatest cities in France, but the inhabitants
hardly exceed 17,000. The principal manufac-
tures are cloth, woolen stuffs, and stockinffs ; but
the trade is inconsiderable. It is seated at the
conflux of the Auron and Tevre, 25 m. N. W. of
Nevers, and 125 S. of Paris.
Bourgetf a town of Savoy, on a lake of the
same name^ near the Rhone, 6 m. N. of Cham-
berry.
BauTgntmfj a seaport of France, in the depart-
ment of Lower Loire. The chief trade is in salt,
made &om the adjacent saltpmamhes. It stands
on a bay to which it gives name, between the
isle of Noirmoutier and the continent, 20 m. S.
W. of Nantes. It has an oyster fishery on the
coast ; some ships are also fitted out from hence
for the Newfoundland fishery. Pop. about 2,000.
LK>ng. 1.51. W. lat. 47. 3. N.
Baurgoinj a town of France, in the department
of Isere. Some hemp is raised in the vicinity,
and it has some mannfiictures of chintz. Pop.
about 3,600.
BoMTgmeU, a town of France, in the department
of Indre and Loire, 22 m. W. of Tours. It has a
Benedictine abbey and castle. Pop. about 2,800.
Bourlas, a large lake, or bay, lying between the
Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile. On
the East Cape is a town called BourloSf in the
lat. of 31. 36. N. and 31. 27. £. lone.
Boumumif a town of France, in Uie department
of Upper Mame, on a steep mountain, 20 m. £.
by N^ of Chaumont.
BouTHj a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It has a
navigable canal to Boston, and is seated at the
source of a rivulet that runs to Spalding, 35 m. S.
of Lincoln, and 97 N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
2,242.
Bcvmabatf a villaee in the vicinity of Smyrna,
where Homer is said to have written his Iliad.
BaurOj one of the Molucca islands, in the Ban-
da Sea, between Celebes and Coram, about 90 m.
long and 30 broad. Some mountains in it are ex-
tremely high, and the sea on one side is uncom-
monly deep. It is represented as being exceed-
ingly fertile, yielding abundance of rice. One of
«ts peculiar vegetable productions is the meUdeuea
evtigoUa, from the leaves of which the Cajeput
ml IS extracted, which forms one of the principal
articles of traffic. The nutmeff, clove, cocoa,
banana, and ebony trees, as well as the orange,
lemon, citron &C., are also common to the island.
The natives, who live mostiv in the interior, are
represented to be as rude ana unsocial as those of
Borneo, to whom they bear a dose affinity in fea*
tnze, manner, and character. Wild boars, goats,
and no|gr deer, ranffe in the woods, which are also
mnch infested wiu reptiles, and some of an enor-
mous sia». There is a town of the same name on
tlie shore of a commodious bay, called Cajeli, on
the north east part of the island, in lat. 3. ^. S.
and 127. £, long, where the Dutch have a fort ',
their grovelling policy precludes alike all social
improvement among the natives, whilst it consti-
tutes a barrier to the attainment of all knowledge
of the details of their numbers, economy, and re-
sources. Some Mahometans, and natives of oth-
er islands, who live in subservience to the Dutch,
inhabit the towns upon the coast.
BvurUusj a town of France, in the department
of Pas de Calais, 12 m. S. E. of Boulogne.
BaussaCf a town of France, in the department
of Creuse, with a castle on a rock, 25 m. N. E. of
Gueret.
Bouton, an island of the Indian Ocean, lyine
off the south east promontory of the island <n
Celebes, about 180 miles in length from N. to S.
and 25 in breadth. It is in part mountainous and
woody, but in other parts exceedingly fertile.
The natives appear to be of Malayan ongin, pro-
fessing the Mahometan faith. It is governed by
a sultan, who lives in considerable state, and
whose authority extends over some small islands
contiguous. Forts are constructed, on several in-
accesaible heights, in difierent parts of the island.
It is said to proauce cotton of a very superior
miality, whicn the natives manulaeture into
cloth. The north point of the island is in lat. 4.
21 . S. and 123. 5. E. long. The Dutch attempted
to establish tiiemselves upon this island > but
their perfidy led to a ffencral massacre, and they
have not since renewed the attempt. There is a
town of the same name at the nortn west extremi-
ty of the island, at which the sultan usually re-
sides. There is also another island (a small one)
called Bautan, off the Malay coast, in lat. 6. 25.
N. and 99. 15. E. long.
BotUottne, a river of France, rising in the de-
Sartment of Deux Sevres f becomes navisnible at
It. Jean D'Angely, and falls into the Charente
about 10 miles above Rochefort. There is a town
of the same name, on the north bank of the river,
about 18 m. W. of St. Jean D'Angely.
BoumgneSf a small fortified town of the Neth-
erlands, on the west bank of the Meuse, about 14
m. S. of Namur. This is the spot where a great
victory was gained by Philip Augustus, king- of
France, over the Emperor Otho IV., A. D. 1214.
Bouzdoffony a town in the south west part of
Natolia, tmout 18 m. N. W. of Melasso.
Bouzokf a town of Asiatic Turkey, near the
north east confines of Caramania. and near the
source of a branch of the Kisil Jarmak River,
which falls into the Black Sea.
Bauzonmlle, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Moselle, on the river Nied, 27 m. N. £.
of Metz.
Bova, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at
the southern extremity of the promontory of
Italy. The inhabitants are supposed to be de-
scendants of Albanians, ^reat numbers of whom
are scattered over the adjacent country. Pop. of
Bova about 2,300.
Bavellesy a town of France, in the department
of Somme, 6 m. W. S. W. of Amiens.
Bavenden^ or Bawarien, a town in the princi-
pality of Callenberg, about 3 m. N. ot Goi-
tingen.
Sovenaef or Borgense, a town on the north
coast of the island of Funen, firom whence there
ia a ferry over to KliUcring, in Jutland.
Boves, a popidoos town in Piedmont, a few m.
S. of ConL
Botfinayp.L Delaware Co. N. Y. 76 m, fi. W
Albany. Fop. 1,346.
BimnOf a town of Naples, in Capitanata, aeato<}
BOX 118 BRA
at ike foot of the Apenniiiefli 15 m. N. £. of BosElctf, a village in Kent, Gng., four miles north
Benevento. of Mai<Mton(!, funous for an abbey, founded in
BotDf or Stratford le Bow, one of the out ptrisb- 1146, some remains of which still exist. In this
es of London, on the east side. The church is 4 abbey, Edward II. granted the charter to the eity
miles from the Royal Exchange. Bow is situate of London, empowering them to elect a mayor,
at the south-east extremity of the county of Pop. 1,166.
Middlesex, separated from Essex by the river Lea Boxtd, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
(see Blackwall). The church is Tory ancient; seated on the river Bommel, and furnished with
and an old stone bridge over the river is supposed sluices. Here the British anid Dutch troops, un-
to have been the first erected in England, and der the duke of York, were defeated by the
the cu^e or bow of the arch to have given name French in 1794. It is 6 m. S. of Bois le Due.
to the town. Over this bridge is the great outlet Pop. 2,650.
from London to the 3 eastern counties of England : Boydstown, p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va.
vis. Essex, Suffolk, and Norfolk. The pop. of BoydsvUUf p.t Davidson Co. Ten. 20 m fritn
the parish of Bow in 1821 was 2,349 ; and of Nashville.
Bromley, immediately contiguous, 4,360. In this BoyU, a populous parish, and borough of Ire-
section of the metropolis are several very exten- land, in the county of Roscommon, on the fron-
sive floor-mills, chymical laboratories, and other tier of Sligo. Here are the ruins of an abbey,
works, the operations of which are aided, con- near the lake Key, and manufactures of linen and
jointly with steam, by the waters of the Lea. yam. It has extensive barracks, seated on the
BoWf one of the Society Isles at the south east river Boyle, 23 miles north of Roscommon, and
extremity of the Cluster, in lat. 18. 23. S. and 86 north west of Dublin. It returned two mem-
141. 10. W. long. It was discovered by Captain hers to the Irish parliament previous to the union.
Cook on his first vovage ; but, with 130 fathom of Pop. of the town in 1821, 3/107; and of the par-
line, no bottom could be found for anchorage. It ish, including the town, 11 ,181.
seemed barren ; but from appearance of amoke, Boyiston, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 820.
it was conjectured either to be inhabited or vol- Boyrts, a river of Ireland, which rises in the
canic. north part of the county of Kildare, crosses the
Bow, t. Merrimack Co. N. H. adjoining Con- county of Meath, past Trim and Navan, and en-
cord. Pop. 1,065. ^ ters the Irish channel below Drogheda. In this
Bawdoin, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,095. river and on its banks James II. was defeated by
Bowdoinham, p.t. in the same Co. Pop. 2,061. William HI. in 1690.
Bowerkmk, t. Penobscot Co. Me. 40 m. N. W^ Bozolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the Maa-
Bangor. Pop. 49. tuan, sealed on the Oglio, 15 m. 8. W. of
Bowers, p.v. Essex Co. Va. and Southampton Mantua.
Co. Va. Botrah, p.t. N. London Co. Conn. Pop.
Bowes, a town at the north west extremity of 1,078.
the county of York, Eng., situate at the foot of Bra, a large town of Piedmont, in the province
the mountains on the frontier of Westmoreland, of Alba, situate near the Junction of the Stura
on one of the Roman military ways, now the high with the Tanaro River, 10 miles louth east of
road from London to Carlisle. Its antiquity is fur- Carmagnola. Pop. about 10,000. Cherasco, with
ther manifest, from a stone in the church, which, at a further population of about 11,000, is situate on
the commencement of the last century, was used the opposite bank of the river,
as a Communion table, on which is an adulatory Braan, a river of Scotland, in Perthshire,
inscription to the Emperor Adrian. It holds a which descends from the hills east of Loch Tay,
market on Fridays, 53 m. S. by E. of Carlisle, and and flows into the Tay above Dunkeld. Upon
250 N. by W. of^ London. Poo. in 1821 .1,438. this river is a grand soene, at a place called the
BowUi^ Green, there are villages of tnis name Rumbling-bridge. Under an arch, thrown over a
in Va., l^n., Ohio., Geo., and Missouri, narrow chasm, between two prmectin^ rocks,
Bowmare, a town of the isle of Islay, Scotland, the river is precipitated in a mil of^near 60
on the coast of Argyleshire, on the east coast of feet!
Loch Indal. Pop. iSout 700. Brmhant, a territory in the north west part of
Botones, a village in Westmorland, Eng., on the Europe, lying between the lat. of 50. 30. and 51 .
east side of Windermere-water, 9 miles west by 85. N. and 4. and 5. 10. £. long, formeriy belong-
north of Kendal. It is a great mart for fish and ing to Austria, and afterwards part of the king-
charcoal ; and the chief place for trading and dom of the Netherlands. It will be best under-
pleasnre boats used in navigating the lake. stood divided into two parts : vis. North or Duteh
Bownsss, a village in CumberUnd, £ng.,at the Brabant, and South or Austrian Brabant. Dutch
west end of the ricts wall, on Solway finith, 13 Brabant lies north of the Scheldt, the north east
miles west by north of Carlisle. It was a Ho- being bounded by the Af aese, its 4 principal towns
man station, called Blatum Bulgium; and firom being Bergen-op-Zoom, Breda, Bois-le-due, and
hence Antoninus began his Itinerary. Endhoven. South, or Austrian Brabant, is bound-
Boxberg, a town of Germany, m the grand ed on the west by Uie Dender and Scheldt, south
duchy of Baden, with an ancient castle on an by Namur, and esst by Li«gC[« This district was
eminence ; seated on the Tauber, 13 m. W. or overrun by the French in 1792, who were driven
Mergentheim. back the following year; but returned in 1794
Boxkorougk, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. and effectually subdued liie whole of the Austri-
474. an Netherlands, which were confirmed to them
Bozford, a village in Suffolk, Eng., 5 miles by the treaty of Campo Formio in 1797, and of
' from Sudbury. It has a great trade in malt, and Luneville in 1801, when they divided South Bra-
a manufacture for dressing sheep and deer skins bant into two departments; vis. Deux Nethes. af-
(n oil. Pop. 743. ter the name of two rivers which run from N. to
Boxford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri- 8. uniting at Lier, and afterward fall into the
maok, 14 m. above Newburyport. Pop. 987. Scheldt ; and the Dyle, named after another riveti
BKA 119 BRA
miuuiig from S. to N. past LKmraiii 9nd Malues, dries, as many maohine maniifaetories, and aeTeral
into the Nethes, before it falls into the SoheldL employers both in the manufacture of hats and
The fonuer of these divisions, besides the towns combs ; and, that there may be no lack of un-
above mentioned, contains the city of Antwerp, ceasing toil, the cotton manufacture has also es-
and the towns of Tumhout and Herenthals, and tablished itself in the parish. The town is situato
numerous villages; and the latter, Brussels, at the foot of the ridge of mountains which divides
AxBchot, Tirebnont, &o. &c. With some partial the West Riding o? Yorkshire from Lancashire,
exceptions, this is a very fertile and important on the banks of a small river, felling into the Aire,
district ; it yields, after supplying its inhabitants on the south side. It has also the advantage of a
with abundance of all things necessary for sub- collateral cut to the Leeds and Liverpool canal ;
slstence and comfort, a surplus of flax and of and consequently a facility of communication, of h
wheat of very superior quality. It was annexed water, witli all parts of the kingdom. The snr-
to Holland at the general peace; and Brussels rounding country abounds in iron ore, coal, flag-
made the seat of government in alternate years stones, and slates. The parish church is a stately
with the Hague (see Netherlands.) The inhabitants Grothic edifice : a new church, built by subscrip-
are Catholics, and speak the French language. tion, was opened in 1815. It has several other
BratadaU, a town and parish of Scotland, on religious places of worship, a free grammar
the west coast of the isle of Skye, which in 1821 school, and a market hall for the exhibition of the
contained a pop. of 2,103. worsted stuffs brought for sale ; It is 10 m. W. of
Braedano, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of Leeds, and 9 N. E. of Halifax.
St Petor, celebrated for manufactures of paper, Bradfordj derived f^om two Saxon words imply-
the ruins of Veia, and some warm baths in its ing Broad ford, is the name of six other towns and
vicinity. It is situated on a hike of the same viflaffes in diflerent parts of England, situate on
name, 12 m. N. W. of Rome. the banks of streams that formerly used to be
Bracciffliano, a town of Naples, in Prinoipato forded.
Citeriore, 7 m. N. N. W. of Salerno. Bradford, a county in the E. District of Penn-
BraeevUU, p.L Trumbull Co. Ohio. sylvania, bordering on New York. It is intersec-
Bracken, a frontier county on the north east ted by the east branch of the Susquehannah river,
side of Kentucky, bounded by the Ohio River, which receives numerous collateral branches
Pop- 6,392. Augusta, on the Ohio, 90 m. N. £. flowing from all directions within the county,
rf Frankfort, is the chief town. Pop. 19,669. Towanda, 189 m. N. by E. of Harris
Brackenham, a town of the duchy of Wirtem* burg, is the chief town,
berff, about 6 miles W. of the Necker at Lauflfen, Bradford, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 80 m. fr.
and 18 N. of Stutoard. Pop. about 1,500. It Boston. Pop. 1,285.
has a well endowed hospital. Bradford, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
BnuMeyy a borough in Northamptonshire, Eng. mack, opposite Haverhill. Pop. 1,856. This town
It contains two churches, and had formerly a has some ship-building and manufacture of shoes.
college, now a ftee-school. It is seated on the It is 10 m. from Newburyport.
OuM, 18 m. S. S. W. of Northampton, and 63 Bradford, p.v. Orange Co. Vl. 53 m. S. E.
N. W. of London. It returns two members to Montpelier. Pop. 1,507.
parliament. Pop. in 1821, l^L Bradford, East and West, towns in Chester
BraeUuo, a strong town in the south of Rus- Co. Pa.
sian Poland, capital of the Palatinate of its Bradford, t. Clearfield Co. Ohio.
name, in Podolia. It stands on the river Bog, 85 Brading, a corporate town of Hampshire, Eng.
m. E. of Kaminieck. near the east angle of the Isle of Wight, at the
Bradfidd, a town in f^asex, Eng. seated on the head of a large haven, which admits small vessels
river Blackwater, 16 m. N. of Chelmsford, and 44 to the quay at high water. It is 6 m. E. of New-
N. N. E. of London. Pop. 822. port, and 8 S. of Portemouth. Pop. in 1821, 2,023.
Bradfidd, is also the name of a township, in Bradley, derived from two Saxon words, broad
the parish of Ecclesfield, Eng. 6 miles north of ley, the latter signifying meadow or pasture
Sheffield, in the manufactures of which it is ex- land, is the name c? about twenty towns and vil-
tensiveiy occupied. Pop. in 1821, 5,298. It is lafies in different parte of Exurland ; all inconsider-
also the name of seven other towns and villages able. And Brad precedes different terminations,
in diflTerent parte of England, all inconsiderable, names of about twenty otiier towns and villages
Bra^ord, a town in Wiltohire, Enjr. It is the in England ; all, likewise, inconsiderable,
centre of the greatest fabric of superfine cloths in Braga, a city of Portugal, capital of Entre-
England, and IS eminent for the nicest mixtures. Douro-e-Minho, and the see of an archbishop,
Tbne are about twenty extensive establishmente. primate < f Portugal. It contains four churches,
It stands on the side of a rocky hill, on the Lower besides the oathearal, and eiffht convente. There
Avon, 10 m. N. bv W. of Warminster, and 100 are some ruins of an amphiueatre, and an aqua-
W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 10^231. duct. It is seated in a fertile country, on the
BraMfrd, a krj^ andpopulous parish and town Cavado, about 25 m. N. by E. of Oporto, and 180
in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Eng. in which m. N. of Lisbon.
manufkcturing industry manifested itself as strong- Braganxa, a city of Portugal in Tras os MonteS|
ly daring the fint 20 yean of the present centu- capitelof a duchv of the same name. It is di-
ry, as in any part of the kingdom. The town, vided into the ol^ and new town : the former is
which in 1801 contained a pop. of only 6,393, and en an eminence, surrounded by double walls, now
in 1811 of 7,767, in 1821, contained 13,064, and the in ruins ; and the latter is on a plain, at the foot
agwre^ate of the parish 52,954, which in 1811 was of a mountain, defended by a fort. It is seated
onfy 36,358. In the town there are about finrty on the Fervanza, 32 m. N. N. W. of Miranda,
luge deidera in wool, about 30 lai^ establisli- and 88 N. E. of Oporto. The duchy was con-
mente for the spinning of ditto, and sixty factories stituted in 1442, and the possessor of the title was
for the weaving of ditto, into various kinds of raised to the throne of Portugal in 1640, and hts
stvflb. It has five or six extMisive iron fova- oonti&iied in sttcoession to the preftsnt tnr
I
I
BBA IflO BRA
Brahettadf on* of the ^re principal towns of Kanrsim, on the south bank of the rirer Elbe, 10
the Ruaaian province of East Bothnia, situate, on N. E. of Prague.
the east coast of the ipilf of Bothnia, about 30 Brandenburg , eUetaral marquisaU ofj an inte-
rn. S. S. W. of Uleaborg, in lat, 64. 40. N. and nor and irregularly shaped territory of Eu^pe,
24. 30. E. long. in the circle of Upper Saxony, lying between the
Braila^ BrAilme, or IbraUm, a fortified town of lats. of 51. 45. and 54. N. .and 11. and 16. of E.
European Turkey, situate on the north buik of long. It is separated from the Baltic, on the
the Danube, at the east extremity of the province norUi, by Mecklenburg and Pomerania ; bounded
of Wallachia, a few miles south of Galatz, and on the east by Prussian Poland, and on the south
about 320 N. by W. of Constantinople. by the duchy of Saxonv and principality of An-
Brailowj or BraJudow, a town of Poland, in Po- bait, and on the west by M^deburg. Its area
dolia, on the river Bog, 30 m. N. W. of Braclaw. may be estimated at about 12,000 square miles.
BrMiurtL, a missionary station in Tennessee, From the tenth to the fifteenth century this
on the Tennessee river, about 140 m. S. W. territory passed under various governments sub-
Knoxville. ject to Poland, when, in 1417, it was vest-
Brmn le ConOe, a town of the Netherlands, ed in perpetuitv, by the emperor Sigismund,
in UainauJt, 15 m. S. S. W. of Brussels. Pop. with consent or the Germanic confederacy, to
about 3,000. Frederic VI. of Nuremberg, and his descendants ;
BrmitUree, a town in Essex, Eng. It has a a succeeding margrave havinff been acknowledg-
considerable manufacture of baize, and is joined ed sovereign of the then duchy of Prussia which
on the north by the extensive village of Booking, in 1701 was converted into a kingdom. The
It is eeated on the river Blackwater, 11 m. N. by seat of government was transferred from Konip-
£. of Chelmsford, and 40 m. N. £^ of London. Pop. berg, in Prussia, to Berlin in Bradenburg, which
2,983. has thereby become the chief part of the Prus-
BraintrMj p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,209. sian dominions. It is divided into the five fol-
Braintrte, p.t. Norfoik Co. Masa S m S. by E. lowing parts : vix. the Old Mark, west ; Prignitz,
of Boston. Pop. 1,752. It was the birth place of north-west; Middle Mark, south; Ucker Mark,
John Adams second, and father of the sixth north ; and the New Mark, on the east. It is in
president of the United States. part a sandv and sterile district ; but having the
Braintremy p.t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sus- advantage of several navigable rivers, and by the
quehannah. aid of culture, it is rendered tolerably productive
Brakel, a town of Westphalia, in the principal- in all that is necessary for subsistence and com-
ity of Paderborn, on the rivulet Brught, 16 m. E. fort. The bigoted edict of Nantes, which in
orPaderbom. 1685 drove thousands of the most industrious
BraliOja, mountain of the Alps, in the country and intelligent of the manufacturing population
of the Grisons, which separates the valley of of France from their homes, led a number of
Munster from the county of Bormio. It is sup- them to settle in this part of Europe^ where they
posed to be the same which Tacitus mentions introduced their respective occuiMitions in the
under the name of Jo^'Rhetica. manufacture of silk and worstea stuffs, which
Bramantj a town of^Savoy, on the river Arc, now contributes essentially to the reciprocal bene-
20 m. E. S. E. of St. Jean de Maurienne. fit of the various classes of the country. The
Brambetf a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is principal rivers are, 1st, the Oder, which enters
seated on the Adur, immediately contiguous to the New Mark from the south, runs north, past
Steyning,51 m. S. by W. of London. Each place Frankfort, Kustrin, and Schwedt, through Pom-
returns two members to parliament. Pop. of erania, into the Baltic ; 2nd, the Netie, enters the
Bramber 98 and of Steyning, 1,324. New Mark firom the east, and &Us into the Oder
BrampUm, a town in Cumberland, Eng. On at Kustrin ; 3rd, the Spree, enters the Middle
the top of a high hill is a fortified trench, called Mark from the south, runs west by north, falling
the Mote. It is seated on the river Irthinf , 9 into the Havel west of Berlin ; 4th, the Havel,
m. £. N. E. of Carlisle, and 311 N. N. W. of rises near the aouth confines of the Ucker Mark,
London. Pop. in 1821, 2,921. runs south to Potodam, when it makes a circui-
BrampUm, is the name of twelve other towns tons course west, to the town of Brandenburg, then
and vUlages ; and Bram, derived from a Saxon north to Havelbierg, where it falls into the Elbe ;
word implying a bushy country, precedes the 5th, the Elbe, from the south-east, divides the Old
termination or the names of upwards of twenty Mark from the Prignits ; the Havel is also united
other towns and villages in different parte of with the Elbe hy a canal across the principality of
England, all inconsiderable. Magdeburg from Brandenburg past Gentin ; and
BramsUdty a town of LoweV Saxony, in Hoi- with the Oder by another canaifrom Liebenwalde,
■tein, near which is a medicinal spring. It is past Neustadt, to Oderberg; the Spree is also
seated on the Bram, 21 m. N. of Hamburg. united with the Oder by a canal from the south-
BrmuiWy or Broimav, a town of Bohemia, on east extremity of the Middle Mark to the point
the confines of Silesia, with a mannfiustuxe of where the Oder enters the New Mark firom
coloured cloth, 11 m. N. W. of Glatz. Lusatia. The population of this part of the
BranedUotief a town of Naples, in Calabria Prussian domimons amounts to about 1,250,000,
Ultoriore, 9 m. S. E. of Bova, at the south ex- who contribute a money tax equal to about 4,500,
tremlty of the peninsula. 000 dollars per. annum. The inhabitante are
BranauteTf a village in Norfolk, £n^. 4 m. W. mostly dissenters from the church of Rome, in-
by N. of Bumham. It was the ancient Brano- dulging in the peculiar tenete of Luther, who
dunum, a considerable Roman city, and has now promulgated his doctrines at Wittemberg ; and
a considerable trade in malt. some of Calvin ; but the state makes no distinc-
Brttncktoumf p.v. Philadelphia Co. Pa. tion ; religious profeaaion be it what it may, being
firondkotOe, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. no obstacle to civil service. The following is a
Trenton. statement of the principal towns in each m the
' BrmtdtUf a town of Bohemiai in the circle of five diyisionf ; yii. PngniU, Wittemberg, Put
BRA 121 BAA
litz, Perieberg; Old Mark, Werben, Oalerberg, W. S. W. of Fueg<>, and inhabited by the Porta
Kalbe ; MiddU do. Brandenburg, Potsdam, fier- ffaeBe. The land is high and mountainous, but
lin ; Ucker do, Prenzlo, Boytzenburg, Anger- lertile ; and horses, beeves, asses, and hogs are
munde ; Jfew do. Fulkenburgh, Arenswald, Kus- numerous. It has three harbours, but Porto Fer
trin. reo on the south side is the best for large ships
Brandenburg, the city which grives name to Long. 34. 39. W. lat. 14. 52. N. '
the preceding territory, is divided into two parts, Braubach, a town of Germanv, in the Wester-
old and new : the former on the north bank of wald, with a castle, seated on the Rhine, 6 m. S.
the river Havel, and the latter on the south. It of Coblentz.
is a place of considerable antiquitv, supposed to Bravnau, a fortified town of Bavaria^ formerly
have been first founded by the Sclavonians, and the residence of the elector. In 1742 it was taken
fortified in the earlv part of the tenth century, as by the Austrians ; and, in 1777, by the peace of
a barrier against tne incursions of the Huns. It Teschen the town and its district were ceded to
has various manufactures. Pod. about 13,000. It Austria. In 1805 it was caotured by the French
is about 30 miles S. of Havelsberg, and about the and Bavarians. It is seated on the east bank of
same distance W. of Berlin. There are two other the river Inn, on the frontier of Upper Austria,
towns named Brandenburg; one in Mecklenburg- 28 m. S. W. of Passau, to which country it now
Strelitz, surrounded by walls. The streets are belongs.
wide and straight, the church of St. Mary is a Braunau, a town on the eastern fi^ntier of the
lar^ structure, and the townhouse is worthy of circle of Koningsgratz, bordering on Silesia. ■ It
notiqp. It is situate on the Tollensee, 72 m. N. is a manufacturing town, and has a rich Benedic-
of Berlin : and the other in East Prussia, with an tine abbey.
ancient castle, at the south end of the Frische jBratmfiB2«, capital of die county of Solms. Here
HaffjlS m. S. W. of Konigsberg. is a magnificent palace, the seat of the prince of
Brandon, a town in Sunolk, Eng. It stands Solms-Sraunfels ; and near it is the decayed cas-
on the Little Ouse, over which is a bridge, and a tie of Solms. It is seated near the Lahn, 10 m.
ferry a mile below for conveying goods to and W. by S. of Wetzlai. Long. 8. 28. £. lat. 50. 30.
firom the isle of Ely. It has a great trade in corn, N.
malt, coal, timber, Ac. and in the vicinity are ez- BraunAurg, a town of west Prussia, in Erme-
tensive ranbit warrens. It is 15 m. N. by W. of land. It has an academy for catholics, establish-
Buy, and 78 N. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, ed in 1783; and is seated on the Passarge, near
1,77X). ite entrance into the Frische Haff. It ezporto
Brandon, p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,940. great quantities of linen yarn to England, 18 m.
Brandytcine, a river of Chester county, in the K. £. of Elbing. .Long. 19. 56. E. lat. 54. 30. N
south east paitrof Pennsylvania, which fails into Bravnston, a village in Northamptonshire, Eng.
the Delaware a little below Wilmington. It is four miles N. W. of^Daventry, and 72 from Lon-
distinguished in American history tor a defeat don, on the confines of Warwickshire. Here
sustained by the revolutionaxy army, on the 11th commences the Grand Junction canal, under a
of September, 1777. tunnel three-fourths of a mile in length, to the
Brandyioine, towns in Chester Co. Pa. and Thames, which, with the Oxford ana Coventry
Newcastle Co. Del. canals, render it the central place of inland navi*
Branfordf p.U New Haven Co. Con. Pop. gation. Pop. 1^238.
2,333. Bray, a town of Ireland, in the cou nty of Wick-
BrasUuDj or Breslau, a city of Lithuania, in low, seated on the river Bray, near St. George's
the palatinate of Wilna, on tne north side of a channel, 10 m. S. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 2,481.
lake which communicates with the Dwina, 76 m. Bray, a village in Berkshire, Eng. one mile
N. N. £. of Wilna. south of Maidenhead. It is famous in song for
Bratsa, or Bressay, one of the Shetland islands, its vicar, who was twice a papist and twice a pro-
Between this and the principal island, called testant, in four successive reigns, and when taxed
Mainland, is the noted Brassa Sound, where 1^000 with being a turncoat, said, he always kept to his
sail of vessels may at once find commodious principle, ' to live and die vicar of Bray.' Pop.
mooring. m 1821, 3,159.
Brassaw, or Cronstadt, a strong town in the Brazil, a vast territory of South America, lying
south east part of Transylvania, on the river between the lat. of 4. N. and 34. S. and 35. and
Borezel, 50 m. E. by N. of Hermanstadt. 72. of W. long, but being triangular in form, con-
Brattleboro, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- verging into a point southerly, ite area will not
ncticut. Pop. 2,141. exceed 2,000,000 of square miles, though estima-
BratUmtiue, p.v. Prince William Co. Va ted by some writers as exceeding 3,000,000. The
Brava, a republic on the southern extremity of first discovery of Brazil has been claimed for a
the kingdom of Mogadoxa, and the only one in Martin Behcm, who is said to have visited it in
Africa. It was founded by seven Arabian breth- 1487, but the credit of making it known to Euro-
ren, who fled hither from the tyranny of Lacah, peans is assigned to the Portuguese admiral, Pedro
a petty monarch of Arabia, Fmding a most de- Alvarez Cabral, who sailed from Lisbon on the
lightful situation between two rivers, near their 9th of March, 1500, with a sauadron of thirteen
confluence into the Indian Ocean, they built the sail, destined for the East Inoies; when stretch-
city of Brava, which is now large and populous, ine more than usual to the westward to avoid the
and the greatest mart on all the coast. . Ite raer- calms on the coast of Africa, he accidentally dis-
Brava, one of the Cape Verd islands, 12 miles ritory in the name of Emanuel, king of Portugal
16 L
BRA
For nearly fifty yean, however, it was but little
appreciated y there being no indications of gold,
Sliver, or gems, upon Uie coast : it was merely
used as a place of transportation for criminals,
the ships conveying them, carrying back nothing
but the red wood so important in dyeing ; and its
capabilities would probably have remained much
longer undisclosed, but for the banishment of the
.Vcws from Portugal in 1549, who, bv the assistance
oC their friends in other parts of tne world, intro-
duced the sugar-cane from Maderia, which flour-
rished to such a degree as soon to render it an ob-
ject of great importance. Although its profuse
treasures of gold, silver, and gems, remained un-
disclosed, enough had been discovered, and the
celebrity of the colony became sufficiently general
by the close of the centur3r, to excite the jealousy
and cupidity alike of the French, Spaniards, and
Dutch. In 1724 the Dutch dispatched a squadron
under the command of Admiral Willikens, who
succeeded in taking possession of St. Salvador, or
Bahia, the principal settlement, and proclaimed
the conquest of the whole territory. The Span-
iards next sent a formidable squadron, who com-
pletely dislodged the Dutch; but, in 1G30, the
Dutch again returned to the country with a force
of not less than forty-six armed ships, and afler
seven or eight years of continued warfare, suc-
ceeded in extending their influence over more
than half the country ; but their oppressive, mean,
and grovelling policy became so obnoxious to the
settlers as to render their tenure exceedingly
precarious. After various collisions and alterna-
tions of success between Dutch, Spaniards, and
Portuguese, towards the close of the seventeenth
century, the Dutch by treaty ceded all their inter-
est to the Portuguese, and the influence of the
Spaniards having been previously subverted, at
the commencement of the 18th century the whole
territory came into the possession of the Portu-
guese. With them it remained for more than a
century, silently advancing in cultivation and im-
portance, though, comparativelv speaking, but
little known to the world until the events of the
twenty years* war growing out of the French
revolution in 1793, led, in 1807, to the emigration
of the Portuguese court from Lisbon, to Rio Ja-
neiro.
From this period, the barriers which had pre-
viously confined the intercourse of Brazil to Por-
tugal, were at once annihilated, and its features,
condition, character, and resources, laid fairly
open to the view and intercourse of^ the worla.
Since then, cultivation has been vastly extended,
and its supply of productions doubled, trebled,
and in some cases, quadrupled. For purposes or
civil and militaryjurisdiction, it has been divided
into the thirteen following districts, viz. 1st, Gui-
ana, comprising the whole extent of country north
of tne main branch of the Amazon river, bounded
on the north bj the New Colombian Territory
and French Guiana. 2d, Para, which comprises
a vast tract extending from the frontier of Peru,
the whole breadth of the country parallel with
Para, south of the main branch of the Amazon to
*he Atlantic Ocean, and the following nine border
«ni the AUantic coast, beginning at the north :
frontier of the United Provinces of Buenos Ayret
The extent and production of each of these dis-
tricts will be more fully elucidated under their
respective heads. lodependeat of the noble river
Amazon, which has one of its sources near the
shore of the Pacific Ocean, and by numerous col-
lateral branches opens a communciation with the
whole interior of Peru, and dividing the before-
mentioned provinces of Guiana and Para. The
Maderia, Tapajos, Xingu, Araguay, and the Toc-
antins, lUl flowing from the souUi into the Amazon,
intersect all the interior and northern part of
Brazil; whilst the Paraguay, and Parana, with
innumerable branches, mtersect all the southern
fiart, running south into the great river La Plata,
n addition to these the Pinare, Barbadoes, Parai-
ba, St. Francisco, and numerous others of minor
note, water all the maritime provinces falling into
the AUantic Ocean.
A chain of mountains intersects the maritime
provinces from south to north, from Rio Grande
to the St. Francisco River, which separates the
province of Bahia from Pemambuco. The ground
rises gradually from the ooast to the summit of
this ridge, wnich varies in altitude from 3,000 to
5,000 feet above the level of the sea. Westward
of this ridge, the ground gradually slopes till it
again ascends to form another mountain ridge of
somewhat greater altitude than the ^ceding,
dividing Goias from the maritime provinces, and
running east of^ and parallel with, the Tocantins
to its entrance into the Para mouth of the Ama-
zon. From this chain a collateral ridge branches
off, intersecting the province of Seaiu, in a direc-
tion from south to north, to near the shore of the
Atlantic Ocean.
Over so vast a tract of land, it cannot be imag-
ined that the climate will be found at all equal, or
the seasons uniform. The northern provinces
are subject to heavy rains, variable winds, torna-
does, storms, and the utmost fury of the elements ;
while the southerlv regions are favoured with all
the comforts which a fine fertile soil and temper-
ate climate can afford. In some of the provinces
the heat of the climate favours the generation of a
variety of poisonous insects and reptiles ; some
of which, as the Uhoya^ or roebuck snake, are
said to extend to the length of thirty feet, and to
be two or three yards in circumference. Lizards,
nz.
3. Maranham.
4. Seara.
5. Pemambuco
6. Bahia.
7. Minas Geraes.
12. Goios, interior ; and 13. Matto Grosso, on the
8. Rio Janeiro.
9. St. Paul.
10. St. Catherine.
IJ. Rio Grande.
which are found in almost every part of the world.
row here to an enormous size, and are oflen found
or 3 feet in length. The rattle-snake, and other
reptiles of the same kind, grow likewise to an in-
credible size ; and the serpent called ihabaloka. is
affirmed to be seven yards long, and half a yard
in circumference, possessed too of a poison instan-
taneously fatal to the human race. Here also are
scorpions, ant-bears, the jaguar, porcupines, janon-
veras, and tapirs. No part of tne world affords a
greater number of beautiful birds or greater vari-
ety of the most exquisite fruits. The chief indig-
enous vegetable production which gave name
to the country ana title of prince to the heir pre-
sumptive of the sovereignity of Portugal, is the
U^wum BrasiUanumf or Brazil wood, so justly
celebrated for its colouring properties. Forests
of tnM, ■■ atelelr in nu >■ «ndlMi in Tuiet;,
intermixed with bramble* 4Dd creeping planti
floweringineirery varietjand linffe of colour, emit-
tlDg the most detieioiu odoun, uid for hundredB
of Mfture miles in eitenl bo denie m to be quite
impenetrable, except to tJie native Indisni, tie
■praad over the greater part of the countr; from
the Beircoost to the Araguay river, vhich lepaTatea
tioiaa from Malta Grouo. In the cultivated
paiU, the palma chijati, orange, lemon, citron,
■sd Tsrioua olbertreea and planti fiouriah in tb*
utmostluxuriance ; and among the foreign plaoti,
the angar-eane, coSae tree, and cotton plant, are
yielding an increaain; supply of their respec^ve
piodocti of the very choicest quality ; but tlie
productions for which BiBiil has hitherto been
the most celebrated are ita gems, gold, and silver.
The gems are as various aa beautiful ; and, al-
thooga diamonda have been appreciated from the
evlieat periods of social refinement, the lanefft
and most valuable ever known was found in Bn-
zi], weighing in its rongh stale 1660 carats or 14 oi.
troy, whioh, according to the imaginary and con-
ventional rule of valnlion, at £3 slerhng ibr the
firrt carat, wooM be equal iu vslue lo ^JXS^IS
ilollan American miKiey. The quantity of gold
and silver during a series of years averaged in
money, about 'JH million doUais per annum. On
the gold and silveT, the E^vernment levied a tax
of oae fifth of the pnHTuce, but restricted the
Marching for diamonda and outting of the Brazil
wood to iu own agents, subjecting the rioUton
ofthelawtatheseveieitpenaltieg. Kich as Bra-
ail is, in a comparatiTe sense, in gems and metals,
they have obviously retarded, rather than advanc-
ed, the genuine prosperity of the country, having
tended to divert the mhabitants from the mora ra-
timal and socioliiiug pnrauits of agriculture.
Since 1806, however, cultivation has been pursu-
ed with greater avidity, and its superior advanta-
ges once established, it will probably increaae in
eatimation, whilst the infataating purauits in
March of diamonds and gold will sidtatde. The
reToIntionary tpirit, so widely spread over all
Spanish America ■hortlj aner the commence-
ment of the present century, extended itself in-
to Brazil. Pemamboco, in 1917, revolted agunst
the government, and the whole country maniiest-
X rather an equivocal dispositon towards the
g bmily, the court of Rio Jauerio, in 1831,
emigrated liack to Lisbon, leaving Don Fedro,
the eideat son of the Icing, as vicero;, who no
■ooner felt himself sspsrated from paternal allegi-
anee, than be began to turn hia thoughts to his
individual agemadizement, and strove to cherish,
nlber than sobdue, the rcvolutiaaary spirit which
had previoosh been excited; and on the 11th of
September, all alle^ance to Portugal was formal-
Ij denonnced, and Don Pedro proclaimed emper-
w of Braail, This change not provingsatisfacto-
ij to all parties, and the integrity of Don Pedro
^poarinB: equivooat to the neighbouring gr — ~
meat of Buanoa Ayres, a spirit of poUticalt!
etude generally prevula, and the linal
mode of government Bonseqoently remains pro-
blematicaf The political cabals, however, have
Dot materially retarded cultivation and eomnierce,
which continue toinerease. Of the extent of the
population accounts are much at variance. The
._t,,^ — t: r -I. — e jjig ooast of AGrica,
icnllure commenced,
, _ moat have added at
IcMt 50,em annually to the mpulation of the
■oMt, iiiilias lb* inorlality has Wb proporliana-
lopuiation
bly great with the importation. The aggrento
" -'— probably amounts lo near a milmm,
of whom are slaves and people of eol-
OUT. The Brazilians ue indolent, and great nam-
ben of ihoae who are wealthy paae their time up-
on their estates in the oounlry, where their chief
delight is to swing in their hammocks all the af-
ternoon. The cQef amusement beside* this is
hunting, which iVom the abundance of game in
it of political disqui-
mtroduotic
ffnee the i
haa been very great, i
be carried on to a great .
inhabit the inland parts,
live almost in a state of nature ; they are copper-
coloured, go naked, cohabit indiscriminately, and
have no signs of religion ; they are strong, lively,
and gay, and subject lo few diseases ; but of their
aggregate number, whether one, two, or more
millions, or only a few thousand, even conjecture
does not hazard an opinion. See Liiton, Portugal,
mo JaneiTO.
Braiza,aa island in the Adriatic, near the coait
of Dalmatia, 30 mile* long, and 10 broad. Tlie
and this article, with fire-wood and sheep, form
the chief trade. It has a town of the same name,
several villages, and an aggregate population of
about 15/K)0. Long. 17. S\ K lat,43. 50. N.
Breagi.t, populous village on the shore of
Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Eng. with ten mines in
its vicinity, 4 m. W. of Helstone, and 10 E. by
8. of Penzance. Pop. in 1821 3,668.
BrecAiH, a borough of Scotland, in For^, aD~
ciently a bishop'* see and Ihe county town. The
oathedntl il p«tly ruinous, but one of ila aisles
serves for the parish church. Adjoining to this la
a cucions antiaue ronnd tower, which tapera firom
the bottom, and is very slender in proportion to it*
height. Here is a manufacture of linen and cot-
ton, and a considerable tannery. It is seated on
the South Esk, 8 m. W. of Montrose, and 13 E.
N.E. of Forfar. Pop. in 1831 , 5,906.
Bnckmridgt, a county of Kentucky, on tfce
Ohio. Pop. 7^45. Hafdensburg is the chief town,
Brecketfeld, a town of Westphalia, in the conn-
R of the Mark, about 30 m, H. N. E. of Cologne.-
IP. 1,100,
Brtclatock, towns in Berks Co, and LaneaatH
Co. Pa.
Brtam, or Bncknotktlurt, a border county of
South Wales, bounded on the east by the oonu
ties of Hereford and Monmouth, north bf Radnor,
west by Caermaithen and Cardiganahires, ood
south by Glamorgan, It is a mountainous dia-
triet, yielding iron, coal, and limestone in ^Mt
abundance, and some copper and lead, arid Ot
Uanelly, on the border of Olamorgandiir*, tke
BRE 194 BOR
smelting of iron is carried on to some extent. It forraerlj belonged to the Swedes, but was sold to
has some fertile valleys, and is watered bj the the elector of lianover, in 1719. Stade, on the
rivers Wye and Uske and other streams, and has south bank of the Elbe, is the seat of regency. It
the advanta^ of a canal for barges of 25 tons bur- is about 2,100 square miles in extent, contains a
then from the centre of the county to the Bristol population of about 170,000, and now forms part
Channel at Newport. It has few or no manufac- of the kingdom of Hoi^over.
tures ; but, in addition to its iron, it produces a Bremetif a free city, and capita] of the duchy of
surplus of grain, cattle, and butter, and some wool, the same name. The Weser divides it into the
out of which a considerable rent and other taxes old and new town, both of which are fortified : the
are discharged, and a supply of manufactured, former is the largest, and in it stands the cathedral,
colonial, and foreign productions obtained. The It has a harbour, nine miles below the town, and
four principal towns are Brecon, Builth, Crick* carries on a considerable trade, bat which was
howel, and Hay. formerly much more extensive. In 1757 it was
Brecknock^ or Brecon^ a borough and chief town taken by the French, who were driven out in 1758,
of the preceding county. It is an ancient place, by the Hanoverians It is 22 m. £. of Oldenburg,
as appears by the Roman coins that are oflen dug and 54 S. W. of Hamburgh. Pop. about 40,000.
up ; and its once magnificent castle is now an in- Long. 8. 40. E. lat. 53. 5. M.
sig^nificant ruin. It contains three churches, one of Bremenm>rd, a town in the duchy of Bremen,
which is collegiate ; and in that part of the town, defended by a castle. The chancery of the duchv
called the Watton is a fine arsenal. To the east is kept here. It stands near the Oste, 32 m. if.
of the town is a considerable lake, well stored with by E. of Bremen.
fish, whence runn a rivulet into the Wye. It is Brem^ar/«n, a town of Switzerland, in the free
seated at the confluence of the Hondey with the lower bailiwics, between the cantons of Zurich
Uske, which &lls into the Bristol Channel and and Bern. The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper;
with which it communicates by a canal to New- and it is seated on the Reuss, 10 m. W. of Zurich,
port, near the mouth of the ITsKe, 34 m. N. W. Breiw, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, seated on
of Monmouth, and 171 W. by N. of London. Pop. the Oglio, 36 m. N. of Brescia. Pop. about 2,000.
in 1821 , 4,193. Brento, a river which rises in the principality of
BretUif a fortified city of Dutch Brabant, sur- Trent, passes by Bassano and Padua, and enters
rounded on all sides by water and morasses. The the gulf of Venice, a little S. of Venice,
great church is a noble structure, with a lofty Brentford^ an appendage to London, 7 m. from
X' e 3G2 feet in height. In 1G25 the Spaniards, Hyde Park comer, on the great western road. It
r a memorable siege of 10 months, reduced is seated on the north bank of the Thames, where
this city; but, in 1637 me prince of Orange retook the grand junction canal originally communica-
it. In 1793 it surrendered to the French, after ted with the river ; but an extended line having
a siege of only three days, but was retaken soon since been cut, skirting the whole of the north
ailer. It is seated on the river Merk, 25 m. N. side of London, to the vicinity of the docks on
N. E. lof Antwerp, and 60 S. of Amsterdam. the east, and jetting in its course into the very cen-
BredoHj a considerable village in Leicester- tre of the city, Brentford derives but little compar-
shire, Eng. 5 m. N. N. E. of Asnby de la Zouch, ative advantage from that canal. It has however
seated at the base of a high limestone rock, on some very extensive flour mills, distilleries, soap
the summit of which the church stands, and com- works, pan, tile, and coarse pottery works, exten-
mands very extensive views. Pop. 1,044. sive nursery grounds, and various other occupsp
Bredstedtf a town of Denmark , in the duchy tions dependent on the metropolis. It is a very
of Sleswick, 21 m. W. N. W. of Sleswick. Pop. old town, as may be inferred m>m its name being
about 1,500. derived from the Saxon, implying a ford over
Breeds Hillf an eminence on the north side of the little river Brent, which here falls into the
Charlestown, in Massachusetts, celebrated for the Thames ; and in earlier times it was distinguish*
stand made by the Americans against the Brit- ed as having a market on Tuesday, whilst now,
iah troops, at the commencement of hostilities from the continual intercourse with London, it
with the mother country. This action is usually has every day the appearance of holding a great
called the battle of Bunker Hill (another hill near fair. . On the opposite bank of the nver is a
it.) See Bunker Hill. Gothic edifice, bmlt by George III. for an ooca-
BregerUZf or Bergena^ a town of Grermany. in sional residence ; and at the west end of the town
Tyrol, with a castle on an eminence ; seated at is a magnificent edifice, called Sion House, form-
the mouth of a river of its name, on the east end erly a monastery, now oelonging to the dukedom
of the Lake of Constance, 6 m. S.E.of Lindau. of Northumberland. The Section of the two
Pop. about 2,000. members of parliament for the metropolitan coun-
Breglio, a town of the continental part of Sar- ty of Middlesex is held here ; and dunnga contest,
dinia, 19 m. N.E. of Nice. ^ ^ tne whole line of road from London and Brent-
Brehar^ the most mountainous of the Sicily ford itself, presents a scene of gaiety, animation,
islands, 30 miles W. of the Land's End. Long, and spirit^ that must be seen to be understood ;
6. 47. W. lat. 50. 2. N. for descnbed correctly it cannot be. Being on
Brednaf a town of the duchy of Saxony, 8 m. the confines of two or three parishes, the popula-
N. E. of Halle. tion has not l)een specifically retuned; ont, in
BrcmBf a town of Italy, in the Milanese near 1826, it may be stated at 9,00i0.
the confluence of the Sessia .with the Po, on the Brentwaodf p.t. Rockirgham Co. N. H. 20 m. fr.
frontiers of Montferrat, 28 m. W. of Pavia. Portsmouth. Top. 891 . Here are manu&ctoriea
Bremenj a duchy and maritime district of Ger- of cotton,
many, in the cirele of Lower Saxony, lying be- BrentmUe, p.v. Prince William Co. Va.
1#»U8, but in winter is subject to inundations. It Mantua and the Cremonese, west by BergamiMo,
north by the country of the Qnaonm, and east by the by Savo^, south by the Viennois, and west b^ the
principality of Trent, the Veroneee, and Mantua. Lyonnois. It now forms the department of Am.
The Oglio has its source in the north extremity Bressuire, a town of France, in the department
of this province, runs south for about 30 miles, of Two Sevres, with a college, 35 m. IS, W. of
when it forms the lake of Jeso, and afterwards Poitiers. Pop. 2,000.
the boundary betvreen Bergunasco and the Cremo- Brestj a maritime town of France, in the depart-
nese. The Chiana intersects the east side, falling ment of Finisterre. Prior to 1631 , it was an insig-
into the Oglio at the south-east extremity of the nificant fishing town ; but having one of the most
provinoe ; the Smela and several other streams, commodious and secure harbours in Europe, it
intersect the centre and southern part of the prov- was improved by the French government, under
mce. aU falling into the Oglio, and lake Garda the administration of Richelieu, in the reign of
divides it from the Veronese on the east Its su- Louis XIV. for a marine station, and it is now the
perficies may be stated at about 3,000 square miles, chief naval depot of France ; situate on a promon-
and population at 500.000. It has some dreary tory at the western extremity of the kingdom. It
spots ; but on the whole it may be considered a is equally convenient for tlie equmment of expedi-
fertile district, producing com, wine, and oil, in tions to all parts of the coast, or oithe world. The
abundance. Tne vine, olive, and mulberry, all English made an ineflei'stual attempt to take it in
loxuriate in its soil ; azid the lakes and rivers sup- 1694 ; and during the twentv-thrae years' war,
ply abundance of fish. It exports some silk ; firom 1793, to 1814, it compelled the "English to
out its manufactures do not much, if at all, ex- maintain a large blockading squadron off the bar-
eeed the demand and consumption of the province, hour, without doing the least possible injury to
Besides Brescia, the capital of the other principal France. The extensive occupations attendant on
towns are, Breno, Ohiari, Orci, Novi, and Salo. the building, repairing, and equipment of a great
It was formerly a part of the republic of Venice : national marine, necessarily gave rise to an ex-
biit is now under tne dominion of Austria. tensive interchange and consumption of commod-
Brsssui, an ecclesiastical city and capital of the ities of various kinds ; and the town of Brest has
preceding province, situate in a spacious and fer* consequently risen into importance proportionate
tile plain, between the rivers Mela and Navilo, to the consequence derived from its being the chief
on the hi^h road firom Bergamo to Mantua. It is naval station of the kingdom. It now contains
well fortified, and has a good citadel, on an em- a population of about &,000. It has a marine
inenee. It has twelve churches, and thirtv con- academy, theatre, &c. It is 33 m. £. of Ushant
vents. The cathedral and the palace are aaomed Light, in the lat. of 48. 23. N. and 4. 20. of W. long,
with beautaful paintinn, and in the former is heina 87 m. S. and 6 deg. 49. ) or about 325 geo-
shown the standard or Constantine. Here are graphical miles, W. by S. of Paris,
■evend flooruhing manufactures, and its fire-arms BretagtUy or Brittany ^ a late province of France.
are particalarly celebrated. This city has been 150 miles long and 112 broad. It is a promontory,
taken and retaKcn several times, by thie Austrians united on the east to Maine, Anjou, and Poitou.
and French. Pop. about 50,000. A stream, cal- The air is temperate, and it has large forests. It
led the Gana, runs through the city, aAerwards now forms the departments of Finisterre, Cotes du
filing into the Mela. It is about 50 m. N. of Nord, Ille and Villaine, Lower Loire, and Morbi-
Parma, 40 N. W. of Mantoa, and 30 S. £. of ban.
Bergamo. BreUuU^ a town ofVFrance, in the department
Bretdlo, a town of Italy, in the Modenese, on of Oise, 14 m. N. N. E. of Beauvais, and 18 S. of
the fiver Po, 27 m. K. W. of Medena. Amiens. Pop. about 2,200.
BredoMj an ecclesiastical city and capital of a Breton Cape. See Cape Breton.
principality of the same name and of all Silesia; Bretten^ a town of Grermany, in the late palati-
seated on the banks of the Oder, just below the nate of the Rhine, on the frontier of Wurtem-
innction of the little river Ohlau, which runs berg, 20 m. S. of Heidelberg, and about 30 N. by
through several of the streets, snd forms two is- W. of Stuttgard. Pop. 2,mK). It was the birth-
lands. It hss one Lutheran and twenty-six Gath- place of Melancthon, and is now included in the
abc churches, and is surronnded by walls, territory of the duchy of Baden, diele of the
strengthened by ramparts and other works. It Pfints and Enz.
has a great trade in linen, leather, Hungarian Brettam Woods, t. Coos Co. N. H. at the foot of
wines, ^. and contains 60,000 inhabitants, the White Mountains. Pop. 108.
The public squares are spacious, the streets toler- Brt/wrd, at Brmaoorty a strong town of Holland,
ahty wide, and the houses lofi^. Here the Jes- in the county of Zutphen with a castle, situate in
uits founded a university, in 1702, at which there a morass, 24 m. S. £. of Zutphen.
are generally about four hundred students. The Brmoery p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,07B.
two principal churehes bel<mg to the protestants ; Brewood, a town in Staffordshire, Eng* 10 m.
near one of which is a couege. This cit^ be- S. by W. of Stafford, and 129 N. W. of London,
came snbjeot to the king of Prussia in 1741. It Pop. in 1621, 2,263.
was taken by the Austrians, in 1757, but regained Brsioster, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. upon Cape
the same year. It was for some time besieged by Cod, 16 m. £. Barnstable. Pop. 1,418.
the French, and surrendered to them in January, Braansk, an interior town of Russia, in the
1607, and again in 1813; but reverted to Prussia province of Orel, situate on the Desna, an eastern
after the peace of 1814. It is 112 m. N. E. of branch of the Dnieper, about 250 m. S. W. of
pFBffue, and 165 N. of Vienna. Long. 17. 9. E. Moscow. Pop. about 4.000. It has an annual fair
lat. 51. 3. N. The principality contains about 960 very numerously attended.
square miles of area, and 180,000 inhabitants. jBrunifOA, a town of France, on the fh>ntier r'
Brede, a river of France, which divides the Piedmont, in the department of Upper Alps, with
department of Lower Seine irom that of Somme a castle on a craggy rock, and other fortifications,
and entera the English chann^ at Treport In its neighbourhood, manna is gathered from a
BrosBe, a late province of France, bounded on . sort of pine tree. It has a handsome churoh, and
tha north by Burgundy and Franeht Camte, east a noble bridge over the Durance, 20 m. N. of -
l9
Bm IM BRl
Embrun, and about 70 E. bj S. of Turin. Pop. her* e^ery other year. In the wan between
about 3,000. Charles I. and the parliament, the forces of the
Brianconruty a fortrew of Savoy, near the town latter reduced great part of the town to aahee ;
of MouBtiers, situate on a rock inaccessible every and the castle was then so far demolished, that few
way, except by the side of a river, where it is a«- vestiges of it are now observable. The river ia
cended by two or three hundred steps. The com- navigable up to the town, for vessels of 200 tona
mon passage from Savoy to Italy is by this burthen, ana for barges as far as Lan^port, and
fortress. by the Tone to Taunton ; and althoujgh a preva>
Briartj a town of France, in the department of lence of westerly winds causes the tide at times
Loiret, seated on the Loire, and has a canal be- to set into the nver with great fury, its naviea-
tween that river and the Seine. It is40 m. E. S. tion contributes essentially to the interest of uie
£. of Orleans. town ; commercial intercourse however is prin-
BHcksvUle, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. cipally confined to the coast. The population
Bridffehampton, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. Y. at the E. which in 1801 was only 3,644. in 1821 was 6,155.
end of Lon^ Islana. and the adjoining parish of North Fertherton, om
BridgeruLf a town of Wales, in Glamorganshire, the south, contained a further population, of 3,091
with a woolen manufacture -, seated on the Og- It returns two members to parliament, and is 31
more, a river abounding in trout and salmon, 7 miles S. S. W. of Bristol, and 138 W. by S. of
miles W. by N. of Cowbridge, and 181 W. of London. It was the birth place of Admiral
London. Fop. in 1821, 1,701. Blake, the worthy antagonist of Van Tromp.
Bridgenorth, a borough in Shropshire, £ng. It Bridgewater^ t. Grafton Co. N. H. 70 m. from
has two churches, and^ a free-school that sends Portsmouth. Pop. 783.
and maintains eighteen scholars at the university Bridgewalerj p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 m. N.
of Oxford. It was formerly fortified with walls, W. Wmdsor. Pop. 1,311.
and had a castle, now in rums. Its trade both by Bridgeioaier^ p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 22 m.
kmd and water is considerable. It is seated on S. Boston. Fop. 1,855. Here are manufactures
both banks of the Severn, over which is a hand- of cotton, woolen and iron,
some bridge of six arches. The upper part of the Bridgewater^ p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 83 m. N.
town is 180 feet above the bed of the river, and W. Albany. Pop. 1,608. There are 3 towns of
commands an extensive and delightful prospect, this name m N.J. and Pa.
An annual fair, on the 29th of October, is very nu- BridgewateTf or Lundy's Lone^ a spot in Upper
merously attended, and the quantities of cattle, Canada on the West side of Niagara river, near
sheep, butter, cheese, and bacon, brought for sale, the falb, celebrated^ the scene of a battle be-
u very great. It had formerly some manufactures tween the Americans and British, on the 25th
of worsted, which have declined, and the popu- July, 1814.
lation, since 1800, has in consequence remained ^rti&'furton, commonly called BMrZu^ffttm, a sea-
stationary, being in 1821, 4,345, and two out par- port in East Yorkshire, Eng. The narbour is
ishes about 1,100 more. It returns two members commodious and defended by two strong piers,
to parliament, and is 23 m. S. £. of Shrewsbury , Its mineral waters, and accommodations for sea-
and 139 N. W. of London. bathing, draw much company in summer; and
Bridgenort, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on L. I. its trade is considerable, owning about 6/)00 tons
Sound, 10 m. S. W. Strafford. Fop. 2,803. Also 2 of shipping. It is seated on a creek south of Flam-
towns, in Harrison Co. Va. and Belmont Co. Ohio, borou^-head, 40 m. £. N. E. of York, and 206
Bridgeton, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Fop. 1,541. N. of Tiondon. Fop. in 1821, 4,275, being 1,145
BruQetown, p.t. Cumberland Co. N. J. and the more then in 1801.
seat or justice, 40 m. S. E. Philadelphia. It ^ Bridport^ a borou^^h in Dorsetshire, Eng. It
stands on a creek running into the Delaware ; it is seated about 3 miles fit>m the shore m the
is a port of entrv and has some manufactures. British channel, between the rivers Brit and Bride,
There are also i villages in Maryland of this which unite just below the town, and form a con-
name, venient harbour, which, since 1822, has been im-
Bridg€iovm^ih» capital of the island of Barba- proved so as to admit vessels of 200 to 300 tons
does, situate m the inmost part of Carlisle bay, ourthen. It was formerly celebrated for its man-
which is large enough to contain 500 ships, but ufactures of cordage, MU-cloth, twine, and net-
the bottom is foul, and apt to cut the cables. This ting; and Henry V III. granted it a monopoly
city was burnt down in 1688 ; and suffered also for making all the cordage for the national ma^
neatly by fires in 1756, 1766, and 1767. Before rine, which it retained for about sixty roars;
these fires it contained 1,500 houses; and it has but its manufactures are now inconsiderable. It
since been rebuilt. The streets are broad, the hous- builds and owns some shipping, and carries on a
es high, the wharves and quays convenient, and little external, as well as coasting trade. It re
the forts strong. The church is as large as some turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821.
cathedrals. I^re also is a free-school, an hospi- 3,742. It is 12 m. W. of Dorchester, and 135
tal, and a college ; the latter erected by the socie- W. by S. of London,
ty forpropagaUng the gospel, pursuant to the will Bruipoft, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. on L. Cham-
from its foundation bv a hurricane in 1780, in cathedral, and several other churches for pro-
which many of the innabitants perished. It is testants and catholics. Here is a manufacture
scarcely yet restored to its former splendour, of cloth. It was taken by the Prussians in 1741,
Long. 59. 43. W. lat. 13. 5. N. See Barbadoes. and its ancient castle burned down during the
Bridgewater, a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. siege. It is seated on the Oder, 25 m. sTE. of
It is seated on the Parret. over which is a hand- Breslau. Fop. about 9,000.
some bridge. It has a large handsome church Bring , or Brig, a handsome town of the VaUus,
with a lofiy spire. The summer assists are held seated on the Saltina river, which fails into ths
BRI. Vff BBl
Rhone on the south ndei about 26 miles east of sure. Th^ other places of worship connected
Sion. It sufiered much from an earthquake in with the establishment, are the Chapel Royal, St
1755. James's Chapel, and Trinity Chapel, and four oth-
Bridj or Bri&f a fortified seaport of South Hoi- era situate in the eastern and western divisions of
land, capital of the island of Voom. The Dutch the town, besides the church of St. Peter's, recent
took it from the Spaniards in 1572, which was ly erected, which is W &r the most beautiful oma
the foundation of the republic. It was the birth ment that Brixton nas to boast. Here are also
place of Van Tromp, and is seated at the mouth a Roman Catholic chapel, a Jews* svnaflrogue, and
of the Maese, 20 m. W. S. W. of Rotterdam, several meeting houses for the different denomi-
Long. 4. 1. £. lat. 51. 48. N. Pop. about 3,000. nations of dissenters, most of whom have their
Brienne, a small town of France, in the depart- schools and distinct benevolent and religious in-
ment of Aube, distinguished for its military stitutions. Besides the accommodations for sea-
school, at which Napoleon received his educa- bathing, warm, cold, and vapour baths, of the most,
tion. It is about 20 m. E. of Troyes. elegant and commodious^ construction, have also
Brientz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton been erected; while the park furnishes a beautiftd
of Bern, famous for the cheese made in its neigh- ride, and the spa all the varieties of artificial,
bourhood. It is situate on a lake of the same mineral, and medicinal waters. Here are also two
name (nine miles long and three broad) 42 m. S. assembly rooms, a handsome theatre (opened in
£. of 6em. 1807,) a celebrated race ground, &c. After the
Briezaij a small town of Brandenburgh, in the battle of Worcester, in iSl, Charles 11. embark-
middle mark, on the frontier of Anhalt, about 25 ed at this place for France, in a vessel which is
m. S. of Potsdam. said to have been moored after the restoration in
BrieuXf St. a town of France, ci4pital of the de- the Thames, opposite Whitechapel. Brighton is
partment of Cotes du Nord, and a bishop's see, subject to the county magistrates. It is 17 miles
with a small harbour. It is seated among hills, W. by N. of Beachy Head, 50 £. by N. of Ports-
near the £nglish channel, 30 m. S. W. of St. mouth, and 52 S. firom London.
Malo. Pop. about 6,000. Brighton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. W.
Briey, a town of France, in the department of Boston. Pop. 972. This town is celebrated for its
Moselle, near the river Manse, 12 m. N. W. of Annual Cattle Show and Fair which has been
Metz. Pop. 1,800. held here ever since the revolution. Vast num-
Brigalaf a town in the Col de Tende, on the bers of cattle for the Boston market are brought
frontier of Nice, a few miles S. of the town of here from all parts of the coun^.
Tende. BrMtaitf p.t. Monroe Co. N. T. 235 m. W. Alba-
BrigktkdmsbofM, commonly called Brighton, a ny. Pdp. 6,ol9. Also a town in Beaver Co. Pa.
town of England, in the County of Sussex, situ- Brightgide^ BierUno, the west quarter of thepar-
ale on a very abrupt and uninteresting part of the ish ofSheffield (whicn see,) containing in 1821 a
coast of the British channel, at the foot of a range population of 6,615.
of naked hills, without a tree, either for shelter, BrignaU, a town of France, in the department
or to diversify the scene. Having no accommoda- of Rhone. During the summer season it is the
tion for shipping beyond a fishing boat, and the fitvourite resort of Uie citizens of Lyons, who have
coast here formmg a sort of bay with shoal water, here many elegant villas and country houses. It
vessels passing up and down the channel keep is seated on the small river Garron, 9 miles S.
too far out at sea ever to be visible from the of Lyons.
shore; so 'that Uie view by sea and by land is Bn^o/Ze«, a town of France, in the department
equally monotonous, yet without any one natural of Var, famous for its prunes. It is seated amo^
feature or convensenoe to recommend it, from an mountains, in a pleasant country, 20 m. N. N. £.
insignificant fishing town. Brighton has become of Toulon. Pop. about 9,000.
(chiefly in consequence of the patronage of the late Brikuega, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
king) one of the principal resorts of gaiety and a manufacture of broad cloth, and a trade in wool.
fiuduon in the kingdom. Here General Stanhope and an English arm? were
In 1784 the prince of Wales, afterwards George taken prisoners, in 1710. It is seated on the Ta-
IV., erected at Brighton, for an occasional resi- juna, 43 m. N. £. of Madrid.
denoe, an edifice called a marine pavilion. This BrUUm, a town of the duchv of Westphalia, on
he aflerwards converted into a splendid palace, the river Alme, 27 m. £. by S. of Annsberg.
^-.-.^ improvements within the last twelve years . -, ^ ^o c^ if-r,
have been very considerable. A new and perfect- Adriatic, in the lat. of 40. 39. N. and 18. 90. of £.
ly unique village, denominated Kemp Town, long. Its harbour at one period was the most
forms the eastern boundary of Brighton; while commodious and secure in the Mediterranean;
Brighton Terrace, a magnificent range of houses but during the commercial career of Venice, it be-
on Uie west, stretches into the parish of Hove. A came neglected and. inaccessible, except for small
commodious market is erected in the Bartholo- vessels. Within the present century, efforts have
mews, on the former site of the workhouse ; and been made to render it again convement and use-
it is in contemplation to build a town-hall near fid ; but so long as the subduing and precludmg
the same spot. The new workhouse, near the sum- line of policy of the present government of Na
mit of the Church Hill, is a building of consider pies prevails, all efforts at social improvement will
able extent, well adapted to secure the health be made in vain. The adjacent country, hke the
and comfort of its inmates. The parish church, harbour, presents an aspect of desolation. It is
situate on an eminence at the north-west, was surrounded by extenaiye forests ofohve trees, ami
formerly at a small distance from the town, which some mulberries, from which silk is gathMed.
has now almostentienohed upon its sacred enclo- Present pop. of the city about 6,000. Itisalioiil
100 m. S. E. of Naples. ^Higtl <fiad ti Brindin, kingdom. Si|ice th« latter period, although it
B. C. 19. haf not deelined, it hai been greatly exceeded in
Brtttii. See Brumn. population, commerce, and importance by Glaa-
Britnidey a town of France, in the department of ffow, LiTerpodI, Manchester. Leeds, and binning-
Upper Loire. Near it is a small town called ham. The population of sristol including the
Church Brioude, on account of a famous chapter, suburb of Bedminister, on the Somersetshire side
Brioude stands on the Allier, over which is a of the river, and Clifton on the north (which see)
bridi^ of one aich, 173 fea in diameter. It is 32 in 1810 was 65,dSM, and in 1821, 95,758 of which
miles N. W. of Fuy, and 34 S. by £. of Clermont, number 42,169 were in the out-parishes, and 52,
Pop. about 5,000. It was the birthplace of La 819 within the cit^ ; of the increase, the gjestest
Fayette, distinguished for his enthusiasm in the proportion was m the suburb of Bedminister,
cause of the Americans to obtain their indepen- which was as 7,979 to 2,279. As into all the
dence. rivers falling into the Bristol channel, the tides
Britaehf Old and Aeto. Old Brisach is on the rise to a ^at height, and occasionally rush in
east bank of the Rhine, and was formerly the with considerable rarv. The spring tides at Bris-
chief town of the Brisgau ; but the fortifications tol rising to the height of 42 feet, ebbs and neaps
were demolished in 1741, and the ordnance re- were consemientl^ attended with great inconven-
moved to Friburg, about 15 miles in the interior, iences and detentions. This circumstance, since
New Brisach is a fortified town on the opposite the completion of the canal navigation of the in-
bank of the river, in the French department of land counties communicating with Liverpool and
the Upper Rhine, about 40 m. S. or Strasburg, London, neither of which puts are materially
and 250 £. by S. of Paris. The fortification is one afiected by the inequality or the tid^iended to
of those constructed under the superintendence of divert a considerable portion of the West India
Vauban, in the reign of Louis XlV. trade, and refining of sugar, from Bristol. It
BrisofOj a town of Switzerland, on the lake however, retains a certain portion : the importa-
Maprgiore, 5 m. S. of Looamo. tion of sugar, on an average, of the nx years
Brisgau, a territory in the circle of Suabia, of 1819-— 1824, wai about 27,0(X) hogsheads per ann.
about 1,000 square miles in extent, intersected It also imports a considerable quantity of wool,
by the line of the 48th degree of N. lat. and 8th of firuit, and wine, direct from Sjpain, Portugal ana
£. long, extending eastward from the Rhine into France ; and maintains a partial intercourse direct i
the Bfiick Forest As a frontier district border- vrith all other parts of the world, except the East
inff on France, it has been exposed to ravage in Indies, to which, up to 1826, it had not sent more
all the wars between that nation and Austria, than one or two ships. From 1809 to 1822, about
and has been the scene of several bloody contests. £000/)00 had been expended towards the improve-
At an oarly period of the French revolution, in ment of the harbour. In the latter year an-
1793, the French reduced nearly the whole of the other act vras mnted for its further improve
town of Old Brisach to ashes \ and, in 1796^ after ment; and in 1825 numerous arbitrary and op-
a severe action possessing themselves of Friburg, piessive town does were abolished, or dulv reg
the capital, but which they were obliged to aban- ulated ; all of which are as well calculated^ to re
don the sauM year. After various changes of vive and maintain its commeroial prosperity, as
sovereignty, it was wholly ceded by Bonapvte to to add to the comfort, mterest, and character, of
the grand duke of Baden, in 180^ confinned by the city at large. It has some extensive works
treaty with Austria, and in the new subdivisions in copper and brass, and manuiactuies of glase
of the territory of the states of Baded, in 1810, the bottles, lead, painters' colours, Ac. &e. Th«
Brisgau was divided between the three circles of value of ite exporte, however, are inconsiderable,
Wiesen, Treisam, and Kinzig, the names of three tte West India produce being imported to defrmy
rivers by which the territory of Baden in inter- the interest on mortgages, or ss the proceeds of
sected. property acquired by means of the traffic in slaves,
BrisHno^ a town of Naples in Capitanata, 11m. and the ^iroduce of their labour, since the traffio
8. S. W. of Manfredonia. was abolished. Ito imports from all other parts
i?risfac, a town of France in the department of are principally equalned through London. In
Maine-et-Loire : seated on the Anbenoe, 13 m. 8. addition to the advantages derived from ito com*
of Angers. merce it is indebted to a hot vrell for a considenr
Bridolj an ancient maritime, and ecclesiasti- ble portion of the increase fjf its popnlatioii, the
oal city and county of England, situate at the water being consideBed very efficacious in the
south-west extremity of the county of Glouces- cure of diabetes, phthisical, scorbutic, and inflaam-
tor, at the confluence of the little river Frome matoty disorders, it renders it the resort alike of
with the Lower Avon, which divides it from valetudinarians and of fiuhion. Besides the eft-
Somersetshire on the south, about ten miles above tbedral and the church of St. Mary Radcliffi;, it
the confluence of the Avon with the Severn into has sixteen other churches, and Bve episcopal
the arm of the sea called the Bristol Channel, chapels, some of them beautiful and moalof them
Bristol was known at a very earW period ; and fine edifices. There are several diasentbig meet-
abost the year 490 it is mentioned as one of the ing-houses, thirteen feUowship companies, some
fi)rtified cities of Britian. It was known to the ofwhom have elegant halls, several hospitals, and
ancient Britons by the name of Cser Oder tuaU other public buildings ; and being surrounded by
Badan^ or the city of Ostorius, in the valley of a very finlile as well as picturesque country, ite
Balli, and by wsy of eminence it was sometimes marketaare abundantly supplied with every kind
called Coer fnis, the British city, and by the of fish, flesh, fowl, veffeUbles, and fruito ; and
Saxons, JSijgAlffetM, pleasant ^lace. It is adverted two annual faira in March and September are
to both by Gildus and Nenains, in the fifth and very numerously attended. It has a distinct
aeiwnth eentnries, and from the period of Henry junsdietion, and returns two memben to pM^iiA*
U. in the IwelAh, to the middle of the eighteenth ment, the voten amounting to about 8,000. In
osalttry, it mnlked, next to London, as the most November 1831 this city wis the scene of a teiri-
papmloa^ cornmevcinl aadiinpotflast plaoe ia the ble riol oecasimied by the reiection of the Re-
Ml IM BRO
fbnn Bill by the Hoiue of Lords. The popiilaoe parates it firom New Guinea ; and captain Carte-
were in complete insurrection for two or three ret, 1767, sailed through a channel wnich divides
days ; many buildings if ere set on fire and des- it on the N. £. from a lon^ island, called New
troyed, and several people killed. It is 13 m. Ireland. New Britain lies m long. 152. 20. £
W. N. W. of Bath, 34 S. S. W. of Gloucester, and lat.4. 0. S. The shores of both islands are
and 114 W. of London. Long. 2. 36. W. lat. 51. rocky, the inland parts high and mountainous,
27. N. but covered with trees of various kinds, among
Bristol, a maritime county of the state of Mas- which are the nutmesr, the cocoa nut, and differ-
lachusetts, bounded on the south by Buzzard's ent kinds of palm. The inhabitants are black, and
Bay, and west by the state of Rhode Island, woolly-headed, like negroes, but have not their
Pop. 49,474. Taunton, the chief town, situate near flat noses and thick lips,
the head of a river of tne same name, nearly in the Brittany. See Bretagru,
centre of the county, is 33 m. south of ^Boston. British Anerieay comprises the whole of the
New Bedford, on Buzzard's Bay, is the other prin- north part of the northern division of the western
cipal town. hemisphere, from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Bristol, a small maritime county of the state of Ocean, extending south in the lonff. of 83. W. to
Rhode Island, bounded on the west by the upper the lat. of about 42. N. but fVirtner west it is
part of the preceding county, and on the east bounded on the south by a conventional line di-
by Naraeanset Bay. Pop. 5,466. The chief viding it fh>m the territorv claimed by the United
town of the same name, situate near the south end States of America, in the fat. of about 48. N. This
of the county, was aistinguished for the part extensive territory of several millions of souare
which it took in the slave trade previous to its miles will be found more particularly eluciaated
abolition by the American government. It owns under the ten heads, as specified un<ler the head
about 7,000 tons of shipping. of British Empire.
Bristol, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 13 m. E. Wiscas- Brive, a town of France, in the department of
•et. Pop. 2,450. Correze, with manufactures of silk handkerchiefs,
Bristol, p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. 90 m. from Bos- muslins, gauzes, dtc. It is seated on the Gor-
ton. Pop. 799. reze, opposite the influx of the Vezere, in a de-
Bristol, p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. seat of justice for liffhtful valley, 12 m. S. W. of Tulle. Pop. about
the county of the same name. It stanos on Nar- 6^K)0.
aganset £iay, 15 m. S. Providence. It is a hand- Brix, or Brux, a considerable town of Bohemia,
some town and has considerable commerce. Pop. at the north end of the circle of Saaz, about 8 m.
3,054. S. W. of Bilin, and 40 N. W. of Prague. Pop.
Bristol, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1,707. 2,500.
This town has large manufactures of wooden and Brixen, a principality of Grermany, lately a
brass clocks, and 30,000 are sometimes made in a bishopric, in the east part of Tyrol. It is extreme-
year, ly mountainous, but produces excellent wine.
Bristol, p.t. Ontario Co. N. T. 218 m. W. Alba- Brixen, a town of Germany, capital of the prin-
ny. Pop. 2,952. There are 7 other towns of this cipality of Brixen. Beside Uie cathedral, there
name in Pa. and Ohio. are one parochial and six other churches. It was
Bristol Bay, a spacious bay, formed by two pro- taken by the French in 1796, and a^ain in 1797.
jecting points of the west coast of North America. It is seated on the Evsach, at the influx of the
The mouth of a river called Bristol River, fidlinf Rientz, 38 m. S. by E. of Inspruck. Pop. 4.000.
Into the head of the bay is in the lat. of 58. 12. N. Brixham, a small seaport in Devonshire, Eng.
and 157. 33. W. long, and Cape Newnham, which on the west side of Torbajr. celebrated for its
forms the north point of the bay is in lat. 58. 34. fishery. A quay has been built for the purpose of
N. and 161. 55. ty. long, and the island ofOona- supplying the ships of war with water. The
laska, one of the Aleutian group off the south pnnce of Orange, afterward William III., landed
point of the bay, is in lat. 53. 54. W. and 166. 22. here in 1688. It is 4 m. N. E. of Dartmouth, and
W. long. 201 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4,503.
Bristol CkamuL an arm of the sea between the Brixen, or Britten, a town of Brandenbufrg, in
south coast of Wales and the north coast of the the Middle mark, on the Adah, 18 m. N. £. of
counties of Somerset and Devon, leading into the Wittenberg.
rivers Severn and Lower Avon on which the city Broach. See Baroaeh.
of Bristol is situate ; hence its name or rather BroadaUnn, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. T. 45 m.
misnomer, for it should properly be called Bristol N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,657.
Bay, the term channel being applicable only to BroadkUn, t. Sussex Co. Del.
straits of the sea that have passages through tiiem, Broadstairs, a village in Kent, Eng. on Jhe sear
which that in question has not. shore, two miles north of Raxnsgale. It has a
Britain, See Great Britain, small pier, with a harbour for li^ht vessels ; and
Britain, Jfew, a country of North America, is a fashionable resort for searbatmn^, more retired
comprehending all the tract N. of Canada, com- than Ramagate. Population inconsiderable.
monJy called toe Esquimaux coun^, including Broadwater, a village in Sussex, Eng. near the
Labrador and New North, and South Wales. It is sea-coast, 4 m. W. of Shoreham. Pop. in 1821,
subject to Great Britain ; and lies between 50. and 3,725.
70. N. lat. and 50. and 100. W. long. There are Brod, Broit, or Brodo, a strong town of Sclar
innumerable lakes and morasses, wnich are cov- vonia, on the river Saave, which divides it from
eied with ice and snow a great part of the year, the Turkish province of Bosnia, where the empe-
The principal settlements belong to the English ror gained a victorv over the Turks in 1688. It
HndMm Bay Company. See Esqvimaxa, Hudson is 45 m. S. W. of Esseck, and about 120 west of
Bsw, and Labrador. Belgrade. Long. 18. 30. E. lat 46. 10. N.
Britain, New, an island in the South Pacific Brod Han, or Hun Brod, a town of Moravia, on
Ocean^ to the east of New Guinea, explored by the frontiers of Hunganr, 10 m. £. S. E. of
Dampier, who sailed through the strait which m- Hiadisoh. Pop. about a,000.
17
See BokmitcA.
Brod', DetUidt, ■ town of Bohemia on the titbi
Sua«&,30m. B. b; E. ofCuilaa.
Broatra, a town BJid rarlrcBs ofHIndoiMtaDr in
Guierat, c«Jebrated Tor iu linen*, indigo, and
luce. It ii 62 m. 8. S, E. of Amedabad. Long-
73. ll.E.lat,22-15.N.
Brodiuu, a town of Lithaania, on tha riTvr
Bereiin&, 100 m. S. ofPolalak, and 40 W. oTMo-
hilow.
Broek, a town of Wntphalia, in the dueliT of
fierg, capital of a eooat; of ita dobie ; leatea on
llie Rocr, 11 m. N. of Dnneldorf.
Brotk, a rilloge of North HoUuid, aii milea
from Aaulerdam. It i> one of the moat lingolu
and pictureique placet in the world. Tbeatneli
an payti ja moaaic work with raiiegated bricka ;
and no corriagec erer enter them. The hoiuei
are painted on the outiide, and each has a terrace
and garden to the atrrel, incloaed bj a low rsil-
ing ; the garden ia adorned with china nana and
(bell-work, with border* composed of minute par-
ticlei of itlaaa, of dlfierent colonn. Behind the
hoiuei are meodowi, full of cattle, in which the
inhabitant! eanj on a neat trade. Pop. about
700.
» mo
pin, on kitd Nelson, fin hia naTal aerricm, aRcr
the battle of the ^ile.
Braokt, aConnt; in the W. District of VirfiU'
ia, bounded on the east bji Washington couotj.
Pennsylvania, and west bj the OhioRirer. Pop.
6,774. Wellibarg, on the east bank of the Ohio,
409 m. N.W. of Richmond, is the chief town.
BtoelffuU, p.t. Stnfibrd Co. N. H. 90 m. frooi
Boston. Pop. 671.
BroolOtld, p.t. Orange Co. VL 16 m. B. MoU-
pelier. Pop. 1,677-
Broolifidd, p.t. HodiMD Co. N. T. B6 m. W
Albany. Pop. 4,387.
AvoJEjieU, p.t. FairSeld Co. Con. Pop. 1,301
AUo S towns in Ohio.
early period, and during Philip'a war in
1675, was attacked bj the Indians. 'Hie inhabit
anti collected in onehonie which was immediate
\j besieged bj the oaragei who set Era inatonllj
to everj otiwr bnilding in the town. For two
dajB and nivfati the Indians poured in shot apon
the people in the house incessantlj but were met
b; a moat determined defence on the part of the
besieged. Tbej then attempted to hn> the house
mouth of a great riTcr colled the Hawkesbnrj,
and is a irooirharbaur. Lons. 151, 27. E, lat. 33.
34.8.
t, Eng. Here is a col-
clergymen's widows; and neoi
, ..»ce of the bishops of BochestaT,
where there is a chalybeate spring, fiiomley is
senti-d at) the Rarensbaurn, 10 m. 9. bv E. of Lon-
don. Pop. in 1821,3,417.
BTomley, a town in Stafioidshire, Eng.
farmerlv called Abbots-Biomlej, and a(
Paget Bromley, being giren to lord Paget at the
disBolulion of the abbeys. It is 7 m. E. of
Stafford, and 120 S. W. of London. Pop. 1,533.
•/ There are seren other inconHderable placea
named Bromley in diSerenl parts of England.
Brimpton, a Tillagv in Rent, Eng. situtte on an
easy ascent from Chatham, and containing fine
barracks for the military of that garrison. See
Chatham.
Brompiim, an appendage to London, in the par-
iah of Kennington, whick rte.
•,* There are six other towni and Tillages
nonied Brompton, in different parts of England^
Brovugraei, a corporate town in Worcester-
shire, hae- Here are mann&cluies of aheeting,
nails, andueedlesi and ■ grammar school, found-
ed by Edward VI. It is seated on the Solwarp,
13 m. N. N. E of Worcester, 13 S. W. of Bir-
mingfaam.and HON. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,
7,615.
Bnnmeitk, WtM, a town in Staffordshire, Eng.
7 m. W. by N. of Birmingham. Pop. in 1891,
9,505, exleosiyelj oocupieain the rarious branch-
es of the hardware mannlacture.
Bromyant, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat-
ed near the Frome, amid fine orchards, 13 m. IT.
E. of Hereford, snd tiS W. N. W. of London.
Pop- i;aa7.
Brono, or Brtmi, a town of Italy, near the south
ftontier of the Milanese, where the FVnob defeat-
ed the Anstrians in IBOO. It ia 10 m. S. E. of '
I'avia.
Bmti, a town of Sicily, in Val di Dsmona, at
the foot of Mount JEtna,onthe west side. IIwm
onfe-^d, with its teniloty, by tha luag at Na-
In <'""'"g torches at the ends of long poles) bnt
the garrison continued to de&nd themseWss bj
firing from the windows and throwing water upon
the Sames, as they ibrtunately had a pump with-
in the house. These attempts failing, the Indians
then prepared a cart loaded with llai, hemp snd
other combnatible matters, and under cover of a
barricade of bauds thrust the burning mass by the
Intb
movement one of the wheels came off which tu
ed the machine aside and exposed the Indians to
the fire of the garrieon ; a shower of rain coming
on at the same time extinguished the flames.
Shortly afterwords a reinforcement of forty men
arrived fhim Boston, forced their way through
the enemy and Joined the garrison. The Indians
then abandoned the siege and retired, having snf
fered a heavy loss.
firosUovsn, a township of New York, in Suffiilk
dounty, Long Island, 60 m. E. of New York. Popi
e/W5.
" -'■'as, t. HiIU>oronghCo.N.H.43in.fhMa
Pop.6B7.
lu, p.t. Norfblk Co. Mass. adHiiniDg
Boston, fivm which it is separated by a wide bay,
and with whiah it . -.. i
Is bay,
It charming view nom Boston Com
The fi
JIM) IM BR9
Brooklyn J a larj^ town on Lonz Island, sepa- Brouea, a town of Sicily, in Valdi Demona, on
rated from the citv of New Yaxkhy the narrow the gulf of Catania, 15 m. S. of Catania,
channel called East River. It is properly a Brough, a town in Westmoreland , £ng. Near
suburb of that city and is aolace of great business, it is a cotton spinning manufacture, at the foot of
It is regrularly built, and contains many fine a mountain. It is 8 m. £. 8. £. of Appleby, and
houses, uie residcnca of merchants from the city. S61 N. N. W. of Liondon. Pop. (MO.
The United States Navy Yard is in the cast pajt Bowershaten^ a seaport of Holland on the north
of the town upon a bay called the Wallabout. side of the island of Schonen,9m. S. W. of Hel-
Pop. 15,306. Near this town a bloody battle was voetsluys. Long. 3. 50. £. lat. 41. 38. N.
fought with the British in 1776, and the neigh- BrottUj a frontier county of the state of Ohio,
feiourhood exhibits many remains of the fortifica* bounded on the south by the Ohio River, which
tions thrown up at that time. divides it from Mason county, Kentucky. Pop.
Brooklyn, t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. 17,867. Georgetown is the chief town.
Brooksifillej p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,089. Brown, is also the name of a county in the
Brookville, the chief town of Franklin county. Michigan territory, westward of Lake Michigan.
Indiana. It is finely situated between the east and Pop. %4. Menomonie, is the chjef town or sta«
west forks of the White Water River, which fiUls tion of the county.
into the Miami, a little above its entrance into Brovmfidd, t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 036.
the Ohio. Brownkdm, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio.
Broome, a south frontier county of the state of Brovmmgton, t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 412.
New York, bordering on Snsquehannah county, Brovmsborougk, p.t. Madison Co. Alab.
Pennsylvania, and the S. £. corner borders on Brownsburg, 2 vill^[es in Rockbridge Co. Va.
the Pelaware River. It has some mountain dis- and Washington Co. Ten.
tricts. Pop. 17,582. Bingham pton, on the north Broumgtown, p.v. Wayne Co. Michigan, 16 m.
bank of the Susouehannah, 148 miles W. by S. of S. W. Detroit.
Albany, is the cnief town. Brownstovm, p.t. the seat of justice for Jackson
Broome, is also the name of a township in Scho- Co. Ind. 43 m. N. W. Louisville,
narie county, New York, 53 m. W. of Albany. BroiensviUe, p.t. Jefierson Co. N. Y. on Sack-
Pop. 3,161. ett's Harbour. Pop. 2,938.
Broom Lock, Great and LUde, two lakes or arms BrowntvUle, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 409
of the sea, on the west coast of Scotland, in Ross- Alio the name of 5 other towns in Pa^, N. and S
•hire. They oontain several good harbours, have Carolina, Ken. and Illinois,
long been noted for excellent herrings, and are Broumsmlle, a town of Pennsylvania, in Fay-
esteemed as the best fishing stations on the coast, ette county. The trade to Kentucky renders it a
Ullapool, on the N. £. coast of the Ciieat Loch is flourishing place, and many boats are built here,
a good harbour, and at the head is the town of The vicinity abounds with monuments of Indian
LfMshbroom, the parish of wliich, in 1821, contain- antiquity. It is seated on the Monongahela, at
ed a population of 4,540. the mouth of Redstone Creek, 30 m. S. S. £. of
Broro, a river of Scotland, in Satherlandshire. Pittsburg. Also the name of 3 townships in Pa.
which issues from a lake of the same name, ana and Ohio.
forms seyeral cascades in its course to the town of Bretcetoton, p.v. Frederick Co. Va.
Brora, where it enters the sea. Braceville, p.v. Knox Co. Ind.
Brora, a villa|re of Scotland, on the S. £. coast Bruchml, a town of the duchy of Baden, circle
of Sntherlandshtre, with a small harbour at the of Pfinz and £nz. It has a large salt-work, and
mouth of the Brora, 14 m. N. £. of Dornoch. is seated on the river Satz, 5 m. S. £. of Phillipa-
Brosdey, a town of Shropshire, £ng. it Is sita- burff. Pop. about 6.000.
ate near the Severn, on the west side, in a very Brack, a town of Saxony, 25 m. N. l^ W. of
interesting and important district, abounding in Wittenburg.
coal, iron, and lime. The celebrated iron-works Brack, a town of Austria, on the river Leyta,
of Oolebrooke Dale are in the parish, and inune- 20 m. £. S. £. of Vienna.
diate vicinity of the town, on the banks of the Brack, or Brug, a town of Switzerland, in Ar-
river, over which there is an iron bridge of one gau, witn a college, seated on the river Aar, 22
arch, leading to Madely, on the opposite side, m. S. E. of Basel.
which mav be considered an appendage to the Brack, or Prack, a town of Bavaria, on the
district. It has also an extensive porcelain inanu« river Ammer, 12 m. W. of Munich. Another in
fiieiory, and another of tobacco pipes. The coal the Palatinate, 22 m. N. N. £. of Ratisbon.
of this district contains much kiiumen, and in 1711 Brack, or Praek, a town of Germany in Stiiia,
naphtha was dbcovered issuing from asprin^f of capital of a cirole of its name. It stands on the
water, bnt which has totally disappeared sinoe river Muehr, 24 m. N. N. W. of Gratz, and 82 8
1755. Brosely is 6 m. N. N. W. of Bridf^enorth, W. of Vienna.
and 146 N. Vf. of Lcmdon. Po]^. in 1821, 4,815, Brae, a river in Somersetshire, Eng. which rises
which owine to Hie more extensive inn- works in in Selwood forest, on the borders of Wiltshire,
Glamorgansnire having superseded a piHiion of the and flows through the county, by Bruton and
demand from this district, is rather less than in Glastonbury, into Bridgewater bay.
1800. Madoly and tlw sorrounding district oon» Brag, or Brig, a town of Switzerland, in the
tain a fxiithei popnl«tion of 6,000 to 8,000. Valais, seated on the Rhone, 30 m. £. of Sion.
BratherUm, a village in West Yorkshire, Enir. Brugeo, a city of the Netherlands, in Flandetv.
one mile north of Ferrybridge, where Thomas & It was once a great trading town ; but, in the 16th
Brotherton, son of Edward f. was bom. It has a ocntaxy, the civil wars drovte the trade fixst ta
tndc in lime. Pop. 1 ,736. Antwerp, and then to Amsterdam. The inhabit
Brmutge, a town of France, in the dnpartment ants are estimated at 20,000, bnt it is not poooloni
of Lower Charente. It has the most considembis in preyortion to its extent Its sitmtioB still cam-
salt-works in France, snd stands near ahi^ of the numds sonoe trade, for its hascanals to Ghent^Oi*
sea, 17 m. S. sf RsdislW. tani, Bteys, Nisuport, Fumss, Tpies, and Pm
BRa 132 BRU
kirk. Bruges )ina been oflen taken. It is 14 m. malt, tops of fir and birch, and yarions herbs ; and,
£. of Ostend. with the exception of Leipzig and Frankfort, the
Bntgge, or Bruggen^ a town of Lower Saxony, fain of Brunswick are more numerously attended
in the principality of Hildesheim, on the river than in any other town in Germany, it formerly
Leyne, 13 m. S. W. of Hildesheim. ranked as a free independent city ; and for the
Bruggen, a town of Germany, the duchr of continuance of its freedom it long and strenuous-
Juliers ; seated on the Schwalm, 6 m. N. £. of ly contended ; but towards the close of the 17tb
Ruremonde. century, yielded all its pretensions, and became
BrugenetOj a town of the territory of (}enoa, at the ducal residence in 1764. It is 47 m. W. by
the foot of the Apennines, 35 m. £. S. £. of Ge- N. of Magdeburg, 35 £. by S. of Hanover, aiid
noa. about 110 S. by £. of Hamburs^h, in the lat. of
Bmgviere La^ a town of France, in the depart- 52. 16. N. and 10. 30. of £. long. Pop. about
ment of Tarn, 5 m. S. of Cashes. Pop. about 35,000.
4,000. Brvnstoiekf Tfew, a province of British America,
Bruhl. a town of the Lower Rhine, in the elec- extending from the bay of Fundy south , in the
torate of Colosne, about 7 m. S. of the city of Co- lat. of 45., to the frontier of Lower Canada, in
logne. Pop. lUDout 2,000. the lat. of 43. N., bounded on the west, partly by
BmmaUy a town of Moravia, in the circle of the Schoodic River, and partly by a conventional
Hradisch, at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, line running from the head of tide water in the
on the frontiers of Hungary, 26 m. £. Hradisch. above river, which divides it from the American
Brumment a populous vUlage of Holland, in State of Maine, in the long, of 67. 45. W., to the
Oueldexiand, on the road from Arnheim, to Zut- Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the long, of 64. It is
phen. joined to Nova Scotia, at the south-east comer, by
Brtanpf or Brumeih, a frontier town of France, an isthmus, about 15 miles in breadth, and con-
in the department of the Lower Rhine, 10 m. N. tains an area of about 8,500 square miles, and an
of Strasburg. aggregate population of about 60,000. It is inter-
Brutugf or Pntnecken, a town of the Tyrol, sit- sectea from tne north by the river St. John, which
uate in a fork of two branches of the river Rientz ; falls over a rapid into the bay of Fundy : the
it has medicinal baths in its vicinity, and is about rapid impedes the navigation ror vessels of 100
15 m. £. by N. of Brixen. tons burthen for a hundred miles, and vast quan-
Brumt, or Briim, a town of Moravia, capital of tities of masts and loss of timber are floated down
a circle of the same name, and a bishop's see. It for shipment in the bay, which is spacious and
is defended by a strong fortress, called Spilberg, secure. St. John's, the chief town of the i>ro-
built on an eminence ; and has manufactures of vince, it situate on the east shore of the bay, im-
cloth, velvet, and plush. The Prussians besieged mediately contiguous to the river of the same
it in 1742, but were obliged to ndse the siege. It name. It has several rivers running from W. to
is seated at the confluence of the Zwittau and £. into the ffulf of St. Lawrence, on which side
Schwartz, 33 ra. S. W. of Olmutz. Long. 16. 38. of the provmce are several snacious bays, 8uch
£. lat. 49. 13. N. as Chaleur, Mirimichi, Richibucto, &c., from
Brutmen^ a town of Switzerland, in the canton whence vast quantities of timber are shipped to^
of Schweitz. Here the cantons of Uri, Schweitz, Great Britain annually. A few tribes of native
and Underwalden, formed the alliance which was Indians are scattered over the province. It pos-
the foundation of the republic of Switzerland. It sesses in general a capable sou, but cultivation
is seated on the Waldstiedter See, 2 m. S. W. of has made but little progress ; the inhabitants de-
Schweitz. pending more on the forests and the fishery, in
Brunshuttdy a town of Germany, in Holstein, obtaining a supply of manufiustures and other for-
near the mouth of the £Ibe, 13 m. N. W. of eign productions, than on agriculture. Besides
Gluckstadt. St. Jonn's, the other chief towns are, St. Andrews,
Brunswieky Dudiy off a territory of Germany, on the east bank of the Schoodic, and St. Ann's,
in the south part ofthe circle of Lower Saxony, or, as it is now called, Fredericton, which is the
This territory formed the patrinK>ny of the family seat of the provincial government, about 80 m. up
of Guelph, Welf, or WheljpB, who trace their de- the river St. John.
scent from the marouis of^ £ste, who died about Brunswiekj p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop.
the middle of the 10th century. In 1546, it was 3,747. It is situated on the south side of Andros-
divided by Ernest, the then duke, between his two coggin river, 26 m. N. £. of Portland. The river
sons ; one founding the dukedom of Brunswick has many falls at this place on which are situated
Luneburg, and the other of Brunswick Wolfbn- a number of mills as well as cotton and woolen
buttel; the former will be described under the manufitctories. But what chiefly distinguishes
head of Luneburff and Hanover, and the other the town is £0iodoinCo2^^, which was estfmlisheo
under that of Wolfenbuttel. here in 1806. It has a President and p professors.
Brunswick, the chief town of the states of Brans- Its library contains 12,000 vols, and it has a phi-
wick Wolfenbuttel, is situate in the principality losophical and chemical apparatus and a cabmet
of Wolfenbuttel, on the banks of the river Ocker, of minerals. The college is supported partly by the
which falls into the Aller. It is strongly fortified, income of property bequeathed by James 6ow-
and contains ten Lutheran churches, a cathedral, doin. Governor of Massachusetts, from whom it
dedicated to St. Blasius, one Calvinist, and one derives its name. The number of students is
Catholic church, a college, two academies, a mint, 137. There are 3 vacations, in May, September
opera house, town hall, £c. The ducal palace was and December, of 13 weeks. Commencement is
formerly a monastery. There is a large building in September.
appropriated as a public storehouse for wine. It BruMwick, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. T. Pop.
liBB several manufactories, and claims tlie inven- 2,570. Also the name of 3 towns in yt.,Pa.,and
tion of the spinning wheel ; and is distinguished for Ohio.
its breweries of mufn, made principally from Brunstoidc, a south frontier county of the £
vheattn malt, with a portion tf oat and b«an District of Virginia, bordering on Northampton
BRU 13S BRU
eonntj, North Carolina. The south-west corner Dormg the revolution of 1830, it was the scene
jets upon the Roanoke river. Fop. 15,770. Law- of the most bloody battles between the inhabi-
renceville is the chief town. tants and the Dutch troops. *The 24th, 25th and
Brunswick, a maritime and frontier county at 26th of October were days of perpetual and tern-
the south extremity of North Carolina. It is ble carnage in the streets of the city. The
bounded on the north and east by Cape Fear Riv- Dutch were driven out of Brussels on the 27th
er. It is a swampy and desolate district. Pop. with the loss of 3,000 men.
(>,.523. Smith ville, near the mouth of Cape Fear Brussels has always been eminent as a manu
River, %5 ra. S. by E. of Raleigh, is the chief facturin^ town ; the fabric of lace, which is in
town. It has also a town of the same name about high estimation eveiy where, gives employment
30 miles up the river. to upwards of 10,000 individuals. Its camlets,
Brunswick, a seaport of the state of Geo., chief and still more its carpets, are much admired, and
town of Qlynn county, with a safe harbour, capa- command high prices. It is also celebrated for
ble of containing a numerous fleet of men of war. the manufacture of carriages, which are consider-
It is seated in a fertile country, at the mouth of ed to be superior to those of London and Paris in
Turtle River, in St. Simon Sound, 60 m. S. S. cheapness and elegance. Neither, although in
W. of Savannah, and 10 S. of Darien. Long. 81. an island position, is it without a consider-
0. W. lat. 31. 10. N. able share of commerce, not only with the sur-
Brunifs Iste, an island off the S. E. point of rounding parts, but with foreign countries. It
Van Dieman*s Land, about 30 m. in length, in- owes this great advantage to its numerous canals,
dented by Adventure Bay. by which it communicates with the Scheldt. The
Bruree, a parish in tne county of Limerick, principal of these is that leading to Antwerp,
Ireland. Pop. in 1821, 4,038. A small village of constructed about the year 1560, at an expense of
the same name, within the parish, 16 m. 8 ofLim- £ 170,000 sterling. It is 110 feet above tne leve*
erick, was formerly celebrated as the half yearly of the sea.
rendezvous of the Irish bards ; but avarice and The present flourishing condition of the city
oppression have long since subdued all social in- is also owing to the great influx of foreigners,
tercourse among the native Irish ; and the min- particularly French and English. To the latter
strel has not sounded at Bruree since 1746. it has become peculiarly attractive of late years,
BrussdSf or BruxdUs, one of the chief cities from its contiguitjr to the plain of Waterloo ;
of Belgium, in South Brabant, and formerly the but, before that period, the salubrity and mildness
capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It of its temperature, the cheapness of its economi-
etands on a gentle eminence on the banks of the oal arrangements^ and the tone of its society, had
Senne, a small stream flowing into the Scheldt, made it a favourite place of abode with numbers
Its existence can be traced to a very remote period, of this nation. So early as the time of Cromwell,
and the simplicity of its origin forms a striking it was marked in the annals of England, as beinjg
contrast with its subsequent splendour. Early in the chosen residence of Charles ll., and of his
the seventh century, St. Oery, bishop of dam- brother, afterwards James II., during Uie greater
bray, erected a small chapel in one of the islands part of the period of their exclusion from their
formed by the Senne, and there preached the native country. The interior of the town, of it-
gospel to the surrounding peasantry. The beau- self, oflTers mudh to attract and to retain strangers.
ty of the situation, and the piety and eloquence Its environs are also beautiful by nature, and are
of the preacher, attracted many to the spot ; their rendered still more so by the elegant additions of
anited numbers soon formed a large village, artjraided by refined taste,
which increased so, that in the year 990 it could The city was formerly surrounded by a wall
boast of a market and a castle. In process of and ditch, neither of which now exist : what were
time it became the favourite residence of the the ramparts, are, at present, beautiful walks bor-
dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors dered with trees ; those to the north and east are
who succeeded them, and even acquired the title called boulevards. The lower part of the city,
of " the ornament of the Netherlands." In the adjacent to the river, is irregular, and, from its
vear 1565, it was chosen by the emperor Charles situation, somewhat unhealthy; but in the new
V. as the place in which he made a formal resig- part, which occupies the more elevated portions,
nation of hie dominions to his son, afterwards the streets are spacious and airy, the houses well
Philip II. : the chair in which he sat, on that me- built and lofly. Considerable attention is paid to
morable occasion, is still reli^ously preserved, architectural ornament ; and the custom of paint-
Durfng the wars that raged m Europe in the ing the outside with some lively colour presents
ifeventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and' of an agreeable variety to the eye.
which the Netherlands were the principal theatre, The appearance of the city is much enlivened
Brussels underwent its share of suffering; being by the elegance of its squares ; the principal are
occupied, in turn, by each of the contending the Place Hoyale, the U-reat Market, the Place
powers. In 1695 it was bombarded bv marshu St. Michael, the Com Market, and the Grand Sa-
Villeroy ; when fourteen churches, and upwards blon. Of these, the ^reat market-place is indis-
of 4,00t) houses, were destroyed. Afler the cele- putably the finest : it is an oblong of large dimen-
brated battle of Rami Hies, its keys were surren- sions ; each side is of a different style of architec-
dered to the duke of Marlborough. It was taken ture, yet all combine to form a whole highly
by the French under marshal Saxe in 1746, but pleasing to the view. The town hall, and several
restored to its former master at the peace of Aix- of those of the different trading companies, form
H-Chapelle. During the revolutionary war it three of the sides, and one uniform eaifice on the
again fell into the hands of the French, to whom remaining side completes the parallelogram. St.
it remained subject till the general peace of £u- Michael's square, also, deservedly attracts much
rope in 1814. While under their government, attention : it is, like the former, an extended ob-
it was made the seat of a court of criminal and long ; but it differs from it in having the buildings
si>eciid justice, a chamber and tribunal of com- of uniform architecture, ornamented with pillars
merce, and a court of appeal for five departments, of the Doric order. The centre has been planted
M
BRU m ART
uid laid out M a pkamm ground. Tho fiah mar- lectures are gratnitoiia ; and atipeBda ar» alltwtd
ket, which has iMen but a few years erected, is to a number of pupils whose means are not ade-
one of the neatest in Europe. There is also a quate to defray the moderate ej^naes of their
market for frogs, which are brought alive in paila board.
and cans, and prepared for dressmg on the spot • The principal church is that of St. Gudule,
The hind hmbs, which are the only parts used, erected on an eminence, and adorned with two
are cut from the body with scissors by the women square towers which command a very extensive
who bring the Mnimnla for sale. prospect. It contains no less than sixteen chapels,
The favourite place of recreation for the inha- which are enriched with numerous paintings,
bitants is the Park. It is a large pleasure ground. The windowa are adorned with curious painted
adjoining the palace, laid out with neat taste, glass ; and the pulpit exhibits a beautiful speci-
planted with a variety of fine trees and flowering men of sculpture in wood, both as to design and
shrubs, and diversified with lawns ornamented execution. The monument of John II. duke of
with fountains and statues. Some of these latter Brabant is in the choir : it is of black marble,
are of the purest stvle of sculpture. In the centre with a lion of copper, weighing 6,000 pounds
is a fine basin, stocked with gold and silver fish, couching on it. The archduke Ernest has also a
On each nde of the principal walk is a valley mausoleum here. This church is celebrated in
planted so as to exclude all annoyance from the legendary history for three miraculous hosts,
overpowering rays of the sun. A fountain, in which were stolen by Jews, but were afterwards
one of tl^se, is marked with an inscription, stat- restored. The event is commemorated by an an-
ing that Peter the Great, during his residence nual procession, during which time the church
here, sat down by iu margin to drink a bottle of la decorated with six exquisite pieces of tapestry
wine: another version of the story says, that he explanatory of the event.
fe\\ into it, while strolUng through the park after The cemeteries are detached from the churches,
dinner. Both may be true. being situate outside the boulevards. David, the
One of the approaches to the town also forms a celebrated French painter, b buried in that with-
fikvourite promenade. It is called the AUee Verte, out the gate of Louvain. Among the hospitals,
and is planted with a triple row of trees along the is one for foundlixi^, one for penitent women of
canal ; the prospect of which, with the numerous the town, and a third in which strangers are main-
villas around, and the varying scenes of pleasure tained gratuitously for three days,
and employment that every moment present In the village of Jjackefi, about half a league to
t^naelves, render it singularly beautiful. the north of Brussels, is the splendid palace of
A copious supply of water is secured to the Schoenburg, or Schoonenburg, originallv intend-
itthahitants by a number of fountains, whose ed for the reception of the governor of tne Neth-
elegance of structure adds much to the beauty of erlands. During the reign of Napoleon, it was
the city. One of tiie finest was erected by Lord occasionally his residence, as also that^ of his
Aylesbury, an En^^lish nobleman, as a public ex- brother, the late king of Holland. The interior
pression of his gratitude for an agreeable residence of the palace is laid out m a style of sunerior ma^
of forty years in the town. The water for the nificence. A subterranean grotto, ana aome tem-
supply of these fountains is raised, by machinery, pies connected with it. are uso much admired,
from a lake about half a mile fronrthe city. The inhabitants of Brussels are Catholics, and
The pakoe of the States-general is a mafnifi- speak the French language, but all relijgious te-
cent building, supported on pillars of the Ionic nets are tolerated. The population has mcreased
order. Its entrance leads to a spacious hall, on considerably since 1814 ; and, in the absence of
each side of which is a marble staircase ; one con- correct data, may be estimated at 80,000 to 90,000
ducting to the chamber of peers, the other to the It is 25 miles S. of Antwerp, about the same dis-
chamber of deputies. This latter is in the form tance £. by S. of Ghent, and 148 N. by £. of
of a semicircle, with a very capacious gallery for Paris. Lat. 50. 51. N. long. 4. S2. E.
the people. The town-hall is a noble specmien BruUm, a town in Somersetdiiire, Eng. Here
of the old irregular but highly ornamented Gothic are manufactures of silk and hosiery; a free-
style. So irregular is the bmldinff,that its tower school, founded by Edward VI. *, and a stately
stands at a considerable distance from the centre, alms-house, consisting of the ruins of a prior]r»
The elevation of this part of the edifice is 364 with an income of nearly X 3,000 per annum. It is
feet : it is surmounted with a statue of St. Mi- seated on the river Brue, 13 m. S. E. of Wells
chael with the dragon under his feet, in copper and 100 W. of London. Pop in 1831, 1,858.
gilt, seventeen feet high, which it turns on a Brutus^ a township of Cayuga county. New
pivot, and serves as a vane for showing the direc- York, lymg between the south shore en Lake
tion of the wind. Ontario, and the Erie Canal, 161 m. W. by N.
The Orange Palace, generally called La Vieille of Albany. Pop. 1,827.
Cour, was formerly the residence of the govern- Bruzy a town m the north part of the circle of
on of Belgium } but is now occupied as a muse- Saaz, Bohemia.
um, a pubfic library, a cabinet of natural history, Bruyeres, a town of France, in tho department
and singing and dancing schools. It is also fbr- of Vosges, 11 m. E. N. E. of Epinal. Pop. 1,900.
nished with a valuable, though not large, collec- Brtfauy a small maritime county of the state of
^ tion of Flemish paintings. The library, which Georgia, bounded on the north by the Ogeechee
( contains upwards of 100,000 volumes, was chiefly Riv^r, which divides it from Chatham county;
collected from suppressed convents. Adjoining the Cannouchee River intersects it fit>m the S.
the building is a fine botanic garden, containing W. corner, falling into the Ogeechee about the
more than 4.000 exotics. The philosophical cot- centre of the north side. rop. 8,319. The
lege, which nas been but a few Vf ars in existence, court-house of the county is about 15 miles south
is founded on a liberal scale. The great hall, or of Savannah, and 206 S. £. bj £. of Milledgeville.
amphitheatre, is capable of accommodating 1,200 Bryan^mdgty a village of'^ Ireland, in the par-
persons. Each student has a room furnished at ish of Killaloe, county of Clare, seated on the
the expense of government ; all the courses of Shannon, 8 m. N of Limerick.
BVC 196 W€
Bnaee
Russian
, or Pdena^ Palatinate ef, a diBtrict of Buehotz^ a town of Bxandenbarg, in the middle
..w^ Poland, Ijixig between the rivers Bug on mark, seated on the Dahme, near the froatier of
the west, and Dnieper on the east, intersected by JLusatia, 23 m. S. S. £. of Berlin,
the line of the 52nd decree of N. lat., and also Buekoregt, a strong city of European Turkey,
from W. to E. by the raspice River, with nti- capital of Wallachia, where the hospodar com-
merous collateral branches mllin^ into the Dnie- monly resides. The patriarchal chorch is larflje,
per. These rivers, from a totu absence of all adjoining to the palace of the archbishop , andin
attempt^ to free the obstructions of their currents, a square, near the centre of the town, is the great
tend to make Brzesc a marshy and dreary district, church of St. George, the patron saint of Wal-
which, under social and reciprocal arrangements, lochia. The inhabitants are estimated at 60,000.
might easily be made to rank among Uie most It is seated on the Domboriza, which falls into
fertile in Europe. The Pina, a branch of the the Danube, 25 m. S, S. £. of Tergovist, and
Pmpice, is united by a canal to the Machawiza, 200 N. by W. of Adrianople. Long. 26. 8. £. lat.
a branch of the Bug, falling into the Vistula, 44. 37. N.
thereby uniting the waters of the Black Sea with Buchom, a town of Suabia, seated on the north
those of the Baltic. bank of the lake of Constance, Id m. N. W. of
Brzsse litov, the chief town of the above dis- Lindau.
trict is situate at the confluence of the river Ma« Buckden^ a village in Huntingdonshire, Eng.
chawiza with the Bug, opposite to Therespol. It 5 m. S. W. of Huntingdon, and 61 N. of Lon-
is a considerable place, the see of a Greek bishop, don. Here is a superb palace of the bishops of
and celebrated for its being the chief place for the Lincoln, and sevend of^ the prelates have been
instmetion of Jews destined for rabbinical pur- interred in the church. Pop. 363.
suits, [t is strongly fortified, and has a castle on Buektburg, a town of Westphalia, in the coon-
an eminence about 100 m.E. by S. of Warsaw, and ty of Schauenburg, with a castle, on the river
250 8. £. of Dantsnc. Aa, 3 m. £. S. £. of Minden.
Bnetc, is also the name of another town, capi- Buekengkaimy Old and JVeto, two towns in Nor-
tal of another Palatinate of the same name, lying folk, £ng, 12 m. £. by N. of Thetford, and 93
between the rivers Wartha on the S. W. and VIb- N. £. of^London. Pop. together 1^854.
tula on the N. £. The town, seated near the Buckfastlagky a village m Devonshire, Eng.
Vistula, is about 90 m. W. by N. of Warsaw, and three miles 9. by W. of Ashburton. Here are
150 due S. of Dantzic. some remains of a Cistercian abbey ; and many of
Brzezanyy a town in the S. £. part of Austrian the houses are built with matorialB from its ruins.
Gallicia, seated near a small lake communicating Pop. 2,240.
with the Dneistor River. Pop. about 5,000. Buckjidd, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. L510.
Brze^ and Bna, begin the names of numerouB Buekhead^ p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 33 m. N.
other towns and villages in different parte of Po- Columbia.
•and and Grallicia» but none of them merit any Buckingham, an interior county of £ngland,
particular notice. bounded on the south by the river Thames, which
BrzesnitZy a town o£ Bohemia, in the circle of divides it fit>m Berkshire, east by the counties of
Saatz, on the frontier of the principality of Mies- Middlesex, Hertford, and Bedford^ sou|h by North
sen, with manufactures of lace, fire-arms, and ampton, and west by Oxfordshire. The south
hardware, 24 m. W. N. W. of Saatz. Another, part is intersected by the Ouse River, running
in the north part of the circle of Prachin, 18 m. from west to east into Bedfordshire, working flev-
W. N. W. of^Pisek. eral com and paper mills, but is now navigable
Baa, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the within the county. The Svuel runs from south
coast ofDalmatia,cidled likewise Partrid^ Island, to north into the Ouse, ana the Coin, which di-
because frequented by those birds. It is joined vides the county from that of Middlesex, runs
by a bridge to the town of Traon, about 20 m. W. from north to south into the Thames. The Thame,
8. W. of spalatro. which riees in the centre of the county, runs
Biiarce5, a town of Portugal, in Beinuon the west, falling into the Thames, in Ozfbrdehiie.
sea-coast, at the mouth of the Mondego, 27 m. S. The north part is intersected bv a range of chalk
of Aveira. It suJered greatly by the earthquake hills, and the Grand Junction Canal runs throv^i
which destroyed ibe greater part of Lisbon in the south-east part of the countjr, being oarriid
1759. over the river Ouse, by an aque4fuct three quar-
Bueoari, or Buchari, a seaport of the Austrian ten of a mile in length. The coun^ may be con-
empire ^n the coast of Morlachia, at the head of sidered divided by the chalk hills into two eicten-
the N. £. part of the gulf of Venice, declared by sive plains the south part producing wheat and
the emperor, in 1730, a fi^ee port for commerce beans of superior quality, and the north part ap-
with the £ast Indies ; but the favour might just propriated more to pasture. In addition to its
as well have applied to trading with the moon, for chalk, which is distributed over all ite inland
any advantage that has resulted from the declara- counties, for whitewashing, it has veins of fuller*s
tion. It is 1h m. £. of FHume. Pop. about 3.000. earth and ochre.
Stukanetf the most eastern promontorv of Boot- This county has loxuf been celebrated for ite oom
land, to the east of Peterhead, in Aberdeenshire, and cattle : formerlv fine flocks of sheep were fed
in long. 1. 34. W. lat. 57. 27. N. Near this prom- m the vale of Aylesbury, but the breeding of
ontory are the Bullers of Buchan, and other stu- these useful animals has been for soma time on
pendous rocks and precipices, much admired for the decline. At present this vale feeds oxen for
their awful grandeur. the London market, to which it also sends im-
Buduaia. See Bokharia. mense supplies of butter weekly. There is a
Btfdhau,atown of Suabia, with a nunnery, seat- small proportion of arable land in the northern
ed on a small lake, called Feyder See, 2o m. 8. division of the county ; and not much in imy
W. of Ulm. other part, except the Chiltem districte, which
Buehau, a town of Bohemia, in the cirde of are usually cultivated with wheat, barleVf oate,
SaaU^aam. S. W. of Saatz. beans, and Mtinfoin. In the neighbouihood of
BUD Ida BU£
AjleBbury, duclu are reazed very early in the between the Torka and the Christian powers of
apring, and sometimea at Christmas, which being Europe ; when, in 1686, it surrendered to the lat-
aent to London, sell at high price. The only ter, who streuj^hened the fortifications, and by
manufactures of consequence in this county are whom it has since been retained without inier-
those of bonelace and paper. The former is car- ruption. It suffered greatly by fire in 1810, when
ried on at Olney, Newport-Pagnell, and Han- 600 houses were destroyed ; but their places have
slope, and the latter principally in the neighbour- since been supplied witn imoroved buildings. It
hood of Wycomb. At Amersham there is a is about 130 m. E. S. E. or Vienna, and 180 N.
manufacture of sacking and of white cotton goods; N. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 5. E. lat. 47. 30. N.
and at Marlow are some large works of copper, BudanUza^ a town at the north-west end of
brass, and brass- wire ; and miUs for making thim- Sclayonia, near the south bank of the Drave, 23
bles and pressing rape and linseed. This county m. S. W. of Funfkirchen.
is adorned with several magnificent seats, and in BudUchj a town of (Germany, in the territory
various parts Roman rcKids and military stations of Treves ; seated on the Traen, 12 m E. N. E. of
are traced, and Roman antiquities have been Treves.
occasionally discovered. The principal towns BiuimcA, or £uncA, a town of Germany, in the
are Aylesbury, Buckingham, Marlow; and of duchy of Cleves ; seatedon the Rhine, 22 m. S.E.
a secondary class, Amershaim, Wycomb, and of Cleves, and 4 S. E. of Wesel.
Wendover ; each of which returns two members Budiuj a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Ra-
te parliament, in addition to two for the counter. konitz, with a castle, 9 m. S. by W. of Leut-
buekinghamf a borough, and one of the prin- meritz.
cipal towns in the preceding county, is situate Budingen^ a town of Germany, in Wettera^ia,
on the north bank of the Quae, by which it is with a castle ; situate on the Sambach, 25 m. E.
nearly surrounded^ and over which there are N. E. of Frankfort, on the Mune.
t]^ree bridges. It is a place of considerable an- BimUazs, a town of Sclavonia, 18 m. S. W. of
tiquity , having been fortified by Edward the Elder E ssey .
in 918, against the incursions of the Danes. It Budoay a strong seaport of Dalmatia, and a
had formerly a castle in the centre of the town, bishop's see. It sustained a siese by the Turks,
on the site of which, towards the close of the last in 16o6, and is 30 miles S. E. of Ragusa. Long,
eentury, an elegant new church was erected. Tb« 18. 58. £. lat. 42. 10. N.
summerassizes for the county are held here. The Budrio.h town of Italy, in the Bolognese, 8
town hall is a spacious edifice of brick. A great m. E. of Bologna.
number of calves are fattened, and large quantities Budtodsy a fortified town of Bohemia in the
of better made for the London market in this part circle of Bechin, and lately a bishop's see. In the
of the county : lace is also made here. Market environs ti^re mines of gold and silver. It is seat-
on Saturday. Pop. in 1821, including four ad- ed on the Muldau, 75 m. S.by W. of Prague,
joining hamlets, 3,465. 16 m. north of Aylesbury, BudwetSy a town of Moravia in the circle of
26 N. E. of Oxford, 23 S. W. of Northampton, Znaim, 40 m. S. W. of Bunn, and 65 N. N. W.
and 55 N. of London. of Vienna.
£uc&»R^Aam, an interior county in the E. district Buenos Ayres. Under this head it has been
of Virginia, forming nearly a square, the west usual to include a vast portion of the southern
and north sides of which are bounded by James divisions of the western hemisphere, extending
River. Pop. 18,351. The court-house, in the firom the 13th to the 41st de^. or south lat. com-
centre of the county is 64 m. W. of Richmond, prising an area of aJx>ut 1,450,000 square miles;
Also the name of three towns in Pa. constituted a vice-royalty of Spain m 1778, but
Budan^hamshirey a county of Lower Canada, from the ])eriod of July, 1806, to Julv, 1821, it
m the district of Trois Rivieres, on tlie south continued in perpetual revolution ; when at the
bank of the St. Lawrence. latter period it was constituted an independent
BiuMandj p.t Franklin Co. Mass. 105 m. W. republic by the title of the United Provmces'of
N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,039. South America, under which head its aggre^rate
Bucks, a frontiei* county in the E. district o£ and general features will be found exhibited,
the state of Pennsylvania, bounded on the north- ^ Buenos Ayres, one of the eight united provinces
east and south-east by the Delaware River, which of South America, is the most easterly division
divides it fit>m New Jersey , and on the south-west of the republic, being bounded on the east fit>m the
by Montgomery county, the south-west comer 26th to tne 34th deg. of south lat. by the Brazilian
jetting upon Philadelphia. Population, 45,740. territory, and from the 34th to the frontier of Pata-
Brist^, the chief town, in the south-east part of fonia, in the lat. of 41 south by the Atlantic Ocean ;
the county, on the bank of the Delaware, is 142 divided into two parts north and south by the great
m. E. of Uarrisburg, and 18 N. E. of Philadel- river La Plata, which fells into the Atlantic Ocean,
phia. between the fats, of 35. and 37. The north part
Bueksport, p.t. Hancock Co. Me. on the E. bank of this province is intersected from north to soutii
of the Penobscot, 17 m. above Castine. It is a by the great rivers Parana and Uruguay, the
maritime town and has a considerable trade. Pop. united waters of which form the La Plata. This
2,237. part is bounded on the west by a conventional
Buda, or Ofen, the caiutal of Lower Hungary, line, which divides it frt>m the province of Cor-
situate en the side of a bill, on the west side of dova, firom 50 to 120 m. W. of Parana River,
the Danube,^ over which is a bridge of boats to The greater portion of this division of the province
Pest. The inhabitants are estimated at 25,000. is exceedingly fertile, and the congeniality of its
The churches and public buildings are handsome, climate worthy of the title which it has conferred
In the adjacent country are vineyards, which pro upon the country. It contains several considera-
duce excellent wine. Prior to 1526, when it sur- bie towns, the most important of which are Cor-
rendered to the Turks, it was tlie residence of the rientes in the north, on the east bank of the
kings of Hungary. From that period, for 160 Parana : Santa Fe, south, on the west bank of
yeara, it was an object of jealousy and contention ditto ; and Monte Video on the north bank of the
BUS w Bim
La Plata towards its entnne« into the aea. On Mveral eonTents, and otiier similiar inatitntuinfl.
the east bank of the tJniff oay there are nnmeroue The public edinoes are all built of stone of a
settlements founded by tiie Jesuits. The south whitish colour, and produce an unposing effi»ct.
part of this proYince ie abo divided by a conven- Its commercial interoourse now extends to all
tioaal line &om Cordova, and south by the Rio parts of the world, and its export productions of
Negro, which separates it from Patagonia, and is nides and tallow, in addition to the silver and gold
intersected from north-west to south-east, between from the mines of Potosi, ^. enable it to com-
the late, of ^. and 40. by the Colorado River, and mand an abundant supply of all the manufac-
in the lat of 36. by the Saladillo, which falls into tared productions of Europe and Asia, as well as
the La Plata. This part of the province is very of every other commodity, from every quarter of
little known, but ia celebrated as containing the the globe. The population, which at the com-
chief town and seat of government of the eight menoement of the present century was estimated
united provisoes. at about 40,000, in 1835, was supposed to amount
Buawt Aym^ city of. is seated on the aouth to 70,000.
bank of the La Plate, about 180 miles from its Bufalo, p.t. Erie Co. N. T. on Lake Erie, near
mouth, in the lat of 34. 35. S. and 66. 34. of W. its outlet. This is a port of entry with a ffood
long, opposite to ^ere the Um^piay forms its harbour, furnished at the entrance with a hght-
junetion with the Parana. This city u joatly es- house. It is the great emporium of the lake com-
teemed as the finest country and as containing merceand the point at which the great eanalfrom
the most active and intelligent population of aO Albany joins the waters of the lue. The town
South America. It was founded by Mendoza, in occupies a pleasant spot on a gentle aecUvity , and
IQ35, but afterwards abandoned; and in 1544, consists pnncipally of one longstreet with many
another colony of the Spaniards came here, who handsome and commodious buudinn. It is a ve--
left it also ; but it was rebuilt in 1582, snd inhab- ry flourishing place and increases nst from year
ited by Spaniards and the native Americans, to year. The harbour is frequented by great uum*
been restrained bv a rigorous monopoly, when in Bttgj a river of Poland, rifling near Leopol or
1746 the annual fleet of the monopolists saUed for Limberg, running north, dividmg Austrian Qnl-
the last time to Cadiz, the intercourse being licia from Russian Poland, to Brzese, (wkieh see.)
thrown open to the whole of Spain. In 1774, the It then takes a westerly course, between Gallicia
freedom of its intercourse waa extended to the and Prussian Poland, falling into the Vistula a few
greater part of the ports of the other Spanish miles below Warsaw,
governments in Amenca; and in 1778, when the Bugles Bay. See Bani.
prormces of Buenos Ayres, which had previously Bt^ta, or Bujeiny a seaport of Algiers, in the
been under the government of Peru, were consti- province of Constantina, at the month of the Ma-
tuded a separate vicerojralty, and. the city of jor, on a bay of the Mediterranean. It has a
Buenos Ayres made the seat or the viceroy, it grad- strong castle , b ut Sir Edward Sprague destroyed
ually increased in extent, population, and import- several Algerine men of war under its walls in
ance, during the remainder of the last century ; 1671. The haibour is safer' and more capacious
about which period the imperial French ffovero- than that of Algiers, but its entrance is equally
ment under Napoleon sent emissaries for the pur- dangerous. The principal trade is in instruments
pose of rendering it subservient to the views and of agriculture, made of iron, obtained from moun-
policy of France, which tended materially to re- tains near the town. It is 90 mike £. of Algiers,
tard Its commerce and career, on which alone the Long. 5. 28. E. lat. 36. 49. N.
prosperity of the city depended. To oounteraet BxigUf a town of Egypt, situate on the west
this influence, the Einglisn, in 1806^nt an expe- ^ore of the Red Sea, almost opposite to Ziden.
dition from the Cape of Good Hope a^nst the port town of Mecca, and about 110 m. W. or
Buenos Ayres, which they took by surprise m the it Long. 36. 6. E. fait. 22. 16. N. *
month of Mav of that year, but the whole force Bwiiky or BuaU,^ town of Wales, in Brecknock-
were comDelied to surrender at discretion, after shire. Here was an ancient castle, whose keep,
a few weeks, to a body a militia under the com- its last remains, was burnt down in 1690. In this
mand of Qeneral LinierSs a partisan of the French neighbourhood the Welsh made their last stand
government. In June of the following vear^uc- for independenee, and were defi»ated by Edward
cessive reinforcements having arriveafrom Eng- I. in 1283. Builth has a manufrusture of stockings,
laud, a renewed attack was made upon the city It is seated on the Wye, over which is a bri£re
with a force of 10,000 men under the command of into Radnorshire, 13 m. N. of Breeknock, and 173
General Wfaitelocke, but the inhabitants, animated W. by N. of London; Pop. 946.
b^ Liniers to the most determined resistance, and Buu^ a town of France, in the department of
aided by tiie militia, converted every house into Drome, 40 m. E. of Orange, and 65 S. S. E. of
a fortress, from which they assailed the English Valence.
troops at all points with such disastrous cfiect, as Bmtrago^ a fortified town of Spain, in New
to compel the whole force to surrender prisoners- Castile, on the fh>ntier of Segovia, celebrated for
of-war. From this period, up to July, 1816, the the wool collected in its environs. It is seated on
c ty became the theatre of internal dissensions, the Lozoya,40 m. N. of Madrid,
when a declaration of independence was agreecf Bukkaria Great. &^ Bokhara.
upon, and it has since then remained compara- Bukharia Idttle. See Caehgur.
tively tranquil, and been progressively recover- BukewnUf a district in the nortb-west part of
ing from the disasters of the preceding fifteen or the province of Moldavia, bordering on GalHcia
twenty years. The buildings of Buenos Ayres comprising about 4,000 square miles, and 160,000
axe stately and uniform, and the streets regu- inhabitants of various nations, among whom arc
lar. Among the public buildings are a stately about 2,000 gypsies. It is nominally under the^do
cathedral, and two or three ahurohes, town hall, minion of Austria.
18 k2
BmUe, B town of Egypt, on the Nile, twomilM
weit oT Gsiro, <uid Iha port of th&t city. On the
north dde of it ig the Caliach, whoM banks are
cut every year, to convey the vralen of ths Nile,
by a cuul, to Cairo.
• Btdan, or Booiam, an iiland on the we«t coaat
ofA&ica, at tiie mouth of the Rio Grande. The
(Oil if good ; and a nettlemeDt of tree blacki m*
fotmed here in 1793, but abandoned tha rollowuur
year. Long. H. 30, W. lat.ll. 0. N.
Bulgaria, a province of European Turkey,
bounded on the north by the Dannbe, nhich u-
videsitfrom Wallachinuicl Bessarabia, east by the
Black sea, loath by Romanis and Macedonia, and
weat bj Servia. It ia monntainona, but fertile
in the intervening valleys. Sofi, or 8o;Jiia, on
the frontier of Romania, 380 m. N. N. E. of Con-
stantinople, is the oapital.
BMttt, a oonn^ of Kentneky, the west end of
which borders upon' the Ohio River. Pop. 5,660.
Shepherdfville, 69 m. W. 8 W. of Frankfort, ii
the chief town.
AiUaei, an interior oovnty of Georgia, lying be-
tween the Ctnnouohe and Great Ogecbee Riven.
Pop. 2,586. Stalesborongh, in the eentte of the
county, 35 m. N. W. of Savannah, is the chief
SMilftm, a township in E>yette Co. Pa.
BtdUmmi, p.*. Uwit Co. Va.
ihiiu»M, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
on the cHt aide of Loch Etive, at the inSui of
men and were unable to make the least use ol
their advantage. . To perpetnite the memory of
■r Awe.
Hep
■ E, N. H.
able salmon Gihery, and a bay
anchorage in any wind. It ia 11
of Oban.
BuHcomi, a large connty at the western eitrem-
Kof North Carolina, bounded on the north by
nneieee, and south by South Carolina. Pop.
16,259. Aahville, inthe centre of the county, 273
m. W. by S. of Raleigh, is the chief town.
Bunddetind or fiwuUa, a cicar of Hindoostan,
lying south of the Oangea, in the province of Al-
lahabad, inhabited by a tribe of Rajpoots. It ia
a mountainous tract, and oontuns the celebrated
diamond mines of Paunah, with sonie strong fort-
resses. Chatterpoaristhe capital. Itwasannei-
ed to Benares in 18M.
BitKgay, a town in Suffolk, Eag. seated on the
Wavenay, which is navigable hence lo Yarmouth.
It has two churcbes, and the ruins of a nunnery
aadacastle. It i«36m. N. by E.of Ipswich,and
lOeN. E.ofLondon. Pop. 3^.
.Adw, a kingdom of Japan, ' in the island of
JC mo. The king <d this connlry was converted
'j> Christianit}', and sent a solemn embaiiy to the
v>pe in I5S3. The capital is Fumay. Long. 139.
). E. Ut. 33. 40. W.
Adbib, a mountain of Greece, between Janna
ind Livadia, extending to the gulfofZeiton. The
ina'.ent name was (£la ; and it is faninui for the
3BSS of Tbermnpylai, f so called from the hot baths
>n he neighbourhood) wlicre Leonidu, and his
WO Spartans, resisted for three days the whole
unkar HiU, a steep height occupying the cen-
'.re of the peninsula open which stands the town
ii' Charlestown, Massachusetts. The loiithern
■I remity offers a less abrupt eminence detached
ram the main height, and properly called Orcrd's
II U. Here was ftugbt on the 17lh of June 1775
the celebnted battle known as the Battle of Bunk-
r HUl. General Warreu fell in the action, and
the Americans finally retreated from the snot, but
the British suSered the loss of nearly half their
New England and the reterans of Brit-
ain, a nool* monument has been commenced on
the spot, and la now aboat one third finished. It
is a plain obeliak ef granite, and will be 220 &et
Bimtingfyrd, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 31
m.N. by E. of London. Pop. 907.
BuntaaU, a town of Hindoostan, in Canai*,
which has a great inland trade ; aitnate near the
Netiawari, 10 m. E. of Hangalore.
Buatzlini, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Jauer. It has a mauubeture of brown pottery
with sold and silver flowers; and is aealed on
the Kiher, 33 m. W. by N. of Ligniti. Pop
circle in the north part of Bohemia,
between Iientmeriti and Konigmgrati, bounded
on the north by Lnsatia, and south by the Elbe,
which divides it Irom Kaonem. It contains
about 1 ,850 square miles, and 380,000 inhabitant*.
The Iser intcrseeti it from N. to S. falling into
the Elbe.
Bimti^, Jit, a town of Bohemia, sealed on the
Elbe, 16 m. S. S. W. of Jung Bnntilau.
SanUlsii, Jung, a town of^Bohcmia, capital of
the circle of Buntilaa. It was a royal town un-
der Rodolphus II , and ia sealed on the Iser, 28 m.
N. N. E. of Prague.
Burtgrag, a mer of the kinnlom of Fez, which
cntf n UiB Atlantic Ocean, at Bailee.
Burdteait, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district in Bengal, seated on the north bank of tha
Dummooda, 57 m. N. W. of Calcutta.
flureUo.or Citala.BicriUa, a town of Naples, in
Abruizo Citeriore, 20 m. B. of Lanciano.
itkmi, a town of Holland, in Gnelderland, with
* fortified castle, 22 m. W. of Nimeguen. Pop.
3,500,
Bitrm, or Biurtn, a town of Westphalia, ii
Barfori, a town In Oxfordshire, Eng, Heie
are manufactures of saddles, dusaels, and ruga.
It is seated on the Windrush, 17 m. W. by N. of
Oiforf.andTSro.W. of London. Pop. 1,686.
BuTg, a town of Holland, inthe connty of Zut-
phen, seated on the Old Yssel, 18 m. E. by N. of
.liineguen,
Bvrg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
cf Ma|deburg, on die Riferlhle, I2m.N.N.E.
ofMagdebun. Fop. about 7,000.
Burg, ar Borg, a town of Westplialia, in the
BUR 190 mm
dachj «f Betgf with mannfaeturM of gmt barrels bounded on tho west by the Bine Ridge of the
and woolen stuift ; seated on the Wipper, 18 m. Alleffhany mountains, which divides it from Bun
S. E. of Dusseldoif. comb. The Great Catawba River rises from
Burgasy a town of European Turkey, in Roma- about twenty sources, at the foot of the mountains,
nia, 50 m. W. of the coast of the Black Sea, and within this county. Pop. 17,727. Morgantown,
116 N. N. W. of Constantinople. 205 m. W. of Raleigh, is tlie chief town.
Burgeuy a town of Suabia, with a castle which Bicr&e, a frontier county in Georgia, bounded
fives name to a marquisate, ceded to Bavaria in on the N. E. by the Savannah River, which di-
805, and now forming part of the circle of the vides it fW>m South Carolina. It is bounded on
Bwrgdmft a town of Switzerland, in the canton is the chief town.
of Bern, with a castle, seated on ai\ eminence, on Bwrkt^ p.t Caledonia Co. Vt. 86 m. N. E
the river Emmen, 8 m. N. E. of Bern. Montpelier. Pop. 866. ^
Bwgdorff a town of Lower Saxony, in Lune- Burken, a town of Germany, m tlie territory of
burff, with a castle, on the river Awe, 15 m. S. of Mentz, 27 ra. E. of Heidelberg,
^fl. Burkkauaen, a town of Bavaria, with an old
Burghj a village in Cumberland, Eng. 5 miles fortified castle on a mountain. It is the seat of a
W. N. W. of Carlisle. Near it is a column, erect- regency, and stands on the river Salza, near its
ed to denote the spot where Edward I. died, when confluence with the Inn, 97 m. N. N. W. of
preparing for an expedition against Scotland. Salzburg.
Burghavn. a town of Germany, in the princi- Bwriington, a town of England. See Brid-
palitv of Fulda, on the river Haun, 8 m. N. N. E. Ungton.
of Iiilda. Burlin^Um, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on Lake
Bwrghauseny properiy BtarkkaMsaif (which see.) Champlam, is a beautiful town situated at the
BwrgUngaMy a town of Bavaria, in the princi- bottom of a small bay. It has considerable com-
patity of Neuburg, seated on the river Nab, 16 m. merce and manufactures and a population of
N. Vr. of Ratisbon. 3,526. Here is the University of Vermont, which
BuTgoSf a city of Spain, capital of Old Castile, has a President and 4 Professors and Tutors,
and an archbishop's see. It has an antique castle, The library however is small. The number of
once the abode of the kings of Castile ; and the students is 36. There are 2 vacations in January
cathedral is one of the most magnificent Gothic and August of 12 weeks. Commencement is in
ftbrics in Europe. The squares, public buildings, August.
and fountains, are fine, in 1812 the allied army, BvrUngian^.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N.
under Wellington, entered Burgos, afler the bat- W. Boston. Pop. 486.
tie of Salamanca, and besieged the castle near Burlington^ p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Poj>. 1,301.
three months, during; which they made several at- Burlington, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 6o m. W.
tempts to carry it by assault, out in vain ; and Albany. Pop. 2,459.
the allies were ultimately obliged to raise the Burlington, a county of New Jersey, the S. E.
siege and retire into Portugal, but it surrendered point of which jets upon the Atlantic Ocean, at
the following year without resistance. It is seat little Ere Haroour. and the N. W. end is
ed partly on a mountain, and partly on the river boundea oy the Delaware River. Pop. 31 ,0(i(>.
Aranzon, 95 m. E. by S. of Leon, and 117 N. of Chief town Mount Holly.
Madrid. Pop. about 9,000. Burlington, cilV, in the Co. of the same name,
BurgUj or Berdoa, a territory of Zaliara, in the N. J. stands on the Delaware opposite Bristol, 20
desert of Libya, to the south of Augtla and east m. above Philad. It is handTsomely situated,
ofFezzan. The capital is of the same name, 250 mostly on an island communicating with tJie
m. S. S. W. of Augila, and 430 E. S. E.of Mour- main land by several bridges and causeways,
xook. Long. 81. 40. E. Ut.26. 10. N. There are 8 other towns of this name in Pa.,
Burgundy., or Bourgogne, a late province of Ohio, Ind., and Ken.
France, 112 miles long, and 75 broad; bounded Burnkam, tL town in Norfolk, Eng. It stands
on the east by Franche Comte, west by Bour- near tlie sea, on the river Bum, in which is a
bonnois and jiivemois, soutli by Lyonois, and small harbour. Around it are five villages of the
norUi by Champagne. It is fertile in com, fruits, same name, with an addition ; and that of Burn-
and excellent wines, and is now formed into the ham Thorp is the birthplace of the celebrated ad-
three departments or Cote d'Or, Saone and Loire, miral lord Nelson, whose father was the rector,
bnd Tonne. Burnham is 20 m. N. W. of Norwich, and 1 17 N.
Byrhampour, a town of Hindoostan, capital rf E. of Ijondon.
Candeish, and, at one period, of the deccan also. Burnham, a town in Essex, Eng. at the mouth
It has a ^at trade in fine cotton for veils, sliawls, of tlie river Crouch, which is' here called Buni-
ftc In the war with the Mahrattas in 1803 it ham Water. The Walfleet and Burnham oysters
surrendered to the British. It is situate in a de- are the product of the creeks and piu of this
Ughtful country, on the river Tapty, 225 m. E. river. Burnham is 11 m. S.E. of Maiden. Pop.
by N. of Surat. Long. 76. 19. E. lat. 21 . 25. N. 1 ,371 .
Bwiano, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese, Burning Springt, the name ffiTen to eertatn
near the lake Casligleno, 10 m. S. S. E. of Massa. springs in the western part of Uie State of New
Buriek. See Bwleridt. York, chiefly in the towns of Bristol, Middlese.t
Burka, a fortified seaport of Arabia, on tlie east and Canandaigua. They emit pm which may be
eoast, in the province of Oman, 45 m. W. N. W. set on fire. At Bristol the gas rises from the defU
of Mascat. of the slate rocks on the marjgin of a brook, and
Bicrios, one of the Philipoine islands lymg with- here it bums continually with a steady flame
in the S. E. promontory of Luzon. Where it rises through the water it is formed into
Badfcs, a wwCen county of North Carolina, bubbles and flashM whan tlM iama is applM
90IL 140
In Mddkmx the vfiangB lie tAoug a tmet about a BmrmLf or Pnuo. a. city of Aitatie Turicej, in
mile in leagth, partly ct the bolUm of a TaUmr. Natolia, boih by Praaiiia, kin^ of Bythmia. It
Tbe gas ariees from the aammite of little hiBecu was the capital of the Ottoman emptie, befoie the
of a dark bitamiiioua moiild, aad borne with a taking of Gonstaniinople ; and it now oontaina
steady flame. In winter when these hillockB are about BOflOO inhabitants. It stands upon several
covered with snow, openings are made through little hills, at the bottom of Mount Oljrrapus, and
it, and the gas when set on nre, bums in contact cm the ed^ of a fine plain full of fruit-trees. So
with the snow. Sometimes tahe^ of ice are form- many spnngs proceed from the mount^ that eve-
ed about the currents of gas, and rise to the height ry house has its own fountain : and at its foot are
of several feet ; when several of these are lighted splendid hot-baths. The mosques are elegant, as
at once in a still evening, the illumintftion produc- are the caravanseras. The Elezestine b a large
es a most brilliant effoct There is another buxning structure fiill of warehouses and shops, containing
sprinff ui^on Niagara river about half a mile above all the commodities of the east, besides their own -
tne fidls, and wiUiin a few feet of the rapids , the manidactnres in silk. Here are the best woifc-
water is charged with sulphuretted hjrdrogen gas. men in all Turkev, who are excellent imitatees
In the 80uu-«a8t part of Lake Erie, about 20 of the tapestry of Italy and France. None but
rods from the shore, is a burning spring rising from musselmen are permitted to dwell in the city -,
the bottom of the lake. The water is here 4 or 5 but the suburbs, which are much finer, and better
feet deep, and the stream firom the spring is thrown peopled, are filled with Jews, Armenians, and
to the surface with considerable force When a Greeks. Bursa is seated on the banks of the Nil-
brand is applied to the water it bursts into a flame, ifur, which falls into the sea of Marmora, 68 m.
if drank, it proves a powerful emetic. 8. by £. of Consteiitinople. Long. S9. 12. E. tat
BurmUy^ a town in the parish of Whalley, 40. 12. N.
Lancashire^ Eng. situate at tne foot of the range Bwnidimy a village in Hampahire, Eng. five
of hills whieh cGvide Lancashire from Torkahire, miles E. S. E. of Southampton. It stands on the
In the centre of a very populous district, exten- Hamble, three miles from its mouth, and several
sively occupied in the cotton manufacture, aoMi ships have been bolt here for the navy. Pop. 473.
abounding m coal; immediately conti|^ous to mtnUmy a town in Staffordshire, Eng. Till
Burnley Uiere are eight extensive c<^lenes, about towards the close of the last oentniy, it was an in-
30 extensive cotton mills and manufactories, four considerable nlace, but beinff interseoted by the
calico printers, five or six machine makers, dtoe. Trent and Memey CSanal, it nas become one of
Ac. Tiie Leeds and Liveroool Canal nearly en- tl»e ^ineipal centres of the potterr, porcelain,
circles the town, which in 1801 contained a pop- eaithenwave and several other manuiactures. The
ulation of onlv 3,305, but in 1821, 6^4 ; 24 mUes mmvlation, which in 1801 was 6/78, in 1821 war
due north of Manchester, and 15 W. of Halifax. 9,d99. It is three miles north of Newcastle-under-
BuTfU Island^ an island near the sooth coast Line, and 151 N. by W. of London,
of Newfoundland, 15 m. £. S. £. of Cape Ray. Bioton-t^oii-TVmt, a town in Staffordahire,
Long. 58. 50. W. Ut. 47. 30. N. Eng. It has the remains of a large abbey ; and
Burnt Islands^ a cluster ol islands m the Indian ie seated on the west bank of the Trent, which
Ocean, W. N. W. fiom Goa. Long. 73. 30. £. lat. here divides the counties of Staflbrd and Deit»y ;
16. 0. N. there is an old bridge of36 asohes over the river,
BurwMand, a borouffh of Scotland, in Fifb- and on its banks are two extensive com mills, one
ahire, on the frith of f^rth, with an excellent cotton mill, and six extensive breweries, the prod-
harbour, and a trade in ship-building. It is seated uce of which is distributed, and justly esteemed,
at the mot of lofty hills, 9 m. north of Leith. over every part of the world. Tnere are also six
Pop. 2,136. or eight emplojrers in the nwnufiietnre of hats ;
BurrampoolerfMegntky or BrakamapootrafjLTiYM the cotton spinning, at the commencement of the
of Asia, which rises in the mountains of Thibet, present oentury, was more extensive, and, in con-
near the head of the Ganges, in the lat of 34. N. se<}nenoe of its transfer to Lancaahire, the popu-
and of 80. of E. long. These two rivers, issuing lation of the town, wMch in 1801 was 4,459, in
from opposite sides of the same ridge of mountains. 1821, was only 4,114, four eootiguons hamletseon-
direct ttieir course toward opposite quarters, till taining 2^586 inhabitants more. It is 12 m. £. of
they are more than 700 miles asunder ; and after- Litchfield, 12 W. of Derby, and 123 W. of Lon-
wards meet in one point near the sea, each hav- don.
ing performed a winding course of about 1,400 \* There are about 36 other towns and villages
mues. From its source, the Burrampooter pro- named Burton, or to which it is prefixed, in &f-
ceeds S. E. through Thibet, where it is named San- ferent parts of England, but all of them are in-
poo, or Zancin ; that is, tie River : after washing considerable.
the border of the territory of Lassa, it proceeds S. Bnnodb, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, on
£. bejrond the 95th degree of E. long, to within the border of Orissa, 256 m. W. by N. of Cal-
220 miles of Tunan, the western-most province of cutta,
China : it then turns auddenly to the west, and Bury, a town in Lancaehire, Eng. extensively
passing through Assam, assumes the name of Bur^ engaged both in the cotton and woolen manufte-
rampooter. It enters Bengal on theN.E., makes ture, in all the branches of spinning, weaving,
a circuit round the western point of the Garrow scouring, fulling, dressing, bleaching, printing,
Mountains, and then, altering its course to south, &c. in all the various branches of which there
meets the Gauges about 40 m. from the sea, in are nearly 100 establishments, some of them very
the lat. of 22.40. N. During the last 60 miles be- extensive. There are also iron fonnderies, ma-
fore its junction with the Ga^es, it forms a stream chine makers, and six or eight employers in the
which « wfpaiuly ficom four to ^^ miles wide, manufacture of hats ; it communicates with the
BumUMfUU, p.t. Providenee Co. R. I. in the Leeds and Liverpool canal by a collateiml cut cal-
N. W. eanxer of^ the state. Pop. 2,106. led the B«y Extension. It is seated on the bank
jDnrten,!. JSlsaflbid Co. N. H. Pep. 395. Also of the Irwell, 9 m. N. of Maneheater. Pop. a
^«Ea.iaUNH||a4O9.Ohi0. JMU, I0|fi8S, being MU »» than in 1810,
BUT 141 BITX
and the totel population of Um pari^, whkli in- Buder, a oountj in Alabama. Pop. 5,634
eludes hamlets, m 1821, was 34«d81. Greenville is the capital. Also the name of S
Btiry, St. Edmund, a borough in Suffolk, £ng. towns in Pa. and Ohio.
Tt took its name from St Edmund the king, who ' Buder, the name of 2 towns in Ohio,
was buried here ; and to his honour an abbey was ButrintOf a sewort of £^ropean Turkey, in
founded, of which some noble ruins remain. Albania, and a bisnop's see ; seated on the canal
Here are two parish churches, which stapd in of Corfu, at the entrance of the gulf of Venice,
one church-yard ', in St. Mary's lies Marv, queen 30 m. S. of Chimera. Long. 19. 9. E. lat. 36. 49. N.
of France, who was married to Charles Brandon, BuUemmtSf p.t Otsego Co. N.T. 94 m. W.
duke of Suffolk. At this town the barons met Albany. Pop. 3,991.
and entered into a league against king John. BuUennere, a lake in Cumberland^ Eng. eight
Henry VI. called a parliament here in 14w, when miles 8. W. of Keswick. It is two miles long, and
Humphrey, duke or Gloucester, was imprisoned, nearly half a mile broad. On the west side it is
and here he died, as supposed, by poison. The terminated by a mountain, called, from its fer-
assizes for the .county are held here; and it has ruginous colour, the Red rike; a strip of culti-
a free-school founded by Edward VI. The num- vated ground adorns the east shore ; at the north
ber of inhabitants inlSll was 7,966; and in 1821, end is the yilla^ of Buttermere and a group of
9,999, and most of them were returned as employ- houses, called Gatesgarth, is seated on tne south
ed in trade and manufactures. It is seated on extremity, under an amphitheatre of mountain-
the Larke, a branch of the Onse, 25 m. N. W. of ous rocks. Here Honister Crag is seen rising to
Ipswich, and 71 N. N. E. of London. a yast height, flanked by two conical mountains,
BuryenSf St. a village in Cornwall, Eng. 5 m. Fleetwith on the east, and Scarf on the west side.
W. S. W. of Penzance. It was once of great Numerous mountain torrents create iieyer-&iling
note, and had a college founded by kin^ Auels- cataracts that thunder and foam down the rocks,
tan. The church is spacious, and contains many and form the lake below. This lake is called the
curious relics of antiquity. In its neighbourhood Upper Lake; and, near a mile from it, to the
are 19 large stones standing in a circle, 13 feet north-east is the Lower Lake, called also Cro-
from each other, and in the centre is one much mack-water. The river Cocker flows through
larger than the rest. Pop. 1,188. both these lakes to Cockermouth.
Busheir, or BitfAire, a town of Persia, in Far- Buttenoortk, an appendage to the town of Roch-
sistan, surrounded by a wall, with a few bastions, dale, in Lancastershire, Eng. Pop. 5,554. See
The English East India Company had formerly Bockdals.
a fkctory here. The trade wiu ^raz, by oara* Buttevanty a town and parish of Ireland, in the
vans, is considerable. It is situate on a narrow county of Cork. The town is 4 m. N. of Mallow.
neck of land, in the gulf of Persia, 110 m. W. S. and in 1820 contained a population of 1,020 ; total
W. of Shiraz. Long. 51. 0. £. lat 29. 20. N. of the parish, 5^9.
BuMaU. t. Northampton, Co. Pa. Button Bay, the north part of Hudson Bay,
Buskwiek. t Kings Co. If. T. on Long Island , through which attempts were made by Sir Thom-
3 m. from Brooklyn. Pop. 1,620. as Button, to discover a north-west passage to
Bussorak. See Bassorak. China, when he lost his ship, and came back in a
Bute, an island ofSeotland, in the frith of CWde, sloop built in the country. It lies between 60.
separated on the north from Uie peninsula of Cow- and 66. N. lat.
al in Arg}[leshixe by a narrow channel. It is Buttstadt and Buttdstatdt, two towns of Upper
fourteen miles long and four broad ; the north Saxony, in Thuringia, seated on the Loss, 16 m.
parthilljr and barren, but the south fertile and W.ofNaumburg.
well cultivated. The coast is rocky, and indent- BiUzbachf a town of Germany, in Wetteravia.
ed witb several safe harbours, chiefly appropriat- seated in a marshy but fertile plain, 10 m. S. or
ed to the herring fishery. Rothsay is the capital. Giessen, and 25 N. of Frankiort Pop. about
Buteshirtf a county of Scotland, consisting of 3,200.
the island of Bute, Arran, Great and Little Ciun- Butzow, a town of Lower Saxony, in Mecklen-
bray, and Inchmamoe, lying in the fnth of bnrg-Schwerin, seated on the Wama, 17 m. S.
Cl^de. between the counties iff Ayr and Argyle. W. of Rostock.
Tms shire sends a member to parliament alternate- BuzadettaTf a strong fort of the country of
ly with Caithneeshire. Bootan, at the entrance of the mountains from
Butgembtukj a town of the Netherlands, 25 m. Bengal. It stands on the top of a rook, 20 m. N.
8. by £. of Aix-la-Chapelle. of Cnichacotta.
Butler, an interior county in the W. District Buxar^ a town and Ibrt ot Hindoostan, in Ba-
of Pennsylvania, the south-east point jetting upon bar, on the south bank of the Ganges, 72 m. W.
the AUeffhany River, 18 m. above Pittsburg. Pop. of ratna. ^
14,683. xhechieftown,of the same name, in the BuxtekudB^ a town of Lower Saxony, in the
centre of the county, is 5242 m. W. by N. of Har- duchy of Bremen, on the river Este, 18 m. S. £.
risburg ' ofStade.
BuSer, an interior county in the west part of Buxton, a village m Derbyshire, Eng. at the
Kentucky, intersected from east to west by Green entrance of the Peak. It has nine wells that rise
River, which falls into the Ohio. Pop. 3,066. near the source of the river Wye ; and they are
Morgantown, on the south bank of Green River, deemed one of the seven wonders of the Peak.
144 W. by S. of Frankfort, is the chief town. Their waters, noted in the time of the Romans, are
Buder, a frontier county at lb': S E. extremity hot and sulphureous, temperature about 82 ; much
of the state of Ohio, bordiering on Iiidiana. It is company resort to them in the summer. The
intersected from the north-west comer to the cen* builaing for the bath was erected by Georse, earl
tro of the south border by the Miami River. Pop- of Shrewsbunr; and here Mary, queen of Soot-
lUation, 27,044. Hamilten^on the east bank of land, resided tor some time. Tne duke oflVvon-
the Miami, 107 m. W. S. W. of Columbus, and shire has erected a beautifhl building in the form
IS north of Cincinnati, is the chief town. of a eresctnt, under which are piassas and shopa«
OM US CMC
A mile hence is anotlier of the wonders, called gation aroond the cape. But although aueh a
Poors Hole, at the foot of a monntain. The en- commonication has been talkod ahoat for aboiw
trance is low and narrow, but it presently opens an hundred yean, the want of a good harbour at
to a cave of considerable height, and 696 f€«t lonf , the northern extremity will protebly hinder its
with a roof resemblm^ a Uothic cathedral. It beingimdertaken.
contains many stalactitious concretions, and sey- i^srry, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa.
eral carious representations both of art and nature, ByehoWj a town of Lithuania on the west bank
produced by the petriQfing water continually drop- of the Dnieper, 160 m. S. 8. W. of Wifaia, and 8
pinff from the rock. Buxton is 32 m. N. W. of 8. of Mohilow.
Derby, and 160 N. N. W. of London. Resident Bv/ield,tL Tillage in Essex Go. Mass. 6 m. 8.
pop. m 18S^, 1,036. W. fnun Newbnryport, containing Dunmier Aca-
Buxionj p.t. York Co. Me. a little above the demy, and another Female Seminary,
mouth of the Saeo. Pop. S,8S6. Byibar, an appenda|fe to Newcastle-on-iyne.
Buxanfois^ a town of France, in the department Pop. in 1831, 3,w2. See Newcastle.
of the Indre, on the east bank of the river of that byron, p.t. Gennesee Co. N. Y. 968 m. W. Al-
name, 12 m. S. £. ofChatillon. Pop. 3;200. bany. Pop. 1,939.
Buxzard*3 Bay, in the southern part of Masssr Byron IdatuL an island in the Pacific Ooean,
chusetts. is about 30 miles long and 7 wide. On discovered by Clommodore Byron in 1766. It is
the south it is bounded by a range of idands cal- low, Ml of wood, and very populous. The na-
led the Elizabeth Islands. A canal 31-2 miles in tives are tall, well-proportioned, and clean ; and
lenffth from the bottom of this bay to the waters their countenance expressive of a surprising mix-
of Massachusetts Bay would completely insulate ture c^ intrepidity and cheerftdness. Long. 173
the whole peninsiUa of Cape Cod and enable the 46. E. lat. 1. 18. S.
coasting craft to avoid a long and dangerous navi-
C
CABABJCAS, a small interior county of North oovered with snow, hills of moderate height,
Carolina, lying to the west of the Tadkin River, rich plains, stately forests, and innumerable
Pop. 6^796. Concord, 143 m. W. S. W. of Ra- streams. It produces every article necessary for
leiffh, IS the chief town. hnman life, with the moet delicate fruits and
Caheta de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, flowers. It is sometimes called Zabnlistan, from
with a castle, 12 m. S. W. of Por&legro. Zabul, one of the names of Ohisni. It now forms
Cabdlj a large mountainous coun^ of the W. a part of A%hanistan.
District of Virj^inia, bounded on the 8. W. by the Cahul, the capital of thenrovince of Cab^l, and
Big Sandv Rrver, which divides it firom Ken- of the dominions of the sultan of the Afghans,
tudiy, ana on the N. W. by the Ohio River, seated near the foot of the Hindoo-ko on tlie river
which divides it from the state of Ohio. It is Attock, a branch of the Indus. It carries on a
about 50 miles in length from 8. E. to N. W. and consideTable trade, and is considered as the jnte
25 in breadth. Pop. 5,884. Onyando, at the of India toward Tartary. In 1739, Nadir Shah
month of a river of the same name, which inter- took it bv storm, and plundered it of great tree-
sects the country its whole length, &lling into suxes. It is 170 m. N. £. of Oandahar. Long,
the Ohio, is the chief town. 68. 35. £, lat 34. 30. N.
CabdUfj or CsesUo. See Porto CoMlo, Caeaea, or Kasuaa, a town of the kingdom of
Cabeitda, a seaport on Oie west coast of South Fex, with a fort nnon a rook, 16 m. 6. ofMelilla,
Africa, subject to Portugal, 100 m. 8. £. of Loan- on die shores of toe Mediterranean,
go. Long. 12. 2. E. lat. 4. 5. 8. CactiU, or Thceila, a town of Portugal, on the^
Cahts, or Gabes. a town of the kingdom of 8. E. coast of Algarva, 6 m. E. by N. of Tavira,
Tunis, near a guli of the aame name, 170 m. south and 8 W. 8. W. of Ceatro Marim.
of Tunis. Lonff. 10. 55. lat. 33. 40. N. Cacertt, a town of Spain, in Estremadnra, seat-
CoAoe, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,304. ed on the Sabrot, 22 m. S. £. of Alcantara, on the
Cobra, a town of Spain^ in Andalusia, with six road to Tnudllo. P<^. about 8,000.
convents, and a college for the studv of philoeo- Caceres, a town in the south part of the island
phy and divinity. It is situate at the foot of a of Lnconia, capital of the province of Camarines,
mountain, near the source of a river of the and a bishop's see. Long. 124. 0. £. lat. 14. 33. N.
same name, 25 m. 8. E. of Cordova. Ctuhan, of JSasAan, a town of Persia, in Irae
Cabraf a town of the kindom of Tombuctoo. Agemi, which has considerable trade in silks,
It is a place of great trade, seated on the Niger, sihrer and gold brocades, and porcelain. Here
and serves as a port to the capital, 10 m. S. E. of are many Christians, and Guebres, or worship-
Tombuctoo. pers of fire. (See Boika.) It is seated in a vast
Cabrera, one of the Balearic Isles, in the Medi* plain, 56 m. N. by W. of Ispahan.
terranean,7m. 8. of Majorca. It has a large bar- Cachac, or Keako, the cuital of the kingdom
hour, on the north sioe, defended by a castle, of Tonquin. It contains 20,000 houses, whose
Long. 2. 55. £. lat. 39. 8. N. walls are of mud, and the roofs covered with
Cabul, a country of Asia, bounded on the west thatch ; a few are built with brick, and roofed
by Persia, north by the Htndoo-ko, east by Cash- with pantiles. The principal streets are very
mere and Lahore, and south b^ Candahur. It was wide, and paved with small stones. The king has
ancientlv a province of Persia, afterward it was three palaces here, such as they are ; and near
aimexea to the Mo^ul empire till 1739, when it them are stables ibr his horses and elephants,
was restored to Persia bv Nadir Shah. The ooun- The house of the English factory is the oeet in
try is highly divaratfied, consistiog of moantaios the city ; and the fikctories porcbasa silks and
QMD Mi CAI>
laekered ware, aa ki Chiaa. It ic leated on tha pooitioii qoalifies it as aaamporiiuii lor the com*
river Hoti, 60 m. from the gulf of Tonquin. Long, meree of ooth hemiepher^a. Tlie city ia an epis-
105. 11. £. lat. 21. 10* N. copal see, including, however, only twenty-eight
CocAm, a town of the kingdom of Gumbo, on parishes ; ita cathedral ia ancient, and very mag-
the west coast of Nosth Africa, seated on the riv- nificent : there are also thirteen convents, aa
er Cacheo, or St Domingo, 50 milee from its academy of the fine arts, a nautical and mathe-
mouth, between the Gambia and Rio Grande. It matical school, an excellent observatory, a naval
ia subject to the Portuguese, who have three fbrtsj and military asylum, a chirurgical institute, a
and formerly cairied on a great trade in wax and botanic gaiden, a theatre, and thirteen hospitals
slaves. Long. 14. 55. £. lat. 12. 6. N, Since the year 1786, Cadiz has been much en-
Caeh&irOf a town of Brazil, in the government larged and improved. In 1808, the number of
of Bahia. It ia the mart for the northern gold houses was 8,000, and that of the inhabitants, in*
mines, and stands on a small river, 42 m. N. W. eluding many English and Germana, 75,000 ; but
of St. Salvador. at the last census the population had suxik to
Caeongo, a town of the kin^om of Loango, on 53,000, — a diminution in a great measure aaoriba-
the west coast of South Africa, seated near the ble to the loes of trade with the colonies. On the
mouth of a river, 40 m. S. S. £. of Loango. isthmus, near the town, are important saltworks,
CacarUif a town of Spain, situate between two and some vineyards which produce good wine,
mountains on the frontiers of La Maneha, Murcia, There is a considerable tunny fishery. Among
and Granada, 15 m. £• N. £. of Ubeda. the inconveniences of Cadiz, that which is most
Cddenaey a town of Fraace, in the department severely felt by foreiffnera ia the want of good
of Moutha of the Rhone. 28 m. S. £, of Avignon, spring water. Each house, indeed, has its da*
CadenaCf a town of France in the department tern; but the fresh water chiefly in request is
of Lot, on the river Lot, 27 m. £. N. £. or Cahora. brought in casks across the bay from Fort St
level of the sea; and on it an several lakes jecting slate roofs, have rather a gloomy appear-
abounding in fish. ance, notwithstanding their whitened walls. The
CadtiWy a tovra of Spain, in Gsaaada, 28 m. S. principal square ia that of St Antonio. A fa-
£. of Giaaada. vourite luxury, during the summer heals here, is
Ca^UaCf a town of Franea, in the department water cooled with snow brought from the distant
of Gironde, with acastie, seated on the east bank mountains of Honda,
of the Garonne, 15 m. 9. £. of fiordeanx. When Cadiz had become the centre of the com-
Cadiz, a celebrated city and seaport of Spain in mereial intercourse between Spain and the Indies.
Andahista, called by the Pfa<BaioiaDsv who found- all the maritime nations of Eurojie establishea
ed it, Gfwicr, a fonce oc feaeed place, and by the relations with it by meana of resident consuls,
Araba Qexxra CoAs, ia the rioliest trading port of agents, and corre8p|ondents. In 1795, there were
Spain, and one of its finest cities. It stands on 110 great commercial houses ; and about the same
the weatemeztresiity of a tongue of land project- perimi, or a few years previous, the imports
iuff from the isle of Leon, which on its sonth-eaaC amounted to 100 millions of reals, and the exporta
si& was formeriy connected with the main land to 270 millions. In 1804, the number of vessels
by a bridge. The town ia sorrooaded with a wall that entered the port was 1,386. The battle of
and irregular bastjons, adapted to the variations of Trafalgar, in the following year, ruined the Spaa*
the ground. On tbe south side there are steep ish navy ; and the decline of Cadiz was accele-
aocltvities which render it Inaisceaeible, and the rated by the usurpation of Bonaparte, which
landii^-place on tlie north is defended by sand- afibrded the South American states an opportuni*
banks and sunken roeka. On the south-west point ty to declare their independence and open a direct
IS a range of rocks, partly covered at high water ; intereourse with Europe.
and the potet of St Seoastiaa is defamted by a Few seaports can boast of higher antiquity. In
strong fort At the neck of the iathmoa, where it the sea, near the isle of Son Pedro, are still to be
ia most accessible, every precaution haa been traced the ruins of the temple of Hercules and of
taken to secure it against hostile attacks ; and it the ancient Gades. The port was successively
may, therefore, be regarded as almost impregna- oocunied by the Tyriana, the Carthaginians, and
ble. Its spacious bay forms an excellent haven, the Romans, who preserved to it ue name of
and ia divided into two harbours communicating Gades. The Arabs, after their invasion of Spain,
with each otiier ; the one caUed the bay of Cadiz, made themselves aiaaten of the town, and held it
the other that of Puntales. The entrance to until 1262, when it was taken from them bv the
each, as well as the town and port generally, are Spaniards. In 1696, it was plundered and burnt
commanded by the forts of St Catherine, St Se- by the English, alter which it was rebuilt and
bastian, Onelano, lifaAa^rda, Puntales, and Fort more strongly fortified. Duriaff the wan with
Luis. The bay of Cadiz is the am»ointed resort £nglaad it was frequently blockaded, and once
of merchant vessels ; that of the Puntales is re- bombarded, but without success. From 1808, un
served for Spanish men of war, and merchantmen til the return of Ferdinand VIl., it was the rally
trading with America; a pasiiage into it is not iau^ point of Spanish loyaltv; and, on theadvanea
permitted fo diipe of foreig^n nations. The en- oftfae French troops into Andalusia, the supreme
trance to this inner faarboor is conraianded en one junta adopted strenuous measures fw its defeDca,
side by the fort of Puntales, an isle formed by the and obtained poweiful reinforosments ftom Gib*
Cortadura, and on the other by the fort of M8ta> raHar and Portugal. The French laid sic^ ta
fforda. The Tvocadero n an i^e formed by the Cadiz on the 6th of Febraary, 1810, and, notwithr
bay of Cadiz and the ebanael leading from Mata> atanding a determined &te from the ahipa, forts^
gorda to Puerto Real. These, and other advan- and floating batAeries, seized sereial stioog oointa
tages of nature and art, render Cadiz the most ^ang the iNiy, and in particular the fon of Mata^
Gomplate maritime statian in • fiuropo, while its gorda, whenoa they detarminad to bonriiard the
CAE 144 CAE
eity, notwithBtanding its grieat distance; and mor- and flowa twice in 24 hoon. The oountj and
tan for this purpose were cast at ScTille. Some city send each a member to parliament
shelb and i^nuies were thrown ; bat as the hou- CSocmuiftAeii, a boroa|rh of Wales, capital tit
ses of Cadiz were strongly built of stone, no con- Casrmarthenshire. It is seated on the Towy.
flagration cnsued^and tne damage done was but over which is a stone bridge, to which vessels of
inconsiden^le. The possession of the isle of 200 to 300 tons burden may come up. It was
Leon was the object for which the most strenuous fortified with a wall and a castle, now in rains ;
£ reparations were made on both sides^as it must and on the east side of the town, near the river,
ave decided the fate of the city. These were are the remains of a monastic building of consid-
continued until the autumn of 1812, when the erable extent. There are iron and tm mines in
victorious uro^ss of Lord Wellington in the the neighbourhood. It is 24 m. S. £. of Cardi-
centre of Spain compelled the FVench to depart gan, and 220 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
from Andalusia, and abandon a siege which nad 5,90i5.
been continued and resisted with extraordinary CaemarvonshirBy a county of North Wales, ^f
vigour and pertinacity. Few subsequent events
occurred here of much importance. In 1820,
lUego commenced the ill-starred military revolu-
tion on the isle of Leon. In 1823, during a short be called Liverpool Bay, from the celebrity of the
blocki^e, the French, under the duke iTAngou- town of that name : the Menai Strait divides it
leme. carried the Trocadero. Since the return of from the Isle of Anglesea on the north-west, and
Ferdmand VII. to absolute power, the trade of the river Conway divides it from Denbighshire
Cadiz has been on the decline ; and, perhaps, the on the east, whilst part of the south-east side bor-
measure best calculated for its revival, thou^h^ ders on Merionethsnire. This county, being the
unfortunately, that which he seems least willing most rugged district of North Wales, may be truly
to adopt, would be to recognise the independence called the Cambrian Alps. Its centeal part is oc-
of the South American colonies. Lat. 36. 30. N. cupied by the famed Snowden, rising to the height
long. 6. 25. W. Pop. 53.000. of 3,571 feet above the level of the sea, and the
Cadiz, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, and Trigg Co. prospects around are rude and savage in the high-
Ken. est aegree ; but not without a mixture of beauty,
CadobhmrVf a town of Bavaria, circle of Rezat, when the dimensions of the vales admit the vari-
6 m. W. of Nuremberg. eties of wood, water, and meadows. The soil in
Cadore. a town of the Austrian Venetian terri- the valleys on the side of St. Geotge^s Channel is
tory, the oirth-place of Titian, the painter. It is pretty fertile, especially in barley ; great num-
seated on the riave, 15 m. N. of Bellune. ben of black cattle, sheep, and goats, are fed on
Cadsandj or Cassand, an island of Holland, on the mountains; and the sea, lakes, and rivers,
« the north coast of Flanaers, at the month of the abound with a variety of fish. Copper mines
Scheldt. The land is fertile, and the inhabitants have been worked in various parts of these moun-
make a large quantitv of excellent cheese. The tains, as weU as lead; and quantities of stone, ex-
chief town 18 Cfassancuia. cellent for hones, are dug near Snowdon ; to the
Cosn, a city of France, capital of the depart- dreary region of which the rich vale of Conway
ment of Calvados. It has a celebrated university, below forms a pleasing contrast,
and a castie with four towers, built by the Eng- Caemarwmy a borouffh and seaport of Wales,
lish. The abbey of St. Stephen was founded by capital of Caernarvonshire. It is seated within
William the Conqueror, who was buried in it. the Menai strait, near its entrance into Caemar-
The river Ome, which fails into the English chau- von bay, and carries on a considerable trade with
nel, runs through the city, to which the tide Ireland, and the principal English ports, to which
brings up large vessels. It exports large quanti- it exports vast quantities of sfites. It has a cele-
ties of Clover seed to England. It is 65 miles W. brated castle, built by Edward I. in which his son,
'>y S. of Rouen, and 1% W. by N. of Paris. Edward II. the first prince of Wales, was born.
JLiong. 0. 22. W. lat. 49. 11. N. Pop. about Caernarvon is governed by the constable of the
36,000. castle, who is uwavs mayor. Here are salt-water
CaerUonf a town of Monmouthshire, Eng. baths, and elegant not and cold baths, which are
Many Roman antiquities have been found here, much frequented during the season. It is 7 m
and it has the ruins of a casUe. It is seated on S. W. of^ Bangor, and 244 N. W. of London,
the Usk, 19 m. S. W. of Monmouth, and 146 W. Long. 4. 20. W. lat. 53. 8. N. Pop. in 1821,
by N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,062. 5,m
Caermarthenshiref a maritime countv of South GaerpAtUy.atown of Wales, in Glamorganshire.
Wales, 48 miles long and 25 broad. It is bound- The rmns of its celebrated casUe more resemble
ed on the south by the Bristol channel, on the that of a city than a single edifice ; a circular
west by Pembrokeshire, on the north by Cardi- tower, about 7S feet in height, inclines 11 feet 6
ganshire ; and on the east by Brecknock and inches fix>m its base. It is seated between the
Glamorganshire. The air is wnolesome, and the Taafe and Rumney, 7 m. N. of Cardiff, and 160
soil less rockv and mountainous than in most W. of London. Pop. 899.
other parts of Wales, and consequently it is pro- Caerwentf a village of Monmouthshire, Eng. 4
portionally more fertile both in corn and pasture, m. S. W. of Chepstow, and about 2 m. from the
It has also plenty of wood, and is well supplied bank of the Severn. It b the Venta Silurum of
with coal and lime-stone. The principal nvers the Romans, once crowded with palaces and tern-
are the Towy, Cathy, and Tave ; of which the pies ; but now the buildings within its ruined
first abounds with excellent salmon. It abounds walls are only a church and a few scattered
with ancient forts, camps, and tumuli. Near houses, the rest of the area being laid out in fields
Caermarthen towards the east, may be seen the and orchards, where a tasselated pavement, and
ruins of Kastolk Kerry and several vast caverns numerous other antiquities have been discovered,
supposed to have been copper mines of the Ro- Pop. 394.
nans. Near this spot is a fountain, which ebbs Caenotfs^ a town of Wales, in Flintshire, 5 m
CAF MS CAF
W. of Flint, and 919 N. W. of London. Pop. 969. the coantr/, u tobacco, water-melona, kidae;
Caffa,at Ijleoriiina, the lirgeBttown of the Cri- beani, and hemp. Their huts are higher uid
mea, wWh an excellent road and harbour. Il waa more commodioui than UuMe of the Hotteotota,
Utken, in 1366, b^ the Genocss, who made it one and their landa more fertile, bat their oien, and
of the most fluunBhiaf (owne in Ihe east of Kn- almost ail their animala, are much amaller. In-
rope. It VB8 taken nam them bj the Veneljana, dnstiy is the leading trait in the character of the
in 1297, but soon recovered ; however, in 1474, Caffres, who are distingTiiahed from their neigh-
the Tartam, aaaistcd bj the Turks, final It expel- boors tothesouthby theirfondneasfoia^nculture
V-A them. It wia the faat poat io the Crimea of They have a high opinion of ihe Supreme Being,
which the Genoese retained the sovereignty, and of his power ; they believe in a future atalf
CaUk waa the Theoddeia of the ancients ; a name of rewards and puoishmeala ; but think that the
which has been restored to it since the Russians world had no beginning, and wQl be everlasting,
became poaseued of the Crimea, in 1770. Ilcon- T^ey have no sacred ceremonies, and consequent-
-;.. .!,„... on mm ™i,.i.;..„.. „_-i :. ..„.jy j^ „„ priests; but they have a kind of conjurers
, rs, whom tliey greatly revere. They are (tovernea
I, and female slaves; by an hereditary king, wboee power is very limit-
most of the latter are brought from Circaaaia, and ed ; but, being permitted to take as many wives
are here sold at from 400 to £:&Xi each, in propor- as he pleaaes, he has a larger portion of lands to
tion to their charms. Caffa ia sealed on a bay of cultivate, and a greater number of cattle to tend
the BlackSea, at the footofsome high mountains, and feed. Tbe distance of the diBTerent hordes
(S m. E. by N. of Sympheropo], and 130 8. E. of makes it necessary that they should have inferior
Precop. Long. 35. 20. E. lat. 40. 0. N. chiefs, who are appointed by Ihe king.
Cagy, Strait of, the uieient Cimmerian Bos- One of the most remarkable inirnds of Itiia re
phorua, a strait that forms the communication be- rion is the spring-bok a specias of antelope about
tween the Black Sea and the aea of Aaoph, and a two feet and a half in height, of a pale yellowish
separation between Europe and Asia. colour, with a stripe of white, bordered by dark
Caffrutin, or Kettore, a mountainous country of brown extending Irom the tail half way up the
Asia, lying between the north-eaat part of Persia back and a iimifir alripe on each side from the
andTulary. The valleys are =nhal>i(ed by vari- shooiders to the haunches ; the belly is of a anow-
ons independent tribes possesding manners, and white. The name of spring-bok waa oiven it by
speakinc a language peculiar to themselves, but the Dutch settlers of the Cape of Good Hope,
rf whicB very Tittle is known. from the prodigions leaps which this animal takes
Caffraria, or Ka^Taria, a country on the east when slartUd. When thus alarmed, It has the
coast of South Africa, extending trom the latitude power of extending the while space about the tail
■if about 30. S, to the Great Tish River, in the into the form of a circle, which returns In iU lin-
latitude of a]»ut 34., which divides it from the ear form whenihe animal is tranquil. When pur-
eonntry of the Kottenlola, ita western bonndaries sned, it is pleasing and curious to see the whole
are not ascertained. The CafFres are tall and well herd leaping to a consideTabls height over each
proportioaed ; and^ in general, evince great cour- other's hoadB ; and the; will sometimes take three
ag« in attacking lions and other beasts of prey, or four leaps successively. In this situation the^v
Their skin is ajet black, their teeth white as ivo- seem suspended in the air, looking over their
ry, and their eyes large. The clothing of both iboulders at their pursuers, and farming the radi-
us of the white part about the tail in a most beau-
tiful manner. They are extremely swift, and it
must be a good hone that can overtake tbem.
Thev migrate annually from the interior of the
country In small herds, and continoe near the Cape
for two or three months, and then retreat towards
the north in herds of many thousands, covering
the great plainsfor several hours in their usssage.
They are attended in these migrations by num-
bers of lions, hynnaa, and other wild beasts of
They also
eight ye
i.^-;
leave their haunts in the Terra de Natal by the
. , „ g .jtirely of the hides excessive drought of that region, where it aome-
™ „. J, which are as pliant as cloth. The men times happens that not a drop of rain falls for two
wear tails of different aniroals lied round their or three jeaia. In these nugrations they apresd
thighs ; pieces of brass in their hiur, and large over the whole country of Cal&aiia, which thev
ivory rings on their anus ; they are adorned also desolate, notleavingabladeofgrasa. Tbcir flesli
with thAair of lions, and feathers fiistened on is excellent ; and, with other antelopes, they fur-
Ibeir beads, with many other fantastical orna- nisli the venison oTthe Cape.
mcnts. They are fond of dogs; and have greal Thompson, in his travels in Southern Africa
pride in their cattle, which pay the most perfect gives the following account of these animals,
obedience to their voice. Their exercise is hunt. " I passed through prodiirions flocks of spring
lug, fighting, or dancing. They are expert in bolis, spread over the plains as far as the eye
throwing lances, and, in time of war, use shields could reach : the number il is impossible to esti-
raade orthe hides of oxen. They sometimes make mate with an/ nicety, but I suppose I aaw at
incorriona into the English lemtories of the Cape least 100,000 in Ihe course of fifty miles. Th^r
of Good Hope. The women are employed in the were migrating from the great desert towards the
cultivation oftheir gardens and com. They raise Colony. Toe colonists, as I came along, inquir-
■everal vegetables, which ara not indigenoui to ed aniionslj If 1 had seenmany spring-boks,an*
19 N
CA6
« uuch eoiMenMd to bear lliat Ilit
Tuicins upOD Ibem
for these beaatifiu CI. ._.
er llie ioh&bited coontrj in
migration*, are man dreaded than even the
deToiiring locust ; they ent up entjrely both corn
and paiture, and frequent]; oblige the fiirniera
to 9; with theii flacks to other diatricta. The
incredible numben wuich lometinief pour in from
Ihr north, during ^rotnoted droughta, diatieaa
the farmer incoaceiTably. Aair attempt at dd-
merieal oompulation would be vain ; and by I17-
ins to come near the truth, the writer would
auhjeet himaelf in the eye* of IhoM who haTe do
knowledge of (he oountry, to a euspicion that he
Wa*»TaiImghiniBelf of attaveller'i amumed priv-
ilegfi. Yet it is well known in the interior, Ihat
on their approach the graiier makea up bia mind
to look for paiturage for his flocks elsewhere, and
conaiders hmuelf entirely dispossessed of hia land*
. until heavy rains fall. Every attempt lo sare the
cultivated fields, if they be not enclosed by high
and thick hedges, prove* abortive. Heap* of <fty
manure {the fuel of the Sne*iiwbergen and other
pari*) are placMJ close to each oOier round tl|e
field*, and set on fire in the evening, so a* to
eanse a den*e irooke, by which it is hoped the an-
telopes will be deterred from their inroads; but
the dawn of day eipoaea the inefficacy of ths
preoaution,bjihowing the lands, which appeared
pnind of tbeir promising verdure the evening be-
ibre, covered with thousands, and reaped level
with Iha BTound. Instances have been known of
*oniB of these prodigioua droves passing through
docks of sheep, and numbers of the latter, carried
alonv with the torrent, being lost to their owner,
and becoming a prey lo the wild beast*. As long
u these drought* last, their inroads and deproda-
tions continue ; and the havoc k oommitled upon
them i* of conrw great, as they constitute the
food of all cla»es ; but no sooner do the rains
fall, than they disappear, and in a few days be-
come ■* scarce on the northern borders a* in the
more protected districts of Bruinties-Hoocts and
Camdeboo." ■■ "
' Cagayan SooImi, an eastern island lying off the
q north-east point of Borneo, in the lat. of 7 N
•nd 118. 36. E, long. It is sbant 90 ra. in
circiunterence, and governed by a Rajah.
Ctgayait, a dislnct, the mwt northern part of
Lnconia, the chief of the Philippine islands. It
»• fertile and popnlons district, in the lat of la
I group of small island* in the
Gapilal of Ihe island, anaan archbiahop's see, with
a university and a castle. Here are numerous
churches, besides the cathedral, three of which
are collegiate. It stands on the south port of the
island, at the bottom of a gulf of its name, which
form* a large and secure harbour, and exports con-
siderable quantise* of olive-oil and salt. Long.
9. 8. E. Ut. 30. 20. N. Fop. about 30,000.
Ct^ntU, CaxtU,or Oiiarco,a town of Peru, cap-
ital of a district of the same name, extending
about 24 league* along ths seacoaat. It is situate
near the sea, 80 m. B. £. of Lima- Long. 70. 16.
Vr. lat 13. 10. B.
CuAainia, the chief town of Dallas County,
tn. B. W. of Washington, and about 180 north 01
New Orleans.
Caiiir, a town and parish in the south part of
the county of Tipperary, Ireland. The town i*
sealed on the west bank of the Suir, about aiz
miles south of Casbel, and 85 B. W. of Dublin,
and in 1820 contained a population of 3,288, and
the parish 4,310 more.
Cahir, i* also the name of a small island off the
■outh-west coast of the county of Mayo, in the
lat. of 53. 44. N. and 9. 53. W. Long.
Cakokia, p.v. Bt. Clair Co. 111. on the Mississippi.
Cohort, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ment of Lot, and a bishop's sea, with a universily.
It is sealed on a peninsula, made by the river Lot,
and built partly on a craggy rock. There are
three bridges over the river. The calhedrol is a
Gothic structure, and bos a large square steeple.
The town has a manufacture of fine cloths and
ratteens, and furnishes excellent wine,of the kind
called twt dt grazt. It was taken by asaaolt, in
1580, by Henry IV. by means of petards, which
were first employed here. In one of the suburbs
are the remains of a Roman amphitheatre. Ca
hore is 70 ro. N. of Toulouse, and 315 S. by W
of Pari*.
Caieoi, or Ca^cet, the soulhemmost of the Ba
a Isles
See
Cat;/(nif ,a city of China, capital of the province
of Ho-nan, It is situate on a plain, tax milee
from the river Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow River
about 300 m. above its entrance into the sea,
which is higher than the plain, and kept in by
raised dikes that extend atmve 90 m. When the
the inhabitants. 8omi
which shows that its present stale is far inferior
to its former magnificence. Ilsiurisdiction com-
prehends four cities of the second class, and 30 of
the third. It is 350 m. B. B. W. of Fekin, an4
about 850 N. by E. of Canton. Long. 114. S8
E. lat. 34. 63. N.
Cii(/ii,ori/affa,aBeai>artof Syria, in Palestine,
defended by a wall and a citadel. It stood* 00
the south side of the bay of Acre, 8 n. S.
W. of Acre.
coast of Cuba. The noTth.east point of Grand
Caymans is in lat. JG. 12. N. and 81 . 26. W. long.
Tm inhabitants of Jamaica come hither to catca
tortoises,
Ccumgorm, a mountain of Scotland, at ItM
■onlh-weiteitreniity ofBanfishire, on the border
of Inverness. It rise* in a oonical brm 1,750 ftet
above the level of a small lake near its b«M
OAI 147 «AL
wliiebiitheMqraeofUie Aren^ and 4,060 feet V There are S other towns aamtd CmMor,im
whom the level of the tea. Its sides clothed with the countj of Norfolk.
firs, and its top generally covered with snow. It CaUhness-shirej a county at the S.' £. extremity
is ihsDoos for beautilul rock-crystals, '::iuch es- of Scotland, 35 miles long and 20 broad ; boundf-
leeiaed bj lapidaries. About 30 m. £. of Fort ed on the north by Pentland Frith, which divides
AnfiMtas. it from the Orkneys, east and south-east by the
Cairo, or Graml Cairo, a large city, capital of German Ocean, and west by Southerlandshire.
Egypt. It oonsists of three towns, about a mile The south angle is occupied by mountains ; and
aput ; Old Cairo, New Cairo, and the port term- a vast ridge of hills forms the south- west bounds-
ed Bulac. The population is estimated at 300,000. ry,ending in a promontory called the Ord of Caith-
Old Cairo is now reduced to a small place. New ness, which runs out into the sea, in the lat. of
Cairo is a mile from the river, and seven miles 58. 10. N. The jest of the county may be deem-
in cireumference. The streets are narrow; and ed an immense morass, interspcursed with some
the finest houses are built round a court, in which fruitful spots, producing oats and barley, and others
Ihey make the best appearance, having few affording pasture for sheep and black cattle. Its
ar no windows next to the street. The castle other chief products are butter, cheese, yam,
stands oo a steep rock, and is surrounded by skins, feathers and kelp. It sends a member to
thick walls, on which are strong towers. Josephs parliament alternately with Buteshire. English
Well, made by a Tizter of that name, about the is chiefly spoken on the coast, but in the high-
Tear 1100, is the most curious part of the Castle : lands the Gaelic prevails. Thurso on the north,
it is sunk in the rock S60 feet deep and 40 in cir- and Wick on the east coast, are the chief towns.
evmfennce, with a staircase carried round ; and Cajana, or Kajana, one of the seven principal
a aaaehine, turned bv oxen, raises the water townsof fiast JBiothinia, loJUcAsss.
(which comes firom the Nile) into a reservoir, Cajatzo, a town of N^>les, 25 miles north of
whence it is again laised by a similar machine, the city* of Naples.
There are many other reservoirs for water ; and Calabar, Old and JCow, a territory at the east-
aomeroos bazaan, where each trade has its allot* em extremity of the coast of Guinea on the west
led quarter. There are several public bagnios, coast of North Africa. Since the restriction of
▼ety handsome within, and used as places of the slave trade to the south of the Equator, this
refreshment and dirersion, especially for the district has carried on a more extensive trade in
women, who go there twice a week: but the palm oil and bar wood, and some elephante* teeth,
wives of great men have baths at home. The than any other part of the coast. The town of
women have greater liberty here than in any part New Calabar is situate at the mouth of a river
of the Turkish empire ; and on Friday a mosque of the same name, in the lat. of 4. 10. N. and 6.
without the wall is frequented bv them as a pil- 42. of E. long. Dukes Town, the chief town of
grimage of pleasure. The Calisn,acanal which Old Calabar, is situate at the mouth of another
conveys the waten of the Nile into the city, is 90 river of the same name, falling into a bay, about
Btet bread, and has houses on each side of it. As 80 m. £. by N. of New Calabar.
soon as the water begins to rise, they close the Calahazo, or Calabaeo, an interior town of Co-
month of the canal with earth, and place a mark, lombia about 150 miles south of Caracas, oontam
to show the time when this and all other canals ing about 5,000 inhabitante.
in the kingdom are to be opened, which is done Calabria, a promontory and province of Naples.
with great solemnity. There are not less than forming the foot and southern extremity of Italy,
300 mosques in Cairo, the lofty minarete of which extending fit)m 37. 53. to 40. 5. of North lat. and
present a very pieturescue appearance. It was a being about 40 m. in mean breadth, between the
plaee of verv great traae before the diseoyery of long, of 15. 40. and 17. 30. E. A ridge of mountains,
the Cape of Good Hope ; and is still the centre the Apennines, intersects the whole territory from
of that of Eastern Africa. The chief manufac- north to south, and numerous streams fall into
tnres are sugar, sal ammoniac, glass lamps, salt- the sea on both coaste. It gives the title of Duke
petre, gunpowder, red and yellow leather, and to the eldest son of the king of Naples. It is di-
linen made of the fine Egyptian flax. This city Tided into two parts ; Cttra, north, bordering on
was taken by the French, under Bonaparte, in the Basilicate, contains about 350,000 inhabitants,
1796, and retaken by the British in 1801. It and Ultn, south, containing about 400,000. This
etends on the east bank of the Nile, about 120 m. country abounds in excellent fVuit, com, wine,
B. E. Alexandria, and about thesame distance from oil, silk, cotton, and wool. In 1783, a great part of
each of the two mouths of the river at Rosetta Cslabria Ultn, as well as of Sicily, was destroyed
and Damietta. Lat. 30. 2. N. and 31. 20. ofE. long, by one of the most terrible esrthquakes on rec-
Gstrs, a town of Piedmont, 25 miles, west of ord : besides the destraction of many towns, tiI-
Genoa. It was the scene of a sanguinary battle lages, and farms, shove 40,000 people perished by
between the French and Austrians m 1794, and in this calamity. The principal towns are Bova, at
1796 was tsken by the French. Pop. about 4,000. the south extremity, Reggfio, Rosarao, St. Eufe-
GsfTo, p.t. Green Co. N. T. 35 m. 8. W. Al- mia, Castiglione, and Paula, on the west; and
bany. Pop. 2,912. Also 2 towns in Ten. and Ohio. Rossano, Cariato, Catensaro, and Squillace on the
Ckhoan, or Katrwam, an interior town of the east coast, and in the interior, Cossano, Bisagna-
kingdom oif Tunis, and next to tiie city of Tunis no, Cosenia, (the capital) Policastro, Mileto, and
fiw trade and number of inhabitante. It is situate Oppido.
near a sandjr desert, where are found many ves- Calahorra, an episcopal town of Spain, in Old
tiges of fomier magnificence, and on the river Castile, on the side of a hill, which extends to the
Magrida, about 60 m. S. E. of Tunis, snd a few Ebro, 90 m. E. of Burgos. It was the birth-place
miles west of Snsa. of Quintilian. Pop. i3>out 4,300.
CaiMtor, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Near it CalmU, a seaport of France, in the department
are the remains of a monasteiy, and many Roman of Pas de Calais, with a citadel. It was taken by
prestiges. It is 12 m. B. W. of Grimsby, snd 156 Edw. III. of England, in 1347, after a siege of
N. of LondMi. Pop in Ittl, i;»3. mora than 11 months, whieh has gifM rise to soms
CAL 148 CAL
kistorical as weU aa dramatic fiction. In 1557 it of the river Hooglj, (the western arm of the
was retaken by the doke of Guise. It was bora- Ganges) about 100 miles from the sea. Its name
barded by the "Enfflish in 1696, without receiving Is derived from Cutta, a temple, dedicated by the
much injury. The fortifications are good ; but Hindoos to Caly, the Goddess of Time, which
its matest strength is its situation among the was situate between the villages of Chuttanuttv
marsheSy which may be overflowed at the approach and Gobindpore, where the agents of the English
of an enemy. In the centre ofthe town is a spacious East India Company, in 1690, obtained permis-
square, surrounded bv good buildings, and the sion of Aurungzebe to establish a trading facto-
church is a stately edifice ; the harbour, which is ry, which, in 1606, in consequence of the disturb-
formed of two wooden piers run into the sea, only ed state of the province or Bengal, they were
admits small vessels. Calais derives all its im> allowed to fortify. 11^1696, Prince Azeen Ooshan,
portance from its contiguity to the English coast, grandson of Aurungzebe, granted a lease to the
being only 20 miles from Dover, with which a daily agents of the En^Ush Company, ofthe villages
intercourse is maintained ; several hundred per- above mentioned m perpetuity, upon which, they
sons passingto and from it weekly. It is 2o m. strengthened the fortification, and gave it thk
W. bv S. ofDunkirk, 20 N.by E. of Bouloj^ne, and name of Fort WUliamj in compliment to the Eny
145 due north of Paris. Pop. about 8,000. lish monarch of that time. From this period Cai-
Ca/at5,p.t.Washin^n Co. Maine. Pop. 1J586. cutta gradually increased in population and im-
Also a p.t. in Washington Co. Vermont. Pop. por^nce up to 1756, when it was attacked by the
1,539. soubah of Bengal, with an army of 70,000'horse
Calais f A. a town of France, in the department and foot, and 400 elephants, whien the besieged
of Sarte, 24 m. E. S. £. of Le Mans. were forced to abandon their posts, and retreat into
CalamaSf a town of Persia, on the coast of Mek- the fort ; on which the enemy's troops entered
ran, 60 miles east of Guadal, and 290 west of the town, and plundered it tor 24 hours. An
Tatta, on the western branch ofthe Indus. order was then given for attacking the fort ; the
CalanuUaf a town of Greece, at the head ofthe garrison of whicn defended themselves bravely
ffulf of Coron, in the Morea, on the river Spinarza, for some time ; but many of them being killed
36 m. W. 8. W. of Misitra. and wounded, and their ammunition almost ex-
Ca2afiiiafi«f. a cluster of islands, the most wes- hausied they were at last obliged to surrender
terly ofthe Pnilippines, and to the north of Bor- and were all, to the number of 149, crammed
neo. They are 17 in number, and mountainous, into the Black Hole prison, a dungeon about IS
but produce great onantitiea of wax, honey, and feet square , from whence only 23 came out alive
edible birdsnests. The principal island is' Para- in the morning. The rest were all sufibcated
goa, in thelat. of 12. N. and 120. of £. long. firom want of air. Calcutta, however, was
CaUmoref a town of Hindoostan, 70 m. £. of retaken the next year; and, afrer the victory of
Lahore, distinguished as the place where the em- Plassey, the inhuman soubah was deposed, and
peror Akbar ascended the throne of Indir in 1556. put to death by his successor, and the whole of
Calataprone, a large town in the interior of the province of Bengal transferred to the Eng
Sicily, about 50 m. W. by N. of Syracuse; it has lish East India Company. Immediately after
manunctnres of earthenware. Pop. 15,000. this victory, the erection of a new fort, about a
CaUUayudf a city of Spain, in Arragon, with a mile below the old one, was commenced, which
castle on a rock. It stands at the foot of a hill, is superior in extent and security to any fortress
on the river Xalon, at the influx of the Xiloca, in India, containing commodious accommodation
42 m. 8. W. of Saragossa. It has manufactures for 4,000 men. From this period Calcutta rapidly
of soap. Pop. about 9,000. increased in extent and population. Inl79othe
Calatanisetta. a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, number of houses was 76,760, exclusive of the
50 m. N. W. of Lentini. forts, since which time they have increased more
CaUUrava, a town of Spain, in New Castile, the than one half. The number of inhabitants, corn-
chief place of the military order of itto knights of posed of people from all parts ofthe world, amount-
Galatrava. It is seated near the Guadiana, 90 m. ing to 600,000 or 700,000. The part inhabited
8. of Madrid. Long. 3. 10. W. lat. 39. 4. N. by the English is elegantly built ; but the great-
Calhet or Kalbe, a town of Lower Saxony, in the est part is built after the general ftshion of the
duchy of Magdeburg, on the river Saale, 16 m. cities of India. Their streets are exceedingly
8. by E. of Magdeburg. Pop. about 3,000. confined, narrow, and crooked, with a vast num-
Gsifrs, a town of Brandenburg, in the Old Mark, her of ponds, reservoirs, and gardens, interspers-
with a castle, 7 m. 8. W. of Slendel. ed. A few of them are paved with, brick. The
Calbergaf a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda, houses are built, some with brick, others with
formerly a vast city, and the residence of the sov- mud, and a still greater number with bamboos and
ereigns ofthe Deccan. It is a5 m. W. of Hydra- mats ; all which different kinds of ftbrics, inter-
bad, and 110 E. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 20. £. mixed, form a very uncouth appearance, and are
lat. 17. 25. N. very readily destroyed by fire. The brick houses
CaUaTf a town of Germany, in the duchy of are seldom above two stories high, with flat and
Clevea ; seated near the Rhine, 8 m. 8. £. of terraced roofii ; those of mud and bamboos are
Cleves. only one story, and are covered witib thatch.
CaUanUf a river of Louisiana, which rises 20 m. During the administration of the Marquis Welles-
8. of Natchitoches and flows through a lake of ley, at the commencement of the present century,
the same name, 30 m. long and 10 wide into the a magnificent palace was erected at the distance
Gulf of Mexico. of about a mile from the fort. The line of houses
Caldnato, a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where that surround two sides of the esplanade of the
a victory was gained over the Austrians by the fort is also magnificent ; they are all on a large
Ftonch, in 1700. It is 8 m. 8. £. of Brescia. scale, and detached from one another. From the
Caiaittafihe capital of Bengal, and the seat of necessity of having a free circulation of air in a
the governor-general ofthe British dominions in climate so extremely hot, the approach to the hon
the East Indies, is situated on the eastern bank ses is generally by a flight of^atepsi with great
CAL 149 CAL
projecting porticoes, or sarrounded by colonnades another contignoas to Montalepe, 60 m. N. E. of
ana •rcades, which give them much the appeal- Oporto; another 15 m. N. of Barcelona; another
ance of Grecian temples. Since the commence- 25 m. N. of Vigo.
ment of the present centory, Calcutta has been Caldecot, a Tillage in Monmouthshire, Eng. sea-
greatly improved, both in appearance and in the ted in a plain, five miles S. W. of Chepstow and
salabritj of its air; the streets have been proper- noted for the massy remains of its castle. There
ly drained, and the ponds filled ; thereby remov- are six other villages of the same name in differ-
ing avast surface of stagnant water, the exhala- ent parts of England.
lions of which were particularly hurtful. Con- (^iler, a river of England which rises on the
Ltaousto the old fort is a spacious square, on west border of Yorkshire, flows by Halifax to
<»ie side of which is the college, founded also un- Wakefield, and eiffht miles below joins the Aire.
der i e administration of the Marquis Wellesley It is navigable ue greater part of its course.
in IdOJ ; another side of the square is occupied There are Diree or four rivers, and as many yilla-
eutta is the residence of a bishop, who, assisted of Anspaeh. ft is now included in the Bavarian
b^ three archdeacons, is intrusted with the eccle* circle of Rezat.
uastical afikirs of all the British possessions in Caldwdlf p.t. Warren Co. N. T. on Lake
Asia ; the cathedral is a spacious edifice. Here George, 56 m. N. Albany. Pop. 797. Also a
is likewise a supreme court of judicature, in which town in Essex Co. N. J.
lostioe is disjMnsed according to the laws of Eng- Caldwell, an interior conn^ in the western part
land, by a chief iustice and uree puisne judges, of Kentucky, bounded on the south-west b^ the
The natives of tne province still retain their Hin- great Cumlierland Biver. Pop. 8,3^. Eddv-
doo laws, as well as rellj^on, and courts are dulv ville, on the north bank of the river, sbout 30
appointed for the administration of justice accord- miles above its entrance into the Ohio, and 200
ingly. The southern part of Calcutta is occupi- S. W. of Frankfort, is the chief town,
edatmostentirelj by Europeans, who have adopt- Caledony a town in the parish of Aughlo^,
ed a style of building at once magnificent in its (sometimes called Caledon,^ south part of the
appearance and well uapted to the climate. Eve- county of Tyrone, Ireland. Pop. of the town in
ry house is detached, inclosed with walls and firont- 1821, 856, and of the parish 7446.
ed with an elegant veranda shading a flight of CaUdotda, a county in the north part of Ver-
«Ce^. The northern part is chiefly inhabited hy mont, the south-east part of which is bounded by
natives, whose dwellings are for the most part the Connecticut River, which divides it from New
mere mud or bamboo cottages. The mixture of Hampshire. Pop. 20,967. Danville, in the oen-
European and Asiatic manners, that may be ob- tre or the county, about 20 m. N. E. of Montpe-
served in Ckleutta, is curious : coaches, pnaetons, lier, is the chief town.
single-horse chaises, withthe palanquins and hack- CaUdimia, a township of Livingston county,
eries of the natives, the passing ceremonies of the N. York, lying to the west of Genesee river, and
Hindoos, and the di^rent appearance of the south of Erie canal, 245 m. W. of Albany. Big
ftkirs, form a sight more novel and extraordinary, Spring, remarkable for the abundance of its water,
perhaps, than any other ci^ in the world can is in Uiis township. Pop. 1,618.
oresent. The Hoogly is navigable up to the town Caledonia, Jfew, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
for ships of 400 to Sob tons, but those of greater to the east of New Holland, discovered by Cook,
burden lie at Diamond Point, about 50 miles below, in 1774. It is 260 miles firom north-west to south-
their oargoes being conveyed to and from the east, and 70 broad. The inhabitants are strong,
town by lighters. Independentlv of its commer- active, and well made; their hair is black and
in the eastern seas, with which an interchange per made firom the bark of a tree, or of leaves,
is efifected in every possible commodity that man- Tlieir houses are circular, like a bee-hive ; form-
kind can desire^ either for subsistence and com- ed of small spars and reeds, covered with long
ibrt, or to gratify the most refined and luxurious coarse grass, and the floor laid with dry msa.
taate. Bhip-boilding is also carried on to aj^rreatex- They £posit their dead in the gpund, and deco-
tent; there are several banking establishments rate the ertive of their chiefs with spears, darts,
to fiusilitate the operations of commerce, and in- paddles. &c. They are of a pacific disposition,
vsoranoe establisunents for its protection. Tlie and their women chaster than those of the more
control of the govemor-general.and council of eastern islands. They cultivate the soil with
ilengal, at Calcutta, extends over the presidencies some art and industry , out subsist chiefly on roots
ofB^ulrar, Bombay, and Bencoolen; the extent and fish. Plantains and sugar-canes are not plen-
of the civU establishments attending the admin- tiful; bread-firuit is scarce, and cocoa-nut trees
istration of so extensive an empire, m addition to are but thinly planted ; but yams and taras are in
the military and oommereial affairs of the place, great abuncbnce. The cape at the south end,
necessarily give an importance to Calcutta beyona called Queen Charlotte Foreland, is in long. 167.
thatof any city in Asia, except those of China and 12. E.laL 22. 15. 8.
Japan. The new ibrt u in the lat. of 22. 35. N., CaUnhtrg, a principally of Lower Saxony,
and 88. 28. E . h>ng., 1,030 m. N. N. E. of Madras, which constitutes a part of the duchy of Bruns-
and about 1^00 £. N. E. of Bombay. wick. It is divided into two parts by the princi-
Qddas, the name of several small towns m dif- pality of Wolfbnbuttel. The southpart is inter-
ISirent parts of Spain and Portugal, which, like seeted firom east to west by the Werra, and the
tlwBadeas of Germany, implies their contiguity chief town is Oottingen. The Lena hu tts
to hot or medicinal springs : one 25 m. N. by E. source in this part, near th6 banks of ^^/^!^
of LAtbm, MMfthtr 10 m. fl . E. of CtiUl Bnmoo } and nus north thiough the principality of Wolf
CAL M CAL
enbnttel, then dividing the Bishopric of Hildei- ram parallel with the coa«t, its whole 'extent
heim from North Calenberg on the east) and after- rising in some places to. the height of about 4,700
wards intersects the north part of North Calen- feet The soil in many places is excellent ; and it
berff. The Weser also intersects the south part 'is reported that vines grrow naturally in the moun-
of N. Calenberg from south-east to north-west, tains, and that the Jesmts, when they resided here,
the chief towns being Hanover, Neustadt, ana made abundance of wine, in taste approaching to
Hameln. The aggregate extent of the surface that of Maderia. The chief town is St. Joseph,
may bf estimated tlI about 1,700 square miles, and about S5 m. N. £. of Cape St. Lucas. The por a.
the population at 220,000. The soil is generally lation of the whole territory is supposed nr« to
fertile, and under social and reciprocal arrange- exceed 10,000.
ments, Calenbeig might be made to yield a sur- Ca/tfomui, JVetc, is an extension of territory
plus produce sumcient to command an abundance alon^ the coast, north of the promontory of Call-
of tropical and other luxuries, the consumption of forma to the lat. of about 40. N. comprising the
which has hitherto been very limited. greater part of the coast formerly called New Al-
CalhucOf a town at the south extremity of bion. The same mountain ridge which intersects
Valdivia. Louf. 73. 37. W. lat. 41. 40. S. rection, found the soil somewhat more congenial
CitUf a city of Colombia, in the valley of Popa- for the general purposes of culture, and founded
yan, on the west bank of the river Cauca. The about twentv settlements upon and between the
ffoyemor of the province generally resides here, coast and the mountain nd^, each settlement
It is 90 m. £. of 3onaventura, and 200 W. by 8. dedicated to some saint of their holy order. The
of St. Fe. Long. 77. 6. W. lat. 3. 15. N. four principal settlements on the coast are St. Die-
Calieuif a city of Hindoostan, capital of a pro- go, in the lat. of 32. 42.; La Furissima, in 34. 32.;
yince of the same name, on the coast of Malabar. St. Carlos de Monterey, in 36. 36.; and St. Fran
It was the first Indian port visited by European cisco. in 37. 48. N. The total popuktion of this
sluroing ; being discovered by the Portuguese, in district is estimated at about 16,000.
149i0. Here is a manu&cture of plain cotton Calix, a town of Sweden, in West Bothina^ on
goods ; and much salt is made by the natural a river of the same name, near its entrance into
evaporation of the sea water. The principal ex- the gulf of Bothnia, 22 m. W. of Tomea.
ports are cocoa and betel nuts, black pepper, gin- CaUah, a town of Algiers, in the province of
g|er, and turmeric. It is seated at the mouth of a Mascara, which has a considerable trade, and the
nver, 110 m. S. W. of Seringapatam, and 130 S. greatest market for carpets in the country. It is
S. E. of Mangalore. Long. 75. 52. E. lat. 11 . 12. 40 m. E. of Oran.
N. It was ^rmerly mucn more considerable, CoUan, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kil
having been much encroached upon by the sea. kenny, on the frontier of Tipperary, 7 m. S. W
Cahfomiaj a nromontory, in the Pacific Ocean, of the city of Kilkenny, and 66 from Dublin
separated from the west coast of North America Pop. in l&l, 5,678.
by the Vermilion sea, or Gulf of California; ex- Callander, a town of Scotland, hi Perthshire
tending N. W. firom Cape St. Lucar, in the lat. of with a considerable manufacture of muslin ; seal*
22. 44. to lat. 33. N. being about 50 miles in aver- ed on the river Teath, 30 m. W. S. W. of Perth.
age breadth. It was discovered by Cortex, in Pop. 2,030.
1536; and is said to have been visited by Sir Ca22ao, a seaport of Peru, with the best harbour
Francis Drake, m 1578. Toward the close of the on the coast, and a large and sa& roadstead de-
seventeenth century, the Jesuits formed several fended by the islands of Callaoand St. Lawrence,
settlements here, and endeavoured to govern the In the port every commodity is to be procured
natives with the same policy and authority that that vessels may be in need of The town was
they exeroised in iheir missions in Paraguay, almost totally destroyed by an earthquake, in
They seem studiously to have depreciated the 1746. It is seated on a river of the same name,
chmate and soil of the country ; but on their ex- 5 m. W. of Lima, of which it is the port. Long,
pulsion from the Spanish dominions, the court ap- 76. 58. W. lat 12. 2. S.
e>inted Don Joseph Galvez to visit this peninsula. Callaufay^ a county of Kentucky. Pop. 6,159.
is account of the country was favourable ; he Wadesborough in the chief town,
found the pearl fishery on its coast to be valuable, Calle, a town of Algiers, in the province ol
and he discovered mines of ^old of a very promis- Constantina, where the Trench have a fiustory es-
ing ^>pearance. Diven naUons or tribes inhabit tablished for a coral fishery, and trade for grain,
ue country, without acknowledging any chief wool, leather, and wax. It stands on a rock, al-
Each fother is a pnnce over his own family ; most surrounded by the sea, 36 m. E. of Bona,
but his power ceases when the children are able CalUnger, a fortified town of Hindoostan, in
to provide for themselves. Each tribe, neverthe- the province of Allahabad, formeriy capital of
less, has persons appointed, who call assemblies Bundelcund. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to
to divide the productions ot the earth, regulate the English in 1793. It is 20 m. N. of the Dia-
the Mieries, and inarch at their head when en- mond Mines of Punoah, and 150 W. by S. of
gaged m war. Want of provision obliges them Benares.
often to chan^ their abodes ; and in severe win- CaUington, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with
ten they ntire into caves. A girdle and piece a manufacture of cloth; situate on the Lynher,
of hnen round the body, some omamento for the 12 m. S. ef Launceston, and 216 W. bv S. of
head, and a chain of pearls, serve them for dress London. It returns two members to paruament.
and finery. Those. who Uve toward the north, Pop. in 1821, l,3Sil.
Tf* ^JS[ ^^ **** pearls, dress their heads with CaUatna. or Caillomo, a town of Peru, oelebrat
■hells. The women commonly wear a kind of ed for ito silver mines, 50 m. N. by E. of AnHjoipay
.^g robe, made of leaves of palms ; though some and 170 S. of Cusco.
wear nothing but a girdle . A range of mountains CalmmTf a strong seaport of Sweden, capifttl of
CAM 151 CAM
Smaland, and a bishop's see. It if celebrated as ^ CamarmeSf the mosc southern, province of tlie
the place where the deputies of Sweden, Den- isle of Luzon, of which Caceres is the chief
mark, and Norway, were appointed to assemble town.
for the election of a kin^, according to the Union Camargve^ an island, or cluster of islands, of
of Calmar. On an eminence, hau a mile from France, in tne mouths of the Rhone, separated
the town, is- the ancient castle, now converted by canals and fortified. The whole contains 80
into a distillery. The cnief exports are deals and square miles ; the land is fertile, but the air is
tar. It is seated near the Baluc, 190 m. S. S. W. unwholesome.
of Stockholm. Long. 16. 22. £. lat 56. 41. N. Camifatf the southernmost province of Abyssi-
Calminaf or CoZtmno, an island of the Grecian nia, inhabited by a people called Seb-a-adja, who
Archipela^, near the coast of Asia, 7 m. N. W. are a mixture ot Pagans, Christians, and Mshom-
of Stanchio. Long> 26. 46. £. lat 36. 56. N. etans. It is abundant in fruits.
CaUif Eagt and West, townships in Chester Co. Cawhay^ a considerable city of Hindoostan, in
Pa. the province of Guxerat. It stands on a jrulf ot*
Cabu, a borough in Wiltshire, £ng. It has the same name, and was the Camanes of Ptol»
eight or ten extensive manufactories of woolen my. Here are three bazars, and foor publick cis
cloth, and in the vicinity are many fulling and terns, capable of supplying the whole town wiU
corn nulls. It is seated on a river of the same water in times of the greatest drou^t. Its pro
name, ^ m. £. of Bristol, and 88 W. of I^ndon. ducts and manufactures are considerable ; for the
It returns two membere to parliament Pop. in country abounds in corn, cattle, and silk : aa^
1881,4,612. cornelian and agate stones are found in its rivers.
CaUwra, a town on the west coast of Ceylon, The inhabitants are noted for embroidery. It is
with a fort. A great quantity of arrack is made 100 m. N. of Surat, and 50 m. S. of Amadabad,
here, and other manufactories carried on. It of which it is the port. It belongs to the £ng-
stands at the month of a large branch of the Mu- lish, and is included in the presidency of Bombay.
Uwaddv, 28 m. S. by £. of Columbo. Long. 79. Long. 72. 34. £. lat. 22. 17. N.
56. E. lat 6. 44. N. Camhtr^, a town of Germany, on the south-
Calvados^ a maritime .department of France, in- west frontier of the electorate or Hesse, situate on
eluding part of the late province of Normandy, a hill, 17 m. £. by S. of Nassau, and 20 N. W. of
bounded north by the English channel. It is so Frankfort on the Maine.
called from a ri<lge of rooks of the same name. CambenoeUf a parish in Surrey, contiguous to
near the eoast of what was heretofore callea London, on the south side ; and to which it forms
Normandy, eztendiuff twelve miles in length. It an appendage, being occupied principally by the
contains an area of wboni 2,200 square miles, and private resiaences of the merehants, shopkeepers,
upwards of 500,000 inhabitants. It is intersected and clerks emploj'ed in the several public estab-
from the south to the sea by the river Orne. It lishments of the Bank, £ast India House, cus*
is a fertile province, and exports a considerable toms, &c. dec. The number of inhabitants in
quantity ot clover seed. Caen, on the banks ol 1821 was 17,876 ; since when the^ have consider-
tne Orne is the chief town. ably increased. The old church is 2 1-2 m. S. of
Calvert f a county of Maryland, lying between London Bridj^ : an additional church, after the
the Patnxent River and Chesapeak Bay. Pop. model of one in Rome, was erected in 1825.
8,899. Prince Frederick, 40 m. S. of Annapous Cambodia, Camboja, or Camboya, a kingdom
and St Leonard's, in the south part of the county, or territory of Asia, extending from Cape Cam-
oo the shore of the Chesapeak, 71 m. S. of An- bodia, in the China sea, south, m the lat. of 8. 40.
napolis, are the chief towns. to Laotchua or Laos, in the lat. of about 17. N. :
Calm, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, bounded on the east, at the south end, b^ Tsiom-
eight miles north of Capua. pa, and further north by the country or the Ke
Calm, a town of Corsica, on a craggy moun- moys, which divides it from Cochin- China, and
tain and gulf of the same name, wiUi a strong on the west fit>m the 8th to the 14th degree of
fortress and a good harbour. It was taken by latitude by the Gulf of Siam, and further ndrth
the Engibh in 1794. It is 38 m. W. S. W. of by the territory of Siam; being of an average
Bastia. breadth of about three degrees of longitude te-
Calmsano, a town of Bresciano, 12 m. S. by tween 101. and 106. £. comprising an, aggregate
£. of Brescia. Pop. about 3^000. extent of surface of about 100,000 square miles.
Cahp, a town of 8uabia,in the kingdom of As far as any knowledge of this country has been
Wortemburg, with a porcelain manu&cture, and obtained, it appears to oe exceedingly rich, alike
a great trade in stuffs. It is 20 m. W. by S. of in vegetable, animal, and mineral produotions;
Stnttgard. Pop. 3,500. whilst the unsoeial habits of the people, who ap-
Cam, a river which rises in Hertfordshire, Eng. pear to be a mixture of Japanese, Cochin-Chi-
flows by Cambridge into the isle of Ely, and nese. Malays, and natives of the Eastern islands
there joins the Oose, to which river it is naviga- preclude nearly all intercourse with Europeans.
ble from Cambridge. In the 17th century, the Portuguese, Dutch, and
CamMta, a town of Pern, capital of a jurisdic- £nf lish, each unsuccessfully endeavoured to es-
tion ; situate on a river of the same name near tabush an intercourse in this country, and all suc-
the Pacifio Ocean. 70 m. W. of Arequipa, in ceeding attempts, except to a trifling extent sur-
lat. 16b 10. N. and 73. 15. W. long. reptitiously, appear to have met with disadvan-
Camanui, an island of Arabia on the Red Sea. twous results. It is intersected by a noble river
where there is a fishery for white coral and pearl of^e same name, which rises in Chinese Tarta-
oysten. Long. 42. 22. E. lat. 15. 6. N. ry, runs through Thibet and the west side of
Camaret, a town of France, in the department xunnan, the south-west province of China, and
of Finisterre. In an expedition against Brest, in Laos, and through the Cambodian territory in a
1694. the English landed here, and lost a great south-east direction, falling into the C^una Sea,
number of men. It standi on a bay of the same by several channels, between the latitudes of 9*
uuoBfQm. S. of Brest and 11. N. In Thibet, this river is eaUed th«
CJM Ifil GAM
Mati^iou, in China the £to« Limg, and throoffh the ties of wild fowl. Its snppljr however of fimign
Laos the May Kung, and the eastern channel into and mannfiibctared prodactiooa is obtained in ex-
the C2a is sometimes called the Jawmese. The change for the ezpenditoxe of the students at the
chief town of the country, called also Cambodia, university of the town of Cambridge, and rents
is situate on the western bank of the river, about abstracted from different parts of the country, on
240 miles above its entrance into the sea. Cam- account of the endowments of the several colleges
bodia appears to be thinly peopled, but of the The only other place in the coun^ deserving of
number of its inhabitants no estimate has been notice, besides the town of Cambridge, is the dty
formed. They appear to manufacture both silk of Ely. (See Bedford LmeL)
and cotton, and tne country producing every pos- CsmM^s, the chief town of the preceding
sible article necessary for subsistence and com- county, and seat of one of the two universities of
fort, and aJso to gratify the most luxuriant sense, Enffhind, is situate in the south nart of the coun-
either of taste, smell, or ornament, there is but ty, 17 m. south of Ely, 33 east of Bedford, and 28
little inducement on the part of the Cambodians west of Bury, and 51 north by east of London,
to cultivate an intercourse with Europeans, more It is a corporate town^ govemeii by a mayor and
especially on the overbearing, higgling, and self- 13 aldermen ; but its importance is derived from
ish principle which they seem to have ezerciied its universitv, which dates its foundation by Si^
over all Asia. As far as the Cambodians main- bert, king of the East Angles, in 630. It acqutr
tain an external commerce, sandal wood, ele- ed, however, but little celebrity until afier the
{Plants' teeth of the finest quality, camphor, and period of the collisions between the barons and
the gum called cambogia, or gamboge, from the the court had subsided, in the 13th century, from
name of the country, constitute the cnief articles which period, to the dose of the 16th century , 12
of export. (See Siam.) collejgfes and 4 halls were founded, by the names,
Camhray, a fortified city of France, capital of and m' the order of date as follows, viz. :
the department of Nord. The linen manufacture COLLEGES
is extensively carried on in this district, and
the term eamhrie was derived fimn the finer 1 St. Peter^s m 1257
qualities of Unen, which were distributed firom 2 Gonville, 1346
this city. It has since been applied by the Eng^ 3 Corpus Christi, 1350
lish to the fine fabric of cotton as well as of linen. 4 King's^ 1441
Cambray has also some manu&ctuies of lace and 5 Queen s, 1448
leather. It is seated near the source of the 6 Christ's, 1505
7 St. John's in 1509
6 Magdalen, 1519
9 Trinity, 1546
10 Jesus*, 1570
11 Emanuel, 1584
12 8yd. Sussex, 1596
Scheldt, which runs through the city^ 18 m. S. by HALLS.
W.ofyaIencieimeSj^S.VE.ofLwle,andl(ia i cUue. 1326 I 3 Trinity, 1350
N.N.E pfPans. Thefortifi^Uonwasoneof g pe^bioke, 1343 4 Cathe&e, 1475
those retained by the aUies for five years after the ? i »
peace of 1815. These institutiotts, founded in ages of monastic
CamMa, a county in the W. District of Penn- influence, and when architecture was the ruling
sylvania, lying west of the main ridge of the Al- passion of those who possessed the means of in-
leghany mountains. The south-west branch of dnljgring either in acts of benevolence or vanity,
the Susquehannah River rises in this county, and claim uie attention of the present age, some for
a branch of the Alleghany intersects its south their monastic features, some finr the history of
part. It is about 33 miles in length from north to their foundations, and others fi>r their architec-
south, and 18 in breadth. Pop. 7,079. Ebens- tural beauty. Most of them have chapeb and
burg, in the centre of the county, 143 m. W. by Lbraries attached, some of them extensive and
N. of Harrisburg, is the chief town. valuable, and the chapel of King's College is
Cambria, p.t. iViagara Co. New York, near the justly esteemed, as the most beantobl Gothic edi-
ffieat falls of Niagara, 290 m. W. Albany. Pop. nee m the world. It is 304 feet in length, 71
1,712. broad, and 91 in height ; the efifect of its propor-
Cambridge, an interior coun^ towards the S. E. tions, and beauty ofits deoorations, must be seen
part of England, being about oO miles in extent to be understood. In 1807 another college was
from north to soutii, and 20 to 25 fix»m west to founded, pursuant to the will of a Sir George
east. It is bounded on the south by a range of Powning, whose name it bears ; and, in 1810,
hills which divide it from the counties of Bedford viscount Fitxwilliam bequeathed a very extensive
and Essex, having the counties of Suffolk and and valuable cabinet of works of nature and art,
Norfolk on the east, and Bedford, Huntingdon, and ample funds for the foundation of an observa-
Northampton, and Lincoln on the west, the north- tory and a building for the reception of his oolleo
em extremity jetting upon the Boston Wash, tion, for the use of the university at large. Thii
The river Ouse intersects it from west to east, munificent donation excited a general spirit of
whilst the Nen forms the boundary between the improvement, both in the town and university
counties of Northampton aiul Lincoln, and the several of the coHeges have been enlarged, r^-
Cam, which rises at the foot of the lulls, which paired, and beautified, several old buildingi in the
form the southern boundary, falls into the Ouse, town taken down ; judicious sites for tne new
about the middle of the county. After descend- buildings selected, and those edifices more par-
ing the hills from &e south, the country is one ticularly deserving of attention for their architec-
entire level, and that port was formerly httle bet* ture, laid more open to the view. In addition to
tor than a swamp, which, by well-directed eflR>rts the libraries attached to the several colleges and
in draining and embanking, since the middle of halls, there is also one common to the university ;
the hurt oentnry, has been converted into rich and a senate house, and schools for public examine-
verdant pastures, which yield a vast surplus of tions, v^eh, together with 14 parish ohorches, a
butter, and cream-cheese, for the London market, county hospital, and other public buildings for
It has no sttfplns of msnuf^Ectures of any hhid. oount^ purpos^, afford a very interesting extent
but in aAfimi to ite butter, it yields a surplus or of rvned architectural display. There are also
calves, ««tl2fr, rfieep, and wool, tad Urge quaati- six bridges of stone, over the river Can, whiolii
CAM 15S CAM
iaadditioiii to their eoDTemeiice, add eonndenbly and the aoath end lets opon Albennarle Sound,
to the general picturesque efl^ct. The county, between PaaquetanK and Greoree Riyers. Pop.
town, and uniTorsity, each aenda two membera to 6,721. New Lebanon is the chieftown.
parliament. About two miles from the town, one Camden, a maritime county of the state of
of the laijgest fairs in England is held, for a fort- Georgria, bounded on the south by St. Mary's Riv-
i^rht, commencing on the 7th of September, er, which divides it from East Florida. It is
The population in 1801 was 10,067, and m 1821. about 20 miles in extent each wav, bounded on
14,1^, of whom about 1,000 maybe considered the west by the Great Swamj) of Oke-fin'-ocaw.
members of the uniyersity. The Santilla River intersects it from the N. W.
Cmmibrid^tf p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass.^ This comer, running to the centre of the county, falling
town is sepanied from Boston by the wide bay into the sea, at the N. E. comer. It is very pro-
which nearly surrounds the city. Two long ductive in rice and cotton. Pop. 4,578. Jefier-
bridges open a communication between them, son, is the chief town.
Hie town properly consists of three divisions, Camden, p.t. Wddo Co. Me. Pop. 2,200.
Tiz. 1. East Camhndg9, or Lechmere Point, which Camden, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. Fop. 1,945.
is a suburb of Boston and connected with the Camden, p.t. Gloucester Co. N. J. opposite
city by Craigie*s bridge. This is a flourishing Philad. Also a town in Kent Co. Del.
place, and has many manufactories of ^lass, iron Camden, y.t. Kenhaw District. S. C. on the
Ac. i Camhridge-wfrt, which commumcates with Wateree, So m. N. E. Columbia. It is the seat of
tho city by West Boston bridge, and 3. Old Cam" justice for the district. Here the Americans, un-
bridjfe, 3 miles fit>m Boston, containing Harvard der €^en. Gates, were defeated by Lord ComwalUs
VmSereUff, the oldest and richest literary institu- in 1780, and another battle fought between Gen.
tion in the United States. It was founded in 1638. Greene and Lord Rawdon in 1781.
The officers are a president and 23 professors Camel, a river in Cornwall, Eng. which rises
and tutors. The libraries contain 40,000 volumes, two miles north of Camelford, flows south almost
and the philooophical apparatus, cabinets and to Bodmin, and then north-west to Padstow,
similar materials for scientific purposes are of the where it enters the Bristol channel. Its banks
first excellence. The Botanical Garden and green- were the scenes of some bloody battles between
house, are handsomely arranged and fUmished the Britons and Saxons.
with the choicest plants. The college buildings Cam^ord, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. A
are 6 ; one of these is elegantly built of granite ; great quantity of yam is spun in this place and
the others are brick. They are beautiful^ situa- its neighbournood. It is seated on the Camel, 14
ted upon a spacious level common. The number m. W. of Launceston, and 22S W. by S. of Lon-
of students is 236. There are 3 vacations in April, don. It returns two members to parliament. Pop.
August and December, of 10 weeks. Commence- in 1821, 1,256.
ment is in August. Camerino, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of
A short distance west of the colleges is the spot Ancona, and an archbishop s see. It is seated on
ooensied by Washington as his head quarters dur- a mountain, near the river Chiento, 37 m. S. W
ingtlie siege of Boston, in 1775 and 6. Man^ of Ancona.
psiits of the town exhibit the remains of the forti- Cameron, p.t. Steuben Co. N. T. Pop. 924.
ncatkwis thrown up by the Americans at that pe- CamiUus, p.t. Onandaga Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,518.
riod. In the western part of the town and bor* Camin, a seaport of Further Pomerania, and
dering upon Walertown, is JlfoKja Auburn, a spot once a bishop's see, which was secularized at the
lately chosen for the establishment of a Cemetery peace of Westphalia; but it still has a fine cathe-
aad Horticultural Garden. This place is charm- dral and a chapter. Its navigation and commerce
ingly variegated with hills and dells, woods and were formerly extensive, but it is now of little
lawns, and when the design is fuUy completed note. It stands on the Diwenow, or east mouth
will be among the moat interesting objects m the of the Oder, opposite the isle of Wollin, 25 m. N.
sonntry. of Stettin. Long. 14. 52. E. lat. 53. 54. N.
In the san^ neighbourhood is Fresh Pond, a Caminha, a town of Portugal, in Entre Douro
■mall sheet of water skirted by steep and woody e Minho, with a fort ; seated at the mouth of the
hiUa in a hi^ly picturesque manner. This is a Minho, 12 m. N. of Viana.
&yoatite resort of the people of Boston in the Canudin, a village in the county of Wexford,
•nnuiier. Pop. uf Cambridge, 6,071. Ireland, on the north bank of the Bann, 4 m. 8.
Ckmkridge, Wut, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. ad- W. of Gorey. Pop. in 1820. 377. It was possess^
joining the preceding town. Pop. 1,230. ed by the insurgents in 1796.
Camkridgt, p.t ftanklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,613. CSsmorta, one of the Nicobar isles off the west
Cambridge, an unsettled township in Coos Co. coast of Malaya, in the lat. of 8. N.
N. H. Cam^pagna^ or Campania, a town of Naples, in
Cambridge, p.t Waahinffton Co. N. T. Pop. Principato Citeriore, 40 m. S. £. of Naples.
2,319. Also towns in Maryland, S. C, and Ohio. Camipagna di Rama, or Tirriiory of Rome, the
CambriUa, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, sur- most south-west province of the ecclesiastical
rounded by a wftll, and seated near the sea, 14 m. states of Rome, extending from the river Tiber,
W. by S. of Tarragona. for about 65 miles along the shore of the Mediter-
Camburg, a town of Thuringia. on the east ranean to the Neapolitan province of Lavoro, being
bank of the Saal, 18 m. N. by E. or Jena, and 32 about 50 miles wide, bounded on the eaatby Abras-
8 W. of Leipiig. lo. This extensive district, lying between the 41st
Cambyma, an island lyinc between the S. E. and 42d degree of north latitude, was the ancient
nomontory of Celebes, ana the Isle of Bonton. Latium, and was once the most populous and fer-
It is about 60 miles in circumference. tile district in the world, but now presents one
Camden, a county in the N. E. part of North general scene of desolation. The Pontine marsh-
Garolina, about 25 m. firom N. to 8. and four in es, which are constantly emitting the most noi-
breadth ; the north end borders on Virginia, some vapours, comprise a great portion of the
and ibnof part of the Great Dismal Swamp, south^*aft part of the province ; nssides the. eity
20
^OAM m CAN
of Rome on the banks of the Tiber, at the north- Alemtejo, on the frontier of Spain, 14 m. N. bjr C
em extremity of the province, Aloano, Velletri ofElvaa. Pop. about 5,000.
' and Piperno, all on the western side, still exhib- Campo St. PietrOf a town and castle of Italy, in
it marks of former ffreatness, whilst the ruins the Paduano, on the river Menson, 12 m. N. of
of temples, baths, and other stately edifices, are Padua, and about the same distance N. W. of
seen scattered in all directions. ^See Rome.) Venice. Pop. about 3,000.
Campbdlf a county in the E. District of Virjgrin- CamvoUf a town of Naples, in Abrnzio Ulter-
ia, being nearly « square, about 14 miles each lore, 23 m. N. by £. of Aquila.
way, bounded on the south by the Roanoke River, Oumpredtnif a town of Spain in Catalonia, at
<anj north by James River. It is a fertile district, the foot of the Pyrenees, and on the river Ter, 45
Pop. 15,704. Lynchburg is the chief town. m. N. of Barcelona.
Campbellf a county of Georgia. Pop. 3,323. Campsie, a village of Scotland, on the south
Gampbellton is the capital. confines of Stillingshire, 9 miles north of Glas-
Campbell. a county of East Tenessee, bounded gow. It has some extensive printfields, and oth-
on the nortn by Harlan county, Kentucky ; in- er manufactures.
terseoted by the Cumberland ri^^ of the Allegha- Camptaftf p.t. Grafton Qo. N. H. 75 m. fr. Ports-
ny mountains^ and firom the north-east to the mouth. Pop. 1,313.
south hy Powell's River, a branch of the Tenessee. Canaim, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,076.
It contains an area of about 290 square miles, Canaan, p.t. Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 373.
and a population of 5,110. Jacksonborough is the Canaan, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 103 m. fir. Ports-
chief town, mouth, rop. 1,428.
CarnvbeUf a county of Kentucky, containing Canaany p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Hous-
about 90 square miles, bounded on the north by atonic. Pop. 2,901. This town has some iron
Boone county, and on the east and north by the manufactures ; and near it is a fkll upon the
Ohio River, and intersected firom south to north river.
by the Licking. Pop. 9,893. Newport, on the Canaan, p.t. Columbia counUr, New York, on
east bank of the Licking, at its entrance into the the east side of Hudson River, 25 m. W. by 8. of
Ohio, opposite to Cincinnati, 96 m. N. N. £. of Albany. Pop. 2,064.
Frankfort, is the chief town. Canaan. See Syria.
CampbdlatiUt, p.v. Green Co. Ken. on a branch Canaan, Jfew, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, near the
of Green River. the shore of L. i. Sound. Pop. 1,826. There are
CampbeUUnon, 3 villages in Steuben Co. N. T., 3 townsh^s called Canaan in Pa. and Ohio.
Lebanon Co. Pa. and Edgefield Dis. S. C. Canada, a vast territory of North America, ly-
Campbeltan, a borough and seaport of Scotland, in^ between the 42d and 54th degrees of north
in Argyleshire, situate on a bay, toward the south latitude, and the 65th and 96th of west longitude,
extremity of the peninsula of Uantyre. It has a This country appears to have been first made
considerable trade in the distillation of whiskey, known to Europe in 1535 by Cartier, eommahd
besides being the general rendezvous of the fisn- ing a fleet fittcKi out fimn St. Malo, under ^e
ing vessels uiat annually visit the western coast, auspices of the ¥Vench government. Three or
It IS 65 m. S. S. W. of Inverary. Long. 5. 32. W. four attempts during the fifteen years firom 1535
lat. 55. 28. N. Pop. in 1821,6,445. to 1560 were made to establish a colony upon it
Campden, a corporate town in Gloucestershire, but all proved unsuccessful. In 1607 the fint
Enff. S2 m. N. £. of Gloucester, and 90 W. N. W. permanent establishment was formed by M. De
of London. Pop. 1,249. Champlain, from Prance, who founded the oity
Campeacky, a town of Yucatan, on the west of Quebec ; but for more than fifty years it remain-
coast of the bay of Campeachy, in the Gulf of ed without any laws or social arrangements, the
Mexico, defended by strong forts. The port is settlers being little better than hordes of banditti,
large but shallow, and has a good dock. It is no- living in constant collision with the native lu-
ted for logwood, which, however, does not grow dians,with whom the most sanguinary conflicts
very near it. It was taken by the English in 1659, firequently occurred with alternate success,
by the buccaneers in 1678; and by Die freeboot- In WS&, at which period the European inliabit-
ers of St Domingo, in 1^5, who burnt it, and ants did not exceed 7,000, the French govem-
blew up the cita&l. Long. 91. 30. W. lat. 19. ment affected to extend its paternal re^^ard to the
35. N. colony, and appropriated n train of civil officers
Campen, a town of Holland, in Overyssel, with to organize and administer a code of laws on the
a citadel, and a port almost choked up. It is principles of those then prevailing in France,
seated near the mouth of the Yssel, on the Zuy- Tbis arrangement produced some excitement and
der Zee, 8 m. *W. N. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about indications of improvement ; but both were of
6,000. short duration. The collisions with the natives
Camperioten.tL. seaport of Holland, about 25 were renewed, and their frequent incursions
miles south of Texel Inand. fkmousfbrthe signd upon the lands of the settlers which were often
victory obtained by admiral lord viscount Duncan, stained with acts of cruelty, operated as a eheck
off its coast, over the Dutch fleet, on the 11th Oc- to all social enterprise ; so uAt at the end of
tober, 1797. another half century, the number of settlers did
Campo Basso, a town of Naples, in the Molise. not exceed 20,000. During the earlier part of
In 180o, it sufiered greatly by an earthquake, and . the 18th centmy the colony made some progress to-
most of the inhabitants were destroyed. It has a wards improvement ; but the objectof the French
considerable trade in articles of cuttery, and is 12 government seemed to be extension of territory
m. S. of Molise. Po^. about 6,000. rather than social arrangement, and as such, in ad-
Campo Formio^ a village of Italy , in Friuli, with dition to the hostilities m which it was so fifi^iiient-
an elegant castle, where a treaty of peace was ly involved with the natives, it interfered itself
concluded between the Austrians and French, in also with the outposts of the English, who then
1797. It is 2 m. 8. W. of Udina. possessed the territory now forming the United
Can^ Mayor, a fortified town of Portugal, in States of N. America, and on war being deekred
OftJI 166 CAll
between FriMe and Engkad in 1756, the Sagw
Ikh pteptxed to expel t£e French entirely from ^
ikt North American continent, in which they 3
oonpletelj svcceeded in 17S0. At thie period, *
the nnmber of settlers in Canada amonnted to ^
•boot 70,000. During the first fifteen years af- 1 1
ter its surrender to the English, it made but little ^
progress either in popnlatien or improvement, the 3
prejudices of some of the older settlers being in- &
unica] to the Enrlish laws introduced immediate- ^
1 Huntingdon f 12 Yoik
3 Bedford
3 Montreal ia
4 Richelieu '^
5 Surrey ^
6 Kent g -{
7 Buckingham «
8 Dorehester S
9 Hertford o
10 Devon ®
13 Effingham
14 Leinster
15 Warwick
16 St. Maurice
17 Hampshire
18 Orleans
19 Quebec
SO Northumberland
It after its surrender, led, in 1775, to a revision of 1. 11 Comwallis ^^
toe civil code, more conformable to the usage of these, the firat eight, which all lie within or
and preindioes of the inhabitants. The revolt south-west of the river Chaudiere, are the mo^t
of the American States taking place about this fertile, and ^ord the most &vourable spots for
time, occasioned a considerable accession of pop- agricultural and commercial enterprise. The
ulation to Canada, which progreasively increased counties of Comwallis and Northumberland,
up to the periodof 1792, when a further import- ^f^]^ extend from the latitude of about 47, the
ant arrangement took place in its internal admin- former to the district of Gaspe, and the latter bor-
iatration, the territory was divided into two parts, ^ers on Labrador, all of wnich at present mav
denominated Upjier and Lower Canada, with \f^ looked upon as one great wilderness. With
separate iurisdictions, and a council, and As- f^ subdivision of territory and new organization
aembly or representatives established for each, of the government of Canada in 1792, a more
as more particularly elucidated under each of gtedftst career of improvement seems to have
their respective heads, viz. been pursued than in any former period.
Canada. Lower , although the least favoured in One of the most distinguishing characteristics
climate of the two, is by far the most populous, of Lower Canada is its cumate, m the intensity
owing to its near contifuity to the sea, ana earli- of cold in the winter, and of heat in summer,
er settlement. This mvision extends from the ^^^ the sadden transition from one to the other.
United States Territory, in the lat. of 45. to that without producing any injurious effect upon the
of 53. N. ; and W. from the 65th degree of long, constitutions either of the inhabitanto or other
to an undefined boundary ; the part, however, parts of the animal creation. The frosts begin
which is inhabited and under cultivation, lies about the middle of October, the sun continmng
within much narrower limits, comprising a tract to render the days mild and agreeable for three
oif territory about 700 miles in lenm, and 150 in or four weeks, when the snow storms set in,
mean breadth, lying in a N. E. direetion, from which continue for about a month, with varia-
«FWM.^ •» .«^ «.»r^ ..,w. — , ^MMiuixj couHtTy Is covcred with an average depth
tersects it in thai direction its whole extent, fall- of snow of three to five feet. An invariable season
ing into the gulf of St. Lawrence, at the N. £. now commences ; an uninterruptedly clear sky
Tne settlemeniB extend along both banks of the prevails for about 20 weeks, the thermometer rang-
river, and are intersected on both sides by uig the greater part of the time from 20 to 25 m-
innumerable tributary streams and riven, some low zero, sometimes descending more than SO
of them of great magnitude ; the most consider- below, wnen the frost suddenly breaks, and in
able of those on the south side of the St Law- the course of a few days, about the end of April,
rence, taking them in order from the west, are or middle of May, the snow as suddenly disap-
1st the Chambly, which runs out of Lake Cham- pears. All the energies of the husbandman are
plain, falling into the St Lawrenoe about 60 now directed to prepare the earth for seed, and
miles belowMontreal ; Snd the Tortue ; 3rd the in the short space or a month the most luxuriant
St. Francis ; 4th the Nieolet ; 5th the Becancour ; verdure and vegetation are spread over all Canada ',
6th the Beanrivage; and 7th the Chaudiere, the thermometer sometimes, in June, ranging as
which falls into the St. Lawrence, about 20 miles high as 95 or 100, prevailing through the summer
below Quebec *, east of the Chaudiere, the waten from about 75 to 80. Although the severity of
chiefly flow to the south, or east into the gulf of the winter hinders the earth from yielding any
St Lawrence ; the north bank is intersected at produce, yet it essentially fiusilitates the convey-
the distance of ereij 15 to 20 miles by riven of anoe to market of its summer products ; a track
greater or less magmtude, the most considerable once beaten upon the snow, which is easily effect-
IS the Piekouagamis, which, after passing through ed afier the storms have ceased, enables a horse
a lake of consulerable extent is called Uie Segu- to drag, on a sledge, a twofold weight, twice or
enai and fidls into the St Lawrence about 150 thrice the distance in a day, which he would be
miles below Quebec. At the neworganizatiott of able to draw in the best constructed carriage on
the government in 1768, this territory was divi- the best possible road. In any country this ftcili*
ded into the four districts of Montreal, Trois ^ofconveyanee would be agreat advantage, but
Rivieres, Qoebee, and Gaspe ; the three firat ex> in Canada especially, whew the rapidity of vegeta-
tend on both sides of the river; the latter, whieh tion, and the abunaant produce of the summer,
is called the district and county of Gispe, com- claims all the attention and all the energy of the
prises all the S. £. part of the tetritory, south of population during that season, it more tbi conn-
tka St. Lawrence, bounded on the east by the temlanees the mrtte and lonff duration of the
Gulf of St Lawrence, and south by the Province winter, inasmuch as it supMrsedea the necessity;
of New Brunswick, the three first distriets were of cost and labour in the oonstruetioa of bridgea
tether subdivided into 20 oounties, II on the and roada, and renden ooaveyanee easy by routed
•oath, and nine on the north side of the river, sad over tneta that would otherwise be impassai
•■ feUowiB, beginniug at the S. W. via.^ ble ; thus so fur Stom being deemed severe or m-
ooflvaniBiit, iiia legasdadl^ t^CaaadiaBa aaths
CAK U
MMon of •odal mtereoorae aod feetlTity, The
bull of the commerce oTdatt^uin the pnidace
of it* fbresti, which, aince 1617, have sapplied
Engluid ind the West Indies with ui KTenge
of iibont 300,000 loads (of 50 cabic fMt e&ch)or
timber annnBlly. Ili next •oorco of eapply for
export ia the akiiu of the inmuDenble wtlcl uii-
maim which tohiUiit the foreata, compriaing the
beu, (tag, elk, deer, fbi, marteD, wild cat, and
VBiiona ochen, iTiclnding hare and rabbit, u well
u a greal ruiety of the weuel speclei, and the
banks of the numeroui lakea and riven supply
large quanlities of otter and beaver akina. Tbe
aggregate vslae of Ihia branch of commerce to
CanadB may he estimated at from £100,000 to
£150,000 annnally, varying, in some measure,
according to the caprice of faahion. Foi and
otter skins, which at one time sold in Loudon for
£10 to £15 a akin, at other times obtain only 'two
or three to five pouadB each ; the others occasion-
pearl aah, whiiA, with a few other articles of mi-
nor importance, constitute the wbole of the ei-
ports; amounting in the aggregate, including
the freight of a portion of the wood ■- •''—■<■ —
chiefly oQt of gnutt of land made nnder the
i^nca government, and an aMenment of one
twenty-iixtb part of all grain produced on tlw
lands held by catholicB. The protestant eatab-
liihment oonutta of a lord bishop, also resident at
Quebec, nine rectors, and aeieral curates or cler-
gymen supported in part out of the civil lilt, and
an appropriation of one-seventh of all the lands
held by proteatants. The protestant bishop haa
alao a aeat in the legislatiTe conncil by virtue of
L! :-, . ^Q distinction is otherwise made
built vt
r value of about £
ed bv an export of erain, i
blind policy of the British legiilature prefer con-
fining the manufactaring populstion of England
as well (U of Ireland to a potato diet, and that in
the most sparing aupplTilest any grain of foreign
troduction ahould be admitted into England, and
•wer the mooe; price, and thereby preclude a
high money rent tax. The exclusion ofa market
for the surplus of grain, vhich would easily be
supplied, is, however, more than counterbalanced
to Canada by a large military force and civil ea-
tablishment, which is maintained in tbat country
out of the taxes levied on the people of England.
These maintenances, in addition to its exports
whilst the system ■ubjecla the people of England
to iDcreasing privation, enables the Canadians to
draw from Englanda supply of manufaelared and
Auatic productions to the amount in mooej value
of about £1,400,000 annually, whilst ^e direct
intercourse ofCanada with the British West In-
dia Islands enables it to obtain a liberal sap[^ of
the products of those loiuriant climes. From
Omada alfords great advantage to agricultural
enterprise, and well-directed exertion.
The civil government consists of a govetnor,
who is uniformly a mihtary man and commander-
in-chief of all the forces in Britieh America, and
an execntive council of fourteen other memberg,
who are all appointed by the governor for the
approval of the king, Tcie House of AsKmbly
ooniists of fifty-two members, elected for four
jean in doe proportions from each district of the
"'mtry by the freeholdera of forty shillings a
try, tl
parts of this rait eonn-
. about whicb period the amall-pox
raged with snch deetmctive fiuy as to entirely
depopulate several hundred thousand square miles
of territory. Since the abatement of that dreadful
catastrophe, and the conciliatory meainres of the
Canadian government towards them, although
they still withhold thamselvei as much u ever
from the society of the settlers, they have main-
tained a much more social intercourse, with hut
few attempt* at open hostility ; and it ia the In-
dian population who contribute so eesentislly to
the traffic in fun. The principal towns in Lower
Canada are Quebec, Montreal, and Trois Rivieres,
The pine bresta of this region are inhabited by
vaat niunben of martens, who live in the lollf
..,- of the Ireei. rbeir fnr li highly erteemed,
and great numben of them an hnntad for tiMnr
skins. This animal dr-' -'" '
iting of not le
cst^lbhmenl
Thera is also alegislative council, seeks
less than fifUen members. The
Bench, Common Pleas, and coart of Appeal ; and
the civil and criminal law is administered by a
chief justice and two puisne judges: the cluef
Ktice is also president of the legislative council-
a eccleaiaitical affidr* of thie country are under
the superintendence of a catholic bishop resident
at Quebec, and an assistant bishop, nine vicars-
.{•nanl, udahont SOD cores, wbo m lupporlcd
skins. This animal destroy* great quantities of
small quadrupeds and birds. He frequently makes
t: . :_ .L- 1.-11 — ,f J ir^^^ bni commonlj
>t, drives away or kilu
uiB owner, ana laaes possessian-
The wolverene inhahits the northern parts of
Canada and America generally, quite to the Arc-
tic Sea, and it ie probable that its visits extend
bejond the continent towards the Pole, aa a aknll
ofthis animal was foond on Melville Island by
Capt. Parry. It is an inhabitant alike of the
woodj and barren grounds, and is capable of en-
dnring the severest cold. Tbe motions of the
wolveiene are oeopswrily (low, and ib fail
CAN
157
CAN
hVarj, bat the aeateness of its tight and power
of tinplUiig are an ample compensation ; as thej
are seldom or never killed without being found
fiit, there is good reason 'few believing that thev
rarely soffi^r macb from hanger. This animal is
snrprtsinglj strong, and an overmatch for any
quadruped near its own size ;— indeed its sharp
cKiws and teeth enable it to offer a v^ry effectual
resistance even to the bear.
Among the birds may be mentioned the wild
Cigeon, spotted groase, and the smallest hamming
ird known. Tne raven, a bird* found in evety
quarter of the world, is also very common here.
13. Hastings,
14. Lennox,
15. Addington,
16. Frontinac^
17. Prescot,
18. Russell,
19. Leeds,
20. Grenville,
21. Dnndas,
22. Stormont,
23. Glengary
He seems to bear the cold of the northern regions
with as much indifierence as the heat of the tor-
rid lone. It is remarkable, that wherever these
birds abonnd, the common crow seldom makes
bis appearanoe.
Omaday Upper f in its most comprehensive
sense, comprises a tract of country extending from
the OftMsa, or Grand River, which divides it from
Lower Canada at its iunction with the St. Law-
rence, in the longitude of 74. 30. W. and 45. of
N. lat. to the north-west extremity of Lake Win-
nipeg, in the latitude of 59. N. and the 98th of
W. kng. bounded on the south by the chain of
lakes which discharge their waters into the sea
by the great river St. Lawrence, and on the north
bv the Ottawa River, in a north-west direction to
tne longitude of about 82., when it borders by un-
deBned limits on the Hudson's bay and north-
west terntories. However, like Lower Canada,
the part under cultivation, and which at present
more particularly merits attention, lies within
comparatively narrow limits, in a south-west di-
rection, along the north bank of the St. l^awrence,
and north shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, from
the Ottawa River before-mentioned at its en-
trance into the St. Lawrence to the straits of Erie
and St. Clair River, between the Lakes Erie and
Huron, in the longitude of 62. 30. W. It is about
570 miles from N. £. to S. W. and 40 to 50 in
breadth, inclnding about 10,000.000 of acres of as
fertile land as any in all North Ameiica. The
vonth-west extremity extending to the 42d degree
of latitude, it is not subject to such severity of
winter as the lower province ; numerous streams,
affording tlie most advantageous site for the erec-
tion of mills, fall into the lakes, and two consid-
erable rivers in the eastern district fall into the
Ottawa, and two others run in a south-west di-
rection, &ning into Lake St. Clair, between the
strait of Erie and the St. Clair River. The
southernmost of these rivers is called the Thames,
with a London on its banks, destined perhapsi al
some future time, to rival in population and im-
portance its namesake in Britain. Upper Canada
IS divided, for judicial and local purposes, into
eight districts, which are again subdivided into
the 23 following counties, tucing them in order
from the south-west : vis
1. Essex,
2. Kent,.'
3. Suffolk,
4. Middlesex,
5. Norfolk.
6. Oxford,
7. Lincoln,
8. York,
9. Durham,
10. Carleton,
11. Prince Edward,
12. Northumberland,
These counties are further subdivided into about
160 townships. Nearly one-third of the lands
were wanted in free and common soccage prior
to 18!^, about 500,000 acres of which aie already
under cultivation, one-third more being reserved
for the crown and clergy, leaves about 4,000,000
of acres of fertile land, m the immediate vicinity
of settlements already formed, for future grants ;
in addition to which, millions of acres in the rear,
northward, covered at present with the finest tim-
ber of oak, hickory, beach, walnut, maple, pine,
Sui. Ac. present a rich field for exertion, and the
supply of future ages. The population of this
province has increased, and continues increasing
in a greater ratio than the lower one. The inhab-
itants, which in 1783 did not exceed 10,000, in
1814 amounted to 95,000, and in 1825 to double
that number. Its civil and religious institutions
are similar to those of the sister province, with
the exception that being settled since the expul-
sion of the French, there are no feudal tenures or
lands held in seignorage, which is the case with
all those granted to the original French settlers
in the lower province. Tlie inhabitants also of'
Upper Canada being emigrants from the United
States, Scotland, and England, are principally
protestants, and as such there are no special
enactments or reservations for the catholics. The
executive council of this province consists of six
members, the legislature of not less than seven,
and the house of^sembly of twenty-five. Upper
Canada participates in common in the commerce
of the lower province, in addition to which it has
also the advantage of interchanging its surplus
productions with the United States, as either one
direction or the other may best promote its inter-
est. As long, however, as the English govern-
ment are enabled* to afford the same protection to
Upper Canada, and under the same circumstan-
ces as prevailed in 1826, and more especiallv
should the English government qualify their
present policy of excluding min of foreign
erowth importation into England, the interest of
the Canadians will unquestionably lie on the side
of England, and the Canadas afford the fairest
field for agricultural exertion of any country in
the world : independent of its abundant supply of
Srain and animal food, the forests supply abun-
ance of every variety of same and fowl, and the
rivers and lakes everv variety of fish common to
inland waters ; and, by due attention to culture,
the gardens maj be made to yield every variety
of delicious fruits.
The Canadas, in a general sense, may be con
sidered a level counUy, beautifully undulated,
but no where attaining an elevation exceeding
300 to 500 feet above the level of the waters of
the great chain of lakes. A ridge of mountain
skirts the northern boundaries of botJi provinces
from the 74th to the 98th deg. of west longitude
the altitudes have not been correctly ascertained
but they seem to claim the character only of t
O
CAN 158 CAN
chain of brokcn^ hiUs. rather than monntams. mined reojtance of the natives; the whole of
But little discovery of minerals has as yet been whom, dnring the 16th century, fell victima to
made : coals, copper, and iron, have been found, the cruelty of the Spaniards, either by the sword
and as population extends itself, and when necea- or the inquisition, which was established in these
sity requires tbem, the mineral substances will islands in 1532.
most probably not prove deficient. Th^two prin- Canary, Grand^ one of the pnAcipal of the above
cipal towns are York and Kingston. islands, lying between the east sicle of Teneriffe
Canajokarie, pX. Montgomery Co. N. T. Its and the south end of Fuerte-ventora.. Next to
vicinity abounds with apple-trees, from which it Teneriffe, it is the most fertile and productive of
makes cider of an excellent quality. It stands on the joproup . The surface near the coast is bean-
a creek of the same name, between Uie Mohawk tifully oiversified with hill and dale and well
River and the Erie Cand, 25 m. N. R, of Coop- watered with streams issuing from mountains
erstown, and 53 W. N. W. of Albany. Pop. 4,348. which lie towards the centre of the island. The
Canandaigwiy a lake in the western part of the vine in all its varieties flourishes in this island ir
State of New York, which discharges its waters the utmost luxuriance. It is here that the mosY
into Lake Ontario. It is 20 miles long, and from delicious malmsey wine or sack is made, and it
2 to 3 miles wide. The banks are high and va- was from hence that the English obtained their
no coated, and ornamented with many beautiful sack, so celebrated in the time of Shakspeare.
villas Under reciprocal arrangements and due excite-
Canandaimuif p.t. Ontario Co., on the outlet of ment of protection and reward, this island would
the above lake. It is one of the pleasantest towns produce nearly all the fruits and vegetables com*
in the country. The principal street runs alone mon to the tropics ; but under the proscriptive
the ridge of a hill which rises from Uie north end and bigoted policy of Spain, nothing depending
of the lake ; it is handsomely planted with trees, on human exertion prospers, and, though the Ca-
and the houses have an uncommonly neat ap- nary Islands are less exposea to its despotism than
pearance, being generally painted white, with an^ other part of the Spanish dominions, everj
green blinds. In the centre of the town is a large tlung languishes. The extent of this island is
square. In the neighbourhood are many beauti- about 30 m. from north to south, and 28 in breadth,
ful gardens. Canandaigua has a very flourishing Palmaa, or Canary, as it is sometimes called, the
traoe, and a steam-boat plies upon the lake. It is chief town,is situate on the coast towards the north-
208 m. W. of Albany. Pop. 5,162 east end of the island, in the latitude of 28. 43. N.
Cajtanore, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, and 17. 46. W. long, having a tolerable harbour
defended by a fortress, with other works afler tlie for vessels of 100 to 2U0 tons burthen, sheltered
Europeai) fashion. It is the head-quarters of the by a promontorv jetting for about two miles into
Srovince. This town was taken in 1790 by the the sea from tne norUi-east extremity of the
ritish, in whose possession it remains. It has island. Palmas was formerly the capitu and seat
several good houses, and carries on a good trade ofgovemment,bothcivilana ecclesiastical, of the
with other parts of the peninsula, and with Ara- whole group of Islands, but the governor now re-
bia and Sumatra. The country furnishes a lar^ sides at Santa Cruz on Teneriffe ; the bishop con-
quantity of pepper, cardamoms, sandal wood, coir, tinuinff at Palmas, the population of which is es-
snarks' fins, &c. ; the imports are horses, benzoin, timated at about 2SfiO0f and the remainder <^the
camphor, almonds, opium, sugar, and piece goods, island at about the same number.
It is governed by a native sovereign, who pays an CoMtaUf a town of France, in the department of
annual tribute of 14,000 rupees to the English Ille and Vilaine, seated on a bay of its name, and
East India Company. It is seated on a small celebrated for oysters. The English landed here
bay, one of the best on the coast, 56 m. N. N. W. in 1758, and proceeded by land to bum the diips
of Calicut. Long. 75. 'M). E. lat. 11. 53. N at St Malo. It is nine miles east of St. Malo,
Canarif a province on the west coast of Hin- and 40 N. N. W. of Rennes. Pop. about 3,000.
doostan, lately subject to the regent of Mysore, on CandahaTf or Kandahat, a province of A%ha-
whose defeat and death, in 1799. it came into the nistan, lyin^ between the 3lBt and 34th degree
hands of the British. It is ISO miles in length, of north latitude, and the 65th and 70th of east
between the Concan and Malabar, and from S to long. ; the chief city, of the same name, is situate
80 in breadth. The soil is fertile, and it produces on Uie frontier of tne Persian province of Sigis*
abundance of rice, betel-nuts, and wild nutmegs, tan. in the lat. of 33. N. and 65. 30. of £. long.
Tlie principal port is Manffalore. During the entirety of the Persian and Mogul
CanarieSf or Canary iHandSf anciently called empires, it was considered the most important
the Fortunate Islands, are thirteen in number, barrier between the two territories, and it was for^
lying in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the west merly the capital and seat of government of the
coast of North Africa, between the latitudes of whole Afghan territory, which is now at Cabul.
28. and 30. N. Seven of them are considerable, It is however still an important place, both as a
namely, Palma, Ferro, Gromera, Tenerifle. Ca- fortress and of commercial intercourse See Jif-
nary, Fuerte-ventura, and Lanzerota, each of ghanistan,
leibcA see : the other six are very small, Graciosa, Candeukj a province of the Deccanof Hindoo»-
Rocca, AUemnza, St. Clare, Imemo, and Lobos. tan, subject to the Poonah Mahrattas ; bounded on
They were formerly inhabited by a brave and in- the N. by Malwa, E. by Berar, south by Dowlata-
dependent race of people called Gaunekes, Fuerte- bad and W.by Baglana. The soil is fertile. though
Ventura and Lanzerota, being the least populous, mountainous, and produces abundance of cotton
were taken possession of by John de Betancourt, Burhampour. whicn surrendered to the British in
a Norman, aoout the commencement of the 15th 1803, is the capital.
century, in behalf of John, the then king of Cas- Candes, a town of France, in the department of
tjle : but it was not till towards the close of that Indre and Loire, at the confluence of the Vienne
century that the Spaniards, under whose sove- with the Loire^ 30 m. W. S.W. of Tours,
reigpty they still remain, obtained complete pos* GtuMtia, an island in the Mediterranean, fer
■essiou of tae whole group, after the most deter- merly Crete, lying to the south of the Archipela
s
CAB I0t CAM
It ii 180 bkUm loBff, from west to east, and are proof against fire. Long. 182. 15. £. lat. 92
bread, and pervaded oj a chain of mountains. 10. N .
The eoil is fertile ; and it abounds in fine cattle, CaiBxa, a town of European Turkey, in Alba
sheep, swine, poultry, and game. The chief pro- nia, near the entrance of the Gull of Venice, 8 m
duets are oorn, wine, oil, wool, silk, and honey. 8. E. of Avlona.
It was taken by the Turks in 1669, aAer a war of GsnucAa, a stron'ff town of Lower Hunfiwr. It
SSyears. It was invaded by the Venetians, in was taken, in 1600,l>y the Turks, who held it till
16Ki, without eflbct Mount Ida, so famous in 1690, when it was taken by the Austrions, aAer a
hietorT, is in the middle of this island ; beside the blockade of two years, and ceded to the emperor
eaiNtsJ of the same name, the other jnincipal by the peace of Carlowitz. It is seated on the
towns axe Canea, Retimo, Nnovo, Legoitino, and bank or a small lake, 12 m. N. of the Drave River,
Setia. Total population about 230,000, in nearly and 85 m. S. S. W. of Raab. Long. 17. 10. £
an equal proportion of Greeks and Turks. lat. 46. 30. N.
Camdiay the capital of the island of the same Camsteo,p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y., 260 m. S. W.
name, and the see of a Greek archbishop. Though Albany. Pop. 620.
populous formerly, little of it remains beside the Canna. one of the Hebrides of Scotland, S. VV
wmUs and the market place ; and the harbour is of the Isle of Skye. It is four miles long and one
now fit for nothing but boats. It is seated on the broad ; the hifh parts producing excellent pasture
north side of the island, about 240 m. S. S. W. of for cattle, anathe low is tolen3)ly fertile. Here
Smyrna. Long. 25. 18. E. lat 35. 19. N. -Pop. are many basaltic columns. On the 6. E. side
about 13^000. of Canna is Sand Island, separated by a narrow
Gsndtti, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. II., 36 m. fir. channel ; and between them is a well frequented
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,^. harbour. Long. 6. 38. W. lat. 57. 13. N.
Candiemas bUs, two islands in the Southern CaimeSf or CagneSf a small seaport at the S. E.
Ocean, near Sandwich Land. Xjong. 27. 13. W. extremity of France, distinj?uished as the place
lat 57. 10. S. of debarkation of Napoleon from Elba, on the 1st
Osiidor, p.t. Tioga Co. N. T. 177 m. W. Alba- of March, 1815. It is about 6 m. S. W. of Nice.
ny. Pop. 2,653. Canobia^ a town of Italy, in the Milanese, on
Omdy, formerly a kingdom, comprising the the lake Maggiore, 35 m. N. N. W. of Milan.
sreater piart of the interior of the island of Cey- Canoge, a townof Hindoostan, in the province
Em ; the chief town, of the same name, is situate of Agra. It is said to have been the capital of
nearly in the centre of the island, on the banks of all Hindoostan, under the predecessor of Porus.
a rirer called the Malivaganga, which falls into who fought against Alexander ; and that in the
the sea by several channels on the east side. The 6th century it contained 30,000 shops in which
town consists principally of one street about two betel-nut was sold. It is now reduced to the size
miles in length ; the principal buildings being the of a middling town, and seated on the Calini, near
former kinjps palace and the temple of Boodh. its conflux with the Ganges, 110 m. £. by S. of
It surrendered to a British force in March 1815, Agra. Long. 80. 13. £. mt. 27. 3. N.
and was annexed with the whole of the Island Canondntrg, p.t. Wsshimrton Co. Pa. 18 m. S.
Ceylon, to the British dominions. Candy is about W. Pittsburg. Here is a Seminary, founded in
70 m. E. N. E. of Colombo, and 85 S. W. of Trin- 1802, called Jefferson Collets. It has 7 instruct-
eomalee. ers, 120 students^ and a lH>rarir of 2,500 vols.
CSsnso, a strong town in the island of Candia. There are 2 vacations in May ana October. Com-
with a ffood harbour. The environs are adorned mencement is in September, The town has an
with olive-trees, vineyards, wardens, and brooks, elevated and pleasant situation,
bordered with myrtle and fanrel roses. It was Canosa^ a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
taken from the Venetians by the TuiIlb, in 1645, which stands on part of the site of the ancient
after a defence of two months, in which the vie- Canusium, one ox the most magnificent cities of
ton lost S5,000 men. It is seated on the north Italy. Between Canosa and \& river Ofiinto are
eoast of the island, 63 n. W. by N. of Candia. still some traces of the ancient town of Canns,
Long. 84. 7. E. lat. 35. 27. N. in the plain of which was foufht the celebrated
Csnatfdso, p.t Alleghany Co. N. York. Pop. battle between Hannibal and &e Romans, where-
789. in the latter lost 46,000 men. Canosa is 4 m.
Csurf/s, a town of Piedmont, at the south ex- W. l^ N. ofTrani.
tremity e^ Asti, 12 m. 8. S. E. of the town of Canoul^ a town of Hindoostan, in Golconda,
Asti. Pop. about 3,000. capital of a circar of the same name, seated on
Cknets. (See Cumete.) the sooth bank of the Toombudra River, 110 m.
C^Msto, a town ofltaly, in the Mantuan, seve- S. S. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 78. 7. E. lat.
tml times taken and retaken by the French and 15. 48. N.
Aostrians. It is seated on the Oglio, 20 m. W. Canaurgue, a town of France, in the depart-
of Mantua. ment of Ignore, with a trede in cattle and woolen
Cn^Ud, p.t. Tmrabull Co. Ohio. stnfi, seated near the Lot, 13 m. S. W. of Mende.
Cmmgmf a town of the kingdom of Congo, on Caneo, a seaport at the S. £. extremity of Nova
Hw river Zaire, 980 m. N. £. of St. Salvador. Scotia. Near the town is a fine fishery fbr cod
Long. 17. 10. E. lat. 2. 10. 8. Long. 60. 55. W. lat. 45. 20. N.
Csnmmo, a town of Naples, in Principato Cite- cSnso, Out of, a strait about 25 m. in length
riore, 40 m. E. by 8. of Saiemo'. and fi-om a half to a mile wide, between the east
Cst^focMMi, a stronjp seaport of Japan, on the end of Nova -Scotia and Cape Breton, leading
raostsouthemvergeoftheisleofXimo, or Kiusiu, firom the Atlantic Ocean through Chedabucto
with a eommodious harbour. At the entrance of Bay into St. George's Bay, in Uie Gulf of St.
the haven is a Ik^houae, on a lofty rock ; and Lawrence.
at the foot of the rock is a convenient road fbr Caiutadt, a town of Suabia. in the kingdom of
•hipping. Here are large and sumptuous maffo- Wurtemburg, with a manufacture of printed
smea, nHonging to the emperor, some of which cottons. In the neighbourhood are some me
Cmtal. ta intenot deputment in the (oath of
France, mcluding part of the l&U pTovince of
Aurergne. It U m> called trom a mooDlain, near
tha ceatre of tte daputmenVvhoae lununit U
mlwayi eoTcnd with loow. The opilal u St.
Flour. Pop. about 850,000.
CbaMzaro, ■. town of Nulea, ID Calabria Cile-
liore, near the lea, 26 m. S. W. of St. SenriuD.
Canterbury, t-citj of KenlyEag. capital of the
county, and the lee of an arohbUEop, who u pri-
inale of all Eugland. It waa the DuroTcinum
of the Romani, and founded before the Christiaa
era. The cathedral, alajire itructurc, waa once
famous for Ihe ahrine of Thomu ■ fiecket, a tur-
bulent prieat, who wu murdered hi^ie in IITO,
and aflerwaida made a laint. In thia cathedral
are interred Henry IV. and Edward the Slack
Prince. The city haa likowiae 14 parish chorch-
ea; the remaini of many Roman antiqnitiea;
and an ancient caitle, with walls and a deep
ditch: and a grammar-ichool founded by Henry
VIII. It >■ a eonntj of itf elf, governed by a may-
or; and ia noted for eieell'.'nl brawn. TTie adja-
cent coiiatry prodaoM abor.duice of bopi. It li
sealed on the rirer Stour, 56 m. E. S. E. of Lon-
don, on the high road to Dover, iVom which it i*
diatantl7m. ?op. in 1821, 12,754.
Canlcrbury, p.t. Merrimnck Co, N. H, 9 m. from
Concord. Pop. 1,663. Ileie ia a village of Sha-
ken.
CaiUenuTy, p.t. Windh i i Co. Conn. 40 m. E.
Hartford. Pop. 1,881. H(.re are some mann&c-
loiiea of cotton and wooli-u. Alio atowninKent
Co. Del.
Camh, alownofSileua, on the rirer Weiitriti,
15 m. S.W. ofBrealau.
Caniin, Cape, a promontory of the Atlantic
Ocean, on the coaal of Morocco. Long. 9. 5. W.
lat. 3a. 33. N.
Canton, a city, aeaport, and capital of Quang-
tong, the moet aoulhern provihce of China, and
the only port in that vastempire with which Eu-
ropeaai are permitted to hold any interconrae ; it
li finely aitoaled at the head of a bay, into which
Sow two large riven, one from the wtatwurd,
which by uumeroui collaleral bratichea inleisecta
all the southern part of the empire, and the other
f^om the north, which, by a portage of ouiy one
dtji'a Journey, communicalei with Uie great chain
vince. The«e riven afford a &cility ofconveyance
bj water, which render* Canton peculiarly well
adapted for the great oolpiM of the empire. The
ir aereial miles diilant liom the lov..,
on account of the incaucity of the harbour to ao
commodate them, but fro,n the peculiarly iealoni
jwliuy ■jt the Chinese, which seems to dread noth-
ing so much a* lociahty of interconrBe. Canton
consists of three tow na, divided by high walla, but
so conjoined as to form almost a regular square.
The streels are lonz and straight paved with Sag-
atones, and adorned with triumphal arches. The
houses in general have only one floor, built of
earth or brick, some of tliem bntastically colour-
ed, and covered wilh tiles. The better class of
people are carried abont in chairs ; bat the com-
mon sort walk barefooted and bareheaded. At the
end of every slieet is a barrier, which is shut every
» CAN
evening, as well aa the gates of the city. The Eu
ropeana and Americans occupy a range of build-
ings lermed the factories, fronting a spacious c^uay
along the bank of the harbour, without the city ;
and no foreigner is permitted to enter without
the special permisaion of the viceroy, which k sel-
dom obtained.
40,000 lampaiu or boats upon the
of triumphal arches and tem-
ples richly adorned wilh statues. The streets
are crowded wilh passengers to such a degree that
it is difficult to get along. The Europeanor Amer-
ican visiter is struck with the variety and oddity
of the different articles offered for sale in the
streets and markets. If he is in quest of a dainty
morsel of fteah meat be may here purchase a fine
lot of rats, cats and puppies, which the Chinese
foreign trade of Canlon resolves itself
nopoTy more peculiar and oppressive than any
where else exists, (except the Bank of England
and East India Company in London) it is vested
in 12 person* precisely on the same principle ss
the 13 Jews are permitted to act as brokers in
the city of Limdon, each paying a large premium
for the privilege oftradingj or in other words, a*
far as the principle applies m China, for (he priv-
ilege of extorting fVom and oppressing the produ-
cers of the commodities in which they trade.
There is, however, this difference in China ; whilst
each of the 12 individuals all trade on separate
account, they are collectively amenable, aa well
to foreigneraas the govemmsnt, for any default
or mulct imposed upon any one or rnore of them
individually ; whilst each of the Jew broken of
London is only responsible for his own acta. In
addition to the external commerce of Canton, it
also appears to be the seat of almost eier^ branch
of mannlaeture, more especially of silka and
hooaehald gods ; and as from the circumstance of
there being no public worship in China, every
house has its own collection of idoLi, the manu-
facture of theae forms one of the moat important
branches of occupation. The main article of ex-
port from Canlon is lea, nhicb since 1798, to
England alone, has averaged about 25 millions of
lbs., whilst to America and other parts (since
1815 more especially) it has been gradually in-
creasinv, making an aggregate average quantity
annuslU exported at the period of ISSS, of about
40 millions of lbs. The o"" ^-
exported to England m« n
eiul im ciiF
of the former about 250,000 lbs. weight, and of and 7 broad, connected on the north by an istlimus*
the latter, about 600,000 pieces of four and seyen acarce a mile broad, to the mountainous district
yards each, annually; a few manufactured silks of Knapdale. To the south the peninsula termi-
and crapes, fans, ivory chess men, fkney ooxes, nates in a great promontory, surrounded by a
and other tojrs, e
maiuing exports
about SS sail of ships
each. The reimbursement by the English for the district, with some fertile "spots. The chief town
above productions is made in cotton, wool, opium, is Cambelton. The other towns are Kirkmichael
and some other articles from Bombay and Ben* Ballachintea, Killean, Kilcahnonil, and Skipncs
gal, and in woolen cloths, lead, &c. from £ng- Total pop. in 1821, 20,668.
hnd, to the amount of about j&700,000 annually C^nyr & town of France, in the department of
In addition to the trade direct to England, there Lower Seine, situate in a country which produces
is also an extensive traffic on Engush account great quantities of com and flax, 26 miles nortli-
between the different p|orts of India and Canton, west of BLouen.
which consists in a reciprocal interchange of the Caorlo, a small island in the gulf of Venice, on
productions of the respective countries, and in the coast of Friuli. It has a town of the same
which porcelain fbrms a considerable article of name, 20 m. S. W. of AquUeia. Iiong. 12.36. £
export from Canton. The intercourse of America lat. 45. 42. N.
with Canton is maintained on the part of Ameri- Capaeio, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeri-
ca with furs from the N. W. coast, sandal wood, ore. 80 m. S. E. of Salerno,
and the edible blrdsnests collected among the Cave Breton^ an island forming part of the Brit-
eastern islands, and with dollars. A considerable ish aominions in America, lyin^ between the
portion of the tea exported in American ships, north end cf Nova Scotia, from which it li sepa-
being on account and risk of the Chinese mer- rated by the Gut of Canso ; and the south-west
ehants, more especially the portion brought to point of Newfoundland, from which it is separa-
Hamburg, Antwerp, and other European ports, is ted by the principal entrance into the Gulf of St.
wholly reimburseu in. specie. The imposts of Lawrence. It extends, in a north^ east direction
the government on its external commerce are from the lat. of 45. 30. to 47. 6. if. and from the
levied on the length and breadth of the shipping long, of 59. 45. to 61. 35. W. forming a barrier be-
entering and leaving the port. The following tween the Atlantic Ocean and the gulf, which
statement of the amount of auties returned to the it completely landlocks and forms into a vast in-
Chinese treasury for the year 1822, will best show land sea ; the passage between the north -cast end
the extent and proportion of the three great and Newfoundland being about 65 miles wide,
branches into which the external commerce of intercepted, however, by the island of St. Paul,
Canton resolves itself: viz. 1st. that with the and just within the gulf by the Magdalen group
Enfflish EsBt India Company ; 2nd. that with the of isles. Cape Breton is indented from north to
JQfierent ports of Britiin ui&a ; 3rd. that with south by spacious bays, dividing it into two isl-
America : — ands joined together by a very narrow isthmus.
Oh Import. On Export. The coast on all sides is also much indented by
Gnglish East Ind. Com. 395,112 460,042 bays, making the figure of the land very irre^u-
Country Trade, .... 118,533 80,623 lar. Its area, however, amounts to about 40,000
America, 276/^78 339,409 sq. miles. The French first formed a settlement
upon this island in 1712, which surrendered to a
Total 2We, . . 790,224 880,076 British force from New Enghind in 1745, and was
l%e TaU being only equal to 6s. 8d. of English confirmed, with all the other French possessions
money, the whole impost will be seen to amount, in North America, to England, by the treaty of
iK^eording to the above statement, to only jS556,- 1763. ltd most distinguismnjg property is it^ rich
800, not equal to the amount levied on the single strata of coal of superior quality ; with some drea-
■rUcle of coals alone, at the port of London ; and ry surface it also presents some very fertile spots, '
yet such is the extent and insidious nature of the well wooded, and containing a variety of wild
intermediate oppression of the Chinese Hongy (or animals, the skins of which form a branch of its
council, which is the term by which the 12 privi- traffic ; and should the colonies of England ever
leged merchants of Canton are collectively called) be rendered subservient in promoting Uie mutual
on one side; and the English East India Compa- interests of both the settlers and the British peo-
ny on the other, that whUst the 25,000,000 lbs. of pie, Cape Breton, at present, as little known to
tea annually consumed in Crreat Britain and Ire- the people at large as though it had no existence,
land, costs the consumeTf on an average, at least might oe made very instrumental in promoting a
7s per lb., it does not yield to ihenroducerf inclu- highly beneficial and reciprocal intercourse,
ding the inland conveyance to Cfanton, an aver- Louisbourg, the chief town, is situate on the At-
age of 3 l-2d. per lb. In 1823 several thousand lantic coast, in the lat. of 45. 54. N. and 59. 55. W.
houses in Canton were destroyed by fire, but the long. The chief occupation of the people not
sround has since been rebuilt upon, the population only of Louisbourg but of the whole island, i:i
IS estimated at about 250,000. It is m the lat. addition to agriculture, is the cod fishery, which
of 23. 8. N. and 113. 2. of E. long, being 16. deg. they pursue to some extent for the West India and
47. or about 1,190 British statute miles o. by W. other markets. Total population of the island
of Pekin, the metropolis of the empire. about 4,000. It was constituted a separate gov-
CdrUan, p.t. Norrolk Co. Mass. 14 m. S. W. emmentin 1784, under a lieutenant-governor ap-
Boston. Pop. 1,517. It has some manufitctures. pointed by the kiuf ; but by a stretch of authority
Also, a p.t. Hartford Co. Con. Pop. 1,437. Also on the part of the legislative assembly and coun-
a p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. Pop. 2.440. Also cil of Nova Scotia, it has reverted as a province to
5 other towns in Pa., Ohio, Ten. and Va. that government, to which it was onginally at-
Canivre, or Khtyrej a peninsula of the west tacb^. ^
eoairt of SeotUnd, m Argyl«diire, 35 miles long Oipc Oirard^au, a oounty of Missouri, lying
91 o8
CAP m GAP
between the St. Francis and MitBissippi rivers, of comfort and enjoyment of the settlers, and re-
just above the junction of the Ohio witn the Mia- ciprocallj so to the inhabitants of Great Britain. It
sissippi, in the lat. of 37. N. It is 40 miles in is divided into four dbtricts ; viz. the Cape, Zwel-
lengtn, from north to south, and about 20 in mean lendam, Stellenbosch, and Graff Reynet. The
breadth. Pop. 7,490. There is a town of the Cape districtcomprisesthe promontory which gives
same name on the west bank of the MissisMppi ; name to the territory. The promontory jets into
but Jackson, further north in the interior, 80 m. the Southern Ocean, at the south-west extremity.
S. S. E. of St. Louis, and about 600 N. N. W. of On each side of this promontory is abav frequent-
New Orleans, is the chief town. ed alternately as the winds prevail ; tnat on the
Cape of Good Hope^ a territory comprising the east side, in the Southern Ocean, is called False
whole southern extremity of Africa, discovered Bay. restored to duringthe prevalence of north and
by the Portuguese navigator, Bartholomew Diaz, nortn-west winds, and that on the west side, in
in 1493, who gave it the name of Cabo TormenUh' the Atlantic Ocean, is called Table Bay, which
so, from the boisterous weather which he met with affords tolerable shelter during the prevuence of
near it ; but Emanuel, king of Portugal, on the south and south-east winds. They are, however,
return of Diaz, changed its name to that of Cape both destitute of convenient harbours. There are
of Good Hope, from the hope he entertained of two other bays north oi Table Bay ; Saldanha, in
findings passage beyond it to India ; and in this the lat. of 33. 7. S. and St. Helens in 32. 40. both
he was not deceived, for Vasco de Gama, having of which have more convenient harbours than eith-
doubled this cape on the 20th November, 1497, er of the other two ; but, being deficient in fresh
proceeded to India, and landed at Calicut, on the water, they are not much frequented. On the
22d of May, 1496. The Cape of Good Hope was shore of Table Bay, in the lat. of 33. 56. S. and
was first touched at bv the Dutch in 1600, and in 18. 28. E. long, is the chief town of the colony,
1660, they established a settlement at this place called Cape-tovm, rising in the midst of a desert,
of which they held undisturbed possession for surrounded by black and dreary mountains. To
nearly 150 years. The cape or promontory which the south-east of the town are some vineyards,
gives name to the territory is about 13 leagues which yield the famous wine called Constantia.
W. N. W. of Cape Agulhas, which it' the ex- The store-houses built by the Dutch East India
treme S. point of the African continent, and Companv are situate next the water, and the pri-
the territory extends northward to the lat. of vate buildings lie beyond them, on a gentle ascent
about 30. S. and eastward from the shore of the toward the mountains. The castle, or principal
Atlantic Ocean in 18., to that of the Indian Ocean fort, which commands the road, is on the east sioe ;
in 28. of E. long, being about 560 miles from W. and another strong fort, called Amsterdam fort, is
to E. with a mean breadth of about 200 from S. to on the west side. The streets axe broad and reg-
N. jiriving an area of about 112,000 square miles, ular; and the houses, in general, are built of
This extensive territor^jf was taken from the stone, and white- washed. There are barracks
Dutch, by the English m 1795 ; but restored to for 2,000 men, built on one side of a spacious plain,
Holland at the peace of Amiens in 1 802 ; retaken which serves for a parade. There are two other
in 1806, and confirmed to Great Britain by the laree squares, in one of which the market is held,
congress at Vienna in 1816, and it now forms and the other serves to assemble the numerous
part of the British dominions. From the southern waggons and vehicles bringing in the produce
extremity to the latitude of about 30, the ground from the country. There is another large building
rises by three successive gradations to the neight erected by the Dutch for a marine hospital, and a
of 5 or 6,000 feet above the level of tlie sea. house for the accomodation of the government
Tlie quag^ or wild ass of South Africa is found slaves : the government house, a town hall, and
in herds m this quarter, but has lately grown a Calvinist and Lutheran church, constitute the
scarce in the territory of the cape. The back remainder of the public buildings. The popula-
mountain ridffe in some places rising^ to the height tion in 1826 amounted to about ^,000, more than
of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. This variation in altitude one-half of whom were Hottentots, Negro and
is subject to almost every variety of climate, and Malay slaves, and people of colour. The Table
the surface is as various as the climate, there be- Mountain, so callea from the flatness of its main
ing much dreary and sterile territory, some very summit, rises from immediately behind the town
fine pastures, and some exceedingly fertile arable to the height of 3J592 feet above the level of the
land. The capriciousness of the seasons, however, sea, having a collateral peak on the east 3,315 feet
is such as to render the pursuit of tillage exceed- in height, and another on the west 2,160 feet. The
ingly hazardous, though^ when the seasons are fa- profitable productions of the colony, taken as a
vourable, the {>roduce is superabundant. The whole, ore wine, grain, all the European and most
culture of the vine seems attended with less risk, of the tropical fruits, vegetables of every descrip-
and is likelv to supersede the attention to agricul- tion, cattle, and sheep. At the foot of the Table
ture beyond what is necessary for the subsistence Mountain are considerable plantations of the pro-
of the colony. The surplus produce of wine, expor- tea ar^entea, or silver tree (a species of the protea
teddurinf the eight years 1817 to 1824, averaged peculiar to this spot,) the stone pine, and the
about 4,500 pipes per annum. In 1819, an attempt white poplar. Avenues of oak adorn the country
was made to establish a settlement at Algoa Bay, houses, and this tree grows rapidly throughout the
towards the eastern extremi^ of the southern colony, but rarely to any perfection as timber. It
coast, in the long, of 25. 42. E. about 450 miles is constantly cut down,with the rest of the few for-
east of Uie settlement at the Hope Cape, but the est trees of the Cape, for fuel, which is so scarce that
seasons in succession cutting off all the crops, the most families in decent circumstances keep a
settlers were all subjected to the extreme cl^priva- slave employed entirely in collecting it. On the
tion. By due attention, however, to the nature eastern side of the mountains that run northward
of the climate, and application of the soil to pur- firom the Cape, and at the southern foot of the
poses for which it is best adapted, the Cape terri- Zwartzberg or Black Mountains, are some good
lory in the aggregate is doubtless susceptible of pasture farms, and whole plains of the common
being rendered subservient to tlie highest degree aloe, which forms a consicwrable article of trada
In iheat puti tat crett oumben of the guelle or
Aarl beat, u the Dutch c^l it. Thii u one of
the moat common uiimili of the ttnitotf. The
market! ere well laf^tlied with Bib from the open
■n, aod from the uiuoeroui inlets of the eoiet
Capt May, e maritime county, forming ■ prom-
ontoij Bt t£e eouth eilieuity of the itJite of New
Jenej. The ope, at the eitreme eouth point, H
inUt. 33. 57. S., the weet lide beinir wuhed bj
Delnwan Bav, and the eaut to great Egz hariiour,
in the lat. of 39. 18. N., by the Atlantic Ocean,
this aide in it* whole extent being flanked by a
chain of ialandi. Pup. of the county, ipiS.
The couTt-bonae of the county is lOS m. S. of
Trenton.
*,* For nnmeioos other capei lee their reapac-
tJTe name*.
Capdlt, a town of France in the department of
AiiDC, 10 m. N. E. of Gnieae.
1 CAR
vtitb ateep ihotea, aceeiuble onlj in two plaeei ;
and was the retreat of the emperor Tiberiui, who
here apent the laat ten yeara of hia life in luiD-
rioDi debaochery. A vast quantity of qaaikcome
heieeTeryyear; and the tenth of what are caught,
fbmu 1 peal part of the revenne of llie bishop,
who ia hence called the Biibop of Quails. Pdd
about 3^. 1- t !■
Capn, the capital of the ialand of the same
name, and a bishop's aee, with a castle. It was
once a delightful place, embellished with magDili-
cont works, which were demolished after the
death of Tiberins. It is 27 miles S, S. W. of
of Bnures, 0
■J,&00.
Capua, a strgng dty of Naplea, in Terra di
LsToro, and an archbishop's tee, with a citadel.
milesfroro the ancient Capua, and waa
0 city in Italy, except
Bcriptions. In 1303 it aufiered much by an earth'
quake, and a number of cavalry were buried un-
der the ruins of their barracks. It stands at the
foot of a mouutain, on the riyer Volturno, SO m.
N. of Naplea. Long. U. 10. E. Ut. 41. 7. N.
Cora, a river of Roaaia, which inues &om the
north extremity of the Ural mountaina, and Bows
built out of its mins.
ual of Langoedoc, C m. west of Beiien.
CaphoiiSpriitgiip.v, Frederic Co. Va. At this
place are mioeiu springs resorted to by inrslids.
Capilanata, a province of Naplea, east of the
Apennines, boonded on the east for about 70 miles
for the space of about 140 m
CaraetM, a tenitoTy extending along the north-
ern cost of South America, between the 64th
and 70th degree of W. long. It was first discov-
ered by Columbus, on his third Toyage, in 1498.
Sevenl attempts were imniediatelj after made
by Spanish adventurers to form settlements,
which being parlially eS^ted, it wis sold bv
'^'-- •- " of Spai' - - - -
Charles V. of Spain to a companv of German
trading adventurers, who, by their intolerable op-
{ressions, were expelled the country in 1550.
t was then formed into
country i
a captain- generatship,
under the command of a supreme governor sp-
readih from 40 to 80 pointed by the king of Spain, under whoae
" "' "-"' '~ undisturbed possession
several streams falling into the Adrii
chief town upon the coast is Manfredonia; and
Lncera, X m. W. of ManEredonia, and 90 E. by
N. of the city of Naples, is the chief town.
Capo Finn, • bsrren rock in the territory of
Genoa, with a castle on its eastern peak. Near it ia
a port of the same name, 13 m. E. S.E. of Genoa.
Long. 8. 66. £. lat. 44. SO. N.
C^ d' Iitria, a town of Italy, capital oflstria,
and a bishop's see. It stands on a small island
in the gulf of Trieste, connected with the conti-
nent by acauseway, which is defended by a castle.
The principal revenne consists in wine and salt.
It is S m. 3. of Trieste. Long. 14 0. C. lot.
43. 40. N. Pop. ^lont 5,000.
Capptl, a town of Denmark, in the duchr of
Bleswick, on the east coast, 16 m. N. E. of Sles-
wick.
Capraria, an isle In the Mediterranean, to the
N. E. of Corsica, 15 miles in circumference. It
hss a town of the same name, with a good har-
bour defended by a oaslle. It is included in the
Sardinian States. Pop. about 3,000. Long. 9. 56.
E. laL43.5. N.
Capri, an island in the HediteTraman, at the
up to 1806. When the events of the ■ .,
desolated Europe from 1793 had cot off all
direct intercourse between Spain and her exter-
nal possessions, a fbtile attempt was made by
General Miranda to revolnttoniie this part of
South America. In 1810, however^ when the
French had obtained the entire poaaession of Spain,
and proclaimed the sovereignty of all its external
possessions, a congieas was convened of deputes
fVom all the provinces of the captain-geneTalship
of Caracas, to devise measnr
either ^r the es-
for efl^tittg some a
ing one. 'This led to internal dissrnsions and in-
veteratehoatililybetweenlhetwopaities ; one,ad-
Yocatesfbr maintainingthe government as it Uien
eiiated, which were supported by Spain on tha
restoration of Ferdinand in 1818, and the other,
who placed General Bolivar in the command of
the close of the year 1619, when on the igth of
of December a anion was effected between
the jvoTuioes of Caracas and those of New
Granada, and on the S4th of June, 1831 the
last battle was fbught, which decided the fate
of tha pratcDsions of Spain and the final eztinotion
CAR ti4 CAR
of its authority orver ail this part of Soatfa Ameri- Canan, ckieflj inhabited bj ahopkeepen. In an
ca. Thia temtorr then became one great republic open temple here is the ima|^ or a naked man, 2^
under the denommation of Oolqmbia. feet in height bj 19 in thickness, made of one
Caracas, or Leon de Caracas, the chief town of piece of granite. Much rice, fpnger, turmeric,
New Venezuela, a proTince of the republic of Co- and betel-nut» is raised in the vicinity. It is seat-
lombia, is situated on an elevated plain, 2,900 feet ed between two lakes, or tanks, which give source
above the level of the sea, at a distence of about 8 to two rivers, 26 m. N. by K. of Manffalore.
m. from the shore^ in the lat. of 10. 31. N. and 67. of Cardiff, a borough and seaport of Wales, capital
W. long. Notwithstanding its altitude, it is wa- of Glamorsanshire. It is seated on the Taafe,
tered by two or three streams, whilst, by its eleva- over which there is a handsome bridge of five
tion it enjoys a comparatively temperate and de- arches. Its castle was an elegant Gro&ic struc-
lightful climate. Tne town is reffularlv laid out ture, but has lately undergone a motley repair,
and has two or three squares, a caUiedral, college. The town was formerly encompassed by a wall,
and several churches, but none remarkable for and vestiges of its four gates yet remam. The
architectural beautv. The popukition in 1803 was constable of the castle is the chief ma^trate, who
estimated at 42,000, but an earthquake in March, is called mayor ; and here the assizes for the
1812, destroyed 12,000 of the number, as well as county are held. Near the town are some iron
great part of the town. Its markets ar^well sup- works, and a canal, eztendinff 25 miles, to the
plied with almost every luxury as well as neoes- great iron works atT Merthyr Tidvil. In the castle
sary of life. (See Laguira.) died Robert, duke of Normandy, eldest son of
tarammn, a town of France, in the departmenl William the Conqueror, after having been blind-
of Upper Garonne, 20 ra. S. £. of Toulouse. Pop. ed, and confined 28 years, by his brother Henir
about 2,300. I. Cardiff is 40 miles west of Bristol, 47 east of
Caranumia, a province of Asiatie Turkey, to Swansea, and 160 west of London. Long. 3. 12.
the east of Natolia. It comprehends the ancient W. lat. 51. 28. N. Pop. in 1821, 3,521.
Pamphilia, and a great part of Cilicia, Pisidia, and Cardigan, a maritime county of South Wales.
Cappadocia. It contains several lakes, which a* eittendin^ for about 50 miles along the shore ot
bound with fish, and furnish ^at quantities of St. George's Channel, from the river Tiety, which
salt, and the Kisil Jermak nver intersects the divides it from Pembroke and Caermarthenshirea
eastern part of the province, running north into on the south^ to the Dovey, which divides it from
the Black Sea. Coflrni,orKonieh,inthelat.of38. Merionethshire, north: being about 30 miles in
10. N. and 32. 25. of £. long, is the capital. mean breadth, bounded on t& east bv the conn-
Csraouiiita, a district of Colombia, included in ties of Montgomery, Radnor, and Brecknock,
the south part of the province of Magdalena; The Rheidal and one or two other rivers intersec
bounded on the west bj^Tstmo, south by repay an the county firom east to west Parts of this conn
and east by Zulia. It is a valley surrounded by ty ai« very fertile, both in tillage and pasture,
high mountains, and there are waters whence the which enables the inhabitants to produce a consid-
natives get salt. The capital, of the same name, erable surplus of grain, and small black cattle,
is seated on the Cauca, 240 m. N. N. E. of Popa- with which, and some few sheep and wool, they
van. Long. 75. 15. W. lat. 5. 18. N. obtain a tolerable supply of nuonuactuied and co-
Carangas, a town of Peru, capital of a district lonial productions. The principal towns beside.,
which contains valuable silver mines, and feeds a Cardigan are Aberystwith and Llanbeder.
great number of cattlew It is 45 m. W. of Potosi Cardigan, the chief town of the preceding
Carara, properlv Carrara, a town of Italy, in county, is situate at the mouth of the Tievy, over
the principality of Massa, celebrated for its quar- which is a handsome bridge of seven arches, at the
ries of marble of various colours. It is 5 m. N. S. W. extremity of the county. It had formerly
N. E. of Massa. a strong and an extensive castle, of which but
Carasui, a lake of European Turkej^, in Bui- little now remains. It was from nenoe that the
garia, 55 miles in circumference, containing sev- first descent upon Ireland was made by the Eng-
oral islands. It is formed by a branch of the Dan- lish. The church is a spacious emfice; the
ube, not far firom its entrance into the Blaok Sea. county gaol and hall have been rebuilt within
Caravaua, a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdic- the present century. It b a corporate town, gpw-
tion of the same name. It is 160 miles S. E. emed by a mayor, 12 aldermen, Ac. and unites
of Cuzco. Long. 69. 36. W. lat. 14. 40. S. with Aberystwith and Llanbeder in returning
Carboniu, a town of France, in the department one member to Parliament. Pop. in 1821, 2^3&f.
of Upper Garonne, on the east bank of the river It is 25 m. £. N. E. of St. David's Head, 132 m.
Garonne, % m. S. by W. of Toulouse. Pop. about west of Gloucester, and about the same distance
2,000. due east of Waterrord, in Ireland. Its commerce
Carcagante, a town of Valencia, on the south by sea is confined to the coast,
bank of the river Xuuar, 25 m. S. of the city of Cardigan Bay, is formed by St. David's Head,
Valencia. the western pomt of Pembrokeshire, south, in the
Careasmme, a city of France, capital ot the de lat. of 51. 44. N. and 5. 17. W. long, and Bardsey
partmentof Aude, and a bishop's see It is situ- Island, off the S. W. point of Caernarvonshire
ate on the line of the grand canal of Languedoc, north, in the kt. of 52. 44. and 4. 39. of W. long. ;
and divided into the upper and lower town by the the main coast of Caernarvonshire being in ue
Aude, over which is a stone bridge. In the upper long, of about 4. it gives a stretch of uiout 40
town, called the city, are a strong castle and the miles from W. to £. and 50 fix»m S. to N. within
cathedral. The lower town is square, regularly the bay.
built, and kept very neat, by means m an aque- Gsroana, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
duct which brings the waters of the Aude to dif- castle. Near it is a mountam of solid rock salt,
fereni fountainst Here aw ttMllttfeotiires of all of which are made vases, snuffboxes, and trink-
sorts of cloth. It is 36 m. W. of NkrbonnlB^ and ets; and there are vineyards that produce excel-
60 d. £4 of tVmloust. Po|K. abedt 16,000. lent wine. It is seated on the Cardenero, 36 m.
ernmOmj or GaHmif a iewft of HiadeettMi, In N. W. of Baroelona. Pop. about 3,000.
CAA 166 CAR 1
CmrdU, or Russiim FuUand. (See IfSburg.) Saltxbarff and Upper Styria, east by Lower Styria
Cartntamf a town of France, in the department and soutE by Upi>er Camiola, ancl the Venetian
of&laBcbe, with an ancient castle, 8 miles from territory. The riyer Draye, which rises in the
the sea, and 21 W. of Bayeox. Pop. 2,860. Tyrol and &lls into the Danube at Belmde, in-
CmreSf or Kareu, a town of Eoropean Turkey, tersects Carinthia its whole extent from W. to £.
in Macraonia, situate on Mount Athos, 17 m. S. receiying seyeral tributary streams, both from the
£. of Salonica. north and south ; there are also seyeral lakes. It
Carew, a yiUstfe of Wales. 4 miles E. bjr N. of is a mountainous and wood^ district, the moun-
Pembroke, notea for the noble and eztensiye re- tains, yielding abundance or iron, lead, and cop-
mains of its castle, situate on a gentle swell aboye per, as well as quicknlyer, bismutn, and zinc, and
an arm of Milford Haven. Po^. 975. also the purest marbles, and a variety of gems ;
CarhMix, a town of France in the department whilst the forests abouna with the finest timber,
of Finisterre, on the riyer Ter, 19 m. S. of Mor- the yalleys afford some excellent pasturaee, as well
laiz. as fertile lands for tillage ; but being ec^d in by
Cttrkamf a village in Northumberland, Eng. 5 mountains both on the north and south, whilst the
miles east of Kelso. Near it a battle was fought remoteness of the course of the Drave precludes
between the English and Danes, in^ which 11 it from being availed of as a channel or convey-
bi^ops and 2 English counts were slain, beside a ance, the ricn store of natural products which this
Eeat number of soldiers. Here likewise was a district contains are of little advantage either to
ttle between the English and Scots, in 1018, in the inhabitants or to the world. Could a water
which the latter were victorious. In 1370, sir communication be obtained with the Adriatic,
John Lilbume was defeated near thisplace, and which, by a social and reciprocal order of society,
taken prisoner by the Scots. Pop. 1,371). might be effected from the west end of the pro-
CartacQf a city in the Colombian new province yince, either by the Taiamento, or the Piaye ;
of Orinoco, containing a population of about 6,000. Carinthia might then rank among the most inter-
It is about 50 m. E. of Cumana. estinf and important districts of Europe ; but un-
Cttriati, a town of Naples, on the sea coast, in der the bifoted, blind, and unsocializing policy of
Calabria Citeriore, near the Gulf of Taranto, 25 Austria, the inhabitants pass away their lime in
m. N. of Severino. indolence and apathy, such supply of foreign pro-
Caribbtan Sea. that part of the Atlantic Ocean ductions as they set being ootamed chiefly by
lying between Cuba. St. Domingo, and Porto Ri- means of cattle, wnich they drive to the markets
CO, on the north, ana the north coast of the new of the towns of Italy. It is divided for local juris-
republic of Colombia on the south, and extending diction into two parts, Upper, West ; and Lower,
west from the 62nd to the 84th degree of W. long. East ; the former containing about 175,000 inhab*
Caribbee Mands^ the most eastern islands of itants, and the latter about 105,000. The princi-
the West Indies, divided into Windward and Lee- pal towns in the upper part are Gmund and Vil-
ward Islands. See Indies West. lach, and in the lower, Clagenfurt, (which is the
CttnboUf a considerable island in Lake Snpe- capital of the duchy) Woluberg, Wolfenmarck,
rior, toward the east end, claimed by the United Pleyburg,&c. The inhabitants^ who speak chiefly
States, as being wholly within their boundary the Sclayonian language, are bigoted adherents to
line. the mummeries of^the Romish church, and con-
Quieal, a town of Hindoostan, in the Camar- tribute to the Austrian government an impost of
tic, where the French had a settlement, which about £250,000 English per annum,
was UUten by the British in 1760. It stands at Carisbrook. a village contiguous to Newport, in
the mouth or a branch of the Cayery, 8 m. S. of the Isle of Wifht, Eng. remarkable for its casUe
Tranquebar. and church, which are both very ancient. The
Carignan, or Carnignano, a town of Piedmont) church had once a convent of monks annexed,
in a district of the same name, in the south part part of which is now a farm-house, still retaining
of the proyince of Turin, with a castle, seatea on the name of the priory. The castle stands on an
the river Po, 12 m. S. of Turin. Pop. about eminence, and was the prison of Charles 1. in
7,000. 1647, before he was delivered to the parliament
Carimo, an Island in the straits of Malacca, at forces. It is now nominally the seat of the gov-
the entrance into the China Sea, in the lat. of 1. ernor of the Isle of Wight.
N. and 104. E. long. Cariato, or Castd Rosso, an episcopal town of
Carimon Java, a clutter of islands to the north Greece, at the south extremity of tne island of
of Java, at the principal of which ships touch for Negropont. Long. 21. 35. E. lat. 38. 34. N.
f«freshment. in their voyage to Borneo. Long. Garlely^ Old ana A(Sio, two towns on the coast
110. 12. E. lat. 5. 56. S. of West Bothnia, about 50 m. N. of Wasa.
C^rinocoK, the chief of the Grenadilla Islands, CarUntini. See i>ii<tnt.
in the West Indies, 16 m. N. N. E. of Grenada. CarUngford, a populous parish and town in (he
It produces much cotton, and has a good harbour, county of Louth, Ireland. The parish comprises
See Grenada. a promontorjr between Dundalk and Carlingford
Gsriiu, a town of Sicily, seated on a point of Bays ; and in 1821 ^ contained a population of
land near the sea, about 16 m. N. W. of Palermo ; 10,921. The town is situate on the south shore
it was the birth-place of Lais. of the bay of Carlingford, and is noted for its oys-
Carmoia, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, ter fishery ; it is a corporate town, and returned
seated near Mount Massico, about 8 m. from the two memoers to the Irish Parliament. It is 8 m.
at of 46. 21. and 47. 6. N. and 12. 30. to 14. 50. land, at the N. comer of a Uke of its name, 7 ra.
of E. long comprising an area of about 3^500 Enff- N. £. of Kirkcudbright, with a considerable manu-
liah sq mues ; the west end borders on the TjrroL &cture of cotton. Pop. 750.
and it IS bounded on the north by the bishopric or CwrMe^ a city, bishop's aee| and oapital of thi
CAR M iJAfi
count J of Ounibertandy Eng. is situate at the junc- Harrisburg. It is a pleasant town re^hurly built ,
tiott of three riyers, the Cakter, Petterill, and the houses are genendly of brick or limestone.
£den,about 6 m. above the entran<ie of the united Here is a seminary called Dickinson College,
streams into the Solwaj Frith, and 13 m. from which was fonndeo in 1783. It was suspenoed
the S. W. frontier of Scotland. Carlisle has held for some years, but is now in operation. It has 4
a distinguished rank amon^ the cities of England, instructers, 21 students, and libraries containing
in every period of British history, and is supposea 7,000 volumes. There are two vacations in April
to have been first founded by Lull, a native 6riton, and September, of ten weeks. Commencement
tonsr before the irruption orthe Romans into £ng- b in September.
land. The contiguity of Carlisle to Scotland, dur- *^* Tnere are alap townshipe called Carlisle in
ing the less social habits and distinctiveness of in- Ken. and Indiana.
terest, of the people of that country , frequently ex- Carlisle Bav, on the south coast of Jamaica
posed it to fneir depredations ; to avoid which, west coast of 6arbadoes ; and idand of Anti^a
the Romans, on their possessing themselves of CarlOf an island off the coast of East Boumia,
this part of England, erected a wall from Solway about 20 miles in circumference ', it is opposite to
Fritli to the Crerman Ocean, which included Car- the harbour of Leaborg.
lisle on one side, and Newcastle on the other, CorZofra^o, a town en Morlachia, at the foot of
within its southern limits. After the departure a craggy rock, near the channel that separates the
of the Romans from England, Carlisle was sur- islana of Pago from the continent. The commerce
rounded with a wall, by Egfrid, kingof Northum- consists chiefly of wood. Pop. about 12,000. It
berland ; and after the Norman conquest it was is 46 m. S. E. of Buccari. Long. 15. 13. £. lat
further protected by a citadel and castle, having 44. 55. N.
three giitee, called the English, Irish, -and Scot- Carlo j St., a city in the interior of the new Co-
tish, with reference to their bearingon the side lombian province of Apure, situate on one of the
of each respective country, built by WiDiam Ru- branches of the Apure River, about 85 m. S. S. W.
fus. These defences, however, did not prevent it of Valencia. The inhabitants are principally de-
from falling into the possession of the Scots, who scendants of settlers from the Canary Isles, who
held it alternately with the English from the peri- are more industrious and social than those from
od of William Rufus, to that of Henry VII. ; it Spain. Under the newly formed government of
was constituted a bishop's see by Heniy I., de- Colombia, St. Carlo promises to become a flour-
stroyed by fire by the Scots, in the reign of Henry ishing place, being situate in a very fertile
III., and experienced the same disaster twice in country, afibrding great inducements to agricul-
the following reign. In ]5681he castle was made tural enterprise. Fop. in 1826, about IO,0(iD ; but
the prison house of the unfortunate Mary of Scot- since that period it has greatly increased,
land ; in 1645 it surrendered, through iamine, to */ There are several other towns in Old Spain,
the parliamentary forces, and in 1745 fell into the and her late dominions in America, dedicated to
possession of the partizans of the Pretender, but San Carlo, but they are all unimportant,
was immediately after retaken by the duke of Carlo rf« Monterey, San, the principal settlement
Cumberland, who demolished the gates and part of New California, on the west coast of N. Ain** •
of the wall ; and it has since that period enjoyed rica, in tlie lat. of 36. 36. N. and 121. 34. of W.
an uninterrupted tranquillity. Since the com- long. It is beautifully situated witliin a small
menoement c^ the present century, it has under- bay of the same name, first discovered by Cabril-
S one great improvement: on the site of the cita- Jo in 1542. It was afterwards visited by the
el two commodious court-houses have been count de Monterey, from whom it received its
erected, the county gaol rebuilt, a handsome present name. The forests and mountains pri
vione bridge built over the Eden, with other im- dude much intercourse with the interior ; nc
provements, have contributed to render it one of does it appear that there is any considerable rivei
the most agreeable and interesting cities of Eng- eltlier north or south, for some distance, other
land. The castle is still kept in repair, and serves, wise it would be an inviting spot for coloniza
with other purposes, for a maffazme, and an ar- tioii.
moury of about 10,000 stand ofarms. Hie cathc- Carlm^ or Catkerlogh, an interior county in the
dral is a stately and venerable edifice, partly of S. E. part of Ireland ; it is bounded on the west
Saxon and partly of Gothic architecture ; there by the Barrow River, which divides it from tin
are two other churches, as well as several secta- county of Kilkenny, and is intersected on the
rian meeting houses. The population, which in east by the Slany River, which falls into Wex-
1800 was 10,875, in 1816 was 12,531, and 1821, ford Haven ; it is one of the smallest counUes of
15,476, exclusive of about 1,000 in an adjoining Ireland, but exceedingly fertile; its butter, out
out-parish. The cotton manufacture has long of the produce of whick the absentee rentals and
been established here upon an extended scale, other exactions are mainly discharged, is the most
whilst the architectural and external appearances esteemed of any in the country. The only towns
of fee city indicate great prosperity. The con- besides Carlow,the capital, are Tullow and Hack-
▼eyance of its commodities of commer -e has been etsown.
facilitated by a canal to the Solway Krith, and it CarUnc, the chief town of the preceding count'',
is a point of'^union and interchange for the mails is situate on the east bank of the Barrow rirer,
to all parts of Eng:Iand, Seotland, and Ireland, at the N. W. extremity of the county, bordering
Its corporatioB consists of a mayor, 12 aldermen, on Queen's county. In 1821 it contained 8,035
&c. It returns two memibers to parliament, ana inhabitants ; the ruins of a oastle overhanging the
is 101 m. B. E. of Glasgow. 91 S. by E. of Edin- river, the ruins of a very fine abbey, a convent,
burffh, and 303 N. N. W. of London. and Roman Catholic college, are the prinoipal
Otrfiils, p.t. Middlesex Co. Msss^ SO m. N. W. objects of interest in the town. It has also a re-
Boston. Pop. 566. speetable market-house, county court-house, gaol
Carlide, p.t. Scnoharie Co. N. T., 40 m. W. and cavalry barracks, and manufactures some
Albany. Pop. 1>748. woolen cloths. It is one of the 31 places in Ire*
CarlitUf p.t. Ciimberknd Co. Pa.| 18 m, B. W. land each of which ieturn« one member to the par
liuneni of the United Kii^om. It is 18 m. N» E. in the Bavaanui circle of Lowe? Maine, f 'p.
of the cilv of Kilkenny and 39 S. W. of DuUin. about 2,20a
Carlowitj a town or Selavonia, where a pe^ce Carlton, there are about 30 villagee of this
was concluded between the Turks and Gennane, name in different porta of England, probably de-
in 1669. It is eeated on the south bank of the rived from the Saxon word CarUf implying a
Danube, just below Peterwaraden, 38 m. N.'W. of small oi mean town.
Belgrade. Pop. about 5,600. CarmagnolM, a fortified town of Piedmont, with
Carlsbad f a town of Bohemia* in the circle of a citadel, seated on a small river, which runs intr
&aatz, celebrated for its hot baths, discovered Inr thePo, 14 m. south of Turin. Pep. about 12,000,
the emperor Charles IV. as he was hunting. It Car. For some places that begin thus, see un-
is seated on the Topel, near its confluence with der Ca&ry and Kar.
the Em, 24 m. E. N. £. of Eger, and 70 S. E. of Carmely a mountain of Syria, in Palestine,
Dies<ten. Pop. about 3,000. about 2,000 feet above the level of the sea, on the
Gor^sftur/, a town of Lower Saxony, in the ducJiy north side of the Bay of Acre ; noted for liaving
of Bremen, on the river Geeste, at the mouth of been the retreat of the prophet Elias, and for a
the Weser, 30 m. N. by W. of Bremen Long 8. monaslerv of Carmelites. It is 50 m. N. of
45. £. lat. 53. 32. N Jerusalem.
CarUburg, a city of Transylvania. (See Wets- Carmelf p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 237.
ttnbuTg.) Carmel, p.t. Putnam Co. New York, on tJie
Carlseronay or Carlseroon, a city and seaport of east bank of the Hudson, 88 m. south of Albajiy.
Sweden, in Blekingen. It was founded in KxJO Pop. 2,.')79.
by Charles XI., who removed the fleet from Carmi, p.t. White Co. Illinois, on the Little
Stockholm to this place, on account of its oen- Wabash.
tral situation, and the superiority of its harbour, Carmona, a town of Italy in Austrian Fziuli,
the entrance of which is defended by two sLroufi^ on a mountain near the river Indri, 7 m. N. \V.
forts. The greatest part of the town is built of of Goritz.
wood, and stands upon a small rocky island, which Carmonay a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with
rises gently in a bay of the Baltic. Tlie suburbs many remains of ancient walls, inscriptions, d.c.
extend over another small rock, and along tlie The gate towards Seville is one of the most ex-
mole, close to the basin where tlie lleetis moored; traorainary pieces of antiquity in all Spain \ and
and are fortified, towasds the land, by a stone its cast U«, now in ruins, was formerly of immense
wall. Here are excellent docks for the repairing extent. It is seated on a high hill, 24 ni. E. N
and building of ships, foundries for cannon, and E. of Seville.
manufactures of gunpowder, ropes, sailis, Ulc. The Carnatic, a territory of Hindoostan extending
Admiralty Board was Iranslerit^ back to SuMsk- alnn<r the east coast from Cape Comorin, tiie
holm in 1770. The inhabitants are estimated at soutHcrn extremity of Asia, intne lat. of 8..4. N.
15,000. It is 25iO- in. S, S. W. of Stockholm, to near the moutn of tlie Kristna in the lat. of IC.
Ixmg. 15. 26. £. lat. 56. 7. N. N. varying in breadth from 50 to 100 miles,
CatUkaveHj or Cw^sAamm, a town of Sweden, bounded on tne west by the Mysore, and on the
in Blekingen, witha woolen majiufacture, a forire E. for about two degrees of lat. by the Gulf of
fbr copper, and a timber yard, '£i m. W. of Carls- Manara and Palks Strait, which divides it from
crona. tlie north end of the island of Ceylon, the re-
CarUntke, a town in the northern part of the maiuder of its eastern boundary being better
territory of the grand duke of Baden, and recent- known by the name of the coast of Coromandcl.
ly adopted aii the seat of government. It was The principal towns on the coast, beginning
tirst founded in 1715, but has not been of from the south are Negapatam, Pondicherry, Ma-
much importance until subsequent to the peace draa, Pullicat, and Ganffapatam, and those in the
of 1814 } it was taken possession of by the French interior, beginning also from the south, are
in 1796 ', the streets are laid out in regular order ; Tinevelly, Madura, Tritchinoooly, Tanjore, Ar-
the dueal palaoe is in the centre of the town, and cot. Neflore, and Ongole. Numerous streams
has a lofty spire, and being, as well as several and rivers from the westward intersect this ierri-
other public buildings, with the houses generally, tory, the principal of which are the Cauvery , Cud-
built en stone, the whole presents rather an im- diJore, Paliare, and Pennar. The soil is various in
pofling appearance. The population in 1826, quality, being in some places exceedingly fertile,
amoantea to about 12,000. It is about 40 m. JN. and in others sandy and barren ; the inhabitants
by £. of Strasburg, and about the same distance are occasionally exposed to ^eat privations for
W. by N. of SUittganl. want of water. Since 1801, it hae oeen nninter-
Carlstadt, the capital of Croatia, with a for- ruptedly possessed by the Bntish, and included in
trees ; seated on thelCulpa, a branch of the Save^ the presiuency of Madras, toMck see,
at the influx of the Corona, 180 m. S. by \V . of^ Camawl, a town of Hindoostan. in the pro-
Vienna, and 45 £. N. £. <^ Flume. vince of Dehli. Here in 1739. Kouli Khan^gain-
CarUtadt, a town of Sweden, capital of Wer- ed a victory over the army or the great mogul;
meland, and a bishop's see. It stands on the and in 1761, the Seiks, under Abdalla, defeated
north side of the l^e Wener, and on the island the Mahrattas. It is seated at the junction of
of TingwttUa, which is formed by two branches the Hissar canal with the Jumna. It is 80 m.
of the Clara. The houses are built of wood» and N. W. of Dehli.
Minted ; the epiaoopal palooe is also of wood, and CamesvUU, p.t rranklin Co. Geo. 114 m. N
has an extensive &onk The iababitante carry MDleCij^viHe.
on a tnule in copper, iron^ and wood across the Carmolaj ducky tff, a temtory of the Austria*!
lake. It it 155 m. west of Steckholm. Pop, empue, lying between the lat of 45. 30. and 46
about 1^500. 30. N. and 13. 25. and 15. 40. of £. long. coi»
Caristadiy a tvwik of Fianoonia, in the princi^ prising an area of about 4.600 square miles, antf
Mlity of Wurtzborgr seated o» tbs Maine, 13 m. oentauiing about 400,000 inhabitanU. It i#
M. by W. el* Wwwoi0, It is ngw iacluded> hikivA4fd on the nosth by Lowe* fiBgintftit tAr>
CAR 168 CAR
south-west pointjettingapon the gulf of Trieste, eaptain, named Carpenter. That part of the
It is intersected from the north-west to the south- country which borders on the east side of the bay
east by the Save river, which receives several is also called Carpentaria. It has about i;200m
tributary streams, both from the north and south, of coast, and some good harbour>i. It is frequent-
In feature, character, and productions, it is very ed by Chinese junks to fish for the Beech-le -mar,
similar to Carinthia, somewhat more diversified one of the most delicious of the finny tribe,
and fertile, and having the advantage of a nearer which superabound at the entrance of this bay.
proximity to the sea. the inhabitants are some- CarpeiUfus^ a town of Franc* in the depart-
what more active ana enterprising. It is divided ment ofVaucluse. It w»* '..uierly the capital
into four parts, viz. Upper, north ; Inner, south- of Venaissin, and a bldiiop's see. It is seated on
west; Middle and Lower, south-east Laybach, the Auson, at the foot of a mountain, 14 m. M. £.
in the middle district, is the chief town. For of Avignon. Pop. about 9^000.
commercial purposes it has the advantage of the Carpi, a town of Italy, m the Modenese with %
port of Fiume, as well a^ Trieste. fortified castle, and a good trade. It stands on a
CaroUuk, a town of Silesia, capital of a nrinci- canal to the Sccchia eifht miles north of Modena.
palitv of the same name, seated on the Oder, 14 Carpi, a town of Ita^, in the Veronese, where
ni. N. W. of Glogau. a victory was gained by the Austrians over thtf
Carolina, a toTQ of Spain in Andalusia, the French, in 1701. It is seated on the Adige, 24
nhief of a new colony of the same name, in the m. S. E. of Verona.
8 terra Morena. It stands on a hill, towering Carriek en Shannon, a town of Ireland, capital
above the whole settlement, 20 m. N. E. of An- of the county of Leitrim. It is a small place,
duzar. ' seated on the Shannon, 78 m. W. N. W. of^Dub-
Carolina, See Jforth and South Carolina, lin. Pop. in 1821 , 1,673.
Caroline a county of Maryland, bounded on the Carriek an Suir, a town of Ireland, in Tippera-
east by Kent county, state of Delaware, and on ry, famous for its woolen cloth, called ratteen,
the west by the Tuckapo and Choptank Rivers, It is seated on the Suir, 22 m. S. £. of Cashel,
which fall into Chesapeak Bay. Pop. 9,070. and 10 W. N. W. of Waterford. Pop. in 1821.
Denton is the chief town. 7,466.
Caroline, an interior county in the District of Carriekfergus, a borough and seaport of Ire-
Virginia, bounded on the north-east by the Rap- land, chief town of the county of Antrim, with a
pahannock River, and south-west bv the North castle. It is seated on a bay of its name, in tne
Anna River! Its area is about 20 miles each way, Irish channel, 88 m. N. by £. of Dublin, and 8
or 400 square miles, and is tolerably fertile. Pop. from Belfast. Pop. of the town in 1821, 3,711,
17,774. Above one half of the population are and of the parish o,023.
slaves. BowlingGreen, is the chief town. Carriekmacross, a town of Ireland, in the coun-
Caro2tR«, p. t. Tompkins Co. N. T. 199 m. W. ty of'Monaghan, 19 m. E. 8. E. of Monaghan.
Albany. Pop. 2,633. and 44 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 1,641.
Caroline Islands, a range of islands in the North Carrion ae las CondeSjB. town of Spain, in Leon
Pacific Ocean, discovered in 1686, by the Span- on the frontiers of Old Castile. It has ten parish
laids^ in the reign of Charles II. They lie to tlie churches, ten convents, and two hospitals; and
cast of the Philippines, between 138. and 155. £. is seated on the river Carrion, 18 m. N. of Pla-
long. and 6. and 11. N. lat. They are about ^ centia, and 40 W. of Burgos,
in number, and populous ; the natives resembling Carroll^ a county at the western extremity or
those of the Philippines. The most considerable Tennessee, bordering on Wood Lake, contiguous
island is Hogoleu, about 90 m. long and 40 to the Mississippi River. Pop. 9,378. Hunting-
broad: the next is Tap, at the west extremity don is the chiertown
of this chain, but not above a third part of that CarroUan, p.t. Green Co. Illinois, 48 m.W.
size. They have been little visited by recent of Vandalia.
navigators. CarrolvilU, p.t Jefierson Co. Alab.
Caroon, Lake of. See Kairoun. Carron, a river of Scotland, in Stirlingshire
Caroor. See Caruru. which rises on the south side of the Campsey hills
Carora, a city of Colombia, in the province of and flows into the frith of Forth, below FUkirk.
Venezuela, situate about 45 m. from the strait Two miles from its source, it forms a fine cascade,
that separates the gulf from the lake of Mara- called the Fall of Auchinlilly ; and near its mouth
caibo, and 150 m. west of Valencia. It is inter- commences the Great Canal fixim the Forth to
sected by a stream called the Morera, that runt the Clyde.
east into the Caribbean Sea. The inhabitants, Carron, a village ofScotknd.in Stirlingshire,
about 6,000 in number, subsist principally by on the river Carron, two miles from Falkirk, eel-
means of cattle and mules, which they drive to ebrated for the greatest iron- works in Europe,
the coast for transhipment to the West India These works employ about 3,000 men ; and, on
islands. The surrounding country produces a an average, use weekly 800 tons of coal, 400 tons
variety of odoriferous balsams and aromatics, of ironstone, and 100 tons of limestone. All sorts
which imder social arrangements might be made of iron goods are made here, from the most trifling
to constitute an extensive and reciprocal external article to the largest cannon ; and the short piece
commerce. of ordnance called a carronade hence received its
^ Carpathian Mountains, a grand chain which name. The trade in coke and lime is also consid-
divides Unngary and Transylvania fi^>m Poland erable. These works were erected in 1761, and
on tne north and north-east, and firom Moravia on are carried on by a chartered company,
the north-west, extending about 500 m. Carru, a town of Piedmont, in the province of
Carpendolo, a town of the Bresciano, on the Mondoni, 8 m. S. S. of Bene. Pop. about 4.000.
Chiese, 15 m. S. S. E. of Brescia. Pop. about Cart, two rivets in Scotland; in Renfrewshire.
4,000. distinguished by the appellation of Black ana
* Carvmtaria, a large bay on the north coast of White. The Black Cart issues fh>m the lake
Jf^w 9ollf94 discovered, in 1618 b/ ^ Dutch LoehwinoQcb : the White Cart desoends firom the
CAR U» UA12
Bortli-Mst angle of the coanty ; and they both several churches and convents, some of wh\cn &J^
flow into 4he Gryfe, a few miles before its conflu- elegant edifices. Its harbour will doubtless con-
enee with the Clyde. tribute towards its retainingr a high rank among
Cmrtaro, a city and capital of Costa Rica, and the cities and seaports of the new republic. Pop.
a lushop 8 see. It stands on a river of the same in 1826, about 26,000.
name, oO m. from its mouth in the Pacific Ocean, Cartmel, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It has
and about the same from Lake Nicaragua. Long, a spacious ^old church, with a curious tower^
84. 10. W. lat. 10. 15. N. being a square within a square, the upper part
Cartago, is also the name of a town in Colom- set diagonalljr within the lower. It is seated
bia, in the valley of Popayan, about 100 m. W. of among Uie hills called Cartmel Fells, not far
Bogota. Pop. about 5,000. from Uie sea, 14 m. N. by W. of Lancaster, and 254
VMiama, a town of Spain, in Granada, at the N. N. W. London. Pop. 371, and of the parish
foot of a mountain, near the river Guadala Medi- 4,923.
na, 8 m. N. W. of Malaga. Caruraf or Caroor^ a town of Hindoostan, in
Carter^ a frontier county at the north-east ex- the province of Coimbetore, with a neat fort, in
tremitv of Tennessee, bounded on the east by the which is a lar^ temple. Much susar-cane is
Iron, Yellow, and Stone mountains which duvide ndsed in the vicinity, it is seated on the Amara-
it from North Carolina. It is intersected by the wati, eight miles above its confluence with the
Watonga, a branch of the Tennessee River. Pop. Cavery,and 37 N. E. of Daraporam.
6,418. Elizabeth Town, on the west side of the Carver^ p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 40 m. S.
eonnty is the chief town. Boston. Pop. 976. This tovm fbmishes much
Ctarteretf a county of North Carolina, borderinff bog iron ore, and several furnaces are employed
on the Atlantic Ocean, south of Pamlico Sound, in manufacturing the metal.
It is a swampy and droaiy district. Pop. 6,607. Carvoar^ a town of Hindoostan, in the province
Beaufort, is the chief town. of Canara, and a British settlement. It is seated
Carteret Idand, an island in the Pacific Ocean, near the mouth of the Aliga, 50 m. 8. S. E. of
Ken b^ Captain Carteret in 1767. It is six leagues Goa. Long. 74. 14. E. lat. 14. 52. N.
long mimeast to west. Long. 159. 14. E. lat. 8. CasaCf or CazaCf a country in the dominion of
26. S. Persia, on the frontiers of Armenia, governed by
CartemiiUjp.t. Cumberland Co. Va. on James princes of its own, nominally subject to Persia,
river, 40 m. W. N. W. of Richmond. The inhabitants are descended from the Cossacs,
Carthage, p.t Jefferson Co. N. T. 177 m. N. W. and represented as a rude and barbarous people.
Albany. Also a village in Monroe Co. N. T. on Casac or Cazao Lora, is the name of the capital.
the Genesee, a little below the falb. Also towns Casagiande, a town of New Mexico, in the
in N. C, Ten., and Ohio. north part of New Navarre. Here is an immense
Carthage, Cape, a promontory on the east coast edifice, supposed, to have been built by the ancient
of the kingdom of Tunis, near which stood the fa- Mexicans for a fortress: it consists of three
moos city of Carthage, razed by the Romans, and floors, with a terrace above them ; and the en-
some of the ruins are to be seen on the coast. It trance is at the second floor, so that a scaling-ladder
is 10 m. N. £. of Tunis. Long. 10. 20. £. lat. 36. was necessary. Lon^. 113. 23. W. lat. 33. 40. N.
50. N. Casalt, a town of Piedmont, lately the capital of
Carihagema, a seaport of Spain, in Muroia, built Lower Montferrat, and a bishop's see. Its castle,
by Asdrmial, a Cartnaginian general, and named citadel, and all its fortifications have been demol-
aner the city of Carthage. It is the see of a bish- isbed. It is seated on the river Po, 37 m. N. E.
op, and a great mart for merchandise. It has the of Turin. Pop. about 15,000.
best harbour in Spain } also the most considerable Casale Magpore, a town of Italy, in the duchy
docks and magazines. The principal crops of ba- of Milan, on the river Po, 20 m. £. S. E. of Cre-
rilla are produced in its vicinity ; and a fine red mona. Pop. about 4,900.
earth, culed almagra, used in polishing mirrors, Caaale Jntova, a town of Ni^iles, in Calabria
and preparing tobacco for snuff. Carthagena was Ulteriore. An earthquake happened here in
taken hij^ Sir John Leak in 1706, but the Duke of 1783, by which upward of 4,000 inhabitants lost
Brunswick retook it. It is seated on a gulf of the their lives. It stands near the sea, 11 m. N. by
same name, 27 m. S. of Murcia. Lone. 1. 0. W. W. of Oppido.
lat. 37. 35. N. and 240. S. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. */ There are numerous other towns in difibr-
aboat 25,000. ent parts of Italy either named Casale, or to
Carthagena, a city of South A meAdca, in the New which it is perfixed.
Colombian province ofMagdalena. It is situate Caslnn, or Castoin,^ town of Persia, in Irac
on an island off* the shore of the Caribbean Sea, Agmei, where several of the kings of Persia hate
in the lat of 10. 25. N. and 75. 27. of W. long, resided. Nadir Shah built a palace here, inclosed
about 70 m. S. S. W. of the mouth of the Magda- by a wall a mile and a hair in cirouinference ;
lena, and 180 N. N. E. of the Gulf of Darien. It and the town is surrounded by another four miles
has a commodious and safe harbour, and for near- in cirouit. It carries on a great trade, and is sca-
ly three centuries has ranked among the most con- ted near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in a
siderable cities of America. It was the port first sandy plain, 280 m. N. W. of Ispahan. Long,
resorted to by galleons from Spain during the mo- 50. 10. E. lat. 36. 8. N. Pop. estimated at 60,000.
nopoly of the commeree of America with that Cascaesj a town of Portu^, in Estremadura, at
country. It has experienced various alternations the mouth of the Tagus. on the north bank, near
of fortune, having been several times captured, the rock, 17 m. west of^Lisbon. Pop. 2,500.
and was an object of severe contention between Casco Bay, a bay of the state of Maine, between
the rojralist ana republican forees from 1815 down Cape Elizaoeth and Cape Small Point, leading
to the period of the final extinction of Spanish into the harbour of Portland. It is 25 m. wide,
domination in America in 1823. The island is and interspersed with a great number of small
onited to the main land by two wooden bridges, islands. Long. 69. 30. W. lat. 43. 40. N.
Tlw houses are chiefly built of stone, and it nas Csserta, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavort.
CV3 ITj CAS
I
Hers ii a miffnifioent royal ptlace : and a gnmd multiplied the piaeea of worahip of . MaEadoe
modern aaueauct, which fumisheB a great part of Beschan, and Brama. All Caahmere ia holy land,
the city or Naples with water. Moat of the build- and miraculous fountains abound. In addition to
in|n were greaUy damaiffed by an earthquake in their shawls, in the manufacture of which about
1903. It is 15 m. N. of Naples. Pop. about 16,000. 16,000 looms are supposed to be employed, safiron,
Catty f an interior county of the state of Ken- otto of roses, and some dru|pi, form the cnief arti-
tQcky. Pop. 4,342. Liberty is the chief town. cles of commerce.
Cashan, See Kaaan. Cashmere^ or Serinagkur^ a ci^ of Hindoostan,
CoiJtd, a borough of Ireland, capital of the capital of the province or valley of Cashmere,
county of Tipperary, and an archbishop's see. It Here are many fountuns, reservoirs, and temples,
had formerly a wafi ; and part of two gates are The streets are narrow and dirty. The houses,
still remaining. The old cathedral is supposed to many of them two and three stories high, are
have been the first stone edifice in Ireland. ^ A slightly built of brick and mortar, with a laree in-
2 nod was held here by Henry I. in 1158, by which termizture of timber ; and on the roof is bid a
e kingdom of Ireland was confirmed to him. covering of fine eartii, which is ]>lanted with a va-
The new cathedral is an elegant edifice ; it has riety of flowers. This city is without walls, and
several other public buildings, and barracks for in- seated on both sides of the Chelum, 285 m. E.
fantnr. It is seated on the east bank of the Suir. 43 by S. of CabuL Long. 73. 11. E. lat. 33. 49. N.
m. IV. N. E. of Cork, and 77. S. S. W. of Dublin. ' Cashna. See Casstna,
Pop. in 1821, 5,974. CaskmUe. p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C. 110 m.
Catikgur. or LUtU BakharuL, a country of Usbec ff^ Columbia.
IWtary, woich commences on the north and north- Caspe,B, town of Spain, in Arragon, where Fer-
east of'^Cashmere in Hindoostan (from wliich it is dinand lY. was elected king of Arragon. It stands
separated by the Uimmaleh mountains) and ex- at the confluence of the Guadalupe and Ebro,
tends to 41. N. lat. Great part of it is a sandy 35 m. S. of Balbastro, and 44 S. E. of Saragossa.
desert ; the other parts are populous and fertile. Caspian Sea^ a large inland sea of Western
Here are mines of gold and silver, which the na- Asia, bounded on the south by the Persian prov-
tives do not work, because they are employed inoe of Mazandran, in the lat of 36. 40. and north
wholly in feeding cattle. The mask-animals are by the Russian government of Astracan, in the
found in this countrv. It likewise produces dia- i^t of 46. 50., thus beinj|r about 700 m. in length
monds and several other precious stones. Ireken f^m south to north ; its eastern and western
is the capital. boundaries tifo very irregular, extending from the
Cashgur, a city of Usbec Tartary, formerly the long, of 46. 30. to 57., whibt the mean breadth
capital of the countrv of the same name, ft has ^oes not exceed 260 miles. The eastern coast is
a good trade with the neighbouring countries, indented by several bays, the more prominent of
and stands at the foot of the Himmaleh Mountains, which are Calkan, in the lat. of 39., Alexander, in
11m. S of Ireken. Long. 73. 25. £. lat. 41. 30. N. 43., and Mertvoi, or Koultjouk, in 45. N. The
Catkmere^ a province of Hindoostan, subject to Persian province of Khorassan extends along the
the king of Candahar, or sultan of the Aiehans, east coast to the Bay of Balkan, and further
bounded on the west by the Indus, north by Mount north the east coast is occupied by the Turcomans,
Uimmaleh, and east and south by Lahore. It is Kirgees, and other Tartar tribes ; and the west
mountains, so that onlv light showers &1 here : and western coasts, and the depth is ver]^ irre^-
but these are sufficiently uiundant to feed some lar, being in some places unfathomable withalme
hundreds of cascades, which arc precipitated into of 450 fathoms, whibt in other |>lace8 the naviga^
the valley. The soil is the richest that can be tion is difficult with vessels drawing only 10 feet of
conceiveo, and its productions those of the tem- water ; the water is as salt as that of the ocean,
perate zone. Numerous streams, from all quar- with a bitter taste, which taste is ascribed to the
ters of the valley, bring their tribute to the Che- prevalence of the naphtha on the western coast
lum, a large navigable river, running from east to (See Baku.) Its waters have no visible outlet,
west, falling into the Indus. It contains several their equilibrium must therefore be maintainea
smau lakes, some of which contain floating islands; either by subterraneous channels, or by evapora-
But the country is subject to earthquakes ; and tion. Salmon, sturgeon, and other fish abound in
to guard against their most terrible effects, all^ the all parts of thb sea, and scab are extremely na-
hooaes are built of wood. Among other curious merous. Of birds properly aquatic, it contains
manufactures of Cashmere is that of shawls ; and the grebe, the crested uiver* thr pelican, the cor-
the delicate wool of which the finest are made is morant, and several species or luU, while geese,
the product of a species of goat of this country, ducks, storks, herons, crows, £c.. frequent the
or of the adjoining Thibet. Here are bred a spe- shozes. The Russians are tl « n.\y people who
M, cies df sheep, called Hundoo, which are employed derive much benefit from thb great natuial basin,
\ in carrying Durdens. The Cashmereans are stout although so well calculated to facilitate an exten-
and well made, but their features ofVen coarse and give and reciprocal intercourse between all its
broad : even me women are '^ a deep brown surrounding nations ; and were a communication
complexion ; but they are gay and lively, and fond to be efi*ected wiUi the Black Sea, by means of ca-
of parties of pleasure on their beautiful lakes, nab, Europe at large mi^ht participate in the ad
They have a languaee of their own, said to vantages of an extended intercourse,
be an intenor to that of the Sanscrit ; and a reli- Catsandriaj a town of Holland, on the S. W.
S'on too, it is Uiought, diffisrent fiv>n that of the aide of the island of Cadsand, at the mouth of the
indoof. The superstition of the inhabitants has Zwin« three miles north of £r « s
CAS 171 QAM
t, a town of Italy, in the Miltnese, with a 940 miles east of Constantinople. Long. 34. 28.
castle. Here prince £u£ene, in 1705, was check- £. lat. 41. 32. N.
ed, attempting to force the passage or the Adda ; CastanowUx. See CostainUzo.
and in 1799 the French were defeated bj the Aiu- Castel a Marty a town of Naples in Principato Ci-
trians. It is seated on the Adda, IS m. N. £. of teriore, where tho ships of the rojal navj are built
Milan. It stand on the site of the ancient Stabia, at the
GsMOiM, a town of Naples, in Calabria Cite- foot of a woody mountain, on the Bay of Naples
tiore, 34 m. N. W. of Rossano, and 50 £. S. £. of 15 m. S. £. of Naples.
Policastro. Costet a Hart^ a town of Sicily, in Val di Maz-
Gssfoy, or JfsdU^, a eoantrr of Asia, bound- ara, on a bay on the north coast, 30 m. W. by S
ed on the west by &ngal, north by Assam, east of ralermo.
and S. £. by Binnah, and S. W. by Aracan. The ^ Ouid Arragomut^ a fortified seaport of Sardin-
inhabitants are called Mugguloos, a tribe of ia, and a bishop's see. It was the finit place ta-
rude mountaineers little known. It is now ken in this island, at the end of the thirteenth
subject to the Birmans. Mmutypour is the century, by the Arragonese, whence its name;
capital. but in 1767, the king ordered it to be called Castel
Cassdj a city of Germany, capital of Lower Sardo. It stands on the north coast, 20 m. N. £
Hesse, and seat of the court and government of of Sassari. Long. 9. 1. £. lat. 40. 56. N.
the electorate of Hesse. It is divi£d into the Old Castel Baldo, a town of It^, in the Paduan, on
Town, Lower New Town, and Upper New Town ; the river Adige, 30 m. S. W. of Padua.
the former towns are chiefly built in the ancient Castel Bronco^ a strong town of Portugal, in
stvle, but the last is very regular and handsome, the S. £. part of Beira, with a castle and two
Tne inluibitants are estimated at 25,000, and they churches. In 1762, it was taken by the Span-
have manufkctures of linen, cloth, hats, procelain, iards. It is situate between the rivers Vereza and
Ac. Here is a oollegs, ibanded by the landgrave Poncul, about 15 m. above their entrance into the
in 1709. Thecastle,orpalaee,the gardens, the arse- Tagus, 62 m. S. £. of Coimbra. Xiong. 7. 22.
nal, the founder^, and the cabinet of curiosities, de- W. kt. 39. 52. N.
serve the attention oftiaveUem. It was taken by Ca^d de Vide, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo
the French in 1760 and restored at the peace in 8 m. N. £. of Portalegre. Pop. about 6,000.
1763. It is seated on the Fulda, 40 m. S. £. of Catiel FoUii, a town of Spam, in CaUlonia,on
Paderbom. Long. 9. 25. £. tat. 51. 19. N. an eminence near the river rulvia, 15 m. west of
Cosset, a strong town in Germanv, situate on €rerona.
the Rhine, opposite Mentz, with wnich it has a Castel Franco, a town of Italy, in. Trevisano,
communication by a bridge of boats. It was ta- 12 miles west of Treviso.
ken bv the French in 1792, and retaken by the ^ Castel GondaHfo, a town of Italy, in Oampafna
Pmasians in 1793. di Roma, near the lake Albano. Near this puce
Cosset, a town of France, in the department of is the villa Barbarini, where are the ruins of an
Nord, with a fortified castie. Its stands on a moun- immense palace, built by the emperor Domitian.
tain, rising like a sugar loaf, from the centre of a It is 10 m. S. by "£. of Rome,
vast plain, whence may be seen 32 towns, and Castd Jaloux, a town of France, in the depart
the Uerman Ocean, though 50 miles distant. It ment of Lot and Garonne, with a considerable
18 10 m. N. £. of St. Omer, on the road from Lisle trade in wine, honey, and cattle ; seated on the
to Dunkirk. Pop. about 3,000. Avance, 20 m. £. by south of Bazas, and 32 W.
Gsstette, a populous town of Piedmont, about byN. ofAgen.
six miles north of Turin, having a variety of man- Castel L^nsj a town of Italy, in the Cremonese,
oftetures ; number of inhabitants, about 9,000. 18 m. north of Placenza. Pop. about 8,000.
Cassina^T Kashna, an extensive empire, in the Castel Ntuno, a town of Dalmatia, on the gulf of
interior of North Africa, to the west of Bomou. It Cattaro,] 2 m.N.by W.of Cattaro. Pop.aboutl2,000.
resembles Bomou in climate, soil, and natural Castel, or Castro JWcoini, a town of Sicily, in
productions, and in the colour, genius, religion, Val di Mazara, seated on a hill, 18 m. S. S. W. of
and government of the people. It is bornnded on Tormina.
thesonfh, by a large river flowing to the eastward, CaHd Jfuato di Carfagnana, a town of Italy in
the oelebralsd Niger. the Modense, with a strong fort; seated in the
Gsssmo, or KsMma, the capital of the empire valley of Carngnana, on the river Serchio,.18 m.
of the same name. The chief trade is in senna, N. or Lucca, and 37 8. S. W. of Modena.
gold dust, slaves, cotton eloths, g^oat skins, ox Castel BodrigOt a town of Portugal, in Beira,
and boflUo hides, and civet. It is 750 m. W. 11 m. N. of Pinhel.
8. W. of Bomou, and about the same distance Castel Rosso, an island in the Mediterranean,
east of Tomboctoo and N. by £. of Old Calabar, near the coast of Caramania, 90 m. £. of Rhodes.
<A the ooast of Guinea, Long. 11. 35. £. lat. 15. It is two miles long, and has a secure road and
40. N. harbour. Long. ^. 2L £. lat. 36. 7. N.
Gsssis, a town of fVance in the department of Castel Sarasin, a town of France, in the depart*
Months of the Rhone, with a small port on the ment of Upper Garonne. 30 m. W. N. W. of
Mediterranean, 9 m. 8. 8. £. of Marseilles. Popi Toulouse. Pop. about 5,000.
9,300. Castd Vetere, a town of Naples, in Calabria
CsssoM, or Kmsekaa, a strong town of Upper Ulteriore, 33 m. 8. of Squillaoe.
Hongary, with a fine arsenal, seated near the riv- Castd Vetreno, a town of Sicily, in Val di
•rt Herat, 85 m. E. by N. of Schemnits. Long. Mazara. Here is a palace, in whicn is a consid-
90. 65. £. lat. 48. 40. N. Pop. about 8,000. arable collection of old armour. It is eight miles
CosiBgnol, a town of Piedmont, on the river £. by N. of Mazara.
Po, 8 m. sooth of Turin. *^ Castd is prefixed to the names of seitral
GssCmsmmi or Costomam, a town of Asiatic Tur- other towns in the several Italian states.
key, in Natolia, formerly a large eity, but now CostdauHjik town of Germanv, in the coui «
moeh redooed in sam and magnificence. I* is Spanheim, 23 m. S. 8. W. of Coblentz.
178 CAS
CtutdUms, A town of France, in the depart- Cuenea - - E. &m5 3M^J
ment of Lower Alps. Near it is a aalt spring, Toledo - 8. W. 734 370,641
from which the water iesaes in each abundance La Mancha • S. 631 205,548
•a to torn a mill at the vexj source. It is seated
on the Verdon, in a hilly country, 20 m. S. £. of New Castile - - 2583 1,220,114
Digne. Pop. about 2,000. The Tagus, Guadiana, and Xucar, all afford to
CasttUaxo, a town of Piedmont, 7 m. S. of New Castile the adyantaffe of a facility of inter-
Alessandria. Pop. about 4,700. course, which, to a social communitv, would be
CastdlaneUa, a town of Naples, in Terra d*Ot^ highly appreciated, but to a besotted and priest -
ranto, 19 m. W. N. W. of Taranto. ridden people they are of no avail. 5m each of
CaateUara.tk town of Italy, in the Mantuan, 6 ths iitferior pravinee».
m. N. E. of Mantua. CattUJUm^ a town of France, in the department
CastdUm de Ampurias, a town of Spain, in Cat- of Gironde, seated on the Dordogne, 25 m. £. of
alonia, at the mouth of a river in the Grulf of Bordeaux. Pop. 2,600.
Rosas, 8 m. W. by S. of Rosas. Castine, a seaport of the state of Maine, chief
CastdUm dt la Plana, a town of Spain, in Va^ town of Hancock county, situate on Penobscot
lencia, 28 m. S. 8. W. of the cit;r of Valencia. Bav, 65 m. W. S. W. of Machias. It has an ex-
it contains many vestiges of ancient grandeur, cellent harbour and commands the entrance to the
and is still populous, having upwards of 10,000 Penobscot. Pop. 1,155. It was taken by the
inhabitants. British in 1814, out restored at the peace in 1815.
Castdnaudaryf a town of France, in the depart- Long. 69. 0. W. lat. 44. 26. N.
ment of Aude, on an eminence, at the foot of Casde Csry, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. J2
which is the grand basin of the Canal Royal. It m. S. E. of Wells, and 113 W. by S. or London,
is 15 miles west of Carcassonne. Pop. about Pop. 1,627.
8,000. CoMtU Rising, a borough in Norfolk, Eng. The
Caster, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Market is now disused, its harbour choked up,
Juliers, seated on the river Erst, 9 m. fT of and the castle, whence it has its name, is in ruins.
Juliers. It, however, returns two members to parliament.
CastigUno, a town of Tuscany, in the Sien- Pop. 343. It is seven miles N. £. of Lynn, and
nese, on a lake of the same name, which commu- 103 N. N. £. of London.
nicates with the sea, and produces much salt. It \* There are 24 other towns and villages in
is 12 m. S. by £. of Massa. England to the names of which Castle is pre-
CastigUone, a fi>rtified town of Italy, in the fixed.
Mantuan, with a castle. It was taken by the CasUAar, a peneh and town in the county of
Austrians, in 1701 ; and the French defeated them Mayo, Ireland. The parish, exclusive of the town
near it, in 1706, and again in 1796. It is 20 m. in 1821 contained a population of 4^69, and the
N. W. of Mantua. Pop. about 4,000. town 5,404, a considerable portion of whom are
Cutife, the principal and most opulent of the employed in the linen manufacture. The town
kingdoms into whicn Spain was formerly divided, is also the seat of assize, and a chief place in the
It now forms the two provinces of Old and New county, having a spacious church, a handsome
Castile ; the former having been recovered from court-nouse, gaol, and cavalrv barracks. It is
the Moors some time before the latter. situate at the east end of a small lake^ 11 m. E. by
Castile, Old, a province of Spain, bounded on N. of West-port and 113 W. by N. of Dublin,
the north by Asturias, and Biscay, east by Na- *,* There are about 20 other parishes, towns,
varre and Arra^n, south by New Castile, and and villages, in different parts or Ireland, to the
west by Leon, being in extreme length from north names or wnich Casde is prefixed, but none of
to south about 240 miles, and 100 in mean breadth, any particular importance.
It is subdivided into four inferior provinces, after CastUton, a ▼ilisgc on the peak of Derbyshire,
the name of the four chief towns. The superficies five miles north of Tideswell, Eng. It is situate
and population of each province, in 1810, were as at the foot of a rock, above 250 feet high, on
Allows : via. which are the remains of a castle, ascribed u>
8q. leag. Inhab. William Peverel, natural son of the conqueror.
Burgos - • N. 642 470,588 Three of the seven wonders of the makare in its
Soria • - - E. 341 198,107 neighbourhood ; the Devil's Cave, Mam Tor, and
Segovia- - S. 290 164,007 Eloen hole. The first is in a cavern in the rock
Avilla • S. W. 215 116,061 above mentioned, whose arched entrance is 42
feet high and 120 wide. It becomes narrower
Old Castile - - 1488 950^63 as it proceeds, and the roof descends to within two
The Ebro rises on the north part of Burgos, and feet of the surface of a brook ; this being passed
forms the boundary of Old Castile, on the side of over, another large cavern succeeds, with several
Biscay and Navarre. Several streams fall into high openings in the roof. It descends again
the Ebro, but the waters of Old Castile run chief- to a second brook ; afler which is a third cavern,
]y to the westward, into the Douro. The chief called Roger Rain's House, because of the per-
productions of this inrt of Spain is wood, of which petual dropping : the length of the whole cavern
commodity about 0,000,000 lbs. are annually ex- is 617 yaras. Mam Tor, a mile west of the vil-
ported to England. &ing-craft and priestcraft lage, is a mountain, 1,300 feet above the level of
preclude all social exertion in this as well as every the valley on the top and sides of which is a
other part of Spain. camp, supposed to be Roman : it overtops tlie
Cojw, /few, lies to the south of the preceding whole Peak country ; and the vulgar story is,
province, and is divided into five inferior provinces that this hill is continually crumbling, without
as follows : via. being diminished. Elden hole, a mile south of
Sq. leag. Inhab. Mam Tor, is a perpendicular gulf or chasm in a
Guadalazara N. 163 121,115 limestone rock, the depth of which is unfiiuioni-
Madrid - N. W. 110 fOdfiSB able its sides being so very shelving and irrega
CA8 ^ 1,
|u,itlu>beeii plumbAd from 199 to lOSjknU,
70 of which •acmed to ba in witei. Fop. of tha
TiIbfemlS>I,993.
CatlUtim, ■ towaahip in the parish of Hoch-
dak, Laaoaahin, Eng. Pop. in 1891, 7^M.
8m lUeJuUU,
CaKfatom, the CI
the aoath eoaat, wil_ . _, _
bonr, which check* ita commerce, a.id
it inferior to DoogUi in nhnt reapecla. In the
centre of the town, on a hi^ rock, U CuUe
Ruaben, a magnificent oile, built of five stone, in
9G0, by Oattinl, a priDce tf the Daniah line, who
liea buried in the eiufiee. It ia oconpied bv the
tbao
the lawn ii a fine^nany ,
the itepa to St Panl'a cfaureh, in London, were
taken. Lonff. 4. 38. W. Ut. 66. i. N. Foe '-
1891, 8,030.
CaatlalinggL a town of Richmond Co. IT. T. on
Slaten laland, at the entrance of New Tork har-
bour, where ia the qDorentine Ground and Marine
HaepHal for that cit*. Pop. 2,204.
Cattrttfji citj of France, capita] of the depart-
ment of Taid, andlatelr an epiacopal aee. In
the reign of Lonia XIII. it waa a kind of pio-
leatant npablie; bat in 16iZ9, ita fbrtificatuma
were demolidied. It ii the birthplace of Rapin
Thojna and M. Dacier, haa a sood trade, and
containa a Dumber of beautifiil edificef and about
12,500 inhabitanta. In the ricinitT tnrqnoiaa
atonea have been found. It ia KBted in a fine
valle;, on the Agont, 36 m. E. of Tonlf
Bne wool. It ia 195 m. S. E. of linw. Laiur.*'4
43. W. lat. 13. 50. 8.
"^ There aie acTenl other lowna in Ita v.
Spun, and Portugal, to the nainea of whiob Gw
tro ia perfiied.
Cattria, a town of Aoitrian latna, a few m vf
W. ofFimne.
Cattrop, a town of Weatphalia, in the oor I't^
ofHark,Tm. W. of Dortmond.
Cattropol, a town of Spain, in Aatutiu, 14 b
N. E. of Moadonedo.
Caneell, a coiwEj of Notlh Carolina, borderinf^
on FittaylTBniB county J Virginia. ItiiaaquoHo'
SM> roiiea each way, mleraectcd by numeroiu
■treama fiUling into the RoanOke. Fop. 15/119
The principal town ia Pitlaboioujfh.
Qa Itlaid, the name at present given to Oma.
•ibnu, or A. S^Todor, one of the Bahamai and
the apot when the firat diccorery of America waa
ical importance. It ia in lat. 24. 30. N. long 7!i
__. _ . mal poHNeuIoninthenameofOieBanraDdQaeeti
Ca«tra, a town of Italy, hi the patrimonr of of Spain. The island is about CO m. long and U!
St. Feler, o^lo] of a duehy ofito name. It ia wide, butia notaplaceof anyconimen;iarorp<.lit
56 m. N. W. efEome. r. ^_ ..._.«.«»« . —
CaKra, a town of Naples, in T«rr« d'Otruto,
At nula 8. 8. W. at Otranto.
Castro, a town of the ialand of Chiloe, with a
eaatle, which oomnunda tlie harbour. It is 180
n. 8. of ValdiTia. Long. 75. 5. W. tat. 42.
CMeiaviia, an interior town ol
district of tha eame name, inthellU
degree of aouth latitude. The town ia aeatod at
the aouth-weal bank of the Apurimao RiTsrahoui
saport and
B of which will admit large TCaaeU.
There are two eaatlea, the one ancient, the other
nndem, in each of which ia a Turkiah gover-
nor and eominander. Coniiderable vestiges atitl
remain of ita fiirmergrandenr and nufniGcence.
The chief trade iaahip building. It is 90 m. W.
of Adramitti, and 60 N, W. of Smyrna. Long.
v.. 39. E. lat. 39. 14. N.
CtutTB dt UriaUt, a town of Spain, in Biacar,
with a eaatle and an aracnal, on the aeaeoaat, 23
m. N. W of Bilbao.
Cajtre Oiaeaiuu, a town of Sicily, in Val di
Demona. It waa the ancient Eima, ramona for
the worship of Ceres and Proserpine. It ia 40
m. W. of Catano. Fop.abont 13,000.
Cattra Marim, a stiimg town of Portngal, in
Algarre, spated near the mouth of the Gnadiana,
13 m. E. N. E.ofTsTiia, anda3S.bTE.QfBeia.
Long. 7. 20. W. lat. 37. 12. H.
Caitra RtmU, a town of Sicily, in Val di Demo-
na, 15 m. W. of Mesrina. Pop. about 8.000.
Cattro Virde, a town of Portngal, in Aleulejo,
on the Corbes, 18 m. B. 8. VT. af Beja.
CttTQ Fireja*, a- town of Peru, in the pro-
-iftta at Goamanga, noted lor goad tobaeoo and
sroftheUui
J.ofC
Catabate, properly Catmeia, i
led States, rising dom numerooa aourcea m uk
north-west part of North Carolina, in the lat of
36. N.and BH. ofW. long, running in a B. 8 E
direction into South CaroTina, in which stale it it
called the Witeiee until it reaches the eentn' ol
the state, where it is joined h; (he Baluds, or Con
garee and numerous other streama &om the S. W
where it is called the Sanlee, falling into the At
lanUc Ocean, in the bt. of 33. 6. If. and 79. 16
of W. Icmg. about 40 m. N. of Charleston, witli
the harbour of which oi^ it ia conaecled hv s
canal fi-om a point 50 m, above ita entrance intc
Cafaiaw, ot Catatata, an Indian town on thr
banks of the preceding river at ita entrance into
Sooth Carolina. The native inhabitants amorni
to about 450, the remains of a onoe powerful lh-
tion, who have degenerated in physical enerft.
and progTpaaively decreased in number, ur t
thoir saaociation with Europeans.
Catahffuta or Oostaioot, apariab in the west4-p«i
diatrictofLoiiiBiana,Bhaat60nii)ea in extent ft m'
north lo sonth, and 30 in mean breadth; it ia ii
tetaected by the Waahita and several other liv-ri
and lakes. Pop. 2,576. A town of tha SB.ni>
name, on tht weal bank of (h* Washita, ia 260 >u
CAT 174 CAT
N. W. of New Orleans, by the course of the Mis- per and iron. It is seated at the foot of the Um]
ussippi, and about 160 in a meridiona] line. Mountains, on the east side, near the source of
CaUUoniay a province of Spain, lying alonf the ihe Iset/dlO m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long 61.
shore of the Mediterranean, in a N. N. E. mrec- 25. E. lat. 56. 45. N.
tion from the lat. of 40. 30. to 42. 30. N. separated Catharine, p.t. Tioga Co. N. T. 210 m. W. A\
from France on the north by the Pyrenees, and bany. Pop. 2,064,
bounded on the west by Arraffon, beinff in the CatkarinensU^, a government of the Russian
shape of a riffht angled triangle, of which the empire, divided into two provinces, namely, Catli-
Pyrenees are Uie base, and the seacoast the hy- rinenslaf, which includes New Russia ; and the
pothenuse. It contains 1,003 square leagues, and late government of Asoph, and Taurida, which
m 1810, a population of 858,818. Barcelona is the includes the Crimea.
chief town ; ihe other towns of note being Torto- CeilukrvMnsl^^ a town of Russia, capital of a
sa, Lerida, Tarragona, Manresa, Grerona, and government of the same name. It was built by
Rosas. The river Ebro intersects the south end Uie late empress Catharine, and is seated near the
of the province, and the united streams of the confluence of the Kiltzin and Samara, with the
Pallaresa and Segre run fVom the Pyrenees into Dnieper, 178 m. N. £. of Cherson. Long. 35. 15.
the Ebro near the frontier of Arragon. The Lobre- £. lat. 47. 23. N.
£t, Ter, and several other streams of minor note, Catherine, St. the principal island on the coast
1 into the Mediterranean. The Catalonians are of the south part of Brasil, with a harbour defen-
the bravest, and least bigoted, and the most active ded by several forts. It is 27 miles long^ but not
and enterprising of the Spanish people ; but the more than 6 broad, but ezoeedingly fertile ; it
subduing tendency of the national policy of Spain forms a separate government of the Brazilian em«
precludes all advance towards social improve- pire. Pop. about 30,000. There is a town of the
ment. The chief surplus products of the soil of same name, the chief place on the island. Liong.
Catalonia are cork, nuts and brandy ; woolens, 49. 17. W. lat. 27. 35. S.
hardwares, and cutlery, are manufactured for dis- Coto, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. T. 179 m. W. Albany,
tribution over the other parts of Spain, and par- Pop. 1,781.
tially for exportation. Catodu, Eape, the N. E. promontory of Yuca-
GUamanaoo, a cit^, and capital of Nepaul, con- tan, where the English adventurers from Jamaica
taining about 50,000 inhabitants, 200 m. due north first attempted to cut logwood. Long. 87. 30.
of Patna. See Jfepaul. W. lat. 21. 2S, N.
Catanduane8f one of the Philippine Islands, Catrme, a village of Scotland, 14 miles east of
lyin^ off the S. E. coast of Luzon ; it is about 30 Ayre, on the river Ayr. Here is a flourishing
m; in extent from north to south, and 20 in cotton manufactilre.
breadth ; the inhabitants are much employed in Catskillf p.t. Green Co. New York, situate on
building of boats for the neighbouring islanders. the west bank of the Hudson River, nearly oppo-
Catamaf a celebrated city on the east coast of site to the town of Hudson, and 31 m. S. of Alna-
Sicily ; it is a place of great antiquity, but has suf- ny . Pop. 4,861.
fered greatly, as well by the eruptions of Mount CaUhU MauntainSf a branch of the Shawan-
iEtna, as by earthquakes ; it was nearly over- gunk ridge, being a detached portion of the great
whelqied with lava from the former, in loiS9, and Apalachian chain of mountains ; forking offlrom
in 1693 an earthquake destroyed a great portion the ridge toward the north near the Hudson, and
of the city, and buried 18,000 persons in its ruins ; afterwards making a bend towards the west, llie
it appeoj^s, however, to have nsen from each sue- general height of these mountains is about 3,000
eeedinff disaster with increasing splendour, and feet, and they abound with the most beautiful
in 1825 ranked among the finest cities in Europe, scenery. The quarter most visited by travellers
It is the see of a bishop, and seat of the only uni- is at the Eastern extremity of the ridge, where on a
versity in Sicily. The principal square, formed spot called the Pine Orchard, 2i274 feet above the
by the cathedral, college, ana town-ball, is very waters of the Hudson, has lately been erected an
grand ; it has about 30 convents and 50 cli arches, elegant hotel called the CaUkUl Mountain House.
some of them fine edifices, a museum of natural Few places of fashionable resort present stron-
history and antiquities, the remains of a Roman ger attractions to the tourist than this spot. A few
amphitheatre, and other vestiges of ancient splen- years ago this delightful retreat was almost un-
dour, render it a place of peculiar interest to an known and rarely visited, but by the hardy banter
intelligent and enquiring traveller. It is situate in pursuit of the deer, the bear, and the wolf, who
at the foot of Mount £tna, on the south side, 35 baa hitherto maintained undisturbed possession
m. N. of Syracuse, in the lat. of 37. 26. N. and 15. of its cliflb and caverns. At length the tale of the
15. of £. long. Pop. about 50,000. extent and beauty of Uie prospect and the grand-
CatanzarOf a city of Naples, capital of Calabria eur of the scenery, drew the attention of individ-
Ulteriore, and the see of a bishop. The chief uals of taste, and the glowing descriptions they
manufiusture is silks of various kinds, and these, gave, effectually roused the attention of the pub
with corn and oil, are the principal articles of^ Re. Each successive season the number of visit-
trade. It is seated on a mountain, near the gulf ers increased till ^e temporary buildings, at first
of Squillace, 42 m. S. E. of Cosenza. Long. 15. erected for their accommodation, gave place to a
48. E. lat. 39. 0. N. splendid Hotel, 140 feet in length and four stories
Catawissaf or Hughesburg'f a town of Pennsyl- high. This establishment was erected by the
vania, in Northuml^rland county, situate at the Mountain Association, at an expense of about
mouth of the Catawissa Creek, on the east branch $22,000. It occupies the Eastern verge of a tabic
<>f the SusquehAnnah, 25 m. E. N. E. of Sunbury, of rock some six acres in extent. An excellent
tnd 100 N. W )f Philadelphia. line of stages is established to this place firom
Catharinburff, a town of Russia, capital of a Catskill, a distance of twelve miles. The ride to
province of the same name, in the government of the foot of the mountain is not particularly inter
Perm. The chief gold mines of Siberia are in its esting— but as you ascend, every moment devel
▼icini^, and abovs 100 founderies, chiefly for cop- opes something magnificent and new. Th« sides
CAT 175 CAU
of thft iiioantain, fteep and seemingly inacceBsible, niiffat River, or creek, which falls into the east
tower far above you. clothed in Uie rich, deep ena of Lake Erie. Pop. 16,726. EUioitayille is
Bihagp peculiar to sucn regions ; while below your the chief town.
path a clear stream runs, one moment bubbling Cattaro, a town of Daln^itia, with a castle, seat-
over its rocky bed, and the next ]eai>ing down in ed oo a gulf of its name, in the Adriatic, which
cascades to the valley. The road is extremely forms two extensive and secure harbours. The
circuitous, and so completely hemmed in by the town is built at the extremity of the inner basin,
luxuriant growth of forest trees that the traveller surrounded by rocks, and strongly fortified. It is
IS for a long time unable to judffe of his progress 24 m. S. of &:utari. Long. 19. 15. £. lat. 42. 12.
in the ascent by any view of the country he has N.
left. At an abrupt an^le of the road, however, he Caitegaty a gulf of the German Ocean, between
ootains at onoe a full view of the Mountain House Sweden and Jutland, extending for about 120 m.
—perched like the eyrie of an eagle among the from north to south, and 70 firom E. to W.,
clouds— or rather like the enchanted castle in a through which the Baltic Sea is entered by three
ftiry tale ; seemingly inaccessible to mortal foot, straits, called the Sound, the Great Belt, and the
still it reminds him of such terrestrial comforts as Little Belt.
are sure to be acceptable after exercise in the pure CatUuOf a town of Italy, in the Faduan, 5 m. S
air of the mountains. Another turn and it again of Padua.
disappears, and the traveller next finds himself on CatUriekf a village in West Yorkshire, Eng.
the level rock of the Pine Orchard, and approach- near Richmond. It has a bridge over the river
ing the Hotel firom the rear. A moment more Swale, and a Roman hisrhv^y crossed the river
and he is on the edge of the precioice in firont of here, on the banks of which are the foundations
the noble building. From this lonv eminence all of great walls, and a mount cast up to a vast
inequalities of surfiuM are over-looxed. A seem- height.
ingly endless succession of woods and watera— ^ Gaheyekf a village of South Holland, on the
lanns and villages, towns and cities, are spread ' German Ocean, near which the river Rhine is lost
out as upon a boundless map. Far bevona rise in the sands, it is six miles north by west of
the Tagkannnc Mountains, and the highlands of Leyden.
Connecticut and Massachusetts. To the left, and CatxeneUenbosten, or KnizeneUenbogeny a town
at a still greater distance, the Gr^n Mountains and castle of Uermany, in the circle of Upper
of Vermont stretch away to the north, and their Rhine, which gives name to a county. The town
blue summits and the blue sky mingle together, has an iron mine near it, and is 10 m. N. E. of St.
The beautiful Hudson, studded with islands, ap- Goar.
pears narrowed in the distance, with steam-boats Caub, a town of Germany, with a citadel ; seat-
almost constantly in sight ; while vessels of every ed on the Rhine, 2 m. N. by E. of Bacharach.
description, spreading their white canvass to the Caueaf a river of Colombia, rising near Popa-
bfeese, are moving rapidly over its surface, or yan, in Uie lat. of 3. N. running norm through the
idly loitering in the calm. These may be traced valley of Popayan^ between the 2d and 3d ridges
to the distance of nearly seventy miles with the of the Andes, fallmg into the Magdalena about
naked eye ; and sgain at times all below is en- 120 m. above the entrance of that river into the
vek^ped in dark cloud and rolling mist, which, Caribbean Sea in the lat. of 11. N.
driven about bv the wind, is continually assuming ^ Caucasia, a government of Asiatic Russia, di-
new, irild, and &ntastic forms. vided into the two provinces of Astracan and
From the Pine Orchard a ride or walk of a mile Caucasia. The province of Caucasia comprises
or two brings you to the KauterskiU Falls. Here the the Cuban, and all that district to the east and
outlet of two small lakes, leaps down a perpen- south, now in the possession of Russia, between
dieular Call of 180 feet — then glides away through the rivers Don and Cuban, and between the
a channel worn in the rock to a second fall of oO Black Sea and the Caspian, extending aa fkr as
feet. Below this it is lost in the dark ravine the confines of Georgia.
through which it finds its way to the valley of the Caucasus, a chain of mountains extending firom
Catstall. The waterfall, bold as it is, forms how- the mouth of the Cuban, in the Black Sea, to the
ever, but one of the many interesting features of mouth of the Kur, in the Caspian. Their tops
this scene. Standing on the edge of the first fall, are always covered with snow: and the lower
j<m look down into a dreary chasm whose steep paits abound in honey, com, wine, fruits, gum,
sides, covered with the dark ivy and the thick nogs, and homed cattle. The Caucasian moun-
feliage of summer, seem like a green bed prepar- tains are inhabited by seven dutinct nations, each
ed ror the reception of the waters. Making a speaking a different language : namely, the Tur-
circuit finun this spot, and descending about mid- comans, the Abkahs, the Circassians, the Ossi,
way of Uie first fall, you enter a footpath which the Kisti,the Lesgius, and the Georgians.
eonduets into an immense natural amphitheatre CauMee, a town of France, in the department
behind the waterfall. The e^ct of this scene is of Lower Seine, 18 m. W. by N. of Rouen. Pop.
impoatng beyond description. Far over your head about 3,000.
piojects a smooth surface of rock, forming a ma^- Caudetu, a town of Spain on the fh>ntiers of
nificent ceiling to this amphitheatre. In firont is Murcia and Valencia, atwut 50 m. W. of Denia.
the ever-lalling water, and beyond, the wild Pop. about 6,000.
OMMintain dell with the clear blue sky above. CaudkuUy, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
CaUaraugus, a county toward the west extrem- ince of Coimbetore. It is the first place or any
ity of the state of New York, bordering on Penn- note above the Ghauts, and a principal thorough-
sylvania ; it is a square of about 35 miles each fkre between the country below and that above
way. Tlie Alleghany River, falling into the those mountains. The inhabitants are chiefly
Ohio, is, however, navigable for more than 30 traders. It is 60 m. S. E. of Seringapatam.
miles within this county, which will doubtless Caugknawafa, p.v. Montgomery counW, New
tend to excite industry, and thereby increase its York, situated south the riyer Monawk, iSim.y
pOMlation ; it is bounded on the north bv Catt^ W. AUnut.
(JA\^ 136 CKC
CatiMnaryf a town of Hindoofltftn, in Benfal, rirer Oose, 12 milet Math of York. Here an
^ing between the Ganms and Bummpooter, 30 the riuns of a very ancient eaatle, a manniactuja
n. N. W. of Dacca, and 146 N. E. of Calcutta. for hop-bagging, and a good terry orer the rirer.
CamUAaughj a town of the Afirhan territOTT, on Pop. 1,1^7.
the west bank of the Indus, 110 m. N. of Monl- uazamarea, a town of Pera, capital of a territo-
tan. tv of its name, in the prorinoe of Tmzillo. Here
Caune, a town of France, in the department tne Spanish general, Pizarro, in 1539, prefidUooa-
of Tarn, 20 m. £. N. £. of Cfastrea. Pop. 2,500. ly seized the Inca, AtahnalfMi, and the next year,
CatUeres. a village of France, in the departanent after a mock trial, caosed him to be publicly exe-
of Upper Pyrenees, at the foot of the monntains, ented. It is 70 m. N. E. of the city of Truxillo.
noted for its mineral water, 18 m. 8. W. of Bag- Long. 78. 20. W. lat. 7. 8.
neres. CttxamarqtdUa, another considerable city of
Cautery f or Camery, a considerable river of Peru, also in the province of Truxillo, about 40
Rindoo8tan,which rises among the western Ghauts, m. 8. 8. E. of Caxamarca.
flowsbySeringapatam,BhawanikudaI,andTritch- Csztomfro, another cityof Pern, in the pro-
inop6Iy, and enters the bay of Bengal, by a wide vinee of Tarma, about 200 m. 8. by E. of Gaz«
delta of mouths, which embraces the province of amarquilla, and 140 N. by E. of Lima.
Tanjore, in the lat. of 11. N. Caxion, a town in Cambridseshire^ Eng. 10 m.
Cava, a town of Naples, in Principato Citeriore, W. by 8. of Cambridge, and 49 N. of London,
at the foot of Mount Matelian, 3 m. W. of It was the birthplace of Caxton, who introduced
Salerno. the art of printmg into England ; and also of
CavaiUan^ a town of France, in the department Matthew Paris, the historian. Pop. aboot 400.
of Vaucluse ; seated on the Durance, 20 m. 8. E. Cayamba, a town of Peru, in the province of
of Avignon. Pod. about 7,000. Quito, 30 m. N. E. of Quito.
Cavaurif an island in the Archipelago, between Cayenne^ a rich town and island on the coast of
the S. W. point of the island of Negrooont and Guiana, capital of the French settlements there,
the continent of Greece. Long. 24. 17. E. lat. 38. hounded on the west by the Dutch edony of
; . N. Surinam. The island is about SOmileain cireuoi-
Cawdlaf a town of European Turkey, on the ference, separated from the continent by a very
coast of Rumella, about 90 m. £. of Salonica. narrow channel. The sur&ce is low and marshy,
Fop. about 3,000. and covered with forests. Cayenne pepper, su-
Csverypotom, a town of Hindoofrtan, in the Car- gar, coffee, cloves, and the singularly elastic gum
natic, seated on the Panaur, 80 m. W. S. W. of called caoutchouc, are the principal commodi-
Arcot. There is another town of the same name ties. .The French settled here in 162d, but left it in
at one of the mouths of the Oxverj River, a few 1654, and it was successively in the possession of
miles north of Tranquebar. the English, French, and Dutch; but the latter
Cavargere, a town of the Venetian territoiy, were expelled by the French in 1677. It surren-
on the south bank of the Adige, near its entrance dered to the English in 1809, but was restored to
into the Gulf of Venice. France at the peace of 1814. Long. 52. 15. W.
CavaUf an interior countv of Ireland, in the lat. 4. 56. N See Guuma,
■outh part of the province of Ulster. It has sev- CayU, a town of Brazil, in the government of
oral lakes ; two on the south side discharge their P>n. near the mouth of the Cateypera, 15 miles
waters eastward by the Black water River mto the N. £. of Para. Long. 46. 12. W. lat. 0. 56. S.
Boyne, and others westward into Donegal Bay Cayuga, a county of the state of New York,
through Lough Earn, which jets upon the north- the nortn end of which borders on Lake Ontario,
em boundary of the county. The Lagan River, extending south about 50 miles, and being about
which falls mto Dundalk Bay, also intersects its ten miles in mean breadth, it contains about 500
south-east part; it partakes but partially of the square miles. Pop. 47,947. Auburn is the
bnen manufacture. The chief town, of tne same chief town.
name, is situate in the centre of the county, 30 Cayuga LaJks, bounds the west side of the above
miles due west of Dundalk. the same distance county for about 25 miles, extending about 10
S. S. E. of Armagh, and 54 N. N. W. of Dublin, miles ftirther south into Tompkins county. It is
As the seat of assize for the countv, it has a court- three to four miles wide, and oischarges its waters
house, jail, and that indispensible appendage to at the north end through Seneca River into Lake
an Irish town, ti'barraek. The population in 1821 Ontario, from which the north end of Cayuga Lake
amounted to only 2^322. There is no other town is distant about 25 miles. The Erie canal runs
•n the county containing even that number. See past, near the north end of Cayuga. There is a
Ireland, town of the same name on the east bank, five
Cavendishf p.t. Windkor Co.Vt. on Black River, miles west of Auburn.
Pop. 1,498. Cayuta.p.i. Tioga Co. New York, 173 m. W.
tavianaf an island of South America, at the Albany. Pbp. 642.
mouth of the river Amazon,. 90 miles in circum- CaxaubarHf a town of France, department of
ference, and of a triangular form, with its base Gers, on the banks of the Adour, 80 m. N. N. E.
to the ocean. It lies under the equinoctial line, of Bayonne.
?n long. 50. 20. W. Cazenevia, the chief town of Madison county,
Camte, a seaport on the west coast of the is- state of New York, situate on the bank of a
land of Luconia. See ManiUa. small lake, a few miles south of the line of the
Cavor, a town of Piedmont, in the province of Erie canal, 130 m. W. by N. of Albany. Pop.
c'ignerol, 8 m. 3 by E. of the town of Pignerol. 4,344.
Kop. about 7,00^ Cozere^, a town of France, in the department
CmumpouTt a town of Hindoostan, on the wes* of Upper Garonne, about 35 m. S. W. of Tou-
teen bank of the middte branch of the Gangea^ louse.
60 m. W. by 8'. of Lucknow. Cecily a county of the state of Maryland, at
Cmwoodf a village in E. Yorkahire, Eng. on tha the head of Cheeapeak Bay, being about 25
mile* (torn north to touth, ind 13 in mem
breadth, Ibrming the nortb-cut pit-emity qf
the strntaj boDnded on the oast by Newcastle
CaU, t. Wuhington Co. Pa
Caiimir, a town oT Little Poland, in the psla-
linate of Lublin, leated on the Vislala, SO m.
E. of Zamanr. Long.SS. 3. E. lat. 51. 0. N.
Cedar Crttk, » water of James River, in Vir-
ginia, in the county of Rockbiidge ; remarkable
lor iti natural bridge, justly regarded as one of
the most magnificent natural curioiitiea In the
world. It ii a huge rock, in the form of an arch,
00 feet long, f*) wide, and from 40 to 60 deep,
Iring aver the river more than 300 ieet above
me aurface of the water, aupoorted by abutnienta
aa light and graceful na though thej had bceo the
work of Corinthian art. This bridge gives name
to the Goonty, and afTorda a commodioui pa^aagd
over a valley,which cannot be crossed elsevhere
far a conaiderable distance, [tia aboul 100 m.
W. of Richmond, and 160 S. S, W. of Washing-
rr CM.
Portu^nese, who first doubled the Capo of Good
Hope into the eastern seas in 1493, Ibnned a scl-
tlement upon the south-west point of Celebes in
1513. The Portuguese were expelled by tlu^
Dutch in lGG7,b; whom the possession was called
Mofouar. They held it undisturbed till after the
commencement of the present century, about
which period the Eugtiah, in their turn, with one
or two unimportant ei::eptions, disposaeaaed eve
ty European slate of theii Asiatic possessions ;
but all the former posaenions of the Dutch in the
eastern seai were restored by the English at the
peaceof 1815, and confirmed !o them by treaty in
18^. Celebes abounds in all th^ varieties of pro-
ductions common to its climate and geographii il
position. Minerals, gems, animals, vegetabh^j^
esculent, ambrosial, and medicinal ; as well as
reptiles, birds, and fishes, ail abound to display '
the varied, liberal, and unsparins hand of crea-
tion, and to aSbrd to man all the means of tha
highest possible degree of human enjoyment.
Yet these advantages are balanced b^ some dread-
(iil scourges. The great boa constnctor is an in-
habitant of this island. He is !£ or 30 feet long,
and proportions bly thiek. He is the most glut-
tonous and rapacious, aa well aa the most for-
midable of the serpent tribe. He has been known
Cedogna, a town of Naples, in Principato Ulle-
nore, at the foot of the Apennina, 30 m. N. N. B.
of Conu.
Ctfidnia, or CeplaUmia. the most considerabtt
of the Ionian Isles, in the Mediterranean, on thi
coast of Greece, opposite the gulf of Lepanto
It is 40 milei long, and tVom 10 to 20 broad, fer-
tile in oil and muscadine wine. The capital is of
the same name, so the south-eaat coajt. Look.
20, 56. E. lal. 33. 12, N.
Cefatu, a seaport of Sicily, in Val di Demona,
' a bishop's see, with a caatte ; scaled on i
promontorv, 40 m. E. by 3. of Palermo. Long.
13. 58. E. lat. 38, 15, N, Pop, about 5,500,
Ceiano, a Iowa of Naples, in Abruzio Ulterii
near a lake of the same name.SO miles in circum-
ference. It is 15 m. S. of Aquila,
Ccfa^,orSi/(u), a town of Mexico, situate on a
spacious plain 6,000 fret above the level of the
sea, atew miles N.N.W, of the city of Guanaauato.
Ceftri^?s, ■ town of Ireland, ir "'
Kildare, lU miles W. of DubUn,
1,260.
Ctltbtt, or MaausoT, a very irregular and sin-
■alarly shaped island in the £aatsm Sea, lying be-
tween Borneo and the Moluccas. The centre c,f
the island is interjected by the line of 120, of E.
long, and 3, of 3. lal. From this centre four
tongaei of territ.iry project, lenninaling as fol-
2d, at Cape Leven,
3d, at Cape Talabo,
4th, at Cape Rivera,
5th, from Cape Rive
LM.
lao^E.
131, 38. E,
123- 57, E,
120, 34. E.
e pmjecia
to kill and devoar • boffide. ._
prodigious, and he eraibsi hia pre* within the
twinings (Uf hii enormous Iblds. A Malay sailor
in 17w was seized by a boa in this island, and
almost instantaneously crushed lo death. Before
swallowing his prev, the serpent Ucks it over and
covers it with a gelatinous substance, to make it
slip down his jaws i in Ibis condition he wilt
swallow a mass three times hii own thickness
When gorged in this manner with food, they
crawl into some retreat, and fall into a stupid
heavy aleep, in which they become so unwirfdy
and "helpless that they may be easily killed.
Whilst the inhabitants are said to be brave, ingen-
ious, high-spirited, daring in adventure, enter-
prising in pursuit, and honest in dealing, and tliat
to a degree which render* their martial character
celebralcd all over the eastern sesa, the* are, on
"-- -■'---■—' --- -besuspiei • ■
ferocious. An acquaint
1 them
150 miles from north to south, and 110 from n
to east, the mean breadth of the projections, ei
being about 55 mites, gives an aggregate eit
' - "■ " ■ ■ -^""1 squaw Dule*. 1
•f BurfaM of abost
«t 67,00(1
those islands in the eastern seas, with whom Eu-
ropeans appear to have had no trading inter-
course, leads to infer that the extension of Um-
commeree of Europeans, with all their prelensiona
to scientific attainment and social tefiwrnent, has
operated as a corse rather than a blessing ; rapine
and cruelly, subjugation and misery, hsvmg
marked its progresa, and followed in its train.,
wherever il has extended itself. Such eanmot be
CXR 178 CER
^ neceflmy consequence of commercial inter- Cerelf a town of France, in the department of
•odrse ; and when reciprocity and justice, instead £a8tern Pyrenees, with a magnificent bridge
of selfishness and chicane, shall constitute the of one arch over the Tet. Here tne commission-
basis of its pursuit, Celebes, in common with the ers of France and Spain met, in 1660, to settle the
whole eastern Archipela|ro, will afford an un- limits of the two kingdoms. la 1794, the French
bounded field for exertion and enterprise. The defeated the Spaniards near th:.i town. It is 14
total population of Celebes is supposea to amount m. W. S. W. of Perpignan.
to. about 3,000,000, under the surveillance of sev- Cerignolay a town of Naples, in Capitanata,
oral separate rajahs, among whom polygamy and celebrated by Horace for its excellent bread,
the other sensualities of Mahometanisro generally Near this town is the ancient Salapia, the ruins
prevail. The following are the principal towns of which are still called Salpe. It is 20 m. south
or ports in each of the five projections previously of Manfiedonia. Pop. about 12,000.
described : Ceri^Oj (the ancient Ctfihera^ an island of the
Ist, Bonthin, Macassar, Maros, and Tannette. Mediterranean, lying off the S. £. promontory
2nd. Mountainous, and Tery thinly inhabited, of the Morea; it formerly belonged to the Vene-
Ird, Ditto, ditto, ^aya and Tayabo. tians ; the French took possession of it in 1797 ; it
4th, Palos, Dondo ; fine and fertile. surrendered to the English in 1809, and at the
5th, Bool, Castricom, and Manado, peace of 1815 was included in the Ionian repub-
And of the main part of \he island are Bonny, tic, under the protection of England. It is about
Sofin, and Mamoojoo. The principal river of 17 m. long from north to south, and 10 in breadth,
the island, the Chrmrana, falls into the Bay of mountainous, and but little cultivated. The
Bony or Bugges, which see ; and see also Tobo inhabitants are principally Greeks, whose chief
Tominie, Cambyna, and Bouton, other bays and occupation is in attending to their nocks of sheep
islands connected with Celebes. and herds of goats. There is a town of the same
* Cell fOT Maria ZeU, a town ofStiria, with a cele- name near the south-end of the island, contain-
brated abbey, seated on the Saltza, 17 m. N. N. ing about 1,200 inhabitants; the extreme south
E. of Bruck. point of the island is in lat. 36. 9. and 22. 57. E.
Cenedaf a town of Italy, in Trevisano, 18 m. N. long,
of Treviso. Cerigotio, (the ancient JEgiUa^) a smaU island,
CeniSj a mountain of the Maritime Alps, in lyinff between the S. £. point of Ceri^o, and the
Savoy, which is a noted passage fit>m the north N. W. point of Candia. Lat. 35. 51 N. and 23.
of France to Turin. The summit of the J>as4, 44. W. long. It is unproductive, and has but few
which is about 9,000 feet above the lerel of the inhabitants.
sea, is 35 m. W. If. W. of Turin. The fiicility Cerilltfy a town of France, in the department
of intercourse by this route was much improved of AUier, 25 m. west of Moulins, and 40 south
by Napoleon. by east of Bourges.
Centre, a county of the W. District of Penn- Cerina, a seaport, (the ancient Cerynia^ on
svlvania, beinfir in conformity with its name, in the north coast of Cyprus, and a Greek bishop's
the centre of the state. Its shape is an irregular see, with a castle on an immense rock. The
suuare, about 35 m. each way. The main ridge chief exports are barley, silk, cotton, oil, and carob
or the Alleghany Mountains terminates in a bluff beans. It is 20 m. N. W. of Nicosia. Long. 32.
towards the north side of the county, near to which 55. E. lat. 25. 45. N.
runs the west branch of the Susquehanna River, Ceme Ahbey^ a town in Dorsetshire, Eng.
a branch of which bounds all the west side of the It is surrounded by high chalk hills, and on the
county, Bald Eagle Creek intersecting it from S. side of one of them is cut the figure of a man, 180
to N. eastward of the mountain ridge. Pop. feet in height, holding a club in his right hand^
18,765. Bellefonte, is the chief town. and extending the other. Here was formerly a
Centre Harbour, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 110 m. stately abbey, and part of its remains is now con-
from Boston : 70 from Portsmouth. Pop. 577. yerted into a house and barn. It is seated on the
*,• There are 8 towns called Centre, and 17 river Ceme, 7 m. N. N. W. of Dorchester, and
called Cenireville, in the U. States. 120 west by south of London. Pop. in 1821,
Cephalonia. See Cefalonia and Ionia. 1,060.
Ceram, one of the Molucca Isles, extending :om Cemetz, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
128. to 130. 51. of E. long, beinff about 3.'> m. in Grisons, with a mineral spring; seated on the
mean breadth between tlie lat. or 2. 51. and 3.55. river Inn, 24 m. S. £. of Coire.
S. The island of Amboyna, on which the Dutch Cerrito, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
have their principal spice plantations, lies off the with a catliedral and collegiate church, 5 m.
sonth-west end of Ceram, on which island, they N. N. E. of Telesa.
endeavoured to destroy all the spice trees, and Cer/o^a, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, with
succeeded to a very great extent. Sago is now a celebrated Carthusian monastery, five miles
the prominent production of Ceram. The so/oit- north of Pavia.
jran, whose edible nests command such an exor- Cervera, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with
oitant price in China is common in the island, a university, 34 m. nortnby west of Tarragona.
Ceron^gTia, a district of the Pyrenees, partly in Another on the borders of France and the Medi-
Spain, in the province of Catalonia, and partly terranean, eight miles north of Roses, and five or
in France, in tne department of Eastern Pyren- six others in different parts of Spain,
ces. Puycerda is tlie capital of the Spanish part, Ccrvia^ a town of Italy, in Komagna, seated
and Mont Louis of the French. near the Gulf of Venice, whence canals are cut
Cere, Si. a town of France, in the north-east to admit sea water, from which much salt ismadf .
corner of the department of Lot, 37 m. N. E. of It is 10 m. S. £. of Revenna.
Cahors,and 280 south of Paris. Pop. about 4,000. Cermn, Mont, the most conical point of the
Cerenxa,ox Oercenaz, a town of Naples, inCal- Alps, in Savoy, contiguous to Mont Blanc,
ftbr^a Citcriore, seated oa a rocky 10 m. north Cerrnnara, a town of Naples, in Prinaipatc
bv west oC Severino. Ultsriore, 12 m. S. W. of Beoevento.
Cmwh, a town of Italy, in Roma^a, seated on existence as an island, until ailer the discu e y
the Savio, 18 m. S. by £. of Ravenna. of the passage by the Cape of Good Hope ; and
Cesenadeo, a sea-port of Italy in Romagna. its being visited by the Portnguese in lo05, who
In 1800, the inhabitants having arrested a messen- found it divided into several petty sovereifnties,
ger with despatches, the English set fire to the which subsequently merged into one, under the
moles of the harbour, and destroyed 16 vessels, title of the kingdom of Candy . The Portuguese
It is seated on the Gulf of Venice, 16 m. S. £. of held settlements on different parts of the coast
Ravenna, and 8 £. of Cesena. for upwards of 150 years, when they were expel*
CessieauZf a town of France, in the department led by the Dutch, who possessed themselves of
of l9ere,27 m. K S. E. of Lyons. the entire circuit of the coast for 10 to 20 miles
CetUf a sea-port of Fn^nce, situate on the tongue from the sea, and the whole of the north part of the
of land, stretching along the coast of the depart- islands ; confining the dominions of the king of
ment of Herault, on the Gulf of Lions. A con- Candy entirely to the interior. The Dutch pes
siderable quantity of salt is made from the water sessions of the island all surrendered to the Eng-
of the inlet. It has a manufacture of soap, and lish in 1796, after sustaining a siege of three
sugar refinery, and exports a considerable quanti- weeks : and in 1815 a British force marched into
ty of brandy ; the canal of Languedoc falling the interior, took the king of Candy prisoner, de-
into the inlet, occasions Cette to be the medium posed him, and possessed his territory, thereby
of an extensive intercourse between the eastern rendering the whole island a part of the British
and southern departments of France. Pop. about dominion. The entire revenues yielded by the
8,000. The lighthouse is in lat. 43. 34. N. and 3. island to the British government have been esti*
42. W. long, and about 18 m. S. W. of Montpe- mated at £250,000. The general character of the
Her. surface of the island of Ceylon is mountainous
Ceva, a town of Piedmont, with a fort. It was and woody, with an ample extent of soil ; and
taken by the French, in 1796, and retaken by the sufficiently intersected by streams of water, to^
Piedmontese peasants in 1799. It stands on the afford the most abundant means of subsistence
Tanaro, 8 m. S. E. of Mondova. Pop. about and comfort to a population more than tenfold its
5,500. present extent. The most lofty range of moun-
CevenneSf a late territory of Fhince, in the prov- tains divide the island nearly into two parts, and
ince of Languedoc. It is a mountainous country, terminates completely the effect of the monsoons,
and now forms the department of Gard. which set in periodically from opposite sides or
Ceuto, (the ancient Ahylo, a town of Fez, at them. The seasons are more regulated by the
the N. W. extremity of Africa, opposite to Gib- monsoons than the course of the sup; for the
raltar, from which it is distant only 14 m. It coolest season is during the summer solstice,
was taken from the Moors, by the Portugruese in while the western monsoon prevails. Spring
1409; it fell into the hands of the Spamards in commences in October, and the hottest season is
-1640, and confirmed to them by the Hreaty of from January to the beginning of April. The
Lisbon in 1668, and in whose possession it still climate on the coast, is more temperate than on
continues. The Moors besieged it in 1694, and the continent of Uindoostan ; but in the interior
maintained a close blockade before it on the land of the country the heat is many degrees greater,
side, for nearly 30 years, when they ultimately and the climate oflen extremely sultry and un-
retired with great loss. Its fortress, like that of healthy. The finest fruita grow in vast plenty,
Gibraltar, to which it is considered a counterpart, but there is a poisonous fruit called Adam's apple,
may be regarded as impregnable; and, as such, which in shape resembles the quarter of an apple
botn are poetically termed the Pillars of Hercules, cut out, with the two insides a little convex, and
It has a tolerablygood harbour for vessels not of a continued ridge alonff the outer edges ; and is
very large burthen, in the lat. of 35. 54. N. and 5. of a beautiful orange colour. Pepper, ginger, and
17. W. long. cardamons are produced in Ceylon ; with five
Ce^on, an island of the Indian Ocean, lying kinds of rice which ripen one after another. One
off the south-west coast of the promontory of Hin- of the most remarkable trees in the island is the
doostan, from which it is separated by tne Gulf talipot, which grows straight and tall, and is as
of Manara and Palk*s Strait, about 90 miles in big as the mast of a ship; the leaves are so large
breadth. The form of Ceylon has not inaptly as to cover 15 men ; when dried, they are round,
been compared to that of a pear, the north part and fold up like a fan. The natives wear a
forming the stem. It is 270 m. in extreme piece of the leaf on their head when they travel,
length from Point de Galle, in the lat. of 6. 4. to to shade them from the sun; and they are so
Point Pedro, in 9. 50. N. and 120 in extreme tough that they are not easily torn. Every sol-
breadth between the lon^. of 80. and 81. 52. E. dier carries one, and it serves for his tent : other
The early history of Ceylon is involved in ob- trees and shrubs, some valuable for their timber,
scurity, but supposinff it to be the Taprobana ad- and others for their resin, gums, and flowers, are
vertao to by Strabo, romponius, Mela, and Pliny, interspersed over every i^rt of the island ; but
• it must have ranked high in population and influ- the most important of*^ all ita vegetable produc-
ence among the nations of Asia, for ages antece- tions is the cinnamon tree, the bark or which
dent to the Christian era, having sent an embas- is distributed over every part of the habitable
sy over land to Rome, in the reign of the emperor globe.
Ulandius. It appears to have been visited by Ceylon also abounds with topazes, garneta, ru
some Nestorian missionaries, in the ninth ccn- bies, and other j^ms ; besides ores of copper,
tory. About the middle oftheUiirtcenth century, iron, &c. and yems of black crystal. Common
it was visited by Marco Polo, a Venetian, who deer, as well as Guinea deer, are numerous ; but
travelled over a great part of Asia, and afterwards the homed cattle are both very small and scarce,
published an account of his travels Theinforma- six of them weighing altogether only 714 lbs.
tion, however, which he communicated being of and one of these only tO lbs. Yet the island pro-
a general, rather than of a circumstantial nature, duces the largest and best elepbanUin the world,
but little was known of Ceylon, beyond its actual which occasionally form an extensive branch of
GET lao CHA
traffic to difierent parts of Hindoostan. The Earopean productions. The population is cstj
woods are infested by tigers. They abound also mated at about 1,500,000; the principal towns z0.e
with snakes of a monstrous size, amonjr which is Colombo, Negombo, and Arrobo on tne west coast,
the boa constrictor, one of which has been known Trincomalee and Batacola on the east coast, M&-
to destroy a tij|rer, and devour him at one meal, gane and Matura at the south end, and Candy
Spiders, centipedes, and scorpions also grow to nearly in the centre of the island. «
an enormous iiize. Here the mantis, or creeping ChnbeuUf a town of France^ in the department
leaf, is met with; which Is supposed to be a of Drome, with about 4fiO0 inhabitants, 8 m. S.
apecies of grasshopper, having e^^ member of by E. of Valhuce.
common insects, tnou^h in shape and appearance Chablaia^ a fertile province of Savoy, bounded
it greatly resembles a leaf : it isof affreencolour, on the north by the lake of Geneva, east by
The sea coasts abound with fish. Alligators and Valois, south by Faucigny, and west by the
all the lizard tribe are also numerous. Genevois. Thonon, 22 m. E. N. £. of Geneva
The aborigines of Ceylon consist of two classes is the capital,
of people, the Cingalese and the Veddahs. The Ckabhs, a town of France, in the departmf^n.
latter are still in the rudest stage of social life ; of Tonne, celebrated for its excellent white wine,
they live embosomed in the woods, or in the hoi- it is 12 m. £. by N. of Auxerre.
lows of the mountains : hunting theif sole employ- ChacaOf a seaport at the N. E. end of the island
ment, and providing for the day their only care, of Chiloe, on the strait that separates it from the
Some of them acknowledged the authority of the main lana, in the lat. of 41. 53. S
king of Candy ; and exchanged with the Cingal- CkackapoyaSy a town of Peru, in the province
ese elephants teeth and deer flesh, for arrows, of Truxillo, capital of a district lying east of the
cloth, &c. but this practice is not general, for two- main ridcre of tne Andes. It is seated on a river,
thirds of them hold no communication with the 160 m. N. N. E. of Truxillo. Long. 77. 30. W
Cingalese, and have an utter antipathy to strangers, lat. 6. 20. S.
They worship a particular goa ; and their reli- ChacOf or Gran CkatOf an interior district of
gious doctrine seems to consist of some indistinct South America, bordering east on the Paraguay
notions of the fundamental principles of the River, which, under the influence of the Incas,
firaminical faith. In some places they have erect- and more recently of the domination of the
ed temples ; but for the most part tney perform Spaniards, was a sort of country of refuge for the
worship at an altar constructed of bamboos, un- native Indians. Its length is estimated at 750,
der the shade of a banyan-tree. The Cingalese, and its breadth 450 miles. It is well watered,
subjects of the kin^ of Candy, during the ex- and yields most of the productions of other parts
istence of their reign, appear to have been, oe- of Peru : it is now merged into the United pro-
**ond time of memory, a race of Hindoos, in- vinces of Buenos Ayres.
■ vucted in all the arts of civil life, and maintain- Chaddestanj a township of Eng, in the parish
tv^f if not an asbendancy, a co-equality of influ- of Oldham, Lancashire, with 5,124 inhabitants in
« « and importance with their continental 1821. See Oldham.
aei^nuours. *rhe distinction of castes into 19 ChafaJ.ia^ properly AtehafaHayay a diverging
grades prevails among them as scrupulously as branch of the Mississippi river, which see.
among the Hindoos. In their devotion they are Chagang, a city of Birmah, with a small fort.
Pagans ; and though they acknowledge a supreme It is tne principal emporium for cotton, which is J
G(^, they worship only the inferior deities, brought from all parts of the country, and em- ■
amon^ which they reckon the sun and moon, barked here in boats up the river Irrawaddy into
In their temples are images, well executed, though the province of Yunen. Here also is the only
their figures are monstrous ; some are of silver, manufacture of marble idols, whence the whole
copper, &c. The different sorts of gods have Birman empire is supplied ; none being allowed
vanous priests, who have all some privileges, to be made in any other place. It is situate op-
Their houses are small and low, with walls made posite Ava, the present capital, on the north side
of hurdles, smoothly covered with clay, and the of the Irrawaddy, which here turns north and
roofs thatched. They have no chimneys, and parts it from Ummerapoora, the present capital,
their furniture is only a few earthen vessels, with Chagre, a town and rort on the isthmus, connect- ^
two copper basins, and two or three stools ; none ing, iae two great divisions of the western hem-
but their king having been allowed to sit in a isphere, at the mouth of a river of its name, to
chair. Th%ir food is generally rice, and their the S. W. of Porto Bello, forming the easiest I
common drink is water, which ihey pour into channel of communication between the Atlantic
their mouths out of a vessel like a tea-pot, through and Pacific Ocean. The fort was taken by Ad-
the spout, never touching it with their lips, miral Vernon in 1740. Long. 80. 17. W. lat. 9.
There are some inscriptions on the rocks, which 10. N.
must be very ancient, for they are not understood Chais Dieu, a town of France, in the depart-
by any of the present inhabitants. The subver- ment of Upper Loire, with a celebrated Benedic
sion of the native government of Ceylon, and tine abbey, 12 m. E. of Brionde.
the predilection of the Englu^ to force a distribu- Chalco. a town of Mexico, 18 m. S. E. of the
tion of the products of Bntish labour, over every city of Mexico.
part of the globe, are calculated to effect a great ChaUutf Bay of. a spacious bay on the west
change in the tastes and habits of the Cinguese, side of the Gulf^ of St. Lawrence, which di-
the result of which it is difficult to foresee. In vides the district of Gaspe, Lower Canada, from
addition to the various productions of Ceylon the province of New Brunswick. Miscou Island,
previously enumerated, connected with it is the at the entrance of the bay, is in lat. 48. 4. N. and
pearl fishery, in the gulf of Manara, which is 64. 14. W. long, from which point the bay runs
considered the richest source of that article in the about 80 miles further west, being about 20 miles
world, and which, with cinnamon to the amount in breadth, indented on the north by Cascapedia,
•f 300,000 to 400,000 lbs. weight annually , consti- and on the south by Nipesiguit bay. It receives
tates the basis of its commerce, in exchange for several rivers, the principafof whicli is \\w HiHli
CHA 161 CHA
f oQcbe, at its head. Along the coast are numer- ken by the English in 1776. It is 15 m. east o
DOS inhabitants whose oceupatton is fishing and Montreal ; and a little higher on tlie same river
»h ijp-bnilding. is the fort of St. John, which is a frontier
Chayordf or Chaffardf a village in Gloucester- garrison,
■hire, cnff. 2 m. S. E. of Stroud. It stands on Chamneiskoi, a town of Asiatic Russia lying
the Stroua canal, and has a considerable manufiu$- south of the south end of Lake Baieal, near the
ture of broad cloth. See Stroud. firontiers of Chinese Tartary.
Ckallansy a town of France, in the department ChamtnuUy one of the elevated valleys of the
of Vendee, situa^te aoout 12 m. from the coast, Alps, about 3,900 feet above the level of the sea.
&nd 21 m. N. of Sables d*01oone. It is at the foot of Mont Blanc, on the north side,
ChaU4me, a town of France, in the department of and is watered by the Arve, and celebrated for its
Mayenne and Loire, situate on the S. bank of the herds of goats. There is a village of the same
Loire, 30 m. E. N. E. of Nantes. Pop. about 5,000. name in the boaom of the Valley, on the banks of
Chalons sur Marns, a city of France, ca]>ital of the Arve, 42 m. £. N. E. of Chamberry, and 35
(he department of Mame, and lately an episcopal S. E. of Geneva.
see. It contains several public buildings and Ckanumd, St. a. town of France, in -the depart
12,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerable ment of Rhone, with a castle on the river Gies, 17
trade in shalloons and other woolen stuffii. Here m. S. of Lyon.
is an academy of the sciences, arts, and belles-let- Champagne^ a late province of France, 162 m.
tres. Chalons is seated on the river Mame, over lon^ and 112 broad ; bounded on the north by
which there is one very handsome, and two other Hainault and Luxemburgh, east by Lorrain and
bridges. It is 25 m. S. £. of Rheims, and 95 E. of Franche C^mte, south by Burgundy, and west by
Paris. the Isle of France and Soissonnois. It now forms
CkalcuM »ur Ssone, a city of France, in the de- the departments of Ardennes, Aabe, Mame and
paitment of Saone and Loire, with a citadel, and Upper Mame.
lately an episcopal see. Itis the sti4>leof ironfor %* There are several small towns and vil-
Lyon and St. Etienne, and of wines for exporta- lages of the same name in diflferent parts of
tion. Here are various indications of Itoman France.
magnificence, particularly the ruins of an amphi- Champaign, an interior county of the State
theatre. The city contains th<e old town, the new of Ohio, sbout 20 miles in length, from east to
town, and the suburb of St. Lawrence. In the west, and 10 broad ; it is intersected fnvm north
first is the court of justice, and the cathedral, to south by Mad BLiver, a branch of the Great
Chalons is seated on the Saone, 70 m. N. of Ly- Miami. Pop. 12.130. Urbana,50 m. W. N. W.
ons, and 170 S. E. of Paris. Fop. about 9,000. of Columbus, is tne chief town.
Chains J a town of France, in the department of Champanser, a city and capital of a district of
Upper Vienne, with a^castle. Richard I. of Eng- the same name, in the province of Malwa, Hin-
■and, while preparing to besiege this place, re- doostan ; it was formerly the capital of the rajahs
ceived a wound in nis shoulder, by an arrow, of Guzerat ; ruins of temples and mosques remain
which proved mortal. It is 15 m. w. S. W. of^ to attest its former consequence. It is 45 nr. '*ne
Limoges. east of Cambray.
Cham, a town of Bavaria, seated on the river Champion, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,349
Cham, at its confluence with the Regen, 27 m. Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
N. E. of Ratisbon. Pop. about 2,000. ChampUUn, a lake of North America, which di
Cham, is also the name of a small town on the vides the north part of the state of New York from
N. W. bank of the Lake of Zug, in Switzerland, that of Vermont. It is 90 miles long, in adiree-
and a town at the mouth of a small river^ falling tien due north, and 15 in its broadest part; the
into the Gulf of Siam, on the west side; it is also mean width is about six miles, and its depth is
(or Ciam) the name of a district in Cochin China, sufiicient for, the largest vessel. It contains many
Chamberslmrg, a town of Pennsylvania, Frank- islands, the principal oT which, called North He
lin county, situate in a hilly country, 30 m. S. W. ro, is 24 miles long, and from two to four wide
of Carlisle. It is a flourishing place and has It receives the waters of Lake George from the
manufactories of excellent cutlery. S. S. W. and sends its own waters a north course,
Chamberryj the capital of Savoy, with a castle, through Chambly River, into the St. Lawrence,
and a ducal palace. It is fortified by walls and The land on its porders, and on the banks of its
diteht^, and watered by many streams, which run rivers is good. Although this lake lies between
through several of the streets. There are piazzas the lat. of 45. and 47. it is frequently frozen over
under most of the houses, where people may walk so as afford a passage on the ice for two or three
dry in the worst weather. It has large and hand- months in the year; it is united with Lake Erie
some suburbs ; and in the neighbourhood are some by a canal.
t>aths, much frequented in summer. In 1742, the Champtain, a town of New York, in Clijaton
Spaniards made themselves masters of this capi- County, situate on Lake Champlain, near its
tal, but it was restored by the peace of 1748. It north extremity, 190 m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,456.
was taken in 1792 by the French, who were dis- Chamvlemy, a town of France, in the depart^
possessedof it in 1799, but regained it in 1800. It meat or Nievre, near the source of the Nievre,
IS seated at the conflux of the Lesse and D' Albon, 25 m. N . N. E. of Nevers.
27 m. N. £. of Grenoble, and 65 N. W. of Turin. Chancay, a seaport of Peru, capital of a district
Pop. about 12,000. Long. 5. 50. £. lat. 45. of the same name. It has a convenient port; 45
33. N. m. north by west of Lima.
Chambertin, a village of France, in the depart- Chanccfird, Upper and Lower, towns in York
ment of Cote d'Or, celebrated for its delicious Co. Pa.
wine. It lies to the south of Dijon. Chanda, a town of HindooBtan,in Berar, seated
Chambly, a fort of Lower Canada, on the river on a branch of the Godavery, 78 m. S. of Nag*
Chambly. or Sorel, issuing from Lake Champlain. pour. Long. 79. 54. E. lat. 20. 2. N.
It was iaF4*> by the Americans in 1775, and reta- CAait^srss, a town of Hindoostaa, capital of a
Q
CRA 182 QHA
K^istriet in tho Malwa country ^ neu the river Bet- Qnang-tonff, ntnate between two navigable riv-
T/ba. It is the residence of a rajah, and 170 m. ers, and oefebrated for a monastery of the bonies
8. of Am. Long. 78. 43. £. lat. 24. 48. N. in its neighbourhood. It is l40 m. north of
ChatMemmgorty a town of Hindoostan, in Ben- Canton.
Sal It was the principal French settlement in ChapaUi^ a lake 15 miles in breadth and 55 in
le East Indies, and. had s itron^ fort, which was length, in the province of Ouadalazara, Mexico
destroyed by the Englisl in 17o7 ; anfi. in 1793 which discharges its waters by the Rio Grande
they again dispossessed tile French of this settle- de Santiago,^ into the Pacific C>cean, the east end
ment. It is seated on the west side of the Hoog- of the lake is about 200 m. N. W. of the city of
ly, 15 m. north of CalcutA. Mexico.
Ckandor, a town of Hii <toostan, in the country CkaparaWf or Vaaptong, a city of Thibet,
of Baglana, taken by the Knglish in 1804. It is 90 seated on tne southern head of the Ganges, 90
m. W.N. W. of Aurungibad. Long. 74. 38. £« miles westward firom the Lake Mansaroar, whence
iat. 20. 8. N. that branch is supposed to take its rise. It is 160
ChandragiUiy a town of riindoostan, in Mysore, m. N. N. £. of Sirinagur. Long. 79. 22. E. Iat
with a fort on a high peaked hill. The vicinity 33. 10. N.
produces sandal wood of a good quality. It is ChapeL-en-l^Fritk, a town in Derbyshire^ Eng..
seated near the Varada, on the confines of the seated on the confines of the Peak, 17 m« 6. £. of
country, 110 m. N. by E. of Mangalore. Manchester, and 167 N. N. W. of London. In
Chany begins the name of numerous other towns 1821 it had three establishments for spinning of
in di^rent parts of Hindooetan. cotton, and two for the manufacture of nails, and
ChanAuiy a seaport of Colombia, near the north a population of 3,234.
point of the Gulf of Guayaquil, in the Pacific Chapel Hillf p.v. Orange Co. N. C, 24 m. W.
Ocean. Lat. 2. 23. S. ; it is inconsiderable. Raleigh. It is seated in an elevated and pleasant
Ckang'hai, a town of China, in the province of country, and contains the University of North
Kiang-nan. In this town, and the villages de- Carolina. This institution was foun^d in 1791.
dependent on it, are more than 200,000 weavers It has 9 in^ucters and 69 students. The libra
of cotton cloth. It is situate near the sea coast,.18 ries have about 5,000 volumes. There are two
m. N. E. of Songkiang. vacations in June and December, of 10 weeks.
Chanmanningy a city of Thibet, which has been Chapel Izodf a village on the biuik of the Liffey,
the residence of the grand lana. It is 130 m. W. on the west side of Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 59/
of Lassa. Lon?. 89. 45. £. U I. 31. 0. N and the parish 627 more.
Chanonry. See Fortrose. CAAromi, or KAartzm, a fertile country of Usbec
Chan-si, a province of China, the north end Tartary, bounded on the north by Turkestan, east
bordering on the Great Wall, and the south on bv Bokharia, south by Chorasan, and west by the
the Great Yellow River, bounded on the east by Caspian Sea. It is divided amonf several Tarta-
the Metropolitian province of I'etcheli, and west nan princes, of Whom one takes the title of khan,
by Chensi. The climate is salubrious and agree- with a degree of pre-eminence over the rest
ble, and the soil generally fertile, ihough the Khiva is the capital, and the usual residence of
north part is full of mountains. Some o? these the khan in winter ; but during the summer he
are rough, wild, and uninhabited ; but others are generally encamps on the banks of the river
cultivated w th the greatest care from top to hot- Amu.
torn. They abound with coal, whit h the inhabi- Charhorough, a village in Dorsetshire, Eng., 6
tants pound, and make into cakes w 'th water; a m. S. S. £. of Blandfor/^. In the grounds of a
kind of fuel principally used for h 'ating their gentleman's seat here, is the house where tlie
stoves, which are constructed with bf ck ; and in plan of the revolution of 1688 wss concerted,
the form of small beds, so that the p« ople sleep ChareaSj one of the vniiea rrovinces of South
upon them. The oountrv abounds with musk, America, lying between the lat. of 18. and 21. S.
porphry, maibie, lapis lazuli, and jaspt r, of vari- and the 61st and 70th of W. long. Chuquisaca,
was colours , and iron mines, as well as salt-pits or La Plata, is the chief town, near to which the
Mid crystal, are ?ery common. Here are 5 cities main brancn of the Pilcomayo has its source ; it
f>f the first class and 85 of the second and third, is bounded on the west and south by the province
'fhe capit^ is Taiyouen-fou. of Potosi, and is in the centre of the chief silver
ChanUUVf a town of France, in the department mining district.
»f Oise, celebrated for a great pottery ; also for a Char, a Saxon word of somewhat uncertain de
fine forest and magnificent hunting-seat. It is 17 rivation ; there are about 60 towns and villages
m. N. by E. of Paris. in different parts of England «i«rpuuing with
Chan-Umgf a maritime province of the noifch of Char, probably ori>if«ating in their having Been
China. It contains six cities of the first class, and situated in a woe j^rt of the country, where
114 of the second and third ; besides which there the operation of charring, or burning of wood for
are along the coast several forts and villages of ehareoaf, was carried on. There is a river cal)p'
considerable note on account of their comnifrv, the Char in Dorsetshire, fklling into the P^^r
and a number of small islands in the Gulf of lrf*a- Channel at Charroouth, a little to the west of
otong, the greater part of which have ver^ fcon- Lyme Regis.
venient hariwurs. T*'iff province has larf 9 man- CAard, atown in Somersetshire, Eng. It stand*
ufactures of silk, aitd a und of stuffs peculiar to on an eminence above all the country between thf
this part of China. It is traversed by the impe- two seas; and has a copious stream, which might be
iial canal. The capital is Tsinan. easilv conducted in a direction opposite that
Chao-hing, a city of China, in the province of which it now takes. It is 12 m. S. S. E. ot
Tche-kiang which hao eight cities of the inird Taunton, and 139 W. by S. of London. Pop. of
rank under its jurisdiction. It is situate near tne the town in 1821, 1,330, and of the parish 3,106.
lea coast, 730 m. S. by E.'of Pekin. Long. 120. CharenU, a department of France, including th^
t3. E. lat 30. 10. N. late province of An^umois. It is named from a
Ckiuhiehto, a ci^ of China, in the province of rivor, which rises m Limosin, and runs by An-
CHA m CHA
Sraleme, Saintefl, and Rocjefort, into the Bav of The chief town of the same name, on the north
iscay. Angouleme ia the capital. Pop. about bank of the Miasouri, ii 21 miles N. W. of 8t.
385,000. Louis.
Charente, Laweff a maritime department of Charleston, a maritime district of the state of
France, consisting of the two late provinces of South Carolina, extending for about 70 miles
Aunis and Saintonge. Rochefort, Rochelle, and along the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, in a north-
are included. It is a fertile district, and exports Ashley, Cooper, and one or two other rivers of
a considerable quantity of brandy. Pop. 390,000. inferior note. It contains a good deal of swampy
Charention, a town of France, about o m. S. £. land ; but is on the whole very productive in
of Paris, celebrated for its iron works There is maize, xice, and cotton. The coast is broken into
another town of the same name in the department numerous islands, which yield a cotton of very
of Cher. superior quality, known by the name of .Sea Is!
Chariii, a town of France, in the department and.
of Nievre, with manufactures of woolen and hard- CkarUston, the chief city of South CaroUna,
ware. Here is a priory of Benedictine Clunistes, stands upon a point of land at tl^ junction of
which once, in a season of scarcity, maintained the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, with a good harbour,
whole town by its bounty, and hence it derives but difficult of entrance. It is regularly built,
its name. It is seated on the east bank of the with many fine streets and eleffant buildings. Its
Loire, 15 m. N. by W. of Nevers. Pop. about situation is low and flat, but Uie mildness of the
4,000. climate, and the lively verdure of the country in'
Charkoto. See Kharkoff. the neighbourhood, make it a very agreeable resi-
Ckarlbury, a village five miles from Woodstock, dence, except during the heat of summer. Most
in Oxfordshire, England. It holds four large cat- of the houses are furnished with a piazza extend-
tie fairs annually. Pop. in 1821, 1,348, and of ing from the ground to the top, giving each
the parish, 2,877, the greater part of whom are story an open shaded walk. Except m the com-
employed in the manuracture of gloves, and other mercial part of the city, the houses are surround-
articles of leather. ed with gardens, trees, and shrubbery, and their
Charlemont, a town of Ireland, in the county white waus gleaming among the green foliage give
of Armagh, seated on the river Black water, 6 m. the whole a peculiarly romantic appearance. The
S. of Dungannan, and 68 N. of Dublin. Pop. in most celebrated edifices of the city are the orphan
1821 , 628. asylum and the circular church. The society of
Charlemontf a fortified town of France, on the the place is refined, intelligent, and afiable.
frontier of the Netherlands, in the department of Charleston has considerable commerce,principaIly
Ardennes, seated on a cngrv mountain, by the in the exportation of cotton. It is much resorted
river Meuse, 20 m. N. E. of Hocroy. Pop. about to in winter by visiters firom the northern states
4,000. and the West Indies. The slupping of this dis-
Charlerov. a town of the Netherlands, in the trict amounted in 1828 to 32,445 tons. Pop.
county of Namur. It has been oflen taken. It 30,239. It is 553 m. from Washington, in lat. 32.
is seated on the Sambre, 18 m. W. of Namur,and 47. N. long. 79. 54. W. There are also towns of
32 S. of Brussels. this name in New York and Indiana.
CharUSf Cape, a promontory of Virginia, form- CharlesUnony p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass., adjoining
ing the north point to the entrance of Chesapeak Boston, with which it is connected bjr three
Bay. Long. 76. 14. W. lat. 37. 12. N. bridges. The compact part of the town is built
Charles, Cape, the north point of an island in on a peninsula partly along the foot of Bunker
the squth channel of Hudson's Strait, leading Hill. The main street is a mile in length, and at
into Hudson's Bay. Long. 74. 15. W. lat. 62i the south end is a large square. The town is
46. N. irregular, but has many handsome situations.
Charles, a county in the S. W. part of the state Here is the U. S, Jfavy Yard, containing a spa-
of Marylud, lying between the Patuxent and cious dock. The Massachusetts State Prison con
Potomac Rivers. Pop. in 1820, 17,666. Port sists of several piles of stone buildings, surround
Tobacco, at the head of an inlet of the Potomac, ed by a high wall, and stands in the western part
65 m. S. of Baltimore, is the chief town. of the town. The Massachusetts Insane Hospital
Charles City, a county of the E. District of and the Ursuline Convent, are without the penin
Virginia, extending for about 15 miles along the sula, upon elevated and beautiful situations
norUi sioe of James River, being about 6 mifes in Charlestown has many manufactures of' leather
mean breadth, bounded on the north by the Chick- cordage, pottery, &c. The Bunker Hill monu
ahoming River. The court-house of the county ment overlooks the town. (See Bunker Hm.>
IS 30 m. S. E. by £. of Richmond. Pop. 5,504. Pop. 8.787. There are 10 other towns of this
Charles River, a small river of Massachusetts, name m the U. States,
falling into Boston harbour, on the N. W« side of Charlestown is also the name of the principal
the city. town in the island of Nevis, and of a town of the
Charles^ St, a parish of the E. District of Lou- island of Barbadoes.
isiana, lymg on both sides of the Mississippi, Charlestoum, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
bounded on the north by the lakes Maurepas and shire, much fiequented by invaUds for the bene-
Pontchartrain ; it is a swampy district, contain- fit ofgoat's whey. It is seated near the Dee, 88
ing about 900 square miles. Pop. 5,107. The m. W. by S. of Aberdeen.
court-house of the district is 45 titles west of CharleviUe, a town of Ireland, on the north
New Orleuis. Also Uie name of a county in the boundary of the county of Cork. It has a Roman
state of Missopri, bein|^ a nook formediby the Catholic school, which in 1820 had 280 males and
Missouri and Idississippi Rivers, oppoaite io the 177 female pupils, supported by voluntary sub
jonrtionofthe Illinois with the latter Pop. 4,322. scriptions; it has 11 otiier schools Total popu
CHA 181 CHA
lation in 1890, 3,887. It is ■itnata on the hi^h Chaiahooeheef a rapid river of the state of Geor-
road from Limerick to Cork, about 20 miles dis- gria, which rises in the Apalachian monntaiws, on
tant from each, and 106 W. S. W. of Dublin. tlie frontier of Tennessee, and runs south for 300
CharUmlle, a town of France, in the depart- miles to East Florida, where it is joined by the
ment of Ardennes. Here is a ma^ificent square, Flint, and then their united stream takes the name
and in the centre a handsome fountain. It has of Analachicola. It separates the state of Alaba^
extensive manufactures of fire-arms, and is seated ma from that of Georgia for about 100 miles be-
on the Meuse, opposite Mezieres, 25 m. W. N. W. fore it enters Florida.
. of Sedan. Pop. about 6,000. Chaieauhriandf a town of France, in the north
CharUfiUf a county of the E. District of Vir- part of the department of Lower Loire, 35 m. N.
^nia, extending for about 25 miles along the by E. of Nantes. Fop. about 3,000.
north side of the Roanoke River, being about 12 Oiateau Cambruia^ a town of France, in the
miles in breadth, intersected by several streams department of Nord, with a palace belonging to
falling into the Roanoke. Pop. 15,254. Marys- the bishop of Cambray. A treaty was concluded
ville. about 70 m. S. S. W. of Richmond, is the here in 1559, between Henry II. of France, and
cMertown. There are also seven towns of this Philip II. of Spain. It is seated on the Scille, 34
name in the U. States. m. S. E. of Cambray. Pop. about 4,000.
dkarhUenbur^f a town of Brandenburg, in the Chateau Chitum, a town of France, in the de-
middle mark, with a rojral palace, and magnifi- partment of Nievre. with a considerable manufac-
cent gardens. It was built by Sophia Charlotte, ture of cloth ; seatea near the source of the Tonne,
the first queen of Prussia, on the river Spree, four 36 miles E. by N. of Nevers.
miles west of Berlin. Chateau Dauphin, a strong castle of Piedmont,
Charlotte-tntn^ the capital of the isle of St. near the source of thePo, 16 m. W. by N. of Sa-
John, Qiow Prince Edwwrd Island,) in the Gulf luzso.
of St. Lawrence. It stands on a point of land, Ckatemuhm, a town of France, in the depart-
on the S. W. side of the island, which forms two ment of Eure and Loire, with a castle, built by
bays. Long. 62. 50. W. lat. 46. 14. N. the famous count of Dunois ; seated on an emi-
CharioUe^iawnf the capital of Dominica, for- nenoe near the Loire, 30 m. N. of Blois. It was
merly called Roseau. In 1806, it was nearly de» entirely burnt down in 1723, but was ^>eedily re-
stroyed by a hurricane. It is 21 m. S. £. of built. Pop. about 6,000.
Prince Rupert Bay. Long. 61. 28. W. lat. 15. Cftoleoai^ I.0tr, a town of France, in the de-
16. N. partment of Sarte, fiunous for a sie^ of seven
Charlotte Hallfp.Y, St. Mary's Co. Maryland, years against the count of Mans. It is seated on
56 m. S. E. Washington. It has a large aeade- the Loire, 22 m. S. S. E. of Mans,
my, patronised by the State. Chateaugay, a town of Franklin county, state of
CMrhttenilUf p.v. Albemarle Co. Va. 86 m. N. New York, situate mid-way between Lake Cham-
W. Richmond, The University of Vir^nia is plain and the St. Lawrence, 219 m. N. by W. of
esUblished at this place. It was founded in 1819. Albany. Pop. 2^016. There is a small river of
It has 9 instructers, 130 students^ and a library the same name falling into the St Lawrence,
of 8,000 volumes. It has a vacation in July and Chateau OomtUr, a town of France, in the de-
August of about 6 weeks, partment of Mayenne, with a eaatle, a mineral
CharUon, there are upwards of 20 villages of this spring, and a trade in linens. It is seated on the
name in England. See Char. Mavenne, 22 m. N. W. of Angers. Pop. about
Charlton, p.t Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. S. W. 5,500.
Boston. Pop. 2^173. Also a p.t. Samffota Co. Chateau London, a town of France, in the de-
N. Y. 31 m^ N. W. Albany. Fop. 2,023. partment of Seine and Mame, with an Augustine
Charlton Row, a township in the parish of Man- abbey, seated on a hill, 30 m. south of Melun. ^
Chester, Eng. containing in 1820, 8,209 inbabi- ChateauUn, a town of France, in the depart-
tants. Qea Manchester. ment of Finisterre, with a considerable trade in
CAarmw, a town of France, in the department slates; seated on the Anion, 12 m. North of
of Vosges seated on the Moselle, 8 m. E. of Mire- Quimper.
court. ChaUauroux, a town of France, capital of the
CharoUet, a town of France, in the department department of Indre, with a castle. It has a man-
' of Saone and Loire, with a ruinous castle ; seated ufacture of cloth, and iron mines in its vicinity, '
on the Reconce, 24 m. W. N. W. of Macon. and is seated in a pleasant plain, on the Indre,
Charoet, a town of France, in the department of 35 m. S. W. of Bourses, and 148 S. by W. of
(ndre, seated on the Amon, 6 m. N. E. of Is- Paris. Pop. about 8,500.
soudun. Chateau SaUns, a town of France, in the de-
CAamemZj^townof France, in the department partment of Meurthe, with extensive saltworks,
of Vienne, 25 m. S. of Poitiers. 16 m. N. E. of Nancy.
Chartrins, t. Washington Co. Pa. Chateau Tluerry, a town of France, in the de-
Charires, a city of France, capital of the depart- partment of Aisne, with a castle on an eminence,
ment of Eure and Loire, l^he cathedral is one It is the birth-place of the celebrated Fontaine,
of the finest in France, and its steeple much ad- and famous for a battle fought near it, in February,
mired. The principal trade consists in com. It 1814, when a part of marshal Blucher's army was
is seated on the Eure, over which is a bridge, the defeated with great loss, and driven through the
work of the celebrated Vauban, 45 m. S. W. of town, by the French, under Bonaparte. It is
Paris. Pop. about 13,000. seated on the river Marne, 57 m. E. S. E. of Paris.
Charybdu, a famous whirlpool, in the strait of Pop. about 4,000.
Mesmna, on the coast of Sicily, opposite the cele- \* The names of several other towns in
brated Scylla, in Italy. According to the theme France are preceded by Chateau, a word meaning
of ancient jpoets, it was very formidable to mari- CaatU ; but there are none that merit any partic-
ners ; but it is said to have oeen entirely removed ular notice.
D7 the great earthquake in 1783. Chatel, a town of France, in the department of
CHA 185 GHA
Vo«gM letted on the Moselle, 8 m. north of Aoust. There are aeyeraJ towns in France called
JBpinal. CkatiUoiif which implies a town, and as such is
Ckatd ChaUm,n, townof France, in the depart- generally a prefix, as ChaUlIon-sur Seine, sm
ment of Jura, S5 m. £. N. E. of Lons le Saunier Loire, &c. &c. implying^ Chatillon, or the town,
CkateUeraUUf a town of France, in the depart- on the Seine, Loire, &c. There are none that
ment of Vienne, noted for its cutlery, watchoiak- merit any particular notice,
ing, and the cutting of fitlse diamonds ; seated Chattonnayf a town of France, in the depart-
on the Vienne, over which there is one of the ment of Isere, 12 m. east of Vienne and 22 S. E
finest bridges in France, 53 m. N. £. of Poitiers, of Lyons.
Pop. about 8,000. Chatre, La, a town of France, in the department
Ckatenoyy a town of France, in the department of Indre, with a woolen manufacture, seated on
of Voaees, 6 m. 8. £. of Neufchatean. the Indre, 22 m. S. S. £. of Chateauroux. Pop
CkMam, a town in the county of Kent, Eng- about 4,000.
land, situate on the south bank of the riyer Med- Chainoorthf a yillajge in the peak of Derby-
iray , about eight miles above its confluence with shire, Eng. near the river Derwent, 6 m. west of
the Thames. It is one of the stations for building, Chesterfield. Here is a magnificent seat of the
fitting, and victualling of the national marine ; dukes of Devonshire,' which, for its fine situation,
and toe apparatus and accommodation for this park, gardens, fountaina, ^. is instly deemed
purpose, in coninnction with its fortifications, one of the wonders of the peak. In its first a^e
and marine artiflery banracks, render it one of it was the prison of Mary, queen of Scots, for 17
the most magnificent establishments of the kind vears, and afterwards of the French marshal Tal-
in the world, and every way worthy of the distin- lard, taken prisoner at the battle of Blenheim,
goishedeharacter of the Bntish nation. The lo- CAolferif, a town of Cambridgeshire, En^nd,
cal advantages of its situation are very great, with a population of 3,283, in 1821. It is 75 m.
whilst the lines of the fortifications command the N. by E. of London, and 11 W. of the city of
segment of a circle firom the river of several miles Ely.
in extent, and are as complete and efficient as art ChaiUrponr, a town of Hindoostan, in the
and execution can make them ; there are six slips country of Allahabad, capital of the circar of
fi>r building ships of the fint rate, and four docks Bundeleund. ft is 130 m. W. S. W. of AUaha-
fi>r repairing ; and 12 to 15 first-rate ships are gen bad fjong 79.56. E. lat 25. 0. N.
•rally lying off the town. The dock-yard was ChoMdure, a river of Lower Canada, which
firat estabhshed in the time of Elizabeth ; and the falls into the St. Lawrence about six miles below
Dutch, in the hey-day of their valour, in 1067. Quebec ; it rises on the frontier of the state of
ascended with a naval fbree up the river, and dia Maine ; it might periiaps easily be united with
oonsiderable damage. In 1558 the fund for re- the Kennebeck, and thereby open a communica-
lieving the wounded in the naval service was es- tion between the St. Lawrence and Atlantic
tablished at Chatham ; but the chest (the term by Ocean.
which the accounts of the fund were called) was Chaumont^ a town of France^ capital of the de-
transferred to Greenwich in 1802. In 1592 a hoe- partment of upper Mame. Here is a manufius-
pital for decayed marines, shipwrights, and their ture of woolen cloth, and a trade in deer and
widows was founded by Sir John Hawkins. — goat skins. It is seated on a mountain, near the
This hospital has been rebuilt during the present river Marne, 55 m. £. by S. of Troyes. Pop.
century, on a commodious and extensive scale, about 6,000. It is also the name of another town
The town was very inconsiderable till after the in the department of the Loire, about 5 m. £. by
peace with HoUand, in 1678. It increased great- N. of St. Etienne. Pop. about 5,000. It is also
ly in population after the declaration of war a- the name of several other towns in diflferent parts
gainst franco in 1793, and in 1821 contained a of France.
population of 14,754, independent of Gillinghsm, CkaumotU, a town of Jefferson county, state of
which forms the boundary of the fortification on New York, beautifully seated at the head of a
the east, containing a further population of 6,3^, small bay, at the east end of Lake Ontario, 187
and the city of Rochester on the west, with a m. N. W. of Albany.
further number of 9,300, to which it is immedi- C%aimy, a town of France, in the department
ately conti|pion8. Chatham is 30 m. E. S. E. of of Aisne, on the river Oise, 20 m. £. of Noyon.
London bridge, on the road fh>m London to Do- Pop. about 450.
ver. It has a weekly market On Saturdays, and Ckatauquey a county at the S. W. extremity of
two or three public breweries. See (HlUngkam^ the state of New York, bordering on the south on
Roekesteff and Skeemess. Pennsylvania, and west on likt Erie. Pop.
Chatham, an interior county of North Carolina, MfiSf. MayiriiU is the chief town. There is a
intersected by Cape Fear River. Pop. 15,499. — lake of the same name about 10 miles in len^
Pittsborough, is the chief town. and two broad, in the centre of the counhr, which
Chatham, a maritime county of Georgia, bound- discharges its waters, by the Alleghany Ri? er, in-
ed on the N. W. by the Savannah River, which to the Ohio, although the N. W. end of the lake
divides it from South Carolina. Pop. 14;230. is within six or seven miles of that of Erie.
Chathitm, t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the £. side of Chavx de Fonds, a village of Switxeriand, in
the White Moimtains Pop. 419 the princioallty of Neufchatel. The inhabitants,
Chathamy p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape about 3,000, make numerous watches and clocks ^
Cod. Pop. 2,134. and Uie women are employed in the lace manu-
Chaiham, p.t. Columbia county, New-York, on facture. It is seated in a fertile valley, 9 m.
the east bank of the Hudson River. Pop. 3,538 ; N. N. W. of NeufchateL Pop. about 3,000.
26 m. S. E. of Albany. Chaves, a town of Portugal, in Tras oa Montes,
Chatham, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, opposite with two suburbs, and two forts. Between the
Middletown. Pop. 3,646. Also towns in N. J., town and the surburb Magdalena is a Roman stone
Pa. and S. C. bridge. It stands near the confines of Spain, on
(^mfiUom^ a town of PiMbnoBt, 10 a. 8. E. «f thenyer T^unega, 26 m. weit of Biagansa
M ^9
CHE 186 CHfi
CAocy, a imall river in Clinton conntj, state founded in the time of Charles 11. ; its chief pro
of New York, which falls into Lak^ Champlain. meter was Sir Stephen Fox, who contributed
A town of the same name in Clinton Co. on the £13,000 towards the building. It was finished in
north bank of the river, is 171 m. due north of the time of William and Mary ; the building is a
Albany. Pop. 3,097. <^uadrangle, the wings extending towards the
CheadU, a town in Stafibrdshire, Eng. Hera nver , the base, which is nearlyoOO feet in ex-
is a large tape manufactory, and in the vicinity tent, is entered flrem tlie centre of the north front
are several copper and brass works, and rich into a noble vestibule ; the east side is appropria-
coal mines. Four miles S. E. are the ruins of ted to a chapel, and the west to a hijl, in wnich
Croxden abbey. It is seated in the most fertile the inmates dine ; the wings, which are divided
part of the Moorland, 12 m. N. N. E. of Stafford, into wards, are each 300 feet in length, 80 wide,
and 146 N. W. of London. Fop. in 1821, 3,862. and three stories high ; the infirmaiy, other out-
Ckeadley a parish in Cheshire, Eng. lying on buildings and jrardens compose an area of nearly
the S. W. side of SUtekpwt {^hick su.) Fop. in 50 acres. Sir Cristophcr Wren was the architect,
1821, 6,506. and in respect to proportion and convenience.
Chdmcto BiUf, Nova Scotia. See Halifax. the edifice is worthy or his high reputation, and
Ch§dahucto Say, at the east end of Nova Scotia, the whole produces an imposing efect ; but be *
opening into the Atlantic Ocean, at the entrance ing built mostly of brick, it is inferior in mag-
of the Gulf of Canso, in lat. 45. 90. N. and 61. of nincence to the marine hospital at Greenwich.
W. long. Salmon river, which abounds in the The number of inmates is 336, exclusive of offi-
estimabM fish of that name, falls into this Bay. cers and the necessary attendants; there are
W. side of the Menuip hills, and is deservedly commissioned officers and soldiers, towards the
celebrated for the esoellence of its cheese. Fop. supnort of which the whole army contributes one
in 1821, 1,797. day s pay per annum ; the building which is prin*
CA«<2atte^ an island in the Bay of Bengal, on the cipally or brick, cost about Xlw},000. Chelsea
*.oast of Birmah, 45 m. long, and ten broad. It is also distinguished for its Botanic garden, form-
yields abundance of rice, and the most western ed by Sir Hans Sloane, and presented by him in
point is in louff. 93. %. £. lat. 18. 56. N. 1721, to the Apothecaries' Company of London,
Chsgo Muddif a town of Hindoostan, in the on condition of paying a quit rent of £5 per
country of Cutch, at the mouth of the Cafgan ann. andpresentin||| annually to the Royal Socie-
23 m. 0. W. of Bioogebooge, near the mouu of ty 50 different specimens of plants grown in the
the eastern branch of the Indus. garden, until the number of new specimens
Ckeitore or Chiiore, a town of Hindoostan, in amounted to 2,000. This section of the metropo-
the territory of Oudipour. It was the capital lis, during the first 20 years of the present century
of the ranna, or chief prince, of the Rajpoots, in exceeded most others in the increase of its pop*
the days of lus greatness ; and was a fortress and ulation, the number in 1821 having been 26J860,
city of great extent, situate on a mountain : hut and in 1801 only 11,604. It is surrounded by
it has been in ruins since the time of Aurungzebe, extensive nursery grounds, which with the usual
in 1681. It is 48 m. N. N. £. of Oudipour, and routine of shop-keeping, constitutes the chief oe-
88 S. S. W. of Agimere. £. long. 74. 50. and 24 cupation of the inhabitants, among which are
35. N. lat. numbers of retired families on comparitively small
Ckelm, a town of Foland, in Red Russia, cap- incomes. A handsome new church, in theGothic
ital of fi palatinate of its name and a bishop *s see. style, was completed in 1825. The hospital is
In 1794, the Poles were defeated by the Prussians about two miles W. S. W. of Westminster Ab-
near this town. It is 100 m. E. S. E. of Warsaw, bey, and four miles in the same direction from
LonflT. 23. 29. E. lat. 51. 20. N. the Royal Exchange.
ChdmeTf a river, in Essex, Eng. which rises Chdseaf p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Fop. 1,958.
near Thaxted, and flows by Dunmowand Chelms- Chelsea, p.L Suffolk Co. Mass. separated from
ford, to Maiden, where it joins the Blackwater. the city or Boston bj the haihour, and firom
Chdmafordf the countv town of Essex, Eng. Charlestown by Mystic river, over which is a
Here is a stately church, a magni^cent shire- very long bridge. Here is a United States Marine
house, theatre, and barracks, an excellent conduit. Hospital. Fop. 770.
and a free scnool founded Ir^ Edward VI. It b CAs^seaLonatfiig, a village in Norwich, Conn. 14
situate at the confluence of the Can with the m. above New London, on tiie Thames.
Chelmer, 29 m. E. N. E. of London. Fop. in CkdUmkamj a town in Gloucestershire, Eug.
1821, 4,994. situate in a fertile vale, near the foot of Colds-
Cnelmsfordf a town of Massachusetts, in Mid- wold Hills, 94 m. N. W. of London, on the road
dlesex county, situate on the south side of the to Gloucester. Till within the present century
Merrimac, over which is a curious bridge, at Paw- it was an inconsiderable place, participating par-
tucket Falls, connecting this town with Dracut. tialljr in the woolen manufactures of the neigh
It is ,28 m. N. N. W. ofjSoston. Middlesex canal bouring district It acquired some distinction by
from the Merrimac to Boston harbour, commen- the discovery of a medicinal spring in 1740,
ces at Chelmsford, which contributes considera- and being visited by deorge III. ii]1788, it be-
bly to its importance and interest ; there is a.n ex- came somewhat celebrated ; the population, how-
tensive quarry of very fine granite in this vicinity, ever, in 1801 amounted only to 3,076, since which
Fop. l,3o7. it has greatly increased in numbers and import-
CluUea, a parish lyiag along the north bank of ance, and in 1826 it was one of the chief resorts
the Thames, to the S. W. of London, and of of gaiety and fashion in the kingdom; a theatM
which it forms an integral part. This section of was erected in 1803; baths, assembly rooms, li-
the metropolis is distinguisned for its hospital for braries, public walks, and other attractions, hava
the support of decayed and maimed sold «^s, prograsnvtlf beei txtended for the aoMmmoda
CHK lar
lion of an inereafling population, which in 1811 abonnda with drnga, rhubarb, nraBk, einaabar
amoonted to d,385» and in 1821 to 13,396. Its wax. honev, andcoala; <^ which last itcontaina
waten, which inereeae in quantity in proportion inezhaustiDle veins. It has also rich ffold miner,
to the demand for them, and increase of visitors, which, for political reasons, are not alfowed to be
operate both as aperient and restorative, bein^ opened. It produces little rice, but plentiful
impregnated with salts, saphur,stee«, and calca- cro^ of wheat and millet; but is occasionally
reons earth. The parish church is an ancient and subject to long droughts, when clouds of locusts,
venend>le structure ; there are several sectarian from the forests of Mongul Tartary , destroy the
places of wor*hip ; its market on Thursday, is entire vegetation of extensive districts ; the in-
well supplied with eveiy necessary. habitants, however, make a food of the locusts,
Chduntf or J9e4«f, a nver of Aaia, the western- and esteem them as a delicacv. The population
most of the five eastern branches of the Indus, is estimated at upwards of 30,000,000.
It rises above Cashmere, flows through the prov- Chen-yang^ Chui'yan, or Mou-difif a city ofeasV
ince of that name, into that of Lahore, and joins em Tartary, capital of a province of the s8m«
the Chunaub, 16 miles below Kooshaub. This name, otherwise called Leaiang. It is situate on
river is the l^daspes of Alexander. the bank of a fine river, running south into tha
CKsIm, or CkuluU, a town of Spain, situate on Gulf of Leaotonf . Tha walls are 10 miles in cir-
the north bank of the Gnadalaviar, about 20 m. cnmfonnice ; ana it b ornamented with several
N. W. of Valencia. public edifices, and provided with arsenals and
storehouses. It is 260 m. E. N. £. of Pekin.
e,orJK«iiiiui(x, a town of upper Saxony, _ „ _
in Misnia, surrounded by walla ana ditches. It Long. 11^. 5. £. lat. 41. 55. N.
haa four suburbs, and a castle about a mile from ChepeUoj an ishmd in the Bay of Panama, about
the town. Great quantities of cottons and other 20 m. firoro the city of Panama, which it supplies
fine staffs are made here ; and the bleaching with provisions and fruit.
business is considerable. It is situate on a river Chepstow, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng. It
of the same name^ 38 m. S. W. of Dresden, and is seated on the side of a hill, on the Wye, near
about the same distance S. £. of Leiprig. Pop. ita confluence with the Severn. It was surround-
about 10,000. ed by a wall, traces of which are observable ; and
%* There is another town of the aame name in on a perpendicular rock are the remains of a lar^
the north part of the circle of Leutmeritz in Bo- castle. Here was also a priory, part of which is
hernia, about 48 m. S. E.of Dresden. converted into a church, and comparatively it waa
Chmmmgj p.t. Tioga Co. N. T. 190 m. W. in fi>nner times of much greater consequence than
Albany. Fop. 1^462. at present It is now the port of entnr for all the
Chmango, an uterior county on the south side towns on the rivers Wye and Lug. and sends a few
of the state of New York, it is intersected by a ships annually to the Baltic and Britiah America,
river of the same name, which flows firom north for timber, deals, Ac. ; ahips coast-way, a consid*
to south into the Susquehanna ; population arable quantity of timber, bark, &c. and haa two
37,406, Norwich is the chief town; there is also ship-yards, where vessels of 500 to 600 tons are
a town of the same name at the entrance of the ^nerally in a course of building. The spring
river into the Susquehanna, in the adjoining tides rise to the height of 70 feet ; the neaps are
county of Broome, N. Y . near the frontier or Penn- consequently attended with mat inconvenience,
sylvania, 1527 m. W. 8. W. of Albany. Pop. and preclude it from materially extending ita com*
3,716. meroe. There is a fine bridge of iron over the
Ckmuipatamj or CkhmifpttUtm, a town of Hin- Wye, erected at the joint expenae of the counties
doostan, in Mysore, near which u a handsome of Monmouth and Gloucester. It is about 10 m.
stone fort. It haa manuftcturea of sugar, fflass, N. of Bristol, and 130 W. N. W. of London. Pop
and excellent moaic-wire, and a great trane in in 1821, 3,0^.
the produce of the palm-gardens in its vieini^. Cher, an interior department in the centre ef
It is 40 m. E. N. £. of Seringapatam. * France, including part of the late province of
CAeneonr, or Ckemkan^ a town of Armenia, Berry. It receives its name from a river which
on the frontiers of Qe<^a, with a beautiful cas- rises in Auvergne, and flows into the Loire, be
tie, grand caravanserais, and several mosques, low Tours. Bourges, 126 m. due S. of Paris, is
160 m. N. £. of Erivan. the capital. It contains about 3,000 aq. m. and
CAen-n. or Sl«i»-«i, a western fiontier province 230,000 inhab.
of China, lyinff between the lat of 32. and 38. N. Chertueo, a fortified town of Piedmont, eapital
and 1CK3. to 110. of £. long. It ia bounded on of a fi^rtile territory of the same name, with a
the south by the province of Setehuen, and on strong citadel. It is seated on a mountain, at the
the east partially by the province of Honan, but confluence of the Stun with the Tadkro, 24 m.
3Bainly by the Hoang-ho, or Great Yellow river, S. 8. £. of Turin. Pop. about 11,000.
which dividea it firom Chan-ai, on the north, part- Cherhauryj a seaport of France, in the depart*
ly by the great wall which divides it from Chinese ment of Manche, with an Aujguatine abbey.
Tartary, and on the west by the dreary country of Here was a sea-fight between the English and
the Monguls, containing an area of about 147,000 French, in 1692, wnen the latter were beat, and
square miles, llie Hoang-ho, in the eccentricity upward of 20 of their men of war burnt, near Cape
or its course, skirts the N. W. part of the prov- la Hogue. The English landed here in. 1758, took
ince. running in a northerly direction ; whilst the town, with the ships in the basin, demolished
on we east side it runs a course due south, the fortifications, and ruined the worka for im-
Numerous streams intersect this province in all proving the harbour. These works were resum*
directions, some fidling into the Hoang-ho on the ed on a stupendous scale, by Looia XVI. ; but
west, and some into the same river on the east, their progress was interrupted hj the revolution ;
and others into the Kiang Kien, or Great River, resumed agam under NuN>leon m 1803; and tha
which intersects the province of Setehuen ; a works destroyed by tha thfy of the elements ia
province so extensive, as majr be expected, com* 1808 ; after whieh a new pba of opaiationa waa
prisat muah diversity of soil and foaturea. It vtaolyad upon, bj tzeavatinf a basm oal of th*
CHE lOb CHE
reach of th« Tiolenoe of the oeeoo, which in^ 1813 the aJphah of their languaire. It is coniuoscd oi
was so fkr accomnUshcd, as to hold 50 sail of the eighty-six characters, so wen adapted to the pecu-
lino., having 50 feet depth of water. Other works of liar sounds of the Indian tongue, that Cherokees,
corresponding, magnitude have since been carried who had despaired of acquiring the requisite
on, and it now appears destined to become the chief knowledge by means of the schools, are soon en-
naval station of /ranee, and to rival in extent and abled to read, and correspond with each other,
magnificence every establishment of the kind This invention is one of the ffieat triumphs of the
in the world. Its situation is very advantageous, aboriginal intellect. Like Uie Greeks and the
* either for dispatching a fleet to any part of ^e Latins, the Indians have now found a means of
world , west or south ; or for commanoing the chan- perpetuating the productions of mind. They have
nel between France and England. It is about 70 erected a barrier against the inroads of oblivion,
m. due south of the south side of the Isle of Wight. Henceforth their peculiar forms of expression,
and 190 W. N. W. of Par s, in N. lat. 49. 39. and their combinations of thought, and the sngges-
1. 37. W. long. lions of their imaginations, will be preserved. An
Cherihofif a seaport on the north coast of the empire of intellect is founded on a stable founda-
Island of Java, about 150 m. N. of Batavia; it ex- tion ; and when did such an emoire experience a
ports larse quantities of coflee. decline, till it had first attained the climax of hu-
CheroieeSf an Indian tribe occupjring an exten- man grandeur ? A printing press established in
■ive tract of country, between the Chatahoochee the nation issues a newspaper, periodically im-
and Tennessee rivers, at the S. extremity of the parting information, both of domestic and foreign
Apalachian chain. The Cherokees were among the ori^nn, throughout the tribe,
bravest and noblest of the American race. This na- Their poutical constitution affords another
tion has been long distinguished, for being in ad- proof of their capacity of self government. Re-
vance of the other Indian tribes in the arts of publican in its cnaracter, its provisions are better
«^ivi]ixation. Some of their chieflains have been calculated, aa expressed in the preamble, *' to es-
really great men, fully sensible of the diradvan- tablish justice, insure tranquillity, promote the
tages of their condition, and sagacious in devising common welfare, and secure to ourselves and pos-
means to remedy them. Among these chieftains, terity the blessings of liberty," than many otthe
the late Charles Hicks, and John Roes, now at more elaborate contrivances of their European
the head of the nation, were pre-eminent. Under brethren. The ^vermnent is representative in
tli^ir directing counsels, ana aided by the policy its form, and is divided into executive, legidative,
of the genenu government, they have outstrip- and judicial departments. The trial by jury is
ped all the other tribes in the march of improve- established ; ana the particular provisions of the
ment. constitution, while they are calculated to accustom
Advantageously situated In the northwest of the Cherokees to the principles of our system of
Georgia, and extending themselves into Alabama jurisprudence, are peculiarly well adapted to the
and Tennessee, they occupy a well watered and anonudous condition, in which the nation is placed,
healthy country, conveniently divided into hill The whole is well suited to secure to the tnbe the
and dale. The northern part is quite mountain- improvements already made, and to stimulate
ous ; but the southern and western parts are com- them to fhrther advances in civilization,
posed of extensive and fertile plains, covered with The sympathies of the public have within a
the finest timber, and fumisning excellent pas- short time been strongly excited in their behalf
tura^. The winters are mild, and the climate in consequence of a ^termination manifested by
healtny. Large herds of cattle and horses are the government of Georgia to expel t^em from
ownea by the natives, and they are used for culti- their territory. The Cherokees refuse to depart
vating the earth. Numerous flocks of goats. They avow themselves to be independent or the
sheep, and swine, cover the hills. The valleys state of Georgia and under the protection of the
and plains furnish the best soil, and produce In- United States.
dian corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, and pota- Their numbers amount to about 14,000. Their
toes. The natives carry on considerable trade capital is New BIchota, on the Coosa river, within
with the adjoining states, and some of them carry the limits of the territory claimed by Georgia,
their cotton down the Tennessee, and even down CAeroniso, a town of European Turkey, on the
the Mississippi, to New Orleans. Apple and N. E. coast of the island of Negropont, 2Sm. E.
peach orcharos are very common, and much at- of Negropont.
tention is paid to gardens in the nation. There CKerayy a town of France, in the department
are many public roads in the nation, and houses of Yonne, 10 m. W. of Sens,
of entertainment kept by the natives. Ckenyfidd, t. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 583.
Numerotis and flourishing villages are to be CftsfryCon, t. Northamptoii Co. Va. on the east^
seen in every section of the counlry. Cotton and em shore.
woolen cloths, and blankets, are manufactured CkmrytaUty, p.t. a flourishing town of New
here; Almost every family raises cotton for its York, in Otsego County, at the head of a creek
own eonsumption. Industry and commercial en- of its name, 18 m. S. of Canajoharie, and 55 W.
terprise are extending themselves through the by N. of Albany. Pop. 4,096.
natio)!. Difi[erent mechanical trades are pursued CAerryrtUe, villages in Pa., and Louisiana.
The population is rapidly increasing, and the fe- Cker$Of an island in the Gulf of Venice, be-
male character is much respected. The reli|[ion tween the coasts of Istria and Croatia. On the
of the nation is Christian — that religion which, south it is separated from Osero by a very narrow
wherever it reigns, whether in Europe, Asia, channel, ana the two islands are united by a
Africa, or America^ elevates its professors above bridge. The soil is stony ; but it abounds in cat*
those of other religions. tie, wine, oil, and honey. It has a town of the
Another proof is given by this people of their same name, with a good harbour. Long. 14. 45.
eapaeity of self improvement, in tne alphabet in- E. lat. 45. 10. N. The two islands contain to«
vented by one of their native chieftains, called gether a population of about 10,000, and wera
Guess. I Ae Cadmus, he has given to his people ceded to Austria by the treaty of Campo Fomio,
in 1796, After havtiic for nearly eicht oentnriee ty iMilatine by William the Norman, who eonfer
forwitd a pariof the Venetian repabuc. rea it upon hu nephew, Hugh Lupus; but the
Ckermm, the capital of New RoMia, in the gor- auooeeding palatines, exercising an authority in-
emment of Cathwineslaf, founded by Cathuine compatible with iuatice to other parts of the coun-
II. on ^o north bank of the Dnieper, 10 miles be- try, such as affording sanctuary, &c., Henry VIII.
low the influx of the Ingulee. The church and who, whatever &ults he might possess, is entitled
many of the houses are built of stone. Here is a to the gratitude of the present age for having been
dock from which several men of war and mer- instrumental in breaking up the strong holds
chant ships have been launched; but owing to of priest-craft, and numerous other kinds of local
some sand banks in the river, the naval establish- tyranny, abrogated moat of the privileges of this
ment has been transferred hence to Nioolayef, and ]^atinate, the fofms of which, however, it still
its commerce to Odessa ; the population, which retains. Its principal towns besides the city of
at one time amounted to about 50,000, has pro- Chester, are Stockport, Macclesfield, Congleton,
Sssively decreased to below lO^OOO. In 1787, and Nantwich : Stockport, at the N. £. extremi-
empress made a triumphant journey to this ty of the county, ano the surrounding conntry,
capital, and here met emperor Joseph II. At participates largely in the cotton manufacture;
this place, in 1790, the philanthroj^ic Howard fell Macclesfield and (!ongleton are extensively enga-
a victim to his indefiitiffable humanity; and a mon- ged in the silk manufacture; and Nantwich ia
nment was erected to nis memoir by the Russian celebrated for its salt springs; and ship-building
admiral. Cherson is 50 m. £. of Ocxakow. Long, is extenaively carried on at the city of Chester.
32. 56. E. lat. 46. 38. N. In addition to the rivers Mersey and Dee^ the
Chertseyf a town in Surry, Eng. Here was for- county of Cheshire is intersected by the nvers
merlyanabbey, of which only a part of the walls Wever and Bollin, and contains several small
now remain ; it was the first Burial place of Hen- lakes well stored with fish ; it is also intersected
ry VI. who was afterward removed to Windsor, by several canals, affording it a facility of corn-
It is seated near the Thames, over which is a munication with all parts of the kingdom. The
handsome hridge, 20 m. W. by S. of London, river Dee is united by a canal of one entire level.
Pop. in 16S1, 4279. about 14 miles in length, from the city of Chester
Cketapeak, the largest and safest bay in the to the Mersey, about 12 miles above Liverpool ;
United States. lu entrance is between Cape other canals diverge from the city of Chester to
Charles in Maryland, and Cape Henry in Vlrgu- Northwich, and into Wales. The Trent and Mer-
ia, 12 m. wide. It extends S70 m. to the north ; sey Canal (see Ruiuom and PreMtom) intersect the
IS from 10 to 40 miles broad, and generally nine heart of the county, whilM the Duke of Bridge-
&thoms deep ; containing several islands and water's is carried nearly parallel with the Mersey
many commodious harbours. It receives the Sus- to Manchester, and the reak Forest Canal inter-
Juehannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and sects the N. E. end of the county. The E. and
ames riven, which are idJ large and navigable. N. E. parts of the county supply abundance of
Cftesopeoik, a village in Cecu Co. Maryland. coal and various minerals ; but the distinguishing
Ckuapeak and Ddaware omoZ, unites the two characteristics of the county are its salt and
bays of that name. It benns at Delaware city on cheese ; the auppljr of the first is inexhaustible,
the Delaware, and proceeds nearly west through and celebrated for its purity ; whilst the cheese
Delaware ana Maryland to Back Creek^ a branch stands unrivalled for the excellence of its ouality.
of Elk river. It is 14 miles long, 60 feet wide, The salt is produced both in a rock or solid state,
and navigable for vessels drawing 10 feet. At and by evaporation of the water from the numer-
every half mile are recesses where the canal is ous springs. The quantity consumed in Great
widened for the passage of vessels. Four mUes Britain since 1779 has averaged about 56^000 tons
of the canal pass through a hill in some places 90 per annum, produced chiefly by evaporation ; and
feet high, being the deepest cut upon anv canal in the quanti^ exported since that time has averaged
the world. Here a bridge of a single arch is about 250jSOO tons per annum, in the proportion
thrown across it. Thiscanal was finished in 1829, of about 35,000 tons of rock, and the remainder
and coat 150,000 dollars per mile. It has a great produced by evaporation, constituting in the ag-
navigation. gregate an exchangeable money varae of about
CCBskmn, a tow^ in Buokinghamahire, Eng. £3(X),000 per annum, exclusive of the tax of £30
with mannfaotnres of lace and wooden ware, audi per ton levied on that consumed in Great Britain
ed on the north by the river Mersej, which di- in the first instance^ for labour, and &r reparation
vides it from Lancashire. N. E. by Yorkshire, E. of machinery, buildings, and pans, used in the pro-
by Derbyshire, 8. E. by StaflR>rdshire^S. by Shrop- eesa of evaporation and stoving. The total ex<
vides it from Lancashire, N. E. by Yorkshire, E. of machinery, buildings, and pans, used in'the pro-
bv Derbyshire, 8. E. by StaflR>rdshire^ S. by Shrop- eesa of evaporation and stoving. The total ex-
shire, W. by the river Dee, which divides it from changeable money value of the cheeae annually
Denbigshire and Flintshire, and N. W. by the produced in this county may be estimated at about
Irish Sea, into which projects a peninsula, 13 m. £750,000 per annum, and the aggregate exchan-
long and six broad, formed by the mouths of the geable money value of all its other agricultural
Mersey and the Dee. This county extends 93 pro(duotions, may be estimated at firom double to
miles from north to south, and 42 from east to treble that amount, out of which a land 'rent ia*
west, without including the peninsula just men« of about £700,000 per annum is exacted. For the
tioned on the west, and narrow tract of land, relative proportion of thia amount to that exacted
which stretches between Lancashire and Deiby- in other counties, as wall as for territorial extent,
shire, to Yorkshire on the N. E. Antecedent to population, Ac. Ac. see England. The south
the invasion of Britain b]r the Romans, this part and west part of the county it is, that is th^ mmT.
of the country was occupied by a tribe called the productive in cheeae, and in which the sa.» springi
.CsmMn; and Cheshire was constituted a coon- abooad. This part of the county is rather level
OHE UPU CHB
than hillyi and subdiyided by hedge rows, well corks, five iron fbunderieB, two paper and 'four
stocked with timber, into comparatively very extensive flour mills, six manufactories of pipes,
small enclosures, intersected by numerous paved and nine of tobacco, and several other manufac-
roads, which imply either a Roman origin; or per- torie ? of minor importance. The river Dee is
haps found necessary on account of the sandy navigable up to the city for vessels of considera-
prevalence of the surface. On the north and east ble burthen , and ships of 300 to 400 tons are
side of the county about 100,000 persons are em- always in a course of building, and occasionally
ployed in the silk and cotton manufacture. See eieht or ten at a time ; on the whole, however,
CongleUm^ MaecU^ddf and Stockport The 250,- Chester has more the character of a provincial,
000 tons of salt per annum exported, are convey- than of a seaport town. The contiguity of Liv-
ed by the river Wover, into the Mersey, about 20 erpool having superseded it in its latter character,
m. above Liverpool, at which port it is principally Its local jurisdiction is vested in a mayor and 24
shipped. aldermen -, it returns two members to Parliament
CMskire^ a county of New Hampshire, bound- by about 1,400 electors. The population, which
ed on the west by the Connecticut River, which in 1801 was 15,052, in 1821 amounted to 19^949.
separates it from Vermont ; it is about 20 miles in exclusive of about 1,500 in two adjoining out
mean breadth, and is, upon the whole, a tolerably parishes.
fertile district ', the south-end borders on Massa- Chester^ a county at the S. £. extremity of the
chusetts. pQp. 27,016. Keene, in the interior state pf Pennsylvania in the E. District, bound-
of the county, 60 m. S. W. by W. of Concord, is ed on the N. £. by the Schuylkill River, • and in-
the chief town. tersected by the Brandy wme. The county is
Cheshire, is also the name of a town in Berk- about 35 miles from north to south, and 15 in
shire County, Massachusetts. Pop. 1,049. And mean breadth. Pop. 50,908. West Chester, on
of another m New Haven County, Connecticut, the east border of the county, 18 miles from
Pop. 1,764. Philadelphia, on the great western road to Pittt-
CheshuiU, a parish in Hertfordshire, England, burg, is the chief town.
Pop. in 1^1, 4,376. Waltham Cross, at the en- Chester District, a county or district in the
trance of the parish from London, is 11 m. from north part of'the state of South Carolina, bound-
Shoreditch church, on the line of the great north ed on the east by the Catawba River, and west
road. by Broad River, distant from each other about
O^Mter, a city of England, an ecclesiastical see, 25 miles. The district is about 20 north to
and capital of tne county of Cheshire, is situate south. Pop. 19,162.
on the banks of the river Dee. at the western Chester, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 43 m. from
extremity of the county, 183 miles N. N. W. of Boston ; 30 from Portsmouth. Pop. 2,039. The
London, and 24 due south of Liverpool. Chester town is about 12 miles in extent, and the village
is one of the most ancient and interesting cities consists of a single street a mile long. Most of
of England ; it is surrounded by a wall, nearly the trade of the county centres here. Plumbago
two miles in circumference, still kept in a good of a good quality is found in this town. Here
state of repair, the top' affording, in its entire are two remarkable caves, one of which exhibits
circuit, a delightful promenade. It has four columns of stalactites,
gates, in the position of the four cardinal points, Chester, p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2,320.
two of them very ornamental, and the whole in- Chester, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,406
teresting for their antiquity. Within the present Chester, p.t. Oranffe Co. N. T. There are 13
century, the city has undergone vast improve- other towns and villages called Chester in the
ments. Formerly, the houses in the principal U. States.
streets projected over the foot-path, forming a Chesterfield, a town in Derbyshire, England,
covered way five or six feet wide ; which although It has three establishments for the manufacture
agreeable enough in wet weather, rendered the of baskets or skijps, much used in the conveyance
shops and rooms on the ground floor dark and of cotton yam from the mills to the dealers, five
disagreeable, and gave an uncouth feature to the tanneries, two iron founderies, nine potteries
city. This defect is now wholly, or nearly so. chiefly coarse ware, some trifling manufectures
removed, whilst several public edinces, unequallea of hosiery, &c. and next to Derby it is the
in the British dominions for their architectural most important trading towncn the county. It has
taste and grandeur, ornament different parts of mines of coal, lead, and iron in its vicinity, and
the city; the most distinguished of these, are the a canal, communicating with the Trent below
county gaol, on the site of the old castle, and Gainsborough ; a prison for debtors, a market-
the county hall contiguous thereto ; the porticoes of house, town- hall and sessions-room are all com-
these two edifices, in their appropriateness of de- bined under one roof. In 1821 Uie town con-
sign, exactness of proportion, and grandeur of tained 5,077 inhabitants, and the parish, which
effect, have no parallel m Britain, ana cannot be includes ei^ht contiguous townships and hamlets,
surpassed in any part of the world. Here are a 4,113 inhabitants more. It is 155 miles N. by W
public library', an exchange, Ac. The cathedral of London, on the direct road from thence
IS a venerable structure of reddish sand stone, through Nottingham to Shefiield, from which it
built in the 8th century ; there are eight other is distant 13 mues, and 26 from Nottingham,
churches, and Several dissenting places of wor- Chesterfield, a county of Virginia bounded on
ship, a county infirmary, and several schools. Two the east and north by James River, and south by
annual fairs, in July and October, feach of which the Appomattox River. Pop. 18,637. The
continues several days, are ver^ numerously at- court house of the county is 15 miles S. by
tended, giving rise to great traffic in linens from W. of Richmond. The county eoiitains about
Ireland, and woolen cloUis and stuffii from York- 300 square miles.
shire, and for the accommodation of which, a Chesterfisld District, a frontier district of South
commodious hall was erected in 1809, and an- Carolina, bordering on North Carolina, bounded
other in 1815. Chester, in 1825, had nine public on the esst by the Oi«at Pedee River, and west
brewerieS| seven establishments fer tha cutting of by Lynohe's Creek ; it contains 450 sqom mileiy
CHI i9t cm
I
und k population of 8,472. The chief town ii of ting into one, near its northern frontier ; after
the lame name. wanls runninff through the province of TabasQo,
Chegterfieldfn.t. Clieahire Co. N. H. 100 m. from also into the Bay of Campeachy, there being no
Portsmouth ; 90 m. from Boston. river of any note running out of Chiapa into the
ChesterfieUf p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. Pacific Ocean. With the exception of the S. £.
1,417. part, Chiapa may be considered a level rather
CkcsUrfiddf Essex Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,671. A]- than a mountainous country, and exceedingly
so a town in Burlington Co. N. J. ^ fertile ; and having hitherto been uncursed with
Chesierfield InUt, an inlet extending about 200 the discovery of any gold or silver mine, the
miles westward from the north end of Hudson's native inhabitants are proportionably more nume-
Bav *• the entrance to the inlet is in lat. 63. 30. rous , more social, and exhibit more primitive
N. long. 90. 40. W. ; its mean breadth is about 13 characteristics than in any other part of tlie
miles. western hemisphere. Nearly all the animated
Ckuter-U'Streetf a parish in the county of creatures and vegetable procfuctions common to
Durham. Eng. contatnmg 18 townships. The to* the tropical section of this division of the globe,
tal population of which in 1821 was 13,936 ; the are common in Chiapa. The most prominent of
parish abounds in coal, and is intersected by the the animal race is the horse, the breed of which,
river Wear ; the township of Chester-le-Street is first introduced from Europe, is deservedly cele>
situate on the west bank of the Wear, six miles brated, and cherished with great care by the in«
north of Duram,an«i 18 south of Newcastle, and habitants, with whom the horse constitutes their
in 1821 contained 1,892 of the population. most important branch of traffic, great numbers
ChesUrtownf port of entry and capital of Kent beinff constantly sent into Mexico. When, in-
Co. Maryland, on Chester river, flowing into the stea^of chicane and oppressive exactions, integ-
upper part of Chesapeak Bay from the £ast. An lity and mutual reciprocity shall constitute the
academy which was originally incorporated as a basis of commercial intercourse, no part of the
college, is established here and receives an annul- world will afford a fairer field for enterprize than
ty fVom the state. the province of Chiapa. Its forests will supply
ChesternUUf Kennebec Co. Me. Fop. 923. abundance of cypress, cedar, pine, walnut, and
Chestermllef p. v. Kent Co. Marvland. other timber, wnilst the cultivated puts will
CAesfnvtHiiU, a township in NortnamptonCo.Pa. yield abundance of cotton, cocoa, coffee, sugar,
Cheviot mUSf a ridge of mountains in Eng- and cochineal, with a boundless variety of aro-
land, which run from north to south throu^ matie resins, ^nms, and dyes, to constitute fit
Northumberland and Cumberland, famous fi)r its and ample equivalents to exchange for the varied
iVee chase, formerly much used by the English useful productions of European art. Most of
and Scotch gentry. These hills are now chiefly the domestic animals and fowls common to Eu-
wild and open sheep-walks ; ffoats also are fed rope, as well as the horse, have become natural-
amonff them, and some of the finest cattle in ized in Chiapa, and in greater plenty and excel-
the kingdom, in parts of the Scotch border. Near lenee than m almost any other part of America
these many an obstinate battle has been fought south of the United States ; and its climate, in
between the English and Scotch, before the two reference to its geographical position, being of a
kingdoms were united ; among which may be genial and moderate, rather than of an extreme
numbered the encounter between the earls rercv temperature, it affords as friyourable a domicile
and Douglas, celebrated in the ancient ballad call- for a portion of the population of the denser in-
ed Chevy Chace. llie altitude of thepeak called habited parts of Europe as any part of the world.
Cheviot HiU, which is about 20 m. W. by N. of This territory is comprised within the republic
Alnwick, is 2,658 feet above the level of the sea, ot Guatemala, or Central America, as it is some-
other peaks of the range rise 300 to 400 feet times called,
higher. du^, the chief town of the precedingproy-
Cibtopa, a province of America, uniting the ince, u situate on the west side of the river Tabas-
two grand diyisions of the western- hemisphere, co, near the N. W. extremity of the province, in
This province extends from the lat. of 14. 60. to the lat. of 17. 5. N. and 92. 40. of W. long. The
17. 30. of north lat. and lies between the long, of number of inhabitants is estimated at 90.000,
90. 20. and ^. 60. W. being about 180 miles in chiefly Indians, hence it is called Chiapa de lot
extreme length but the mean breadth not exceed- Indiotf in contradistinction to another town about
ing more than about 100 miles, its area may be 80 miles west, called Chiapa d* los EsvanolMf in
stated at 18,000 square miles. It is bounded on consequence of being inhaoited chiefly oy persons
the north by the province of Tabasco, which en- of Smuiish descent : the latter is sometimes called
closes it on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, and Guaad Real, and ft the see of a bishop, having a
on the south by part of the province of Gua- ststely cathedral, and several monastic establish-
temala, which encloses it on the side of the Paci- ments ; its population is, howeyer, inconsiderable^
fie Ocean ; on the east by Vera Paz *, and west by not exceeding more than 2,000.
Guaxaea, the extreme southern province of Mex- Chiarenza, a town of European Turkey, in the
ico. The Andes run into this province in broken Morea, on the river Sillus, situate near the sea,
ridges at its S. E. extremity ; but towards its more opposite the east end of the island of Ce&lonia.
western boundary, the grand mountain chain Ijiag. 21. 28. lat. 37. 46. N.
may be said to be completely divided. The cS»art,>a town of Italy, in Bresciano, where
Tanasco River rises at the foot of the termination the Austrians defeated the French in 1701. It is
of the mountain chain, runs first in a W. N. W. situate between two rivers which fall into the
direction, and afterwards takes a northerly course Oglio, on the east side, 14 m. N. N. E.'of Crema.
through the proyince of l^basco, into the Bay P&. about 7,000.
of Campeachy , thereby affording an advantageous GdaromomUf a town of Sieilyi in Val di Noto,
opening with the Atlantic Ocean. Poor or five seated on a mountain 95 miles west of Syracuse ;
other streams of Inferior importance intesMct the it eaye the sonume to the fkmilj of the yirtooiifi
eentral and eest^n side «if the provinee, all mi- and amiable pope Pins VII.
cm 19B CHI
Cktttvarif a town of the territory of Genoa, CAttuo&iui, a city in the proTinoe of Durangtt
flUttate at the raoath of a river faUing into the situate in the lat. of 28. 50. N. on the hifh road
ipilf, about 90 m. S. £. of Geaoa. It has seve- from the citj of Mexico to Santa Fe, about 700 m.
ral manufactures. Pop. about 8.000. N. N. W. of Mexico. CkihmakMa is a consideiap
ChiamenmOy a town of Switierland, capital of a ble place, having several PJiblic building, and
country of its name, sulneet to the Orisons. It about 11,000 inhsbitants. The principal church
is a tradinff place, esfieciaUy in wine and delicate is a beautiful edifice ; the surrounding country is
fruits, bemff the principsl communication be- productive in silver.
iween the Milanese and Germany^ The govern- Ckilea, a small seaport of Peru, about 30 m. S.
or*s palace and the churches are ma^ificent ; and of Lima.
the inhabitants are Roman Cathohcs. Here are Chile, a territory of the southern division of
the ruins of a once celebrated fortress, on the the western hemisphere, extending from the lat
summit of a rook ; and dose to the town is a rock of 24. 20. to 43. 50. S. and from 68. 50. to 74. 20.
of asbestos. It u seated on the banks of the river W. long, bounded on the w^^ bv the Pacific
Maira, which falls into the north end of Uie Lake Ocean, and. on the east bv ti«^ Andes, which di-
ofComo. Pop. about 3,000. The district, which vides it from the United Pruvinces of Buenos
is mountainous, contains a population of about Ayres, being about 1 ,350 miles in length, from
18,000. north to south, and 130 in mean breadth, in a po-
CkieagOf a town with a military post called Fort sition from the south, of N. N. £. Antecedent
Dearborn, at the southern extremity of Lake to the irruption of the Spaniards into this part of
Michigan in the state of Illinois. A river of the the world, Chile was divided into several inde-
same name here flows into the lake. pendent states, of whom the earliest information
CAidbasaies, a nation of American Indians, set- hitherto obtained respecting them, is, that in
tied on the head branches of the Tombeckbe and 1450 Upanqui, the then Inca of Peru, made in-
Tazoo rivers, in the N. £. corner of the state of roads upon the Chilian territory, and subdued the
Mississippi ; the N. W. extremity of their territo- four northern provinces, at the southern boundary
ry jets upon the river of that name ; they have of which their progress was stayed by the bravery
seven towns, the central one of which is in long, of a tribe called the Prdmancians. The Peru-
69. 43. W. lat 34. 23. N. Their numbers have vians, however remained masters of the four
lately been on the Jncrease and they are now provinces, up to the period of 1535, when it was
about 4,000. They have many mills and work- first visited bj the Spaniards, who invaded it
shop«.and pay considerable attention to agriculture, firom Peru with a force of 1^0 Europeans and
CkukaeoUAj a fortified town of Bootan, on the 15,000 Peruvians, under the '^/>mmand of Alma-
south frontier, frequently taken and relin^ubhed gso, the companion of PivJTO. Two-thirds of
by the British India troops, in the war with the we number of this expediiion perished with fa-
Booteeas in 1772. It is 48 m. S. by E. of *Tas- tigue on the march, the remainoer, however, suc-
sasndon. Long. 89. 35. E. lat. 26. d5. N. ceeded in reaching the northern province of
CAieAe«fer, a citjr, the capital of Sussex, Eng. Chile, and the Spaniards were received by the
and a county of itself. It is a bishop's see, inhabitants with cordiality and respect; but the
and has seven churches, beside the cathedral, a perfidy and baseness of Almagro indulged in the
spacious edifice, 410 ft. in length, with a tower, wanton massacre of some of the chief men of thc\
surmounted by a spire rising to the height of 297 country, and thereby raised the indignation of the
feet. The city is walled round, and haa formerly whole population against him : and having in a
four gates. It exports com, malt, &c. has some general engagement with the Promancians, sus-
foreign commerce, and a manufacture of nee- tained a complete defe&t, and dissatisfaction pre-
dles. The haven afibrds fine lobsters. It is vailing amonff ) '<% troops, he returned to Peru in
seated in a plain, on the river Levant, near its 1533. In 1540 nowever, Pisairo dispatched an-
entranee into an arm of the English Channel, other expediti«^n, under the command of Val*
12 m. E. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 61 S. W. of divia, who, t^r much resistance, succeeded in
London. Pop. in 1821, 7,362. extending ^ (^ arms as far as Mapocho, and from
Chiehester^ p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 45 m. N. that peri' ■ the Spaniards maintained possession
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,064. of the coi ntry, though not without repeated con-
Gddrfa, a town of^Indejpendent Greece, in the flicts with the natives, and occasional reverse of
Morea, near the Gulf or Coron, 14 m. W. of fortune. Such has been the bravery of the Aran-
Colocythia. cans, a tribe of Indians, occupying the southern
Cftiem-Ses, a lake of Bavaria 35 miles in eiroum- part of the territory, from the fat. of 37. to 42. S.
terence. In the midst of it are two Islands ; on that up to the present time they have never been
one of them is a convent of Benedictine nuns, subdued. The last conflict in which they were
and on the other an Augustine monastery. It engaged with the Spaniards was in 1773, in which
lies 32 m. W. N. W. of Sabburg, and discharges great slaughter ensued, without a decided triumph
its waters by the river Alza, in a^ northerly dim- to either |»rty. From that period, however, tran
tion into the Inn. quHlity has generally prevailed, the Araucans
CkUrif a town of Piedmont, surrounded by an having since then had a resident at Santia^,
ancient w«ll, in which are six gates. It has four more m the character of representative of an in-
grand squares, manv churches and religious hou- dependent nation, than a conquered or dependent
•es, and considerable manufkictures of cloth and province.
silk. It is 7 miles east of Turin. Pop. about In 1742, Don Josef Manto, the then Spanish
11,000. governor, under whose administration peace and
C^uU. See Civita di Ckuti. order generally prevailed, founded several new
Cft^gioeU, a village in Essex, Eng. 10 m. N. E. towns, and divioed the country into the 29 fbl-
of London. It is noted for a firee-sonool, founded lowingprovinoes, eommenoing at the north, vix
by arehbiahop Harsnett, who had been vicar of 1. Copiapo 47 Cuseos
lbs plaoe, and Uee buried in the church. Pop. in S. Huaseo 5. Pectorea
I8S^ 1,696. 3. Cofoimbo 6. Qoilloto
7. Weli^Nlla
' S. Ruicft^a
9. Colcli^[>u
10. Cuiico
11. Htule
13. Canquenei
13. I- ■
14. Foclucir
Of U
itfiTedi
15. Coocepcian
16. Acon(^|{ua
71. SanURom
18. Mapocho
19. Isla de Maule
30. Chilian
31. Rere
22. Ilia de U Laia.
ilend from Ihe
93 CHI
The Chiliana are EraT and hoapitable, and an
highly fond of bull &gh\M, mtiaio, and duioing.
TEe; ileep from Doon till auiuet, afler which the
■hops and itreeta are lighted up, and all the pub
lie place* are thronged till midnight.
I_«l UKSB, LOB . .
Pacific Ocean to the Ande) ; Noa. 6 t<
bounded on the eait br the lerea remainioa
proriacei, which with Concepcion, are bounded
on the aoath by the Bioho River, in the lat. of 3C.
50. 3.; the more aoathern portion of Ihe territory
to the lat. of 42. S., beins occupied by the Aniu-
canii, and the ialand of Chiloe projecting into the
Pacific Ocean forma the •onlhern eitremitj of
the territory, which i* separated from Peru on the
north, by the dreary Dcaert of Atacama. The
Andei, which flank the whole eaatern boundary,
riui to an average altitude of 12,000 to 14,om
feet above the level of the aea, having in the
couTM of thia range 14 volcanoe* in a alals of
Conatant eruption, and several others which emit
occasionally. All of them are, however, too re-
mote from the inhabited parts of the territory,
either to occasion inconvenience, or inspin; ter-
ror, by the violence of their ernplLon. The eev-
eral provinces are mostly divided from each oLher
by ranges of hilll, each intervening valley being
intCMSCted by one or more atreams of wsier, con-
tributing alike to the beauty and fertility of the
country, which, as a whole, for diversity, beauty,
and Ecandeur of fbature, is unequalled in the
wor^d. Although the aoil and cGmate of Chile
are alike ftvonnble to the eolture and breed of all
the fruita, Krain, and animala conducive to the
well-being, comfort, and enjoyment of society, its
more dialmguithing feature is the abundance of
its mineral productions, in gold, silver, copper,
tin. and iron. Such, however, for nearly three
centuries, was the subduing and perverse policy
of the Spaniards that with means to command
ererr comfort, the inhabitanti of this fine and
fertile territory were kept in a state of barbarism,
and on the verge of want. The tiei of Spanish
bondage, however, now appear broken, never to
be united. The first movement of resistance to
Spanish authority, which took place in 1909, for
■ome time, M>peaied likely to succeed without in-
lemiptjan i but in 1814, a Spanish force Horn
Peru subdued nearly the whole country, and held
it again in subjection until \ril7, when a force, in
the cause of independence, under the command
of general San Martin, entered Chile from Bncnoa
Ayrea, and turned again the tide of victory
against Spanish domination. On the IQth of
f^bruary, 1819, the Chiliana formally renounced
all obligation to Spanish authority, and declared
themselves independent ; which the battle of
Haypu, in the following April, not only confirm-
ed to Uiem, but enabled lliem to extend their
amu, in pursuit of their oppressors, into Peru.
The new government is, however, for the pres-
ent, too nnatable to Justl^ soy positive conclosion
aa to the future deatiny of tlie country. The
population, according to a census taken in 1813,
amounted to about T;330,000, exclusive of some
scattered tribes of Indians. Sontla^, or St. Jaro
de Chile, (as it is ■omctimes written) in the
province of Mspocho, in the lat. of 33. 20. is the
chief city, to which Valparaiso, distant 100
iithoaeanort. The other scaporta are
Valdivi
P^^
^.--^
^^A ■■
- -:^
,-JBt '
^ A
/ni\¥/2K
^ "^^.^L J
9^m
hKc
M
A traveller in Chile in 1620, ha« fhroiihad na
with the following remarks ;
The merchants and other principal inlubilanta
reside in the houaca built along the base of the
cliffs in Valparaiao, and along the streets of the
Almendrsl. But the poorerpeople live chiefly in
the QuebndBs, or ravines. This class of aociptj
have been the least affected by the changes in tlie
political state of the country, and retain, as we
were informed, nearly the same manners and
habits aabeibre ; a circumstance which gave them
ly to rove about, in the cool houra of the evening,
amongst their ranchos, or cottages. We were
every where received with the utmost frankness,
and, OS far as the simple means of the inhabilanls
went, with hospitality. They were chiefly briek-
makers, day-labourers, and washerwomen, who
were always gratified by the interest we took in
their affairs, relying readily and cheerfully lo
our inquiries. Their first anxiety was that we
should be seated, in order, to nse their phrase,
that we might " feel ourselves in our own house."
Their next wish was that we should taste some-
thing, no matter how little; some offering ui
spirits, or milk and bread ; others, who could
afibrd nothing else, presenting a cup of water.
Vet, however wretched the cottage, or |>oor the
ftre, the deficiency was never made mor« appa-
rent by apologies: with untaught politeness, the
best they had was placed before os, graced with
a heart; welcome.
These ranchos, aa well as the houses in the
town, are built of lu^ flat bricks dried in the
son ; and thatched with broad palm leaves, the
ends of which, by overhanging the walls, afford
shade from the scorehing sun, as well as shelter
from the rain. Each cottage is divided into two
rooms; one Ibrthe beds, and the other asadining
room : a portion of the mud floor in this apart-
with mala, serves aa a couch for the siesta sleep-
ers afler dinner.
In one cottage we fbnnd a young woman grind-
ing com in a very primitive mill, which consisted
oftwo atones, one a large grooved block placed
on the ground, the other polished, and about
twice the site of her hand. The nnground corn
appeared lo be baked till it oould be cruni^led
CHI IM CHI
into powder between the fin^r and thumb ; this lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and aeema
eoane flour, when mixed with water, made an the effect of the breach t>f the sea over a flat san-
agreeable dnnk called Ulpa. dy surface, whose eleration was something above
In some of the Qnebraaas, we occasionally dis- toe level of the country within. It communicates
covered houses of a better class, generally occu- with the sea by a very narrow but deep opening,
pied by elderlv ladies of small incomes, wno had and is shallow withm. It is 40 miles long ana
relinquished the fashionable and expensive parts 14 broad, With a narrow slip of ground between
of the town, for more remote, though not leas com- it and the sea. It contains manv inhabited
foitable dwellings. Nothing could exceed the islands. On the N. W. it is bounded by a ridge
neatness and regularity which prevailed in these of mountains, a continuation of that which ex-
houses, where we were often received by the tends from the Mahanuddy to the Godaver^ River
inmates with a politeness of manners, indicating and shuts up the Circars towards the continent,
that they had known better days. These good ChiUanf one of the seven inland provinces of
ladies generally entertained us with the celebrated ChUe ; it is inconsiderable, and the least impor-
Paraguay tea, called mattee, a beverage of which tant of them all. The chief town, of the same
the inhabitants are passionately fond. Before infu- name, is about 105 miles N. W. of Concepciou.
sion, the Terba, as it is called, has a yellow colour, A river of the same name intersects the province
and appears partly ground, and partly chopped; the from east to west, fid liner into the Itata in thr
flavour resembles that of -fine tea, to which, in- maritime province of Puchacay.
deed, many-people prefer it. * Themattee is made ChiUieothef the chief town of Ross County,
in an oval-shaped metal pot, about twice as large OhiO) and second in rank in the state ; seated on
as an egg-cup^ placed nearly full of water, on the a point of land formed by Paint Creek, and the
hot emrors of the brazier, which always stands west bank of the Scioto- fliver, 70 miles by the
in the middle of the parlour ; when the water water-course, above its entrance into the Ohio ,
begins to boil, a lump of sugar burnt on the out- it has several mills and manufactures in its vicin-
Biae is added. The pot is next removed to a ity . It is 45 miles south of Columbus, the capital
filagree silver stand, on which it is handed to the of the state, and 90 £. by N. of Cincinnati. Pop.
guest, who draws the mattee into his mouth 2,846.
throuffh a silver pipe seven or eight inches in CAtZZon, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
lengthy furnished at the lower extremity with a of Berne, at the end of the lake of Geneva or
bulb pierced with small holes. The natives drink Leman. On a rock in the lake is an ancient
it almost boiling hot, and it costs the stranger castle, which has lately been used as a state pris-
manj[ a tear before he can imitate them in Uiis on^ and is imortalized in the verse of Byron,
practice. There is one custom in these mattee ItisSm. E. 8. £. of Vevay.
drinkings, to which, though not easily reconcile- Chiloe, Island and ^chtptlago of', the Island of
able to our habits, a stranger must not venture to Chiloe forms the southern extremity of the
object. However numerous the com]»ny be, or territory of Chile, separated from the province
however often the mattee pot be replenished, the of Araucan on the north by a channel four to
tube is never changed ; and to oecUne taking five miles wide. It is 140 miles in length and
mattee, because the tube had been previously about 50 in mean breadth, separated on Uie east
used, would be thought the height of rudeness, from the main land by a gulf about 50 miles wide,
A gentleman of my acquaintance, becoming very containing 46 small islands. 15 uninh^ited, form-
fond of this beverage, bought a tube for himaelf, ing the Archipelago of Chiloe. The total popu-
and carried it constantly in his pocket ; but this lation is about 30^000. Castro^ seated at the head
gave so much offbnce, that he was eventually of a bay, opening into the Archipelago, is the chief
obliged to throw away his private bombiUa, as town.
it is called, and follow the customs of the coun- ChilpanxingOf a considerable town, 2^500 feet
try. above the level of the sea, 65 m. N^ by £. of Aca-
The people in general, and particularly the pulco^ on the road to Mexico,
peasantry, and the lower orders in the outskirts Cktlguesy MasqiuSj a district of the province
of the town, appeared to us much better bred of Cuzco, Peru, lying east of the Apurimac Riv-
than the corresponding ranks in other countries, er, having a ridffe or the Andes for its east bound-
In their domestic circle, they were at all times arv. It is a fertile district, containing about 16,000
remarkably polite to one another; the children innab. Parino, in the lat. of 12. 45. S. and 71.
being respectful and attentive, and the parents 35. of W. long. If the chief town,
considerate and indulgent. But this was con- ChiUem, a chaw of chalky hills in England,
spicuous only At home; for, when abroad,' the passing fVom east to west, out of Hertfor£diire,
men were Teiy negligent of good manners ; and, throng the middle of Buckinghamshire, to the
although actual rudeness was contrary to their Thames at Henley. This district formerly he-
nature, they were, in general, careless of the longed to the crown, which, for time immemorial
i/ishes of the women, and never sought opportu- has nad the nominal office of steward of the Chil
liities of obliffing them, nor seemed to take any tern Hundreds, by the acceptance of which a
pleasure in n^mg useful on trivial occasions, commoner vacates his seat injparliament.
This habitual inattention on the part of the young CkUvers CoUm, a village in Warwickshire, ^ng-
men, rendered the women, in some degree, dis- landMsontiguous to Nuneaton, {which su.) Pop.
trustful of the civility with which strangers, as a in 1821, 2,169.
matter of course, treated them ; and, at first, we CAtmay, a town of the Netherlands, in the fbr-
often observed a look of embarrassment and estof Thieraiche. Near it are mines of iron, with
doubt, when we paid them the most ordinary at- founderies and forges. It is seated near the
tention. French frontier, 12 m. N. W. of Rocroy.
C/uUf p.t Munroe Co. N. T. 241 m. W. Alba- Chimborazo, commonly esteemed tne highest
ny . Pop. 2/)10. peak of the Andes, is in the province of Quito, Col-
ChiUuif a lake in the Deccan of Hindoostan, ombia ; lat. 1. 50. S. On the 23d of June, 1797,
which bounds the five Circars on the north. It this mountain was ascended, by the Prussian trav-
CHI 196 ch;
eller, Huittboldi, to the heig^ht of 19,900 feet above made great pvo^peM in the arts of aocuJ life,
the level of the iea, when a chasm several hnn- but of the origm of the community, nothing
dred feet wide prevented the summit beinor attain- satisfactory is at present known ; fi>r although
ed ; the extreme altitude of which is 21,440 feet, their records appear to have been preserved with
At the height attained, the cold was intense, and great care, the peculiaritv, and formerly supposed
respiration rendered difficult by the extreme te- difficulty of acquiring aknowledjze of the written
nmtvof thcair. The peak is about 100 m. N. N. characters of their language (Being symbolic)
£. or Guayaquil, and presents a most magnificent together with the peculiarly jealous character of
spectacle for many leagues out at sea in the Pa- the people, had antecedent to the close of the
eifio Ocean. 18th century, precluded Europeans from obtain-
Chinieraf a town of European Turkey, in AI- iug any correct knowledgje either of the past or
bania, with a fort, seated on a rock, at the entrance present extent and condition of the people. In
of the Adriatic, 24 miles S. of Avlona. the absence of all authentic, and correct data
China, an empire of Asia, extending from the on the subject, numerous, vague, and exag^r
lat. of 21. 30. to 41. N. and from 98. to 122. of ated statements, relating alike to their anti,qmty
fi. long, mving an extreme length of about 1,400 and extent of numbers, obtained current belief
miles, and about the same number in an extreme in Europe ; but since the commencement of the
breadth; but its boundaries being somewhat ir- 19th century , the supposed diffioultv of acquiring
regular if resolved into a square, it would comprise a knowledge of their language has proved er-
about 15 1-2 degrees of lat. between 22. 30. and 38. roneous, and the details of the several local di-
N.andlSdegreesoflong. between 102. and 120. E. visions and institutions of the county are be-
thereby |[iving a superficial area of about 1,200,000 coming every year more extensively and accu-
square miles, or more than 20 times the extent of ratelv Known.
Kngland and Wales, exclusive of the eastern Of their origin, the roost rational supposition,
provinces of Leaotong and the Corea, and the is, that about 4,000 years before the Christian era,
vast territory of Tartary on the north, (each of the Chinese were among the first portion of the
which see, under their respective heads). The wandering tribes spread over the northern hem-
aoove limits, comprise what may be considered isphere, mspersed from some of the populous dis-
ss constituting China Proper f wnich has about tnots of that time, who formed themselves into
1,700 miles of sea coast, on the S. S. E. and E. a social oommunity; whilst an examination of
from the long, of 108. E. in the lat. of 21. 30. N. the localities and natural advantages of the ter-
to the long, of 120. E. in the lat. of 40. N. or riioxj of China Proper, as well with reference to
from the Gulf of Tonquin to the Gulf of Leao- the natural fertility of its soil, as the variety and
tong. The N. and N. £. part of China Proper is adaptation to the wants of a social oommunity,
bounded by a wall, which divides it from Mongul of its indigenous productions, will sufficiently ac-
Tartary, and the west by Kokonor and Sitan, countiiar the numerical extent and peculiarity
provinces of Thibet, at present but little known ; of manners of its population. By the writings of
and the S. W. province of Yun nen, borders on Confucius (the only Chinese that appears to have
the Briman Empire, and the territory of Tonquin obtained immortality among them) who flourish-
or Tonkin. Every part of this extensive territo- ed 520 years before our era, China had then at^
ij appears to be intersected by streams of water, tained nearlv, if not quite as high a degree of
falling into two grand rivers, both rising in Thi- sociality and refinement as prevails there at the
bet, and falling into the sea, one in the lat. of 31. 30. present time. In the 15th century, China Proper
and the other in lat. 34. N. the most northerly may be considered as having been subjected to
of these is called the Hoang-ho or Great Yellow the arms of the Mongul Tartar chief Genghis
River, and the other the Kiang-keou, or the Khan, who subverted me ruling power, and es-
Great River, (each of which see, under their res- tablished a Tartar dynasty in tne government of
pective heads). There are also several lakes in China ; but notwithstanding this change in the
the interior ; two, south of the Kiang-keou, called government instead of the territorjr of China yield-
Tong-toxig and Poyang ; each contains about 300 ing itself up as a dependent province of Tartary,
square miles of sur&ce, and in the latter are sev- the superior fertility of China brought Tartary
eral islands. The coast also, from the Gulf of into its subservience } theieby reversing the usual
Tonkin to the mouth of the Great River, is result of conquest, and the conqiaeiors became the
flanked by a chain of small islands; and, as fi>r- dependents. Thedynssty of GenghUi gradually de»
ming an mtegral part of China Proper^ are the clined in influence, until it became entirely sup-
the islands <» Hiunan Fbrmosa ; the former at planted again by one of Chinese origin, which
the south extremity of the empire, intersected by ruled unmstorbed until the commencement of the
the lines of 19. N. lat. and 113. of £. long., and 17th century, when a host of Manchoo Tartars
the other, intersected by the line of the Tropic firom the N. £. part of Asia poured down their
of Cancer, and the 121st of £. long. ; and the de- arms and the ruling power in China was again sub-
pendent islands, are the Loo Cheo Group, the verted, but with tne same result to the country
principal of which is about 150 miles in length, as in the former instance, the resolution having
fW>m north to south, and 30 to 40 in breadth, in only extended itself to the central government,
the long, of 129. £. and the lat. of 26. N. Be- and the substitution of a Tartarian, for a Chi-
tween uiese and Formosa is another group 30 or nese sovereign. Manchoo like Mongul became
40 in number, nearly all of which are inhabited, a dependent province on China; and amid the
Mountain ridges, run in various directions ov^r various changes which have taken place in the
nearly every part of China Proper: but the«e ruling pewer, no material alteration appean to
are none remarkable fov their altitude ; and, in have oeen effected in the character, habits, or
and aggregate sense, it may be considered a lev- manners of the people.
el, ramr uian a monntainous country. ^ According to an account famished by an intel-
Of all the communities at present existing, Bgent native of China to the agents of tne English
that of China is unquestionably the most ancient, East4ndia 0>mpruiy, in Canton, in 1823, the terri-
and, from a very early period it had obviously tory of China Pnser was then divided into 19 eivU
UHl IH
mi militarf Jnrixlictions. Notwilhdanding all <
the maffniwd impresiionv which b^ve heretofbra
prevailed, in reference to the Bnppoacd populon*-
nesi of Chioa, relatively to the extent of tenitorj
in the two cauntries, its population ia but bttl«
more than half that of England and Wales ; and,
although the □umcrical militarT fbice of China ii
lepresented aieieeediDgl,200,000 men, the Blalfl
tevenueE i*itl be seen relatively not to unonat
tolOOthpait of those of England. Yet, not with-
standing the abject and servile condition to which
centurie* of severe rules have subjected them, the
Chinese are, in general, a cbeemil people; in-
deed, every thing relalina to and connected with
China, in comparimn wiQi the commnnitiea and
iiutitalions ofTIurope, seema anamalout. With
a soil of more than orainar; fertility, in which all
the fruits and vegetable productions common to
Europe flourish, and which abounds in a variety
inestimably valuable peculiar to itaelf, aad a peo-
ple proverbiallv and really indastrioiu,fkminc fre-
quently preTails eitensively. To unfold, howev-
er, these mysteries belongs mote to the philoBO-
pber than to the geographer.
In some of the provinces of China, part of the
exactions for the support of the government are
levied in kind, ingrain and rice. This fact, whilst
it serves to ehow somewhat the nature of the soil
in the respective provineee, leads to the consider-
ation of a feature in the policy of China peculisr
at this time to itself but which appears in past
times to have been acted upon in Egypt and in
Hume; via. that of storing np grain to meet the
exigences of occasional dearth. The average stock
maintained in China for this purpose is about
X.OOO.OM of Sid, equal lo about S,000.000 ofEn-
Slish tons, in the proportion of one-sixth rice, and
le remainder in grain, chiefly maize and wheat ;
and although this quantity ia not more than equal
to two mouth's subsistence for the asgregate pop-
ulation, yet, when it is considered that China
>er extends through 20 degrees of latitude,
^... .iy within thetropicof Cancer, and 25 degrees
of longitude, in which extensive range it is not
likely that a scarcity would at moat pervade more
than one-6fUi part, if so much, at one time, it is
probable that the quantity in question has proved,
by the experience of oentniies, adequate la its
proposed object ; and it is unquestionably a mea-
■Die, if duly regulated, worthy the adoption of
every social community.
As there is scarcely a town or even a village
in China which hu not the advantage either of
mon that almost as many people live on the wa-
ter as on land. The great canal fans &om north
to south, &am theci^ of Canton to the extremi-
ty of the empire ; and by it all kinds of foreign
merchandiie entered at that citv are conveyed
Pekin, a distance of 625 miles. This
inal fs about SO &et wide, passes through or
lar 41 large cities, anil has 75 large stuioes to
>ep up Ute water, bendes several thousand
idges. China owe* a great part of her riches
these numerous canals, which are cnt through
■nd swallow their
r each bird ha*, in
gianato, and the vine in great variety, are the
iM-tse, a kind of fig; the G-tchi, of the siie of a
dalE, its stone coveied with a sofl jniey pulp, of
an exquisite taste, but dangerous when ealen lo
excess ; the long yen, or dragonaeye, its pulp
white, tart, and juicy, not so agreeable to tl^
taste, but more wholesome than the li-tchi. Of
esculent plants they have an infinity unknown to
Europe. They cultivate also the bottom of their
waters ; the beds of their lakes, ponds, and rivu-
lets, producing crops unknown to us, particularly
of the pilsi, or water chestnut, the fruit of which
(found in a cover formed by its rootj is exceed-
ingly wholesome, and of a very delicate taste. —
Among the tieee peculiar to China are the tallow-
tree, the fruit of which is white, of the siie of s
small walnut, and the pulp has the properties ot
tallow ; the wax-tree producing a kind of white
wax, almoatequal to that made by bees; the tai-
chu, or varnish tree, which produces the admira-
ble Chineae varnish ; the tie-lv-mon, or iron wood,
the wood of which is so hard and heavy that it
sinks in the water, and the anchor* of the Chi-
nese ahipB are made of it; the camphite-tree ;
the bamboo reeds, whichgrow to the height and
size of a large tree; and, besides being used as na-
tural pipes to convey water, are employed for
numberless other purposes ; the tea-plant, whoso
leaves and flowers are of the fbllowing shape
le (rain up for the pnrpoea
nf fishing. Thev tie a leather thong round the
lower part of their necks that they may not
swallow (he fish they catch, and then throw the
cormorants into the river. The bird* dive under
water and pursue tha fish, and when they have
also cotton, bete],
shrubs, Sowers, herbs,
exceedingly
bestinndlej
tobacco; the flowering
and medicinal plants, are
I. The lea plant grow*
the banks of iivera, or tlw
CHI 197 CHI
•lopei of mountains facing the Sooth. In 7 yean manufacture. In UIm manner, tlie dramatic re
it grows to the height of a man's head, when it is presentations are all of a family nature. The
cat down and a new crop of shoots spring forth, performers consisting of strolling companies, who /
The leaves are picked one by one. They are engage themselves for an evening to any one who
steamed over boiling water and then dried by the can imbrd to pay them. Connected with the ques-
dte. tion ot religion, (according to the notions of the
In the mountains and forests sue wild animals English) the civil policy of China tolerates polyga-
of every species; but that valuable quadruped, my. It appears^ however not to be so extensively
the muskdeer, is peculiar to this country. Gola induleed m, as m other parts of Asia and Africa,
and silver are said to be common in several parts BuriuiB are not permitted in cities or towns, and
of the empire; but the working of the mines is their sepulchres are commonly on barren hills and
interdicted, to prevent, y is pretended^ the pro- mountams. They pretend to have a gieat vene-
duce leading to a derangement of their general ration for their ancestors ; and some keep images
system of policy. The mountains, also, chiefly of them in their houses, to which they pay a sort
in the north and west parts of the empire, contain of adoration. They have laws which regulate the
mines of iron, tntenag, copper, and t^oicksilverj as civilities and eeremontous salutations they pay to
well as quarries of marble, coal, lapis lazuli, jaj»> each other, for which reason they always appear
per, rock crystals, granite, and a kind oTsonorous to be extremely good-natured, whilst lov cun-
stones, of which musical instruments are com- ninf and deceit are their ruling passions; and yet,
posed ; and here is potters' earth, of such van- whue infanticide is not unfiequent smon^ them,
ous and superior kinds that the fine porcelain of the;^ are not destitute of social affections m their
China is unrivalled. The number of domestic fimiilies.
animals appears to be very limited, and animal In person, the complexion of the Chinese is a
food, though not interdicted either ficom state or sort <« tawny ; they have large foreheads, small
reli|nous scruples, as is the case over a great pari eyes, short noses, large cars, long beards, and
<^ Hindoostaa, is very uncommon. black hair ; and tnose are thought to be the most
The manufactures of China embrace every poe- handsome who are the most bulkv. The women
siUe commodity to gnitify artificial wante ; and aflfect a great deal of modesty, ana are remarkable
their fabrics in porcelain, silk, and paper more es* for their little feet The men endeavour to make
pecially, cannot be surpassed ; nor is their carv- a pompous appearance when they ffo abroad ; and
ing in ivory, and other works of fancy, eoualled yet their houses are mean and k>w, consisting
in any other part of the world ; but in all tnat re- only of a mund floor. For a more ample eluci-
quires skill, combined with superior physical pow* dation of ue nature and character of the general
er, they are inferior to the least settled parte of government, language, literature, &c. of China,
Europe. Ignorant of the laws of geometry^ as see Pekin ; for further particulars respeqtinf the
well as of the laws of nature, their fortifications Great Wall,. «e« Petche-U ; of the Grand (^al,
^ defence, tiieir habitetions, public edifices, and see Hthonff-ko ; of the public monumente, and in-
monumente, in which a display of taste has been temal traffic of China, see JVan/n'n; of the nature
aimed at, are ridiculously fantastic ; and when and extent of ite external commerce, see Canton
solidity has been the object, exceedingly clumsy ; and Kiaekta, In conclusion here, it may be said,
hence the water oommunioatitm between tne in point of aggregate eiBcieney, or in afibrding
northern and southern parte of the empire, which greneral examples of social policy worthy of imite-
Oaiettoers have adorned with the designation of tion, China is inferior to ths least important stete
(Trofuf, and as surpassing any thing of the kind of Europe ; whilst the extent and grandeur of ite
in the world, is a mere connection of natural natural features, the diversity, beauty, and inter-
streams displaying no evidence of genius or skill est of ite productions, both natural ana artificial ,
beyond that or finding the nearest level whereby and the superlative excellence of many of ite
to eflect the union. The only work of art con- fkhrics, botn of utility and ornament, render
nected with China having the least claim to ad- research and development in the detuls of all
miration is the Ghreat Wau, which separates the these characteristics, an object in the highest de-
N. and the N. W. parte of China Proper firom gree desirable, which it is sincerely hoped will
Mongul Tartary, which was probably not the now very soon be attained,
work of the Chinese, but of the Tartars them- dtiia, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pot. 2,234.
selves, soon after the conquest of Gencfais Khan; Also a p.t Genesee Co. N. T. Pop. 2,^7.
but the acconnte hitherto obtained of the period of CAtnoMcMr, a town of Pegu, situate in th«
Ite erection are too imperfect to justify any poai- marshes of the Irrawaddy, south of Rangoon,
^ve conclusion on the subject. dtnapaJa&ram, a town of the Mysore, o6 m. N.
The most singular characteristic in the civil of Bangalore.
poUcy of China is the total absence of all state Chmapaimmfit CAomMtmit, another town of the
religion and priest-craft, which are supposed to Mysore, about 40 m. £. S. £. of Serinfapatam.
have been subverted for the two-lbld purpose of CAnialiUa, a town of Spain, In Murcia, 37 m.
preventing a priesthood from sharing in the influ- west of Alnumn, and 67 N. N. W. of Murcia.
ence of the government, and the people from con- Pop. about 6/)00.
gregating in too kise numbsn ; and the latter Ckmrdd. See QniMieiur.
notion seems also to have precluded the toleration Cfttnglspitf, a town of ue Camatic, near the
of public theatres. Both reliffious worship and sea-coast, about 40 m. S. of Madras.
Aamatie represenations are, Aowever, umversal dtnacftm, or Clesiifdbnk the chief town of the
throughout the empire; of the former, 9(ferj distiietof Jenilah, in me N. W. part of Nepaul,
house has ite own altar and collection of cods ; at the foot of the Himmikh Mountains,
the form and number of which are generaUy in Gun hutioj a general aaae comprising that
proportion to the taste of the heaa of the nun- part oCsouthem Asia situated between Hindoos-
ily to select, and of his ability to purchase ; hence tan and China. It contains the Birman Empire,
thriT religious worship may be said to resolve it- Tonquin, Cochin China, Cambodia, Laos, Siam
self into one of their most extensive hiaiwhee e^ sbA Ike pstthMada ef MsJaeea. It is ofien called
b9
CHI 196 CHM
the Penintula beyond the Ganges. The name tion of the Tnrkiah fleet by th<^ UuMians in 1770,
c»f Chin India was first applied to this region by It exports large quantities of raisins, and is 40 m.
Malte Bran. See the seyeral divisions unaer tlie W. of Smyrna. Long. 96. 16. £. lat. 38. S4. N.
head above named. ChiswUk^ a village in Middlesex, Eng. on the
Chmon^ a town of France, in the department of Thames,' 7 m. W. l>y S. of St. Paul's, Xondon.
Indre and Loire, with a strong castle ,in which Hen- Here is a celebrated villa of the duke of Devon
ry II. of England expired. Chinon is the birth-place shire; and in the church-yard is a monument of
of Rabelais and of Quillet. It is seated on the Hogarth. Pop. in 1821, 4,^236.
Vienne, 10 m. N. of Richelieu, and 150 S. W. of CAitorc, the chief town of a district of the same
Paris. It has some manutVstures, and contains name, in the province of Ajimexe, about 100 m.
about 5,500 inhabitants. S. by W. of the city of Ajimere.
CAtiutcra, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, CAitMor, a considerable town of Guzerat, about
with a fortress, seated on the Hoogly^ 17 m. N. 90 m. N. £. Mangalore, <m the shore of the A r»-
of Calcutta. It was formerly the principal settle- bian sea. It has extensive manufactures of
ment of the Dutch in Bengal. ehintxes.
CAiny, a town of the Netherlands, in Luxem- Chitro, or Kitro^ a town of European Turkey,
burg, on the river Semoy, 40 m. W. by N. of in Macedonia, on the west shore, near the head oi
Laxemburg. the Bay of Salonichi. Here the mother, wife, and
CAiovrUe, a town of Euronean Turkey, in Ro- son of Alexander were murdered by Caasander
mania, the see of a Greek bishop, seated on It is 96 m. S. S. E. of Edessa.
a river of the same name, 47 m. W. N. W. of CkiUagang^ a province of Asia, lying between
Constantinople. the Bar of Bengal and Arracan. It was conquered
CkMxxa, a town and island of Italy, in the Gulf from Arracan hy Aurungxebe, in 1666, and now
of Venice. Much salt is made here. The town belongs to the &iglish East India Company. Isla-
is built on piles, and has a harbour, defended by a mabad is the chief town, wAicA see,
fort, 18 m. 8. of Venice. This island contains ChiUddroog, or CkaUrakalj a strong fort and
about 20,000 inhabitants. town of Hindoostan, capital of theN. E. district
CA^nofia, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, situ- of Mysore. The plainof Chitteldroogis 10 miles
ate on a rock, near the sea, 5 m. W. S. W. of St. long and four brMd, surrounded by rocky hills,
Lucar de Barrameda. on one of which stands the fort. Tne townform-
Chipptnhamj a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. It erly occupied a great portion of the plain, and is
has three establishments for the manufacture of stifl a considerable place but now connned entirely
fine woolen cloth. It is seated on the Lower within the walls, which are near the foot of the
Avon, over which is a bridge, 21 m. E. of rock. Hyder, who obtained possession of this
Bristol, and 93 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, place by treacheiy, strengthened the walls; and
3,200. other works have been since added, so as to render
Chippeway townships in Beaver Co. Pa. and it totally impregnable against any neighbouring
Mayne Co. Ohio. power. Since uie final defeat of TippoS,in 1799,
Chivpeway^K Tvrer falling into the Mississippi, it belongs to the rajah of the Mysore; and the
finom tne N. £. about 70 m. below the falls of St. Ex^lish keep a garrison here. It is 48 m. N. W.
Anthony. It has its source near one ot the rivers of Sera, and 117^. by W. of Seringapatam.
fkiling into the west end of Lake Superior. Also ChUtenden^ a county of Vermont, bounded on
a creek of Upper Canada falling into Niagara the W. /or about 38 m. by Lake Champlain,
river above the cataract. A village of the same between the lat. of 44. and 45. N. It is about 18
name stands at the mouth of the creek, and here m. in mean breadth, and is divided into 24 town-
was fought a battle between the Americans and ships. Pop. 21,775. Burlington, is the chief
British, July 5, 1814. town.
CMppmgy a Saxon word, signifying market or CkUUnden^ t Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 610.
fair, precedes, in all formal proceeding, the name CAtttaiAom, t. Montgomeiy Co. Pa.
of several towns in England, such as those of ■ ChitUmngo Creekf a stream in Onondaga Coun-
Bamet, Norton, Ongar, &c. d^. ; but the prefix ty^ New York, having in the course of about 10
is now fallen into disuse, in common parlance, miles, a fall or 80 feet, into Oneida Lake,
except in the case of Chijrping Jforton, which is a Ckitde, or ChitUrdroog^ a fortress, and consid-
neat town in Oxfordshire. The church is an erable town of the Mysore, about 120 m. N. by
elegant structure of gothic architecture. It is 73 W. of Seringapatam.
m. w. N. W. of London, on the road to Wor- CActt^re, a town of Hindoostan, in the Camatic,
oester. 28 m. N. W. of Arcot, and 70 west of Madras.
Chirequif a town of Veragua^ on a river of the CAsnu, or CAt«az«», a fortified town of Pied-
same name, 12 miles north or its mouth, in the mont, on the river Po, 12 m. N. N. E. of Turiia.
Pa;,ific Ocean. Long. 83. 28. W. lat. 8. 30. Pop. about 5,G00.
N. CAtttM, a s<mng town of Italy, in the Veron-
CAtrA, a vUIage of Wales, in Denbighshire, on ese, on the ea«t bank of the Adige, in a narrow
the top of a hill, near Wrexham. It haid formerly pass, 14 m. N. N. W. of Verona. Also of anoth-
two castles, one of which seems to have been a er town in Piedmont, a^ut 10 m. S. E. of Coni.
magnificent structure. In the vicinity, the Elles- Pop. about 6,000.
mere Canal is carried over the vale and river CAtiui, a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
Ceiriogby a magnificent aqueduct. Pop. in 1821, on the river Chiano, 35 m. S. E. of Sienna.
1,458. Cktulafay or Kutaiek.ti town of Asiatic Tur-
Ckisme, a seaport of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, key, capital of Natolia Proper. Here are several
en the strait that parts the continent from the mosques, and three Armenian churches ; and in
Isle of Scio. It was anciently called Cysns, was the vicinity are some warm baths. It stands at the
celebrated for the great victoiy which the Romans foot of a mountain, near the river Pursak, 75 m.
S lined here over the fleet of Antiochus, in 191 S. E of Bursa. Long. 90. 47. E. lat. 39. 16. N.
. C.| and has been distinguished by the dsstme- Ckmielmik, a town m Poland, in Podolia, on an
CHO 199 CHR
There is a town named BaenaTentara, at the west by tne Great Salt Desert, Mazenderan, and
mouth of a river, falling into this bay, in the lat. the Caspian Sea^ north by the Bay of Balkan,
of 3. 50. N. and the Desert of Katakom; N. £. by the main
Choeo^ is also the name of a district in Colom- branch of the Gihon Amu, or Ozns River, which
bisj lying between the two first western ridges of divides it from Great Bucharia, east by the terri-
the Andes, between the 6th and 8th degrees of tory of Balk ; S. E. by the Lake Zeresh, or Dur-
N. lat Tne river Atrato intersects this district ra, which divides it from Segistan, and the ez-
from south to north, falling into the Gulf of tierae south, projects ^pon the Desert of Kerman '
Darien ; the head waters of this river were uni- A rid^ of the Graur Mountuns intersects the
ted in 1788 by the Canal de Raspadura^ with the east side of the province, from south to north ;
river St. Juan, falling into the Pacinc Ocean and east of this ridge is the Magrab River, which
about 20 m. N. W. of Buenaventura. falls into the Ozus at Amol. Another river, with
ChocomUf t. Susquehanna, Co. Pa. several tributary streams, rises near Herat, in the
CkoetatoSf or FUU Heads, a tribe of Indians in S. £. comer of the province, and runs in a N. W.
tue State t>f Mississippi and Alabama. They are direction into the a^ of Balkan. M eshid, in the
about 20,000 in number, and possess a fertile soil latitude of 37. 35. If. and 57. 15. £. long, is the
producing cotton which they manufacture into capital of the province ; the other chief towns artt
cloth for their own use. Within a few years Herat, Badkis, Zenzau, Abiverd, dsc.
their condition has been much improved, and the CkorUy, a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is seat
state of agriculture among them is (^nite respect- ed on the line of the Liverpool, Lancaster, and
able. They have missionary stations in their tern- Leeds canal, 22 m. N. W . of^ Manchester, on the
tory at Eluot, Emmaus, Goshen, Hebron, May- road to Preston, from which it is distant 9 miles.
hew and other places. Chorley participates largely in that great business
Chocxim, a town and fortress of Moldavia, for which Lancashire is so celebrated, viz. the cot*
situate on the south bank of the Dneister, 110 m. ton manufacture. In 1825, there were four large
N. N. W. of Jassy, and 15 S. W. of Kamienic. establishments for spinning, upwards of twenty
in Podolia. Chocsim was the scene of repeatea for weaving (cliiefly muslins,) siz for printing of
conflicts between the Turks and Poles, auring calicoes, with a proporuonace number for dyemgi
the integrity of Poland, and since its dissolution bleaching, reed-malucg, J'cc. In the neignbour*
between the Turks and Russians, till it was finally hood are quarries of ashlar, flag, and millstone ;
ceded to the latter power in 1812 uid it is now and mines of coal, lead, and alum, and also car-
included in the government of Podolia. bonate of barytes. It holds four fairs annually.
Choigadj a town of France, in the department The popuUtion in 1801, 4,516 ; and in 1621, 7,315,
of Upper Marne, 12 m. N. E. of Langres. *^* There are siz villages in different parts of
CkMety a town of France, in the department of England named CkorlUm, all inconsiderable.
Mayenne and Loire, with a casUe, 27 m. S. S. W. ChouU, a town of Hindoostan, on the coast of
of Anffers. Pop. about 4,800. Concan, with a harbour for small vessels, which
Ckdm, or Kolnif a town of Russia, in the gov- is fortified. It is 24 m. S. of Bombay,
emment of Pskov, on the river Lovat, 180 m. S. Cftmcon, a county of North Carolina, contaia-
of Petersburg. ing about 100 souare miles, bounded on the east
Cholmogor. or Kdmogor, a town in the ffovem- by the Chowan River, at its influz into Albemarle
ment of Archangel, situate on an island in the »>und. Pop: 6,G88. Edenton is the chief town,
river Dwina, 30 m. S. of the city of Archangel. Cknstbwgj a town of West Prussia, with a
CAodiia, a city of Mezico. in the intendancy of casUe on a hill, situate on the Sorge, 15 m. S. E.
Paebla, and iJK>ut seven miles west of the city of of Marienburff.
Puebla. Previous to the irruption of the Span- CkrisUhMrA, a borongh in Hampshire, Eng.
iards into Mezico, Chdula was the seat of gov- with considerable trade in knit silk stockings and
emment of an independent state^ which, in con- watch-strinn. It returns two members to par*
Junotion with three other adjoining republics, liament. Here are the remains of a casUe and a
bad resisted the authority of the Mezicans for priory ; and the churoh is a largo and interesting
several centuries. Cortes halted at Cholula^ on structure. It is seated on the Little Avon, oppo*
Itis way to the city oS Mezico, in 1519, at wnich site the influz of the Stour, about half a mile
time it contained about 200,000 inhabitants, who above the entrance of the united stream into the
carried on eztensive manufactures of cotton British Channel, S5 m. S. of Salisbury, and 100
cloths, jewelry, and earthenware. It was also S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 4^644.
the chief place of religious resort in all Mezico. Chrisdan, a western county cf Kentucky, the
having a temple in the shape of a pyramid, or south end of which borden on Tennessee. It is
Eat eztent and magnificence ; it had also, at watered by several streams, which, after being
t time, not less than 400 other places of wor- united into one, run west into Cumberland River,
ship. Cholula is now, comparatively, an incon- Pop. 12,694. HopkinsviUe, in the centre of the
siderable place, having only about lo,000 inhab- county, is the chief town,
itants, being eclipsed in splendour and importance Cknttianj a township of Lawrence Co. Arkan-
by Puebla. saw.
Chonady or CMonad, an episcopal town of Hun- Omttuma, a town of Delaware, in Newcastle
gary, and capital of a county ot the same name, county. It stands on a navigable eieek of its
It is seated on the south bank of the north branch name, 4 m. S. W. of Newcastle,
of the Marosch River, ^ miles above its entrance ChriBdaMAurgf a town of Virginia, chief of
into the Theiss, at Zesedin. Montgomery county, situate on tlM west side of
CAtptenJe, a river of Delaware and Maryland, the Alleghaxiy Mountains, near a Iwanoh of tht
flowing into the Chesapeak Bay. Kanahwa, 170 m W. S. W. of Richmond. Long.
Charassan, or Kkofuon^ a province of Persia, 80. 50. W. lat. 37. 5. N.
CHR 900 CHU
' Chrisiuttihttrg^ a fori of Guinea, on the Gold MeBy wild fowl. Long. 70. 3. W. lat 55. 89. 8
Coast, rabjeet to the Danee. Long. 1. 55. E. lat. Ckristapke de Lanma, St. the capital of the id
4. 10. N. and of Tenerifie. Here the courts of justice aje
Christiatui^§Uef p.t. Mecklenburg Co. Va. held, and the governor has a palace ; but he com-
Chru^ttttfdd, a town of Denmark, in Uie duchy monlj resides at St. Cruz. It stands on an em-
ofSleswickybmlt by a society of Moravians, un- inence, in an extensiTO fertile plain, and hat
der the protection of Christian VII. All articles several fountains supplied with water firom the
manufactured here are of excellent quality. It is neighbouring heights by an aqueduct. The lake,
8 m. N. of Hadersleben. from which it has been supposed to take its name,
CAmtumia, the capital of Norway, and an eps- is now a veiy inconsiderable piece of water,
copal see, in the ffovemment of Affgerhuys, ntn- Lonff. 16. 11. W. lat. 29. 29. N.
ate at the extremity of a fertile yaUey, fornnng a cSriaUfphoTj St. or St. ITttts, one of the Leeward
semicircular bend along the shore of the Bay of Islands, in the West Indies^ 60 m. W. of Anti-
Bioming. which forms the north extremity of gua^ the N. W. end being divided by a narrow
the Guff of Christiania. It is divided into the strait from the small island of Nevis. It wasfor-
city, the suburbs of Waterlandt, Peterwigen. and merly inhabited by the French and Englirii ; but,
plan in the following year. It is 15 miles long
deugned by himself. The streets are carried at broad, with high mountains in the middle, whence
right angles to each other, and tmifermly 40 ftet rivulets flow. Between the mountains are dread-
broad. It covers a considerable extent or ground, fbl roeks, horrid precipiees, and thick woods;
but has not more than 10,000 inhabitants. Tlie and in the S. W. parts, hot sulphurous springs al
castle of Aggerhuys is built on a rocky eminence the Iboi of them. Basseterre is the capital.
on the west side of the bay, at a small distance Ckriatinf, a town of Bohemia, in the north part
from the ei^. Opeloe Was the sits of the old of the cirolo of Bunslau, 6 m. 8. 8. E. ftoni
city, burnt m IGSSl; it contains the episcopal Krottau.
pum. Christiania has an excellent harbour, Ckmhtrgy a town of Austrian Poland, in the
and ito principal exporto are tar, eou», iron, cop- palatinate <« Sandomin, 52 m. W. of Sandomirs.
der, deals and alum. It is 90 mites from the Ckrudim^ a town of Bohemia, capital of a oirole
open sea, and 290 N. by W. of Copenhagen, of the same name, which is remarkable Ibr a
Long. 10. 50. £. lat. 59. 50. N. neat number of fish ponds, and an excellent
cSnMtianopel, a strong seaoort of Sweden, in breed of horses. It stands on the river Chru-
Blekingen, seated on the Baltic, 13 m. N. £. of dinka, 10 miles above ito entrance into the Elbe,
Carlacrona. Long. 15. 47. E. lat 5G. 26. N. 46 m. E. S. E. of Prague.
CkristuMsandf a seaport of Norway, capital of Cftucvito, a town of Peru, in the diocese of
a province of the same name, which is fkmous fbr Paz, on the west side of Lake Titicaca, called also
iron mines. It is seated at the mouth of the the Lake of Chucuito, 130 m. N. W. of Pax.
Torrisdals, on the north shore of the Scagerack Long. 70. 26. W. lat. 16. 20. S.
opposite the isle of Fleckeren, 110 m. E. S. £. of CiudUigh, a town in Devonshire, Eng. The
Stavanger, and 120 S. S. W. of Christiania. neighbouniood is famous for ito cider, and for a
Long. o. 40. E. lat. 58. 25. N. stupendous rock of bluish limestone, called Chud-
cXristUauttuUf a fortified town of Sweden, in leigh marble, in which b a large cavern. This
Blekingen, built by Christian IV. of Dexunark, town was almost destroved by fire in 1807. It is
when the country was in the power or that seated near the Teign, 9 m. S. W. of Exeter, and
erown. The chief trade is in alum, pitch, and 185 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,059.
tar ; and it has manu&etnres of cloth and silken Oktyaiiferuu, a town of Hindoostan, in tiie
stuflb. The town u seated in a marshy plain, on province of Cabul, on a river of the same name,
the river Helfle-a^whtch is navigable cmly for 80 m. B. of Cabul. Long. 70. 8. E. lat. 34. 56. N.
small craft. 57in. W. by S. of Carlacrona. Long. Ckuhotskya, or Tekonkehif a province of Siberia,
14. 10. E. lat. 56. 25. N. and the most easterly of the dominions of Russia.
Oiriatuuutmdt, a assort of Russian Finland, at It extends firom 156. to 197. £. long, and fkom 68l
the mouth of a river, on the Oulf of Bothnia, to 73. N. lat. and is separated from America by
155 m. N. by W. of Abo. Long. 21. 28. E. lat. Behring's Straits.
68. 40. N. CkudnUmgh^ a town in Devonshire. Eng. en the
Ckriatiarngmmd, a town of Norway, in the island river Taw, flowing into the Bristol channel, 21
of Fossen, with a eommodions haraour and wharf, m. N. W. of Exeter, and 194 W. by 8. of London.
The chief trade is in timber. It is 36 m. W. 8. Pop. in 1821, 1,506.
W <^Drontheim. CfttuR^ut, a considerable river of Hindoostan,
C&rtsCnMfcsm, a town of Sweden, in Werme- rising near Ougein, in Kalwa, and afler a wind-
land, at the east end of the lake Wenner, 30 m. ing course of about 400 miles, falls into the Jum-
8. E. of Ottktadt. n^, about 90 m. below Agra.
Ckriatmi^ St. the principal of the islands called Ckunar, a fortress of Hmdoostan in Allahabad.
Marquesas. See Marquemu. boilt on a rock, fortified all around by a wall and
CkristmmhUmd^Bik island in the Paoifie Ocean, towen. It was unsuccessfully attempted by the
so named by Cook, who first landed here on English in 1764; but in 1779. it was oeded to
Christmas di^, 1777. It is 45 miles in eireum- them by the Nabob of Oode. It is seated on the
ibrenoe, mkibabited, and destitute of fresh wa- south oank of the Ganges, 15 m. 8. of Benars,
tor ', but has abundaase of fine turtle. Long. 157. and 140 W. by 8. of Patna^
30. W. lat. 1. 69. N. ClliiiMMi6, a river of Asia, the chief of the Are
CkmtmMM Smnd, a bay en the santh coast of eastern branches of the Indus. It rises in the
l\Brra del Vrnta^^ so nmned by Cook, who passed Thibetian Mountains, runs through Cdshmere ana
hem Ibe 25th Meeosber, 177^4. The country is joins the Indus 20 miles below Monltan. This
barren, and the refreshments to be got here are river is the Acesines of Alexander
ciN 901 cm
Chung'ldnfff^ city of China of the fint nnk, California. The Aboriffines in this province
tn the province of Setchuen ; it is beautifally sit- are robust and warlike, and were with oifficulty
nated on a monntain, in the fork of a river which brought to submit to the Spaniards, about the year
runs from north to south, into the Kianff-kon 1771. This province produces- abundance of
Ckun-mngy another city of China, of the first maize, legumes, firuits, and cotton, and abounds in
rank, in the nrovince of Tun-nen. Chun-ning the richest gold mines. The town is seated on a
may be considered the frontier city of China on river of the same name, and contuns about 9,500
the side of the Birman empire } it is seated on a inhabitants. Long. 100. 35. W. lat. 26. 15. N.
stream, which falls into the Kiou-long, or Great Cmdnnati, the largest town of the state of Ohio,
River of Cambodia, and is onlv a few miles distant and the capital of Hamilton County. It is seated
from another stream, which falls into theMaygue, on the north bank of the Ohio river, about two
or Great River of Siam. It is in lat 34. 47. N. miles below the entrance of the Licking, from
and 100. 15. of E. long. the state of Kentucky, and 20 above the entranoe
Ckum-U^ a city of China, in Pe-teheli, with of the Great Miami, and about 600 above the en
nine cities of the third rank under its jurisdiction, trance of the Ohio into the Mississippi, in the
It is 210 m. S. S. W. of Pekin. . lat. of 39. 7. N. and 7. 30. W. long, of Washing-
Ckuprahj a laree town of Hindoostan, in Bahar, ton city. Cincinnati has increased in population
on the north bank of the Ganges, 9B m. W. N. W. and importance more npidlj^ than any other town
of Patna. in the Union. The population which in 1805 did
ChuqmMoea. See Plaia, not exceed 500, in 1830 amounted to 26,515 with
CAitrAar^ a seaport of Persia, on the coast of indications of still greater increase. Ithasezten-
Mekran ; it is seated on the east shore, near the sive flour and saw-mills, worked by steam, and va-
entrance of a bay, of the same name in the lat of rioos manufactures. It carries on a vexy extensive
25. 16. N. and w). 24. of £. long. traffic with New Orleans, in exchanging the a^-
Churek, there are 30 towns and villages in dif- cultural productions of the state of Omo for tropical
ferent puts of England, the names of which and other foreign articles ; and is the most import-
are preceded by Church, but none that claim any ant city of all tne territory of America west of the
particular notice ; the most considerable ane Alleghany Mountains. It is regularly built in
Church Staunton, in Devonshire, and Stretton, squaresandmany of the structures are handsome,
in Shropshire. It has a college and a medical institution.
Church fUUf <<illages in Queen Anne's, Co. Ma- Oa^fi, a town of Sicilv, in Val di Mazara, in the
ryland and Abbeville Dis. S. C. neighbonrhood of which excellent manna is col-
Churehtavmf p. v. Lancaster Co. Pa. kcted. It is 20 m. west of Palermo.
CkurekviUey p.v. Middlesex Co. Va. Cineu^ town of the Netherlands, in the territo-
Okacsoit, an island on the east coast of China, tj of Liege, 17 m. S. E. of Namur, and 37 S. W. of
with a town called Ting-hai, and a much frequent- Liege,
ed harbour. Long. liS. 30. E. 30. 0. N. Ctnqm PoHs^ certain ports on the south coast
CAttnjton. See Cusistan, of England, opposite F^rance, so called on account
Chiampaj or Tsiomva^ a small kingdom of Asia, of their being five in number, when their first
bounded on the north by Cochin-Chtna, S. E. bv charter was granted by William I. in 1077. These
the China Sea, W. and N. W. by Cambodia. It were Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romnev and
is more elevated than Cambodia, but not so fer- Sandwich ; to which were afKrwards added Win- ^
tile ; having tracts of sand intersected with rocks, chelsea, Seaford, and Rye. The king appointed
The productions are cotton, indi^, and silk. The a constable of Dover castle (who is now called
inhabitants are much employed m fishing. Cape Lord Warden of the Cinque rorts) and invested
St James, at the S. E. extremity of the territo- him with the command of these ports, whose in-
2 is in lat. 10. 18. N. and 107. 10. E. long. ; from habitants had considerable privileges and immu-
is point the coast lies in a direction £. N. E. nities, for which they were to supply the gov-
for about 200 miles. There are two or three small emment with 57 ships, at 40 days notice and to
harboun alone tiie coast, of which Ceeir Bay, pay th^ir crews during 15 days. At that period,
^M>ut 140 m. E. N. £. of Cape St James, is tne the opulent tradenofLondon were styled barons;
most considerable. a pnvilege tiiat was enjoyed likewise by the
CiaeoU, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of merchants of these ports ; each of which at pres-
the northern Circars. It is 150 miles N. £. of Raj- ent returns two memben to parliament, the rep-
amund]^, and 306 E. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long, resentatives being styled barons of the Cinque
84. 8. £. lat. 18. 16. N. Ports. Their other privileges are now become
Cicero f p.t. Onondaga Co. N. T. Pop. 1,806. nominal. See each place under its respective
CkhUf a firontier town of Dalmatia, on a rocky head,
hill, on the west bank of the Narenta. It was Cinmu VUlaa^ a town of Portugal, in Beria, 6
taken from the Turks, by the Venetians, in 1694, m. N. £. of Almeida.
and is 6 m. S. W. of Narenta. Long. 18. 22. E. CiiUegoMUy a town of France, in the depart-
lat. 43. 29. N. ment oAjpper Garonne/>n the fixmtier of Amege,
CUley, a town of Germany, in Stiria, oapital of 17 miles south of Toulouse. Pop. about 3,000.
a circle of the same name. It has a considerable Cifitra, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, situ-
trade in merchandize going to and from Vienna and ate between the mountains of Cintra^ on the north
Trieste ; and \m seated on the Saan, where it le- side of the entrance of the Tagus. Here was a pal-
ceives the Koding, and becpmes navigable, 58 m. aoe built by the Moen. which was destroyed by
8. by W. of Gratz. Long. 15. 19. £. lat 46. 21. an earthquake, in 16S5. and rebuilt by king Jo-
N. seph. It is 12 m. N. W; of lisbon, by the inhab-
Cimhrisham, a seaport of Sweden, in Schonen. itants of which place it is much frequented as an
24 m. S. of Christianstadt Long. 14. 21. E. lat occasional retreat; and is distinguished for the
55. 33. N. convention concluded at it, on the 22nd August,
Cinaioa, or Sloniay a province and town of Mex- 1808, between the English general Dalrymole and
ico, in the intendency of Sonora, on the gulf of the French general Junot
OIH S
Cialat La, ■ leBport of France, in llie depui-
in«Dt of Mimtfai of Ihe Rhone, defended by a
Blroog fort. It ii fsmoni for maaoBdinr wine,
and seated on the Bay of Laqoee, 14 m. S. E. of
Maneille*,
Cireargf lire proTince§ of the Deccui of Hindoo-
Btan, on the Bav of Benjfa]. They were originsl-
Ij denDioinated Northern, from uieir Maition in
respect to the Csmatic. — Under the Mogul dy-
nasty the (FOTemment of theae proyineeB waa Teat-
ed in the niiam of the Deocan, aad were aoaini-
ed to the French in 1753, for arreara of pay claim-
ed by them for auxiliary tioopa, with which they
had supplied the niaam. In ITSS they were con-
!nered from the French by the Engliib ; and In
765 were formally ceded by the Great Mogul,
Sbah Alum, to the English Eaal India Company,
during the goyemorship oflwdCliie. Four of
tbeae pro*incn, 7ii. Oantoot, Codapilly, Ellore,
" Raiamundry, compriae about 7,000 aqnare 1
• CtR
ffuiahed from their lubjecta, their dieaa
being the same, and their honsea little bel
uadena are chosen by the prinoea ironi ai
the people ; and are their officers, the <
of the-lew, the mioislers of the legifUlme. Both
the nadena and the people areproprielon of land.
There does not appear to bs any written law:
the people Bre goTemsdbrakind of common law,
foDBded on a collectian of ancient nsagea. They
bare a ftw manufactures ; and their tillage pro-
doees scatoelr snScient for their own mbaisience.
The prineipal articles of commeree are sheep and
■■ , particnlarlT the latter, which sell at • high
Hon eateeined.
price, betnir
trade '^
(heir predatory
ney, and all the
The b^anoe ol
of territory, between the Mouths of the ICristna
and Goda»ery riven, and the line of 16. to 17, of
north latiude, and the fifth, Ciacole, extends in a
N.E. direction along the shore of the Bay of Ben-
gvl,ih)m the Oodavery RiTcr, in th* latitude of 17.
n. for about !dO milea, to the lake Chilka, and ia
about 60 miles in mean breadth. This is the dis-
trict (n>m whence 600,000 to 600,000 pieces of
cotton manufactured goods were formerly impcBt-
ed into England, nnder the name of long cloths,
SaJlampores, and calicoes ; and handkercniefs un-
der the name of Maiulipatanw, &e. ; it if also
fertile in maiie. Ciaeole ia now divided into two
diatricts, Til. Oenjam and Viiigipatam, and the
other four circara reaolTed into three diatriota, vii.
Bajamundry, Mainlipatam, and Guntoor.
Cirauria, a country of Asia, lying between the
44th and 45th degrees of north lat. and lonntudi-
nally between the Black Sea, the Sea of Axof
They have no mo-
is cairied on by ex
chanee. They almost univeraally Bubsial by rob-
bery,beingtrainedtoitfromlheirTerTcrBdle. Thii
diapoeitiOD naturally produces a hold adTentnrona
the habita of Die people being completely pieda-
tory, they acknowledge no boundary but that pre-
scribed by the force of arms. It was formerly
goremed by several princes ; but is now almost
wholly subject to Rosiia, and included in the
government of Caucasus. It contains the dia-
tricta of Great Cabar^a, Little Cabarda, Beslen,
Temit«>i, Abaaech, Bsednob, Hatnkai , and Bsba-
t they united under one chief; butthay
are entirely a pre<tatary people, divided into many
different and hostile tribea ; and want that spirit
of unity necessary to make then power efiectual.
The Cabardians are the moat powerftil race, and
their saperiority has introduced a general imita-
tion of their mannen among their neighboan, so
that from a description of Ueae, an idsa raa^ be
formed of all the rest. They are divided into
three cltasea, the princes, the usdens, or noblea
and the vaasais, or people. The people are divi-
ded into certain portiona, who are each governed by
a princely &mily; the eldest of whom ia considered
aa chief, and the judge, protactor, and fkther of
the vaasals. His person is aacred ; but he cannot
be a landholder. His property ia nothing more
than his arms, horses, slaves, and what tribute
t from foreign powera,
« with difficulty diatin-
Those that are thus soid are, however, cbieay
slaves or their descendants. Tbey sell from SOI.
to lOOl. aocording to their beanly. The women
par^ipate in the general character of the nation,
taking pride in the couiage of their hoabands, and
loading them with reproaches when defeated.
They ai« kept extremely close ; and the greatest
reserve subsists between the married pairs. Their
habitations are usually two huts, one for the hus-
band, and the leceptioii of etrangets ; and the other
for the wife and fiunily. The Circasdans were
formerly Christians; but, for want of instruction
and written laws, they content themselves with a
bare profession of being dmatians or Mahome-
tans, They have no letters of their own; and
those who wish to write their lai^aga are obliged
to make use of AraUsa characters.
CirdevUU, p.t, Pickaway Co, Ohio oo the Scioto
An ancient Indian fortress of a cirenlar shape
at this spot gave name to the tovm. Pop, 1,136.
CirsrtEafter, commonly called Ct€ittT, aborMgh
in Gloueeslerahire. Gng. The mins ofthe waOa
are yet viaibls ; it had also a caatle and an abbey,
and here three Roman roadi, the Fomm, Jtmjk, and
/cjbuld, crossed each other. It is one of the greatest
marla in the oonntry for wool ; and hea a mannflu:-
tun of enrriera knives, highly valued, and two pub-,
lie brewsriei ; the church la a very stalely edi-
fice. It ia seated on the banks of the little river
Churn, 18 m, B. E, of Olonoeater, and 69 W. of
CIV 903 CLA
London. It eommnnicatei both with the Severn Ulteriote, on the River Velino, 10 m. W. of
and the ThameB, by a canal. Pop. in 1821, Aquila.
4,987. Civita Mandoniay a town of Naples, in Calabria
CirU^ a town of Piedmoat, acated on the Do- Citeriore, near which are the ruina of the &mous
ria, near the foot of the Alps, 8 m. N. N. W. of city of Sybaria. It ia aeated on the Golf of Tar-
Turin. Pop. 3,500. ento, at the influx of the Crati, 3 m. N. by £. of
Cirtknitz. Bea CxiruUx. Coaenia.
CismaTf a town of Lower Saxony, in Holatein, Cimta Veuhia, a strong aeaport of Italy, in thef
seated near the Baltic, 17 m. north of Trave- patrimony of St. Peter, with an araenal. The
munde. chief exporta are puzzolana, and a auperior kind
Citadella, or Ciudella, a aeaport and the capital of alum, prepared at Tolfa. Here the pope'a gal-
of Minorca, aurrounded by walla and baationa, with Ilea aie atationed, and it ia a free port. It waa ta-
a (rood harbour at the N. W. point of the island, ken by th(> French in 1796, and retaken by the
Lonjp. 3. 11. £. lat. 39. 58. N. Austnana and Buaaiana in 1799. It ia 35 m. N.
CUtaddla.tLD. inland town of the Venetian terri- W. of Rome. Long. 11. 46. £. lat 42. 6. N.
torv, 25 m. N. W. of Venice. Pop. about 6,000. Cwitella, a town of Naples, in Otranto, 5 m. N.
Citta di CasUilo, a city of Italy, with a caatle^ of Taranto.
capital of a diatrict of the aame name, weat or Civray. See Swray.
the Apenninea, aeated on the Tiber, 27 m. S. W. Ciackmannanskire, a county of Scotland, bound-
of Urbino. ed on the S. and S. W. by tne Forth, and on all
CUta JWioiMi, a town of Italv, in the marquiaate other aidea by Perthahire. It is nine miles long
of Ancona, on the Gulf of Venice, 10 m. S. of and six broad ; produoea good oom and pasture,
Loretto. and plenty of coal and aalt. It has also veins of
CiUa JWcovA, a seaport of Istria, and a bishop's lead, cobalt, and antimony. Alloa is the princi-
see , aeated on an isthmus, at the mouth of the Que- pal town. It has a population of 12,000, one third
to. which forms a good narbour, 26 m. 8. S. W. of whom are engaged m trade and manufactures,
of Cc^ d'Istria. Long. 13. 47. £. lat. 45. 32. Gakmaman, a parish and town of the above
N. county. The panah compriaea i^>t^ four-fifths
CUta Veeekiaf a fortified city of Malta, formerly of the county, and containa about 800 acrea of
the capital of the ialand, and atill the aeat of the biah- woodland. The town is seated on an eminence,
opric. The most remarkable edifices are the pal- and has a harbour filmed by the Devon, at its in-
ace of the ^prandmaater, and the cathedral. Here flux with the Forth. On the top of a hill, 190
are extenaive catacombe, about 15 feet below the feet above the level of Uie Forth, la a a<{uare tow-
aurfaoe of the rock in which they are cut; they er, which derivea ita name from the lUuatriona
contain atreeta formed with auch regularity, that Robert Bruce, whose great sword and casoue are
the title of Subterranean City has Men given to here preserved. It is 27 m. W. N. W. or Edin-
this place. Near the city is the Grotto of St. burgh. In 1821 the parish contained 4,056 inhab-
Paul, divided into thre» parts hj iron grates; itants, about a fourth of which inhabited the
in the furthest part is an altar, and a atatne of the town.
aaint, in white marble. Thii old city waa conaid- dajfet^rt^ a town of the Austrian empire, cap-
erably larger than at present ; for the new city, ital of Lower Carinthia. It hss a strong wall, and
Valetta, oioinf more conveniently seated, has containa aix churchea and three conventa. Here
drawn away the greater number of ita inhabitanta. ia a manufacture of «oloth, and a conaiderable one
It stands on a hfll, in the interior of the island, 6 of white lead. This town was taken by the
m. W. by S. of Valetta. French in 1797, and again in 1809, when they de-
City Paint, p.v. Prince Gteorge Co. Va. on James molished the fortifications. It stands on the riv-
River at the mouth of the Appomattox. er Glan, which falla into the Drave, 148 m. S. W.
CiMdadReal, a town of Spain, capital of Manoha. of Vienna. Pop. about 10,000.
The inhabitanta are noted for areaaing leather for CIstr, St,tL lake of North America^ between the
irlovea. It ia two miles ftom> the Gnadiana, and lakes Huron and £rie, 90 miles in cirenmferenoe.
98 S. of Madrid. It receives the waters of the lakes Superior, Michi-
Ciudad Realf a city of Chiapa. See Ckiapa gan, and Huron, and alao of the River Thames.
ias EnarnoUt. mm Upper Canada, in the lat. of 42. 32. N. ana
Cimiaa Rodirigo, a town of Spain in Leon, and diaohaigea them, through the stait called Detroit,
a bishop's see, seated on the river Aguada^n the into the lake Erie.
frontier of Portugal. It was taken by the French Cfatr, St. a county in the state of Illinois, the
in 1810, and retaken by the English in 1811 ; 50 west aide of which bordera on tiie Miaaissippi Riv-
m. S. W. of Salamanca. «r in the lat of 38. 30. N. Pop. 7,092. Belleville
Civito CtuttOmma^ a town of Italy, in the patri- ia the chief town. St Clair ia also the name of a
mony of St. Peter^ seated on a high rock, at the township in AUegfaany County, and of ajMther
feot of which is a river that flowa into the Tiber, in Bedford County, bc^ in Pennaylvania.
25 m. N. of Rome. C2str«c, or Clomc, a town of Fraaoe, in the
CiviXa CAieft, a city of Naplea, capital of Abrus- department of Lot and Gkooone. Com and to-
so Citeriore, and an arofabishop'a see. It contains baceo are cultivated, and a great deal of wine and
four churches and nine convents, and is situate .brandy made here. It ia aeated in a valley, en
on a mountain, near the river Peaeara, a few milea the river I>ortt 13 m. N. W< of Agen. Pop. about
above ita entranoe into the Adriatic, 28 m..£» of 6,000.
Aquila, and 96 N. of Naples. Omkome^ a eounty of tli9 state of Miasissippi,
Civita di FriuU a town of Italv, in Friuli, seat- bounded on the soath by the fiig Black, and norlii
ed on the Natlsona,' 1<^ m. £.of Udina. by the Yasoo Rtvcxs, and on the weat for about
•dviid di Pemuht a town of Naplea, in Abmaio 25 milea by the Miaaiaaippi River, between the
Ulteriore, near the river Salioo, 25 m. N. E. of lat of 32. and 33. north, it is about 8 nukr «m!y
\quiU. in mean breadth. Pop. 9,818. Port €MbMr .78
Cimita DucaUt a t^Mrn of Naples, in Abruzxo m. N.W. by W. of MonUoeUey is the ch¥*
CLA 904 CLA
GmShornB, is also the name of another county, which the parliament was aeTeral times conven-
on the north frontier of EaBt Tenneaaee, intersect- ed ; the first time hy Henry 11. in 1164, who en
ed in a N. £. direction bjr Clinch, a ridge of the acted the laws called the constitutions of Claren-
Alleffhany Mountains ; it is bounded on me soath don^ by which the power of the clergy was re
by Clinch River, and intersected on the N. W. by strained.
Fowell's RiTer, whose united streams, with the CZorifza, a town of European Turkey, in Janna,
Holston, form the Tennessee River. Pop. 8.470. at the mouth of the Fenco, in the Gulf of Saloni
Tazewell, north of the Mountain Ridge, and 223 ca, 26 m. E. of Larissa.
m. E. N. E. of Murfreesborough, is tne chief ^ Clark, or Oxarkt, the name of seven counties
town. in different parts of the United States, as follows,
Ctamieyj a town of France, in the department vii. with the number of inhabitants in each, and
of Nievre. Before the late revolution, the chapel the chief town : —
of an hospital in the suburb was the provision for In Oeorgia 10,176 Watkinsville
the bishop of Bethlehem, who was fixed here in Alabuna 7,584 Clarkesville
1180, after the Christians had been driven from Kentucky 13,052 Winchester
the Hol^ Land. Clamecy is seated at the conflu- Ohio 13,074 Springfield
enceofthe Beuvron with the Tonne, 35 m. N. Indiana 10,719 Charlestown
N. E. ofNevers. Po{>. about 5,300. Illinois 3,940 Clark
.Ctaphamf a village in Surrey, an appendage to Arkansas 1^369 Clarke
the British metropolis, 4 m. S. of London Bridge. ClarkesviUe, or GarksvUUf the name of 9 towns
It is composed or a number of very neat houses, in N. Y.. Pa., Va., Qeo., Alab., Missouri, Ten.,
bnih round an extensive common, presenting a Ohio and Indiana,
very rural, picturesque, and interesting scene. Clarkesboromgh, p.t. Jackson Co. Geo.
The houses are occupied chiefly as the private Clarksburg, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 315.
residences of the upper class of shopkeepers, in- Also towns in Maryland, Va., Geo., Ken.j and
eumbents of nublic offices, and merchants of the Ohio.
metropolis. In proof of the agreeableness of its Clarkstm, p.t. Monroe Co. N. T. Pop. 34^51 .
situation, the population, which in 1801 was 3,864, darkstoion, p.t. Rockland Co. N. T. Fop. 2,298.
in 1821 was 7,151. CUUaops Fort, at the mouth of the Oregon
da-pton. Upper and Lower. See Hackney. River, in the Pacific Ocean, named alter a tribe
Clara, St. a small island of Pern, in Che Bay of of Indians inhabiting the banks of that river.
Guayaquil, 70 m. S. W. of Guayaquil. Long. 82. Claude, St. a town of France, in the department
SO. w . lat. 2. 20. S. of Jura. It owes its orig^in to a celebrated abbey.
Clare, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It is famous which was secularized in 1742. The cathedral
for the great men who have borne the title of earl is extremely elegant ; and here are many public
and duke of it. Lionel, third son of Edward III. fountains with large basins. It is seated between
becoming possessed of the honour of Clare, by three high mountains, on the river Lison, 35 m.
marriage, was created duke of Clarence ; and that N. W. of Geneva. Pop. about 3,700. There is
title has ever since belonged to a branch of the another town of the same name in the depart-
ro^al family. Here are the ruins of a castle ; also ment of Charente ; it is inconsiderable,
of a priory, the house of which is now occupied Claoerack, a town of New York, in Columbia
by a rarmer, and the chapel is a barn. Clare has county, seated in a large plain, near a creek of
a manufacture of baize, and is seated near the its name, 2 m. £. of Hudson. Pop. 3,'038.
Stour, 15 m. S. of Bury St. Edmund, and 56 N. CZaoo. a town or the island of Corsica, 8 m. E.
£. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,487. S. E. of Ajaccio.
Clare, a maritime county in the province of Clausen, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, with a
Munster, on the west coast of Ireland, bounded castle. The adjacent country produces a fine red
on the north by Galway Bay. and south by the wine. It stands on the river Eisack, 8 m. S. W.
Shannon. It contains a good aeal of mountamous of Brixen .
surface ; the vallejrs however are very fertile ; and Cluasen, a town of Germany, in the electorate
it breeds more horses than anv other county in of Treves, 5 m. S. of Wittlick.
Ireland, beside agreat number or cattle and sheep. Claiusenhurg, or Cdoswar, a town of Trao
Ennis, 113 m. W. by S. of Dublin, is the capitu. svlvania, where the states of the province genei
Although it has 70 m. of sea-coast, it has no fre« ally assemble. On one of the gates is an inscrip*
quentecT harbour, its principal outport being Lim- tion in honour of Trajan. It suffered greatly bv
erick. For subdivision, population, &c. see Ire- fire in 1798, at which period it contained aooik
land. 13,000 inhabitanU. It is seated on the Samos, 60
Clare, a parish and town on the north bank of m. N N. W. of Hermanstadt, and 225 E. S. £
the Shannon, in the preceding county. The par- of Vienna. Long. 23. 20. E. lat. 46. 55. N.
ish in 1821 contained 3,019 inhabitants. The town, dauethal, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
at the head of a ba^, in the Shannon, 3 m. S. of principality of (Srubenhagen, and immediately
Ennis, contained 505 of the above inhabitants, contiguous to Zellerfeld. Here is a mmt foi
There is also another parish of the same name in coining money ; and near it are some rich silver
the county of Galway, intersected by the river mines. It stands in the Harts Mountains, 14 m.
Clare, which falls into Lake Corrib, about 5 miles 8. S. W. of Goslar,and 48 S. E. of Hanover,
north of the town of Galway. Population of this Pop. about 8,000.
parish 3,146. Claun, a town of Germany, in the Traun
Claremont^ p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 97 m. from guarter of Upper Austria, 17 m. S. W. of
Portsmouth; 100 from Boston. The principal dieyn.
village is situated on Sugar River, a branch of the Clay, or Cley, a village in Norfolk, Eng. seated
Connecticut. It is a flourishing town, with man- on an arm of &e sea, four miles N. N. W. of
ufaetures of woolen and paper. Pop. 22526. Holt. It has some large salt-works, and Is fre-
Claredon, a village in Wiltshire, Eng. near quentedfor sea-bathing. Pop. in 1681, 742.
Salisbury. Hera was once a royal palace, in Clay, an interior county in the 8. £. part of
CLE 906 CU
Kentacky, conUininff about 1,000 square miles of way imposinjf to the eye ; bat in the extent and
surface, thinly inhabited. Pop. 3,549. Thfe south value of its productions, it is entitled to rank
fork of the Kentucky River nas its source in this among the most important.
«)ounty. Manchester is the chief town. Gierke, or Sinde Ides, two islands near the
Gaydtnif there are five villages of this name in entrance of Behring's Strait, between the coasts
different parts of England, all inconsiderable. of Kamtschatka and North America. They
Clayton, there are eight townships and villages were seen by Cook in 1778, and so named in hon-
of this name in difierent parts of England, all our of captain Clerke^ his second in command,
inconsiderable. They were both ilihabited, and not unknown to
dauton, there are eight townships and villa- the Russian's. Long. 169. 30. W., lat 63.
gen or this name in dif&rent parts of England, 16. N.
we most important of which is a township, con- CUrnunU, a city of France, capital of the de-
taining 3,609 inhabitants, in the parish or Brad- partment of Puy de Dome, and a bishop's see.
ford, Yorkshire, tdueh see. The others are unim- It is seated on an eminence, and sometimes call-
*v>rtant. ed Clermont Ferrand, since the town Montier
dausmlUf p.v. Washington Co. Pa. and Har- rand, about a mile distant to the N. E., was uni-
rison Co. Ken. ted under the name of a suburb ; the cathedral,
Clayton, t Perry Co. Ohio. public squares, and walks, are very fine, but the
OautmvMe, p.v. Rodin Co. Geo. streets are narrow, and the houses built of stone
*^ There are eight other villages in di^rent of a gloomy hue. In tiie neighbourhood are
parts of England beginning with Clay. tome mineral springs: and that of the sub-
CUoT, Cape, the south pomt of a small island urb St. AUyre, has formed a natural bridge over
off the south extremity of Ireland, in the lat. the brook into which it Alls, so that carriages can
of 51. 20. N. and 9. 37. W. long. It generally pass over. Clermont is the birthplace of the
forms the point of departure, or commencement celebrated Pascal, and has manufactures- of ratr
of the reckoning of vessels sailing out of St. teens, druggets, serges, and leather. It is 216
George's Channel to the westward. m. S. bv E. of Paris, and 10 W. of Lyons. Pop.
Clearfitld, an interior countv, in the west about lo,000.
part of Pennsylvania, in which the western bank CUmunU, a town of France, in the department
of the Susquehanna and several creeks have of Mouse, on an eminence by the river Ayr, 12
their source. Pop. 4,803. The chief town of m. W. by S. of Verdun.
the same nam^ is about 200 m. N. N. W. of Clermont, a town of France, in (he department
Philadelphia. of Oise, on an eminence near the Bresche, 37
Clearfield, i. Butler Co. Pa. m. N. of Paris. CUmunU is also the name of
Clear Stream, r. N. H. a branch of the Androe- several other inconsiderable towns in difierent
coggin. l^uts o^ France.
(Aegueree, a town of France, near the north Clermont, a county in the state of Ohio, the
frontier of the department of Morbihan, 11 m. south end of which is bounded by the Ohio Rhr-
N. W. of Pontivi. Pop. about 4,000. er. It is about 30 miles from north to south, and
Cleohary, a town in Shropshire, Eng. seated on from east to west. Pop. 20,466. Batavia is the
the river Kea, 28 m. S. S. E. of Surewsbury, chief town,
and 137 N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,602. Clermont, p.t Columbia Co. N. T. Pop. 1,203.
Clerkemodl, one of the out-parishes, forming Clermont ae Lodeve, a town of France, in the
an integral part of the British metropolis, lying departraentofHerault, with manufactures of cloth
on tlie north side. The inhabitants, in 1601, and hats ; seated on an eminence near the Lo-
amounted to 23,396, and in 1621, to 32,105, suere, 60 m. S. 3. £. of Lodeve, and 24 W. of
about 5,000 of whom were employed as lapida- Montpelier. Pop.^about 5,500.
ries, working jewellers, and in all the various C^ary, atown of France, in the department of
branches of tne manufacture of clocks, watches, Loiret, once famous for the pikrrimages to our
and time-keepers, which are here made in greater lady of Clery. Here is the tomb of Louis XI..
perfection than in any other part of the world, who appears in white marble as the saint ana
in this district are two or tnree extensive dis- 'the patriot king. It is 9 m. S. S. W. of
tiUeries, serveral iron foundries, and various other Orleans.
manufactures, as also the works of the New^ Riv- Cleveland, p.t. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, on Lake
er Company, which supply a great portion of Erie, at the junction of Uie Ohio canal with the
the metropolis with water, conveyed by pipes into waters of the lake. Pep. 1,076.
Uie sevenl houses. Clerkenwell contains also Cletes, a duchy of Westphalia, bordering on
A very elegant and spacious edifice, in which the the S. E. mrt of Hollana, divided into two
sessions for the county of Middlesex are held ; parts by the Rhine. It is a fine country, varie-
cwo extensive |>risons, one appropriated as a gated with hills, woods, fields, towns, and villa-
house of correction for juvenile offenders, and ges. and the chief rivers are the Rhine, Lippe,
the other, which has recently been much enlar- and Roer. The capital is Wesel.
ffed, to general purposes. It has a theatre Cleves, a city of Germany, and the capital of
for pantomime and aquatic exhibitions, called the duchy of'Cleves. It is seated on the eas-
Sadler's Wells, and was formerly distinguished tern side of three hills, two miles west of the
for an extensive establishment of the Knights Rhine ; and has a castle, built in the time of Ju-
of St. John of Jerusalem. This was destroyed lius Ciesar. It is 70 m. N. N. W. of Cologne,
by the rebels under Wat Tjler, in 1381. except and about the same distance E. by S. of Rotter-
the princioal gate tower, which still remains en- dam. Pop. about 5.000.
tire, and rorms one of the most interesting fea- Clenes, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio,
tures of antiquitv connected with the metropolis. Cliffy a Saxon word implying a rock or high
It has two chorcnes, but neither of them remark- ground. There are six villages m different parts
able for their architecture ; nor is the ^neral of England so named, probably from theii situa-
asnect of this division of the metropolis in any tion (in a relative sense) on high ground. There
S
CLO
CLU
ire thiM othen named CUjford, in reference to
their oomiigmty to a fordable stream ; and 22 na-
med Clifton, impMng towns on a cliff, or hiffh
gtimnd. None of tiKse demand any particniar
notke, except Cl^Um eontiffuonsto Bristol, to
which city it forms a beautifm and interesting ap-
pendage ; as its name implies, it is built on an em-
inence, al the foot of which, on the north bank
of the Lower Avon, is a hot well, that contrib-
utes greatly to its advaDtaffe, by the nnmeroos
vieitors who seek to avail themselves of the ben-
efits of hs restorative properties. The buildings
of Clifton are in general elegant and commodions,
and fWrai their elevated site command extensive
and beautifti] brospects. The population, which
in I8ai was only 4/457, in 1821 amounted to 8^311.
See BHitBl,
CUfordf t. Susquehanna Co. Pa.
Ctinek, a river of Tennessee, flowing into tho
Tennessee river.
OinUrti. a county at the N. E. extremity of the
state of New York. It is bounded on the east ibr
about 35 m. by Lake Champlain, which divides
it fVom Vertoont, and on the north, for about 32 ,
miles, by the oonvenlional line that separates
the united States from Lower Canada. Pop.
19,^4. Pbttsburg is the chief town.
CUnUm, an interior countv in the S. W. part
• of the state of C^io^ in which one of the branch-
es of the Little Miami River has its source.
Pop. 11^292. Wilmington, in the centre of the
tounty, IS the ehiif (own.
GUfKen, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,125.
CZmfoit, a villaffe in Oneida Co. N. T. 9 m. S.
W. of Utioa. Hamilton College at this place
was founded in 1812. It has / instmcters and
77 stu<ients. The libraries have 6,000 volumes.
There are 3 vacations in January, May and
August of 13 weeks. Commencement is m Au-
^st. CUmton, is also the name of 7 other towns
m N. C, Geo., Ten., Ohio and Indiana.
GUherOf a borough town in Lancashire, Eng.
seated on the eaift Iwnk of the river Ribble, at
the foot of Pendle Hill, on the confines of York-
shire. It is a place of sooie antiquity, having
the ruins of a castle built by the Lacys, in 1178 ;
but was comparatively insignificant, until the
early part of the present century, at which
period the cotton manufibcture was introduced.
The population which in 1801 was only 1,368,
and m 1811, 1,767, in 1821 had increased to
3,213. At the latter period it had two extensive
works for spinning of cotton 7&rn, three for man-
ufacturing of ditto, and one tor printing of ditto.
At the same period a neat edifice was erected for
a town-hall ; the church is also a neat edifice and
it has a ftee mmmar school. It communicates
by a collateral cut with the Leeds and Liverpool
canal, which facilitates the convej^ance of larffe
quantities of lime, dug in the vicinity of the
town. It has a spring of water impregnated
with sulphur. It holds a market on Saturday,
and four fairs annually, and returns two members
to parliament. It is 30 miles due north of Man-
9 Chester, and 90 E. N. £. of Preston.
ClogheTf a parish in the countv of Tyrone,
Ireland, which in 1821 contained 15,856 inhab-
itants, including a decayed city of the same name
with 524 of the number. The city, which is the
see of a bishop, is 20 m. W. 1
and 76 N. N. W. of Dnblin.
ty, wn
K.of
Armagh,
CUnij there are about 100 parishes and towns
'$n Ireland, beginning with CZon, among which
the following are the most important, viz. : —
Chnakiityf a town of the county of Cork, Ire-
land, seatea at the head of a bay on St. George's
Channel. The principal part of the town is
formed of a spacious square. Pop. in 1821, 4,033.
It is 20 m. W. S. W. of Cork.
QonsSf a town of Ireland, in the county of
Monaghan, 61 m. N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. in
1821,2,240. The parish of Clones extends into
Fermanagh county, and contains an aggregate
population of 15,362, including two other towns,
vis. Royslea and Smithsborongh, containing
about 250 persons each.
CZof^erf, a bishop's see, on the eastern confines
of the county of Galway, Ireland. It is a miser-
able place, containing only 31 houses, 36 milep
east of Galway, and 70 west of Dublin. There
is a parish of the same name, in the county of
Cork, containing 12,324 inhab.
Clontnell, a town partly in the county of Hp-
nerary and partly in that of Waterfor^ Ireland.
It is seated on the banks of the river Suir, over
which is a bridge of 20 arches, 22 m. W. N. W.
of the city of Waterford and 82 S. W. of Dublin.
It is the assize town for the county of Tipperary,
and returns one member to the parliament of the
United Kingdom; and has considerable manu-
factures of woolens, a lunatic and^ orphan asy-
lum, several schools, and other publick ouildings,
It was the birth place of Sterne. Pop. in 18x1,
15,890.
Clontntnec, a small village at the head of Ban-
now Bay, 16 m. W. N. W of Wexford.
Clontarf, a town on the north shore of Dublin
Bay, two miles east of the city of Dublin. It
has several neat residences in its vicinity, and
is memorable in Irish history, for the last battle
fought between the native Irish and the Danes,
in 1015, which led to the expulsion of the latter
from Ireland. Pop. 1,439.
Cloppmburgj a town of Westphalia, in the
principality or Munster, 32 m. N. E. of Idngen
Cloker Jfmburgy a town of Austria, with an
Auffustine convent of regular canons. It has a
yaxd for ship-buildinff, and is seated on the
Danube, 7 m. N. N. wT of Vienna.
CloBter Seven, or Kloster 2even, a town of the
duchy of Bremen, memorable for a convention
entered into between the duke of Cumberland,
and the duke of Richelieu, commander of the
French armies, in 1758, by which 38,000 Han-
overians laid down their arms and were dispersed.
It is 19 m. S. ofStade.
Cloudf St. a town of France, in the vicinity of
Paris celebrated for its palace, which was the
favourite residence of Napoleon.
CUwUly^ a village in Devonshire, Eng. three
m. £. N.E. of Hartland. It is built on the side
of a steep rock, to which the houses seem fixed
like pigeon-huts ; and it has a good pier on the
west shore of Barnstable Bay. rop. 941.
daye, or Gois, town of France, in the depart-
ment of Eure and Loire, 5 m. S. W. of Chateau-
dun.
CUmeHf a town of Ireland, on the east shore of
Cork narbour, in the County of Cork, and a bish-
op's see. 16 m. E. of Cork. Pop. in 1821, 1,847.
Clunaertf a town and fortress of South Hol-
land, near an arm of the sea, called Hollands
Diep. In 1793, it was taken by the French, who
were obliged to evacuate it sooa after; but it
surrendered to them in 1795. It is 9 m. S. E. of
Williamstadt.
Cfimy, a town of France, in the department of
Saone and Loire, with a late fiimous Benedictine
COB 907 cac
abbey, aetled on the Croene, 13 m. N. W. of CobUntz, a strong city of Germany, in the cir
Macon. cle of Lower Rhine, eitiiate at the confloz of the
CbtseSj a town of Savov, in Faucigny , seated on Rhine and the Moselle ; with a bridge ofboats over
the Arve, 88 m. S. £. of Geneva. the former, and a stone-bridge over the latter. In
Clwfd^ a river of Wales, which rieet in the the time of the Romans it was the station of the
middle of Denbighshire, runs^. through a fertile first legion by whom it was called Ctmfluenteg;
valley of the same name, and having entered and after them, the residence of the successors of
Flintshire flows into the Irish Sea, 6 nules below Charlemagne ; and at a later period, it was the
St Asaph. capital of the grand duchy of Treves. It contains
Clydtf « river of Scotland, which rises in the three large churches two of which are collegiate,
south part of Laaarkshiie, passes by Lianark| a college, eight convents, &c. It is memorable for
Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dunbarton, and having been the chief rendezvous of the French
Port Glasgow to GxeeAoek, where it enters an emigrant princes at the commencement of the
arm of the sea, called the Frith of Clvde. This revolution. It was talien by the French in 1794.
river runs, for several miles, between nigh rocks, who retained U until the peace of 1814, when it
and in its course forms several cataracts : is de- was assigned to Prussia. It transmits large quan-
servedly celebrated for its romantic and diversified tides of excellent wine, timber, and iron, bv the
scenery, and has sevemi extensive cotton, and Rhine, into Holland. ItisSSom.W. S, W.ofBer-
odier works on its banks. At Glasgow it becomes lin, 420 W. N. W. of Vienna, and 860 £. S. E. of
navigable ; and 6 miles below that city it is joined Paris. Long. 7. 38. £. lat. 50. 84. N. Pop. abont
by the Gfeat Canal from the Forth. 11,000.
C^yde, Frith of^ an ialet of the sea^ between the Coblentx, a town of Switzerland, in the district
coast of Ayrshire, and the Isle of Anan, which of Bayden, at the conflux of the Aar and the
opens into the north channel, between the N. £. Rhine. It is 10 m. N. N. W. of Baden,
end of Ireland aad Scotland. CobUskiU^ p.t. Schoharie Co. N. T. Pop. 8,968.
GythnesSf a cape of Scotland, on the S. £. Cobre, El, a town of the island of Cuba, 10
coast of the county of Caithness. Long. 0. 33. m. W. of St. Jago.
£. lat. 66. 16. N. Cohirg^ Soze, a principality, at the S. W. ex-
CotMi^, a tribtttaiy stream of the great river tremity of Uie circle of Upper Saxony, projecting
Congo, in South Amca. It rises in Matamtui, into the circle of Franconia. It is one of the pett^
and runs a course nearly due north, falling into states of the Germanic confederacy. Its area is
the Congo, about 100 m. above the Cataracts. It about 400 square miles ; the population in 1884
is supposed by some to be the main branch of the was 80,018 ; its quota of soldiery fi>r support of
Congo. the confederacy being 800 men, and its total rev-
Cmhizo, a river of Africa, which rises in the enue equal to about £50,000. It emerged some-
interior parts, crosses the kingdoms of Matamba what from obscuritjr in 1816. bv the alliance of
and Angola, siid enters the Atumtic in lat. 9.80.S. its prince, to the Princess Charlotte of England.
Cotut CSostfs, CSspe, the principal settlement It is a tolerably fertile district, intersected by the
of the English on the coeat of Guinea, with a river Itsch, which runs from north to south into
strong citadel. The Portuguese first formed an the Mayne, and contains, besides several villages,
estabushment here in 1610 \ but were soon after the towns of Hilburghaiiaen, Eisfeld, Sonneberg,
dislodged by the Dutch, who, in their turn-, sur- Schalkaw, Neustadt, Heldburg, Umerstadt, and
rendered it to the English, in 1661. At the pre- Coburg ; and Konigsberg, witn several villages
sent period it appeara incieaeing in commercial insulated in the bishopric of Wurzburg.
importance. It is in the lat. of 57. N. and 158. Cchurgf the capital of the preceding principal!-
of W. long. ty , is seated on the banks of the Itsch, 96 m. 8. S
CMt, the capital of the territory of Darfur, in W. of Leipzig, and has a college, a fort, and a
Zahara, North Africa, situate on the borders of ca«tle. Here are manufactures of porcelam, and
Nubia, 150 m. W. S. W. of Sennar, and 500 S. of petrified wood, with which the country abounds,
E. of Mathan. Long. 86. 8. £. lat. 14. 11. N. and it carries on some trade in wool, lliegovern-
CobhuteeojiU, r. a munch of the Kennebec, mentofiices and town house form part of the sides
which runs into that river at Gardiner, Me. of a spacious square. Pop. about TjOOO.
CMamj a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river Coca, a town of Spain, in Old Cibtile, with a
Mole, 7 m. S. W. of Kingston. It has several strong castle for state prisoners ; seated among
handsoon villas, two medicinal springs, and a mountains, on the river Eresma, 28 m. N. W. tn
manu&cture of iron and copper. Pop. in 1881, Segoria.
1,340. ikkkabamhaj a district of South America, lying
CSo&i, called by the Chinese Skamo, a vaet des- between the 68nd and 68th degrees of W. long.
ert of Asia, extending ffrom the 75th to the 110th and the 16th and 19th of S. lat. and forming a part
degree of E. long, and lying between the 35th of the Republic of Bolivia. It is watered by
nnd d6th of N. lat. The western part of this several streams, all running from south to north,
vast district borders on Bocbara, and the S. W. uniting on the northern frontier, to form the river
OQ Thibet. The Chinese province of Keu^auk Mainore, running through the government of
(wkick see) projects into this desert, and the N. Moxos and Brazu, where afler tSe union ^ the
£. part stretches toward the frontiers of Asiatic Guapare, it is called the Madeira, falling into tZie
Russia ; but its limits are on every side too imper- Amuon. Cochabamba is an exceedingly fertile
feotly defined to admit of any precise description, district ; and the inhabitants, about 70,0(X) m num-
6ee, however, as well as Kmnrtuk, Kmra-K'nm her, seem to perfer the pursuits of agriculture,
and Skimg-King. rather than of mining. The chief town of the
CoHja, a town <^Peru, on the coast of the des- same name is situate on the western confines of
ert of Ataeama with a good harbour for vessels the province, in the lat. of 18. S. and about 800
carrying the metals from the neighbouring mines, miles east of Arioa.
It is 850 mUes south of Arica. Long. 34. 44. W. CochecOf r. N. H. a branch of the Sahnon Fall
lat. 33.80. S. - river.
OOC 908 GOO
Cockdrnf a town of Crermany, seated on the mines, and there are rich silver mines. The
Moselle, 25 m. S. W„ of Coblentz. country is intersected by rivers, which are well
CoeMcUniy t. Sullivan Co. N. T. Pop. 438. calculated for promotinj|r inland commerce, yet not
Cocherd, a town of France, in the department large enough to admit vessels of great burden ;
of the Eure ; noted for a victory gained by Gnes- but there are commodious harbours on the coast,
din over the king of Navarze, in 1564. It is particularly that of Turon, in the lat. of 16. 5. N.
7 m. £. of Evreuz. The vanity of the Chinese induces them to con-
Cockiiif a province of Hindoostan, on the coast sider Cochin as a tributary province of their em-
of Malabar, towards the southern extremity of the pire; but if any acknowledgment is made, it is
Peninsula; a chain of islands flanks the whole merely nominal. The Cochm Chinese are the
extent of the coast. It is a very fertile district, most orave and efficient of the eastern nations ;
and yields abundance of rice, pepper, and cocoa they have hitherto held very little intercourse
nuts, and excellent timber for ship-building. It with Europeans, but carry on an extensive traffic
was the first part of India where tne Portuguese, with China and various parts of the eastern seas,
after passing the Cajw of Grood Hope, formed a CoehransviUe^ p.v. Chester Co. Pa.
settlement; but their intrigues and extortions Cocke, a county of E. Tennessee, bounded on
soon caused them to be repulsed from the main the 8. E. by a ridge of the Apalachian Mountains,
land ; but they were allowed, in 1503, to erect a called the Smoky Mountains, which divide it
fortification on one of the islands, in the lat. of 9. from North Carolina. It is intersected by the
57. N. The fort surrendered to the Dutch in Btg[ Pigeon and French Broad Rivers, which unite
1663, who, by their toleration of all religious pre- their streams towards the N. W. boundary of the
tensions, occasioned it to increase greatly in popu- county. Pop. 6,048. Newport is the chief town,
lation. The natives of the province successfully CodEcsr, a river which rises in the south of Cum-
resisted the Mahometan arms up to the period of berland, Eng. flows through the lakes of Butter-
1776, when Hyder Alii, rendered them tributary ; m^'^ Cromack-water, andLowes-water, and joins
and the exaction being enforced with increased the Derwent, below Cockermouth.
vigour under Tippoo Saib, in 1791, the rajah CoekermmOhy a borough in Cumberland^ Eng.
sought tne protection of the Enf lieh ; to whom It stands on the Cocker, at its conflux with the
the Dutch fort surrendered in 17B5 and thereby Derwent, and between two hills, on one of which
the whole territory became subservient to the is a handsome church, and on the other the re-
English. The fort is 120 m. S. by E. of Calicut. mains of a stately castle. It has manufactures of
Cochin China, a maritime kingdom of Asia, ex- shalloons, coarse linen and woolen cloths, leather,
tending from Cape Varela-falsa, in the lat. of 12. and hats. It returns two members to parliament,
55. N. to Sinboo Bay. in the lat. of 16. N. ; it is and is 36 m. 8. W. of Carlisle, and 305 N. N. W.
bounded on th« west by m high mountain ridge, of London. Pop. in 1821,3,770.
running parallel with Uie coast its whole extent, Coconato, a town of Piedmont, the birthplace
at the distance of 60 to 70 miles; this mountain of Columbus, as some affirm, 20 m. east of Turin,
ridge divides Cochin China from a vast desert, Coif, Cope, is the northern extremity of a penin-
lyinff between the mountains and the great river aula, more than 120 miles in extent, and 10 to 15
Camoodia. The aborigines of Cochin China are in mean breadth, forming part of the state of Mas-
called Moys, and reside chiefly on the western sachusetts. Cape Cod ana the main land form a
declivities of the mountains. To these strong very spacious bay, about 50 miles each way; and
holds they were driven, about the beginning of Cape Cod and Cape Ann are the south and west
the 15th century, by the present possessors ofthe points which form the open bay called Massachu-
country. The aborijannes are a savage people, setts Bay, leading to the harbour of Boston : the
and in features resemble the Cafi^. The present outer siae ofthe peninsula forming Cape Cod is
inhabitants bear evident marks of being derived flanked by shoals, which render the navigation
from the same stock as the Chinese ; their re- thereabouts dangerous. A light-house, on the
ligion is also the same, and most of their manners Cape Point, is in lat. 42. 3. N. and 70. 6. W. long,
and customs. They are a courteous, affable, in- todogno, a town oi Italy, in the Lodesan,
offensiye race, rather inclined to indolence. The duchy of Milan, near the confluence of the Adda
women are by fiur the most active sex, and mer- with the Po, 12 m. 8. 8. E. of Lodi.
chants often employ them as their factors and Codomudi, a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe
brokers. The cities and towns have gates at the tore, seated near the Cavery, a little above the in
end of each street, which are shut every night, flux ofthe Noyelar, 23 m. 8. E. of Bhawaniku
The houses are mostly of bamboo, covered with dal.
rushes or the straw or rice, and stand in groves of Codoms, a township in York Co. Pa.
oranges, limes, plantains, and cocoa trees. Here Coetfeldy a town of Westphalia, in the princi-
is plenty of sugar, pepper, rice, yams, sweet po- pality of Munster, near the source ofthe Burkel,
tatoes, pumpkins, and melons; also ivory, musk, 18 m. west of Munster.
honey, and silk, and the edible birds'-nests. The Coevordeuj a fortified town of Holland, on the
climate is healthy, the summer heat being tem- confines of Drenthe, Westphalia, and Overyssel,
pered by regular oreezes from the sea. In Septem- and one of the strongest places in the whole coun-
ber, October, and November is the rainy season, try. It stands in a morass, on the river Aa, 2S
when the low lands are suddenly overflowed by m. 8. by E. of Oroningen. It is the capitu of
torrents of water from the mountains; the inun- Drenthe.
dations happen generally once a fortnight, and Coeynunis, a town in Albany County, New York,
continue three or four days. In the three follow- on the west bank of the Hudson River, 14 m. S
inff months there are frequent rains, brouffbt by of Albany. Pop. 2,723.
cold northerly winds, which distinguish this CoffeesviUe, p.v. Clark Co. Alab.
country with a winter different from any other in CoggtshaU, a town in Essex, Eng. with a man
th^ east. The inundations render the land fruit- ufacture of baize ; seated on the noith bank of the
ful, many parts producing three crops of grain in river Blackwater, seven miles west of Colchester,
the year. Gold is taken 'aUnost pure from the and 44 E. N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821,2,896;
001 SOO COL
tfid a vfllag* of the tanw nuiie^ on the opponte It U turroanded by ancient briek walla, with
■ide of the river, containi 362 inhabttanta more, aqoare and round towem, and divided into two
Okgnacy a town of France, in the department of parte, the least of which ie of the catholic religion
Channte, with a castle, where Francis I. was bom. and tne matest of the protestant. The French
It is celebrated for excellent brandy, and seated surprised and defeated tne Austrian army at this
on the Chuente, 17 m. west of Angoukme, and place in 1799. It is seated between two moun-
40 east by south of Rochefort tains, on the river Plessnr, near the Rhine, <)5 m.
Cogmty a town of Piedmont, in a valley, and on S. by W. of Constance, and contributes to render
a river of Uie same name. The mountains which Coire a place of consioerable traffic. It was the
sorronnd it are rich in mines of iron and co|^)er. birthplace of Angelica Kauffisian, the female pain-
It is six miles south of Aosta. ter.
Cogmi^ or Ktmuk, a city of Turkey, eapital of CoOsmOe, a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio.
CV—*"*"'*, and the see of a Greek aronbishop. Coikmgf a city of China, of the first rank, in
The walls have 106 equaietoweni at 40 paces dis- the N. W. pert of the province Yu-nan, 1,160
tanoe firom each other; and it has two large suburbsy m. S. S. W. of Pekin.
into one of which the caravans and stranflers ve- CoUUieo, t. Lancaster Co. Pa.
tire. It has upwards of 100 mosques, and thongh ColapooTf a small independent state of Hindoos-
much declinedof late yaan. it is still a plaoe of tan on the coast of the Concan, bounded on the
great trade, and seatedf on tne east side of a rid^ south by the Portuguese territory of Gea. Tfaera-
of lofbr mountains, in a eovntry abounding m jah of this district pretends to be descended fiom
com, fruit, pulse, and cattle, S60 m. 8. E. of Con- me founder of the Mahratta empoe. The na-
stantinople, and about the same distance due east tives were formerljr celebrated for their piraei^ ;
c^Smyma. Vingorla, the principal town, is in lat. Id. N.
CtfJInsfif , a town onthe sooth coast ofMassa- CS^or, or Ccloramy a town of Hindoostan, in
chuaetts Bay, just without the entrance to Boston Mysore, with a Isrge mud fort, and the remains
harbour, 25 m. 8. W. of Boston. Cohasset has a of a hill-fort It is the birth-place of Hyder Aly ,
tolerably good hariwur ; but a ledge of rocks at who erected here a handsome mausoleum for ms
its entrance renden its approach dangerous. Pop. fother ; and near it is a mosque, and a college of
1,227. of Mussulman nriests. The chief manufootures
Cokoes FaUs, a village ei|^t miles due north of are cotton clotns and muslins. It is 40. m. £.
Albany, in New York ; it is seated on the banks N. £. of Bangalore, and 140 W. of Madras.
of the Mohawk RiTer, over which is a bridge, Long. 78. 9. E. lat. 13. 9. N.
about a mile and a half above its entrance into Uie cSlbeme, a town of Tripoli, on the S. W. part
Hudson ; tboiai three-qfnarten of a mile higher up, of the Gulf of Sidn, 90 m. S. S. £. of Messurata.
the Mohawk, being about 350 yards wide, poura CaUbtrg^ a fortified seaport of Further Pomera-
down its waten over a preeipice in an unbroken nia. It nas a ooUe^ate church, good linen man-
sheet, a height of 70 feet perpendicular and next ufiustares, and considerable saltworks. The Rus-
to Niagara, forms the grandest cascade in the state sians laid siege to this town in 1758 and 1769,
of New York. without success ; but it surrendered to them after
GotmAstore, a province of the peninsula of Hin- a long siege in 1761 , and was restored at the sub-
doostan, lying south of Mysore, to which it was sequent peace. It is seated at the mouth of the
lately subject, but ceded to the English on the Persant on the Baltic, 60 m. N. £. of Stettin,
final defisat ofTippoo in 1799. It is UO miles Long. 15. 36. E. lat. 54. 9. N.
long and 70 broad ; and is divided bv the river CoUkngua^ the ninth in order of the provinces
Noyelar into two districts. North ana 8outh. of of Chile extending from the Pacific Ocean to the
which fihawanikudal and Daraporam are the chief Andes, in the lat. of 34. 30. S. It is intersected
towns. by two or three riven, falling into the PaoU&c ;
CjimlBCsrir, a town of Hindoostan, the ancient but it has no port or harbour of note. Pop. about
euital of the province of the same name. It was 15,000. 8an Fernando, about 50 miles from the
taken by general Meadows in 1790, and retaken sea, and 100 south of St. Jago, is the chief town,
in 1791 by Tippoo, who soon after deatroyed the CoUkesUr^ a borough and maricet town in the
fi>rt It contains 9,000 houses, an extensive mud county of Essex, £ng. pleasantly situate on a
palaoe, and a tolerable mosque, built by Tinpoo, gentle eminence, on the west bank of the river
who sometimes resided here ; but it has no larffe Colne, about eight miles above its entrance into
temple. The palace now serves da a barrack for the English Channel. It is a place of antiquity,
a regiment of British cavalry. The chief inanu- supposed to have been a Roman station ; and was
fixtures are muslins, and cotton cloths ; and these, formerly surrounded by a wall, some vestiges of
with cotton wool and thread, tobacco, sugar, and which still remain, and contained a castle of
betel leaf are the principal articlea of trade. It is great strength, supposed to have been built by a
100 m. 8. by E. of Beringapatam. Long. 77. 6. son of Alfred the Great, the remains of which
£. Ut 11. 0. N. now serve for a house of correction for petty of-
Coim&ro, a city of Portugal, capital of Beira, fenden. Prior to the civil war, in the time of
and a bishop's see, with a celebrated university, Oliver Cromwell, the wall, castle, and fortifica-
the onljr one in Portugal, transferred hither from tions were entire, and held out with great obsti-
Lisbon in 1306, where it was originally founded nacy against the parliamentary forces, until after
in 1290. The cathedral is mapiifieent, beside Charlea I. was beheaded in 1648, in which year
which there are nine churches, and eiffht con- it surrendered. The town sustained great dam-'
vents. It stands on a mountain, on' tne river age during the siege. It is now by for the larg-
Mondego, over which is an elegant bridge about est and most important town in the county, and
25 miles above its entrance into the sea, 100 m. N. has undergone great improvement within the
£. of Lisbon. It suilered considerablv by the present oentunr ; a spacious quay has been oon-
great earthquake in 1755. Pop. about 12.000. structed, and tne river made navigable up to tho
CE»re, or Chur, a town of Switserlano, capital town for vessels of 90 to 100 tons ourthen. It is
of the canton of the Grisons. and a bi^op*s see a port of entry for vessels from foreign parts, and
87 g9
CoUhraok Dale, a villiu^e in Shropshire, Eng.
on the banks of the ^vern, 2 m. N. by E.
OOL 910 OOL
has a cwrtom hoiue a little below the town ; but ' CaUtroek. p.t. Cooa Co. N. H. on the Con*
its external commerce is very inconsiderable. Its necticut. Pop. 542.
chief traffic in export is in oysters and prain,
which it sends to the London market in great
quantities, and receives in return every descrip- of Broseley, which see,
turn of shop goods for the supply of the town, and CoUbrooMaU, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
distribution oyer the surrouncQng country. It CoUraine. a borough of Ireland, in the county
had formerly extensive manufactures of woolen of Londondernr, seated on the banks of the river
stuffs, but the manufacture at Colchester is now Bann, about K>ur miles above its entrance into
trifling, no small share of its present importance the Atlantic Ocean. In 1821 the town and sub-
is denved from the extensive intercourse of which urbs of Coleraine contained a population of 4,851,
it is a centre point between London, Harwich, Ip- and the remainder of the parish 1,630 more. It
swich, Yarmouth and Norwich. It is divided into participates largely in the linen manufactures,
16 parishes, and has ss many churches ; but four and its fabrics and bleach are in the highest es
of them are not used, and only three are entitled teem. The fall of (he river Bann precludes it
to notice for their architecture. It has three from affording much commercial advantage to
bridges over the Colne, a spacious market place, Coleraine ; but this defect is in some measure
town hall, com exchange and a theatre. It has compensated for by its salmon fishery, which is
also an noepital, free grammar schools, water the most valuable in Ireland. Coleraine sends
works, two public libraries, a botanical and phi- one member to the parliament of the United
losopmcal institution, and several dissenting meetp Kingdom ; and is 25. £. b^ N.. of Londonderry,
ing nouses. Tlie town is governed by a mayor, and 106. N. by W. of Dublin,
recorder, town clerk, 12 alctermen. 18 assistants, CoIeratiM, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,877.
and 18 common-councilmen ; ana returns two Cslerotn, a town of the state of Georgia, in
members to parliament, the riffht of election being Camden County. A treaty was concluded here,
vested in the corporation and free burgesses not in 1796, between the United States and the
receiving dims, its markets are on Wedne§AajB Creek Indians. It is seated on St. Mary River,
and Saturdays. Pop. in 1821, 14,016. It is 51 35 miles W. by N. of the port of St. Mary, and
m. £. N. E. from London, 21 W. by S. of Har- 14 S. by £. of'^Lonisville.
wich, and the same distance S. S. W. of Ipswich. Ccleraine is also the name of a town in Hamil-
ColdusteTt a town of Vermont, in Chittenden ton County, Ohio, on the east bank of the Miami
Countv, on a Bay of Lake Champlain, at the in- River, about 15 miles above its entrance into the
flux or the Onion, 6 m. N. by E. of Burlington. Ohio, and 10 north of Cincinnati.
Pop. 1,489. * There are 6 other towns of this name in
CoUhetteTf a town of Connecticut, in New Lon- tiie United States ; namely in Pa., N. C. and Ohio,
don County, 20 m. N. W. of New London. Pop. CoUskUlf a town in Warwickshire, Eng. seated
2,083. on a hill, by the river Cole, 10 m. E. of Birminff-
CoUkesier^ a township in Delaware County, ham, and 105 N. W. of London, on the mad
New York, 91 m. S. of Albany. Pop. 1,424. line of road to Liverpool. The church is an el-
GofeAssfsr, a town of Virginia, in Fairfax, egant structure. Pop. in 1821, 1,760.
County, on Ocquoquam Creek, three miles from CoUsviXlt, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,387.
its conflux with the Potomac, and 16 S. W. of Also towns in Maryland and Va.
Alexandria. Cafford^ a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. five
Coldimgf or Kelding, a town of Denmark, in miles E. S. E. of Monmouth, and 124 W. by N.
Jutland, formerly the residence of many Danbh of London. It has several iron forges in its
kings, who adorned it with several edifices. The vicinity,
harbour is ehoked up, and its commerce nearly CMn. See Kolin.
annihilated. It is seated on the Thueths, near its CoUma^ a town of Mexico, in the intendeneia
entrance into a bay of the Little Belt, 30 m. E. of Guadalaxara, on the frontiers of Valladolid ;
N. E. of Ripen. it is seated at the foot of a volcanic mountain,
Celdinf^haimy a town of Scotland, in the county about 300 miles due west of the city of Mexico,
of Berwick, anciently noted for a nunnerv, re- under the banks of a small river, about 30 miles
built by Edgar, king of Scotland, in 1098, £bba, above its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, in the
one of the abbesses, renowned in tradition for her lat. of 18. 40. N. The intervening country be-
charity, gave name to the neighbouring promon- tween the town and the sea is very fertile. Pop.
toiy called St. Abb's Head. It is 9 m. N. N. of the town about 2J500.
W. of Berwick. Pop. about 1.000. Co//, an island of Scotland, one of the He-
CM Rioerf r. N. H. joins the Connecticut at brides, to the W. N. W. of Mull, 13 miles long
Walpole. and three broad. The greatest part is covered
ColditZf a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, with heath, and abounds with rabbits ; and many
with manufactures of linen and stuflb, seated on black cattle are fed here. The castle of Coll is a
Ihe Mulda, 22 m. S. E. of Leipzig. strong square-built structure, and still in tolera-
Coldstream^ a town of Scotland, in the county ble reoair. Total pop. in 1821, 1,264.
of Berwick. Here general Monk first raised Co/IoAimw, a district of Peru, lying between
the Coldstream reg^iment of guards, with Lake Titicaca, and the Pacific Ocean. It is a very
which he marched into England to restore mountainous district ; the Andes here divemng
Charles II. It is seated on the Tweed, over into several ridges, among which the Apunmac
which is a handsome bridge, 13 m. S. W. of andother streams, forming the headwaters of the
Berwick. noble river Amazon, have their source. Caillo-
CoUagttraf a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ma, in the lat. of 15. 40. S. is the capital,
inoe of Coimbetore. It has two large temples, CoUSf a town of Tuscany, on a nill near the
and is a considerable mart for the traders between river Elza, 10 m. N. N. W. of Sienna. Thera
Seringapatam and the countnr below the eastern are five other towns of the same name in dififer-
Ghauts. ^t is 34 m. S. £. of Scjingapatam. ent parts of Italy all inconsiderable.
OOL 911 OOL
CeUtdMf a town of Upper Saxony, in Thorin- and on Um west it is divided by a very irregolar
gia, on the Unstrut, 19 m. N. by W. of Weimar, boundary from the duchy of Juliera. It S not
CoUeUmy a maritime district of South Carolina, more than about 15 miles in mean breadth, and
south of Charleston ; it is intersected by the contains a good deal of forest, some mines of
Edisto River, and is fertile in rice and cotton, coal and iron, and parts of it are fertile in com,
Pop. 37;256. wine, and flax. Pop. about 220,000 : it held a
CbOtottrs, a town of France, in the department distinsruished rank in the Grermanic confederacy
of Bastern Pyrenees, with a castle. It was taken as early as the fourth century, and at the general
by the Spaniards in 1793, but retaken the next partition in 1814, it was transferred to Prussia,
year. It has a small port on the Mediterranean, besides the city of Cologne, the other nrincipal
16 m. S. S. £. of Perpignan. towns are Kemper, Lunne, Nuys, Brul, Mecken-
CattUuviUey p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. heim. Bonn, &c.
CoUmt, a well-built town of Ireland, in Louth Cowgmej the chief town of the preceding ter-
County, with a stocking manufactory, and an ex- ritory, and one of the most ancient and celebrated
tensive bleach field, S m. flrom Dublin. Pop. cities of Europe, is seated on the west bank of the
in 1821, 1,347. Rhine^n the lat. of 50. 55. N. and 6. S^. of W.
CoUumptoUf a town in Devonshire, Eng. with long. 296 miles W. S. W. of Berlin, and 105 £. of
a considerable trade in woolen cloth. It is seat- Brussels. Antecedent to the ascendancy of the
ed on the river Culm, 12 m. N. N. E. of Exeter, Romans over western Europe, the site of Colo^pe
and 160 W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,410. is supposed to have been the capital of a tribe
Colmar, a town of France, capital of the de- callea the Ubii ; and at a subsequent period, to
partment of Upper Rhine. It is surrounded by have given birth to Agrippina, the mother of Nero ;
a wall, flanked with towers, near the river 111 : in reference to wlwm the Romans named it
and has various manufactures, 42 m. S. by W. of Colania Jigrippmia. It joined the Hanseatic
Strasburg. Pop. about 15,000. League at an early period of its formation ; and in
Colnuur^ a town of Germany, in the duchy of the 13th century ranked high as a commercial
Holstein, 5 m. S . £. of Gluckstadt. city. After that period its commercial activity
ColmarSy a town of France, in the department yielded to the influence of priestcraft and in
of Lower Alps, 20 m. E. N. E. of Digne. dolence— persecution followed ', in 1485 the Jews,
Colmitty a town of Austria, 4 m. S. S. W. of and in 1618 the Protestants, were expelled the
DroBsendorf. city ; so that in 1794, when the French took pos-
Coln^ a river of England which rises near session of it, the ecclesiastics amounted to about
Clare, m Suffolk, passes by Halstead and Col- 2^000; and besides the university, founded in 1388,
Chester in Essex, and afler a course of about 40 mne collegiate churches, two abbeys, and an
miles enters the German Ocean, at the east end archiepiscopal seminary, it contained no less than
of Mersey Island. In the inlets and pools at the 126 other monastic ana leMgiona establishments,
mouth ofuiis river are bred the famous Colches- The widls of the city are about seven miles in
ter oysters. There are several small rivers of the circumference ; but a considerable portion of the
same name in England. area is now converted into gardens and vineyards ;
Colnbrook. a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. and although the jperspective of the city on all
seated on tne river Coin, whicn falls into the sides is very imposing, on inspection it proves to
Thames, 17 m. W. of London, on the road to be low and ill buUt. The town-hall, cathedral,
Bath, r op. in 1821, 2,817. and some of the churches are^ however, stately
Cofntj a town in Lancashire, Eng. It is a and fine edifices. Cologne is connected with
place of great antiquity, having been selected for Duvtz, on the opposite bank of the river, by a
a Roman station, by Agricola.^ It is situate near bridge of boats ; and contains within itself almost
the border of Yorkshire, within about a mile of every branch of manufacture for domestic use ;
the Liverpool and Leeds Canal. It formerly par- it stul carries on some traffic up and down the
ticipated in the woolen manufacture, which, with- Rhine, from the waters of which it is liable to in-
in the present century has given way to the more nndation. l^e city was transferred with the ter-
profitable pursuit of the cotton manufecture, in ritory of Cologne, to Prussia in 1814. Pop. about
which branch, in 1821, there were seven large 40,000. It was the birth-place of Rubens,
establishments for spinning and weavin^^, and CoZom&s, St.^ the name of about 20 towns in
twelve others for weaving only\_ The vicinity different parts of France , all inconsiderable,
abounds in coals and sliUe.
which in 1800
creased to 7,274.
Manchester. of Nancy.
Coloeytkiaf a town of Independent Greece^n the Cotombiaf RepuhUe of, an extensive territory,
Morea, on the west side of a bay to which it gives forming the whole northern part of the southern
name. 36 miles S. of Misitra. Xx>ng.22.24. E.,lat. division of the western hemisphere commonly
36. 3o. N. called South America, and includes what, pro-
CotoezOf or Kaht^y a town of Hungary, on the vious to 1811, constituted the vice-royaltj^ of ffew
east bank of the Danube, and an aroh-bishop*s Granada, and the captain-generalship of Caracas
see, 57 m. S. of Buda. or Venezueta. In its extreme length nom N. to S.
ColosTM, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, 26 ro. Colombia extends from the shores of the Carribean
W. by 8. of Padua. Pop. about 6,000. Sea, in the lat. of 12. 30. N. to the Tnnguragua,
Cologne, a late archbishopric and electorate of the main western branch of the great river Ama-
Germany, in the circle of the Lower Rhine ; son, in the lat. of 5. S. and longitudinally from
bounded on the north by the duchy of Cleves and 59. to 83. W. From the 59th to the 68th of W.
Gelderland ; on the south by the archbishopric of long, however, it extends only to 3. of N. let. and
Treves, and from the south, in a N. N. W. direc- its mean long, on the western side, or side of the
tion,'for about 90 miles, by the Rhine, which Pacific Ocean, will not exceed the line of 79. W.;
divides it on the east from the duchy of Berg these limits will give an aggregate extent of sur
1
COL ttt COL
Ikee of about 1,900.000 sqasre milee, or an area 14 tion into the iatlimiis that unites the two jprand
times the extent of Great Britain ; but over this divisions of the western hemiqihere, whilst anoth*
wide domain the human inhabitants are supposed er. coUateral ridge runs nearly due north towards
not to exceed 3,000,000. In its north-western ex- Carthagena. Atween these two ridges runs the
tremity, it includes the Isthmus of Panama, with river Atrato N. into the Gulf of Darien, the head
several spacious and commodious harbours. On waters of which river are contiguous to those of
ItB eastern extremity it is bounded bj the Esse- the St Juan, which runs S. into the Bay of Cho-
quibo River, which divides it from French Guyana eo in the Pacific Ocean, which rivers seem €o
and the English and Dutch settlements of I>eme- form the most favourable means for efi^ting a
rara, Berbice, and Surinam ', ftom the 59th to the water communication between the Atlantic and
65th deg. of W. long., it is bounded on the south' Pacific Oceans. East of the Andes, the country
by a mountain ridge, which divides it from Por- is intersected by^ innumerable streams, those in ttle
ole of its western boundaries being washed by a spacious bay called the Gulf of Mamcaibo,
bv the Pacific Ocean, and its northern by the which leads by a narrow strait into a spacious
- C;arribean Sea, and tne N. £. by the Atlantic lake of the same name. This lake, wnioh'is
Ocean. The earlier history of this territory wUl about 180 miles In length and 70 in width, is
be found more partictdarly adverted to under the bounded on the £. by the Venesuelan clnin of
heads of New Granada and Venexuela. A futile the Andes, and on the W. bv a ridge which di-
attempt was made by General Miranda to revolu- verges from it in the lat of 8. N. ; and with the
tionize Venezuela m 1806; but it was not till lake forms a veiy distinguishing featoie of the
1811 that the people generally exerted themselves country. Numerous islands flank the coast of
in favour of independence : from which period the Carribean Sea,^ from the lonj^. of 61. to the
up to 1819, various sanjpinary conflicts ensued be- Chilf of Maraeaibo in the long. orTO. : the most
tween the European Spaniards and the natives, easterljr and important of these is Trinidad, in
witii alternate success. It was on the 17th of possession of the English^ and near the entrance
Dec. 1819, that the two territories of New Grana^ of the Gulf of Maracaibo is Curagao in possession
da and Venezuela became united under the title of of the Dutch. The rest may lie considered as
the Republic of Colomhia,^ and a popular repre- forming part of the Colombian territory, the most
sentative government divided into legislative, important beinff Margarita. The principal sea-
executive, and judicial. On the 6th of May, 1821, ports on the side of the Atlantic and coast of the
in conformity with the fundamental law, the in- Carribean Sea, are Cumana, Laguira (the out-
stallation of the general congress took place in the port of Leon de Caracas) , Maracaim>, Carthagena,
city of Rosario oe Cucuta, but the seat of gov- and Portobello ; and on , the side of the Pacifle
emment has sinoe been established at Bogota. Ocean, Panama, Bay of Choco, and, Guayaquil.
It was at Carabobo, on the d4th of June of the The most important towns in the interior, be-
same year, that the last battle was fought which sides Bogota, are Xjojan, Juan de BraoomoRM.
decided the downfall of Spanish domination, and Cuenca, Riobamba, Quito, Popayan, Merida, ano
independence of the Colombian Republic. The Anffostura.
territory was at first divided into four parts ; viz. Colombia is not remarkable for any peculiar
Quito, Cundinamarca, Venezuela and Spanish productions either animal or vegetable. Its ea-
Guyana ; but it was afterwards divided into twelve pabilities fbr supplying all that can contrttrate
provinces. The local circumstances of each pro- to the comfort and enjoyment of man, are how-
vince will be found under their respective heads, ever of the first order; while the elevated plains
The aggregate features of the Colombian ter- on the western side of the territory, affora the
ritory ue, in the highest degree, grand and ira- roost agreeable temperature of climate. The 8.
nosing. The Andes, in a parallel ridg^ of about W. section of the territmr is rich in minerals,
200 miles in extent, between which is a valley including both gold and silver ; but the most dis-
twenty or thirty miles wide, at an elevation of tinguishmg feature of surplus production, hith-
about 9,000 f^t above the level of the sea, enter erto, has been horses, mules, aiul homed cattle,
at the S. W. extremity, in which direction the which have been exported in large quantities to
peaks of Chimboraso, Cotopaxi, and Antisana, Jamaica, and all the other West India islands;
rear their majestic heads, all south of the equa^ these, with an inconsiderable supply of cotton,
tor; and in the lat. of 2. N. the chain diverges wool, cocoa, (the best in the world), come, tobacco,
into three ridges, the most easterly of which and indigo, and some dye-woods, with silver to
takes an E. N. E. direction towards the shore the amount of about 2 to 3,000,000 of dollan,
of the Carribean Sea. with which it runs paralkl making an aggregate return of about 6,000,000
through seven deg. of long, to near the Delta of dollars, constituted the aggregate extent of its ex-
the Oiinoco, opposite to the island of Trinidad, temal commeroe, at the period of 1826. It af
It is on the eastern declivity of this ridge, which fords, however, under social institutions, an un-
is called the Venezuelan chain, at an utitade of bounded field for human exertion and enterprise ;
IjOOO feet above tiie level of tiie sea, in the lat. but although the inteffrity and independence of
of 4. 45. N. that Bogota is situate. Bietween this the ColomDian Repuluic have been recogfnized
and the central ri^^, which is called the Chain bv the United States of America, and provision-
of Eknta Martha, runs fbr a course of 660 m. the ally by England and other European States,
fine River Magualena ; and between the Chain its continued integrity is at present too equivo-
of Santa Martha and the main ridge, runs the cal, many of its measures too speculative, and
River Cauea, which unites with the Magdalene some of its institutions, too incompatible with
at the foot of the Santa Martha Chun. atx>ut 150 social welfare, to Justify any ver^ sanguine ex*
miles above the entrance of the Maffoalena into pectations, as to its future prospenhr. ,
the Carribean Sea. From the lat. of 6. N. the ColomkUr, a town c^ France, in tne department
QMin ndge of the Andes takes a N. by W. diree- of the Upper Saone, and chief place of a eanton
OOL 813 COL
in the district of Vetoul, 4 m. N. £. of Vetonl, Waahington Coontj, ntatte on Pleaaant Birer,
and 10 west of Lore. near the Atlantic, 15 m. W. S. W. of Machias.
Co/omter«. a town of France, in the department Pop. 663.
of Seine ana Mame, 16 m. S. JB. of Meaoz, and Columbia, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connect! •
40 E. of Paris. cut. Pop. 442.
CBUnma, Cape, the S. E. point of livadia, 30 m. Cdlumlria, a county in the state of Georgia,
S. E. of Athens. The name also of another cape bounded on the E. br the Savannah River, which
on the east coast of Calabria, near the entrance to diHdes it from Edgefield County, South Carojina.
the Gulf of Tarento, in iat. 39. 6. N. It is nearly a square of about 25 m. each way ; be-
CoUnuaf a fertile island off the west coast of ing on the verge of the upland district. It is a
Scotland, to the west of Jura. It is separated on healthy, agreeable, and fruitful county. Pop.
the south from that of Oronsa, by a narrow chan- 12,606.
nel, which being dry at low water, they may be Cobtmbia, a city of South Carolina, coital of
considered as one island, about 12 miles long and Kershaw County, and the seat of government of
2 broad. Pop. in 1821, 904. the sUte ', is situate on the Congaree, juit below
Coloor, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar of the conflux of the Saluda and Broad rivers, 110
Guntoor, near which is a diamond mine. It is m. N. N. W. of Charleston, 170 S. W. of Raleigh,
situate on the south side of the Kistnah, 13 m. N. and 507 S. W. by S. of Washington. Long. 81.
W. of Condavir. 10. W., Iat. 33. &d. N. The College of South Car-
Colaradoj a river of Mexico, which falls into olina at this place was founded in 1801. It has 9
the Gulf of California, at its head, in the Iat. of 33. instructors and 111 students, with a libiaiy of 7fiO0
N. The main branch, which is called the St. Ro- vols. It has one vacation in July, August, and
fael, has its source in the Iat. of about 40. N. not September.
far distant from those of the del Norte, the Arkan- Coluinbia, a town of Pennsylvania, in Lancas-
sas and the Platte, all ofwhich flow, south and west, ter County, situate on the Susquehannah, at
into the Gulf of Mexico. Theie are six other Wright's Ferrv, 12 m. W. of Lancaster, and 70
branches, all of which have their source north of W. by N. of PnUadelphia.
the 36th deg. of N. Iat. which fall into the St. Columhia, is also the name of a township in
Rafael, whose united stream may be considered Herkimer County, New York, and of a town in
the main branch of the Colorado ; about 50 miles St. Lawrence County, in the same state, 227 m.
above its entrance into the Gulf of California it is N. W. of Albany. Pop. 2,181.
united b]^ another stream, from the eastward call- * * There are 7 other towns called Columbia
ed the CTila. These rivers are said to afford sev- in the U. S.
eral hundred miles of navigation fbr vessels of Mumbia River. See Oregon.
considerable burthen. Oflwmbiana, a county of the State of Ohio. It
CUormdOf or Red River, is also the name of is a square of about & m. each way ; the S. B.
anotherriver, rising east or the Andes in the Iat. of oomer jets upon the Ohio River at the point
32. S. mnninj|r in a S. S. £. direction, through the where it divides the state of Ohio fiiom that
red loamy plains of Pampas and Buenos Ayres in- of Virginia, tiie east side being bounded by Bea-
to the S. Atlantic Ocean, in the Iat. of 40. S. ver County, in the state of Pennsvlvania. It is
CoUnai, an island of Greece, formerly called intersected from the N. W. by Little Beaver Riv-
Salamis, near the coast of Livadia, seven miles er, which falls into the Ohio at the point of union
long and two broad. The ^incipal town is of the with Beaver County. The fertility and local ad-
same name, on the south side, with an excellent vantages of this county may be in^rred from the
harbour, 17 m. W. by S. of Athens. It was in increase of population since 1810, when it was
the strait between this island and the main land 10,870, and in 1830. 35,506. There is a town of
that Themistocles defeated the Persian fleet. the same name in tne north part of the county ;
Colostoar. See Claueenburj^. but the chief town is New Lisbon, on the north
CoUteneorthf a village in Lmcolnshire, Eng. on bank of Little Beaver River, in the centre of the
the Witham^ 8 m. S. dT Grantham, celebrated for county, 185 m. E. N. £. of Columbus,
being the birth-place of the fanious Sir Isaac ColwnbiaoHUf a village of Columbia Co. N. Y.
Newton. on the Kinderhook Creek on theliastbank of the
Columk. St. a town in Cornwall, Eng. seated Hudson just above the city of Hudson. Here are
on a hill 26 m. N. N. W. of Penrvn, and 249 W. 11 manufactures, producing yearlv 16,240,000
S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 2,493. yards of calico, besides carpeting ana flannels.
Columbiaf^ District, a territory ten miles sq|iare Columbo, the maritime capitu of Ceylon. In
apon both fides of the Potomac between Virginia 1805, its site was the residence of a powerful na-
and Maryland. It is under the immediate juris- tive chief, on whose territory the Portuguese
diction of the United States, and contains the seat firat settied in 1517, and founded the present town
of the Federal Government. It comprises the in 1638 -, the Portuguese in 1658, were expelled
cities of Washington^ Alexandria ana George- by the Dutch, and they surrendered it to the £n^
town. It is divided into 2 countries, Washing- lish in 1796. The fort, upwards of a mile in cir-
ton and Alexandria, and contains a population of eumference, stands on the extremity of a peninsu-
39,858. la, and is strong both by nature and art The
Columbia, a county of the state of New York, town is built more in the European sUle than any
<m the east side of thie Hudson River, bounded on other garrison in India, and nearly divided into
the east by Berkshire County, Massachusetts, four equal qnarten by two principal streets^ to
It is about 35 m. from N. to S. and 20 fh>m W. to which smaller ones runparallel, with connecting
£. Pop. 39,952. It is divided into 14 townships, lanes between them. The natives, who are very
It yields some iron at Ancram in the S. E. part numerous, live in the old town, without the walls
of the county. The city of Hudson {tohieh see) on of tiie new, as in most of the maritime cities of the
the test bank of the noble river of that name, is the east. Its inhabitants comprise some of all nations,
chief place in the countjr. and the aggregate population is very considerable
. CWttnite, a town of'^the district of Maine, in Here is a school for the propagation of the Chria*
€0M St4 COM
tian religion, and a botaaioal garden. Colombo on the Geld coaat, fermerly a part of the kin^do&
18 the chief place for the staple trade of the island, of Fetu. The natiyes are of a warlike disposition,
The articles exported are cinnamon, pepper, sr- and so nnmerous, iikal the king is said to be able
rack, andooya rope, or cordage; also cocoa-aats to raise an army of 20,000 men. The capital,
and oiL wax, honey, cardamons, coral, ivory, froit, where the king resides, is called Grand Commen- .
Sui, Columbo is sitnate in a rich district on the do, or Onffb ; four miles to the south of which,
west coast, towards the south part of the island, on the sea coast, is Little Commendo, where the
Long. 79. 49. £. kt. 7. 4. N. Enfflish and Datch have forts. It lies to the west
Cobtmbmsy p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,744. of Cape Coast castle, in the lat of 4. 54. N. and 3.
Columbus, a small county in the S. £. part of 34. W. long.
Nttfth Carolina, in the swampy distriot, through CsmnMrey, a town of France, in the department
which runs the line dividing North from Sooth of the Mouse, with a castle seated on the Meus^,
Carolina. Pop. 4,141. Whitesville is the capital. 16 m. £. of Bar le Doc. Pop. aboot 3,600.
CtdunilfHSf tne chief toiyn of Franklin Count]f, ComnuiaUf or Obmitftott, a town of Bohemia,
Ohio, and seat of goyemment of the state. It is in the circle of Saate. Its alom pits, and the
pleasantly situate on a sentie eminence, on the great quantities of fruit and vegetables raised
E. bank of the Scioto River, just below the June- here, are the principal part of its trade. It is 58
Uon of the Whetstone, 45 miles above, or If. of m. N. W. of Prague, on the road to Chemnitz.
Chillicothe, and 418 W. by N. of Washington. Como, a town of Italy, in the Milanese, and a
A lateral canal extends from this place to the bishop's see. It is surrounded by a wall, backed
grand canal of Ohio. Pep. 2,437. by a conical eminence, on which are the ruins of
*.* There are 6 other towns called Columhus a castle. The cathedral is a handsome edifice <^
in tne U. S. white marble, hewn from the neighbouring ouar-
Columnaj a town of Russia, in the government ries. The innabitants have manufactures or cot-
of Moscow, and an archbishop's see, situate on the ton and silk, and carry on some trade with the Gri-
S. E. frontier of the province, at tbe confluence sons. Pliny was bom here ; and, in his Letters,
of the Moskwa with the Oka River, 50 m. S. £. speaks of the delightf\il scenery of its environs
of Moscow. It stands at the S. W. end of the Lake of Como,
Colyton, a town of Devonshire, £ng. seated on 18 m. N. of Milan, and 80 N. E. of Turin. Pop.
the Cole, at its confluence with the Ax, 17 m. E. about 15,000.
of Exeter, and 171 W. by S. of London. Pop. in Come, Lake off a lake of Italy, in the Milanese,
1825, 1 ,945. ^ extending from the city of Cemo in a N. N. E. di-
Com, or Kom, a town of Persia, in Irac Agemi, rection w about 35 miles : it varies in breadth from
with several beautiful mosques, and some ffrand one to six miles, and reoeives from the north the
sepulchres, especially those of Seli 1. and Abbas river Maira, and from the eaiTt tiie Adda, both of
II. The trade 18 considerable J and the chief articles which rivers &11 into the lake at its N. E. end,
are fruit, both fresh and dry, the bestsoa|> in Per- and discharge their waters by an arm firom near
sia, excellent sword hlades, white poreenin^ silks, the centre, on the S. £. side ; this anp extends
and velvets. It is seated near the foot of a moun- for about twenty miles fVom one to two miles
tain, and on the banks of a river, in a fine plain, wide and is culed Lake Lecco, when it again
110 m. N. N. E. of Ispahan. narrows, and resumes die name of the Adda, till
Comaekio, a town of Italy, in the Ferrarese, it falls into the Po. afler a further course of about
seated in a lake of the same name, lying between 60 miles, a few miles above CreuKma.
two mouths of the river Po, 27 miles £7 S. E. of Comorin, Cope, the most southern point of
Ferrara. Hindoostan, in the lat. of 8. 4. N. and 77. 45. of
Comana. See Cumana. E. long.
Combe Martin, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It Comom, a strong town of Hungary, capital of
is seated on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, sur» a territory of the same name. It is seated on an
rounded hy mines of iron and lead, the produce island called Schut, formed by the confluence of
from which is shipped for Wales and Bristol, the Wag with the Danube, 70 m. E. S. E. of
It is six miles E. of Ilfraoomb, and 202 W. of Vienna. The castle b deemed one of the strong-
London. Pop. in 1821, 1,023. est in Europe ; and has never surrendered to any
Combourr, a town of France, in the department besieging torce. The town was taken by the
of nie and Yilaine, 25 m. S. S. E. of St Malo : it sultan Solyman in 1543 ; and has since then beto
wastfae birth place of Chateaubriand. exposed to various conflicts and ravages ; alike
Combieonum, a town of Hindoostan, situate on from war, fire, and earthquake. It contains about
the hanks of the CsYery River, about 20 miles 9,000 inhabitants, who carry on a considerabU
above its entrance into me sea. It was the cap- traffic with the surrounding country,
ital of the most ancient of the Hindoo dynasties ; Comoro Idandt, five islands in the Indiai
it is now inconsiderable, but several ruins still Ocean, between the coast of Zanguebar, and thb
remain to attest its former greatness. It is about north end of the island of Macbgascar. They
15 m. N. by E. of Tanjore. are called Hineeuan, Mahota, Mohula, Angezeia,
ComereoUy, a town of Bengal, near the south and Comora. See tKnzttau, Grand Comore
bank of the main branch of the Ghinges, and about rises to the height of nearly 6,000 feet above the
too m. N. by E. of Calcutta; it is one of the sta- level of the sea.
tions or factories of the English East India Com- Comjnegne, a town of France, in the depart-
pany, for collecting of silk and cotton manufac- ment of Oise. Here is a palace, in which the
tures. kings of France oflen lesided. The maid of Or-
CamiUa, a town of Hindooetan, in Bengal, and leans was taken prisoner here by the English in
chief place of the country of Tibera. It is seated 1430. It is sealed near an extensive forest, on
on a nver that flows west Into the Burampooter, the east bank of the River Oise, over which is an '
58 m. £. S. E. of Daoca, and 185 E. N. E. of elegant bridge, a little below the oonfluenee of
Calcutta. the Aisne, and 45 m. N. E. of Paris.
Cemmonio, or Comnuuu, a kingdom of Guineai Comp^HeUa, or ft. Jago de Com^oitdU^ a city
CON 916 COM
«
of SpVm, etpital of Galiciii, and an archbishop*! province of Pachacay, in the lat. of 36. 48. N
tee, with a oniverflity. The pttblic Bquares and and 73. 8. of W. long.
chnmhef are magnificent; and it has a great C(9iic«paaA, a aea-port of the province of Vera-
n amber of convents (br both sexes. It is pre- gna; seated near the shore of tne Caribbean sea,
U^nded that the body of St. James, the patron of on the river Vcragna, 95 m. W. by 8. of Porto-
Spain was buried here ; and pilgrims visit his bello. Long. 81. 40. W., lat. 8. 48. N.
wooden image, which stands on the great altar Coneepcion del PaOj an interior town of Colom-
of the cathedral. From this city the military bia, in ttie province qf Venezuela, situate on the
order of St Jajgo had its origin. It is seated iii border of the great plain of the Orinoco, about
a beautiful plain between the rivers Tambra and 140 m. S. S. W. of Cumana. The inhabitants
UUa, 35 m. S. by W. of Corunna, and 300 N. N. drive considerable herds of cattle to Barcelona
W. of Madrid. Pop. about 12,000. and Cumana, for exportation to the West Indies.
CompasUUaf a town of Mexico, in Guadalajara, Conemtum, one of tiie large bays of the -isl-
eapital of the district of Xalisco. There are sev- and of Newfoundland, at the S. £. end, in the
eral mines of silver m its neighbouriiood. It is lat. of 47. 30. to 48. N^ and 52. 30. of W. long.
110 m. W. of Guadalajara, ana about 50 from the Conehma^ a river of Mexico, in the Intendency
shore of the Pacific Ocean, in the long, of 105. of Durango, which has its source near St. Cruz,
42. W. lat. 21. 15. N. in the lat. of 48. 40. N. ; runs south for about 70
Conqvton, t. Bergen Co. N. J. m. then in a W. N. W. direction for about the
GiMiamact, or CtmomiaU^ an island in Narragan- same distance, and then due north for about 100
set Bay forming part of the state of Rhode Is- m. into the Rio del Norte,
land. It lies puallel to Rhode Island on the west, Cimaze, a town of Switzerland, on the west
and is 8 miles long and one mile broad. It eon* bank, near the south end c^ the Lake of Neuf*
tains the town of Jamestown, and has a produe- chatel. Pop. about 2,500.
tive soil. Goiieo6eU9, a town in the interior of South
Comem. a low tract of country, on the west Africa, in Anziko, the residence of a prince ;
coast of the Deeoan of Hindooetan. From this seated on the River Zaire, and borden on Congo,
tract tisea abruptly that stupendous wall of 150 m. S. W. of Monsol. Long. 15. 54. £. Git.
mountains, called the Ghauts, it lies between the 2. 5. S.
Portuguese settlement of Goa and Bombay, in Cracord. p.t.. Merrimack Co. is the seat of ^v-
Ihe lat of 16. and 19. N., and was formerly oesig- emmentof N. Hampshire. It is pleasantly sitn-
nated the Pirate Coast, in consequence of the ated on both sides orthe Merrimack, along which
frequent piracies committed upon it during the spread some rich intervals. The chief village is on
17th and 18th centuries. The pirates were ex- tne west side, and forms a strait 2 miles in length,
tirpated by a united British and Mahratta force It contains a State House and State Prison, hoih
in 1756, and the territoiy guannteed to the of stone. Concord has a considerable trade and
Peishwa of the Mahratlas, in whose sovereignty a boat navigation to Boston by the river and Mid-
it still cont^uee. It is about 40 miles wide, and dlesex canu. Distance from Boston 62 m. from
intersected by several small rivers ; and the coast Portsmouth. Pop. 3,727.
is indented by numerous bays and harboun, the Concord^ p.v. Middlesex Co. Mass. 16 m. N. W.
principal of which are as n>llows, beginning at Boston. Pop. 2,017. The fint provincial congress
the north, viz. Choul, Banc3ote, or Fort Victoria, met here in 1774, and the fint opposition to the
Dabnl, Zigar, Gheria, and Rajpoor : off 'Dabul, British arms in the conflict usually termed the
lins the small island of SeverndToog, which wsa battle of Lexington, was made at this place. See
the main point of rendezvous fbr the pirates. LeaErngtm.
Ctnuanuau^ a town of France, in the depart- */?rhere are 17 other towns named Concord
ment of Finisterre, with a cattle seated on a in d^fiferent parts of the United States,
fmall inlet of the sea, 16 m. S. £. of Quimper. Cotuwrdia, a town of Italy, in the Modenese,
CMiccpeten, Buy md tovm of, in Chile. The on the river Seohia, 5 miles west of Mirandola.
Bay of Coneepcion is one of the most commo- Con^ordui, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 28 m.
dious on the whole western coast of Sonth S. S. W. of Udina.
America. It is about ten miles each way, open C&meordiA. a parish of Louisiana, extending
to the N. W., the entrance being divided into two north fifom tne entrance of Red River about 140
channels by the small island of Quiriquina. miles along the west bank of the Missisoppi,
Both channels have svfil&eient depth of water for beinff about 15 miles in mean breadth. Pop.
the largest vessels ; the eastern is about two 4,6^. The seat of justice has the same name
miles wide, and the western about one mile and a and is seated on the Mississippi opposite Natchez,
half The aoutli side of the island of Quiriquina (hndmnorey a town of Hinooostan, in G<^coBda,
affords rery good anchorage; but the S. W. ex- 24 m. £. of Adoni.
tremity of the bay is more convenient. On the Comda^yj a town of Hindooetan, capital of
shore of this part of the bay is the town of Tal- one of the we Ciroan. It is situate near the bay
cahuaaa, neariy on tlie site of which the town of of Bengal, north of the Kistnah, 80 m. 8. 8. s.
Coneepcion was origiDallyfbnnded by Valdi via in of Raponundry. Long. 80. 90. £. lat 16. 37.
1550; and it was, fbr a eonsidenhle time, the N.
cipital of all Chile ; but having repeatedly sufl^ Condapour,tL town of Hindoostan, in Golccaidai
ed from the attacks of the Arauoaniaas, the seat 20 m. S. by W. of Hydrabad.
nf i^vermnent was transferred to 8t. Ja|po, and Condakky, a town on the west eeast of the lal-
having also been injured by an earthquake in 1790, and of Cej^on, off which is the prinomal peul
and totally destroyed in 1751, the town was re- fishery. It is south of liie lalaiia of Manar, in
built on the north bank of the Biohio River, at a the lat. oTS. 45. N.
dwUnoe ef about six miles 8. E. of the site of Cimdamr, a town of Hindoostan, and the prfea-
tlie finrmer town. N^xt to St. Jago, it is the cipal pestof Gatoor, one of theflve Cirean. It
most populous town in Chile, and in 1826 contain- is strongly situate on a motutsin, 30 m. 8. W
ed about 13,000 inhabitanto. It is situate in the of Condapilty, and 65 N. N. W. of Ong«4a
CON S16 CON
Ctmdej a itronii town of France, In the depart- road to Liverpool. In 1754 an extennTe silk mill
ment of Nord, with a fortresB. It inrrendered to was erected here ; and in 18S^ the nomber of mills
the allies, after enduring the rigours of &mine for the like purpose exceeded thirty, with four or
in 1793; but was reU&en in 1794. Conde five for spinning of cotton : the weavinur, also both
is seated on the Scheldt, at the influx of the of cotton and suk, has been partially established
Haisne, 7 m. N. by £. of Valenciennes, and 26 in the tdwn and neisrhbourhood. It has two tan-
S. £. of Lisle. Pop. about 6,000. yards and various other manufactures dependent
C!0«M2e, a town of France, in the department of on the process of spinning. The pop. which in
Calvados, seated on the Noireau, 28 m. S. S. W. }801 was 3,861, in 1821 had increased to 6/t04.
of Caen. It is 7 m. 8. S. W. of Macclesfield.
Condeeedo, or La Deseanoddaf a cape of Tuca- Cmeott, t. Crawford Co. Pa.
tan, on the east shore of the Bay of Campeche, Congo^ a country on the west cosst of South
100 m. W. of Merida. Long. 91. 27. W. lat. 20. Africa, between 4. and 15. deg. of S. lat. contain-
50. N. ing the kingdoms of Loango, Congo, Angola,
Condtmyaa, a town of Peru, capital of a dis- Matamba, and Benguela. It was discovered by
trict, in which is gathered a species of wildcochi- the Portuguese in 1461 ; and is bounded on the
neal, that forms a great article of trade. It is 85 north by Guinea, east by parts unknown, south
m. N. N. W. of Areqnipa. by Bemba, and west hy the Atlantic. It is some-
Condomj a town of France, in the department times called Lower Gruinea ; and the Portuipiese
of Gters, seated on the Baise, 26 m. N. N. W. of have manv settlements on the coast, as well as in
Auch,and !% S. £. of Bordeaux. the inland country. There are many desert pla-
Condore^ or Pvlo Condortf a fertile island in ces within land, in which are elephants, leo-
the China Sea, near the Coast of Cambodia, 9 pards, monkeys, and monstrous serpents ; but
miles lonff, and two where broadest; and is sur- near the coast the soil is more fertile, and there
rounded by several islets. Buffaloes, hogs, veg- are firuits of many kinds, beside palm-trees, from
etables and water are to be had here. The Eng- which wine and oil are made. The greatest part
lish had a settlement here in 1702 ; but the fac- of the inhabitants go almost naked ; they wor-
ton falling out with the natives, most of them ship the sun, moon, and stan, and animals of
were murdered, and the rest driven thence in different kinds; but the Portuguese have made
1795. It has a spacious bav on the east side, many converts. They are skiltul in weaving cot-
Long. 107. 20. E. lat 8. 40. N. > ton cloth, and trade in slaves, ivory, cassia, and
Coiu2riett, a town of France, in the department tamarinds. Congo, properly so called, is onlv
of Rhone, celebrated for excellent wine, seated 150 m. broad alonff the coast, but is 370 inland,
near the Rhone, 18 m. S. of Lyons. Pop. about From March to September is called the winter
4,000. season, when it rains almost every day ; and the
dmemaughj there are 3 towns of this na me in summer is from October to March, when the
Pa. There is also a creek of this name in the weather is very hot. The principal riven are the
same state, on the banks of which, about 30 miles Zaire and Couiza. The capital is St. Salvador.
East of Pittsburg are saline springs from which See Zaire,
salt is manufactured. Congo, a town of Penia In Laristan. It is a
ConeatogOf a stream falling into the Susque- market for {>earls, brought firom Bahrin, and is
hanna in Lancaster Co. Pa. Also a town in seated on a river, which flows into the Persiaa
the same county. Gulf, 90 m. W. by S. of Ormus. Long. 54. 30.
Conewago, the name of two streams running £., lat. 26. 36. N. Pop. about 7,000.
from opposite directions into the Susquehanna in Confess, t. Wayne Co. Ohio.
Pa. Also a town in York Co. Pa. Coiu, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital of a
Coiuwango, the name of a town and a branch territory of its name, with a strong citadel. Its
of the Allegnany river in Warren Co. Pa. trade is considerable, being the repository fi>r all
Cor^/lanSf a town of Savov, near the confluence the merchandise from Turin and Nice, which is
of the Isere and Doron, 18 m. east of Cham- intended for Lombardy, Switierland, and Grer-
berry. many. It is so strong by nature and art, that
Coi^nSf a town of France, in the department though frequently besieged by the French, they
of Upper Saone, 12 miles north of Vesoul. never could take it. In 1796 it was delivered up
C9i|fo2eii5, a town of France, in the department to the French, after their victory at Mondovi, as
of Charente, on the River Vienne, 30 m. N. £. \. hostage for the performance of a treaty; audit
of Angouleme. surrenoered to the Austrians in 1799. It fell again
Congf a village of Ireland, in the county of into the hands of the French in 1810, and was oe-
Mayo, 24 miles south of Castlebar. It is seated ded to Sardinia at the general neaee of 1814. It
on the north bank of Lake Corr, and was former- is seated on a rock, at the confluence of the Gez-
ly the residence of the kings of Connaught. so and Stura, 35 m. south of Turin. Pop. about
The nuns of several churches and religious 10,000.
houses are yet visible. Pop. in 1821, 508. The Conjeoeramy a town of Hindoostan, in the Car
parish extends into the County of Galway ; and natic. The streets are tolerably wide ; and on
contained in 1821, an aggregate population of eachsideisarowof cocoa-nut trees. The inhab-
7,568. itants are most of them Bramins belonging to two
C9jmree,ariverof South Carolina ; it is form- large temples; there is also a small mosque of
ed of .toe united waten of the Broad and Saluda very neat workmanship. It is seated near the Pa-
Rivers, which after a course of about 40 miles, lear, 24 m. £. of Arcot, and 44 W. S. W. of Mad-
vnite with the Wateree, in nearly the cen- ras.
tre of the state ; the united streams then take Cotul, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on a bay
tlw name of the Santee. to which it gives name. The inhabitants aro
Con^lieUm. a town of England in the county of much engaged in fishing, especially for tunmes ;
Cheshire. It is seAted on Uie banks of the River and beautifiil crystalized sulphur is found here
Dean, 161 m. N. W. ofLondon, on the mail-coach It is 18 m. S. S. £. crf'Cadti.
CON tt 7 CON
Conisberg. &ee Konigsberr. Manufkctures are in a flourishing state here. One
CamUhroughf a Tillage in West Yorkshire, Eng. of the largest manufactaring places is Middletown,
5 m. S. WT of Doncaster. It was formerly a where are made cotton and woolen cloths, paper,
place of note, and has large remains of an ancient soap, combs, rifles, pistols, swords, also coffee-
eastlc. Pop. in ] 821, 1,142. mills to tiie number of 200.000 annuallir, and band
ConistonrmeiB, a laJLe in Lancashire, Eng. 6 m. boxes 30,000. At TarifTille are manufactories of
long and nearly one broad. It is in some places cotton and carpeting. At Norwich, are manufac-
40 nthoms deep, and abounds in excellent char, tones of flannel, cotton, leather, paper, iron, &c.
Near the head of it, on the N. W. side, is the At Manchester there are extensive cotton manu-
village of Coniston, 3 m. W. by S. of Hawks- factories. Vast quantities of tin ware are made
head , and north of the village rises the peak of in various parts of the state, and sent to every
Coniston Fell, to the height of 2,577 feet above town in the Union for sale. At Canton is a man-
the level of the sea. ufactory of axes, which have acquired a reputa
CahnaugKt^ one of the four provinces of Ireland, tion above all others in the United States. Near
bounded on the south by Munster, east by the New Haven, at the foot of East Rock, is a gun
River Shannon, which divides it from Leinster, factory, for several vears occupied in manufactur
north by Donegal and Sliffo Bays, imd west by ing. muskets for the United States. It is re-
the Atlantic 0<xan, which indents it with nu- markable for the excellence of^its internal ar
merous bays, ffiving it from three to four hun- rangements, and the perfection of its various
dred miles or sea-coast, flanked by numerous ^ mechanical processes. Wooden clocks also form
i^ands. It contains a good deal of mountainous a very thriving branch of manufacturing industry,
territory, and several lakes. For extent of sur- In the single town of Bristol above 30,000 clocks
face, divisions, population, &c. See Ird4ind, are made annually, and whole ship loads are ex-
Comuctieutj one of the united states of America, ported at a time. Some of the clocks are of met-
bounded on the N. by Massachusetts, E. by Rhode al, and the whole bring an average price of 8 dol-
Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New lars each.
York. It lies between 41. and 42. 2. N. fat. and There are also in different parts of the state, ex
•71. 20. and 73. 15. W. long. It is 88 miles in tensive manufactories of haU, block-tin ware, and
length, and 53 in mean breadth, and contains 4,664 other thin^ ; there are a multitude of small estab-
scj. miles. The surface ofConnecticut is agreeably lishments in different places devoted to the mak-
diversifjed by eently swelling hills and valleys, ing of articles of various kinds,
presenting to the eye ofthe traveller a constantly Most of the commerce of this state consists in
varying prospect; and in some [>arts he hiUs rise the coasting trade, although New London has a
to a heignt to claiming the denomination of moun- considerable share in the whale fishery. The
■ tains. The Housatonic mountains enter the state shipping enrolled and licensed in 1827, amounted
in the N. W. part, and continue southerly along to 56,708 tons. The domestic produce exported
the Housatonic river to the coast ; this is but a in 1823, amounted in value to 493,925 dollars,
successionof eminences, spurs and branches, some The imports for the year were estimated at
of which are considerably elevated. The next, 485,174 dollars. The internal trade is somewhat
proceeding easterly, is the Greenwoods Range, assisted by the Farmin^n Canal, which see.
which is not very high ; the summits in the north- The state is divided into 8 counties. New Lon
em parts are covered with evergreens ; the south- don, Middlesex, New Haven, Fairfield, Litchfield,
em division is more rugged and less lofty than the Hartford, Tolland and Windham. The first four
northern. border on Long Island Sound. The number of
The third is broken and precipitous on iU west- towns and cities is 120. The pop. 297,711. Hart-
cm face, with gentle declivities on the eastern, ford, and New Haven are the capitals, and the le-
this range divioes into branches towards the S., gislature meet alternately at these places. The
which end in East Rock and West Rock, near present constitution was adopted in 1818 ; before
New Haven. The fourth range extends from this time, the state was governed according to the
Hartford to New Haven, and is of the same colonial charter. The legislature is cal&d the
geological character with the preceding, but is General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and
not continuous. It is of only a moderate height. House of Representatives. The representatives
but has a fisw bold elevations. This ranee is are chosen in towns, according to numbers, and
called the Middletown Mountains, though its the senators by a general ticket. AH elections are
separate parts have several distinct appellations, annual, and tne qualifications for voting, amount
Passing W. of the Connecticut river, we come to universal suffrage. The executive branch
to the 5th. called the Lyme Range, being the consists of a Governor, and Lt. Governor, cho-
height of land which separates the waters of the sen by the people. There is no religious test in
Connecticut fh>m those of the Thames ; this office. The Congregationalists have 236 minis-
range has also two branches toward the S., but ters ; the Baptists 7o ; the Methodists 40 ; the
in me N. is a distinct and continuous ridge, high- Episcopalians 58. There are some Unitarians,
est in the northern part. Universalists, Catholics and Shakers.
The chief rivers are the Connecticut, the Hous- There are colleges at New Haven and Hartford
atonic and the Thames. The first mentioned is and many academies in different parts of tlie
the only one that affords extensive navigation, state. Tlie Connecticut School fund, arising from
New London harbour is the best in the state, yet the sale of western lands belonging to the state,
it is but little fieauented. Hartford and New amounts nearly to 2,000,000 dollars. The income
Haven are the chiet trading places. of this fund is appropriated by the constitution of
The climate of Connecticut is somewhat mild- the state, to the support of primary schools, and is
er than in Massachusetts. The soil and agricul- divided among the different counties, in proper-
tuial pursuits are about the same. There are tion to the number of children. The population,
mines of iron in the state but they are little next to that of Massachusetts, is more dense than
wrought. Copper and lead are also found here, in any other part of the United States, notwith
and quarries of marble are wrought extensively, standing which great numbers are constantlv
COM ai
amifimtuig to Obio and other parts of tha weatem
trmtoij.
Thii State wu Mttled in 1636 by emigmita
ftma HoMachuKtta. Bee Harvard. The peo-
ple ace remarkable for thrift, ingeanil; and cmtar-
fiim. and display with pecaliar atren^ maay
proDiiiMDt truta of the New England chonctar.
See JV<Eie England,
Cnuuclicuf, the laigeat riTer in New EucUad,
riaing at the northara eitramitj of Hew Hamp-
■hire on the boundary between thai slate and
CaDula. It rans southerly d r d ng the states
of New Hampshire and Vennont after which t
puses through MassichuMtta and ConDecticut
to the sea at Long Island Sound Its whole
cauTM 11 above 400 m lea It is ungated bj
■loops (a HsTtfoTd oO mles by steamboats to
&pT ngfield n Vermont and by the help of im
m dilj oma-
- Nor
margin entirely neat, and rery coi
mented with a fringe of ahmba an
is the surface of UMse gninnda I ^ „,
their terraced form and Dndulstiani an eminent-
ly handsome, and their unJTeraal fertility nukea a
cuieerfnl impraMion on even eye. A gteatmrt
of them is fbrmed into meailows, which are here
CKH« profitable, and everywhere more beaatifiil
than lands devoted to any other culture; here
they are extended from 5 to 500 acrea, and ai«
everywhere covered with a verduref peculiarly
rich and vivid. The finest and most abundant
crops of haj sjs raised upon these intervals.
There are many falia and rapida upon the Con-
necLcat, the luvest of which is a violent rapid
called Bellows Fallt, at a village of that name in
Vermont. A canal panes rouud this obstruction
on the weatem aide. Host of tha other rapids
are also avoided by locks and canals. The soeoery
along the banks of the Connecticut ia exceeding-
ly varied and picturesque, and though many other
Btnama snrpasa it in grandeur of features, jet for'
the variety, elegance and chesiiulness of the
landscape which its borders everywhere exhibit,
it may be regarded as one of the most beautifitl
rivers in the world. Its waters sfibid vast num-
bers of the finest ehid, and the taking of these fish
fiimishes occupation to many or \bB inhabitants
along the river.
boat navigation of 906 miles.
The villey of this river is from G to 4S miles
in width, and ita marfkce is composed of a suc-
cession of hills, vaLiea and plains. The interval
land* begin about 12 or 14 miles from its mouth.
These lands are formed by a long and continued
alluvion of the river, llie tributary streams of
the Connecticut run everywhere through a aofl
and rich soil, considenble quantities of which, par-
tJeularl; the lighter and finer particles, are from
lime to time washed into their channels, by occa-
uonol correnti, springing how tsins, and melted
■nowa. Wherever the stream moves with an
ouifiKm current, theae Hrticles are carried along
with it; but where the current is materially
ohecked, the; are in greater or less quantitiei
depoaited. In this msnuer, the interval borders
nftbe river are formed. The form of most of
them ia etegsnt ; a river, paasing through them
becomea almost of course, winding; the esrtfa of
which they are composed is of a nnilbrm texture,
the impiessiona made by the atream upon the
, N. H. the s
the branches of that river,
CoiuCTiA, a south frontier connW of the atate of
Alabama, borderingonWeslFlorida. Pop. 7,444.
A river ofthe same name inlerseela the county,
running aouth through West Florida into lbs Bfty
of Fensacola. Sparta ia the chief lawn.
Coiuutr, a parish in tha county of Antrim, It*
land, which, in 18SI, contained a papulation of
7,123. There iaadeeayed town in the parish, fin-
merly a bishop'i see, now united to Down. It is
6 m. north of Antrim. Pop, in 1SS0,S39.
CnuwrsviUe, p.v. Payette Co. Ind.
CoKgutMt, p.t. CayUEa Co. N. T. Pop. XfiST
CrofMst, a town oT^ance, in the department of
Finisterre, witha good hartioui sad M«d. It ia
13 m. W. of Brest.
Cnurdrs, a town of Italy, 19 m. S. of Padua.
Fop. about 6,000.
Conngtioiiu, a town of Sicily, in Valdi Maaara,
10 m. S.d" Palermo.
CoiutMiU, p.v. Franklin Co. N. T. Pop. VS&.
CmMtii4t, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Oeli, SH m. E. of Brieg.
Comtmut, a fortified city of Suabia, sealed on
the soulb side of the Rhine, between the upper
and lower lakes of Constance, or the lakes of
Constance and Zetl, Though once flouriahing in
rcely c.
celebrated i
itorr. It DOW
&»tatanoaia
CON 81» CX>N
ikoMrai for a eooneil in 1514, which caused John present city, and la three miles m ci7camfevenee»
' Hnis and Jerome of Prsene to be burnt : and consisting of an assemblage of palaces and apart-
likewise condemned the doctrine of WicklifTe, ments placed bj the side of one another, witnout
ordered his bones to be burnt forty years after he symmetry and without order. The princip^ en-
was dead. It was formerly the capital of a secu- trance of this palace is of marble, and is called
larixed bishopric, extending on both sides of the Capi, that is tne Porte (or gate), a name used
Rhine ; that on the south is now included in the frequently to express the court, or the empire.
Swiss Canton of Thnrgau ; and that on the north, The castle of Seven Towers is a state prison,
with the oi^ itself, now forms part of the circle and stands near the Sea of Marmora, at the
of the lake m the territoiy of the Grand Duke of west point of the city from the seraglio ; and at
of Baden, 100 miles S. 8. E. of Carlsmbe, 80 E. the north-west point, without the walls, is the
of Bade, and 43 N. N. E. of Zurich. imperial palace of Aijub, or Atmejdan, the (an-
CSffiuttmes^ Lake 4^, the most considerable dent Hippodrome) with a yillage of the same
kke of Switzerland, which it separates from name. Tne numbier of houses In Constantinople
Snabiaj that part excepted where the city of Con- is prodigious ; but In general, they are mean, and
stance is seated on its south side. It is divided all of them constructed of wood, and the roofii
into three parts. The upper and largest part is covered with hollow tiles. The public edifices
called Boaen See; the middle part is named alone are buUt by masonry in a very solid manner.
-Bodmer See ; and the lower part Unter See, Zeller The streets are narrow, badly i>aved, and dirty ;
See, or the lake of Zell. The upper lake, from Bre- and the people are infested with the plague al-
gents, at its eastern extremity to Constance, is 37 most every yaar. The inhabitants, who are va.
m. long, and 15 in its greatest breadth. Through rioudy said to amount to from 3 to 400,000, are half
this lake the Rhine flows, and enten the Zeller See, Turks, two thirds of the other half, Greeks or
which 18 16 m. long and 10 in its greatest breadth. Armenians, and the rest Jews. Here are a ^reat
It is in some places 360 fiithoms deep, and 100 number of ancient monuments still remaining ;
generally; and like all the lakes in Switzerland is particularly the superb temple of St Sophia built
deeper in summer than in winter ; which is owing m the sixth century, which is converted into a
to the first melting of the snow from the adjacent mosque, and will contain 100,000 penons conven-
mountains. It abounds with fish, and its trout are iently. Between the two mosques of sultan Sol-
much esteemed; and besides the city of Constance, yman and Bajazet is the old seraglio, in which are
has manya^^ieeable towns and villages on its banks, shut up the wives of the deceased sultans, and
Constantuiy p.t. Oswego Co. N. T. on Oneida also such women as have displeased the mnd
Lake. Pop. 1,193. seignior. The bazaars, or bezesteins, are large
OmsCenlMM, a town of Spain in Andalusia, square buildings, covered with domes supported
with a castle on a mountain,40m. N.E. of Seville, by arcades, and contain all sorts of goods,
CotuUmHnmf the eastern province of the king- which are there exposed to sale. There is a
dom ol Alfljen, and the largest and richest of market for slaves, the Jews are the principal mer-
the ibnr. The greatest part along the coast is chants, who bring them here to he sold ; great
mountainoos. In the mountains dwell firee Ara- numbera of girls are brought from Hungaiy, Greece,
bian and Moorish tribes, of whom the Cahyles are Candia, Circassia, Mingrelia, and Georgia, for
deemed the most turbulent and cruel. As these the service of the Turks, who generally buy them
free monntaineen possessed a superfluity of oil, for their seraglios. The ^at square near the
soap, dried figs, and timber, the government of mosque of sultan Bajazet, is the place for public
Algien, which stood in need of these articles diversions. The gulf on the north-east of the
were formerly obliged in many things to show in- city is the harbour, which runs up from the point
dulgenoe to ttiese tribes. See Zaab, of the seraglio to the village of Aijub, about
&nsimUinaf a city of the kingdom Algiers, four miles in length and halfa mile wide where
capital of the province of the same name. It is broadest Aiiub may be reckoned one of the
seated at the top of a steep rock, and there is no suburbs, and nas a mosque, in which is the tomb
way to it but W steps cut out of the rock, of sultan Othman, the founder of the empire.
The usual way of ponnhing criminals here is to The suburbs of Galata and Pera, are on the other
throw them down tne oliiF. Here are many Ro- side of the harbour. The former extends along
man antiquities, particularly a triumphal arch, the entrance of the harbour, and is chiefly oocu-
Next to Algien, tliis city is the most populous in pied by merchants ; and adioininf it on t£e east,
the kingdom. It is 190 miles £. by S. or Algien. is a cannon foundery, called Tophana. Pera
Long. 6. d4. E., lat 36. 24. N. stands behind these on an eminence, and is the
ConttmainapUf one of the larmt cities in £u- place where the foreign ambassadors reside. In
rope, and the capital of the Turkish Empire. It this part there are several houses where Euro-
is of a triangular form : and seated between the pean sailors, Greeks, and even Turks, go fo drink
Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora, on a neck of and intoxicate themselves, notwithstanding the
land that advances towards Natolia from which it severity of the government in this respect. The
is separated by a strait a mile in breadth. The circumference m this city is 14 miles, and 24 with
Sea of Marmora washes its walls on the south, the suburbs included ; and as they are built on
and a gulf of the strait of Constantinople does mund which rises gradually, there is a view of
the same on the N. E. It was ancienUy called ue whole town from the sea. The city is aur-
Byzantium, but the name was changed in the rounded by walls of freestone, here and there
year 330 bv Constaatine the Great, who made it mixed with bricks, and flanked with 250 towers.
the seat or the Roman empire in the east It was There are 22 ffates ; six on the land side, and the
taken in 1453 by the Turks, who have kept pos- rest towards the harbour and sea. The palaces,
seswon of it ever since. The grand siffmor*s mosques, bagnios, and caravanserais, are mhny of
palace, called the seraglio, is on the sea si<M, sur- them magnificent Constantinople is 780 miles
rounded by walls flanked with towen, and sepa^ in a meridional line S. £. of Vienna. Long. 28.
rated firom the city by canals. It stands on the 35. £., lat 41. 1. N.
site of ancient Byzantium, the east point of the ConttantinopUf Striui of, anciently the Thracian
1
000 S90 COP
fioaphortui. and forming the commimication be- Cooper ^ a county of the Btate of Miieonri, and oa
tween the rropontia, or aea of Marmora, and the the western frontier of the United States territory.
Eozine or Black Sea. It is 90 miles lone and lit- It lies south of the Missouri Rivter, and is bound-
tic more than a mile wide ; and forms the sepA- ed on the east by a mountain ridse, which di-
ration here between Europe and Asia. At its en- rides it from Wayne County, and is intersected
trance on the west side is situate Constantinople, from west to east by Orange River. Pop. 6,019.
and on the other Scutari. Both its banks are Booneville on the south bank of the Missouri, in
lined with villages, where are seen some very the lat. of 39. S. is the chief town.
handsQme houses, umost entirely built of wood. Cooper ^ a river of S. Carolina, falling into the
and variously painted; those Mlonging to the harbour of Charleston.
Turks are in white or red ; those of the Greeks, Cooperstoten, a town of New York, chief of Ot
Armenians, and Jews, are of a blackish brown, sego County, situate at the S. W. end, and the
for Ihey are not allowed to employ the colours or outlet of lake Otsego, 12 m. N. W of Cherry Val-
the Mussulmen. At its termination in the Black ley, and 64 W. by N. of Albany.
Sea, are two forts opposite each other, to defend CooSy an island in the Archipelago, 56 m. N. W.
the passage. of Rhodes, subject to the Turks. Long. 27. 44.
CorutantinaWt a town of Poland, in Podolia, on E., lat. 37. 1. ff.
the river Bog, 8 m. S. W. of Chmielnik, and 72 CooSy a county forming the whole of the north
N. E. of Kaminieck. part of the state of New Hampshire. It is about
Consiantinmo, another town of Poland, in Vol- 90 miles in length from north to south, and 28 in
hina, on the River Sulucza, 30 m. W. by N. of mean breadth ; it is bounded on the east by the
the former. state ofMaine, and west by the Connecticut Kiver,
CotUessa, a seaport of European Turkey, in which divides it fix>m Vermont^ and north by the
Macedonia, advantageously located at the head ridge of mountains which divides the United
of agulf of itsname, atthemfluzoftheStrimoon, States territory from Lower Canada. On the
60 m. E. by N. of Salonichl, and 246 W. of Con- southern confines of the county are the White
stantinople. J^nff. 24. 8. £., and lat. 40. 52. N. Mountains, through which is a pass in one place
CorUooeook, r. N. H. flows into the Merrimack not more than 22 feet wide, and appears cloven
near Concord. down to its very base, in a perpendicular line on
ContreSy a town of France, in the department of one side, and on the other in an angle of about
Loire and Cher, 10 m. S. E. of Blois. 45 deg. ; through this JfoUh or Gap, as it is term-
Conty, a town of France, in the department of ed, a turnpike road has been constructed from the
Somme, seated on the Seille, 14 m. S. S. W. of banks of the Connecticut River to the Atlantic
Amiens. Ocean at Portland, a route much used for the oon-
Conversano. a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari, veyance of heavy produce on sledges in the wintei
12 m. S. £. or Bari. season ; and thus, whilst it forms one of the gnmd-
Conioayt a river of Wales, which flows through est natural features of the world, it is rendered sub-
a fertile vale of the same name^ along the whole servient to the medium of an extensive and an
easteraborder of Caernarvonshire, and enters the advantageous intercourse. Coos County is at
Irish sea at Aberconway. present out thinly inhabited. The population,
ConvHiytp.i. Strafibra Co. N. H. on Saco river, however, which in 1810, was only 3,991, in 1830
118 m. fr. Boston ; 75 fr. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,601. had increased to 8,390. Lancaster, on the east
Conway, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 100 m. W. bank of the Connecticut river, is the chief town.
Boston. Pop. 1,563. CoosawaUkiey a town of South Carolina, in
Conyngham, p.v. Luzerne Co. Pa. Beaufort district. The courts formerly held at
Conzuj a town of Naples, in Principato Ulte- Beaufort are held here. It is seated on the Coo-
riore, and an archbishop's see. It suflered so saw, over which b abridge. 20 m. N. W. of Beau-
much bv an earthquake in 1694, that the place fort, and 60 W. S. W. ofXharleston.
where the cathedral atood is hardly known. Its Copenkagefty tiie capitid of Denmark, built on
princinal commerce is in marble. It is seated a morass, and surrounded with several small lakes,
near tne head waters of the Ofanti River, 52 m« E. It was founded by some wandering fishermen, in
of Naples. the 11th century, and is now accounted the beet
Cooek BeyhoTy a district of Bengal on the fron- built city of the north of Europe. It J)ecame the
tierofBootan,
of two facts
of obtaining
the lower order of inhabitants. It became tribu- are of brick, and a few of free-stone ; the houses
tary to the English in 1779. Beyhar, the chief of the nobility are in general splended, and buill
town, is 260 m. N. by E. of CalcutU. in the Italian style. The harbour is capable of
Cook*s IfUeiy an extensive arm of the sea, on containing 500 snips ; and the streets are intersect
the N. W. coast of America, discovered in 1778, ed by broad canals, which bring the merchandize
by Captain Cook, who traced it 70 leag. firom its close to the warehouses on the quays. Copenha-
entrance, in long. 152. W. and supposed it to be gen contains four royal palaces, 19 churches, a
the mouth of a large river, but it was fhrther ex- great number of public buildings, and a universi-
plored in 1794 by captain Vancouver, who found ^ ; and, in 1826. about 90,000 inhabitants. The
its termination to be in long. 148. 43. W., lat. 61. palace called Christiansbnrg, built by Christian
29. N. Vl., but burnt down in 1794, was an immense pile
Coofutowny p.v. Fayette Co. Pa. of building, of hewn stone, the wings and stables
CooksmJUy p.v Anne Arundel Co. Maryland, of brick, stuccoed. The hospital of Warlow is
Cook^M StraUyjL strait dividing the two islands large and convenient, containing 330 beda, occn-
of which New Zealand is composed : it is about pied by as many poor. The church is so placed,
four or five leagues broad. that service may be heard by those who are con-
CooUjrringy t. Mercer Co. Pa. fined to their bed. The exchange is a large
CoolvUUy p.v. Athens Co . Ohio. Gothic building ; vessels are brought very near it
OOP at ooA
bymeuMofctBaliiiiidheietheiiieiehaateAHem- Ut S7. 90. S. On the Andes, in a parallel line
ble. The new ro^al market ia the largest equaie with the town of Co|iiapo ia a Tolcano, called the
in the eity, and almost entirely eompoeed of Volcano of Ck>piapo.
stately buildings ; aa the academy of painting and Coppmbrtmf a town of HanoTer, in the princi-
seulptove, the theatre^ the great hotel, the artil- pality of GoUenberg, 10 m. £. W N. of Hamelen.
lery house, Ac. and m the centre is a marble Caoper^Mine Biver, a river or North America,
equestrian statne of Christian V. In the north whicn runs from south to north into the Icy Sea,
suburbs is an obelisk of icddish stone, erected in in the long, of 111. 5. W., and 69. 7. of N. lat.
1793, by the city, to the honour of Christian VI. Coppet, or Copet, a town of Switzerland, with a
on hisaoolishing yassalage ; and around its pedes- castle, on the west bank of the lake of Geneva,
tal are lour female figures of white marble. The 10 m. N. of Geneva. The castle and barony be-
citadel is a rerular fortification, with Bve has* came the property of M. Neckar, celebrated for
tions, a double ditch foil of water, and several ad- his pretensions as a> financier in ue time of the
vanced works. This city owes its present beauty French Revolution : both he and his daughter,
te the fire of 1738, whicn destroyed five churches Madam de Stael, lie interred here in a fine mau-
and 07 streets, having been rebuilt in a better sdeum in the castle-earden.
style. It suflbrsd greatly byfire in 1794 ; and Coquetf a river of England, which rises on the
again in the following j^ear. The new part of the borders of Scotland, crosses the centre of North-
town, raised by Fke£nc V., is extremelj^ beauti- umberland, and enters the German Ocean, at
ful. It oonsists of aa oolqpoa containing four Warkworth. Opposite its mouth is a small island
uniferm and elegant bniMangs of hewn stone, and of the same name.
of Ibur broad stieets leading to it, in opposite oireo- Cofuimiko, or Serma, a seaport of Chile nefur
tions. In the middle of t£e area stands an eques- the mouth of a river of the same name, and the
trian states of Fred. V. in bnmse, as large as Ufii, capital of a province also of the same name, rich
which is justly admised. The round tower built by in com, and mines of gold and ailver. The
Christian IV. and deaigned for an observatory, streets are shaded with fig-trees, palms, oranges,
ii a singular stroeture, not haying a single step olives, &c. always green. It is 260 m. N. by £.
in it, th<Migh very IdW : its ascent is by a spiral of Valparaiso. Long. 71. 19. W.. lat. 29. 52. S.
road nearty fourteen net wide, and one of their CoraekU, ATorocAee, or CroMey, a seaport of
kings hss driven in his oarriage up and down it. Asia, at the mouth of a creek which commnni-
Oha the intsCTOption to the eoaunerce of Holland^ cates, in the rainy season, with the Indus, on the
by the events of the French revolution in 1793-4, western side. It is supposed to be the Sangada
Copenhagen became the principal entrepot for the of Arrian, or Port of Alexander, and is now the
commeree of the north of Europe; ana for this, principal out-port of the Afghans. The inhabi-
no ^sce can be more advantageously situated ; tants are of an enterprising msposition, and it ap-
bnt Denmark becoming iny<dvA in Uie oonten- pears to afford a favourable opening for commer-
tions of that period^ and joining in a confederacy cial adventure. It is about 100 m. W. of Tatta,
with Russia and Sweden agamst the naval as- in the lat. of 24. 30. N. and 67. 15. of £. long,
cendaney of England, an English fleet, in March, CoroA, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dis-
1801, was despatched to bombard Copenhagen, trict of the same name, lying between the Jumna
when, after considerable damage beiuff done to and the main branch of the Ganffes, which came
the town, and 28 ahips of war tuen or destroyed, wholly into the possession of the Xnglish in 1801.
an armistiee was entered upon, which led to a It is a very fertile and productive district; the
treaty of peaee with all the northern powers, but town is 98 m. N. W. of Allahabad.
not without operating as a severe check to the Cktrhaehf a town in the Electorate of Hesse, cap-
ODOimeroial enterprise of Copenhagen. In 1807, ital of the county of Waldeck. It is divided into
th» British government, although at peace with the old and new town, and near it, on a mountain,
Denmark, sent a fleet of 17 sMps of the line, with is the castle of Eisenberg. The Hanoverians were
frigates, whi^ bombarded the city fiw three days, defeated here by the French in 1760. It is seatp
when 900 houses^ the cathedral, and part of the ed on the Itter, 22 m. W. of Cassel. Long. 9. 1.
univenity were destroyed, and as many more E., lat. 51. 16. N.
buikUngs greatly damaged. Eighteen Danish CStirft^dL a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs, and 3 m. 8. of Louvain.
twenty-five gnn-lKiata, with fil the naval stores in Corbeil. a town of France, in the department of
the arsenal of Copenhagen, were earned ofiT by Seine ano Oise, seated on the Seine at the oon-
the Britiah. This infamous act of treachery was flux of the Juine, 17 m. S. of Psris.
committed under the pretence that the French CarbUf a town of France, in the department of
would otherwiM beoome masters of the Danish Somme, with a celebrated Benedictine abbey,
^#»t. The city is five miles in circumference, seated on the Somme, 10 m. E. of Amiens,
■eated on Uie east shore of the i^ of Zealand, at CorbUres, a town of Switserland, in the canton
the entrance into the Baltic Sea, about 25 m. of Friburg, 10 m. S. of Friburg.
within the strait called the Sound, 340 m. S. W. Corky, %, town of Lincolnshire, Eng. 13 m. N.
uf Stockhohn, and 500 N. £. of London. Long, of Stamford, and 102 N. by W. of London.
12. ^. B., hit. 55. 41. N. BeeAmak, CardUUnu. SeeJudes.
Copia90f the most northern province of Chile, Cordova, an interior province of Andalnria, in
*tmnded on the north by the great desert of Ata- the south of Spain, comprising an area of about
cama, east by the Andes, and west by the Pacific 5,500 sqnsre mfles, and in 1810 contained a popn-
Ooean, beinc about 260 m. from N. to 8. from 24. lation c^ 252,028. It is divided into nearly two
20. to 28. ofS. lat., and about 90 in mean breadth, equal parts, by the Gaudalquivir river ^hich in-
abounding in mines of gold, iron, copper, sulphur, terseets it firoin esst to west : the N. W. part is
tin, and lead. The chief town, of the same name, mountainous, but the more southern part is ex
stsnds on the south side of a river, also of the eeedingW fertile in com, fruit, wme. and olives
same name, at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, It was rormed into an independent kingdom bjf
490 n. N. by E. of Valparaiso. Long. 70. 50. W. Abderame, a Moorish General, about the year 695
t2
COR S89 OQR
besides the city of Cordoya, the other prmcipi] dancing and music, and show great aptness for
towns are Bnjalance and Montilla. acqoiring the sciences, which they cnlbvate with
CortUwa, CUy off the capital of the preceding aroonr. They are less fiuitidions and less cer-
Srovinee, is seated on the north bank or the Goa- emonions than the Chinese, bat equally jealous
alquivir, over which is a bridge of sixteen arch- of admitting strangers into the country. Men of
es, Doilt by the Moors. It was a considerable learning are distinguished fix)m other people by two
place in the time of the Romans , who surrender- plumes of feathers, which they wear m their caps,
ed it to the Goths, in 572. In 692 it was taken Their women are less confined than those in Cni-
by Abderame. a Moorish general, who soon af- na, and have the liberty of appearing in company
ter renouncea the authority of the Grand Ca- with the other sex. In China, parents often marry
Hph of Damascus, and made the city of Cordova, children without their coilsent, but in Corea thej
the capital of a kingdom. It is now a bishop's choose fbr themselves. They never bury their
see, and one of the finest cities of Spain. Tne dead till three years after their decease, but keep
circumference is large, but there are many or- them in coffins for that time. Corea extends from
chards and gardens within the walls. The pal- north to south from the lat of 34. 30. to 42. 30. N.
aces^ church, and religious houses are superb, and from east to west from 125. to 129. of £. long
particularly the cathedral, which is 534 feet In King-ki-tao, nearly in the centre of the kingdom,
length, and 387 wide, built by Abderame for a is the capital.
mosque, and it still retains the name of Mezquita. Coffs Guc2s, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng.
The square called the Plaza. Magor, is surrounded It is seated on a peninsum in the British Channel^
by fine houses, under which are piazzas. The called the Isle of Purbeck, on a river, between
trade consists in wine, silk, and leather ; but is two hills. On one of these stands the castle,
not so considerable as formerly. In the neigh- formerly a place of great importsnce, and where
bourhood are a vast number ofonn^e and lemon king Edward the Martyr was stabbed at the insti-
trees ; and here are the best horses in Spain. It gation of his mother-in-law. It has a large church
was from hence that the leather called cordovan which is a royal peculiar, not liable to any episco-
derived its name, the mode of manufacture being pal jurisdiction. Great quantities of fine clay and
first introduced here by the Moors. Cordova is stone are shipped here for the Staffordshire pot-
130 m. N. E. of Camz, and 190 S. by W. of teries. The town is governed by a mayor; and
Madrid. every alderman that has served the office has the
CordfOtaf a town of Mexico, inlhe intendency title of baron. It returns two members to parlia-
of Vera Cruz, and a bishop's see. Here are up- ment,is21 m. E. of Dorchester, and 116 W. by
wards of thirty sugar mills. It is seated -on a riv- 8. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,465.
er which flows into the Gulf of Mexico, 80 m. E. Corfu f an island in the Mediterranean, near the
S. E. of Puebla de los Angelos, and 55 W. by S. coast of Albania, at the entrance of the Adriatic,
of the port of Vera Cruz. Here is made a great quantity of salt ; and it
C9rdo0a,oneofthe eight intendencies of the Uni- abounds with vineyards, lemons, and olives. It
ted Provinces of South America,extending through was anciently known under the several names of
9 deg. of lat. from 29. to 38. S. and 10 deg. of long. Sckeria, Phaeia, and Corcyria. The Corcvrians
between 60. and 70. W. it comprises nearly the were an independent people, coeval with the
whole of the vast plain lying between the great proudest epoch of the Greeks. In the 14tib cen-
river La Plata and the Andes. The principal tury the island b^ame subjected to the Venetians,
towns are St. Louis and Mendoza, both on the in whose possession it continued until 1797, when
route from Buenos Ayres to Santiago in Chile, it was ceded to the Fsench, by the treaty of
There is also a town of the same name in the N. Campo-Formio. It capitulated to the Turks and
E. part of the province, in the vicinitv of some Russians in 1799, and with six other islands, was
salt lakes, and on the line of road from Buenos Ay- constituted independent, under the title of Ionian
res to Potosi. Some scattered tribes of Indians Republic (wkieh su.)
roam over parts of this extensive district, but the CoifUf (the ancient Coreyra,) the chief town of
aggregate population is very limited. the preceding island, is situate on the east side, on
Coreaf a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the north the shore of a spacious and secure harbour, for
by Chinese Tartarv, on the east by the sea of Ja- vessels of easy draught of water. The fbrtifica-
pan, on the south by a narrow sea, which separ- tions are very strong* It is the seat of govern-
ates it from the Japanese islands, and on the west ment of the whole of the Seven Islands, or Ionian
bv the Yellow Sea, which separates it from China. Republic, and contains about 15,000 inhabitantB.
The west coast is flanked by innumerable islands. Lat. 39. 36. N., long. 19. 50. E.
It is a peninsula, being surrounded on every side Corut, an episcopal town of Spain, in Estie*
by the sea, except towards the north. It is gov^ madura, seated on tne Alagon, 120 m. W. S. W.
emed by a king, tributary to the emperor of Chi- of Madrid.
na, and is divided into eigbtprovinces, Hien-king, Corii^a, a town at the north extremity of the
Ping-n^n, Hoang-hai, Kiang-yuen, King-ki, coast of^Coromandel. having a commodious bar-
Tchu-sm, King-chan, and Tchuen-so, which con- hour a few miles north of the main channel of the
tain 33 cities of the first, 53 of the second, and 70 Godavery River, in the lat. of 17. N.
of the third, rank. The towns are exceedingly Corinna, t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,077.
populous, and the inhabitants follow nearly the • Corinth, Isthmvs of, a neck of land which joins
same customs, and are of the same religion with the Morea to Livadia, and reaches from the Gulf
the Chinese. The country abounds in corn and of Lepanto west, to that of Egina east. The nar-
rice, of which last they have two kinds, one of rowestpartof it is six miles over ; and on a mount
which delights in water, and the other which here, called Oneius^ere formerly celebrated the
is the better sort, is cultivated on drv ground. Isthmian games. Theie are still the ruins of a
like com. There are mines of gol<f and sil- town upon it, and of the temples dedicated to the
ver in the mountains, and good pearl fisheries Son, Pluto, Diana, Neptune, Ceres, and Bacchus,
on the coast. The Coreans are well made, in- It is said Julius Ciesar, Caligula, and Nero at-
genious, brave and tradable. Thev are fond of tempted to cut a channel through the isthmus;
COR Stt3 COR
hornet II. 100|658, being an increase of upwards of 35,000
CoritUh, a town of the Morea, aitnate on the since 1813, exclusive of 8|996 in eight of the pa
northern declivity of a mountain, sloping towards rishes which extend beyond the stations of the
*!-. -n„i*_j.T J. J .!__ J , .^ _-._ »»_ ^ . ,v t,. Qqj^ ia iijg largest and
Ireland. Donnr the
from 1793 to 1815, Cork
most important and magnificent cities of Greece : Harbour was one of the chief rendezyous of the
its temples, theatres, and fountains, were the British navy ; and the extensive demand which
admiration of every beholder. In the proper- that war created for aalt provisions, enabled Cork
tions and richness of their columns and portioos, to become the largest and most celebrated market
architecture was perfected, leaving nothing for in Europe for that article. The Cork beef contin-
after ages to perform in that noble art, but to uestobethechief source of supply, not only of the
copy: and the Corinthian pillar or column now, national,bntof the commercial navy of the United
more or less adorns every city of the civilized world. Kingdom, and for long voya^s and tropical
Corinth fell a prej to the fury of the Roman arms climates, is preferred by the ships of all nations,
under Mummius m the year 146 B. C. ; and al- As the chief commercial town in the south-west
though Julius Cassar endeavoured to restore it to of Ireland, Cork receives the surplus production,
its former grandeur, in whose time it was visited not only of the whole countjr, but of the greater
by St. Pam, it has proffresaively aunk into a place part of those of Kerry and Tipperarv, which it
(» insijgrnificance. It fell into the hands or the also supplies with such British and torei^n pro-
Venetians during the ephemeral career of their ductions as are received in exchange. Since the
ascendency ; the Turks became masters of it in commencement of the war in 1793, the city has
1715, and it now forms a part of Independent undergone great improvement, both in regard to
Greece. It had formerly a port on the Gulf of public and private buildinss. There are five
Egina, called CencAraa, as well as on that of Le- bridges over the Lee ; that m St. Patrick is a fine
panto ; but the former is now little used. The structure. The exchange, custom-house, and
ancient citedel, Aera'CorinUluUf still remains en- town-hall, are all fine edifices. It has two thea^
tire, and to a well-disciplined garrison, maybe con- tree, several hospitals, and other public buildings,
sidered impregnable. Uorinth is the seat or a Greek The cathedral, erected between l725 and 1735, is
metropolitan and bishop. Pop. about 1,500. It is a stately edifice, and some of the parish churches
65 m. £. by S. of Patras, and 48 W. by S. of Athens, are of the like character. The barracks on the
Corinth, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 712. north side of the city, situate on an eminence,
Also a p.t. in Orange Co. N. T. Pop. 1,953. Also present a very imposing aspect Cork has a pub-
a p.t in Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,412. lie brewery on a very extensive scale^ and wnich
Corkj a maritime county forming the southwest makes also ite own malt. The city is 125 miles
extremity of Ireland, having upwards of 100 southwestof Dublin, in the lat. ofol. 54. N., and
miles or sea-coast, indented witn several very 8. !^. of W. lonff.
spacious and safe bays and harbours, opening into Carkf Cove of, is that part of the harbour of
the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 35 miles in mean Cork usually occupied as tne anchorage ground,
breadth from south to north, and is intersected The harbour, which is entered by a deep and nar-
from east to west by two fine rivers, the Black- row channel, and defended by a strong fert on
water and the_Liee, with five or six others of in- eachjide, is about nine miles from the mouth ot
" ' ne extent in
island called
long from
ty , Kinsale', Cork, and Youghal. Besides the city west to east, and from two to three miles wide,
of Cork, the principal towns in the interior are At the west end of this island is a town called
Charleville, Mallew, Daneraile, Michelstown. Com, which, in 1821, contained 6,506 inhabitante,
Bandon, Cloyne, Ac. Bandon, Mallow, and and the rest of the island 2,897 more ; and at the
Youghal, eacn return one, and the city of Cork entrance of the channel between Great Island and
and the county each two members to the pi^lia^ the main land, are two small islands called Haul-
ment of the United Kingdom. The agriculture bowline and Rooky Islands, strongly fortified, and
of this county, both in tillage and pasture, has inhabited by 960 nersons ; and thus, whilst the
been much improved since the middle of the natural positions or Cork Harbour are such as to
eighteenth century, and in conjunction with the afford accommodation for the whole British ma-
ai^oining interior county of Tipperary, supplies a rine, secure firom the effi»cto of the elemento, the
great portion of the English marme with salt-beef fortifications render the shipping and the town
and pork, more especiafiy the former, and exporte equally secure frt>m the irruptions of an enemy ;
vast quantities or butter; and since 1800, it has and the surrounding shore being studded with
also exported a considerable quantity of grain, neat and commodious rssidences render the whole
Some woolen manufiictures are carried on fer in- as picturesque and ameable as it is important in
ternal consumption in the eastern part o^ the point of security anudefence.
county, and during the present century, several Carleonef a large and well-built town of Sicily,
efforts have been made to establiah the cotton in the Val di Mazzara. U is 24 miles S. S. W. ot
ra%nufacture over the county generally. Forterri- Palermo. Pop. about 12,000.
torialextentjdivisions, population, &c. see /rs(aiM2. Corfin, a town of Further Pomeraniaji with a
Cork, City of, and capital of the preceding castle. It has considerable woolen manufactures,
county, supposed to have been first founded by andisseaiedonthePer8ant,10m. S.E.ofColberg.
the Uanes m the 6th century, is beautiftilly and Cormanlin, a town of Guinea, on the OoUi
advantageously situate on the brinks of the River Coest, large and populous. Here the Dutch have
OOR «M GOR
t foiij whiek wu taken by the Eni^iah in 1666. eee, the eoest of Cornwall is umoally Tiaited by
Lotig. 0. 15. W., Iftt. 5. 90. N. ahoala o€ pUehardg, which, in fish and oil, yield
C^Mery, a town of Fnunoe, in the department of an average produce of £50fiQ0 per annnm. The
Heated on the Tigris^ear its confloz with the moat entirely neglected, and to give it a mdeneM
Euphratea, 35nifles W. N. W. of BaMora. and wildneea oTcharacter distinct fiom that of
CometOf a town of Italy, in the patrimony of every other part of the kingdom ; but since that
Saint Peter, seated on the Marta, three miles period affriculture has been pogressively improv-
east of the sea, and ten north of Civita Vecchia. ing, and potatoes and gram are now included
ComMiU, a townof the county of Durham, Eng. among its surplus productions, which in the ag*
seated near the Tweed, over which it has a large gregate may be considered as exceeding £600,000
bridge to Coldstream, in Scotland. It is 12 m. per annum in amount What are denominated
8. W. of Berwick, and 333 N. N. W. of London, the duchy lands are very extensive, and the in-
Pop. 668. eome derived from them together with the duty
CormigliUmo. a town of Italy, in the Bftiknese, on tin ore, form the only remaining parts of those
15 m. £. (^ Milan. immenee hereditary revenues which were an-
C^miM, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 106 m. from eiently appropriated as a provision for the heir
Boston. Pop. 1,667. Also a p.t Yorii Co. Me. m»parent to the crown. Previously to the inva-
Pop. 1,2M. non of Britain by the Romans, Cornwall was in.*
ConwiUe, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 1,104. habited by a tribe caJOed the Dumnonei with whom
CommaUf a county forming the S. W. extrem- the Phflenicians are supposed to have traded
ity of England, proiectinff into the Atkntio Uurgely for tin. The descendants of that tribe.
Ocean. It is bounded on the E. N. £. by the and the succeeding inhabitants, oontiniied longer
river Tamar, which divides it from Devonshire, to retain the language, manners, and customs of
being washed on all its other sides bjy the sea. antiquity, than in any other nart of England, and
The south coast for about 70 miles, borders on which up to this time can hardly be said to be
the entrance to the En^iah, and the north, foe extinct. The coast is, in manj parts, extremely
about 90 miles, on the entrance to the Bristol rugged, and ridges of granite mtersect the west-
Channel. At its eastern, or E. N. E. extremity em part of the connty, whilst the valleys are
it is aboot 42 miles wide, but gradually narrows beautifully diversified with verdure, shrubs, and
towards the west to about 15 miles, when it di- plants, among which the myrtle is common, with
verges at a distance of about 60 miles into two several peculiar to the district. The coast
points, the most southeriy called the Luorif, in abounds with marine vegetables, which are much
the lai. of 49. 58. N., and 5. 11. of W. long., and used for manure. The Mocks of broken granite
the other the Xjond's End, in the lat of 50. 4. N., appear in remote ages, according to the supposi-
and 5. 42. of W. long; the intermediate apace tion of some persons, to have been much used in
being known by the name of MamU^s Bay. The the construction of rude temples for religious
distin^oishing characteristics of this county are worship. Near the Land's Ena is a block, from
its minerals, semi-metala, and days, which are 90 to 100 tons in weight, so nicely poised as to
found here in greater variety than in almost any be moveable with the hand ; there are several
other part of the world. Gold, silver, cobalt, an- others of less magnitude similarly poised ; these
timony , manganese, and lapis calaminaris, are all are termed loggin tUmUf and are ndiculoualy sup*
found to a certain extent, and some in abun- posed by some to have been contrivances of art,
dance; but the predominating productions are and objects of religious adoraticm; whilst they am
copper and tin, with which are mixed mundie doubtless only the natural resuhki of repeated
and arsenic ; in the anpidy of which, upwards of submersions of our planet, during which the lay
100 raiaes are in constant work. Smne of the en <^ earth or day have been washed away,
mines are wotktd to a vast depth ; but the per- Similar evidences or the operations of nature are
foetion of the means applied, as well in bringing to be seen in the western hemisphere, a few miles
the ores to the surfiue ss in smelting, Ac., ren- east of Boston^ in Massachusetts, on the road to
den the opemtions comparatively easy, and the Salera; and it is probable that the supposed catnw«
proceeds a source of great wealth to the parties eramUekSf rockbasins, Ac., of the Druids, are
engaged in them, and of general advantage to. nothing mon than the simple results of the pro-
the county. The mininc business is entirely ng- gressive operations of nature. The prindpal ports
nlated by a code caUed the Stannary Laws, enao- on the north coast, are Padstow ana SU Ives ; on
ted by a court of stannaten, or proprieton. Mount's Bay. Penzance and Helstone ; on the
These laws divide the tinmen into ten divisions, south coast, lUmonth, Truro, Fowey, and Looe ,
under the soperintsndanoe of one warden. A Plymouth Sound bounding the south-east extrem-
viee-warden is appointed every month ; and there ity of the county. The principal towns in the
is a steward for each precinct, who holds his interior are Redruth, St. Auake, Penryn, Bod-
court every three weeks, where a jury of six per- win, Launeeston, &c. The assiies, Ac., for the
sons decades disputes, with a progressive appeal county, are held alternately at Bodmin and
however to the vice-warden, lora- warden, and Launceston. Streams of water intersect the
lords of the duke of Cornwall's council. The county, in all directions, and add considenbly to
mineease under no other jurisdiction excepting its diversity and picturesque beauty. Some
ftO such cases as aflbct land or life. In addition to woolen, and a few other manufectures, are car-
its minerals, a vein of eoiqiy earth and of potter's ried on in different parts of the county, but they
ohnr, estimaUe in the manufacture of porcelain, are inconsiderable.
add eonsiderabljr to the resounes of the county. CormoaU Cops, is about 5 m. N. by E. of the
The shaping of granite for building, and moor- Land's End.
■tone ftf gnnding of com. giv»^ employment to CormoaUf a township in Orange Coun^, New
' HMniTniM. And, in addition to these resonr- Torii. situate along the jreni bank of the Hudson
OOR 9» COR
ItiTer, 106 m. S. of AlbuiT. Pq>. 3,486. Also preient appellation. On the coast are many ex
the name of a township in Addison coontj, Ver- cellent harbonra. It is mountainous, but fruitfu.
mont Pop. 1,964 ; and of a town in Litchfield Talleys are interspersed ; and it has some fine
Connty, Connecticut. Pop. 1,712. lakes and rivers. In the earliest time it hu been
Cornwall, a town of Stormont County, Upper famous for its swarms of bees, and produces vast
Canada, situate on the north bank of the St. Law- quantities of honey, which, however, is reckoned
fence, about 50 m. above Montreal. bitter, on account of the box and yew with which
C!9riit0aa,JVst0, a coun^ in the western part of the country abounds. The mountains are rich
N. America, extending from Gardner's channel, in lead, iron, copper, and silver ; and there are
in lat. 53. 15., to Frederick's Sound, lat. 57. 6. N. also mines of alum and saltpetre. The crranitn
ComwalUs, a town of Nova Scotia, seated on of Corsica is nearhr equal to the oriental; por
the south shore of the basin of mines at the head phyries, jasper, talc, amianthus, emeralds, and
of the Bay of Fundy, about ^ 10 m. N. W. of other precious stones, are found scattered in the
Windsor and 45 N. W. of Halifax. mountains, and the south coast abounds with
ComwalUs f a county of Lower Canada, extend- beautiful coral. This island was, for some cen
ing for about 160 miles along the S. E. bank of turies, under the dominion of the Genoese, whose
thejneat River St. Lawrence, bounded on the tyranny was such, that the Corsicans were almost
N £. by the district of Gaspe. It is at present in a perpetual state of insurrection. In 1736 a
but thinly inhabited. German adventurer, Theodore Buron NewhofiTy
CorOf a town of Colombia, in the province of brought some assistance to them ; and, on his as*
Voneicuela. It is advantageously situate at the en- suranoe of more powerful aid, they elected him
trance of an isthmus, at about an equal distance king ; but as he could not substantiate his prom-
'fl^pm the Carribean Sea, and the Gulf of Mara- ises ne was obliged to leave the island. He went
caibo. It contains about 10,000 inhabitants, who into England, was thrown into the Fleet prison,
carry on a considerable trade in mules, cattle, Ac. release<f by an act of insolvency, (afler havinjg
with Cura«u> and other islands, in the Canibean re^ristered his kingdom of Corsica for the bene&
Sea. See yenezuda. orchis creditors,) and suffered to die in extreme
Coromandd, Coast off the eastern coast of the indigence. The Genoese, tired of the contest,
peninsula of Hindoostau, extending from Point sold the sovereignty to France, in 1767; and
Calymere in the lat. of 10. 18. N. to the Kistnah Paoli. who had been elected to Uie chief com
River, in the lat. of 16. N. There is not a port mand, in 1755, was obliged to abandon the island
for larse ships on the whole coast, which b an in 1769. After the French revolution in 1789
even, Tow, sandy country. Madras is the prin- Corsica was admitted as an eighty-third depart-
cipal town, and the other places of note are ment of France at the particular reauest of a de-
Negapatam, Pondicherry, Pullicate, &c. putation, of which Paoli was at tne head. In
Corofi, a seaport of Inde]>endent Creeee, in the consequence of some events which followed the
Morea, seated on the W. side of a bay to which revolution of 1792, Paoli revolted ; the French,
it gives name, 15 m. E. of Modon. Long. 21. 46. by the assistance of the English, were expelled
E., lat. 36. 55. N. from the ialand ; and Corsica, in 1794, was de*
CoronatUmy Cape, a cape of the island of New clared annexed to the crown of Great Britian.
C^donia, in the racific Ocean. Long. 167. 8. In 1796, however, the English fbund it expedient
E., lat. 22. 5. S. to evacuate the island, of which the French im-
Correggioy a town of Italy, in the Modonese, mediately took possession, and again united it to
with a castle, 9 m. N. N. £. of Regno. France, of which country it now forms tibe eighty
Correzey an interior department of France, con- sixth department. It is divided into four prefec-
taining the late province of Limousin. It takes tures, vis. Bastia, Calvi, Corte, and Sartenne
its name from a river which runs into the Vezere, Ajaccio, on the wes coast, b the principal sea-port
afler having watered Tulles and Brives. Tulles Pop. about 180,000.
is the capital. Corsoer, a town of Denmark, in the isle of
CorrienteSf Cape, on the E. coast of South Zealand, on a peninsula, in the Great Belt, with
Africa, opposite me S. end of the island of Mad* a good harbour for light vessels. It is defended
agascar. — Also the name of another cape on the by a citadel, which serves also as a magazine for
W. coast of Mexico, in the Pacific Ocean, in the com ; and is 54 miles W. S. W. of Copenhagen,
lat. of 20. N. Long 11. 12. E. lat. 55. 12. N.
CdrrienteSf a town of Paraguay, with a fort, Corto^ a town of Corsica, situate in the centre
seated on the E. side of the Parana, at the influx of the island, on the side and foot of a rock, at the
of the river Paraguay, 490 m. N. of Bnenoe confluence of the Tajrignano and Restonica. On
Ayres. Long. 59. 0. w . lat. 27. 30. S. the point of a rock, rising above the rest, is the cas-
CorrmrektMy a dangerous whirlpool on the W. tie, to which there is but one winding passage,
coast of Scotland, between the Isle of Scarba and that will admit only two persons abreast. While
the N. point of that of Jura. It ia so named the island was in the possession of the English, ^
from a young Danish prince, who perished in Corte was made the seat of the viceroy ; and it has
this place. Its vortex extends above a mile in been enlarged and fortified by the French. It is
cirouit. 27 miles N. E. of Ajaccio, and 40 8. W. of Bastii^
Corskam, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. and aeon- Pop. in 1826, 2,735.
siderable woolen manufacture. It is nine miles Corfsiii^giui,a town of Piedmont, in Montfenat,
E. N. E. of Bath, and 97 W. of London. Pop. situate on the Bormida, 16 miles £. of Cherasoo.
in 1^1 , 2,727. Cortpna^ a fortified town of Tuscany, and a
Corsica, or Corsoy an island in the Mediterrane- bishop's see, with a famous aeademv. It stands
an, separated from that ofSordinia, on the south, by on a mountain, on the frontien of the Eoclesias*
the Strait of Bonifiu^io. It is 150 miles from tical States, 32 m. E. of Sienna,
north to south, and from 40 to 50 in breadth. It Conuma, a seaport at the N. W. of Soain, in
was known to the ancient Greeks, by the names Galicia, witn a large and safe harbour, called the
of Callista and Cymus, and \4 the Romans by its Groyne, defended by two castles, 'The towD if
2a
nf » eitenUr fbrm : but lbs p«nri; af the rar-
roaadiiir eoontry kflbrda ftw rcwmroM for treds.
A BritiA arm; of 13,000 were, on the tfitb Jan.
1S09, neu being driven into Ike lek, b; k FreDcli
fetce of 30,000 men. It ia SO niilee 8. W. ot
FeiToI, uiil 3S S. bj E. of Compntellt. Long.
8. 19.W. and Ut. *3. 33. N.
Corvey, a town and uiull prinei^tf of West-
phalia, with ■ oelebnted abbcT ; aitoated on tbe
WeKi, 87 m. E. bT N. of Paderborn. Long. 9.
3S. E. tat. 61. 46. N.
CoTvo, the unalleit and moat Dortberlj istand of
the Azores, ao oalled ftom the abundanoe of
CTowa fonnd npon it. The inhabiUBte enWrate
wheat and feed hon, Imdb. 3t. 6. W.. Ut. 30.
49. N.
Ooryilni, a floDTiahiniF town of Haniioa oooD-
tj, Indiana, lituale on the baae line of ■ bend
of the Ohio River, from whiob it ii dialant abont
16 m. both E., W. and S.
Cwaua, a ally of NaplM, capital ef Calabria
ClleriorejUid an anthbtibop'i aee, with a itioog
eaatle. The environi produce Bbandame of com,
fmit, oil, wine, &nd ailk. It ii iituate on eeveral
■mall billi, at the foot of the Apeaninea on the
eait aide, and by the RJTer Cnti, 1&5 m. B. E. of
N&ples. Pop. about 16,000.
fkuhmMn, an interior coontv of the it&to of
Ohio. Several itreameofconndenblemaffnlttide
unite within Ibia conntj to form (he MuaEingum
RlTer, which river it ia in content plition to nnile
with the Cuyahoga, and thereb/ open a direct
water CDmmnnioation between the Ohio and Lake
Erie. The chief town of the aame name <■ litn-
It OOT
DnnaU.aiidthe tJralian Combc*. Tha man an
larse and welt made, have blue eyei, brown hair,
aBdamiiUne noaea ; the women are handsome, well
ahaped, and complaisant to atrangera. The Ura
lian Coasua dwell in Tillages along the banks of
the Unl and their chief town is Uralsk. The
coDDtry which the Kosakki-aa-Purovi inhabit ia
called the Ulkiaine, and their towns are built of
wood after the manner of the Rosaians, The
Kosakki-Donski dwell on both sides of the Don,
are under the protection of Rtnsia, and prolcM the
aame religion. Bee Ukraau, and Vratu^ Cot
Oat^, a town ofEgypt on the Red Sea, ann
the chief place of trade acroea that tea, between
Egrpt and Arabia. Itis980 m. S. bj E. of Sner
Long. 33.60. E. lat 36. 6. N.
Ctoaritniatar, a rirerofHindooatan, in Benval,
tha moat vesleni arm of the Ganges, from which
it sewates 35 miles below Rajemid. It peases
bjr Hoarafaedabad, CoasimbaiaT, &e. U> Nuddea,
lOther arm
s fbrm the
ferent European factors, this being the g(
their trxde. It is aested on the river of the same
name, by which it is lurronnded,? miles south
of MoorsVdibad, and 105 north orCalcotti.
ofGrcBcole.o
1 of
1I,1G2.
Cas£n, or Kbuliii, a town of Farther Pomerania,
which has good woolen manufactures, excellent
fisheries, and fine oattle. It is seated on the
Neslbaoh, 18 m. E. ofColbetg.
Corne, a town of France in the north-weit
of the department of Nievre. Anchc
ai« forged here; and ita cutlery and gloves, did
much esteemed. It ia eeated on the east liank of
the Loire, at the inflai of the Noain, 34 .m. N.
by W. of Nevers, and 110 S. by E. of Paris. It
latheseatofapiafkct. Pop. in 1BS6, 5,633.
Cotpattr, a town of the kingdom of Assam, 276
miles east of Fatna. Long. 99. 67. E. lat. S4.
5(1. M.
of Bengal, 74 n
7. E. laL 17. 48. N.
CoiaiuouT, a town and fbitiesa of Hiudooslan,
in Dehlj, on the north-eaat border of the prov-
ince, 100 m. E. N. E. of DehU. Long. 79. 18. E.
lat. 20.14, N.
Ctuta Aua, a province of the chain of territciry
that unites the two grand diviaions of the western
hemiaphere, bounded on the north by Lake Nicara-
gua, and on the louth-eait by Veragna. It has
rich mines of gold and silver but in outer respects
is mounlainoos and barren. Cartago is the
Coitenutu, a town of Croatia, on tbe river
Udda, and boTden of Bosnia, 57 m. E. B. of Carl-
stadl. Long. 17. 8. E^ Ut. 4fl. 20. N.
CotwuJc, a town of Upper Saxony, in the priit-
eipalitv of Anhalt, with a castle, utnale on tbe
Elbe, In m. W. by H. of Whitlenbnrg.
Ci*abanA», a town in tbe province of Coieo,
Pern, arated on the west bank of the Apnrimae
Rivet, 75 miles soalh of the city of Cnico.
Cotnu, a town and district of Lower Lnsatia.
Hm OBstle stands on an eminence on the east aide
of the town. Here are a great number of French
proleatants, who have introduced their manutao
turea; and it is noted for eioallent beer, pilcc,
and flaa. It ia seated on the river Spree, 60 m.
E. bv S. of TCiltenbnrg. Long. U. 94. E., Itt
Colt d'Or, an interior department in tlie east
part of France, which has ito name finm a moon-
tun, sitnale at tbe south of Dijon. It contains
partoftbe late province of Burgundy. Dijon ia
the eapilal. Population estimated at 4O0,0W.
CMsi dM AW, a depaitoient of Francs, so nam-
ed from its northern maritime position. It con-
tains part of tbe lata province of Bratagne. St.
CssMcs, a peoph inbaUtingthe oonfispa o Fn-
tand, RoBsia, l^'jry, and Tuiley. They are
divided into the K wOiki-saParovi, the Koiakki-
COT agr GOV
•btep; ud otherm are d^^okd lo th* growth or oTthe ocean oonlribulea to feed voieanie fir«, *•
com. The aide* of thU loo^ range are beautiflir ihould be ailoniihed to lee that tbe moat actire
a* tbejiiiik into tlie Tale.fromthe hilla of Stiach- volcanoes of the kiogdom of Qaito, Cotapnt,
comb and Nibley in the louth, to thit of Bredoa TaMgnraJiaa, and Sanjajr, appertain totheeadem
in the aoiih.wmefaliaa been oelebnted [n ancient chain of the AndeH, and, conaeqnently, to that
Thjme. wtaioh ii farlheit mmoved from the eoaat. C«to-
CmAoi, a tovn of Upper Baionf, capital of the paxi ia mora than fifty lea|^ei fimn the neareat
prinoipaliljof Anhall-Cothen, wilh aoutle. It ahoie.
u 12 m. S. W. of DeaaA. Long. 12. 9. £., lat. Covlati, a waport of Hindooetan, in TniTanonre
51. 48. N. with a good haiboar, and a nivigabte river. It
Catigtue, a tovn of France, in the department atands on s peninauliiSO m, N, w!ofTta*ancDTe.
of Vai, on the Birer Aigaoa, 33 m. N. N. £. of Long, 76. 34. £., bO. 8. 51. N.
Toalan. Cai^itt Potnl. See Fotnt Ompa,
Ck/tignaU, a fortified town of Italj in the Fei- CeutUnid, a dachj of Eniope, boimded on (lie
nreie, 35 m. 8. S. E. of Ferrara. west and north b; the Baltic, east by Litonia.
OUapaxi, one of tlie hi«heit peaka of the An- and aouth by Poland. It ii divided into CourUnd
dei, remarkable for the ireqaeacy and violence Proper and Semigallia, and ia 250 milea long and
' ' .. - . ..~. ^ - 40 broad. The country awella into gentle hilU,
and ii fertile in com, hemp, and flax, II is moat-
ly open, but in aame parts there are forests of pine
and fir, and groves of oak. It w»» formerly a
feudatory provioce of Poland, but was annexed
tothedoiainionsof Ras8iaial7%by an act of (he
■tatea. Mittau is the capital. Population about
600,000.
Cmrtnijl, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, celebrated for its tamde and manmfhotures of
table linen and woolen cloths. It is seated on
both sides the Kiver Lis, IS m. east of Tpres.
Coutimcei, a seaport of Erance, capital of the
department of Manche, and a bishop's see, with a
fine cathedral. It is 37 m. S. Vf. of Bayeui, and
186 W.ofParis. It ia the seat of a prefect. Pop.
in IB26, 9,015.
Coutrat, a town of France, in the department
Hm moaBtaui ia the moat «Itvated of those of Oironde, at theconflnz of the IlleandDronne,
T«jc«noea of the Andes, from which, at recent 35 m. N. E. of Bonrdeanx.
Eeriods, tbete have been eruptions. Its absolute Cbm. See Cork, Cave of,
eight la 12,393 English feet : it would eonse- Omtttry, CUyand Cmaity of, is ianUated witfa-
quently exceed by more than 2,550 feet the height *' -"- " ' ■" ""- ' ' "' '- - ' """
it Vesuvius, even supposinf that it were contained a population of 31 ,342, and tl
Sled on the summit of the Peak of Teneriffe. der of the cooDtf, which comprises nine adj
otopaxi ia likewise the most formidable of all ing parishes and hamlets, 8,1^. It is a plao
the Tolcanoea of the kin^fdom of Quito; and it ccmaideTable antiquity, and was fbrmerly
is also &D<n it that eiplonona have been the moat roDDded with atrong walls which were 3 miles
freqoeut and the moat deatmctive. The cinden in eircumfbienca, haTing 96 towers and ISgates,
and ^agmtnts of rocks that have been ejected but few TCstices of which now remain > having
by this volcano, cover the neighboiuing Valleys been demoliued br order of King Chatlea if
to an extent of aevenl aoMra baguea. In 1768, in 1663, in revenn &it the resiatance msde to tbe
the flames of Cotopaii shot up to a height ol^ Inx^of hiapredeoessoT. A pailiamenl was held
a,7D0 feet above tha edge of tbe enter. In 1744, hen in the reign of Henry IV. calMPsKinuitf-
the roBiing of this voUano was heard aa fkr aa wo /ndacdm, or the untearnsd parliament, beoanae
Honda, a town aitnated an the banks of the rivet tbe lawyers were eiolnded. Leofric, Earl of
Magdalena, a distance of two hundred leagoes. Mercia, who waa lord of the place abont 1040, is
On the 4th April, 1768, (ha quantity of cinden said to faava loaded the inhabitants with heavy
vomited up from the month of Cotopaii waa ao tans, on aooount of aome provocation he had
creat that Uteaky CDOtinnedasjiaik as night natil received &om them; and beinng importuned
the third hour after mid-day. The exploaion bj his lady, Godivia, to remit them, ha consented
which look place in tbe month of Janiuty, 1803, npon condition that she wonid ride naked Ihroogb
^ia preceded by a fhghtliil phenomenon'-4Be sod- the town, which eonditton she acceptedand per-
4en melting of tbe snows that covered the moun- formed ; fis, being poaseased of a lonii Auwing
tain. For more than twenty yean, Deitfaer ainoke hesd of hair, she conlrived to diapoaeorher tres-
aor any diatinguisbable vapour had issued from sea ao aa preserve her decency ; wid at the same
tlie crater, and yet, in one aingle night, the time enjoined tbe citiiena on pain of death, not
■uhterrenean fire had become ao active that at lo look ant as she passed. The euriosKy of a
sun-rise, the external walls of the Done, stnHig- poor tailor, however, prevailed over his fean, uid
ly heated, hod became naked, and had aoqnired he ventured to take a single peep, but waa struck
the black colour which is pecoliar to vilrified blind, and waa ever sAer called Feeptag Tom.
scoria. At (he port of Ouayaquil, Gfty-tiro This improbable story is annnslly oommeuiDraMd
leagues in a atnught line from tlie edge of the by the citizens of Coventry with great splendoar,
crater, H. de Humboldt heard day and night tbe and a female, doaely habited in tine linen of flesh
rnarinirof this voloano- like rcfwatad disekargaa odoor, rides through the town, attended bra
>fartiDerj. very nameraus and elegant paoceMon The
Were it an establiahad fact that the prazimity wialdow thiougfa which the tulsi ia said to eaM
€X>y SttB CRA
gratifledhiseanoaity if still shown, with his effi^ Pop 2^9. Williamsborgh is the chief towa
always newly dressed for the procession which is Also tne name of a newly-formed county, in the
on the Friday preceding Trinity Sunday. state of Alabama, bordering on Wesf Florida.
It had formerly extensive manufactures of Fop. 1,522. Montezuma is the chief town,
woolens and worsted stufSi, now quite diseontin- tovingtony p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,710
ued in this part of the country, they havinj^ been Also the name of 8 other towns and villa^s in
supplanted by the manufacture of ribbons,ofwhich Pa., Va., Geo., Ken., Illinois, Mississippi, and
it IS the focus for the produce of from 17 to 18,000 Louisiana.
looms. It has also, two tolerably extensiFe es- Oneibridge, a corporate lown of Wales, in Gla-
tablishments for the manufacture of watches, and morganshire. It is called by the Welsh, Port-
four or five others of inferior importance. It has saen, from the stone brid^ over the river, which
a canal communicating with the grand line of ca- soon afler enters the Bristol Channel. Near it
nal navigation between London, Liverpool, and are the remains of Llanbithian Castle, of which
Manchester. It is situate on the verge or the great a massive gateway is now converted into a bam ;
coal strata, running through all the northern part and about a mile distant, on a lofly hill, are the
of the coun^^ The vein is worked in abun- ruins of Penline Castle. Cowbrid^ is 12 m. W.
dance within five miles of the diy of Coventry, of Cardiff, and 173 of London. Pop. in 1820,
The city is divided into two parishes, and the 1,107.
churches, contigious to each other, are both fine CoweSf a seaport on the west side of the Isle of
structures, more particularly so that dedicated to Wight at the mouth of the Medina, or Cowes.
St. Michael, which was twentv-two jears in On the opposite side lb the village of East Cowes,
buildinff, and finished in 1394. The spire is 303 and at each place is a fort built by Henry VIII
feet hifh, and deservedly ranks among the most for the security of the island and road. Cowes
beantitttl specimens of architecture in the hinf- has an excellent harbour, which is much frequent-
dom. There is a third spire, the church to which, ed by ships to repair damages sustained at sea,
has long since been demolished ; but there is a and to water ; ana also a good trade in provisions
third church with a stately tower, which serves &e. for the use of shipping. During the summer
as a chapel of ease to St. fiilichael. The three it is much fVequented for Qie purpose of sea-bath-
spires form beautiful and interesting objects in ing ; and here are a number of crenteel lodiring-
the perspective firom the surrounding country for houses, and an assembly room, it is 12 m. S. by
many miles, on all siden. The corporation con- £. of Southampton, 12 m. W. S. W. of Ports-
sists of a mayor and nine other aldennen. St. mouth, and 86 S. W. of London. Pop. in 1821,
Marv's Hall, in which the archives of the city 3,579.
are Kept, and its business transacted, is an ancient Catdduraga, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore-
and venerable edifice : Uie county hall is a neat with a strong hill fort. It is surrounded by hilh
Doric structure. It has a free-school and two and forests, and stands 12 m. S. of Niagara,
hospitals, and had formerly a verj^ extensive eu Cowpenst in Union District S. C. at the north
tabhshment of Carmelites, or Whitefriars, whoci.* em extremity of the state, is a spot remarkable in
house, after lying in ruins many years, was coii the revolutionary history for one of the most
vertea into a workhouse in 1806, at which period decisive pitched battles in the whole contest. The
the two parishes were united for parochial purpo- Americans under Gen. Mornn here totaUy de-
ses. Covenbr is united with Litchfield, as a bish- feated the British under Col. Tarelton, Jan. 11.
op's see, but Uoventry does not exhibit any eccle- 1781.
siastical parade. It returns two members to parlia- CawpershiUf t. Robertson Co. N. C.
ment. Its market on Friday is well supplied, Coztttiie2, an island on the east coast of Yucatan,
and it has three fairs annually ; one on the Friday where Cortes landed and refreshed his troops, be-
preceding Trinity Sunday, on the occasion of fore he attempted the conquest of Mexico. It
the procession of Lady Godivia, is numerously aboun^ with miit, pulse, cattle and fowls, and is
attended, and continues till the Friday following, inhabited principally by native Indians. Long
Since 1820 the city has underffone considerable 87. 19. W., lat. 19. 40.^.
improvements in the widening, cleaning, and light- Craeaioaf the southernmost of a cluster of isl-
ing the streets, and several new buifdinflB have ands in the entrance of the strait of Sunda. It
been erected. It is 10 m. N. by E. of ll^^rwick, consists of elevated land, gradually rising on all
18 E. 8. E. of Birmingham, and 91 N. W. of Lon- aides from the sea, and is covered with trees ex-
don, on the mail-coach road to Liverpool. cept a few spots, which have been cleared by the
CavmUrVf t. Grafton Co. N. H. 100 m. ft. Ports- natives for the purpose of forming rice fields ,
mouth. Pop. 441. Also a p.t. in Orleans Co. and its coral reefr afford small turtle in abun-
Vt. Pop. 728. Also a p.t. in Tolland Co. Conn, dance. The inhabitants are not considerable
Pop. 2,119. Also a ^.t. in Kent Co. R. I. Pop. and their chief, like those of the other islands in
3J351. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. the strait, is subject to the king of Bantam.
L576. Also townships in Chester Co. Pa. and Orocois, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate
Portage Co. Ohio. of the same name, and a bishop's see, with an uni-
Coveriporumj a town and fortress of Hindoos- versity . It was formerly the capital of Poland,
tan, in Mysore, on the south bank of the Cavery , where the kings were elected and crowned,
60 m. S. £. of Mysore. Long. 77. 38. E., lat. 11. but since the partition of Poland, it has become
&1. N. a republic under the protection of Austria. Rus-
Covert, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1{791 sia and Prussia. On a rock near the Vistula
Comlkam, a town of Portugal, in Beira. It has is the ancient royal palace, surrounded by brick
a manufacture of woolen oloUi, and is 18 m. 8. W. walls and old towers, which form a kind 'of
ofGnarda. citadel. Adjoining is the cathedra], within
ComnftOHt a county of the state of Mississippi, the walls of the citadel, in which most of the
bounded on the north by the territory of the Choc- aoverei|ras of Poland are interred. Though tlio
taw Indians, and intersected by the line of road city and suburbs occupy a vast tract of ground,
horn the Tennessee River to Lake Portchartrain, they scarcely contain 94,000 inhabitants. The
CRA S99 * CRE
great iquare is spacious and well built, and many 4. In theMichigan Territory. Prairie do Chien
of the streets are broad and handsome ; but almost is the chief town. Pop. 692.
every building bears the mark of niinedffrandeur. 5 In the interior or Ohio, intersected by the
been taken and retaken by the Russians and the Cravrfordf p.t. Orange Co. N. T. Pop. 2,019
confederates. When the general insurrection CrawfordamUe^ p.v. Montgomery Co. Ind.
broke out in 1794, against the Prussian and Rus- Cratrfordy a village in Kent, Eng. on the River
sian usurpers of the Polish territory, Kosciusko, Cray, two miles west by north of Dartford. Here
to the protection of Warsaw, Cracow surrendered considerable manufacture of seroes. The church
to the Prussians, on the 15th of June. It is seat- is a noble structure, and was formerly a cathe-
m the Vistula, 130 m. S. S. W. of Warsaw, dral. The town was almost destroyed by fire
Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 40. 50. N. in 1769. It is seated between two hills, 8 m. N.
Crafi^e, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop. 962. W. of Exeter, and 180 W. by N. of London. Pop.
Crailf a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, in 1821, 5,515.
seated on the iVmi of Forth, 7 m. S. E. of St. CVee, a river of Scotland, which rises in the
Andrew. northern }>arts of the counties of Wigton and
Craifdmrg^ a town of Germany, in Camiola. Kirkcudbright, forms the boundary between them
with a castle, on the River Save, 18 m. N. W. or and enters ue head of Wigton Bay.
Laybach. Creekf or Muscogee Indians, one of the most nu-
Cramondy a village of Scotland, three miles merous tribes of Indians of anv within the limits
north-west of Edinburjr, at the mouth of the of the United States of North America. They
Amond. in the frith of ForUi. It has a commodi- inhabit an extensive tract of country in the east-
ons haroour, and considerable iron works. em part of Alabama, and till within a few years
Cramberryy p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. possessed territories In Geor^a, but this portion
CrofiAtfvrn.atown in Dorsetshire, Eng. It stands oi their lands they have rehnquished bv treaty,
near a fine chase, which extends almost to Salis- They are about 20,0Q0 in number, and are ao-
bury. 38 m. N. E. of Dorchester, and 93 W. of counted among the most warlike of the Abori^nes.
London. They have several prettv large towns containing
Cranirock, a town in Kent, Eng. Here is a firom one to two hundred houses^ and pay consif
free-grammar school and a firee- writing school fi>r erable attention to the cultivation of their lands,
poor children, the former endowed by Queen Eli- They raise cattle and live stock of various kinds
zabeth. It is 13 m. S. of Maidstone, and 49 S. E. of as well as com, rice, and tobacco.
London. CreeiowH or Ferrytoum, a small port of Scot-
Cranganare, a town and fort of Hindoostan, land, in Kirkcudbrightshire. Here several sloops
on the coast oif Cochin. It was taken from the are constantly employed in the coasting trade.
Portuguese in 1662, Inr the Dutch, who sold it in It stands on Wigton Bay, near the influx of the
1789 to the rajah of Travancore. It is seated at Cree, 12 m. W. by N. or Kirkcudbright,
the mouth of a river, 30 m. N. by W. of Cochin. CregUngen, a town of Franconia, in, the prin-
Long. 75. 58. E., lat. 10. 23. N. cipality of Anspach, on the Tauber, 22 m. S.
CransaCf a village of France in the department ot Wurtzburg, and 30 N. W. of Anspach, now
ofAveiron, celebrated for its mineral waters, 15 included in the Bavarian circle of the Lower
m. N. W. of Rhodes. Mayne.
CransUnif p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop. 2,651. Cret2, a town of France, in the department of
Ooon, a town of France, in the department of Oise, on the River Oise, five miles east of Senlis.
Mayenne near the River Oudon, 17 m. S. by W. Creibheimt a town of Franconia, in the princi-
of Iliaval. pality of Anspach, on the River Jaxt, 22m. S. W.
CratOf a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a of Anspach, now included in the Bavarian circle
priory belonging to the order of Malta, 14 m. W. of the Kezat.
of Portalegre. CremA^ a fortified town of Italy, capital of Cre-
Crown, a county of North Carolina, the east masco, and a bishop's see. It is well built and pop-
end of wnich borders on Pamlico Sound. It is ulcus, and seated on the Serio, 30 m. S. of fier-
intersected by the Neuse River. Pop. 14,325. gamo.
Newbem, on the west bank of the Neuse, is the CrtmaseOy a small territory of Italy, in the south
* chief town. partof the province of Bergamasco. It is near-
Cra^fardy There are five counties of this name ly surrounded by the Duchv of Milan, and fertile
in different parts of the United States. in com, wine, flax, and hemp. Crema is the
1 . At the north-west extremity of Pennsylva- capital.
nia, bordering on the state of Ohio, intersected by Cremietc, a town of France, in the department
French Creek, falling into the Alleghany River, of Isere, at the foot of a mountain near the Rhone,
Pop. 16,005, Meadvilfe is the chief town. 20 m. N. E.of Vienne.
2. In the state of Indiana, bounded on the east €remnitz, a town in the north part of Lower
by Big Blue River, the south end jetting upon Hungary, noted for its gold mines, 17 m. N. of
the Ohio. Pop. 3,184. Fredonia is the chief Sehemirits. Pop. about 10,000.
town-. Crcmotidj a city of Italy, capital of the Cre-
3. In the state of Illinois, extending westward monese, and a bishop's see, with a casUe and a
from the Wabash River for about w m. being university. The streets are broad and strait^
about 35 m. in breadth. Pop. 3,113. Pales- adorned with some small squares, a few palaces;
tine, on the west bank of the Wabash, is the chief 40 parish churches, and 43 convents of both sex-
town ep It stands in a delightful plain, wateiitd bv
CRI
the OghOf about a qmoter of a mile from the Po,
over which is a bridge of boata, defended by a
fort. A canal peaees through the town, and forms
a commnnication between the two rivers. Cre-
mona has been sereral times taken. It has con-
siderable manufactures of silk, and is peculiarly
celebrated for the manufactures of nolins. A
tower, 373 feet in height, forms & prominent ob-
ject over all the snrrounaing country. The Ro-
mans established themselves here in 291. B. C*
it is 48 m. S. of Milan, and about the same dis-
Unce S. by W. of Mantua. Pop. about 90,000.
Cremonese Territ&ryj extends flrom the south in
a W. N. W. direction, fbr about 45 miles, be-
tween the River Po on the south, which divides
it fVom Uie Duchy of Parma, and the Oglio on
the n^rth, which divides it from Bresciano ; the
east end borders on the Duchy of Mantua, and the
west on the small district of Cremasco. It is a
verv fertile countiy.
<VbilM^, a town of Moravia, with a fine castle
and a convent, sMMd on the w«^t bank of the
River Marsch, 18 m. 8. 8. £. of Olmutz.
Oevy, a town of F^noe in the department of
Oise, 17 m. 8. of Compiegne.
Cre»aptburg, p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland.
CreMeentiHOf a fbrtifiea town of Piemnont, on
the north bank of the River Po, 20 m. N. £. of
Turin.
dressy or Otet^y a village of France, in the de-
partment of Somme, celebrated for the victory
over the French, gained by Ekiward III. in 1346.
It is 39 m. N. W. m Amiens.
Crest, a town of 'France in the department of
Diome, on the River Drome, 16 m. 8. 8. £. of
Valence.
Creoeldtj a town of Germany, at the north ex-
tremity of^ the territory of Cologne. Near this
place the French were defeated bv the Hano-
verians in 1758. It has considerable mannfte-
tures of linen. It is 32 m. N. N. W. of Cologne,
and 7 from Dusseldorf. Pop. about 700.
Creusef an interior department nearly^ in
the centre of France, so named from a river,
which crossed fh>m south to north, and flows in-
to the Vienne. It contains the late province of
Marche. Gueret is the cafHtal.
Creusenf a town of Franconia, in the nrinei-
of Bay tenth, seven miles east of^ Bay-
ren
CretctAuryf a town of SUesia. in the principali-
ty of Brieg, with a castle. It lias a great trade
in honev, wax, leather, and flax ; ami is seated
on the Brinnits, 35 m. E. by N. of Brieg.
Creuttnaekf a town of Germany^ m the cir-
cle of Upper Rhine. It has a trade m wine, salt,
com, wool, and tobacoo. On Dec. 2,1795, this
town was taken three times ; first, by the fWneh,
then by the Austrians,and again by the former.
It is seated on the Nahe, 25 m. 8. W. of Mentz.
Crewkemef a town in 8omersetsbire, Eng. In
1825 it had six considerable establishments for
the manufacture of sail-cloth. 'It is'seated near a
branch of the Parret, 25 m. 8. of Wells, and 132
a W. 8. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,021.
^ CrewstiUe, p.t. Goochland Co. Va.
CriefteUh, a town of Wales, in Caernarvon-
shire, 18 m. 8. 8. E. of Caernarvon, and 244 N.
W. of London.
Criekkowdlf a town of Wales, in Brecknock-
shire. Near it are the ruins of an ancient castle.
It is seated on the Usk, 10 m. 8. E. of Brecknock,
and 153 W. by N. of London. Pop. in 1821,
1,00B.
CRO
Crkkladej a borough in Wihahire, Eng. eeated
near the Thames, and the Stroud Canu, 25 m
W. by 8. of Oxford, and 84 W. by N. of London.
Pop. m 1821,1,606.
Orts^, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, with
manu&ctures of paper and thin linen, seated on
the Erne, 16 m. W. of Perth.
Crtm, a town of the Crimea, supposed to be on
the site of an ancient city that once gave its
name of Crim Tartary, or Crimea, to the whole
peninsula of the Taurida; after naving^ under
the name of Crimmerium, been the capital of a
&mous people, who gave laws to the greatest
part of Europe. The modem town called Eski
Krim (Old Crim) by the Tartars, is seated at
the foot of an insulated mountain, 10 m. W. of
CafiTa.
Crimea, or TattridA, the ancient Taurica Cher-
sonesus, a peninsula of Europe, bounded on the
south and west by the Black Sea, north by the
province of Catharinenslaf, with which it com-
municates by the isthmus of Prekop, and east by
the Sea of Asoph and the Strait of^ Caffa. To-
wards the end of the 11th century the Genoese
settled in this country, but they were expelled
bv the Crim Tartar* in 1474. See Caffa. These
Tartars had been settled in the Crimea above
two centuries before the expulsion of the Gen-
oese. They were subjects ot Batu Khan, grand-
son of Zingis ; and their conquest was annexed
to the kingdom of Kasan, t^ the death of Tamer-
lane in 1400, when Edegai Khan, an officer of
that prince, took possession of it, and was suc-
ceeded by Uuelet Cherai, in whose fiunily the sov-
ereignity continued till the 18th century. The
Khans nowever, were vassali, or tributary to
the Turks, till the year 1774, when their mde-
Kndence was stipulated in the treaty of CainargL
1783 the Russians took possession of the coun
try with an army ; the following year it was ced-
ed to them by the Turks ; and the peaceable pos-
session of the whole was secured to them in 1701
by the cession of the fortress of Oczakow. The
Crimea is divided into two parts by the river
Sal^, which runs from west to east The north
division b flat, poor, and fit for pasturage only.
It has neither tree nor hillock; salt lales and
flocks of sheep are its fpeatest riches. This dis-
trict is bleak and cold in winter, and sultry and
scorching in summer. The south pvtis moun-
tainoua ; but the valleys are astonishingly pro
duotive, and thi climate extremely mild, from
the exclusion of those violent winds hy which
the north division is frequently incommoded.
The lower hills, extending firom vaffa to the east
extremity of the country, are principally used in
gardening, and produce excellent fruit. Beeides
Die port of Kertch, the road of Cai&, and the
harbour of Balaclava, there is, near Sebastojpol,
one of the finest harbours in tbe world. The
principal articles of export are com, salt,hon-
ey, wax, butter, horses, female slaves, hides, and
fCirs, especially the Tauric lamb-skins, which are
in high esteem. The Crimea now forms one of
the two provinces of the government of Catha-
rinenslaf, under the name of Taurida. Symphe
rodol is the capital. See Russia.
Croatia, a province of the Austrian Empire,
bounded on the N. by the river Drave, which se-
parates it from Lower Hungary, extending south
tor about 160 miles to the Adriatic : tne Save
intersects it from the west in an E. 6. E. direc-
tion, parallel with the Drave, at a distance ot
about forty-five miles ; the part north of the 8av«
CRO Kl cue
M bounded on the east by SclaTonU, and on the Buttermere- water and Lowa- water, receiving tiie
west by Lower Stiria ; and the part south of the former at iu south end by the river Cocker, and
Save is bounded on the east by the Turkish pro- the latter at its north end. It is 4 m. long, and half
vince of Bosnia, and on the west by Lower Car- a mile over ; with three small isles, one of them a
aiola : this part was ceded to France at the peace rock, and the other covered wiUi wood. Half a
of Vienna in 1809, but restored to Austria at the mile from the south-west end is a water&Il, called
general peace of 1815. The mean breadth of Scale Force, between the mountains of Mell
Croatia is about aizty miles, and its igaperfioial brake and Bleacragg. At the north-east corner
area 9,420 square miles, containing a population is a stone bridge over its outlet, the Cocker. It
of about 800,000. It was called by the Romans abounds with cnar and red trout.
tihumia, and sabsequently formed part of lUyria CromaHn^ a county of Scotland, 16 miles long
and Sclavouia, and at a somewhat later period be- and six br(Mui, comprehending part of a ^ninsu-
eame an independent kingdom under toe protec- la on the south side of a ixiux to which it gives
tion of the eastern emperors, in 1087 it was name. On the south and west it is bounded by
conquered by Ladislaus, king of Hungary, and BxMS-shire. It is divided into five parishes,
passed into the hands of Austria by its being and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. The high-
made an inteml part of Hungary in 1102. It lands are healthy, and on the coast it is fertile and
is now divided into six counties, and the south- well cultivated. It sends one member to parlia
east part into six districts. It is in general a moun- ment alternately with Nairnshire. The towns
tainous country ; containing some mines of iron are Cromarty, Kirkmichael, Resolis, and Urqu-
and copper, and the best timber in Europe, hart.
The valleys are tolerably fertile, and the mulMr- Cramartiiy a seaport of Scotland, and capital of
tY, prune, vine, and olive are interspersed over the preceding county. The harbour is one of the
most parts of the country, and in parts flourish finest in Great Britain, and has a commodious
luxuriantly. Honey is collected in j^atjoanti^ guay. .Here is a considerable manufacture of
ties on
Piume,
vince,
ductions as the inhabitants can command, in ex- £. of Inverness. Long. 3. 50. Wr,'lat. 57. 38. Ff.
change for their surplus produce, which is limit- Fop. in 1821, 1,993.
ed both in value and extent. The capital of the Cromer, a town in Norfolk, Eng. It fbrmerty
country is Carlstadt, and the other princ^^al had two churches, one of which, with several
towns are Warasden, Agram, Petrinia, Oguiia, houses, was swallowed up by the sea. The in-
Zettin, &c. dkc. ^ee MSrladua. habitants are chieflv fishermen; and the best lob-
CroghansvitUf v. Sandusky Co. Ohio. sters on this part or the coast are taken here. It
Crtna^ a town of European Turkey, in Albania, is seated on the Gferman Ocean. 22 m. north of
seated near the Gulf of^ Venice, 13 m. N. bv E. Norwich, and 129 north- east or London, and ie
of Durazzo. It was once the rssidenee of the frequented in the sununer season for seabathing,
kings of Albania. Pop. in 1821,1,023.
Croisic^ or Croisil, a town of France in the de- Cranrfbrd, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. on the
sartment of Lower Loire, seated on the Bay of river Derwent,2 miles north of Wirks worth. The
Biscay, between the mouths of the Loire and Arkwrights have erected an extensive cotton mill
Vilaine, 35 m. W. of Nantes. at this place, and connected it by a canal with the
Croix f St. f h. river of North America, which Erwasb and Nottingham canals, and thereby with
forms the norUi-east boundarv of the United the river Trent. Fop. in 1821^1,248.
States, and runs into the Bay or Passamaquoddy, Crenwloit, a township in the pa^h of Oldham,
in the lat. of 45. 0. N., and 67. 0. of W. long. Lancashire, Eng. Fop. in 1821, 6,482. See
CroiXf St., one of the Virgin Islands, in the Car- Oldham,
ribean Sea, thirty miles long and eight where Cnmaek, a town of Bavaria, in the principality
broadest ; lying forty miles east by south of St. of Bamburg, near which is a mountain-fortress
Thomaa, and about the same distance £. S. E. of called Rosenberg. It is seated near the river Cro-
Crab Island, ofiT the S. £. end of Porto Rico, nach, 11 m. N.of Culmbach.
Columbus landed upon this island in one of his CrofAorg, a strong fortress of Denmark, on the
early vovages. It was successively held by the Isle of Zeuand, near Elsinore, which guards the
Spaniards, jQnglish, and Dutch. In 1651 it was passage of the sound. It is situate on the point of
bought for tiie knights of Malta, who sold it in a peninsular promontory, opposite Helsingburg in
1664 to the French West India Company, by Sweden, littie more than two miles distant. In
whom it was 9old to the Danes in 1696; tnese held 1658 it was taken by the king of Sweden, and re-
it till 1801, when it was taken by the English, and stored in 1660. In this fortress is a palace where
restored ailer the naval action off Copenhagen in queen Matilda was imprisoned till she was per-
the same year ; retaken in 1807, and resioreaagain mitied to retire to Zell. Not far from this is Ham-
at the general peace of 1815. -It is divided mto let's Garden, said to be the spot where the murder
about &0 plantations, yielding about 25,000 hogs- of his fiither was perpetrated,
heads, or 16,000 tons, of sugar annually. Tne OroHSnierg, or ICrofi^eVi a town of Germany,
population in 1813 amounted to dl,387, of whom in the lata electorate of mntx, seated on a moun-
28,000 were slaves. The chief town is Chris- tain, nine miles north-west of Frankfort,
tianstadt, on the north coast, with a fme harbour, Cnmatadtj a seaport and fortress of Russia, on
defended by a fortress. Long. 65. 28. W., lal. 17. the island of Retusari, in the Gulf of Finland.
45. N. The harbour is the chief station of the Russian
Croc*, St,, Croix, St.. or Cruz, Samta. There fleet. Here are great maffazioes of naval stores,
are several towns, villages, and rivers of this docks, and yards for builuing of ships, a foundry
name both in Europe and America, but ail inoon- for casting cannon balls, and an extensive marine
siderable. hospital. The Man of War's Mole is enclosed
Cromaek'Water, a lake in Cumberland between bv a strong rampart, built of granite, in the sea,
CRO S» CUB
uid Peter*! Canal, lined with masonry, is 1,050 Croffdon, t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 80 m. fr. Ports
fiuhoms long, 60 broad at the bottom, and 1<X) at month. Pop. 1 ,057.
the top ; it is 24 faUioma deep, and in this man- Croydon^ a town in Borrey , Eng. It has an
ner stretches 358 fathoms into the sea. At the end hospital and free-school, fonndcd by archbishop
of the canal are two pyramidal columns^ith in- Whitgifl ; and in the church are some monu-
scriptions relative to this mat work. The town menta of the arch-bishops of Canterbury, who had
occupies the east part of ue island, and the in- here an ancient palace; which was alienated from
habitants are estimated at 40,000. It is 22 m. W. the see ija 1780 : the building and adjoining pre-
of Petersburg, of which it is the outport. Long, mises are now occupied by some cotton manufac-
29. 26. £., lat 59. 56. N. tures. Croyden, is seated near the source of the
Cronstadtf a town of Transylvania. See Broisau, Wandle, 10 miles south of London. Pop. in 1821 ,
Crooked Island. See Bahamas. 9,254.
Cropani, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ulteri- CrowsvilUf p.v. Spartanburg Dis. S. C.
ore, 9 m. L. N. £. of St. Severino. Crozen^ a town of France, in the department of
Croshff a village in Hancock Co. Me. Also a Flnisterre, situate on the promontory which forms
township in Hamilton Co. Ohio. the south boundary of Brest Harbour, 16 m. N.
Cross Creekf a township in Jefierson Co. Ohio. W. of Chateanlin. Pop. about 8,000, mostly sail-
CrosnSf a town of Austrian Poland, in the pa- \ ors and fishermen,
latinate ofLiemberg, 80 m. W. S. W. of Lem- Cmaehan, Ben^ k mountain of Scotland, be-
berg. tween Loch Etive and the north end of Loch
Crossen^ a town of Brandenburg, in the New Awe, in Argyleshire. It has two conicalpeaks,
Mark, capital of a duchy of the same name, with one of which is 3,962, and the other 3,390 feet
a strong castle. It is seated on the firontiers of above the level of the sea.
Silesia, near the conflux of the Bober with the CnteeSf a small seaport in the Gulf of Mexico,
Oder, in a country abounding with wine and fruit, about 15 m. W. 8. W. of Porto Bello.
23 m. S. £. of Frankfort. CrundaUf or Crumau, a town of Bohemia, in
Cross'fellf a mountain in Cumberland, Eng. 8 the circle of Bechin, with a castle, seated on the
m. E. S. £. of Kirkoswold. Its extreme altitude Muldau. 12 m. south by west of Budweis.
IS 2,802 feet. At different elevations there are CrumtaWy or Ooimw, a town of Moravia, in
two extensive plains: and a third on the summit the circle of Znaim, wiUi a castle, 10 m. N. N.
contains several hundred acres covered with moss E. of Znaim.
and other vegetable productions. The view from Cruz, St. a sea-port of Morocco. The Portu-
this height comprehends a great part of six coun- fuese had a fortress here, which was taken from
ties. A few yards below the summit is a spring Diem by the Moors in 1536, and the emperor
called the Gentleman's Well. caused it to be destroyed in 1773. The harbour
Cross PlainSy p.v. Fayette Co. Ken. * is safe and commodious. It is seated on a bay of
OrojviZiver, p.v. West Chester Co. N.Y. the Atlantic. 130 miles W. S. W. of Morocco,
Cross Roads f villages in Chester Co. Pa. and and 65 S. or Mogadore. Long. 9. 30. W. lat. 30
Kent Co. Maryland. 28. N.
Crosswiek, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. ^^'jL ^* ^ M^port on the soath«east side of
Crotona, or Croton,^ a seaport of Naples, on the Tenerifl^, and the general residence of the gov-
east coast of Calabria Ulteriore, and a bishop*s emor of all the Canary Islands. It has a well-
see, with a citadel. It has a trade in grain, cheese, built pier and quay, and is defended by several
oil, and silk, and is 15 m. S. E. of St. Severine. forts and batteries. Long. 16. 16. W., and lat. 28.
Long. 17. 27. E. lat. 39. 9. N. 27. N.
Crotoy, a town of France, in the department Cruz, St. a town of Peru, capital of a jurisdie-
ofSomme, on the east side of the mouth of the tion,in the audience of Charcas. and a mshop's
Somme, 35 m. north-west of Au'icns. see. The oonntiy is woody ana mountainous;
Crouch, a river in Essex, Eng. which rises near but the town stands in a fertile vallev, near the
Homdon, and enters the Uerman Ocean between River Guapaix, 160 miles N. N. E. of Plata. Long.
Bumham and Foulness Island. The Walfleet 65. 15. W., lat. 17. 26. S.
and Bumham oysters are the product of its creeks Cruz, St. a town on the north side of the Island
and pits. of Cuba, 50 m. £. of Havana.
CrowUatd. a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. Here Crux, St. an island in the Pacific Ocean. See
was formerly an abbey of great note, and some Croee, St.
stately ruins yet remain, llie town consists of Cuia, an island of the West Indies lying be
four streets, which are separated by watercourses, tween the lat. of 19. 42. and 23. 20. N., and ex-
and connected by a curious triangular bridge for tending from 74. to 85. of W. long. The east
foot passengers. The chief trade is in fish and end is bounded by a strait called the Windward
wild ducks, which are plentiful in the adjacent Passage, about GSm. wide, which divides it fi-om
pools and marshes. It is 11 miles north of Pe- the north-west end of Hispaniola ; and the west
terboroufh, and 93 north by west of London, end projects into the Gulf of Mexico, being about
Pop. in 1821 , 2,113. 100 miles firom the promontory of Yucatan on the
CrotoU, a town in Lincolnshire, £ng. seated on south, and the same distance from the promonto-
the Isle of Axholm, near the river Dun, 18 m. ry of East Florida on the north. ^ Its mean breadth,
N. of Gainsborough, and 167 N. N. W. of Lon- however, does not exceed 75 miles, comprising
don. Pop. in 1821, 1,961. an area of about 52,000 square miles or a super-
Croum Point, a fort and town of New York, ficies, nearly equal to that of England and Wales,
in Essex county. The fort was erected by the The island was first made known to Europeans
French in 1731, on a point that runs north into by Columbus in 1492; and firom the great extent
Lake Champlain. It was reduced by the Eng- m its coast from east to west, was at first supposed
lish in 1759, taken by the Americans in 1775 to form part of the western continent. It was,
and retaken by the English the year afler. It is however, ascertained to be an island in 1508, by
123 m. N. of Albany. Pop. 2,041. Nicholas Ovando, who sailed round it in that
CUB 1
jrar, and in about IfaM* num after it wai laksn
paaMauan of bj a Spaukli fince &om Utauniola,
under the conuaaad of Don Diego de Velu^oei,
irbo oztirpdedtbe natiTea) after which Che ia-
land ramained, with but little intenuption, in
liiiiiimiiiil «t the Spaniajda, until 1741, whaa an
UBJttCCtarfal atteoipt was made upon it b; the
Engliah, to whom hewever it iuirendeml on the
lUh oTAupiat, ITfQ, aftw adeapetate reaiatauce
of the Spaniaida, for about two mondu. It was
raatoied to Spaiit in the lalloving jeai, and baa
ranuuned in theii <|aiat poaaaaaion i^i to 1896, har-
•nf bean bat liUle tSbcted bj the evenU which
!l -.I the eolire aubveraion of Spaniah domi-
naUoa over enoy part of their oontinental poa-
■eMiooa in th» WMlMn hemiqdiem. Since the
period i^lTSl, when the raaniaof the Franeh
MTolntwo extended to the neighboorin^ ialaadof
Hiapaniola, nnmeTDtu plantara of that uland Sed
loCaba, whtob lwa«*er ainee oonliBued to Im-
prove in coltiTalion and inereaae in pepotatjsa,
and ila prodooe in aogar, eedee, and tobacco,
haa haeuTei^ great and progmaaively inoreaainir.
The tobMCO ia unequalled in qoalil;, and ia elii^
\j made iMo eigara.
a rii^ea pervade the whole ialand, ren-
dering the &ce of the cauntir eioeedinglr pic-
tBTMqne. It ia loln^lr well watered ; and, bj
•ooial anangenenia and well-ilire«(ed eiertion,
it ia capable of nuintaining twenty milliraii of
people IB Uw higheat degree irf eailhly enjojnieht.
In the wooda are aome valuable treea, particular];
■edan of «. large aiie ; and birda Uraand here,
both in variety and namlier, mora than in in;
of the other ialanda. The acil ia ftrtile, and cattle,
•beep, and hoga are numeniua. There ai« cnpper
irinea in the monntaiju, and the fcxeata an rbU
of game. The principal porta are Havana,
and HaUntaa, on the noilli coaat, near the weat
end ; and St. Jagode Cuba and St. Salvador, on
the Bonth coast, near the eaatend. In addition
to Ha at^ile prodnotioni, of augar, coffee, and
tobacco ; pnger, king Mpper, caana, tamarinda
wild oinnaaton, maatic, aloea, honey, lu>. dte. are
•bundanL
TheUmenowB plentifully in this ialand. It
It pradaeed by a eaMll tree or rather ihrab.
S CtTL
Cuban, a river, which iaauea from the north
aide of the Caucaiiui Mountaini, divide* Cir-
caiaia ttom put of Tauriea, and Sows into tlie
north extremitr of the Black Sea, near the en-
tiaoce to the Sea of Atopfa; it receivea several
tributary atreama fiom the aoulh.
Cuban, or Cuian Tartarv, ■ county in the Rua-
Btan province of Tauriea ; bounded on the west by
the sea of Taariea, Dorth by the river Don, which
aepanUaa it &om Europe, east by the deeert of
Aatracan, and south by the rivet Cuban, which
divides it from Circasais,
CtuiffUld, a town in Siaaex, Eng. 13 m. N. W.
of Lewes, and 39 S. by W. of London. Pop. in
AubUore, a town of Hindooslan, on the eoajt
of Canutic, near the place irtiere Fort St. David
once stood. It waa taken by the French in 1758,
and again in 1783. It is 90 miles B. S. W. of
Pondicberry. Long. 79. 6G. E., tot. 11.41. N.
CuMapa, a town of Hindooatan, cental of a
ciicar of the same name, ceded l^ Tii^KM) In
1792, to the miamofthe Deooan. It ia 133 m.
N. W. of Hadtaa. Long. 7B. 67. E., |at. M.
33, N.
Oidr^, a town and bailiwiek of SwitKrland,
in the canton of Bern, SI miles west of Bern.
CasKia, a province of Spain, on the eaat aide
of New Caatile, interaected by the River Xucar.
8q. miles, 11^84. Pop. 3»i,:»0.
Cutma, a city, bishop's see, capital of the
precedior province ; ia seated on a high and
crag^ hill,on the banks of the Xucar, over which
is an plennt stone bridire of five iretaes. The
osthedral is a stalely edifice, besides which there
are several cbarches and six monastaiies. It i*
90 ra. E. by B. of Madrid, Fop. about 6,000.
Ounea, a town of Colombia and capital of a
juriadictioD of the same name in the proviDCe of
Qnito, bounded on the west by the shore of the
Bay ol Ousyaquil, and east by the Andes, The
town ia aituate in a valley, about midway from
the fbot of the Andes and the shore of the bay
and 176 miles south by west of the cHy of Quito.
Pop. aboDt 14,000
CWemaeoca, a town of Meiieo, 40 nules south
by west of the city of Hezico on the road to
Aeapnleo. In the time of Cortes it was the cqiital
of an independent state. It ia aitnate o
Ita ftnit ia a great ihvoiuita in the Weat Indies
and its acid is aharper at well as more cooling
dinn that of the lemon,
Oain, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 30 nt,
8. by E, of Even,
Cutafna. a small itland off the north coaat of
Colombia, between that of Margaietta and Ciuna-
na. Here the Spaniards, in 1509, establiahed a
Btll»T ofpearl ; but the banks disappeared in
bilGSH. Theialand iabarrenandnitrons. Long,
■H. 10. W laL 10. 56, N.
sea, llie elimtte is delight-
Cknaia, a town of Btasil, in the province of
Hfttto Grosao, seated on the west bank of the
river Cniaba^hich (Uls into the Paraguay, in the
long. of66. W.,and lat. of 15. 36. S. The popu-
lation is estimated ■taO/mO. There iasloleRibly
productive gold mine in the vicinity of the town.
AoUy, a town of Switzerland, in the canton of
Bern, on the north-east side of the Lake of Oene-
va, eieht miles E. S. E. of Lauaannc.
Cwflthtrg, or KatindmcTg, a town of Holland ,
in Oelderlend, on the south bank of the river
Leek 16 m. S. S. E. of Utiecbt,
CvUaaai, a town of Mexico, seated near the
sourteofariver of thesame name, which, after a
course of about 50 miles, fUli into the Gulf of
California, in the lat. of 34, 3D. N. It ia oele-
braled in the Hexicsn hiatory undei the name of
HueieoUmaeait, and as the capital of a popnloos
and fertile district.
mann&cturea of linen anddamaak, and • tfirda in
CUM 854 CUM
ftesb and dried fish. Near it are aeen three loAy highest peak of the mountains, rites to a height of
spiring rocks, formed of flinty masses, called the 3,166 feet aboye the level of the sea. Skeddau and
Three Kings of Cullen. It is 13 m. west by north Helvellyn also each rise to heights exceeding
of Banff. Pop. in 1821, 1,452. 3,000 feet, and five or six others approximate to
CuUera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, at the 3,000 feet. Carlisle is the capital, where some
mouth of the Xucar, 21 m. south of Valencia, considerable manufiictures of cotton are carried
Pop. about 4,000. on. The county also yields a surplus of cattle
OiZm, a city of Prussia, capital of a palatinate of and about 200,000 cnaldron of coals annually,
the same name, and a bishop's see, with a Catho- The sea-ports are Whitehaven, Workington and
lie university. It is seated on the east bank of the Mary port ; and the principal towns in the interiot,
Vistula, 85 m. south of Dantzic. Long. 18. 30. Aldston, Cockermouth, Penrith, and Wigton.
E., lat. 53. 24. N. CumbiBrland, is also the name of six counties in
Ctdm is also the name of a town in Bohemia, different parts of the United States of North Amer
in the west part of the circle of Saaz. It was ica : viz.
near this place where the French general Van- 1st. In the state of Maine, of which Portland is
damme was defeated by a corps of Austrians and the chief town, and formerly was the seat of got
Prussians, in August 1813. emment of the state.* It is a maritime county, ita
Culmhaehf a town of Franconia, formerly the area not exceeding 700 square miles, oomprismg a
capital of a principality of the same name. "Near considerable sur&e of lakes. The north-east
it, on a mountain, stands the fortress of Plassen- comer of the county is bounded .by the Kenebec
burg, where the archives of the principality were River. Pop. OO^l^
f reserved, but thej were removed to Bayreuth in 2nd. At the S. extremity of New Jersey, bor^
783. Cnlmbach is seated near the Weiss branch dering on Delaware Bay, in the lat. of 39. 15.
of theMaine, 13 m. N. N. W. of Bayieuth. Pop. to 39. 30. N. Pop. 14,091. Bridgetown i» the
about 3,800. canital.
Cfulm&re, a town of Ireland, in the county of 3rd. In the E. District of Pennsylvania, bound-
Londondenry, on the coast of llough Foyle, five ed on the north by the Blue Ridge of the Alleffhany
m. north by east of Londonderry. It is stated in Mountains, and on the east by the Susquehanna
a return made to parliament in 1821 , to be extra- River. It is about 35 miles in extent from east to
parochial, and exempt from tithe, and parish, and west, and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 29^8. Car-
oountv rate. Pop. in 1821, 061. lisle, is the chief town.
Culpeper, a county of the £. District of Vir- 4th. In the £. District of Vir^pinia, extending
gtnia, bounded on the north-west by the blue ridge south from James River for 28 miles, to the Ap-
of the Apalachian Mountains, and on the east by pomattax River. The mean breadth of this county
the Rappahannock River. Fairfax, is the chief does not exceed eight miles. Carterville is the
town. Population of the county 24,026. chief town. Pop. 11,689.
Cuirass, a borough of Scotland, in Perthshire, 5th. In the interior of North Carolina, intersect-
in a district almost surrounded by Clackmanan- ed by Cape Fear River. Pop. 14^824. Fayette-
shire. Here is a princely abbey, built in 1217. ville is the chief town.
It is situate on the firith of Forth, 20 m. south of 6th. In Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, in
Perth, and 21 W. N. W of Edinburgh. Pop. in tersected by the Cumberland River. Pop. 8,636
1821, 1,611. Bnrkesville is the chief town.
Cumana, a sea-port of Colombia, and capital Cumberland, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. Pop.
of the province of Orinoco. It is seated on an 3,675. Also towns in Pa. and Va.
arid sandy plain at the entrance of a spacious Cumberland River , which gives name to three of
inlet of the Carribcan sea, in the lat of 16. 12. N. the above counties, rises on the west side of the
and 64. 24. W. long. Cumana has suffered much Cumberland Ridge of mountains, which divide
both by inundations and by earthquakes. On the the south-east end of the state of Kentucky from
14th of Dec. 1797 about ibur-fiflhs of the town was that of Virginia^ in the lat. of 37. N., runs inrcst
destroyed. It is otherways advantageouriy situate for about 120 miles, when it leaves the state of
for external commerce, which it carries on to Kentucky in a southerly direction, at the south-
some extent in cotton, cocoa, mules, catUe, &4i. in west corner of Cumberland County, into the state
exchange for the manufactures of Europe gene- of Tennessee, through which it runs a coarse of
rally. Pop. in 1826, about 20,000. about 150 m., when it re-enters the state of Ken-
Cumber, or Comber, a parish and town in the tucky in a north-west direction, and, after a fur-
county of Down, Ireland. The town is pleasant- ther course of about 60 miles, rails into the Ohio
ly seated at the head of a small bay^ of Strangford about 50 miles above the entrance of that river
Lough. Population of the town in 1821, 1,283, into the Mississippi. From the source of the
and of the parish 6,918 more. Cumberland River to its conflux with the Ohio,
OK9R^2a9ui, a maritime and mountainous coun- the distance in a direct line is 300 miles, being 6
ty of the north of England, bounded on the north deg. of long, between 9Sl, 15. and 88. 15. intno
by the Twet Liddel, which separates it from Scot- lat. of 37. Nf. but the distance by the course and
land, and on the east by the counties of Nortbum- windings of the stream is near dOO miles, 500 of
berland and Durham ; south by those of West- which it is navigable for batteauxof 14 or 15 tons
moreland and part of Lancashire, and east by the burthen.
Irish sea. This county contains a good deal of Cumberland Bidge, is the most westerly of tne
dreary moor, but sonie of the valleys intersected Apalachian chain of mountains, and extends from
by streams of water and interspersed with lakes the frontier of Georgia in the lat. of ^. N. in a
are exceedingly picturesque, and very fertile. E. N.E. direction, through the state of Tennessee,
The two principal rivers arc the Eden and Der- flanking the south-east end of Uie state of Ken-
went, which abound with salmon and char. The tucky, into Tazeville County, in the state of Vir-
mountains and moors are rich in minerals, espe- ginia, in the lat. of 37. 20. N. where it terminates
cially coals and lead. It has also a very valuable in several knolls, which give rise to the streams
bed of plumbago, or blacklead. Sea Fell, tlie that form the Big Sandy River.
CUR 935 CUS
Cumberlandf an iiluid on the coast of Georgia ; peace of 1809, and taken from them by a British
the most soathem territory of the United States souadron in 1807^ and again restored by tlie peace
on the Atlantic Ocean, preyioos to their posses- ot 1814. The pnncipd town is St. Peter, at the
sion of the Floridas in July 1821. It is lo miles north-east extremity of the island. Long. 69. 15.
lonffandtwo broad. Opposite its south extremity W., lat. 12. 52. N.
is the island of Amilla, and between them is the Curieo, the tenth in order to the provinces of
entrance to St. Mary's River, n the lat. of 30. Chile, the chief town of the same name is about
39. N. ' 100 m. from the sea, in the lat. of 35. S., on the
Cumberland, a town and fort of British Ameri- road firona Concepcion to Santiago. ,
ca, in a county of the same name, forming the Curia Muria, an island on the coast of Arabia
isthmus which unites Nova Scotia to New Bruns- Felix, opposite the mouth of the river Prim. Long,
wick. The fort is situate at the head of the bay of 55. 25. £., lat. 17. 0. N.
Fnndv, on the east side of its northern branch, Curiseh Ho^ a lake or bay of Prussia, separa-
callea Chignecto Bay. The isthmus is here about ted from the Baltic Sea by a tongue of land, 70
15 miles across, easily admitting a canal to unite miles in extent, in a N. N. £. direction but not
the Bay of Fundy with the Gulf of St. Lawrence, more than fit>m two to three miles wide ; the Haff
Long. 64. 10. W., lat 45. 45. N. is about 30 miles wide at the south end, pro-
Cumberland House, a station of the Hudson gressively narrowing to about a mile only at its
Bay Company, in the country of the Knisteneaux outlet into its sea at Mennel.
Inaians, on the south-west side of Pine Island Currak, a town of Hindoostan, in Allahabad,
Lake, in the lat. of 54. N. and 102. of W. long. on the south bank of the Ganges, 36 m. north
Cwmho, or Canho, a kingdom on the west coast west of Allahabad,
of Africa, south of the river Gambia. The Por- Current, a township in Lawrence Co. Arkan-
tuguese have a settlement at Cacheo. sas.
CumAray, Qreat and l^Utle, two islands of Scot- CurvmsnUe, p.v. Clearfield Co. Pa.
land, at the entrance of the mth of Clyde, to the Curriiueky a maritime country at the north-east
sontn-east of the isle of Bute. The former is six extremity of North Carolina, the north end border*
miles in circumference, has excellent freestone ing on the Great Dismal Swamp of Vire^nia, and
2 narries, and the ruins of a cathedral dedicated to the south end on Albemarle Sound. This was
It. Columba. The latter lies a little to the south formerly a very dreary district, but some of the
of the other, and on it is a lighthouse. Long. 4. land within the present century has been render-
47. W., lat. 55. 46. N. They are included in the ed very productive in rice. Pop. 7,654. The
county of Bute. Pop. in loSl, 657. county fives name to one of the inlets into Albe-
Cumima, a town of Piedmont, 12 miles south- marie fi&und.
west of Turin. Pop. about 4,500. Curupa^ a town of Brazil, in the government of
CunUy, a fort ana town of Hindoostan, in Ca- • Pan, seated on the south bank of uie main chan-
nara, seated between two rivers, at their entrance nel of the Amason, 250 miles west of Para. liOng
into a salt water lake, which is separated from the 53. 10. W., lat. 1. 50. S.
sea by a spit of sand. On the opposite side of the Curzola, an island in the Gulf of Venice, on
south river is the town of Kany^pura, to which it the coast of Dalmatia, about 26 miles long. It
was formerly joined by a bridge. It is 15 m. S. by abounds in wood proper for building ships, and
E. of Mangalore. produces good wine. At the east end is a fbrti-
CummingUm, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 102 m. fied town of the same name, with a good harbour,
W. Boston. Pop. 1^60. Long. 17. 10. £., lat. 43. 6. N. *
Cumru, i. Berks Co. Pa. Oaseo, or Cuxeo, a eitv of Peru, and a bishop's
Cimdinanuurea, one of the four great divisions see, formerly the capital of the Incas, supposed to
into which the new republican territory of Colom- have been &st founded by Maneo Capac, in 1043.
bia was first divided; but since the division of The Spaniards, under Pixarro, took possession of
1823. when the oountey was divided into twelve it in 1534. On a mountain contiguous to the
provinces, it forms the central and metropolitan north part of the city are the ruins of a fort and
province of the republic. See Bogota.^ palace of the Inoas. the stones of which are of an
Cvgpar, a borough of Scotland, capital of Fife- enormous magnituoe. Cusco is built in a square
shire. Here are manufactures of coarse linens, fi>rm, in the middle of which is the best market
and a considerable tannery. It is seated in a rich in all America : four large streets, which are
valley, on the north aide of the Eden, eight miles perfectly straight, terminate in the square, ft
^est by south of St. Andrew, and 30 N. N. £. of contains nine churches besides the cathedral,
Edinburg. Pop. of the parish in 1821, 5,892 which is a noble structure. The number of in-
Cupar, in Ansnis^ a town of Scotland, partly in habitants u about 30,000, of which one-half are
For&r, but chiefly m Perthshire, with a consider- original Americans. Streams of water run through
able linen manutactory and tannery. It is seat- the town, which are a great conveniency in a
ed on the IbU, 12 miles north-west of Dundee, and country where it seldom rains. It is seated near
13 N. N. £. of Perth. Pop. 1821. 2,622. the source of a river fidling into the Pilcomayo,
Curasao, an island in the Carrioean Sea, lying on the east side of the first collateral ridge of the
off the coast of Colombia, near the entrance to the Andes, 350 miles east by south of Lima. Long.
Gulf and Lake Maracaibo. 35 miles long and 12 71. 47. W., lat. 13. 20. S.
broad, subject to Uie Dutch. It produces sugar, Cusking, t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 681.
tobacco, and salt ; has numerous warehouses, Cusset, a town of France, in the department oi
which used formerly to supply the adjacent coast AlUer, 37 miles south by east of Moulins. Pop.
with the productions of £urope and Asia, and about 4,000.
which still continue to do so to some extent. In Custee, a town of Bengal, on the south bank
1800 some French having settled on part of the is- of the main branch of tne Ganges, 100 miles
land, and becoming at variance with the Dutch, north by east of Calcutta. It has eonsiderable
the latter surrendered the island to a single British manufactures of silk.
frl;rate. It was restored to the Dutob, by the Custrin, a fortified town of Bimadeabiirg, capi-
%tl of 1h« New M«rk, with a castle. In 1760 it but ita mean breadth does not exceed 30 miles,
was bombuded and almost destroyed hj the givinff an area of about 5,000 square miles, inter-
ftiwaians, and in 1806 it was taken bj the Tre^gih. sected by mountains and streams of water. The
It is seated amid morasses, at the conflux of the mountains are of considerable elevation, and the
Warta with the Oder, 46 m. east by north of tops of some of them are covered with snow a
Berlin. f^^^ P*^ ^^ ^^ year. The principal river runs
Cuitiis, the chief town of Imeritia. The re- from west to east, and u called the Pedia. I>ur*
mains of the cathedral seem to prove that it was inf the national career of Egypt, Persia, Greece,
once a considerable place. It is seated on the and Rome, Cyprus was the resort of the learned,
Riona, 120 miles west by north of Tefiis. Lon|^. gay, refined, and vicious, of those nations. Its
43. 0. £., lat. 42. S5. N. preeminence declined with the fall of the Roman
CiUch, a country of Hindoostan, governed by a Empire, and from its being the abode of all that
rajah, and situate on the south-east of Stnd ; the was refined in art, and voluptuous in every epe-
east branch of the Indus separated the two coun- cies of indulgence, yielding to a numerous pop>
tries. It extends along the north coast of the ulation abunaance of every thing necessary to
Oulf of Cutch, and is separated fix»m Guxerat by subsistence and a variety of the most dejiciouv
the river Ban. It abounds with hills, woods, and fruits ; it rapidly became a wilderness in compar-
sandy wilds. The capital is Booge-booge, in the ison with ita previous fertility, overrun by tnbes
lat. of 23. 16. N.J and 69. 2. of £. long. of Arabs, who were driven firom the islandduring
Oattadk, a mantime district of HincToostan, ex- the crusades, at the close of the twelfth century
tending ftom Lake Chilca in the lat of 19. 30. N. by Richard I. of England, who assumed the title
to theSubunreeka River which eepaFaAes it from of king of Cyprus. In 1480 it fell into the hands
Bengal in the lat. of 21. 30. N., being bounded on of the Venetians, at which period it is made the
the west by the province of Orissa. The rivers place and scene of a drama by the English dra-
Coyle, Nuddy and Mabanuddy interaect it from matic poet, Shakspeare. The Venetians surren-
■west to east It is a very fertile district, and has dered it to the Turks in J 570, in whose possession
numerous and extensive manufiustures of cotton ; up to 1826 it still continued. Its present popula-
but is more particularly celebrated as the chief tion is supposed not to exceed 60,000, about one-
district of Hindoo devotees, and containing the third of whom are Turks, and the remainder
temple of Jagamaut. The chief town m the Greeks, who have three bishops and one arch-
same name, sometimes called bishop. The principal towns are Pafo, or Ba&,
Cuttaek Benares is seated on an island formed at the west end ; Masaarea, and Mancorta, or Fam-
bv the Mabanuddy Biver, about fifly miles fiom agousta. at the mouth of the Pedea towards the
the aea, in the lat of 20. 30. N. and 86. 10. of £. east end ; and Cerina, on the north coast of the
long. Besides Jagemaut the other places of note island, and Lesacossia, or Viconia, the capital in
are Balasore. Masulipatam and Jagepoor. This the interior. Cyprus is still rich by nature, in
district was nmiliar to the Mahomedans as early mineral, animal and vegetable productions : the
as the commencement of the thirteenth century, vine and olive, with a variety of other plants and
but continued in possession of the Hindoos till flowers, esculent ambrosial and medicinal, lux*
1569, when it surrendered to Solyman ^Kerang, uriate in a perwction equal to any part of the
who annexed it to Bengal. In 1757 it was cedwl world, and superior to most parts. The wines
to the Nu^ore Mahrattas, and fell into the pes- possess a strong aperient quality, and require for-
session ortae English in 1803. Population about ty years to duly qualify them for the palate. The
1,200,000. inhabitants carry on various manufactures in silk,
CtUterahf a town of Hindoostan in the province cotton, and wool, and their carpets are deservedly
of Oude, 25 miles south by east of BereiUy, cele- esteemed for the variety, richness, and beauty of
brated for a decisive battle fought in its vicinity their eohnr.
on the I8th of April, 1774, between the Rohillas Cyr, St. a village of France, two miles firom
and the British. Versailles, celebrated for an abbey founded by
Cuahavenj a sea-port of Lower Saxony, in the Madame de Maintenon, who was the abbess tiU
Duchy of Bremen, situate near the point of the her death in 1719.
moraontorv formed by the mouths of the rivers * * There aie a number of towns and villages
Weser and Elbe. It is an insignificant place, but of tnis name in dififerent parts of France, bjit all
rendered of some importance as the station of the inoonsiderable.
post office packets between En|rland and the north Ct. For places sometimes written with Cs, see
of Europe. It is 60 miles N . N. W. of Hamburg. Cs and TbdI.
Lat 53. 50. N., and 8. 40. of E. long. Czasluu, or TbAnsiatc, a circle of Bohemia, bor-
Cwfokogay a stream of Ohio falling into Lake dering on Moravia, the N« end jetting upon tfab
Erie at Qeaveland. The great Ohio Canal, passes Elbe ; eontaintng about 800 square miles of tern
along this river and joins the Lake at its mouth, tory. It is intersected from east to west by the
See Ohio Canal. Tasawa, which river hiU into the Moldau, and
dufohaigaf a county of Ohio bordering upon from north to south by another river which fiills
Lake Erie at the outlet of the above stream, rop. into the Elbe. Pop. about 180.000, chiefly agri-
10,360. Ckaveland is the capital. cultural. The chief town of the same name is
CyeladeSf the ancient name of ten islands at seated in the north part of the circle, 8 miles S.
the entrance of the Grecian Archipelago, between of the Elbe, and 45 E. N. E. of Prague. The
.36. and 38. of N. lat. church has the highest tower of Bohemia. Near
CyalAMNia, p.t Harrison Co. Ken. Also a this place the king of Prussia gained a victory
township in rosey Co. Ind. a?er the Austrians in 1742.
C|pni#, an island at the eastern extremity of CrsiuCocAme, or Cxestockaw, a town of Prus-
the MediterKaaean Sea, lying oflT the coast of eian Poland, near the fh>ntier of Silicia and the
.Svffia, from which the eastern extremity of the eouroe of the Warta ; near which there is a oele-
island is distant 70 miles. It is 165 miles in ex- brated convent, fortified and garrisoned. It sus-
jlraflM tk«fti^.«Bd 50 wide intts bcodtost part, taintdaseige against the Swedes ia 1657, and
OAd W DAH
near it a battle was fi>u|rht in 1065, between the doea not stay too long. The town ia aitvate at
royal army of Poland and Lubomiraki, to the dia- the north part of the lake, 20 m. S. by W. of
mamntMge of the former. It waa mriaoned by Laybach.
the French in 1812. It ia 50 m. N. N. W. of n^zendgoVf or Tckemigov, a government of £u-
Cracow. ropean Ruasia, boundea on the west by the Dnies-
Czercossif or St, Czyrkasty, a town of Ruaaia, ter. The chief town of the same name is seated
in the Ukraine, with a castle, seated near the on the north bank of the Desna, which falls into
Dneiper,85 m. S. £. of Kiow. Long. 32. 5. £., the Dniester, 450 m. S. S. W. of Moscow, and
lat. 49. 20. N. 75 N. by E. of Kiev. Pop. about 5,000.
CxemetXf a town of European Turkey, in Czersko, a town of Prussian Poland, in the
Walachia, near the Danube, 140 m. W. by N. of palatinate of Masovia, seated on the west bank
Bttchaieat. of the Viatula, 30 m. S. S. E. of Warsaw.
Czenuix, or Kasekau^ a town of Camiola, re- Czenoenizaf a town of Upper Hungary; famous
markable for its lake, which producea graaa and for mines of opal, a noble gem not yet discovered
corn every year. The lake is surrounded by in any other region of the globe. It ia 15 m. N.
mountains, and in dry seaaons is from 20 to So of Cassovia.
miles in circumference ; but when full it ia 40 Czangrodt^ or AU'Cxonarady a town of Hun-
miles round, and containa several islands, on the gAry. at the mfluz of the Theisa and Koro8h,.13
largest of which is a village. When the water m. N. of Zegedin.
subsides, buck-wheat is sown on the dry parts, Cz begrjns the names of several other towna in
and becomes ready for the sickle in six weeks , Poland, Russia and Austria,
and the pasturage ia not hurt by the water if it
D
DABER, a town of Hither Pomennia, in a might be made an agreeable country. It is inter
circle of ito name, 16 m. N. N. £. of Stargard. sected by the line of 42. of N. lat.
, Ddbvl, a town of Hindoostan, on the coaat of * t^gOy or Da^ao. an island in the Baltic, on the
Concan, with a trade in pepper and salt, seated at coaat of Livoma, seven miles north of the Isle cf
the mouth of a river, 75 m. S. by £. oi Bombay. Oesel, near the entrance to the Gulf of Finland.
Long. 72. 54. E., lat. 17. 50. N. It is 20 miles in circumference, and has two caa-
Daceu, a district of Bengal, lying between the ties, called Daserwort and Paden. Long. 22. 56.
main branch of the Gangea and theBurrampooter E., lat. 58. 44. Pf..
rivers. The chief V>wn of the same name is seat- Dagon. See Ragoon.
cd on the banks of a small river, which commu- Dasthorougkf p.t. Sussex Co. Del.
nieates with the Bnrrampooter. It waa once the DM, the finest river of Sweden , which flows
capital of Bengal, and defended by a strong fort- through Dalecarlia, or Dalame, and on the south
ress, the remams of which appear. It has a vaat confines of Gastricia, and enters the Gulf of Bothnia
trade in muslins and other cotton manufacturea south of Gefle. Ifear Escarleby, not far from its
of the most delicate texture, manufactured from mouth, it forma a celebrated cataract, little inferi
the cotton produced in the province. The coun- or to that of the Rhine at Lauffen.
try round Dacca lies low, and is alwaya covered Dahlakf an island in the Red Sea, near the north
with verdure during the dry months. It is 150 end of the coast of Abjssina, 40 miles lon^f and
milea north-east of^ Calcutta. Long. 90. 32. E., aix broad. It is fertile, populous, and remarkable
lat. 23. 42. N. for a pearl fishery. The inhabitants are blacks,
Dachau, a town of Bavaria, where the king has and great enemiea to the Mahometans. Long. 40
a palace seated on a hill near the river Ammer, 10. £., lat. 15. 44. N.
10 m. N. N. W. of Munich. Dalme, a town of Prussia, at the south extremi
DageUt'g IHand, an island about nine miles in tv of the middle mark, 45 m. S. of Berlin. Pop.
oircumference, in the Japanese Sea, at about an about 3,000.
equal distance from the Isle of Niphon and the Dahomey, a kingdom of Guinea, supposed to
Coast of the Cores, in the lat. of 37. 25. N. It reach 180 miles inland. The country is fertile,
was visited bv La Perouse. It abounda with tim- vieldinff a plentiful aupply of farinaceous vegeta-
iMr, which tne Coreans are supposed to use in bles and tropical fruits ; also indigo, cottoiu su-
buil ding of boats. gar-cane, tobacco, palm-oil and a variety of^spi-
Dagmham, a village of Esaex, England, on the ces. The religpion of Dahomey conaists of a jum-
north bank of the Thames, firom the tide-water of ble of superstitious ceremonies, of which it is im-
which it is secured by an embankment. In 1703 possible to convey any satisfactory idea. The
the embankment gave way, and inundated 5,000 kinff of Dahomey is under a partial subjection to
acres of ground, which were reclaimed in 1715. the king of the Eveos. The government is per-
DaghMtan,K province of (Jeorjria, lying between haps the most perfect des^tism in the world ; for
the west shore of the Caspian Sea and the Cau- the policy admita of no intermediate decree of
casian mountains. It is intersected by several subordination between king and akve, at least in
small rivers fidling into the Caspian, 'um inhab- the royal presence, where the prime minister
itants are a brave and hardy race, and sucoessful- prostrates himself with as much abject submission
ly resisted the arms of Nadir Shah in 1743. Ita as the meanest subject. The king maintains a
sovereignty is claimed by Russia, but the resolute- considerable standing armj, commanded W an
ness of the inhabitants renders it nominal rather agaow, or general, and their subordinate officers,
than real. It has two considerable towns, Tasker who must liold themselves in readiness to take
and Derbent, on the shores of the Caspian. It is the field at the command of the sovereign. On
A fertile district, and under social institutions extraordinary occaaions, all the malea able to be^
DAL ms DAM
anas nrt obliged to repair to the general*! atan- ed inlaDd to tiie lat. of 45. S9. N. and indnded
dard; every eaboceer mirehing at the head of parte if Croatia, Boania, and Albania: the whole
his own people. Sometimes the king takes the field was incorporaied with Hungary in the twelftJi
at the head of his troops ; and on very great em- century. The Venetians afterwards made inroads
ergencies at the head of his women, tn toe differ- upon the sea-coast, and in the 15th centory the
ent royal palaces, in Dahomev. are immured not wnole country, now commonly called Dalmatia,
less than 3,000 women ; several nundreds of whom became subject to that republic. It was ceded to
are trained to arms, under a female general and Austria by the trea^ of Campo Formio in 1797 ;
other officers. The general character of the Da- Austria ceded it to France in 1805. It fell again
homans is marked by a mixture of ferocity and po- into the possession of Austria at the general par-
liteness ; the former appears in the treatment of titionin^ of 1814. This portion of Dalmatia,
their enemies ; the latter they posseira far above which is all now understood b^ that name, has
the African nations with whom Europeans have about 200 miles of sea coast, within the latitude
hitherto had any intercouise. The leopard and above mentioned, being about 40 miles in meaii
liysBna are common in this part of Africa, and breadth, which gives an area of ^lout 8 000
commit great ravages, as sometimes do also a spe- square miles, and is supposed to contain 350,000
cies of white ant Grewhe, or Griwhee, in the lat. inhabitants. It is bounded on the east by the Bo-
of 6. 17. N., and 3. 6. of E. long, is the principal sea cana River, which separates it from Albania, and
port Pop. about 6,500. Abomey , about 90 m. on the north by Bosnia and Croatia ; west by Mor-
inlan 1 is the capital. laehia. It has several islands lying off the coast,
Dalbeattie, a village of Scotland, IS miles east the principal of which are Brazza, Lessena, Car-
by north of Kirkcudbright. It stands near the sola, Sabonelio and Meleda. It has some* moon-
mouth of the Urr^ in Solway Frith, and has a con- tainous territory, containing marble, gypsum, iron
venient harbour for small vessels. and other minerals ; but parts are very fertile, and
DaUhUf a town of Sweden, capital of Dalia, sit- the mulberry, vine, and olive, flourish in consid-
uate on the south-west side of^Lake Wener, 60 erable luxuriance. The principal river is tiic
m. north by east of Gotheburg. Narenta, which rises in Bosnia, and either Uiis or
DaUcarltaf or Dalame, an interior province of the Bocana miffht easily be united with collateral
Sweden, in the division of Sweden rroper, be- branches of the Save, near its union with the
tween Nordland and the mountains of Norway. Danube, and thereby open a water oommonica-
It itf 270 m. long, and from 40 to 120 broad. The tion by means of the latter, with the Black Sea
principal productions are wood, com, and hemp ; on one side, and the interior of Grermany on the
and it contains many mountains, in which are other, but military despotism and catholic subju-
mines of silver, copper, and iron. The capital is satiou are incompatible with social improvements.
Pahlun. Hie manners of the people are dbtinot The principal towns on the coast tLte Cattaro, Ra-
fh>m Uiose of other parts of Sweden. gusa, and Spalatro, and in the interior Krin and
Daletoumy p.v. Wilcox Co. Alab. Mostar.
Dalhei'<^, a town of the Netherlands, in the Dairy f a village of Scotland, in Ayrahire, 7 m.
ducby of Limberg, capital of a territory of the N. N. W. of Irvine. It has a cotton manofac-
same name, seated near the Meuse, 15 m. N. W. ture, and near it are valuable coal mines, and
of Limbuig. a strong sulphureous spring. Pop. in 1821, 3,313.
Dalen, a town of Germany, in theduchjof Ju- Dalsland. See DaUa.
liers, situate on the Bervine, which falls mto the DalUnij a town in Lancashire, Eng. Here are
Meuse^ 15 m. N. N. W. of Jnliers. Pop. about the remains of an ancient castle, and near it are
3,700. the magnificent ruins of Furness abbey. It is
Dalia f Daland, or DaiMbunds a province of Swe- seated in a champaign country, not far m>m the
den, in Gt)thland, to the west of Wermeland sea, six miles S. W. of Ulveraton, and 265 N. N.
and Lake Wener. It is eighty-five miles long W. of London. Pop. in 1881, 714.
and for^ broad. The north part is fiill of moun- DaUon, p.t Coos Co. N. H. on the Connect!
tains, forests, and lakes ; but to the south it cut, at the 15 mile fklls. Pop. 532.
produces corn sufl^cient for the inhabitants. Cat- Do/ton, p.t Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 791.
tie, fish, butter, and cheese are the chief articles. Damankary a town of Egypt, near the cuial ot
The capital is Daleburg, or Amal, on the shore of Alexandria, 32 m. E. 8. £. of Alexandria,
the lake. Damor, a town of Arabia Felix, in Yemen,
Didkekhf a town of Scotland, in Edinburgshire, with a university, 60 m. B. by E. of Bana.
with a great market, for com and oatmeal. Here DamariaeoUa, a river of Maine flowing into the
is Dalkeith house, the magnificent seat of the sea between Penobscot and Casco Bays,
duke of Buc< leugh. It is seated on a strip of Damascus, or (as It is called by the Arabs)
land between the north and south Esk, six miles Shanif a city of Syria, capita] of a Tiirkish pacha-
south-east of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1821, 5,169. lie, and the see or a Greek archbishop. The fbnn
Dallaf or De/ia, a district of low land at tne Del- is an exact square, each side being a mile and a
ta of the Irrawaody River ; a town of the same half long, and is supposed to contain from 180
name on the east bank of the main branch of the 000 to 900,000 inhabitants, among whom are gnat
river, about 40 miles W. S. W. nf Rangoon, numbers of Clwistians and Jews. It has Uiree
manufactures a great quantity of salt. The soil walls, now almost entirely ruined ; and of the
is capable of beincr rendered very productive. It several suburbs which it formerly had, there re
is at present much infinted with wild animals. mains only one, which extends three miles in
Dallas, a county of Alabama. Pop. 14,017. len^. Several streams flow across the fertile
Cahawba is the chief town. Also a township in plains of Damascus, which water all the gardens,
Luierne Co. Pa. supply the public fbimtains, and are carried into
Dalnuaia, a country of Europe stretching in a every house. The houses are built of wood, with
north-west direction, from the lat. of 42. to 44. their fronts inward, where there is a court ; in
N., along the east shore of the Adriatic Sea. It is the streets there are only walls to be seen but'the
A roontiy of great antiquity, and fonnerly eartend- insidet are richly adorned. The most remarkablo
DAM
939
DAN
buildings are the caravatiserais, which consist of
long galleries supported by marble pillars, and
surrounding a laree stquare court. The castle is
like a little town, na?ing its own streets and hous«
es : and the famous Damascus steel was kept here
in a magazine. The mosques, of which there
are about 900, are extremely handsome edlfi*
cies, the most stately of which was a christian
church. One street runs across the city and sub-
urbs in a direct line, on each side of which are
shops, where all sorts of rich merchandise are
sold. Several manufactures are carried on here,
among which that of sabres and knives has been
the most iamous. Damascus is one of the most
ancient places existing ; it is mentioned by Abra-
ham 1917 years before the christian era. as the
place near which he encountered the forces of
Ohedorlaomer kinff of Elam, (Persiaf) and res-
cued his. nephew Lot with considerable treasure,
which the Elamites had taken from the cities or
the plain. It afterwards became the 'capital of
an independent kingdom, and at a later period
became subject to the Jews. It was conquered
by the Romans ; and after the fall of the Roman
empire, Damascus became the seat of the grand
caliph of the Saracens, who surrendered it to the
Turkish emperor Selim, the third of the Otto-
roan dynasty about 1516. It has continued sub-
ject to the Turks since thai time. The paohalic
which extends irom the desert of Arabia, through
five degrees of latitude to Aleppo, is considered
the most valuable and important of all the Turk-
ish possessions. The pacha makes an annual
juurney to Mecca, as the representative of the
grand seignior. (See Syria.) Damascus is seated
sixty miles from the sea, at Berut, in the lat. of
33. 30. N., 130 miles N. N. £. of Jerusalem, and
170 S. by W. of Aleppo.
Damascus, towns in Wayne Co. Pa., Frederick
Go. Md., and Logan Co. Ohio.
Damaun, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the
country of Baglana, at the entrance of the Gulf
of Cambay. Aurungxebe besieged it i^ut the
middle of the seventeenth century, with an army
of 40,000 men ; but the garrison saUyine out on
a part of his camp, ffuaraed by 200 elepnants, so
terrified those animus by their fire-arms, that tfaey
turned on their masters, and trampled to death
half his army. The Persees (see Sacku) have a
celebrated temple here. It is subject to the Por-
tuguese, and is sixty miles south <n Sural. Long.
72. 47. E., lat. 20. 18. N.
Damegmif of Da/rngtm, a tdwn of Persia, seated
near the south shore of the Caspian Sea, in the
district of Matenderan. It is su|kposed once to
have been the seat of government of the Parthian
empire. It is 90 nl. east by south of Ferrabad,
ami 300 north by east of Ispahan.
Zhm^fsnui, or Dtmgard, a ioWn of Hither
Pomerania, with a oastfe-seated at tiie mouth of
the Reoknits, 18 m. W. of Strabond.
Domima, a town of EgvDt, and a Greek arch-
bishop's see, with a wooa. harbour, at ode of the
eastern mouths df ttie Nile. It has several
squares, various grand mosques, and public baths
faced with marble. The rioe meaelaoai, the
finest in Egypt, is cultivated in the neighbouring
plains. Hei« are likewise Indian stun, silk, wA
anfmeniae, whe^t, dbc. The Christiaiis (^Aleppo
and Damascus carry on the principal trade, toe
Turks being indolent, and contenting themselves
\vith occasional extortions. During the crusades,
Damietta was freqiiently tta object of contention.
H stitmdeied lo the Frenoh in 1798,ahMe which
period it has been on«tbe decline. It is about
ninety miles east of Alexandria, the same
distance north by east of Cairo, in the lat. of 31.
26. N., and 31. &0. of £. long. Pop. about 30,000.
Damm, a town of Further Pomerania, ^vhich
has a considerable trade in steel manufactures. It
is seated at the south end of a lake of the same
name, near the mouth of the Oder, 8 m. £. S. £.
of Stettin. Pop. about 2,000.
Dammt, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan-
ders, seated on the canal between Sluys and
Bruges, 5 m. N. b^ £. of Bruges.
Damme^ or Aj^ngtdam, a town of Holland, in
Groningen. seated on the Damster, near the
mouth of the Ems, 14 miles N. £. of Groningen.
Dampier's Land, in the lat. of 19. S., on the
west coast of New Holland, so called from a nav-
igator of that name, who visited it in 1688, and
who reported havixig discovered a larze river or
deep inlet of the sea in that part, but the assertion
yet remains to be confirmed.
Dan, a river of North Carolina, rising in Vir*
ninia and fUling into the Roanoke near Mecklen-
burg.
Dana, t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 629.
Datdmry, a village in £ssex, England, 5 m. £.
of Chelmsford, and 16 W. of the se^. , It stands
on the highest ffround in the oountv, and the
spire of the chur^ serves as a sea-mark; Pop. in
1821, 1,005.
Danhury, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 93 m. fi'om Bos-
ton. Pop. 786i
Danbury, a town of Connecticut, in Fairfield
County. This town, with a lurgB quantity of
milita^ stores, was burnt by the British in 1777.
It is 20 miles N. N. W. of f^rfield, and 65 N. N.
£. of New York. Pop. 4,325.
Danby. p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,362.
Daneali, a country in the east part of Abyssinia,
at the entrance to the Red Sea. The soil is un-
productive ; and its chief riches consist in fossil
salt and honey. It is governed by a prince nomi-
nally tributary to the negus, or emperor of Abys-
sinia. Bailnr is the principal town.
Dandrid^e, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ten.
DanulsmlU, p.v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. and Mad-
ison Co. Geo.
Danger, Ides of, three islands in the Pacific
Ocean, seen by Bvron in 1765, but so surrounded
bv rocks and brea[kers, that it was unsafis to land,
llie commodonS supposed them to be the islands
seen by Quiros, in Uie beginning of the seven-
teenth century, and named Solomon's Islands.
Long. 169. 28. W., lat. 10. 15. S.
Dannsmora, or Dammora, the most celebrated
iron mine in Sweden. It produoes ftom four to
five thousand tons of iron of the yerv best quality
annually. It is about thirty miles N. of Upsal.
Dannenbwg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
duchy of Luneburg, capital of a distriot of thb
same name ; seated on tne Jetae, dear tfle l&lbei
30 m. £. by S. of LunebuKg.
DansmtU, p.t. Steuben Co. N. T. Pop. 1,798.
. Dantxie, a city of Europe, very advantageously
located on the west bank of the V istida^ about Bfe
miles above its entrance toto the B^tic Sea, in
the lat of 54. 21. N., and 18. 38. of B. long. It
is supposed to have been fint founded liy the
Danes ib the twelfth centbry, and for some time
oontinued a fiee and independent city. In 14IS4
it became subject to Poland, retaining, ho^ftrweg^
all its municipal institutions^ and lon# oontinuea
to rank as the chief commercial city of the norCk
of Bnrope, iaehided in the Hanset&oleagae. M
DAN 910 DAR
the eommeneement of the eurbteenth centuiy it 1,500 to 1,600 mileB. It ii navigable to Ubn,
contained upwards of 100,0(M inhabitants, more within 150 miles of its sonroe, but political per>
thanSOiMX) of whom were carried off by a pest in versions preclude the countries through which
1709. In 1734 it offered protection to Stanislaus, this noble river flows, fh>m deriving much ezter-
king of Poland, when it was besieged by the Rus- nal advantage from its navigation. In the arch-
sians and Saxons, to whom it was forced to sui^ duchv of Austria it forms several islands. Un-
render. In 17^ it wis taken possession of by a der the head of Dalmatia it is shown that it might
ted Russian and Prussian force, after the disaster- ral hundred miles,
ous campaign of 1812-13, ana in the following Damibe, Upper, Circle iif, forms the south-west
year (1814)it was confirmed in full soverei^ty to part of the kmsdom of Bavaria, Ivinf between 48
rrnssia. The easy navigation of the Vistula, and and 49. of N. lat. and 10. and if. of £. long
three or four considerable collateral rivers wnich it comprises the S. part of the circle of Su-
intersect an extensive and fertile country, affords abia, the county of Pappenheim, and the principal-
to Oantzic great commercial advantages. The ity of Neuberb. It is watered by the Iiler, Mm-
chief product of the interior country is grain, of del, Wertach, and the Lech, ail running from
Which article Dantzic has occasionally exported south to north into the Danube, which gives name
500,000quartersperannum, and the vicinity of the to the circle. The Iller might readily be united
city contains some extensive granaries. It is al- with the lake of Constance, and thereby open a wa-
so capable of affording very large supplies of ter communication between the Danube and the
timber, peul-ash, flax, ^d hemp. It has several Rhine. It is a district of capability, and of re-
yards ror ship building, but its commercial activi- source, under a well-directed exertion of agricul
ty has of late years very much declined. It has tural pursuit. The principal towns are Gunsburg,
upwards of twenty churches, chiefly Lutheran, Dillengen, Hochstadt, Donauwert, Pappenheim,
and several other public buildings. It is nearly Neuberff, Eichstadt, Nordlingen, &c.
surrounded by water, and two streams intersect Damwef Lower, Circle of, another circle of the
the city, dividing it into three parts. The fortifi- kingdom of Bavaria, comprises the east murt of
cations are very strong by nature, and rendered Lower Bavaria, and the bishopric of Passau.
formidable by art. It is 90 m. W. S. W. of Kon- It lies on both sides of the Danube, between the
isburg, 250 N. E. of Beriin. and 190 N. by W. of lat. of 12. 30. and 13. 40. E. in the same paraUel of
Warsaw. Pop. in 1825, 52,820. lat. as the Upper Circle. The Iser and the Inn
Damibe, or Donau, (the lower part called Jster intersects the south part, which is considered the
by Strabo,) the noblest river of Europe; has its most fertile district of all Bavaria. Passau is the
source in the territory of the grand duke of Baden capital ; and the other principal towns are Strau-
on the eastern confineB of the Black Forest, in the bin^, Landau, Deekendorf, Osterhofen, &c. Pop
lat of 48. N , and 8. 15. of E. long. It pursues about 400,000.
a winding course in a N. N. E. direction to Ulm, Danube, Circle of. The source of the Danube
where it receives the Iller from the south, and be- also fives name to a circle in the territory of the
comes navigable. From Ulm it bears north into flrand duke of Baden, comprising part of the
Bavaria, to the lat. of 49. at Ratisbon, previously Black Forest. Willeniren, 20 m. E.'by N. of Fri-
receiving the united waters of the Wartasch and burg, is the capital. Pop. about 75,0(M).
Lech from the south, and before passing Ratisbon Danyke, District of, one of the four great divi-
it receives the waters of the Altmucht and of tlie sions of the kingdom of Wurtemberg, according
Nab from tiie north. From Ratisbon it bears to to the distribution of 1818.
the south, past llstadt into Austria, previously re- Dampers, p.t Essex Co. Mass. adjoining Salem,
eeiving the Iser, Inn, and Salza, dl from the Pop. 4,288. Ithasmany flourishing manufactures
south. of cotton.
Its course through the archduchy of Austria, Darby, the name of 4 townships, viz. in Dela^
past Vienna to Presburg, is rather circuitous ; ware Co. Pa., Union, Madison, pud Pickaway Cos
from Presburg it runs E. by N. for about 100 m. Ohio.
receiving several streams fix»m the Carpathian DanmUe, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,128.
mountain, when it takes a course due south Also a p.t. in Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 3,^1. Al-
through tne heart of Lower Hunwy, past Buda, so a p.t. in Columbia Co. Pa. ^ Also villages in
for iSo miles to the lat. of 45. tSS. Here it re- Pittsylvania Co. Va., Mercer Co. Ken.,^Knox
oeives the waters of the Drave from the west, Co. Ohio and Hendricks Co. Indiana,
and again bears to the east, receiving the Theiss, Darahgherd,n, town of Persia, in Farsistan, said
which divides Upper and Lower Hungary from to have been founded by Darius. It is large but
the north, and the Save from the west at Bel- not populous: and surrounded by luxuriant groves
grade. From Belgrade it forms the boundary be- of orange and lemon trees. Near it salt is found
tween Hungary and Servia, then bears S. sepa- of various colours, white, black, red and green,
rating Bulgaria from Walachia, receiving nume- A considerable manufacture of glass is carried on
rous streams, both from the north and south. It here. It stands 140 m. E. S. E. of Shiraz, on the
■gain bears north to Galatz, near which it re- road to Ormns. Long. 54. 56. E^ lat. 28. 66. N.
eeives the waters of the numerous rivers of Mol- Darak, or Dross, a country of Barbaiy , bound-
davia and Bessarabia, falling into the Black Sea ed on the north by Sua, east by Tafilet, south by
on the east, by several channels between the lat. Zahara, and west oy the Atlantic. A nver of the
of 44. 40. and 45. 30. N. in 29. 20. of E. long, same name flows through it, whieh enters the At-
The meridional distance from the source to the lantic on the south side of Cape Non. The prin-
mouth of this river is 21 degrees of long., be- cipal produce is indigo and dates. The fnnabi-
tween the lat. of 45. and 49., equal to about 1,000 itants are Arabs and Mahometans ; and some of
English miles, but the course of tlie stream, by the districts are dependant on Morocco,
its conttnoed windings, may be estimated at from Dmrmpormm, a town of Hindoostan, capital of
DAR 941 DAR
the toath put of Coimbetore. It hna a large mad Darkef a frontier county of the state of Ohio,
fort, and straight and wide streets. Much cotton bordering on Indiana. It is about Z^ miles from
and tobacco are cultivated in the vicinity, and the north to south, and 22 wide. Chief town, Gren-
garden and rice grounds are considerable. It is yille. Pop. 6,203.
seated at about an equal distance from the Mala- DarUuUm, a parish of Staffordshire. England,
bar and Coromandei Coasts ; 42 miles E. S. E. of contiguous U the great coal district of Wednesbury
Coimbetore, and 106 Yf- of Tanjore. Long. 77. (loAieA see). Pop. in 1821, 5,565.
40. E., ]ai. 10. 47. N. tkirUngtoUj a town in the county of Durham,
DansvUUf p.t Steuben Co. N. T. Pop. 1,728. Eng. iiere are manufactures of huckabacks.
Darda, a town and fort of Lower Hungary camlets, small wares of the Manchestei kind, and
built by the Turks in 1686, and taken by the Aus- leather ; also a curious water machine for grind-
trians the next year. It is seated near the Drave, ing optical glasses, the invention of a native, and
at the end of the bridge of Esseck, 8 m. 8. of another for spinning linen yam. It is seated on
Barrany. the Skerne, 19 miles south of Durham, and 241
Dardanelles f two castles of Turkey, the one call- N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 6,551 .
ed SestoSf seated in Rumelia, the otner called ^by-- DarHngton, a district of^ S. Carolina ; the seat
dos, in Natolia. They command the south«west of justice has the same name, and stands a tittle
entrance of the strait of GallipoU, leading from the to the west of the Great Pedee River.
Grecian Archipelago, into the sea of Af armora, Darmstadtf the capital and seat of goremment
which Bepaimles Eurone from Asia. of the landgraye of Jlease Darmstadt, in the
Dardenmef p.t. Charies Co. Missouri. circle of the Upper Rhine. It is seatea on the
DajfooTf a kingdom of North Africa, on the banks of the river Darm, contains several public
borders of Nubia and Negroland, governed by a buildings, and a population of about 13,0(K). It
chief who calls himself sultan, and assumes the is about 18 miles south of Frankfort on the Maine,
most extravagant titles. The wild animals are and the same distance S. £. of Mentx.
the lion, leo^d, hyena, wolf and bufialo. The Damestown, p.v. Montgomery Co. Maryland,
domestic animals are camels, goats, sheep and Damey^ a town of France in the department
homed cattle. Considerable quantities of grain of Vosges, 21 m. W. S.W. of Epinal.
of different sorts are raised, and after the tropical Daroca^ a town of Spain in Arragon, with sev
rains tiie fbrtitity u sudden and great. The peo- en parish churches one of which is coUeguUe.
pie are very barbarous ; consisting of naUve tribes, It stands between two hUls, on the XHoca, Bt m.
of a deei> black complexion, and woolly hair, 8. S. W. of Saragossa.
though with features different fiom those of the Darrattayj a town of Hindoostan, in the coon-
Negroes, and of Arabs of various tribes. Polyga- tj of Tatta, at the mouth of a river of the same
my IS not only estabUshed, but the intercourse of name, a branch of the Indus, 75 m. W. S. W. of
the sexes is totally destitute of decency. The TatU. Long. 67. 31. E. lat. 24. 32. N.
most severe labours of the field are left to the wo- ^""^x ^ ^^^^ ^ Devonshire, Eng. which rises
men ; and the houses, which are of clay covered at the foot of Dartmoor hills, crosses Dartmoor to
with thin boards, are chiefly built by them. Salt Ashburton and Totness, where it is navigable
is the general medium of commerce here, as gold for small vessels, and enters the English Channel
dust is in other parts of Africa. Caravans travel at Dartmouth.
between this conntir and Esypt. Cobbe is the DarHord, a town of Kent, Eng. seated on the
capital, in the lat. of'^13. 40. NT, and 28. 30. of E. river Darent. Here was a celebrated nunnery,
long. which Henry the Eighth converted into a royal
Darien, Ouffqf. at the north-west extremity palace, and is now oecome a gentleman's seat,
of the territory or Colombia, opening into the The first paper mill in England was erected here
Carribean Sea. It runs inland about 80 miles, by Sir Jonn Spilman, to whom king Charles I.
and is from 20 to 30 miles wide ', under the do- granted a patent with 2002. a year, to encourage
mination of Spain, in South America, this gulf toe manufacture. On this river was also the first
gave name to a province on the east side in the mill for slitting iron ban to make wire. - Dart-
vice-royalty of New Granada, now comprised in ford is distinfi;uished in English liistory as the
the Colombian proyince of the Tsthmo, or Isth- place where, in 1391, the insolence of a taxffsth-
mus. On the west shore of the gulf, at the erer to the daughter of Wat Tyler pioyok^ the
mouth of the river Atrata, are the remains of a father's resentment to such a degree, as led to
town founded by a company of Scotch adventuren his exciting 100,000 men to arms, who threaten-
in 1699, and although the most favourable spot ed the subversion of the goyemment of Richard
in all South America, on the Atlantic side, for 11. Tyler was killed by the treachery of the lord-
opening a water communication with the Pacific mayor of London. It is 15 m. E. s. E. of Lon-
(see CKoco) the project for forming a permanent don, on the great road to Dover. Pop. in 1821,
estabUshment completely failed. It nasbeen usual 3,596, being 1,190 more than in 1801.
to confound the narrowest part of the chain of DarimotUh. a borough and sea^port in Devon-
territory which unites the two grand divisions of shire, Eng. It stands on the side of acittggy hill,
the western hemisphere under the name of the by the river Dart, near its entrance into the sea, and
isthmus of Darienf but this is 200 m. west of has a spacious bay, defended by a castle and strong
the Gulf of Darien; and the isthmus more proper- battery. The dockyards and quay project into
ly comes under the head of Panama (tohuk see) the river, and the rocks on each siae are compos
and between the province of Darien and Panama ed of a purple coloured slate. The towneontains
lies the province of Terra-Firmaf which, as well three churches, and has a considerable trade to
as South America, see also. the south of Europe and to Newfoundland, as
Darien, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 1,201. well as a share in the coasting traffic. It was
Darien, a town of the state of Georgia, in burnt in the reigns of Richard 1. and Henry.IV.
Liberty County, seated on the Alataroaha, not by the French ; but they were repulsed in a third
far from its mouth, and 47 m. S. S. W. of Savan- attempt afterwards, chiefly by the valour of the
nah. Long. 81. 14. W., tat 31. 23. N. women, who fought so bravely, that aftei a great
31 X
DAV MS DEA
■laughter, they took M. Costeh the French gener- pair. St. David's U at preeent a biehop'a aee, yet
al /three lords, uid twenty-uiree knights, prison- only a single street of miserable cottages. It is
ers. It is 31 miles south of Exeter, 204 W. S. seated on the Ulen, near the coast, 34 nules N. W
W. of London, and returns two members to par- of Pembroke, and 2S5 west by north of London,
liament. Pop. in 18S1, 4^485. Pop. in 1821, 1,816.
Dartmouth CoW^ge, See Hmuner^ N. H. uamd^ St a Tillage of Scotland, in the pariah of
Dartmouth, a sea-port in Massachusetts, in Dalgety, Fifeshire, with a harbour in Inverkei-
Bristol county, adioining New Bedford. Pop. thing htiy. It has a considerable manufacture of
ZJd67f 62 m. S. of Boston. Long. 70. 52. W., lat salt, and exports an immense ouantity of coal.
41. 37. N. Davidf Fort St. an English fort on the coast of
Dartown^ p.y. Butler Co. Ohio. Coromandel, which was taken and destroyed by
DarteoTf a fortress of Hindoostan, in the coun- the French in 1758, and has not yet been rebuilt
try of Sanore, taken from Tippoo by the British in It is 80 miles south of Fort St. George.
1791 , and afterward restored to the Mahrattas. It Davidson, a countjr of West Tennessee, about^
IB 45 m. W. N. W. of Sanore, and 90 E. of Goa. miles souare. It is intersected from east to west
Danoen, Uppor and Lower, two townships in by Cumberland River. Pop. 22,523. NashyiUe*
the parish of, and contiguous to, Blackburn, Lan- on the south bank of the river, is the chief town,
cashiie. Pop. in 1821, 8,949. See Blackburn, DamdummiU, p.t. Lawrence Co. Arkansas, on
Dartmoor, an extensive forest in Devonshire, Current River.
Eng. bounded on the north by bleak hills com- Davidstown, mUa^e, Huntindon Co. N. J.
prisma about 80,000 acres, and is watered by the Dames, an interior county of the state of In-
riverUart. Many sheep are bred here, but of diana, 25 m. from south to north, and 15 wide,
a small kind, and black cattle, which thrive well intersected by White River, which fidls into the
on the coarae herbage. Wabash. Pop. 4,512. Washington is the chief
Dassd, a town in Germany, in the principality town,
of South Calenburg, 48 m. S. by W. of Hanover. Dames, another county in the western part of
^oicniUn, a county in the £. District of Pennsyl- Kentucky, bounded on the south and west by
vania. Doundied on tne west for about 40 miles oy Green River, and on the north by the Ohio^ which
the Susquehanna River, being about 20 miles in separates this county from the state of Indiana,
mean breadth. The Blue Mountain Ridge inter- Owenboro', On the south bank of the Ohio, is the
sects this county from W. to N. by £. Pop. 25,- chief toTra. Another town called Vienna Js seat-
SOS. Harrisburg is the chief town, and seat of ed on the north bank of Green River. The ez-
govemment of uie state. tent of this county is about 25 miles each way.
Daupkiny, a late province of France, extend- Pop. 5,218^
ing40 leagues from north to south, and 36 from l)avw*«SIErattf,an arm of the sea between Green
east to west ; bounded on the west by the Rhone, land and North America, discovered by captain
north by the Rhone and Savoy, south by Pro- Davis in 1585, when he attempted to find a north-
yence, and east by the Alps. The heir apparent west passage. This sea comprises a space be
o^the kings of France derive the title of aauphin tween the lat. of 58. and 68. N., and from 50. to
from this province. Two-thirds of Dauphiny are 70. of W. long., to which from fifty to sixty sail of
intersected by mountains, which afford good pas- ships are annually fitted out from Englana to fish
turage ; plenty of timber, fir-trees in particular, for whales.
for tne building of ships : and very scarce simples. Davisburg, y. Christian Co. Ken.
In these mountains, which are branches of^ the Dayton, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio, on the
Alps, are bears, chamois, marmots, eagles, hawks. Great Miami river.
Ac. and mines of iron, copper, and lead. The Davos, 9, town of Switaerland, in the canton of
valleys afford wheat, and the hills in the vicinity Grisons, capital of a district in which are mines
of the Rhone, excellent wines, olives and silks, of copper, lead, and silver. It is 14 miles east of
The principal rivers are the Rhone, Durance, Coire.
|sere, and Urome. It now forms the departments DawleVj Great and LUtUj two villaffes contigu-
of Drome, Isere, and Upper Alps (each of wkiek ous to Smfihal in Shropshire, Euff. u>ounding in
see^ coal and iron ; the working of which gives em-
Daoenport, p.t. Delaware Co. N. T. Pop. ployment to from 2,000 to 3,000 persons. Total
1,780. population in 1821, 5,147.
Daventry, a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. with bawUsk, a village plessanUy situate near Teign-
a manufacture of whips. It stands on the Roman mouth, on the shore of the English Channel, in
highway called Watling-street, on the side of a Devonshire. It is a good deal firequented in the
hiU, 16 miles west of Northampton, and 72 N. W. summer season for sea bathing. Pop. in 1821,
of London, on the mail-coach road to Birmingham 2,709.
and Liverpool. It is distinguished for its cheese Dax, or Daeqs, a town in France in the depart-
fairs, in April and October. Pop. in 1821 j 3,326. ment of Landes, and lately a bishoji's see. Here
David, St. a town of South Wales, m Pem- are some famous hot baths, the spring of which
brokeshire. It was formerly an archbiiriiop's see, discharges thirty-six cubic feet of water in a
and in king Arthur's da^rs the metropolitan of the minute. It is surrounded by walls, flanked with
British church, and continued so till king Henry towers, and seated on the Adour, 24 m. N. £. of
[. at which time Bernard, who was the forty- Bayonne. It is th% seat of a prefect, and in 1826
seventh archbishop of St. David's, became suflra- contained 4>849 inhabitants,
fan to the see of^ Canterbury. The situation of Dead, r, Coos Co. N. H. falls into the Margalla-
tne town being very unhealthful, and the soil of way.
Uie adjacent country very barren, it has nothing bead Sea, a lake or inland sea of Palestine into
now to boast of but its cathedral, which is 300 which the river Jordan runs. It is sixty miles
feet long, and about 127 high, and supposed to be long and fifteen broad, enclosed on the east and
the highest in Britain ; though the east end is in west by high mountains. There is no verdure on
» ruins, the western part and choir are in good re- its banks, or fish in its waters owing to the ez*
DlfiA MSI D£0
treme idtiiets and other qualities of its water. Dmrbom, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 616.
Mines of fossil salt are found in the sides of the Debatj^oor^ a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
mountains^ which supplj the neighbouring Arabs, district in the country of Moultaa. It is situatp
and the city of Jemsaiem ; also fm^rments of sul- on the great road fh>m Delhi to Moultan, near the
phur and bitumen, which the Arabs convert into river Setlege, 80 miles south of Lahore, and 170
trifiixig articles or commerce. This lake, called east by north of Moultan. Long. 73. 32. E., lat.
also Lake Asphaltites, and by the Turks and 30. 5. "N.
Arabs Almotana, has no outlet ; and it has been DAen, a rirer in Suffolk, Eng. which rises near
demonstrated, that evaporation is more than suffi- Debenham, and flows to WiMdhridse, wh««re it
cattii to carry off the water brought in by the expands into a long narrow arm of uie German
rivers. It was on the site of this lake that Sodom Ocean, a little to the north of Harwich,
ynd Oomorrah, and three other cities were situate, DenkeHham^ a town in Suffolk, Eng. seated on
which were destroyed by a miraculous conflag^ra^ the side of a hill, near the source of the Deben 24
tion about 1,900 yeara antecedent to the Christian m. east of Bury St. Edmunds, and 83 N. B. of
era. London. Pop. in 1821, 1,536.
Deadman'g Head^ a cape on the south coast of Dekretnn^ a town of Upper Hungary, capital of
England, in Cornwall, between St. Mawes and a district of the same name, and one of the most
Fowey . populous and important ttading towns in all Hun-
Dee/, a town in Kent, Eng. It is seated be- gary. It was taken by the Turks in 1684, and the
tween the North and South Foreland, and is a Anstrians retook it tne same year. It is 107 m
member of the cinque port of Sandwich, governed £. of Buda. Long. 21. 38. E^lat. 47. 34. N.
by a mayor. It haa no harbour, but the sea be- 2>eoa<tir,p.t.Otseiro Co. N. T. Pop. 1,110. Also
tween the shore and the Godwin Sands, called the towns in Mifflin Uo. Pa., Morgan Co. Alab.,
Doiswf, is generally a secure road for shipe^ where Adams and Brown Cos. Ohio,
they usually ride at their leaving or entering the Deeean, an extensive tract in Hindoostan, which
river Thames. The port is defended bv two from the signification of its nanfe, the Sewtft, has
castles. Deal or Walmer Castle to the soutn, and been supposed to include the whcM region south
Sandown Castle to the north ; and also by several of Hincfoostan Proper. But, in its more accepted
batteries. The mariners of Deal are considered sense, it contains only the countries situate be-
most intrepid seamen, but there being no port tween Hindooatan Proper, and what is termed the
regulations, strangen embarking or disembarking Peninsula ; namely, toe provinces of Candeish,
in the Downs, are exposed to the most wanton Dowlatabad, Visiapour, the north part of Goloon-
and unjustifiable impositions, whilst the induce- da, Berar, Orissa. and the Circars. It is bounded
ments to smngriinff, which the unparalleled rates on the north by the river Nerbnddo, by Bengal,
of taxation in jBnguuid excite among the inhabi- and by Bahar; and the river Kistna forme its
tants of this part of the coast, on account of its separation on the south Gmm what is called the
proximity to the continent, makes the seamen aa peninsula of Hindoostan. All this vast country
desperate and vicious as they are crafty and im- was once the sonthernprovince of the Moguls,
posmff. The town of Deal is 9 m. N. of Dover, who did not pass the Kistna till a recent period,
and 74 E. by 8. of London. Pop. in 1821, 6,811. Candeuh, Visiapour, and a part of Dowlatabad,
Dean, a celebrated forest in Glouoestenhire, Berar, and Orissa are subject to the Mahrattas.
Eng. wnich originallv included all that part of the The Enfflish have part of Orissa and of the Cir>
county whieh lies between the Severn and the can. Toe dominions of the Niaam of the Deccan
shires of Monmouth and Herefiird, and contained comprising Golconda, the principal part of Dow
four market towns and twenty-three parishes. It latabad, and the western part of Berar. His ter^
is fertile in pasture and tillage, bean verv fine ritories are bounded on the north-west by the
oaks, and has rich mines of iron and coal. It waa Poonah Mahrattas, north by the Berar Mahrettas.
onee reckoned the chief support of the English east by the Circan, and south by the Camatic ana
navy; but having been much thinned by fre- Mjsore. By a fiunily succession in 17^ the
qoeney of felling, and narrowed b^ increase of Nisam became possessed of the districts of Adonl
cultivation, it was near losing all features of its and T^hore, and of the Gunto or Circar ', and
former character, until within the present century, by the peace of 1 792 and partition of 1799 he had
when a still extensive tract, oontaining a popuM^ a share of tiie countries beloQ£iog to Tippoo Sul-
tion exceeding 6j500, has been replanted and re- tan, including Kopaul, CuodaDa, Gangecoha,
pleniehed wiu oeer, and divided into aix walks, Gooty, and Gurrumconda. Hisoominions (with-
extia parochial, over which proper rangen have out mdndtng the cessions) ai« supposed to be
lr*en appointed. There is a village without the 430 miles from N. W. to S. E. by 300 wide. The
boundary of the present forest, one mile north of capital is Hydrabad.
Newnhun, called LUtU Dean, eontaininff, in 1821, DedzBf a town of France, in the department of
807 inhabitants ; and conUgnous is Mitdul Z7eaii, Nievre, seated on an island, at the conflux of
at whieh a ntaxket was formerly held on Mon- the Airon with the Loire, 16 mileeS. £. of Nevere.
days. Pop. in 1821, 566. Deekendorff a town of Lower Bavaria, seated
*/ There are ten other villages in diflferent on the Danube, 27 miles N. W. of Passau.
parts of England named Dmtif all ineoosider- DeekerwUnan, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
able. DtddtngUnif a town in Oxferdshire, Eng. 16 m.
Jharhonty a firontier county at the south-east north of Oxford, and 69 W. N. W. of London,
extrtnnitjrofthe state of Indiana. Lawrencebnrg. Pop. in 1821, 1,847.
the principal town, is seated on a point of laiM bedkaMf a town in Essex, Eng. with a manufec-
fermed by the junction of the Miami with the tore of baixe. It has an ancient large church,
Ohio River, the county n about 30 m. from with a curious steeple, and a free grammar-
south to north, and 15 in mean breadth. The school endowed by queen Eliiabeth. It is seated
N. £. part borden on the state of Ohio, and the on the Stour, 8 m. N. N. E. of Colchester,
8. E. on-that of Kentucky. Pop. 14,578. Law- and 58 N. E. of London. Pop. i|i 1821, 1,651.
rencebnrgis the chief town Dedkam, a town of Massair.husetts chief of
D£H 844 DEL
Norfblk county, leated on Charles rirer, 11 m. S. tan, and was actually so dnring the greatest part
W. of Boston. Pop. 3,117. of the time since the Mahometan conquest in
/>se, a river of Wales, held in great veneration 1193. In 1738, when Nadir Shah invaded Hin-
by the ancient Britons, and the theme of many doostan, he entered Dehli, and dreadful were the
a poet since. It issues from the lake of Bala, in massacres and famine that followed : 100,000
Merionethshire, whence it flows through a fine of the inhabitants perished by the sword ; and
vale across the south part of Denbigsmre to the plunder to the amount of 62,000,0001, sterling
north- west part of Shropshire, visits ue west bor- was said to be collected. The same calamities
der of Cheshire, passes on to Chester, and flows were endured in 1761, on the invasion of Abdalla,
tiience to the Irish sea. making a broad estuary, king of Candahar. In 1803 the Mahrattas, aided
which separates Chesnire from Flintshire. The by the French, got possession of this place ; but
Dee is navigable from near EUesmere, in Shrop- they were aflerwards defeated here by Gen. Lake,
shire, to Chester, where the continuity of the nav- ana the aged Shah Aulum, emperor of Hindoos-
igable is broken by a ledge of rocks, running tan, was restored to his throne. Dehli may be
across the river ; but by embankments made here, said to be now in ruins ; but there are many
much land has been gained fi'om the tide ; and a splendid remains of palaces with baths of marble,
narrow channel, fitter for navigation, has been The mnd mosque is a magnificent edifice of
formed from Chester half way to the sea. See marble and red ficeestone, with high minarets,
Chuter. and domes richly gilt. At Cnttab Minor, 15 m. S.
i>ee, a river of Scotland, which rises on the W. of the city, is a noble monument, 242 feet
west border of Aberdeenshire, amid the moun- high, built by the Khan Cuttabaddeen in 1194, to
tains of Mar Forest, and flows east throuffh a commemorate his conquest of Dehli, which is
wild country till it reaches the fertile vale of Brae- seated on the west bank of the Jumna, 360 miles
^lar, whence it proceeds to Aberdeen, below N.W. of Allahabad, and IdBOUJf. W. of Calcutta
which it enters the German ocean. Long. 77. 40. E., lat. 28. 27. N.
i7ee, a river of Scotland^ which rises in the Deizabad, a town of Persia, in Irse Agemi, 90
west part of Kirkcudbrightshire, receives the Ken m. N. of Ispahan.
below New Galloway, and runs into the Irish De Kalb, p.t St. Lawrence Co. N. T. Pop
sea, Bre miles below Kirkcudbright. 1,061.
Deejnng.OT Market Deepinv, a town in Lin- Ddagoa^ a bay on the east coast of South Af-
oolnshire, Eng. seated on tne banks of the river rica, at the north end of the country of Natal.
the same number of inhabitants. whale fishery. Long. 32. 0. £., lat 26. 0. S.
Deer, a villa^ of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, DeUneare, a town of Virffinia, in King Wil-
on a river of its name, 10 miles west of Peter- liam County, seated on the broad peninsula for-
head. It has a trade in fine yum, and near it are med by the confluence of the Pamunky and Mat*
the remains of the abbey of Deer. tapony, whose united streams hence assume the
Deer Creek, a township of Madison Co. Ohio. name of York River. It u 20 m. N. by W. of
Deerfieldf p.t. Rockingnam Co. N. H. 55 m. N. Williamsburg, and 45 W. of Richmond.
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2^)66. Delaware, a river of the United States, formed
Deerjield, a town of Massachusetts, in Hamp- of two streams in the state of New York, in the
shire county, seated on the Connecticut, near the Ijit. of 42. 30. N. In its course south, it separates,
influx of the nver Deerfield, 15 m. N. of North- for about fifty miles, the north-east part of Penn-
ampton. and 80 W. by N. of Boston. Pop. 2,003. sylvania from New York, and afterwards for about
DeerfUld, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. on the Mohawk, 100 miles in a direction nearly due south, it sepa-
opposite Utica. Pop. 4^82. Also a p.t. in Cum- rates Pennsylvania from New Jersey, and a tew
berland Co. N. T., 4 townships in Ohio, and a miles below Philadelphia, the state of Delaware
village in Augusta Co. Va. from New Jersey, till it enters the head of Dela-
Deerhust, a villsee in Gloucestershire, Eng. ware bay, at Bombay bar, in the lat. of 39. 15.
Ihree miles south of Tewkesbury, subject to fie- N. where it is about &ve miles wide. At Phila-
quent inundations fit>m the Severn. Here was a delphia, it has sufiicient depth of water for a 74
celebrated monastery, which was afterwards made gun shipj is navigable thence for sloops up to the
a cell to Tewkesbury abbey. Sdls of Trenton, a distance of akwut thirty miles,
Deering, p.t Hillsborough Co. N. H. 66 m. fr. and for boats that carry eight or ten tons, fi>rty
Boston. Pop- 1,227. miles higher.
Deer Island, in Penobscot Bay, state of Maine, Ddaware Bail, into which the preceding river
eontaining 2,S^7 inhabitants. falls, is formea by Cape Henlopen on the south,
Dehli, commonly mis-spelt DeUd, a province of and on which is a light-house, m the lat of 38.
Hindooetan, bounded on the N. W. by Lahore^. E. 45., and Cape May on the north, in the lat of 39.
by Serinagur, east by the Rohilla country, south by N. ; the two capes being about 18 m. distant, nar-
Agra,andwestbyMoultan. Having been ^e seat of rowing to about 10 m. at Bombay bar which is
continual wars above sixty years, previous to 1806, considered as fi>rming the entrance to the river,
when it fell under the influence of the English, The bay, and its entrance is interspersed with
it had become almost depopulated ; and a tract of numerous shoals, the ship channel being on the
country that possessed every advantage that could side of Cape Henlopen, and about midway be-
be derived from nature, contained the most mis- tween Bombay Hook and Philadelphia is a small
erable of inhabitants. It is now all that remains island called Pea Patch, on which are two strong
to the Great Mogul of his once extensive empire, forts. Just within Cape Henlopen, at the mouth
but since hb alliance with the English, the country of the bay, there is now constructing a bieakwa-
hss been progressively improving. ter of sohd rock, and a dike farther inward, which
Dehli, the capital of the province of the same form an artificial harbour with 5 or 6 fiahoms of
name. It is the nominal capital of all Hindoos- water.
s of Iha United SUIm, booiidBd
N. bj PcnnnWania ; E. by Del&irua Baj >iid
cinr : S. and W. br Maryland, eiteudiiiKfrom
3B. 29. to 39. 47. N. Ul. »nd from 74. 56. to^. 40.
W. long. 99 milM in Utagtit ; and 33 in iU graat-
Ht breadth i oontauuDK 8,130 sq. mila*. Pop.
76,739, nf lAom 3,305 aie ilaTes.
Thii itaU ■• almoat wholly an allaTial level ;
Ibe Dortbern eitnmity it hUI^. In the louih tha
■oil ii aandy and uaproductire, bat lowaid Ibe
north it u eicelltDt and uodBcea the finest vbest
in tba United atatei. Tbi* urticle ii the alaple
Biandjwiiie, naai Wumingioii, aie amons the
Uqpat in the eonntry. Tba inl alao ^vdaee*
■MiH, flaijlKiok-irlMat, poUtoea, A«. aad then
•ce ■OHM eieelirnt (launr laada. At the aoath-
«n eitnmity of the stale, u the CyprsM Swamp,
ftom whioh ^Tfmt qnantitiea of liniMr am obtainad
for exportatwa. In th« aanie quarter ia bnnd
abondanoe of bog iron ore.
Than it no laife rirer in the atate, nor any
fso4 harboor npon the bay, although thii latter
oaftet will in •ome mewore be reinedied by the
breahwaier above nMntioned. Tha Chanpuk
and DalawBia eanal (mJUcA *n} cro—ia the nortb-
•n part of the atata and will materiallj; aaaiat tlie
tzada oTtlia ooontry. The chief ponniU are ag.
riaoltiual. Tbe commeroe conaiata in the aiport
of flour. The ahipping in 1828, amonatad to
13,313 looa. The maniiAetiir« at tha attte are
oaDaidarablc. They are chiefly at Wilmington,
and oonaiat ofeotton, woolan, paper, ganpowder,
•nnff.&c.
Delaware ia divided into 3 oavnUea, NaW'
oaalle in the north, Kant in the middle, and
Soaaei in the aaoth. The legialatme ia oallad
tlie General AjsemUj, aad eonaiile of a Senate
•nd UooM of Raprescntativra. Tbe Govemcn
la choaen for 3 yaara. AU alactiooa ara popular
and anAage it nnivanal. Dover ia the oamtal.
The otbtr chief towna are Wilmington and n««-
caatle. ^^
Tbe Hethodlata have 15 miniatara ; the Fratby-
(ariani IDj the Butiale 9, and the £pisoopaliana
(arianilUi tbe iftatiale », and the JSpisoopi
6. There ia no college in Delaware, IniteoniiiiuB
Mihoob are eataldialMd by law ; and the Bohool
Fond of the (tale yielda an annia] ineomaof (tJtW
dollan. Abo tha prooaad* of 95JKW doUan in-
vaeted in the Chesiveak and Ddawara Canal
are devoted to pnrpoaea oonneetad whh adacaUoa.
This itata waa flrA aetlled by tba Swedaa, and
aAerwarda formed a part of tha oolony of Pennayl-
vania. Tha preaent oonatitution waa darned in
1793.
m—ra ii alao tbe name oT Ibnr ecoatiea in
the diflbrent ataloa of North Anwriea, a* fot
45 DEL
1. In the Blaie of New Toik, bordering om
Peaniflvania, in wtkich ia tbe Buaqnehuina, aa
well aa tlv DeUwaie rivera, both have their
■ooTGe. It ia a aomewhat mounlainaui dtalriot,
bnt ila fertilitj and local advantigca may be ia-
frired &om ita incieaae of popnlation, which in
1800 waa 10,228, and in 1^33,833. Delhi ia
tha chief town.
3. lo E. Panntylvinia, bonaded on tha aoulh
by tlie (tata and eaat by the river Delaware, and
north hv tba oounty of the city of Pbiladelphia.
It ia the imalleat conntj in tha atate. Pop. 17,361 .
Cheater, 15 m. S. W. of Philadelphia, ia tbe chief
3. In the oealie of the state of Ohio, inlvaect
•d by tha Suoto river, and Walnut, Alom, and
Whelatone crceki. It ia a aqoare of abont 2B
mile* each WBV. The pop. wVch in 1810, was
only 2,000, in 1630 had uicreaaed to 11,633. Tha
chief town of [he tame name ia aaated between
the Dkain brancb of the Scioto and Wliatatona
dcek, twenty 'five milei nivtb of Columbna.
4. In the eastern part of Indiana. Fop. 3,378.
M oncytown ia the cajHtal.
ZMowara, citv, Newcastle Co. Del. This plaoe
has joat been laid ont, and is Btnatod on tbe
Delaware at the enlianoe of the Chsaapeak and
Dalawue Canal.
0d«wBra, ia also tha name of i townships and
Tillages in Pa., Va. and Ohio.
dS^, a town of Sonth Holland, well bnilt,
with caiisis in tha slrHts, planted on each aide
with tiwH. Here are two chuinlkea, in one of
tomb of William I. prinoa of Or-
■■ IS assassinated. It baa afinsanenal,
conaidanble mannfaetare of eartbanwaia.
Delft is tba birth-place of the renowned Oratins.
It is seated shout midway between Rotterdam
and the Hague.
DMJma, a fortified town of Soalh Holland
on the north side of the Haese, with a oanal t(
Dcin. It is between Rotterdam and Bchiedatn
about three miles from each.
Defflmyf, a town and fbrtreas of Holland, in
Gioningen, with ■ good harboor. It ia seated on
the Demster, at its entrance into tha mooth of
Uie Enia, lamileswestbyaoQthof Emden. Long.
6. 68. E., lat ee. 18.
fisUt, the chief town of Delaware Connty, in
the state of New fork, aeatad on the north hank of
tbe Mohawk branch of the Delawaie Bivn, 40 m
W. 8. W. of Albany. Fop.S,114. Bee alao iWU.
Mill, a town aiul caaUe at Upper Saxony, ia
Oieat quantities of worsted stoekmgs
) here. It is IS miles north by east of
ZWfasiteffa, a fbrtreaa of the eonnti/ of Bootan,
which rununanda the principal pass over the
mcnntalna. It was taken by storm in 1773, by ■
detkohment under the command of attain John
Jones. It is S6 m. B. B. W. of Taaaa.>udon, and
aOO N. of Hoorahedabad. Lmut. 68. 40. E. Ut.
37.> N.
town of WealpbaUa, -ca^tal of
UwDeim, near tl
iMas, or DtlL an islsnd of tha Ofeeian Atebi-
--'-— '-imerfr i " ' "
daaart
. L«w.j£.18,
: D^kM, • t
«rt ro«k, ooveiM with raia^ ■
"■>.ia.E.Ut.3T.3aN.
DEM 9i6 DEM
Greece, in Liradia, once famous fiir the oncle of Demauif a village of France, in the department
Apollo, which people came from all parts to of Nord, where a yictorv was gained oyer prince
consult. It is seated in a valley near Mount Eugene, by Marshal Villars in 1712. It is seated
Parnassus, 18 m. W. 8. W. of Liyadia and now on the Sclieldt, 6 m. S. W. of Valenciennes,
called Castria, DenHghf a borough of North Wales, capital of
Ddphif p.v. Onondaga Co. N. T., also a p.t Denbig&hire. Its ruined castle, with its yast in-
m Marian Go. Ten. closure crowning the top of the hill, forms a
2>e/Aev,atractofcountry on the coast of Brazil, striking object. Denbigh has a considerable
about 100 miles wide, and 800 from north to south, manufacture of ffloyes and shoes. It is situate on
between the mountains of Paraguay and the the side of a rocky hill, aboye the yale of Clywd,
AUantic ocean. At its south extremity are two on a branch of the riyer of that name, 27 miles
lakes, called de los Petos and Mini, each about west of Chester, 5 S. of St. Asaph, and 218 N.
160 miles long, and from 10 to 50 broad, with a W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3496. It retumt
fort at each end. The principal place on this one member to parliament,
extensive coast is the island of^St. Catherine, in i)«ii^^A#Atre, a county of North Wales bounded
the lat. of 27. 30. S. This coast is now princi- on the north by the Irish sea, north-east by Flint-
paUy included in the province of Rio Grande. shire, east by Cheshire, south by Salop, Merio-
DeUbury, a town of Switzerland in the late neth and Montffomerysmres, and west by the river
bishopric of Basil, on the river Birs, 10 m. N. Conway^ which separates it from Caenarvon-
W. of Soleure. ' shire. It is 48 miles long from south to west, and
Ddtaf a part of Lower Egypt, inclosed between 20 in its broadest part, but its mean breadth does
the mouth of the Nile and the Mediterranean ; not exceed 14 miles. This county contains some
so called, it is supposed by some, from its trian- picturesque and beautiful scenery, besides the
gular form resembling the Greek letter of that the Conway, the Clywd and Elwy also fall into
name, and by others, as implying a maritime and the Irish sea, whilst the Dee, running in a mean-
swampy district ; hence, the term Delta is now dering course from east to west, intersects all the
generally applied to the months of all great rivers south part of the county ; and the vale of Clywd.
aving diverging branches, such as the Indus, for 20 miles in extent, is deservedly celebrated
Ganges, Mississippi, Ac. fbr its fertility as well as for its picturesque
Ddvinoj a town of Lower Albania, seated about beauty. Its surplus product consists principally
15 miles m>m the coast of the Adriatic, opposite of cattle and butter, a partial supply of grain,
Corfu. It is the residence of a pacha, and is some wool, Stc. Ac. oy which the rent-tax, state
populous. and local exactions are discharged. It contains
Dembea^ an interior province of Abyssinia, of veins of both coal and lead, but the mines are
which Emfras is the capital, in the lat. of 12. N. very partially worked. Besides the borough of
and 87. 30. E. lonf. In the centre of the province Denbigh, the other principal towns are Wrexham,
is a lake, supposed to be 450 m. in circumference, Ruthin, Aber^ly, and Lihangolen.
and contains many islands, one of which is a place Dandier, a nver of the Netherlands, which rises
of confinement ror state prisoners. Its waters in Hainault, flows by Leuze, Ath, Lessines,
appear to form one of the principal sources of the Grammont, Ninove, and Alost, ana joins the
Nile ; but this part of Anrica is at present very Scheldt at Dendermond.
little known. DeMdsra, a town of Egypt, the residence of an
DmnerarOf a river and plantation of South Arabian prince who takes the title of Emir. It
America. The entrance to the river is in the lat. was anciently called Tentyra, and from the ruins
of 6. 48. N. and 58. 2. of W. long. It is naviga- that are seen appears to have been a large ci^.
ble fbr about 100 m. inland, and at its entrance This place supplies most part of Egypt with char-
forms a very commodious harbour, impeded how- coal. It is seated near the west bank of the Nile,
ever by a bar, not admitting: vessels drawing 260 miles S. by £. of Cairo. Long. 31. 58. E., lat.
more than 18 feet of water. The planUtions lie 26. 15. N.
on both banks of the river. They were original- Dendentumd, a fortified town of the Nether-
!y formed by the Dutch, but fell into the Bands lands, in Flauders, with a strong citadel. It was
of the English in' 1796 ; restored at the peace of taken by the allies in 1706, and the Dutch put a
Amiens in 1802; retaken on the renewal of the garrison into it as one of the barrier towns. The
war in the following year, and confirmed to Eng- French took it in 1745, and again in 1794. It is
land at the general peace in 1814 ; since which surrounded by marshes and fine meadows which
the cultivation has oeen freatly extended, and can be covered with water, and seated at the con
next to Jamaica, is now the most populous and flux of the Dender with the Scheldt, 16 miles £.
Jrodnctive of all the British colonies in the West of Ghent. Pop. about 6,000. Its name is ren-
ndies snd South America. dered immortal by Sterne in his tale of Lefevre.
Demianskoi, n, town of Siberia, in the govern- Deitia, a seaport of Spain, in Valencia. Tlie
meat of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh, at the entrance into the harbour is difiicult, and the chief
influx of the Demianha, 100 m. N. N. E. of trade is in almonds and raisins. It stands at the
Tobolsk. , foot of a mounUin, 47 miles N. E. of Alicant.
Dsntmm, a fortified town of Anterior Pomera- Long. 0. 2. £., lat. 38. 50. N.
nia, seated on the banks of the Ribnitz, 27 m. S. Denis, St., or Si. Denys, a town of France, in
of Stralsund. Pop. about 3,000. the department of Paris. The abbey of the Ben-
Denuma^ a town and fort of Piedmont, on the edietines, to which the town owes its rise, has
nver Stura, 10 m. 8. W. of Coni. the appearance of a palace. Here is an ancient
Demena Vel. See Dimona. and magnificent church, in which were the tombs
Demalieaj ot DomotUa, a town of European of many of the French kings, and in the treasurr,
Turkey, in Romania, where a Greek archbishop amone other curiosities, the sword of St. Louis
resides. It was the residence of Charles XII. and the Maid of Orleans, and the sceptre of
for some years; and is situate near the Marisca, Charlemagne. In 1793, after the abolition of roy«
12 m. 8. of Adrianopte. alty, the royal tombs in the ehurch were all de
k
DEN 947 DEN
wtnytd ; and the name of the town waa changed oonfeaaiMi of Angabmr^, and in 1596 the biahopa
to tnat of Francade ; but, at the re-establiahment were deprived of their temporal power, and
of the monarchy and Catholic mummery, St placed on a footing similar to those of England,
Denis resumed its former celebrity. It is the seat with the exception of the Danish bishops having
of a prefect, and seated on the rit^er Crould, near no legislative voice. Previously to 16(j0 Denmark
the Seine, five miles N. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, was a limited and elective monarchv ; in that
5,569. year it was made absolute and hereditary, bv a
Denmark, a kingdom of the north of Europe, revolution almost unparalleled in history. The
Ijring between the lat of 53. 34. and 57. 43. N., avarice and contentions of a rival aristocracy led
partly continental and partly insular. The conti- to such oppressions of the people as induced them
nental part comprises North and South Jutland roluntarily to resign their liberties into the hands
and Holstein Lunenburg; and the insular part, the of their sovereign. The turbulent and martial
islands of Zealand, Funen, Laaland, Falster, spirit of Charles XII. of Sweden involved Deii-
Bomholm, Femem, Ac., all lying between the mark in a state of continual warfkre during the
east coast of Jutland and Sweden ; and in the At- first twenty years of the eighteenth century, which
lanticOcean, in thelat. of 62.,aretheFerroIsles; contention terminated in 1720. In this year a
and in the lat. of firom 64. to 66. Iceland, and tiea^ of peace was concluded, that continued
several other islands lying off the west coast of with but little interruotion for about eighty years,
Jutland, all forming a part of the European do- during which period tlie inhabitants of Denmark
minions of the kingdom of Denmark, comprising directed much of their attention to external com-
together an area of about 22,000 square miles of merce. This they nursued with considerable
surface. In addition to these the ulands of St. success, purchasing nom a companjr of French
Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the West adventurers the island of St. Croix in the West
Indies, are also subject to Denmark. See each Indies. They formed settlements in the East, at
part and island under its respective head. The Tranquebar on the Coromandel coast, and at the
aspect of the continental^ part of Denmark is flat Nicolratf Isles ; and a fiu^tory at Canton, in Chi-
tnd undi versified, containing neither mountains na; and at the close of the centurv the commer-
nor rivers of any magnitude. It is largely inden- cial navy of Denmark exceeded 250,000 tons, With
ted by the sea, and possesses numerous creeks a proportionate national marine for its protection.
uid bays, as well as internal lakes. The only ca* The interruption of the external commerce of
nal of importance is that of Kiel, which will ad- Holland and France, b^ the events of the war
nit vessels of 120 tons burden, and extends fiom with England, commencing in 1793^ promised for
Jie Baltia to the Eyder at Rendsburg, where the a time to make Denmark the emporium for all the
river becomes navigable, thus opening a com- external commerce of the north of Europe, which
nunication between the two seas, through 105 her local and advantageous maritime position at
niles of territory. It is 22 English miles in the entrance to the <ic Sea, tended much to
enffth, and ten feet deep; its breaidth at the top favour. But, unhappily for the Danes, Denmark
s 100 &e%, at bottom 54 met. It was begun in became involved in the j;eneral contention of the
i777, and completed in 1785, at an expense of time, and in 1801 a Bntish armament frustrated
£800,000 sterling. During the last war, between their commercial career by the almost total de-
3,000 and 4,000 vessels annually passed through struction of their national marine. (See CopenJu^
it, but in the time of peace the number is much gen). The peace of Amiens, and the almost im-
smaller. The lands are in general in an excellent mediate renewal of war, tended to revive the
state of cultivation, and the pasturage is rich: the hopes of Denmark for regaining her oommer-
climate bears a fftel resemblance to that of cial importance, and great exertions were made
Great Britain. to replenish ana strengthen her national marine ;
The Danish community, although its early his- but the spirit and circumstances of the times
tory is involved in considerable obscurity, appears were such as to admit of no neutrality, and in
to nave bc«n of Scandinavian origin, and its 1807 another armament from England annihilated
monarchy ranks among the most ancient, perhaps her commercial career and her power for resn-
the most so of any, in Europe, having been con- ming it. Her possessions both in the East and
tem^raiy with the proudest epoch of the Roman West all foil into the hands of the English in that
empire. The advancement of the Danes in dis- year, and Norway was oflbred to Sweden as a
cipline and arms in the tenth century may be in- boon to induce that power tojoin the confoderaey
forred fix»m their irruption into England at that against fiance, with which Denmark had coales-
period, and their complete conquest of the coun- eed. This proposal being assented to by Sweden,
try in thcf early part of the following century. It involved Denmark in the political necessity of
was not, however, till towards the close of the endeavouring to resist the transfer ; but, although.
fourteenth eentury that Denmark appears to have the efforts made were not inconsiderable, they
obtained a respectable and commanding position proved ineffisotual. After the battle of Leipzig,
in the great European compact, when Norway by however, in Oct. 1813, which changed the rela-
inheritance, and Sweden by conouest and oeesion tions of all the states of Europe, it was endeav-
in 1397. became united with Denmark under oured to reconcile Denmark to the transfer of
aueen Margaret, whose heroism obtained for her Norway to Sweden, by proposing to cede to Den-
^e api>ellation of the Semirimis of the North, mark llie Island of Ruflen and Swedish Pome-
^hen, in 1448, the royal race of Skioldung be- rania ; but in the general partitioning which took
came extinct, Christian of Oldenburg succeeded place after the peace of raris, in 1814, Norway
to the crown, by whom Holstein and Sleswick, was confirmed to Sweden ; the island of Rugen
the southern province of Jutland, also became and Pomerania to Prussia; whilst Denmark was
annexed to the dominions of Denmark. Sweden confirmed in the possession of Holstein Lunen •
however, reestablished her independence in 1523, berg^and reinstated in her former possessions in
which she has ever since maintained. The doc- the v^est Indies.
trines of Luther were early promulgated in Den- As sovereign of Holstein-Lunenberg, Denmark
mark. In IhSSl the inhabitants embraced the is a member of the Germaaio confederation! her
plue in the diet, uidhaTin^ three
Since the general peace, m 1815, Denmark has
excited little or no interest in the coniidetatiotu
of the retaUoDs of Eon)?*- Like moat of the other
■tales the baa been occupied in attemptinir to re-
pair her flnancei, >o eiteniiTeif denugeabj the
CTCDti of Baprotnctei)a>tateDrwai&ie,and the
Bpeculalive eiperimeDd to wlueh it nre riae. In
1BS6 the national miirine of Denmark oonaiMed of
three (hip* of the line, four frigates, and three
brip : bei commercial navy haa incnaaetl aince
the termination i^ the war, bat not equal to ita
extent in 1800, when the poarcaaed abore 3,000
merchantmeo, 20,000 aeimen, and 350,000 torn of
■hipping, Thp nature and extent of her commerce
and CBpabililiea will be foiind more ^larticnlarlv
alacidated under the heads of Holsletn, Jutland,
and Zealand, The manu&cturea of Denmark *n
very limited. The ancient literatore of Denmark
aoother at Kiel in Holitain, and a college at Oren-
■ee in the itiand of Fonen. He nunnera and
enatoma of the anperior claaMi iitki but little,
wbilit the mannM* of the people are more aoeiBl
and orderly than in moat other parta of Europe.
Tot aome time after the adoption of the teneta of
Lather, the penal itatate* againit dinentera mira
rery leTere, bat Ihe moat complete toleration in
reference to rejigioua preteniioni now preraila.
The Danei bare regular and well-formed fea-
furea; fteqnently fair or browniih hair j blu£ « jei,
and a bod; capable of suataining fiitisue' The
„ sf animation ;u)d
aoon after twenty-five thev begin to loie all their
channa. The Dane is gallant and brave ; a iinr-
ited sailororialdier,bntaTerBeto enterpriae. The
dren of the Danes is generally copied from the
French, and the French" an guage ii very general
In Denmark. The popnlation of the Danish do-
•niniona is aboct SfOOOjOOO. This inclndei Ice-
land, the Ferro Islands, Greenland, and the aettle-
nenti in Atriea and the West Indies, which
auMHint to IVT.OOO.
Daumark, p.t. Oifi rd Co. Me. Pop. 964. Mao »
tt DER
p.L Lewis Co. N.T. Pop. 9,370. AJao a township
ID Aahlabala Co. Ohio.
Dtmumii, a village of Brandcnbuiv, where the
Freneh eiperienoed a severe defeat in 1813, two
miles from Juterboek.
Dewna, p.t Barnstable Co. Mws. on Cape Cod.
Pop. 2,317.
Damu Cretk, p.v. Ca^ May Co. N. J.
Dainyjvilit, p.t. Washiiwton Co. M«. Pop, 866.
DttuSa, a country of Weslem Aftica, situated
to the W. of I£(.nkodoo. It i« famous for its iron,
in preparing which the natives employ as a flux
Ihe ashes oftlie baik of the kino tree.
DenUm, a town of Maryland, capital of Carolina
county ; seated on the £. side of Choplaak River,
37 m. B. B. E. of Cheater.
DtjareeiuUam'$ Ctmnal, a stlftit on tfaa S. E.
coast of Vsn Diemen's Land, about 3D or 40 n
Otutnaulaaa'e ^Mi, or Port North„B harbonr
near the S. eitnmitr of Van Diamen's Land.
D»g<tr, tie Miouun tf tk* Godt, a Iowa In tha
the province of Bahar, HindooalMl, 170 m. N. N.
W. of Calcutta; the name is appUed to several
hill forts in different parts of India.
DematdU, a town of the Mysore, an^poaed to
have been the birth place ofHyder Ali, it anrren-
dei«d to the English under Lord ComwalUs in
1791. It isSOm.N. byE. ofBannlore.
DeplfoTd, an appendage to Loi^n, ntuate in
the county of Kent, on the S. bank of the
Thames, tbe market place is 4 1-2 miles E. of
London bridge. The town is intersected by a
stream calleiftbe Ravensbournfl, on the banks of
which are some extanaire flouMnilts ; a hand-
some bridge over the river near its enlianoe into
the Thames, conn sets Deptford with Ortenwich
on tfaie E. It contains the principal store house
for Tictnalling the national marine, and also sev-
eral slips for building and repairing the largest
ships of war. It has also two floaBnr docks, a
basin, and two ponds for masts, and^eitensive
worksfaorwfor the manttftctnreofcalilea,anchon,
and blocks. In the reign of Hen. VTII., a locie-
ty was incarpontad here under the title of the
Master, Warden, and Assistants of the guild of
the most glorious and undivided Trinity, which
society was invested with tbe power of eiamining
the masters of the king's ships, Ihe appointment
of all pilots, ballastiiig ofall ahips in Ua Fort of
London, and the ereirting ind nuintaiolne light-
honsM, buoys, beacons, &o. in the liver llumes,
and within certain Umitaon the E. coast of Eng-
land. The bnsinen of this societa was tians-
ferted to an elegant edifice in the vicinitv of the
Toirer in London, in 1788 ; but in 16^ a hos-
^lal with 66 apartments, and another in I7S8,
with !S apartments, was endowed here for decay-
ed Masters of Vessels and Pilots, and their wid-
ows, with verjr comfortable allowance. Etept-
fbrd is divided mio two patishea, St. Nicholas and
St. Paul ; the choreh of the latter, erected in
1730, is an elegant and spaoloDa structure. With
theeiception of the importsnce which Deptford
derives pom its extennve goTemment establish-
ments, it is an uninviting part of the metropolis;
and OS inch its popnlation has not materials in-
creased since 1801, irtien it amonnted to l7£48,
and Id 19,862 in 1821.
Dtrbmt, a district or khanship inthe provinca..
of Doghestau, Persia, extending for about 20 m.
■long the W. shore of the Caspian sea, and ISm.
inland ; tbe chief town of the same name, which
implies a door locked, or on impasaibia pitiee, it
D£R M9 DER
rappcMed to have been built by order of Alezan- is a sUtel;^ and elegant structure, having a beau
der of Maoedon, as the portal of Persia from the tiflil gothic tower 178 l^t in height. About the
North. The town extends from the shore of the year 1735 an eztensiye silk mill wailt erected here,
Caspian to the foot of a lofty mountain, and is the model of which was sureptitiously obtained
surrounded by a strong wall, flanked witn nume- from Italy ; it was for many years the only estab-
rous towers, and with a well organized garrison lishment of the kind in England, and is still one
might defy any assault. It surrenderecT to the of the most extensive ; and in 1750, a porcelun
Russians m 1722, when it was defended by 230 manufacture was established which is now in
pieces of ordnance; the Russians held it till 1735, high repute for the elegance of its productions,
since when it has seyeral times changed masters, In 1803 a military depot .was established here,
and since 1806, has again been occupied by the suitable for the arming and equipment of 15,000
Russians; the inhabitants of the district, however, men ; and in 1810 a county infirmary was erect-
acknowledge no sovereignty but their own will, edon an extensive scale, and rendered very com*
and the town is now deemed but of little imoor- plete in all its interior arrangements. Besides
tance. It is inhabited by about 900 families, Per- the original silk mill, Derby has now 3 others,
sians,Tartar8,and Armenians ; the harbour is near- and 2 ror spinning of cotton on a tolerably exten-
ly choked up. It is in the lat of 42. 8. N. and 48. sive scale, 4 paper mills, 5 tan yards, 14 malting
10. of £. long. houses, and 2 public breweries, 5 establishments
Deptfbrd^ p.t. Gloucester Co» N. J. for the manuftcture of silk stuffir, and 6 for small
Dsrfty, an interior county of England, extend- wares of cotton, &c., 5for the manufacture of
ing about 56 miles from N. to S. and 20 in mean hats, 11 for hosiery, 2 bleach grounds, 9 manu-
bieadth, the greater part of its W. side is bound- ftctures of shot, white lead, and painters colours,
ed by the river Dove, which divides it from Staf- 3 soap houses, 5 foundries, 2 watch manufacturing
fordshire ; the N. W. comer is bounded by the establishments, and 7 for the working of spar and
county of Chester, and the N. by the county of petrifactions into chimney ornaments, witn some
York ; and the counties of Nottingham and Lei- of almost every other occunation attendant on an
cester bound it on the E. and 9. The noble active and social state. Tnis variety of occupa^
river Trent and the Trent and Mersey canal in- tion since the commencement of the present cen-
tersectthe S. end, whilst the Derwent falling Into tniy, has rendered Derby one of the most flourish-
the Trent, intersects the heart of the county ing towns in the kin^lom ; the population, which
from N. to S. The N. W. part of the county is in 1801 was only 10^, in 1821 had incieaaed to
mountainous, several of the peaks rising to the 17,423. The general aspect of the town is re-
height of upwards of 1,700 feet, and Holme Moss, spectable, and m its prinicipal part assumes a &a-
the highest point, to 1,869 feet above the level ture of importance ; the counW hall and other
of the sea ; near the centre of the county is a rich county buildings are stately ; it has a spacious as-
vein of lead ore ; it also contains seynru veins of sembly room, and a literary and philoaophical so-
iron ; in the mountainous district of the N. W. ciety, a range of alms houses for clergymen's
comer of the county, are several extensive cay- widows, 2 others for lav persons, and several dis-
ems, which attract numerous visitors, and pro- senting places of worsnip. Derby was formerly
duce a beautiful variety of spar and petrifiictions. surrounaed by a wall, and contained a castle and
wluch are extensively wrought into vases and 3 monasteries, no vestiges of any one of v^hich
other omaments («m PnUc.) It abounds also in nuw remain. The Pretender's army from Scotr
numerous mineral spri&gs, (Me BvxUm and Mat' land entered the town in 1745, but withdrew afier
tocA;) and parts of the county are esteemed as the a very short stay. Derby returns two members
most beautifully pictoresoue of any in the king- to parliament, and holds 7 fairs annually. The
dom ; the soutn part of the county is rich in pas- river Derwent u navigable from the Trent up to
ture and yields a considerable surplus of cheese Derby in a N. N. W. direction, but the town com-
and cattle, and other agricultural produce. The municates with the Trent ana Mersey canal by
county also contains several tan-yards, participates a cut in a direction due S. and with the Erewasa
partially in the cotton, silk, and hosieiy manufac- canal, in a direction nearly due E. which affords
tures, and extensively in the manufacture of nails, an easy conveyance to all the S. E. parts of the
Besides the Trent and Mersey canal, already countn^.
jientioned, another canal extends' from the 8. Deroy, Wtatj a township 4 miles N. of Liver-
extremity of the county into Warwickshire. Two pool. Lancashire, which in 1821 contained 6,304
others, the Derby and Erewash, intersect the S. inhaoitants (see WaWm and Liverpool.^
£. part of the county ; another extends from Derhf, a town of Connecti<5ut, in New Hayen
Chesterfield in the N. E. into Yorkshire, and county, seated on the Housatonic, which is navi-
viother intersects the mountainous district of the ffable nence to the sea. It is 14 miles N. W. of
N. W. running through Cheshire into Lanca- New Haven. Pop. 2^253.
shire. The principal towns in Derbyshire, be- Derby, a town of Pennsylvania, in Dauphin
sides those previously mentioned, are Derby, the county. Here u a cave divided into several apart*
county towiK Alfrcton, Ashbome. Bakewell, ments, and adomed with stalaotites. It is situate
Chapel-in-le-frith, Dronfield, Duffielo, and Tides- on the Swatara, two miles above its conflux with
well. the Susquehanna, and 10 S. £. of •Harrisburg.
Derhyt the chief town of the preceding county Derby, is also the name of a township in Onnge
IS situate on the W. bank of the river Derwent, Co. Vermont, on the E. side of lake Memphre- •
about ten miles above its entrance into the Trent, magog, and oounded on the N. by the conven-
26 miles N. of Leicester, 15 W. of Nottingham, tionaliine which divides the United States ter-
about30 E. of Stafford, and 126 N. N. W. of ritory f^m Lower Canada. Pop. 1^.
London, on the mailcoach road to Manchester, Dereham, a town in Norfolk, £ng. The church
from which it is distant 60 miles. Derby is a is a very ancient structure, with four chapels^nd
place of considerable antiquity, and was created a curious stone font. It is 16 miles W. of Nor
a royal borough by Edward I. in 1305. It eon- wich, and 101 N. N. £. of London. Pop. in 1821
sists of five^ pwishes. The chureh of All Saints 3,973.
32
0E« . 865 DBV
Def ftitf, & town of European Turkej, in Ro- is seated on the Molda, atito conflux with the
maniai on the coast of the Black Sea, 30 mires Elbe, 37 m. N. of Leipzig. Pop. abont 9,600.
N. N. W. of Constantinople. At some former Detmoldf a town of Westphalia, in the county of
period a wall appears to have extended from this Lippe, with a fortified castle ; seated on the nver
place to Erekli, 100 miles W. of Constantinople Wehera, 17 m. N. N. W. of Paderbom. Pop.
on the coast of the sea of Marmora. about 2,400.
Dermont t. Fayette Co. Pa. DetroU, the capital of Michiffan territory. Its
Deme, a town of Barbaiy on the coast of the trade consists in a barter of coarse European
Mediterranean. It is the capital of the district of ffoods with the Indians for fbrs, deerskins, tallow,
Barca, and is a pleasant town, surrounded by &c. It is situate in a fruitful country, on the
gardens, and watered by a number of rivulets. W. side of the strait, or river, that forms the
The government is a dependency of Tripoli, and communication between the lakes of St. Clair,
during the war between the United States and and Erie, and the boundary line between the
that power in 1808, Deme was stormed and taken United States territorv and Upper Canada. Long
by the Americans under General Eaton. 83. 0. W. lat. 42. 40. N.
Derry, townships in Dauphin, Mifflin, West- Dettenkeim, a small town of Bavaria in the
moreland and Columbia Cos. Pa and Guernsey district of Pappenheim, in the circle of the Upper
Co. Ohio. ' Danube, it is seated on the £. bank of the Ahlt-
Derry f see Londonderry, muhl, and is remarkable as the place fVom near
De Ruyter, p.t. Madison Co.N. T. Pop. 1,447. which Charlemagne in the 8th century under-
Derwent, the name of4 rivers in different parts took to unite by a canal, the waters of the
of England ; 1st rising in the peak district of Ahltmuhl with the Rednitz and thereby the Dan-
Derbyshire, and afler a course of about 50 miles in ube with the Rhine.
a direction S. E. by E. falls into the Trent about Dettlebachf a town of Franconia, in the princi-
10 miles below the town of Derby, from whence it pality of Wurtzburff, now included in the king-
is navigable. 2nd rises near tvhitbv, in the N. dom of Bavaria, cirde of the Lower Maine, seat-
Riding of Yorkshire, and after a winding course ed on the Maine, 8 m. E. of Wnrtzburg.
of about 25 miles is joined by the Rye, when the Dettingen^ a village of Bavaria, in the territon^
united stream runs S. for about 35 miles falling of Hanau, circle of^the Lower Maine, 4 niiles 8.
into the Ouse, and 6 miles below Selb^. 3rd £. of Hanau. Here George II. gained a victory
rises at the foot of Kilhope Law Mountain, and over the French, in 1743.
for about 15 miles in an irregular course forms the ** There are three small towns of this naA9
boundary between the counties of Durham and in the Duchy of Wurtemburg.
Northumberland, when it intersects for about 7 Deva, a considerable town of Transvlvanim
miles the N. 3V. comer ofthe former county, fiilling seated on the S. bank of the Maroschi aboct u
into the Tyne about 5 miles above Newcastle. 4th m. S. W. of Carlsburgh.
rises on the border of Westmoreland, intersects Deval eotty, a town of Upper Hindoostan, on
the S. E. part of the county of Cumberland, and the E. bank of the main branch of the Ganges, 10
after a course of abont 30 miles through Derwent m. S. of Gangotry, in the lat. of 32. 40. N.
and BassenUiwaite waters, and past Cockermouth, Detoaprayaga^ or Deuprag, another town of Up
falls into the Sol way Firth at Workington ; this per Hindoostan, on the £. bank of the Ganges,
river abounds in excellent fish. a few miles S. of Sirina^ur, (loAteA see), ana
jDenoenr-ioa<er,near to Keswick in Cumberland, near the junction of 4 umted streams fh>m, the
is of an oval form, three miles in length, and a N. with tne Ganges, and where the. water is es-
mile and a half wide. It is surrounded by rocky teemed most sacred by the Hindoos. The town
mountains, broken into many fantastic shapes, contains the celebrated temple of Ramachandra,
The precipices seldom overhang the water but are the resort of numerous pilgrims who contribute
arranged at some distance ; and the shores swell to the support of numerous Brahmins who form
with woodyeminences or sink into green pastoral the principal population of the town. It su£fered
margins. The lake contains five islands ; one of considerably by an earthquake in 1803.
which near the centre, is famous for having been Deuear, a district of Nepaul, bordering on the
the residence of St. Herbert, the ruins of whose province of Oude, a town of the same name is
hermitage are yet remaining. about 90 nu N. of the city of Oude.
Desaguadero, a river and lake of Bolivia^ com- DeceHo, or Zagora, a town of European Turkey,
municating with the S. end of the lake Titicaca. in Romania, the see of a Greek arehbishop; situ-
Desaguadero Chahalge is the name applied to ate on the Paniza. near its entrance into the gulf
part of the channel of waters concentrating in the of Forus in the Black Sea, 58 m. N. £. of Adri-
great plains £. of the Andes, between the lat. of anople, and 100 N. N. W. of Constantinople
36. and 41.S. whose outlet is into St.Matthias' Bay. Long. 27. 22. E. lat. 42. 35. N.
in extent, and contains about 300 white inhabitants Amsterdam. Pop. about 10,000.
and 600 slaves; it was the first land-mark of Deseron, a river of Scotland, which rises in
Columbus on his second voyage. Lat. 16. 40. N. theS. E. of Banffidiire, and enters the ocean at
and 61. 20. of £. long. Banff. It forms the boundur between the coon-
Deseada, Cape, the N. W. point of Terra del ties of Aberdeen and Banff for about 50 m.
Fuego, fbrming the S. W. point of entrance into Deneatta, a town on the coast of the CamaUc
the straits of Magellan from the Pacific Ocean, at the mouUi of the Colran or N. branch of the
Lat. 53. 48. and 74. 16. of W. long. Cavery river in the lat. of 11. 40. N. This place
Deseada River, see Port Desire. surrendered to the English in 1749, and for save-
Desssu, a strong town of Upper Saxony, cap!- ral years was one of the principal factories of the
tal of the principeJity of Anhalt-Dessau. It has East India Company on that coast ; the entranoe
maoufactoret of dotlii stockings, and hats ; and to the harbour, is impeded by thoals.
DEV 961 DC?
DeviVs Banm^ a harbour m Christmas Sonnd, their stores directly off the qnars and jettys, that
at the S. W. extremity of Terra del Fueffo, open- ranffe alonj? its eastern shore. The Dock Yard ez-
ing into the S. Pacific Ocean in the lat. ox 55. 25. tends 3y50^feet along the shore and comprises 96
8. ; the harbour is surrounded by rocks of a very acres, containing a basin 250 feet by 180, in which
repnlsiye aspect, and so lofly as to preclude the are kept the boats and launches belonging to the
rays of the sun rrom ever beaming on its waters, Yard ; also two roast ponds and a canal, which
hence its name. enables vessels bringing stores, to land them at the
DeviVs Island, Key and Race, names given to door intended for their reception. Ships and dry
several small islands in the West Indies, and off docks for building and repairing of the largest
the E. coast of S. America, generally of rugged ships of war, range along the shore of Ha-
aspect and difficult to approach. moaze, and communicate with the Dock basin, a
Devizes f a borough town in the centre of the block of store houses built of stone, 450 feet long,
county of Wiltshire, England, 85 miles W. b;^ S. and 900 wide, 2 roperies 1,200 feet in length, 3
of LfOndon, on the road to Bath, from which it is stories high, and a smithery containing 48lorges,
distant 18 miles. It was a Roman station, and at all are within the Yard. The bakehouse, brew-
a more recent period, had considerable manufac- house, and cooperate, and slaughter house, hos-
tures of worsted stuff; but two public breweries pital and barracks for 3,000 men, are without the
on no very extensive scale are now the only Yard, but contiguous thereto ; all defended on
source ofsurplus of production. Uie land side by several batteries, and a line of
Deootniprt, the principal station of the national circumvallation mounted with numerous cannon,
navy of cngland, formerly called Plymouth Dock and an outer trench excavated 22 to 20 feet deep,
(see Plfftiumth) ', but received its present name by out of the solid rock^ forming altogether the most
mandate of Geo. IV. on Jan. 1st, 1824 ; it is situ- complete and magnificent display of human art
ate at the S.W. extremity of the county of Devon and exertion in the world. The parish church is
at the mouth of the Tamar river, which here forms at Stoke, about a mile distant, but the town con-
one of the most commodious harbours in the tains two chapels of ease and numerous dissen-
world. This spot was first used for a marine sta- ting meeting-houses, llere are also a commo-
tion at the close of the 17th century, previous to dious town-hall and a public library, besides sev-
which it was a mere fishing village, and it was not eral other handsome buildings. The column
till after 1760 that it assumed any thing like im- erected to commemorate the name of the town is
portance^ whilst during the Umg war from 1793 a prominent and interesting object. The streets
to 1816, it progressively rose to oe the most ex- aremostlv at right angles and well paved. In the
tensive and complete arsenal in the world, the census or 1821 the population ofDevonport, then
natural advantages having been rendered as con- Plymouth Dock, was returned with Plymouth,
venient as labour and skill could make them, totichsee; the post office at Devonport is 217 1-2
llie natural accommodations of Devonport con- miles S. W. or Hyde Park Comer, London, by
sistofa triple harbour, the outer one is called way of Salisbury and Exeter, distant from the
the Sound, the first iimer one Catwater, and the latter 45 miles. The block house flas^staff of the
upper one Hamoaze ; the Sound was formerly garrison is in the lat. of 50. 22. 56. N., and 4. 9.
open and exposed to the swells of the Atlantic 11. long. W. of Greenwich.
Ocean, whicn during a coptinuance of S. W. Devonshire, a maritime county in the S. W. of
winds, used to subject the anchorage to much England, bounded on the N. E. by the county of
inconvenience, and sometimes to danger ; but in Somerset, N. W. by the entrance to the Bnstol
August, 1812, the first stone was sunk of a break- Channel, W. S. w. by the Tamar River, which
water, pier, or mole^ 5,100 feet in length, 4,000 feet divides it from the county of Cornwall, and S. by
in a straight line, with an angle inclininff into the the English Channel. Its extreme length from
Sound at each end ; this stupendous work is com- the Start Point in the English Channel to Ilfrar
posed of upwards of two millions tons of stone, comb, on the shore of Uie Bristol Channel, is
olasted firom the adioining rocks, in pieces of 1 1-2 about 70 miles, but its mean length and breadth
to 5 tons each, sunt indiscriminateljr into the wa- is about 50 miles, giving the largest area of any
terto work their own position; it is carried up county in England, except those of York and
10 (eet above high water mark at spring tides, 30 Lincoln. It is the fourth county in order of pop-
feet broad at the top^ on which it is proposed to ulation, and the most agricultural of any in the
erect storehouses at intervals, and lights along its kingdom. Although it has the finest harbour in the
whole extent. The Bpaoe within the pier is about world, and several other convenient ones, and in-
3 miles each way, anording anchorage for 2,000 tersected by numerous streams, favourable for mill
sail of the largest ships, secure firom the fuiy of sites, and other mannfkcturiug operations, rela-
the ocean however tempestuous ; the ingress and tively, it is one of the least commercial and man-
egress being safe and easy at either end of the ufacturing counties in the kingdom. The S. W.
pier, defencfod firom the land side on the W. by part of the county contains a dreary tract called
the rock of St. Carlos, and on the E. by the Slio- Dartmoor, containing upwards of 53,000 acres ;
vel rock. The Catwater is formed bv the estu- the highest elevation or this moor, is 1^9 feet
ary of the little river Plym with the Tamar, and above tne level of the sea ; the other parts of the
may be regarded as the harbour of the town of county more particularly the S. and W. are ex-
Plymouth, and applicable to the commercial in- ceedingly fertile. Its principal surplus .produce
tercoune of the piort ; whilst the Hamoaze extends is cattle of a remarkably fine breed^ either for
inland for about 4 miles, in a direction nearly due dairying or for feeding, and of beautiful symme
N. and about half a mile wide, forming one of the try ; the N. £. part of the county contains veins
the most convenient and beautif\il natural basins or copper, lead, manganese, gypsum, and of load-
known in the world, afifording moorings for 100 stone ; antimony, bismuth, and cobalt are also
of the largest ships of war, without interruption found in small quantities; it has also quarries of
tn the anchorage flhd movement of numerous beautiful marble and granite, none of which how-
other vessels ; and with sufficient depth of water ever are worked to any great advantage. Tht
* to enable ships of the largest burden to take in principal manufactures of the county are serges^
DEW S53 DIA
kenevs, shalloons, broadcloth, blond lace, and commerce, having upwards of 50 establishmentp
|»orcelain ; there is also a considerable ship-Doild- for the mAiufsctnre of blankets, carpets, and other
uig trade at Barnstable. The woolen cloth man- heayy woolen fabrics ; and neckmondwike ad-
n&ctures at Tiverton and Great Torington, and joining, has 40 other establishments for the like
the wool-combing at Chumleigh, were formerly purpose, chiefly blankets. Dewsbury is seated
extensive, but have now much decayed or van- near the N. bank of the Calder river, 5 miles W.
ished. Besides the Tamar. which divides the by N. of Wakefield, on the road to Halifax, and
county from Cornwall on the 8. W., the other in 1821, the town contained 6,380 inhabitants,
principal rivers falling into the English Channel Deyiue. a town of Flanders, seated on the 8.
are the Dart and the Exe, and into Bideford Bay, bank of the Ly, 9 miles W. S. W . of Ghent,
on the side of the Bristol Channel, the Torridge, Devrah^ a town of Upper Hindooetan, on the
and the Taw ; Devonshire contains one city, £x- frontier of Dehli, in thej)rovince of Sirinagur.
eter. Dera^gne, a town of France, in the N. part of
Devon, a river of Scotland, which rises in the the department of L'Ardeche. 25 miles W. N. W.
S. £. part of Perthshire, and, after a course of 40 of Valence. Pop. about 3,500.
miles, enters the Forth at Clackmannan, only DeocUr, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 885.
eight miles distant from its source. In Perthshire Dezensano, a town of Breciano, situated at the
it forms some romantic waterfalls, called the De- S. end of lake Garda, 15 miles E. of Brescia.
virs Mill, the Rumbling Bridge, and the Caldron- Pop. about 3,500.
linn. bezfidf a porous town of Persia, in the pro-
Deurenf a town of the Prussian states, in the vince of Chocbistan, seated on the banks of^the
duchy of Juliers, with manufactures of cloth and Abzal, over which is an elegant bridge of 22 arch-
paper, and some iron works. It is 14 miles £. of es. Dezful is 130 miles N. bv E. ofBassora ; the
Aix-la-Chapelle. Pop. about 3,500. Abzal falls into the Ahwas, which joins the Tigrb,
Deutx. See Dujftz. at its junction with the Euphrates.
Deux PonU, a late duchy of Germany, lying Dtadm, a town of Armenia, seated near the
W. of the Rhme ; it is about 30 miles in length source of the Euphrates, and frontier of Persia, 80
from N. to S., and 12 in mean breadth, and tole- miles S. S. W. of Erwan.
rably fertile. It was ceded to France at the peace Diakotar, a town of Sclavonia, about 20 miles
of Luneville in 1802, assigned to Austria at the S. S. E. of Essig, on the road to Brodo Pop.
feneral partitioning after the peace of Paris in about 3,000.
814, ana by Austria exchanged with Bavaria for Diamond Harbour and Point, on the Hoogly
other districts on the £. It now forms part of the river, (see Calcutta).
Bavarian circle of the Rhine, and is supposed to Diamond Isle, a small island lying off the S. W.
contain from 50,000 to 60,000 inhabitants ; besides point of Pegu, and S. E. point of the Bay of
the chief town of the same name, the other prin- Bengal, in the lat. of 15. 51. N. and 94. 12. of E
cipal towns are Kussel, Honiburg and New Horn- lonjr.
bach. Diamond Point, the N. E. point of the island of
Deux Ponts, the chief town of the oreceding Sumatra, at the entrance to the strait of Malacca,
district or duchy, is seated at the connuence of in the lat. of 5. 18. N. and 97. 48. of E. long,
the Hornbach with the Erlbach, a short distance *^^ There is a river of Sumatra, called Diamond
above the entrance of the united stream into the river, falling into the strait a little S. of the
Blise near the S. end of the duchy. Its castle, point. The S. W. part of the island of Mar-
the former residence of the grand duke, is a state- tinique in the West Indies, in the lat. of 14. 25.
ly edifice ; and it has two spacious churches, an N. and 61. 9. of W. long, is also called Diamond
academy, and an orphan house, and was formerly Point.
celebrated for a printing establishment, which pro- Diano, a town of Naples, W. of the Apennines,
duced a valuable edition of the Greek and Latin in Principato Citra, 15 miles H. by E. of Poli-
Classics, since removed to Strasburg. Pop. about castro. Fop. about 4,500.
5,000 ; Deux Ponts is 55 miles E. by N. of Mets, Diarhekir, a district of Asiatic Turkey, in the
and 65 N. W. by N. of Mentz. Lat 49. 15. N. province of Algazira, the whole of which extend-
and7. 22. ofE. long. ing from 33.20. to the lat. of 39. N. was for-
Dewanffiaute, a town of Bengal, on the W. merly called Diarhekir : and the Pasha or gover-
bank of the fiurrampooter, 110 miles N. N. W. of nor of the province is still called the Pasha of
Dacca. Diarbek. It formed the ancient kingdom of
Deioarcotta, a town and district of North Hin- Mesopotamia; but the district of Diamkir is
doostan, between the Ganges and the Jumna ; the is now confined between the 37th and 38th de-
town is seated on the W. bank of the main branch grees of N. lat. ; it lies E. of the Euphrates, and
of the Gauffes, 175 miles N. by W. of Dehli, and is intersected by numerous streams, forming the
90 N. W. of Sirinaffur. ^ head waters of the Tigris. It is beautiful^ di-
De Witts Land, the name given to about 10 de- versified with mountaws and vallies, and to a
grees of lat. of the N. W. put of New Holland, social people would form a most delightful resi-
after the Dutch navigator of that name, who first dence.
made it known to Europeans. Diarhekir, the chief city of the preceding dis-
Dewsburgh or Dew^ntry, a parish and town in trict, or as it is called by Uie Turks KarU Amid,
the west Riding of Torkshire, En^^land. The which signifies a black wall, in reference to a
parish which includes the townships of Osset, lofty wall of black stone with which the city was
Boothill, and Cliflon-cum- Heartshead, contain- formerly surrounded, is seated on the banks of
ed in 1821, 16^1 mhabitants. The town of the main branch of the Tigris, in the Ut. of 37.
570 mUes E. S. E.
_ N. E. of Aleppo.
extensive castle on the
the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; it is N. side of the city. Extensive manufactures of
new distinguished as the seat of an extensive silk, wool, eotton, and leather, and in metals are
. ■
DIE 953 DIM
carried on at Diarbekir ; and their dyed fabrics in prefect, and in 1625 contained a population of
wool and cotton are justly esteemed for the bean- 16,664.
ty of their colours. As in most eastern cities, Dierdorf^ a town of Westphalia, capital of the
tne streets are narrow and dirty, but many of upper county of Wied, with a castle, situate on
the houses are spacious and elegant within. It the Wiedbach, 10 miles N.' N. W. of Coblents.
contains several commodious bazaars, a mafrnifi- D»«nufetn, a town of Austria, with an Auffus-
cent mosque, and also a noble cathedral belong- tine convent, and the ruins of a castle, in which
ing to the Armenians. Asanlace of residence Richard I. of England was imprisoned. The
to Europeans it is considered among the most French were repulsed here by the Austrians and
agreeable of all the Turkish cities. The popn- Prussians in 1866. It is seated on the N. bank
lation is variously estimated at from 40,000, to of the Danube, 17 miles N. of &t. Polten, and 45
60,000, consisting of Armenians, Kurds, Chris- W. by N. of Vienna,
tians, Jews, and Turks. DUsen, a town of Bavaria, on the W. side
Dickinson, p.t. Franklin Go. N. T. Pop. 446. of the lake Ammersee, 10 m. S. E. cf Lands-
Also a townsnip in Cumberland Co. Pa. berg.
Diektorif a County of West Tennessee, about Diesenkafen, a town of Switzerland, in Thuiw
2d miles from N. to S. and 25 in breadth. Duck gau, seated on the Rhine, 5 miles £. of Schafl^
river, which falls into the Tennessee, washes all hausen.
the S. part of the county, whilst the £. and W. Diest, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
corners of the N. side jet upon the mat Cumber- with considerable manufactures of cloth, stock-
land river ; a collateral ridge of the Alleghany ings, dbc. seated on theDemer, 82 miles £i. N. £.
mountuns intersects the county from the S. E. or Brussels. Pop. about 6,000.
to the N. W. Pop. 7;261. Charlotte, N. of the Dietz, a town of Germany, in the Westerwald,
mountain ridge, is the principal town. capital of a county of the same name, with a
DidUr, St. a town of France at the N. £. ex- strong castle. It ib seated on the Lahn, 18 miles
tr«mity of the department of Upper Loire, 40 above its entrance into the Rhine, near Coblentz.
miles S. S. W. of Liyons. Pop. about 3,200. DUuxe, a town of France, in the department
*y* There are three other small townii of the of Meurihe, with wells of salt water, wnichpro-
same name in different parts of France. duce much salt. It is seated on the Seille, 22 m.
Dis, a town of France in the department of N. £. of Nancy, and 50 W. N. W. of Strasburg.
Drome, situate on the N. bank or the river Pop. about 3,600.
Drome ; it is the seat of a prefect, and in 1825 DUz, St. a town of France in the department
contained 3,509 inhabitants. It pxYiduces excel- of Vosges. It had lately a celebrated chapter,
lent wine, and has a mineral spring in its vicini- whose canons were obliged to produce proors of
ty. It is 30 miles S. W. of Grenoble, and 80 S. nobility. It is seated near the source of the
S. £. of Lyons. Meurthe 30 m. 8. £. of Luneville, and 45 S. W.
Diebwgi, a town of Hesse Darmstadt, seated Strasburg. It is the seat of a prefect, and in
on the N. bank of the Gerspienz river, 7 miles 1825 contained 6,823 inhabitants.
B. by N. of Darmstadt, and l8 S. S.E. of Frank- DigkUm^ a town of Massachusetts, in Bristol
fort on the Maine. county, situate near Taunton river, 7 miles S. S.
Diego f St. a town on the coast of New Albion, W. or Taunton. Pop. ] ,737. Upon the rocks
in the north Pacific Ocean, capital of a jurisdic- on the margin of the river are some rude inscrip-
tion of its name. It stands in so barren a coun- tions, which the researches of antiquarians have
try, that in the dry season cattle are sent up- not yet rendered intelligible,
ward of 20 miles for pasturage. The port affords Dtgncy a town of France, capital of the depart-
excellent anchorage. Long. 116. 53. W. lat. 33. ment of Lower Alps, and a bishop's see. It is
12. N. famous for its hot baths, and seated on the Bleone,
Di€mtn*8 Land. See Van Diemen*s. 30 miles S. by W. of Embrun, and 70- N. £.
DiepholtZj a town and castle of Westphalia, of Marseilles. Pop. in 1825, 3,621.
capital of a county of the same name. It has Dijon^ a city of France, capital of the depart-
manufaetures of coarse woolen and linen cloth, ment of Cote d'Or. The public structures, and
and stands on the river Hunte, near the lake particularly the churches, are very fine. The
Dummer, 30 miles N. W. of Minden, and 33 8. spire of St. Beaigne is 370 fiset in height. In
S. W. of Bremen; the county comprises about front of the Palace Roy ale is the ancient palace
265 square miles, and contains about 15,000 in- of the dukes of Burgundy ; and at the gi^tes of
habitants ; and now forms part of the kingdom of Dijon is a chartreuse, in which some of those
Hanover, the inhabitants subsist chiefly by breed- princes are interred. Dijon is seated in a pleas-
irg of cattle, which they drive down to the mar- ant plain, which produces excellent wine, be-
kets of Holland. tween two small rivers, 48 m. N. £. of Autun^
Dieppe, a sea port town of France, In the de- and 175 S. £. of Paris. Pop. in 1825, 22,397.
partment of Lower Seine, with a good harbour Dili. See Delos.
formed by the mouth of the river Arques, an old DUf^enburg, a town of Germany, in the « Wes-
castleano two piers. The principal trade consists terwald, capital of a county of the same name,
in fish, ivory, toys, and laces. It wa9 bombarded rich in mines of copper and iron. It has a for-
by the English in 1694, and is not so considera- tress, on a mountain, the usual residence of the
hie as formerly. It is situate on the coast of the prince of Nassau-DiUenburg ; and is seated on the
English Channel, opposite to Brighton, from Dillen, 41 miles N. N. W. of Wetzler. Long,
whence packet boats sail daily to Dieppe dur- 8. 27. E., lat. 50. 42. N.
ing the summer season, forming the easiest route D'dlingen, a town of Suabia, with a catholic
from London to Paris. Dieppe is 50 miles N. N. university, seated on the Danube, 17 m. N. W.of
E. of Havre, 35 N. of Rouen, and 96 in a meri- Augsburg. Now included in the Bavarian eir-
dional line N. N. W of Paris, the lighthouse at cle of the Upper Danube,
the entrance of the harbour is in lat. 49. 55. 34. DUl^rdsmlle, p.v. Rutherford Co. Ten.
N. and 1. 4. 29. of £. long. ; it is the seat of a Dimotue, or Domotira a town of European
Y
018
964
11>M
Ttarkej, in Romania, and a Greek arehbishop'e
■ee ; Heated on a mountain^ surrounded by the
Meriza, 12 m. S. W. of Adnanople.
Dinagepotn^, the capital of a district, north of
the Ganges in Bengal, 10 miles north of Mooshe-
dabad.
Dinan. a town of France, in the department of
Cotes du Nord, seated on a craggy mountain, by
the river Ranee, 90 miles south of St. Malo. It
is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in 1835, 7,075.
IHnant, a town of the Netherlands, in the
territory of Liejge, with a castle, and eight church-
es. The chieftrade is in leather, and in the
vicinity are quarries of marble and mines of
iron. It is seated near the Meuse, 15 miles S.
by £. of Namur, and 44 S. W. of Liege.
Dinaporef or Hoiuipoor, a military cantonment
of Hinaoostan, 11 m. W. ofPatna, on the S. bank
of the Ganges.
Dinasnumthyy a town of Wales, in Merioneth-
shire. It stands at the foot of a nigh precipice,
on the river Dvsi, 18 m. S. by W. of Bala, and 196
N. W. of London.
ZHndifftdt a province of the peninsula of Hin-
doostan. 86 miles long, and 40 iNroad, lyinff be-
tween Coimbetore and Travancore, and chiefly
fertile in rice. On the defeat of Tippoo, in 1799,
it became subject to the British.
Dindigtdf a town of Hindoostan, capital of the
province of the same nam?, with a fortress on a
rock. It is 40 m. N. by W. of Madura, and 77
S. E. of Coimbetore. Long. 78. 2. E. lat. 10.
24. N.
DingefJiitgeHf a town of Bavaria, seated on the
Iser, 2b m. E. N. E. of Landshut.
Din^U. a seaport and borough of Ireland, in the
county of Kerry. The chief exports are butter,
beef, com, and linen. It is seated at the head of
an inlet, on the N. side of Dingle bay, 28 m. W.
S. W. of Tralee, and 164 S. W. of Dublin. Pop.
in 1821, 4.538, and the parish 1,942 more. Long.
JO. 38. W. Ut. 51. 58. N.
DinridaUf a borough of Scotland, in Ross-shire.
Some linen yam is manufactured here, and there
is a lintmill in the neighbourhood. It is seated
at the head of the frith of Cromarty, 18. miles W.
of CromArty. Pop. in 1821, 2,031.
Dinkelthuhl, a town at the N. E. extremity of
the circle of Suabia. It has a foundation of Teu-
tonic knights, and a trade in cloth and reaping-
hooks. It is seated on the Wernitz, 22 miles S. 8.
W. of Anspach, and is now included in the Bava-
rian circle of the Rezat Pop. about 6,500.
DinwiddU. a county of the £. District of Vir-
ginia, lying between Appomattox and Nottoway
nvers. It is about 18 iniies square. Pop. 18,637.
Petersburg is the chief town.
Divpol&guHdda^ a town of Saxony, 12 miles S.
by W. of Dresden.
Disentis, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
of Grisons, with an abbey founded in the seventh
century. It is situate near the source of the Low-
er Rhine, 10 miles W. bv S. of Hants.
Dishlty, a village in Leicestershire, Eng., two
c miles N. W. of Loughborough, rendered famous
by a native ^rasier and farmer, Robert Bakewell,
(who died m 1795) from his successful experi-
ments and practices in the improvement of live
stock, more particularly sheep.
Dismal Swampy Greats extends about 30 miles
from N. to S., and 10 broad between the Chesa-
peak and Albemarle Sound, partly in Virginia,
and partly in North Carolina. It derived its
name from its dismal aspect, being impervious in
most parts, for trees and bmshwood; diere is •
pond m the centre about 15 miles in circumfer-
ence. This territory abounds with noxious rep-
tiles and wild animals ; within a few years a ca-
nal has been cut through it from the Elizabeth
River, fidling into the uhesapeak to the Pasquo-
tank, &llin|r into Albemarle Sound; this canal
unites the barboor of Norfolk with Albemarle
Sound : it is SS miles long and is navigable for
sloops. There is another swamp between Albe-
marle and Pamlico Sounds, called the Little Dis-
mal Swamp.
Dmjt. a town of Norfolk, Eng. on the border
of Suffolk. It is seated on the river Waveney^
on the side of a hill, 19 m. S. of Norwich, anc
85 N. N. E. of London. PopulaUon in 1821,
2,764.
DisfSfi, or Tlssen, a town of Westphalia, in the
principality of Osnaburg, where are salt works
which belong to Hanover. It is 16 miles S. E.
of OtaAbnrg.
Ditmarsenf a district of the Duchy of Hol-
stein, lying on the coant of the German Ocean,
between uie rivers Eyder and Elbe, it contains
no towns of importance.
Ditteah, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Bundelcund, on the frontier of Agra, about 120
miles S. by E. of the city of Agra.
Ditt, an island of Hindoostan, making the S.
point of Guzerat, at the entrance of the gulf of
Cambay, 3 miles long and one broad. On it is
a fortified town of the same name, built of free-
stone and marble ; and it contains some fine church-
es, erected by the Portuguese, about the time
they took possession or , the island in 1515.
The trade of the town, once so important, b
almost entirely removed to Surat. It is 180
miles W. by S. of Surat, and 200 N. W. of
Bombay. Long. 71. 5. E. lat. 20. 45. N.
Dixan, town of AbysAnia, in Timre, seated
on the top of a conical hill, and iimabited by
Moors ana Christians. Their chief trade is steal-
ing children, and carrying them to a market at
Maauah, whence they are sent to Arabia or
India. It is 34 miles S. of Masuah.
Dix Cove^ a British fort on the Gold Coast of
N. Africa, 40 miles S. W. of Cape Coast Castle.
DhfiOd^ p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 890.
JHxmmU^ p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 945.
Dvtmuds.^ a fortified town of the Netherlands,
in Flanders, celebrated for its excellent cheese ana
butter. It is seated on the Yper, 13 miles N. of
Ypres and 11 S. of Ostend.
Dixtm^ a township in Preble Co. Ohio.
DixvUU, an unsettled township in Coos Co.N.H.
Dizier, St. a town of France, at the N. extremi-
ty of the department of Upper Marne, seated on
the Mame, 13 m. N. N. E. of Joinville, and 120
E. of Paris. The Mame is navigable from herp
to Paris which renders St. Dttier a place of con.
siderable commerce. Pop. abiiut 6fiOO.
DjebaUy or GebaUy a town of Syria, seated near
the coast on the site of the ancient BiHot. about
25 miles N. of Berus. It was a place or some
importance during the reign of Solomon, the
Bwtos, having had at that time several vessels
employed in th^ conveyance of wood for the
bunding of the temple.. The town was taken
possession of by the Crusaders in 1100, and at
present contains from 5 to 6,000 inhabitants.
Djebd, or Gebel Hadda, Gebd Saade, and Gebd
Smer Kemir, places of Mahometan devotion S. of
Mecca.
Dnieper f a river of European Russia (the an
OOt. Sm DOM
olentB9rystA«iMt), riauiff near the northern front- public buildings, evidences of Roman magnifi- '
ier of the government ofSmolenek, in the lat. of cence. Under the ancient regime of France, it
56. 20. N. and after a course of about 800 miles was the capital of Franche Comte, until 1674,
in a direction neady due S. falls into the Black when Bensancon was made the capital. It is
Sea^ at Otchakoy in the lat. of 46. 30. N. It is now the seat of a prefect ; and in 182d contained
naviifable from above the city of Smolensk, the 9,647 inhabitants. It is 70 miles N. by W. of
whole of its remaining course, but. is impeded by Geneva, and 30 S. £. of Dijon,
rapids within about fSiO miles of its entrance into Dole La, one of the loftiest peaks of the Jura
the Black Sea ; it receives a mat number of trib- chain of mountains, rising to tne height of 5,600
utarv streams both from the £. and W., the prin- feet above the level of the sea.
cipal of those on the E. are the Sot2, the Uiput, DolgeUy, a town of Wales, in Merionethshire,
and the Deszna; and from the W. the Berezina, with a manufacture of coarse woolen cloth, un-
and the Przypiec, by the latter and a canal, the wa- dyed called webbing. It is seated on the river
ten of the Black Sea are made to communicate Avon, on the foot of the mountain Cader Idris,
with the Baltic. See Brazesc. 12 miles S. E. of Harleigh, and 208 N. W. of
I>n«u/«r, a river of Europe, (the ancient Tyraa)^ London, on the road to Caernarvon, from which
rising on the N. side of the Carpathian mountains it is distant 30 miles. The summer assizes fbr
in Austrian Galioia, in the long, of 23. £. ; and the county are held here. Population in 1821,
from the lon^. of 26. 20. to 29. £. in a direction 2,003.
8. S. £. it divides the Polish Palatinate of Podo- DoUart £ay,abayor lake separating EastFries-
lia, from Moldavia, when it takes its course near- land, in Germany, from Gronmgen, in Holland,
ly due S. for about 100 miles past Bender, and It was formed bv an inundation of the sea, in
(uvidinff Bessarabia from the Russian province 1277, when 33 viJlagef ^rp sud to have been des-
of Catnarineslaef, falls into the Black Sea at troyed.
Akermen, 100 miles W. of Otchakov, it is navi- Don^frontf a town of France, in the department
gable thegxeater part of its course. of Orne, seated on a craggy rock, by the river
Dobrzinf a town of Poland in the palatinate of Mayenne, 35 miles N. W. of Alengon, and 65 E.
Ploczko, or Polock, seated on a rock near the of St. Malo. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop
Vistula, 14 m. N. W. of Ploczko. in 1825, .1,670.
DoUuMf a town of Holland^ West Friesland, Domifuro, St. or IRsparuoia, or HayHy an island
near the mouth of the river £e, 10 m. N. £. of of the West Indies, extending from Cape Envano,
Le warden. in the long, of 68. 20. W. to Cape Donna Maria,
Dodbrookj a town of Devonshire, Eng. noted in 57. 26. i¥., this gives an extreme length of
as being the first place where white ale was brew- 408 English statute, or 346 geographical mifes, but
ed. It stands on a rivulet, by which it is parted as the west end projects out in two promontories,
from Kingsbridge, 208 miles W. S. W. of Lon- the mean length will not exceed 275 English
don. Pop. 885. statute miles, between 18. and 20. of north lat. or
DoMsn, a town of Saxony, 35 miles S. E. of a breadth of 135 statute miles ; these limits give
Leipzig. Population upwards of 4,000, chiefly an area of 23,760,000 English statute acres, being
employed in manufactures. about three fourths the extent of England exclu-
Dou, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders, sive of Wales. The east end of me island is
on the river Scheldt, opposite Lillo, 7 m. N. W. separated from Porto Rico, hj the Mona, or Porto
of Antwerp. Rico channel, about 120 miles wide^ and the
Doesburg, a town of Holland, in Gelderland. northern promontorv of the west end is separat-
It has been oflen taken ; and the reduction of it, ed from the island of Cuba, by the winaward
in 1586, was the first exploit of the English for- passage about 60 miles wide ; and the southern
ces sent by queen Elizabeth to the assistance of promontory of the west end, is about 100 miles
the Dutch. It is seated on the Tesael, 10 m. S. S. distant from the east end of the island of Jamaica.
W. of Zutphen. A chain of mountains extend from the extremity of
DofoTf a town on the coast of Arabia, in the the northern promontory of the west end to the
Indian Ocean^ sealed on the E. shore of a bay S. E. end of the island and about the centre rise
of the same name ; it is the residence of a sheil to the height of about 6,000 fbet above the level
and exports some ffum olibanum and other drugs, of the sea. Other mountain chains run in various
Lat 16. 16. N. and 54. of £. long. directions, giving great variety of feature and
Dogger Bankf a sand bank in the German climate to every part of the island, whilst streams
Ocean, between Flamborough Head and the of water intersect it in all directions, contributing
coast of Jutland; it is about 200 miles from W. alike to its beauty and fertility. There are four
to £. and 30 to 50 broad, having from 15 to 30 principal streams rising about the centre of the
fiithoms depth of water ; it yiel£ abundance of island, the Tuna flowing into Samana Bay in the
excellent cod to the English and Dutch fisher- £., the Taque de Santiago, flowing to the N., the
men. A sanguinauy but undecisive sea fight be- Artibonate to the W. and ihe Neilw to the S.
tween the Dutch and English, took place on this This island was discovered by Columbus, on
bank, on the 8th August, 1781. the 6th of December, 1492, after having touched
Dogliam, a populous town of Piedmont, 18 m. at the Bahamas on his first voyage, ana is mem-
N. by £. of Alondovi. orable for being the first spot in America, which
Dol, a town of France, in the department of was colonized l)y Europeans. Columbus landed
nie and Vilaine, situate in a morass, 5 miles from at Navidad near the extremity of the N. W. prom
the sea, and 11 S. £. of St. Malo. Pop. about ontory, where he ^Icfl 38 ofhis comrades; returning
3,500. to Spain the following month. At this time the
Dolce Aqua^ a town of Piedmont, in the county country was called HaiAi by the natives ; Colum
of Nice^ with a castle, seated on the Nervla, 5 m. bus gave it the name of Eepanola, or little Spain,
N. of Vintimiglia. hence Hispaniola. Columbus returned in No-
DoUy a town of France, in the department of vember following, and landed on the N. coast
Jura, on the river Doubs. It contains several of the island in ue long, of 71 near to the mouth
OOM 256 DOM
of a small river, which in compliment to his disease and the resistance of the blacki, the/ abui
patroness, Isabella of Spain, he named after her. doned the island in 1798. By this time the
The avarice of the settlers soon excited the just in- whole of the white population had become nearly
dignation of the native inhabitants, whose resent- extirpated, whilst the blacks, under the command
ment, however, was readily subdued by the more of Rigaud and Toussaint L'Onverture, had effect-
ample and destructive means of warfare of the ed considerable progress in military discipline
Spaniards. Columbus returned to Spain in On the 1st of July loOl. the independence of the
1496, leaving his brother Bartholomew in com- island was formaUy proclaimed in the name of the
mandof the settlement, who soon after removed republic of Haytl, when Toussaint L'Ouverture
to the southern coast, and founded the city of St was appointed governor for life, with the power
Domingo, which afterwards gave name to the of nanung his successor. On the 6th October,
whole island. The number ofsettlers from Spain 1801, therrench concluded a peace with England,
increased rapidly, and the natives were compelled and in the December following despatched a
to the severest mbour, which soon brought on dis- squadron with 20,000 men, under the command cf
ease and premature death, and so fiital to life was general Le Clerc, to attempt the subjugation of
the cruel policv of the Spaniards, that after a St Domingo. The troops landed in Samani
lapse of about 20 years, an efficient labourer scarce- Bay, at the £. end of the island. Le Clerc com-
ly remained on the island. Under this exigency, menced the campaign in February 1802, and
about 40,000 of the inhabitants of the £hama fought with varied success until toe following
Isles were decoyed from their homes to become May, when a truce was concluded upon ; during
labourers or slaves in St. Domingo ; but such was which Toussaint was inveigled on board a ves-
the perverse policy of the Spaniards ; that not- sel and conveyed to France ^ where he died in
witli^tanding this acquisition, and 1,000,000 of prison, in April, 1803. Suspicion of treachery in
native inhabitants, (some historians even carir nis death having been entertained against the
the number as high as 3,000,000,) which the isf- French, hostilities recommenced with greater an-
and was supposea to contain on its first discovery imoeity than ever. The command of the black
in 1492, by me middle of the following century troops devolved on Dessalines, and the English
scarcely 150 remained alive; whilst the Span- being now regarded as auxiliaries against the
iards had progressively sunk into indolence, and French, on the 30th December 1803, the whole of
the island was reducea again to a wilderness. the remaining French forces surrendered prison-
The French obtained a footing on the W. end ers of war to the English.
of the island about the middle of the 17th century, Thus St Domingo was again freed from all
and resumed the culture of the sugar-cane which European oppression; but new calamities now
had been early introduced bv the Spaniards from awaited it. On the 1st of January 1805, the gen
the Canary Isuinds, but had been entirely neglect- erals and chiefs of the army entered into a solemn
ed by them. By the treaty of Ryswick in compact, in the name of tne people of Hayti, re-
1691, Spain ceded to France all the west part of nouncing forever all dependence on France,
the island from the little river Pedernallo on the Dessalines was then appomted governor for life,
S. to the Capotillo falling into the Bay of Man- and invested with extensive {>owers ; in Septem-
cenilla on the N., in the long, of about 71. 40. W., her following he assumed the imjierial title of Jac-
being about a third part of ue island. After this ques the let, Emperor of Hayti. His ambition
period the French plantations progressively in- and tyranny brought upon him the detestation of
430,000 slaves, making a total of 534,630 inhabi- Petion starting as a rival candidate for the su-
taiite, whilst the total population of the Spanish preme authonty, a severe battle was fought be-
J»art did not exceed 15o,000, and in 1791, tne fol- tween the forces of Petion and Christophe, on the
owing produce was exported to France : viz. 1st of January 1807, in which Petion was defeat-
84,01^328 lbs. of coffee, 11,317,222 lbs. of cotton, ed. In the same year Christophe was appointed
3,257,610 lbs. of indigo, 1,536,017 lbs. of cocoa, chief majristrate for life, with the power of ap-
and 217,463 casks of sugar. pointing his successor, but like his predecessor
From this neriod a new and important era in Dessalines he was not content with conditional
the history ofst. Domingo commences. The deso- power, and in 1811, he assumed the rejgal title of
lating mania of the French revolution, had ex- Henry I. King of Hayti, making the title heredi-
tended to this island; an insurrection ensued, in tary in his family, and Sana Soudj a village about
which upwards of 5,000 of the whites fell a prey 15 miles from Cape Francois, now called Cape
to the fury of their slaves. In 1792 the national Henry or Cape Hayti, the seat of his court and
assembly of France proclaimed the political equal- government. King Henry was both avaricious
ity of tne negroes and whites ; in the following and cruel, and like Dessalines fell a prey to his
year three commissioners were despatehed from own soldiery, who dragged him from his palace
France, who on their arrival in St. Domingo pro- by force, and massacreoliim in October 1820. In
claimed the emancipation of the slaves. This served the mean time, from 1801 to 1818, Petion after his
as a sigrual for the slaves to wreak their vengeance defeat in 1807 retreated to the south of the west
on their white oppressors, and on the xlst of part of the island, and remained at the head of a
June 1793, a force of 3,000 blacks entered Cape considerable portion of the country. In 1816 he
Francois and began an indiscriminate slaughter was appointed president for life, but died in May
among the white inhabitante, whilst the most 1818, universally lamented by all whc had espous-
cruel vengeance displayed itself over all that ed his cause. He was succeeded by Boyer, who
part of the island. on the death of Christophe obtained the command
In the midst of this confusion, the English at- and government of the whole of what was for-
tempted to establish their authority ; anda force merly the French part of the island,
from Jamaica succeeded in taking possession In 1794 Spain ceded the whole of the remaining
of Po't au Pri.nce, but after suffering mucl? from part of the island to France, but the troubles
UOfA «7 1>0M
•
wbieh «iisaed rendered the ceision nominal, the hours The indigenone regotable prodttctione of
French never having been able to take poawuion. St. Dcmingo are various, beautiful and valuable ;
The Spanish flag continued to wave over the its mahogany is unrivalled for its texture and
fortress of the citv of St. Domingo, until the 1st beauty^, and there is a satin wood proportionably
jf December 1821, ^hen the inhabitants issued a supenor to that of other parts of the world. The
formal declaration of independence, and made flowering shurbs are various, and no where sur-
overtures to the republic of Columbia, to be ad- passed in beauty and fragrance ; vanilla and the
mitted as an integral part of its confederacy, which plantain are both luxuriant ; pine for ship building
proposition however was not acceded to. Such and house carpentir is abundant, whilst the cot-
was the political state of St. Domintfo at the pe- ton tree suppues toe material for canoes. Of
riod of lo2S, about which time the French by m- quadrupeds one only is known peculiar to the
tri^ue endeavoured again to regain an ascendan- island, the agouti cat, in size less than the com-
cy in the island, and conceiving all attempts by mon cat of jburope ; all the domestic animals of
ibrce of arms likely to prove ineffectual, they sue- Europe, have, however^ been introduced, and
ceeded in inducing the Uaytians to agree to a pecQ- thrive exceeding^; swue, hones, and horned
niary indemnity, for the toss of the plantations at cattle, all running wild in considerable numbers,
the commencement of the revolution ; this afler The feathered race are numerous and beautiful in
several years negociation, in 1825, was settled at plumage, and more melodious than common with
120,000,1)00 irancs, or about jB5,000,000 sterUng, birds of tropical tilimaies. There is a salt water
pavable by instalments, and under regulations lake of considerable extent between the French
calculated to divert a great portion of the produce and Spanish part of the island, on the S. side,
of the island into the Um of France on better which as well as the plains and rivers of that side,
terms than though she he^d the island in colonial abound in alU^tors and other reptiles of great
possession. size, and also m the noxious insects common to
Under the mild and judicious administration of the situation and climate. The land tortoise is
president Boyer, Uavti promises to advance in common, and the eoast abounds in turtle and oth-
prosperity and sooisi influence ; a college has er fish.
been founded and liberally endowed at Cape Hay- Domingo j St,f City of, is situate on the west
ti, i^ which provision is made for mstruction m bank of a nver called the Ozania, in lai. and long,
all tfie languages, arts, and sciences, usually as previously hud down. The city was original^
taught in i& Efuxopean establishnienfts it the like founded in 1496, on tiie opposite bank of we riv
kind ; public schools have been established in er, but afterwards moved to its present site, it is
most or the principal towns of the west part of regularly laid out, and like most of the cities built
the island ; and be the future destiny of St. Do- by the Spaniards in this part of the world, tlie
mingo what it may. she is at present one of the private houses have interior courts and flat roofs
most interesting subjecte for contemplation in the The cathedral, finished in 1540. is a ponderous ed-
world ; an ajge nas hardly passed away since the ifice; the government house, hall of justice^ bar
bulk of the inhabitento were held in the most ab- racks, and arsenal, are all respectable buildmgs ,
ject and degraded steto of bondage ; since when it has also several convente, which have been
they have successfully resisted the aims of two of mostly deserted by their inmates sinoe 1794. The
the most powerful nations of their time, and now harbour is capacious, but exposed to the temposta
ramain pursuing a silent but steady course to- from the S. W, The nopuiation, which at one
wrads giving a new and additionally important time amounted to 26,000, is now reduced to half
diaracter to the social relations of the civilised that number, and indicates decline rather than
world. prosperity. It was sacked by the English Admi-
Of ita present extent of population and produce ral Drake, in 1586, who obtained a ransom firom
there is no satisftetory information. The popu- the inhabitanto of about iS7,000 to prevent fhrther
lation of the Spanish part of the island is suppos- devastation. It has not experienced any marked
ed to have decreasea considerablv since 1785, vicissitudes since that period,
and is thought, now, not to exceed 100^000. In %* There are several other towns called St.
■peaking therefore of the island of St. Domingo Domingo in different parte of America, settled by
or Hayti, as it is now again generally called, all the Spaniards, but all mconsiderable.
that is politically important m relation to pop- Dominiea.one of the West Indian Leeward Is-
11 lation and intercourse applies almost exdu- lands,lying N.of Martinique and S. of Guadaloupe,
sively to the W. end or about one third only of being about 34 miles firom N. to S. and 10 in mean
the island ; the chief occupation of the compari- breaath. It was discovered by Colnmbos on Sun-
markete of the more populous districto of the natives, succeeoed in the culture of the soil. At
west. the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, it was
Under social institutions, and well directed ex- agreed that it should be neutral, but the English
ertion, Hayti would doubtless prove adequate to took possession of it in 1750, and it was confirmed
supply the whole of Europe with an abundance to them at the peace of 17^. It was captured by
of all the luxurious producte common to a tropi- a Fliench fiirce firom Martinique in 197§, but re-
cal climate, whilst tne artificial productions and stored to the English in 17^, sinoe when it has
conveniences which Havti would oe able to eom- remained in their possession. It is very pioduc-
mand in exchange, might make it the most de- tive of oofi^ of a choice quality, and yields some
lightful residence on earth. The temperature of sugar. Charlotte Town at the mouth <k a river
toe mountains ranges at a mean of about 70, and towards the S. tfnd of the island on the W. side,
although in the plains it ranges at about 100, the is in lat. 15. 18. N. and 61 . 28. of W. long-
pressure of the heat is considerably modified by Domhuea, the largest of the islands <^the Pa
the alternate land and sea-breezes ; the coast on all eific Ocean, called the Marquesas. Long. 130. 2.
sides is indented with convenient bays and har- W. lat. 9. 41. S.
33 r 2
DON fM DON
Domino J Si one of the Tremitti islands, in the DoneasUr, a handsome town in the S. £. part
ffalf of Venice, 15 miles from the coast of Naples of the west riding of Yorkshire, Eng. It is situate
m the lat. of 42. 10. N. on the great high road from London to York and
. DonUtZf a town of Ijower Saxony, in Mecklen- Edinburgh, on the S. bank of the river Don, over
burgh-Schwerin, with a fort seated at the conflu- which are two handsome bridges. The principal
ence of the Elde and Elbe, 25 m. S. of Schwerin. street is about a mile in length; the mansion
Dommd, a river of Dutch Brabant, which re- house, in which the mayor ana justices hold their
eeives the Aa below Bois le Due, and then flows sittings, is a spacious and elegant building ; there
into the Mouse. is also a town hall, theatre, aispensaiy, hospital,
Damo dOssda, a town or Italy, in the Milan- and two or three other public buildings, ana the
ese, with a castle, seated near the frontier of the church dedicated to St. Oeorge is a noble ed-
Valois on the Tossa, 20 m. N. of Varallo. ifice. Doncaster has 5 tan yards^ several flax
DanuoUay or Dimatice, a large town of £uro;>e- dressers, and some manufactures of sacking, car-
an Turkey, situate on the W. bank of the Maris- pets, nails, Ac. and its trade in com is consider-
sa, 12 miies S. by W. of Adrianople. Pop. about able ; but the agreeableness of its locality ren-
8,000. ders it more celebrated as a place of gaiety and
Dampaire, a town of Fk«nee, in the department ftshion, than as a manuficturing or trading towc
of Vosges, 10 m. W. N. W. of Epinal. The annual races are about the gayest in the king-
bomremyt a town of France, in the department dom, and the frequent balls and concerts held m
of Mouse, the birth-place of the celebrated Joan the mansion house make it the resort of all the
of Arc, the Maid of Orleans. It is seated on the fashion and gaiety of the surrounding country:
Mouse, 5 m N. of Nenfchateau there are also about a dozen separate private es-
DomoUUrSy or DammUtrg a town of France in tablishments for the education or young ladies and
the department of Mouse, 14 m. N. of Verdun. gentlemen ; these with its constant thoroughfare
Ihm^ a river of Europe (the Tanais of the an- tend to render it a cheerful and an agreeable res-
cients,) which intersects the south-east provinces idence. It is 158 miles N. from London, 18 N.
of Russia, it issues from the lake St. John, in E. of Sheffield, 20 S. £. of WakeBeld, and 37 S
the govemmeut of Tula, and after a very aircui- of Tork. The population, which in 1801 was
tons course of several hundred miles, flows into 5.697, in 1821 haa increased to 9,116. Market on
the sea of Axoph. This river has so many wind- Sunday.
ings, and such numerous shoals, as to be scarcely Dotiira Head, the southern point of the island
navigable, except in the spring, on the melting of Cevlon, in the lat. of 5. 55. 30. N. and 80. 42.
of the snows ; and flat-bottomed boats only, ex- of E. long. The land is low and densely popnla-
eept in the same season, can pass into the sea of ted, but appears to have been of mater impor-
Asoph. tance than at present, there being the ruins of a
Doii. a river of Scotland, which rises in the W. magnificent Hindoo temple in the vicinity. See
part of Aberdeenshire, receives the Urie- water at Maiura,
Inverary, passes bv Kintore, and enters the Ger- Don^al^ a maritime countv forming the N. W.
man Ocean, at Ola Aberdeen. extremity of Ireland ; it is about 70 miles in ex-
Don, a river in Yorkshire, Eng. which rises on treme length, but being indented by numerous
the borders of Cheshire, flows by Penistone, Shef- bays and harbours, it hu about 150 miles of sea
field, Rotheram, Doncaster, ana Thorn, and joins coast ; the principal bay is called Loujrh Foyle.
the Ouse near its termination in the Humber. and divides Donegal from the county of London-
DcnagkadUj a town and parish of Ireland, derry, opening by a narrow strait into the north
in the county of Down, it is seated on the coast channel. Lough Swilly is another capacious bay .
35 miies W. N. W. of the Isle of Man, and 23 opening into tne Atlantic Ocean, and Donegal
W. by 8. of the Mull of Galloway. It is celebra- miv, forms the southern boundary of the county,
ted as the mail packet station between Ireland which is bounded on the E. and S. E. by the
and Scotland (See Port Patrick.) It has a custom counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh. The river
house, and exports some cattle and other live Finn intersects the centre of the county from W.
stock to Beotland, but in oUier respects its com- to E. and then takes a northern course mto Lough
merce is very inconsiderable, the receipt of cus- Foyle. Donegal is a mountainous and rather
toms not equalling the expense. Population of dreary district, and its inhabitants maybe consid-
the town in 1821, 2,795, and the parish 3.793 ered the rudest in Ireland, the greater portion
more : on Mew island at the entrance of the nar- speaking only their vernacular language. The
bour, which has been made convenient fbr the mountams contain various minerals ; kelp is made
packets, is a Ught house in the lat. of 54. 40. N. upon the coast, which yields also a salicious sand
and 5. S84. of W. long. used in the manufacture of glass ; the spinning
DotuddsomrilUj p.r, the capital of the parish of of flax, the linen manufacture, and distillation of
Ascension. Louisiana, on the Mississippi. spirits prevail over the greater part of the coun-
Domauesdlin^M^ or DoneseUngenf a town of *-■ **"- -~ — * -' ' ' •* •
Suabia on the £. border of the Slack Forest, in
the principality of Furstenburg. It is the chief ^ , ^ _
resineuee of the prince ; in the court yard of salmon fishery. It contains the ruins of several
whose palaoe are some springs, collected in a res- castles and other works of antiquity. For divi-
ervoir about 30 fbet square, which has the honour sions, superfioes, population, d^c. see Ireland.
of being called the head of^the Danube. It is 13 Donegal^ a town and parish of the preceding
m. N. N. W. of Schaffhausen. county, seated at the head of a bay 111 miles N.
Donawert^ a strong town of Bavaria, seated on W. of Dublin, and 25 S. W. of Liffoi^. Pop.
the N. bank of the Danube, at the influx of the of the town in 1821, 696, and of the parish 4,426.
Wemits, ^ miles N. by W. of Augsburg ; here \* There are four townships called Donegal ia
is a bridge over the Danube, which causes Dona- the state of Pennsylvania.
?ert to DO a place of considerable intercourse. Doneraile^ a town and parish of Ireland, in the
op. about 2,500. county of Cork. Near it are quarries of beautifUl
ORK S59 DOR
wieffated marble. It is situate on the Awbeg, DorcheMtar^ p.t. Colleton Dis. 8 C.
which falls into the Black Water 19 miles N. W. Dordogru, an interior department in the S. W.
of Corky and 113 S. W. of Dablin. Pop. of the of France, comprising the late province of Peri-
town in 1821,2,455, and the parish 1,419 more. gord, and part of the Limousin ; a river of the
Dongofa, or DungtUaf a town of Nubia, capital same name intersects the S. part of the depart-
of aprovince of Uie same .name. It contains ment , the Vizere, Ille, and la Drome, all fall-
10,000 houses of wood, and is sealed on the Nile, ing into the Dordogne, in its course to the Oa-
among mountains, 500 miles N. hy W. of Sen- ronne at Bourg, intersects other parts of the de-
naar. The country is celebrated for a fine breed partment, which is in g^eneral fertile and yields
of horses, and the inhabitants for their skill in some delicious wines ; it is divided into five ar-
horscmanship. Tiong. 32. 6. E. lat. 19. 25. N. rondissements, the principal towns of which are
Danjonf a town of Trance, in the department of Perigueuz, the capital, Bergerae, Nontron, Ribe-
AUier, 24 m. S. £. of Moulins. rac, and Sarlat; the other principal iown^ are
Domungiant a town ii^ Lincolnshire, Eng. Belves, Monpont, and Eacioerfil. For territori-
Maeh hemp is cultivated in the neighbourhood, al extent, population, &c. &c. see Franee,
It b 8 miles W. 8. W. of Boston, and 106 N. of Dorestro. See SUistria,
f.iondon. Pop. in 1821, 1,638. Dorkhur, a beautifully picturesque town in
%"* There are 7 villages of the same name in Surrey, England, with a market "on Thursdays,
diTOrent parts of England, the principal one in celebrated for a remarkably fine breed of poultry;
Leicestersnire, with a population of 2,308. a vast quantity of lime is burnt in the neighbour-
DonnyBrookf one of the out parishes of the hood. It is 23 m. 8.8. W. of London bndge. —
city of Dublin, celebrated for its annual satuma- Pop. in 1821. 3,812.
lia or fair. Dom, a villa^ in a detached part of Worces-
Donzffjje. town of France, in the department of tershire, Eng. 3 m. 8. E. of Camaen in Glouces-
Nievre, 22 m. N. of Nevers. shire. The Roman fi>ssway runs through it, and
Dooahf a term applied by the Hindoos to tracts abundance of coin, both Roman and British have
of land lyin^ between two rivers ; the most cele- been found here.
brated tract is that lying between the Ganges and Domhurg, a town of Upper Saxoujr, in the
Jumna, in the provinces of Allahabad, Agra, and principality of Weimar, with a castle : situate on
Dehli. a hill, bv the river Saale, 14 m. E. of Weimar, and
Dootif a riverof Scotland, which issues from 40 8. W. ofLeipsig.
a lake of Uie same name in Ayrshire, and enters Domoek, a borough on the fi. coast of Scotland,
the frith of Clyde, 2 m. 8. of Ajrr. capital of Sutherlandshire, at the entrance of a
Doroit, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on the frith of the same name, over which it has a ^rry
side of a mountain, 28 m. 8. of Sana. to Tain. It is a small place, and half in rums,
Dorai. a town of France, in the department of but was formerly the residence of the bishops of
Upper Vienne, seated on the Abran^ near its juno- Caithness, and part of the cathedral is kept up as
tion with the Sevre, 25 m. N. of Limoges. the parish church. It is 40 miles N. of Inverness.
Dorchester f a borough and the capital of Dor- ^"k- 3. 48. W. lat. 57. 52. N. Pop. in 1821,
setshire, England. It was formerly much larger, 3,100.
and the ruins of the walls are still to be seen in Dorp, Dorpaif or Doffaif a town of Russia,
some places. It has three churches ; and a fine in the government of Riga, with a university ;
terrace-waJk, planted with trees, almost surrounds seated on the Ember, between the lakes Wosero
the town, which has no manufiustures, but is fa- and Pepas, 60 m. 8. of Narva, and about 50 E. of
mous for excellent ale. A little to the 8. b a Pemau. Pop. about 5,000.
Roman amphitheatre, oonstrueted of chalk and I^sef,p.t. Bennin^n Co. Vt. Pop. 1,507.
turf, supposed to be tne most perfect in the king- Darsetshiref a maritime county of England,
dom. One mile to the 8. W. is the Maiden cas- having about 70 miles of coast m the British
tie, another work of the Romans ; there are three Channel ; bounded on the W. by Devonshire, N.
ramparts and ditches, nearly oval, and the whole by the counties of Somerset and Wilts, and E. by
area is 115 acres. Dorchester is seated on the Hampshire; it is of an irreirular form, having an
river Frome, about 10 m. from the sea at Wey- extreme length of 55 miles from W..td £. and 35
month, 53 £. of Exeter, and 120 W. by 8. of in extreme breadth, but the mean lines do not
London. Pop. in 1821, 2,743. much exceed half that extent; the superficial
Dorchester, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. which area being only 1.005 square miles. The soil is
was a station of the Romans, and ruinea in the generally rich ana fertile, though in some parts
wars with the Danes. It was a bishop's see till veiy sandy ; the northern part, which is divided
1066, when William the Conquerer translated it to by a range of chalk hills firom the southern,
Lincoln ; and it had five churches, though now anorda good pasturage for cattle ; while the south-
but onej^hieh was the cathedral. It is seated em part chiefly consists of fine downs, and feeds
on the Tame, 3-4 of a mile above its junction incredible numbers of sheep. The chalk hills,
with the Iris ; the united streams forming the which run through every county from the 8. E.
river Thames, 10 miles 8. E. of Oxford, and 49 pert of the kingdom thus far, terminate at the
W. N. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 854. further extremi^ of this ; but on the coast, chalk
Dorchester, a county of the state of Maryland, clifis extend beyond it into Devonshire. 10 miles
lying between the Nanticoke and Choptank riv- W. of Lyme. Fh>m the Hampshire Dorder to
ers, on the E. side of Chesapeak bay. Pop. the neighbourhood of Blandfbrd a heath/ com-
18,685. The chief town is Cambridge, on the o. mon extends, which causes an exception to the
bank of the Choptank, 60 miles 8. 8. W. of Bal- general character of fertility which this county
timore. merits ; but the rich vales to the 8. W. make
Dorchester, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 90 m. from ample amends. The greater altitude of the
Portsmouth. Yop. 702. county is 669 fieet above the level of the sea ; the
Dorchester, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining climate is mild and congenial. The principal
Boston. Pop. 4,064. rivers ars the Stour, Piddle, and Frome. Heie Is
DOU MO 0OV •
plenty of poultry of 9II eorta, swum, woodcocks, the department ofNord, with a fine •raenal, a foon
pheaeanta, partridges, fieldfares, dx. The prin- dery for cannon, a military school, a citadel, and
cipal towns on the coast are Lyme Rejsps, Mel- three &mous colleges ; to which a great number
combe Begis, Weymouth, Bndport, Wareham, of the catholic youths of England and Ireland
and Poole ; at the two latter some ships are buUt, are sent for education. It was taken by the Duke
and some foreign trade carried on ; and Poole of Marlborough ip 1710, and retaken by the
was formerly celebrated for its extensiye interest French in 1712, afler the suspension of arms. It
in the Newfoundland fisheiy ; and considerable is 110 miles N. by £. of Paris, 70 15. S. £. of Bo-
manufibcturesof cordage, twine^ and coarse wool- logne, and Id S. of Lisle, to which it is connect-
ens were formerly carried on m the vicinity of ooby a canal. It is the seat of a prefect, and in
Bndport and Poole. The commercial and 182d contained 18,854 inhabitants,
maaufacturing concerns of the count}[ have of i>o«if, a department of France, on the frontier
late years declined and are now, relatively, in- of Neufchatel m Switxerland. It comprises the
flignificant, the shipping being principally em- eastern part of the late province of Fianche
ployed in carrying, and the rental, taxes, and sup- Compte, and is watered by a river giving name
ply of shop goo£ for the consumption of the to the department which falls into the Saone a
county, are now paid out of the suiplus produce little above Chalons. Doubs is a woody and
of sheep and lamos fi>r the London market, some mountainous district, interspersed with fertile
cattle, wool, and stone, from the ouarries of vallies ; the mountains yield a considerable sup-
Portiand, and Purbeck, and fieight of shipping, plv of iron, the forests abundance of timber,
Some trifling manufiictures also contribute to con- wfaibt sheep and black cattle abound in the val-
stitute an exchange ; and the W. part of the coast lies, yielding a considerable supply of butter and
abounds in mackerel during the season. The prin- cheese, the latter is celebrated by the name of
cipal towns in the interior are Dorchester (the grueyere ; the vine is also cultivated with suc-
capital), Cor& caotle, and Shaftesbury, each of cess, and to some extent ; it has been proposed
which, as well as each of those on the coast, and to unite the river Doubs with the Die, fialing
the coun^, return two members to parliament, .into the Bhine, and thereby unite the waters ca
There are 13 other market towns, and upwards the north sea, with the Mediterranean. The de-
of 900 villages in this County. partment of Doubs is divided into four arron-
IhrstUtmUy p. v. Chatham Co. N. C. aissements ; Besangon, 210 miles S. £. of Paris,
Dortten^ a fortified town of Westphalia, in the is the capital; and the chief towns of the other
oounty of Recklinghausen, seated on the Lippe, three arrondissements are Baume, PontarUer, and
15 m. E. by N. of Wesel. Montbelliard ; there are two otner considerable
Dort, or Dardreehtf a city of South Holland on towns, via. Quingey and Omans.
an island formed by the Mouse, which is here Doue, a town of France, in the department of
called the Merwe. The island was fi>rmed in Mayenne and Loire, with a considerable manu-
1421, in November of which year an Inundation facture of druggets and tammies. Near it is a
destroyed 72 villages and drowned 100,000 per- vast Roman amphitheatre, cut out of the solid
sons. In 14S7 Dort was nearly destroyed hj fire, rock. It is 9 muss S. W. o€ Saumur.
and is further celebrated for an assembly or pro- Dove, a river of Derbyshire, Eng. which rises
testant clergy from all parts of Europe, in 1618 in the Peak, near Buxton, parts the county from
-—1619 called the synoa of Dort, which condemn- Stafibrdshire, and after a course of about 40 miles
ed the tenets of Arminius. Here'are several Lu- joins the Trent, 4 miles below Burton,
theran and Calvinist churches, a fine council- Dover, StraUt qf, between the 8. E. point of
house an excellent academy, and the mint of England, and tKe N. W. extremity of^Franoe,
South Holland. It has a good harbour, and a leading nrom the Atlantic Ocean, through the En-
great trade in com, wane, and timber ; of the glish cnannel into the north sea ; the narrowest
^ter immense rafts are floated hither from An- part of the strait is about 20 Emrlish statute
.deraaoh, in Germanv. It was formerly the chief miles, and the two usual points oT intercourse
depositMT.of Rhenish wines; but its commerce about 23 miles. Dover castle being in 1. 19. 7.
lias mnon declined of late years, having been and Calais lights in 1. 51. 1, of E. long, being a
transferred to Rotterdam. Tlie father of Uie eel- dififbrence of 32 miles of long, which in the lat
•brated De Witts was Burgomaster of Dort, and of 51. iseoual to 19 geographical or 83 English
Vossius was once superintendant of its academy, statute miles. The straits extend fhwi the £ W.
The natural situation of Dort is such that it has in a direction N. N. fi. for about 44 m., intersect-
never iMen taken by an enemy ; but it surren- ed by the long, of 51. of N. lat.
dered to the French in 1795. It is 10 miles S. JDiowr, Town of^ which ffi?es name to the pi«-
JE. of Rotterdam. Long. 4. 45. E. lat. 51. 51. N. ceding strait, is seated on the English coast, in the
Pop. about UOfiOO, county of Kent, and is celebrated in every periou
thrtmmndf a strong town of Westphalia, in a of English history ; bv the ancient Britons it was
IMok at the 8. extremity of the upper bisliopric caHecTDour, by the Romans DuMm, and by the
oflffufltfter. It was lately imperial, and is seat- Saxons Dovre; and the Romans regarded it as
•don the JSmflter, 15 m. S. W. of Ham, and 90 Clamt A refrtijgvlum, toUu$ rijgm— 4ne lock and
8.Jbv W. of the city of Mnnster. Pc^. about kev of the whole realm. Dover may doubtless
A»000. still be regarded as the great outlet and portal of
Jhuhmn, or J>mHk&m, a town of Holland, in the realm on the side of northern Europe, and
Chalderland, with* fbuaderyfor bombs and cannon firom its peculiar local situation and advantages to
Wis; seated aouth of the Yssel, 10 ra. 8. £. of be still entitled to hflgh consideration. But as
Ooeabnig. navigation luw advanced towards perftotton, and
ZMvoSMStya- town of France in the depart- Englandadvanced in her maritime ascendency, in
a relative seiise, Dover has become an inconsider-
fwnt of Jjiniatarre, -seated on a ba^ of the same
Mine, at-tbe ontraace of the English channel, 8 able place, and in point of security and defence
m.-N. W.'of Qnimper. is very insignificent compared with either Portt-
Hmmt, a,ot1graf Fraaoe, formerly the capital of mouth or Davonport ; while Harwich, Southamp-
OOU 201 DOW
ton and Falmoaih vie with it, as points of eg|re88 seated on a river of the same name, foiling inio
and inmss to and from foreign parts, and since the Clyde, 29 m. S. S. £. of Glasgow on the road
the appucation of steam to purposes of navigation, to Carlisle. Pop. in 1821, 2,195.
numerous visitors to and nom France now pro- Douglas, the chief town of the Isle of Man,
eeed and arrive direct from and to the Thames at seated at the mouth of two united streams, on the
London, who used formerly to pass by way of E. side of the island, in the lat. of 54. 4. N. and 4.
Dover. Dover is, however, still (1831) the medi- 96. of W. long. Pop. in 1821, 6,054. See Man.
nm of conveyance for the mails, and of all mes- DouglaSf p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,742.
sengers and travellers intent on despatch, between Douglas, Cope, a promontory on the W. coast
England and France, for whose accommodation of America, the W. point of the entrance to
packets proceed to and from Calais with every Cook's Inlet. Its summit forms two very high
tide, and the intercourse is still very great, consti- mountains. Long. 153. 30. W. lat. 58. 56. N.
tuting the chief support of the town. It ez- Doulameourt, a town of France, in the depart-
tends for near a mile along the shore, and is divi- ment of Upper Mame, 10 m. S. W. of Joinvule.
ded into two parts ; the eastern part is called the DouUens, a town of France in the deparment
town, at the extremity of which, on an eminence . of Somme, with two citadels ; seated on the Autie,
is the castle, supposed to have been first foundea 15 m. N. of Amiens; it is the seat of a prefect,
by Julius Cssar, the west part is called the pier, Pop. in 1825, 3,504.
and is overhung by a range of chalk clitb, which boune, Donn, or Donns, atown of Scotland, in
seem to threaten an immediate overwhelming of the parish of Kilmadock, Perthshire, with the ru*
all below ; the heights 300 to 350 feet, above the in of a huse sonare castle, whose tower is yet full
level of the sea, are fortified with trenches, subter- 80 feet in neignt Here is a manufacture of pis-
raneous works and casements for the accommoda* tols; also an extensive work called the Adelphieot-
tion of 2,000 men. and in clear weather present tqn-mill. It is seated on the Teih, 8 m. N. W.
fine prospects of the coast of France. Dover is of Sterling, and 32 S. W. of Perth. In 1821 the
oq^ of the (five) cinque ports vested with peculiar parish contained 3,150 inhabitants,
privilejges : by the 32 Hen. VIII. cap. 48. On Dourdan, a town of France, in the department
condition of nimishinf a number of snips equip- of Seine and Oise, with a manufacture or silk and
ped and manned for toe national defence, one of worsted stockings ; seated on the Orge, 25 m. S.
the privileges was, each port returning two mem- W. of Paris.
hers to parliament, by tne title of Barons of the Douro, a river of the Peninsula, rising near 8o-
Cinque Forts. Dover poet office is 71 m. S. S. E. ria, in old Castile, in the long, of 2. SM). W. It
of London Bridge, by way of Canterbury, from rises to the W. of Soria, and fiK>m thence runs S.
which it is distant 16 miles. It is divided into two for about 20 miles, when it takes a course nearly
parishes, with two weekly markets on Wednes- due W. |>ast Aranda into Leon, past Zamora to
days anu Saturdays. The castle b a very exten- the frontier of the Portuguese province of Trazos
sive edifice, and interesting from its antiquity, and Montes; it then takes a course S. S. W. past Mi-
the historical events connected with it; besides randa, and for about 60 miles forms the boundaiy
the castle and two churches, the other public between Leon in Spain and Tras os Montes : it
buildings are a town hall, theatre, military nospi- then takes a course N. by W. dividing the latter
tal, victualling office, and custom house : the busi- province and Entre Douroe Minho from Beira/all-
nessof the latter is confined almost exclusively to mg into the tea a short distance below Oporto,
the inspecting the bacrgage of the passeuffers arriv- The meridional distance from its source to its en-
injr by the packets. Tne harbour will admit ships trance into the sea is about 300 miles, while the
ofoOO tons burthen ; but the town carries on little course of the stream will be near 400 miles ; it re-
or no foreign trade. Pop. in 1811, 9,074, and in ceives numerous tributary streams both from the
1821, 10,3^. N. and S.
Dover, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,042. Dowlatabad, formerly called Amednagur, a
Dover, p.t. StrafiTord Cq. N. H. 10 m. fr. Ports- province of thie Deccan of Hindoostan ; interseot-
mouth on the falls of the Cocheoo, a stream run- ed by the Godavery river, bounded on the N. by
ning into the Piscataqua. The fidls have several Candeish, W. by the Grants, S. by Visiapour and
pitches, one of which is 40 feet perpendicular, af- Golconda, and £. by Berar. AurungaMd is the
fording a vast water power, which has been ap- capital.
plied to manufacturing purposes. The cotton Dowlatabad, one of the celebrated hill-forts
manufactories produce 10,000 yards of shirting of Hindoostan, and formerhr the capital of the
a week. The iron works roll and slit 1,000 tons preceding province. The fort is 420 feet above
of iron annually, and make 700 tons of naals. New the level of the plain. In the beffinning of the 14th
establishments are also in progress, and the mill century the Emperor Mahomet III. caused a great
sites here are numerous. Dover is one of the number ofthe inhabitants ofDehli, to emigrate S.of
oldest towns in the state. Pop. 5/149. the Godavery river, and attempted to mSke Dow-
Dover, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. Pop. 497. latalMid the seat of government of his empire, but
Dover, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. Y. Pop. 2498. the project did not succeed, and his successor re-
Dover, jp.t. Kent Co. Del., the capital of the turned to the ancient capitu Dowlatabad never-
state of Delaware. It is situated upon a small theless continued an important place and capital
stream falling into the Delavrare, and is hand- of the province, until the time of Aurnnfiebe,
somely laid out and built. The houses are mostly who fixed his residence at AurungabadfioAiol
of brick and in the centre of the town is a spacious kee). about 10 miles to the S. ; it is now included
souare surrounded by the State House ana public in tne territories of the Niiam of the Deccan.
offices. Down, a maritime county on the N. E. coast of
** There are six other towns called Dover in Ireland, opposite to the Isle of Man, it is bounded
the United States, vis. in Monmouth Co. N. J., on the N. by the Lough of Belfast, which divides
York Co. Pa., Cuyahoffa, Athens and Tuscarawas it (tom the county of^ Antrim, S. by Carlingford
Cos. Ohio and Stuart Co. Ten. Bay, which divitfos it from the county of Ijouth,
Douglas, a village of Lanarkshire, Scotland, ana on the W. it is bounded by the county of Ar
TTBLk im ORK
magli. It is 58 miles in «ztxeme length from S. DraaU^ a town of MawiftohusetUi, in Middleaex
W. to 8. E. and about 35 in mean breadtli, the N. county on the N. bank of the Menrimac, at Paw-
E. being indented by Strangford Lough, contain- tucket falls, 28 m. 8. W. of Exeter, and 30 N. N.
ing about 100 square miles of eurface ; a eanal W. of Boston. Pop. 1,615.
from Carlingford Bay to the Lough Neagh, bounds DradaU, or Dorko yU, town of Nubia, with a
the W. end of the county, and the river Lagan harbour on the Red Sea, and wells of good water
falling into Belfast Lougn, waters the northern in the vicinity. It is 36 miles N. lY. W. of
side ; the river Bann intersecting the 8. W. Down Suakem.
is the fifth county in Ireland, in order of popula- Dragvignan, a town of France, capital of the
tion, both collectively and relatively, and althouffh department of Var, 10 miles N. W. or Frejus, 40
it is one of the least productive counties in the N. £. of Toulon, and 420 8. 8. £. of Paris. Pop.
country, a great portion of its Burfiice being occu- in 1825,8,616.
Kied as bleach grounds, the industry of the in- Drakenstaiit an extensive valley in the Cape
abitants tn the linen manu&ctures, enables it of Good Hope territory. 8ee SteUenhosek.
to command an equal or greater share of comforts Dramef a town of Macedonia, near the ruins of
than in most other parts of Ireland ; the 8. part PhiUppi, and about 20 m. N. N. £. of EmboU.
of the county IS mountainous, SlieveDonard Peak fhramimrgk, 9, town of Brandenburgh, in the
rising to the height of 2,800 feet above the level of N. part of fhe New Marie, seated on the Drage, 15
the sea ; various minends are found in different m. £. by N. of New Stargard.
parts of the county, but none are worked to ad- Drammen, the two towns of Strorasoe and Brag-
vantage, the linen manu&ctures absorbing all the nas, on each side of the Drammen river, falling
labour and exertion of its inhabitants, about an into the bay of Christiana, in Norway, are called
equal portion of whom are Protestants, emigrants, Drammen. 8ee Stromsu,
or aescendants of emigrants from Scotland. Re- DrofustriUej p.t. Fair&x Co.^ V«.
mains of antiquity are common in every part of Draoe^ a river which rises in Gennany, at In-
tlie county. The principal towns are Downpat- nioiien in Tvrol, flows through Garinthia and
rick (the capital and a bishop's see). Newton Ar- Stiria, then along the confines of Sclavonia and
des, Banffor, Donaf hadee, Killyleagh, Hills- lower Hungary, and afier a course of about 300
borough, Dromore, (another bishop's see^^ and miles joins the Danube a little below Essig.
Newry, at the head of Carlingford Bay, wnich b Draiyton^ a town in Shropshire, England, with
the largest and most considerable trading town in a market on TVednesday, it is seated on the banks
the county. For extent of surface, divisions, &c. of the river Tern, at the N. E. end of the county,
8e€ frtland. on the road from Shrewsburv to Newcastle. It
DawHf or 2>ownpatriekj the chief town of the has 3 tan yards, 8 paper mills, and 2 manuftc-
Erecediiig county, is pleasantly located on the tures of hair cloth ; 151 miles N. W. of Loudon,
anks of a stream falling into the 8. end of Pop. in 1801, 3,162, and in 1821, 3,700.
Strangford Lough, 74 miles N. N. E. of Dublin, *^* There are 16 villages called Draytonf and
and 23 8. by E. of Belfiist ; it a bishop's see in 9 DraycoUf in different parts of England. Dra^
conjunction with Connor, in the county of An- is a Saxon word, but its application to the names
trim, and besides the cathedral has three other of places is not very obvious ; the etymologist
places of religioua worship ; its other public must draw his own inferences respecting it.
Duildings consists of a diocesan school, hospital, Dreaden, a city of Germany, and the capital of
town hall, court house and goal. Down is cele- the kingdom of Saxony. It is divided by the Elbe
brated as the supposed place of interment of Ire- into the old and new town, which are united by a
land's adopted samt, St. Patrick, and a well in grand bridge, and surrounded bv strong fbrtifica-
the vieinity dedicated to that saint, is held in tions. It nas a castle, an academv of painting
high veneration. Down participates in the linen and sculpture, and a magnificent cnurch for the
manufacture ; its population in 1821, amounted Roman catholics, with a tower 300 feet in height,
to 4,123, and the parish to 4,417 more. It returns one Calvinist, and 11 Lutheran churches. The
a member to the parliament of the United houses are built of freestone, almost all of the
Kingdom. same height ; and though the palaces are fhw, it
Doumtj a township in Cumberland Co. N.J. is deemed the handsomest city in Germany. "The
Downhaniy a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on palaces of Holland and Japan are full of^curiosi-
the side of a hill, about a mile from the Ouse. It ties from that country and China ; and the pio-
has a great trade in butter, which is sent up the ture gallery may claim precedence over every in-
river in boats to Cambridge, and thence conveyed dividual gallery in Italy. The royal palace has-a
repository
dery of ^church and turret hells, of a peculiarly also manufactures of gold and silver lace, jewel
harmonious tone. Pop. in 1801; ly512, and in lery^ paper-hangings, and wind-instruments of
1821, 2,044. music, itc. &c. llie arsenal oontaias speoimeiis
* * There are four villages of the same name of the first invented fire arms, and a curious col-
m different parts of EngUnd. leotion of arms of all ages and eountriea. Tiut
Dorringtony p. v. Chester Co. Pa. other public buildings of Dresden are the house
Downs t a fiunous road for shippmg, on the E. of assembly of the Saxon diet, an academy for
coast of Kent, between the North and south Fore- the young n«bility, a military school, and aeveral
land. See Oodwin Sands, and Deal. edifisesmr charitable institutions. It was taken
Downten, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. seated by the king of Prussia in 1745, and again in 1756,
on the Avon, 6 m. 8. E. of Salisburvt and 88 W. but retaken in 1759 ; and it was bombarded by
8. W. of London. Pop. in 1821, 3,112. him in 1760, for nine days, when he was obliged
Doylestown, p.v. Bucks Co. Pa. to raise the siege.* Dresden is further rendered
DnuibuTghf a town of Carinthia. on the river memorable for its neighbourhood being the prin-
Drave, near the frontier of Tyrol. cipal theatrs of operations between the aUiea and
MI i» DRO
F^Dch annieB, during th»ffr0Mer pan of the y«v Noto, which nina into the Meditezfanean, 6 m.
1613. The RoBflian and rnuaian troops ha¥in|r S. E. Terra Nuova.
entered it in the month of March, was obliged to Dnmana Point, cape, Ireland, on N. coeet ol
qoit it in Maj, after the battle of Lutzen ; and the bay of Donegal ; 3 m. 8. KilUbegs.
Bonaparte afterwarde held his head-qoErten here Drin, or Driwu, r. which rises in S. W. part
for a long time. On the 26 and 97tn of Aogoit of Serria, and runs into the Save, 32 m W. Sabaoz.
of the same year, the allied army, 200,000 strong, Drinaxa, r. Servia, which rans into the Save,
under prince Schwartsenburg, attempted to carr^ 16 m. W. Sabaez.
the town bv assault ; but Bonaparte haTing am- Dringtnburg, t. Prussia Minden; 6 m. £. S. E.
, ved from Silesia, with his guards, the ni^t be- Faderbom. Pop. 734.
fore the attack, repulsed them with great loss in Dringfort, t. Prussia; 9 m. f9. £. Rastenbur^.
killed, wounded, and prisoners. It was at this DnnoJferOf or Blaek Drino, or DrUo, r. £u
time, the celebrated general Moreau, received a Turkey, which rises in the lake near Akrida ;
mortal wound, while in conversation with the joining the Drino Biancs, it takes the uame of
Emperor of Russia. The allies, in consequence l>niui only, and runs intoue Adriatic ; about 8 m.
of this disaster, immediately commenced their re- S. W. Alessio, forming a bay at its' mouth, called
treat into Bohemia ; and the French being too ea- the Chdf qf Drino. It is navigable nearly 100 m.
ffer to profit bj their success, had sent general for large rafts.
Vandaxnme with about 30,000 men, into the Drissa, a town of Russia, in the government
mountains of that country to cut off their retreat, of Polotsk, at the conflux ot the Drissa with the
But on their arrival near Cuhn, they were assail- Dwina, 20 m. W. N. W. of Polotsk, and 272 S.
ed on all sides; and after a ftirioua conflict, the of Petersburg,
whole nimj was nearlv destroyed, and the com- Drisia. See SUistria.
mander with the whole of his staff were made DrsMvfro, a to wa of European Turkey, in Alba-
Srisoners. On the 6th of November, after the nia, 20 m. N. £. of Dulcigno.
attle of Leipzig, marshal St. Cyr who remained Drogheda, a seaport on the S. coast of Ireland,
in Dresden with a French force of 39,000 men, seateclat the head of a bay on the banks of the
after a fruitless attempt to negociaie a retreat, river Boyne, which here divides the counUes
vras compelled to vteld to an unconditional sur- of Meath and Louth, Drogheda, being a town
render. Prior to the spoliation b^ Prussia in 1756 and county of itself, with a sepante jurisdiction.
Dresden contained about 65,000 inbabitants, from It is a respectable town, and carries on a oonsid-
which period it progressively declined down to erable trade in butter, grain, and coarse linens ;
45,000 m 1610, but since the restoration of peace the harbour is tolerably commodious, but its en-
in 1814, it has graduallv increased, and in 1825 trance is impeded for ships of large burthen by a
contained again a population of 54,000. In the bar. It is divided into three parishes; Oliver
vicinity are several fine gardens and public prom- Cromwell took it by storm in 1649, and it was
enades, which serve to render Dresden one of near here where the decisive battle was fought
the most agreeable abodes in the north of Europe, between the forces of William and James in \w\ ,
It is in the lat. of 51. 2. 50. If. and 13. 43. of W. when the latter were defeated. See Boyns. Drog^
long. 230 mUes N. N. W. of Vienna, 240 N. N. E. heda is 24 m. N. of Dublin. Pop. in 1821,
of Munich, 100 S. by E. of Berlin, 190 £. of Gas- 18,300. It returns a member to the parliament
sell by way of Leii«ig, from which it is distant of the United Kingdom.
55 mues. See PUnitt and Saxtmy. Dnriiwieh, a borough in Worcestershire. Here
DrenXy a town of France, in the department of are famous salt springs, which were in great celeb-
Euro and L<nre, with a considerable manufacture rity at the period ofthe Norman conquest ; from
of cloth for the armv. It is seated on the river these is made much peculiarly fine white salt.
Blaise, at the foot or a mountain, 48 m. W. by 8. It is seated on the Salwarp, 7 m. N. N. £. of
of Paris. It was burnt by Hen. II. of England, Worcester, and 116 W. N. W. of London. It is
in 1186, taken bv Hen. V. in 1421, and is further connected with the river Severn by a canal, 7 m.
celebrated for a battle fbught in its neighbourhood, in length, and the Birmingham and Worcester
on the 18th of December 1562, between the army canal runs at a short distance, and by this means
ofthe King of France and the protestants under the salt is distributed over all parts of the king-
the Prince of Conde, when the latter were defeat- dom. Droitwich is divided into four parishes,
ed. It surrendered to Hen. IV. of France in and returns two members to parliament. Pop. in
1593, and is now the seat of a pieieetf with a pop. 1821 , 2,176.
of 6,032 in 1825. Drome, a Department of France, takes its ap-
DrewsvilUf v. Cheshire Go. N. H. included nellation fh>m tne river DroMe, wfaMsh crosses it,
in Walpole. ootrnded by the department of the Upper Alps,
Driegoif a town of Brandenburg, in the New Lower Alps, and Vauoluse ; the Rhone bounds
Mark, on an island,formed by the river Netze, near it on the west. The country is high, ftill of
the PoKsh frontier, 20 miles £. of Laadsberg. mountains and valleys; the s(ttl in many parti nn*
Drijfhor, t. Norway, in Drontheim ; 46 m. E, moduetive. Valence is the capiftai. Pop. 253,372.
Romsdal. Protestants, 34,00<^.
Drijftddf Cheat, t. Bn«., in the east Riding of JDyvsis, or Drfma, a r. of France, which rises
Torkniire, on a canal which joins the river Hum- near Valdrome, passes by Die, Pontaix, Saillaas,
ber; 23m.N.Ha11,3a£.TorV Long. 0. 20. W. Crest, Livron,&c., and fkUs into the Rhons about
lat 54. 6. N. Pop. 1,857. Here afe manulhc- 11 m. 8. Valence.
lures of woolen and cotton, both lately introduced, Dromo, a small island in the €h»daa Arehipel-
and a weekly market on Thursday. ago. Long. 24. £. lat. 39. 28. N.
Drighlingion, t. Eng., hi the W. Rtdfaig ef Dromore, a town and parish in the county of
ITorkshire ; 5 m. from Leeds. Fop. 1,355. Down, Ireland ; the town is a bishop's see. the
l>r{fo, a small island on the W. side ofthe gulf of palace of the prelate is a stately ed&ce. It is
Bothnia. Long. 17. 7. £. lat. 62. 28. N. 20 m. W. by N. of Downpatrick, and 6b N. of
DriUOy or Achates, r. Sicily, in the valley of Dublin, on the road to Belfhit Pop. of tiw tew»
DAU 9M DUB
in 19tl, 1^1, uid of the parish 13,709 more; pendente, occupying about 70 miles of coast from
theie is another parish and town of the same Baide the ancient Bidon, to Gebail or Djebail
name in the county of Tyrone. Pop. of the town Bairnt or Bemt (tehieh see) being their chief sta-
415. and of the parish 7,696. tion. Their number is estimated at about 120,
Dramort, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. 000, all the males being trained to arms. Their
Dranero. a town of Piedmont, at the foot of the language is the Arabic ; and they now appear to
Alps, on the ri^er Maira, 15 m. 8. S. W. of 8a- haye but little religion of any kind, praying indif
luAZo, and about the same distance W. by N. of ferently in Christian churches or Turlusn mosques.
Cvini. It contains 6 churches, and has a fine Dryourgf or Drihurgf a town in the Prussian
bridge across the riyer. Pop. about 6^500. States, seated near the source of a stream, falling
DrotUheimf the most northerly of the four great into the Weser, in the principality of Paderbom ;
diocesses of Norway, extending from the lat. of it b pleasantly located and distinguished for its
02. 5. to 05. 20. N. being about 80 miles in mean baths ; 10 m. £. of the town of Paderbom.
breadth; itisintersectedbyseyeral small streams, Drydm, p.t. Tomhins Co. N. T. Pop. 5^06.
and the coast is indented with numerous inlets 2)iiafies6iir^A,p.t. Schenectady Co. N. T. Pop
and bays, and flanked with numerous islands; 2,837.
although a dreary district, the industry of the is- Dublin^ a maritime and fertile county on the
habitants counteracts in a considerable degree E. coast of Ireland, being about 30 miles in ex-
the inhospitality of its position and climate. It treme length, and 13 in mean breadth. Its capital
is diyided into oO parishes containing a population a city of the same name is the capital of all Ire-
of about 250,000, haying considerably increased land, and in extent of population and architectu-
during the last and present century. The chief ral display is the second city of the British domin-
town of the same name is seated on a point of ions in Europe, but in other respects inferior to
land, formed by a deep inlet, about 40 m. from either Liyerpool, Manchester, Glasgow, or Edin-
the open sea^n the lat. of 63. 26. N. and 10. 22. burgh. For diyisions, extent of supeiri&ces, popu-
ofE. long., 253 m. N. £. of Bergen, about the lation, &c. of the county of Dublin. Bee Ireland
same distance due N. of Christiana, and 360 N. Dublin City^ the capital of Ireland, is seated on
W. of Stockholm. It was the residence of the the banks of the riyer Lifley, at its entrance into
ancient kings of Norway, and is now the princi- a bay of about 40 square miles in surface. The
pal trading town of the diocese, and exports a cit^ lies up the riyer, about a mile from the bay,
yery considerable Quantity of fir timber ana deals^ which is much more remarkable for its pictur-
some pitch, tar, peltry, &c. It is the residence of^ esque beauty on either side than for its nayigable
the bishop of the diocese ; the cathedral is a state- uses. This bay has been compared, rather idly,
ly edifice ; the houses are mostly built of wood, by some person in the first instance, with that of^
but the streets are commodious, and in the sum- Naples ; and after him, still more icily, by a thou-
mer season this town is not an unpleasant resi- sand others. It forms a yast semicircular l>asin
dence. Pop. about 9,000. about eight miles in diameter, perilous from its
DroseiuUnf, a town of Austria, with an ancient shallows and breakers ; which are, howeyer, coun-
eaatle, seated on the Tcya, on the frontier of Mo- teracted by a long and massiye central mole run-
rayia, 10 m. N. of Horn. ning into it, with a lighthouse at its extremity,
DroMsoiy a town of Brandenburg, in the New ancT two piers on either side at its entrance. A
Mark, 14 m. 8. E. of Castrin. bold peninsular promontory, called the hill of
Drumf the name of two parishes in Ireland, one Howtn, shelters it on the north, haying a range
in the county of Mayo, and the other in Roscom- of lowlands (tom its base skirting the sea, luxuri-
mon ; there are also about thirty other parishes, antly wooded and varied, exhiDiting here and
and seyeral yillages in different parts or Ireland there, a church, a mansion, or a pretty yiUa:
beginning with Drumf such as Drumara, Drum- whilst, on the south, it b bordered, at a short dis-
bne, Drumcannon, &c. &c. tance, by the picturesque and beautiful range of
Drvmsnaf a town of Ireland, in the county of hills called the Wicklow mountains.
Lcitrim, seated on the E. bank of the Shannon, 4 Dublin resembles the cities to be met on the
m. S. £. of Carrick, and 73 from Dublin, it is continent much more than those of England, in
rather a neat town. Pop. in 1821, 606. . the frequentjuxtaposition of magnificence and
DruMnhemif a town of France in the depart- meanness, llie late Mx. Curran compared it to
ment of Lower Rhine, seated on the Motter, near a man with a new coat oyer a dingy under dress
the Rhine, 15 m. N. by E. of Strasburg. Its square area of about two miles and a half con-
Drusetf a community of people m Syria, tains more noble edifices, wretched habitations,
which had its origin in a ftnatical persecution and public charities, than will be found within the
of a caliph of Egypt, against the Mahomedans. same compass elsewhere. It is in form a rectan-
About the beginmng of the 11th century, the ca- gle, diyided by the riyer into two nearly equal
liph and his prophet (a natiye of Persia), both met parts. We wul suppose the spectator in the open
a yiolent death, and such of their disciples (the space called Collet-green, on the left bank ortho
Druses) as adhered to their tenets, fled for a rerage nyer and eastern side of the city. Looking east-
to the mountains ofLebanon,andAntilibanua; from ward, ho beholds the Bank of Ireland, formerly
whence they successiyehr made war affainat the the parliament house, on his left; and the ITniver-
Crusaders, the Sultans of'^Aleppo, the Alamelukes sity immediateljr facinff him, with a bronze eque»
and Turks ; they were efibctually subdued by Am- trian statue of king Wuliam between,
urath III. in 1d88, who imposed are^ar tribute The Bank of Ireland presents a noble, simple,
upon them^ appointing an emir or chief whom he and really classic mass of Grecian architecture,
inyested with executiye power, and held him re- Its principal front b a grand Ionic colonnade, 147
sponsible for the payment of the tribute. This feet long, resting on an eleyated plane, reached
organisation, howeyer, the Druses soon turned by a flight of steps.
against the Turks, with whom they haye since The front of the Uniyersity, at a right angle
been inyolyed in repeated conflicts with alter- with the Bank, is a long and florid Corintian la-
nate snccev ; they still nuuntain a nominal inde- ^de ; the central columns surmounted by a pedi-
DUB 965 DUB
ment, and the whole terminated by Corinthian groups, bj^ barristera, attorneys, and strangers,
Savilions, with coupled pilasters of the same pr- while business is proceeding in the several courts
er. An octagonal vestibulCi with the museum which are in the periphery of the hall. Return-
on the right, leads from the town into the first of ing on the same side, and descending with the
three squares, which is built of hewn stone, and river, Sackville-street, a spacious and even noble
contains three principal buildings ; — ^the chapel, avenue, opens on the left. At about half its
presenting a beautiful Corinthian colonnade, on length appears Nelson's pillar, a heavy column,
the left; tne theatre or examination-hall on the placed in Us centre, with a perversness of absur-
right, exactly corresponding ; and beyond this dity rarely seen to break a fine and complete view,
square, on the left hand, forming the smaller side The new Post-office, a fine building, with an
or a rectangle, with a simple pilastered front, the Ionic fluted portico surmounted bj^ a pediment
hallin which toe fellows and students of the whole and several allegorical figures, is in this street
university dine. The library, thou^rh inferior to immediately near Nelson's pillwP; and at the re-
to many others in the number of volumes, is one mote end another handsome mass of buildings,
of the most complete and precious in Europe ; comprises the Lying-in Hospital and Rotunds
containing rich materials of bibliography . It con- Assembly-rooms. A little further on are the
sbts of two compartments ', the ancient library of King's Inns, comprising the record-office and
the university, entered at one end, and present- prerogative court ; a recent edifice, with much of
ing a long and noble vista, with, on either side, architectural and well-executed sculptural oma-
a gallery and balustrade above. The books are ment. Having retraced his steps to the river, and
admiraluy arranged in stalls beneath. At the re- followed its course a f>hort way, the observer be-
mote end is a handsome pavilion, containing the holds the Custom-house, with its principal front
Fagel library, a gem in its kind, once the fvnilv nearly at the water's ed^e — its centre a Doric
library of the ragels. Grand Pensionaries of Hoi- portico, supporting an entablature and frieze rather
land, and purchased by the university. There is, too ornamental, with various allegorical groups
r'n, arcnbishop Usher's library, left by him to single figures, — and a noble dome, supported by
university, of which he was the founder, — columns and surmounted at its vertex by a colos-
containing many books noted and commented on sal statue of Hope, — ^placed there most inauspi-
with his own hand. There is, lastly, a collection ciously, — for all idea or customs or commerce has
of valuable, or at least curious^ manuscripts. Per- been abandoned even in expectancy, and the
sian, Arabic, Chinese, and Irish. Graduates of building receives another destination. Crossing
the university onlyj as in the Bodleian, have sf ain to the left bank or south side of the town,
the privilege of reading; but studious strangers the spectator should halt for a moment on Carlisle-
are admitted, upon a proper introduction to the bridge to view Sackville-street, — unfortunately
provost and ooard. Tne chapel and theatre were broken and disfigured by Nelson's pillar, but
Duilt from the designs of sir W. Chambers ; the adorned by its own breadth and elegance, — the
latter contains a monumental marble group in portico of'^the Post-office, and the Rotunda in the
memory of provost Baldwin, full of grace, senti- distance ; the south front of the Custom-house,
ment, and beauty ^and not sufficienUy apprecia- and a noble line of walled quays, over an innavi-
ted or known. There are also some mediocre gable river flowing into a bay without ships ;
portnuts, including one of Swift, in whom, by the Westmoreland-street, with on either side a por-
way, his Dublin alma mater could discover only tico of the bank and a pavilion of the university ;
ill nature and incapacity. The spectator returns and d'OIier-street, with the Dublin Library, and
to his former place, goes up Dame-street, and a view of the front of the new square of Trini-
meets at its extremity on the left hand the Royal ty-collegc. A little furthur on to the south is the
Exchange, on an elevated site, a quadrangle of tneatre, a handsome buildincr, and adapted to its
which the principal fagade presents a Corinthian purposes, built in 1821 by Mr. Henry Harris,
portico surmounted by Corinthian pilasters and a whose name is honourably associated with the
balustrade, over which is visible the summit of English drama.
the dome. The interior is a rotunda formed by There are in Dublin five squares ; thfte on the
twelve fluted Corinthian columns, and richly south and two on the north side of the river ; of
stuccoed. Immediately to the left is the Castle, which one, called Stephen 's-green, may be called
the residence of the vice-regal court. The upper msgnificent, from its space, ornament, and edifi-
castle-yard or court is aquulrangle^ with an ionic ces. The river is crossed by seven bridges within
structure crowned with a Corinthian tower and the city, all, with one exception, modern and well
cupola, from which the vice-reffal tttLg waves ; and built, and one of them of cast' iron. Sarah's
on the opposite side a colonnade leads to the vice- bridge, so called firom Sarah, countess of West-
regal apartments. In the lower chapel-yard is moreland, who laid the first stone in 1701, is about
observed a Gothic chapel built by a living archi- a mile above the city ; consisting of a single arch,
tect of Dublin : it is a very graceful specimen beautifully constructed and of very picturesque
of the pointed Gothic. effect.
Crossing the river to the north side, the Law Dublin is an archiepiscopal see, and is sin-
Courts present themselves; a noble edifice, ill- gular in the United Kingdom as having two ca-
placed on a low site, lookinfir immediately over thcdrals, both of which arc more interesting for
the river : it is a modem building, the first stone their antiquity and monumental associations than
having been laid by the duke of Rutland, lord for their archttccturc. St. Patrick*s cathedral,
lieutenant, in 178(5. The whole fa^de is 450 founded in 1190, but commenced in its present
feet, with a central portico of Corinthian columns form in 1370, is a Grotbie structure, beautiful only
surmounted by a pediment, and allegorical statues for its arched stuccoed ceiling ; and eontaining,
over these, — ^the wings connected in a ri^ht line among many other monument^ that of Jonathan
with the front by arched screen walls with areas Swift, dean of St. Patrick's, " one who loved
behind. The hall a circular area, lighted fronrthe virtue, liberty, and his country ; and here only re
top and surmounted by a dome with a mosaic ceil- leased from tne torture of his honest indignation."
inz, is paced round and round, or occupied in Christ-church cathedral, founded, it is stated.
34 Z
in 1038, but constructed sacceMivelir lome centu- Oudmrsiadiy a town of Gknaanjr, in the territory
ries later, is a. dilapidated Gothic edifice, contain- of Eichafeld, 16 miles £. of Gottingen. Pop. about
ing eome intereatinff monuments: amonff them 4,000.
which few are deserving of particular notice. St. place of antiquity, havincr the remains of a castle.
Andrew's is a yain and unfinished attempt ailer Duilt about the year 700 ; the neighbourhood
the church of the Botunda at Rome St. Wer- abounds in coal, iron, and limestone, and the town
burgh's exhibits the Ionic, Corinthian, and com- particinates largely in the manufacturea of the dis-
goaite, in itsfagade; and contains the remains, trict; naving about 20 establishments fo! the man-
ut not the monu^ient, of lord £dward Fitsge- ufacture of naila, anvils, yices, tracery, and other
raid. St. George's is a modern edifice^ with a heavy iron work; 10 other establishments for tiw
handsome Ionic fluted portico and a hght and manufiicture of fenders and fire irons, 5 glas«
lofty ateeple. houses, and two other establidmients for glass
There are in Dublin twenty Roman CJatholic cutting ; .3 malt and coffee mill makers, 20 malt
chapels. The metropolitan cha[>el, built by sub- in^ houses, Slc. &c. It has two churches, that
scriptiou, and begun in 1816, is in the beat taste, of St. Thomas, recentljr rebuilt, is a beautiful
— a large edifice, with a simple but majestic Doric structure with a lofty spire. The pop. which in
portico, resting on an elevated plane, approached 1801, was only 10j[07, and in 1811, 13,925| in
oy a flight of ^ps, and sustainmg a marble pedi- 1821 had increased to 18^1*
ment. The placea of worship for dissenting non- Xhidletfj a town in Worcester county, Maasa
catholic congregations are also very numerous, chusetts near the firontier of Connecticut, 20 m.
and exceed, m proportion, the number in any S. of Worcester. Pop. 2,155.
other part of the U nited Kingdom. There are Dujfd, a town of the Netherlands, a few m. N
about a hundred public hospitals, and other be- of Malines. Pop. about 3,000.
nevolent institutions and private associations, for Dviskwrsy a town of Prussia in Cleves.
the relief, protection, reformation, and education IhiJkt of York Idand, an island in the Pacific
of the poor. Ocean, discovered by commodore Bvron, in 1765,
Dublin contains one public and two lam sub- lyiuff N. of the Friendly islaada. Long. 172. 30.
scription libraries ; the Dublin Society, for pur- W. fat. 7. 56. S.
poses of science and art ; the royal irish acade- Duke qf York Island, an ialand in the Pacifir
my. and several others. Literature, however, in Ocean, lying between New Britian and New Ire
Duolin is rather an accessory accompliBhment land,HODamedby captain Carteret, in 1767. The
than a profession : there is no authorship, no pub- natives go entirely naked ; are stout, well made,
liebing trade. IThe university sends forth well and of a litfht copper colour; their hair ia woolly,
educated and disciplined generations, but does no but they (uess it with grease and powder, and
more : the junior fellows are occupied with the make it hang atraight. Their huts are made
^ crambre repetita" ol* public and private lectures, chiefly of bamboo, and placed under the shade of
and other academic duties, whilst the senior fel- cocoa-nut trees, with a fence before them, within
lows I've in opulence and learned ease. which the plantain, banana, jram, sugar-cane, &c
The medical and surgical schools are well sup- are cultivated. The island produces, besides the
plied with professors and all the other means of plants above-mentioned, betel-nuts, mangoes,
knowledge, — ^inuch frequented, and in high re- bread-fruit, and guavaa. Here are also dogs, Eogs,
pute. Several attempts have been made in Dub- poultry, and some spices. The nutmeg was seen
lin, but without success, to establiah a school of by captain Hunter, who anchored in Port Hunter
art : men conacious of their genius, or who have bay, in this island, in 1791. Long. 151. 20. £. lat
proved it, migrate to London. From these may 4:7. S.
be singled out, without distinguishing invidious- Duke*s County, in Massachusetts. See Martha's
'- the president of the royal academy in London Vineyard.
r. Shee,) and Mr. Mulready. Jhdas, a village of Wales in the isle of Angle-
The chief manufiictures of Dublin are, what are se^. 10 m. N. W. of Beaumaris. It stands on the
called Irish poplins, tabinets, silks, cottons, wool- Irish sea at the mouth of a river of the same name ;
ens, and hardware,— of which last the extent and is much frequented on account ofthe com and
does not at all equal the excellence. butter trade, and for fern-ashes and kelp. Pop.
Dublin occupies a square area of about 2 m. in 1821, 220.
and a half. It is distant 102 m. from Belfast. 95 */ lliere are several small rivers in difierent
from Waterford, 122 from Ijimerick, and 156 parts of Wales, named Dulas, and also a villaire
from Cork. Lat. 53. 21. N. Long. 6. 0. 15. W. m Herefordshire.
Pop. 200,000. Duidgno, a town of European Turkey , in Alba-
DuiUn, p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 70 m. fr. Bos- nia, seated at the mouth ^ the river fiioina, 15
ton. Pop. 1,218. Also towns in Huntington, m. S. W. of Scutari, leAtcA «m. Long. 18. 56. £
Bedford, Philadelphia and Montgomery Cos. Pa., lat. 42. 23. N. Pop. about 8,000.
Laurens Co. Geo. and Franklin Co. Ohio, DuLuk, a borou^ of Ireland, in the county of
Dubois, a county of Indiana. Pop. 1,774. Por Meath, formerly the aee of a bishop, but now an
tersville is the chief town. inconsiderable place. It is seated near the S.bank
DubT0,9, town of Russian Poland in the pro- ofthe river Boyne, 3 m. S. W. of Drogheda, and
vince of Volhynia, seated on the banks of a branch 21 N. by W. of Dublin. Pop. ofthe town in 1821,
of the Pnypiec, near the frontier of Galicia ; it 1,030, and ofthe parish 2,668 more,
was formerly celebrated for its great annual fair. Didkm, a town of the Prussian states, lying
It is 24 miles S. £. of Locko. Pop. about 6,500, about midway between the Rhine and the Maese
chiefly Jews. 20 m. N. by W. of Juliera. Pop. about 4,000. '
DuddingsUmf a pleasant village on the S. side Dull, an extensive parish in the highlands of
•f Edinburgh, Scotland. Scotland, in the county of Perth, about 30 m. in
w.
JMJM Wt DBm
length, by 13 broad ; it is inteneetad b^ the mili- three considerable riTere, abundant in salmeo
tary rou, from Sterling to Invemeas, it contains and trout, Wx. the Nith, Annan, and Esk, all run*
a viUaffe of the same name on the N. bank of ninjgr from the N. into Solway Frith, and is divid-
Lioch Tav. Pop. of the parish in 1601, 4,055, ed into 44 i>arishes, including four roval burghs,
and in 1821, 4.506. viz. Dumfries, Annan, Loohmaber, ana Sanquna
Dulmm^ a town of Westphalia, in the princi- A great part of this coun^ is mountainous, oyer-
palityof Munster, 14 m. S. W. of Munster. Pop. spmd with heath, well stocked with same, and
about 1,800. anbrdinir pasturage to numerous herds of sheep
Dui;9erUm^ a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with and black cattie, which are driven into England,
mtnufiMstureaofooarse woolen cloths and blankets, in great numbers; the Talleys watered by the
It is seated near the Ex, 20 m. S. of Minehead|and three rivers before mentioned ^ and the coast bor-
165 W. by S. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,027. dering on the Frith, are fertile both in pasture
Da/ioacA, a beautifully seouestered village in and tulage ; the mountains in the N. W. part of
Surry, 4 m. S. of London. It is &mous for a the county contain a bed of rich lead ore, yield*
coUefle, founded by Edward Alleyn a comedian, ing a small portion of silver ; coa and lime abound
called the college of God*s Gift , to which is at* over the greater part of the county, and on the
tached a gallery containing a beautiful collection English border both copper and iron have been
of paintings ; the village is seated in a vale. Pop. found ; the county also contains a vein of anti*
included with Camberwell, tokUk su. mony, and two nuneral springs. It htm no man.
Ditmaringf ti, town of the island of Borneo, ufactures of importance,
on the E. coast Long. 117. 90. £., lat. 2. 10. N. Dm^fries^ a royal burgh, and chief town of
Dumbartanf Caimty of, sometimes called Dun- the preceding county, seatea on the E. bank of
barton, formerly Lennox, formed a narrow strip the river Nttn, where that river forms the boun.
of territory between the lowlands and highlamu darv between the counties of Dumfries and
of Scotland, extending W. from near the Frith Kirkcudbright, and about 7 miles abovo its en-
of Forth, for about 25 miles to the mouth of the trance into Solway Frith. Dumfries is a port of
Clyde, and then N. for about 25 miles more be* entiT, but its external commerce is inoonsidera-
tween Loch Long and Loch Lomond, the mean ble (except coastwise) ; it derives its chief import
breadth not exceeding 5 miles ; the grand canal tanoe frtnn being the assixe town for the county
from the Clyde to the Forth runs along the E« o£ Kirkcudbright aa well as for Dumfries, and
part of the county, which is divided into 12 par^ from being the seat of the commissary and sher-
lahes : the prinoii»al towns and villages are Cum- iff court and of the Presbytery and Synod,
bemald ana Kirkintilloch in the £. part ; Kirk- while the agreeableness of its locality renders*
patrick, Killpatrick, Dumbarton, Caracross, Bon- it the focus m gaiety and foshion for idl the S.
nill, and Kumamock in the centre ; and Rose- W. part of Sfootland. It has 2 bridges over
ne«Ui, Row, Lup, and Aro^nharin the N. The the Nith, one of them anoient, the other modem
cotton mannftctnre is carried on in the central and elegant, 2 churches, a catholic chapel, and
part of the county, and illicit distillation in the N. 4 dissenting plaoee of worship. Its other publio
Oismbartomf the chief town of the preceding buildinn are the town house, guild-haU, infirm
county, is a royal burgh, seated on the n. bank, mary, house of correction and lunatic asylum ;
of the Clyde, at the junction of the Leven, the Dumfries is 38 m. W. N. W. of Carlisle, 75 S. W.
outlet of Loch Lomond ; on a point of land form- of Edinburgh, 79 S. S. E of Glaseow, and 80 £.
ed by the junction of the two rivers is a castle, N. E. of ^>rt Patrick. Pop. in fiOl, 7,288, and
occupying a very commanding position, and 1821,11,052. It is theplaoe of interment of Bums,
formerly deemed the key of the pasturage be- Dttaimer, t. Cooe CJo. N. H., 20 m. f r. Lancas-
tween toe lowlands on the W., as well as com- ter. Pop. 65.
mending the navigation of the Clyde. The Dun, a town of France, in the department of
town consists principally of one long street, in Mouse, on the river Mouse, 15 m. N. N. W. of
the form of a cresent, parallel with the Leven; Verdun.
over which is a handsome bridge of five arches. Dam le Aoi . a town of France, in the department
It has a handsome church, with a lofty spire of Cher,on tneriver Auron, 15 m. S. ofBouges.
erected at the close of the last century. Its prin- DmnamMtndBf a town of Russia, in the govern
eipal manofootnre is glass ; a portion of the in- ment of Riga. It formerly belonged to the duchy
hwitants are emploj^ed in the cotton manufao- of Courland, but was taken by the Swedes in
tore in connexion with Glasgow. It has a con- their wars with the Poles. In 1700 it was takes
venient port for small vessels, and a quay, but no by the Poles, and retaken the next year by
custom house, being included in the port of Charles XII. In 1710 it was taken by Peter the
Greenock. It is 12 miles W. N. W. of Glae- Great. It is situate at the mouth of the Dwina,
gow. Pop. in 1801, 2,541, and in 1821, 3.481. 15 m. N. W. of Riga, to which it is the outport,
MhrntooCf or Domboo^ a salt lake on the north and 20 N. of Mlttan. Long. 2a 41. £., lat 57. 5. N.
frontier of Boumou, in the interior of North Dumaiwr^kf a town of Rusria, in the govern*
Alriea, fr«m whence much salt is carried to ment of Viiepsk, seated on the E. bank of the
Agades and other parts of western Africa ; there Dwina, about 100 m. above Riga. The Rus-
ie a oenaidcnrable town of the same name on the siana formed extensive en^nchments near this
W. si^of the lake, which is S. of the Tropic plaee in 1812, but abandoned them on the ap-
of Cancer, in the long, of 21. 50. E. proaeh of the French towards Moscow. Pop.
JhaifnMf a county of the S. of Scotland, being about 6jD00.
about 66 miles in extreme length from E. to W., ZHmmt, p.t. Fayette Co. Pa.
and 30 in mean breadth its superficial area being Dimter, a town of Haddingtonshire, on the 8.
1^006 square miles ; it is bounded on the N. by the E. coast of Scotland, seated on the shore of a
counties of Ayr, Lanark, Peebles, Selkirk, and bay opening in the Getman Ocean, the har-
Roxburg, and E. S. E. bv the English border, W. hour, defon£Nl by a battery, is difficult of accea»,
8. W. Iby Kirkeudbrighlshire, and S. by the but safo and commodious when attained. It is
Solway Frith : is intersected from N. to S. by a port of entry, but its foreign oommeroe is iA>
DUM 966 DUfI
eonsiderable ; it has a jard for gkip-biiildinfip, a last time it soared from such cause wu in the
ropery, aoap work, one or two iron foundenev; time of Cromwell, when rt was taken hy aaMioit
exports a considerable quantity of com to the and ^iven up to pilla^ by the troops under gen-
London market, and the inhabitants in the sea- eral Monk, who shared Js60 a man from the booty
son pursue the herring fishery with much indus- they obtained. It is 22 m. £. of Perth, and 42
try. Here was anciently a castle, now in ruins, N. £. of Edinburgrh. Lat. 56. 27. N. and 3. 3. o!
which stood on a rock^ and before the use of W. long. Pop. in 1801, 26,064, and in 1821,
artillery, was deemed mipregnable. Under the 30,575.
rock are two natural aichM, Sirough which the Dundanaldf a yilla|^ S. of Iryine, in Ayrshire,
tide ftows ; and between the harbour and the cas- Scotland, abounding in excellent coal. The cot-
tie, is a stratum of yast basaltic columns of red ton manufacture is also carried on in the yillages.
stone, interspersed with yeins of jasper. Dun- Pop. in 1801, 1,240, and in 1821, 2,482.
bar is distinguished in yarious periods of Scot- Dunfermline, a royal burgh of Scotland, in
tish history through seyeral centuries, and was Fifeshire, seated near the S. W. extremity of the
formerly (feemed m much greater importance th'an county about 3 m. from the north shore of vhv
at present. It was created a royal burgh about Frith of Forth. It is celebrated for its once mag
the middle of the 14th century. The parish ex- nificent abbey, which fell a prey to the pltknder
tends for about 9 m. along the coast, and in 1801 ing army of Edward I. , and as the place of inter-
contained a pop. of 3,951, and in 1821^,272. It ment of Malcolm Canmore, the rounder of the
is 27 m. E of Edinburgh, and 29 N. W. of Ber- abbey ; 7 other Scottish monarchs, 5 queens, and
wick on Tweed. Lat. 56. N. and 2. 30. of W. seyeral of the most eminent persons who figure
lonff. in the Scottish history. Dunfermline has been
DvnharUm^ p.t Merrimack Co. N. H. 65 m. fr. celebrated in latter times fbr its extensiye manu-
Boston. Pop. 1,067. facture of fine linen, and still ranks amon|[ the
DunJUane, or DumHane, a town of Scotland in most important manufacturing towns of Scotland.
Perthshire, formerly a bishop's see. with a mag- The town is well built on an eminence, and com-
nificent cathedral ', it is 6 m. M. of Stirling. Pop. mands some beautiful prospects of the surround-
in 1821, 3,135. ing country; its public buildings consists of a
Dunean^y. or Dungisby Head, the extreme N. town house, an elegant guildhall, &c. It is 17
E. point of Great BrHain, in the lat of 58. 40. m. W. of Edinburgh. Pop. in 1801, 9,960, and in
N. and 3. 8. of W. long. 1821, 13,681.
DuHcanoillef p.y. Barnwell Dis. S. C. Dungamum, a town of Ireland, in the S. E
DmukuTck, a yillage in Warwickshire, Eng. 80 part ot the county of Tyrone. It returns a mem
m. N. W. of London on the mail coach roiul to ber to the parliament of the United Kins
Liyerpool and to Holyhead, by Birmingham, dom. It is 11 m. N. by W. of Armagh, and fz
I which makes it a place of grreat intercourse ; it from Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 3,243.
deriyes its name from its situation on the border Dungarwm, a town of Ireland, seated at the
of what was formerly an extensiye heath, called head of a bay, in the county of Waterfbrd ; al-
Dunamore heath, celebrated for a legendary tale though the harbour is w& and conyenient, it is
of a cow of enormous size, which roamed upon it. not a port of entry, its principal trade consists of
Dundaik, a parish and town on the £. coast of potatoes and fish, for tne Dunlin market. It re-
Ireland, in the county of Louth, and of which it turns a member to the parliament of the United
is the assixe and chief town. The town is seated BUngdom, and is frequented in the summer sea-
at the mouth of a small river, falling into a bay of son for sea bathiuff ; the principal object of the
the same name. It participates lar^ly in the town is the ruin 3[ an ancient castle, 17 m. W.
linen manufacture, and is distinguished for a by S. of Waterford, in the lat of 52. 2. N. and 7.
manufaeturo of fine cambrics, established in ^. of W. long. Pop. in 1821,5,105.
1737. It has a custom house, and an elegant Dung^eness. a celebrated promontory forming
town hall, and other public buildings. Pop. in the S. £!. pomt of the county of Kent, Eng. at
1821, 9,25<6, and the parish 3,096 more. It is 18 tiie entrance into the straits of Doyer ; the ught-
m. N. of Drogheda, and 12 S. of Newry. It re- house is in the lat. of 50. 56. 1. N. and 0. 57. 48.
turns a memwr to the parliament of the United of E. long.
Kingdom. Dmikdi, a town of the highlands of Scotland.
IHiniiee, a seaport of Scotland, seated at the S. seated on the N. bank of the riyer Tay, in a de-
extremiU of Angus, or Forfarshire, on the N. lightflilly romantic part of the county of Perth. —
shore of'^ the Frith of Tay, which forms a con- It was the capital of ancient Caledonia; and
yentent and commodious harbour fbr ships of at an early period a Pictish king founded here a
large burthen. »r— * ^- i?ji-v — »_ __j /-.i__ . — ^^ u %. ^ . j, ._
gow, Dundee
eommeroial to
its extensiye coasting trade, it imports a large choir of the cathedral is still entire, and senres
anantity of flax and other products direct from for the parish church. At a more recent period
lie Baltic, and employs seyeral ships in the it was much frequented as a place of fashionable
€^reenland whale fishery. Its manufkctures con- retreat, and for obtaining goat's whey ; but this
sist of sail-cloth, cotton, bagging, osnaburgs practice has ceased. The town and surrounding
-_j ..1...1. i: /..u_. j„, J . ,. .. .. «. .. ^le,ashiB
conyert-
« . , ^ -- own
the public buildings are a town house, trades hall, immediate profit and gratification; hero is an
infirmary, ophan and lunatic asylum, 3 churohes, elegant bridge of 7 arohes oyer the Tay. Dun-
and a theatre. Dundee was erected into a royal held is the chief market town of the highlands
burgh in 1165, and has been exposed to the repeat- it is 15 miles N. of Perth, on the line of ue mill-
ed rayages of the contending parties which tary road to fort Augustus and Inyemess. Poo
haye prtyailed in Scotland since that period; the in 1821, 1,864.
DVJH M Dum
Ihmkmd^ « towitthip in Gneae Co. Pa. It u 33 milei N. N. W of London. Pop. in 1891
ihmkirkf a naport of Fnace, in ihe depart- 1,831.
meat cKf Nord. It was taken fVom the Spamarda • DunstaUe, p.t. HillaboroQgh Co. N. H. on the
hr the Enfliah and Frenoh in 1666, and pnt into Merrimack, 34 m. from Boatun. Pop. 2,417.
tfte hands of the English, hnt aold to t^ Freneh IhautabU, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 25 m. N.
by Charles II. in 1663 Louis XIV. made it W. of Boston. Pop. 593. Also a township in
one of the best fortified -porta in the kingdom ; Lycoming Co. Pa.
but all the works are demolished, and the iiasins IhmMmtmlUf p.v. Edgefield Dis. S. C.
filled npy in eonse^oence of the treaty of Utrecht, Dmuta/iuure, a csstle of Scotland in Argyle-
itt 1713. The French afterwards resumed the shire, one of the first seats of the Pietish and
works ; hot they were ordered to be demolished Scottish monarchs. Here was lonff preserved the
at the peace of 1763. They coatinaed thns till famous stone, used as the coronation seat of the
the peaee ef 1783, when the works were again Scottish monarchs, which was removed to Scone
resumed; and the next year it was declared a byKenneth II. ^ and thence by Edward I., m
ftee port. Hie English atlempled to besiege this 1896, to Westminster abbey, where it now re-
Cie in 1793, but were obliged to retire with mains as an appendage to the coronation chair.
. Dunkirk is divided into the old and new Some of the ancient regalia still continue in the
town,b well built, has a SMcious market place, castle ; and near it ia a small roofless chapel, of
and an elegant modem buut ehureh ; as a sea- elegant architecture, where several of the kings
port it is now hot of little note. It b the seat of Scotland are said to be interred. It stands on
of a prefiMt, and in 1625 contained a population a promontory, almost insulated, at the entrance
of 23/112; 16 m. £. by N. of Calais. oflLoch Etive, 24 m. N. W. of Inverary .
IhaUtirkf p.v. Kim and Queen Co. Va. Dmufer, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. It
Dunla^fnuUj, p.v. Union Co. Indiana. has a eastle, on a steep knoll ; and al one comer
Dmdmnf See Mmgaknoti. of the terrace is aa ancient turret, supposed to be
JhiWBisifl a coruuiale town in Essex, Eng. It part of the original castle, built in the time of
is seated on a hill, 13 m. N. N. W. of Chefans* William I. A priory stood on the N. W. side of
ftird,aad 36 N. E. of London. Pop. in 1821, the castle, pert of which now serves ibr the parish
S^MO. church. It stands on the edge of a vale, near
JhammOf LMU^ a village 2 miles from Dun- the Bristol channel, 20 m. N. W. of Taunton,
mow. It hadonee a monaaterv, bailt in 1103, and 161 W. of London. Pop. 895.
and part of the prkiry now forms the parish Dunwiek, a borough in Sufiblk, Eng. It was
chnrea. This plaee is nmons (or the tenure of formerly a bishop's see, and had many churches
its aaaner ; namely, that whatever married oouple which have been swallowed up by the sea. The
win go to the priory, and swear they have not remains of two churches and a palace are the on-
repented of their mamage, within a year and a ly marks left of its former greatness. It is seated
day after it took place, shall receive a flitch of at the too of a loose clifir2rmilef S. of Yarmouth,
bseon. and 100 N. of London ; it returns 2 members to
Dwuui Hmi^ an extensive promontorr of parliament Pop. in 1821, 200.
Sootfamd, ia the oounty of Caithness. Its N. ex- */ There are numerous other towns and villas
tremi^, m the Pentkad frith, is the moot north- gee in England, the names of which begin with
em point of Chreat Britain. Long. 3. 29. W. I>iiji, a Saxon word suniifying a down or level
lat. 58. 42. N. it gives name to a bajr on the place, or country. Tliere are also a number
west ; on the B. shore of which is a village of more in Ireland, and Scotland, but none that
the aaaae name. See Jkmrto, merit any particular mention.
XHamose, a cape in the English ehannel, on Dii^ltii, an interior oounty in the 8. £. part of
theS. E. aide of the Isle of Wight Long.l. 12. the stote of North Carolina, watered by the N. E.
W. lat 60. 37. N. braneh of cue Fear river. Pop. 11,373. Kenans-
JDimiif6iiry, p.T. Lyeoming Co. Pa. ville is the chief town.
Dimje, a town of Bcotland, the laigeat in Ber- DmprtumUAj Northampton Co. Va.
wieksbire. Here is a woolen manufteture, and a DuqudLa, r province or Morocco, about 80 m.
eelebrated minerel well, similar to that of Turn- long and 60 bioad, exceedingly fbrtUe inoomand
bridge in England. It is situate under a hill, paa&ire.
near the river Whiteadder, 14 m. W. of Berwick, Jhgnme^, a river in the S. E. of France, which
and 40 £. 8. E. ^Edinbiugh ; it is distinguish- is fimned near Brianoon, of the rivulets Dure and
ed aa the birth place of Jtanmu Dmu Seotmt^ in Ance, and flows by Embmn, Tattard, Sisleron,
1274. Pop. in 1821, 3,773. Monsoque, Cavaillon, and Avignon, into the
AmmuMM. or Dmuuume. a hill, 6 miles N. E. Rhone,
of Perth, in Scotland, 1 j024 feet above the level of Dunrngo, a town of Spain, in Biscay, 14 m. 8.
the eea; immortaliied by Shakspeare, in hia E. of Bilbao,
drsma of Macbeth. i>Miaiige, one of the 15 new divisiona of Mezi-
JPiwatoMi^ a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It is oo, extended fimn the lat of 24. to 32. N. compri-
of great antiquity, having been nuned by the sing the greater portion of the late province of
Dues, and restored by Henry I., who made it a New*Biaeay , intersected from 8. to N. by the
borough, butno memben were ever sent to par- main ridge of the Andee. Its superficial area is
liament The ehureh is the remainder of a prio- computed al 129,247 aquare miles, and ia 1808
Tw, and oppooite to it ia a frrm house, once a roy- eootained a population of 162,700. The chief
al palaoe. Dunstable oonsista principally of one town of the same name, is seated near the 8. end
long strset, and ia celebrated for ite manufoeturee of the nrovinee in the lat of 24. 10. N. and 104.
of straw for bonnets, Ae. It is seated on the of WJong. at an elevi^n of 6JB54 foot above the
verge ef a range of chalk hilb, which extend level of the eea. It is about 620 milee N. W. of
across the counties of Bedford, Buckingham, and the city of Mexieo Pop. about IJiOOO.
Oxford ; and large quantitiea of larks, are eanght Dnrncae, a town of Eureasan TiBkey, capital
is ite vicinity, and aent to the Londoa marMt of Albania, and.a Greek areabishop's aee. It haa
s2
DUR 270 DUX
a rained fortrera, and a ffood harbour on the ffulf an eminence 80 feet above the aurfaoe of the river;
of Venice, 50 m. N. of Alvona. Long. 19. 3d. E. the principal tower ia 214 feet in height. Beaidea
lat. 41. 25. N. Pop. about 5,000. the cathearal there are six other chorchee, three
Durbungaf a town of Hindooetan, in Bahar, of them fine edifices, two Roman cathotic, and
near the Gogary, 50 m. N. £. of Patna. aeverai dieaenting places of worship. Durham
Durbuyf a town of the Netherlands, in Luzem- has also a stately castle, founded by William the
burg, seated on the Ourthe, 25 m. S. hy W. of Norman, now the bishop's palace, and several
Liege, and about the same distance E. hy S. of public buildings more immediately belonging to
Namur. the city; whue the goal, house of correction,
Duren, or Deuren, a town of the Prussian states courts and governor's house for county purposes,
of the Rhinej on the E. bank of the Roer, in the have all been recently rebuilt in a hanmome
duchy of Juliers, 15 m. E. of Aix-la-Chapelle. style. There are three bridges over the river;
Pop. about 4,700. and on the whole, the city orDurham presents a
Durham, a maritime county, on the N. £. coast very intCTesting and imposing aspect and is cele-
of 'Enffland, bounded on the S. and S. W. by the brated in several pages of English history. It te-
riverTees, which divides it from Yorkshire; the tnrbs two members to parhament; market on
western extremity of the county jets upon West- Thursday ; it has no manufacture of importanee.
moreland and Cumberland, and the nvers Der- Pop. in 1801, 7,530, and in 1821, 9,822.
went and TVne divide it from Northumberland Durham, p.t. Strafibrd Co. N. H. 11 m. fr.
on the N. ; tne line oi the coast from the mouth Portsmouth. Pop. 1,606. Also a p.t Cumber
of the Tees to the Tyne, is about 32 miles, but land Co. Me. Pop. 1,731. Also a p.t Middlesex
in its extreme extent from N. to S. the distance Co. Conn. Pop. 1,116. Also a p.t Green Co. N
is 36 miles, and from E. to W. about 40 miles; T. Pop. 3,0^. AhK> a township of Bucks Co.
being, however of a triangular form, its superfi- Pa.
oial area does not exceed 1 ,061 square miles. All Durkheim, a town of Germany, in the palati-
the W. part of the county is mountainous, some nate of the Rhine ; sealed on the river Hardt, 17
of the pe«kB rising upwards of 2,000 feet above m. S. W. of Worms.
the level of the sea: nom these mountains rises Durkheim,OT Tkarkhdm. a town of France, in
the river Wear, which by its circuitous course the department of Upper Rnine, where the French
and collateral streams, waters all the interior ^nea a victory over the Anatriani in 1675. It
parts of the county. The chief characteristic of is 4 m. N. W. of Colmar.
this county, is the coal mines, which yield about -Durlaeh, a town Suabia, capital of Baden-Dur-
two million tons annually, chiefly for the supply lach, with a castle. It was formerly the seat of
of London, and the E. and S. £. parts of Eng- government of the grand Duke or Baden, who
land. The river and coasts abound in salmon transferred his reei&nce to Carlshrue, since the
and olher excellent fish, while the £. and S. £. peace of 1814. Here are mannfkctures of porce-
parts of' the county yield a surplus of agricultural lain, cloth, and stufi. It is seated on the Giee-
produce, both in grain and cattle : it owns also a sen, 15 miles N. N. £. of Baden. Long. 8. 95w
considerable extent of shipping, employed chiefly E., lat 48. 58. N. Pop. about 8,000.
in the conveyance of its coal, the value of which, Dursley, a corporate town in Gloucestershire,
including the freight and its supply of agricul* Eng. In 1821 it had 3 establishments for draw-
tural pnrauce, toother with some lead, iron, and in^ of wire, 4 for the manufacture of cardinff ma-
mill-^nes, constitute an exchangeable amount, chines, and 4 for the manufkcture of woolen clothR
exceeding jSl/)00,000 per annum. The principal it had formerly a cattle. It is 13 m. 8. W. of
towns besides the capital of the same name, are Gloucester, 20 W. of Cirencester, and 108 firmn
Stockton, Darlington, and Bernard castle, on the London, rop. in J 821, 3,186.
N. bank of the Tees; Gateshead, and South DiertaZ, a town of France, in the department
Shields on the S. bank of the Tyne ; Monk Wear- of Mayenne and Loire. Tlie chief trade is tan-
mouth. Bishop's Wcarmouth, and Sunderland, ning. It is 16 m. N. E. of Angen.
at the mouth of the Wear ; Bishop's Auckland, Dudeu Bay, a ba^ on the 8. W. coast of New
Chester-le-Street, 6u^. in the interior. Zealand, in the Pacific Ocean. The country here
Durham City, the chief place, and capital of is steep, and the hills near the sea-side are cover-
the preceding county, is seated on the banks of ed witn intricate and impenetrable forests. Abun-
the river Wear, about the centre of the county, dance of excellent refreshments are found here
on the line of the great high road from London and it contains several coves and harboun. Long
to Edinbur^, 10 miles from the sea in a direct 166. 18. E., lat. 45. 47. 8.
line-, about sM) from the mouth of the Wear by Z>iiM«/dorf, a strong city of Westphalia, capital
the course of the stream, 14 from tlie Tyne at of the duchy of Berg. Contiguous to the puace
Newcastle, 19 from the Tees at Darlington, 242 is a celebrated gallery of iMintaings. Dusswdorf
in a meridional line, and 235 by the line of road was taken by the French in 1795. It is seated tm
N. bv W. of London. It was created a bishop's the river Dussel, near the Rhine, 25 m. 8. of W es-
ses, by a king of Northumberland prior to the sel. It was included in the sessions to P'ussia m
oonauest, who out of devotion conferred the 1815, and is now the capital of a cire.X: with
whole county of Durham upon St. Cuthbert, a about 356,000 inhabitants : that of the town about
monk of Landisfiime, its fint bishop, and his sue- 20,000. Long. 6. 40. £., lat 51. 12. N.
eessora for ever. This frant was confirmed by Dutchess, a county of N. T., extending.for 45
William the Norman Conqueror, who constitu- m. along the E. bank of the Hudson river, and 22
ted it a principality, or county palatine ; hence in breadth. Pooghkeepsie, the chief town, seat-
the county tr sometimes designated the principal- ed near the banks of the river, is 60 m. N. of the
ity of Durham ; and the revenue of the see lus- city of N. T.,and 73 S. of Albany. Pop. 50^26.
tues the appellation, it being the richest in Eng- DutUm, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. rop.
land. The cathedral was founded towards the 652.
dose of the 11th oentury, and is a magnificent ed- Duxbury, i. Washington Co. Vt Pop. 658.
ifioe, upwards of 400 fret in length, seated on Das^ury, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth
JfiAS 971 EAT
connty. on the W ihore of Musadhugettt bay, irms S. by W. to Vitepsk, then W. N. W. paet
with a nirbonr for small veesels. end a light-house Polotsk and Dunaboarff, dividing the ancient
at the 8. extremity of the beacn. It is situate S. province of Livonia on the N., from Samigalia on
by E. of Plymouth, 3 m. across Plymouth bay. the S.. and after a course of^ 450 m. in a men-
Pop. 2,705. dional line, and upwards of 000 by the course of
Dutftimrgf a fortified town of Westphalia, in the stream, falb into the gulf of Riga at Duna-
the duchy of Cleves, with a Calvinist university, maunde, a few miles below the city of Riga.
It has a considerable trade with Holland, and is Difberry, a townshijp of Wayne Co. Pa.
seated on the Roer, near the Rhine, 12 m. S. by i>yer, a county of West Tennessee. Pop. 1^904.
E. of Wesel. Dyersburgh is the capital.
Dttyfz. a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Difnapoor, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in ,
Berg, with a Benedictine abbey. It is inhabited Bahar, near which is a diamond mine. It is seat-
chiefly by Jews, and seated on the Rhine, oppo- ed on the Ganges, 10 m. W. of Patna.
site Cologne. Dysartf a borough of Scotland, in Ftfeshire,
Duyvdandf one of the islands of Zealand, in with a good harbour. It has a considerable trade
Holbnd, E. of Schowen, from which it is separa* in coal, a salt work, a manufactture of checks, and
ted by a narrow channel. some employ in building ships. The number of
Dwima, a river of Russia, which runs from S. to in*****'**"** in tne borough in 1821, was 1,658, and
N. into the White Sea, at Archangel. of the parish 4871 morS. It is seated on the N.
DaotiM, another river of Russia, which iMues shore of the frith of Forth, 16 m.N. by £. of Ed-
from two lakes, one in the government of Twer, inborgh, and 20 S. W. of St Andrews
and the other in the government of Pskov,
E
EAGLE, a township (^Hocking Co. Ohio. place (Presort for bathing. Near it is a chaly*
MiugUtfhmm, a viUue of SootlaDd. in Renfrew- beale spring. In 1707 a tessellated pavement
shire, 9 m. 8. W. or Glasgow. It nas bleaching- and a Roman bath were discovered here. It is
grounds, and a considerable cotton manufacture, seated near Beachy Head, in the English channel
Pop. in 1821, 1,027. 15 m. E. S. £. of Lewes, and 61 S. S. E. of
Ea^snUUf v. in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and London. Pop. in 1821,2,607.
Marengo Co. Alabama. Eatt Cs/ia, the most eastern extremity of Asia,
Eating, with Ofd Brentford, a village in Mid- on the W. side of Behrinff*s strait, nearly opposite
dieses, having a great number of private schools Prince of Wales Cape on the continent or America,
for the education of theyouths of the metropolis. Long. 92. 20. E. lat. 59. 17. N.
Pop. of the parish in 18Sll, 6,606. See Brentford. East Chester, p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. Pop
Emoewe, one of the Friendly islands, in the 1,300.
Pacific Ocean, discovered by Tasman in 1643, East GreemwUk, p.t. Kent Co. R. I. Pop
and by him named Middlebnrgh. The land gent- 1,591.
ly rises to a considerable height, presenting a beau- £«( Auidam, p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn. Pop.
ttfhl prospect of extensive meanows, adorned with 2,763.
tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. East Hampton, p.t. Hampshirer Co. Mass. Pop.
Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 21. 24. 8. 734.
EaH, townships in Budu Co. and Lancaster East Hartford, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop.
Co. Pa. 3,373.
EaHston, a town of Scotland, in Berwickshire. East flisven, township, Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 33.
Near it, on a rocky bank, stands Cowdenknows. East Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. a, H.
an old building, now somewhat modemind ; and Pop. 442.
on the adjeoent knolls may be seen, the remains iast Manor, a township (^Lancaster Co. Fa.
of its Broom, so renowned Scottish ditty . Earls- East ^antsmUe, a township in Chester Co. Pa
ton is seated on the river Leader ; 35 m. S. E. of East Sudhiry, p.t Middlesex Co. Mass-Pop. 944.
Edinborgh. East Windsor, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop.
- — See Erne, 3,537.
Easdale, a small island of Scotland, near the EojCon, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. Pop. 1,766.
crastof Argyleshire, to the 8. E. of Mull, cele- EojCon, p.t. Wsshinzton Co. N. T. Pop. 3,753.
brated for its slate qoarries, which abound £bj(o», p.t. Talbot Co. Maryland,
throughout the whole island : it is also traversed EojCon, p.t. Northampton Co. Pa. It is seated
in many places with basaltic veins and thin layers on the Delaware immeoiately above the Lehigh,
o^onartaose and calcareous stones. and is a handsome town regularly laid out, with a
Easenkail, a village in the parbh of Monks large straare in the centre. There are two bridges
Kirby, Warwickshire, seated near the river Avon, across the Delaware and Lehigh. The Delaware.
4 m.N. by W. of Rugby ; the line of canal firom Morris and Lehish canals umte at this point, ana
London to Manchester and Liverpool passes afiTord it remarkable facilities for trade,
throng the hamlet. Essloion, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Easingwdd^ town in the North Riding of York* EasimUe, p.v. Northampton Co. Va.
shire, Eng. with a great trade in bacon and but- Eastwoo^ord, p.v. Union District. 8. C.
ter. It is 13 m. N. N. W. of York, and 208 N. JEs<on, p.t. Strafibrd Co. N. H. Pop. 1,439
by W. of London. Pop. 1881,1,912. Eslon, p.t. Madison Co. N. T. Fop. 3,568
EastboKm, a town in Sussex, Eng. noted for Also townships in Luaeme Co. Pa. and Plrtbto
plenty of the birds called wheatears, and as a Co. Ohio.
EBR 2n
EddtfviUt, p.T. Caldwell Co. Kentucky. oerertl Idande off its mouth, and » oumI nmf par-
EataniaHf p.t, Patnam Co. Geo. allel with it through Amgon, need more for ir-
EaUmUnnif a village of Monmoath Co. N. J. ligation than nangation. The iiTer ia but little
Ebentburg, p y. Cambria Co. Pa. need for naviffable pnrpoaee, on acconnt of iti
Easter Biandf an isle in the Pacific Ocean, numeroua shpala and rapida.
12 leagues in circoit. It has a hilly and stony EeeUs^z. parish of Laircaahire,£ii|r. cooaisting
surface; is naturally barren, and affords neither of five townships on the W. side ofManoheatsry
safe anchorage, fresh water, nor wood for fViel. (wAtdk aU\. Pop. in 1821, 8S,331.
Rats are the only qoadrnpeds, and there are but Ecde$aU BUrlato, a township in the parish of,
few birds. Tlie natives are industrious, and nlant and contiguous to Sheffield, £ng. on the 8. W.
paper-mulberries and bananas^ with re^ar nelds side. Pop. in 1801, 5^368, and in 1881, 9413. Sm
of potatoes and yams. This island was seen by Sk^JiM,
Davis in 1686 ; it was visited by Roggewein in EetUffiM^ a town and parish 6 m. N. of 8hef*
1722, and by Cook in 1774. Long. 109. 57. W., field, the town in 1821 c6ntained 7^163 inhahitants,
lat. 27. 6. S. and the remainder of the parish 6,333 move. Sm
Eagtport, p.t. Washins^n Co. Me. the most SkepM.
eastern point of the United states of America. Eedafeekan, a town of Beotland, in Dvmfrie-
The town is situated on Moose island, hi Passam»- shire, noted for iti great montUy market for cat-
quoddy bay, and b fkvourably placed for earryiiuf tie, 5 m. N. of Annan, and IST E. of Oomfiriea.
on an extensive traffic, up the Passamaq;noddy , and Pop.* about 600.
other rivers foiling into the bav of Fundy. Lat. EkeUshaUf a parish and town in Staffiwdshive,
44. 43. N. and 10. 5. or about 530 sUtute m. in a Eng. The bishop of Litchfield and Cofentiy
meridional line N. E. of Washington, in the Long, has a castle here. It is seated on the river Sow,
of 66. 49. W. of Gteenwich. Fop. 2,450. 7 m. N. W. of Staffoid and 148 of London. The
Eattotmest^ a cape of England, on the coast of parish consists of 21 small townships ;• the total
Suffolk, forming the N. pomt of Southwold bay. nop. in 1821, 4,827, of which the town contained
Eastwood, a parish of Renfirewshire, Scotland, 1,254.
seateil on tne border of Lanarkshire, participat- Eedesiastieal Stats, or States ((ftka Charek, Bee
ing largely in the cotton mannfiusture. Pop. in Popedom, and Rome,
1821, 5,676. Et^oeofKM, p.t Crawfotd Co. Geo.
Eium Soeon, a town in Bedfordshire England, EdUeimadij a town of the Netheriands, in Lux
united with St. Neots, in Huntingdonshire by a emburg, on the river Soar, surrounded lij moon*
handsome bridge over the river Oiue, 55 m. N. of tains, 18 m. N. E. of Luxemburg.
London. Pop. of Eaton in 1821,2,039, and of £et;a, an episcopal and populous town of Spain.
St. Neon, 1,255. in Andalusia, with manunctures of leather and
Eause, a town of France, in the department of shoes, and a trade in wool and hemp. It is ssated
Gers, 17 m. S. W. of Condom. Pop. 3,350. on the Xenil, 62 m. £. N. E. of Seville.
Ebdtoft, a town of Denmark, in Jutland, with a E^kardsberg, a town and castle of Upper Sazo-
good harbour, on a bay of the Cattegat, In. m. N. ny, in Thuringia, 10 m. S. W. of Namnborg.
E. of Aarhus. Eekemfbrde, a seaport of Denmark, InBonth
E^nezer'f a town of Effingham county in Geo. Jutland, on a bay of the Baltio. Near the town
situate on the Savannah 25 m. N. N. W. of 8a- in a freeh-water lake, whoeh is connected with
vannah. the bay. It is 14 m. N. W. of Kiel m fiolslein.
EbenfitrAf a town of Austria, on the LeyU, 22 Long. 10. 1. W., lat. 64. 83. N.
m. S. of Vienna. EdhmtAI, a small town ef Bavaria, near to which
JSfterfodk. a town of Germany, hi the Lower Bonaparte defeated the Aostrians in Am. 1809 :
Riiine, witn a Cistsrtian abbey ; seated on the it is 13 m. S. bvE. of Ratisbon, and moat the
Neckar^ll m. £. by N. of Hiedelberg, now in- same distance W. of Stranbing 8. of the Danube,
winded m the territorv of Baden. Economy, a beautiful little village in Beaver
XAerma$utadt, a town of Franconia, in the prin- Co. Pa. on the Ohio, a finr m. bMOw Pittsburg.
eipallt}r of Bamberg, on the Wisent, near its en- It is inhabited oMy by the sect of Hannoniets
trance into the Re£utx, 13 m. S. 8. E. of Bam- under the celebrated Rapp. The viUage ia regu-
beiff. larly laid out with wide and rsetangnlar straets.
.S^iCsm, a town and castle of 8uaMa, 8 ra. 8. The houses are mostly of wood. The inhabitants
by £. of Baden. are Germans, and are veiy faKtostrionsly ooci^ied
Ebervdtejjk town of France, in the department in manufocture, and husbandry. They have a
of Puyde Dome, with a Benedictine abbey, seated woolen and cotton manufiictory with steam ma-
on the Scioule, o m. N. of Riom. chinery on a large scale, also bmreries, distiUe-
EHngoH, a town of Wertemberg, noted for Its ries, tanyards. Ac. The buildings for these are
obeese, 7 m. 8. of HohenzoUem Pop. about generally of brick. Here ia also a handsome
3,800. church, and a spacious bnildinr with a hall for
£6ro, a river of Spain, the ancient Iberia, which eoncerts, a museum, a mineialogical colleetiony
rises in the mountains of Asturias on the confines a mathematical school, a Ubrafy and a school for
of Leon, about 60 m. from the shore of the bay drawing. Considerable attention is paid to the
6f BiscaV, runs E. across the N. part of Old Cae- cultiv^on of grapes, and close to the village ia
tile, and afterwards in a direction E. 8. E.. form* a hill covered witn vineyards. All their property
ingthe boundary between that province and those is held in common. They cany on an eztenaive
orBiscay and Navarre: it then, in a 8. E. direction, trade with the neighbouring county, and are in a
divides Arragon into nearly two equal parts, in- very thriving oondition. Pop. about 800.
torsecting the 8. part of Catalonia, and after a Eddenburgy p.v. Portage Co. Ohio,
course oTSOO m. in a meridional line, and about Edam, a town of North Holland, ftmous for
400 by the conrte of the stream, nast Logrono. Ca- its red rind cheeses : seated on the Ey, near the
lAhom, Tttdela and Saragosn. fells into the Med- Zuyder Zee, 11 m. N. N. E. of Amsterdam,
iterranean a few m. below Tortosa. There are Eddfstone, the name of some rocks in the En*
£D1 373 EDI
fUih channel, lying S. S. W. from th« middle of the eonthern shore of the Frith of Forth about a
Jymouth lound. at the distance of 14 m. On mile and a half from the sea. The situation of
tor perished in it. In 1709 another, built of public edifices, and the surrounding scenery, af-
wocd, was erected by Mr. Rudyard, which was ford a spectacle of the matest beauty and variety,
consumed by fire in 1755. within four years The castle, from which it originated, is built on
after, one was built by Mr. Smeaton, which also the rocky verge of the central hill, and marks,
was burnt down in 1770 ; and another, of stone, with Holyrood-house on the opposite side, the
was completed by him in 1774, which lias hither- limits of tne Old Town. The northern division is
to withstood the fury of the elements. The occupied by the New Town, which is as remarkable
building to the •height of 33 feet firom the foun- for the neatness of its buildings and the elegance of
dation. Is a solid mass of stones, engrafted into its streets and squares as the more ancient quarter is
each other; above this are four rooms, one over for its closeneas and irregularity. The two divisions
the other, and at the top a gallery and lantern, are connected by a bridge thrown over the inter
It is nearly 80 feet high ; and its distance from vening hollow, and an artificial hillock called the
the Ram Head, the nearest point of land is 12 m. Mound. The southern quarter is less distinguished
Lonff. 4. 24. W., lat. 50. 8. ff. for regularity of plan than the New Town, but con-
lMen,p.i. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 957. Also a tains several important Dublicbuildinfs^d is joiu-
p.t. in Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,066. ed to the other parts or the city by JBndge-street,
Edenhirgf p.v. Johnson Co. Indiana. formed of the north and south bridges, which re-
EdaUoUf n. town of North Carolina, capital of spectively cross Uie two lake8,nowd]^, that former-
Chowan county : it formerly ^ve name to an ly separated the different eminences on which it
extensive district now divided mto 8 or 9 conn- stands. About a mile and a half dbtant is the Frith
ties, in the N. E. comer of the state. It is sit- of Forth. On the east rise, the precipitous rocks
uate on Albemarle sound, at the mouth of the named Calton-hill, Arthur s-seat, ana Salisbury-
Chowan, 110 m. £. by N. of Raleigh. Long. 77. craffs; the Corstorphine-hills bound the prospect
5. W., lat. 32. 38. N. on the west ; and tne Pentland mountains, with
Edusay or Vodena, a town of European Turkey those of Braid, form the romantic landscape of
m Macedonia, onoe the residence of the Mace- the south. Tne principal part of the Old Town
doniaa kings. It is seated near the Vieatriexa, consists (Mfthe High-street, which is more than a
44 m. W. N. W. of Salonichi. Long. 22. 3. E., mile long, and in some parts ninety feet wide ; of
lat 40. 50. N. Cowgate, which runs parallel with the former ;
Edgaritm, o.t. Dukes Co. Mass. on the island and of innumerable lanes and alleys which form
of Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1,509. the communication between these ^eat avenues.
EdgbariSH, an out-parish of the town of Bir- Owing to the narrowness of the ixuerior streets.
Mm, (which «M.) and to the extreme height of the houses in the
^eeonWf p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1^258. larger ones, this quarter -of the city has to stran-
jieomb.MOMni, a hill on the W. side of the gers an unpleasant appearance ; but when viewed
harbour of Devonport, firom the summit of which without relation to the advantages of domestic
is an enchantinir prospect of the surrounding comfort, there is something very imposing in its
country and the English channel. massy extent of building ; while tne beautiful
Edgeeombef an interior county on the E. part bridge across the southern valley, covered as it is
of N. Carolina, intersected by Tar river. Pop. on each side by rows of handsome houses, offers
14,9^. Tarborough is the chief town. an obiect as picturesque as it is singular. The
Edjjf^dd, a district of S. Carolina, bounded on New Town is mtersected by George-street, which
the S. W. by the Savannah river, comprising is terminated by St. Andrew's-square on the east,
about 1,500 square m. of sur&ce. Pop. o0,511. and Charlotte-square on the west, and is 115 feet
The chief town of the same name in tne centre wide. The principal streets parallel with this are
of the county, is 63 m. E. S. £. of Columbia, and Prince's-street ana Queen-street, which are cross-
140 8. S. E. of Savannah. ed by others of proportionate width and extent.
EdgehiU, a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 14 But every year b adding to the size and beauty ol
m. S. of Warwick, memorable for the first battle this elegant capital. TCIb road by which it is con-
fought between Charies I. and the parliament, in neoted with Leith has become a street, and the
1642 ; fVom the brow of the hill there is an exten- new road over the Calton-hill has opened another
sive and delightful prospect over the vale of magnificent passage for its srowing wealth.
Redhorse. Of the public buildings of Edinburflh the most
EdgewarBf a town in Middlesex, Eng. It stands interesting are the palace and abbey m Holyrood.
on the Roman road, leading to St Albans, 8 m. The former is a quadrangular edifice, surrounding
N. W. of London. a spacious court, the sidEs of which are omamen*
Edinburghshire, or Mid Loihian,a. conntv of ted with piaazas. The west front is supported by
Scotland, boundea on the N. by the Frith of F^rth. circular towers at the angles, and has a portico
E. by the shires of Haddington, Berwick, ana and cupola resting on Doric colunms. It was in
Roxburg, S. by those of Selkirk, Peebles, and a small apartment of the north-west tower that
Lanark, and W. by Linlithgowshire. It is divi- Rizzio was murdered while attending the unfpr-
ded into 31 parishes, compnsing an area of 354 tunate queen Mary ; and the bedchamber which
square miles. The soil is fertue, and produces she occupied, with some relics of its furniture, are
com of all sorts with plenty of grass ; also coal, still shown. The great gallery is 150 feet long
iron, limestone, and black marble. The princi- by 72 wide ; and is now used by the nobility when
pal rivers are the N. and S. Esk, Leith, Amend, they elect their sixteen representatives in parlia-
and Gala, all flowing into the Frith of Forth. See ment Of the ancient abbey only the walls re-
SeatUmd, main standing, but the spot marked out as itsbu*
jSdinburghf the capital of Scotland stands on rial-ground possesses the dust of a long line of
EDI m £GO
kings. The castle is at present employed as a citj; the working and trading elasses being chief
barrack, and can hold about 3,000 men. It was Ij supported by the production and sale of the
once a place of great strenelh ; the rock on which more general articles of domestic use. Edinburgh
it is situated being near SCK) feet above the plain sends one member to parliament Distance N.
beneath, and in some places overhanging the base. N. W. of London 396 miles. Lat. 55. 68. H.
Palisades, a diy ditch surmounted by a draw- Lonff.3. 12. W. Pop. in 1821, 112,935. 8te Lath.
bridge, and two batteries to protect the gate, form EidisiOf a river in South Carolina, which sfter
the principal defences of the fortress ; the area of a course of about 140 m. falls into the Atlantic
the whole occupying about seven acres. Ocean by two channels, about 40 m. S. of
Of the relijnous edifices of Edinbursrh, the Charleston. The island, formed by the diver-
church of St. uiles is the principal and the most gence of the stream, contains about 3,000 inhabi
ancient. Charles I. made it the cathedral of the itants, the greater part of whom are slaves,
new diocese, and it was a collegiate church as Edmonton^ a village of Middlesex, England,
early as the year 1466. It is built in the form of 6 m. N. of Shorediten Church, London, on the
a cross, and occupies one entire side of the Par^ great high road to Edinburgh. It has nothing
liament-squai«. The most remarkable circum* but its Uioroughfare to entit^ it to notice. Pop.
stance connected with it is, that it is divided into in 1801, 5,093, and in 1821. 7,900.
four parts, each of which is a distinct church. It Edwards j a county on tne E. firontier of th«
is here also that the General Assembly is held, state of IlUnois, bounded by the great Wabash
and that the affairs of the Scottish church are or- river, 35 m. from S. to N. and about 30 in mean
dered by its ruling ministers. The part of the breadth, the little Wabash intersects the W. side
building most admired is the elegant tower and of the county ; and towards the S. part, between
spire, which rise from the centre of the edifice to the two rivers. Pop. 1,649. Albion is the capi-
the height of 161 feet, and are ornamented by tal.
richlv wrought arches. Of the other churches it EdtoardamUe, a vill^e in Madison Co. Illinois
is only necessary to mention that of Trinity col- Also a township in (neenville Co. Upper Can-
lege, founded by Mary of Gueldres in 1462, a ifo- ada.
ble Gothic structure ; and those of St. Andrew's £eo/oo, a populous town of the Netheriands, 11
and St. George, which are elegant buildings of m. N. by W. of Ghent.
modem erection. Besides these, which belong Effcrding, a town of Austria, with a castle,
to the national church, there are six episcojNd seated near the S. bank of the Daaiibe, 13 m. W.
chapelSf of which St. raul*s and St. John's, rais- of Ljntz.
ed within late yeaxv, are amongst the grandest of Effingham, a village in Surry, £ng. 12 m. N.
modem structures : the former is after the mod- £. of Gruilford. It was once a much larger place,
el of King's college chapel, Cambridge ; and the and supposed to have contained 16 churches,
latter is a parallelogram, the parts of which are wells, cavities like cellars, having been fibeqnently
composed m richest Gothic style. A Roman found in the neighbouring fields and woods ; and
Catholic chapel built in 1814, is greatly admired in the present church are some ancient stalls and
for a similar species of architecture ; and almost monuments.
every class of dissenters has its appropriate place EMngham, a county in the state of Georgia,
of worship. boroering on the Savannah river, its area eompri-
The university was founded in the year 1582, ses about 500 sq. m. Pop. 2,969. Willonghby is
but at that period had only one professor : anoth- the chief town.
er, however, was soon after appointed, and then t^fngham, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 67 m. fr.
a third, till tne number increased to twentv-seven, Portsmouth. Pop. 1 J911.
the present esti^lishment. The original building Egdn.n. town and castle of Germany, in the
belonging to the university was so ill adapted to duchv of Magdeburg, on the river Bode, 16 m. S.
its increasing celebrity, that in 1789 it was part- S. W. of M^^eburg.
ly taken down, and a new stracture commenced ; EgaUnnrgf a town of Austria, noted for good
but from want of funds the work was for manv wine, 13 m. S. W. of Znain in Moravia,
yean delayed^ and was not till of late resumed, Eger, a river in Germany, which rises in the
and then on a diminbhed scale. The university principality of Culmbach, running in an E. N. Ir.
library contains more than 50,000 volumns ; and direction through the circle of &a2, and after a
the number of students is, on an average, 2,000. course of about 190 miles falls into the Elbe, near
Next to this establishment we may mention the Leutmeritz.
high school, founded in the sixteenth century, Sger, a fortified town at the western extremity
and consisting of a reetor, four masters, and near of Bohemia, in the circle of Saaz, with a castle and
500 scholars. college. It was taken by the French in 1742, but
The charitable institutions are numerous, and they were forced to evacuate it the next year
some of them riddy endowed. The hospital, es- through famine. Here are mannfaotures <^ lea
tablished by the celebrated jeweller of James Vl., ther, hats, cloths, and stufi&i ; and its mineral wa^
George Heriot, is a handTsome Gothic edifice ; ters are famous. It is seated on the Effer, 90 m.
and under its venerable roof 160 boys arc boarded W. bv N. of Prague. Long. 12. 87. £., lat 50. 5.
and' educated with benevolent care. Watson's N. Pop. about 8,000.
hospital is also on a similar plan ; and there are Egerseg Sxaktj a town of Lower Hungarf , seat-
others for the support of decayed tradesmen, their ed on the banks of the Siala, which fiuls into the
wives, and daughters. Of the literarv and seien- S. end of lake Balaton.
where the men of letters and scientific ability rocky, with some baaaltio pillars. The low
bear so great a proportion to the number of the in- grounds are fertile.
habitants. Egg Harbaur River, OretU and Liftfe, the
No particular manufkcture is carried on in this former constituting the 8., and the other tbt
COT ZI5 BOY
N. bonnduj of Gloueatei •otuity. New Jn- nuna of p^i/nu, the leaves of which afforded
Mj ; the harbonn imniu into the Atlantic the fint materista far making paper. Il baa
Ooean, in the lat. of 39. 17. and 39. 30. N. On a laperinf atem nirnioiuited b; a toft or pluow
both thoe harbouM an towna of the aame name, of Jiairy le^rca.
a, ao celebnted in hialoiy for its
cj and arte, anpean &r>t to hnre
auKiBBu pte-eoiiiKnce under the renanned 8e*oa-
tiis eboat 1730 yeara antecedenl to the chriatian
e, B in. N. of Diltengen. rn. For nearly four centoriei prior to this period,
id caitle of Switxeiumd, in Egypt lippeara to haTC beea divided into nevt'rai
tbip of thi
Egluttu,
inton of Zaricb, aeated on the Rhine, 13 m. petty ■oiereuptiea, undei
" * ' =!''''*' " Sbepheid Kinn, oi wnom yrauuu ai
Titlmetu waa the Gnt Who gained an oacend
E/mttU vp dm Ba^, a riltage of North Hol-
land, 3 m. W. b^ 8. of Alkmur. Itappenrato
have been a eonaidenbla town, bnt waa destroyed
Zi
■ney orer bi> oompeera ; _,
ma acquired aboat 100 yeaia prior to that
, , > , . "^ SoMMtria ; and it appears to liaTa been the de-
failure before Alkmaer. It now exhibila eiten- soendanta of Amaaia who were ruling in Egypt
■1 the time of the dearth in weataro Asia, whan
_ . Jacob and hia fiunily eatabtiahed themaelvea in
EgmoatopZee^am. to the W. on theaea-cout, thevalley of Qeaaen, or Goahco.eut ofthe Nile.
and Egnxint Bumen, nearly two m. to the S.j From the deacendanta of Amaaia and Seaontria
where a bloody but nndociaive battle waa fooght, apmng the race of the Fharooha, who rolod over
in 1799, between the allied Engliah and Raaaian ^KJpt for 12 centoriea, until Cambyaea king of
tnny, and the French and Dutch. Peraio, became moater of it, 525 vean a. C.
l^prnnoM, a town in Cumberland, Eag. On By the Fhamob'i all thoae woodezful atnutnraa
the W. aide ia on artificial mount, with the ruina were raised, and worka perfected, whicb we
ofacaatle; and 3 m. 8. E. of the town, in tie cannot behold without aMoniahment. Thate are,
wooded vale of the Colder, are the remaina of the pyraniida, the labyrinttu, tha immenae groltoa
the Colder abbey. Egiemont, ia aaated near the in Theboid, the obeliaki, templea and pompoui
lriahaea,on tike river Eden, 6 m. 8. S. £, of palaces, tfaelake McBria,ondtbeTasteonala,wnich
Whitehaven, and S89 N. W. of London. served both for trade, and to irrigata the land.
Cgreaumt, p.t. Berkohire Co. Moss. Pop. 889. After Ihla eonqneit, Cambyaea demoliahed the
ErM, a Donnti^ oomprisinv the N. £. eitrem- temples, disinterred the lemaina of Amoais and
ity m Aftica, having about lOO m. of coast, be- burnt them, and persecuted the pnesta. This
twsen Alaxandria, and El Arieb, including the country cootioued under tbe Persian yok* till
■Bdeolationa of lakes and boys ; Cape Bourloi its the time of Alexander of Macedon, who having
S. extremity is in lat. 31. 3tj. fi., from which conquered Feioia, built the city of Alexandria.
point it eilenda inland to tbe frontier of Nubia, He was succeeded by Ptolemy, the son of Logos,
m tbe lit. of obont 34. 30. giving a length of about 334 yeora B. C. Ten kings of that name nicceed-
609 m. while its boundaries E. and W. ate very un- ed each other, till Cleopatra, the aister of tha taat
defined. It is divided from Asia, at its N. £. ex- Ptolemy, aaoeudsd the throne ; when Egypt be-
tremity,bj an eitenaive desert, and further S. fay came a Roman province, and conUnned so till tbe
the goU of Boex, and tbe Red sea, (jee Aui.) reicn of Omar, the second caliph of the aucceasors
It ia bounded on the W. by the desetts of Barca of Mahomet, who drove oot the Romana aAcr it
and Libya, and puts of Africa but llttla known, hod been in their hands 700 years. When the
ond in ita extreme limits from W. to E. may be power of the coliphsdeclined in the ISthcentuiTi
considered SB comprising about'2 degreesof long. Soladin aet up the empire of the Momelonls
or 133 statute m. between 31. and33. £. i the who in time baoama so powerful, that they ex-
inbabitad parte however, do notexceed more than tended their dominions over a mat part of Afri-
16 to 35 m. on each aide of the Nile, which runs oa, Syria, and Arabia. Next, dxiut 1570, Egypt
in a direotion N. by W. through the whole ex- yielded to tbe arma of Balim, tha 3nd emperor
tent of Egypt, exospt for about 190 m. above ita of the Torka, under whose dominion it still
antranee into the Hsditanoneon, where it diver- continnss.
gesinte twomainand nomerooa collateral cbaa- 1^ present inhobitonts are oompoawdof four
pels. Thia is called the HUM of the Ails, oom- different races of people ; the Tu^a, who aaanme
rrisiiw an an* of aboat 13,000 square m. studded to be mastara of the ootintry ; the Sacaean Arabs,
overJQis greater part, with towns and villages. who were conquered by the Torka ; tha Copts,
who were descended ftom the fint Egypluma
that became Christians; and Iba Hamelouka,
who wera originally Ciroaasian or Uingrelian
■laves, and being the only mililary force, oontino-
ed for oentnries to be the real maaleis of tliie
country ; and Egypt had been tat many years,
diatraoted bv the civil wara between tha di&ient
contending Wyg, by which ila S4 provinoea war*
governed. The fiunous Hassan Ah, tha Turkish
admiral, gained aevetol vietoriea ov«r them in
1786; but though he repressed, he ooold Ht
' of Boaaparte, • strong British fiiioe aniv«4
region grows that remark- to aid the conntry, and the Frenoh were expelled
ed in onoienl timM by tb« in 1801. But the Turfcah P»ch«, finding Hm
poVM of thB Hunelonki br^en by tbeir cc
&icl> wilh the French, putlT by Ueachery ud
nutlT bv fbrce, xucceeded in driving them oat
0 "completion of the E^
"riw completion of the E^ptisi
brown, they »re generaJlv indolent ind cowardly
duEUitinsly filtfar in their
Senoni; the richer lort do nothing all d»y but
rink coSee, amoke tobacco, sud sleep ; «nd Ihoy
«re ignormnt, prond, hsaghty, and ridicalon«ly
Tain. But tke Copte are an ingeaioiu people,
sud have great ikill in buainea. Froin Harch to
November, the he»l, to an European, n almort
iniupportable ', bnt the other month* are more
temperale. The 8. wind* which occur »t inler-
TiJ», (Vom February to the end of May, are by
the native* called poisonoua winda, or the hot
windi of the desert* ; they are of *ach eitreme
heat &nd aridity, that no Bnimated body eipoeed
to it can withstand its ftlal influence ; and for
the three dayi tbWit genemJlj luta, the streets
■re deieited. The nndi aieso subble, Ihttt they
penetrate into the cloeeW, chest*, and cabinets,
-'-'-•i, with the hot winds, are probably the c— —
supplied by the annual inundation at the Nile.
When the watara retire al! the ground ii coreied
with mud then the com is harrowed into it and
in the following March there i* uaully a plenti-
ful barrest. But some lands are never fellow,
and yield three harvesla annually; particulatly
in Lower Egypt, whore sowing and reaping are
going on inceaaantly, wherever tbe water of the
nver can be obtained for irrigation. There i* no
8 lace in the world better rumiahed with com,
esh, fish, augar, Iruits, and aJl sorts of garden
vegetables ; and in Lower Egypt, orange*, lemon*,
figa, dates, almonds, casaia, and plantains, are
produced in great plenty. Lentil* fbnn a con-
wdarable article of food lo the inhabitant* of Up-
per Egypt, who rarely enjoy the luxury of rice ;
and omon* remarkably mild and of the purest wtiite
eontinae lo be a bvonrite diet among Jl daaae*.
The animal* of Egypt are tiger*, hyena*,
antelopes, apea, black-caltle, fine bone*, larg*
a**ei, the cameleon, crocodilea, hippopotaim,
the cerastes, or horned viper, and a kind of
rat called ichneumon. Thia uiimal is do-
mesticaled among the Egyptian*, a* the cat
i* among u*. He deatroya rat* and mice, and
hnnt* Bl*a bird*, •erpenls, liiard* and in-
■eet*. He *nok* the egga of the crocodile,
•ni* even kills the yonug one* when they fir*l come
ou.of thoshell. It is a tabl* however, tliat the iofa-
wai deified l^
Among the bird* maybe mentioned eaglec.
hawk*, pelicans, water fowls of all kind*, and the
ibia, which resembles a duck, and was deified
by the ancient Egyptians, on account of ita de-
slroying serpent* and noiious Iniecta.
The pyramids of Egypt, so jually celebrated as
evidences of human labour and art, are all huilt
on rocky and sandy plains; the largest is 500
fbel in height, and covers eleven aci«* of gronnd.
They ace situate in the south part of the Delia,
or Lower Egypt, on the W. bank of the Nile.
Egypt ii now spoken of a* divided into three
part*, Lower, or the Delia, Middle, and Upper.
During the reign of part of the Pharoah*, Thebea
in Upper Egypt in tne lat. of 35. S5. appears to
have been the capital of the whole countir ; af-
terward* tranaferred to Memphii, in the lat. of
S9. ; and during the reign of the Ftotemiea, the
aeat of the empire wa* transferred to Alexandria,
whilst at the preaent time Cairo ia the seat of
government. Under the preaent Paaha, Mahom-
med All, who ha* ruled aincc 1798, Egypt ha*
made advancss in cnlerpriie and cultivation al-
moatwilhoutaprecedent; and cotton wool, indigo,
sugar, and grain, are Sfain forming the basis of
sn extensive eitemaf commerce. Respecting
the extent of the pop. of Egypt, information la
very imperfect, both in reference to the paat, as
wed a* at the present time, being now varionalj
eatimated at iVom 2 to 4 milliona : conjecture
has hardly ever oSfered an opinion a* to the num-
ber in former times. In further illosttation of
this very inlei«*tlng •ection of the globe, see ffilt,
Sua. and Ttttia.
Eiingat, a town of Snabia, near which the
Austrian* were defeated by the French, in 1805.
'-, ia Beated on the Danube, IS m. S. W. of Ulm.
£iti>^e)i, another to#n orSuabia, aoated on the
Tubingen, and 36 S. B. '
these towns are in tl- ■■—
Wurtemherg, and ci
EkrtiAreittUiji, a fortress of Germany, in the
circleofl-ower Rhine, on the E. bank of the riv-
er Rhine, opposite Coblenlx. It stands on the
summit of a stupendous rock, not less than 800
feet above the level of the river, and is deemed to
be impregnable. It ha* a communication with
Coblnitil>y a aabterraneoua paaaage, col out of
the solid rock, and ia plentilulty nipplied with
water ftom a well 380 feet deep. In the vale of
Ehrenbreitatein ia an old palace, which belonged
to the elector of Treves. Thi* fortrea* anrrender-
ed lo the French through Amine, in 1799, afler a
blockade of above 90 months.
EUaUlock, or EybeiuUKk, a town of Upper Sax-
ony, in the circle of Eneberg, near the N. W.
fVontier of Bohemia, 60 m. ST by E.- of Leipiig
Pop. 3,300.
£LB 277 £LB
EickMdt^ a territory of Germany, at the N. £. itone, for a period beyond the reach of history.
extremity of the circle of the Lower Rhine, iur- Aristotle speaks of them as opened from time im-
rounded by Brunswick, Thuringia, and Hesse, memorial; it has also quarries of fine marble. On
It uroduces mueh flax and tobacco. Heileigen- the N. E. part is the mountain, or mine of iron
staat is the capital. It is now divided between ore, which supplies most of the forces of Italy.
Prussia and Hanover : it formerly belonged to The tower of Voltoraio stands on tms mountain,
the elector of Mentz, and contained a pop. of on a Bhaf gy rock, Tne view ftom this tower is
90,000. on a sur&ce of about 600 square miles ; wondermllj fine every way, as the eye overlooks
Stadt Worbts and Mulhausen are the other prin- the whole island, that of Corsica, many scattered
eip^ towns. islets, the channel of Piombino, and a great range
Eiehttadt. See Aiehttadt. of continent. On the E. side of the mountain
EU Ld>€h* See linnhB Loch, stands Rio, a village inhabited by miners. Under
EUenturfr, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia, it breaks out the only rivulet in Elba, which does
situate on we Mulda, 12 m. N. £. or Leipzig. not run above a mile before it falls into the sea ;
Einuo, one of the Society isleSj in the Pacific but the water gushes out of the rock in such abun-
Ocean, lying 12 m. W. of Otaheite. The prod- dance, that it turns 17 mills in that short course.
nets of tne two islands, and the manners of the The soil of Elba is very shallow, with scanty room
their sides. The hills, though rcwky, are gener- ated that it can. in spite of a blockading fleet be
ally covered with trees almost to the tops. always suppUen with provisions, and the garrison
Einheekf a fi>rtified town of Lower Saxony, in with reinrorcement«. The wine is g^ood. if made
the principality of Calenberg. It has msnufac- with care and properly kept; the firuit or its stan*
tures of cloth and all kinds of stuffs ; and in. the dard trees are excellent, though not in great plen-
mountains near it are mines of silver, iron, cop- ty ; orange and lemon trees thrive veiy well in the
per, and lead. It is situate 17 m. N. of Grottin- sneltereavallies and narrow plains near the sea.
gen. and 45 S. of Hanover. Pop. about 5,000. There are several springs of excellent water in
Eisenaekf or Ejfsenaehf a town of Upper Saxo- the island ; and the climate is much milder than
ny , at the western extremity of Thuringia, capital the adjacent continent, for it produces many^ fruits
of a principality of the same name, with a cele- and plants that cannot stand the Tuscan winters,
brated college. The duke resides in a castle Among the animals and birds are wild boars,
within the town ; and there is another on ^ a hedge-noffs, partridges, quails, canary-birds,
mountain out of it, called Wartburg, which, in nightingiues, ortolans, Ac. It has no rivers; but
1521, was for some time the asylum of Lutner. there are a number of rivulets. This island was
It is seated on the Nesse, at its conflux with the held with Piombino. by the Appiani, as a fief of
Horsel, 16 m. W. of Gotha Long. 10. 21. £., the empire, till Cnarles V. thought proper to
lat. 51 0. N. Pop. about 8,000. transfer it to Cosmo I. duke of Florence, tnat he
Eisenartx, or EtsenitZf a town of Qermany, in might rescue it and the adjacent coasts rrom the
Stiria, famous for its iron mines, 34 m. N. N. W. Turks and French. Before the French revolu-
of Grata. ' tion, it was subject to the prince of Piombino, ex-
EUmberffy another town in Thuringia, 35 m. cept Porto Ferrajo, and Porto Longone, the former
S. W. of Leipzig. Pop. 3,500. belonging to the duke of Tuscany, and the latter
Eismutadt^tL town or Hnnsrairy , with a maxrnifi- to the king of Naples ; but in 1801 the French be-
cent palace, 5 m. N. W. of Odenburg, and 27 S. came possessed or the whole idand. It now owes
of Vienna. its chief celebrity to the circumstance of its hav-
In the churches of St. Andrew and St. Ann are He landed at Porto Ferrajo, the capital of the
the superb burial places of the ancient counts of island, on the 4th of May in that year, but on the
Mansfield. Eisleben contains many breweries, 26th of February following, he embarked again
and derives much profit from the neighbouring for France, and reached Paris, without encount-
iron mines. It is 28 m. N. N. W. of Naumburg. erinf the least obstruction : since when the island
Long. 11. 47. £., lat. 52. 32. N. has Seen wholly ceded to the duke of Tuscany.
Eufdd, a town of Upper Saxony, in the prin- Porto Ferrajo, on the N. side of the island, is in
cipality of Coburg, with a castle. It has manu- lat. 42. 50. N., and 10. 15. of E. long,
iacturea of vitriol, &c. and stands on the Werra, £2Aa, p.t (Genesee Co. N. T. Pop. 2,679.
near its source, 7 m. £. of Hildburghausen. EWattano, a town of European iWkey, in AI-
£Zba, an island in the Mediterranean sea, be- bania, 45 m. S. £. of Durazzo.
tween Italy and the island of Corsica, and separ- ^ Elbe, a river of Europe, rising on the N. E.
ated from Tuscany by the channel of Piombino. frontier of Bohemia, bordering on Silesia, in the
It was known to " "^ ' * '' ----—-.-«- . --
iEthalia,
form oi
from E. to W. is about X4 m.^and the greatest takes a meandering course in a N. W. direction
breadth, which is at the W. end, is between 8 to Melnick, where it receives the Moldau frt>m
and 9 m. and contains a pop. of about 14,000 souls, the frontier of Austria on the S. : from Melnick,
The whole island presents numerous mountains, it continues a winding course throagh the circle
separated by deep vaUeys, and some plains of con- of LeuUneritz, in which it receives the Eger from
siaerable extent ; the south-west part is the most the frontier of Franconia, on the W. S. W. and
elevated, and are composed of black and white then enters the circle of Meissen in Upper Sax-
granite, susceptible of a fine polish. Elba has ony, still running in a N. W. direction past Dres-
been renowned for its mines of iron and load- den, into the duchy of Saxony to Magdeburg ;
9A
fiL£
978
KLK
firom whence it takes a direotion N. by E. to Ha-
▼elberg, where it receives the Havel ; from Ha-
relberg it intersects in a N. W. direction the Old
Mark of Brandenburgh ; and then divides Meek-
enburgh Schwerin, and the duchy of Saze Lau-
enburg on the N., from Luneburg Zell, to Ham-
burgh: from whence it becomes navigable for
ships of Uie Isrgest burthen, dividing for about
70 m. the duchy of Hoktein on the N.j^om Bre-
men on the S. -, and after a course of 380 m. in a
meridional line, and upwards of 500 m. by the
course of the stream, falls into the North sea at
Cnxhaven, in the lat. of 53. 52. N., and 8.46. of
£. long. The £lbe is rendered subservient to
the punposes of navigation ; and by itself and col-
latenl branches, receives and distributes produce
along lines of country, several hundred m. in ex-
tent. See Lubte.
ElhmftUdly or EMdil^ a town of the |^d
dttohy of Berg, seated on, the banks of the wip-
j^r, whick mis into the Rhine between Cologne
and Dusseldoif. It has extensive manufactures
of linen, silk, and wool, and a pop. of near 80,000.
It is 18 m. due £. of Duseldorf.
Elbersianf p.t. £ffingham Co. Geo.
Elheitff a town of France, in the department of
Lower Seine. It has extensive manmactures of
doth, and is seated on the Seine, 10 m. S. of
Rouen, and 65 N. W. of Paris.
Elbertt a county of the state of Georgia, lying
between the Savannah and Broad rivers. Fop.
1%354. Elberton the chief town ; it is 190 m. N.
W. of the city of Savannah.
Eliimg, a strong town of W. Prussia, in the
palatinate of Manenburgh, with a considerable
trade i^v butter, cheese, and com. It is seated on
a river of the same name, near ita entrance into
the Frische Haff, 30 m. E. S. E. of Dantzic.
Long. 19. 30. £. lat. 54. 18. N. Pop. about 18,000.
Ewman, a town of Bohemia, u the circle of
SaaU, with a citadel ; seated on a mountain, by
the river Eger, 10 m. N. E. of Egra.
Elbridge, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. T. Pop. 3,357.
EMutmy a town of Holland, in Gelderland. on
the £. coast of Zuyder Zee, 10 m. N. E. of Har-
derwick.
EUhe Alkvfinra dej a town of Spain, in Valen-
cia, 10 m. W. 8. W. of Alicant.
Elekingm. a village of Suabia, on the N. bank
of the Danube, about 5 m. N. E^ ofUlm, where
a battle was fought between the French and
Austrians in 1805, which obtained for Ney , one
of Bonaparte's generals, the title of duke or £1-
chingen.
£&a, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 20 m. W.
N.W. of Alicant.
Eldarton, p.t Armstrong Co. Pa.
EldridgBf p.v. Buckingnam Co. Va. Also a
township in Huron Co. Onio.
ELspMnUa^ called by the natives GkaripooT. an
island on the W. coast of Hindoostan, 5 m. noin
Bombay. It contains one of the most celebrated
temples of the Hindoos. The figure of an ele-
phant of the natural sixe. cut coarsely in stone,
appears on the landing place, near the foot of a
mountain. An easy slope then leads to a subter-
ranean temple, hewn out of the solid rock, 80
feet long, and 40 broad, the roof supported by
rows of pillars 10 feet high. At the turther end
are gigantic figures of the three Hindoo deities.
Brahma, Vishna, and Seva, which were mutilatea
by the seal of the Portuffuese, when this island
was in their possession. Elephanta was ceded to
the English by the Mahrattas
EXindki, a kingdom of Tartary, lying to the N.
W. of Chinese Tartary. It was conquered in 17S9
by the emperor of China. See Kdlmuc*,
Elgin^ a borough /if Scotland, cai>ital of Mur-
rayamre, and formerlv the see of a bishop. Heiie
are manv large old buildings over piazzas. Its
cathedral was one of the most ma^mficent struc-
tures in Scotland ; of which its rums are a suffi-
cient proof. Two miles to the N. E. on the banks
of a lake, is the palace of Spynie, formerly the
residence of the bishop^ of which some rooms are
still pretty entire. Elgin stands on the Lossie, 5
m. rrom ita port at I^ssiemouth, where there is
a tolerable harbour, whence much com is expor-
ted. It is 38 m. E. N. E. of Inverness, and 1^
N. of Edinburgh.
ElmnskiTB. See Murrayskire,
Euiure. a village of Hampshire, Eng. at the
head of Southampton bay, 5 m. W . of TOuUiamp-
ton. Here are docks for building and repairing
ships, and store-houses for merchandise axra com,
in which .last it carries on a considerable trade.
EUe. See Ely,
Elizabeth City^ a small county of Virginia, for-
ming the promontory between the months of York
and James rivers upon Chesapeak bay. ^op.
5|068. The chief town is called Hampton, and
gives name to the celebrated anchorage ground
called Hampton Roads, at the entrance of ^ames
river. — A town of the same name is seated on the
Pasquotank river, in North Carolina, wiiieh is uni-
ted with Chesapeak Bay, by the canal eat through
the Great Dismal Swamp.
Elizabeth Islands, small islands near the coast
of Massachusetta^ bearing N. W. of Martha's Vine-
yard, and belonging to Dukes countv. They are
about I6 in number ; the chief of wnlch are rfas-
hawn, Pasoui, Nashawenna, Pinequeee, and Cha-
tahunk. Nashawn. the largest, supporto a con-
siderable number or cattle and sheep, and is &•
mous for excellent cheese and wool. It is two
miles from the continent, and the N. point 6. m.
W. S. W. of Falmouth. Long. 70.38. W.,lat.
41. 34. N
Elixabeth, p.t. Essex Co. N. T. Pop. 1,729.
EUzabethUnon, a town of New Jersey, in Essex
county, with a handsome presbyterian church, an
episcopal church, and an academy. It b situate
on a creek of Newark bay, 14 m. W. S. W. of the
city of New York. Pop. 3,451 ,
Elizabethtownf a town of North Carolina, chief
of Baldwin county, seated on the W. bank of Cape
Fear river, 36 m. % by W. of Fayetteville, and 48
N.W. of Wilmington.
EUizabethtawrif or HagersUnon, a town of Mary-
land, chief of Washington county. It has a con-
siderable trade with the western country, and the
neighbourhood produces the finest Onnoko to-
bacco. It is situate in a valley, 70 m. W. N. W
of Baltimore^ and 80 N. N. W. of Washington
Also townships and villages in Lancaster Co. Pa.
Alleghany Co. Pa. Bladen Co. N. C. Hardin Co.
Ken. Carter Co. Ten. Gallaway Co. Missouri ;
and Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Elkf a river of Maryland, which falls into the
head of Chesapeak miy. It has been lately
united with the Delaware, by a Canal.
Elkf a township in Athens Co. Ohio.
Elk River, a township in Columbiana Co. Ohio.
Elk Creek, a township of Erin Co. Pa.
Elkkoln, p.v. Mont|romer3[ Co. Missouri.
EUdand, a town of Lycoming Co. Pa.
Elk Uck, a township of Somerset Co. Pa.
Elk Marsh, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
EUt RU^, p.t Ann» Anmdel Co. Muyhund. Long, 12. 35. £., lat 56. 9. N. See Cronkarg,
Eiki0m, yillaget in Tbdd Co. Ken. and Giles Ebiur, fVhiU and Black, two riven of Upjief
Co. Tec. Saxony) the first rises near the northern frontier
£2ft<0R, a town of Maryland, ehief of Cecil eoon- of Franconia and runs N. nearly parallel with
ty with a considerable trade, particalarW in wheat, and £. of the Saal, into which it fiUs about 18 m.
It is sitnale at the conflux of the head branches of N. W. of Leipzig ; this river proved very disastrous
the Elk. 13 miles firom its month in Chesapeak to the French troops, on their retreat after the
bay. and 478. W. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 20. battle of Leipzig, in October 1813.— The Black
W. lat 39. 40. N. Elster rises near the Spree in Upper Lusatia, and
ElUry p.t. Chatau<ioe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2j001. afler a winding course £. of the Elbe, falls into
fUesmers, a town in Shropshire, £ng. with a that river in the duchy of Saxony.
considerable trade in malt. It has a outal from EUUr^g, a town on the W» bank of the
Shrewsbury, whkh passes hence, by Wrexham White Elster, near its source, 7 m. *N. of Plauen.
and Chester, to the estuary of the Mersey. .The EUUrwerda, a town and castle of Upper Sax-
town is sealed on a large mere, 16 miles N. N. W. ony, in Misnia, on the E. bank' of the Black Els-
of Shrewsbury, and ITS N. W. of London. Pop. ter,24 m. N. by W. of Dresden,
in 1821. 6fl66. EUham, a town in Kent, Eng. Here are the
EttiekpouTf or EQiskpooff a town of Hindoos- remains of a palace, in which Edward II. often
tan, in Berar, oautal or a circar of the same name, resided, and his son, John of Eltham, was bom :
subject to the Nizam of the Deccan. It was it is now in part converted into a farm house, and
formerly the coital of Berar, and is 154 m. N.E. the sUtely hall forms the bam. It is 8 m. S. W.
of Aurungabad. Long. 78. 5. E., lat 21. 12. N. of London Bridge. Pop, in 1821, 1,883.
EUieott, p.t Chatavque Co. N. T. Pop. 2^01. £ItNW, a strong frontier town of Portug^ in
JSKtNffofi, p.t Chalaaque Go. N. T. rop. Alemtejo, and a bishop's see, with a castle. Here
1 ,279. is a cistern so large, that it will hold water enough
EUington. p.t Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,465. for the town foi six months. The water is
EUiotf p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,845. Also brought by a Moorish aqueduct, three miles in
the name of a missionary station in the eastern part lengtn. which, in some places b supported by
of Mississippi. several stories of arches. On the side of it is a
EUu^MrHf p.t Jeflevson Co. N. T. Pop. 5^1292. forest of olive-trees, among which are walks and
EUismiUf p^y. Nieholas Ck>. Ken. fine mountains. Elvas was bombarded by the
EUore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of one of F^nch in 1706. A royal academy for young
the Ciroars, on the bay of Bengal. It is 32 gentlemen was founded here in 1733. It is seat-
miles north of MiBulipatam Long. 81. 15. £., ed near the Guadiana, 15 m. W. of Badajos, and
lat 16. 43. N. 118 E. of Lisbon. Pop. about 16,000.
EUBwertkf p.t Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 1,385. jphir^^t a township m Union Co. Illinois.
Also a townsmp in TnunbuU Co. Ohio. Elwangau a town of Suabia, near the S.
EtMhogeHf a town of Bohesaia, capital of a ter- firontier of Franconia. with a castle on a moun-
ritoiy. in the Circle of Saatz, with acastie on a tain ; seated on the Jaxt, 18 m. N. W. of Nord-
rock, by the river Ena, 38 miles W. 8. W. of lingen.
Saata. Long. 12. 60. £., lat 50.20. N. Ely, a city in Cambridgeshire, Ens, and a
Elite, a town of Franoe, in the department of bishop's see. It is seated on the Ouse (which is
Eastern Pyrenees. It sufered greatly in the nayi|^le hence to Lynn) in the fenny tract, call-
civil wars, during the reign of Louis Al. and is ed the Isle of Ely. The spring assizes are held
8 miles S. by £. of Perpignan. here. It is a county of itself, mduding the ter-
Elora, a town of HinmKwtsn, in Dowlatabod, ritory around it,and nas a distinct civil and crimi-
eelebrated for its wonderfbl temple cut out of the nal jurisdiction, of which the bishop is the head,
natural rock. It is 15 miles N. of Aurungabad. It has a fine cathedral, but is otherwise a mean
ElfMny a town of Ireland in the county of place. It is 17 m. N. of CambricLro. and 67 N.
of Roecommon, and the see of a bislM^, 16 m. N. by E. of London. Pop. in 1821^ 5,079.
of Rosoommea. Ely, or EUe, a town of Scotland, on the S. E.
EJndb. a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, coast of Fifesmre, with a good harbour, with up-
capital or the oeonty of Hohenslein. It stands on wards of 20 feet water at common tide, but has
the river 2ovffe, 12 m. N. N. W. of Nordhaosen. little trade. It is opposite to N. Berwick, and
Long, la 43. E., lat. 51. 88. N. forms the N. point of entrance to the Frith of Forth.
EMUi, a town of WcstobaUa, at the conflux of Elyom, p.v. Jeflerson Co. Alabama,
the Httntorf with the Weeer. 13 m. E. N. £. of Elyria, p.t Lorrain Co. Ohio.
OMenborg, and 12 N. W. of tfiemen. JSue, a town of Lower Saxony, in the princi*
SUbarrngk, t. Salem Co. N. T. P<i^!y of HUdesheim, seated on Uie Leine, 12 m.
ElsMwrg. 890 HeUMatrgk. S. W. of HiUesheim, and 20 S. of Hanover.
ElfMere, a town in Dennark, seated on the EmanuU, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,681.
Sound, in the isle of JSealand. It is the most Swamsborough is the capital.
eorameroiid place in Denmark, next to Copenha* Embclv, or JtmhoU^ a town ofEuropeaa Turkey,
En, being the rssidenoe of a oonsiderable num* in Maeeoonia, and a Greek archbisnop's see. It
r of fbreign merehaata, and the consuls of the is the ancient Amphipolis ; and is sometimes call-
principal natisns trading to the Baltic. A little ed Christopolis. It is seated on the Strumona,
le the £. is the fbvtress of Crenborg, which at its entrance into the gulf of Contessa. Long,
guards the Sooad. Every vessel as it passes, 23. 55. E., lat 40. 59. N.
pays a tett at Etoiaoie, in return finr which, the JSmMen, p.t Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 894.
erown takes the charge of ooostruoting light- ElsiAnm, a city of France, in the department of
hoeses, and eiectfaur signals to mark the skoals Upper Alps. Itnas a fortress built by Louis XIV.
and roeksy fSmn the Categat to the entrance into ana isseated on a craggy rock, near the river Du-
the BaHie. Elsinoie has no harbour, but a good ranoe, 17 m. E. of Gap. It is the seat of a pre-
and sale road, and is 22 m. N. of Copenhagen, feet, and in 1825, contained 3,002 inhabitants
ENe 980 £N«
Bmdtn, a itronff town of Weitohalia, capital of side of fertile mountains, fine black marble^ white
K. FViesland. It luu a good harbour and a sale veined ; small crystals called Swiss diamonds ;
road at the mouth of the Ems; and considerable silver u^d vitriol. The abbey is 12 m S. W. of
manufactures of stockings, soap, leather, and cot- Altdorf.
ton. The greatest part of the inhabitants ard Enffdkotmf a sea port of Sweden, in Schonen,
Calvinists, but there are some Lutherans, Papists, on a oay of the CategaL with good anchorage
and Jews. It was a ftee port under the protec- near the entrance to the Sound. In 1678, it was
tion of the United Provinces, but in 1744 they taken by the Danes, sAer an obstinate defence
sold their right to the king of Prussia. It was a It is 44 m. N. by W. of Lund. Long. 12. 57. £.,
neutral port during the early part of the war be- lat. 66. 22. N.
tween England ana France, which began in 1793. EngarSf a town of Germany, in the Wester-
It is now mcluded in the kingdom of Hanover; wald, capital of a county of its name; seated near
population about 12,000. It is 28 m. E. N. £. of the Rhine, 6 m. N. W. of CoblenU.
Groningen, and 47 W. N. W. of Oldenburg. Enghein, a town of the Netherlands, in ilain-
Long. 7, 8. E., hit. 53. 20. N. hault, 15 m. S. W. of Brussels, on the road to
EmmauSf a village of the Moravians in Lehigh Toumay. It gives the title of Duke to one of the
Co. Pa. ^ Bourbon fami^.
Emmendingenf a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, Engia, Enfftna, or JEgma ^ts ancient name),
and chief town in the marquisate of Hochter^, an island of European Turkey, in the gulf of Eh-
seated on the river Ens, 10 m. N. by W. of Fri- gia, between Livadia and t&e Morea. It has a
burg. town of the same name, 22 m. S. S. W of Athens.
Emmerickf a strong town of Germany, in the Long. 23. 39. E.. lat. 37. 45. N.
duchy of Cleves. It nas a considerable trade with England, the southern part of the island of
Holland, and is seated on the Rhine, 22 m. N. W. Great Britain is a very irregularly shaped territory,
of Wesel. extending in its extreme fength, from the Land's
EmmiuAurgf p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland, 50 End in (>>mwall, in the lat. of 50. 4. 7. and long,
m. N. W. BaUimore. of 5. 41. 31. to Berwick, at the mouth of the Tweed,
Ems J a river of Westphalia, which rises in the which divides it from Scotland, in the lat. of 55.
territory of Paderbom, and after a course of about 46. 21. N., and 1. 59. 41. of W. long. The me-
150 m. m a N. N. W. direction, flows at Emden, ridional distance between these two points is 366
into the Dollart, a bay of the German Ocean. aeographical, or 425 English statute m. ; this line,
£fiu, or Embsy a town of Germany, in Tyrol, however, intersects the entrance to the Bristol
near which are some baths impregnated with channel. South and North Wales, and the Irish
sulphur. It is 10 m. S.E. of the lake of Constance. Sea; the extreme meridional line that could be
Enekeysetij a town of N. Holland, on the Zuider drawn on English ground, from N. to S. would be
Zee. It was once a flourishing place; but its from Berwick to St. Albans Head, in the county of
harbour being now obstructed by sand, it has lost Dorset : this line would measure 366 statute m. ;
its former consequence. It was taken by the Eng- and the extreme length from W. to E. would be
lish in' 1799. It is 27 m. N. E. of Amsterdam, from the Land*s End, Cornwall, to the Dudgeon
Endeavour StraUf a strait of the S. Pacific lights on the N. E. coast of Norfolk, which would
Ocean, which separates New Guinea firom the N. measure 359 statute m. The four S. E. counties of
E. point of New Holland. It received its name Somerset, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall^ however
from captain Cook, who explored it in 1770. Its form a promontory ; and as the superficial area of
length, IS 10 leagues, and its breadth about five, England by actual survey proves to be 50,535
except at the N. E. entrance, where it is contract- square m. taking the length mm. N. to S. to be 366
ed to less than two miles, by the islands called m. the mean breadth from W. to E. will be within
Prince of Wales Islands. 150 m. The sea on the S. is called the English
Endingen, a town of Suabia, in Brisgau, near Channel, and which divides £ngland from tJ^ N.
(he Rhine, 7 m. N. N. E. of Old Brisaco. W. coast of France : the sea at the S. E^point is
Enfield, a town in Middlesex, Eng. It was called the straits of Dover, and divides England
once famous for an extensive royal chase, disfor- from the N. W. point of France and the Nether-
ested in 1779 ; and had a royal palace, or which lands : the sea on the £. coast of England is called
little now remains, the front having been taken the North. Sea, or German Ocean, and divides
down in 1792, and its site occupied by some England from Holland, Germany, and Juthmd:
houses. It is 10 m. N. of London. Fop. 8i227. the sea on the N. W. coast of England is called
Ef^My p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 105 m. fr. Bos- the Irish Sea, and divides England from the N.
ton. Pop. 1,492. E. coast of Ireland. Wales, Morth and South,
Ef^/iela, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1.058. bound the centre of its western side ; and the four
Erifieldy a town of Connecticut, in Hartford S. W. counties before mentioned, project into the
county, situate on the E. bank of the Connecticut, Atlantic Ocean. England, for local purposes, is
16 m. N. by £. of Hartford. Pop. 2,129. divided into 40 counBes, vis. : Bedford, Berks,
Ei^fiM,p.i, Tompkins Co. N. T. Pop. 2,332. Bucks, Cambridge, Chester, Cornwall, Cumber-
Also a village in Halifax Co N. C. land, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, Essex,
Engadina. or Intkalj a delightful valley of Swit- Gloucester, Hants, Hereford, Huntingdon, Hert-
zerland, in tne canton of Orisons, extending along ford, Kent, Lancaster, Leicester, Linooln, Mid-
the baiu[s of the river Inn, from its source to dlesex, MonmouUi, Norfolk, Northampton, North-
Tjrrol. It is divided into Upper and Lower, the nmberland, Nottingham, Oxfiird, Rutland, Salop,
chief towns are Zurz and Cemetz. Somerset, Stafib^, Suffolk, Surrey, Suasex^War-
Engdberg, a valley of Switzerland, in the can- wick, Westmorland, Wilts, W(»«ester, and York :
ion of Underwalden, 10 m. long, surrounded by each of which is subdivided into hundreds and
mountains. It is subject to the abbot of a Bene- parishes. For judicial purposes it is divided into
dictine monastery of tne same name, whose reve- six circuits; and for ecclesiastieal purposes into
nues arise principally from a commerce in cheese, two archiepiscopal and 20 episcopal sees, or juris*
The country contains extensive glaciers, on the dictions. The extent, relations, ft4S., of each of
ENG
tli« MTCnl conntiei, tewm. &c., tie noticed ia
Iheit tlphabetio&I place in tnii woik.
The fue of tlie countn tSbidt lU that beauti-
ful variety wliicb can be foDiid in the moat eiten-
ure tracta of tfap sloba; not, hawever, without
cra^gjr rodu, black barren moora, aad wide un-
cutLiTaled heatlu ; and jet, few countriea have a
imaller proportioQ of land, abtolatelj aterilc and
incapable of culture. The richaat parta are, in
general, the midland and lonthern. Tonarda Ihe
N. it partakes of the barrenneaa of the adjoining
parta of Scotland. The E . coaat ii in manj placea
■and J and niarafay. Arange of rude andelsvated
land aometiiDB* riaiog into mountaioi 3/)00 feet in
bei^t, extendi &om the borderi of Scotland to
od all the other necca*ri6t
of winl(?r, and the heals al
in a much leaa degree than
;ientt;r
dantanpply of grain,
of lite, and the rigou
anmiuer, are felt hen
io parallel climalei c . ..
itonce common to all ialanda. ine wnoie
try, aome pajtienUr spota eicepted, i« luffii
healthy; and the longevity of ila inhabit
eqoal to thnt of aJmoet any region. All iUmoatvil-
uable j)ToduclioDs, both animal uid vegetable, have
been imported fWim foreign countriea, and hav*
bean kept up and impiDvaU by conaUnt attention ■
England haa now no other wild quadrupeds than
those of the smaller kind; aa the fox, badger,
marten, otter, hare, rabbit, aquirrel^ &c. On the
other hand, every kind of domestic aoimat, im-
Sorted from abroad, has been reared to the greatest
egree of perfection. The horse haa been trained
Vtrioui mineral treaaorea, more particularly coal,
iron, copper, lead, and tin
The rivers of England-are nnmerons and eon-
tribute easenlially lo the beauty and fertility of
the canntcy, as welt as to bcililate the oouvey-
anoe of it* [vodncts from one part of the kingdom
to another : the four moat deserving of notice for
thnir magnitude and utility, are the Trent, Mer-
sey, Severu, and Thames. These four rivers
rise in the interior of the country, and flow in
contrary directions, the tiist to then. E,,ttke next
lo the N. W., the Severn lo the 3. W., and the
Thame* to the S. B. ; and being rendered navi-
gable and united to each olbsr by canals, they
afford an adnurable bcility of conveyance over
all parta ofthe eoantiv. In addition to theae, the
S«t Ouse and the ifen. Bow fitim the centre of
oonntry in a N. E. direction, into the N. sea
betwven the Thames and tlie Trent, and the Nen
u united to the line of canal which nnitaa lbo*e
two riTeri, aad thereby with the Hertey and
Severn. Fortber N. B(« the Homber, Teee, Wear,
Tyne, and the Tweed, which divide* England
from ScoUand, all flowing fhun W. lo E. into the
North S*a: and on the other side i* the Eden,
Derweol, RibUa and the Dee, flowing into Ihe
IriahSea: the tiibntaryriversdeaervingaf notice,
tn the Medway aad Lea, Uling into the Tliames,
the Sou and Derwent falling into Iks Trent, the
Don, Air*, and Ouse ftllingmto theHninber,thfl
Irwellinto the Hen*y,andthe Upper and Lower
Avon and Wy« into the Severn ; all of which are
navijabl*,andyieldB variety of fish : The Tantar,
ToiTidge, Tame, Eis, Aran, and a few other
river* of inferior note, inieraect the 8. and B. W.
Eirta ofthe country falling; into the Brirtol and
nglish channels. Tbe lakes are neither numer-
ous uoi eitensive, and are chiefly in the N. W.
CMintiei : those of Wostmareland and Comber-
laud, in particular, exhibit micb varieties of beau-
tiftil icenerv, a* to become the object of summer
eicunions iram every part of tbe coantij. With
respect to climate, England is situate m the N.
part ofthe lemwale lone, *o that it enjoys bnta
•eanty aliare or the aenial influeocc of the ann.
Its atiDoirpher* is iniSined to chillnsa* and mois-
ture, ■ubjeetlo&eqoentandaadden changes; and
i* moN &Tonrable to the growth, than to the i
ripeningoflheprodliatsof theeorth. No country
is clothed srith ao beantifiil and lasting a verdure ,
but tbe harvests, especially in the northern parta,
fieqoently su&r from ameasansUe rains. The
«Bnlry,nevertlMlM*, generally affords an ahwa
lal in every other country. The whole num-
ber kept in Qreat Britain boa been estimaled at
1 ,500,000, including every valuable variety of thai
noble animal. The breed* of cattle in variou*
parts of the kingdom have also been cultivated
with much care, and have been brought to the
tareest liie and greatest justness of shape. The
di&rent races otsbeep are variously distinguish-
ed, either for uncommon lite, goodness offle^,
or plenty or fineness of wool. Tbe deer of it*
parks, which are originally a (brrign breed, are
■uperior in beauty of akin, and delicacy of fleah,
to those of moat countriea. Even the aeveiai
kinds of dogs have been trained to degrees of
courage, alrength, and sagacity, rarely to bo met
with elsewhere. Domestic poultry, oi well as
wild birds, are numerou); the shape and beauty
of plumage ofthe pheasant, and deliciou* note of
the nightingale, cannot be surpassed. The im-
provement in tbe vegetable products of this island
IS not less striking than in the animal. Nuts,
ocorna, crabs, and a fen wild berries, were almost
all the variety of vegetable food which iti woods
could boast. To other eounlries, and to the ef-
forts of culture, ii iS indebted for com, esculent
mots, plants, and all it* garden fruitf. The sea*
a* well aa the rivers of England are stocked with
a great variety of flab, which yield a plentifiil ar-
ticle of innviuon lo all tanks of peopla.
Tbe EngliafatKgenntllf of* middle (be, and
are upon an average an inch ahorter than th*
Amenean*. Hiaj an wdt-GKined, handaonie,
nriiust, and tbongh not so lair as the nortberD
nationa generally, of a flond complexion. The
females am dislinpiahsd tot thnir grace and
bMut} I In the oilie* a. d among the mcne ft>b-
£NG 9tt £MT
ionable elusefl their dress is showy, althoagh the 1649, to 1660, when it wis voder the protectorate
fashions axe generally copied from the French, of Crocjweil, daring which time it was ruled by
The manners of the Enfflish are formal, stiiF, and the Parliament or Ihe Pmtector, and was called
reserved, and there is no country where ranks and the commonwealth of England,
conditions are fenced round with so many bar- England, ffew. See J{tw England,
riers. Et^iak T&wn, p.v. Monmouth Co. N. T.
Of the early history of England, but little is English TWrti, a bend ui the river Mississippi,
known ^rior to its becoming a province of the 18 m. below New OrlesDs.
Roman empire, during the first century of the Enfaaping, a town of Sweden, in Upland, on
Christian era. The first invasion of England by the N. side of Lake Maeler, Sh m. S, W. of
the Romans was under Julius Cesar in the Upsal.
Jrear 35, at which period the conntry was in- Ennis, a town in the parish of Dnuncliff, Ire*
labited by a verv numerous bat hardy and rude land, capital of the county of Clare. It is seated
race of people aenominated Britons, living in near the head of a bay, on the N. side of the riv-
tribes and subject to an austere and rigorous er Shannon. It is 19 m. N. N. W of limerick,
priesthood. About thejear86the whole country, and 113 S. S. W. of Dublin. Population of the
afler numerous conflicts, was subdued by the town (which is sometimes called Clare), in 1821,
Romans. During a period of nearly 400 years, 6,70S,and the remainder of the parish 3,533 more,
firom the time of Affricola to the year 447, It returns a member to the parliament of tho
when the Romans finaUy quitted the island, they United Kingdom.
had effectually succeeded in reconciling the na- Enniseorthyf a borough of Ireland, in the ooun-
tives to a dependence op their government, and ty of Wezfoid, with a manufacture of coarse
in difl^sing a taste and desire to cultivate and woolen cloth, and some iron works. It is situate
practice the arts of social life; they had, however, on the Slaney, close under Vinesar-hall. 10 m.
so implicitly yielded to Roman government and N. of Wexford, and 27 N. E. of Waterforu.
protection, that, on being left to ffovem and pro- EnmakUlen, a borough of Ireland, capital of
tect themselves^ they were unable to withstand the county of Ferman&gh. It is seatea on an
the rude and vigorous attacks of the Picts and island in Lon^h Erne, where that lake is contract-
Scots, who poured into the country frorq the ed for about six miles to the width of an onlinaiT
north. The Romans, on beinff applied to by river, and has a strong fort, it being a pass of
the Britons, declining from inu>ilitv to render neat importance between the N. and S. of Ire-
them assistance, the Britons invited the assistance land. In 1595 it made an- obstinate defence
of the Saxons, a people who had aconired celeb- against the army of queen Elisabeth, and again
rity for their valour in the north of Europe. In in 1680 against James II. It is 80 m. N. WT of
the year 449 Hengfist and Horsa, two Saxon Dublin. Population, in 1821, 2,^9, and of the
leaders, arrived with a force of 1 ,600 men, who parish 10,000 more. It returns one member to
succeeded in speedily sul>duing the Scots and the parliament of the United Kingdom.
Picts ; but perceiving the inefficiency of the EnmsviUey p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
Britons, the Saxons obtained a succession of rein- Eno, or Enos, a town of European Turkey, in
forcements, made allies of the Scots and Picts, Rumelia, and a Greek archbishop's see ; seated
some one of which, however in its turn maintain- E., lat. 40. 46. N.
ing an ascendancy over the rest, the ascendant Eno^urghf p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. Pop. 1,560.
monarch being regarded as king of England. f^, a town of Austria, on a river or the same
The following Is a fist of the seven monarchies: nsme, at its conflux with the Danube, 12 m. £.
with the dates of their fbuadation and extinction, S. E. of Lints.
vis — Efiseiie, a town of Egypt, on the E. side of the
Nile. Here are consi<wrabIe ruins of the ancient
Kent founded in 454 extinct 823 Antinoe. It is 120 m. S. of Cairo. tK>ng. 30.
South Saxons . . -* 491 — 685 54. £., hit. 28. 5. N.
East Saxons . . -^ 527 -— 827 Ennsheim, a town of France, in the depart-
Northumberland . — 547 — » 827 ment of Upper Rhine, on the river Illo, 10 m.
East Angles — 575 — 792 8. of Colmar.
Mercia — * 582 — 827 Ensktrken^ a town in the duchy of Juliers, 15
West Saxons . . — 592 -^ 828 m. S. W. of Cologne.
Enatoffy a town of the palatinate of Bavana,
This period is denominated the Heptarehy, 22 miles N. of Ratisbon.
which merged into an undivided sovereignty nn* £nU»&tiM,a town of Switserland, in the canton
der Egbert, the 17th king of the West Saxons, of Lucem, 14 m. W. S. W. of Lueem.
in 82s. In 860 the Saxon Dynasty in its turn Enire D&uro e Minka, the most N. W. province
was assailed by the Danes, and, after repeated of Portugal, lyinv on the sea coast, between the
conflicts and ac^gressions, Sweyn. a Dane, was rivers Douro ana Minho, and bounded on the E.
crowned kin^ of England in 1013. The crown by Tra loe Montes. It is 68 miles firom N. to S.,
reverted again to the Saxons in Edward, sur- and 40 broad, and in 1810 contained a population
named the Confessor, in 1042; but on the 14th of 907,965. Braga, 30 miles N. N. E. of^Oporto,
of October, 1066, the destinies of England were is the capital. It is watered by two other nvers.
placed in the hands of William of Normandy, felling into the Atlantic Ocean, vis. the I^imaand
sumamed Uie Conqueror, from the decisive victo- Cavado; the other principal towns are. Lams,
ry he gained on that day, orer Harold II., king Lapeda, and Moncao, on tne S. bank of the Imn-
of England. Fh>m that period to the present time ho, which divides the province from the Spanish
the whole countrv has been under the rule of a province of Qalieia : Port de Lima, and Viana,
successive line of kings, except for 11 years, fVom near the mouth of the Lima, Baroellos, betweeo
CRB 969 KRI
Bnm^a and the mouth of the Calmdo,Giiiinaraen8, ty of the flame same, with a castle. It h 29
and Amarante in the S. E. and Oporto on the N. milee W. by S. of Wertheim, and S3 S. 8. £. of
bank near the month of the Douro, which sepa- fVankfort.
rates the province from Beira. ErM, a town of European Turkey, on the N
Eparies, a town of Upper' Hungary, capital of ihore of the sea of Marmora, 55 miles W. of Gun-
the county of Siros, celebrated for its mmes of stantinople. It was the ancient Heraeiina, and
salt. It is seated on the Tatza, 20 miles N. £. of contains the ruins of an amphitheatre, built by
Caisoyia. Long. 21. 13. £., lat. 46. 50. N. Pop. the emperor Severus ; and a wall at some former
about 7,500. time extended from this place to Derkns on the
Epenuiyy a town of France, in the department shore of the Black Sea, a distance of about 55
of Mame. It was taken by Henry IV, in 1592, miles, the object of which, seems to hair« been
when marshal Biron was killed while the king's the protection of Gonstantinoi^e from the norUi-
hand was on his shoulder. The wines produced em oarbarians.
in its neighbourhood are excellent It is 17 miles * * There is another town of the same name
N. W. of Chalonsjmd the seat of a prefect, with on the S. W. shore of the Black 8ea, 190 m. E.
a population in 1625, of 4,997. by N. of Constantinople.
Roernon, a town of Fruice. in the department Erfurt^ a city of Upper Saxony, sometimes ac*
of Eure and Loire, 15 m. N. N. E. of Charties. counted the capital or Thurinffia, with a univer-
Ephefus, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- aity and two strong forts, ifie principal magis-
lia, anciently one of the most splenmd cities of trate is sometimes a protestant and sometimes
Asia Minor, and the most frequented emporium a papist; but the greatest part of the burghers are
of that continent. Of its former splendour there protestants. It has three fine libraries, one of
is nothing to be seen but heaps of marble, over- which belongs to the papists, another to the uni-
tumed walls, columns, capitals, and pieces of versity. and a third to the protestant ministers
statues. The fortress, which is upon an emi- The inhabitants are computed at 15,000. A fire
nence, seems to have been the work of the Oieek happened here in 173G, which burnt down 180
emperors; and also the aqueduct, part of which houses, and several churches. In 1606 it was
is yet standing, supported by pillars of fine mar- teken bv the French ; and in ]814j it surrendered
ble. The eastern gate has three basso-relievos, to the allies. It is seated in a fertile country, on
taken from some ancient monuments; that in the river Gerar, 58 m. W. S. W. of Leipxig.
the middle was constructed by the Romans. Eribolf Loch An Scotland, an arm of the sea, on
The most remarkable structure was the Temple the N. coast of Sutherlandshire, in the long, of
of Diana, deemed one of the seven wonders of 4. 90. W., capable of affording a safe retreat to
the world, and which the primitive Christians had the largest vessels. It receives several stresms :
converted into a church ; but it is now so entire- particularly that which flows from a lake called
ly ruined, that it is not easy to find the ground- Loch Hope.
plot. Ephesus is seated near the mouth of the Eriekt, Loek^n, lake of Scotland, lying in the
Cayster, which formerly afibrded a good harbour counties of Inverness and Perth. It is 84 m. in
for vhips. but is now almost choked up with length and one in breadth, surrounded by lofiy
sand. Tne present inhabitants are only Greek mountains and ruffged cliffs, and its banks cover-
peasants, who live in extreme wretchedness and ed with heath and a fbw straggling birches and
insensibility. It is 30 miles S. S. E. of Smyrna, alders. Its outlet, at the S. extremity, is the riv-
Long. 27. 23. E., lat. 38. 8. N. er Ericht, which flows into Loch Rannock.
Ej^knUa^ or TWnXsersfoirfi, a town of Pennsylva^ Erie, Lake, one of the great chain of lakes
nia, in Lancaster county, and the principal settle- in North America, lies between 79. and 64. W.
ment of a sect called Tunkers [Dippers], who Ionff.,and41. and 43. N.lst. Its length is 230 m.
are of German, extraction, and fint appeared and 40 its medium breadth. It is upwards of 650
in America in 1719. It is 22 miles N. or Lan- m. in circumference, and navigable for ships of
caster. any burthen. The coast on both sides is generally
EptfiaZ, a town of France, capital of ^he de* favourable for batteaux and canoes; yet in some
partment of Vosges. It is famous for its paper- places, chiefly on the S. side, there are rocks that
mills, and seatecTon the river Moselle, near the extena several m. in length. Some of these, near
mountains of the Vosges, 05 miles S. W. of the mouth of the Cuyuioga, rise 40 or 50 fbet
Strasburgh, and 196 E. by S. of Paris. Pop. in perpendicular out of the water, and project ovei
1825,7,941. the lake. The heathen Indians, when they past
EppiWf a town m Essex, Eng. It is famous this impending danger, ofiTer a saerifice of tobacco
for excellent butter, and seated at the N. end of to the water. The islands and banks towards its
a foiest of the same name, 17 miles N. N. E. of W. end are so in&sted with rattlesnakes, as to
London. Pop. in 18SB1, 1,6^. render it dangerous to land on them. The lake is
Eppmg, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 20 m. fr. covered, near the banks of the islands, with s
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,2&. luge pond lily ; the leaves of which are thickly
Epsom, p.t- Merrimack Co. N. H. Pop. 1 .416. spread on the surface of the water, to an extent
Epmm, a town in Surry, Eng. celebrated for of many acres : on these, in the summer, lie
its mineral waten and salts ; and on its neigh- mvriads of watennakes, basking in the sun.
bouring downs are annual horse-races. It is 15 Tnis lake, at its N. W. end, receives the waters
miles s. S. W. of London. Population in 1821 of the great chain, from the N W. by the river
3,^90. Detroit, and discharges them bv the rivor Niaffa
Epworth, a town in Lincolnshire JSng. on the isle ra. over the ffreat ftiis at its N. £. end, into Lue
of Axholm, with a manuftctore of^saexing. John Ontario. It forms the boundary fine between the
Wesley, the founder of the Arminian sect of United States, and British North American terri-
methodists, was bom here. It is 11 miles N. of tories, both parties claiming an equal right of nav-
Gainsboiough, and 106 N. N. W. of London, igation. During the war of 1812—1815, the
Pop. in 18^, 1 ,502. Americans had a squadron of 9 vessels, eairying
ErUieh, a town of Pranconia, capital of a coun- 56 guns, and the British one of 6 vessels, eanying
Bm Wi £RZ
69 gvns ; on the 10th of September 1813, aAer an vanaerus have tlieir beanties. bat the ehmehes of
action of three hours, the whole of the British the Christians are sipall, ana half under gronnd.
squadron sarendered to the American Commodore It is seated on the banks of the Aras river, which
Perry. The English have a fort called fort £rie, at runs past Shirvan into the Caspian sea, from which
the N. E. extremity of the lake where it narrows it is aistant about 130 m., and abont the same dis-
into the river Niagara, in the lat. of 42. 57. N., - tance from Gonieh on the S. E. shore of the Bladt
and 78. 20. of W. long. Sea. Long. 44. 10. £., lat. 40. 20. N.
£ne, a county of West Pensylvania. The ErkdtnMf a town of Germany, in the duchy of
N. W. side is washed by the shore of the lake, JuUers : seated on the Roer, 10 m. N. W. of Ja*
the W. end borders on the State of Ohio, and the liers. Pop. about 2,300.
E. end on that of New York. Its area is about JErton, or JEr^ou, a populous town on the fron*
750 square m. Pop. 16^906. A town of the same tiers of "Lower and Upper Hungair. 00 m. £. N.
name seated near the snore of the lake, is 315 m. E. of Buda. It is the see of an archbishop. The
in a meridional line, N. N. W. of Philadelphia, cathedrah and azchjepiscopal palace axe stately
ErU^ a county of New York, bordering on the edifices.
£. end of the lake and Nia«ra river, bounded Erlangen, a town of IVanconia, with a oniver-
N. b^ the Tonne wanta, and^. by the Cattarau- ity and a paJace. It is divided into the old and
gus nver. BuiSEalo, opposite the British fort Erie, new town ; and the latter is one of the handsom-
18 the chief town. Pop. 35,710. est towns in Germany. The principal mannfkc-
ErUf p.y. Erie Co. N. Y. tares are hats, j^loves, and stockings. It is seatp
ErU, p.t. Erie Co. Pa. on Lake Erie at the bar- «d on the Rednitz, 12 m. N. of Nurembeiv ; and
boar of Presqu* Isle which is safe and commodious is now included in the dominions of the lung of
but has only 8 feet water at the entrance. The Bavaria. Long. 11. 2. £., lat. 49. 38. N.
town haa considerable trade, principally by the Ertu, a river of 8cotland| which ismies from
lake commerce. A turnpike road extends from a lake of Uie same name m Perthshire, flows
hence tp Pittsburg. by Crieff, and joins the Tay, a little below
EriemiU, p.v. Madison Co. N. Y. Abeznethy.
Erie GstMU, the larjgest in the United States Erne, a river of Ireland, which issues from a
unites Lake Erie with the river Hudson. It is small lake on the N. border of the county of Long-
362 m. long, 40 feet wide and 4 dee^. It has 679 ford, flows N. through that of Cavan, and N. W
feet of lockage ; the locks are 90 feet in length through Fermanagh into Doneiral bay. In the
and 15 in width. This immense work leaves latter county it forms a lake, called Lough £me|
the lake at Buffalo and passes northwardly along 30 m. in lengthy containing several islands ; and
Niagara river towards lake Ontario. It then on one in the middle part, where the lake is very
toms to the east and proceeds northward of the narrow, stands the town of Enniskillen.
small lakes of New York to the valley of the Mo- Emee, a town of France, in the department of
hawk down which it passes to the mouth of that Mayenne, on a river of the same name, 15 m. N
stream. It then follows the western bank of the N. W. of Laval.
Hudson to Albany where it joins the river. It £iWii, or £rroa<i,a town of HindcMstan,in the
has several large aaueducts; one of which across province of Coimbetore. with a large mud fort,
the Genesee at Rochester is 804 foet in lenffth, and Much coarse cotton dotn is made here and in the
two other across the Mohawk are 1 188 and 748 foet vicinity. It is seated on a canal from the Bhaw-
in length. The sides of the canal are paved with ani, E. of the Cavery river, 75 m. W. N. W. of
stone or covered with thick grass. There are a Tritchinopoly*
number of branches or side cuts to this canal ; Err<d, t. Coos Co. N. H. on the W. of Umba
one of them which extending from Syracuse to gog* lake. Pop. 82.
Oswego is 38 m. long, and another to Geneva 20 Erramango, one of the new Hebriidoi in the S.
m. The navigation upon this canal is very great, Pacific Ocean, 70 m. in cireumference, with low
and the canal duties amply compensate the cost shores. On the W. side is a promontory that sep-
of the work, which wae above ffiOOfiOO dollars, arates tiro bays, and captain Cook, from the
It was beffon in 1817 and finished in 1825. treaeheroos behaviour of the inhabitants, named
Travdung upon the canal is very easy and it Traitor's Head. Long. 169. 19. £., lat. 18.
cheap. The boats for passengers are 80 feet 47. S.
nwitb cabins nearly the whole length of the Ertnf, a town of France, in the department of
. They are drawn by henes and proceed 4 Aobe, 17 m. 8. by W. of Troyes.
m. an hour, day and night. The fore is 4 cents Erxemm, or At Rcmm, the camtal of Turkish
per mile. Armenia, with Armenian and Greek episcopal
£miMi«, a small island <^ the Hebrides of Scot- sees. It is suiroonded by double wula, de-
land, at t&a 8. end of South Uist ; noted for being fended by strong towers, and estimated to con*
the first place upon which Charles Stnart landed, tain 125,000 inhaoitants. The Turks are all jan-
in his wild attempt to oain the British crown. issaries ; but most of them tradesmen, and le-
Eriiht a villaffe in iGnt, Eng. on the Thames, ceive no pay. The Armenians have two chuich-
5 m £. by S« of Woolwich. Great quantities of es, the Greeks but one ; the latter are mostly bras-
corn and wood am shipped hence ; and here the ien. and live in the suburbs. A great trade is
East India ships, in their passa^ up the river, earned on in furs, Persian silks, cottons, calicoes,
generally discharge a part of their cargoes. and drugs. This city is a thoroughfaie, and a
JErtMH, the capital d Persian Armenia, in a resting place, for the caravans to the East Indies,
ptovince of thesame name, and the seat of an Arme- It is sUuate between the two sources of the Eu-
nian iMtriaioh. The city is defended by a fortress, phntes, at the foot of a chain of mountains, 104
in which in the geviemor*s palace, and by a castle, m. S. £. of Trebisond, on the S. £. shore of the
on the river Zntmgm, near the lake of Erivan, Bkck Sea. Long. 41. 36. £., lat 39. 57. N.
which he ver^ deep, and €0 m. in cironmference. Erxgthirg, Cirde ^, a populous district of Up*
The Meidan la an open s4Qare,400 paces over, in per Saxony, forming the 8. W. part of the Mar-
whioh ■» yeiy fine trees, llie baths and cara- graviate or Meissen, or Misnia, boonded on the
S. by the BabEDiian mcniDtuiii. !t ibonndi in
Turuhle minerala. Freybur^, Altenbnrg, tni
ChcmoiU, &rs the principal lowni,
EtcaJoma, a town of Spain, in NewCutile, lor-
louoded by mill. Itii litiiBle on an eminence,
JD a Artile enaatij, near the Albrcche, a Ulbata-
" ~ . N. W. of Toledo, and 39
r» of tbe Tagiu, 30
S. W. of lAdnd,
1 coantT of WMt rioHda. Pop.
3,3£6. Penw^la ia tte capilaJ.
EichiBtgBa, a town and caatle of Germany, in
tli« landgTuviite of Heae CaiKl, Mated on the
W^rra, §5 m. E. 8. E. of Caaael.
Etrurial, a riltaga of Spain, in Nev Ca^le,
■ealed on the Giwdani, 15 m. N. W. of Htdrid.
Ittakea ita name from a noble atructure, founded
h; Philip li. in memory of the ticlorv gained
□rer the French near St. Qaentin, in 1ES7. Thii
ediSce conaiiu of a royal palaoe, aehareh,amon-
ailery, a cotlege,a library ,sbapa of different artiata,
apartmenla for a great number of people, beanti^l
walks, lain alleyn, an citenaive park, and fine
gai^ieni. It ia bnilL of grey alonea, fannd in the
oeighbourhood, and In the lonn of a gridiron, be-
came St. Lawrence, on whoee day the victory
waa gained, anffered martyrdom by being broiled
on inch an inatraoient. Ilia a long aquare of 740
feet by 580, and four atoriea hl;b, with a tov^
at eacb angle QOQ feet high ; and the palace forma
the handle of thia imasioary gridiron. The moat
remarkable part i* tne arched chapel ; in which
ii a magnifiMnt aepulcbre called the Pantheon,
being bulh in imitstioa of that church at Rome :
it ia the burying-place of the kinga and qoeeni of
Spiin; and ia thoogbt by aome to be the moat
carioua piece of architecture in the world. The
church la bnilt after the model of St. Peter'i at
[Ugtitynt, or Etgntria, a town of Portugal, in
Beira. B m. 8. of Averio.
Etk, a riTer which riMi in BeoUand, to the N,
E. part orDumfirieaahire.and Bowa 9. E. throagh
a dale to which it give* name to Ibr edge of t£t
ooaaty. It there receivea the Liddel from Rox-
bnrghihire, and enlen Cumberland, flawing 3.
hy Longtown into the N. E. extremity of Bolway
frith.
Elk, a river of Scotland, in Edinbarghabire,
foToiBil by the junction of two itreama oalled N.
and S. Elk. They almoat eneirele the town of
Dalkeith, puaing on each ude of the eminence
on whioh it atandi, and unile a little below the
town. The river entera the Frith of Forth, at
Mnaaelbonrh,
Cii, f/bkh and SbuiA, two rirera of Scotland,
in Anguaahire, which deacend from tba hilli oall-
nl the Braei c^ Angus, The Ibrmer divide! the
connty from Kincardineahite for aeveral milea,
and raaehea the ocean, a little to the N. of Hunt-
roae : the latter, after traveraing the whole breadth
of the county, entera the bay on th* W. of th«
Etki Shiir, a town of Aaiatic Turkey, in Na-
talia on the river Sakaria, which fall* into the
Black Sea, 80 m, E. S. E. of Boraa. Long. 31.
lawn of Erypl, anp-
paced to be the ancient Ijatopolia. Here ia an
ancient temple, with walla on three aidei, and in
the front 34 cDtnmna, well preaerred : within it
are three atoriea of hicroglyphica, of men aboat
three ftet high ; and the oeifiog ia adorned with
animala, painted with beautirurcolonn. On the
.f.aide of the town ii another tample; richly
carved with hicroglyphica, crocodilea, Ac. and ■
mile to ttie S. ia the monaatery of St. Helena, which
contain! manr magnificent tomba. Eane atanda
on the Nile, JOOm. S.ofCaiio. Long,3I. 40. E.,
lat. 34,46. N.
Etopiu, p.l. Ulatei (3o, N. Y. Pop. 1,770.
EtptUiim, a town of Franae, in the department
of .<veiron, on the river Lot, 14 m. N. N. E. of
Rhodci. It i* the aeat of a prel^t, and in iS'iT)
contained 3,361 inhahitanU.
Etpenmce, p.v. Schoharie Co. If. T.
E^Kainda, or Eapaiuienit^, a aea-porl of Fortn-
£, m Entre Donco e Minho, .. .
Cavado, as m. N. of Oporto. Long. 8. 31 . W
lal.41 — -
of
the country between Gulf Welcome and Mac-
keniie'a River, and probably Bhering'i Stiaita.
To the 8. they extend aa far aa Slave Lake, and,
to the N., the territory which they occupy ia
bounded by an iey aea,if auch a sea really exiata,
or eUe they extend their wandering excuraiona
into a froun deaeit. A permament eatabUahment
of thia nation waa met with by Caplaia Roaa, at
Prince Regent's Bay, in lat. 76. N. ; and their
huti were numeroua in many parte of Melville
Iiland in lat. 75. N. The latter officer obierved
them freqnenlly in the iiland* of the Archipelago
of Barrow'a Siraita, though their timidity preven-
ted any intercourae. Little, iquat, and leeblr,
the complexion of theae Polar men paitakea leaa
of a copper hoe, than of a reddiih and dirty yel-
low. Their hnta, which are of a circdliT form,
and are covered with deer-akina, can only be en-
tered bj creeping on the belly. Tet Uie rode
neceaaitica or the climate have lOggealed to thia
feeble race many contrivance! which do honour
dwelling, which they vooitniat from the fitxen
enow that anrrannds them, affbrda a favooiable
example. The rapidity and neatoeaa with wbioh
they raiae these edificei, and render them impel-
admirable -, aad tbeee edifice!, when finiahed, d-
[brd their inhabitants a aimilsi protection to that
which the vegetable world receive! from a cover-
ing of mow. The Eaquimaui of Prince Revent'i
Elay, and of the Arctic Highland!, are entirely ig-
norant of boat! and oanoea, affording, it ia aajd,
a unique inatanoe of a liahijig tribe unacquainted
with the mean* of floating an the water. Roaa
advance! strong groandi tor considering them aa
the true aboriginal race, trom whence all other
Esqnimani an derived. They seem atlerty ig
norant of the nation! to the eooth, and may M
a independent tribe, aepaiatad by
996 B6T
almost impassable mountains from the reffions of yet, notwithstandinff all the adirantages of fertil-
South Greenland, and extending beyond Qie most ity, abandance, and contiguity to market, paQp
northern inlet of Baffin's Bay. They are almost perism and crime prevail to an equal extent to
entirely destitute of religious ideas. The other any, and to a much greater extent than in most
tribes nave canoes made of the skins of the sea other parts of the kingdom. The manufacture of
calf, which sail with great swiftness. These sav- baize and other worsted stuffs was formerly car-
ages patiently work a grey and porous stone into ried on over the greater part of this county, but
the shape of pitchers and kettles. The edges of since the middle of the 18th century it has pro-
these vases are elegantly ornamented. They gressively declined, and is now almost extinct,
preserve their provisions of meat in bags, filled It has large establishments for the printing of
with whale oil. Those who live near the mouth calico, and mills for making sheet lead,
of Mackenzie's River, shave their heads, a pecu- Essex is also the name of a county in Upper*
liar custom, but not sufficient of itself to prove an Canada, forming a ]^romontory at the southern
Asiatic origin. extremity of the provmce, and nearly surrounded
Esqtdmauz Bay, a bay on the S. coast of Lab- by lakes Erie, and St. Clair, and Detroit river,
rador, at the entrance to the straits of Belleisle Essex is also the name of five counties in difiier-
from thegulf of St. Lawrence. Long. 57. 59. W., ent parts of the United States of America: viz.
lat. 51. 30. N. First in Vermont, bounded on the £. for about
Esquimaux Islands^ a cluster of small islands in 45 m. by the Connecticut river, and bounded on
the gulf of St. Lawrence, off the entrance to the the N. by Lower Canada; its mean breadth is
bay. ibout20 m. Population 3^1 : chief town Guild-
Essegf or Esitk, a trading town of Sdavonia, ball,
with a strong castle. It has a wooden bridge over Second, forming the N. £. part of the state of
the Drave, into Lower Hungary, and the marsh- Massachusetts, bordering on New Hampshire and
68,8 m. in length, and 80 feet in breadth, with the Atlantic Ocean; it is intersected by the
towers at a Quarter of a m. distant from each oth- Merrimack river, and contains several large
er. It is a difficult pass, and several battles have towns : viz. Newburyport, Ipswich, Gloucester,
been fought here between the Turks and Ger- Marblehead, Salem, and Beverly, wc. Popula-
mans. Esse^ was taken from the Turks in 1687. tion 82,887. Salem is the chief town.
since which time it has continued in the hands or Third, in New York, bounded on the £. for 52
the house of Austria. It is seated on the river m. by lake Champlain. Population 19,187. The
Drave, 100 m. W. N. W. of Belgrade, and 136 S. court house is at Elizabethtown, in Pleasant Val-
of Buda. Long. 19. 16. E., lat. 30. 45. N. Pop. ley.
about 9,000 Fourth, in New Jersey, bounded on the W., N.
Esseti, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of and E. by the Passaic river; its area is only about
Berg. Here are several Catholic churches and 150 square m. Pop. 41 ,098. Newark, is the chief
convents, but the inhabitants are chiefly Luther- town ; its contiguity to New York renders it the
ans. It is 8 m. E. of Duysburg. most populous and important part of the State.
EssenSf a town of Westphalia, in East Fries- Fifth, in the E. District of Virginia, on the S.
land, near the German Ocean, SO m. N. N. E. of W. bank of the Rappahannock river, along which
Emden. .it extends about 30 m. being about 8 m. m mean
Esseqiuho, a river of Dutch Guiana, on which breadth. Pop. 10,531. liippahannock, is the
is a settlement of the same name, in lat. 7. N. chief town. .
long. 58. 30. W. It formerly belonged to the Essex^ n.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. Pop. 1,664
Dutch, but was ceded to the English in 1814. Also a village in Middlesex Co. Conn.
The river is 300 m. long and 20 wide at its mouth EssUngen^ a village of Austria, on the N bank,
but incommoded with shoals. The whole dis- of the Danube, about 6 m. £. S. E. of Vienna,
trict is fertile and well cultivated, producing cof- between which and Aspern a sanguinary battle
fee, cotton, sugar and cocoa. was fought between the French and Austrians,
Essex f a maritime and beautifully fertile coon- on the S9st and 22nd May, 1809.
tj[r of England. It is bounded on the S. by the EsMtgeity a town of Suabia, in the kingdom
river Thames, which divides it from the county of Wurtemberg. Here are several convents, but
of Kent. The county is nearly a square, the the inhabitants are chiefly Lutherans. It has
area of which is 1,532 square m. It possesses a three extensive suburbs, and its district yields
variety of soil and face of country. The S. W. good Neckar wine. It is seated on the Neckar, 8
murt is occupied principally by the two forests of m. S. £. of Stuttgaid. Pop. about 7,000.
Epping andHainhault, and is noted for its butter, Estaim, a town of France in the department of
which takes the name of £pping butter. The N. Meuse, 12 m. £. N. E. of Verdun.
W. part firom Saffron- Walden to Cambridge, is EstaUoTf a town of Persia, in Farsistan, capital
rity at diffisrent periods. Tfa% middle part is a JSsteoaysr, a town and Daliwick of Switzerland,
fine com country, varied with gentle inequalities in the canton of Friburg, with a fine castle seatea
of snrfkoe, aud sprinkled with woods. The i>art on the lake of Neufishatel, 13 m. W. of FYiburg.
bordering on the Thames and the sea consists EsU, a populous town of the Venetian territorr!
chiefly of marshy grounds, which afford excellent 14 m. 8. S. W. of Padua.
pasturage, being secured firom the inroad of the EstsUa, an episcopal town of Spain, in Navarre,
tides by embankments. Its contiguity to the with a castle and a university; seated on the
metropolis, affi>rds it a fheile and advantageous Ega, 15 m. W. S. W. of Pamplona. Long. 2. 2.
market for its surplus produce of grain, seeds, W., lat. 42. 38. If .
calves, butter, poultry^ pototoes, fruit, wild fowl, EsU^, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with an
and oysters, all of which it supplies in a greater ancient castle on a mountain, 18 m. S. of Ecija,
j^oportion than an;r other county in the kingdom ; and 58 £. of Seville.
ETA mr EUH
Esttpona, a town of Spain, in Granada, near JStoyOyOr EtawehyK town of Hindoostan, in the
the coast. 20 m. W. S. W. of Marbella. province of A^ra, litaate on the fi. bank of the
Esteraoad. See AgUrahad. Jumna, which is here 60 feet hiffh. On the top,
EtUumuk^ or iZeve/, a government of the Russian near the river, are the remains of a fort. It is &
empire, bounded on the W. by the Baltic, N. by m. S. £. of Agra. Long. 79. 16. £., lat. 26. 45.
the gulf of Finland, E. by Ingria, and S. by Livo- N.
nia. After having been long an object or bloody Ethiopia, a name by which a vast region of
contention between the RussianB, Poles, and Africa naa been distinguished by some geogrti-
Swedes, it was oonfirmed to the latter by the phers, who have di video it into Upper and Lower
Mace of Oliva in 1660 ; but it was subdued by Ethiopia. The first includes Nubia. Abyssinia,
reter the Great in 1710, and finally ceded to Rus- and part of Guinea : the second all tne countries
sia in 1721. It is divicied into 4 circles. Revel 8. or the equinoctial line, as Congo, Monumugi,
is the capital. Monomotapa, &c. Ethiopia appears to have onco
EsthwaiU-UHUeTf a lake in Lancashire, Eng. be- been a ^^at and powerful empire, but the details
tween Uawkshead and Windermere-water. It Lb of its history are lost in the vortex of time. The
two m. and a half long, and half a m. broad, in- Egyptian empire, was probably founded on the
tersected by a peninsula from each side, jettins^ ruin of that of Etniopia.
far into the lake. On the banks are villages and Etienne, St. a town of France, m the depart-
■eattered houses, pleasantly situate under woods ment of Loire. Beside the manumctures of arms,
and hanging grounds clothed with verdure, all hardware, and cutlery (the most considerable in
heightened Dv tJie strong back ground of rocky France,) the weaving of ribbands forms a consid-
mountains. No char are found in this lake, erable article of commerce. Coal is found in the
though it is connected with Windermere-water. neighbourhood, and also a soft stone, fit for grind-
EttiU. an Interior county in the E. part of the stones. It is the seat of a prefect, 20 m. S. E. of
atate of Kentucky, intersected by the ICentucky Montbrison, and 32 S. W. of Lyon. Pop. in 1825,
river ; its area is about 500 square m. Pop. 4,618. 19,102.
Irvine is the chief town. *«* There are about a doxen other towns in dif-
EMtiUviUey p.v. Scott Co. Va. ferent parts of France, named after St. Etienne,
Estremadura, a province of Spain, extending (Stephen) all inconsiderable,
from the lat. of 37. 06. to 40. 15. or N. lat bounded E&ve Loch, a naviffid)le inlet of the sea, on the
on the W. by the Portuguese province of Alemtejo W. coast of Scotlana, in Argyleshire. It is 20 m.
and part of Beira. It is alK>ut 90 m. in mean in length, but of very unequal breadth; and its
breadth, giving an area of 14,400 square m. The banks are indented with creeks, which afford*
pop. in 1820, was returned at 428,493. The N. safe anchorage. About 7 m. from the en-
end is intersected by the Tagus, and the S. b^ the trance it contracts into a narrow channel, called
Gnadiana ; it seems a country of great capability. Connel, where a ridge of rocks occasion, at par-
The vine, olive, and corn, all luxuriate within its ticular times of the tide, a violent current. About
limita. Uattle and fine wool are the chief articles 2 m. below is the ancient caatle of Dunstaffnage.
of trade; and ^at herds of black swino are fed Etna. See JEtna.
on the lulls, which are covered with oaks. Ba- Etna, a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
dajoz, near the Portuguese frontier, is the capital, 362. Also a villa^ in Tompkins Co. N. T.
and the other principal towns are Piazencia, Coria, Eton, a town in Buckinghamshire, England,
Alcantara, AlDuquerque,Truxillo,Merida,OUven- seated on the N. bank of the Thames, opposite to
sa, Xeres, and Llerena. Windsor, to which it is united by an elegant stone
Estremadura, the metropolitan province of Por- bridge over the river. Eton is celebrated for its
tugal, lying on both sides of the Ta^s ; its area school, founded by Henry VI. 1440, for the edu-
is about 7w square m. and the pop. m 1810. waa cation of 70 scholars, a portion of which, when
returned at 826,680. The part S. of the Tagus duly qualified, are annually elected to King's Col-
ts mountainous and unproauctive^ whilst the N. lege, Cambriave. In addition to the 70 founda-
although in parts mountainous, is exceedingly tion scholars, tnere are generally^ 3 to 400 of the
fertile ; the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other sons of the opulent clanes, receive their educa-
delicious fruits, as well aa corn, millet, and le- tion at Eton. The buildings are commodious and
gumes, abound. Besides Lisbon, the capital of the elennt, their light gothic turrets form a beautiful
province, and of all Portugal, the other principal and interesting contrast to the massive and ma-
towns are Leyria, Thomar, Abrantes, Santarem, jestic towers of Windsor Caatle, firom which it is
and Alenquer, all N. of the Tagus, and Setubal separated only by the river. Eton is 22 m. N. W
near the coast on the S. of London, rop. in 1821, 2,475.
Estremos, a town of Portuffal, in Alemtejo, and Etruria. See TVueony, and Stoke upon Trent.
one of the strongest in the kingdom, being sur- Ettenheim, a town in the territory of the grand
rounded by ten bastions. An earthenware is duke of Baden, 25 m. S.by E. of Strasburg.
made here, generally esteemed for its beauty and EttHngeHf a town of Suabia, in the duchy of
fine smell ; and in the vicinity are quarries of Baden, on the river Albe, 4 m. S. S. WT of
beautiful marble. It is Id m. W. of £lvas. and Durlach.
100 E. of Lasbon. Pop. about 6,500. £ii,atown of France, in the department of
Esxek, or Eszeg. See Esseg. Lower Seine, with a strong casUe, and a harbour
Elampes, a town of France, in the department ibr small vessels at Treport. The principal trade
o' Se ne and Oise, seated on the river Loet or is in serges and lace. It is seated on the river
Etampes, 15 m. E. of Chartres. It is distinpuished Bresle, near the English channel, 15 m. N. E. of
for the murder of its prefect on the let of Iffaich, Dieppe.
1792. Pop. in 1825, 7,693. EtOemia, Se. atown of Naples, on the W. coast
Etmtles, a town of France, in the department of of Calabria Ulteriore, on a gulf of the Mediter-
Pas lie Calais, situate on the Englisn Channel, ranean, to which it gives name, S7 m. S. by E.
near the mouth of the river Canche, 13 m. S. of of-Cosenaa.
Uoologne. Em-hOf or PreeUnU'river^ a rirar of China, in
EUR S8S EUR
Pe-tche-li, which flow* N. E. into the Pei-ho, at be from Europa point, in the strait of Gibraliu
Tien-ainff. Much grain ii conveyed b^ thia riv- which divides Europe from the N. W. extremity
er for Pekin and it ia also important for its connec- of Africa, in the lat. of 36. 7. N. , and 5. 30. of W
tion with the N. extremity of the grand canal. Ion*., to the Cara river, in the long, of 63 30 E
Etdcy a town of Bohemia, in the circle of in Uie lat. of 66. 30. N. Thia line, the angle of
Kurzim, v*ith a gold mine, 11 m. S. by E. Prague, which is N. E. bearing E. would intersect the
EvyUorgiay or Kostof, a town of Russia, in the ttnlfn of Dantzig, Riga, and Finland, and the lakes
Crimea or government of Taurida, situate on the Ladoga and Onega ; and its length would be
W. side of a salt lake, and near the Black Sea, 3,065 geographical, or 3,546 English statute m
€8 m. S. by. W. of Perecop. Long. 33. 16. E., The longest line that could be drawn from S. to
lat. 45. 12. N. N. would be from Cape Matapan at the S. extrem
Eupm. See Oeper. ^,„ _ ^ . ^. ityofthe Morea, to Cape North, at the northern
Euphrates, 9, noble nver of Western Asia, whicn extremity of Finmark : this line would ifctersect
rises from three sources in Turkish Armenia, the gulf of Riga, the entrance to the gulfofFin-
Tho principal head' is about 35 m. S. E. of Erie- land, and the N. E. shore of the gulf of Bothnia •
rum, and is called bv the Turks Binggheuil Frat, and its length would be 2,090 geographical or
or 1,000 springs, and on the opposite side of the 2,423 English sUtate m. The boundaries of Eu-
mountains from whence these springs flow, the rope, however, on all sides, are extremely irreiru-
Raksi, a branch of the Aras, which falls into the lar, jetting out into several great peninsulas; so
Caspian sea below Shirvan, also has its source : that if it was resolved into a square, the sides
another branch of the Euphrates rises about 35 m. would not exceed 1,600 geographical m. each wav
«. by W. of Eraerum ; these two branches unite It is bounded on the N. by the Arctic Sea W
in the long, of 40. E., and lot. of 39 50. N., and by the Atlantic Ocean, S. from the long, of ^. w!
d)out 40. ra. W. by S. ofErzerum, from whence to 35. E. by the Mediterranean Sea, and E by
the united stream becomes navigable for boats. Asia.
Another branch rises on the frontier of Peraia, in Aiiiong aU the divisions of tlie globe, Europe is
tiie long, of 43. 40. E., and runs a course nearly that in Which perhaps the works of external na-
due W. to the long, of 39. 25. and lat. of 39. ; the ture are on the smallest scale, and in which ccr
united streams are then called the Frat, and flow tainly the development of mind is the greatest.
S ' *'"?^''o^ ?• S. W to Semisat, in the at. of " A mere adjunct of the immense Asiatic conti-
37. 8. N. and long, of 37.20. E., being withm 60 nent"— to use the words of the most iUustrious
,^\?*^ *S5 5»"of Aiasso, at the N. E. extremity geographer of modem Umes— " the whole penin-
of the Mediterranean; from this point the Eu- «ula could hardly contain a basin large enough
phrates flows m a S. E direction through 12 de- for the Nile, the Kiang, or the Amizon. Its
grees of longitude in Luropeim Turkey, faUmg loftiest mountains cannot be compared in height,
'?^a**!.n^4 .f ^"""^ ■5-*^%**]: ?^^' V^ ^^'V^- °' ^° ^"^^""^ ^ ^^ Andes, or Himalayas. If all
of 48. 40. E.,the meridional distance from the its downs and uncultivated lands were added to
souree to the mouth of this noble river, is about the sandy plains of Africa, the augmentation might
POO m. but the course of Uie stream is about 1,200. be wholly impereeptible. The productions of
ft IS navigable for ships of the largest burthen to the animal, vegetabt, and mineraf kingdoms are
Bassora,^ m. from ita mouth ; and, were the here few and insignificant. Ite mines do not
country through which it runs, inhabited by a so- abound in gold ; thi diamond is not found amon^
cial and well organized people, it might be mstru- Us mineraln. There are not more than fifteen or
mental to the conveyance of a reciprocal mter- twenty species of quadrupeds that belong exclu-
«;hange of the producta of Asia and Europe. A sively to Europe, and these are not of the most
social, scientific, and enterprising i>eople would useful kind, gome animals, as the horae, the ox.
not be content with ita communicating with the the sheep, and the dog, have been greatiy improv-
Persian gulf, but would unite its waters with the ed by the care and Industry of man ; but the
Mediterranean on one side, and the Caflma.n «*& ««^.« ..i.._wi. «, i j..jv* i. V
«. . - »»- brought ..^„. xu.4.»,ui«^*»wu.xttjui
fJ^' A -* 4 r«u iu re* Mauritania, the peach from Persia, the orange
Iwre, a department ofdieN. of France, so na- from China, and the potato from America. Tf
med from a river which intersects the E. part, fall- it ia rich, ita wealtrhas been derived from
ing into the Seme,about 15 m. above Rouen ; the the produce or spoils of other countries." Pre-
Seme Uien forms ito northern boundary to iteen- «„tfng a less ext^t of surface than Asia, Africa,
trance into the Ka Lure, however may be con- or America, this conUnent shows that suffice more
wdered a maiiufacturing and agricultural, rather crowded with men, improved by cultivation, en-
^ra^^n'SilT* ntr^""'" ^' " ^''''^'''^ '""^ "^^^** ^^ producU^e industry, and extensive com-
five arrondissementa. . , ^ . ^ ">««•» embellished witli mighty cities, and splen-
Eiirs Slid Linre, an mtenor department of did works of art, illumined witK the reflections of
SiT^'a I^^TJ^ L^^^^^ genius, and invested with irresistible preponder-
r.?f ;«^ fKo^^^ w?^? ^®i,^ ^?' l^ *"<^ ^n ^« "^^l* of poliUcal importance. Tn oth-
£Xt«l„* ? JH?'^^ of which nse within the .r regions, we contemplate, amid the great physi-
dppartment ; the Lone flowing to the S., and the cal features of the scene, » H ^
Lure to the N., as descnbed m the preceding '
arttcla ^ worM of woodei^, where ersaUoa seems
Europey one of the &re grand divisions of the ^"^ '"*»'• the works of Nature, bat her drains.
flobe ; the extreme limita of which, are Cape In Europe, we behold a yet more elevating
latapan, S. in 36. 23. N. and 22. 29. £., Cane &U spectacle, — spirit asserting ito supremacy over
Vincent, W. in 37. 3. N. and 9. 2. W., Cape iHorth, body, — and man, the loi3 of nature, punuing
N. in 71. 10. N. and 25. 50. E., Cara River, E. in most gloriously the hiffh destiny originally as-
66. 30. N. and 63. 30. E. The longest meridional signed him ' to replenish the earth,* and to sub-
line, that ooold be drawn acro« Eorone, would due it.' In other regions, it is matter we wonder
EUR S99 £UR
at ; in Europe, it it mind we admire. Here hu- to the foot of the Uralian chain. The difierenee
manitj has tier chosen seat, and from hence have in genera] elevation between northern and south-
emanated her noblest gifts. ern Europe may be illustrated by stating, that if
The superficial extent of Europe has been ya- the waters of the Atlantic Ocean were to rise
riously estimated by different geographers. Our 1,500 or 1,600 feet abore their present level, the
want of information respecting the extent of some whole of northern Europe, with the exception of
eountries, and the doubts reguding the real boun- the mountainour districts of Norway and Scot-
daries between Europe and Asia, noticed above, land, would be laid under water ; wmie southern
increase the difficulty of stating^ precisely the ex- Europe, on the contrary, being higher than the
tent of surface belonging to curope. Kitchen level of such inundation, would form one or two
reckons 3,258,038 English square nules ; Hassel, large and high islands. Ilie most elevated dis-
3,331,579 ', and Crome, 3,796,349. Perhaps, not- tricts in Europe are Switzerland [and Savoy, [n
withstanding its irregiilarity of form, we may as- the comparatively level countries' of Europe, ex-
certain the superficial area of this continent with tending from Iceland to the Caspian sea, the
tolerable accuracy, by reducing it to an oblong mountains rise in insulated groups ', while in the
square. If for angles of this square, be taken the southern and central parts of this continent, ei
North Cape in Norway, and the town of Ekate- from Etna in Sicily, to the Blocksbergof the Han,
rineburg in the Russian government of Perm, and fix>m the Strait of Gibraltar, to the Bosphoms.
Bordeajix in France, and C^pe Solomon the east- all the mountains belong to one great connected
ern extremity of the Island of Crete, the sides system. In this quarter are the Alps, — ^the high-
of this parallelogram will measure 2,100 m., and est, and beyond compariBO<n the most extensive
1,500 m. respectively, and will enclose a super- range of mountains in Europe, though scarcely
ficies of 3,150,000 square m. : and the different exceeding c e-half of the average height of the
portions of land excluded from this measure- great South American chain under the equator,
ment, will amount to about 300,000 square m., Perpetual ice commences here at the elevation of
making in all a superficial extent of 3,450,000 7,000 or 8^000 feet. At the height of 10,800 feet
square m. Europe thus embraces about one- the ice disappears, and the atmospheric vapour,
sixteenth part of the^ whole terrestrial surface congealed as it descends, covers the ground with
of the globe ', and, with all its islands, does not eternal snow. The Alps extend over a space of
exceed m superficial extent, the Australian con- 13,000 square miles. They branch out, m vazi-
tinent. Europe is particularly distinguished by ous angular directions, into the Maritime, Cot-
the seas and numerous gulfs tnat wash its shores, tian, Graian, Peninne, Lepontine, Swiss, Rhe-
and'the number and extent of its inland waters, tian, Norian, Camian, Julian, and Dinarian Alps,
Hence the facility with which the commercial in- which again spread out in many secondary chains,
tercourseof nations is here conducted; and hence The Apennines, stretching in a vast crescent
too the influence which Britain has been enabled through the whole length of the Italian peninsula,
to exert over the political destinies of Europe, as and evidently connected with the mountains of
a great maritime power. Europe has an abun- Sicily, may be regarded as a southern branch of
dance of inland lakes. The greater part of them the Alpine series. The average height of this
are situated in Switzerland, Upper Italy^ Ger- chain is about 5,000 feet. A second great chain
many, Ruseia, and Sweden ; but very few of stretches its branches over the whole peninsula
them can be compared, in point of extent, to of the Pyrenees. The two outer bulwarks of this
those found in other parts of the world. The peninsular- which consists of a central plain ele-
largest European lake is the Ladoga, in Russia, vated from 2,000 to 4,000 feet— are the moun-
which has a superficial extent of 6,340 square m. ; tains commonly called the Pyrenees, stretching
the Onega, in the same country, is about half that between France and Spain on the north, and the
size, and greatly exceeds the largest of the re- Alpujarras or Sierra JVevtufa of Spain on tne south,
maining lakes. The accumulation of lakes, or The mountains of Auvergne, which are connect-
insulated pools of water, in some places of Europe, ed with those of Vivarais and the Cevennes, are
is very remarkable. Some Russian governments united to the Pyrenees by the Logere. At the
possess an incredible number. They are less nu- other extremity of Europe, three chains of moun-
merous in the western parts of Europe. But in tains meet together, collectively called Argen-
Iceland, a hundredth part uf the territory is occu- taro, at a point nearly eouidistant from the Danube,
pied by lakes. Europe is abundantly watered, the Adriatic, and the ^gean Sea. This central
though its rivers are greatly inferior in size to point may be considered as the nucleus of all the
those of the other continents. In fact, this con- mountain in European Turkey. From it pro-
tlnent is too much intersected by the sea, and ceeds the ancient Hemus or modem Balkan
presents too small a mass of land, to abound in eastwards to the Black Sea. A second range runs
such magnificent streams as are found elsewhere. N. W. till it joins the Carnian Alps ; and a third
In the eastern part only, where it stands con- runs southwards through the peninsula, dividinir
nected with the great Asiatic mass of land, is found the northern continent of Greece into two parta
any considerable breadth of contiguous territory, of nearly equal breadth, and passing into the
and here also do we find its largest rivers. islands of the Archipelago. As the Hellenic
The greater part of Europe is a mountainous Mountains, with the exception perhaps of Athoe
surface ; but the masses which tower up in the and Olympus, have never been accurately meas-
south greatly exceed those of the north. The urcd, it is impossible to determine whether or
plains of Europe are much inferior in dimensions not they are higher than the Apennines. Mount
to the same physical feature in the other conti- Orbelus, the northern boundary of the oountiy
nenta. With the exception of the wide valley of has, according to Pouqueville, ita summit perpetu*
the Theiss, and the basin of the Po, we do not ally covered with snow, and must thereW, ac-
recognise an;r extensive plain on the south of the cording to the laws that fix the lower limit of con-
Sudetie chain ; hut an enormous plain extends gelation, exceed 8,500 feet of elevation. None
from the mouth of the Rhine, over the whole of of the other Hellenic Mountains, however, wheth
northern Germany and the greater pirt of Poland, cr they be insulated or disposed in groups and
37 SB
nacM, itUin tha line of peroetiul mow. The
Cupmtluan and Hercyniui MountBim m vpa-
ntM from Ihe Alpa and the Hetleoic Mountuiu
bv the Dsnube. Thii wild nnre, the gtaenl
eteration of wbioh ii from 4,000 to &,OIW feet,
ooinplgtetf encircle* Tnosylruiu, end it eon-
neoled with the Sndelei oi Qiant MouDtaiu of
Bile«ia,8nd the Erxgtbirgt or Metallic Honnltioe
of Suony. The moanteinB of RimiL have no
Tiiible coDDSxioD with the other European moun-
Uinl. The wood; beighli of Valdai and Duder-
hof nem to foim thtii cenbe, from whioh a num-
her of aecoDdai^ btanchei di*e»e, like radii, in-
to the ■urroandiDg coDDtry. The Britiah, Iriah,
and Icelandic mountains an all of aecoDdaij
rank. There an onl/ three voleanoe* properl*
•o called, in Earope) t'a. Etna, Veanvioa, and
Hecla. Beaide* tneae, however, there are nina
nJulj in Iceland, and Iwo mountaioa upon Blrom-
Doli and MUo, which emit fianwa. Some natural-
iita aaiert that there are two great lablerranean
Brea under Europe, one of which cut* the fiiat
meridian of the Arctic poUr circle, and the other
extendi under Italy and the Uedjtenaoean, to-
warda the Archipelaaa,
The greater part of Europe ii lilnaled within
the nonhem Tempeiale lone ; about a twelfth
part 0DI7 of ila ■uper6ciea extendi within the
Arctic polar circle. Althoneh the aatroaomical
olimalea ara greall; modified in thii part of the
world b; ^jiioal oanaea, we maj, in lakiog a
feneral view of the climate of Earope, conaider
It divided into four difiarent dlttricls, the bonn-
dariea of which ara defined bjpanllela of latitude.
The Aretic diatrict of Europe extend* orer a
•uperfioiea of about 400,000 nuan ro., and the
warm diatrict m».j be ealiinated at 540,000 aquam
m. ; while upwardi of 1 />00,000 iquare m. beVng
to the cold, and 970,000 to the '
aborea of the Traten 8e«. The bon« ia fbnnd
to the 66th parallel, but in the high latituilea i<
_.j — 1 ._ _ j^jjOjI, jtature; cattle ti
tfaeic homa in the norther
and ahriBk
rre an inle-
norallj oon-
rior apeciea, whether [
aidered. Some Aaiatic
the neighbourhood of the Caapiaa and Sea of
Aiof. The black bear, the urua, and the wolf,
an the moat formidable wild animala now known
'^^
; and the fjni and wild^t a
aiderable dimenaioni in the Italian fbrcata. En-
rope, though not whollj &ee of dangeroiia rep
tilei, auflera leaa from their pieaeiice than anv
other region of the rlobe. The chameleon u
one of tha moat ainpuiu' Earopean leptilea "nia
^y*"
nd 970,000 to the temperate. Witl
1 perlupa of Auatralia, Europe ii
tj of soil, and variety and richnea
inferior to anj other di-
•uiiuu •! uia caiui. uimmemunn aaaeita that
it haa oniy aiiKen ipecieiorindigenoiu anim^
and these chieflr mice and bati. Bomo ipeciea
ofwitd animala have enUret]' disappeaied before
Ihe increase of popaiatiDD, while t^rs have be-
oome eitremelj rare The Fallow Deer are
bund in greatral abandanec in England. Tet
moaqoito ii tronbleioine in Iho highett north ; and
flighla of locnata occaiionally arrive in Tanrida
from the African or Sjriaii coast. Europe is in-
debled foi ila moat valuable plants to otber climea.
vTB, ■ lew BuruDB, auq aome Bpeci
The eena] and legnminooa plani
now nniveraallr cultivated, and |
here nauall; offiner quality than
here they ... „ - _
'Ariatotla, the lion was once found in OTeece,%at
itna longexeiiatain Eorope, The boffalo, the
elk. the stein -buck, and the beaver, ara becoming
daily mote rare in Europe ; and the varieliea o?
game — which once aeemed to poaeai, under the
protectisn of meroileai tyrants, a fuller right in
the aoil than man himaef::— are now confined to
joater limita. The rein-deer and dog are the
onlv domestic animals of the Polar tone. The
wurus, white bear, and blot fox, appear oa the
,, _ -;n elsewhera. Tbt
I succesifiilly cultivated at WitienbaustD
under Bt.2I.X., andBtZuUichauanderSI. GS.;
bnt, with theae eieeptionB, wine mann&ctnted
above the 60th parallel doea not deserve the name.
The northern conntries fiimiih good materiala tat
the caipenter and iMp-builder. The forest-trees
of the warmer cUmate ara tamarisks, carubes.
sumachs, maatica, the cork-tree, planes, ifca-
mores, and cypresses. Every apeciesof the infe-
rior and superior melala, and even aeveral of the
more precious niineral*, are (nund in Europe.
Hunguy and Transylvania poaseas the nobler
orea ; Ruiaia, Sweden, and Norway, abound in
iron; England produces copper and tin; and
ScoUandj lead. There are likewiae extenrive
minea of rock-salt, alum, saltpetre, and cral, in
Europe.
It IS difficult to eitimBle U>e precise amount of
the population of Europe, aotwlthilanding the
accuracy with which Ihe cenaui of most conn-
tries haa been taken : for we do not posaoss a
census of contemporary lurveyi, and in Turkey
the popnlatioQ can only be loosely estimated from
the number of hearths ^jing lax to the Forte.
Thepoputation-retamsofKnssia,Hnngar7,SpaiB,
sux «a £V0
and TnatylTania, are Ttry old. In 1787, Zim- the peninsula of the Crimea, or Rnaaian proTinot
mermann estimated the population of Europe of Taurida. A narrow strait at the eastern ez-
at 144,000,000; at present, aceording to Matte tremitr of this peninsula, leads into the sea of
Brun, it is not likely to be overrated at 18)5,000,000. Aiof, mto which flows the rirer Don : the N. E.
In 1819. Hassel estimated it at 180,550/)00. Per- part of the Euzine, washes the coast of Circassia,
haps 200,000/)00 will be prettynear the truth, and the territory of the Abkhas; the eastern ex-
which gives an increase or 56,000,000 in 40 years, tremity washes the coast of Mingrelia, which con-
This population b not equally concentrated tributes to the waters of the Euzine by several
throughout Europe. Thus, in the Duchy of streamsj the most important of which is the Roni
Lucca, it is in the ratio of S88 to a sauane m. ; or Phasis : the S. part washes the cossts of the
while in Iceland and Faroe it is only 4 2-3. ; Turkish provinces of Armenia, Roum, and Natolia
in the Netherlands it is as 212, in Great Britain which oontribnte the waters of the Kisil-Jermak,
as 178, and in Sweden and Norway as 10 to and numerous other rivers of inferior note. The
the square m. Upon the whole, the south of Euzine communicates with the Mediterranean,
Europe is more populous than the north in first by the narrow strait of Constantinople into
proDortion to its eztent : and must continue so, the sea of Marmora, and from thence by the Dar^
as tne means of subsistence are procured with so danelles, the ancient Hellespont, or Thracian Bos>
much greater ftcilitv in the countries of the for- phorus, into the Orecian Archipelago. The nav-
mer than in those or the latter. The climate of igation of the Euzine appears to have been more
Norwav is quite as favourable to longevity as general in past than at tne present time, the Phce*
that Of Luoca ; but the one comprehends a vast nieians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Venetians,
tract of rugged, uutillable surlhoe,— the other is and Genoese, all appearing to have maintained an
a garden throughout eztensive interoourse with the inhabitants on its
in almost every European State, we find the shores. In 1476, when the Turks drove the Gen-
eitisens divided into ibox distinct classes. The oese from the Crimea, they meoluded all inter-
first u that of the nobility, whieh ezista in every course through the straits of Constantinople, and
State^ with the ezception of Norway and the claimed an ezdusive right of navigation within.
Turkish en^^ire. Nobility is, in most cases view- In 1774 the Russians, ai& in 1784 Austria obtained
ed in Europe as an heremtaiy rank ; but it can by treaty an equal right of navigation, which at the
be acquired by the will of the sovereign, and peace of Amiens #aseztendea to all nations; and
even, in some instances, purchased by money, since the peace of 1814 a considerable traffic has
The elergy form the second class of the oommu- been earned on fixmi the port of Odessa, between
nity . ifie third is that of the citiiens, or inhab* the rivers Dniefter and Damper^ with the Medi*
itants of towns, which in most countries enjoys terranean and with England ; but the other pftltE
peculiar rights and privileges. The fourth and of its eztensive shores are but little frequented,
lowest class includes the peasants, and forms the and but Uttle known, though doubtless suscei^
mass of the population in every country. tible of afibrding a rich field for well-directed en*
EurrnlU, a town of France, department of Up- terpriie and ezertion.
perMame. 5 m. S. E. of St. Diuer. EmeL a town of France, in the department
Euakirekenf a town of the Prussian states, 23 m. of the Gaid, and the chief place of a canton, ia
m. S. E. of Juliers. the district of Uses, 9 m. W.N. W. of Usee.
£MJtaee, an island which forms, with a long £eaiisvt22e, p.t. Vanderburg Co. Indiana,
point of land, the entrance to the harbour of St. £vaiix, a town of France, in the departmen:
Augustine, in E. Florida. of Creuse, near which is a mineral spring and
Eustatia^ St. one of the least of the Leeward Isl- baths. It is 25 m. £. of Goeret.
ands, in the West Indies, 10 m. N. W. of St. Chris- Evim^mrg, p.v. Crawford Co. Pa.
topher. It is a mountain in the form of a sugar EvtreUmBuU^ p.v. Albermarle Co. Va.
loaf, whoee top is hollow, yet for its sise, it is one Everding. see Ejferdmg.
of the most valuable of all the Caxribees. To- £vei/eU, or ^eet/sU, a town of Westphalia,
bacco is cultivated on its sides, to the very sum- in the duchy of Berg, near the river Wipper, lo
mit ; and hogs, kids, rabbits, and all kinds of poul- m. E. of Dusseldorf.
try, are in great abundance. It has a town of JBetrgAmii, a populonstown of the Netherlands,,
tlie same name, with aflood fort. It was taken by 7 m. NT of Ghent
the English in 1781, wno pillaged the inhabitants, Evetkamf a borough in Woraestershire, Eng-
and confiscated all private property ; it was soon land. Here are three churches, and it had form-
aAer retakenby the Freiieh,and restored to the erly an idibey, of which some remains are still
Dutch, in 1783; again taken by the Eufflish, in visible. A remarkable battle was fought here in
1801, and again restored to the Dutch, at ue gen- 1265, between prince Edward, afterward Edward
eral peace of 1^14. I., and Simon de Montfort, eart of Leicester, in
JSatin, a town of Lower Sazony, in Holstein, wnich the eari and most of his adherents were
near the side ef a lake, 20 m. N. N. W. of Lu- slain. Evesham is seated in a fertile vale, and
bee. is nearly suirounded by the Avon. The vale is
Enztna, or Black Sm, a large inland sea, divid- mostly appropriated to gardens, and supplies vast
ing Europe from Asia, between the latitudes of quantities of fruit and vegetables for the Worces-
41. and 47. N. extending E. from tiie long, of 28. ter, Bath, Bristol and other markets. It has also
to 41. 25., giving an eztreme len{|th from W. to some eztensive flour mills, worked by the water
E. of 606geographieal. or 702 British statute m. of the Avon, over which there is here a bridge
On the W. it washes the coasts of Romania, Bui- of 7 arches. It is 14 m. S. £. of Worcester,
garia, and BeasazaMa ; and on that side receives and 100 N. W. x>f London. It returns two mem*
tne waters of the Danube: at the N. W. comer hers to parliament
it receives tiie waters of the Dneister, and the Etetiam, t Burlington Co. N. J.
Onieperi which flow through the southern prov- Ewora^ a fortified city of Portugal, capital of
inces of European Rassia ; and firom the N. be- Alerotejo, and a bishop s see, with a university,
tween the longitudes of 33. and 37. E. projects Some remains of the anoient Roman wall art
FAC
FAH
visible, part of a temple of Diana^ of which
there are aeyen entire pillars standingi is now
converted into butchers shambles ; and the fa-
mous aqueduct built by Sertoriusj still eonyejB
ft noble stream of water to the city. Evora is
seated in a pleasant country, surrounded on all
sides by mountains, 65 m. £. by S. of Lisbon.
Long. 7. 50. W., Ut. 38. 88. N.
EvoramonUf a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
situate on a rock, 8 m. W. S. W. of Estremoz,
and 23 N. N. £. of Evora.
Evereuxj a town of Franoe, capital of the depart-
ment of Eure, and a bishop's see. The cathedral
is a handsome structure. The trade consists in
com, lineiK and woolen cloth ; and it has manu-
ftctures oicotton, velvets, and tick. It is seated
on the Iton, 25 m. S. of Rouen, and 55 N. W. of
Pafb. Pop. in 1825, 9,728.
Ewdl, a town in Suriy, Eng. contiguous to Ep-
som, 6 m. W. of Croydon, and 13 S. S. W. of
London.
Ex, a river rising in the forest of Exmoor, in
Somersetshire, Eng. and leaving the county
below Dulverton, runs through Devonshire, by
Tiverton, Exeter, and Topsham, whence it forms
an estuary to the Englian channel, at Exmoutli.
ExOeTy a city of England, and the capital of
Devonshire, on the river Ex. It was formerly
the seat of the W. Saxon kings, who resided in
the castle, called Rougemont, nrom the colour
of the hill on which it is built. It was encom-
passed by walls, and four gates, two of which are
now puUed down. With its suburbs it contains
19 enurches, beside the cathedral, which is a
magnificent fabric. It is groverned b^ a mayor,
has 13 companies of tradesmen, and formerly car-
ried on an extensive commerce in woolen stufis to
Spain, &e. ; but its commerce end manufactures
have materially declined since the close of the
18th century, and its present importanoe is deriv-
ed from the agreeableness of its locality, occasion-
ing it to be much resorted to by the neighbour-
ing gentry : an ele^mt new bridge crosses the
river. The public buDdings consists of a guildhall,
county hall, hospital, lunatic asylum, &c. d^.
It is situate 9 m. above the entrance of the river
into the sea, 43 m. E. of Plymouth, 87 8. W. of
Bath, and 168 W. S. W. of London, by way of
Salisbury. Pop. in 1821,23,479.
Eireter, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 1,438.
Exeteff p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on Exeter
river, a branch of the riscataqua. It has several
manufactures, and the sadlery business is carried
on to a great extent. Some vessels are built here ,
the river beiuff capable of floating down those
of 500 tons. Here are an academy, and a court-
house, 15 m. S. W. of Portsmouth, and 47 N. of
Boston. Pop. 2,759. Also a p.t. in Washington
Co. R. I. Pop. 2,389. Also a p.t. m Otsego Co.
N. T. Pop. 1,690. Alsoa p.t. in Luzerne Co
Pa. Also a township in Berks Co. Pa. and
viilaffes in New Hanover Co. N. C. and Harrison
Co. Indiana.
Exideuil, or Exeiderfilf a town of France, in
the department of Dordogne, 20 m. N. E. of Peri-
gueux, and 32 S. of Limoges.
ExiUes, a strong town of Piedmont, with a fort-
ified castle on a mountain, which guards one of
the passes into the country. It is seated on the
river Doire, 37 m. W. N. W. ofTurin.
ExnunUhj a village in Devonshire, Eng. on the
£. side of tne mouUi of the river Ex, 10 m. S. S.
£. of Exeter. It is much frequented for the
benefit of sea-bathing.
E^beruehiiZf a town of Moravia, in the circle
of znaim, on the river Ollawa, 12 m. S. W. of
Brunn.
Eyder, a river and canal that separates Jutland
from Holstein. The nver rises in Hobtein^and
flows W. by Rendsburg, Fredericstadt, and Ton-
ningen into the German Ocean. The canal pas-
ses £. from Rendsburg to a bay of the Baltic,
a little N. of Kiel, 'fiiese jointly afford a safe
inland navigation across the country, between
the Baltic sea and German Ocean.
Eye, a borough in Suffolk, Eng. Here are the
ruins of a castle and a Benedictine abbey. The
women are eraploved in making bonelace. It
is a mean place, 20 m. N. of Ipswich, and 89 N.
E. of London. It returns two members to par-
liament. Pop.inl831,lJB82.
Eyenumihf a town of Scotland, in Berwick-
shire, with a harbour for vessels or small burden
and a trade in com and meal. It is seated at
the mouth of the Eye, 8 m. N. by W. of Ber-
wick
Eylau, a town in E. Prussia, 20 m S Ko
nigsberg ; famous for a bloody battle between the
Russians and French, OcL 7, 1807.
EymouiierSf a town of France, in the depart-
ment of Upper Vienne, with a considerable trade
in skins, leather, and rags ; seated on the Vienne,
20 m. N. of Limoges.
Evndkevenf a town of Dutch Brabant, at tho
eonnux ef the Eynds with the Dommel, 13 m
S. E.ofBoJsleDuc.
EwoantnniZf a town of Moravia, in the circle
of Olmutx, 27 m. S. S. W. of Olmntz.
Eza^en, a rich and ancient town in the king
dom of Fez, 60 m. S. of Tetuan.
Exelf an isluid in Russia, in the Baltic sea, of
a triangular form, about 8 m. in circumference.
Long. 40. E., lat. 58. 20. N.
Ezu, a town of France, in the department of
the £ure, 15 m. S. £. of Evreux.
F
FAABORG, a seaport town of Denmark, on the
8. coast of the island of Funen, in a flat but fer-
tile country. The principal trade is in provis-
ions. It b 17 m. S. of Ooence. Long. 10. 16.
E., bt. 55. 12. N.
FaHHg, p.t. Onondaffa Co. N. T. Pop. 3,071.
FabrianOf a town orltaly, in the marqubite of
Ancona, famous for its excellent paper. It is
25 m. N. E. ofFolinio.
FaetorymlUf p. v. Tioga Co. N. T.
Faenxa, a ckbr of Itaiv, in Romagna, and a
bbhop's see, with an old fortress. T& cathedral
stands in the great square, and has a steeple 6
stories high, with balustrades. In 1796 it was
taken by the French ; and afterwards taken by
the troops of the pope. In 1797, the pope's troops
were defeated and expeUed. Faensa b famous
for fine earthen ware. It is seated on the Amona,
20 m. W. S. W. of Ravenna.
FoMwif a towr of Sweden, capital of Daleear*
FAI M FAL
lift. N«w it is a large eoppar miney deemed the ]age in Brooke Co. Va. ; and a Tillage in Ouern
BMMt ancient in Europe ; abo a manuftetore of eej Co. Ohio.
green and bine ▼itriol. It is sitoated in the midst Fai3a$kg^n island in the riyer Bidassoa, which
of tlie rocks and hills, between the lakes Ron and separates FVance from Spain. It is also called
Warpen. 110 m. N. W. of Stockhito. Pop. the Isle of Conference, because Louis XIV. and
about 4,000. Philip IV. here swore to obsenre the peace of
F*(s(/b, a town of Cochin .China, and a place of the Pyrenees^ in 1660, after 24 conferences be-
great trade ; situate on a riirer that flows into the tween their ministers. It is considered as a neu-
barof Turon, 30 m. 8. E. of Turon. tral place, and b situate between Andaye and
Fmirkamk, p.t. Chatauque, Co. N. T. Fontarsbia.
Fmrfaxj a county of the E. District of Virgin Fakenkamj a town in Norfolk, En^ situate
ia If ing W* of the Potomac riTcr, bounded on ^e on a hiU, by the riirer Yare, 9 m. from the coast,
E. by Uie district of Columbia. Its area is about 20 N. W. of Norwich, and 106 N. N. E. of Lon-
40D square m. Pop. 9,206. don. Pop. in 1821, 1,635.
FairfaXfp.t Franklin Co. Vt Pop. 1,729. Also Fdloiss, a town of France, in the department
towns in Fairftx and Culpepper Cos. Va. of Calvados, with a castle, and one of tne finest
Faiifdd, a countv at the B. W. extremity of towers in France. It Is the birth-plsee of Wil-
Conneoticut, bounced in a W. 8. W. direction liam the Conoueror, and has a good trade in mt»
by Long Island Bound, and N. N. E. by the ges, linen, and lace'. It stands on the river Ante,
lloneatonlek river. It is divided into 18 town- 20 m. 8. £. of Csen, and 115 W. of Paris, it is.
ships. Pop. 46,960. The chief town of the same the seat of a prefect Pop. in 1825. 9,912.
name is seated on the W. bankof acrsek in Lonff Fab,a river in ComwslL which flows bjr Gram-
Island Sound, 22 m. W. S. W. of New Haven. U pound and Tngpnyjbo Falmouth, where it forms
' ' ' ' ' the
was burnt by a party of lories and British in 1777. a fine haven in the £ns4ish channel.
Pm. 4;M6. FaUtmaUf a town of Bohemia, in the eifcle of
iVnriisU, li also the name of an interior coun- Seats, with manuflustures of alum, sulphur, and
ty in ue south part of Ohio, in which the Hock- vitriol ; seated on the river Egra, 12 m. N. £. of
iMekingB river and a tributary of the Scioto have Egra.
thehr souieee ; it extends about 20 m. ftom N. to Falhembergj a town of Sweden, in Holland at
S., and 15 in mean breadth. Pop. 24,768. Lan- the mouth m the Athran, on the Categat^oppo-
caster b the chief town. site to the isle of Anholt, 17 m. N. by W. of
FmufiM, a dbtrict of South Carolina, Ijing Halmstadt.
between the Catawba and Broad rivers, rop. Fdkenbergy a town of Brandenberg, in the New
21^546. Wanesborough b the chief town. Mark, with a castle, seated on the Drage, 32 m.
FMiifMf p.t Herkimer Co. N. T. Pop. 2^165. E. by N. of New Stargaid.
Also towns m Cumberland Co. N. J. ; Crawford, FManhtrgj a town of Silesia, in the orineipa]*
Westmoreland and Adams Cos. Pa. ; Rockbridge ij^ of Oppein, with a castle, 14 m. 8. oy E. of
and Nelson Cos. Va. ; Colnmbb and Putnam Cm. Brieg.
Qee. ; Jefibrson, Columbiana. Highland, Tusoa- FSknuUm^ a town in Germany, in a county
rawas, Greene, Butler, and Lickmg Cos. Ohio, of the same name. It stands a little to the N. of
Nelson Co. Ken. ; lS«nkIin Co. tudiana, and Winweiler, 24 m. W. by S. of Worms.
Wavne Co. lUino&s. iWJkeiwtam, b abo the name of a town In
Jistr^M,atownofGlooeeeletBiiire, Emr. The* the Vogtland, near the N. W. flrontier of Bo>
churen was finmded in 1498. by John Tame, a hernia.
merchant of London, purposely for the leoeii^on Fstttsptn^, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
of some glass, taken by one of hb veeseb, in a 56 m. E. of Uddevalla. It b memorable fitr a batp
ship going to Rome : it has 28 windows, beanti- tie fouf^t in 1388, between Margaret, queen of
fnuy painted with subjects chbfly scriptural, de- Denmark, and Albert, king of Sweden, when the
signed by the famous Albert Durer. It b seated Utter was defeated and taken prisoner with hb
near the Coin, 25 m. 8. E. of Gloucester, and son.
20 W. 1^ N. of London. Pop. in 1821, 1,547. FaUdrk^ a populous town of Scotland, in
FsirAnvtn, p.t Rutland Co. Vt Pop. fl76. Also lingshire, fiunous for ito trysti. held thrioe a year
a p.t Bristol Co. Mens, on Bumrd'sBayoppo^te at which 00,000 head of bbek-oattte have been
New Bedfbrd. Pop. 3/934. sold at one tryst, beside a great number of sheep
/Vwrlsetf, the N. E. point of Ireland, rising and horses. It b seated near the Carron and the
881 fbet above the bval of the sea, in lat 55. 44. Great canal, 12 m. 8. £. of Stirling. The royal
N., and 6. 2. of W. long. It b opposite to army was defeated near thb place m 1746. Pop.
Ranghlin Isbnd. about 12/X)0.
' lib, asmall island in the Northern ocean, Fntttend, a town of Scotland, in Fiftshire^ with
between the Shetland and Orkneys, fkom both some linen manuftctures. Here are|the nune of
whbh ita high towering rocks are visibb. On the royal palace in which James V. oied In 1562;
the E. side the duke of Medina Sidonia, admi- some of its apartmenta are still inhabitsd. It b
ral of the Spanish armada, was wrecked in 1586. 20 m. N. of Edinburgh.
FmriH^ p.t Orange Co. Vt Pop. 666. F^Mamd UUmds^ two bige islands, sunonnded
fWrby, a viltage of Scotland, on the coast of bv a great number of smallw, lying in the Atlan-
Aryshire, 12 m. N. W. of Irvine. Ithas a small tic ocean, to the E. of the strait of Magslbn.
harbour; and the strut in the flrith of Clyde, The smaller of the two bige islands lies E.ef the
formed by the eoastand the Cumbray isles b call- other, fitnn which it b separated by a channel
ed Fkirl^ Reed. called Falkland Sound. Theee isbads were
FVttf^port, p.v. Geauga Co. Ohio, on lake Erie, probably seen by Bfagellan, but Davb b deemed
It has a good harbour Ibr small veeseb. the discoverer of the min 1508. Tliey were vbit
Fetrfeien, a village inCumberbnd Co. N. J. ed by sir fUebaid HawkinB, in 1504) and in
Fstrstsis, a townsnip tn York Co. Pa. Also a 1765, commodore Byron made a settlement heie ;
village in Erie Co. P^ en the lake. Aboavil- but in 1770, the Spaniards fiweibly dbpossswid
222
FAM 294 FAR ,
the English. This afiair wu lettled b^ a cenyen- when they flajed the Venetian gOTemoi alive
tion. and the English regained possession ; but in and murdered the inhabitants, thoagh they sur-
1774, it was abandoned, and the island ceded to rendered on honourable terms. It is 62 m. S. by
Spain. Since the commencement of the 19th E. of Nicosia. Long. 33. 35. E., lat 35. 10. N.
century they hare been uninhabited. Famars^ a yilUffe of France, in the department
FM Oma, a stream in New York which runs of Nord ; near which the French were defeated
into Cayu^ Lake. The falls upon it consist of a by the allies in 1793. It is 3 m. 8. of Valen-
violent rapid which after descending for a mile ciennes.
and a hal/^alls perpendicularly in a cataract of Fannety p.t. Franklin Co. Pa.
90 feet. The view is vejry grand and pictur- Fsno, a fortified town of Italy, in the duch^ of
esone. Urbino, and a bishop's see. tiere are an ancient
Falling ^^nng, a cascade in Virginia upon a triumphal arch, handsome churches, and fine pal-
small creek wmch rises about 20 m. from the aces. It is seated on the gulf of Venice, 13 m.
warm spring and runs into Jackson's River. This E. of Urbino, and 32 N. W. of Ancona. Fop
stream falls over a precipice 200 feet in perpen- about 7,500.
dicular height, and tne sheet of water is thrown Foium, an island of Jutland, at the entrance of
so fbr forward that a person may walk dry be- the Little Belt from the Catesat.
tween the cataract and the rock. FanUeSf Fantmf the Gold (^»st of Afinca, firom
Falling Waters^ p.v. Berkeley Co. Va. Cape Three Points, to Anoonah. was formerly
Fallo¥Md,Easi and W^st, two townships in called Fantin ; but since 1811, it nas more/com-
Chester Co. Pa. monly been called Ashantee. The Fantees oecu-
FaUtnifiddf townships in Washington and py the coast, and the Ashantees the interior. See
Crawford Cos. Pa. Atkamtee,
FJl River, a village in the town ef Troy, Mass. Faoua. See Foue.
(whieh MS.) Faouet, a town of France in the department of
FaUSf townships in Bucks Co. Pa. and Mus- Morbiham, 21 m. N. by W. of L*Orient
kinffum and Hocking Cos. Ohio. Fareham, a town in Hampshire, Eng. Sloope
Fallnngtonf a village in Bucks Co. Pa.' and smaller vesseb are built here ; and it has a
FaUMtmoHf p.v. Iredell Co. N. C. considerable trade in codLcom^ canvas, and ropes«
Falmoutkf a seaport on the E. coast of Com- It is seated at the N. W. pomt of Portsmouth
wall, Eng. It has a noble and extensive harbour, harbour, 5 m. N. N. W. of Goeport, and 37 W. by
communicating with a number of navigable S. of London.
creeks, and its entrance is defended by the castles Farewell Cape, the most southerly promontory
of St. Mawes and Pendennis. It is a town of of Greenland, at the entrance of Davis strait.
Long. 42. 42. W., lak 59. 38. N.
Farewell Cope, a promontory of the N. end of
rope, the West Indies and America. It stands on the island of New Zealand. Long. 172. 41. E., lat
the Fale, at its entrance into the English channel, 40. 37. S.
14 m. N. N. E. of the Lizard Point, 10 S. of Tru- Fargeau. St. a town of France, in the depart
ro, and 269 W. S. W. of London. Long. 5. 2. ment of ITonne, with a castle, 10 m. S. £. of
W., lat. 50. 8. N. Pop. in 1821, 2,543. Auzerre.
FahtunUk, a town of tlie island of Jamaica»^ on Fartm, a county of Afirica, to the S. of the riv*
the N. coast, and on the S. side of Martha Brae er Gambia. It has a town of the same name, on
harbour. Long. 77. 33. W.^ lat. 18. 31. N. the river St. Domingo, about 130 m. above its en
Falmmdk, a town of the island of Antigua, on trance into the sea. Liong. 14. 30. W., lat. 12
the S. coast, with a fortified harbour. Long. 62. 10 N
0. W., lat. 16. 55. N. FaWynnZZe, a village in Charlotte Co. Va.
FajffunitA, a seaport of Massachusetts, in Barn- FarmersmUef p.t. Cattaraugus Co. N. Y. Pop
stable county. It is situate on the W. side of a 1,005.
small bay, 70 m. S. S. E. of Boston. Long. 70. Farmingtonf p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 2,340.
32. W., lat. 41. 36. N. Pop. 2JM8. FarmingUm, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 26 m. N.
Falnufuih, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,966. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,464.
Also villages in Strafibrd Co. Va. and Pendleton FarmingUm, a town of Connecticut, in Hart*
Co. Keh. ford county, with a large congregational church,
False Bay, a bay between the cape of Grood situate on the river Farmington, which below the
Hope and Cape i*alse, frequented during the town receives the Cambri(^;e, and then acquires
frevalenoe of tne N. W. winds in May. Long, the name of Windsor river. It is 10 m. W. S.
8. 53. E., hit. 34. 10. S. W. of Hartford, and 22 E. of Litchfield. Pop.
FaUe CapSf a promontory 20 m. E. of the Cape 1,901.
•f Good Hope. LK>ng. 18. 44. E., lat 34. 16. S. Farmington Canalf in Connecticut and Massa-
Faltterf a fertile island of Denmark, 60 m. in chusetts, extends from New Haven to Westfield
eiienmference, near the entrance of the Baltic, in Massachusetts, passing for a considerable dis-
off the N. end of Zealand, and between the is- tance along the valley of Farining|ton River,
lands Moan and Laland. Nykoping is the capi- whence it has received its name. It is intended
tal. Its area is about 185 square m. and pop to prolong the oanal to Northampton, on the Con-
16J5O0. necticut, which will make its whole lenjgrth about -
FaUterPO, a town of Sweden, in Schonen, 90 m. ; at present its extent is nearly four fiflhs
cluefl,y known for its lighthouse, at the entrance of this distance. The transportation upon it is al-
•f the Baltic from the Sound, 22 m. S. S. W. of ready considerable, but as it does not fuUy meet
Land. Long. 12. 48. E., lat. 55 22. N. the expectations or the projectors, the completion
great traffic, much improved by its being the sta-
tion of the Post Office packets to the S. of Eu-
bf the Tnrfca* in 1570, afler a siege of 10 months, FarmvUU, p.v. Prince Edward Co. Va
FAW 996 TEL
JViiAM»,atown in Snrry, Eng. on the border -FavBli one of the Azoresi or Weetem Iilancle,
ofHampehire. It hae a caeUe, eituate on an emi- which suffered matly by an earthaaake, in
nence, belonging to the bishop of Winchester. 1764. Its capitaf is Villa do Hortai tne S. £.
Famham is celebrated for its plantations of hops, point of the island ; is in lat 38. 31. N.. and 28.
and has a great trade in com. It is seated on the 42. of W. long. It is rexy fertile, and exports
Wey , 38 m . W. 8. W. of London. lam quantities of wine.
fttndUm jp.T. Richmond Co. Va. Also a town fayeiU^ the name of five oonnties in the United
in Bedford Co. Lower Canada. States.
FoTOf an island of Sweden, in the Baltic, off the Ist, at the S. W. comer of Pennsylvania, boond-
N. £. end of the island of Gothland, about 30 m. on the £. hj the Lauel Ridge of the AUe|rha«
in circumference, popnlons, and rertile. The ny mountains; W. by the Honongahela nver,
principal town has ue same name, and is situate and S. by Monoiijgfahela county, Virginia. It is
on the S. £. coast Long. 19. 27. £., lat. 67. 60. nearly a square or abo>it 32 m. each way. Pop.
N 29,2*. Umon, 186 m. W. by S. of Harrisborgh, w
F«r9,a town in Portugal, in Alffarve, and a the chief town,
bishop's see. It has some tnde in idmonds, figSy 2nd, in Geor|riiL bounded on the W. by F^t
oranges, and wine; and is seated on the gulzof river, which diviaes it from the territory of the
Cadis, 20 m. S. W. of Tavaria. Long. 7. 64. Creek Indians. Pop. 6,601. Fayettevifle is the
W^ lat 36. 62. N. chief town.
Foresr Xriojidr. See Faroe liriajHif. 3rd, in the S. W. part of Ohio, W. of the Seio-
Fsftf qf Messma^ the strait between Italy and to river. Pop. 8,180. Washington, the chief
Sicily, remarkable for having the tide ebb and town, is 40 m. S. W. by S. Columbia, and 36 N.
flow evenr six hours,' with grMt rapidity, though W. of Chilicothe.
it is but 7 m. over. It is so named from the fim), 4th, in the interior of Kentucky, fi. of Ken*
or lighthouse, on Cape Faro, and its vicinity tuckj river. Pop. 26,174. Lexington, (leilicft
to Messina. $u) is the chief town.
FofT. a town of Scotland, in Sntherlandshire, oth, in the £. part of Indiana. Pop. 9,112.
at the need of a bay of its name, on the N. coast, Connersville, 66 m. S. £. by £. of Indianopoiis is
62 m. N. bv W. ofDomoch. the chief town.
Farrmfiimf a town in Berkshire, £ng. seated Fayette, p.t Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,049.
on an eminence ; vast quanties of h<ws are &tten* Also a township in Seneca Co. N. T. Pop. 3,216.
ed in its neighbourhood. It is 68 m. W. by N. of Also a township in Alleghany Co. Pa.
London. FavOtenUU, a town of N. Carolina, in Cumber-
FarrawoSU, p.T. Fauquier Co. Va. land Co., capital of a district, formeriy called Fay-
Forv. or Farswten, a provinoe of Persia, bound* ette, but now divided into several counties. Its
ed on tne £. by Kerman, N. by Irao Ageml, W. trade with Wilmington is considerable, to which
by Knsistan, and the gulf of Persia. It is very it sends tobacco, wheat, hemp, cotton, lumber,,
fertile in the centre > mountainous on the NT, staves, naval stores, &c., and has a return of £u-
where are a great number of wild swine ; and the ropean and India goods. It is situate on the N.
land so sanc^ on the S. as to produce little else W. branch of Cape Fear river, 60 m. S. by W. of
than palm-trees. In the forests is a tree firom Raleigh, and 90 N. W. of Wilmington,
which mastic is gathered, and emeralds are com- FtnuttemUe, p.v. Fayette Co. Gro. and Lincoln
mon. Shiras, {wkieh msI, is the capital. Co. Tenn.
Fartathf a town of Araoia Felix, in Hadramant, Fayaum, or Fium, a town of Egypt, capital of a
at the foot of a oape of the same name in the In- province of the same name. It has a trade in
dian ocean, 160 m. £. of Shibam. Long. 61. 60. nax, linen, mats, raisins, and figs; and ts seated
£., lat. 16. 30. N. on a canal, which communicates with the Nile,
FasamOf or Fuumo^ a populous town of Naples, 49 m. S. S. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 39. E., lat.
near the coast ofihe AdnaUo in Terra di Ban, 16 29. 27. N.
m. S. S. fi. of PoUg^ano. FaystoHj a townahip in Washington Co. Vt
Fols, a township m Clermont Co. Ohio. Pop. 468.
FattmoKT, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- iVor, CSope, a cape of N. Carolina^ where there
Inoe oTAgra. Here the emperors of Hindoostan, is a dangerous shoal, called, irom its form, the
when in uie lenith of their power, had a palace Frying Pan, lying at the entrance of Cape Fear
which is now in ruins; and on a hillisafnand river. This river is formed bv two branches,
mosque, built by the emperor Acbar. It ia 22 m. called the N. W. and N. £. branches, which
W. by D. of Agra. unite above Wilmington; and it enters the At-
Fmteigmyf a town and castle of Savov, in a dis- lantic below Brunswick. Long. 77. 46. W., lat
trict of the same name ; seated on the Arve, 14 m. 33. 40. N.
8. E. of Geneva. Fecamp^ a town of France^ in the department of
FauquMumt, See Valkemhurg. Lower Seine, with a trade in linen, serges, lace,
Fauquier, a county of the £. District of Virgin- leather, and hats ; seated near the xlngGsh ehan*
ia, bounded on the W. by the Rappahannock riv- n^l, 24 m. N. £. of Havre de Ghrace.
er, and N. W. by the Blue Mountains : it is about FederaUburg, p.v. Carolina Co Maryland.
33 m. in length, and 12 in mean breadth. Pop. Feeetawn, p.t. Clermont Co. Ohio.
26,379. Warrenton is the chief town of the Fetra, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 10 m. 8.
county. £. of Ooivrto, and 30 N. by E. ef Aveiro.
Foeemstf, a town of France in the department FeUUki 'A, a town of dermany, in Tyrol, eapi-
of Upper Saone, 8 m. N. of Vesoul. tal of a county of the same name. It is seated
FavQznama, an island, 16 m. in compass, off the on the river lu, near its entrance into the Rhine.
W. end of Sicily, with a fort and a good bar- 19 m. S. of the Lake of Constanee.
bonr. Long. 12. 26. £., lat 38. 16. N. FeldMbarg, a town and castle at the N. E. ex*
Faweettttowm, p.v. Celumbiana Co. Ohio. tremity or Lower Austria, with a fine palaeti
Fawn, p.t York Co. Va. seated en the Teya, 18 m. E. of hub.
FSR MB FER
Fdieudat one of the Lmari idandey in the Med- npon Donegtl Bey ; it extends from the 8. in a N.
ilenmneen, S6 m. W. of Lipari. W. diiei^on about 36 m. being aboat 34 in mean
fdipBy A, a pop^oue town of Colombia, seated breadth, one-fourth ofits area ie oeco|>ied by Longh
on tiie banka of a river fidling into the Carribean Erne, which diaohaifes its waters into bonegal
sea. aboat 100 m. W. of Caracas. bay , dividing the county into nearly twoequal parte.
felipef St. See XaHva, In the centre of the coanty , the water narrows so
F0&. St., an island in the Pacific ocean, N. N. as to admit of the two parts being unitsd by a
W. of Joan Femandea. Long. 86. W. let. 96 8. bridge, see EnniskiUtn, The linen mannftctore,
FtiUtiny a town of France, in the department and the raisinf^ of cattle, and hemp, are the chief
of Crense, with a mannfactnre of tapestiy. It is employ of the inhabitants. The county is navi-
20 m. 8. 8. W. of Evanx, and 21 8. 8. £. of ^;able throughout, by meens of Lough Erne, but
Oneret. its uneven surftoe, and numerous b^, render it
FMn^ a town of Russia, in Livonia, on the difficult for travelling. Enniskinen is the capital
river Peniaa, 62 m. 6. £. or Revel. and only town of importance in the county.
FeUherg, a town of Germanv, in Heese-Cassel Fermo, a town of Italy, in the marquisate of
with an ancient castle on a rock, 12 m 8. of Ancona, and an archbishop's see, with a good
Cassel. trade in com, wool, Stc. It has a harbour on the
febo-lfamy», a village of Upper Hungary, near gulf of Venice, and is 17 m. 8. E. of Maoerata.
the frontier of Transylvania, celebrated for a gM Long. 13. 50. £., lat 43. 7. N. Pop. about 7,000.
mine in its vicinity. FremostUay or FarmotdUiy a town in fitoain, in
IWCrt, a town of Italy, capital of Feltrino, and the province of Leon, seated on the N. liank of
a bishop's see. It is fortified, and seated on the the Tormes, near its entrance into Domo.
Asona, a small stream, fidling into the Piave fix>m Fermoy, a town of Irehmd in the county €t
the W., 30 m. N. W. of Treviso. L6ng. 11. 56. Cork, seated on the banks of the Blaekwater,
£., lat 46. 3. N. Pop. about 5,000. 106 m. N. W. of Dublin, on the road to Cork,
FdtrinOf a district of Italy, lying between Bel- firom which it is distant 17 m. This place has risen
uneee, Trevisano, Vioentino, and the principality from an inconsiderable village since the commenee-
of Trent It abounds in mountains, in which are ment of the war in 1798, to a town of 6,702 inhabi*
iron mines. Feltii is the onlv place of note. tants in 1821.
FtwierUf a fertile island of Denmark, at the en- Fernando JVbrvnAe, an island in the 8. AtlantiOy
trance oftheBaltic,fiDomthe passage of the Great 100 leagues iVom Cape 8t. Roque, the N. E.
and Little Belt. It is 10 m. long and 5 broad, point of the province of Pemambueo. Long.
separated firom the coast of Hc^tem by a narrow 32. 33. W., lat 3. 56. 8.
channel, called the Femem Bound, fiorg is the Fernando Pe, an island of Afiicai on the coast
chief town. Pop. of the island about 7,500. of Benin, 30 m. long and 20 broad. Long. 7. 36.
Femme Ooage^ a village in 8t Charles Co £., lat. 3. 6. N.
Missouri. /Viisy, a village of FVance, in the department
Feneetrange, or Penutrange, a town of France, of Ain, a few m. N. W. of Geneva^ celebrated
in the department of Meurte, on the river 8arre, as having been the residence of Voltaue.
40 m. £. Dv N. of Nancy. Fems, a town of Ireland, in the county of
FsiMffreMe, a town and fort of Piedmont, seated Wexford, and a bish«^'s see united to Leignlin.
on the Cluson, 18 m. W. of Turin. It is seated on the Bann^near its conflux with
Fenner, p.t Madison Co. N. T. Pop. 2,017. the Blaney, 17 m. N. of Wexford, and 30 8.8.
Ferokad, a town of Persia, canital of the prov- W. of Wicklow.
ince of Maienderan. The environs produce su- Ferae ialandoj a duster of 22 small islands in
gar, cotton, and silk. The inhabitants, about 16. the Northern Ocean, between the Bbetlaud
000, are princijpally descendants of Georipums ana Islands and Iceland, in 5. and 8. W. lonjP.,and 61.
Armenians. It is seated among the mountains and 63. N. lat subject to Denmark. Seventeen
which bound the Caspian sea to 3ie 8., 12 m. firom are habitable, each of which is a lofty mountain,
that sea. and 280 N. of Ispahan. Long. 62. 21. divided firom the others by a deep and rapid cur-
E., lat 36. 54. N. rent. Bome of them are deeply indented with
Fereidaj or Foradaf a town of the kingdom of secure harbours all of them steep, and meet of
Tafilet^ £. of Morocco, and the principalplace of them fiieed with tremendous precipices. They
a distnct It is 50 m. W. of fligilmessa. Lcmg. mroduee agate, jasper, and beautiral leolites.
4. 30. W., lat 31. 40. N. The suifiice consists of a shallow eotl of remarkable
Ferdinandy a township, in Essex Co. V t Also fertility ; mlding plenty of barley and fine grass
a township in St. Louis Co. Missouri. for sheep. No trees above the siae of a juniper, or
Fsre, a town of France, in the department of stunted wiUow will grow here; and the only quaani-
Aisne, femons for its powder mill and school of peds are sheep. Vast cnantities of sea fowls fineqoent
aitillsfy. Near it is tlie castle of St Gobin, in the rocks, and the taxing of themftimishesaperi-
which is a mann&etore of fine plafee-glass. lous employment for the inhabitants. The exports
Fem is sealed at the conflux of the Serre, wim the are salted mutton, tallow, goose-quills, featnem.
Oise, 20 m. N. of Soissons, and 75 N. £. of Paris, eiderdown, knit woolen waistcoats, caps, ana
FaroifMe, or iVsrenss. a town of Italy, in Cam- stockings. To the 8. of theee islands is a consid
pagna di Roma, 3 m. W. of Alatri, on the high erable whirlpool. Pop. in 1820, 5,265.
road feom Rome to Naples. Ferzakad. or Fimiaiadf a city of Persia, in
FeretUf a town of France, in the department Fursistan^ formerly of considerable repute, and
of Upper Rhine, on the river 111, near its source, yet contains a number of fine tombs, gardens,
40 m. 8. of Colmar. and buildings. It is seated in a fi»tile country,
Fergujon, a township in Centre Co. Pa. 60 m. 8. by W. of Shirss, on the route to Onnus.
FirmenagA, a county of Ireland, in the province Long. 53. 0. E., lat 28. 60. N.
of Ulster, bounded on the N. ^ the counties of Ferrara, a city of Italy capital of a duchy of
Deaegal and Tyrone, fi. by Monagfaan, 8. by the same name, and an arehhishop's see, with a
Cavan. and W. by Leiteim, the N. W. end jetting strong citadel , and a university. Its broad strsets,
FST • ttT
uid number of fine buildings, evince that it was qnented by small Teasels. It is a member of the
formerly a fiourishing place, bat the present in- port of Doveri and governed by a mayor. The
habitants are few in proportion to its extent, church is in the form of a cross, and the interior
In the middle of the city is a palace, surrounded well worthy of observation ; and here is a free
by walls flanked with towers and ditches. The grammar-school founded by queen £lizabeth. It
cathedral is remarkable for its antiquity. In the has a market on Wednesday and Saturday ; is
Benedictine church, Ariosto the poet is interred, famous for the best oysters for laying in stews ;
Ferrara was taken by the French in 1796 ; in 1799 and has several gunpowder milb in its neighbour-
it was retaken bv the Austrians, but shortly after hood. Here are the remains of a stately abbej^,
surrendered to tne French. It is seated near the built by king Stephen, who was interred in it
Po, 25 m. N. £. of Bologna. Long. 12. 36. £., with ius queen and son. James II. embarked
lat. 44*. 50. N. here in disguise, after the success of the prince
Ferraraf or Ftrr^rest, a duchv of Italy, bound- of Orange; but the vessel was detained by the
ed on the N. by the Po. whicn divides it from populace, and the kinff conveyed back to Lon*
Polesino di Rovigno, W. by the Mantuan, S. by don. Feversham is 47 m. £. oy S. of London,
the Bolognese an^ Romagna, and £. by the ffulf Pop. in 1820, 3,919.
of Venice. It had its own dukes till 1597, when Feurs^ a town of France, in the department of
Clement VIII. united it to the apostolic cham- Loire, seated on the Loire, 13 m. £. N. £. ol
ber. The air is unwholsome, on account of the Montbrison.
marshes which the abject condition of the inhab- FeyHritz, or Windiseh FistriiXj a town and castle
itants precludes from draining. .Ferrara is the of Germany, in Lower Stiria, on a river of the
eamtal. same name, 17 m. N. N. £. of Cilley.
Ferrendma, a town of NapJea, in Basilieata, fes, a kingdom of Barbery, at the N. W. ex-
near the river Basianto,25 m. o. W. of Matera. tremity of North Africa, bounded on the W. by
FerrMurgf a township in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. the Atlantic, N. by the Mediterranean, £. by
1,822. Algiers, and S. by Morocco and Tafilet. It ex-
FerrOf or flterro, the most westward of the tends upwards 0^^400 m. from £. to W. and is
Canary Islands, above 18 m. in circumference, about loO in breadth ; is divided into 9 provinces, .
It is not fertile, but produces some com, sugar, and forms part of the empire of Morocco. The
Voyagers speak of a fountain tree in the middle oranges, dates, almonds, olives, figs, raisins,
of tne island, and say that in the night much water hon*y, wax, cotton, flax, pitch» and com in abun-
diitlls ttem hi leaves. Some g«ms|>hers have dance. The inhabitants breed camels, beeves,
taken their first meridian from the W. extremity sheep, and the finest horses in Barbery. At the
of this island. Long. 17. 52. W., lat. 27. 47. N. extreme N. point is the town and fortress of
Fenol, a sea port of Spain, in Galicia, on a Ceuta, garrisoned by the Spaniards, (see Ceuta) ;
bay of the Atlantic. Its harbour is one of the the principal places on the Atlantic coast are
best in £uro](to, and here the Spanish squad- Salee and Larache > Melitta and Tangier, on the
rons frequently rendezvous In time of war. The coast of the Mediterranean; and in the interior
town is surrounded on three sides by the sea, Mequinez, Fez, and Teza.
and strongly fortified on the other. In 1800 the Fez, the capital of the kingdom of Fez, and
English made an unsuccessful attempt on this one of the largest cities in Afirma. It is composed
place. It is 20 m. N. fi. of Corunna, and 305 N. of three towns called Beleyde, Old Fez, and New
W. of Madrid. Long. 8. 4. W., lat. 43. 28. N. Fez. Old Fez is the most considerable, and con-
/*«rryf6rid|fe, a large village in West Yorkshire, tains about 80,000 inhabitants. NewFez, foun-
£ng. on the S. side of the Aire, over which is a ded about the 13th century, b principally inhab-
noble bridge, 21 m. S. by W. of York, and 174 N. ited by Jews, who trade with the Moors, not-
1^ W. of London. withstuiding the contempt with which they are
on
95
ble manufacture of brewn linens ; and a ferry proscriptions of the caliph Abdallah. The palaces
over the Tay . well frequented before the hridj^ are magnificent; and there are nnmereus mosaues,
at Perth was built. one of which, called Carubin, is one of the
FatssMTdtfn^ a town of France, in the depart- finest edifices in the empire. The houses are
ment of Upper Mame, seated on the Aube, 29 built of brick or stone, and adorned with mosaic
m. W. by S. of Chaumont, and 33 £. S. £. of work: those of brick are ornamented with dazing
Troyes. and colours like Dutch tiles, and the wood-work
*/ There are seven or eight other towns ia and ceilings are carved, painted, and gilt The
France named Fsrto, all prefixed to some other roofs are flat; and everv house has a court, in
name, as in the case of Aube, to distinguish them which is a square marble basin. Here are two
from each other. colleges for students, finelybuilt of marble,* and
IVjtai^g, a town of Silesia, in the principalis adorned with paintii]^. The hospitals and pub-
of Oels, 14 m. N. W. of Wartenbnrg. lie baths are nnmereus, many of which are state-
Ftihard^ a boreuf^ of Ireland, in the oonnty ly structures. All the traders live in a separate
of Tipperary, 8 m. S. E. of Cashel, and 86 S. 8. part of the city ; and the exchange, fhll of all
W. of Dnbun. Pop. in 1820,2,878. sorts of rich merchandise, is as large as a small
Fdhardf a boreugh of Ireland, in the county town. The gardens are roll of all kinds of fVs
of Wexford, on the W. side of Bannow bay, 14 grant flowers and shrubs. The Moors of Fez are
m. S. by E. of New Ross. clothed like the Turks; and though more polish-
l*0Mr»Aam. a town in Kent, Eng. on a creek ed than their countrymen, are vain, superstitous.
ftlling into the month of the Thanes, much fire- and intolerant The saints, whom they pret^d
FEZ 996 ria
to have bet,u buried in the city, serve them for Generous and hospitable, let his ftie be scanty or
a pretext to forbid its entrance to Jews and Chris- abundant, the Feszaner is desirous that others
tians; and an order from the emperor is necessary should partake of it; and if twenty persons were
to gain admission. Arabic is better spoken here uneziMotedly to risit his dwelUng. tney must all
than in other parts of the empire ; and the rich participate as fkr as it will go. When they settle
Moors send their children to tne schools at Fez. their money transactions, they squat upon the
where they gain more instruction than they couM ground, and having levelled a spot with their
do elsewhere. Fez is the centre of the trade of hands, make dots as they reokon : if they are
this empire \ and hence caravans go to Mecca, wrong, thejr smooth the spot again, and repeat
carrying ready-made garments, leather^ indigo, the calculation. Qold dust constitutes the cnief
cochineal, and ostriches feathers, for which they medium of payment ; and value in that medium
bring in return silks, muslins, and drugs. Other is always expressed by weight. In religion, they
caravans go to Tombuctoo, and the river Niger, are rigid, but not intolerant Mahometans. The
They trevel over such dry barren deserts, uiat government is monarehical ; and its powen are
every other camel carries water. Their oom- administered with such a temperate hand, that
modities are salt, cowries, wrought silk, British the people are ardently attached to their sovereign,
cloth, and the woolen manufactures of Barbaiy. Moursouk, is the capital.
Fez is seated in a cireular valley, watered by a Fiawty a town of Italy, m the patrimony of St
river^ and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. S. 8. Peter, on the Tiber, 16 m. N. of Kome.
W. of Gibraltar, and 240 N. £. of Morocco. fYsiumd, a town of Istria, on the 8. W. coast,
Long. 4. 45. W., lat 33. 40. N. 17 m. N. of Fola.
Fezzon, an interior kingdom of North AiVica. FiascoiUf a town of Italy, in the patrimony of
lying between the great deserts of Zahara ana St. Peter, noted for fine muscadine wine ; seated
Libya bounded on the N. by Tripoli to the Ba^ on a mountain near lake Bolsena. 12 m. N. W.
shaw of which province Fezzan pays an annual of Viterbo.
tribute of 4,000 oollan. It is an extensive plain, Fiehendolo, a fortified town of Italy, in the
encompassed by mountains, except to the W. ; Ferrarese, seated on the Po, 18 m. W . of Fer
and to the innuence of these heights it may be rara.
owin^, that here, as well as in Upper Egypt, no Fkktdbtrgy a mountam in Franoonia, one of
rain is ever known. Though the character of the highest mountains in Germany. It extends
the surface (which in generu is a light sand) and firom near Barenth, to Eger in Boliemia, about 16
the want of rain, may seem to announce sterility, m., and is covered with pines and other trees,
yet the springs are so abundant, that few regions FieUwierj an island near the W. coast of Nor*
in the N. of Afrio*, •xhibit » riolier Tcgetetioa. way, S2 m. lonff and 4 broad, with a town of the
The greatest length of the cultivated part is about same name, 46 m. W, N. W. of Drontheim.
300 m. from N. to 8., and 200 from E. to W. Lon^. 10. 40. S.^ lat 63. 44. N.
From wells of 10 or 15 &et deep, with* which F^e, a marituie county on the £. coast of
every garden and field is furnisheo, the husband- Scotland, forming a peninsula between the firkh
man waters the productions of his land ; among of Forth and Tay, it extends firom the mouth of
these are the date tree, the olive, lime, apricot, the river Forth, m a N. N. £. direction, about 40
pomegranate, fig, maize, barley, wheat, pompions m., and is about 12 m. in mean breadth. Some
or calabash, carrots, cucumben, onions, and gar- linen manufkotures are carried on in the 8. W.
lie. Among the tame animals are ttie sheep, partsof the county, (see Dmn^ermUiu), but as a
cow, goat, camel, ass, and a species of the domes- whole it is an agncultural rather than a mann&o^
tic fowl of Europe. The wild animals are the turing district ; it produces coal and lime in
ostrich, and antelopes of various kinds. A mul- abundance, and copper, lead, ihm, and other
titude of noxious animals infest the eountiy ; ad- minerals are also found in difrerent parts of the
den, snakes, scorpions, and toads, swarm m the county though but partially worked ; a beautiful
fields, gardens, and houses ; the air is crowded grey marble, cornelian, <^tes, and jasper, are oc-
with mosquitos; uid persons of every rank are casionalljr met with, and fishinff on its coasts and
over-run with vermin. The heat of the climate its riven is assidiously pursued by the inhabit-
in summer is intense, and Ae 8. wind is scarcely ants. For divisions, rental^ population, Ac. see.
supportable even by the natives ; fmd in winter Seedand, Cupar is the assise town,
a penetrating N. wind prevails, which drives to Figmnulo. an island in the gulf of Venice, near
the fire even the natives of a northern country, the coast of istria. Long. 13. 47. E., lat. 45. 18. N.
Tempests of wind are firequent, which whirl up Figtac^ a town of Fnmce, in the department of
the sand and dust so as to give a yellow tinge to Lot, with a Benedictine abbey ; seated on the
the atmosphere. The towns are chiefly inhabit- Selle, 28 m. £. of Cahon. It is the seat of a
ed by husbandmen and shepherds ; mr though prefect, and in 1685, contained 6.153 mhabitants
they also contain merchants and artificen, yet Figkif^^ vit Ftkur^ a town of Barbery, in Bile-
agriculture and pasturage are the principal oceuf' dulegend, at the foot of ihib mount Atlas on the
Sations. The houses are built of clay, with a 8. Ae inhabitants cany on a great tnule with
at roof composed of boughs of trees, on which a the merchants of Morocco and ff^, and with the
onantity of earth is laid. The natives sn of a negroes. It is S40 m. E. 8. IB. of Meqnines.
deep swarthy complexion ; their hair a short curiy Long. 1. 6. W. lat 38. 90. N.
black, their lips thick, their noses flat and broaa, Figueraa^ or A. Fenumda iM Ffgiisras, a strong
and Uieir skin emits a fotid effluvia ; they are town and important fortress of Spain, in Catalo-
tall, and well shaped, but weakly, indolent, and nia. It surrendered to the FVencn in 17M, with*
inactive. Their dress is similar to that of the out firing a shot It is 10 m. 8. by W. of Rosea,
Moon of Baibary. In their common intereourse, and 85 ttie 8. of Perpignaa.
all distinctions of rank seem forgotten ; the she- Figwtro dee FtiiAos, a town of Portugal, in Es-
reef (or governor) and the lowest plebeian, the treinadun, celebrated for its wine ; seued among
rick and the P<>or, the master and the servant, mountains, near tibe fiontier of Beiia, and the
soBvefse fomuiarly, and eat and drink together, river 2etere, 88 m. S. of Tliomar.
a-poTt of GanoK, wilh' t itrang catk-
•o (cut*. ■D'i K cuUe. It m* tba cuiul
lyofMi-
1746, it wa Uken hj the king of Bardinu, ud
ra«tored in 1746. It u 30 m. S. W. of Genoa.
Lona. 6. 3S. E., UL 44. 14. N. Pop. kboat
7,0(IU.
Finatt, ■ town ofltal; in the Moileiiew, on an
isluid ibnaed bj tbe nm Puuro, 39 m. N. B.
flexible. Tb« Lutbermn form of Christiuiit;
wu inlroduoed Among the Finni bj the S — ''"
the uaeution of their countrv '
int^li
3««n,
UKUUia. At WIV M>OVght Vj HW MJK.HJU1>| bUXOIV
XO coontc; beyond it, Siicl therefore Ihej nre it
thi«nunewhiu> (iciufieatbs Luid't«iicl! ^jona.
9. 17. W., Ut. 43. 54. N.
itTjr to Rus-
■ttempt bu been made to change their
moide of reljgioiu worship.
Dr. Claike describe* the coatnme of the Finnish
peaaanta m very elennt. Among the men it
C4iDaiata of a jacket, wUh paslaloooi, Dnakina, and
a nah, worn ■■ a girdle, round the loin*. Tlie
nah, thoagh genenlly yellow, ■■ •ometinie* led,
and aoroetimea variegated with flowera. The
bnakin* are bound about the ankles with scarlet
of Spain, tbrming the gartera, ending in a black taasel. The jacket and
-■-■'■--'-■■ pauiolcxtne are geoerallj while; thongb blue,
black, and grey, are alao <ued, A few of the
men appear in long white coats bound with the
Don Coasack *aah. The women wear a abort
itripad vait, made aa gandy
and bounded on tbive aide* by t
N. it forau the bonndaiy to the entrMKse of tha
Engliah channel. It i> dirided inio five arron-
diasementi, of which <tuimper, Bieat, Horlaix,
Chateanlin^and ^nimperlcj are the aeata of the
prafbela. lb other prinmpal towna are Leane-
ven, Laodemeau, and Caihais. For pop. Ac.
fYnfoiU, a country of tha North ofEnrope/ex-
tanding from the lat. of 60. to 66. 30. N., and in
ita extreme breadth &om the long, of 21. to 3).
30, E. It ia boonded on the B. by ''i« P^^ °^
Finland, and W. b« the gulf of Bothnia ; N. by
Lapland, and E. by the Ruasisn provinces of
Wubnrg and Olonetz ; it formerly belonged to
Sweden and waa ^vided into two gieat parts, the
N. called E. Bothnia, (aee Bodaua,) and the .S.
f^Und Proper, which contains several conside-
rable towns, of which Abo if the chief and capi-
tal of the whole eonuby, (aee jfto^ The other
towna are Nyatadl, RAanw. and fiioneborg, on
the shore ot the gulf of Bothnia, and Helainfon,
Borgo and Louiaa, on the shore of the gnlf of
Fin&iid. There are also 4 or 5 considerable
towns in the inteiioi. About one-third of tha
area of flnland Proper ia compond of laksa. The
oontifnity of Finland to tha maritiDW capital of
the Kuaaian empire, had long rendered it an ob-
ject ofjealousv to the RaBaiana,aad in 1608 tbey
overran it wllh lo fenntdable a force aa to com-
pel the Swedaa to oonsantto a fomal eeaaion of
the whole ooontry , and H now fbrma one of the
GO govemaenta ■■ -
Ibien, and white hooda or kerchieft npo
beada. The veata are often of ailk qr rich «
embroidered with large brocadt flowan.
The Finns, like their nei^twnra, exhibit a aent-
tered population, and a mda state i^aociely. The
cottage a ooniiit of dismal huts, with walla made
of the round tnuka of bees, barely stripped of
their bark, and rather reaemhling a casnalpile of
an caulked with elay and moas ; a few glaied
windowa are occasionally seen ; but tfaeii place
ia mere generallT topplied by aqnaie open ci
nie>. "Id Act;' aaya Hr. Jamet, from wl
IhiaaoooimtiaderiTea," the falling of the tin
ta of the Rmaian
diatriota, containing togel
isas, a pm. of 360/100, who oontnbaled i
WW etSSnOflOO mUes, Mpial to about £1X,000.
Tie FiMia have been lOppOHd to be nearly re-
lated to the Lapps ; bnt thcragh they are squally
diminDtiTe in staton, the &ir nair, either yellow,
flaxen, or almost white, added to the brave and
wariike chuacter of the Finn, evidence him to be
nTa difleimt otioin.
Tacitna deaoribea the ancient Finns a* a people
" whoae ferooity waa extiaordinalT, and poverty
extreme ; havuu heiba fit tbeir food, akins for
their oovering, and the ground for tbrnroouehi re-
gardleaa of man and of goda," oontinoea be, " they
have attained the very diffioalt coMditiM) of net
having a ain^e wish to Ibrm."
The modern Finn is honest, laborious, and o«-
pabla <Jeiidiuint great hardahipi but he baara
ither in about ta
iUiuof the
ie (he only part of the laboor wiueh a ]
wheH
Of the Finna who inhabit the iahmds of the
Baltic, the laat qoMed writer thna speaka :—>■ The
oottagea of the iaiandera are rongh-hewn Icg-
kowes; andlhayare themaelvaaa people appa-
rently of aneh nmple mannen and habita, aa Uiett
•eolnded situation and aoanty number might lead
one to expect ; each ruatio Koweholder la ptovi-
' rith the toola and implements of a doMDMC-
shoeniaker, tailor, Stfaerman, miller, baker, dko.
Their com milla are of aimplG form, and driven
by B«ilB comtruDled of wooden planka ; and their
mill-stones are ahaped like the qnema, or old Cel-
tic machina for grinding with the hand. Lnxn-
-'- - ' I oeiue paint fiu thair oahina, or eoatt
vWe Aeepakiia will miMm,
of woolen dcth, wlw
118 3M FLA
vre not common. Capt of the most ordmtry fur Fish Laktf p.r. Delawaio Co. N. T.
wire as a covering for their heads ; and for their Fish Rivera Greats a riyer of Sontbem Africa
feet, the want of shoes is supplied by a mis-shap flowing South into the ocean East of the Cape
pen bag of dried seal-diin. llie harness of their of Good Hope. The limits of the Cape Colony
norses consists of nothing more than a plain col- extend a little beyond it to the East.
lar attached to the shafts of the cart or sledge, FissatOf a sea-port of Barbary. in the province
through which, when the horse's neck is thrust, of Tripoli, 90 m. N. W. of Tripoli. Long. 12. 10.
he has only to proceed : this contrivance answers E., lat. 33. 50. N.
Hxi the purposes of draught, for neither here nor Fistdla^ a fortified town of Morocco. The in-
in Sweden is the animal trained to resist the habitants carry on a great trade in fine garments.
weight of a carriage on the descent, however It is 125 m. M. E. of Morocco. Long. o. 55. £.
steep it may be." lat. 32. 27. N.
FtnlaymUe, a village of Mecklenburgh Co. N. C. FUchburg, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 48 m. N.
Fin/ey, a township of Washington Co. Pa. W.Boston. It has some manufitctories. Pop.
FinneysviUe, p. v. Rutland Co. Vt. 2,180.
Finmarky the most northern section of Europe, ' FUzwUliamf p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on tlie
jettinff into the Arctic Ocean ; it formerly be- Massachusetts Mrder, 65 m. N. W. Boston. Pop.
fonged to Denmark, but with Norway was ceded 1,229.
to Sweden, in 1815. The coast is flanked with Fntm, See Fayoum,
islands, and indented with bays. It comprises Fitime, a sea-port of Austrian Istria, with a cas-
about 400 sq. m. of surface, but the inhabitants, a tie, and many fine churches and convents. It is
mixed race of Finns, and Laplanders, do not ex- noted for wine, good figs, and other fiuits; and
ceed 26/)00, who pnncipally inhabit the coast, has a sugar refinery, and a wax manufacture,
fishing and hunting constituting their chief em- The harbour is formed oy the river Flumara
ployment : the S. part bordering on Lapland is which enters the bay of Camero, at the extremity
mountunous. North Cape, its extreme northern of the Adriatic. It is 37 m. £. of Capo dlstria.
limit, and also of Europe, is in the lat. of 71. 10. Long. 14. 12. E., lat 45. 38. N. Pop. about
N., and 25. 50. of E. long. 12,000.
FinoWy a town of Brandenburgh, in the Ucker Fladttrand^ a sea-port of Denmark, in North
Mark. It has a canal, by which the Oder and Jutland, with a harbour defended by three forts,
Havel are united. It is 28 m. N. W. of Custrin. just within the entrance to the Cattgat. It b 30
Fionday a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, m. N. N. E.of Alburg. Long. 10. S9. £., lat. 57.
and a bishop's see, on the gulf of Satalia, 25 m. 33. N.
8. W. of Satalia. FlaggtmBn^ p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
Fwrmsio. See FereiUino, FlatAorougkf a fkctoty of the Hudson Bay
Fiaren24>f St. a sea-port on the N. W. coast of Companv, on Hayes river, 70 m. from its mouth,
Corsica, defended by walls and a tower. It was on the Wi side of Hudson Bay. Long. 90. 5. W.
taken by the Enghsh and Corsicans, from the lat. 56. 8. N.
French, in 1794. It is 7 m. W. of Bastia. FUnmhorougk Head, a lofly promontory on the
FirepUtee, p.v. Sufiblk Co. N. T. coast of Yorkshire, Eng. whose snow-white clifis,
Fishersfidd, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 95 m. fr. rising fh>m 300 to 450 reet above the level of the
Boston. Pop. 798. sea, are seen at a great distance from shore, and
Fishing Creekf p.t. Columbia Co. Pa. afiTord shelter to innumerable multitudes of sea-
FUhing Fordf p.v. Bedford Co. Ten. fowls. The lower parts contain vast caverns,
FirosepouTy a town of Hindoostan, in Moultan, and on the summit is a light-house, 5 m. E. N.
seated on the Setlege, at the influx of the Bevah, E. of Burlington. Long. 0. 2. W., lat. 54. 8. N.
20 m. W. of Depupour, and 150 E. by N. of There is a village of the same name, contiguous to
Moultan. the cliffs. Pop. m 1821, 917. Off'this headland the
Fishhaek, a town of Switzerland in the Valais, celebrated John Paul Jones in the American
27 m. E. of Sion. A battle was fought in this Fri^te Bonne Homme Richard, captured the
neighborhood between the Swis, and Amadous, British Frigate Serapis after one of the most des-
Duxe of Savoy in which the Swiss were victori- perate battfes ever fought
ous. FtanuUadf a village in Hertfordshire, Eng.
Fishers IdandSf in Long Island Sound, opposite Pop. in 1821, 1,392. It was a place of some im-
to Stonington harbour in Connecticut. Jt is 10 portance at the time the Romans were in pos-
m. long and 2 broad, with a fertile soil, and is session of England. The house in Greenwich
annexed to the township of Sonthhold, in Long Park, in which is the Royal Observatory, and
Island, and belongs to the State of New York. from whence the English meridional line of lon-
Fishguard, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire, gitnde is drawn, is commonly called FUimsUad
Here is a good pier, with every convenience for Uouss after the name of its first astronomer. See
ship-building, and a considerable trade in herrings, Qreennoieh.
com, and butter. It is situate on a steep cUffl on Flanders^ a country of Europe, bounded on the
a bay of St George's channel. 16 m. N. E. of St N. bv the mouth of the Scheldt, and N. W. by
David, and 249 W. by N. or London. Pop. in the mrth Sea or German Ocean, lying between
! 1821, 1,837. the lat of 50. 40. and 51. 20. N. and 27l5. to 4« 15.
FiaihaMstny a town of Prussia, with a roval eas- of E. lonMtode. The early history of this coun-
tle, seated on the Frisohe Hafr,21 m. W. of Konis- try is involved in considerable obscurity ; it has,
benTi and 5 N. N. E. of Pillau. however^ fi)r several centuries ranked among the
FishkiU, a town of New York, in Dutchess conn- most fertile, populous, and civilised parts of En-
ty, on a creek of the same name, 5 m. E. of Hud- rope, it was formerly known under three divisions,
wmriver, and66 N. ofNew York. Pop. of the of^ French, Austria, and Dutch Flanders; the
township 8,292. I^nch, or S. part, was comprised in the late
FiMtU Landing f a village of Dutchess Co. N. province of Artois, now the department dn Nord,
T. <m the Hudson opposite Nswburg. or N. The Austrian •ompriaed the eentre firom
FLE 801 FLO
£. to W. ; and the Datch the coast off the mouth xmlitary school for soldiers' children. It is sea-
of the Scheldt ; the whole country was overrun tea on the N. hank of the Loire, and is the seat
bj the French in the early part ofthe war which of a prefect. Pop. in 1825, 5,387. It is 80 m.
commenced in 1793, and confirmed to them bjr E. N. E. of Nantes.
the treaty of Campo Formio in 1707. Afler Fltckeroty Justeroe, or Fleekeren, an island in
the treaty of LaneFUle in 1801,Austrian and Dutch the Scagerack, near the coast of Norway, a few
Flanders were divided into two departments; m. E. of Christiansand. Between the island and
Lys on the W. and Scheldt on the E. and ipcor- the continent is a most excellent harbour, de-
porated with the French Empire. At the ffener- fended by a fortress. Lonff. 8. 18. E., lat. 58. 4 . N.
al partitioning of this part of Europe ,which follow- FUetj a river of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire
ed the peace of 1814, those two departments were which issues from a small lake of the same name,
ceded to the new kingdom of the Netherlands, and enters Wigton bay, below Gatehouse. On
and were called the East and West Flanders, its W. side are the vestiges of a camp, a dru-
For their subsequent history, see Jfetherlanda. The idical circle, and a vitrified fort,
area of the E. part comprises about 1,080 square f7ems»g,a county of Kentucky. Fop. 13,493.
ra., and contains about 600,000 inhabitantB. It is Flemingsourg is the capital, 50 m. N. £. of Lex-
divided into four circles, of which Ghent, Dender- ington.
monde, Oudenarde and Eecloo, are Uie chief TYemin^ton, p. v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
towns ; the other places of note are Sluys, Arden- Flicker , a township of Franklin Co. Vt. Fop.
berg,,Phillipina, and Sas Van Ghent on the shore 793.
of Uie mouth of the Scheldt; and Deynse, Ren- Ftetuhurg, a seaport of Denmark, in the duchy
aix, Grammont, Sotteghem, Alost, ana Watteren of Sleswick, with a strong citadel, and a harbonr
in the S. The river Scheldt which rises in the at the head of a ba^ in the Little Belt, at its en-
French department, of Aisne enters the S. W. trance into the Baltic. It is a place of great oom-
comer running N. by E. to Ghent in the centre merce, 15 m. N. N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9.
ofthe province, and then nearly due E. till it 47. £., lat. 54. 52. N. Fop. about 15,000.
changes its course to the N. forming the bounda- FUurance, a town of France, in the department
rv ofthe province on the side of Brabant ; towards of Gers, on the river Gers, 3 m. N. of Auch.
tne S. the surface is slightljjr undulated, but north- FUuruSy a village of the Netherlands, in Na-
ward it is an entire level intersected by canals, mur, 6 m. N. E. of Charleroy. Here, in 1690, a
communicating both with the North Sea and the victory was gained by the French oyer the allies ;
mouth of theScfaeldt. and in 1794, the Austrians were defeated in a
West Flanders is bounded on the S. and S. W. general attack ofthe French posts,
by the French department ; on the N. and N. W. Flie, or VUdand, an island on the coast of Hol-
by the North Sea ; the area of this province is land, N. of the TexeL at the middle of the en-
about 1,500 square m., containing 530,u00 inhabi- trance of the Zuider Zee.
tants. It is also divided into four circles, of which FZtnl, a county at the N. E. extremity of Wales,
Bruges, Furnes, Yprcs, and Courtray are the chief bounded in a N. W. direction by the estuary of*
towns, the other places of note are tne sea-ports of the river Dee, and N. by W. by the Irish sea.
Nieuport and Ostend; the latter is regarded as the It is the smallest county in Wales, its superficies
maritime portal of this part of Europe. This like being only 243 sq. m. It is, however, rich in
E. Flanders is a level country; in the S. E. part, fine coal, copper and lead, and since the commenee-
thread, lace, and linen cambrics are manufactured ment or the present century, the cotton manu-
to a great extent for exportation ; over all the oth- facture has oeen introduced, and the pop. dn-
er parts of the two provinces, fishing, agriculture ring the 20 years, 1801 — 1821 has increased 36
ana manufactures are assiduously pursued, and percent. The principal towns are Mold, Holy-
tend to render the inhabitants among the most soci- well, Hawarden, ana St. Asaph (eoeA of toAtcA
al and best conditioned in Europe. The language see)^ there is also a town called Flint, lormerly
of the common people is peculiar, a mixture of the chief town ofthe county, though now a small
Dutch and Frencn ; but in the towns the French place. It has the county-goal, but the assizes
is most generally spoken. The Catholic religion are held at Mold. Here are the remains of a
prevails through both provinces ; the clergy are royal castle, in which Richard (I. took shelter
a tolerant and respectable body. on arivin^ firom Ireland ; but on leaving it he was
Flanders, p.v. Morris Co. N. J. delivered mlo the hands of his rival, afterward
Flatbushf a town of N. Y., chief of King*s coun- Henry IV. : it stands on a rock close to the sea,
ty, Long Island. The Americans were defeated and is governed by a constable, who is also mayor
near this place by the British in 1776. It is situ- "of the town. Flint has no market, but is well
ate amid garden-grounds, 5 m. S. by £. of New frequented as a bathing-place. It is seated on
York. Pop. 1 ,143. the estuary of the Dee, 12 m. W. N. W. of Ches-
FladandSy a township of Kings Co. N. Y. on ter, and 195 N. N. W. from London. Pop. in
Long Island. Pop. 596. 1821, 1,612.
FUiUery, Cave, on the W. coast of North Amer- FUnt, a river of the state of Georgia, which
iea, discovered by Cook, in 1778 ; and so named, rises in the country formerly occupied by the
because he was disappointed at not finding a bar- Creek Indians, runs S. W. and Joining the Chat-
bonr. Long. 124. 57. W., lat. 48. 25. N. ahoochee, at its entrance into £. Florida, forms
FZavuTty, a town of France, in the depart- the Apalachicola.
ment of Cote d'Or, with a Benedictine aboey ; FUnUtorUf p.v. Alleghany Co. Maryland,
seated on a mountain, by the river Ozerain, 27 JFVtz, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, strong both
m. W. N.W. of Dijon. by nature and art. It stands on a peninsula
FUcke^ La, a town of France, in the depart- formed by the Ebro, and the side where the rivet
ment of Sarte. Here was a noble college, ouilt does not pass is covered by mountains, and defen-
by Henry IV., at which Descartes was educated ; ded by a castle. It is 23 m. N. of Tortosa.
the centre is now converted into a town-house, FtodAon, a field in the parish of KirknewtoD,
and one of the wings rebuilt as a prytaneum, or Northumberland, Eng. 5 m. N. N. W. of WooC
2C
FLO 308 FLO
er, on which a battle was foaght between the florenf, SK. a town of Franoe, in the department
English and Scots in 1513, in which James IV. of Mayenneand Loire, with a Benedictine abbey ;
was killed, with many of his nobility, and 10,000 seated on the Loire, 20 ra. W. S. W. of Angers,
men. Florentinf a town of France, in the department
FUrraCf a town of France, in the department of Tonne, at the conflux of the Armance and
of Lozere, 13 m. S. of Mende, and 55 N. of Armanoon, 15 m. N. £. of Anzerre, and 80 8. £.
Montpelier. It is the seat of a prefect. Pop. in of Paris.
1625,2,082. * Fter«nrfjio, or FtoreiUijw, a province of Tusca-
FlorenUy a celebrated city of Italy, capital of ny ; bounded on the N. W. by tlie republic of
Tuscany, and an archbishop's see, with a citadel, Lucca and the Modenese ; N. £. by tne Apen-
ge. The circumference is about 6 m. FloreSf or MangeyUj an island of thi> East Indies,
tifications consist of only a wall and a one of the chain that forms the S. boundary of
Charleman
and the fortifications ^ .
ditch, with two or three forts which command a the Java and Banda seas, 108 m. long and 45
part of the town. It is divided into two uneaual broad, lying to the E. of that of Sumbawa. On
Earts, by the river Amo, over which are tour the S. side, near the £. end, is a town named
andsome bridges. The quays, the buildings on Larantuca. Long. 121. 56. £., lat 8. 50. S..
each side, and the bridges, render the part Flares , a fertile island, one of the Axores, so
through which the river runs by far the finest; called from the abundance of flowers found upon
but every part is full of wonders in the arts of it. Lagens is the most populous town, but St.
painting, statuary and architecture. The envi- Cruz is the capital. Long. 31. 0. W., lat. 39.
rons are beautiful, rich, and populous. Some of 34. N.
the Florentii^e merchants, formerly, were men Fforufa. a Territory of the United States,and the
of mat wealth ; and one of them, in the middle most southern portion of the country. Its south-
ofuie fUleenth century, built that noble fabric, em point is in 25. N. lat, and it extends N to 31.
which, from the name of its founder, is still called It lies between 80. 25. and 87. 20. W. long, and
the Palazzo Pitti. It was aAerwards purchased contains, about 45,000 sq. m. It is shaped some-
by the Medici family, who made some enlarge- what like an L, the southeastern part being a pe-
ments \ and it thence became the residence of ninsula washed by the ocean on the £., and the
the grand dukes of Tuscany. The Palazzo Gulf of Mexico on the W. Its boundaries on the
Veccnio, or old palace, contains a room 172 feet N. are Georgia, and Alabama. It has been usual
long, and 70 wide, for public entertainments, to consider this territory as consisting of two divi-
The beauties and riches of these palaces, in all sions, East and West, but there is at present no
that is masterly in architecture, literature, and political distinction.
the arts, especially those of painting and sculpture The land is low and ^nerally either sandy or
have been oflen described. The celebrated Venus swampy. On the coast it is mostiy barren. Tnere
of Medici, the standard of taste in female beauty are many savannas covered with a thick growth
and proportion, stood in a room called the Tri- of grass and flowers. In the swampy tracts the
bune ; this, with other masterpieces of sculp- cane brakes are of an enormous height and thick-
ture, was carried away to Paris, but restored with ness. The reed canes are sometimes 30 and 40
most of the other works of art at the general feet high. The ponds and bayons are in summer
peace in 1815. There are other rooms, whose covered with aquatic plants, and abound with al-
contents are indicated by the names they bear; ligators. The uplands of the interior are the most
as the cabinet of arts, of astronomy, natural histo- fertile and bear the name of hammoe lands from
ry, medals, portraits, porcelain, antiquities, dtc. the tufls or swells which Uiey exhibit. *rhe greater
Beside the Medicean library begun by Julius part of the surface is a pineoarren ; this is a land
de Medici, and greatly augmented by duke with a grey and reddish soil producing coarse
Cosmo I., there are several other copio«s libra- grass and a scanty growth ofpine trees. Almost
ries, especially those in the two Benedictine and every part of the county affords abundance of
Carmelite convents. The Florentine Academy timber, as pitch pine, live oak, cypress, dx. Two
and the Academia della Crusca were instituted thirds of the country are covered with pine fbr-
to enrich the literature a id improve the language ests.
of Tuscany ; the latter is so named because it The magnolia is a very common and beautiful
reiecta like hran all words not purely Tuscan, tree, and grows to the height of 100 feet with a
Tne cathedral, the churches, and other public straight trunk surmounted oy a conical mass of
buildingB, contain paintings and sculpture by the dark green foliage covered over with large milk-
first masters in Italy ; and the chapel of Lorenzo is white flowers. Orange trees also fiouridi here,
perhaps, the most expensive habitation that ever and about St. Augustine and on the borders of ma-
was reared fbr the dead, bein^ incrusted with ny of the lakes and savannas are many beautiful
precious stones, and adorned with the workman- groves of them. Limes, grapes, and %gs, grow
ship of the best modern sculptors. Themanufac- wild.' The long moss or Spanish beard wnich
^ tures of Florence are chiefly silks, satins, gold hangs in festoons upon the oranches of the live
and silver stuffs, and damask table cloths. It nas oak and pine, affords a good materii^ for staffing,
a considerable trade in fruits, oil, and excel- This country is vezy thinly inhabited, and har-
lent wines. Florence is 45 m. £. N. £. of Leg- dly any thing is known from experience as to its
horn, which is its out-port, and 125 N. W. of capabilities for agriculture ; but it is thought to be
Rome. Long. 11. 3. £{., lat. 43. 46. N. Pop. in excellently adapted to the culture of tobacco, cot-
1825, 75,^307. ton, indigo, rice, and sugar. At present the chief
Ftqrenety p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 964. Also objects of attention among the planters, are maize,
a village in Alabama, the capital of Lauderdale rice, potatoes, beans, melons, &c. The olive ana
Co. on the Muscle Shoals of Tennessee River, coffee have been tried here and the former wUl
Alio a village in Huron Co Ohio. ~ undoubtedly succeed.
FLO N 303 FOX
TbecUmateifTety hot, although in the north- Florida^ p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 454.
ern parts ^irater sometimes freezes. In the pentnsu- Also a p.t. Moatgomer^ Co. N. T. Pop. 2,833.
la the most delicate orange trees bear fruit in fnll Florisant, a viflage in St. Louis Co. Missouri,
perfection. In the lower parts the air is moist, on the Missouri.
and in the neighbourhood of the rice fields it is /Your, St. a city of France, in the department
unhealthy. From October to June the weather of Cantal, and a bishop's see. Good knives are
is most delightful. The southern extremity is made here, and it has a considerable trade in corn.
suWect to the hurricanes of the West Indies. It is seated on a mountain, 35 m. S. of Clermont,
The largest river is the St. Johns, which rises and 108 N. by W. of Montpelier. It is the seat
in the centre of the peninsula and flows north- of a prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,372.
easterly to the sea ; it passes through several lakes FUmr Town, a village in Montgomery Co. Pa.
and its current is gentle. The Apalachicola pas- Flaydf a county of Kentucky. Pop. 4^262.
ses through West Florida into the Gulf of Mexico. Prestonburg is the canital. Also a county of In-
Many small streams rise in the pine forests diana. Pop. 6,363. New Albany is the capital
and fall into the inlets of the Gulf The springs Floyd, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. Pop. 1,699.
which cpve rise to these rivers are verr remarka- Floydsourg, a village in Jefferson Co. Ken.
ble for Uieir size and depth. See WaJadta Fountain. Flushing, a strong sea-port of Dutch Zealand,
The only towns ofconsequence are St. Augustine in the island of Walcheren, on the N. side of
on the eastern coast, and Pensacola on the western. Western Scheldt, the entrance of which it de-
There is a chain of low islands or sand banks skirt- fends. It has a good harbour, and a great canal
ing the whole coast, but they afford few good runs through the town, which is deep enough to
harbours. Off cape Sable, which is the southern- admit loaded vessels. The stadthoose is a superb
most point of the peninsula, are a cluster of islands building, after the model of that of Amsterdam,
at some distance from the land, on one of which. Flushing was the birth place of admiral De RuT-
called Key West, was lately established a naval ter, and has a capacious harbour and basin for
station of the United States. ships of the largest burthen. It is one of the na-
Florida is divided into 15 counties. The Gov- val depots of the Netherlanas. Its trade is
emor is appointed by the United States, and there chiefly smug^inff. Pop. iJl>out 6,000. It is in
is a le^slative council of 16 members. Talla- Ut. 5l. 27. N., ana 3. 34. of E. long,
bassee 18 the seat of government. It has one del- Ftushing, a town of New York, in Queen's
egate in Congress. The Pop. is 34,723, of whom county, Long Island, situate on tiie £. side of
lo,5 10 are slaves. The commerce of the territozy Hell-gate, 7 m. E. by N. of New York. Pop.
is inconsiderable. The shipping in 1828 amoun- 2,820.
ted to 2,781 tons. The imports for ld29 were Flushing, p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio.
153,642 ddlars. The exports of domestic produ<», Fluvanna, a county of the £. District of Vir-
38,163 dollars. Total exports 56,086 dollars. ^ia, N. of James nver, at the foot of the flitt
'This territory was discovered in 1497. It was ridge of the Alleghany mountains. Pop. 8,221.
first settled by the Spaniards in 1524. Some set- Palmyra is the chief town,
tlements were made by the French about 30 years Fochabers, a town of Scotland belonging to
afterwards, and they established themselves in the Mnrravshire, though seated on the E. side ofuie
neighbourhood of the spot where St. Augustine river Spey. It is 8 m. E. by S. of Elgin, and 22
now stands in 1564. The Spaniards however, ex- W. of 6anff.
pelled the French. In 1763 Florida was ceded to Foehan, a populoos village of China, in the vi-
Great Britain , and retained by that power till 1781 cinity of Canton.
when it was reconquered by the Spaniards. In Foehea, or Foggia, a sea-port of Asiatic Tur*
1821 Spain ceded it by treaty to the United States key, in Natolia, with a castle. The Venetians
as an indemnity for spoliations upon our com- beat the Turkish fleet near this place, in 1660
jnerce ; and the following year it was made a ter- It is seated on the gulf of Smyrna, at the influx
ritorial government. of the Hermus, 28 m. N. W. of Smyrna. Long.
Florida (Ume, is on the E. coast of East Flori- 26 39. E., lat 38. 44. N.
da, in the gulf of the same name, in the lat. of 25. Foediear, a town of Hungary, seated on the
41. N., and 80. 5. of W. long. ; 90. m. N E. of W. bank of the Danube, opposite Colocsa, 40 m
Cape Sable, and about 30 W. of the N. W. end S. of Buda. Pop. 2,500.
of the Great Bahama Bank. Fogaras, a town and castle of Transylvania, on
Florida, (hdfof, is the passage out of the gulf the nver Alauta, 30 m. N. by E. of Hermadstadt.
of Mexico into the Atlantic Ocean, between the Foggia, a towii of Naples, in Capitanata. It is
N. W. coast of the Island of Cuba, and the Baha- a stapfe for com and wool, and seated near the
ma Bank and islands on the E., and the promon- Cerbero, 20 m. S. of Manfiredonia ; it sufiered
tory of East Florida on the W. Through this ffi^&^J ^J &n earthquake, in VI2SL Pop. about
passage the ^reat body of waters flowing into the 17,000.
gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi, Colorado, Fo^^CemUe^ a village in Leliiffh Co. Pa.
and Rio del Norte, set, in a continual stream, Fo|)f2»a, a nver of Italy, whicn rises on the con
running at the rate of 4 to 5 m. per hour : the fines of Tuscany, crosses the duchy of Urbino,
stream continues to run idong the eastern coast and enters the gulf of Venice, at Pesaro.
of North America, to the lat. of 42., when the FogUzxo, or FogUno, a town of Piedmont, 5 m.
current is dispersed hf the' great bank of New- N. W. of Chivasso, and 13 W. of Crescentino
fiinndland. The gulf passage is from 30 to 130 Fogo, See Fuego.
m. wide, the narrowest part oeing between Cape Fohr, or Fora, an island of Denmark, about 12
Florida, and the Oreat Bahama &nk before men- m. in circumference, near the coast of Sleswick,
tioned. in the German Ocean, 65 m. N. of Heligoland.
Florida Keys, or Marturs Islands and Beefs, are Pop. about 5,500. Long. 8. 31. E., lat. 54. 44 .N.
the shoals and sand-banks flanking the southern Fotx, a late district of France, in Languedoc,
extremity mad E. coast of the promontory of East adjoining the Pyrenees. It now forms, with
Florida, as preyiously described. Couserans, the department of Arriege.
FON 904 FOR
Fotz, a town of France, capital of the depart- ment, of Seine and Marne. celebrated for its fine
ment of Arriege. Here is a manufacture of coarse palace, and a hunting seat of the sovereigns of
woolen cloths, with some copper-mills. It is seat- France. It stands in the midst of an extensive
ed on the Arriege, near the root of the^ Pyrenees, forest, 35 ro. S. S. £. of Paris. It is the seat of a
42 m. S. by E. of Toulouse. prefect. Pop. in 1820, 6,439.
Fo-tden a maritime province in the S. of China, Fontaine I Eveque a town of the Netherlands, in
bounded on the N. byTche-kiang, W. by Kiang- the territory of Liege, 6 m. W. of Charleroi.
si. S. by Quang-tong, and £. bv the China Sea. FontanettOf a town of Piedmont, 7 m. K. of
The climate is warm ; and yet tne air is so pure, Crescentino.
that no contagious diseases ever prevail. It pro- Fantarabia, a sea-port of Spain, in Biscay, on
duces musk in abundance, precious stones, quick- the frontiers of France, from which it is separated
silver, iron, and tin ; also gold and silver, but it by the river Bidassoa, which forms a harbour at
is forbidden to dig for these. It has fine plains ; its mouth, in the bay of Biscay. It stands on a
and industry fertilizes even the mountains^ the peninsula, at the foot of the Pyrenean mountains,
greater part of which are cut into terraces, rising and is so strong both bv nature and art as to be
above each other. Its valleys are watered by accounted the key of Spain, on that side ; but it
springs and rivers firom the mountains, which the opened its gates to the French in 1794. It is 23
husbandman distributes with great skill, to refresh m. S. W. of Bayonne, and 62 £. by N. of Bilbao
his rice : he has even the art to raise his water to Long. 1. 47. W., lat. 43. 23. N.
the tops of the mountains, and to convey it from ForUenay U Comtek a town of France, in the de-
one side to the other, by pipes made of- bamboo, partment of Vendee. It has a woolen manuiac-
The people speak a different language in most of ture, and its fairs are famous for cattle. It is
the cities, each of which has its particular dialects, seated on the Vendee, 25 m. N. £. of Rochelle, 55
The language of the mandarins is that which is W. by S. of Poitiers, and 215 S. £. of Paris. It
spoken every where ; but few understand it in is the seat of a prefect Pop. in 1820, 7,470.
tnis province : however, it produces a great num- Fonttnoy^ a village of the Netherlands, in
ber of literati. It contains 9 cities of the first Hainault, 4 m. S. £. ofTournay. It is celebra-
and 60 of the third class. Fou-tcheo is the ted for a battle between the allies and the French
capital. in 1745, in which the former were defeated.
FoUshiUf a parish in the county of the city of Ftrntevraultf a town of France, in the depart-
Coventry, Enf. lying on the N. side of the citv, -ment of Mayenne and Loire. Here is a famous
and intersected by the Coventry canal. Pop. m abbey, in the church of which, several kings and
1820, 4,937, almost exclusively employed in the queens of France lie interred. It is 7 m. S. £. ot
riband manufacture. Saomer.
FoUgno, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Um- Fora, an island of Denmark, on the W. coast
bria, famous for its sweetmeats, paper mills, and of S. Jutland, between those of Sylt and Nord-
silk manufactures. It is seated on the W. side strand. It is of an oval form, 20 m. in clrcum-
of the Apennines, near a fertile plain, 69 m. N. of ference, and the chief place is Utersen. See
Rome. Fohr.
Folkingham, a town in Lincolnshire, £ng. Forchetnif a strong town of Franconia, in the
Here are the ruins of an ancient castle. It is principality of Bamberg, with a fine arsenal. It
seated on a rising ground, 18 m. W. S. W. of surrendered to the French in 1796, but the Aos-
Boston, and 106 N. of London. Pop. 759. trtans compelled them to abandon it soon after-
FolksUme, a town in Kent, £ng. It had once ward. It is seated at the conflux of the Wisent
five churches^ four of which have been destroyed and Rednitz, 16 m. S. S. £. of Bamberg, and is
bv the incursions of the sea. The inhabitants are now included in the territory of the king of Ba-
cniefly emploved in fishing. Dr. Wm. Harvey, varia.
the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the FordinghridgB, a town in Hampshire, £ng. with
blood, was born here in 1578. It is a member of a manufacture of checks and bed-ticks ; seated on
the port of Dover, governed by a mayor, and a the Little Avon, 10 m. S. of Salisbury, and 88 W.
little to the W. is Sand^ate castle, built by Henry by S. of London. Pop. in 1820, 2,444.
VIII. It is seated on Uie Enfflisn channel, 8 m. FordsvUUf a village in Pearl River, Marion Co.
S. W. of Dover, and 72 E. by S. of London. Pop. Mississippi.
in 1821 J 4,232, chiefly dependent on fishing and Fordand, Jfortk, a promontory of Kent, Eng.
smnggling for support. the E. point of the isle of Thanet. It is the most
Fondi^ a town ot Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro, southern point of thef^ort of London ; and a line
seated on the Amian Way near the sea coast, 65 thence extended N. to the point called the Nase,
m. S. S. W. of Rome. in i^ssex, forms the mouth of the Thames. Here
Fong'tsiang^ or Fonickeou^ a citj of China, in is a round brick lower, nearly &Q feet high, erect-
the province of Chen-si. Its district contains ed by the Trinity-house for a sea-mark. Long,
eight cities of the second and third class. It is I. 29. £., lat. 51. 22. N.
seated on the Hole Ho, which falls into the Tel- Foreland, Souik, another promontory of Kent
low river, 560 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 106. It is called South, in respect to its bearing from
57. £., lat 34. 36. N. the other Foreland, which is 13 m. to the N. Be-
Fong-yang, a city of China^ in the province of tween these two capes is the noted roadstead, call-
Kiang-nan. It incloses within its walls several ed the Downs.
fertile little hills ; and its jurisdiction comprehends Forttt Towns j four towns of Suabia, in Brisgaa,
five cities of the second, and 13 of the third class, situate on the Rhine and the confines of Switzer-
It is seated on a mountain which overhanjra a land, at the entrance of the Black Forest. Their
river falling into the Hongts Hou, 70 m. N. £. of names are Waldschut, Lauffenburirh, Seckiniren,
Na-king. Long. 116. 58. £., lat. 32. 52. N. and Rheinfelden.
Fans, a town of France, in the department of ForesterUm, a village in Burlington Co. N. Y.
Iiot, 5 m. N. W. of Figeac. Forfar^n borough of Scotland, capital of An-
FontainUeaUf a town of France, in the depart- gusshire. It contains many neat modem houses.
FOR 306 FOU
and hai manufkctures of coarse linens and shoes. Forthy a river of Scotland, which rises .n the'
It is situate in an extensive plain, nearly in the mountain Ben Lomond, in Dumbartonshire, (lows
centre of the county, 14 m. X. by £. of Dundee. E. in a sinuous course by Stirling and Alloa, and
Forfarakire. See Angusshire. meets the German Ocean a little below Alloa,
ForgeSf a town of France, in the department of where it forms a noble estuary, called the Frith of
Lower Seine, celebrated for its mineral waters. Forth. The Forth is navigable for vessels of 80
It is 24 m. N. E. of Rouen. tons, as far as Stirling bridge, and for merchant
ForiOf or Fontario. See IsdUa. vessels of any burden, as tar aa Grangemouth,
Forlif a town of Italy^ in Romagna, seated on where there is a communication between this river
the frontier of Tuscany, m a fertile country, near and the Clyde, bv a canair
the river Rones, 11 m. S. S. W. of Ravenna. Forth, Frith of, the estuary above mentioned,
Formenteray an island in the Mediterranean, is about 10 m. in mean breadth, that is, reckon-
belonging to the crown of Spain. It is situated ingthe entrance from North Berwick on the 8.,
to the south of Ivica, from which it is separated to Elie Ness on the N., the distance from which
by a channel 4 m. wide. two points is about 8 m. ; from this line to the
Formosa, an island in the China Sea, lyiAg be- Queensferry, where it narrows to jbl m. and a half,
tween 120. and 122. E. long., and 22. and 25. N. the distance is about 28 m. and from Queensferry
lat., and separated from the province of Fo-kien, to Grangemouth the distance is about 12 m. the
in China, oj a channel about 60 m. where nai- water spreading again to the extent of 3 to 4 m.
rowest. It u 280 m. from N. to S., and 70 in its Between Queensxerry and the line of Elie Ness
broadest part, but is greatly contracted at the S. are a number of islands, the most celebrated of
extremity. It is subject to the Chinese, who, which, are Inch Garvie, Inch Colm, and Inch
however, did not know of its existence till the Keith ; on the latter, and on the Isle of May,
year 14o0. A chain of mountains, running its without the line of Elie Ness, are light-houses,
whole length, divides it into two oarts. the £. and and these, as well as most of the other islands,
W. The Dutch built the fort or Zealand, on the contain ruins of castles or reli^ous houses. St.
W. part, in 1643. The^ were driven thence, in Abb's head on the S., and Fife Ness on the N.,
166] , by a Chinese pirate, who made himaelf distant from each other 33 m. are by some con-
master of all the W. part. In 1682 the whole sidered as forming the points of entrance to the
island submitted to the emperor of Cliina. It Frith of Forth.
contains extensive and fertile plains, watered by Fortrose, a borough of Scotland, in Rosshire,
a great number of rivulets fitim the mountains, situate on the Murray Frith nearlv opposite Fort
It produces abundance of com and rice, most of George, to which there is a regular lerry. It is
the Indian fruits, many of those of Europe, to- composed of two towns, Rosemarkie, and Cha-
bacco, sugar, pepper, camphire, and cinnamon, nonry ; the former a very ancient borough, and
Wholesome ^vater is the only thing wanting in tiie latter one, a bishop's see. Two bmali parts of
Formosa. The inhabitants rear a great number the ancient cathedral remain,oneu8edasaburial-
of oxen, which they use for riding, from a want place, the other as a court-house and prison. It
of horses. This island was almost totally destroy- is 9 m. S. S. W. of Cromarty,
ed by a furious hurricane and dreadful inundation Fort Ann, a township of Washington Co. N. \
of the sea. Taiouang, at the 8. W. end of the Pop. 3,210.
island, is the capital. Fort Edtoard, in the same Co. Fop. 1,816
Formosa, Cape, the point of land between the Fort-Roual, tne capital of Martinique, on the
bights of Muinand Biafra, in the gulf of Guinea. W. side of the island, with one of the best har-
Lat. 4. 15. N., and 5. 10. of E. long. One of the hours in the West Indies, defended by a strong
Bissagoslsles on the W. coast of North Africa, is citadel. Long. 61. 9. W., lat 14. 36. N.
also called Formosa. Lat. 11. 30. N., long. 16. Fort'Royal, the capital of the island of Grana-
10. W da. See St. Oeorge,
Fomaw, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Far* Foasano, a town of Piedmont, with a citadel,
ma; near which, in 1496, Uharles VIII. of France seated on the Store, 10 m. N. £. of Coni. It has
obtained a victory over the princes of Italy. It manu&ctures of silk.
IS 8 m. W. S. W. of Parma. Fosse, a town of the Netherlands, in Namur,
Forres, a royal burgh of Scotland, in Murray- situate between the Sambre and Mouse, 7 m. N.
shire, neatly built on an eminence, on the river W. of Namur.
and near the bay of Findhorn, which is its port. Fossombrone, a town of Italy, in the duchy of
(t has manufactures of linen and thread, and a Urbino, with a castle on a mountain, near the
valuable salmon fishery. A little W. of the town river Metro, 10 m. S. E. of Urbino; tne vicinity
is a column, called Sweno's stone, covered with is very productive of silk.
12 E. of Nairn. Pop. in 1821,3,540. Foster, p.t. Providence Co. R. L 15. m. W
Forsta, a town of Lusatia, with a castle. It haa Providence. Pop. 2,672.
manufactures of woolen and linen cloths and Fotheringay, a village in Northamptonshire^
carpets, ano stands on a little island in the Neissa, Eng. 3 m. N. of Oundie, near the Nen Hoce
15 m. 8. S. W. of Guben, and 54 N. E. of Dres- are the ruins of a castle in which Richard III.
den. waa bom, and Mary Qoeen of Scots tried and be
Forteventura, or Fuertevemhtra, one of the Ca- headed. In the church are interred two dukes of
nary Islands, 65 m. in length, and of a verjr irre- York ; Edward, killed at Agincourtin France,
gular breadth, consisting of two peninsulas, joined and Richard, slain at Wakefield,
by an isthmus 12 m. in breadth. Its chief pro- Fous, or Faoua, a town of Lower Egypt, seat-
duct is the barilla plant, it also produces some ed on the W. branch of the Nile, 25 m. S. by £.
wheat, barley, beeves, and goats. The S. W of Rosetto.
point is in loi^p. 14. 31. W., lat 28. 4. N Fougeres, a town of France, m the department
39 2c2
FOX 306 FAA
of Hie and Vilaine, with an ancient caatle. In Fox hlands^t. ^oupofislandsin thttNorthem
1802, it waa taken by John, king of England. It Archipelago. They are 16 in namber, between
«M seated on the Coesnom, 25 m. N. E. of Rennea, the coast of Kamtachatka and the W. coast of
and 150 W. by S. of Paris. It is the seat of a America, between 52. and 55. N. lat Each is-
prefect. land has a peculiar name ; bat this general name
FouUiy or Fotola. See Fula. is given to the whole group, on account of the
FauUf PkoUy, or Foulah, a oountry of AfVica, great namber of black, grey, and red foxes, with
extending on both sides of the river Senegal about which they abound. The dress of the inhabitants
500 m. from £. to W. ; the boundaries from N. to consists of a cap, and a fur coat which reaches
S. are unknown. It is populous and fertile. The down to their knees : some wear a cap of party co-
Foulahs are, in general, of a tawny complexion, loured bird-skin, upon which is leh part of the
though many of them are entirely black. Some wines and tail. On the forepart of their hunting
lead a wandering life, and roam about the country and nshinff caps, they place a 'small board, like a
with large droves of cows, sheep, goats, ana screen, adorned with the jawbones of sea-bears,
horses : others are dexterous at nuntinff wild and ornamented with glass beads, which they re-
Deasts ; the teeth of elephants, «nd the skins 'of ceive in barter from the Russians. They feed
lions, leopards, and tigers, being articles of trade, upon the flesh of all sorts of sea animals, and sen*
Their arms are bows and arrows, lances, swords, erally eat it raw. The provision intendea fos
daggers, and occasionally a kina of small fusee, keepmg, is dried without salt, in the air. Their
They are praised by travellers for their hospital!- weapons are bows, arrows and darts ; and for de-
ty : nor is their humanity in other respects less fepce, they use wooden shields. Tlie most per-
commendable ; for if one of their countrymen have feet equahty reigns among' them : they have nei-
the mtsfbrtune to ftll into slavery, the rest join ther chiefs nor superiors, neither laws nor pun-
stock to redeem him. The king of this country is ishments. They live together in fiunilies, and
called the Siratick ; and though he seldom ap- societies of several famines united, which form
^lears with the badges of majesty, he has great what they call a race, who, in case of attack or
authority, and is as much respected as any one defence, mutualljr aid each other. They have a
on the coast. good share of plain natural understanding ; and
FotdnesSf a small island on the S. E. coast of seem cold and indifferent in most of their actions ;
Essex, Eng. formed by the river Crouch, at its en- yet if an injuzy, or mere suspicion, rouse them
trance into the mouth of the Thames. It has a from this phlegmatic state they become furious
village, with a church, 8 m. £. by N. of Rochford. and revengeful. The Russians call these islands
Pop. in 1821, 565. the Lyssie Ostrova.
Faulshamf a town in Norfolk, Eng. 3 m. N. E. *^* There is a cluster of small but beautiful,
of London. fertile and romantic islands, called Fox islands,
Fowr CanUmSfLakeof the. See Waldttadter Sea, in Penobscot Bay, Maine.
Foumeaux Island, a small island in the Pacific Foscfordf a town of Ireland, in the county of
ocean. Long. 143. 2. W., lat. 17. 11. S. Mayo, on the river Moy, 8 m. E. N. E. of Castle-
Fow'tekeau, a city of China, in Fokien, and the bar. Pop. in 1821, 1,024.
most considerable in that province, on account Foy, St. a town of France, in the department
of its trade, the convenience of its rivers and port, of Gironde, on the river Dordogne, 38 m. £. of
and the number of its literati. It is the residence Bordeaux.
ofa viceroy^ and has under its jurisdiction nine oit- Foyers, or Fyers, a river of Scotland, in the
ies of the third class. It is seated near the mouth of county of Inverness, which rises a few m. £. of
a river falling into the China sea, 435 miles N. E. fort Aufi^tus, and flows into Loch Ness. About
of Canton,and 1,030 S. by E. of Peking. Long. 119. 2 m. before its entrance into the lake is the Fall
4. JB., lat. 26. 4. N. of Floyers, one of the highest in the world, being
FoU'teheaUf another city of China in Kian^rsi, 207 feet in height, in one unbroken stream,
formerly one of the most beautiful cities in China, Foyle, a river of Ireland, formed by the con-
but almost ruined by the invasion of the Tartars, flux of the Fin and the Moume, at Lifford, in
It is 240 m. N.W. of the other Fou-tcheou, and the county of Donegal. It passes bv St. Johns-
835 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 56. E., lat. 27. town and Londonderry, and 4 m. below expands
55. N. into a bay, called Lough Fovle, of an oval form,
Fotoe^f or Fawy, a river in Cornwall, Eng. 14 m. long and 8 broad, whicn communicates with
which nses foar miles S. £. of Camelford, passes the ocean by a short and narrow strait,
bv Lostwithiel, and after a winding course of Fraga, a town of Spain, in Arragon, strong
about 40 m. enters the English channel, at Fowev. by situation, having tiie river Cinca before it,
Fawe^, a borough and sea-port in Cornwall, whose high banks are difiioult of access, and at
Eng. with a considerable trade by the pilchara its back a hill, which cannot easily be approach<*d
fishexj. The harbour is defended by St. Cathe- with cannon. Alphonso VII., king of^ Arragon
rine fort, on the summit of a steep pile of rocks, was killed here by the Moors, in 1134, when hi
and an adjoining battery The streets are so besieged this town. Itis63m. E. S. E. of Sara^
narrow, ana with such sudden turnings, that no gossa.
wheeled carriages can be admitted. The church Fragos, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 7
is a spacious structure. It is seated at the mouth m. S. W. of Santarem.
of the Fowey, which forms a capacious harbour, Framinghamy p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 20 m.
32 m. S. W. of Launceston, and 239 W. by S. S. W. Boston. Pop. 2,213.
of London. Lonff. 4. 37. W.; lat. 50. 19. N. Frandingham^ a town of Suflfolk, Eng. It has
Fffwler, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop^. the remaiiis of a castle. To this place the prin-
1,447 Also a township in Trumbull Co. Ohio, cess Mary retired, when ladv Jane Grey was pro-
Foxborougk, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. on a branch claimed queen ; and here she found that power-
of Tkunton nver 25 m. S. Boston. Pop. 1,099. ful support, which soon seated her on the Uirone.
FoxeraftftLXovmthipin Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. It is 30 m. £. of Bury, and 87 N. C of Lon-
677. don.
FRA a07 FRA
FrancamUaf a towa of Naplei, in Terra di in the Mediterranean ; Oierburgu, Brest, Roche-
Otranto. witha tradein oil^cotion 8toci[ings, and fort, and Toulon are the chief etationi of the
enuff, 15 m. E. N. E. of Taranto. French national marine.
FraneamUa, a town of Naples, in Baailicata, on Everj part of France is intersected by rivers
the river Sino, 20 m. W. S. W. of Trusi. flowing in all directions. Taking them in geo-
Franeef a country of Europe, extending in its graphical order from the N. the nist entitled to
extreme limits from the village of Peats de Mello^ notice are the Moselle and the Meuse, both of
at the foot of the Eastern Pyrenees, in the lat. of which rise in the N. E. part of France, and take
42. 25., in nearly a perpendicular line to Dun- circuitous courses northerly into the Netherlands,
kirk, in the lat. of 51. 2. N. ; this line gives a the former falling into Uie Rhine, and the latter
, „ — importance..
N. lat., and on the E. Strasburg in the long, of the Seine which also runs in a W. N. W. direc*
7. 45. E. and lat. of 48.35. ; the distance between tion into the English channel, being joined m
those two points is 12. 14. of W. long., which in its course bv the Mame, Aube, and the Oise, on
H^ mean lat. of 48. 29. is equal to 4^ geographi- the N., and by the Tonne and the Eure on the S.
cal, or 576 British statute m., but a line exceed- The Ome, and two or three other rivers of inferior
ing this by about 40 m. might be drawn in this note also fall into the English channel. The no-
direction within the French territory, from Point blest river in all France is the Loire, which rises
Ras, 28 m. S. of Brest, to the extreme eastern in the S. and flows in a direction N. by W. for
limit, 45 m. 8. byE. of Strasburg; the mean about 250 m., when it takes a direction nearly
line, however, from N. to S. does not exceed 470, due W. for about 250 m. more, falling into the
and from W.to E. 420 British statute m. This Umit Atlantic Ocean. It receives in its course numer-
gives a superficies of 197,400 sq. m., equal to ous tributary streams, the most considerable of
126,396,000 British statute acres ; a report made which, are the Allier. running parallel with it
to the French government in 1817 computed from the S. for about 160 m., and the Cher, Indre.
the superficies to be equal to 128 millions of Creuee, Vienne, and Sevre, ail from the S., ana
acres, of which about 92 millions were in a state from the N. it receives the Lower Loire, Sarthe,
of cultivation, and about 36 millions of acres Mayenne, and a few others of a smaller size. In
reported as unproduck.*'*e, and unfit for cultivation, the S. the united streams of the Lot, the Tarn,
This fine territory is mounded firom Dunkirk to and Garqpne, with several others of inferior note,
the Rhine^ in the lat. of 59. N. a dbtanoe of 290 form the Gironde which fidls into the Bay of
m. in a direction £. S. E. of Netherlands and Biscay, being joined fh>m the £. below Bor^aux
the Prussian provinces of the Rhine ; about 100 by the Dordogne and lUe. Between the Loire
m. of this frontier nearest to Dunkirk is an open and the Gironde the Charente, and between the
plain without any natural barrier ; further S. the Gironde and the Pyrenees the Adour, each
inroad is more or less impeded by forests. From with numerous Iributarv streams also fall into the
the lat of 49. the Rhine in a direction S. by W. Bay of Biscay. The Rhone rieing near Mount
for about 110 m. divides France from the territory St. Gotliard in Switxerland, after forming the
of the grand duke of Baden ; from the lat. of 47. lake of Greneva it enters France on the S. £?, and
40. to 43. 42. it is divided from Switzerland, after a course of about 80 m. to Lyons, first S.
^ 3 'w%t.j» ^ «._ -ii_. . „-j___ _<..L_ __ J. t ,.,.... ■ due S. from
the Mediter-
«, * - / ^^ Saone
ie county of Nice The meridional distance from the N., and below Lyons from the E. by the
from this point to the eastern extremitv of the Isere, the Drome, and the Durance. The Seine
Pyrenees is 220 statute m., but the inoentations is united with the Loire by a canal as is the
or the Mediterranean sea, give an extent of sea- Garonne with the Mediterranean sea.
coast on that side uf France, near to, if not ex- Since the revolution which commenced in 1789,
ceeding 300 m. The Pyrenean mountains in a France has been divided into 86 departments, each
direction W. by N. for 250 m. next form the department into 3 to 6 arrondissements, the total
southern boundary of France, dividing it from the being 368 , the arrondissements into 2,669 cantons,
Iberian peninsula of Spain and Portugal ; the and the cantons into 39,990 communes. Accor-
little river Bidassoa forms the boundary at the S. ding to censuses of the population taken in 1789,
river in the '
to the isle 0
3. of W. lone. Franoe b bounded by the Atlantic France, relatively, more than one-t&ird less popu-
bcean ; and N. W. from the Isle of Ushant to lous than England and Wales.
Dunkirk by the English channel. The meridional Widi the exception of the S. E. departments
distance fiism the Bidassoa to Ushant Is 390 m., and bordering on the Alpine territories of Swit-
fVom Ushant to Dunkirk 380 m., but the indenta- leriand. Savoy, and Piedmont which are elevat-
tions of the sea will give about 500 m. of coast ed, France may be regarded as a level, rather th«^n
on each side of the isle of Ushant, and with the a mountainous country, and in many respects,
S. E. boundary on the Mediterranean an aggre- alike in a geographical, political, and social sense,
gate extent of sea-coast of about 1,300 m., and as bearing a similar relation to Europe that the fine |
a circumference of about 2,200 m. The sea-ports and fertile plains and people of Chma do to Asia,
are Dunkirk, Calais, Boulogne, Dieppe, Fecamp, Over all the S. E. part of the country the vine, al-
Havre, Caen, Cherburgh, St. Malo ana Morlaix,on mond, olive, and mulberry, luxuriate and bring
the coast of the Enelisn channel; Brest, Quimper, forth fruit in the highest degree of perfection,
L' Orient, Nantes, Rochelle , Rochefort, Bordeaux, and the vine and a varwty of dMicioos fruits flour-
and Bayonne, on the coast of the Bay of Biscay ish over the greater part of the eoontiy, to th»
or Atlantic Ocean, and Marseilles and Toulon 49th degree of lat.
Wild aninuli ira not nunwroui in France, ftom who is <
the w»nt of Inge fowstj uid eiteniive mnnnttinB. deatruEt
Tb« bUok aAill bioim bean aie Toond araDnf foand i
the P^oeei ud the If nx unoDg the Alpi. The Biitiin.
' • (lender and eleptnt BfOtt end rttf
re to imBlI geme. Thit bird i* eleo
Germen; end ocMuonallj in Gieet
bitdget din it« den ia the remotest woodi, and
the mole ii ebonduit in the moat fcuilTul neldi.
The roreita of the Voafei end the woods Qpoa
the Moaelle tSRud ■ ihelUr to KTenl epecie* of
•quirreli. And the Bibcrienfljingeqiurrel, vfakJl
inoes fiom its retreel in the night and epringi
(rom branch to branch ia itot uncomBum emong
the Alpe. The henuter rat ii one of the moat per-
The X. end K. W. depertmente ire prodiietiT« in
sver ell EMLTte of toe countiT,
letion oTthe wu in 1S14, the
niaiotu of the tribei in eiiitence. He mekeaei-
tnordinerj ravegei unong the croH end will
Bometimes emun in hii den en hundred poande
of peia. All the large foreste eie inhabited bf
the wolf, the moat deitnictive of the cainiToroiu
«iiim«l« iQ France.
Almoat STeiy iipecietofbitd common to Europe
ie found here. The flamiaroei from Africa ap-
peer in Socki on the shore* of the Hediterranean.
TTie becaficooa or fig-peckers, »o much i-sleeemed
bf the epicure are abundant in the eoulb. That
Sine Soulier, (he nightinnle, is hj no mnans rare.
Lark* are *o abandont that the markets are often
stocked with them for food, and the business of
Indies ; she also holds ii
ennein Sooth Amcrit , ^
the coast of AfHca ; and the isle i^ Bonrbon m the
Indian Ocean ; and draws conaideroble supplies
I particularly fond of the
Tbe goldfinch, the lin-
grapes of this country,
net and the bnlfioch may be tfied to the list of
■nging birds. Of hawks there is a Tariely, and
ttutof then nuif be mentioned the foshawk
since the termination ol - , —
on n anufacture has been progreeaively in-
ning, and is now carried on to a gnat eiteot.
Ia addition lo these iatecnol resources, France
eiclusiTctv enjoys the abundoat produce of the
islands of Martinique and Gnadoloupe in the West
._ J.. . . 1 . _i . i ..J. -_ (^lonial poaeewion Cay-
' Ooree and Senenl or
of produce &om Bruil, the United States of Amer-
ica, paits beyond the Cape of Good Hope, the
LflTonl, and otiier porta of the world, in exchange
for her lurplos produce of wines, brandy, silka,
and various nunuloctotes. Exempt trooi all those
extreme* of clinula whicb in seTcral parts of the
world militate against physical exertion, ss well
a* Tegetation, France may be considered as poe-
sessing within itself all the means of commanding
a higher degree of human enjoyment than can be
obtained in any other part of Europe, and equal to
what can be obtained in any other [art of the globe.
For centuries prior to the Christian era, this
part of Eniope appear* to bare been inhabited by
a numerous and hardy race of people, those oc-
cupying the interior being denomiaated Celts.
The first important notice which history fiimiihrs
of Ihem is in SSS B. C. when the Gaul* who in-
habited part of Piedmont and the north of Italy,
invited the people then occupying the banks of
the Rhone to aid them in repelling the sfgtessioo*
of the Romans ; and from thus being broogbt in
contact with that powertiil and enli^tened peo
pie, they acquired the nameof Traniolpine Gauls,
in reference lo tiieir territory lying W. of the
Alps, and io contradistinction to the ancient
Gauls, who were designated the Cisalpines. In
106 B. C. the Cimbri and Teulones from the
north of Germany marched through Transalpine
Gaul into Spain, ravaging the country on their
way, but heme driven bock by the Celliberiuu,
ther divided their forces with the view of pene-
trating into Italy in two direction*: the Teulones
diiecMd their course lo the S. E. when they
were opposed by Marius, between the mouth* nf
the Rhone and the Durance, and experienced a
complete de&at, losing 900,000 men on the field
of battle, and 30,000 mote taken prisoners. From
this p*riod the Romans extended their arms and
their arts over the greater part of the country,
and in 69 B. C. the lloman senate conierred on
Julius Cnsar the government of all Tronsalpinn
Otul for five yean ; two yean sAer this, the
whole western ooait ftom the Beine lo the LoiiF
FRA 309 FRA
became eflbctiudly sabdoed to Roman control, unequal extent, each with a diatinct local adinxn-
and in Ave yean more, by awarding honorary istration. The period of their formation does not
diatinetiona to the principal cities, and distn- appear. At the time the Romans first entered
bnting bribes to the leading chiefs, the whole innce, it was divided into four joreat parts, yiz.
country became reconciled to the Koman gov- Narbonensis, comprising the S. £., Aquitain the
emment It was afterwards divided into 17 mili- S. W., Celtica the interior, and Galha Belffica
tary divisions. the N. The division into 17 provinces took pJaoe
As the power of the Romans declined^ Transal- under Augustus, the first emperor of Rome, and
pine Gaul again became exposed to the mroad of some of t& Roman names continued as late as
the difibrent tribes on the N. E. In the year the 13th century, John, kine of England, in the
406, a tribe of Burgundians from the banks or the nreamble to Mania Charta, l>eing styled duke of ,
Vistula crossed the Rhine and took possession of Normandy and Aquitain. Austrasia, over which
that part of the country, afterwards named Bur- Charles Martel presided in the 8th century, ap-
gundy, and in 420 another tribe from Franconia, Pf^" to have comprised part of the N. *£. of
under the command of Pharamond entered from France, and what now forms part of the Prussian
the N. E. From 450 to 452 it was ravaged by the Provinces of the Rhine. Subsequent to the pe-
Huns under Attila, who on laying siege to Or- riod of the accession of Clevis in 481, the country
leans was brought to battle by Meroveus, who appears to have been exposed to a continuity of
defeated Attila with a loss of 200,000 men. In internal dissensions ; and when these had subsi-
482 Clovis, a Franconian and descendant of Me- ded, the vain |rlary which France acquired under
roveus, possessed himself of all the places in Charlemagne,mcreasedthe jealousy of the neigh-
Transalpme Gkiul, previously held by the Ro- bouring powers, and excited external broils. In
mans, and in 492 marrying Clotilda, daughter of 912 the N. W. coast was invaded by a northe):n
Chilperic, king of the Burgundians, became kixiff tribe called Normans who retained possession of
of the whole country now died France. Clotilda that part of the country afterwards called Nor-
at the time of her marriage had embraced Chris- mandy -, and in 1060, William the duke of this
tianity, and in 496 Clovis initiated himself in its province, invaded, conquered, and became king
mysteries through the means' of St Remij^ and of England. This event subsequently led to
was baptized at Rheims on Christmas eve or that violent contests between England and France,
year: nence the, custom of the coronation at Louis VII., in 1137. embarked in the crusading
Rheims of the kings of France through a period mania of that period, and in 1334 on Charles IV.,
of more than 1,300 years. Clovis was the first of the last of the Capets, dying without male issue,
a race of 17 kings who reigned over France in Edward III. of Enj^Iand. set up his claim to the
regular succession, denominated the Merovingian French crown. The battles of Ciessy and
race, in reference to their descent from Meroveus. Poitiers in 1346 and 1355 resulted from this pre-
In 732 IVflJice was ravaged by the Saracens un- tension. At the battle of Poitiers, John, king of
der the command of Abidalrahman, when Eudes, France was taken prisoner, but afterwards ran-
dttke of Aquitain. implored the assistance of somed for 3,000,000 crowns of gold, equal to
Charles Martel, duke of Austrasia who brought £1,500,000. A respite from external war followed
Abdalrahman to battle between Tours and Poiters, this nerociation, but internal broils again ensued,
and defeated him, as history informs us, with the and in 1415 Henry V. king of England, availed
loss of 375,000 men, Abdalrahman himself being himself of prevailing dissensions to renew the
slain on the field of battle. In 737 the crown of claim of Edward to the French crown, and on
France devolved to Charles Martel, whose manly the 25th of October of that year, the French
spirit, however, disdained regal parade. He ruled forces experienced a decisive defeat at Agincourt.
France for four years under the title of duke ; ha Henry followed up hift victory by the capture of
died in 741. and was succeeded by an imbecile several of the most important towns in Normandy,
named Childeric, whose authority in 752 was and in 1420 the succession to the crown was
superseded by Pepin, and this person became the ceded to him by treaty. In 1422 he assumed the
first of a race of 13 xiuTs denominated Carlovin» regency of France; but he dying at Vienne on
giai
Chfl
On the death of Louis V. in 986, after a reign of France at Paris, on the 7th of I>ecember 1431.
one year, the crown of France descended to The Engliah influence had, however, previously
Charles, an uncle of Louis, but in consequence experienced a considerable check, by the singular
of his having vassalated himself to the emperor and daring exploits of Jeanne Of Arc, celebrated
Otho III. he was precluded from its accession, as the maid or Orleans, and by 1451, Calais was
and the crown was conferred by election on Hugh the only place in France held by the English.
Capet, who became the first of another race of Her kings, however, retained the title of kinf of
14 xings termed the Capetian. Charles IV. the France until the peace of Amiens, in 1801-2.
last of the Capets in regular succession dying in After having suoceeded in driving the English
1334, without male issue, the crown devolved on from the French territory, France embroiled ner-
Philip of Valoisy who was the first of 7 kings of self in the contentions of her northern and east-
that race. In 1498 it devolved on the duke of em neighbours ; but a general peace pervaded
Orleans, who became Louis XH. and was the all Europe during the latter part of the 16th cen-
firstof another race of 6 kings. On the death of tury, by the treaty of Cambray in 1559. The rest-
Henry III. in 1589, the succession was again less spirit of the French government during the
broken, when the crown devolved on Henry of reigns of Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III..
Bourbon, in whose line it continued until the de- the three last kings of the Orleans race, directed
capitation of Louis XVI. on the 21st of January, their wantonness and cruelty against their own
1793. protestant subjects. This persecution was allay
For some centuries antecedent to this period, ed for a time by Henry IV. the first of the Bour-
France had been dirided into 32 provinces of very bons, who ascended the throne in 1589, undef
FRA 310 FRA
wliose conciliatory policy, the interests of France men into Russia. Afler repeated and severe con
became more consolidated than at any former pe- filets he reached Moscow, the acient capital of
riod. Henry, however, was assassmated by a thatempire,on the 14th of September. By the or-
fanatic in 1610, when finesh disorder ensued, and der of the governor, this city was secretly set on
France again was seen involved in all the conten- fire, and tte desolation by which Napoleon found
tions of the European states, and of England with himself surrounded induced him to withdraw his
her American colonies, which took place in the forces. They were overtaken with snow storms
interval of that period. before they could reach the frontiers, whilst the
It was immediately after the general peace of Russians on their rear subjected them to continued
Europe in 1783, wnen the English American disasters ; and in the end destroyed the finest ar-
colonies obtained an honorable independence, my which ever assembled in Europe. Inthemeac
that the triple oppression of the crown, the no- time the French troops in the peninsula were e^-
bles, and the clergy became intolerable to the posed to frequent defeats ; and. by 1814, Napoleon
French people. and his troops had not only been driven with*
The finances became ikeztricably embarrassed, in their own frontier, but a united Ruasian,
and the States General or assembly of the repre- Prussian, and Austrian army entered France from
sentatives of the people according to an ancient the N. E., the British, Spanish, and Portuguese
but disused custom, were called together in 1789. armies entered it from the S. W ., and NapSeon,
From the consideration of fiscal affairs they were seeing the tide of fortune completely set against
led to the discussion of political rights ana theo- him, immediately abdicated the aceptre. Tne is-
ries of government. The revolution followed, land of Elba was assigned to him as a residence
and its events form the most tragic and bloody in full sovereignty for life, with an income of
page in all modem history. This occurrence in- about £200,000 per annum. On the 3rd of May,
volved France in a war widi almost all Europe, 1814, Louis XVIII., who had been exiled in Eng.
and her efibrts single handed against this tremen- during the consular and imperial dynasty, arrived
douf odds excited the astonishment of the world, in Paris to resume the throne of his ancestors.
Among those who contributed more especially On the 5th of March, 1815, NapNoleon secretly lan-
to the eclat of the French armies, was a young ded at Frejus, and marched without interruption
officer. Napoleon Bonaparte, who, on his return to Paris, from which Louis fled at midnight on
to Paris, aner his successful campaign in Italy, the 20th. Napoleon arrived the same evening ;
was intrusted with the command of a vast ar- on the 27th the national council annulled his aboi-
mament to the shores of Egypt, and when he re- cation, and called upon him to resume his impe-
tumed in 1799 was mainly instrumental in form- rial functions. On the 29th he abolished the Af-
ing a new constitution under a Triune consulate, rican slave trade ; on the 12th j^ June he left
senate and legislative body, in which he himself Paris, to take the command of an army on the N.
was appointed one of the consuls. In October, E. fVontier , but, after a whole day's severe fights
1801, a peace was signed with England, which ing, on the 18th his line waa broken, his troops
proved, however, or short duration. War was thrown into confucion, and the palm ef victory
renewed in 1803, when Bonaparte was appointed left with the allies, who marched again upon Paris,
Consul for life, with power to nominate nis^ sue- which thej reached on the 6th of July. Napoleon
cesser ; this, however, fell short of his ambition, fg^ln abdicated the imperial sceptre, and on the
and in May of the following year he was pro- fSth of June ouitted Paris never to return. . Louis
claimed Emperor of France. On the 1st of again resumea the sovereignty on the i8th of
October, 1805, he again headed a powerful army July; on the 25th of the same month Napoleon
against the German States; detacned the minor surrendered to the commander of a British ship
powers from the Germanic confederacy, and ' of war, and was afterwards carried to tiie island
united them to his own interest, under the new of St Helena, in the Atlantic Ocean, where he
title of the Confederation of the Rhine. In 1808, died on the 5th of May, 1821.
he marched an aimy of 80,000 men into Spain. Louis XVIII. died in September 1824^ and was
and placed one of his brothers on the throne of^ succeeded by his brother Charles Philip (Count
lliat country; another brother he had caused to d'Artois) under the title of Charles X., whose in-
be crownea king of Holland ; another king of creasing infringement of the rights of the people
Westphalia, and a brother-in-law king of Naples, at l^n^h aroused nniveisal indignation, and ex-
The whole of the Netherlands he had annexed to polled nim firom the throne he ha3 so unworthily
France, in 16 departments ; and on the king of filled, and the country he had laboured to enslave.
Holland resigning his crown in 1809. the whole The form of government since 1814 resembled
of that country, with tHe coast of Germany, as that of Britain — ^the power being vested in the
far as the E\hd ; the ststes of the papal church, king, the chamber of peers, and me deputies. To
and the greater part of the north of Italy, were strengthen himself in the chamber of peers,
also decreed integral parts of the French empire, Charles X. increased it by creations : to weaken
in 28 additional departments. the people he invaded the eleotive franchise and
The emperor of Austria, imagining that the di- shacxled the press. In Augnat 1829 he dismissed
vision of the French forces into Spain afiforded M. Marti/rnac's administration because it would
him an opportunity of avenging the repeated de- not go alilengths against the people, and appoint-
feats he nad sustamed, provoked a new contest in ed another of ultra royalists, under his natnral
1609, when Napoleon again took the field against son Prince Polignac. The first act of the depu-
the Austrians, and on the 5th of July coropTetely ties, on Uie meeting of the chambers in March
defeated them. A treaty of peace followea, 1830, was an address praying fi>r the dismission
in which the daughter of the emperor of Austria of the ministers. The king answered it haughtily
was ceded in marriage to the conqueror of her and dismissed the chambers. Finding that the
fkther's capital. The oirthofa son in 1811 seemed new chamber was likely to thwart nis views
for a time to render permanent the fortunes of still more than the former, he determined to strike
Napoleon and his family; but an ill-fated ambi- a decisive blow, and on Sunday, July 25, h«
tion led him, in 1812, to march an army of 300,000 aigned three ordinancei—tbe first iJiK>UBhing th«
fteedom of Um dkm— tbe aceond diMolnng the empiK, tbe erest mua of the peopla in dutant
.. ..__ .r J ■__ ^L.-i. L.j proTinoca, «lw«y« fdUiful to ucieat tnuiiMrri,
smile, ondei the enonnaiiilT Itrn hat, at the new
modes which Hie ud <Ul iJnioat ererj da;
uaODg theii more polinhed compatnou.
rd tbrogatiiig tbe moat impoitant
fighu of tha eleotive ftanehi^. — Thia, howeTer,
wBa the lact aet of bia muruie. A levolulioii an-
aiMd Tbe people won Ticlorknu. Tie govern-
rMDt of Chulea waa overtimed, and himMlf lefl
to ibnf out tharemuDiof hiadafsinignominioiia
wd nnpitiedbuiiahnient; while the leeptre waa
pJaMd in tbe hende of s conatitntioaa] monarch,
Looia Philippe I. — fonnerlr Lbe dnke of OtWana.
Th^ KT^ntioD haa almadj had a powerful infln-
enoe oo other alatea, uid promiaea to open tbe
wm; to the moat important changea on the conti-
nent of Europe. A diitingniehing featnie of the
preeent order of goTemineDt ia it< perfect tolera-
tion in lelinotia natten. The reliipanortheaoT-
et*j*D and the court ia the Roman Catholic, bnt
the uaDhara.of all other aeota of Ciuiatiaika are
BOW mpported by gcTamment A conaidenble
number of prieata have receotlj arparated them-
■etret ftom the Romiah pale, and the Damber of
Protettinti ia increaaing daily.
Frwtoe exhibila an impoaing pictore ofpbj«cal,
moral, and aoeial power, wbicn the philocapher
and philaathropiat will riew with mingled feeltnga
of hope and lur ; with hope, that ihe willhenoe-
(brwird be aa aaaidnaoa to aeqaite glory in pann-
ing the arte of oeaee, and the attainmenta of lo-
cial order, at ahe haa heretofore been in the pnr-
aoit of conqneet and political Bggrsndiaement ;
and with fear, leM intn^ne, prieatcraft, and ael-
fiah ambition ihonld again obtain an Bacendanor,
and predominate over tiM righta and inleieiti of the
people.
It ia not eaaj ibr American nadert to aeqnire
any joat knowledge of the character of the
Franoh. Eugliah traToIlera have written moch
upon thia naUoQ, bat they are not to ba United.
Tlie Franah people in many reapeeti occupy .the
firat rank among the Earopean nationa. The in-
fluence of thia oountry may be compared to that
of ancient Greece otbi the civiliied world. The
French language ia the langaage of courta and
ambaaaadora, and almoit a common mediam of
iDlarooom among the diffittent membera of the
great Eotopean family, Thia aaiTeraality of
Iheir langnace with the aSability and agreeable
mannen ofthe people their oooiteiy to itrangen,
the concentration of men of aeienee and lilera-
Inre from all qaartera at tbeir oapital, no Icn than
gsogruiliical pooition of the conntiy, all comMne
to render France mora immedialely central in
point of inflaence and example than any other
nation in the world. It waa a trae aaying of
Napoleon, that a revolation in France ia a ravoln-
tion in Earope.
The French ue atender, aetire, well-propor-
tioaed, and rather ahorter than their neigbboarB.
"Hieir eyea and bair are black, and their complei-
ioD brown or aallow, which it hai been thon^t,
Ev riaeto tbe cnalom of painting the face amonc
ladiea. The women in France are celebrated
more for their Tivacity and wit, than for pereona]
beanty. The aaperior people are very attentive
to the exerciaea of dancing, fencing, and riding,
in all which they generally aioel in point of
graceful ncH.
NothingappAara to Ihe French mote odiona than
oniformjty, on which account the changei among
them are ao (reqaenl, that it ia impooaible to de-
•cribe any particular dreaa aa that which ii adopt-
ed aa a atandard. Notwitbatanding the ficklaneu
of faahion at Pane, and othar Urge citjea of the
temi ia carried on by tailon, mantuB-inaketa, and
millinera. Every week has ita new lemale fbah-'
iona, and every month ita new male faahiona ; all
aay they, for the good of trade.
Brutal battlee, qnarreli, and noiay drunken
fellowa, art noiaaneea aeldom met with. The
lower daaa of people behave to each other with
a aorpriaing dagiee of civility. The unhapp;
femalei who roam the itreeta at nighia, are nf i-
tber obtraiive.nide. nor rioloaa. At the theatrea,
the tranquillity of the audience ia seldom inter-
rupted : people go for the wise porpoae of being
pleased, and wiUi the good-humoured diapoaition
to be aatiafied . These placea of amusement are,
doabtleu, much indebted for their tranquility lo
tbe national lobriety of the French.
Polltenesa and good nianaera mu be traced,
thoogb in diflerent portiona, tbroogh every rank.
Thia however, doaa not liirm a more ramarkable
and diatingaiahing featnra in the French nation-
al chaiacter, than tbe vivacity, impelnoeity, and
ficklenesa, for which the ancient, as well aa tbe
modem inhabitants of Paria, barelieeD noted.
Sunday ia but sligbtljr oWrved iu France, at
any leasoo ; and veij slightly indeed in harveat.
Some go to church lor about an hour j but, be-
fore and after no graat marks of Sabbath ara per-
ceptible. This ia to be regretted : a day of test
ia at leaat an excellent political regulation ; good
for man and beaat ; bat in Fiance all the tbeatiM
and placea of amusement are open, and more
frequented than on any other day in the week.
The nnf^ndoas kmutty of the lower and mid-
dling clasaea in restoring any loit property to its
owner, is worthy of particular remark. The
postilionB, coachmen, aervanta, &c. may general
ly be truited with confidence. The tt^esmen
■Jso, though they ask more than they mean to
take for their goodi , would cheerfiilly and unaak
ed, restoreto you your purae, umbrella, cane/ir an;
thing yon might have lefl in their ahop by acci-
dent, and thia, if not reclaimed for a considaiBble
1^ temperate mode of lifb pursued by Um
French, tbeir geographical position and agncnl-
tnral pursuits, exempt them from any great vari-
ety and seventy of disease. Tb« ftot la nsm
FRA 318 FRA
plified not len in the happy constitntion of the state of Vennont. The St. Francis, after a conne
people, than in the advanced age at which the of about 200 m. fijlsinto St. Lawrence, about mid-
majority of those persons die in France, whom way between Montreal and Quebec, and will
it is an object to record, from the abilities of the probably some ftiture day, be united by a canal
individual, or thb rank which he may have held with the Connecticut.
in society. ** He was onhf 66 or 60, is a com- IVaiias, St., a river of Braiil, which rises W.
mon ibrmula of French biography. The Cardin- of the Brazilian Andes, in the province of Mines
al de Fleuri died at 90 ; the President d'Henault Geraes, in the lat of 20. S., runs N. through the
at 96 ; Crebillon, the son, at 70 ; Condamine at province of Bahia, to the frontier of Pernambuco^
74 ; Voltaire at 84 ; the Marquis du Defiknd at when it takes a course £. by S., dividing that
84. Men of 70 and 80 have usually as much province from Bahia, and afur a course oT neai
life and playfulness in France, as their grand-chil- 1,000 m. falls into the Atlantic ocean, in the lat
dren. of 11. 20. S. It has a number of towns aiu^ set
Franee, laU of. a late province of France, so ilements, chiefly on its head waters,
called, because it was bounded by the rivers /Vaiuueo, St., a seaport of New Albion, ^ital
Seine, Marne, Oise, Aisne, and Ourque. It now of a jurisdiction of its name, with a citadel. iJcnst,
forms the four departments of Oise ; Seine ; and 122. 8. W., lat. 28. 18. N.
Oise ; Seine and Mame ; Seine, and Paiis. \* There are a number of other rivers, bayr,
France, Ide qff or Mauritius, an island in the towns, and settlements, in diflferent parts of Amer
Indian ocean, 400 m. E. of Madagascar. It was ioa, named after St. Francis by the Spaniards, Par
discovered by the Portuguese ; but the first who tufuese, and French.
settled here were the Dutch, in 1596. They call- JVonfois, a village of Wayne Ck). Missouri,
ed it Mauritius, in honor or the prince Maurice, Francis, Cape, now called Cape Haytien, the
their stadtholder ; but, on their acquisition of the principal seaport and city of what was formeriy
Cape of Good Hope, they deserted it; and it the French pHUt of St Domiago. It is seated on
continued unsettled till the French landed here the N. coast of the island, in Uie lat. of 19. 46. N.
in 1720, and gave it the nan^e of one of the finest and 72. 15. of W. long. Before the sanguinary
provinces inTrance. It is 150 m. in circumfer- revolt of the negroes in 1793, it contained 8 to 900
rence. The climate is healthy ; but the soil not housesof stone or brick, and 8,000 free inhabitants,
very fertile. There are many mountains, some exclusive of about 12,000 slaves : but in 1793, the
of which are so high, that their tops are covered whole of the white inhabitants, who could not ef-
with snow ; they produce the best ebony in the feet their escape, were massacred by the blacks,
world. The valleys are well watered with rivers. It was named Cape Henry by Christophe in 1811 ,
tified ; but in the hurricane months the harbour the contribution towards the 30 millions of dol-
cannot afford shelter tor more than eight vessels, lars be paid to France in ten years, from the Ist
Here are large store-bouses, and every thin^ nee- of January, 1827, as an indemnity for the sacri-
essary for the equipment or fleets. This island fice of their plantations by the revolt in 1793, is
was taken by the British in 1801, and confirmed 208,451 dollars annually. It is 84 m. due N. of
to them by the treaty of Paris, in 1814. In 1819 Port an Prince, and 134 W., 30 degrees N. of the
the pestilential cholera was introduced into this city of St. Domingo. The harbour is secure and
island from India and carried off 7,000 of the commodious, and the environs rich in tropical
inhabitanta. According to an account presented productions.
by the colonial department to the British parlia- Franeonia, one of the ten circles into which the
ment, in the session of 1825^ the island was divi- German Empire was formerly divided, lying he-
ded into 8 districta, containing a pop. of 87,503, tween the lat. of 48. 45. and 50. 55. N. It is
in the proportion of 65,769 slaves^ 13,475 firee bounded on the N. by Upper Saxony, E. by Bo-
blacks, and 10,359 whites, exclusive of 1,310 hemia and the palatinate ot Bavaria, S. by Suabia,
troops. Port Louis on the N. W. coast of the and W. by the circles of the Rhine. The middle
island, » in lat. 20. 10. N.and 57. 29 of £. long, is fertile in com, wine, and fhiita; but the bor
See Amrhon. ders are fhll of woods and barren mountains.
FraneesUfwu, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H., 60 The Franks, who conquered France, in the early
m. from Boston. Pop. 1,540. part of the 15th century, came from this provinoe,
Franehe Comte, a late province of France, and save their name to that country. It compri-
bounded on the N. by Lorraine, £• by Aleace ana ses about 11,000 sq. m. and was formerly divided
Switzerland, W. by Burjorundy, and S. by Bresse. into 2 principalities, 3 bishoprics, 7 counties, and
It is 125 m. long and 80 broad, and al>ounds in 3 lordships ; but at the general partitioning of
com. wine, cattle, horses, mines of iron, copper, thb part of Europe, after the peace of Paris in
and lead. It now forms the three departmenta 1814, the greater part of Fzuiconia was assigned
of Doubs, Jura, and Upper Saone. to Bavaria, and tne remainder to Wurtemberg,
fVaiicAemonX, a town of the Netherlands, in the Baden, Hesse, and Saxe Coburg. The river
territory of Liege, 12 m. S. E. of Liege. Mayn, which falls into the Rhine, intersecta it
Franeiade. See Denis, 8t. fVom E. to W., the Rednita from B. to N.^ falling
Fronds, a village of St. Genevieve Co. Missouri, into the Mayne, and the Altmuhl, falling into
Francis, St., a tributary stream of the jjpreat riv- the Danube, intersecta the S. E. Nuremburg
er Mississippi, rising in the state of Missouri, in was considered the capital.
the lat. of 37. 45. N., ranniuff parallel with the Franeker,9i town ofjEIolIand,inFriesland, with
Mississippi on the W., at the custance of about 40 a castle and a universi^. The public buildings
m. and enters it after a course of about 220 m., 45 and palaces are magnificent, and it has 2 naviga-
m. above the entrance of the Arkansas. ble canals, communicating with the Zuyder Zee
Fronds, St., a river of Lower Canada, rising in and Leewarden, it is i m. £. of Harlingen. Pop.
the lake Memphramago^, which spreads into the about 4,000.
fVaiuftMa, > MwB al Genmnr, in Upnn
Uww, 86 in. 8. W. of CiHel.
fVoixAieiihirf , uiother town in Bane, 6 m. W.
B. W. of FnnckenBU.
Franamia, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. 140 m. N. W.
Bottom. ¥op. 443. There ue two iron mumfBC-
tociea in thu towD, coDiiiting of blut fornuea,
sir furnocei, foigei and trip Iwninien. The ore ii
takea from i mountun 3 ra, &oai the forniiM,
and ia the richeit in the U. Stalea, yielding from
66 to 63 p«T cent, and the mine ia ineihaiutiblH ;
15 tone of iron u« nude in a week. There i> a
iniDeTa] apring 2 m. from the furnace, uid in tbe
neighbourhocS ara other iron worki, Tiie Fto-
fjt Mountaiti in thii town ia a citrioaity, being a
rugged peak, I,UOO feet high, with t. front of aol-
id rock, repreeenting in a aide riewa pralile of
the human face, erer^ teaturs of which ij con-
■picuoDi. Fi-ancoiua la alao tha name of a town-
(hip in Montgomerj Co. Pa.
Friakaiiurg, a town in Upper Saxony, in
Miania, with s cotiaideribleminuraetuie of wool-
en atufTa, 7 m. N. N. E. of Chemniti.
FrankaitJuil, a town of Oarmany, in the palal-
inale of tbe Rhine. It has rich mannfaclnrea of
BluSa, tUka, clatlia, Ac, and a canal to the river
Rhine, [t waa taken by the French in 17^, and
reUken bj the alliea in 1794. It U leated 2
m. W. of the Rhine, and 7 S. of Worma.
FrankejJuuutn, a town of Upper Saiony, in
Thuringia, with lome eiteneiTe eolt-worka ; sit-
nate on ■ bruich of the Wipper, S6 m. N. of
Erforl. Pop. abont 3,000.
fVBiulautaR, a town of Germany, in the pal-
atinate ofthe Rhine, 9in. 8. £.of KayBeralantem.
Frankmatda, a town of Silaaia, in the prinai-
pality ofMuruteTberg, on the river Bautze, 13 m.
W. S. W. of ManaUrberg.
FraTik/ord, towna in Soasez Co. N. J., Phila.
Co. Pa., Qreen Brier and Hampahire Co». Va.
Fnaiicfort, p.t. Waldo Co. He. on the Peaob-
•cot. Fop. 8,4S7. Aho a p.t. Herkimer Co. N.
T. Pop. 2,600. Alao a p.t. Franklin Co. Illiuoia,
45 m. N. W. Shawneetown. Alao villaeei and
towns in Beaver Co. Pa., Morgan Co. Va., and
Onernaey Co. Ohio.
Frankfort on tlu Maint, a fortified city of Ger-
mtay, in the circle of tbe Rliine. It la divided
by the river Mains, 25 m. above iti entrance into
the Rhine, into two puts, which communicate
Siehsenhauaen. It contains aeveral palaces and
courts belonging to princes and counts; and here
the kings ofthB Romans have generally been elect-
ed and crowned. The chief structure is the town-
house, in which is preserved the golden bu!!, the
origin of the fuDdnmental laws ofthe empire. All
teligions are tolerated at Frnnklbrt, under certain
restrictions; but Lutheranism ia the established
faith-, though the principal church is in (he poa-
•eesion of the Roman Catholics. The Jews, S to
9,000 in number, were formerly confined loa osr-
ticular corner of the city ; but since ITOR, they
have resided indiscriminatelv in all parts. Frank-
fort ia one of the most considerable trading placea
in Europe, and has two great fiiirs every year. It
was taken in 1759, by the French, who evacuated
it in 1763. It was several times taken and retaken
by the French and Anslriana, in the war of
179i— 1814. Since the peace of the tatter year,
it haa been declared the permanent seat of the
Germanic diet) and as aueb most of tbe Enrope-
tn atalea Iut* a minister rendeai here. It was
40
the birth place of Goethe; and also ofthe ftmily
of the Rothscbilda, who, dflring the war between
1807 and 1815 and ten yean subsequent thereto,
became tbs greatest money jobbers in Europe.
Frankfort is In lit. 50. 7. N. and 8. 32. of ^.
lonr. Pop. about 40,000.
fnmkfart on the Oder, n town of -Bruidenburg,
in the Ilfiddle Mark, with a &maas univeiaity adil
a noble academy. It has three great fairs, and
the eiclnaive right of navigation up the Oder to
Breslau. Here are two suburba called Lebus end
Guben, and a bridge over the Oder. In 1759, it
was taken by the RusBiaDB and Auatiians, and in
1806, it fell into tbe hands of the French; butftU
to PruMia on the retreat of the French army tram
Moscow in 1812. It <■ 46 m. £. by S. of Beriin,
and 73 S. of Stettin. Pop. about 19,000.
/VonA/orf, the chief town of Franklin couutj,
Kentucky, and seat of the legiatatire assembly of
the atale. It is regalarty lain out, and stands on
the E. bank of the Kentucky, 60 m. from its con-
flux with the Ohio, and 415 m. W. by S. of Waah
ington. Pop. 1,987.
Frankiini the name of 15 American counties.
The followmg are the stalea in geographical or-
der, with the population of each, and name of its
chief town.
\\iia<mt,2-i;.'&, Si. Albans.
Ma-isapliuwlta, 2'J,344, Greenfield.
New York, 11,313, Malone.
Pennsylvania, 35,103, Cbainbe
Georgia, lO.iai, Carnesvillo.
Alahnms, 11,078, RnsselvUle.
MiBsisHippi, 4,l.>23, Franklin.
Tennessee, 15,644, Winchester.
Kentucky. 9,£il, FnAKiroBT.
Ohio, 14,766, Coi-DWBEa.
Indiana, 10,199, Brookville.
Illinois, 4.0ai, Frankfort.
Missouri, 3,434, Union,
Fra'Min, ia aliu the name of 34 town*, villages
and townships in difibieDt parta of the United
Stales.
FranklinvilU, p. v. CattaraugDa Go. N. T.
Frankiunai, a townabip in Huntingdon Co,
Fa.
Frascati, a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
seated on the side of a woody monntain ; it ia a
bishop's see, always poaseased by one of the 6 el-
dest cardinals ; and in its neighbonrhood aie some
ofthe moat magniRcent villas in Itatj, and asem
inary richly endowed by Cardinal York. The
ancient city of Tueculum ia supposed to have
lum of Cicero, where some Greek monks in the
11th century, built a convent on the rains of his
house. Fraacati is 12 m. S. E. of Rome. Fop.
about 9,000.
Frateritirg, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, with a small but excellent harbour, and a
mana&cture of linen yam. It is seated on the
German Ocean, a little S. of tbe point of Ein-
naird Head, and 33 m. N. of Aberdeen. Ftfp. iv
1821,8,831.
Fratta Maggiort, a populous village in the vi-
cinity of NapTea.
FTouadruTs, a town of E, Prussia, in the bish-
opric of Ermland, on the Frisoh Haff, 14 m. N.
E. of Elbing, and 4 W. of Braunsberg. Cop-
ernicus dieiThere in 1543.
fVmuHfeU, ■ towm of Swilmlaiid, Mpittl aT
SD
TRg . 314 rHE
the euiUm of Thorgau, with a cattle. It is Mat- is 51 tn. S. £. of ChriatlanU. Long. 10. 66. £.,
ed on an eminence, by the river Morg, 19 m. N. lat. 59. 12. N. Pop. about 4.000.
£. of Zurich, and 6 W. of Constance Frederietkaim, a town and tortrees of Russia, in
FrauauUhif a town of Upper Saxony, in Mis- Carelia. It is neatly built, the streets going off
nia, on the river Boberisch, SO m. S d. W. of like radii from a centre. Here, in 1783, an inter-
Dresden, vi^w was held between the empress of Russia and
Frmmttadij a town of Poland, in the palatinate the king of Sweden. It is seated near the gulf
of Posen, which has a great trane in wool and ox- of Finland, Ct8 m. W. S. W. of Wiburg. Long,
f a. Near this town a battle was gained by the 28. 18. E., lat. 60. 36. N.
84vedes over the Saxons, 1706. It stands on the PredericsUuit, a town of Denmark, in S. Jut-
frontiers of Silesia, 20 m. N. W. of Glogan, and land, seated at the conflux of the Tren with the
65 S. S. W. of Posen. Eyder, 17 m. S. W. of Sleswick, and 6 N. E. of
Fredebergf a town of the duchy of Westphalia, Tonningen.
on the river Wenne, 23 m. S. S. £. of Arensberg. Fredtriestudif or fVedertejtem, a town of Nor«
Fredaieaf p.v. Kent Co. Del. 12 m. E. Dorer. way, in the province^of Aggerhuys, and the most
FruUfHeaf a town of the state of Georgia, in regular fortress in this part of Norway. It has a
Glynn county, and on the W. side of St Simon considerable trade in deal timber, and is seated on
island, with a safe and commodious harbour, 64 the Glomme, 26 m. W. of Fredericshall.
m. S. W. of Savannah. Long. 80. 56. W., lat FrederUum. the capital of New Brunswick,
31. 6. N. on the river St. John, which runs thus far navi-
Frtdtneaf or Friderieiaf a town and fortress of gable for sloops, 90 m. above the city of St John.
Jutland, at the entrance of the Little Belt, from Long. 66. 30. W., lat. 46. 20. N.
the Categat, in the lat. of 55. 35. N., and 9. 44. Freehold, or ^omiioiitA, p.v. thecapitalof Mon-
of E. long. All ships entering the Little Belt, mouth Co. N. J^ 25 m. S. £. Bordentown. This
are here brought to, and a contribution levied to- place is famous for a battle between Washington's
wards the lights and buoys on the coasts of Den- army and Sir Henry Clinton in 1778. Also a
mark. Pop. about 3,500. vUIagn in Greene Co. N. T.
Frederick, a county of the state of Maryland, FredAnda, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. T. Also a
bounded on the N. by the conventional line which village in Crawford Co. Indiana,
.divides Manrland from Pennsylvania, and on the Freehtrg, p.v. Union Co. Pa.
8. hj the Potomac river, which divides it from Freedom, pX, Waldo Co. Me. Pop. 869. Also
Virginia; it is about 35 m. in leng^th from N. to a village in Dutchess Co. N. T. and Baltimore,
8., and 2S in mean breadth ; it is intersected Co. Maryland.
from N. to S. by the Monoooey river, which Freeman, p.t. SomerMt Co. Me. Pcm. 724.
springs from several sources in Pennsylvania, and Freeport, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. rop. 2,623.
nils mto the Potomac. Pop. 45,793. Frederick- Also villages in Ontario Co. N. T., Armstrong
town, the chief town, with a pop. of about 5,000. Co. ; Pa. and Harrison Co. Ohio.
W. of the Monoooey, is 120 m. N. W. of^ Freetown, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. on Taunton
Anni^lis. River. Pop. 1 ,909. Also a p.t Cortland Co. N. T.
Fredoriek, a county in the West District of Vir- Pop. 1,051.
ginia, betwen the Blue and North ridges of the Freetown, the capital of the colony of Sienr
Alleghany Mountains ; the Shenandoah river Leone. The harbour has three wharves, and is
akirts the foot of the Blue Mountains on the E. protected by a battery. It stands on the S. side
side of the county running from S. to N. into the of the river Sierra Leone, near its entrance into
Potomac. It is divided into East and West the Athmtic Ocean. Long. 12. 56. W., lat 8.30. N.
Frederick; the former has a pop. of 14,099 and the Frehd, a cape of France, in the department of
latter 11,949. Winchester, the chief town, is 130 Cotes du Nord, 13 m. W. of St Malo. Long. 2.
m. N. by W. of Richmond. 15. W., lat 48. 41. N.
Frederick, a township of Montgomery Co. Pa. Frejus, a town of France, in the ctepartment of
Fredericksburg, p.v. Spottsylvania Co. Va. on Var. By the Romans it was called l^rum Julii ;
the Rappahannock, with a considerable trade in and had then a port on the Mediterranean, from
flour and tobacco. The river here is deep enough which it is now 2 m. It is the birthplace of that
to admit vessels of 140 tons . Also towns in Gal- great Roman general and philosopher, Agricola ;
latin Ken. and Washington Co. Indiana. and near it some fine remains of antiquity are
JVe<i0ric«fricr^, a Danish fort, on the Gold-coast still Tistble. It is celebrated in later times as the
of Guinea, near Cape Three-points, 62 m. W. S. place where Napoleon landed on his return from
W. of Cape Coast Castle. Long. 1. 5. W., bt 4. Egypt, in the autumn of 1799, sind again in
90. N. March 1815 from the island of Elba. It is seateo
Frederieshurg, a town of Further Pomerania, near the river Argens, in a morass, 40 m. N. £.
S3 m. N. of Stargard, and 33 S. S. W. of Colberg. of Toulon. Long. 6. 44. E., lat. 43. 26. N.
Frederiesburg, an interior town of Denmark, m Frenay le VieomU, a town of France, in the
the isle of ZeJand, with a castle and palace, 15 department of Sarte, 9 m. 8. S. W. of Alencon.
m. N. N. W. of Copenhagen. French Creek, townships of Mercer Co. and Ve-
IVedericahall, or Fredenestadt, a sea-port of Nor- nango Co. Pa.
I way, in the province of Aggerhuys, situate at the frenchton, a viHaffe of Dinwiddie Co. Va.
mooth of the river Tiste, in a bay called the FrenchUnon, a viUage in Cecil Co. Maryland
Swinesund. The harbour is safe and commo- near Elkton. Also a village in Monroe Co
diotts; but the large quantity of saw-dust brought Michigan.
down the river, from the difierent saw-mills, oc- Frenchman's Bay, a harbour with a small vil*
casions an annual expense to clear it away. On lage upon it in Lincoln Co. Mc.
the summit of a rock, which over-hangs the town, Freudenherg, a town of Franconia, on the river
stands the hitherto impregnable fortress of Fred- Maine, 8 m. W. of Wertheim.
^ericstein; at the siege of which, in 1718, Charles Freudenberg, a town of Westohalia, u the
XII. of Sweden was killed by a musket-ball. It county of Hoya, 13 m. S. by W. MBienen.
nU 315 FAl
Fntidemitadtf a itronff town of Saabia, in the git, with a castle on a mountain, situate on the
Black Forest, built to defend the paaewe into that Unetrnt, 5 m. N. N. W. of Nauniberg.
fonet. In 1796, it was taken b/ the French. It **«* There are numerous other towns and villa-
is 23 m. S. by E. of Baden. ges beginning with Fri or Frey in different parts
Freudenthalf a town of Austrian Silesia, in the of Germany and Fti and Frey are indiscriminate-
principality of Troppau, celebrated for its breed ly written sometimes one way and sometimes the
of horses, and manufacture of fine linen ; seated other,
near the Mohra, 94 m. W. of Troppan. Frideek, a town of Silesia, in the circle of Tea-
Freybarg. a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnta, chen, on the frontier of Moravia, 12 m. S. by W.
with a castle. In the environs are mines of cop- of Teschen.
per, tin, kad, and silver, which emplov a great Fridingen, a town of Suabia, on the Danube,
number of workmen. Here is the usuafburyinfl^ 50 m. S. W. of Ulm.
place of the princes of the house of Saxony, it Friedberg, a town of Germany, in Wettenvia.
IS situate on a branch of the Muldau, 15 m. W. It is seatea on a mountain, by the river Usbach,
S. W. of Dresden. Pop. about 9,000. J5 m. N. by E. of Frankfort.
fVsyfrerf. a town of Moravia, in the cirele of Friedhtrgy a town of Bataria, with a castle, sit
Olmntz, lo m. S. W. of Teschen, and 48 £. of uate on the Lechfeld, 6 m. £. of Augsburg, and
Olmntz. Pop. about 3J500. 30 N. W. of Munich.
Frnbergf a town of Sikaia, in the principality FrUdherg, a town of Silesia, in the principality
of Scnweidnits, near the river Polsmtx, 7 m, N. of Schweidnitz. A little N. of the town a battle
W. dT Schweidnits. was gained by the king of Prussia, over the Aus-
Frtywt^tiMy a town of Brandenburg in the Mark trians, in 174i5. It is v m. N. W. of Schweidnitz.
of Pregnitx. on the frontien of Mewenburg, 29 Friedbergf a town of Germany, in Stiria^ on the
m. N. £. of Perlberg. river Pink, and frontien of Hungary, 33 m. N. £,
FreyenwdUUf a town oif Brandenburgy in the of Gratz.
Middle Mark, near which are mineral spruigs and Friedburgf a town of Wes^»halia, in East Fries
extensive alum works. It is seated on the Oder» .land, with a castle, 25 m. £. of Emden.
36 m. N. £. of Berlin. FrUdlamd^ a town of Silesia, in the principality
fVeysuvsii, a town of Bavaria, capital of a prin- of Oppelen, on the river Steina, 12 m. £. of
cipality of the same name. The cathedral and Neisse.
pidace are beautiful structures. It was taken by FrUdJUmd^ a town of Lower Saxony, in Meek
the French in 1796. It is seated on a mountain, lenburg, seated in a swampy countnr. on the
near the Iser, 20 m. N. N. E. of Munich. Long, frontien of Pomerania. 16 m. S. S. W. of An«
11. 60. £., lat. 48. 21. N. dam.
FreytUuUf a town of Hungary, with a castle, FrUdlandf a town of Bohemia, on the confines
seated on the Wwagf opposite Leopoldstadt of Lnsatia, 7 m. £. S. £. of 2ittau.
Freystadif a town of Monvia, in the principal!- Friedland^ a town of Prussia, where the French,
ty of Teschen, with a castle, on the river Else, 6 under Bonaparte, gained a complete victory over
m. N. N. W. of Teschen. the Russians, June 14, 1807. It is seated on the
Freyttaty a town of Silesia, in the principality Alia, 28 m. S. E. of Konigsberg.
of Glogau, with an ancient castle, 14 m. N.JS. of FrimuUy IdandSf a group of blands in the
Sagan. South Pacific ocean, so named by Cook, in 1773,
tVeyttat, a town of Austria, which hss a great on account of the friendship that aopeaxed to sub-
trade in wonted, 17 m. N. of Ens. sist among the inhabitants, and their courteous
FrUmrffy one of the cantons of Switzerland, behaviour to strangere. Tasman, a Dutch navi-
surrouncfed on sil sides by the canton of Bern, gator, first touched here in 1653, and gave the
It is fertile in com, fruits, and pastures ; and the name of New Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Mid-
cheese made in this canton is deemed the best dleburg, to three of the principal islands. Cook
made in Switzerland. The inhabitants, 70^000 in explored the whole cluster, which he found to
number, are papists, quota of troops, 1,240. consist of more than 20 islands, the principal of
Fribwrgf a fortified town of Switzerland, capital which are Tongataboo, or Amsterdam ; Eaoowe
of the canton of the same name. It is seated in or Middleburg ; Annamooka, or Rotterdam ; Ha^
rooks and hills. The public buildings, especially an idea of the most exuberant fertility the sur-
the cathedral, are very handsome ; and the bishop face at a distance, seems entirely clothed with
of Lausanne resides here. Three miles from this trees of various sizes, some of which are very
town is a celebrated hermitage, cut in a rock, said large, particularly the tall cocoa, palm, and spe-
to be the work of one man, with his servant, who cies of fi^ with narrow-pointed leaves. On closer
pezformed it in l^jvean. Friburff was taken by examination^ thev are almost wholly laid out in
the French, in 179o. It is 18 m. S. W. of Bern^ plantations, in which are some of the richest jpro-
and 30 N. £. of Lausanne. Long. 7. 15. E., lat. auctions of nature; such as bread-fruit and co>
46. 43. N. ooa-not trees, plantains, yams, sugar-canes, and a
FriAurg., a town of Suabia, capital of Brisgau. fruit like a nectarine. The stock of quadrupeds
The steeple of its great chiueh is the finest in are scanty ; but they received firom Cook some
Germany ; and here is a univenity, a college valuable additions^lMth to the animal and vege-
formerly belonging to the Jesuits, and severe! table kingdom. Their domestic fowls are as
convents. The inhabitants are fiunous fi>r polish- large as those of Europe. Among the birds are
ing crystal and precious stones. It has been often parrots and parroquets of various sorts whi<^ fur-
taken. It is seated on the TViser, 53 m. S. hv W. nish the red feathen so much esteemed in the So-
of Baden, and 10 £. of Brisaoh, on the Rhine, ciety isles. The numerous reefs and shoals afford
Long. 7. 58. £., lat 48. 3. N. Pop. about 10,000. shelter for an endless variety of shell-fish. These
Frihurgf a town of Upper Saxony in Thurin- islands are aU inhabited by a rase of people, whe
the «uth with {reat indut
1^ by s liola art, ippaan no
4
neateT •plendont. A^ncnltare, uebltectnre,
Coat-baildiiig aniit fiihing, are tbe emplojment*
of Uie men : and to the wooun ii confined the
manufketnre of cloth.
fWnulfilin a tAim in Lincoln Co. Me. Fop.
634. Aleo a p.t. in Alleghany Co. N. T. Pop.
1,609. AIm a Tilli^ in Anne Anmdel Co. Ha-
FriaidniUa, a lillaf^ in Boajoehanna Co. Pa.
Friemeh, a town ^ Ocrmanf , in Carinlliia,
with ■ itrong eutla on a monntain ; aealcd on
the M*tnit3,l7 m. N. N. E. of Clagenfhrt.
Frialand, one of the prorincee of Holland,
boanded on the N. by the Oerman Ocean, W. bv
Znyder-Zee, 8, bv tlie same and OTcryaael, and E.
by OTsryueluid ClroniDoren. Thii coantry much
ieMmbleBtheproTinceorHallandiniUBail,eanaIi,
and dikee. Lewarden is the capital. Harlin-
gen on the ahore oTtheZufder-Zee, ia the princi-
pal napoil.
FrUnand, Eatt, a principality of Westphalia,
BO called Ironi its situation with respect to the
Dutch province of Frieiland. It ii 46 m. long,
and 43 broad ; bonaded on the N. by the Gennso
Ocean, E. by Oldenburg, S. by MnnBter, and W.
by Orontagen and the Oerman Ocpin. The
coantry being level and low,
sd, uidjiulakfli partiallj of the oot-
ture. Pop. of theparuh in 1821,
om 1,566 reside in the town.
againat innndalioni by eipei
idl* fertile ; and the pastam
and sheep, of extniordi
the death of prince Charles Edwani, in 1744 it
became aabject to the king of Prussia. It was
t&ked possession of by Bonaparte in 1606, and at
the general partitioning of Europe subseqaentto
the peace of Paris in 1814, it was relinquished
by PniBsia, and ceded to Hanover. Emden is
the principal sea-port ; and the principal towns
in the interior are Aurich, Essens, and Friede-
bUTg. The aggregate pop. ia estimated at 120,-
OCO, spread over a surface of about l.l&O sq.
FWe, Ohm, a promontory of Braiil, in the prov-
iaee of Rio Janeiro. Lonir. 41. 31. W., tat. 93.
M. a.
Frudi Haff, a lahe or bay of Prussia, from 3
to 9 m. broad, and extending 70 in length, along
the Baltic sea, with which it comrnQoiotsc by
■ narrow passage, at Pillau ; it receives the Preg-
e1 at the N. E. end the Passarges from the S. and
the E. branch of the Vistula at the W. end ; the
principal sei-ports within the Half, are Elbing,
Bnnnsberg, Brandenburg, and Konigsberg.
Fritzlar, a fortified town of Oennany, in Lon-
er Hesse, with two college! and a convent, seal-
ed on the Eder, 20 m. S. W. of Casael.
Friuli, Amtrian, a diitrictof Anatria, conpris-
mg about 400 tquue m., hotmded on the N. and
and !^llnne*e. It i* rich in timber, cattle,
silk, wine, and fruit. It is watered by IheTaglia-
mento, and several other riven &lling into the
KIT of Venice, and contains about 370^100 inhal}-
nts. Udina, in the oentni of the province, is
the chief town.
fVJHii.or Cilta di FYitdi, a town of Italy, in
Friuli, with scollegiatechnreb, and Gv« cODvent*.
It stands at the foot of the mountains, wliich
•eparatee Friuli from Carniola, on the rirer
- £. of Udina.
own in E. York
, ind 194 N. of London.
Frodsham, a town in Cheshire, Eng, Here is
a graving dock and yard for building and repairing
veneli. It is sealed on the Weever, near it
trance into th
of Chester, l
has some extenaive nit-worki ii
neighbourhood, a
ton mannfkcture.
5,4oI, of whom 1
Ftoau, a river which rises in the N. W. part
of Dorsetshire, Eng. near Beaminsler, flows by
Fnmptnn, Dorchester, and Wareh am, and enters
the bay that forms the barbonrof Poole. There
is another river of tbo same name, which rises
on the border of Woreestenhire, and Ihlls into
the Lag a little above its entrance into the Wn,
near HerelWd ; and another riaing on the border
of Wilts, flows through Somcraetahire, and ftlk
into the Lower Avon near Bath.
Fntu Selieood, a tmvn of Somrrsetahiie, Eng.
seated on the banks of the last of the preceding
rivers, over which is a bridge of five arches ; it
a uccsn. i lie hu tluee churches, one of them ancient and
ipceaanrily aecar- elegant, another erected in 1781 , several school*,
live dikes. The alms hanses, five meeting houses, new market
leed homed cat- house, &c. Frame is the seat of an eitensiva
manufacture of line woolan cloth, there being
about 50 establish menls engaged therein, 6 ex-
tensive dealers in wool, anifmanT dyers, 3 dres-
sers, 4 wire drawers, and 7 for the nianufaeture
of cards. It is 13 m. S. of Bath, and 104 W.
byB of London. The pop. which in 1801 was
8,747, increased in 1821 to 12,411.
Fronienac, a county of Upper Canada bonier-
ing upon the caslem part of lake Ontario.
/VmtvnoR, a town of France, in the depart-
ment of^Herault, celebrated for its muscwline
wine, generally called Frontignao. It ia seated
on the lake Meguloone, 19 m. B. B. W. of Mont^
pelier.
FroMberg, or Fnul Town, p.v. Alleriumy Co.
Maryland, 10 m. W. Cumberland, lliis place
occupies perhaps the highest situation of any
town in the Unilfd States, being seated upon one
of the Apatachian ridges, about 1,600 feet above
the level of the saa.
Froyen, an island in the North Sea, near the
coast of Norway, about 35 m. in circumfcienca.
Long. 9. 0. £., lat. 63. 45. N.
FnatMlmm, a village in Cumberland Co. Pa.
lyyi/nirg, p.t. Oxfird Co. Me. Pop. 1,363.
Fnitingen, a town of Bwitierland, in the can-
ton of Bern, ?0 m S. K. of Priburg.
Futgo, one of the Cape Vard Island, in the '
tVHi 317 FUR
Atlantto Oeean; it is a toIcum, which burnt con- <iirty. thoogh streaniB of water run throujorh them,
tinnally. It is much higher than anjof the rest, The nouses are built of freestone, or of bricks ;
and seems to be a single mountain at sea, but on but thej are dark, and only a few of the best are
the sides there are deep ralleys. It has no river, provided with glass windows ; all the others have
and is almost destitute of fresh water ; but is fer- a kind of lattice- work in their stead, which hang
tile in maise, gourds, wild figs, oranges, and an- on hinges. The beams and roof of the cathedru
pies, and hw a ffreat number of wild goats. It are of cedar ; but the chief curiosity here is a
IS 300 m. W. of Cipe Verd. Long. 94. 30. W., chamber in the Franciscan convent, the walls and
lat. 14. 54. N. ceiling of which are covered with human skulls
iWifr-fc4soit, a city of China, in the province and thigh bones, said to be the relics of holy men
of Chan-si. Here are hot baths which attract a who have died on the island. The town contains
great number of strangers. Its district contains about 11,000 inhabitants. Long. 17. 6. £ , lat 32.
one citv of the seoona, and seven of the third 38. N.
class, ft is seated on the river Fnen, S60 m. S. W. /Vady, a bay of North America, between New
luaue utrauio, a town oi opam, m riscrema^ xi, n. c airecuon : anu witn vert bay, wnicn
dura. In 1734 it was taken and plundered by pushes into the land in a N. W. direction from
the Portuguese. It is 16 m. N. W. of Coria. Northumberland strait, forms an isthmus of only
FuMsen, a town of Suabia, in the principality- 12 m. wide, which unites Nova Scotia, to New
of Augsburg, with an ancient castle and a Bene- Brunswick.
dietine abbey. It commands the pass into Bava- Amsn, an island of Denmark. 150 m. in cir-
ria and Tyrol, and is seated on the Lech, 50 m. cumference; separated from Jutland by a strait,
a. of Augaberg. Long. 10. 45. £., lat 2T. called the Little Belt, and from Zealand, by the
43. N. Great Belt It is fbrtile in pasture and grain and
FuUj or FtndOf the most western of the Shet- exports to Norway, barley, oats, rye, and peas.
land Islands, suppoied to be the Ultima Thule of Pod. about 130,000. Odenaee on a bay at the N.
the ancients. It is 3 m. in length, and half as ena of the island, b the capital,
much in breadtb,and affords pasturage for sheep. Fui\fkireken, or Five Ckurches, an episcopal
The only laading-place, which is called Ham, town of Hungary, situate in a fertile country,
lies on the £ si£. Long. 1. 37. W., lat 60. between the Drave and the Danube, 85 m. S. S.
27. N- W. of Bnda. Long. 18. 13. £., lat 46. 12. N.
Fulda. a bishopric of Germany, in the elector- Pop. about 11,500.
ate of llesse, circle of Upper Rhine ; bounded Fuorli, a town of Naples, in Abruzso Citeriore,
on the E. by the county of Henneberg and 21 m. S. 8. £. of Sulmona.
Wurt^burg, and on the other sides by Wetteravia Fumaeef p.t Litchfield Co. Conn,
and Hesse. This country containing 7t$0 square Fumes, a town of the Netherlands, in Flanders,
m. is very bleak and mountainous, but contains seated near the German Ocean, on the canal from
numerous towns and villages J and an aggre^te Bruges to Dunkirk. It was one of the barrier
pop. of about 65,000. The nver Fulda running towns ; but in 1781, emperor Joseph II. expelled
flom 8. to N. intersects the N. W. part of the the Dutch garrison. It was taken by the French,
district, andfiOls into the Weser, above 3 m. 8. in 1793, and is 12 m. £. of Dunkirk.
of Cassel. Fwrruekabad, a town of Hindoosian, in the ter-
Fulda, a town, capital of the preceding bishop- ritory of Rohilcund, capital of a small district.
Fulda, 55 m. 8. by £. of Cassel, in the lat. of 50. British in 1804. It is seated on the Ganges, 70
84. N.,and9. 48. ofE. long. Fop. about 8,000. m.E.of Agra, and76N. W.of Lucknow. Long.
fUilain, a village of Middlesex, £ng. seated on 79. 30. W., lat. 27. 28. N.
the N. bank of the Thames, 4 m. W . by 8. of Hyde Furttemau, a town of Westphalia, in the prin-
Park Comer. Here is a wooden bridge over the cipality of Osnabur{[, 13 m. 8. w. of Quakenburg.
levied.
bishops of London, ever since the conquest ; here rise.
ihey nave a palace and veiy fine gardens, and in Furstenbergf a town of 8uabia, in the pnnci-
the church-yard are the tombs of several of the pality of the same name, with an ancient castle
prelates, "nie situation of the village is rather on a mountain, near the Danube, 27 m. £. by 8
secluded, and as such has been selected for the of Friburg. Long. 8. 35. £., lat. 47. 53. N.
residence of a number of the retired traders of the FurtUnberg, a town of Upper 8axony, in Lusa-
metropolis. The pop. in 1801, was 4,428, increas- tia, on the river Oder, 11 m. 8. by £. ofrrankfort
ed in 1821 , to 6,4^. Furgtenbergf a town of Lower Baxony , in Meck-
Fulruk, a toWn and castle of Moravia, on the lenburg^8trefits, on the river Navel, 10 m. 8. of
frontiers of 8ilesia, 26 E. N. £. of Prerau. 8trelits.
FuUon, p.t. Rowan Co. N. C. Furstet^dd, a town of Germany, in 8tiria jrith
Funchal, the capital of Madeira, situate round a castle, on the frontier of Hungary, 39 m. £. by
a bay, on the gentle ascent of some hills, in form 8. of Gratz.
of an amphitheatre. An old castle which com- FmnUmoaUt, a town of Brandenburg, in the
mandi the road stands on the top of a steep Uack Middle Mark, seated on the 8pree, 32 m. £. 8. £.
rock, called the Loo Rock, surrounded by the sea of Berlin.
at high water ; there are also three other forii. Fmntmmmritr^ a town of Braadenboif , in tha
and several batteries. The sti sets are narrow and Ucker Mark, 13 m. N. W. of Prenslo.
3d2
GAI X
nirfk.atown andcutleoTLoirer BftTSria, on
the rirer Chun, 10 m. N. E. of Chum.
Furlh, B town of Fnncaoia in Ibe princwlitj
of Anipuh, M*led on the RedniU, 5 m. N. W
of Korembur^. It » a populooi place, and, the
■eat of extenuve muiiifaclurei, wDieii the eidu-
eJTP pririlfgea of Numerborg present from being
earned on in that citj. Pop. about 13,000.
FuUeipauT, or FaOipooT, a town of Hindooatan.
in the proTince of Agra, 24 m. W. of the city oi
Agra. It vu a ftrourite place oFAkbai.
Fyers, a river of Scotland, in lurerneiahlie,
which fall! into the E. aide of Lochneai. It ia
eelebraled for ila fall, a height of 107 feet, form-
inr one of the moat romantic and intereating
■cenM in the world ; the &lli are lU m. N. E.^
Fort AngoitDi.
S OAL
FyiK, l^rk, in Sc^land, an inlel oTthe Atlantic
in Argjleihiie, nearly 40 m. in length. It re-
ceivei and retuma a tide on each lida of the iile
of Arran, which is oppoaile ite entrance. It ia
indented with bajia, and in the herring aea«on ii
the reiort of nnmerooa fjahing reaaeli.
Fyv^ad, a city of Hindooetan, in the tamtarr
n..j. -r-u:.!.:. ^M the Capital. Hew
nilding, the pala
the nabob Sojah Addowlah, which, at the ti
hie death, ia said to have contained 1,000 women
and npwarda of 60 of hia childien. The citj ii
popnloua ; bnt, since the remoral of the court of
Oude to Lucknow, it haa greatlj declined in
wealth. It ta wated on the Gogra, 76 m. E. of
Lnckiraw. Ixnie- 88. 36. £., lat 96. 46. N.
OABARET, • town oTFMnce, in the deparl-
meDtofLandei,«eitedontheOeIiaae, 16 m. W.
' of Condom.
OoteJ, a fortified town of Bohemia, which com-
manda the paia into Luaatia. It ia S m. S, of
Zitlaa.
Oaiw,or Goij. 8ee Cih«.
OokiiM, a village of Fiance, in the dppait-
ment of Hennlt, {fm. N. W. of Beiiera. It hoi
a mineral ipring ) and near it ii a rock from
which iaanea pelrolenn).
tinloit, a countTj of Gainea, bounded on the N.
by Majomt>o, E. bj Aniiko, B. by Loengo, and
W. by the Atlanbc. It haa a river of the aame
mine, which entera the Atlantic a little N. of the
equinoctia] line. The chieftown ia Setle.
Oadaittu, a town of Baibary, in Biledulgrrid,
capital of a country of the same name. It la 170
m. S. W. of Tripoli. Long. 10. iO. E., !nt. 30.
40. M. i~ K
Qadetusci, a town of Lower Saiony, in Meck-
lenburg, near which the Svedeg defeated the
Daneaand Saions in 1713. It ia 16 m. N, N, W.
of Schweriu.
Gaela, a strong town on the W. coaat of Niplea,
in Terra di Lavoro, with a fort, a citadel, and a
hadxwr. Itwaa taken by the Auatriana in 1707,
. in 1^,
OaiUorf, a town of Fianeonia, in the loidEhip
ofLiDbnrgk, with a castle ncai the river Koeher,
13 m. W. of Elwangen.
Oaillac, a town oiFrance, in the department
of Tarn, celebrated fnr iu wine. It is seated on
the Tarn, which ia here uavigBble, 10 m. S. W.
of Atby. It ia the seat ofa prefect, and in ItJGS
contained 7,310 inhabitanla.
OaiUoit, a town of France, in the department
of Eure, with a magnificent palace, telnnging
to the archbishop of Rouen. It ii 11 m. N. E.
of Evreai,and SS. S S, E, ofKouen.
dtinai, p.t. Broome Co. Kcntuckv.
CaititmiU, p.t. Genesee Co. It. Y. Pop.
],B20. ^
Gaituiormult, villages in Frederick Co, Va,
and Jackson Co. Ten. Alio a lownsliip of Lin-
coln Co. Upper Canada.
Gaaubormi^A, a town in Lincolnshire. Eng.
aeated on thr Trent, over which is n hai^dsome
■lone bridge. It i* > liver-iHiit cf some conse-
quence, being accesaible to veaaell of nifficient
■lie to navigate the aea ; and serve* as a place of
export and import for the N. part of the conpty,
and for Nottingbamahire. It ii 17 m. N. W.
of Lineoln, and 149 If. by W. of London. Pop.
in]801, 4,606, and in lau, 6,693.
GaitubuTg, p.v. Christian Co. Ken.
Gairlech, a large ba^ of Scotland, on the W.
coast of Rosa-shiie, which ^ves name to a tract
of land near it. The fiahmg of eod, and other
white Esh, ia here very considenhle.
Galtuz, or Gala, a town of European Turkev,
in Moldavia. In 1790, it was taken by the Rna-
sians, alter a bloody battle. It is seated on a lake
near the conflux of the Pruth with the Danube
So m. W. of lBmael,andl90 9. B. W. of Bender,
Long. 38. 24. E., lat. 46. 24. N,
tMapagot, a cluster of islands, in the Pacifio
Ocean, neai the coaat of Colombia. They lie
under the equator, and the centre iaUnd ia in
long. B6. 3(). W. They ore nninhabiled, bnt
ficquenllv visited br the Bonth Sea whale
' " cab water andprovisions. The largeat
I m. long and 60 brosd.
They are in general barren ; but some of the
highest have a stunted brushwood, and all of
them are covered with the prickly pear-tree, up-
on which a large species of land-tortoise lives and
thrives in a wonderful manner. The moat accu*
rate and full account of these curious animala ia
contained in a very amusing book, Delano's
Voyages and Traveta, printed at Boaton, in ]817.
Captain Delano aavs,— '■ The Terrapin, or as itia
Bomelimea called, the Ijand-Tortoiar, that is Ibnnd
by fiu the largest,
,n^ place I ever vis-
of the largest weigh three or fboi
Li pounds; but their common size is be-
6lty and one hundred pounds. Their
s somewhat similar to that of our small
tortoise, which ia Ibund upon the upland,
and is. like it, high aod nmnd on the lack. They
GAkj 319 GAL
have a very 1on|f neck, which, together with their diminishef , as common sense teaches, notwith*
head, has a disagreeable appearance, very much standingsome writers have asserted to the con-
resembling a large serpent. I have seen them trary. Their flesh, without exception, is of as
with necks between two and three feet long} and sweet and pleasant a flavour as any that I ever
when they saw anything that was new to Uiem, eat. It was common to take out or one of them,
or met each other, they would raise their heads ten or twelve pounds of fat, when they were open-
as high as they could, their necks being nearly ed, besides what was necessary to cook them with,
vertical, and advance with their mouths widle This was as yellow as our best butter, and of a
open, appearing to be the most spiteful of any sweeter flavour than hog's lard. ^ They are the
reptile whatever. Sometimes two of them would slowest in their motions of any animal I ever saw,
come up to each other Ita that manner, no near as except the sloth. They are remaricable for their
almost to touch, and stand in that position for strength-, one of them would bear a man's weight
two or three minutes, appearing so angry, that on his back and walk with him. I have seen
their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to quiver them at one or two other places only. One in-
with passion, when, by the least touch of a stick stance was, those brought from Madagascar to
against their necks or heads, the^ would shrink the Isle of France; but they were far inferior in
back in an instant, and draw their necks, heads, size, had longer legs, and were much more ugly
and legs into their shells. This is the only quick in their looks, than those of the Galapagos
motion I ever saw them perform. I waa put in Islands.
the same kind of fear that is felt at the siffht or OaloMhidSy a town of Scotland, in Selkirkshire
near approach of a snake, at the first one T saw, with a manufacture of woolen cloth, known by
which wai very lar^. I was alone at the time, the name of Galashiels Gray. It is seated on
and he stretelied himself aa high as he could, the Gala, near its conflux with the Tweed, 5
opened his mouth, and advanced towards me. m. N. of Selkirk.
His body was raised more than a foot fVom the GalhaUif, a village of Ireland, in the county
ground, his head turned forvrard in the manner of Limenck, 23 m. S. £. of Limerick. Fop
of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two 412.
feet and a half above its body. I had a musket ChdeHf a township of Seneca Co. N. T.
in my hand at the time, and when he advanced Oalieia, a late province in the S. W. ^tft of
near enough to reach him with it, 1 held the muz- Poland, lyioff between the lat. 48. and 51. N.
zle out so that he hit his neck against it, at the and 19. and 26. of £. long. It is bounded on
touch of which he dropt himself upon the ground, the S. in a direction W. by JN. by the Carpathian
and instantly secureu all his limbs within his jnountains, which divides it from Hungary ; the
shell. They are perfectly harmless, as much so W. end jets upon Silesia, the Vistula nver forms
as any animal I know of, notwithstanding their part of its northern, and the Bug part of its east*
threatening appearance. They jiave no teetii, em boundary ; the 8. £. extremity is divided by
and of course they cannot bite veiy hard. They the Bukowine district from Moldavia, and the
take their food into their mouths by the assistance Dneister river intersects the S. E. p&rt. This
of the sharp edge of the upper and under jaw, territory was forcibly seized by the Austrians in
which shut together, one a little within the other, 1772, and incorporated into the Austrian domin-
so as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or ions, under the appellation of the kingdom «f
shrubbery, tne only food Uiey eat. Those who Galicia and Lodomiria. The mountainous parts
have seen the elephant, have seen the exact re- possess fine pasture ; the plains are mostly sandy,
semblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I out abound in forests, and are fertile in com.
have thought that I could discover some faint re- The principal articles of traffic are cattle, hides,
semblance to that animal in sagacity. They are wax, and honey ; the country also contains mines
very pradent in taking care of themselves and of copper, lead, iron, and salt, of which the latter
their eggs, and in the manner of securing them are the most valuable. Its limits comprise up-
may be wished for them to be constantly kept :
Hie method to efifect this is, by whipping them W. extremity of the Peninsula, bounded on the
with a small line when they are out of place, and N. and W. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the £. by
to take them up and carry them to the place as- Asturias ana Leon, on the S. by the Porturuese
signed for them; which, being repeated a few province ofTra8-oe-Montes,ana on the S. W. by
times, will bring them into the practice of going the river Minho, which divides it from^ the Por-
themselves, by being whipped when they are tuguese province of Entre Douroe Minho. ^ Its
out of their place. Tney can be taught to eat on extreme length fh)m the mouth of the Minho
board a ship, as well as a sheep, or a goat; and river in 41. 52., to Cape Ortegal, the exterme
will live for a long time, if there is proper food northern limit of ^pain in 42. 46. fl.. is 133 statute
provided for them. This I always took care to m. , and its extreme width from tne firontier of
do, when in a place where I could procure it. Leon to Cape Finisterro, the extreme western
The most suitable to take on board a ship, is limit of Spain in the lat. of 42. 56. N., and 9. 17.
prickly pear-trees; the trank of which is a soft, ofW. long, is about 120 m.; but the mean length
pithy BUDStance, of a sweetish taste, and full of and breadUi does not much, if at all, exceed TOO
juice. Sometimes I procured grass for them. m. : its area therefore comprises about 10,000 so. \
bither of these bein^ strewed on the quarter- m. ; thepop. in 1810 amounted to 1442,630. it
deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would imme- is one of^the most mountainous districts in Spain,
diately entice tliem to come from all parts of the yielding abundance of fine timber, and yarious
deck to it ; and they would eat in their way, as minenus. The whole extent of its coast is in-
well as any domestic animal. I have known dt-nted with fine bays and harbours. Ferrol, 25
them live several months without food ; but they ni. S. S. W. of Cape Orte|j[al, is one of the prin-
always, in that case, grow lighter, and their fkt c.pal stations of the Spanish national marins '
OAL 390 GXL
the port of Conmna U on the 8. W. aide of the shipped here for Europe. It it 85 m. 8. by E. of
same b&y, in which the harbour of Ferrol is situ- Colombo. Long. 80. 10. E., lai. 6. 0. N.
ate : the most important harbour on the W. coast GallipoUf a strait between European and Asia-
is Vigo bay, about 50 m. 8. of Cape Finisterre, tic Turkey, the ancient Hellespont. It forms
and a few m. N. of tho mouth or the Minho. the communication between the Archipelago and
8antiago, or St Jago de Compostella^ 35 m. 8. the sea of Marmora, and is defended at the 8. W
of Conznna, and 90O N. W. of Madrid, is the cap- entrance by two castles. It is here 2 m. over,
ital of the province : the other nrincipal towns and is 33 m. long. 8ee Dardandles.
are Mondoneda and Betanzos in tne N. £., Lugo GaUipoU, a town of European Turiiey, which
35 m. £. of 8anti^o, Orense on the 8., and gives name to the preoedug strait, is seated
Ciudad Tuy on the N. bank of the Minho, and near its opening into the sea of Marmora. It is
Bayona on a southern inlet of Vigo bay. the residence of a pacha, and the see of a Greek
tfalitseh, a town of Russia, in the government biahopi It contains about 10,000 Turks, 3,500
of Kostroma, on the 8. side of a lake of its name, Greeks, beside a great number of Jews. It is an
56 m. E. N. E. of Kostroma. Long. 42. 54. E., open place, with no other defence than a sorry
lat. 57. 56. N. square castle. It was the first plaee in Europe
Qally Si, a small but populous canton of 8wit- possessed by the Turks ; 100 m. 8. W. of Con-
lerland, the £. end bordering on a lake of Con- stantinople. Long. 26. ^. E., lat. 40. 26. Jf .
stance, between the OantonsoT Thurgau, and Ap- GaUipoUy a sea-port of Naides, in Terra diO^
nenxel. Its population in 1825, amounted to 134, ranto, and a bishop's see. This place is a great
000, its miota of troops 2,630. mart for olive oil, and has a manufectore of
GaS, Si. or St, GalUn, a town oi Switzerland, muslins. It is seated on a rocky islaad, on the
capital of the canton of St Gall. It has arioh abr £«. shora of the bay of Tarento, jmd joiaed to the
bey, whose abbot formerly possessed the sever- main land by a bridge, protected by a fort, 2i m.
eignty of the town. The town is entirely protes- W. of Otranto. Long. 16. 5. E., lat. 40. 20. N
tant ; and the subjects of the abbot whose territory Pop. about 9,000.
is distinct, are mostly catholics. The abbey is sit- GoU^mUs, p.Vi Gallia Co. Ohio, on the Ohio
uate close to the town ', and in its library are many river.
enrions manuscripts. The town has an extensive GoQoioay, a diatriet of Scotland, now divided
trade, arising chiefly firom its linen and cotton into East and West Galloway, or Kirkeudbrighi
manmactures and bleaching grounds. It is seat- shire^ and WigUmgkire. It was famous fat a par-
ed in a narrow valley, on two small streams, 35 ticulax breed of small horses, called galloways,
m. E. of Zurich. Long. 9. 18. £., lat 47. 21. N. gJIowom, MuU of, the extreme 8. W. point of
Pop. about 10,000. Scotland, in the lat. of 59. 38. N., and 4. 50. of
Galla, an extensive territoiy of Africa, com- W. long. It forms the W. point of entrance to
prising all the 8. part of Abyssinia ; the limits Luce bav, and the E. point of entrance to the
on the 8. and W. are verv undefined : the inhab- North Cnannel, between the Irish Sea, and the
itants are among the ruoest and uncivilized of Atlantic Ocean,
any in Africa. Go^^eieay, JVsio, a borough of Scotland, in Kirk-
CToOam, a town of Negroland, capital of a kinff- cudbrightshire, on the river Ken, 18 m. N. of
dom of the same name, on the river Senegal. The Kirkcudbright, and 80 8. W. of Edinburgh. Pop.
French built a fort here^ which was ceded to the in 1821, 941.
English in 1763. During the American war it GalmUrf SL a town of France, in the depart-
was taken by the French, but restored in 1783. ment of Loire ; with a medicinal spring of a vi-
Tjong. 10. 0. W., lat 14. 35. N. nous taste, 18 m. £. of Montbrison.
CfaUaUnf a countjr of Kentucky, bounded on GaUUmj a populous village of Ayrshire, Soot-
l2ie N. for about 35 miles by the Ohio river, which land, seated on the banks of the river Irvine, 3 m
divides it from the state of Indiana. Pop. 6,680. 8. S. £. of Kilmarnock.
Port William, on the east bank of the Kentuckv Golttm, p.v. Jackson Co. HIumms.
river at its entrance into the Ohio, 45 m. N. N. W. Galu>aiy, a maritime coun^, in the province
of Frankfort^ is the chief town. of Connaught, on the W. coast of Ireland, being
GaUatin^ ts also the name of another county in about 100 m. in extreme length firom E. to W.
the state of Illinois. Pop. 7,407. It is celebrated the W. part projecting into the Atlantic Ocean, is
for its salt springs, fix>m which vaat quantities of a mountainous and dreary district, but the inland
salt are made. Equality is the chiertown. part is in general fertile both in grain and pasture \
GaUatm, a township in Columbia Co. N. T. next to Cork it b the largest county in Ireland,
Pop. 1,588. Also villa^s in Sumner Co. Ten. comprisingj)69,950 acres, and in l&l contained
ana Copiah Co. Mississippi. a pop. of ^.374. It is bounded on the E. by
GaUalin's River ^ one of the head water streams the river Suck, which divides it from Roscommon,
of the Missouri rising in the lat. of 44. N. and and the Shannon on the 8. E. divides it ih>m Tip-
110. 5. of W. long.^ upwards of 3,000 miles perary. lake Corrib divides the W. from the £.
bv the cour^ of the nver, above the entrance of part or the county ; beside the county tiiwn of the
the Missoun into the Mississippi. same name, the other {mncipal towns are Tuam,
CraUia^ a county on the S. E. border of the Atheniy, and Loughrea.
state of Ohio, bounded bv the Ohio river, where Galtoay, the chief town of the preceding conn-
it receives the great Kananwafirom Virginia. Pop. ty, is seated on the banks, of the outlet of lake
9,733. GallipoOis, on the Ohio is the chief town. Corrib into Galway bay, 126 m. due W. of Dublin.
OoU^ or Poha de GalU, a sea-port on the S. It was formerly surrounded by strong walls ; the
coast (a CeyloiK in a rich and beautiful district, streets are large and straight, and the houses -ai«
with a strong fort and a secure harbour. It is generally well built of stone. The harbour is de-
populous, and in point of trade ranks next to Co- fended by a fert Here is a coarse woolen and
lumbo. The chief branch of its traffic consists in linen manufacture, and a considerable trade in
the exportation of fish to the continent ; but a kelp. The salmon and herring fishery is also
great part of the products of the island are also considerable. It is divided into 3 parishes, and is
GAN an GAR
a eoanty of itielf, having a sej^arate nirifldiction. tfaat form an eztenuve'delta, in the lat. of 23. N.,
The principal eharch| which its oolieffiate, is a and between 86. and 91. of £. long. In its course
spacious gothic edifice ; it has sevenu catholic through these plains, it receives 11 rivers, some
establishments of friars and nuns, a county infirm- of them larger and none smaller than the Thames,
aiy, exchange, and several other public buildings, besides manv of inferior note ; ^e principal of
Pop. in 1820, 27,775. which are the Gogra, Coasy, and the Burampoo-
Oaltoay Bay^ extends about 20 m. from W. to ter from the N., and the Jumna, 8cNUie,and Dum-
R., and is from 7 to 20 m. wide ; the South Arran mooda from the S. In the, annual inundation of
Isles stretch across the entrance. this river, which on an average rises 31 feet, the
Qtdwayj p.t Saratoga Co. N. T. Pop. 2,710. country is oveflowed to the extent of more than
Gambiay a noble river in Africa, fidhng into the 100 m. in width. The Ganges is, in every re- »
Atlantic Ocean by several channels between the spect. one of the most beneficial rivers in Uie
lat. of 12. and 13. 45. N. Cape St. Mary, the S. world ; diffiudng plenty immediately by means of
Gint of entrance to the main channel, is in the its living productions ; and by ennching the
^ of 13. 8. N. ; and 16. 33. of W. long. The lands, affording an easy conveyance for the pro-
banks for about 100 m. from the mouth are low duction of its borders, and giving employment to
and swampy, but higher up, the river flows many thousand boatmen. It is no wonder, there-
through a delightfully fertile country, interspersed fore, that the Hindoos regard this river as a kind
with numerous towns and villages. At a distance of deity, that they hold its waters in high vene-
of about 400 m. from its mouth, the navigation ration, and that it is visited annually by a prodig*
is impeded by fallS| and above them but little is ious number ofpilgrims firom all parts of Hin-
known of its course. dooetan. See floozy.
Chnnbron. See Gomhrcn, Oangotrif a town of the country of Sirinafur,
Oana^ Ganara. See Okana. seated on the Ghuiges, where that river rusnes
Gamakf a town of the empire of Caasina, in the through a cavern of the Himmaleh mountains,
interior of North Africa, 280 m. N. by £. of 170 m. N. N. W. of Sirinagur. Long. 76.35. G.,
Agades. Long. 14. 30. £., lat. 24. 40. N. lat 38. 8. N.
GomisriAetm, a town of Lower Saxony, in the Chtngpour, a town of Hindoostau, in Orissa,
duchy of Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel, with a celebra- capital of a circar of its name. It is 50 m. N. N.
ted convent, 17 m. S. W. of Goslar. E. of Sumbulpour, and 160 N. W. of Cuttack.
Gandiaj a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a Long. 84. 10. £., lat. 22. 2. N.
small umversity ; seated on a river, near its en- GoMJam, a town of Hindoostan, in the circar
trance into the gulf of Valencia, 32 m. S. E. of of Cicaole, on the bay of Bengal, at the mouth
Valencia, and 48 N. by £. of Alicant Pop. about of a river which is rarely navigable, near the S.
6,000. end of lake Chilca, 110 m. N. £. of Cicaole.
Gandieatta, or Wimdieotta, a town and fortress Long. 86. 20. £., lat 19. 22. N.
of Hindoostan, in the cirear of Cuddapa, near Gonjutf, a town of France, in the department of
which is a diamond mine. It is seated on a loftv Allier, 30 m. S. of Moulins ', it is the seat of a
mountain, by the river Pennar, 33 m. W. N. W. prefect,
of Cuddapa. Gap, a town of France, capital of the depart-
Gan^apatnamf a town of Hindoostan, in the ment of Upper Alps, and lately a bishop's see.
Camatic, at the mouth of the Pannar, 94 m. N. It has a fort called Puymore. and is seated on
of Madras. Long. 80. 12. £>, lat. 14. 24. N. the small river Bene, at the toot of a mountain,
Gangea, or Ganja, a town of. Persia, in the in which some mineral waters are found, 348 m.
orovince of £viran, 105 m. S. by £. of Teflis. S. S. E. of Paris and 82 N. N. W. of Nice.
Leng45. 50. B., lat. 41. 10. N. Gapml, a town of Russia, in the government
Ganges f a celebrated river of Asia, which has of Revel, on a small gulf of the Baltic, 36 m. W.
Its source in two springs, on the W. side of Mt. S. W. of Revel.
Kentaifle, in Tibet, in the lat of 34. N., and 82. Garak, See Karek,
of£. long. The 2 streams take a W. direction Gard, a department of the S. of France, in-
fer 300 m. when meeting the ridge of Himmaleh, eluding part of the late province of Languedoc
they tnm S., unite their waters, and form what is It has its name fhim a rapid river which rises in
properlv called the Gan^s, from the Hindoo the department of Loiere, flows S. £. through
Hunnuleh at«.e.&UnS.of40<rm.be.ow the Uke..r;e;^,«i.,of U»<^,erof .kintri-
appears, to incurious spectators, to have its source ter, flourish luxuriantly,
from this chain of mountains. Superstition has Garda, a town of ItaJy, in the Veronese, seated
given to the mouth of the cavern the form of the on the £. shore of a lake of its name, 17 m. N. W.
head of a cow ; an animal held by the Hindoos in of Verona.
S«at veneration ; and it is therefore called the Garda, Lake qfy the largest lake in Italy^ lying
angotri, or the Cow's Mouth. From this place between the territories of Verono and Brescia. It
it takes a S. £. direction through the country of is 30 m. long, and. 20 where broadest ; but not
Sirinagur, until, at Hurdwar, it finally escapes above feur towards its northern extremity, which
from this mountainous tract in which it has wan- enters the principality of Trent ; its outlet is by
dered 800 m. Ttom Hurdwar, where it gushes the Minoio, which runs past Mantua into the Po.
through an opening mthe mountains, and enters (ktrdefan, or Guardtyui, a cape in the Indian
Hindoostan, it flows 1,200 m. with a smooth nav- Ocean, the most easterly point of Africa. Long,
igable stream, through delightful plains, to the 51. 10.£., lat 11.40. N.
bay of Bengal, which it enters by several mouths, QardelAenf a town of Brandenburg, in the OM
41
GAS 3S8 OET
Mark, with mano&eUures of cloth, and a trade in her. The bay of Gaape it at the eastern extiem
beer, eeated on the river Beiae, 15 m. W. of 8ten- itj of the district.
dal. Goftoxn, a town of Bavaria, in the duchj of
(?ar«2mer, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the W. Salzburg, near the frontier of Cfarinthia, celebrated
bank of the Kennebec River. 4 m. S. Hallowell. for its warm baths, and mines of lead, iron, and
Pop. 2,030. This is a flourishing town with eon- gold. It is 45 m. S. of Salzburg,
siderable trade in lumber and manufactories of ^'^■^i Cape^ a promontory o£ Spain, on the
cotton and iron. It has a fine gothic church built coast of Granada, consisting of an enormous rock
of granite ; the handsomest specimen of architec* of a singular nature and appearance, d4 m. in cir-
ture in the state. cuit. Long. 2. 22. W., lat 36. 43. N.
(?ar<iiisr, p t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 1,023. Gatekmuef a town of Scotland, in Kirkend-
GardMers Idtrndj lies in Gardner's Bay at the brightshire, near the mouth of tfaie river Fleet
E. end of Long Island, N. T. It is about 4 m. Here are considerable cotton works, and an ezten*
long and is a part of the township of East Hamp- sive tannery. It is 9 m. N. W of Kiroad
ton. . brightshire.
GargnanOj a town of the Bresciano, seated on UaiM^ a township of Monroe Co. N. T. Pop«
the W: shoro of lake Garda, 26 m. N. E. of Bies- 7,484.
cia. OaUSf a frontier county of North Carolina, bor*
Garland^ t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 621. dering on the Great Dismal Swamp, and bounded
GamumM, a town of Scotland, in Murrayshire, on tro W. by the Chowan river; it comprises
at the mouth of the Spejr, with a good harbour, about 200 so. m. Po[|. 7,866.
Great quantities of ship-timber are noating down Gateshead, a town in the countjr of Durham,
the river to the town, and many small vesseb are £ng. seated on the Tyne, over wnieh is a hand-
built here. Woel is also a considerable article some bridge to Newcastle. It appears like a su-
of commerce. It is 8 m. E. of Elgin. burb to Newcastle, and is celebrated for its grind-
Garonnef a river of France, whien rises in the stones, which are exported to all parts of the
PyreneoB, and flows N. N. £. to Toulouse, and world. It is 13 m. N. of Durham, and 269 N. br
from thence N. W. past Valence, Asen, Mar- W. of London. Pop. in 1801, 8,597, and in 1821
mande, and Bordeaux, into the bay of Biscay, re- 11,767, chiefly employed in the coal trade,
ceiving in its course nom the £. the Tarn, Lot, Gatton, a borough in Surrey, Eng. It is 2 m. N.
VezerCi and Dordo^e, from whence it is called E. of Rvegate. and 19 S. by W. of London. In
the Gironde, and is united with the Mediter- 1621 it had only 22 houses, chieflv cottages, in-
ranean by a canal flrom Toulouse, called the ca- habited by 135 persons; it nevertoeless returns
nal of Languedoc. two members to parliament.
Garonne, Upper, a department of the S.- of Gtttciieiu, St. a town of France, in the department
France, containing part of the late province of of Upper Garonne, seated on tne Garonne, 13 m.
Languedoc. The 8. extends to the Pyrenees, £. N. E. of St. Bertrand; it is the seat of a
and it is intersected its whole extent from S. to prefect.
N. by the Garonne. It is fertile both in tillage Gati, a town of the territory of Genoa, an im«
and pasture ; the vine is also cultivated to a great portant frontier place toward Montserrat and the
extent. It is divided into four arrondissements. Milanese ; seated on the Leme, 22 ra. N. W. of
of which Toulouse (the capital) Villefinnche, and Genoa.
St. Gaudens are the chief^towns. Gaiir, or Zottf, a city of Usbec Tartary, capital
Garrorif, a county of Kentucky . Pop. 11,870. of the province of Guar; seated on the river
Lancaster is the chief town. Zouf, 120 m. S. by W. of Balk. Long. 64. 40. W.,
GarretsvUle, p.v. Otsego Co. N. T. lat. 35. 5. N.
Oarsis, a town of the kingdom of Fez, surroun- Gouts. See Ghauts.
ded by walls, and the houses are built with black- Cf^ca, a town of Syria, in Pabtstine, 2 m. from
stone. It stands in a fertile country, on the Muiu, the Mediterranean, with a harbour and a castle.
56 m. S. E. of Melilla. It is now very smsll ; but, firom the appearance
Garstang, a parish and corporate town in Lan- of the ruins, it was formerly a considerable place,
cashire, Eng. Here are the ruins of Gieenhough Here are manufactures of cotton ; but the princi*
castle ; and in the neighbourhood are several cot- pal commerce is furnished by the caravans be-
ton works. The town is seated on the river Wyre, tween Egypt and Syria. It stands in a fertile
10 m. S. of Lancaster, and 229 N. N. W. of Lon- country, 50 m. S. W. of Jerusalem. Iiong. 34,
don. 45. E., lat. 31. 28. N.
Gaffx,atown of Hither Pomerania, seated on Gaqrpoor, capital of a fertile and populous die
the Oder, 13 m. S. by W. of Stettin. trict c?Hindoostan, seated on the N. bank of the
Gaseony, a late province of France, bounded on Ganges, 45 m. N. E. of Benares,
the W. by the bay of Biscay, N. by Guienne, E. by Geamn, or Joron, a town of Persia, in Farsistan^
Languedoc, and S. b^ the Pyrenees. The imiabi- in whose territory Uie best dates of Persia are pro-
tante are of a lively disposition , fkmous for boasting dueed. It is 80 m . S. by E. of Shiras. Long. 51 .
of their exploito, which has occasioned the name 17. E., lat. 26. 15. N.
of Gasconsiae to be given to all bragging stories. Gasstfa, a county in the N. £. of Ohio ; the N.
This province, with Armagnac, now forms the end boiuers on lake Erie ; it comprises about 600
departmente of Landes, Gers, Upper Pyrenees, sq. m. Pop. 15,813. Chardon, in the centre of
and parts of the Upper Garronne, and Arriege. the county, is the chief town.
Game, an extensive district of Lower Canada, Geddes, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
lying between the river St. Lawrence on the N., Gefie, a sea-port of Sweden, capital of Gestricia,
and bay of Chaleur on the S., bounded on the E. seated on an arm of the gulf of Bothnia, which di-
by the gulf of St. Lawrence ; it is at present but vides the town, and forms two islands. The ez-
tninl^ inhabited ; the population is, however, pro- p(»ta are principally iron, pilch, tar and deals,
gressively increasing along the shore of the bay It is 90 m. N. N. W. of Btookholm. Ixmg. 17.
uf Chaleur, which supplies abundance of fine tim- 20. £., lat 60. 40. N.
ofiN an 0£r«
OeJbl, or ZkMlf a town of Chineie TBrUiy, (TMUfee, a tirer of the United States, whicli
with a larffe palace , and a maxrnificent temple of rises on the N. border of Pennsylvania, and mns
Bttdha. Here the emperor of China received the N. N. E. through the state of New York into Lake
British embassy in 1793. It is 136 m. N. of Ontario. It has three falls, which fbmish excel'
Pekin. lent mill-seats ; one of them at Rochester is 90
OddertoMd, ojte of the proyinces of Holland, feetperpendtcnlar. On its borders are the Gene-
and the largest of them all. It lies between the see nats, 20 m. long and four broad, tiie soil rich
Zuyder Zee, the provinces of Holland, Utretcht, and clear of trees.
and Overyssel, the prineipality of Munster, the Oentsee^ a county in the state of New York, the
duchy of Cleves, and Duten Brabant \ and is divi- N. end of which borders on Lake Ontario ; it
ded into three quarters or counties, called Nime- comprises about 1,600 square m. and is intersected ^
guen, Amheim, and Zntphen. from the principal by tne canal from Lake £rie to the Hudson river '
towns. It is fertile in Ihritand com j^ and, in ma- llie pop. which in 1810 was stated at only 12,
ny parts, abounds in wood. 568, m 1830 was retnmed at 51,993. Batavia is
OetdBrUtrndf Upper, a territoiy of the Nether- the chief town,
lands, lying in detached parts, on both sides the OtneseOy p.t. Ltvingston Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,675.
river Meuse. divided into Austrian, Dutch, and Otneca, a fortified city, capital of a territory of
Prussian Gelderland. The Austrian part includes the same name, surrounaed by the dnchv of 8a-
Ruremonde. and its dependencies ; the Dutch voy, of which it was formerly a part, ana the see
comprehenos the lordships of Venlo and Stevens- of a bishop, now resident at Annecy. In 1584,
wert; and the Prussian contains the capital, Guel- Geneva concluded an alliance with Zurich and
dres, and its district, which is reckoned as a part Bern, by which it was an associate with Switzer-
of the circle of Westphalia ; the Austrian and land. During the greater part of the 18th cen-
Duteh part, at the peace of 1814, were included tury, there were fiSquent contests between the
in the kingaom of the Netherlands, and the re- aristoeratic and the popular parties ; and the years
mainder assigned to Prussia. 1768, 1782, 1789, and 1794, were distinguished by
GeUers, a town of the Netherlands, and the great revolutions. The last was effiscted entirely
capital of Prussian Gelderland. Here is a palace, by the influence of the French ; and not long
the residence of the former dukes. It was taken after, this city and its territory was made a de-
in 1702, b^ the king of Prussia ; and in 1713, the partment of France, under the name of Leman ;
town and its district was ceded by France to that but in 1814, after the expulsion of the French, it
prince, in exchange for the principality of Orange, was annexed to Switzerland. Geneva, which
In 1757 it surrendered to the French^ who restored stands partly on a plain at the W. end of a lake,
it in 1764j after demolishing the fortifications ; and and partly on a gentle ascent, b irregularly built,
in 1794, it again surrendered to them ; and^ at It hss a good arsenal, and an university rounded
It is in 1368. The houses are lofty ; and many in the
the peace of 1814, was assigned to
20 m. S. S. E. of Cleves. Long. 6. 16. E., lat.51. trading part of the city have arcades o? wood,
31. N. which are raised even to the upper stories. The
GsteAoMMw, a town of Germany, in the electo- inhabitanlB, estimated at 26,000, cany on a great
rate of Hesse, with a castle, seated on the Kintzigy trade, and among others the watch-making busi-
18 m. N. E. of Hanau. ness is particulimy flourishing. The pop. of the
QtmapptM, a village of Hainault in the Neth- district m 1825, was 4]|560. Geneva is 40 m. N.
erlands, near the ^heldt, 2 m. firom Mons, E. of Chamberry,135 N. W. of Turin, and256 S.
famous for a victory gained by the French repub- £. by S. of Psxis. Long. 6. 0. E., lat. 46. 12. N.
licans under Dumourier, over the Austnans, in Geneva, Lake <f, a large expanse of water, be-
1792. tween Savoy and Switzerland, in a valley which
OemUauZy a town of the Netherlands, in Brsp separates toe Alps from Mount Jura. Its length
bant, with an ancient abbey, seated on the Or- from the city of Geneva to Villenenve, is 54 m. ,
nean, 22 m. S. E. of Brussels, on the road to and the breadth in Uie widest part is 12. The
Namur. water near Geneva is shallow ; in other parts the
GesMNOJio, St. a town of Tuscany, in the Flor depth is various ; the greatest, yet found l^ sound-
entino. seated on a mountain, in wnich b a mine ing, is 160 fathoms. The river Rhone runs
of vitnol, 25 m. 8. S. W. of Florence. through it from the £. to the W. extremity.
Oemona, a town of Itdy, In Friuli, near the Genevaf a duchy of Savoy, comprising an area
river T^liamento, 20 m. W. N. W. of Friuli. of about 600 square m. bounded on the N. W. by
Oeifttpi^, a town of Suabia, seated on the Rems, the Rhone.
21 m. N. by W. of Ulm, and 25 £. by S. of Geneva, a village in the township of Seneca.
Stuttgard. Ontario Co. N. xT It stands on Seneca lake and
Oenumd, a town of Germany, in the Duchy of is one of the neatest villages in the State. The
Jnliers ; seated on the Roer, 24 m. S. W. of neighborhood has a varieu and pleasant seenery
Cologne. with many elegant country seats. The ▼!]}££«
Oemmnd, a town of Upper Carinthia, with man- contains 4 churches, a bank and a college. Tne
nfketnres of iron and steel, 16 m. N. W. of college was founded in 1823. Ithas 6instructers
Villach. and a library of 1,500 volume. It has 3 vacations
Chmtmden, a town of Frimoonia, in the princi- of 10 weeks. Commencement is in August
Mli^r of Wurtsbnrg, on the river Maine, 22 m. Genecm is also the name of a township in Ash-
N. or Wurtsbnrg. tabula Co. Ohio, and of a village in Jennings Co.
Gemumden, a town of Austria, fiunous for its Indiana,
salt-works ; seated at the N. end of a lake of the Gsnmeee, St. a county in the state of llfissotiri,
same name, on the river Traun, the outlet of the on the W. bank of the Mississippi river, eompri-
lake, 40 m. S. S. W. of Lints, on the Danube. sing about I4OO sq. m. of territory . Pop. 2482.
Genap, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant, The St. Francis river intersecte the S. W. psji of
with an ancient castle, seated on the Dyle, 15 m. the county, which contains an exotedingly rich
8. £. of Brussels. bed of lead oi«
GEO 324 GBO
Oei^-enMc^ m town of Saafaia, in Brugaii, with to the haibour of Inverness. It is 10 m. N. EL of
« Benedictine abbey j seated on a rivulet of the Invemess.
same name, which flows into the Eintzig, 20 m. 6eoree, St, a small island in the Gnlf of Venice,
N. of Friburg. to the ». of Venice, to which it is subject. Here
Oenoa, a oelebiated city and sea-port of Italy, jj a Benedictine monastery, whose church is one of
distinguished for its trading importance as fir the finest m Italy.
back as the 11 Ui century, about which period it Georg^e, St. one of the Azores, which produces
began to take under its protection the towns and much wheat. In 1808 a volcano broke out here,
temtory of the adjoining coast: but the most cele- which destroyed the town of Ursulina, several
brated period of its history is m>m the close of the farming-housra^ &c. The chief town is Vellas.
13th to the middle of the 16th century, when the Long. 28. 0. W., lat. 38. 39. N.
Genoese divided with the Venetians the exclusive Qeorge del Mina. St. a fort of Guinea, on the
commerce of Europe in the productions of Asia. Gold Coast, and the principal settlement of the
Their success however in commerce and banking Dutch in those parts. The town under it, called by
excited the Jealousy of the Venetians, and ulu- the natives Oddenna, is very kmg, and pretty broaa
mately involved them in open hostilitxes, «nd in The houses are built of stone, which is uncommon,
1746 it surrendered to the Austrian power, whose for in other places they are composed only of cla^
oppression of the inhabitants was such, that the and wood, it is 10 m. W. S. W. of Cape Coast
latter suddenly rose and expelled their conquerors, CasUe. Long. 0. 4. W., lat. 8. 46. N.
who again besieged the city the next year, but (feorw, Port, St. See Madnu.
without efiect. Jjl 1798, the French became mas- r'^.JLJ w «k« i..««»* *»r *i.^ n.»«»j. t.i..j.
lers of this city. In 1800, it sustained a siege by ,, ^*^*I' ^' ^^ f^^ T \?f J^°*^ Islands,
a British fleet and Austrian army tiU litendlj £ " Td^ ^Th^^th^^l^i ^J^
S^dCirdTit^^Till n^ef <rt2iS4'to\oS^^^
1814, it was taken by the British, under loid Ben- ^' ^'' ^^^- ^' ^^- ^'
tinck, but at the general ^ ^
which followed the peace
the dty and territory of Genoa was assigned to tiic Jtui retains. It is situate on tHe W. coast, not
king of Sardinia, and incorporated as a state "^ "^™ ^"^ ?• **"* *** the island, and has a safe
into his dominions. The harbour is commodious, a°^ commodious harbour. Long. 61. 45. W., lat.
protected by two moles of considerable length: H* 60. N.
the city is about 6 m. in circumference, surrounded George'^s Key. St. a small island in the bay of
on all sides by a strong wall, and on the land side Honduras, on the E. coast of Yuctan. It is like-
is defended oy a double fortification; most of wise called Cassina. or Cayo Cassigo. By a con-
the streets are narrow and irregular, but the vention in 1786, tne English logwood-cutters
Balbi, New Street, and Strada Nuovissima, are were permitted, under certain restnctions, to oc-
spacious and elegant. Prior to the French revolu- cupy this island. Long. 88. 36. W., hit. 17.
tion it had upwards of 30 churches and 70 re- 40. N.
ligious houses, three theatres, and several other George. Lake^ in the eastern part of the state
public buildings. Many of the houses in the of New York, between Lake Champlain and the
principal streets arc adorned with marble norticos, Hudson. It is 34 m. long, but very narrow, never
and several of the churches are beauUful speci- exceeding 4 m. Its waters pass bv a narrow out-
mens of architecture, and their interior decora- let into Lake Chamidain. TSus is one of the most
tions exceedingly tasteful and rich. The bank beautiful sheets of water in the world, being sur-
of Genoa, established in 1345, considerably ex- rounded by mountains and diversified \nth a
tended at the commencement of the following great number of islands. The water is deep and
century, m 1761 became insolvent for a large remarkably pure and transparent. A fish or a
amount, and in 1798 was finally abolished by Bon- stone may be seen at a depth of 30 feet. The
apBTte. Although Genoa now holds an inferior shores consist of abrupt and shelving points, and
tank, yet from its advantageous local position are bounded by two long ranges of mountains,
and maritime accommodaticm as the outport and sometimes risii^ boldly from the water and at
depot for the whole of Piedmont and Sardi- others ascending with a gentie and graceful sweeb,
ma, it must necessarily continue a place of con- e^biting naked and weather beaten cUfls. aiul
siderable importance. Genoa is the see of an wild forests intennixed with fine cultivated nelds,
archbishopj and the seat of an university with a lawns, and pastures. The village of Caldwell
valuable library ; a nautical and other public stands on the south-eastern side of the lake, and is
schools ; has several manufactures of silk and much visited by travellera who come to enjoy the
jewellery, and is particuUirly distmguished for iu fine scenery in the neighbourhood. A steamboat
manufacture of sUk velvets. It is seated at the plies upon the lake m summer.
?if^.?^J fP^^rc^A^'i ^* ?5^^1!!!?n?J_? The isknds of tiie lake are said to be 366 in
the Ut. of 44. 26. N.; and 8. 68. of E. long., 80 m. number TSeTarTof^ll S;«« «nd for^r .nd
iTe SrS^ ^\ili^ »1?%^L^^ ~^^^^ ^y^'to^Sif rcf^tic^taTif ?U
£^ M N^E of^i^' pS^IS'of^ T^V£,^ •^rfa*^- Some bf tiiem are covered with trees,
^X^^S\ii tl™M.l^^* ^ ' ^* I?® temtory othere are tiiinly wooded, and othere are abrupt an J
hich formed Ae republic of Genoa extends along cramrv rocks. ^Dittnumdl^Umd. Rho»»d. in «&«t,d«
Sr«ho^TJh«a,^fZ:.Cti^^^ craggy rocks. ZKamomf/steittf, abounds in cfystals
the shore of the gulf for about 120 m. ofguirtx. JLimg Island contaiiis 100 acres uid is
Genoa, p.t. Cayuga County, New York. Popula- under culuvation. At a place called the Narrom.
tion 2,768. the lake is contracted, and its surfiice is covered
t George, JF\frt, a fortresir of Scotland, in Inver- ^th a most beautiful cluster of islands which ez-
nesshire, which has several handsome streets of tends for several miles.
barracks. It is seated on the point of a peninsula, These are of various sizes, but generally very
foxming the point of entrance into the Murray small, and of little elevation. A few of them are
Frith, and completely commands the entrance in- named, as Green, Bass, Lone-tree islands. Sams
GEO 335 GEO
of them are covered with trees, olliers with shrubs. Co. Pa., Sussex Co. Delware, Kent Co. Maryl.,
some show little lawns or spots of {^rass, heaps of Warren l*o Geo., Harrison Co. Ohio, J>earborn,
barren rocks, or gently sloping shores ; and most Co. Ind.
of them are ornamented with gaceful pines, hem- Oeorgiay a country of Asia, called bj the Per
locks, and other tall trees, collected in groups, or sians, Curdistan,ana by the Turks, Gurtehi. It is
standing alone, and disposed with most charming one of the seven Caucasian nations, in the coun-
variety. Sometimes an island will be observed tries between the Black sea and the Caspiar% and
just large enough to support a few fine trees, or the lat. of 39. and 43. N., and comprehenas the
perhaps a single one, while the next may ap|>ear ancient Iberia and Colclus. It is bounded on
like a solid mass of bushes and , wild flowers ; the N. by Circassia^ £. by Daghestan and Scliir-
near at hand, perhaps^ is a third, with a dark grove van, S. by Armenia, and W. by Cuban, or the
of pines, and a decaymg old trunk in front of it ; new Russian government of Caucasia. It is
and thus, through every interval between the i»- divided into 9 provinces. Of these, 5 fbrm^
lands as you pass alon^, another and another laby- what is commonly called the kingdom of Geor-
rinth is opened to view, among lit^ Isolated gia; and four the kingdom or principality of
spots of ground, divided by narrow channels, Imeritia. The last reigning prince, Heraclius,
from which it seems impossible for a person who ceded this countty to Russia on his death, which
sliould have entered them, ever to find his way happened in 1800. The hills of Greorgia are cov
out. Some of the islands look almost like ships erea with forests of oak. ash, beech, chestnutu,
with their masts \ and many have an air of light- walnuts, and elms, encircled with vines,' growing
ness as if they were sailing upon the lake. perfectly wild, but producing vast quantities of
After passing the Narrows, the lake widens grapes, firom which much wine and brandy are
■fain, and the retrospect is. for several miles, made. Cotton grows spontaneously, as well, as
through that passage, with xongue Mountain on the finest European n'uit trees. Rice, wheat,
the west, and Black Mountain opposite, the Lu- millet, hemp, and flax, are raised on the plains,
zerne range appearing at a great aistance between almost without culture. The valleys affi>rd the
them. The mountains in view have generally finest pasturage, the rivers are full of fish, the
rounded summits ; but the sides are in many pla- mountains abound in minerals, and the climate
ces broken by precipitous ledges. They are in- is healthy. The rivers of Georgia, the princip^
habited by wolves, deer, rattlesnakes, 6uq. of which is the Kur, falUug intotne Caspian Sea,
The lake containsabundance of the finest perch, being fed by mountain torrents, are always ei-
bass and other fish ; trout are found in a stream ther too rapid or too shallow for the purposes of
Rowing into the southern part. Near the south- navigation. The Georgians are Christians of the
em shore are the ruins or Fort William Henry Greek communion, and appear to have received
and Fort Georjspe, celebrated in the early wars their name from their attachment to St. George,
with the French. the tutelary saint of these countries. Their dress
George f St. an island of the United States, in nearly resembles that of the Cossacs ; but men of
the strait of St. Mary which forms the communi- rank frequentl v wear the habit of Persia. They
cation between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. usually dye their hair, beards, and nails with
GeorgCf St. an island in the gulf of Mexico, op- red. The women employ the same col&ur to stain
posite the mouth of the *Apalachicola. Long, the palms of their hands. On their head they
84. 50. W.J lat. 29. 30. N. wear a cap or fillet, under which their black hair
Georgevdlt^ p.v. Franklin Co. Ohio. falls on their forehead ; behind it is braided into
Georffetototij a maritime district of South Car- several tresses : their eyebrows are painted with
olina. Bounded on the S. by the Santee river, black, in such a manner as to form one entire line
which divides it from Charleston district; it and Urn face is coated with white and red. They
has 34 m. of sea-coast, indented with several are celebrated for their beauty : but their air and
vmall inlets. Black ^iver, Cedar and Lynches manners are extremely voluptuous. The Georg-
Creeks, the great und little Pedee, and the ians have great skill in the use of the bow and
Waccamaws river, all unite their waters in this are deemed excellent soldiers: but the men have
district, which comprises a surfKce of about 900 no virtue, except courage ; fathers sell their
square miles, exceedihgly fertile in rice and cot- children, and sometimes their wives. Both sexes
ton. Pop. 19,943. are addicted to drunkenness, and are particularly
Georgetown^ a city of the District of Columbia fond of brandy. The other inhabitants of Georgia
adjoining Washiuirton, from which it is separated are Tartars, Ossi, and Armenians. These mst
by a small creek. It stands on the east bank of are found all over Georgia, sometimes mixed with
the Potomac at the head of tide water. The the natives, and sometimes in villages of their
site of the town is very pleasant, occupying a own. They speak among themselves (heir own
succession of hills rising gradually from the river. language, but all understand and can talk the
On a height overlooking the town stands a cath- Georgians. Besides these there are a considera-
olic Tuonastery. The streets of the town are ble number of Jews, some having villages of their
regular and the houses generally of brick. It own, aild others mixed with the Georgian, Armen.
has a considerable trade in the exportation of to- ian and Tartar inhabitants, but never with the Ossi;
bacco and flour. Pop. 8,441. A canal from the Po- the ag^cgate number amount to 320,000. The
tomac to the Ohio begins at this place. See Po* Christians of the country in part follow the rites
iomnc and Ohio Canal of the Armenian, and in part that of the Greek
Georg^ownyi^.i.\ht chief town of the district church; and they are represented as the most
of that name in S. Carolina, stands on Winyaw tractable Christians in the east. Teflis is the
Bay near the mouth of the Pedee, 13 m. from the capital. See Imeritia.
sea ; and has considerable commerce. Georgia^ one of the United States of America,
Gcorffrtoitm is also the name of 9 ot*her towns bounded N. by Tennessee and N. Carolina, E. hv
end viHages in different parts of the United S. Carolina and the ocean ; S. by Florida, and W.
States ; njtmely, Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,258. Mad- by Alabama. It lies between 30. 20. and 35. N.
ison Ci. N X . Pop. 1,01»4. Meroer Co. Pa., Beaver lat. and 81. and 86. 48. W. long. It is 300 m. in
2E
iNtflb fhnn N. to B Mtd 240 in breulth tod con-
tuna 50,000 aq. m.
The river Savuinsh wuhcB almoat tbe whole
of the eaatera bounduj. The Ogeechee uid
Alatimaha faare their whale coune within the
itkta ; the Flint and Chalahoochee pui out of
the ataUlotheaoDth. There is a Bmalt mountain'
oaa tract in the Doith, but neorlv the whole countiv
iaan anbrokea level. The aoil ii of rarioni qtul-
itiea. A chain of ialanda atrelching along the
whole eoaat have a fertile soil and prodace the
firat cotton in the world, well known by the name
of Sea laland cotton. The land here and along
the ahore eoniiaU of manhy tracti, aod awella in
the tnrface called hamnioc land. Od the Florida
border ia the great iwUDp of Oke/onoko, (tMeh
j«.) Beyond ii a belt of pine barreoa intetapened
with Bwunpa. Still faither the couutrf becomes
aandy, bat towarda the hill/ region the aoil ia
atrong and productive. There are man; larffe
foreala which afford timber for aiportation. In
UuMB parte which are flooded by the rivera the
l&nd ia devoted to the cultivatioD of rice. The
which grow to the height of 4 and 5 feet. The
eolonr and erow in cluatera on the top
atalka. In the early atagea of iti growth the rice
fieldaare inundated with water.
The moat proElabla agricnltural employment ia
the cultivation of cotton. Indigo wo* foimerly
produced in oonaiderable quantitiea, but the cof-
ture haa almoat totally ceaaed. Slave Ubour
ia oniveraally employed, and agricaltnre ai a aci-
ence haa made very little improvement.
The climate in the aouthem part ia hot and nn-
healthy. Epidemic fever* rage in the summer
•nd aDtODUi, rendering the coimtry musTe for
atrangera and even natives. The aeaiilanda how-
ever are eiteemed aalubrioua and many of the
pUnteia spend the hot season there. In tha
north, pine IbieJta abound ; and here the air is pure
and aa healthy aa in any part of the United States.
Thehetttoraummer,iseiceaBiveand the annoy-
tnce from moachetoea one of the gieateat dia-
oomfhrto imaginable. No aleep can be enjoyed
at night without the precantion of placing a
moacheta net of gsuie at every window. The
■ number of fh>ga in the awampa and amall
atreama ia prodigiooa- Alligators abound in eva-
3 stream of the low country, Oraat numbera
water Ibwl fl«quent these parta aa well aa the
beaohea and inlets of the aea-coast. The Chuck
Will's Widow ia one of the moat common birds
here, but ia rarely seen north of Tenneaaee and
Virginia. It ia a aolitary bird, aomewhat reaemb-
ling the Whip-poor-will, and is oHen confounded
with it It Dame is derived from the notes it ut-
short interruption for several houts. In a (till
evening it may be heard at the diatance of a mile.
Georiria is divided into 76 Counties. The cap.
ital ia Milledreville. The largeat towns are Sa-
vannah and Augusta. It has a anivetai^ at Ath-
ens and a acbool Aud of 600,000 doUara. It haa
no manufactures. Its trade consists chiefly in the
eiporlation of cotton and rice. The commerce
of tlie atate is chieBy carried on by northern ves-
aels. The ahipping owned in the state amounted
in l888to 13,959 tone. The importa in 1829 were
3S0,293 dollars. The eiports of domettic produce
4,980,642 doUan. Total exports, 4,961,376 dol-
The legislature ia called the Oaural AMtemUy ,
and eonaista of a Senate and Honae of Repreaen-
tatives. The Senators and Representatives ara
choaen in countiea. The Oovemor ia choaen by
the legiilatuiB for two yean. Buftas* is aaiver
aal. The pop. ia 616,667, of whom iil7;340 are
slaves. In addition to these are the Cherokee In-
diana, inhabiting the noith-weslem pail of the
atate. See Cktroteer.
The Baptiata are the moat avineronB aect in n-
ligion ; thev have 306 miniatera. The Methodista
have 64 ; the Preebrtertans 31 ; the Epiaccpaliana
4 ; the Chriatiaos 39 and the Catholica 3.
The firat aeltlement in Georgia was made at
Savannah in 1733, conieqaenlly it was the latest
settled of all the Atlantic states. The present
constitntion was formed in 1796.
Gtorria, or South Gmrgia, to island in the
South Atlantic Ocean, visited by Cook in 1775.
It is 64 m. loiig, and 30 in ita greatest breadth.
It abounds in Mya and harbonra, which tha vast
quantitiea of ice render inaccessible the greatest
part of the year. Here are mrpendicular ice
clith, of considerable height, like those at Spiti-
bergen i from which pieces were continually
breaking otTand floating out to sea. The valleva
were covered with snow ; and the only vegeta-
tion observed was bladed grass, wild bumet, and
a plant, like moas, which aprung &om the rocks
Not a atieam of fresh water was to ba seen an the
whole coast
Gaorna, Gvifof, a gulf of the North Pacific
Ocean,between the cdntinent of North America
and Qnadra and Vancouver Island; about 130
m. in length, &om N. to S., but the breadth va-
ries in its diffitrent parts from 6 to 20 m. It con-
taina several clusleis of islands, and bnnches off
into a great number of canajs, moat of which were
examined by captain Vancouver and his oScera.
Gera, a town of Upper ^ony, in Thuringia.
It haa a castle aboat a mile ftom th* town, on a
GCR SSr GER
moTmtain in a wood, and is called OsU^ntein. Roman emperor, and which waa succeeded by the
It is seated on the Elster, 32 m. 8. 8. W. of reign of the Huns, the Ostrogoths, and the
Leipiig. Lombards, was revived by Charlemagne, king
Gertttif a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- of France, on Christmas day, in the year dCXf.
stadt, 8 m. W. N. W. of Darmstadt. This prince being then at Rome, pope Leo III.
QtrbHadi, a town of Upper Saxony, in the crowned him emperor, in St. Peter^ chnrch ; and
countT of Mansfeld, Thuringia, 7 m. N. E. of Nicephoms, who was then emperor of the east,
Manaeld. consented to this coronation. The French kept
Gerdaoenf a town of Prussia, defended by two the empire under eight emperors, till the year
castles, and seated on the Omet, near a consid- 912, when Louis III., the last prince of the line
erable lake, 50 m. 8. E. of Konigsberir. of Charlemagne, died without issue male. Con-
Gernudn, St. a borough in ComwaU^ Eng. It rad, count or Franconia, the son-in-law of Louis,
was once the largest town in the county^ and a was then elected empieror. Thus the empire
bishop's see, but now consbts chiefly of fisher- went to the Germans, and became elective, having
men's cottages : it still returns two members to been hereditary under the French emperors,
parliament. What remains of the cathedral is The emperor was chosen by the princes, the lords,
used as the parish church ; and near it is the jpri- and the deputies of cities, till the year 1^9, when
ory. It stands near the sea, 10 m. W. of Ply- the number of the electors was reduced to seven;
mouth, and 228 W. by S. of London. one more was added in 1649, and another in 1698.
Gertnom. St. a town of France, in the depart- these nine electors continued to tlie year 1796^
ment of Seine and Oise, with a magnificent when, in consequelice of the alterations made in
palace, in which Louis XIV. was born. Here the constitution of the empire, under the influ-
James II. found an asylum, when he fled to ence of France and Russia, they became ten in
France. It is seated on the Seine, near a fine number ; namely, the elector and archbishop of
forest, 10 m. N. W. of Paris. Ratisbon, the elector and king of Bohemia, (the
Germany p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop. 884. then emperor) the elector of Bavaria, the elector
Also townships in Favette Co. Pa., Clarke, Mont- of Saxony, the elector of Brandenbuiv (king of
gomery and Darke Cos. Ohio, and Cape Girar- Prussia) tne elector of Hanover (king of Enffland)
dean Co. Missouri. the elector of Wurtiburff (late grand diuie or
German Flats , p.t. Herkimer Co. N. T. Pop. Tuscany) the elector of Wurtemburg, the elector
2,466. of Baden, and the elector of Hesse. On the death
Germannaf p. v. Orange Co. Va. on Rapid Ann of Charles VI. of Austria, in 1740, an emperor
river. * was choeen from the house of Bavaria, by the
German Ocean, or Jforth Sea, is the sea between name of Charles VII. On the death of this
the E. coast of England, from the straits of Do- prince, in 1745, Francis, grand duke of Tnscanj^,
ver tu the Shetland Isles, and the coasts of Jut- was elected emperor ; whose grandson, Francis
land and Norway, it comprises about 8 degrees II., enjoyed the dignity of emperor of Germany
of latitude and 10 of longitude. till 1806, when he formally resigned the title and
GermanOf St. a town of Piedmont, on the river office, transferring his title of emperor to his he-
NaviffUo, 9 m. W. of Vercehi,on the line of tlie reditair dominions of Austria,
canal to Iviea. At the close of the Saxon race, in 1024, the
OermanOf St. a town of Naples, in Terra di prerogatives of the emperor were very considera-
Lavoro, at the foot of Monte Cassino, 17 m. 8. 8. ble ; but, in 1437, the^ were reduced to the right
E. of Sora. of conferring all dignities and titles, except* the
Gemuifitotoii, p.t. Columbia Co. N. Y. on the privilege of being a state of the empire; ofnant-
river, 12 m. below the ciUr of Hudson. Pop. 967. mg dispensations with respect to the age of ma-
my — — --■ — - B» » « j» - ---' — F
Oct. 4, 1777. Also villages in Fauquier Co. Va., there was not a foot of land annexed to this title ;
Hyde Co. N. C, Bracken Co. Ken. for ever since the reign of Chailes FV., the em-
Germany, an extensive country of Europe, lying perors depended entirely on their hereditary do-
between the 45th and 54th degree of N. lat., and minions, as the only source of their power, and
and 6. to 19. of E. long.; the mean leiurth, how- even of their subsistence. To prevent the ca-
ever, from N. to S. does not exceed && British lamities of a contested election, a king of the
statute m. and the mean breadth 460 m., compri- Romans was often chosen in the lifetime of the
sing an area of about 245,000 square m. It is emperor, on whose death he succeeded to the im-
bounded on the E. by Hungarv and Poland, N. penal dignity of course. The emperor ^always
by the Baltic Sea and Oenmara, W. by the Neth- elected and crowned at Frankfort on the Maine)
erlands and France, and S. by Switzerland and assumed the title of august, and pretended to be
Italy. The extreme S. point jets into the gulf successor to the emperors of Rome. Although
of Venice. Prior to the French revolutionary he was chief of the empire, the supreme authori-
eally subdivided into wo arcnbisnopncas, oisnop- lege oi pnnces, ana ine coiiege oi imperial towns,
neks, principalities, dukedoms, marquisates, lora- The diet had the power of making peace or war,
ships, provinces, Ae. under the government of of settling general impositions, and of resrulating
nearly as many sovereign potentates ; but the all the important affairs of the empire ; out the
whole of them formed a great confederacy, gov- decisions nad not the force of law till the empe-
emed by political laws, at the head of which was ror gave his consent. When a war was deter-
an emperor, whose power in the collective body, mined on, every prince contributed his ^uota of
or diet, was not directive but executive. The men and money, as valued in the matnculation
western Roman empire, which had terminated in roll ; thooffh as an elector or prince he might
the year 475, in the person of Augustulus, the last espouse a difFerent side from that of the diet AU
om
99
GHA
the soTereigns of Gennanj had and still have an
absolate authority in their own dominionsy and
oan lay taxes, levy troops, and make alliancesi
Srovicied they do not prejudice the empire. T^ey
etermine ail civil causes' definitely, unless in
some particular cases in which an appeal may bt;
made. These appeals were to two courts, called
the Imperial Chunber, at Wetzlar; and the Aulic
Councu, at Vienna.
The three principal religions are, the Roman
Catholic, UieXiUtheran, and the Calyinistic; but
Christians of all denominations are tolerated, and
there is a multitude of Jews in all the great towns,
Germany is watered by numerous rivers, the three
principalof which, are the Rhine, the Danube,
and the Elbe ; the first of these rises in Switzer-
land, and forms the S. W. boundary of the em^
pire, dividing it firom Switzerland and France ; it
afterwards intersects the N. W. part of Grermany
and Holland, and falls into the Meuse, nearllot-
terdam. The Danube rises in Suabia, the S. W.
circle of the empire, and by itself and several
tributary straams or inferior note, intersects a
fteni portion of the southern part of (Germany ;
It afterwards runs through Hungvy and Europe-
an Turkey, into the Black Sea. The Elbe rises
near the centre of the eastern frontier, and runs
m a N. W. direction into the North Sea. The
Oder intersects all the N. E. part of Germany,
and fidls into the Baltic Sea. The Weser, the
Ems, th« Adige, the Drave and other small riv-
ers are navigaue, and afibrd admirable means for
fkcilitating an interchange of productions frcMn
one part of the country to the other ; but the
Oder and the Elbe are the only two that are uni-
ted by art. The mountains or the south are rich
m every kind of metal and semi-metal. The for-
ests supply abundance of the finest timber, and
the vine, olive, and mulberry, only require com-
mon attention to yield fruit m abundance ; while,
the plains of the north yield a surplus of grain
and cattle fbr exportation, and of wool and flax
to furnish materials for extensive manufactures,
especially of linens, which are exported in consid-
erable quantities to almost every part of Europe,
Africa, and America.
In 1806, the Germanic confederacy was dis-
solved by Napoleon, and several of the minor
states formed into a new confederacy under the
title of the confederation of the Rhine ; while
Westphalia, Wurtemberg and Bavaria, were con-
stituted new and independent kingdoms ; Prus-
sia and Austria retaining their respective heredi-
tary dominions ; but at the general pacification of
Europe, in 1815, the Rhenish confederacy was
dissolved, and that of Germany again re-esteblish-
ed, with some variations and modifications. In
18^ the confederacy consisted of 35 sovereign-
ties, exclusive of the four free towns of Ham-
burg, Bremen, Lubec, and fVankfort. No people
apply themselves more closely to their studies
than the Germans ; and the Hebrew is no where
so generally learnt, or better understood. Print-
ing is most extensively encouraged ; every man
orletters is an author : they multiply books with-
out number; thousands of esssays and dis-
putations are annually published, witn which they
overstock the fairs of Frankfort and Leipzig ; for
no man can be a graduate in the university who
has not publishea one disputation at least The
language of Germany is a dialect of the Teutonic,
which succeeded that called the Celtic. The
population ii estimated at 30,000,000. Vienna is
the principal city
Germany J a township in Adam^ Co. and a vil
lage in Somerset Co. Pa.
Geronay a fortified town of Spain, in Catalonia,
and a bishop's see ; seated on the Ter, 20 m. from
its entrance into the Mediterranean, and 47 N.
E. of Barcelona.
GerrardsUnofif p.v. Berkeley Co. Va.
Gerry t p.t. Chatauque Co. ff. T. Pop. 1,110.
Gers, an interior department in the S. V^. of
France : it is watered oy numerous streams, run
ning from S. to N. into the Garonne, the {^inci-
pal of them is the Gers, which gives name to the
department. It contains a strata of pit coal, and
has manufactures of wool, linen, and saltpetre;
its chief vegetable productions are flax, the vine,
and pears. It is divided into four other arron-
dissements ; the chief towns of which are Condom,
Lectoure, Lombez, and Mirande.
GersaUj a town of Switzerland, on the lake of
Sohweitz, at the foot of the Ragi, 12 m. S. W. of
Sohw.eitz.
Gertruudenburgf a fortified town of South Hol-
land, witn a good harbour and salmon fishery on
a large lake, called Biesbosch. It has been oflen
taken, the last time by the French in 1793, but
soon recovered. It is 7 m. N. by E. of Breda.
Long. 4. 52. E., lat. 51. 42. N.
Gerumenkaf or Jurumenka, a town of Portugal,
in Alemtejo, with a strong castle ; seated on a
hill, near the river Guadiana, 18 m. below
Badajoz.
Gesecke, a town of Germany, ii^ the duchy of
Westphalia, seated on the Weyck, 11 m. "W. S.
W. or Paderbom.
Gessenay. See Sanen.
Gestrieiaf a province of Sweden, the S. part of
Nordland, between Dalecarliaon tne W., and the
golf of Bothnia on the E. It is 100 m. long, and 60
broad, diversified by forests, rocks, hiUs, and
dales, lakes, and rivers ; and there sxe numerous
mines and forges. Gefle is the capital.
GeUysburgf a town of Pennsylvania, in York
Co. situate at the head of Rock creek, 30 m. W
by S. ofTork.
Oex, a town of France, in the department of
Ain, noted for excellent cheese ; seated at the
foot of Mount St. Claude, between the Rhone,
the lake of Geneva, and Switzerland, 10 m. N. W.
of Geneva. It is tne seat of a prefect
Cteyts, a town of the electorate of Hesse, in the
Srincipality of Fulda, seated on the Ulster, 17 ul
r. E. ofFulda.
Qezanf or GhexiOn, a sea-port of Arabia Felix,
which has a considerable trade in senna ana
cofi«e ; seated on the Red Sea, 90 m. N. W. of
Loheia. Long. 43. 15. £.^ lat. 16. S&. N.
GextVa, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Diarbek,
on the island formed by the Tigris, 70 m. N. W.
of Monsul. Long. 40. 50. E., lat 37. 16. N.
Gevula, a province of Morocco, which is very
productive, and contains mines of iron and cop-
per. The inhabitants are numerous, and consid-
ed as the most ancient people of Afiica : they live
in tents, are so independent that they are rather
the allies than the subjects of the emperor of
Morocco.
GhMUL, or Gana, a city in Negroland, capital of
a country of the same name, governed by a sul-
tan; It stands on the S. side of a large lake, at
at its outlet, which separates the citj into two
parts, and soon after joins the river Niger, which
IS here called Neel if Abeed, or Nile of the Ne
gros. It is 100 m. £. by S. of Cassina.
Ghauts, the name given to seve^^ groups and
OHA 399 6H£
caains of mountaiiM ia Hindoostan. Th« word But Arrow nnith more poutively confinea it to
■ignlfiea ' paaaes* or ' gates'. Theae moontaina the motmtaina immediately adjoimng the Nerbnr-
are considered as commencing at Cape Comorin : dah. It is also in these central countries that the
yet the southern chain, or Malayala mountains Hindoos place their Sanyah and their Sookhian
form a separate groupi terminating in the district mountains, Uioufh they nare been mistaken for
of .Coimbetore. at the great Talley in which the the western Ghauts,
forts of Palikaaery and Annamaly are situated. Ohenty called by the French Gand, the chief
The Ohauta beg^ln separately on the north of town of East Flanders, is situate at the junction
these plains, forming two branches, one running of the Scheldt and Lys. Julius Cesar is said to
to the east, and the other to the west of north, have been its founder. The Vandals afterwards
The eastern Ghauts extend 70 m, beyond Madras, became ita masters, and called it Vanda, or Wan-
forming the boundaries of the Carnatic, and to da ; of which its present name is by some
the north of that countiy divide into seyeral thou£[ht to be a corruption,
branches, in which the mountains are subjected This town has been the scene of some diplo-
to interruptions, being separated by valleys cot- matic transactions : the compact of the provinces
ered with thick forests. But the principal chain of the Netherlands against the tyranny of Spain
is divided by no hollow ^grounds, except narrow in 1578, called the Pacification of Ghent, was
defiles, which are well kned witn fortresses. To drawn up and executed here ; the last treaty of
the natives, this chain is known hj the name of peace concluded between Great Britain and
Ellacooda, or the " White Mountains.*' It then America, in 1814, was signed here also. It was
runs along the northern margin of the Circars, likewise the residence of Louis XVIII. daring
forming an untnterrupied series of mountains so the period in which he was forced to quit France
dose as to aflford only two military passes, after the return of Bonaoarte firom Elba.
At the place where the Ghauta separate the Cir- Ghent is situate on a beautiful plain : its area
cars from the province of Berar, the mountains may vie in extent with that of any other city in
become almost inaccessible, and there is only one Europe, being little less than fifteen miles in cir-
passage for carrisges and for horses, vis. that of cumference ; but no small portion of the enclosed
Salarghaut which teads to Behar. Nothing is seen space is covered with gardens, orchards, and fields
on every hand but masses of rock, rising perpen- of grain. Like all. other towns in this flat coun-
dicularly to the clouds, and leaving apparently no try. it is intersected with numerous canals, cross-
outlet for the intimidated traveller. All the sum- ed by three hundred bridges ; some of stone, but
mits of this chain are composed of mnite. and it most of wood. Their banks, being generally
tYery where presents one picture of total barren- planted with majestic trees, afford an extensive
ness and utter nakedness.. Yet large trunks of and grateful promenade for the inhabitants. The
trees in a state of petrification, are found here, streets are spacious ; thoug;h some of the most
and most particularly in the ravines created by firequented, as is the case in many old towns,
the torrents, where trunks, projecting fh>m thie are so narrow that two carriages can scarcely pass
steep sides of the rocks, sometimes serve for each other. There are thirteen public squares,
bridges. the principal of which is ornamented with a pe*
TGb western chain of the Ghauts extends along destrian statue of Charles V.
the west coast to a distance of 70 m., and acquires The town hall is an immense pile of building,
a greater elevation than the eastern chain. Its presenting an incongruous combination of various
height has not yet been ascertained by barometri- styles of architecture : one front, which is unfin-
cal observations, but it is generally believed to isned, is Gothic ; another Italian; each story be*
amount to three or four thousand foet The chain ing supported by pillars of a diferent order ; —
then crosses Kanara and Sunda, passes near to the ground story Doric, the next Ionic, and the
Goa, enters the Mahratta country, and divides in- upper Corinthian. It is enriehed with many val-
to several branches. The closeness of the forests, uable documents of an early period, and with
the depth of the precipices, and the rapidity or some good paintings.
the torrents, render these mountaina very dimcnlt The structure and arrangements of the publie
to cross, and thepassage is in many places, 60. prison or house of correction are on an exotfilent
or 60 m. long. Tney are described as containing plan. The building^ is a spacious octagon, having
much limestone, ana some basaltic rocks, but no a large conrt-yurd m the centre, by means m
one has deliberately studied the position and ma^ which an immediate and constant communication
terials of the different strata. Towards the sea^ can be easily kept up with every part. Eack
coast, the western Ghauts present a magnificent department branches off from this; and the pris-
ampfaitheatreofrocks and verdure, enlivened with onen are kept in separate classes, according to
towns and villages. The highest, or at least the the nature or their crimes and the depravity of
steepest part to the east of Snnt^ goes under the their character. In the centre of the woman's
lame of the Bala- Ghauts, which is sometimes ex- apartment is a large basin or trouffh for washing
tended to the whole of the western Ghauts, while Imen. Every prisoner is locked up at night in
the eastern chain, together with the intermediate a separate cefl, and brought out to work at a sta-
plateau, is called the raian-Ghauts. ted nour in the morning. The average number
About the sources of the river Godavery, some of mrisonen is 1,900 ; the annual expenditure is
lower chains are sent off from tne mass of the 50,000 florins, or somewhat more tnan £4,000
western Ghauts, pass through the interior of the sferiing ; therefore tlie cost of each prisoner to
peninsula, and join the mountains of Berar and the state is less than £4 annually. This eco-
Gundanwa. nomicalefi^t is produced by employing every
The central chains which run parallel to the convict capable of working in some species of in-
course of the Nerbuddah river, one on its north dustry. The principal portion of the profits is
side, and the other on the south, generally pass set apart for deftaying the expenses of tne estab-
nnder the Sanscrit name of the Vindhias ; tne ex- lishment, and the remainder is divided into two
tent which this name embraces ^ipean somewhat parts; one of which is allowed to the prisoner
arbitrary to our most learned eastern geognphen. ror pocket-money, and the other fbrms a fbnd
49 3b3
ORB
m
w
which he rsceiTef on his Ubemtion. Near the
pnson is the Atelier de Beiafaisance ; an institu-
tion intended to check mendicity, by suppljinff the
panpers with work until they can provide for them-
selves.
The Mont de Piete is a singular establishment
lor lending money npon goods, on the principle
tf pawn-broking, out npon modferate interest. It
has been found very useful, in enabling industri-
ous persons labourmg under a temporary pressure
to relieve themselves, without tbe necessity of
selling their property under very disadvantageous
eircumstanoes, or of disclosing their pecuniary
difficulties.
All the public arrangements of Ghent seem to
have been devised with a systematic intention of
stimulating industry, correcting idleness, and en-
couraging habits of order and cleanliness. Three
times evenr day, at sunrise, at noon, and in the
evening, the ear of the observing traveller is
struck with the tolling of a belt. Its sound
serves not only as a signal to summon the work-
man to his appointed place of labour, but as a
warning' to the rest of the inhabitants not to ap-
pear in the streets at these hours; lest the pro-
gress of the former) while crowding to their occu-
pations, should experience any obstruction. For
the same reason, the drawbridges are not allowed
to be then open.
The splendour of Ghent is most observable in
its churches; and of these the most magnificent
is that of St. Bavon. The choir is supported by
polished
of the interior are coated. The principal church
is surrounded by twenty-four chapels, each adorn-
ed with some splendid work of the most admired
mastersf The pulpit is a piece of exquisite work-
manship, forming an allegorical picture of Time
contemplating Truth. The fijgiires of angels at the
foot of its staircase are objects of peculiar ad-
miration. Beneath the present cathedral the
body of the orinnal church still remains, little
injured by time, forming a subterraneous place of
worship: it is now chiefly used as a school for
Sundav instruction. The tower or steeple is as-
cended by 446 steps; and like all others in this
flat country, presents an extensive view of the
•urrounding towns and sceneiy. It has a re-
markably fine ring of bells, which includes semi-
tones, ana is sounded by keys and levers like an
organ.
One of the few monastic institutions of Belgi-
um^ exists in Ghent. It is a convent of Beguine-
•nnns, which escaped the effects of the emperor
Joseph's reformation of the conventual societies,
and still more destructive ravages of the subse-
quent revolution in France. Strangers are ad-
mitted to some parts of the building, and jmt-
ticularly the chapel, during the time of divine
service.
The great provincial school or college of Ghent
has long been in much repute as a place of edu-
cation. On the formation of the kingdom of the
Netherlands, it was advanced to the rank of a
royal university. According to its present ar-
rangements, it has nineteen ]KX>lessors; five of
medicine, three of law, five of natural science and
mathematics, and six of philosophy and literature :
the number of students exceeds 400. The palace
of the university, in which the lectures are
delivered^ is a splendid edifice. The great hall
is snfllaenitly spacious to accommodate 1,600
persons: it is oivided into two parts; oue for
the members of the nniveniity, the other for the
aneomraodation of the public. Around the walls
the aims of the nineteen jnovincea of die Neth-
erlands are emblazoned. It is lighted by a lantern
sixty feet in circumference, in the middJe of the
dome. From the hall the apartments for the dif-
ferent courses of instruction branch on each side.
The cabinet of natural history is one hundred and
twenty feet loop, and already well furnished : that
of mineralogy is one hundrea and thirty feet long,
and contains several thousand specimens scien-
tifically arranged. There is also a fine dissecting
room, and a cabinet of models of agricultuial im-
plements.
Between Ghent sad Antwerp lies a tract of land
called the Pays de Waes. it was originally a
barren and shifting sand; but the perseveimg
industry of the inhabitants has rendered it this
admiration of every visitor^ whether native or for
eigner. It is throughout divided into small fields,
ei^ surrounded by a low quickset hed^ and a
deep trench. The middle of every field is eleva-
ted and the ground declines in all directions to
the ditch. The object of this singular mode of
husbandry is to prevent the bad oiects of heavy
rains, which, if they fell upon the level snrfiioe,
consisting of dry pmous ssmd, would carry down
the manure through it, and render it useless t
whereas the water, as it foils on the declivity,
^ides down mora gently, and does no imury.
The forms are so small, and the cottages so close-
ly intermixed, that the whole exhibits the appear-
ance of one continued village. The interior of
each dwelling presents an aspect of neatness and
comfort fully corresponding with what mifht be
expected from the exterior appearance of their
farms.
Ghent is situate thirty miles S. W. of Ant-
werp. Lat. 61. 3. N., long. 8. 44. E. Popula-
tion 78,000.
Ghent, p.v. Gallatin Co. Kentucky.
Ghergong.K city and the capital of the Idngdom
of Assam. It is seated on the Legoo, near its con^
flux with the Burrampooter, 400 m. N. E. of Cal-
cutta. Lcng. 93. 36. £., lat. 25. 36. N.
Oheriahf a sea port of Hmdoostan, on the coast
of Concan. It was the capital of Angria, a famous
piratical prince, whose fort here was taken by the
English and Mahrattas, in 1766. and his whole fleet
destroyed. It is 166 m. S. by. £. of Bombay. Long.
73. 8. B., lat. 16. 45. N.
OhUan^ a province of Persia, on the S. W. aide
of the Caspian Sea, supposed to be the Hjrrcania
of the ancients. On the W. side are high moun-
tains which are covered with many sc»ts of trees,
and in the highest parts of them are deer, bears,
wolves, leopards and tigors. It prodnoes abun-
dance of silk, oil, wine, rice, tobacco, and excel-
lent fruit. This province was ceded to Russia,
by a treaty concluded at Petersburg in 1724, but
not possessed by Russia till 1760. Reshd is the
capital.
Ghizni, or Gaznoy a town of the country of Ca-
bul, once the capital of a powerful empire of the
same name. It is called the second Medina, from
the great number of illustrious persons who have
been interred here. It is 64 m. S. of Cabul. Long.
68. 20. E.,lat. 38. 40. N.
GholsonvUlfy p.v. Brunswick Co. Va.
Ghourbond. a town of the country of Cabul, 41
m. iV. W. of Cabul.
Gkurka, now Aurungabad, {tehidi tee),
GibeJlo^ a town of Italy, in the duchy of Par-
ma, on the river Po, sixteen miles N. W. of
Pamta.
Otbrottar, a town of Spain, near a mountain of
9» 33}. Olf:
the Mime name in Iat!l 96. 6. I¥^ Long. 5. 19. W. eonn^ betwaen it and her own Ifnilory, and by
11 is the ancient Calpe. one of the piUars of Heieu- Btreng^theninff the militazy linea of San Koane «na
lea, the other being Ceuta on the African coaat. Akeziras. But the town anid garrison oouid eaai*
Itis a rocky proniontoiy on the Bouthem extremity ly oe fomiahed with supplies while England re-
of Andalusia, from 3 to 4 m. in length, and about tained the empire of the sea; and the rock itself
half a m. in its utmost braadth. Steep in all parts had a well of fresh watert with aome other resour-
and in some perpendicular, it seemed formed by ces which science and skill might daily improve,
nature for a strong hold ; and aince it became The moat strenuous efforts for its recovery were
an English fortress, it has been rendered impreg- made d mg the war of the American leTolntion,
nable. The name, originally Gebel-Tari^, this when its preservation defended mainly on the
rock of Tarif, is derived from Tarik or Tarif yalonr ana constancy of ita resident goTemor, \
Aljenzaca, general of the caliph Walid in the in- genera] Elliot The preparatory hoatile operations
vasion of ^1, who landed here, and conquered were commenced in ITTQ, and continued during
the town of Heraolea at the foot bf the moun- the two following yeara. In June, 1782, the
tain. Gibraltar is Joined to the main land by an duke de Crillon, commander of the Spanish army
isthmus on the north which is about a mile and a that had taken Minorca, arriyed with reinforce-
half in length : the northern front of the rock is ments, and the French princee of the blood came
almost perpendicular ; the east side is full of pre- to be present at the siege. Their army amount-
cipices ; and the south is so narrow and abrupt ed to 30,000 men ; and the con<}uest was to be
as to be inacceraible to any enemy at sea. The completed by ten floating battenea, impenetrable
western front is also precipitous, but affords a by snot or shells, and mounted with 147 brass
landing place on the level tract of ground which and 150 iron guns. They were manned by
forms me site of the town ; and this part is pro- criminals, who m reward (or good service, were
tected bybatteries and other strong works of de- promised their liberty and yearly penaiona of 200
fence. The strait^ to which Gibraltar gives name nvres each. The ganruion. at^A varied from 5,600
are supposed to commence in Spain at Cape Traf- to 7,000 men. The most dreadful carnage ^as to
algar, and in Africa at Cape Spartel, between be apprehended as the conseouenoe of a success-
wnicn points they are 70 m. wide ; and to end ful assault. On the 13tb of September, the float-
toward the Mediterranean, beyond Gibraltar and ing bulwarks approached and opened their fire.
Centa ; the entire length being about 100 m. and* General Elliot, finding ordinary meana of repulse
the narrowest part, am>ut three leagues west of unavailing, determined to batter them with red-
Gibraltar, 15 m. A strong current always runs hot shot ; and while deliberating on the means of
from the ocean into the Mediterranean. heating the balls, a German nail-smith, named
The noble bay of Gibraltar, 9 m. long and 5 Schwankendieek, invented and constructed n
broad, forms a moat important naval station. On furnace for the purpose.^ From this the artillery
the east are the promontory and isthmus ; to the was so well served, that in the course of the can-
south is the sea ; to the west and north the main nonade 4,000 red-not balls were discharged. In
land of Spain ; but the promontory wholly com- the aflemoon, the chief battery and two floating
munds the bay. batteries began to emit smoke : the enemy were
Gibraltar was strongly fortified by the Moors unable to quench the fire or stop the leakage. At
after their own manner. It was taken in 1302 by one o'clock in the morning, three batteries were
Ferdinand II. of Castile ; regained by the Moors in a blaze, and several others were seen to have
in 1333 ; and recovered in 1462 by Henry IV. taken fire. Those on board in vain signalled the
The emperor Charlea V. caused tlie forti&ation Spanish fleet with rockets ; no relief could be af-
to be reconstructed by two of the most eminent forded to the batteries ; all that could be attempted
engineers of his time. The natural and artificial was to save the men. Twelve gun-boats fit)m the
strength of the place having been thenceforth re- fortress, prevented the boats of the besiegers
garded as unquestionable by the other maritime from landing, and at the same time poured a weU
powers, the Spanish government seems to have directed fire on the floating batteries. At day-
Deen Imled into a dangerous security respecting break, those on board were seen making aignahi
It; for in August, 1704^ during the war of sue- of distress and calling for help, and the besiegera
cession, when an expedition under admiral Rooke haatened to their relief, amidstcontinnally increas-
and prince Greorge of Hesse-Darmstadt suddenly ing danger ; for the heated gnna of the batteries
and unexpectedly appeared in the bay, this mari- on fire were from time to time discharging their
time stroxig hold was held only by a drowsy gar- shot, and occasional exploslona of gunpowder
riaon of 80 men, who immediately surrendered, scattered destruction around. Captain Curtis and
Philip of Ai^ou beaieged it in October; but in his men, at the peril of thear lives, saved 13 of-
the brief interval the English had so strongly ficers and 344 men. A grand attack on the land
fortified it on tlie land side, that the pass of tiie side was in the mean time repulsed by general
isthmus waa called by the Spaniards tne Gate of Elliot ; and a seTCre storm occurred, fi^m which
Fire. It was blockaded with 24 ahips of war by ad- the Spaniah fleet austained great damage. Next
miral Poyetz, but received succoura from the Eng- montn, an English squadron haying arrived with
lishand Dutch fleet under admiral I^eake. The land succours, the enemy were compelwd to convert
blockade lasted until the peace of Utrecht. From the siege into a mere blockade, which terminat-
that time England omitted no expense or exer- ed on the 20th January, 1783, when peace was
tion to render theplace wholly impregnable. An- aigned at Versailles.
other siege, in 1727, was frustrated &r the arrival The town of Gibraltar, aitnated at thefbot of
of admiru Wafer with II sail of the line. Spain the promontory, on its north-west side, snfiTered
offered two millions sterling for the restitution of. severely during thia attack, and was rebuilt on aa
Gibraltar; but was obliged to resign all title and improved plan. The houses have flat rooft and
Sretension to it in the treaty or Seville ^ 1729. large bow windowi » they aie generally paint-
he immediately endeavovired to diminiah its ad- ed nlacM, to mitigUe th^ rays of the ann, and
Tantagea and deteriorate' ita value as a colony and are. marked vritb a white emfie between^ eaoli
a place ef commerce, by interdicting all inter- atory. The principal etrecty ahoul * mik in
GIE 33S OIO
lenffth. 10 fbll of shopi; in other parte of the (T^mr, a small iBland, one of the Hebrides, lying
town the buildings are too dense, and the pop. on tto W. coast of Scotland,
dwelling in them, is ezposed to mnch danger in GigUo, a small island, on the coast of Toscanj,
case of pestilential leTer. That which raged in with a castle, 15 m. W. S. W. of Qrbitello.
1604 carried off several thousands; while the G^^noc, a town of France, in the department of
military, stationed on higher ground, were, by Herault. on the river Herault, 14 m. W. of
that advantage, and through the judicious precan- Montpeiier.
tions adopted by the medical staff^ preserved Oihan. See ^mu,
from contagion. It has been ascertained that the Gijan, or GyoUf a sea-port of Snain, in Astori-
fever is foAered, if not generated, during sultry as, with an ancient castfe ; seated on the Bayof
weather, by the stoppage of the drains; and a Biscav, 18 m. N. E. of Oviedo. Long.' 5. 36. W.
proposal has been maoe to erect a steam-engine ; lat. 4o. 34. Ni
which shall raise from the bav a constant stream Gi2ieitmUe, p.v. Otsego Co. N. T.
of water, to supply all the batns and refresh every Gittoa, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. T.
corner of the town. GiUad, a township in Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 377
The inhabitants, ezceeding in number 12,000» GileSf an interior county in the W. part of V}*
are mostly British ; though there are many Span- g[inia bounded On the £. by the great Kanahwa
lards, Italians, Jews, and even Moors, occupied river. It contains about 2,000 sq. m. of surftce.
in commercial pursuits. Gibraltar is a general Pop. 5,298.
mart of merchandise from every quarter: piece &»^,anothercountyEaBtof Tennessee, border-
goods and hardware from England ; sugar, rum, ingon Alabama^ntersected by the Elk river ,which
coffee, from the West Indies ; tobacco, rice and flows S. into the Tennessee, it comprises about
flour, from North America ; wine, firuits, and silks 600 sq. m. of surface. Pop. 18,920. Pulaski is
from the countries and isles of the Mediterra- the chief town.
nean. The chief public buildings are the bar- GiJford^ t Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. aide of
racks, the house of the lieutenant-governor, the L. Winipiseogee. Pop. 1^872.
navy hospital, and the victualling office. The Gitt, p.t. Franklin Cfo. Mass. Pop. 864.
places of worship are. at Uie English church, a GUJm. St. a town of France in the department
catholic chapel and tnree synagogues. For the of Gard, 10 m. S. of Nismes. Pop. in 1825
use of the officers stationed on this isolated rock, 5,600.
there is a garrison library ; and a small theatre OUUngkam, a town in Kent, Eng. on the E.
augments t£e limited range of amusement which bank of the Medwav, near its entrance into the
can here be generally participated. The town is Thames, it is strongly fortified, forming the out-
fortified ; but owes its chief protection to the bat- port of tne arsenal or Chatham. It is a place of
teries on the neighbouring heights, whiph sweep considerable antiquity.
the isthmus and the approach from the sea. Since There is an eztensive parish of the same name,
the siege of 1783, great sums have been expended in Dorsetshire, Eng. Pop. in 1821,2,246. The
3n these works : extensive excavations have been town is 4 m. N. W. of Shaflsburv.
made, to establish communication between the GUmanUmf p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. on the S. E.
different posts, and enable them to be relieved of L. Winipiseogee. Pop. 3^6. Iron ore exists
without loss from an enemy's fire : the embellish- here, and there were formerly iron works. Here
ments of which so rugged a spot is susceptible is also a mineral spring, potent in cutaneous and
■lave not been neglected ; — ^trees, shrubs, and bilious diseases.
flowers have been planted in various places; and OUolOf an island, the laigest of the Moluccas,
roads oj>ened in the solid rock, and made passable It is 130 miles from N. to S., but is intersected by
for carriages. several large bays ; the breadth of any limb sel*
Gibraltar, a town of Colombia, in the province dom exceeds 40 miles. The shores are in gene-
of Zulia, defended by some fortifications. The ral low, and the interior rises in high peaks. It
air is so unhealthy in the rainy season, that does not ^oduce any fine spices, but has a jrreat
the town is now reduced to an insignificant deal of rice, and abounds with oxen, bu&los,
hamlet. goats, deer^ and wild hogs. The sultans of Ter-
GibsoHf a county of the state of Indiana, bound- nateand Tidore share this island between them,
ed on the N. by White river, and W. by uie Wa^ The natives are industrious, particulariy in weav-
bash, which divides it from the state of Illinois, ing. One of the chief towns is Tatany, on a
The S. W. point of the county is 30 m. above small promontory on the eastern limb, and only
the entrance of the Wabash into tlie Ohio. Pop. accessible by ladders.
5,417. Princeton is the capital. Gilaunif t. Cheshire Co. N. H. adjoining
GtAmm, is also the name of townships in Clear- Keene. Pop. 642.
field and Susqnehanna'Cos. Pa. CfinunUf a town of France, in the department
Gibsonmlle, p.v. Bedford Co. Ten. of Gers, 16 m. E. of Auch.
Gun, a town of France, in the department of Gingee, a town of Hindoostan, in the Camatic^
Loire. It is seated on the N. bank of the Loire, strong both by nature and art, being seated on a
40 m. E. by S. of Orleans. It is the seat of a mountain, whose top is divided into 3 points, on
prefect. each of which is a castle. It is 38 m. M. W. of
Gten^eii.a town of Suabia, on the river Brenti, Pondicherry. Long. 79. ^. E., lat. 12. 15. N.
18 m. N. N. E. of Ulm, now included in the king- Giorgiev, or GiurdesoVf a town of European
dom of Wurtemburg. Turkey, in Walachia, near which the Russians
Gieraee, a town m Naples, In Calabria Ultra, gained a victory over the Turks, in 1771. It is
seated on a mountain, near the sea, 34 m. £. N. seated on the Danube, 48 m. S. W. of Bucharest.
£. of Reggio. GiovenaxTuff a town of Naples, in Terra di Ban,
Giesfsn, a fortified town of Germany, in Upper with a castle. It has hign houses and towers,
Hesse,with a citadel and a university. It is seat- built of polished stone with flat roofr, which
ed on the Lahn, 16 m. W. S. W. of Marburg, give it a singular appearance. It is seated near
Long. 8. 43. E., lat. 50. 35. N. the sea, 10 m. N W. of Bari.
QIQ 383 QLIS.
Girardeau. Cape, a county of the state of Mis- the Britiah in 1801. It «tand8 on the left bank of
•ouri, lying between the St Francb and Missis- the JTile, nearly opposite Cairo,
sippiriyers; it contains about 1 ,200 s^. m. of sor- Gladbiteh, a town of Germany i in the duchy
face. Pop. 7,430. Jackson is the chief town. of Juliers, with a Benedictine abbey. It has man-
Qirest, a town of Persia, in Kerman, with a u&ctures of fine stronj^ linen, and is seated on the
tnde in wheat and dates, 100 m. C by N. of Gom- Ners, 18 m. N. of Juhers. Pop. about 6,000.
broon. Gladenhack, a town of Germany^ in .Upper Hea-
Oirge^ a town of Egypt, about 3 m. in oiicum- le, 12 m. N. of Gieasen.
ference, and contains several mosques, bazars, and Glammis. a town of Scotland^ m, Anggtsshire,
squares, but no marble buildings, or remains of with manuiactures of yam and hnen clotn: Near
ancient etructures. It stands near the left bank of it, on the bank of the DeaiK is Glammis Castle,
the Nile, 40 m. N. of Esne, and 200 8. of Cairo, a large edifice, in which fllalcolm 11. was mur-
Lon^. 31. 12. E., lat. 28. 35. N. dered.
GtrgaUif an episcopal town, on the 8. W. Glamorganshire, the extreme 8. E. county of
coast of Sicily/ in Val di Mazara, with a castle. Wales, bounded on the 8. for about 50 m. by the
It is part of the ancient Agrigentum, and in the Bristol Channel, on the E. by the county of Mon-
yicinity are numerous remains of temples, &4i. ; mouth N. by Brecknock, ana W. by Caremarthen-
great quantities of sulphur are exported from this shire. It contains 792 sq. m. of surface, or about
S\ace. It stands on a hill, near the river St. 506,880 acres ; is divided into ten hundreds, and
laise, 62 m. 8. of Palermo. Long. 13. 38. £., 124 parishes; has 1 city and 5 market-towns*,
lat. 37. 14. N. and sends 2 members to parliament. The num-
Qironde, a river of France, formed by the union ber of inhabitants in 1811 was 6&fi67f increased
of the Garonne and Dordogne, 12 m. N. of Bor- in 1821 to 101,737. On the N. side it is moun-
deaux. tainous ; but being more level on the 8. side, it
Girande, a maritime department of France, there bears large crops of corn and very sweet
which includes part of the late province of Gui- grass. Cattle abound in all parts, there being
enne. It lies on both sides of tne Garonne^ and fruitful valleys among the mountains, that yield
it is the largest of the 86 departments, containing very good pasture. The quantity of butter with
about 1 ,022,000 hectares ; it yields abundance of which it supplies the Bristol market is very con-
wine, and is fertile in every kind of grain siderable. In the N. part of ^e county are the
and cattle, whilst the rivers and coast supply most extensive iron works in the world, (see Jlf«r-
abundance of fish. Its principal manufactures tkyr TydviU ^copper and lead also abound, (see
are in founderies. glass, earthenware, dye stufis, Swansea.) The'county is intersected from N. to
liquors, (anniseea) and salt ; it contains some 8. by several streams of water, and by 3 canals,
seams of pit coal, and beds of peat. It is divided by which the heavy products of the mines ana
into 6 arrondissemente, of which Bordeaux, (the forges are conveyed to the coast. Cardifil (which
capital,) Bazas, Blaye, Lesparre^ Liboume, and see^ is the assize town, but Merthyr Tydvill is the
Reole are the chief towns. Pop. in 1825,522,040. most populous, and Swansea the most important
Girtms, St. a town of France, in the department town in the county ; the other towns of note are
of Arriege, 4 m. 8. by E. of St. Lizier. Neath, Lantrissant, Cowbridge, and Landaff.
Girvan, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, at the Glan4fordbridgef or Brigg, a town In Lincoln-
mou^Lh of the river Girvan, which rorms a tolerv shire, with a market on Thursday, and a good
ble harbour. It is 16 m. 8. S. W. of Ayr. trade in com. coal, and timber. It u eeaied on the
Gisb&rough, a town in North Torksnire, Eng. Ancholm, wnich is navigable for sloops to the
It is celebrated for being the first place where Humber, 23 m. N. of Lincoln,
alum was nuMie, as it was formerly for its fine Crlam, or 02artt5, a canton of Switzerland, boun-
abbey. It is 22 m. N. W. of Whitby. ded on the N. by the river Linth, Grisons, and
Gisors, a town of France, in the department of lake of WaUenstadt, E. by the canton of Sargana,
Eure, seated on the Eot, 28 m. 8. E. of Rouen. the canton of Uri, and W. by that of Schweitz
Gitschin, a town or 6ohemia, which suflfered It is a mountainous country ; and the chief trade
greatly durinflrthe long war of the Swedes in Ger- ia in cattle, cheese, ana butter. The inhabitants,
many. It is 22 m. 8. W. of Koningsgratz. amounting to 27,000, are partly protestants, and
GivUf a fortified and fh>ntier town of France, partly caUiolics ; and both sects uve together in
in the department of Ardennes, divided by the the greatest harmony. GUiis is surrounded by
Mouse, into 2 parts, Givet Saint Hilaire, and the Alps, except toward the N. ; and there is no
Givet Notre Dame, the former situate at the foot other entrance but tluoufh this opening, which
of a mountain close by Charlemont, and the other lies between the lake of Wallenstadt^ and the
on the opposite side of the river. It is 15 m. N. mountains separating this canton fiom that of
tt. of Roc^y. Pop. in 1825, 4/)68. Schweitz.
GiuU or Chdiest, a strong town of Upper Hun- - Glaris^ a town of Switzerland, capital of the
gary, on the frontiers of Transylvania and the preceding canton is surrounded by mountains, and
river Keresblau, 30 m. E. of Great Waradin. seated on the river Linth. ' It had mannfiictures
Lon^. 20. 40 E., lat. 46. 40. N. of cloth, and a tradeln cattle, horsetu cheese^ slate,
Gnda JVuova, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo and wooden ware ; 32 m. 8. E. of Zurich.
Ultertore, near the gulf of Venice, 13 m. N. of ^ CUasgaw, a large and populous ei^ of Scotland,
Atri. in Lanarkshire. From its extent, oeaufy, regu*
GiuUani, a tows of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, larity, and modem improvements, it is undooLt-
ona cnggj rock, 12 m. N. N. £. of Xacca or edly the second ifnotfirst city in North Britain
Siaoca. The four principal streets, wluch intersect each
several
Gasal, a fortified town of Egypt, with a palace, other at riirht angles^di^oe the city nearly into
veral mosques, a cannon founde^, and a manu- four equal parts. The high church, the most
lacture of coarse earthen pots and tiles. A few magnificent goihio structure In Scotland, St.
m. to the 8. W. are the largest pyramids in the Andrew's chwch, St Enoch's church, the Tron
conntiy. Gizeh was taken firom the French by church, the college, the Tontine, and tnidea'-liall,
GLA 334 GLO
tre tome of the pxincipil buildinn in Glasgow, is leated near a high hill, called the Tor, and &•
The town-honae is an elegant bnilding with « mona for an abbey, that occupied an area of 60
guildhall, and the theatre are .alao worthy of no- George Inn was formerly an hospital for the ac-
tice. There are seyend charitable establishments: commodation of pilgrims who came to the abbey
particularly tlv» Merchant's Hospital, and that of and to the thorn, which, it is pretended, was
the town, and a large infirmary. Here is also a planted by Joseph of Arimathea, and blossomed
monument, 145 feet high, in the green of Glas- on Christmas eve. It was also pretended, that
gow, to the memory of uie {^lant Nelson. The the bodies of Joseph of Arimathea, of king Ar^
university, instituted in 1450,is constantly increaa- thur, and of Edward the confessor were Euried
ing in reputation. At present it consists of a chan- here. The last abbot of this place was hanged on
connected therewith, and the others for the fac- men. Glastonbury has two churches, and a man-
ultyofarts. It has lately been greatly enriched- ufapture of worsted stockings. It is seated on the
in the mathematical department by the library of river Brue, 6 m. S. W. of Wells, on the road to
the late celebrated Dr. Robert Simpson, author of Exeter, and 124 W. by S. of Lonoon,
the translation of Euclid , and has received an im- GUUZf a sovereign county of Germany, lying
portant addition, by a collection of rare books and between Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia, sur-
manuscripts^ in ever]^ department of science, but rounded by mountains. It is 40. m. long, and 26
particularly in medicine, bequeathed by the late broad ; has mines of coal, copper and iron, good
Dr. William Hunter, who has also lefl his exten- quarries of marble and stone, and fine springs of
sive museum to the university of Glasgow. Be- mineral waters. In 1742, it was cedea to the
sides the anatomical preparations, the museum, king of Prussia, by the queen of Hungary, and is
for which an elegant ouilding has been erected, now deemed a part of Suesia.
contains a collection of shells, corals, insects, and GUUz, a strong town of Silesia, capital of the
fossils, made by the late Dr. FothergiU, and a cabi- county of Glatz, seated on the side of a hill, by
net of medals and coins, ancient and modern, the river Neiss. On the top of the hUlis an an-
.Uie most complete of the kind in Europe. The cient castle, and a new citadel. In 1742, the Pms-
observatorj is well fitted up, and supphed with sians took ue town by capitulation ; and in 1760,
the most improved instrument for the use of the the Austrians, took it by storm, but restored it in
{>rofessor of practical astronomy. But beinj^ main* 1763. It is 60 m. S. S. W. of Breslau, and 90 £.
y dependent on private aid for suppport, since the N. E. of Prague. Long. 16. 32. E., lat 50. 18. N.
noveUy of its erection has ceased, it is not main- OioMchoM, a town of Upper Saxony, in Misnia,
tained without difficulty. Glasgow, next to Lon- with considerable manufactures of cotton and oth-
don and Liverpool, is the most commercial place er stufi ; seated on the Molda, 36 m. S. by £. of
in the BriUsh dominions^ and in manufacturixig ex- Leipzig.
tent and importance, it is only exceeded by Man- OUiwUzy a town of Silesia, noted for the culture
Chester and Leeds ; the cotton manufacture em of hops and the weaving of doth ; 34 m. 8. £. of
ploys about 40,000 looms, wtih all the attending OppeJen.
operations of staining, dyeing, glazing, dbc. &c., GUnLucef a town of Scotland, in Wigtonshire,
which support numerous iron Tounderies, machine with a harbour for small vessels,
makers, Slc. &c, ; in addition to which, it has sev- G^siim, p.v. Gloucester Co. Pa.
oral glass houses, sugar refineries, &c. Glasgow Olauu Falls f on the Hudson 25 m. above Albar
was originally one parish, but is now for the Imni- ny. Thny are a violent rapid descending 63
fit of the poor and ease of ministers, divided into feet in 500. The stream is divided by the rocks
12, with as many churches, and several chapels into three channels. A village of the same name
of ease, and numerous meeting houses for £>is- is situated a quarter of a mile from the falls,
senters. The population of 10 parishes within GWau, or (?iu»#G^att, a town o^ Silesia, cap-
the city, in 1821, amounted to 72,765, the Barony ital of a principality of the same name, which is
51,919, and Gorbals 22,359, making an aggregate very fertile, and produces wine. The town is well
population of 147,043, being 63,2^ more Uian in fortified, and formerly stood close by the Oder,
1801, and more than treble the number in 1780. which has since changed its course, and now flows
The city of Glasgow is seated on the N. bank of above a m. from it. Besides the papists, there
the Clyde, the suburbs extending to the opposite are a great number of protestants ana Jews. It
side connected by three elegant bridges or stone, was tuen by the kinf of Prussia, in 1741. It is
The river is navigable for vessels of eight feet wa- 60 m. N. W. of Bredau. Long. 16. 14. £., lat.
ter as far as the nidge ; but larger vessels stop 51. 38. N.
at Port Glasgow, or Greenock, at the mouth of Ologauy LUtU^ a town of Silesia, with a col*
the river to unload ; it has also the advantage of legiate church and Minorite convent, 23 m. S. of
two canals, beside the great canal that joins the Oppeln.
the mail 404. ually floated by this river to Fiederickstadt.
Glasgow Port, See Port GlasgotD. (Hossop, a parish of Derbyshire, E!ng. which
GlaAoroughf p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. contains 18 townships and hamlets : total pop. in
Glastenbwryf p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 1821, 13,766. The township of the same name
2,960, contained 1,357 inhabitanU. It is 6 m. N. of
Glaslenlmryf t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 52. Chapel-in-le-firith.
GUutenburjf, a town of Somersetshire, £ng. it Qumeesterskir^f a county of £ngland| 60 m.
OLO 936 OOC
long, and 99 broad; bounded on the W. by Qloi9$r^ t. Orleans Co. Vt. Pop 902. There
Herefordshire and Monmoathahire. N. bj Wor- waa formerly a small lake in this town, which
oesterihireJB. by Warwickshire) and Oxfordshire, burst its borders and deluged the neighbouring
and S. by Wiltanire and Somersetshire. It con- country in a singular manner. See Varmomt,
tains 803,000 acres ; is divided into 27 hundreds, QlioydilboToiugh^ a Tillage of Hampshire Co.
and 339 parishes ; has two cities and 25 market- Va.
towns; and sends 10 members to parliament. QluekMadt, a sea-port of Lower Saxony, capital
The air is shup in the £., or hilly part, called the of the duchj^ of Holstein, vrith a strong castle.
Cotesioold; but very mild in the rich vale that It has a considerable foreign trade, the principal
occupies the centre, through which the riyer branch of which is the whue fishery. It is seated
Severn flows. The W. part which is the small- on the Elbe, near its mouth, 28 m. N. W. of
est district, is varied by hill and dale, and is Hambuig. Long. 9. 29. £., lat 53. 51. N.
chiefly occupied by the forest of Dean, The Olynn, a maritime county of the state of Geor-
staple commodities of the county are its woolens ffia, comprising about 3.050 square m. of territory,
ana cheese. Its principal rivers are the Severn, rop. 4,4o7. Brunswick is the chief town.
Warwickshire Avon. Lower Avon, Wye, Thames, thuseHf or Oneana, in Prussian Poland, con-
Coin, and Lech ; tne Severn and Thames are tains an archbishop's see, whose prelate was pri-
united by a canaJ. The principal manufacturing mate of Poland. It was the first to.wn built in the
towns are Stroud-water, Tewkesbury, and kingdom, and formerlv more considerable than at
Wooton-under-edge, and the other places of present. It is 96 m. K. by £. of Breslau, and 145
note besides the capital and city of Bristol, are W. by N. of Warsaw. Iiong. 17. 40. £., lat. 52.
Cheltenham, Cirencester, and Duraley. 28. N.
Gloucester f a city and capital of the preced- Ooa, a city of Hindoostan, in the Concan, and
ing county. It is a county of itself, governed by the capital of the Portuguese settlements in In-
a mayor, and seated on the £. side of the Severn, dia. It stands on the N. side of an island, 22 m.
where, by two streams, it makes the isle of Al- long, and 6 broad, formed by the river Mandova,
ney. It was fortified with a wall, which Charles whicl& is caiHible of receiving the largest ships.
II. after the Restoration ordered to be demolished. The vicerov s palace was a noble building ; but
The four principal streeti have their junction in this, as well as the city at large, is very much on
the centre of tne town. It once contained 11 the decline. The inhabitants are contented with
churches, but now has only 5 beside the cathe- greens, firuits, and roots, which, with a little bread,
dral, in which is a large cloister, a whispering nee, and fish, are their principal diet, though Uiey
gallery, and the tombs of Robert, duke ot Nor- have hogs and fowls in plenty. Their religion is
mandy, and £dward II. It has five hospitals, the Roman catholic, ana the clergy are numerous
two fi»e-schoo]s, and a large county {ail It has and illiterate. In this place was one of the last
four extensive establishments for tne manufac- refuges of the inquisition; a description of which
ture of pins, and is a great mart for wool, and is given in Dr. Buchanan's Christian Researches,
there are 12 incorporated trading companies. Om has few manufiustures or productions, the
Ships come up by the Severn to the tnridge ; but best trade being in arrack, which is dirtilled firom
the navigation being circuiious and difficult, a ca- the sap of the cocoa-nut tree. The harbour is de-
nal is made hence to Berkeley, with sufficient fendea l^several forts and batteries. It is 250
depth of water for nhips of 400 tons burthen, at m. S. by £. of Bombay. Long. 73. 45. £., lat 15.
the head of whicu is a basin, fit for the reception 31 . N.
of 100 vessels. Berkeley is distant firom QIovl- Ooalparay a town of Hindoostan, at the N. £.
cester 15 m. The city and neighbourhood con- extremity of Bengal, where the £uropeans have
tain many remains of abbeys ; and those of Lan- factors, who carry on a great trade with Asnm,
tony abbey, in the S. suburb, are converted into Bootan, Thibet, &c. It stands on the £. bank of
outhouses belonmng to adjacent fiums. Olouces- the Brahmapootra, 38. m. £. of Rangamatty.
ter is 24 m. N. E. of BristoL and 104 W. by N. of Gfoor, St. a snuul town of Germany, formerly
London. Pop. in 1801, 7,5o9, and in 1821, 9,744. the capital of the lower county of Catzenellenbo-
OtoueesteTf a county of the state of New Jer- gen. It is seated on the Rhine, under the stupen-
sey, extending firom the Atlantic Ocean to Del- •dous rock and castle of Rheinfels. with whicn it
aware river, a distance of fiO m. and is about 20 surrendered to the French, in 1794. It is 25 m.
in mean breiadth, giviiur a superficies of 1^200 sq. S. of CoUentz:
m. It !■ divided into 12 townships. Pop. 28,431. Goal islamdj There is an island of this name in
Woodbury is the chief town. the harbour of Newport R. I. and another at Ni-
OUmcester. a maritime county in tlie £. District agara Falls, which see.
of Virginia, bounded on the S. W. by York riv- Goom, Oroiui, a town of St Domingo, near the
cr, and Chesapeak bay. It contains about 300 sea-coast. It is 10 m. S. S. W. of Leogane.
sq. m. Pop. 10,608. The chief town of the same Gooee, PetU, a sespport of St. Domingo, in the
name stands on a point of land on the N. side of gulf of Gonaves, and the mart to which the tra-
the mouth of York River, 17 m. N. E. of York ders in Grand Goave and other places send their
town, and 70 £. by S. of Richmond. commodities. It is 31 m. W. 'S. W. pf Port au
GUmcester^ a sea-port of Massachusetts, in £s- Prince.
sex county, and on the peninsula of Cape Ann, GoMt, a country of South Africa, on the coast
whichformstheN. side or Massachusetts bay. The of the Atlantic, between the country of Cawms
harbour is accessible for large ships, and deftnd- and Cape Lopez Gonsalvo, under the equator. |
ed b^ a batterv and citadel. It is one of the most The chief town is situated about a day's journey
considerable fishing-towns in the United States, firom the sea. The principal trade ofthe inhabi-.
16 ra. N. £. of Salem. Long. 70. 40. W., lat. 42. tants consists in elephants and ivory.
36. N. Pop. 7,513. QMn, A. See Fere.
Gloucester , p.t. Providence Co. R. I. in the N. GocA, a town of Germany, in the duchy of -
W. corner of the state. Pop. 2,524. Also a vil- Cleves, seated on the Niers, 6 m. 8. of Qeves.
lege in Gloucester Co. N. J. GodU&sim, or OocAaii, a town of Suaviai late-.
OOL III OOM
lyVtoogrvto Wortembetff; but eededtoBa- etn. tlwldiigof Goleondtj^st one timeyittaln
vtrU^ in imi, 521 m. 8. of B&idelberg, and 34. N. tained in his pa^r abore 600,000 soldiers ; bat in
W. tfotnitgitd, 1607 the reiffmng prince became tributary to
Oocianoy a town of Sardinia, capita! of a conn- Amen^ebe. The kin^ had Tastrerennes. aria
ty of the same name, with a castle, sealed on the ing from the properties of land^ cnstoms or mer
Chirgo, 25 m. £. of Algheri. clundises and proyisions, bnt chiefly fimn the dia-
Chdalmxngf a town in Snny, Ens. with mann- mond mines ; lor Goleonda may be called the
factnres of stockings and coarse woden cloths. It country of diamonds. In some districts the in>
in seated on the ^^e, where it divides into seve* habitants have yearly two crops of rice, and sev-
ral streams, 4 m. 6. W. of Gnilfbrd, and 34 of eral other kinds of grain. Hyderabad is the cap-
London, ital.
Godavery, a river of Hindoostan, which has its OoleoKda, a fortress of Hindoostan, in the
source in tne Snkhien mountains, 70 m. to the N, country of ttie same name, 6 m. W. N. W. of Hy-
E. of Bombay. In the upper part of its course is derabad, and joined to that city by a wall of c )m-
esteemed a sacred ri^er by the Hindoos, who call munication. It occupies the summit of a conical
it Gonga, a term for a river in general. After hill, and is deemed impregnable,
crossing Dowlatabad and Goleonda, from W. to « Goiamda, p.v. Pope Co. Ilinois.
E., it turns to theS. £., and receiving the Bain, Gold Coast, a maritime country of Guinea,
about 90 m. above the sea, divides into 2 princi- where the Europeans have several forts and sel-
8al channels at Rajamundry ; and these subdivi- tlements. It is about 220 m. in length from W. to
ing again, form altogether several tide harbours, £., between the rivers Ancobar and Volta ; and
for vessels of moderate burthen, at its difierent includes several districts, in which are two or
mouths in the bay of Bengal. Its course is esti- three towns or villages, lying on the sea-shore,
mated to be above 700 m. and extensive forests of Seven of the districts are dignified with the title
teak timber border on its banks, within the monn- of Kiiicdonis, though they contain but a small ex-
tains, tent orland ^ong ue coast, the chief is Aahantee.
Godingf a town of Moravia, with a fine castle. The natives are generally very rich, as they carry
seated on a branch of the Marsehe, 38 m. S. £. on a great trade with &e £uropeins for gold ;
of Brunn. and many of them are employed in fishing, and
GodmanckesteTf a corporate town in Hunting- cultivating rice, which grows in incredible quan-
donshire Eng. parted from Huntingdon by the tities. This they exchange with others for maize,
river Ouso. It is seated in a rich fertile soil, ^ams, potatoes, and palm oil. Most of the inhab-
which yields great plenty of corn. When James itants go naked ; and those who are best clothed
I. came through it from ScoUand, the inhabitants have only some yards of stuff wrapped about their
met him with 70 ploughs, drawn by as many middle.
team of horses ; for which novel sight he granted QMen Groce^ p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
them a charter. Here is a school called Uie free GoUdhtrg^ a town of Silesia, in the principally
grammar school of Queen Elizabeth. It is 59 m. of Lignitz. It luis manufkctures of woollen and
N. by W. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 1 ,953. linen, and is seated at the foot of a mountain, on the
Goes or Ter Goes, a small town of the Nether- river Katzbach, 11 m. S. W. of Lignitz, and 50
lands, in the island of S. Beveland. It has a con- W. of Breslau. Pop. about 6,000.
siderable^trade, particularly in salt and com. The GoUSngtn, a town of the duchy of Courland,
great church was burnt down in 1648, and anoth- with a castie, formerly the residence of the
er was built, which is a handsome structure. It dukes. It is seated on the Wela, aboutj 18 m.
communicates with the Scheld by a canal, and is from the shore of the Baltic, and 60 m. W. of
10 m. E. of Middleburg. Long. 3.50. £., lat 51. Mittau. Long. 22. 21. E., lat. 56. 48. N.
33 N. Goldsbonmgk, t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 880.
GofiftovrKt n.t. Hillsborongh Co. N. H. on the Gohtta, or GouUtUy a fortress of Tunis, on a
Memmack, 5o m. from Boston. Pop. 2i213. narrow channel, between the lake of Tunis and
Gogatd, a town of SwedenMn E. Gothland, the sea. In 1536 it was taken- by Cliarles V.
near Take Wetter, 23 m. N. N. W. of Linkioping. when he attempted the siege of Tunis, and kept
Go£o, a town of Hindoostan, in Gusetat, wttii* by the Spaniards till 1574, when it was taken from
a good tide harbour, at the mouth of a river, in tnem by Selim H.
the gulf of Cambay, 100 m. S. by W. of Ameda- GolUng, a town of Germany, in the' dttchy of
bad. Long. 71. 53. £., lat. 21. 45. N. Salzbui]g, 14 m. S. by £. of Salzburg.
Goggta or Sarfew, a river which issues frt>m GolnUz, or Gedmut , a poouloua town of Upper
lake Lankee in Thibet,and forcing its way through Hungary, 26 m. N. N. W! of Rascnan.
Mount Himmaleh, pervades tne province of GMnow, a town of Pomerania, seated on the
Oude, in Hindoostan, where it takes a S. E. direo- Ihna, 14 m. N. E. of Stettin,
tion, and unites with the Ganges, above Chnprah, OomJbroon. or Gamhnm, a sea-port of Laristan,
in the province of Bahar. in Persia, called by the natives Bunder Abbaase.
Gohud, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a cir- The best houses are built of brick, flat at the top,
ear of tiie aame name, in the province of Ara, 63 with a square turret; but the common people
m. S. E. of Agra. Long. 78 44. £., lat. 26. 24. have huts, made with the bougha of psim-trees,
N. and covered with leaves. It is now reduced to
GMto, a town of Italy, in the Mantuan, seated a low condition. Long. 56. 10. E., lat. S7. 18. N.
on the liver Mincio, betwen the lake of Mantua Gomera, one of the Canary Islands, 20 m. long,
and that of Garda, 15 m. N. W. of Mantua. and 10 broad. It has a town of the same name,
, OMmvQU, p.v. Caroline Co. Va. with an .excellent harbour, where the Spanish
GoleeiMto, a province of Hindoostan, now caned ships often take in refieahments. Long. 17. 8.
Hyderabad, between the lower parts of the rivers W^ lat 26. 6. N.
Kbtna and Godaveiy, and the principal part of Gomersol, a town of Yorkshire, Eng. 6 m. W.
DdWIatabad. It was formerly caUed TeUinguia, of Huddersfield.
or-TlUhiSg, mM IU itdyectto thenizam of the Dec- Qomrmem, a town of Upper Saxony, with a eae-
I
GOP 33? GOa
iUif litaate near the £Ibe, 7 m. S. E. of Madge- facture, and a celebrated medicinal aprinff. ll
burg. atanda on the rivulet Vils, 22 m. S. £. of Stat-
(SmoiM, a aea-port of the ialand of St. Domin* gard. Pop. upwards of 4,000.
go, in the gulf otGonayea, with an excellent har- Ocra^ot^ a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, 94
our. Here is a medicinal spring, with baths, m. N. £. of Moorahedabad. Long. 89. 22. £., lat.
and accommodations for visitors. It is 30 ra. 8. 25. 14. N.
E. of St. Nicholas-le-mole. Long. 72. 26. W. Oaratmf a town of South Holland, which haa
lat. 19. 36. N. a small trade in com, cheese, and butter. It is
Gonaves, GtiJf of, is formed by two promonto- seated on the Linghe, at its junction with the
ries jutting from the W. end of the island of St Wahal, 20 m.' £. of Rotterdam, and 38 S. of
Domingo ; it is about 100 m. wide at its entrance Amsterdam,
between Capes St. Nicholas-le-mole, and Donna GordonmlUf p.y. Orange Co. Va.
Maria, and extends eastward about 100 m. termi- Gore Idand, hXk island in the Pacific Ocean,
nating in Port au Prince bay, which is formed by so named by captain Cook, who discovered it in
the island of Gonave, about 35 m. from E. to W. 1778. It is 30 m. long, and appeared to be bar-
and 5 to 7 wide ; the N. side into Port au Prince len and uninhabited. Cape upright, the S. E.
bay is called St. Mark's channel, and the S. Go- extremity, is in long. 172. 50. W., lat. GO.
naves channel. , 30. N.
GontLuTf the metropolis of Abyssinia. 'situate on Gores, a small island of Africa, near to, and
a lull of considerable height. The palace of the S. by Cape Verd, of importance only as an al-
neguz, or king, is at the W. end, flanked with most impregnable military position. The French
square towers. The houses are chiefly of clay ; surrendered it to the Britiui in 1800 ; it was re-
the roofs thatched in the form of cones. The in- taken in January 1804, by the French ; and thev
habitants are estimated at 40,000. They have no were compelled to surrender it again in March
shops ; but carry on their trade in a large square, following, but it was given up to them at the gen-
where they expose their merchandise upon mats, eral peace of 1814. Long. 17. 15. W., lat. 14.
There are numerous churches, and the patriar- 40. K.
chate depends upon that of Alexandria. It is 180 Goree, or GoerUf a town of Holland, capital
m. S. E. of Sennaar. Long. 37. 33. £., lat. 12. of an island of the same name, at the southern
31. N. mouth of the Maese. It is 12 m. S. S. W. of
Gamdegama, or Chndtaeommaf a river of Hin- Briel. Long. 3. 56. £., lat. 51. 44. N.
doostan. which rises near Combam, forms the Gcree^ a township in Penobscot Co. Me.
nominal boundary of the Carnatic on the N., and Gorey. See Jfewborough.
enters the bay or Bengal at Mootapilly. Chrgona, a small island of Italy, 16 m. from
Gondrecourt, a town of France in the depart- the coast of Tuscany, opposite Leghorn, near
ment of Meuse, seated on the Ornain, 20 m. 8. of which large quantities of anchoviea are taken.
St. Michael. Gcrgonay an island in the Pacific Ocean, 18 m.
GandrevUU, a town of France, in the depart- from the coast of Colombia. It ia high land,
ment of Meurthe, with a castle and amaffnificent very woodv, and about 10. m. in circuouerence.
hospital. It is seated on a hill, on the river Long. 77. oO. W., lat. 3. 6.'N.
Moselle, 8 m. W. of Nancy. Garham, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,988.
Gontsaty a town of France, in the department Also a p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,977.
of Seine-et-Oise, seated on the Crould, 10 m. N. GorUx, or Goritiaf a town of the Austrian
£. of Paris. empire, capital of a county of its name, with a
GotUeh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, at the S. E. castle. Here are considerable manufactures of
extremity of the Black Sea,' in the lat. of 41. 25., leather, and the environs produce wine, fruit,
and 41. 15. of E. long. com and silk. In 1797 it was taken by the
Oimjah, a kingdom of Africa, between the French. It stands on the Isonzo, on the firontier
coast of Guinea on the S., and Tombuctoo on of Frtuli, 12 m. N. E. of Palma, and 40 W. of
the N. Gonjah, the capital, is 870 m. W. by S. Laubach. See Gradisca.
of Cassina. Long. 6. 10. W., lat. 13. 20. N. Gorkahf the capital of a county of the same
Gooehlandf a county in the Eastern District of name, in Asia^ on the borders of rfapauL 35 m.
Virginia. Pop. 10,3o8. N. W. of Catmunda, and 200 N. of Benares.
Good Hope. See Cape of Good Hope. Long. 84. 36. £., lat. 28. 25. N.
Goodwin Sands, sand-banks oflT the coast of Gortitz, a strong town of Upper 'Lusatia, with
Kent, Eng. between the N. and S. Foreland, a celebrated academy. The inhabitants are above
They run parallel with the coant (or 10 m. at 12,000, and carry on a considerable trade in linen
about 7 m. atstant, and add to the security of the and woolen cloUi. It is seated on the Neissa, 50
capacious road, the Downs. m. E. by N. of Dresden.
GoodtDinsvVUy p.v. Dinwiddle Co. Va. Croroditehi, a town of Russia, in the govern-
GoomtUy a river of Hindoostan, which rises in ment of Penza, 30 m. E. S. E. of Penia.
the Rohilla country, flows S. £. by Lucknow and Gort, a town of Ireland, in the S. part sf the
Joanpore, and enters the Ganges, a little below county of Galway.
Benares. Gomvtx, a town of Silesia, with a ca»tle,
GooraqfooTf a town and district of Hindoostan, near the frontiers of Poland, 14 m. N. of Oels.
in the province of Oude,65 m. £. of Fyzabad. Goshtn^ p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. 42m. fr. Con-
Gooty, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap- cord. Pop. 772.
ital of a district of the same name, on the N. Goshen, a town of Connecticut, in Litchfield
side of the Pennar, formerly subject to the re- eountVj famous for excellent cheese ; 7 m. N. N
S*nt of Mysore, but ceded to the nixam of the W of Litchfield. Pop. 1,732.
eccan in 1796. It is 46 m. S. S. W. of Can- C^&eit, a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop.
oul. Long. 77. 48. £., lat. 15. 15. N. 555 Also a town in Hampshire Co. Mass.
Grmptn^fn, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom Pop 606. Also a town in Orange Co. N. Y.
of Wurtemberg. with a castle, a woolen manu- Pop. 3,361. Also towns in Cape ftuy Co. N. J.,
421 2F
OCT 38B 60Z
Chester Co. Pa., Loudon Co. Va., Lincoln Co. QMUmd^ one of the fi-we general diTisioOi of
Geo., Tofloarawas, Belmont, Champaign and Sweden ; bounded on the N. by Sweden Proper.
Clermont Cos. Ohio, and St Clair Co. ifiinois. £. and S. by the Baltic, and W. b^ the Sound
GosloTf a city of Lower Saxony, in the terri- and the Categat This country is mhabited by
tory of Brunswick. It derives its principal sub- a nation, celebrated for their excursions and
sistencefrom the neighbouring iron mines, man- invasions of other countries, which had itsorijrin
ufactures of brass and copper, and brewing, from the Gets, or Tartars of the Crimea. Ine
Here the art of making gunpowder it said to Goths had kings of their own till 1132, when they
Itave been discovered by a monk. It is' seated on were united to Sweden. It was formerly divided
the river Gose, at the loot of a mountain, call- into £., W. and S. Gothland, but now into 9
ed Rammelsberg, 28 m- S. of Brunswick. Long, provinces and the isle of Gothland and CE-
10. 31. E., lat. 51. 57. N. Pop. about 6,000. land.
Gosportj a fortified town in Hampshire, Eng. GotU4MMd, an island of Sweden, in the Baltic,
«)n the W. side of the harbour of Portsmouth, over 70 m. from K. to S., and 25 in its greatest breadth
which is a ferry. P. has a considerable trade, From its form ana situation it has obtained the
especially in times of war, from its contiguity to name of the Eyeoftkt Baltic. The soil is fertile
the naval arsenal at Portsmouth. Here are sever- and remarkable for an excellent breed 'of sheep,
al breweries, an extensive iron foundery,and a Here are fine woods of oak and pine, quarries cf
royal hospital, called Haslar Hospital, for the siek excellent stone, and very good limestone. Wisb^
and wounded of the royal navv. It is 15' m. S. is the capital. .
B. of Southampton, and 73 S. W. of London. Go</€50er^, a town of Silesia, where great quan-
The pop. which in 1811 was returned at 7,781, titles of worsted stockings are knit, 16 m. S. W
in 18^1 had decreased to 6,184. of Schweidnitz.
Oosportj a township comprisiuff a part of the Got/ tn^en, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
Isles of Shoalsjin FU>ckinffham Co. N. H. Pop. 103. of Brunswick. Here Georffe II. of Great Britain
Gosportf p.t. Elizabeth Co. Va. on Elizabeth founded a university, whicn has acquired a very
river, opi^osite Norfolk. Here is a Navy Yard distinguished reputation : and it contains one
of the United States with a dry dock. of the most capital libraries in Europe. There
ChssweingteinfOT Gossmansteiny *,iovrn of Frni" are also many other literary institutions, and a
conia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the commandery of the Teutonic order. The woolen
Putlach, 20 m. E. S. E. of Bamberg. manufactures are the principal support of the in-
Gotha, a town of Upper Saxony, the capital of a habitants. It is seated on the Leine, 58 m. S.
firincipality of the same name, in Thuringia. of Hanover. Long. 9. 53. £., lat. 51. ^. N. Pop.
t is the residence of the duke of Saxe-Gotha about 9,000.
. whose palace contains a fine Ubrary, and a rich GoUUbtn^ a small town of Upper Saxony, in
cabinet of coins. Near it is the ducal observato- Misnia, on a river of the same name, 18 m. S. S.
ry of Seeberge, the most beautiful and useful in E. of Dresden.
Germany. Gotha has a foundery for cannon, a Gottorp, a castle of Denmark, formerly the
porcelain manufacture, and a considerable trade in ducal residence, firom which the ducal line, fbrm-
woulens, woodland beer. It is seated on the ed by Adolphus, son of Frederic I., was demon!-
Leine, 19 m. W. by S. of Erfurt, and 75 from natea Holstein- Gottorp, which still subsists in
Leipzig. Lonf. 10. 48. £.. lat. 50. 51. N. Pop. the person of the emperor of Russia,
about 12,000; the principatity contains about 50 GoUschee, a town of Lower Camiola, with a
sq. m. and upwards of 80,000 inhabitants. castle, 17 m. N. N. £. of Fiume.
GocAa, ariver of Sweden, which issues from the Govan, a town of Scotland, in Renfrewshire,
S. W. extremity of lake Wener, flows by Trol- near the river Clyde, 5 m. W. of Glasgow, in the
hatta (where it forms a cataract) and Bahus, and manufactures of which city it participates,
enters the Categat at Gottenbuig. , Gcuda^ or Tergimw^ a strong town oi South
* GocAiird, St. a celebrated mountain of Switzer- Holland, celebrated for its noble chuich, and
land, in the canton of Uri. It is 9,055 feet above painted glass windows, supposed to be the finest
the sea, and 22 m. S. of Altorf. lliough not the m Europe. Great quantities of yam and tow
highest mountain^ it is deemed the principal sum- are made here, also good cheese and tobacco-
mit of the Helvetian Alps ; for in its vicinity rise pipes. It is seated on the Issel, at the influx
the rivers Tesino, Aar, Reuss, and Rhone, which of^the Gouw, 10 m. N. £. of Rotterdam,
flow henbe in every direction. Gottlddwnmghy a township of Hancock Co. Me.
Gatheburfrt or Gottenburgt a city of Sweden, Pop. 880.
capital of West Gothland, seated at the mouth of Gaur, the ruins of a city in the province of Ben-
the Gotha, which forms an excellent harbour; gal. It was the seat of government of Hindoostan
the best situate for foreign trade of any in the during the Afghan dynasty, from 1204 — 1564.
kingdom, as it lies on &e Categat. Here is a It is on the E. bank of the Ganges, 160 m. N. of
considerable herring fishery ; anu a great trade in Calcutta.
salt, iron, and fir-planks ; and from this port the Gourdon, a town of France, in the department
Swedish East India ships take their departure, of Lot, 25 m. N. of Cahors. It is the seat of a
The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. Its prefect.
envious present a uniform scene of barren rocks Gotimav, a town of France, in the department
on the side of which part of the suburbs are built, of Lower Seine, seated on the Epte, 24 m. £. of
The interior of the city resemblea in some respects Rouen.
the towns of Holland, having canals with rows of Oouvemeur, a tovmship of St. Lawrance Co.
trees along their margin. In 1802 nearly a N. Y. Pop. 1,552.
fourth part of the city was consumed by a fire. It GowenmoilUf p.v. Greenville District S. C. 120
obtained great importance as a commercial depot m. N. W. Columbia.
during the proscription of Bonaparte in 1807— Goxi, or Gotzo^ an island in the Mediterranean.
1811. It is 180 m. S. W. of Orebro. Long. 11. the ancient Clauda. under which St. Paul sailed
39. £., lat 57. 42. N. on his voyage to Rome. It is 24 m. from the
ORA 839 GAA
8. W. eottt of Ccndia, and veMMk often put in their name from a single hill, the Mom Grampim
here for water and provielona. Lon^. 83. 46. £., of Agricola, wheie Galgacus waited the approach
lat. 34. 50. N. of A^icola, and where the batUe was fought, so
CroxOf a fortified island of the Mediterranean, 5 fatal to the brave Caledonians.
m. N. W. of Malta, and dependent on that island. Gramvaund, a borough in Cornwall, Eng'. with
It is 8 m. long and 4 broad, and more equally fer- a manutacture of gloves ; seated on the Jral, 40
tile than Malta. m. S. W. of Launceston, and 244 W. by S. of
Orakmo, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy London ; it formerly returned two memoers to
of Mecklenhargwith a castle, seated on the Elde, parliament, but was disfranchised at the general
34 m. S. by £. of Schwerin. election in 1820.
Orateikam, p.y. Frederick Co. Mazyland. Crron, a town of Lower Hungary, and an arch
Gradata, one of the Azores, 10 m. long and 8 bishop's see ; seated near the c^nnuz of the Gran
broad. Its produce is wheat, wine, butter, and with the Danube. 70 m. £. S. £. of Presburg.
cheese. The principal place is Plata. Long. 27. Long. 18. 46. £., fat. 47. 46. N.
58., W. lat. 39. 3. N. Groit, or Gran, a sea-port of Arabia, in the
Groduea, a fortified town of Sclavonia, on the province of Bahrin, at the N. W. end of the ffulf
frontier of Croatia, seated on the Save, 20 m. S. of Persia, and on the borders of Irac Arabi, 40 m.
W. of Poaega. Long. 18. 39. £., lat 45. 21. S. of Bassora. Long 47. 45. £., lat. 29. 56
N. N.
Gradisea, a strong town of Friuli, on the con- Granada, See Grenada.
fines of Carinthia, capital of the county united Granada, a maritime province, formerly a
with Goritz, and a bisnop*s see. It is seated on kingdom of Spain, part of Andalusia, having
the Lisonzo, 6 m. S. W. of Gtoritz. Long. 13. 32. about 270 m. or sea coast, on the Mediterranean ;
£.,Iat. 46.2. N. the mean length of the province from W. to £.
Grado, a town of Italy, in a small island of the being about fSi nti, the extreme breadth at the
same name, on the coast of Friuli, 50 m. £. by £. end is about 95 m. but the W. part not more than
N. of Venice. Long. 13. 10. £., lat. 45. 46. N. 30, its superfices not exceeding 805 sq. leagues.
Graf Reynet, the most eastern of the four die- Pop. in 1610 692,924. It is bounded on the E.
tricts, m the territory of the Cape of Good Hope, by the kingdom of Seville, N. by those of Cordo-
boundedon the E. by the county of the Cames va and Jaen, and W. by Murcia. Though a
and N. by that of the Hottentots. mountainous country, the soil is good ; but it has
Gn^ftan, a county of the state of New Hamp- not been well cultivated since the Moors were
shire, bounded on the W. 55 m. by the Connec- expelled in 1492. However, it produces corn,
ticot river, which divides it from the State of Ver- wine, oil, sucar, flax, hemp, excellent fruits, hon-
mont ; it is about 28 m. in mean breadth, and ey, wax, ancTmulberry-trees, which feed a great
contains a pop. of 38,691. Haverhill, on the £. number of silk- worms. The forests produce eall-
bank of the Connecticut is the chief town. nuts, palm-trees, and oaks. It is intersectea by
Grtffton,X. Graflon Co. N. H. 36 m. firom severu streams falling into the Mediterranean,
Concord. Pop. 1^307. Mica in large sheets pop- but the principal rivers run from £. to W. into
ularly termed isinglass, is found in abundance m the Guadalquivir through Cordova and Seville.
this town and exported to foreign parts. Granada was the last province in Spain occupied
Grafton, ^.i. Worcester Co. Mass. 44 m. S. W. by the Moors. The principal towns on the coast
Boston, rop. Ij889. Also a p.t. Windham Co. of the. Mediterranean, begmning at the W. are
Vt. 22 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1,439. Also a p.t. Marbella, Malaga, Almunecar, Motril, Adra,
Rensselaer Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,681. Almeria, and Vera, and in the interior, Granada,
Grain Coast, a maritime country of Guinea, fthe capital) Honda, Velez Malaga, Santa Fe.
extending along the Atlantic about 300 m. be- Guadix*, Baza, Hueacar, and Purchena.
'tween the Sierra Leone country on the W., and Graimda, a city of Spain the capital of the king-
the Ivory coast on the £. The productions are dom of that name, is situated near the confluence
peas, beans, gourds, lemons, oranges, dates, and of the Xenil and the Darro, at the foot of the
palm wine; but the chief article is the abundance highest mountain in the Peninsula, the Sierra
of Guinea pepper, or grains of paradise, which Nevada, and on the verge of that fertile district
form a great mterior and export trade. Cows, called the Vega de Granada. Notwithstanding
hogs, sheep and goats, are numerous. The Portp its vicinity to the snow-clad Alpujarras, the win-
iguese had formerly the whole commerce of this ters are mild in Granada, and the climate is
coast, but it has long been chiefly in the hands of healthy and agreeable. The number of houses is
the English and Dutch. 12,000, and the pop. according to the last census,
Graitz, or Greitx, a town of Upper Saxony, was 68,295. In commerce and splendour the
with a castle on a rocky mountain, and another cit^ has much declined notwithstanding the fer-
in the town. It has manufiustures of stufi^ and is tihty of its territory. It rose to its highest pros-
situate on the Elster, between mountains and perity under the Moors, by whom it was occupied
woods, 10 m. N. of Plauen, and 50 S. of Leipzig, soon after their first invasion of Spain in 711 : it
Pop. i^ut 6,000. became a royal residence in 1013; during two cen-
Oramof, a town of France, 28 m. N. N. £. of turies retained that distinction ; and was not fi-
Cahors. rop. 3,295. nally surrendered to the Spaniards until 14^.
Cframnumt, a town of Flanders, seated on both Of i\a magnificent edifices, the most notable are
sides of the Oender, 18 m. N £. ofTournay. the pala<^ of the Alhambra and the (Jeneralife,
Qramjrian HiUs, a chain of hills in Scotland, or pleasure-house and garden of the Moorish
which extend in a N. £. direction, from the moun- kings. The Alhunbra, with . its 30 towers, alone
tain Ben Lomona Dumbartonshire, through occupies the space of a town, and is situated on a
the counties of Perth, Angus, and Kincardine, hill, fronting tnat called Uie Alcanaza, and sepa-
to Aberdeen ; and thence in a N. W. direction, rated firom it bjr the rapid Darro. The ascent U*
through the counties of Aberdeen, BanfiT, and the Alhambra is through groves of poplars ana
Murray, to the borders of InvernesiB. They take orange-trees, with fountains by the road side.
ORA 340 ORA
The outer walls inclose a large area, surround- oriental ma^ificence, assembled his brilliant court
ing the inner walls ; and a number of tanks or to give audience to the representatives of neigh-
cisterns occupy the space between these and the bouring monarchs !
Moorish palace,— a congeries of buildings chief- The whole floor is inlaid with mosaic. The
j^ remarkable for their mterior decorations. The same kind of omament| but of different patterns,
chambers aie all paved with marble, and oma- covers every part of the walls, interspened with
mented with marbk pillars, sustaining arches of flowers and Arabic inscriptions executed in por-
pure Arabic form : they are adorned with stucco, celain, with exquisite taste, so as to unite and
and with a species of porcelain which freshly re- harmonise exactly with the stucco ornaments
tains its gilding after a lapse of 5 centuries. The that every where abound.
Court of the Lions, so called from the sculptures The most remarkable part of the Alhambra,
which adorn its fountain, has no fewer than 158 for exterior beauty, is thepalace begun bv the
marble pillars. emperor Charles V. in 1537, when he had hoped
The hall of the Abencerrages is so called from to fix his court at Oranada : it is a square bmld-
the massacre of that illustrious tribe, said to have ing, each front being 220 feet in lenj^ ; and
been here perpetrated by Boabdil the last king of though it is roofless, so mild is the climate, thai
Granada. They were the objects of envy to the the marble staircases appear as fresh as if thej
Zegris and the Gomeles, by whom they were were just completed. Fine as the prospect is
falsely accused of treason to the king ; and one from the Alhambra, a still finer is enjoyed from |
of them was charged with illicit intercourse with the Generalife on the opposite hill, wmch was the ,
the queen. In consequence of this charge, the residence of the coortauring the heats of sum-
monarch beheaded 86 of the Abencerrages (or, mer. The rooms are all floored with marble,
according to som^ statements^ 35) in one day. and have streamsof pure water runninj^ throuffh
The sultana committed her defence to 4 Christian them ; a luxury whicn the Spaniards or Granada,
knights, her champions, who each overcame the in imitation of their Moorish ancestors, are fond of
accuser with whom he fought, and vindicated both introducing into their houses. Most of these
her character and that of the noble family which have fountains in the inner courts, with awnings
had been slaughtered. The common people fancy around them, where the inhabitants in hot weath-
that in the alacmster bason, which is in tne centre er take their repasts and receive visits. Granada
of the apartment, they can discern traces of the is an arehiepiscopal see : it has an university, now
blopd of Uiose brave men ; but the unanimous dwindled into insignificance ; forty-one convents,
opinion of enlightened tmvellers is, that these various churches, thirteen hospitals, many re-
ensanguined stains are nothing more than the mains of Moorish magnificence, and a oaiar
effects of time and exposure to he air. called Alcanteria. Its rich territory bears, in
This hall appears to have been a central saloon, perfection, all the products peculiar to the south
communicating with the other apartments of the of Europe. In the stately cathedral are the
palace. Every possible variety of combination tombs of Ferdinand the CatnoUc and his queen
which could be devised by ingenuity, was employ- Isabella ; also that of the renowned warrior
ed to decorate the wall and ceiling, and the style Gonsalvo de Cordova. Granada is in lat. 37. 15.
of execution is the most exquisite that can be N., long. 3. 35. W.
conceived. The lines regularly cross each other Graiuiiia, JV(n0, an extensive territory of South
in a thousand forms, and after manifold windings America, whic.^ comprised all the western part
return to the spot whence they begin. of the new republic of Colombia from the great
The ceiling is equally extraordinary and wortliy river Maranon, or Amazons, to the Caribbean
of admiration ; it represents a series of grottoes Sea ; this part of the western hemisphere was
from which depend stalactites> painted of various first explored by Ojeda and Amerifo Vespucci,
colours. in 1508, and became completely subdued to Span-
The €k>lden Saloon, so termed by the Arabs ish rule under a captain general, in 1547. In
from the profusion of ^Id ornaments which it 1718 it was formed into a viceroyalty ; restored
contained, was appropnated to the reception of to a captain generalship in 1724 ; but in 1740, the
ambassadors, from which circumstance the Span- viceroyalty was re-established and oontinued un-
iards have designated it La Sala de los embaxado- til 1816. In December 1819, an union was ef-
res. It is situated in the lofty toveer called the feoted with Venezulea into one republic, under the
Comaresh ; is 36 feet square, and 64 feet 4 inches name of Colombia^ (whiek sse).
high, from the floor to the highest part of the ceil- Granard, a neat town of Ireland, in the county
ing. The walls are, on three sides, fifteen inches of Longford, 16 m. E. N. £. of Longford. Pop.
thick, and on the fourth side nine. The lower in 1820, 2,534.
range of windows is thirteen feet in height. The Grofi^, a township of Essex Co. Vt. Pop. 97
grand entrance to this noble hall is through an Also a p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,06<.
arched doorway, admirably finished, and embel- Also a p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. 2,730. Also
lished with flowers and arabesques in stucco : a p.t. Oswego Co. N. T. Pop. 1,4^. Also a vil-
they were blue and gold, but the gilding is now lage in Lexmgton District South Carolina, seat-
almost entirely effaced. Over the principal door ed on the Congaree, on the contrary side to Co-
is an Arabic inscription, which appears to have lumbia, about a m. below that city. It is noted
been executed in a style corresoonding to the rest for a curious bridge, whose centre areh is lUU
of the edifice : it is taken, with the exception of feet wide, to give passage for large trees which
its concluding sentence, from the Koran. On en- are brought down by the floods,
tering the Hul of Ambassadora, the beholder is Orand Island, in Niaglura River, N. Y. is about
lost in astonishment at the exquisite taste and ele- 6 m. long and 3 broad. It has a good soil and is
gance of execution which characterise eveiy generally covered with trees,
part of it ; and if thus superb, even in its pre- Grand Ms, a county of Vermont eonsistisg
sent deserted sUte, observes Mr. Murphy, how mostly of the islands in Lake Champlain, Pop.
resplendent must this golden saloon have been, 3,696. North Hero is the capital. There is a vu
when the sovereign, arrayed in all the pomp of lage of the same name in this county.
ORA Ml GRE
Onmd Lick, p.T. Osmpbell Co. Kentaeky. (Mu»« la, a town of France, in th« department
Ormmdmomtf a t»WB or Frenoe, in the depart- «t Aade, on the river Othien. Pop. 1,244.
ment of Upper Vienne. Near it was a celebrated QnUis, a villa^ in Preble Co. Ohio.
abbey, soppreesed in 1709, after the death of the OratXf a fortified town of Germany, capital of
then prdweeed members. It is 15 m. N. N. E. Lower Styria, and a bishop's see. Iiere are
ofLimoffes. many churches, and a fine arsenal. The castle
QrmJMmHtmf an island at the entrance of the stands on ^ rock, and is a strong place. Grats is
bay of Fondy, the S. end of which is in lat 44. seated on the W. side of the Muer, over which is
43. N., and 67. of W. long. ', it is included in the a brid^ie to an extensive suburb. The inhabitants
province of Nova Scotia. are estimated at 35,000. In 1797 it was taken by
GrMMl|»r0, a town of France, in the department the French. It is 88 m. S. S. W. of Vienna,
of Ardennes, seated on the Ayre, 32 m. £. of Long. 15. 26. £., lat. 47. 4. N.
Rheims. ChraudaUf a town of Prussian Poland, on the
Qrmnd View, a township of Washington Co. £. bank of the Vistula, *8 m. N. of Culm, and
Ohio. 55 8. of Dantzio. Pop. about 8,000.
Orangtnumih, a village of Scotland, in Stirling- Orave, a stronff town of Dutch Brabant, on the
shire^ at the junction of the Great Canal wim left bank of the Maese, bevond which there is a
the river Cairon, 4 m. N. £. of Falkirkjjn which fort. It has been often taken. It is 8 m. S. S.
parish it is included. Upwards of 40,000 tons of W. of Nimeguen.
shipping are annually entered here, belonging Orave Creek, p. v. Ohio Co. Va.
either to the foreign or coasting trade. GraceUnes, a small sea-port of France, seated
OranFer, a county of £ast Tennessee. Pop. at the mouth of the Aa, defended by Fort Phi^ip,
1,066. Tlutledge is the chief town. Akolowns 12 m..E. of Calais. Pop. 2,570.
in Cuyahoga and Medina Cos. Ohio. ' Graveiutti, or Grayenau, a town of Bavaria, in
Granisf,. a town of Brandenburg, in the Mid- the principality of rasBau,-«n the river Sa^. 16
die Mark, 30 m. N. of Berlin. m. N. of rassau.
Graiuoi*, a town of Switzerland, in the Pays de Gravenwert, a town of Bavaria, in the upper
Vaud. It stands near the S. end of the lake of palatinate, 17 m. N. of Amberff.
Neufbhatel, 16 m. W. S. W. of Neufchatel. Oravesande, a town of Souw Holland, where
GtmU, a county of Kentuckvy £. of the Ken- the ancient counts of Holland formerly resided,
tucky river. Pop. 2,967. Williamstown is the It is about 4 m. from the sea, and 6 W. by S. of
capital. « Delft.
OrmUham, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. Gr«9e9«n<<, a town in Kent, En^r. It stands on
The church is an elegant structure with a very the S. bank of the Thames, and is the common
loftv spire. A canal passes hence to the Trent landing and embarking place for seamen and
at Nottingham. Grantham is seated on the passengers to and from Loudon; and here all
Witham, 30 m. S. by W. of Linooln and 110 N. outward bound vessels stop to be examined by
by W. of Ifondon. It returns two members to the custom-house ofilcers, and to receive their
parliament The population which in 1801 was clearances : and inward vessels deliver in their
3,303, in 1821 was 4,148. manifests, it being the boundary of the port of
Crrantkam, L Sullivan Co. N. H. 45 m. N. W. London. A great part of it was burnt down, with
Concord. Pop. 1,079. the church, in 1727 ; the latter was rebuilt as one
GnuUmriUe, p.v. Greene Co. Geo. of the 50 new churches. It is called the corpo-
GranmUe, a town of France, in the department ration of Gravesend and Milton, these two places
of Manche, seated on the £ngUsh channel, in the .beinff united under the government of a mayor,
bajr of St. Male, partly on a rock, and partly on a The latter place is a m. E. of the other, and has
plain, 15 m. S. oy W. of Coutances,and25 N. £. a blockhouse over against Tilbury fort. They-
of St. Malo. Pop. 7,030 ; it carries on a consid- were incorporated bv oueen Elizabeth ; but, long
erable traffic with the Island of Jersey. before, Ricnard 11. naa granted them the ezclu-
GroKoiUe, a county of North Carolina. Pop. sive privilege of conveying passengers to Londofi
19,343. Oxford is the chief town. in boats. Gravesend is famous for asrangus and
QratveiUe^X, Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 1,662. other vegetables, with which most of the ships
Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,889. outward bound on long voyages supply them-
AIso towns in Licking Co. Ohio. Monongahela selves ; and the chief emplovment of ue labour-
Co. Va., and a Seignory of Comwallis Co. Lower ing people is the spinning or hemp, to make nets
Canada. and ropes. It is 2^ m. £ . S. £. of London. Pop.
GrasUtx, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of in 1821, 3^14, and of Milton 2,769.
^Saaz, famous for its manuftcture of brass, 15 m. Graviiui, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
i«. W. of £lbogen. 32 m. W. S. W. of Bari. It has nine churches
Gragmere-ioater, a small lake of Westmoreland, and a Pop. of about 9.000.
£ng. W.of Ambleside. Its margin is hollowed mto (Tray, a town of Irsjioe in the department of
sm^l bays, with bold eminences ; some of rock, Upper Saone^ It has a trade in iron, and is seat-
some of turf, that half conceal and vary the figure ed en the Saone,.S5 m. N. £. of Dijon. It is the
of the lake. A low promontory projects ftr mto seat of a prefect. Pop. 6,584.
the water ; and on it stands a white village. Cfray, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 1,575.
Grason, au island in the gulf of Bothnia, near Grayton, an interior county of Kentucky,
Uie coast of Sweden, 15 m. long and 2 broad, bounded on the S. by Green river. Pop. 3,879.
Long. 18. 20. £., lat. 60. 12. N. Litchfield is the chief town. Also a county of
Grosfs, a townof France, in the department of the Western District of Virginia, bordering on
Var, and lately a bishop's see. It has a trade in North Carolina; it is intersected by New River
dry fruit, oil, perfumes, and tanned leather, and which runs from S.to N. into the Ohio. Pop. 7.675.
IS seated on an eminence, 11 m. W. N. W. of Gretidey, a village 7 m. N. W. of Nottingham,
Antibes, and 20 W. by S. of Nice. It is the seat £ng. ' ^ ^ .
of a prefect. Pop. 12,553. Great Britam, an ishmd on the western coast of
9r2
1
ORE MS ORE
Europe, compruing Enfflftnd, Wales and Scotland, wide. Ite beaatifiil banki are maeh frequented in
This island and the neif|rhbourinfl one of Ireland rammer. It emboaoms seTeral islands, and its
constitute one kingdom called the United Kingdom waters are subject to yiolent agitations without any
of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great apparent cause. In Scotland are many lakes, the
Britain is the largest in Europe : its extreme length most noted of which is Lock Umond^ 90 m. long
ii about 580 miles : in the south it is 370 mues and two to three wide.
broad ; at the centre 80 : and near the centre of The rigors of winter, and the heats of summer,
Scotland 180. It is situated between 49. 57. and 58. are much less felt in Great Britain than on the
43. north latitude, and between 35. and 8. 34. west continent under the same parallel. The winds
longitude firom Paris. Its surfece contains 11,400 from the sea, temper seasons the most cmposite.
leagues. Its eastern and southern shores are less but the Tariations of temperature are sndoen and
deeply indented than the western : they are con- frequent If the northern regions are fkTorable to
sequently bolder. There are no islands upon the the growth of Tegetables, the stale of the atmos-
eastem coast, and upon the southern none except phere is often an obstacle to their maturity : rains
that of Wight and two others of inconsiderable destroy the too early expectation of a plentiful crop
size : on the west are those of Sicily elsewhere de- Moreover, in the north there are wide tracts of
scribed, Anglesey, Man, Arran, Da, Jura, Mull, barren territory, and on the eastern coast, sand and
Tiry, Egg, Rum, Sky, the Hebrides and Orkneys, marshes oppose an obstacle to fertility. The most
In the south the largest bay is that of Exeter. In fertile distncts are in the centre and south.
the east are. beginning at the south, the sandy The most useful plants and animals have been
bay of the Thames ; the Wash, where the little imported from the continent at difierent periods
stream called the Glen meets the sea; the frith into the British Islands. At the most ancient
which receives the H umber; the friths of Forth, period, England was covered with virgin forests
Murray and Dornoch. On the western coast are like the wilds of America : the food of &e inhahi-
the friths of Clyde and Solway ; the bays of More* tants consisted of acorns, apples, nuts and tierries :
caml>e and Arlech, and the Bristol Channel, which bears, wolves, and wild ooars ranged undisturbed
receives the Severn. among these vast solitudes : the deer fed in the
The mountains of this island compose three woods and the wild bull in the plains. The beasts
croups : the first toward the north is formed by the of prey have disappeared ; the deer only is reserv*
highlands of Caithness and Inverness ; of this ed to afibrd a sport to the rich, and no other of the
group the Orkneys, the Hebrides, Sky and MuU wild quadrupeos remain but the small tribes which
are me extremities : The second consists of the find a shelter in the mountains and forests. A
Grampian Hills and some other eminences which goat is almost a rarity throughout the island, ex-
terminate at the friths of Forth and Clvde : The cept in Wales, where they approach somewhat to
third comprises the Cheviot Hills and the broken a savage nature : the Welsh take great delight in
surface of^ Wales and the south part of the island, huntiz^ them ; they prefer the he-goats as luiving
The first group does not rise above 2,500 feet : the the best fet and skin : the horns of this animal are
highest eminence in the second attains to 4 ,370. and sometimes three feet in lengtii. Most of the
in the third a few summits rise to 2,500 and 3,000 domestic animals of Scotland are smalLbut their
feet. flesh is savoury and highlv esteemed. The island
There are no basins of great extent. The hills of Great Britain contained in 1821 a pop. of 14,158,
of Caithness, and the Grampian chain form the 815. Adding to this the pop. of Ireland which is
one most northerly: the most considerable and 6,801,800, ^ives a total of^20,963,513. for the pop.
rapid river of this basin is the Spey which flows of the United Kingdom. The total pop. of^the
with a swift course, and with much obstruction British empire throughout the world is estimated
from cataracts into Murray Frith. The southern at from 140 to 150 millions. The national debt of
ramifications of the Grampians form with the Great Britain in 1830 was iC804 ,860,1 88 sterling.
Cheviots an extensive basin through which flows The shipping of the kingdom amounts to 2«5(w,
the Forth : this river in a course of 60 leagues 000 tons. The imports are valued at 43 milUona
traverses an extent of meadows, forests, and fer- sterling, the exports 57 millions. The yearly man-
tile plains, and its waters abound in excellent nsh. ufectures of cotton 20 millions ; of woolen 18 mil-
The Moorlands and a few other hills surround the lions ; of silk 10 millions. The whole amount of
vast basin of the CHcm, which under the name of property in the British empire is estimated at 4,096
Ure rises in the valley of Wensley, flows to Ays- millions sterling.
SLrth, where it forms a beautiful cascade, takes The geographical position of the British Islands
e name of Ouse afier receiving the Swale, and the has necessarily raised the commercial power of the
name of Humber upon joining the Ocean. The United Kingdom to a degree of prosperity beyond
ridge which forms the southern limit of this basin, anything which antiquity exhioits to us. U has
bounds on the north that of the most important lonf been customsry to compare the naval powe;
river of Great Britain, the Thames. The basins of Great Britain to that of Carthajje, but nothing
of the southern face of the Island are too small to will establish the pretended resemblance. Seated
S've rise to any considerable stream. Those on upon a continent, Great Britain would never have
e western face are of small extent except that attained the preponderance she now exercises,
traversed by the Severn : this basin is formed by If her two great islands formed but one, the same
the highest mountains of Eniriand and Wales : the advantages would not have arisen. The extent
Severn rises at the foot of rlinlitnmon and runs of her coasts maintains an immense maritime pop-
into the Bristol Channel. The basin of the Clyde ulation, and removes the apprehension of any
in Scotland, is narrow, but worthy of notice for rival in the empire of the seas,
the beautiful falls of this river, one of which near The secret or the English power first besan to
Stone Byres is 84 feet perpendicular. The region be understood by Elisabeth. Cslled to the throne
watered by this stream is one of the most romantic, at a period when the religious reformation which
fertile, and populous in the whole country. marked an important era, as political reformation
The lakes or Great Britain are small ; the largest characterizes the present, ban been obstructed in
in England is Loch Lomond 30 m. long and 8 its progress under the short and bloody reign of
GRB 343 GRE
Mai7,thi0gf«fttprtneeM placed henelfat the head Anne the daoffhter of James 11, in placing
of the movement w^ch had drawn all minds with- Marlboroiurh at the head of the army, saw the
in its influence. Unjust and cruel towards Mary national glorj revive in the victories of Blenheim
Stuart, the political (ufficulties of her situation can and Ramillies, while the battles of Oudenarde
Jiardlj palliate the enormity of her crime, but in and Malplaqnet caused that of Almanza to be for-
other respects we cannot too much admire the gotten. Under her reign, Newfoundland, Hud-
graddeur of her conceptions. It was she who laid son*s Bay, Minorca, and Gibraltar, were acknowl-
the foundations of the English power : who first edged to belong to the English. Conformable to
despatched ships to circunmavigate the globe, and the act of succession, the house of Brunswick Air-
wh(K after sendins colonies to both< Indies, laid nished, in 1714, a new dynasty to Great Britain,
the foundation of that companjr of merchants who Geoige I. and George it. had to struggle against
rule over nearly an hundred millions of people in the bold enterprises of Charles Edward, the grand-
the East. Skilful in turning the peculiarities of son of James II. till the battle of Cnlloden, which,
the English constitution to her advantage, she in 1746, overthrew the party of the Pretender, and
had the talent to govern despotically without of- delivered England from civil war, and the fears
fending the nation, to restore order and economy of a new revolution. Toward the middle of the
among the finances, and to give a new impulse to reign of George I, the private fortunes of many
trade and commerce. The accession of James individuals were ruined by the South Sea scheme,
VI, of Scotland, to the English throne, under the as it happened in France at the same time, from
name of James 1, was attended with the advantage the financial system of Law. The reign of George
of uniting without violence, two crowns which the II, longer and mureabounding in importantevents,
common interest should have placed on the same witnessed the renewal of Uiat rivalry between
head. His rei^ was disturbed by plots which Great Britain and France, which had subeeouent^
ceased only with the Stuarts, but exterior quiet ly such important effects upon the political sys-
favoured tne operations of tiaile. Charles I, after tem of Europe. The former consoled herself for
sundry acts of^ uidecision, weakness, and despo- tlie loss of the battle uf Fonteuoy^and the disaa-
tism, died upon a scaffold, before the eves of a ter8ofth«DukeofCumberlandinl>landers,byher
people who nad learned by the tragical end of successes on the ocean and in India, and by the
Lady Jane Grey and Mary Stuart, to witness the capture of the island of Goree,and the conquest of
fall of a crowned head without shuddering. Under Gaudaloupe and Canada.
the protectorate of Cromwell, the En^ish navy Under these favourable auspices Qtotf^e III.
attained to a degree of power and reputation, which succeeded to the throne of his grandfather m 1760.
earned a title of glory not to be withheld firom this Born in England, he possessed a gpreat advantage
cruel and crafly usurper. over his predecessor, and was the idol of the na-
Charles II, restorea to the throne of his anees- tion. A war which had broken out in 1755, between
tors, confirmed the abolition of the feudal laws, France and England, was continued for three
encouraged commerce and aericultuxe, and found- years loneer, and when the former had suffered
ed the Royal Society of London ; but his luxuries the loss of her fleets, and the latter so fiur exhaust-
and pleasures led him into foolish expenses, to ed her finances as to be no longer able to raise
met which he espoused the Infanta of Portugal soldiers without difficulty, the treaty of 1763 fol-
with the sole desire of enjoying her rich dowry, lowed. Great Britain retained Canada, the island
He sold Dunkirk to France tor 25,000 pounds of Cape Breton, Dominica, Grenada, Tobago, St.
sterling, and compromised the interests of Eng- Vincent, and Senegal, but these acquisitions in-
land by joining Louis XIV, in the undertaken to creased her debt tenfold, and the sum now
destroy tne Dutch power. His despotism and ex- amounted to 134 millions sterling. This was no
tortious prepared a new revolution, nhich was favourable time for diminishing the taxes, and
accelerated by the pretentions of the Jesuit party, sUll less so for increasing them, particularly by
and the distrust of the protestants : victims on imposing burdens upon colonies so important
both sides fell upon the scaffold, and James II, in as those of North America, atad who reonired
the midst of these troubles, forerunners of civil so much forbearance. These colonies had always
war, succeeded his brother, shocked the prejudices possessed the right of taxing themselves in their
of the nation upon political and religious liberty, provincial assemblies. The British parliament
and fled from the kinsdom at the approach of in 17^, passed an act for coUectinff stamp-duties
William of Orange. Enlightened bv the experi- in America, but this attempt fiufing in oonse-
ence of the past, the parliament, in decreeing the «{nence of the spirited resistance of the Americans,
crown to the sbn-in-iaw of James, drew up the it was renewed in another form by impoaing a
celebrated Bill of Rights, which restrained the duty on tea imported fh>m England : tiie Colo-
royal power within its just limits ; the two houses nies be|pn reprisals by refining to make use of
retained the management of the public expenses, any British imports, and the Bostonians threw
and tlie king that of the civil lists. In vain Louis the tea into the sea. The mother country scorned
XIV, actuated by his attachment to the catholic the medium of concession and took up arms. The
religion, generosity towards an unfortunate prince, colonies assembled in a national congress, de-
and hatred of <William, placed at the command of claied the country an independent ,sovereign state,
James his money, soldiers, and ships : the battles made preparation &r war and placed Waukington
of the Boy ne and Aghrim, in which this prince at the head of the army. Victory, long time un-
showed neither the courage nor presence of mind decided, at length inclined to the «de of the
so necessary to a king, took awav from him the Americans, and in 1778 France made a treaty
hope of ever reconquering his throne. Finally with the new confederation, and agreed to defend
atU'r a reign of thirteen years, in which, for the their cause : this was a declaration of war aeainst
maintenance of expensive wars with France, he England : the struggle was obstinate and bloody,
was obliged to resort to loans, William died, leav* ana the successes Mianced, as shown by the treaty
ing the kingdom burthened with a debt of 48 mil- of peace in 1783 by which Great Britam ceded to
ions of dollars, or ten times the amount of the France Tobago, the banks of the Senegal^ and
debt in 1668. Mme districts in the neighboriiood of Pondieher-
844 GRE
«
rji fdflCoMd her ocMiqaetts ftom Hum power, and tioned by the TOtes of botbhooMs. The ]dng
her ally, Sraia, and abandoned the demolition of may increase not only the nomber of fjeen, but
Dunkirk. France alaoj^ve up her oonq[ae8t8, and even that of the oommonsj by anthorinng a city
the consequence of thie treaty was the acknowl- to retom membera to (larhanient. He arriyee at
edgement of the independence of the United mafority at the age of eighteen, and on hia accet'
States. The events worthy of note in the aflkirs aion to the throne most sanction all the laws
of England down to the suoseqnent ruptnre.with passed daring his minority. Females «rwell as
France are, abroad, the conouest of half the do- males possess a hereditai^'^ nght to the crown,
minions of Tippoo Saib in Inaia, and at home, the The responsibility of the ministers, not an empbr
progress of relinoos toleration^ the extension of phrase in England, secures the iuTiolability of
« ard by the virtuous Wilberforce. adoptea by the his direction the taxes, the custom house, the
commons, and rejected by the loras. stamp office and the post office ; — the Secretary
But the principles which ^ve rise to the French of State for foreign affiurs ; — ^the Home Secretaiy,
revolution were now proclaimed with enthusiasm who has the direction of colonial afiairs excepting
in the political societies of Great Britian, and the those of the East Indies, — and the Secretary at
parliament adopted the bill for the exclusion offer- War whose authoritjr extends oyer the concerns
eigners, and prohibited the exportation of com to of India. A council is organised to examine
France. The latter comnlained of the violation whatever relates to Indian afiairs, and another
of the commercial treaty or 1 787. but Great Britain superintending the business of commerce and the
dismissed the French ambassaoor and organized colonies, is composed of enlightened individnaJa
against that power in 17^ the first coalition, of who combine among themselves the interests of
wnich she herself war the soul, and which was agrioulture, indust^ and commerce, and studv
composed of nearly the whole of Europe. The unceasingly the wants and tastes of every peo|m
victories of the French broke up this alliance, and for the purpose of making them in aome war sub-
rendered France more powerml than ever. Eng- servient to British indus^. The House or Com-
land stirred up a secona coalition in 1799, but was mons consists of 656 members, of whom 489 rep-
herself forcea into a peace, and the treaty of resent England, 24 the principality of Wales, 45
Amiens ^as si^ed in 1803. A new coalition arose Scotland, and 100 Ireland,
under her auspices in 1805, and new victories and At the present moment Great Britain is ap-
new aggrandizements on the side of the French at preaching a fearfiil crisis. Her trade is embar-
the expense of their neighbors were the result In rassed, her subjects disaffiscted, and her political
1807 tne fourth English coalition was broken by institutions threatened by the example of popular
the treaty of Tilsit. In 1809 a fiflh was formed, revolt in the neighboring countries. The Whigs
and ended in the treaty of Vienna by a new ac- have once more come into power, and a ministry
quisition of territory ror France. Finally after preside in the national councils whose avowed
a perseverance which exhibits in a striking view and leading object is to efiect an essential change
the power of England , and the immense resources in the government. A struggle for life and death
within her reacb, the sixth coalition, renewed has commenced between the popular and aristoc
in 1813, terminated in the fall of the French em- ractical bodies. The checks and baknces which
pire, the restoration of the house of Bourbon, and political theorists have been accustomed to oon-
the treaty^ of peace concluded at Paris in 1814. aider as a part of the British constituUoo, have
The British constitution, is, a piece of mosaic begun to give distinct evidences of their conffict-
work belonging to different epochs: it is the ing tendencies ; and the hostile operation ofdis-
Geat charter of Henry I, modified a century cordant elements seems to promise coUision and
ter and forced upon the acceptance of kin^ not equilibrium. The whole aspect of affidrs is
John. It is the charter confirmea with great af such as to warrant the belief that the present gov-
teralions by Henry III, and sanctioned iiy £!d- emmentof Great Britain cannot last,
ward I. Its completion is the Declaration of Qreat Banitt^n^ p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass.
of Rights in 1688. It possesses however, the ad- Pop. 2,276.
vanti^ of not impedmg the developement of Qreat Bay, a lake in N. H. formed by the
any social faculty, of securing every liberty, by waters of the Swamscot, Winnicot and Lam-
the unrestrained exercise ot that of tne press, and prey rivers. It is 4 m. wide. — ^Another lako
of exalting the character of the subject by placing connected with the Winipiseogee.
his Ufe and property under the sareguard of the GrsiciuCem, a town of Germany, in Lower
laws. The kin^ of Engl&nd joins to the dignity Hefse. on the river Esse, 12 m. N. N. W. of
of supreme mag;istrate, that of head of the church. Cassel.
The fi)rmer gives him the right of making Greece, a territoiy of the S. E. extremity of
and militaxy, and the chief Ecclesiastical digni- and the east, and extended its arta and its arms
taries, and pardoning or commuting the punish- eastward to the banks of the Indus. As the glo-
ment of criminals : the latter jgives him power to ry of Egypt declined, that of Greece rose to its
convoke national and provincial synods, who un- meridian, to be eclipsed in its turn by the as-
der his approbation, established dogmas and die- cendancy of Rome, till in the 15th century it be-
eipline. The parliainent enjoys the prerogative came tributary to the Turks. The main land of
or proposinar laws, but no law has any vAdity Greece extends from the lat. of 36. 25. to 42. N.
of «»law .4iU imder thia ftrm' they have been saao- Livadia, and the Peloponnesus, exclusive of
ORE 815 ORE
Ulud of Candk, and the Aiehipeltco. Under thus, u we lemoye from Hemns, the range be*
the Tiirke it was divided into four pacnalioa, viz. comes gradually irregnlar. or terminates in de
Salonica, Joannina, £|^poe or Negropont, and >tached nilk ana abmpt rocks ; the marks of those
TripoUna. changes and reTolutions which have altered the
It will be proper, before we speak of modem or surface of oar globe are apparent in the south oi
Independent (jreece, first to describe the whole of Greece.
the country^ in Europe inhabited by the descendants It has been maintained that there are some ve*
of the ancient Oreeks. This region is a sort of rv hiffh mountains in the Archipelago, a learned
peninsula lying between the Archipelago and the* dreei physician declares that the summits of the
Ionian sea. Its northern bounoary is rather mountams in the island of Andros are covered all
indefinite. the year with snow. If that statement were cor
Pindus, now Metcova, is probably the nucleus rect, it might be concluded that the most elevated
of the mountains in the Greek peninsula; its points in Uie whole of Greece are situated in that
rocks, forests and poetic fountains have of late island ; philosophers might expect to find there
given rise to many interesting observations, but the remains of an immense volcano, an Etna that
Its elevation is still unknown. The numerous val- has been extinguished for ages. So extraordina*
lies on its sides are covered with trees ; snow falls rv a &ct requires to be confirmed by better evi-
generally during the month of October on all its dence before it can be generally believed ; the an-
summits, and two of them, Dokimi and Peristera, thor may have perhaps confounded these moun-
are covered with snow almost the whole year ; tains with others in Euboea.
their height may be vajruely estimated at eight or The vale of Tempo extends from the south-west
nine thousand feet. The mountains of Epirusex- to the north-east, its length is about forty stadia
tend to the shores of the sea ; Thessal^ is encom- or a league and a half; its breadth, although in
passed with hills, and forms an amphitheatre on general a stadium and a half, is in one .place not
which seventy-five towns were in ancient times more than a hundred feet. The calm streams of
built. the Peneus water the valley under the shade
CMympuB or the modern Lacha is not, according of poplars or plane trees, near rocks overspread
to Aenagoras, more than 5,760 feet ; according witii ivy, and green and fertile hills ; severaJ ver-
to Bemottilli it is 6,120 hi^h ; its rugged and pre- dant and beautiful islands have been discovered
cipitous rocks give it a picturesque and sublime on the river, but its banks are suddenly contract-
appearance ; the pass of Platamona on the north ed, rocks are confusedlv heaped on rocks, and its
of Olympus, is encompassed withperpendicular streams are precipitated with a loud noise across a
rocks, that rise to the height of 3,000 feet; the fa- narrow pass, but beyond it the waters resume
mous pass of Thermopyle is not so imposing, but their tranquil course, and mingle with the sea.
neither can vie with the one in the ancient Meg- The following tradition was very generally be-
aris, between the Scironion rocks and the Salon- lieved in ancient times ; the Peneus, it is said,
ic gulf. Dark and steep rocks hang above the sea, having at one period no outlet, formed a great
the waves resound beneath their rase, the travel- lake, which covered a part of lliessaly, particu-
ler walks along a narrow path near these precipi- larly the Pelasffie plain to the south of Larissa.
ces, and appears suspended between the ocean and The valley of li'empe was opened by an earth-
the sky. quake, the lake flowed into tne sea, and the dry
The erect and steep summits of the ancient Und gradually appeared. The inhabitants of that
Parnassus or the present Liakoura are very lofty, region institutea a festival to commemorate an
but although they hare been seen by many trav- event by which the face of their countrv had
ellers, they have heen measured by none. The been changed. Theophrastus having observ*
middle districts of the Peloponnesus form an ele- ed that the climate of Thessaly was colder in his
vated ridge, and several mountainous groups arise time, attributes it to the artificial channels, by
from it ; of these Culmos or the ancient Cyllene means of which the stagnant waters, had been
is said to be the highest central point, and Cape drained; some of the poets corroborate thatopin-
Matapan or the ancient Tenarus, which extends ion, and claim for Hercules the glory of having
farthest to the south, forms the southern extremi- opened a passage for the Peneus. According to
ty of the European continent. some authors, Uie deluge in the time of Deuca-
The coasts or Albania descend gradually towards lion extended over the whole earth; it is more
the gulf of Drino, and rise Bud£nly near the en- generally supposed to have been a partial inunda-
trance of the Adriatic. Rocks are heaped above tion of Thesnly, which lasted three months ; it
rocks, .their summits reach to the clouds, their may be accounted for by admitting that the chan-
sides are rent by lightning, the sea which wash- nel of the Peneus was blocked either by an earth-
es them b always tempestuous, and the shores quake during which some rocks were overturned
are covered with the wrecks of vessels. Such and thus formed an efi^tual barrier for its course,
are the Acroceraunian mountains, so much dread- or by excessive rains, which occasioned a sudden
ed by the ancients ; they are now better known and extraordinary augmentation of its waters,
by the name of the Monte de Chimera. The cave of Trophonius, a long time the abode
The coasts of the Ionian islands are for the most of superatition, is still to be seen in Bcetia, and
part very steep, the calcareous rocks of Leucade that of Corycius is situated to the north of Del-
rise from the bottom of a deep and stormy sea ; phi ; although very deep, almost the whole of it
they were the cause of much alarm to mariners is illumined by the light of day ; it is so large that
in the time of iBneas and Ulysses, they are con- all the inhabitants of Delphi went to it for shel-
sidered dangerous even in the present day. ter durins Uie invasion of Xerxes. Every part in
The island of Candia or Crete is supposed to the neighoourhood of Mount Parnassus abounds
be a continuation of the mountainous districts in caverns, which were held in great veneration
which extend along Greece and the Peloponne- by the common people; it has been supposed that
sus, and the Cyclades are said to be the scattered mephitical vapoun issued fh>m the spiracles near
fragments of two small chains, the one of which the celebrated cave of the oracle, above which the
extends from Athens, the other from Euboea ; pythoness sat on the sacred tripod ; the natural
9^
efr«ct of the eihalationa wu to oecuton canTnl-
giona and those ecat&ciei which hare sccompanied
in every sge the gilt of prophecj.
Greece u BJtiuted beLween tvo Ku, and is not
far Ihut reuon exposed to eiceuiTe dronzhts;
but the cotd is ofWn more intense than in Italy
or Spun, and the cause ia owing to its being on two
sides wiUi the ^al range of the continent,the tem-
perature of which in equal paraJlels is always low-
er tawaida the ceutre, and also to iU proiimily to
Iwoneat mountainous chains ,Hnmuis and Taurna.
TBe lemperatare of Greece varies greatly in
different districts, it haa beea said that the cll-
matfBof all the legioni in Enrope an concen-
trated in that coanti; ; the waten of the Dan-
ube and the Hebrus are frozen in winter ; the Rns-
aiaos who crossed Mount Heamqiui had recourse
to their furs to protect them against the cold ; but
on the other baud, spring and summer are the
only seasons on the coast of Attica. "The
notes of the nightingale are herd in verdent plains
where the colcTof winlef is unknown, and rnde
blasts never fell ; the branches of fruit trees en-
circled with ivy or the tendrils of the vine shel-
ter these vallies from the burning rays of the
sun. Bacchus and his joyous votaries wander in
the groves ; the narcissas and the glitlsriag,
crocus, which adorn the wreaths of the goda
■re always in flower. Venus and the muses
racet on the magic banlis of the Cepbisus; its
winding etresms, flowing through a thousand
chaunels, water fertile meads." ^phodei.
The traveller, oiler having crossed the heights
of Thermopylai, enters into Oreece Proper; the
climate is more oppressive, water is scarcer, but
the soil is fruitful; oil is the most valuable pro-
duction in the southern provinces, and that of
Attica is superior lo every other, but s thick hoar-
frost rises occasionally mini the Afcbipelago and
oas
the Byiantine empire, the
We observe in that region tlie agreeable town of
Argoa and Napoli da Romania, or as it is K>me-
times called the Gibraltar of Greece. Three hun-
dred vessels may ride at anchor in its hsuboar.
Napoli de Malvoisia and its great ioland bay, tb«
popolooa town of Mititra on the valley of tho
Eurotas, the present Va^-Potamo or royal river
and Tripolitia, wlierea pacha resided with impa-
nily near th« rains of Hantinea. The towns on
the south- west coast are Gilmnota on the fruit-
ful plains of Hessenia, Navarino which ititl re-
tains its admirable harbour, Gostoiou lowaida the
west in the fertile fields of Elis i hot Patiu, ■
Slice of greater trade than any of them contains
,000 souls. Maga-Spileon, a convent partly cut
in a rock, the gloomy lake of Stymphau and ma-
ny other places renowned in history are situated
in the interior of that rich penlnaala, of whiefa
the produce in com, grapes, figs, wine, oil, cot
ton, silk and many other articles amonntied to
fifleen millions of piasters.
The Greeks,who wander ontoog the mins of ifaeir
' gloiT, have at last shaken off the Turk-
le ; heroic deeds both on land and sea,
iaced every one that thej had awaked from
their long lethargy, but as in ancient times, their
efforts have been enfeebled by internal discord ;
the modem Greeks have untortnnately inherited
the vanity, inconstancy and trescheiv of their
fathers. Natnre has not denied them high inttrl-
tclual endowmcnls; poets and orators ore bom
iX'joif'rt'
ed annually from Attica was calculated to be
worth 300 000 piasters; that from the Morea
about 400,000. Ceiinth is atill tamed for its rai-
sins, Arcadia for ita cheese, and Mount Hymet-
tus for its honey. The soil of Attica is covered
with aromatic plants, and that circumstance ena-
bles us to account for the cicellcDce of its honey;
it is sweeter than that of other countries, retains
its aromatic fragrance, and, although of a red
colour, is perfectly transparent. The same coun-
try might rival Spain in the Gneness of its wool ;
tlie goat thrives on ita hills, the ttncultivaled
' lands are over-run with thyme, serpillnm and
marjoram, the Albanian shepherds lead their flocks
insummer to these pastures. The breed of goats
was improved in the time of the Byzantine em-
perors by the mixture of the African and Aiia-
lic race, but it has not since been sufficiently
crossed ; the breed of sheep in Livadia and
Arcadia is the best, that of Attica the worst.
The view from Mount Parnassus is eiteniive,
a traveller saw from it Olympus, the Ionian Isl-
atids and the Cjclades; he mipht have observed
beneat). him the town and gutlof Lepanto, and on
the east amidst flowery metuis, the populous town
of Livadia in the province of the same name.
Corinth, ita two gulfs and rocky isthmus, which
so manv sovereigns have in vain endeavored to
cut, atill command the entrance into the Pel-
oponnesus or Morea, which has been styled by
the SUvonic tribes who oenetrated into it daring
, but their natural abilitiea are
improved by cultivation -. sarcasm and raillery
supersede argument, and in their deliberations,
a frivolous eipression, a single word or gesture ia
sufficient to make them nnmindful of their moM
important interests. The Moraiitt are less vola-
tile than the townsmen of Romstia, and better
fitted lo enjoy the blessings of ftvedom onder a
Siod government. Tho Atheniana have not lost
eir ancient urbanity, their accent is more har-
monioua than any other in Greece, their language
ia less difiiise, and for that reason more energetic.
Their appearance is nearly the some as that of
their ancestors, the women of Athens ore still
distinguished by their light figores, tlie o*al
form «rtheface,the tegular contour, the itrmight
linelhMmarksthe profile, full black eyes, huh
forehead red lips, amal] hands and feet; they
are equally gracefnl in the moarnfh] dance of
Arradne and in the rapid maxea of the Jionuii*.
The simplicity of the ancient dress is in aaiDe
degree retained ; a white tnnic deaceods from the
neck and a white mantle coven the umi and Gilk
ORfi 347 GRE
oyer UiashouMeny a haiidker«hief tied lootely Onmi/iM^ p.t. HillsboMogh Co. N. H. Pop.
rouiMi the head does not ooneeal their iet-blaok 946. Alao a p.t. Franklin Co. Maaa on the Con-
hair ; but the barbaroua empire is typified in a naotieiit, 90 m. above Northampton Pop. 1^0.
clumsy and ill-placed girdle, red trowsers and a Also a p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. Pop. 3^151. Also
heavy Turkish cloak. towns and villages in Bedford andEne Cos. Pa.,
The Oreek revelation broke out in 1821, and a Nelson Co. Va., Fairfield, Gallia and Highland
National Congress assembled ' at Bpidianis the Cos. Ohio.
same yf*ar. On the 1st of January , 1822, this Con^ Qnet^dd Hill, a village in Fairfield Co. Conn,
gress published a constitution for the Greek na- 6 m. W. Bridgeport.
tion. From this period a bloody and devastating Qreen Hill, p. v. Campbell Co. Va. <
war was waged against them by the Turks for a Qruadauid, a country in theN. E. pari of Amer-
period of seven years. At length the govern- iea, extending probably to the pole. It was dis-
ments of Russia, France and Great Britain inter* covered in the tenth century, by the Nor vegians.
fered. The Turkish marine was annihilated at who planted a colony on the eastern er.ast ; and
the battle of Navarino, a French array occupied the intercourse between this colony and Denmark
he Morea, and Greece became an independent was continued till the beginning of the 15th con-
state under the protection of the three powers in tury : in that century, by the gradual mcrease of
1829. the arctic ice. the colony became cos pletely im-
Independent Greece comprises the Morea and prisoned by the frozen ocean ; while on the W.
the territory without the isthmus, bounded on a range of mountains and plains, covered with
the north by a line beginning at tne mouth of perpetual ice, precluded aU aocesslr This sattle-
the river Aspropotamus, the ancient Achelous, ment contained several churches and monaste-
and passing up the south-eastern bank of that ries, and is said to have extended about 200 miles
river to Angelo Castron. Thence it passes in the S. £. extremity. In more recent times the
through the Takes Sacaro vista and Vrachori, to western coast washed by the waters of Davis'
mount Artoleria and thence along the valley of Straits and Baffin's Bay, was chiefly explored
Calouri, and the top of mount CEta to the gulf by Davis and other English. navigators; but there
ofZeitoun. The western Sporades and Cyclades was no attempt to settle a colony. In 1721, a
are also included ; the whole forming a territory Norwegian clergyman, named Egede, proceeded
about double the extent of the state of Massachu- to this drearv country, where he continued till
setts, and containing a population of 650,000. 1735, preachms to the natives; and his benevo-
The government in its present state is provision- lent example has been since followed by several
al and experimental. During the war it was missionaries. The country is said to be inhabit-
elective and republican, but the three protecting ed as far as 76. N. lat. but the Danish and Mo-
powers have recently made attempts to establish ravian settlements are chiefly in the S. W. ex-
a monarchy in Greece. The Prince of Saxe Co- tremity.
burg was offered the crown but declined it. This country, in reality, is nothing more than a.
(Jreece, p.t. Monroe Co. N. T. Pop. 2,574. mass of rocks mtermingled with immense blocks
Greegvule, p.v. Loudon Co. Va. of ice, thus forming at once the image of chaos
Greens, the name of 11 counties in different and of winter. Icy Peak, an enormous mass of
parts of the United States. The following are ice, rises near the mouth of a river, and difiiises
the States in which they are situated, with the such a brilliancy through the air, that it is distinct-
population of each county and the name of the ly perceived at the distance of more than ten
chief town. leagues. Icicles, and an immense vault, give this
New York, 29,525 Catskill. edifice of crystal a most magic appearance. An
Pennsylvania, W. Dis. 18,028 Waynesbnrg. uninterrupted chain of mountains traverses the
N. Carolina, 6,313 Snow Hill. part of Greenland with which we are acquainted.
€ieorgia, 12^1 Greenesborough. There are innumerable gulfs, but none of them
Alabama, 15,026 Erie. advance towards the eastern coast. The three
Mississippi, 1,849 Iieaksville. points called Stag's Ham, are descried at sea at the
Tennessee, E. 14,410 Greenville. distance of five-and-twenty leagues. The rocks
Kentucky, 13,7l8 Greensburg. are rent into fissures, which, in general, are per-
Ohio, ] 5,084 Xenia. pendicular, and are rarely more tnan half a yard
Indiana, 4,353 Bloomfield, m breadth, and contain a great quantity of spar,
Illinois, 7,664 CarroUton. quartz, talo, and garnets. The rocks are com-
Greene, is also the name of a town in Kennebec monly composed of granite, clay slate, and pot-
Co. Me. Pop. 1>324-, A village in Chenango Co. stone, arranged in vertical beds. The Gruntand
N. T., townships in Greene and Beaver and Mtueum at Copenhajpnen has received firom this
Franklin Cos. Pa. and 12 townships in Ohio, country a very rich mmeral of copper ore, achistofl
%* In Maine and Ohio the above name is spelt of the nature of mica, a coarse marble, and ser-
Green. pentines. tOjgether with asbestos, amiantnns, crys-
Greei^idd,^X. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 62 m. tals, ana black schorl. Greenland likewise rar-
fr. Boston. Pop. 946. nishes us with a new and curious mineral, the
Green Bay, an arm or bay of Lake Michigan, fiuate of alumina. A vast mine of sea-coal has
on the N. W. side, about £K) m. in len^. At been discovered in the island of Disco Three
its junction witli the lake is a group or islands, hot springs are the only volcanic indications that
The bay is navigable for vessels of 200 tons. have hitherto been observed. During the short
Greenhirg, p.L Westchester Co.'N. T. Pop. season of summer, the air, which is very pure on
2,195. the mainland, is obscured in the islands by fogs.
Oreenbush, p.v. Windsor Co. V t. The flitting glimmer of the aurora borealis, m soma
Greenbush, ^.i. Rensselaer Co. N. T. on the deffreesoftens the gloomyhorrorofthe polar night
Hudson opposite Albanv. Pop. 34^6. What has been termed the smoke of ice, is a va
Green CastUf p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. Also a pour which rises fiom the . re vices of marine ioe
village in Fairfield Co. Ohio. The rare occurrence of ra * the small quantity ^f
■noir, toil the tnlcnsa degm of cold piodnced hy
the eut-Dorth-^ut wind) lead qb to nupoot tlut
the moat euten parta of Oreenlasd form > p^i
windi uid currsQti.
There ii nme Und tbit admits of cuItiTition;
and probably baila; might be made to grow in the
■ontharn pact of the country. The moaataiiu M«
covered with mo« [o the ooFth, bat the parta that
have a lauthem expoaare produce tery good berba,
gooseberriea, ud other berriea, in abundance, and
a few little nilloira and birch. Not br from Jo-
liaiuhaat . is a valley covered with birch ; but the
talt«t of the treei are onlr eifhteen Teat high.
jVev the IJanjah coloniea oabbagea and Xuroipe an
eullivatad.
The laoat remarkable auimal of thii rerion ia
the White Lear, the largeil nf hie tribe. Theae
animala are aometimea 13 feet in length and are
distinguiahedforUieii tiemcudoDifetocily. Soma-
timea they are seen on floating ice out at sea, and
are ofleo m thia manner conreyed to Inetand. At
■en ihpy prey upon fish, aeals, and the carcaaea of
whales. On land they devour deer and other
animala, yet they oElen fted upon berries. In
winter thfy dig tbenmelveB deni under the mow
or ice and aleeji till the sun appear* in ipring.
Among the animal kingdom we alio meet wim
large hares, which are excellent eating, and afibrd
a good fur; rein-deer of ttie American variety,
^at numbera of foiei, and large doga, that howl
— '—-i of barking, and are employed by the Green-
Xn i
irtheri
which
Turbota and amall herrings iwarm in every di-
tecbon in the aea. The natirea have been auppli-
ed with nets, and now begin to experience t}ieir
nlility. In north or weit Greenland, the Danea
and Dativea go in companiea to the whale-Gafaing ;
but thia tumultuons, and, to the natives, far from
lucrative occupation, apreada vice and miaery
through thia diatrict. The natives of the aouth
OOnGne (heraseWes to banting the aeal. The fleah
ofthis animal ia their principal food; its skin fur-
niabea them with dreaa, and atthe same time they
construct their boats of it ; thread is made of jta
tendona, and its bladder ia converted into bottlea ;
its fat ia aometimea used as a substitute for batter,
and at other limes for tallow ; and even the blood
itself is coaaidered by the OreenlanderoseicelleDt
fw making broth ; in &ct, he cuiDOt poaaibly eom-
prehead how any one can live without the sea-dog,
which, to him , la like the bread-frnit tree to the
Otabeitan, or wheat to the inhabitants of Europe.
The Walrua, or Morae, called alao the Sea Cow,
U Teiy common in these parts. It is much Isrger
Iban the seal and is generally fonnd in company
wUh that animal. Lik* the ekphant th* Walrat
ed for their fat, and are aometimaa «BOattnte(c^ jr
herda of an hundred. When wounded Ibejr be-
come eicsediogly ibriotia, and bit« the lances of
the banters In pieces with their teeth. When ia
great numbera they will aometinie* attack boats
and attempt to overturn them.
The Greenland Company, MlabliahedatCopea-
hagen, eatimale its annual revenue at 104,000 rix-
doIlBn, (20,000 to 25,000 pounds SterUng|) ana
the eiportationE alone have amounted to 60, or
100,000 rix-doUara, without including the prodoee
of the whale fishery. The eipensea of the com-
pany are estimated at 16,000 pounda Sterling.
black hair, small eyes, s mt face, and a yellowiah
brown akin, evidently indicating tham to be a
branch of the Esquimaux or Samoiedes of America.
This conDBiion ia paiticularly proved by their lan-
guage, which is also remarkable tor the copiona-
□eaa ofita grammatical fonns.
The Greenlanders have not preserved any poai
live trace of a communication with the Scandina-
vian colony, whoae ealabliahmenta they invaded
and destroyed. The sun, they consider tn b* a
deified female, and the moon, a man, conforma-
bly with the belief of the Gotha, which difiered
from that of the other Scandinavians ; but aa we
find a God called Lunttt, or Men, among even the
claaaical natioDa themaelvea, thia analog either
E roves too much or nothing, A> to ouraelvea, we
ave, on the contrary, reeogniiod in Ihe Green-
lander, a crowd of characteristic circumstance a,
which demonstrate hia connexion with the Eaqui-
maui, even with those that live at the remotest
diatancea &om them. The fiahing implemenls
employed by the inhabitants of Rnssian America,
among others, are made exactly like those of the
Greemandera. Both of these people, too, make
nse of the bladder of the sea-dog, diatended with
wind, and attached (o the javelin with which they
strike the whale, in order that it may thus serve
oprev.
It the animal, when oi
is wounded,
water. A similar in vention observed both at the
saslem and western extremity of North America
most lead ua unavoidably to infer that an habitual
communication is kept up between those diitant
tribes. The little tnata osed by the inhabitants
of Oonalaska, in Prince Williain'a inlet, (the
Tchougatchian Gulf of the Rnsaians,) by the Es-
qnimaui of Labrador and the Greenlandera, ate
all preciaely of the aame conatmction, and resem-
ble a box formed of iligbt branches and covered
on every side with the akin ofthe aea-dog. Ther
are twelve feet long, bat only a foot and a hau
wide. In the middto of the upper anr^ace there is
a hole sorroanded by • wooden hoop, with a skin
attached to it, which admila of bemg drawn to-
getheilik* aptineiby means of a thong. It bin
GRfi 349 ORE
this hole that the rower |>Uce« hioiself. Supplied pious zeni, and the ^influence of hifltorical reeol-
with a single oar, which is very thin, three or four lections.
fbct long, and becoming broader at the two sides, ChreenUtnd, p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 5 m.
the naviffator, or to speak more correct!?, the man- from Fortsmoath. Pop. 60! .
fish, pad&kig rapid! J to the risht and !eu, advances GrmmlaWf a town of Scotland, capita] of Ber-
in a straiffht line across the foaming waves in the wiokshire, though a small place. Here are the
midst of the tempest itself without mcurring more remains of two religious houses. It is seated
risk than the whales and phocs of whom he is on the Blackadder,8 m. 8. W. of Dunse, and 36
become the companion and rival. This invention, 8. E. of Edinburgh.
which was admired by Captain Cook, and is adopt- Oreen Mountains , a branch of the Apalachian
ed in part by the Norwegian and Danish pilots, chain in Vermont, extending through the state
could not possibly have made its appearance by from N. to S. In the Boutiiem part they consti-
mere chance under exactly the same form, amon^r tote a single range, but toward the centre of the
all the tribes of the northern extremities or Amen- state they divide into two branches and pass off
ca. These tribes consequently, must have the separately into Canada. The eastern slope of the
same common descent, and must long have com- mountains is watered hy the tributaries of the
municated together. Connecticut, and the wentem slope by the streams
The present character of the Greenlanders is an falling into Lake Champlain. The niffhest point
indefinable mixture of good and bad qualities *, is Kultngton Peakf near Rutland, 3,9df feet above
while their attachments to their national customs, the sea. CameVs kump, between Montpelier and
opposes the influence of foreign civilization. The Burlington, and Man^fidd Mountain in the same
Greenlanders bitterly accuse the Danes and other neighbourhood, are each above 9,600 feet high,
navigators of having brought among them the Throughout the state these mountains are from
douUe scourge of snudl-pox and spirituous liquors. 10 to 15 miles in breadth They are every where
The present well regulated Danish administration intersected with valleys, abounding in springs
follows a plan of colonisation calculated for estab- and streams, and exhibiting that perpetual verdure
lishing order and happiness; but the ancient which has conferred upon them tneir name. Their
defects and modem vices of the Greenlanders sides are completely covered with woods, and
present great obstacles to the mtem. Almost their rocky summits are clad in a coat of green
entirely destitute of every idea of religion and of moss. The trees appear old, but small ; they are
law, our religious worship appears in their eyes, all of the evergreen sort, pine, spruce, henuock
nothing but a useless ceremony, while they look and fir, intermixed with shruos and bushes,
upon our criminal punishments as an unjust abuse Vegetation decreases on approaching the top of
or power. The male&ctor appears to them to be the mountains; the trees diminish in size, and fire-
sumciently punished, when m apublic assembly, quently terminate in a shrubbery of spruce and
he is loaded with reproaches. The missionaries hemlock, two or three feet high, with branches so
confess that the conversion of the Greenlanders interwoven as to pre vent all passage through them,
advances slowly, and exerts but little influence Trees of this height with shrubs and vines pro-
over their morel ideas. For some years back ducing berries, and a species of weed called win-
however, the preaching of natives educated as ter grass, mixed with the moss of rocks, are all
missionaries, has been productive of a happy the vegetation which the mountains produce,
change. The Idorevians have also succeeded in The sic&s of the mountains are generally rugged
a remarkable manner in engaging the aflections, and irregular ; some of them have large aper-
and reforming the conduct of this simple people, tures and caves. The thick, green moss which
who are gtfled with considerable quickness of per- coats their tops, is so compact and firm, and
ception. The commercial administration, by in- lies in such extensive beds, as to reach from rock
troducing numerical calculation, and even paper to rock, and they will sometimes bear the weight
money, have nven them new notions wiih regard of a man without being broken through. These
to property. In the southern part of the country, immense spongy masses receive the moisture sup-
they have been taught to make barrels and^ con- plied by the clouds and rain, and while a part of
struct boats. The name of their ancient divinity, it runs dovni the sides of the mountain, much of
Tbm^arsooifc, to whom tliey never ofiered any it is absorbed, and penetrates the whole mass. In
worship, is alreadv forgotten as well as the malevo- this manner, several of these mountains are con-
lent ffoadess without a name, who was supposed tinually wet on their tops, and have large marshy
to inhabit a palace at the bottom of the sea, guard- spots, which are the constant resort of water
ed by terrific sea-doss. Even a kind of philosophy fowl during the warm season. The roads across
hail introduced itself among them, and various them are frequently wet and miry, when the
new opinions exist concemmg a future state and valleys below are dry.
the transmigration of souls. The freethinkers of The mountains exhibit but few rocky or sterile
Greenland will not admit the prevalent belief that tracts, and afford generally excellent pasturage
there is a paradise, where the soul in a state of for sheep and cattle
bappy indolence, is nourished with the heads of (TreefiocA, the chief sea-port of Scotland, in Ren-
sea-dogs. The priests and sorcerers, called An- frewshire, at the mouth of the Clyde, with a small
gekok, and the malevolent enchanters denomi- fort for the defence of the harbour. Here are sev-
nated lUseets, are daily losing their influence, era! dry docks, and the building and rigging of
Perhaps the period may not be far distant, when ships is much followed. It has a great trade ; and
the sublime devotion of the virtuous Egede will the fisheries, particularly for herrings, and the
meet with its reward, and a Christian and civil- Newfoundlanci fishery, are carried on to a great
ized people will at length inhabit this memorable extent. In 1801 the number of inhabitants was
colony, the most northern that the Europeans have 17,458, and in 1821 , 22,088. It is 24 miles W. by
ever established. A mild and pure glory will then N. of Glasgow, of which it is the port. Long. 4.
recompense Denmark for the pecuniary sacrifices 47. W., lat. 55. 56. N.
which this struggle with the elements has cost her. Green River, a stream of Kentucky fklUng into
a struggle into which she has been drawn by a the Ohio, about 350 m. ia length.
9Q
GRE 960 GIIE
Greentbor&ughtp.i. Orleans Co. Vt '30 m. N. generdlv has undergone soiiie imnrayement,
e. Mpntpelier. Pop. 7b4. Also towns in Cure- Pop. in 1801, 14^, and in 1821, 90,712. See
line Co. Maryland, Mecklenburg Co. Va., Goilford Blackheath, and Dmtford, The obsenralory ib in
Co. N. C, Green Co. Ala., and Greene Co. Geo. the Ut of 50. 29. N.
Greensiurgkj p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. Pop. ChreenwUhy p.t. Hampehire Co. Mass. Pop. 813.
2.195. Also towns in Westmoreland and Green Also a town in Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop. 3,805.
Cos. Pa., Greene Co. Ken. and Decator Co. Ind. Also 2 towns in Kent Co. R. I. called East and
GreensUdf a villase in Essex, Eng. 1 m. W. West Greenwich. Pop. of the fbrmer 1,591 ; of
of Ongar, remath^fi for its little church, (boilt the latter 1,817. Also a town in Washington
prior to the Conquest) the walls of which are Co. N. Y. Pop. 3t850, and towns in Gloooester
formed of the trunks of trees. and Cumberland Cos. N. J., Berks Co. Pa. and
GreendUef a frontier county of the £. District Charleston District 8. C.
of Virginia, bounded on the S. by the great Not- Greenwood^ a township of Oxford Co. Ble. Pop
toway river, and 8. by North Carolina ; super- 694. Also a town in Golnmbia Co. Pa.
fices about 300 square miles. Pop. 7,117. Hicks- Chruntburgf^.y. Beaver Co. Pa.
ford IS the chief town. Gre^stowtif a village of Somerset Co. N. J.
. Greamv, a frontier county, the extreme N. £. Chreiffen, a town of Switzerland, on a small lake
Soint of Kentucky, with a superfices of about of its name, 9 m. E. 8. E. of Zurich.
DO square miles. Pop. 5,853. Greenupsburg is Greiffenberg, a to¥m of Brandenbnrgh, in the
the chief town. Ucker Mark, on the river ^mita, 13 m. S. 8. E
GremmlU. a district at the N. W. extremity of of Prenzlo. and 23 N. N. E. of Berlin.
South Carolina ; superfices about 600 square Greiffenberg ^ a town of Silesia, in the principal-
miles. Pop. 16,476. The chief town of the same ity of Jauer. with a fortress on a mountam. It is
name in the centre of the county is 95 m. W. N. celebrated tor its linen manufactures, and seated
W. of Columbia. on the Queus, 28 m. W. 8. W. of Ugnitz.
GreenvilU, p.t. Greene Co. N. Y. Pop. 2.565. Greiffenkagen^ a town of Further Pomerania, on
Alap towns, and villages in Providence Cfo. R. I., the river Oder, 12 m. 8. of Stettin,
liuzeme and Somerset Cos. Pa^ Sussex Co. N. J.. Gret/noalde. See GriJMtoald. .
Auffusta Co. Va., Pitt Co. N. C., Greenville ana Grein^ a town of Austria, on the Danube, 28 m.
Dariingtoo Districts, 8. C, Greene Co. Tenn.. £. of Lintz.
Mublenberr Co. Ken.. Darke Co. Ohio, Floyd Greit. See Grakz,
Co. Ind., Bond Co. Illinois, Jefferson Co. Mts- Grenada^ an island in the West Indies, the last
sissippi and Butler Co. Alabama. of the Windward Caribbees, and 90 leagues N. W.
Greenwich, formerly a district town, but now an of Tobago. It is 20 m. long, and 13 broad, finely
appendage to the British metropolis. It is seated in wooded, and the soil suited to produce sugar,
tnecounty of Kent, on the S. bank of the Thames, tobacco, and indigo. It was taken from the
5 m. below London Bridge. It is celebrated for French in 1762. confirmed to the English in 1763,
its 'hospital for wounded and decayed seamen of taken by the French in 1779, and restored to the
tiie national marine, which is one of the finest English in 1783. In 1795, the French landed
architectural edifices in the world. The buildinn some troops, and caused an insmrection in this
consists, of four distinct piles, two along the bank island, which was not finally quelled till June
of the river, with a noble terrace in front 860 1796. St. George is the capital.
(juadrangje with an opening in the centre, which They are upwards of 20 in number, most of them
b terminated by an elegant Duilding more recent- fertile, and capable of producing cotton, coflSee,
ly erected for a naval scnool ; behind this on the ' indigo, and sugar. Tne most eonsiderable is
summit of a hill, is the royal observatory, firom Canacou
whence the English mariners reckon their longi- Grenade,^ town of France, in the depaxtment
tude : a beautiful colonnade adjoins the buildings of Upper Garonne, seated at thejunetion of the
in the interior of the quadrangle, and immediate- Save with the Garonne, 17 m. N. W. of Toulouse,
ly contijnious is a spacious park most beautifully Pop. 3,925.
undulated and planted with trees, affording the Orekoblef a city of France, capital of the de-
most delightful promenades and interesting pros- partment of Isere, and a bishop's see, with a fiwt-
pects. whilst the liberality and economy or the ified castle. 'The leather and gloves that are
establishment is in every way worthy of the made here are highly esteemed. It is seated on
celebriUr it has acquired^ and the interest inspired the Isere, over which are two bridges to pass
by the beauty and magnificence of the edifice and into fiie part called Perriere, a large street <m tb^
its surrounding objects. Here was once a royal side of tne river. It is the head quarters of the
stands the house belonging to the ranger of the Lyons, and 100 due W. of Turin. Pop. in 1822,
« park. Here is a college, for the maintenance of 23,602.
20 decayed housekeepers ; and another called Gretna- Green, a village of Scotland, in Dam-
Queen Elizabeth college. In 1799, the chapel of friesshire, near the mouUi of the Eat, and on the
the hospital, the dining-hall, and eight wards were borders of Cumberland. It has long been fiunous
destroyed by fire ; but the whole were soon re- for the clandestine marriages of fugitive lovers
bailt. The town is irregularly built, and with from England, which are usually performed bv
the exception of the church, which is a noble two illiterate and drunken mechanics in the vil-
structure, and the hospital, has nothingto recom- lege, who have no form in the operation, exeept-
rocnd it to particular notice. Since 1820, one or ing the entry of the name of the paraes in a
two new churches have been built, and the town school-boy's copy-book. All their inqoifief lam
GJU 361 GRO
upon the leiijcth of the applicant's pone, that and partly Catholioe ; but the former are moat nu
they may know how to regnlate their demand; meroua. The principal aabaiatence of the peas-
aa they are not usoally nice as to fees, any sum antry is by breedini^ oxen, moat of which are sent
firom half-a-crown to lOO ipineas will be accept- to Milan. The capital ie Coiie. The Rhine and
ed, provided in all caaes it is as much as they can the Inn both have their eoorce in the Grieona.
get It is 10 m. N. of Carlisle. Orodno, the principal town, though not the
Oreussen, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thurin- capital, of Lithnania. It has ue appearance of a
gia, on the river Helbe, lo m. N. of Erfurt. decayed town, containing a mixture of wretched
GreytmlU, p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa. hovels, iklling houses, and ruined palaces, with
Grimnsburgf p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. magnificentgatewa^, remains of its andentaplen-
Gnmaud, a town of France, in the department dour. A few habitations in good repair, make
of Var, 12 m. 8.W. of Fiejus. the contrast more strifeng. Here is a college and
GruMSfj^en, or GrumbergkeH, a town of the physic sarden. In the new palace, built by Au-
Netherlanos, in Brabant, with an abbey and a i^ustuslll. the diets were sometimes held ; par-
ca/tle, 6 m. N. of Brussels. ticularly the last in 1793, which waa oompeued,
Grimmaf or Cfrummaf a town of Upper Saxony, at the point of the bayonet, to consent to the see-
in Misnia, with a trade in wool, linen, thread, ana ond partition of Poland ; and here, in 1795, Stan-
flannel , seated on the Mulda, 14 S. £. of Leip- islaus III. formally reeigned bis crown. Urodno
zig. is now subject to Russia. It is seated partly in a
Grimmaij a town of Hither Pomerania, 16 m. plain, on tne river Niemen, andpartlyonamoun•
S. of Stralsund. tain, 140 m. N. E. of Warsaw. Long. 24. 25.
Grimbsy, a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. It E., lat. 53. 28. N. Pop. about 5,000.
has a large church, Fike a cathedral, and a good Griswtdd, a township of New London Co.
trade in coal and salt. The harbour, at the mouth Conn, on the Thames, 6 m. below Norwich. Pop.
of the Hamber, has been improved. It is 35 m. 2,212.
N. £. of Lincoln, and 1G8 N. of London. It re- Orohndty a town of Hanover, near which is a
turns two members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, monument of stone, erected in memory of a battle
3,064. fought here in 1421 . It is seated on the Weser, 9
Qrimtbyf a town of Lincoln Co. Upper Cana- m. 8. of Hameln.
da. OroU, a small town of Holland, in Gelderland.
Chrindenwaldf a village of Switzerland, in the A duty is collected here on all merchandise pass-
canton of Bern, seated among mountains, at the ing through it for Germany. It is seated on the
foot of a celebrated glacier, 5 m. S. E. of Thun. Slink, 20 m. E. by 8. of Zntphen.
GrindoKf a village of Eng. in that part of Dur- QrondineSj a seigniory of Hampshire Co. U. C.
ham called Norhamshire, 6 m. S. W. of Berwick, on the St. Lawrence, 4o m. above Quebec.
To the S. of it, at a place called Grindon Rigg, Gratdngen, the most N. E. province of Holland,
are 4 upright stone pillars, funeral monuments bounded on the £. by East Friesland, W. by
of the chieftains elain in a famous victory ffained Friesland, N. by the 6ennan Ocean, and S. by
here over the Scots, in 1556, by the earl of Morth- Drenthe It is divided into 2 parts, called Gron-
umberland and his brother. ingen and Omelands. The excellency of this
Gr»n«fea<2,£asf, a borough in Sussex^ Eng. Here country consists in pastures which feed a great
is Sackville conege,a large stone building, founded number of large horses.
by the duke of Dorset, in 1616. for 24 agedper- GroningeHf a city of Holland, capital of the
sons of both sexes. It is seatea on a hill, 20 m. province of the same name, with a citadel and uni-
N. of Lewes, and 29 S. of London. It returns versity. It is seated on the rivers Hunse and Aa,
two members to parliament. and has a communication, by a canal, with a
Grmtofi, a mountainous and mineral parish in bay of the German Ocean, at the distance of 10
the north riding of Yorkshire, Eng. comprising m. by which large quantities of butter are export-
the four townships of Grinton, MellMcks, Muker, ed. The inhabitants are computed at 20,000. It
and Reith, seated near the head wate» of the is 96 m. N. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 35, E.,
Swale river. Pop. of the parish in 1820. 5.300. lat 53. 12. N.
Grinton is 8 and Muker about 20 m. W. of Rich- Grosta, an island in the gulf of Venice, near
mond. the coaat of Dalmatia, 25 m. long and 2 broad.
Griptwidd, or Griefioalde, a town of Hither Long. 15. 7. E., lat. 44. 18.N.
Pomerania, with a good harbour, and a universitv. GreassfiAayii, or HayHf a town of Upper Saxo-
It is seated on the river Rik, which is navigable ny, in Meissen, with manufiwtures of^cotton and
to the Baltic, 14 m. W. of Walgost, and 22 S. E. woolen cloths, seated on the Roder, 8 m. N of
of Stralsund. Meissen.
GrisanSj a new canton of Switzerland, bounded GroBBtttOy a town of Tuscany, in the Siennese,
on the S. by Milan and Venice, E. and N. bv Ty- with a castle, situate near the sea; 30 m. S. W.
rol, and W. by the cantons of Glaris, Uri, and Tes- of Sienne.
sin. It formerly Included the Valteline, and the Gfrot&oic, a town of Silesia, in the district ef
counties of ChiaveDna^ and Bormio, now included Neisse. The forests round this town are the jomc
in the Austrian dominions. The countrv was moperty of all the inhabitants. Itisl6m. N. N.
fiMrmerlv divided into three leagues, namely, the £. of Neisse, and 30 S. of Breslau.
Grey League, the League of (Tod*a House, and CTroCon, t. Grafton Co. N. H. 45 ra. from Con*
the League of the Ten Jurisdictions: each of them cord. Pop. 689. Also a p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt.
had a distinct internal government, and they were 18 m. E. Montpelier. Pop. 836. Also a p.t. Mid-
conneoted as one republic bv an annual diet, held dlesex Co. Mass. 35 N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,925.
alternately at the towns of Coire, Hantz, and Da- Also a p.t. New London Co. Conn. Pop. 4,7riO.
vos. But in 1803, the constitution was changed Also a p.t. Tompkins Co. N. T Pop. 3|697,
by the French, and the country made an aadi* and a township m Huron Co. Ohio
Uonal canton of Switieriand, The inhabitants, Grme HiU, p.v. Warren Co. N. C.
amounting to about 73,000 are partly Calvinists Grovdani,n.t. I.avingston Co. N. T. Pop. 1,703
GUA 963 CrUA
Groune. See Corwma, in 1794, but evacuated the next jear. The Eng
Ortienkagmf a town and castle of Hanoye/. lith again took it in 1810 ; and, in order to allure
The caatle is now in ruins. It is 7 m. S. bj W. the Swedes into the late coalition against France,
of Eimbiek. gare them this island. It was, however, by the
Grubenkagen, a principality of Hanover, at the consent of Sweden, restored to France in 1814.
8. extremity of the circle of Lower Saxony, com- Basseterre, at the S. W. extremity of the island,
prising a portion of the Harts mountains. The is the capital. Lat. 16. N^ 61. 48. W. lon^.
principal towns are Osterode, Grand, Clausthal, Guadalquimrf a river of Spain which rises in
Cellerfeld,^^:. the S. part of New Castile, flows through the
Grimbergf a town of Germany, in the electorate kingdoms of Jaen, Cordova, and Seville, and en-
of Hesse, where the kinffs of the Merolingian race ters the bay of Cadiz at San Lucar, after a course
and Charlemagne held ueir court. It is 10 m. E. of about 300 m.
of Giesen. Ouadarramaf a town of Spain, in Old Castile.
^ Grunbergf or €hrumherg, a populous town of It has a great trade in cheese, and is seated on the
Silesia^ in the prinoipality of Glogau, surrounded Guadarrama, 25 m. N. W. of Madrid,
with vineyards. Here is a manmacture of cloth, Guadiaruif a river which rises in New Castile,
and a great trade in vinegar and dried fruits. It in Spain, crosses Estremadura into Portugal, and,
is 30 m. N. W. of Glosau. sejMirating Algarve from Andalusia, enters the bay
Grunde, a town of Hanover, in the mountains of Cadiz at Ayamonte.
of Hartz, 4 m. W. of Clausthal. Guadix, a town of Spain, in Granada, and a
Grunkayn, a town of Upper Saxony , in Misnia, bishop's see. It contains three parishes and six
with a trade in copper and lead, 16 m. S. by W. convents, and is situate in a rich countir, on a
of Chemnitz. river of the same name, 36 m. £. N. E. of Gran-
Gruningen, a town in the canton of Zurich, ada.
Switzerland, with a castle on an elevated rock, Gfwam, the chief of the Ladrone Islands, in the
10 m. S. E. of Zurich. Pacific Ocean, 100 m. in circumference. The
Grwutadtf a town of Germany, in the circle of Spaniards have a earrison here ; but the inhabi-
Upper Rhine, counUr of Leiningen^ 22 m. N. N. tants are almost all natives of the countrv, and
W of Spire, and 25 S. of Mentz. reputed to be skilful in building boats. It abounds
Gruyeres, a town and bailiwic of Switzerland, with excellent fruit, and has several good har
in the canton of Frisbure, with a castle on a hill, hours. Umata is the capital. Long. 1^. 15. £^
It has a great trade in cheese, and is 15 m. S. W. lat. 13. 10. N.
of Frisburg. Guamansra, a city of Peru, capital of an interior
Grvfty a river of Scotland, which rises in the province of the same^ name. It is famous for its
S. WVangle of Renfrewshire, runs over several mines of silver. It is 180 m. E. S. £. of Lima,
precipices into the lower countrjr, falling into the Lonfir. 74. 5. W., lat. 13. 90. S. The province in
Black Cart, near the town of Paisley. 179o contained 111,559 inhabitants, of whom
Guadalaxara, an interior province of Spain, 75,284 were native Indians, and 29,620 Mestizoes,
forming the N. W. part of the kingdom of rfew Guanahami, or OU Idand^ one of the Bahama
Castile. Superfices 163 square leagues, with a Islands, the first land of America, discovered by
pop in 1810, of 121,115. The chief town of the Columbus in 1491, and named by him St. Salva-
same name is seated on the banks of the river dor. See Bahamas,
Henares, 30 m. N. E. of Madrid. It has a wool- Guanare, an interior town of Colombia, seated
en manufacture. Pop. about 12,000. on a branch of jthe Apure River, 195 m. S. W« of
Guadalaxaraf one of the 15 intendencies or di- Caracas, and 130 E. of Merida. Pop. estimated
visions of Mexico, bounded on the W. by the Pa- at 12,000.
cific Ocean. Superfices 73,628 sq. m. with a pop. Guanaxuato, a small interior province ef Mexi-
in 1803 of 630,500. It is intersected by tlie San- co, containing only 6,878 sq. m. but a pop. of 517,
tiago river, or Rio Grande. The chief town of 300 ; it is the most densely populated part of the
the same name is seated on the W. bank of the countrv, and is considered the most productive
Santiago, in the lat. of 21. 19. N., 70 m. N. of mineral district in Mexico. The chief city, of
Chapafa, and 275 N. W. of the city of Mexico, the same name, is seated on the eastern declivity
Pop. about 20,000. of the Cordilleras, upwards of 6,800 feet above the
GuadaUnipe, a town of Spain, in Estremadura, level of the sea, in the lat. of 21. N., and 101. 55.
with a celeorated convent ; seated on a rivulet of W. long., giving a mean distance from the city
of the same name, 34 m. E. by N. of Truxillo. of Mexico of 190 geographical, or 214 British
ChtadaloupB. one of the Leeward Carribean isl- statute m. Pop. about 40,000, exclusive of about
ends, in the West Indies, between Antigua and 30,000 more, employed in, or dependant on, the '
Dominica. It is divided into two parts by a mines in its immediate vicinity,
strait, called the Salt River. At this place the Guancavdiea, an interior province of Pera, E.
land on each side is not above 4 m. broad, and by of the maritime ranffe of the Andes, extending
this strait the sea on the N. W. communicates about 190 m. from NT to S. between the lat. of 12.
with that on the S. E. The S. W. part is 60 m. 20. and 14. 30. S., and is about 50 m. in mean
long and 24 broad ; and the N. E. part is much breadth ; it is thinly populated but has mines of
the same. The soil is exceedingly ffood, and well (juicksUver. The chier city, of the same name,
watered near the sea, by rivulets which fall fh>m is seated in an elevated glen of the Andes, in the
the mountains, and produces larj^ quantities of lat. of 13. 5. S., and 74. 35. of W. long., 170 m
sugar, cotton, and coffee. On this island is a vol- S. E. of Lima.
cano, called the mountain of Sulphur ; and on its Oteomico, a town of Pera, capital of a fruitfu
E. side are two mouths, which open into a pit of district of the same name. It is 172 m. N. N. E
sulphur : the blacks who sell brimstone fetch it of Lima,
from this pit. The French settled on this island Guareo. See GagneU,
in 1635. It was taken b^ the English in 1759, Quarda, a tovm of Portugal, in Beira, and •
but restored in 1763 ) again taken by the English bishop's see. It b strong by nature and art, and
ouy^ an OVA.
hu • *Ulelj oatbednl, 139 q. H. S. of Liabon. on th* buk of lra«*. lliediitriGtaf SMaMMM, af
Uuarila/ia. See Oari^ait. whicb the chief place ii ChiagiuUaK, prodncai tha
Guajtofla, k fortified toim of Itmlj, c&pita] of a bert cocoa of all America ; but verj little of it ii
■null duch;, included in that of Paiina, with an metwith in commerce. In the district of QiisMttc- .
encient decajed cBitle. It i* aeated near the liTet mmgo, rery fine alum and lulphoi are fbtind.
Fo, 19 m. N, E. of Parma. Sotola producea tbe beat fig« in the kiordom, and
(inatteca. See PmoKO. a good deal of cotton i> ipnn tbera. Two volca-
OviUtTBala.A proTiDce of South America, hav- ooea aie met with in the TtGinitj, (he one called
ing about 400 m. of lea-coaat on the ihore of the .9Ktaa,aiid the other Solala. l^e diitrict nf Aici-
PaciSc Ocean, between the lat, of 14. and 17. N^ Uepec, ftrtUe in aonotlo, ia inbject to
beinf from 30 In 50 in breadth ; it fbrnu part of rauu.
the chain of territory which connects the two In the foreaU very large tieea are met wi
great diviaioni of tbe westem hemiapberr, and from which a fiaffnutodonriadiffiiBed, and odori
waafbrmett/ with BerertlotherproTincea ineinded ferooa reain diatila. Different vuietiea of gnm,
in the govermnent of Heiico; bat, aince the balaam, incenae, and dragon'i blood are also eol-
inbrerwon of Spaniah authority in the weatem lected. Canea of a banned feet long are found,
world, it haa been formed into an independent re- and of anch ■ thickoeaB, that from one knot to
public, by the name of CtMr^ Aititrica. Tbii re- ■□other tventy-Gve poondi of walerue contained.
Biblic ia boanded N. by Chiipa and Yucatan in Tbe beeaof thia region make a very liquid honej,
ciieo, and the bay of Honduraa ; E. by the which, after becoming acid, ia made oae of, tbey
Gulf of NicBiafna and Colombia, and S. and W. uj, inateid of orange juice. The Ibreato are in-
by the Pacific Ocean. It contun* about 150,000 feated with wild i«iimalB, amoBgit which Aleedo
aq, m. It ia divided into 5 aUtea. Guatemala, diatingniaheathe Tafiror Donto. When enraged,
SalTador, Honduraa, Nicaragua and Coata Rica ; the animal ahowa bit teeth like the wild boor, and,
theae are aubdiTided into 45 diatricta. it ia aaaerted, cats through the atrongeat tree. Ita
The name of tltMaiuda, or mora correctly akin ia aii Gngera (hick, and when dried, reaiata
^umAttenuUiM, that ia to aay , the place foil at ever; kind of weapon. Very large bean are alao
tfeea, originally belonged to aainglediatr'~' '*^^~ "'
province, comprehended within thia kingdom.
Tbe province of Ouatemals^roperly ao called, _ ^ ._ ,.— , „ _..._
extends from the confinea of Guaiaca to thoae of banka of tbe river, called it the Coast of Hitur
Nicaragua, along the Pacific Ocean. The climate that ia to aay, the Coait of Fompiona. The moat
ID general ia hot and moiat. The plainaare icrlile, western port of this province contains the little
ba& in American and European tru it of ■ delight- Spaniah townsof CixBai/ogvaand of IVKzi'fo. The
fill flavour. Tbe moiie producea 300 for one, aa laUer of these haa been buitt near a take, where
weU aa the cocoa. Indigo of a anperior qaolily is floating islands, covered with large trees, move
HOducad there, and the annotlo ia cultivated, from place to place at tbe discretion of the wind.
The foreatt with which the mountains are covered Near the river SiMia.caTema have been discovered,
give abelter and food to animola that are atill im- or rather immenae sublermnean galleries, which
perfectly known ; and many nondescript sbniba run under aeverol moiiatains, and appear to faave
are met with, from which they distil valuable bal- been hollowed out b; ancient currents. Tbe in-
tama. Many ports on tbe Soalb Sea aSbrd tbia terior of the country is inhabited by a aavage and
province great facilitjr for carrying on an advan- feroeiona nation, the jHosfwto-SniAps. Thecoaata.
tageoDS commerce with Peru, Terra Flrma, and especially near Cape Ondat a Dim, are oceupied
New Spain. The coaats abound with fiah, but by another tribe of Indiana, whom the EnMiah
G.hi,.. 'B not followed with any eoasiderahle ac- navlgatora denominate the Caojl JVosfiufoei
_ __^. They'"' - ■ >-- .L_:. _■, :_._
aulphur that floata on tha aurface of aeveral laksa.
Tbe whole province ia filled with volcauoea, and
exceedingly subject to earthquakes,
Guatemala ia the capital, and is the sea of an
•rohbiahop, and the aeat of a Univeraity. Tbe
ancient citv was destroyed on the 7tfa June, 1777,
by one of llie most tremendous earthquajtes of
which we have aoy record. From the 3d of Jane
the agitated sea had risen from ita bed; the two
Tolcanoea adjacent to the town appeared to boil;
one of them ahot out lorrenta of water, tbe other,
waves of blazing lava. On every side the earth
waaseentogapeindeepfisaorea. At length, after
five daya of unutterable anguish, tbe abysa ojoened,
and (be town, with all its riches, and 8.DO0 &m- Tliis appellation originatea in the fnaupyortablii
ilies, was instantly awallowed up, while torrents cloud M moaqniloes. or stinging fliea, that here
.(._.. J __j __!_. — — i: .1 :_j^ j,[^ torment the wretched inbabitaDta, and compel
ence. them to Maa one put of the year in boats on the
Tbe spot ia now indicated by a frigbtfb] desert, river. The Mosquito Indiana of the coast, a tribe
Thenewcilyiabniltatthediatanceoffour leaguea goremed b^ ariatoctatio ebiefs,- do not reckon
from tbe nte of tha old town. We must not omit more than nileen hundred warriors, VFe are nn
noticing Jaiatiriaa, or (he town of letlen, ao call- acquainted with their notiona of Teli|pon ; but, ac-
ed inoonsequance of tha talent which thelndiana, cording to the older voyagcra, they divided tha
ita inhaUtanta, displayed for oarrlag lMwnglyflii«s year ialo aigMean Msattbs and twenty dara ; ana
6UA 361 CITS
they termed the months lotUflT, that ii to w^, a The proTiaoe of CogU Rua eontainf no mines,
moveable thing, — a very remarkable denomina- and hence it has been eaid that thia name lia*
tioDybecanaeit evidently approaches the word IM, been ironically applied to it; but its eztenaive
by which the ancient Scandinavians designated forests of building timber, its rich pastures, and
the feast that terminated the year, — a term ap- picturesque sceneir, affi>rd abundant reasons for
parpntly analogous with wKul or eyde. Similar this appellation. Cattle, and especially hoffs,
divisions of the year into eighteen months pre- swarm here to an extraordinary degree. In ue
vailed among the Aztecs of Mexico. Each month Cfu{f of Ssltnat the muscle yielding purple ia
consisted (if twenty days, and $ve complementary caufht.
days were added at the end of the year, which was ^ Guatemala declared itself an independent stat*
denominated (^mTaokaalilkvnil^ from eempokualUf in 1823. The crovemment bears a olose resem*
twenty, and UkuUt^ festival. The cazique of these ' blance to that of the United States. The Con-
Mosquitoes, who inhabit the coast between Black S[res8 consists of a Senate and House of Representa-
Riyer and Cape Gracias i Dice, lately sold or tives. The executive are a President and Vice Presi-
transferred that territory to a person of the name dent choeen for 4 years. The government however ia
of Gregor MscGregor, who had attained some little more thannominid, the country having bcMen
notoriety in the late Colombian struggle for lib- lately in a perpetual state of turbulence and dis-
ertv. sens ion. The population is about 1 ,800,000.
According to the respectable testimony of Gro- (huUemala. city, the capital of the above repoh-
mara^ and umost all tne accounts and maps that lie, commonly called Guatemala La Nueva, or
have been published , the great lake of Nicaragua, New Guatemala, stands on a little stream called tha
is covered with beautiful and populous islands, Yacas flowing into the Pacific. It is in lat. 14. 40.
amongst which only one contains a volcano ,named N. and long. 91. 25. W. It is handsomely built,
Omo that always continues burning; it has no out- with regular streets and many elegant public
let towards the South Sea ; all its waters descend- buildings. It was greatly damaged in 1830 oy an
ing by the river St. John, in the direction of the earthquake. Previous to that event it contained
North or Atlantic Sea. This river, the scene of 40,000 inhabitants.
Nelson's earliest exploits, forms about thirty falls Guaxaca^ a province of the chain of territory
before it reaches the marshy shores of the sea, now forming tne republic of Guatemala, compris-
where a pestilential air, and Indians distinguished ing about S»,000 souare miles, extending from sea
alike for their perfidy of character, and the ieroci- to sea. The chietcity of the same name is seat-
ty of their disposition, fill the most intrepid navi- ed on the banks of a river, which falltf into the
gators with alarm. The lake, then, is situated on ffnlf of Mexico, in the lat. of 17. 15. N., and 96.
a plateau, but at what elevation.' " The coast of 90. of W. long., 450 m. N. W. of*the city of Gua*
Nicoya," says Dampier, *' is low. and covered with temala.
shrubs. To reach San Leon de Nicaragua one Gauo^tttZ, one of the 12 provinces of Colombia,
must walk twenty miles across a flat country, co- accoruing to the division or I8i£, bordering on the
vered with mangroves, pasture land, and pfanta- Pacific Ocean, comprising the S. W. part of the
tions of the sugarcane. ' These remarks of a ju- republic. The capital or chief town oithe same
dicious observer appear to indicate that there is name, is seated on the W. bank of a river falling
no considerable cham of mountains between the into a gulf or bay of the same name, about 20 m.
Lake of Nicaragua and the Pacific Ocean. The from the sea. Guyaquil is the sea-port of Quito,
physical geography of this country is unquestion- from which it is distant about 150 m. S. S. W.
ably possessed of great interest, and yet it is to- The surrounding country produces an abundance
taln^ neglected. of the finest cocoa, of wnich large quantities are
Among the numerous volcanoes of this country, exported to all parts of Europe. Lat 2 11.8.,
that of Jlasaya^ three leagues (Castilian) from W. long. 79. 40. Pop. about 20,000.
Granada, and ten from Leon, appears to be the Chiayra la, or Lagtdra, a sea-port of Colombia,
most considerable. Its erater, which is half a on the shore of the Carribean sea, and in the
league in circumference, and 250 fathoms in depth, new province of Venezuela. It is in lat. 10. 37.
ejects neither cinders nor smoke. The matter, N., and 66. 58. of W. long., 7 m. N. of the
which is perpetually boiling wStbin'it, difltuses so city of Leon de Caracas, of which it is the sea-
intense a light through the air that it is visible at |K>rt ; it exports large quantities of eoooa to
the distance of 20 leagues. So much, in fact, Europe, and mules and cattle to the West India
xioes it resemble gold in a state of fusion, that the Islands; and although the harbour is inconveni-
first Spaniards actually supposed it to be this met- ent, the traffic is considerable. Pop. about 6,000.
al, the object of their anxious search ; and stinm- Uuben, a town of Lusatia, capital of a circle of
lated by their avarieioos temerity, vainlj attempt- its name, which yields great quantities of excel-
ed to seize, with iron hooks, some of this very sm- lent red wine. It is seated on the Lubst near itii
gular lava. conflux with the Neisse, 24 m. N. E. of Cot*
No mines have as yet been discovered in the bus, and 68 8. E. of Berlin. Pop. about 6,000.
province of Nicaragda ; but it is fertile in everv Oudensberg, a town of Gemiany, in Lower
description of fruit, and abounds in large and small Hesse, 10 m. 8. S. W. of Cassel.
cattle, especialiy in mules and horses. They also Guertmds, a town of France, in the department
^ earrv on a great trade in cotton, honey, wax, ani- of Lower Loire, with a considerable trade in salt.
T aeeu, sugar, cochineal, cocoa, salt, fish, amber, It is 3 m. from the Atlantic, and 40 W. by N. of
turpentine^ and petroleum, together with difierent Nantes. Pop. 7,252.
balsams and medicinal drugs. The palm trees Guerckej a town of France in the department
grow to a colossal size. Lmh, the capital, is sit- of Ille and Vilaine, 20 m. E. S. £. of Rennea
uated on the margin of a lake, which empties it- Pop. 3,980.
self into the Nicaragua. It inhabitants, nch, vo- Gturet.h, town of France, capital of the depart-
luptaous, and indolent, derive but little advantage ment of Creuse. It is seated on the river Creuse.
firom the excellent port of Rtaleio, formed by a 35 m. N. E. of Limoges, and 190 S. by W. of^
bay of the South Sea Paris. Pop. 4,014.
Otumutf, u ialuid in tli* Engliih Chmniwl,
35 ■». S. W, of C>p« la Hague, ■ promonto^ of
the N. ooul ofFrmnce. It formed put or the
dukedom of Nomiandy ; batHeiuy I. of England,
anneied it to Gre&t Bdtiui, to which it ha* ST^r
■inco continued an appendage, althongh the lan-
gnage, drcM, muinen, and form of goTemment
oftbe ancient Nonoanaitill contiunea. The is-
land ii about 36 m, in circnmfeience, well de-
fended b^ natoral rocka ; tiie nn^e ia conaidei^
ablj raned, geneially fertile, and bleed a coniid-
crable nomber of aniall cattle. It ia divided into
IDpatiahei, which in 1631 oontained an aggre-
Kte popnlatiDD of 30,837. St. Feter'a port, on
) E. aide of the iaUnd, in lat. 49. 33. N.,
and3. 40. <rf'W. long., ia the chief place ofthei
Tie
tantTSm.
Gaa1utg^ an interior ooantj in the E. put of
Ohio, CDDlBining abont 630 aqoare m. It ia in-
leraected by Wftl'i Creek, a branch of the Mtuk-
inirum. The popalation, which in 1810 was only
3,06], in 1B30 had increued to 18,036. Cam.
bridge, the chief town, in the centre of the conn-
<V, i« 65 m. due E. of Columbna.
Gutta, or Haeta, a tnwn of Spain in New Caa-
tile, :>2 m. E. by 8. of Madrid.
GHgUngen, a town of Suabia^ in the ki
of Wurtomberg,
e than one h Jf of the total
n the Zaber, SO a
Ghioim, an eitenilTC territory of Sonth Amer
iea, compriaing the whole country between the
two great riTen Amazon and Oriaoeo, extending
W. f?am the Atlantic Ocean through 16 degree*
of long. Prior to the wu between EnijlindaDd
Prance, which commenced in 1793, thia eitennie
territory was divided between Portogal, Spain,
France, and Holland ; the Portngneae claimed the
whole country lying N. of the Amaioni, to abont
I. 40. of N. lat. -^ a treaty in IBOl, a line of
demarcation waa agreed upon between France
and Portogal, this line eitended from the iaiand
of Carporr in the lat. abore mentioned, through
about 8 degrees of long. From this line /VencJl
Suwui, extends along the coaat to the Maroni
rixer, in the lat. of 6. i*. K,, gixing abont 300 m.
of aea-ooast, but westward it is not more than 130
m. wide. DtOih Ouuam, next extendi along the
coast from tlieriTerMaroni in5. 44.of N. Iat.,and
m. 55. of W. long., to Cape Naaaan, in 7. 34. N.,
and 58.54. of W.long. girinir about 360m. of sea-
eoast, and a mean breadth of abont 170 m. ; and
Sa€nuh Ghuiw comprised the coast from the riTer
Maroni, to the Delta of the Orinoco, and all the
country W. of Dntch and T^enoh Guiana, u fu
aa the 68 degree of W. lonf . PortngMttt Ouoiia
now forms part of the empire of Braiil. French
Oniana anrrendered to the English in IBOO, but
was reatored at the peace of 1814 ; kc Cayemu
Tl»e Dntch had formed four settlements upon
their portion of the territory, ria. Surinam, Bet-
bice, Demarara, aiid Bsieqaibo, along the banks
oTfour scTeral rivers of those names, which alsn
sarrendered to the Eogliah daring the war. At
the peace of IB14, Bannam was lestoied to tha
Dutch, and all the rest confirmed to England by
treaty. The greater portion of this rast territoir
is comprised of eitensiTC swampa and low lands
of unbounded fertility, of which Tuious kinds of
animals, reptiles, and insects, arc the chief pos-
sessors, the human inhabitaals being Tery limit-
Ad, eiespt npon tb« nTersBarinBni,andD«netUB.
s am
The coast, ftom its lowness, ia subject ia ttvij
places to inundations i the land, at the dislanoa
of seTeral leagues &om the sea, is deluged by th«
tides. The sailor loses sight of the capes or
promontories at a ihort wa^fiom the thorn ; but
ship* can approach them without danger, for the
distance may be ascertatoed with su&ient acoc-
luy by means of the sounding hue. The tiubid
appearance of the sea is owing to the great quan-
tity of allnvial matter borne down by riTeis. The
mangrove growi on the tow grounds, in which •
the sea water remains stagnant; several fans oi
marshes, occasioned by the inundktJons of rivers,
are covered with reeds, that afford iheller to the
cayman and different sorts of water fowl. Tlie
dry eeason lasts from the end of July to Novem-
ber, and the rainy season corresponds with tha
winter months in Europe , but the most violent
rains tidt sometimes in January and Februuy;
the weather is dry and agreeable during the month
of Msrcb and tbebeginning of Hay; this period
has, for that reason, Deen mnominatad the ahott
summer. The whole of April and the latter part
of May iue aubject to continued raina. The cli-
mate of Guiana is not liable to the eiceasive heal
of the East Indies, Senegambia, or the Antillea.
It is weH known that the trees which bear fhiil
daring the whole of the year in this country,
yield more ahnndsnt crops in particular seasons,
as the orange, the lemon, the guava, the laurns
persca, the sspola, the amtona and others, which
grow only in cultivated lands. The treea in the
woods and all those in » wild state bear (Vnit but
once a year, and the greater nomber of them at
a season that corresponda with our apring; the
most remarkable of these trees are the grenadilla
and different species of palms. The mango and
other East Indian plants thrive in Guiana, but the
fruits of Eorope, with the exception of the grape,
the tig andpomegranate, are not adapted to the
climate. The first European settlers observed
in this county three speclpn of the coflee tree, the
Coffta gvyanatris, Coffta parieidata, and Cofaa
ecddaitalu; a fourth kind from Arabia was after-
wards added by the colonists. Many aromatic
plants were imported by the earlier settlers j the
eountrr produces in abundatice cloves, cinnamon,
and diffeient sorts of pepper. The tree which
produces th« Caahsw nut bears a ooosiderabU le-
semblance to the iralnnt, and toe leaves have
nearly the same scent. It bears a sort of apple at
the end of which grows the Cashew nut, enclosed
in two shells, between which is a native inflom-
roable oil, so eonstie as to blister the skin. Hm
kernel baa a fine 6aTonr, Mtd ■• twsd to gin a
^_ ._ .. wdenltmtod ioUf. Th* ladUai Aeot thia
eookery. Tin ca«o« ti«e nowi ^cott— oadj vith poboned unnn.
en thsMMordwOyaixAiudigoandTaiMlUH* Tbe bot, or, Miti* ealM in the toontiT. Um
ind'usBoiu to Uw lai] i nwnioo uid o«tnJ« an ■boma, is a larfa awphibiona waka tboat brtj
ooliJlilMedllwbeatalimenHiirpUiibi tba potato, feet ia length, Mtd fbiiT or firs In eiiconifemMB ;
I ignama, two kinda of mulet and the b^ora it ia indiArant aa to ita prey , and daatioya, whan
•Im *et; natritiTB. _ hmgry, any tauaal that eoaua within ita NMb;
the napoca ooiwadar it aMellent fcod, ud ita ftt
ia eoDTerted mto <nL Ha laUle aoaka and dip-
aaaaia tbe moat noxtose teptilei In Ouiana; lbs
itinf of the latter in not alwan bttl, but it pro
dncei Satat aeeompaniad wiu niimaiiiii thuat,
From which einnunatanoa it baa dariTed ita name ;
Ouiana ia taeaidea infteted with aarpenta, limda,
and ■lligatoai. ff ateiloa tho lianllar biu gi ~
Da an aacavat of hii imiiir— -• *- -*^'- —
__ __J user 01 Etim-
I jafoac, bat r
ratSj Ibrooioa
vary bcautiAil uiimil of the same claa :
much larger than the commoii cat, and
» <retf natntiTB.
The qBadiopedi of Oaiana an the aane m
Ithoae of Bnsifand Paraguay. H. B^oo atatea,
tliat tb jaguar ia amaller in thi« conntij than in
any otIieT part of America: be adda, tut it can
bnag an oz to the ground, but that it ii afimid of
mill, and u*er renture* to att&ok him. Bted-
man oo the other hand obaerrea, that theae ani-
mala ■ometimet carry off nigio women, and too
fieqiieDtl; their children, wluie they are working
in the ficlda. The cov^ar, or red tiger of Sim-
tt habita, and
of a fellow colour with anadated black .
like the not of ita kind, it ia linlr, miichievaaa,
and untameable. It ia erident, from Bledman'a
account of (he japiaretta, that he auppoaea it to
be diSeicDt fVom the jaguar ; bat thia opinion ia
contrary to the oommon one and to that of the
moat celebrated naturaliata, who eoouder tba
iaguantta to be the aanie animal aa tbe jaguar.
The ant bear ii indigenooa to the count^ ; the
two speciea, which are beat known are the ta-
manda and the timaneir ; the. fcirmer la almoat
eight feet in length ; it tttackB the jaguar, and
aaldom leavea ita hold without deatroylng it.
TV cmmmpiumM, or dog-orab, fbwqnenta the aaa*
ibore and uaea ila feet very dezterouaty in ilraw-
iog ahell-fiah ant of their ca*itiee> There ara
thabackofoneoftheaeUtlefaniiMU. TboMthat
have *iiited Holland anid Lower Holatrin, nay
fonn an imperfect notion of the Dnteh and Britiah
'' luiana; — a vaat plain oorarad with
enamelled with a rich Teidine,
' tide by a dark ridge of impana-
_j_. — J -_ .1. ,.., fcjtto
plantationa, o
axue biUowa of Iheoc
by dikea, and aaparetad
illent road* or navinbte
to be a riflage,
it, and the natural beaotiea of the country Ibrm a
Mriking eontnat with ita rich culttTaticoi. The
rerolted nagroea have fatiMiahed aeveral petty
~ — *-■-— --] the interior; althongh the inhaUt-
many apeciee of monkeys in Guiana ; the juaia
u, perhapi, the moat remarkable from ila like-
neaa to man ; a bncifnl tnnlier takea notioe of
a ftrikiog reaemblanoe between tbrae animala
and Indian old women. Tlie ^uota baa abort eara,
foor lingrn on ita hands, and five loeg on ita feet ;
tliF extTEmily of it* tail )■ of a aplral ferm, and
enable! il to auspend itself on the branchea of
Ueei. Some naluralialamaintain th&t the oraw-
miian^ haa been obaerred jn Quiana, but thia lb
by no means certain, and many well-informed
travelleia are of a diffitr^nt opiiuoa. Three ape-
ciea of deer are eaid to be indlgenoua to the coun-
try, and one of theae, (the cvtacn,) reiemblsi
, tbe roe-buck in iize and (brm, Tbe agoati and
jMca are conaidered tbe beat gams in Oniana.
The caiiai ia an amphibioo* anmal armed with
■trong tnska, and corered with briitlet; it haa
been daaaed aa a qiaciea of oavey on account of
ita aothani^ « tail. The peccary or Mexican
hog haa an orifice on ita back oontaininf a fetid
liquor not nnlike muak, for which reaaon it baa
been called the paraa aMtJ^/na; they « to-
flrthar in-hMdaandaomatimas 1^ waata oroturda
the palm-tree wetrm, and extract good aU Ain
the piataohio nut They are Dot only akilled in
tbe chssB, but are expert fishermen, and aeqoainl-
ad with the art of earing their proriaionB. Like
tbe Hindoos, they obtain salt ftom the ashea of
the palm-tree : and if a anffleient qoantitj of that
attiele cannot be procnred, ttoy leaaon their feed
with red pepper. The palm-tree fhmiabee them
with plenty of wine ; their field* are coreied with
noa, manioc, wnamea and plantaina. The mani-
cole anppliea them with all the materiala of wluch
their hula are eonalrncled ; their copa of gourda
are made fl«m the ealabaah tree, and a aort of
net-work woeen by an inaeet, serre* them for
hau. The witaw ta banea, ao oommon in tba
feretla, are oouTerted into eMdafs.
Om's— »,alate prorinoe of Fiance, S90m. loag
and 65 breed, on the 8. W. ooaat, of which Bar
deux was the e^tal. It now form* the depart-
ment ef Gironde, Let ud Oeronnc, Donlajpte,
Lot, and A*eTTon.
OwUfM-abenaiAinBairT.Eng. ItiaiMt.
ledon the W«y, oa the side efa Uu, and had a
GUI 36r GUI
CAfUe and a pakce, now in ruim ; here i» ako soeift] ooenpationfrom which th« Aahaateet wei«
part of a monastery, which it itil] occupied. The wont to drag the people to the coast as slaves,
summer assizes are alternately held here and at when that traffic was carried on by the English.
Croydon ; but the election or members for the The cessation of this traffic seems to be the
connty is always held here. It is a well boilt cause of the revenge of the Ashantees who acted
town, with two chnrches, and an elegant town as robbers and drovers to the inhabitants on the
hall. The Wey is navigable to the Thames, and coast, their enmity beinf extended to the English
the trade in timber and com is considerable. It whom they regard as the cause of the cessation ;
IS 23 m. W. S. W. of Croydon, and 39 S. W. of and in 1823 and 1826. they waged for a time snc-
London. It retoms two members to parliament, cessfbl war against the ducipliiie and skill of the
Pop. 3,161. Britidi arms. The principal towns or trading
Giii/rord, an interior county of North Carolina, stations on this part of the coast, westward of the
a sq. of about 25 m. each way ; it is weU irrigated meridiona] line, are Cape Coast Castle^ Annama-
by the head waters of Cape Fear river. Fop. boe. and Anconah : eastward of the mendional line
18,735. Greensborough is the chief town. is tne kingdom of Dahomey, the principal town
OuUfard, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 665. of which, on the coast, is Griwhee, and in the
Also a p.t. Strafibrd Co. N. H. Pop. 1,827. Also interior Abomey, distant about 90 m. The peo-
a p.t. of Connecticut, in New Haven county, sit- pie of Dahomey are represented as fine looking
date on a bay in Long Island Sound, 17 m. E. by and industrious, their fields beinff productive in
S. of New Haven. Pop. 2^4. Also a p.L Chenan- main, legumes, and yams, ana their pastures
f[> Co. N. T. Pop. 2,^. Also townships in well stocked witn sheep, goats, and cattle. Great
ranklin Co. Pa. and Medina Co. Ohio. ravages are frequently committed among them by
OuUlaefOT GoaOae, a town of France, seated on leopards and hyenas, whilst the termes or white
the N. bank of the river Tarn, in the department ants, insidously intrude in such vast numbera Into
of Tarn ^ it is the seat of a prefect. Pop. 7^10. the habitations ot the people, as to conmiit the
It is 2&m. N. E. of Toulouse, and 15 W. oy S. of most destructive ravages before resistance can be
Alby . applied; there have b^n instances of their devour-
OuimaraeHS, a town of Portugal, in Entre ing an ox in a single night, and persons debilx-
Douro e Minho, which has formerly been the res- tated by disease are* liable to be attacked by them,
idence of its kings. It is divided into the eld Another remarkable animal of Dahomey is a bat
and new town, the fonder situate on an eminence of enormous siie ; they suspend themselves in
surrounded by walls. Here is a manufacture of thousands by their claws, to the branches of trees,
linen in high estimation. The public buildings immediately contiguous to the habitations of the
are magnificent, and the collegiate chureh is said people. Eastward of Dahomey on the banks of
to be founded on the ruins of^a temple of Ceres, a river about 25 m. from the sea, is the town of
It is 10 m. 8. E. of Braga and 25 N. £. of Ardrah, with a pop. of firom 7 to 10,000, which
Oporto. seems an independent or free town under the pro-
Qumeay Upptr, an extensive region of North tendon of the Hios, a powerful and numerous
Africa, comprising about 1,500 m. of sea coast, people, whose country extends 180 to 300 m. into
from Cape Mesurado, in the lat. of6. 26. N.,and the mterior. The country around Ardrah is
10. 30. of W. long., to the Calabar river, in 4. 10. represented as exceedingly beautiful and produc-
N., and 6. 43. of B. long., and from thence S. to tive in every variety of tropical vegetation; fur-
the equator ; of the interior parts of this country tlur east is the town of Lagos, the country ti
either N. or 6. very little is known. The coast the northward of which is inhAited by the Jaboos,
of Upper Guinea, from Cape Mesurado, to Cape a T»M-f industrious people, who manuncture great
Palmas, a range of 240 m., is called the Gram qnaiiutie^ of cotton cloth, and whose country is
Coast, from the vast (|uantity of mins of paradise well cultivated, and rich in all the products of
or Guinea pepper which it was found to produce affriculture ; east of the Jaboos is the kingdom
on first bemg visited by Europeans-, further E. of Benin, supposed to be very extensive, the cap-
for upwards of 200 m. is called tne Tooth or Ivory ital of the same name is about 40 m. from the coast,
Coast, from the large quantity of fine elephants the sea-port being Galto; further east, extending
teeth which are brought to its markets-; eastward to the lOth degree of longitude, are the kinffdoms
of the Ivory Coast to the meridional Une, is oal- of Warre, and Old and New Calabar, it was
led the Gold Gold, from the gold dust which is from this part of the coast from whence the most
found in its rivers ; and east^rard of the meridio- active slave trade was carried on by the English,
nal line is called the Slave Coast, from the esten- a people from the interior called the Heebas, be-
sive traffic in slaves which was formerly carried ing the principal victims, and the town of Bonny
ou from thence by the Engiisb, Spantards. French the principal market Since the abandonment
and Americans, to the West Indies and America, of this trafiic in slaves by the English, the inhab-
This extensive tract of territory is occupied by itaais of this coast have directed their attention
various tribes and communities of negroes ; tlie to agriculture and commerce, and now export large
most numerous are the Fantees who occupy onantites of palm oil, ivory and dye woods. From
the coast firom Cape Mesurado to the meridionu Old Calabar the coast extends to the south, which
line ; from a long continued intercourse with Eu- is commonly called Lower Guinea,
repeans, the Fantees have acquired strong trad- (Mnsa, Lower, consists of Biafira, Calbonga,
ing habits, and among them most of the trading Lopea. ^alemba, Loango, Congo. Bengueia,
nations or Europe have formed settlements pro- Ac. «c., it is fit>m this part of^ the coast,
tected by finis. In the rear of the Fantees are from whence the Braxilians still continue to draw
the Ashantees, who, although they appear to be 90 or 40jp00 slaves annually. Malemba, in the
one people, live in continued hostility with each ht. of 5. 24. S., and 12. 20.of £. long., is represent-
other. North of the Ashantees, is a tribe called ed as having a very salubrious cumate, and as
the Chambas, who are represented as an amiable aifi>rding the most hvoonble spot on the whole
and industrious people, diligent in the pursuit of western coast of Africa for the residence of Eu-
agrienltore; ana it was from this peaceful and ropeans. Off this coast, N.ofthe equator, an tht
GUI M oyi
iitanda of Psmaado, To, PrinoM, 4Bd St. Thonu, mIvm ercr; where, uid dealioj linea, menliui-
wbicb alaa Bflbrd fsTountble litaaUou, fitm diM, fiinuUre, mil «*•■> hoiuea, ihe wood wotk
wbanoa to diipeou tha bloMnp of ciTiliMli^ oTwhioli tha* hoUow out, Invii^ nothinf but an
ttti •ooui ordsr. The PlnUdo^ oi Gainu Hen, eitarn*! ibeU. AeoonUnf to Onndpre, thej
»»>— —"11 bin™™ .-J jiuiuMuubJ (n P«»,_ [„,„ tEiB iutuot to fill Dp with clsj tho aUkn
wMch nqipoit Uw houaei, to jnevant theii UI.
Fin ■loM, tnd mwbla, on reaut tlwii'deTanriiif
letlh : but fonutme mav be MCimd br pUciiu
the feetin pun of wmler.
In ■ eonntiy m> infested with iiuK>me and <■•-
MnctiTo iiiKcts, it ii pleuant to know that one,
at leaat, of conaidenlile atili^ exiaU ; it ii a ica-
TBbaui, of the aixa of a coekohafet, which con-
tribatea eaaeotiallj to the aalnbrity of the atmoa.
pheie, by ""^'"g deep holea, and barring in
them all impnre and oomplible matten noder
groond ; it ia tine mora ralnable in eonaaqoenoe
-~ - oTila wonderiiil feoondity. Nnmberleai (wannB
and America, waa originally &om Hii« coantiy of heea wander io the foraata, occnpying the
aad i> atill fbnnd wild in Tuiona part*. boUowa of trees, — and it ia only neceaaan to drive
All the ri*era are filled with crooodilea, edled them bwit by lighting finta iiftOa them, and
by aome IraTellen cayman* ; th^ are genenJly thualaketheir honey. Oraaahoppera are etieemed
2) feet lonv, according to Carani ; there are u food by the oatiTea, and tie not deapiaed eren
aome alio which nerer enter tbe water bat bant hy Enropeani.
fowli, sheep, and abe-goata. In another place, The ostrich and peacock are eateemed by the
hnwever, he alatea, that there ai« liiarda which negroea. In Angola, the king has raaerred the
differ Tery Utile frora crooodilea. Cameleone are aofe priTilege of keeping peacocka. There are
faand in great nnmbera, and are oonaidered Tcry both tirown and red partiidgea, which hare the
«e.,omaiu. Tbe flying liiard, or palm-rat, a pret- peculiarity of perching upon treea. The qnail,
ty little animal, is in object ofreugioiia worahip; pheauot, thnuh, the widow and cardinal birds
tbe rich pi¥*erTe it with great care, and exhibit are found in abundance. The cuckoo diflen
it to the adoration of tbe people, who oKr it pre- fram out* in ita note. The CHadut i»i\t«lar,
•ents. Froga and toadi are ofan enormooa rite, found in CTery part of the torrid vine, here bean
Monitroue Hipenta infest these inhoapitabte the name of asH^. The parrat Tariea mueh aa to
countries. The boa, or tosw, in length fiom 35 aiie, colour, and Toiee. Very diSbtent from thoea
to 30 feet, and 6 ia thickness, darts from treea we see in cagea ; strong, nimble, and bold, ihay
npon men and animals, swallowing them at once, fly with great rapidity, and are very fbimidahle
and in \u turn becomes a prey to the negroea, who to other birds, whioh they attack, and laceiale
attack it daring its digestion, or bom itbr setting most nnmeraifnlly in the oombat.
fire to the wo(i3a at the tenniiu^an of the rains. Tlie difiitrent Bpeciea of the tuitle doTca,
It wages an interminsble war sgainat tl>e crooo- pigeons, fowls, ducka, and geaae of this country
diles. The bite of another apeeiea of aerpent is an not well diatingoished. The idle diapoaition
mortal within 24 lionra. Travellers who am lond of the natiTce haa nerer Uwiight of profiting by
-^ 'V marTelloua, represent it as blind, and de- the nae of theegn offowls in domestic economy.
sit with21teads; they mean the OKwiUsAcaa. Tbe hen, left to herself, deponta her eggs where
The TComia, aa tliiek as a man's thigh, ia 90 alie pteawa, and runs undisturbed aboutUie fields
of the marTelloua, represent it as blind, and de- the nae of theegn offowls in domestic economy,
tcribe it with 2 Iteads ; they mean the oawiUsAcaa. Tbe hen, left to herself, deponta her eggs where
The TComia, aa tliiek aa a man's thigh, ia 90 ahe pteawa, and rnus undisturbed aboutUie fields
feet lonr, and very nimble. It instinctiTely with her chickens in search of food. Among tbs
chases Uie n'tfomta, uid devonre it whole and Gslter birds, is the pelican, the poffia, and guile
alive. This last is only an ell long, with ■ wide of erery rariety. The akin oT Ihe pelican, ap-
and flat head like the riper, and the akin beauti- plied to the stomaoh, is said to restore its rigour.
fully spotted ; it* poison is very aobtle. Tbs It ia aatcnialiing to behold the immenaa nnm-
n'temh, ia one of the moat renomous; is with berof eagles, mltores, falcons, tiawks, and other
difficult distinrnished from the treea Ihemselres, birds of prey, which borer orer the woods when
the truiAs of which it entwines, lying in wait for aet on fire by the negroes, and analoh from the
Its pray. It is reported that the touch only oFtbe midatofthe flames quadmpeds and serpenta half
UtM, a rariegated riper, iafbllowed by death, but rosaled. According to the nprat of trarellen,
that the bite of the animal is its antidote. The who bars given a ren soperacial acoaant of
country swarms with soorpioni and centipede* ; birds, tbe nnmberof owla,aareech owla, and ImIb,
the fbrmeroften creep inlohoosea and book*. is also eoosidenble.
The fleis, fangs, sod flies of Europe, are not Among the quadrupeds, the hippopotamna ^-
found in Oninea; there are, hcwerer, gnats and fbtds the negroes an apeesble dish ; which, on
mosolietoes in abundance, whicb forni one of tbe mragra days, is not unacceptable to Eni
plagnee ofthe eaantry. The ating of the iwuo. The wild boar (siyaUi,) of which there
of we same siae aa our gadfly is said to be mortal, eral rarietiea, ia a aoonrn to the eonntrj
' * • - -- ^ InAst hog, tnlrodoced by thei^rtogiHaa, ialeaa:
who an abb fhr ita siie tun fbr the goodneia of i'
an con- The blaoka rear a few gnmea-piga.
woadior originaUr a nalire of hot climate*, this
nta, and Urea and bresda in temperate and cold oo
lieating It* akin is of Hltle raloe, Bad the Beah si
ry larga aometimea eaten, ia indifierent fbod. T ^ ^.
e houn. so cleanly that Buwh cf their time ia ^ent in lick-
d while, ing and amoothing aaah other's tax. They feed
■ than- anallBOttta(lieA*,MpeoiBllr oapantejiwhiek
gadfly is said to be mortal, eral rarietiea, ia a aoonrn to the country. Tbe
' - . ■ tnlrodoced by the {^irtogiHaa, ia leaaremaA-
, fhr ita sin than fbr the goodneM of its flesh.
bound and eiposed to them, an con- The blacks rear a few gnmea-piga. Though
...»- «, Jw bones in one day. The iasoadior originaUr a nalire of hot climate*, this anlnal
uunyoiy), enter the trank of elephanta, and Urea and breads in temperate and cold oouDliias.
oaoae themto die in eitreine madness. Tie sting Its skin is of Hltle raloe, Bad the Besh sllhoogh
^ .k. 1^..^ »hi»h .» , hlsck and rery large aometimea eaten, ia indifierent fbod. Tbey an-
«t d*ngwreaa ; they UHinaala I
' Mt 369 <liVZ
thej prefer eren to bran, ioor or bVMid. Thej €hiiMe, a town of Pranoe, in tto draartmant- of
are alio exceedingly fond' of apples and fifnits. Alme, with a cattle, Bcated on the (&. 18 m. £.
Like the rabbit they eat ppAcipitatelj ; little at a of 8t. Qnintin.
GtttdaiHf 8i. a town of the Netfaerlaiida, in
Hainaolt, seated in marahy land, on tlie nrer
Haine, 6 m. W. of Mona.
Ot^unai, or Chnurat, a town of Hfaidoottan, in
Lahore, 60 m. N. by W. of Lahore, on the road
■^^t, to Benares.
^ GumbinMHf a town of Pmssia, capita] of a goy-
emment of the same name in lithoania. It has
time, bat very often. They are very prolific and muiniaetares of cloth, and is seated on the Pissa,
multiply astonishingly. A single couple will which falls into the rregel, 75 m. E. by S. of Ko-
produce one thousand in a year. The use of nigsberg. The superfices of the government of
the horse, the ass, and the mule is a nullity to Gumbtnnen, comprises upwards of 6,000 siraare
the negro, who dares not even Tenture to mount miles, with a population of about 360,000. Pop.
them. Whether negroes or Portuguese, the in- of the town about 5.000.
habitants find it preferable to be carried about in Gtan Springs f a Tinage in Orange Co. Va.
hammocks. Gumur^imaf a populoua town of Eurmiean
Otdneaf Jfew, or Pamta, an island of the South Turkey, m Rumelia| near the sea-eoast, 190 m.
Pacific Ocean, to the N. of New-Holland, fVom due W. of Constantmople.
which it is separated by Endeayour Strait, it is Ottii4ie{^ii^eii, a town of Bayaria, situate on the
next in sixe to New-Holland, extending S. £. Brenz, near the Danuba, 17 m. W. 8. W. o'
fh>m the equator, to 13. 8. lat.. and fi'om 131. to Donawert.
153. £. long. , a length of more than 1 ,200 miles,by Gttnfoor, a district of ffindoostan, formerly the
a medial breadth of perhaps 300 ; but the coasts of most southern of the cirears, interaected by the
the eastern part are &r from bein^completdy in- riyer Kistnah, on the western coast of the Ba^
yestigated. The northern part is said to naye of Bengal. Thechief town of the same name u
been ducoyered by the Spaniards, in 1528, who seated S. of the Kistnah, 45 m. W. by N. from
had sailed from Mexico to explore the Spice Is- Masulipatam. See Cirears.
lands. The coasts are ^nerally lofty ; and in Gtmtxburgf a town of Suabia, with a castle,
the interior, motmtain nses aboye mountain ; but It stands on the riyer Guntz. near its conflux
the whole appears coyered with such luxuriance with the Danube, 6 m. W. of tfurgau, and 14 E.
of wood ana herbage, as can scarcely be conceiy- of Ulm.
ed. The cocoa, sago, bread-fhiit, and plantain Gunzaikauien, a town of FVanoonia, in the
tree, beside most of the trees, shrubs, ana plants, principality of Anspach, seated on the Altmuhl,
common to the islands in the South Pacific Ocean, near a forest, 16 m. S. S. E. of Anspach.
are found here in cpneat perfection. This island Gftmnt, a town of Silesia, in the principality of
is the chosen residence of the singular birds of Ologau, with good doUi manufiletures, and a
paradise, which breed here during the wet mon- great trade in com. In 1769 it was reduced to ashes
soon, and in the dry migrate in flocks westward, by the Russians. It stands on an eminence, by
to the smaller islanos, puticularly Arroo. Here tne riyer Bartch, 19 m. £. of Glogau.
are also eleffant parrots; and piffeons that almost Gifre&, a town of Germany, in Carinthia. and
equal a turkey in size. The inhabitants of the lately a bishop's see ; seatea on the riyer Gurck,
northern part are called Papous : whence the name 90 m. N. by W. of ClagenfVirt.
of the country. They seem to haye the true Gvre^eU, a town of Germany, in Camiola,
Malay complexion and features; but in j^neral are with a castle on a hill, situate on toe Saye, 96 m.
of horrible appearance, and great fbrocity. Their S. E. of CiUey .
language and habitations resemble those of Bor- Gur^istan. See Oeargia,
neo, &c. On the west the women seem the most Ounrf^ or OcmieVf a town of Russia, in the
industrious in making mats, and pots of clay, goyemment of Astracan, with a good harbour ;
which they afterward bum with aiy grass or seated near the Caspian Sea, between the mouths
brushwood ; and they even wield the axe. while of the Ural, 910 nules £. by N. of Astracan.
the men are indolent, or engaged in the chase of Long. 51. 56., lat. 47. 37. N.
wild hoffs. In the interior is a race called Hara- GurroA, a town of Hindoostan^ in the province
fbrus, who live in trees^ which they ascend by a of Allahabad ■ situate near the rtver Nerbuddah,
notched pole, drawing it after them to prevent 190 m. S. S. W. of Allahabad. Long. 80. 93. E.,
surprise. On this extensive territory , so favoured lat. 93. 9. N.
by nature, there is no European settlement. Gtcrnrnieoiid^, a town of Htndoostan, lately
llie chief commerce is with the Malays and subject to the regent of Mysore, but ceded by tlie
Chinese, firom whom they purchase blue and red Nizam to the Bntish in 1799. It is 73 m. N. E.
cloth, axes, knives, and other instraments. Their of Bangalore, and 119 W. N. W. of Madiks
returns are ambergris, tortoise-shell, small pearls, Long. A. 36. £., lat. 13. 47. N.
birds of paradise, and other birds, which the Papu- OustanWf a township of Tnxinbull Co. Ohio,
ans dry with great skill. Some slaves are also ex- Gitjfreie, a city of Lower Saxony, in the duchy
ported, probably captives taken in intestine wars, of Mecklenberg-Schwerin. The chief courts of
Guing'ampf a town of France, in the depart- judicature for the duchy are held here ; and it
ment or Cotes du Nord^seated on the TVieu, 18 nas an elegant ducal palace. It is sitaataon the
m. S. of Treguier, and 93 W. by N. of St. Brieux. Nebel, 99 m. E. N. £. of Schwerin. Long. 19.
It is the seat of a prefect. 13. E., lat. 53. 47. N.
Guipiocoa, a district of Spain, forming the N. OuUaf a town of Hungary, seated on the Wag,
W. part of Biscay, comprising a superfices of 59 in the island of Schut, 16 m. N. W. of CooMmi.
sq. leagues. Pop. in 1809, 104,491. St. Se- Ouzerai, a province of HindooataA, whieh is a
Mstian is the capital. peninsula, 900 miles long and 140 brofti« fttmed
HAC MO HAD
by the Arabian S«a and the giilfii of Cambay and nal efoalade, and in 1804, it c^itolated after a
Catch. The W. part is monntainouii and woody, practieabte breach was made tiiroogh ita walla by
and inhabited by a wild hardy race, governed by colonel Henrr White, It was afterwards g^yen
rajahs of their own ; but the lar||[est and finest part vp to the Manrattas by lord Comwallis. It is 80
is included within the eztenmye empi^ of the m. 8. of Agra. Long. 78. 28. E., lat. 26. 15. N.
Mahrattas. Amedabad is the capital. Choinnett^ a county of Georgia. Fop. 13,230.
GioaUaTf a fortress of Hindoostan, in a district Lawienceville is the capital,
of the same name, in the proyinoe of Affra, situar Gjf, a town of France, in the department of the
ted on a rock about four miles in length, but nar- Vpver Saone. Pop. 2,701.
row, and nearly flat on the top, with sides almost Gyfkemy a town (^ Lower Saxony, in the
perpendicular, irom 200 to 3CfO feet aboTO the duchy of Luneburg, seated near the junction of
surrounding plain. The rampart conforms to the the uer with the AUer, 20 m. N. of firunswick
edge of the precipice all around; and the only Gyon, See Gijan,
entrance u by steps running up the side of the Gy&HgyoSy a town of Hungary, 21 m. W. S. W
rook, defended on the side next the country by a of Erlau. Pop. 8,000.
wall and bastions. The area within is full of no- (hpda, or JvUaf a town of Hungary, situated
ble buildings, reservoirs of water, wells , and cul- on an island in the river Korea, or Korash, with
tivatedland; so that it is a little district within a castle. Pop. about 2,000. It is 92 m. W. S.
itself. At the N. W. foot of a mountain is the W. of Colossvar.
town which is well built. This fortress is con- Gxot, or G&^ot, a town of Russia, in the gov-
sidered as the Gibraltar of the east ; but, in 1780, emment of Smolensk, 140 m. E. N. £. of mno-
najor Popham took it by an unexpected noctur- lensk
H
HAA, a small island in the North Sea, near the Haddam, a town of Connecticut, m Middlesex
north coast of Scotland, three miles and a half S. county, on the E. side of Connecticut river, 18
E. of Farout Head. m. N. by E. of Saybrook. Pop. 2,830.
Haagf a town of Bavaria, capital of a county of Had/aiham, two parishes of England, the one
the same name. It is seated on a hill j 26 m. E. in Buckinghamshire, 47 m. from London; the
by N. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. E., lat. 48. 7. N. other in Cunbridgeshize, 62 m. from London.
Haarlem, or HaerUm. See HarUm, HaddingUm, a royal borough of Scotland, capi-
HaastreclUf a village of South Holland, 3 m. E. tal of the county of'^the same name on the Tyne,
of Gosida. Pop. about 1,200. 17 m. £. of Edinburgh, and the first stage on the
Haher^kam, Eves^ a township of England, in road to London. It consists of four principal
Lancashire, 2 m. W. of Burnly, and 208 W. N. streets, which intersect each other at nearly right
W. of London. Pop. about 4.612. angles, and has a considerable manufacture of
HabeUehtoerdtf a town of Silesia, in the county coarse woolen cloth. Part of a monastery here is
of Glatz, on the river Neisse, 9 m. S. of Glatz. occupied as a parish church, which is a large and
^ HaboUckUto, a village in Hancock Co. Missis- venerable building. It has a town house and
sippi. county hall ; there are also two bridges over the
Hatha. See Rio de la Haeha, Tyne. The site of the ancient abbey of Hadding-
Haekenburfff a town of Germany, in the county ton, is about a mile E. of the town, founded m
of Sayn, wi& a castle, 20 m. N. N. E. of Cob- 1178. In conjunction with I>unbar, North Ber-
lentz. wick, Jedburgh^and Lander, it sends a member
Haekeistownf a town of New Jersey, in Sussex to parliament. Here the celebrated John Knox
countj, seated on the Mnsconekunk, fSi m. W. of was bom.
Momstown. Haddingtonskire, or East Lothian, of which the
Haekinsaekf a town of New Jersey, chief of preceding is the capital, a county of Scotland, 25
Bergen county, with a Dutch and episcopal m. long and 15 wfa^re broadest ; bounded on the
church, snd a flourishing academy. It is situate W. by Edinburghahire, N. by the Frith of Forth,
on a river of the same name, 20 m. N. Yf. of New £. by the German Ocean, ana S. by Berwickshire,
York. and comprises an extent of about 297 sq. m. It
Hdeknev, a village and parish of Middlesex. Eng. is divided into 24 parishesjjand contained in 1 801 ,
an appendage to London, 2 m. N. E. of Shore- a pop. of 29,686, and in 1021, 35,127. The soil
ditch Church. It has several hamlets, the princi- is m many places doubly productive ; rich crops
pal of which are, Uppar and Lower Clapton on are raised on the surface, and mines of coal are
the north ; Dalston, Shackwell. and Kingsiand on inexhaustible. The southern part is mountainous,
the west; and Homerton on the east. It has a comprehending the north side of Lammermuir
handsome modem church, begun in 1792, and a hills; but these high grounds feed many aheep
chi^l of ease erected in 1810. The term Hack- It is mtersected by nanwroua itiMmB, but the
ney Coach was derived fix>m the circumstance principal river is the Tyne. The chief towns are
of this village being the first near the metropolis, the three royal burghs of Haddington, North Ber-
that was accomodated with carriages of that de- wick, and Dunbar,
scription. It has a receptacle for lunatics. St. Uaadot^iddf p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J.
John's palace, an ancient edifice in Well Street, HadenmUe, a village in (roochland Co. Va.
IS said to have been the residence of the prior en HaderaUben, a town of Denmark, in Sleswiek,
the order of St. John of Jerusalem. In this par- with a citadel, on a small island, in a narrow bay
ish. south of Leabridge are the Temple Mills, so of the Baltic, 30 m. E. by S. of Ripen,
called from having Tormerly belonged to the Badil, or Hai2»ce, a town of Syria, on the Ei^
Knights Templars Pop. 22,494 phrates, 115 m. W. of Bagdad.
pean
HAI 961 HAL
HtuU^y, or floiUa^A, a town of Suffiilk, Enf^. of the gulf of Tonqain, and to tha 8. W. of tlM
It ie seated on the Bret, 20 m. S. £. of Buiy, and proyince of Qoangtong, from which it ia 12 m.
64 N. £. of London. Pop. in 1821 , 2,929. diatant. It ia 400 m. in circumference. The soil
HadUuy a village in Ewwex, £ng. 5 m. S. W. of of the N. part is level ; but in the S. and £. are
Rochona. Here are aome ruina of a castle, on mountains, among which are yalleys that produce
the brow of a hill, on a channel of the Thames be- two crops of rice eirer^ year. There are mines
tween Canvey ialand and the shore. of gold and lapis lazuli, which last is carried to
HadUif, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. on the Con- Canton, to pamt the porcelain. There are also
necticut, opposite Northampton. It contains an several kinds of wood, the moat valuable of which
academy. Pop. 1J986. Also a town in Saratoga ia that called b^ the nativ^ji hoall, and bv £uro-
Co. N. I. Fop. 829. Deans rose or violet wood. It produoea tne same
tt»dramawUf a province of Arabia Felix, on firuits as China, beaide sugar, tobacco, cotton, and
the seaFCoast, between Yemen on the W., and indigo. Among the animals is a great black ape,
Oman on the £. Some parts are dry and desert, with features resembling those of tne human fiioe ;
others are extremehr fertile with well watered but the common sorts of apes are grey, and very
valleys. The chier products are frankincense, ugly.
Sam arable, dragons blood, myrrh, and aloes. JaainmUtf a province of the Netherlanda;
hibam is the capital. bounded on the N. £. by Brabant, N. W. by Flan-
Zfamttf, a famous ridge of mountains in £uro- dera, S. W. by France^ and £. by the territories
$an Turkey, separating Bulgaria from Romania, of Liege and Namur ', it comprises an exteht of
HamiebMkej a town of the Netherlands, in Flan- 1 ,700 sq. m.. and is intersected by the Scheldt, the
ders, on the Lys, 23 m. S. W. of Ghent, on the Sambre, ana the Haine. Its mineral productiona
road to Courtray, from which it ia distant 3 m. are conaiderable, and there are several manuiac-
Fop. in 1821, about 3,000. tures. The chief towna are, Touma^, Mons, and
Ht^, a lake or bay of Prussia, in Pomerania, Charleroi. It was formerly divided into Austrian
divided into gieat and little, at the mouth of the and French Hainault, and in 1814 was ceded by
Oder, between which and the Baltic are situated Austria to the Netherlands, in 1816 it received an
the ialands of Usedom and Wallen. It is 36 m. accession of Beaumont, Merbe, Le Chateau, and
in length, and its greatest breadth 9. Dour, formerly belonging to French Hainault.
Hagem, a town m Westphalia, in the county of Hajosh^ a town of Hungary, in Cumania Minor,
Mark. It haa manu^ctures of cloth, and stands 65 m. S. by £. of Pest,
on the Vollme, 13 m. S. of Dortmund. Hajypaor, the chief town of the district of
HagerstowMf p.t. Washington Co. Maryland, the same name, seated on the N. E. bank of the
it is a handsome town with Uie houses generally Ganges at its confluence with the Gunduck.
of stone and brick. The territory around it is fla£iuz, a town of Hungary, in Cumania Mi-
fertile, nor, 17 m. £. of Hajosh. Pop. about 8,700.
Hagetmany a town of France, in the department Halbergtadt^ a town of Prussia, in Lower Sax-
of Landes, 18 m. S. of Mont de Marsan, in the vi- onjr, capital of the principality of the same name,
cinity of which are some silver mines. Pop. in wmch was formerly a bishopric. The cathedral
1821, about 2,350. is a superb structure ; here are three regular ab-
Hagiar, a town of Arabia Deserta, 160 m. N. by beys, and two nunneries, and the Lutherans have
W. of Medina. five churches. It is seated on tho' Hotheim, 32
Hague, a town of South Holland, which may m. S. £. of Brunswick on the road to Leipiig.
compare with the handsomest cities in Europe in HaldensUbenfJ'/'eWf a town of Prussia, in Lower
the magnificence of its palaces, the beauty of its Saxony, in the Duchy of Magdeburg, on the river
atreets, the pleasantness of its situation, and the Ohra, 14 m. N. N. W. of Magdeburr.
politeness of its inhabitanta. It is seated 2 m. Hatdautein, a town of Switzenand, in the
from the sea, and there is a pavement across the country of Grisons, seated near the Rhine, 4 m.
sand hills, with trees on each side, which leads N. of Uoire.
to Scheveling on the sea-shore. There are 14 Ho/en, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
churches and some charitable institutions. The seated on the river Geet, 17 m. £. N. £. of
Castle of Ryswick, from which the treaty known Louvain.
hy that name received its appellation, is about a HaUs, a village of Gloucestershire, £ng. 2 m.
mile and a half S. E. of the town.. It was lately N. £. of Winchoomb ; noted for the remains of its
with BruHseU, tlie alternate seat of government. It abbey, which formerly was very magnificent, and
suffered greatly by the revolution under Bona- had great privileees.
parte, but the inhabitants threw off the French Halesfordf p.v. Franklin Co. Va.
yoke in 1813. It is 30 m. S. W. of Amsterdam, HaLesowtn^ an insulated town of Shropshire, in
and 7 S. by W. of Leyden. Worcestershire, £ng. with a manufacture of nails.
Hague, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 721. Al- and pearl and horn buttons. The poet Shenstone
so a township in St. Lawrence Co. N. T. and a was born and buried here ; and near it is the
village in Westmoreland Co. Va. Leasowes, in the decoration of which his whole
Haguenau, a fortified town of France, in the fortune was spent. It is 10 m. N. £. of Kidder-
departroent of Lower Rhine, with a citadel ; seat- minster, and 127 N. W. of London,
ed on the Motter, 15 m. N. of Strasburg. There Halesworth, a town in Suffolk, Eng. It has a
are manufactures of tobacco, madder, and earth- canal to Southwold, and is seated near the river
enware. Bljrtb, 28 m. N. E. of Ipswich, and 101 of
Hain^urgf a town of Austria, with a castle on London,
a mountain, near the south bank of the Danube, HaUyabridge, p.v. Southampton Co. Va.
27 m. E. by S. of Vienna. Pop. about 2,700. Haffmoon, atownsbip in Centre Co. Pa.
HoMa, or /oifia, a river of St. Domingo, ik hieh Haubut Island, an island in the Pacific Ocean,
falls into a bay of the same name, 12 m. w . of St. off the coast of Alaska, so named by Cook, on ac-
Domingo. count of the number offish of that name caught
Hot-iion, an island in the China Sea, to the N. here. It is seven leagues in circumference, and
4C 2H
HAL 391 HAH
verr low and banen; Long; 104. 15. W., lat 64. that abound tn minet of aalt) 8 m. 8. by B. of
58. N. Salsimrg.
Halifitx, a town in the wast riding of Yorkshire. HaUuprvug, a town of Lower Bazcmy , in tho
Eng. It is a yery large parish, containing Id principality of Calenberg. at the sonroe of the
chapels of ease ; the inhabitants are prineiftally Haller. 16 m. 8. 8. W. of Hanover,
employed in the woolen mannfactore. This town HaUowellf p.t. Kennebec Co. on the Kennebee,
is the great mart for shalloons and worsted stnfis 40 m. at its mouth. Pop. 3,964. It has a con-
in great variety. ' It hss a market-honse, called siderd>]e commerce in the exportation of Imnber.
Piece Hall, and various oUiers for particular HoOmUe, p.v. Mon^gomerv Co. N. T. Also
about three quarters of a mile long, and is seated in iacturea, and a profitable salmon-fishery. It
a hilly country, near a branch of the Calder. 40 stands at the mouth of the Nissa. on ft bay of
m. W. 8. W. of York, and 197 N. by W. of Lon- the Categat, 82 m. 8. 8. E.of Gothenburg. Long.
don. Pop. in 1801 , 8,886, and in 1»21 , 12,628. 12. S2., lit. 56. 40.
Halifaxj a city and the capital of Nova Scotia. floteesd, a town in Essex, Eng. seated on the
It stands on the W. side of Chebocto bay. which side of a hill, on the river Coin, 16 m. N. of
18 Urge enough to shelter a thousand men of war. Chelmsford, and 46 N. E. of London. ^
An island at tte mouth of the harbour is so strong- HalUrm, a town of Westphalia, in the prin-
ly fortified, as to bid defiance to all attack, and cipality of Munster, seated on the Lippe, 28 m.
the town -is protected on the land side by a fort, 8. W. of Munster.
and several batteries, which render it impregnable. fMtoir,atown in Cheshire, Eiitf. It had a
The streets are parallel and at right angles. At stately castle, belonging to the duchy of Lancas-
the N. extremity is the king's yard, supplied with ter, which maintained a large jurisdiction round
stores of every kind for the royal navy. The in-- it, by the name of Halton Fee ; but all that re-
habitants are estimated at above 16,000. It is 600 mains is now a prison. It is seated near the
m. N. E. by E. ofNewTork,and90E. of Anna- Mersey, 13 m. K. E. of Chester, and 195 N.
polis. Lat. 44. 44., long. 63. 36. N. W. of London.
HtiUfaXy an interior county of North Carolina, HaltuMttU. a town of Northumberland, Eng.
bounded on the N. E. by Roanoke, near the north- seated on a hill, on the 8. branob of the Tvne,
em boundary. Pop. 17,738. The chief town 35 m. W. of Neweastle, and 315 N. by W. of
Halifox, is 130 m. N: £. by £. of Raleigh. London.
Hal^f a county of the E. District of Virginia, Ham, a strong town of Westphalia, capital of
bordering on North Carolina, and bounded on the the county of marie. It is a place of good trade,
N. E. by the Roanoke. Pop. 28,032. Its chief and has extensive bleaching-gronnds. In 1761,
town. Bannister, is 134 m. B. W. by W. of Rich- the French were defeated near this plaoe by the
mona. troops of Branswick. It is seated on the Lippe,
Halifax, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1 J562. Al- 20 m. W. of LipMadt. Long. 7. 57. £., lat. 51
so a p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 709. Also a 40. N.
village in Dauphin Co. Pa. Also a p.t. Haliftx Ham, Wegt, a village and parish of England in
Co. N. C. oil tne Roanoke, 70 m. ftom the sea. Essex, on the river Lea, 6 m. from the Royal
HaUiZy a town of Poland, in the palatinate of Exchange, London. In 1601, the pop. was re-
Lemberg, with a castle. Since 1773 it has been turned at 1,960, and in 1881^ 9,753.
included in the new kingdom of Oalicia. It is Ham, a town of France, m the department of
seated on the Dneister, 60 m. 8. 8. E. of Lem- 8omme, with a stromr castle, seated on th& Scm-
berg. me, 70 m. N. N. E. of Paris.
Holland f a province of Sweden, on the W. Hamadan. See AmadoH.
coast of Gothland. It is 60 m. along the coaat, Hamakj a town of Syria, the residence of the
but not above 18 in breadth. The country is schiek, with the title of emir. The best booses,
in general mountainous, with considerable the mosques, and the castle, are built of hiack
woods of oak and birch. Hamstadt is the cap- and white stones. The river Assi, formerly call-
ital. ed Orontes, runs close by the castle and fills its
HallatoH, a town in Leicestershire, Eng. 12 m. ditches, which are cut deep into the solid rodi
£. 8. E. of Leicester, 90 N. by £. of London. The inhabitanta have a trade in linen of their
Halle, a town of Lower Saxony, in the duchy own manufacture. It is seated among hills, 78 m.
of Magdeburg, with a Ikmous university. It S. 8. W. of Aleppo.
has large salt-works, and manufactures of starolK Hamumut, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, on
linen, and flannel. It is seated on both sides of a gulf of the same name, 37 m. 8. of Tunis,
the Saale, over which there are five bridges, 18 Long. 10. 16. £., lat 36. 13. N.
m. N. N. W. of Leipxig, and 46 8. 8. E. of HamMedoHf ^ town in Hampshire, Eng. 15 m.
Mairdeburff. 8. £. of Winchester.
HalUf a town of Suahia. noted for its salt-pits, Hamburg, a free and .imperial city of Germa-
and the famoua protestant league concluded here ny, in Lower Saxony, seated on the north bank
in 1610. It is seated on the Kocher, among rocks of the Elbe, about & m. from its mouth, consist-
and mountains, 32 m. N. E. of Stuttgard. ing of the old and new town ; both nearly of an
HaUe, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, famous equal aize. Most of the houses are built after the
for its salt-mine ; seated on the Inn, o m. B. N. E manner of the Dutch, and richly fumisfaed with-
of Inspruck. in. The principal streets of the old town have
HaUe, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- long and broad canals, which are filled by the
ault, seated on the Sonne, 10 m. 8 8. W of tide. It is seated on the river Elbe and Alster,
Brussels. ana the latter, a tributary stream of the Elbe,
HaUdn, a town in Bavaria, in the duchy of Sals- before it enters the town by sluices, Ibmw a
burg ; seated on the Salsa, among mountains fine basin. Here is a eelemled o^Iege, an
HAM aO HAM
anenaly a JMSik, vid a haniiioine ezchtnge. that country; and its capital U of the iamenamt
The eitabliahed religion is Lutheran, but all Long. 91. 44. £., lat. 42. 55. N.
denomination! are tolerated. Beside the fire flaiiu2<<?R, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire,
principal churches, there are eleven smaller ones with a noble seat belonging to the duke of that
for particular occasions, some of which belong to name. It has a trade in cabinet work, and the
hospitals of which there are a great number. It makinjif of shoes ; and the women are famous for
has a librarj containing about 100,000 volumes, the spmning of Unen yam, and making tluread
The cathedral of Our Lady is a very fine structure, lace. It is sealed on tne Avon, near its conflux
The city is well fortified, and on the ramparts are with the Clyde. It has a handsome parish church,
handsome walks, planted with rows of trees, and an elegant town house and prison, and a
On the east is the suburb of St. George, and on commodious market place. It was made a royal
the west the Hamburger Berg. Hamourg, from burgh in 1548 by Queen Mary. It is 11 m. S. E.
its situation, has all possible advantages tor for- of Glasgow, and 37 W. S. W. of Edinburgh,
eign and domestic trade ; particularly from its Pop. in 1801, 5,908, and in 1821, 7,613.
communication, by the Elbe, with some of the Kami/t<m, a county of East Tennessee, bounded
principal navigable rivers of Grermany ; and hence on the S. E. by the river Tennessee. Pop. 2,274.
it is one of the most commercial places in Europe. The chief town. Brainerd, is 102 m. S. E. of
The number of vessels that frequent its port is Murfreesborougn.
about 2,000. It is distinguished for its sugar- HamUton, a county in Ohio, bounded on the S.
refinery, and it has manufactures of cotton by the river Ohio, and intersected by the Great
stockings, gold and silver laccj silk, linen, hand-, Miami river. Pop. 52,321. Cincinnati is the
kerchiefs, sail-cloths, thread, nbands, and velvets, chief town.
The commerce however, received a severe shock HamUiony is also the name of a county in New
in 1806; and since that the city itself has been York. Pop. 1,324. The court house in the cen-
almost reduced to ruin. Previous to the year tre of the county, is 80 m. N. W. by N. of Alba-
1806, this city became the depot of all the con- ny. There are several townships of the same
tinental commerce, and numbers of merchanta name in Lower Canada.
flocked here from every part of Europe, bring- HamUUntf p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W.
ing their property along with them, as to a place Salem. Pop. 743. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. T.
free from military sway, and secure from the Pop. 3,220. Also villages in St. Lawrence and
warlike commotions which then agitated Europe ; Cataraugus Cos. N. T. Also townships and vil-
but after the deieat of the Prussians at the battle lages in Franklin and Northampton Cos. Pa.. Mar-
of Jena, the French took possession of it, and af- tin Co. N. C, Warren and Franklin Cos. Onio.
terwards annexed it to the empire. In 1813, on JBTamiZtonei^, a village of Huntington Co. Pa.
the advance of the Russians into Grermany, the Hampden^ p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
French evacuated the town, and the Russians 2,020.
immediately entered. In May following, the Hampdm, a county of Massachusetts. It lies
French laid 8ie|^ to it fi>r more than a month, on both sides of Connecticut river and is bounded
when the Russians finding it impossible to defend S. by the state of Connecticut. It contains 565
it any longer, retired. The French, on re-enter- sq. ra. and a pop. of 31,640. Springfield b the
ing, began to strengthen the fortification; and chief town.
af&r the battle of Leipzig, the commander, Haimnam, Ltrf^ a town of the kingdom of Tu-
marshal Davoust, hearing of the approach of nis, celebrated for ito baths ; 12 m. W. of Cabes.
the allies, made preparations for a long siege. fiammam, MeakouUen, a town of the kingdom
R)r this purpose be destroyed the suburbs and of Tunis, with a celebrated hot bath, seated near
gardens ; and expelled all the inhabitanto who a mountain, rich in lead ore, 16 m. S. of Tunis,
were not able tu provide provisions for six months. HammeramUkf a large village in Middlesex, Eng.
On the restoration of the Bourbons, however, seated on the north bank of the Thames, and one
the French garrison was withdrawn, and the of the appendages of the metropolis, 3 m. and
place delivered ud to the allies in May, 1814 ; a half west of Hyde Park Corner. Here also is
since which it nas recovered its former in- a nunnery, established originally as a boarding
dependence and activity. This city suffered school for young ladies of the Koman Catholic
much from the pestilential cholera in the autumn persuasion ; and toward the river are a number
of 1831. It is o5 m. N. E. of Bremen, and 40 of handsome seata and villas. Here is a charity
8. W. of Lubeck. Pop. about 115,000. Lat. 53. school, a workhouse, and several places of wor-
84., long. 9. 58. ship for dissenters. The chapel is near the cen-
Hammargtp.i. Erie Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,348. Also tre of the town. Here also was the celebrated
villages in Sussex Co. N. J. and Berkes Co. Pa. villa of Brandenburg House, in which her late
Hamden, p.v. Delaware Co. N. Y. majesty Queen Caroline died. Pop. in 1801 ,
Hmmdburg, a town of Franconia, in the pnnci- 5,w0, and 1821, 8,809.
pality of Fulda, seated on the Saale, 20 m. W. N. HamtnUj a town of Netherlands in the late bish
W. of Schweinfurt. opric of Liege, 20 m. W. by N. of Ruremonde.
Hamelfiy a strong town of Lower Saxony, at HampskirB, a maritime county of England,
the extremity of Uie duchy of Brunswick, c^ bounded on the N. by Berkshire, E. bySurry and
which it is the key. Here are manufactures of Sussex, S. bythe English Channel, W. by Dor*
stuffs, silks and stockings. The fortress surren- setahire and Wiltshire. It is nearly square, ex-
dered to the French in 1806. It is situate at the oept a projection on the S. W. ; is divided into 39
confluence of the Hamel with the Weser, 28 m. small hundreds, and 253 parishes ) and has one
S. W. of Hanover. city. Winchester, and 20 market towns. It
Ha-mi, a province of Western Tartaiy, aor- sends, with the Isle of Wight, 26 members to
rounded by deaerta, ^et accounted one of the meet Parliament. This county has a great variety of
delightful countries in the world. Ita rice and soils, but the principal part is chalk. The Dor-
fruite, narticularly the melons and dried raisins, setahire border has large tracta of heath; and to-
sre in Digh esteem in China^ It is tributary to ward the sea are great quantities of marsh land,
HAN 964 HAN
bat very fertile ; and all the remainder ii excellent Cassel, capital of a fertile coafitj of the tame
land. It is one of the most fertile and populous name. It is divided into the old and new town,
counties in England. On the downs, of which and in the former is a magnificent castle, it has
a ridge runs almost across the county, are fed manufactures ofwoolen stuffs, stockings, porcelain
plenty of sheep : but the stock is consiaerablv de- and tobacco ; and a trade in com, iron, and tim-
creased, owing to enclosures. Besides wneat, her. It is seated on the Kintzig, near its eonfluz
■" ' " " with the Maine, 13 m. E. N. E. of Fhmkfort on
barley, and hops, it is famous for bacon, honey,
and timber ; the last in particular, on account or
the Maine. Pop. about 12,000.
its great woods, of which the principal are the Hantock, a County of Maine lying on the coast
New Forest, and the Forest of Bere. Theprinci- round Penobscot Bay. Pop. 24,347. Castine is
pal rivers are the Avon, Test, Itchen, and Stour. the chief town. Also an interior County of
The principal harbours, of which there are a great Georgia. Pop. 1 1 ,822. Sparta is the chief town,
number along the coast, are Portsmouth and x ar- Also a County of Ohio. Pop. 813. Findlay is the
mouth. Southampton is deemed the county -town, chief town. Also a county of Mississippi. Pop
but the assizes are held at Winchester; SeeAWo 1,961. Pearlin^n is the capital. Also a town
Forest and Wight. in Hillsborougn Co. N. If . 35 m. from Concord.
HampshirefJiTew. See Xew Hamvshire. Pop. 1,316: in Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 472: in
Hanu>skire, a county in Massachusetts, inter- Berkshire Co. Mass. Pop. 1,053: in Delaware
seated oy the Connecticut River, bounded by the Co. N. Y. Pop. 766 : and in Washington Ca
counties of Hampden, Berkshire, Franklin and Maryland.
Worcester. Its cnief town, Northampton, 94 m. HancocktmXUy p.v. Union Dis. S. C.
W. of Boston, is seated on the W. side of the Hang-tcheou, a city of China, of the first class,
Connecticut. Pop. 30,210. capital of the orovince of Tche-kiang. It is 12
Hampskiref a county in the W. District of Vir- m. in circumrerence, exclusive of its suburbs ;
ginia, bounded on the N. E. by the river Potomac, contains it is said a million of inhabitants, and
and by the counties of Morsran, Frederic and Har- is the general emporium of all articles that pass
dy. rop. Ili279. Its chief town is Romney. between the northern and southern provinces.
Hampstead, a village of Middlesex, Eng. 4 m. Here are extensive shops and warehouses ; and it
N. N. W. of London, from Tyburn turnpike, has a ^eat trade in dyed cottons and nankins,
formerly famous for its medicinal waters. It may silks, rice, and other grain. It is seated between
be considered one of the appendages of the me- a large basin, that forms the 8. extremitv of the
tropolis, bein^ a favourite residence of the mer- grand canal, and a small lake, called See-hou,700
chants and citizens. It is seated on the side of a m. S. by £. of Peking. Long. 120. 20. E., lat. 30.
hill; on the top of which is a fine heath that com- 20. N.
mands a deligntful prospect ; and in the vicinity Hawkinsonmlley p.v. Claiborne Co. Mississippi,
are manv elegant seats and villas. In the win- Hannibal, a township of Oswego Co. N. T.
dows of an ancient edifice, calied the Chicken Pop. 1,794.
House, are painted in stained glass, portraits of Hanover, a territory in the N. of Germany,
king James I. and the duke of^Buckmgham, of bounded on the N. E. by the river Elbe, N.W. by
the former of whom it is said to have been a hunt- the German Ocean, S. W. bv Dutch Friesland
ing seat. and Prussian Westphalia, ana S. E. by Saxony.
Hampstead, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 30 m. Since 1615 it has been divided into the provinces
W. Portsmouth. Pop. 913. of Calenberg, Grottingen, Luneburg, Hova and
Hampstead, p.v. King George Co. Va. Diepholtz. Hildesheim, Osnaburg, Verden,
Hampton, a sea-port of Virginia, in Elizabeth Duchy or Bremen, Bentheim, East Frieriand,
county, near the mouth of James river, 29 m. S. Lingen, and the lordship of Meppen. The chief
E. of Williamsburgh. Long. 76. 17. W. lat. 37. towns are, Hanover the capital, JEmbden, Hildes-
5. N. heim, Luneburg, Osnaburg, Gottingen, Zell,
Hampton, a sea-port of New Hampshire, in Clausthall, Goshur, Eimbeck, and Hamein. In
Rockingham county, on a river of its name, near the 8. is the mountainous tract of the Hartz, cov-
the sea. It subsists by the cod and mackerel fish- ered with forests, and with the exception of which
eries ; and is 12 m. S. by W. of Portsmouth, the whole country is a vast plain. (See article
Long. 70. 45. W., lat. 42. 5d. N. Pop. 1,103. Harti). Towards the N. are numerous barren
Jmmpton, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. heaths \ but the valleys in the S. are very fertile.
1,101. Also a p.t. Washington Co. N. T. Pop. This country abounds in extensive mines ofsil-
1,069. Also a town of Elizabeth City Co. Va. at ver, iron, copper and lead. The iron mines are
the mouth of James River. Hampton Roads, at the most valuable, and bring annually to the rev-
this place afford a convenient station for shipping enue about £115,000 sterling. The principal riv-
al: d afforded a shelter to the enemy *b blockading ers are, the Elbe, the Weser, and the Embs with
squadron during the war of 1812 ; but thev are their tributary streams, and the chief lakes,
now strongly fortified against any hostile mtru- Steinheim and Dummer.
"i<>i>' The com cultivated is much the same as in Brit-
HampUnwiUe, p.t. Surrey Co. N. C. ain. The extensive heaths of Luneburg produce
/fomWon, a village in Middlesex, Eng. on the honev annually to the amount of jC40,W)u. The
N. bank of the river Thames, 13 m. S. W. of chief^manufactures are thread, linen, woolens, pa-
LocJon. It is famous for a royal palace, called per, and glass. The exports are linen, iron, cop-
Hampton court, originally and jnagnificently built per, timber, horses, and black cattle. The imports
&y cardinal Wolsey, who me it to Henry VIII. are linen, broadcloth, silk and jewelry.
The remains of the old palace are only some of The revenue of Hanover is about £1,000,000.
the domestic offices, the principal part being taken The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; but
down in 1690, and the present palace erected by all denominations are tolerated. The Catholics
William III. The buildings, gardens, and parks amount to 150,000, and the Calvinists to 40,000.
are 4 m. in circumference. In every village elementary schools are establlsh-
Hannn, a strong town of Germany, in Hesse ed^ and in more populous places academies, or high
MAN «i» HAN
■fliwthj wfafiob tie ««11 ee»4«^dL m iv«U-m tbe MMUtf wUdi aie oiftiij bewtiliil phnUtioiu
unifvnUy of Gottingttii. The ftaakiMM^ tim- Lat. ^ W. end, 2. 25. loog. 149. 6.
pUeily end k«ipitalily» oMBlioiied by Taoitos m Am^mm. See 2W«i».
ahutcleffiitao m the aaeieat Genuine, is still a Hmue Tbims, the name of certain free towns of
piomioeat feature in the naaners of the Hano- Germany, which, being infested with pirates and
Tcritnt^ piBliflwIarly tht ip»h^K'f^«*'*»*' *^ HA«*h« robbers^ entered into a mutual league for their
Hanover * tbougn wider the goyemment of protection. This assodation is supposed to have
Great Brilsin for move than a oentnry, has under- continued from the 13th to the 16th century,
gone no political incorporation. At the diet of It consisted at first of only two towns, but it so
Germany, the king of lumoTer occupies the fifth increased in strength and reputation, that at last
rank, and has four rotes at the general assembly, it consisted of uo cities. Having at length
The King*8 power is lunitsd, having a counterpoise proclaimed war against Woldemar, king of Den-
in the nobility of Wolfenbnttel, the heads of the mark, with 40 ships and 12,000 troops, several
church and the deputies of the towns. The only merchants were ordered by the princes of their
order of knighthood, is that of the Guelf, institu- respective kingdoms, to withdraw their effects,
ted in 1815. ano the association for the most part was dissolve J.
Hanover was taken possession of by the king Several towns in Germany still retain the name,
of Prussia in 1801, and invaded by Bonaparte though the laws by which they are governed are
in 1803, and in 1806 partly ceded to the Prussians. anniUled.
But on the expulsion of the Fiench in 1813, the Hoajmi, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. l,03u
whole electorate was restored to the king of Great Han-tckong^ a ci^ of China, of the first class «
Britain ; and the electoral office having been an- in the province of Cbenai, on the river Han, but
nulled, he assumed, in 1815, the title of king of rounded by mountains and forests. The articles
Hanover. Population of the whole territory about of trade are honey, wax, musk, and cinnabar.
1,300,00P, of whom about 8,000 are Jews. Long. 106. 35. E., lat. 32. 68. N.
flonoeer, a city of Germany, and capital of the Hanuyt, or HmmMt^K town of the Netherlands,
above kinjraom. It is built in the form of a half in Brabant, on the frontiers of Liege and Namur,
moon, and divided by the river Leine into the old 20 m. N. N. E. of Namur.
and new town. The old town presents an anti- Han-yangy a city of China, of the first class, in
qualed appeaiaooe, but the buildings in the new the province of Hou<^uang. It is seated at the
town are m a better style. Hanover contains a conflux of the Han with Uie Kiang-ku. Long,
considerable number of pabUc buildings, amon|f 113. 44. £., lat. 30. 36. N.
which are the elector's palace, and the public h- Hspoee, the name of four of the Friendly Is-
brary ; the latter founded by Leibnitx, to wnom lands, in the Pacific Ocean. They are of similiar
an elegant monument has been erected in the height and sppearance, and connected by a reef
town. There are five Lutheran churches, besides of coral rocks, dry at low water. The planta-
ihe chapels of the Calvinists and Catholics, and a tions are numerous and extensive. These islands
Jfewish synagogue. There are small manufac* extend from N. to S. about 19 m. and lie between
tures of gold and silver lace, printiiy of cotton, 174. 24. and 174. 15. W. long., and lat. 19. 39.
linen, brewing, vinegar, dkc. rop. 2^)00. 41 m. and 19. 63. 8.
W. by N. Brunswick, and 154 W. of Berlin. Hapsal^ a town of Russia, in the government
HaMOOtT^ p.t GraAon Co. N. H. on the Con- of Revel, seated on the Baltic, opposite the island
necticut, 114 m. fr. Boston : 102 fr. Portsmouth, of Dago, 45 m. S. W. of Revel.
Pop. 2,361. In this pleasant village is situated Aop*^^, an ancient castle of Switxerland, on
Dartmouth College, which was established in a lonv eminence, near Schintsnach. What is
1771. The institution at present comprises a left or it is now inhabited by the frmily of a
three story wooden edifice containing 34 rooms peasant. This castle was the cradle, as it were, of
for the scnolars and 6 for other purposes ; a brick the house of Austria, whose ancestors may be
structure called Medical House, 75 feet long and traced back to the beginning of the 13th century.
3 stories high, containing a laboratory, an anatom- when Rodolph, count of Hapeburarh was elevated
ical museum, a mineralogical cabinet, 2 lecture to the empire ot Germany ana archduchy of
roomiV G looms for students ttid a chapel : there is Austria.
also a greenhouse. The officers are a President Harmt, or CkarwHy a town of Asiatic Turkey,
and 8 Professofs. The college library contains Diarbek, known in Scripture as the country of
6»000 vols, and there are 8;D0O in the students Laban. To this place Crassus retired after
libraries. Thn number of students in 1831 was defeat by the Paithians, and not fer from it he
150. There are 3 vacations in May, August and was killed. It is 25 m. £. by 8. of Or&.
December of 15 weeks. Commencement is in JHMorsn^, a town in Leicestershire. Eng.
Angus). It is seated on the Welland, 15 m. 8. of Leicester,
iTaiieMr, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. Pop. 1,300. and 83 N. by W. of London.
Also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. T. Pop. 2^14. Harburg^ a town of Hanover, in the duchy of
Also a village in Oneida Co. N. T. And towns Luneburg, with a strong castle. It has manu&c-
in Buriington Co. N. J. j Montgomery, York, Lu-« tures of silk, stockings, wax and tobacco ; and a
zeme, Lebanon, Dauphin, Nortnampton and Bea- great trade in timber with HoUana. In 1757
ver Cos. Pa. ; Columbiana, Harrison, Butler and It was taken bv the French, and retaken the same
Licking Cos. Ohio. year by the Hanoverians. It is seated on the
HanoPBTf a town of Virginia^ a county of the Seevcjat its conflux with the Elbe, opposite Ham-
same name, situate on the Pamnnky, the S. burg, 29 m. N. W. of Luneburg.
branch of York river, 22 m. N. N. E« of Rich- Mremcrt, a town of France, in the department
mond. Pop. of the county in 1810, 15,082, in of Calvados, 12 m. 8. by W. of Caen.
1820, 15,267. HadUrg,9k town of Germany, in Stiria, 12
flonoeer, JVsis, a large island in the South Pa- m. S. S. W. of Friedberg, and 25. E. S. E. of
eifie Ocean, oracsite the N. W. extremity of Grats.
New Ireland. It is high and eovered with trees, Bmrdtg$im, a town ef the province of Cale».
2h2
UAR 908 HAR
berg, with a ooniiderable manqftcturt of leather, thci stadthovae, the tcjtl palace, and eonie ehar-
10 m. N. W. of Gottinffeii. itable inatitatioiia. 1% has 15 ohnrehea, one of
Hardenhergf a tOwn of Westphalia, in the duchy which, called the gieat church, ia the largeat in
of Berff, 16 m. E. N. E. of Dosaeldorf. Holland, and haa uie grandest organ in Europe ,
Haraenherg, a town of Holland, in Overyacl, it contains 8,000 pipes, and 68 stops. Harlem is
situate on the Vecbt, 10 m. 8. W. of Covoerden. seated near a lake of the same name, 12 m. W. of
Hardenwyekf a fortified town of Holland, in Amsterdam. Long. 4. 37. E.. lat. 52. 22. N.
Gelderland, with a uniyersity. It has a trade in HarUtion^ a town in Norfolk, Eng. seated on
corn and wool, and is seatea on the Zuider Zee. the Wayenay^ 16 m. 8 of Norwich, and 90 N. £.
30 m. N. N. E. of Amheim, and 33 E. by 8. or of London.
Amsterdam. Long. 5. 8. E., lat. 52. 20. N. HarUnilUf ayillagein Marion Die. 8. C.
Hardimant a county of West Tennessee. Pop. Harlemf or HaerUm, a yillage in Newyork Co
11,628. Boliyar is the capital. N. J. on Harlem riyer, 7 m. from the city. Also
Hardifiy a county of Kentucky. Pop. 13,148. a township in Delaware Co. Ohio.
Elizabethtown is the capital. Also a county of fforitFeJiJi fortified sea-oortofHolIand, in Frier
W. Tennessee. Pop.4|8n7. 8ayannah is the cap- land, of which, next to Lewarden, it is the iarg-
ital. est and most populous, it has flourishing man-
Also a county of Ohio. Pop 500. Hardy is the chief ufactures of paper and canyass, and is sealed on
town. Also a yillage in Shelby Co. Ohio. the Zuider ^ee, 66 m. N. N. £. of Amsterdam,
Hardinbergf p.y. l>earbom Co. Indiana. and 15 W. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 20. E., lat. 58
Hardinsmuey p.y. Hardin Co. Ten. 10. N.
Hatdigtaiif a township of Sussex Co. N. J. HorHfigen, p.y. Somerset Co. N. J.
Hardtoick^ p.i. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1^16. HarUno, a town in Essex, Eng. On a common
Also a township of Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. 2 m. from the town, is a fiunous fair on the 0th
1,885. Towns in Warren Co. N. J. and Ryan Co. September, called Harlow Bush fair, much le-
Geo. sorted to by the neiigrhbouring gentry. It is 23
Hardy t a county of the W. District of Virginia, m. E. of London,
bordering on Maryland. Pop. 6,798. Its chief Hamumy, p.t. Somerwt Co. Me. Pop. 925;
town is Moorfield. also a p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. {j988 ; a
Harewoodf a yillage in West Yorkshire, Eng. p.y. Sussex Co. N. J. ; a yillage of Butler Co. Pa. ;
en the riyer Wharf, o m. N. of Leeds, and 2Si a township of Clarke Co. Ohio; a yiUage in
fVom London. Here are the remains of an ancient York districts. C. and a yillage in Posey Co.
castle; and in the church is the monument of Sir Indiana. See Aeio Harmony.
William Oascoyne, who committed Henry, prince Harper* a Ferry, a yillage in Jeiienmn Co, Va.
of Wcdes, to prison, fi>r affronting him while he on the Potomac, at the spot where the riyer
sat administering justice. Near it is Harewood- breaks through the Blue Ridge Here is an
house, the noble seat of lord Harewood. Pop. in armory and a manufacture of muskets established
1821 , 1 ,063. by the United States.
Harfleurj a town of France, in the department Harpers field, p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Pop.
of Lower Seine. Its fortifications haye been long 1,996. Also a town in Ashtabula Co. Ohio,
demolished, and its harbour nearly choked up. HarpersmlUf a village in Broome Co. N. Y.
It stands on a small river, near the mouth of the Harpeth, p.y. Williamson Co. Ten.
Seine, 36 m. N. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 12. £., HarpeweU, a townahip in Cumberland Co. Me.
hit.49. 30. N. Pop. 1,353
Harford J a town of Mairland, m a county of HarUagton, p.v. Washington Co. Me. Pop. 1,118.
the same name, situate on Bosh river, 25 m. £. N. Also a township in Berffen Co. N. J.
E. of Baltimore. Pop. of the county 16,315. HarponeUy^ a town or Hindoostan, capital of a
Harford, p.t. Susquehanna Co. ra. district of the same name, in the Mysore country.
HarUidra, or Hurruhun, a town of Hindqostan, At the partition of this country, in 1799, Harpon-
in Mysore, with a fort, in which is a celebrated nelly was ceded to the Mahrattas. It is 26 m. 8.
tempfe. It stands on the E. side of the Toom- 8. w . of Bijangur.
buddra, which here separates Mysore from the Harrington, a small port m Cumberland, Eng.
oountry of Mahrattas. In the vicinity much cot- on a creek of the Irish sea, which admits vessels
ton wool is cleaned and spun into thread. It is of 15iO tons burden up to the houses. Coal, lime.
130 m. N. E. by N. of Mangalere. iron-stone, and fire-clay, are sent hence to Ireland
HaHan, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 2,928. and Scotland. It is 6 m. N. of Whitehaven, and
HarlafAurgy a ▼ulage in Mercer Co. Pa. 8 W. 8. W. of Cockermouth. Pop. In 1820,
Harleighf a town of^ales, capital of Merioneth- 1 ,845.
shire. It is a poor place, though governed by a Harrierpour, a town of Hindoostan, in the east-
mayor, and has a castle, built b^ Edward I. al- em extremity of Orissa, capital of ^iib district of
most entire, on a rock, projecting into St. George's Mohorbunge. It is 90 m. N. N. E. of Cuttaek,
channel. It is 26 m. S. E. of Caernarvon, and and 130 WT 8. W. of Calcutta.
231 N. N. W. of London. HarrodAnrgj a town of Kentucky, in Mercer
Harlem, Haarlem, or Haerlem, a fortified city of county, at the nead of Salt river, 30 m. 8. of FVank-
North Holland, memorable for the sieee it held fort.
out against the Spaniards in 1573, for 10 months, Harrow on the Hill, a village in Middlesex, on
before it capitulated. It has broad regular streets, the highest hill in the county, commanding a de-
and many canals ; and is noted for its velvets, lightfui prospect of the metropolis. 10 ro7i¥. N.
damasks, wonted stuffs, and bleaching-grounds. W. of London. It has a celebnteu free school.
A communication has been opened wi& the lake Harrotegate^ village in the West Riding of
of Harlem, Amsterdam, and Leyden, by means Yorkshire, Eng. 2 m. i¥. of Knaresborougfa. It
of navigable canals. It was formerly strongly is fiimous fbr medicinal springs, one of cratch is
fortified, but public promenades have been formed chalybeate, and the other the strongest sulphure-
of the ramparts. Tne chief public buildings are ous water in Orsat Britein. Here are aevenl
IwM bnildiDfi, with atlMttre, Ae. G)rtha«!«om-
m^r. Itii 311 m. N. bv Vf. of Laadoo. Pop, in
1801, Kbootl,I9S,uidinl8&l,kboatl^.
HarUHtUm, * town and caatk of Upper Saxony,
in Mijnia, 6 n. 8. of Zwickan.
ed bjr Mufachnntta. It contaiDi abont 740
■q. ID. Pap. 51441. Hartford ii the capital.
Harford, citr, the capital of tha above coontj,
and joinllr with Nev-Baren, tbe aeatofgaTem'
Dicnt of Connecticut. It itandi on the western
bank oftiie Conneeticttt at the bead ofiloop navi-
galion. Pop. 9,789. Itii handioialfbailtand con-
tain! mtaj fine pnblio adifieea, among whiob are a
Gothiochnich, much admired lor ita architecture ;
a atale boDM, a deaf and dumb aajlnm, a letreat
tbr the insane, and a ■eminary called Waahinvton
Collega. This inititntioii was founded in 1836.
Ithai 9 inatractera and 70 atudenla. Ita libraries
bare 6,200 ToJuinea, Itfaaa 3 vacationa in April,
Au^it and December, of II weeks. Com-
menoement ia in Angiut. BartTord enjoira a cou-
aidaiable commerce with Beaton, New lork and
the Boatbem uities. The bookselling trade ia
carried on here eitensiTely, and there is much in-
land trafflo with the towns on the Connecticnt
and in the neighbourhood. On Ifae opposite bank
oftbe riTAr is Eamt Hartford which is connected
with the city by a bridge. The inhabitants point
eat to the stranger an ancient oak tree in the
Bontbem part of the city which bean tfae name
of the CMrl<r Oak, from the fbUowing ciiciun-
r BAR
HmrtUtaH, p.(. Union Co. Fa.
HartnUU, Tillaf;eB in Bncka Co. Pa. and flam
ner Co, Ten.
HarUnUe, a Tillage of Datohesi Co. N. T.
Hartmdi, p,t. Otsego Co. N. T. Pop. 9.7T1.
HairiJncrg, the seat ofgoremmenl of theatate
of Penniylvania, is in Dauphin Co. and situated
on the eastern bank of the Susqaehanni, 9S nt.
&om Philadelphia. It ia reguhrly bailt and haa
a iundaome state hooae and other pnUie edifices.
A bridge here croaaes the Susquehanna. Pop.
4.311.
a township in
_ . ., . _ . , . -lagas in Lan>
I. C. uid Ocalohoola Pariah, Loui-
I, diTided into Eaat and West. East Harri-
son has a pop. of 10,119, West Harrison 4£58,
Claiksbnrg is the seat of justice fbr both. Also a
connlT ofKentncky. Fop. 13,180. Alsoaconn-
? of Ohio. Pop. 80,930. Cadii is Ifae chief town.
bo a county of Indiana. Fop. 10^38. Cory-
don is the capital. Also the name of 18 towr- —
tba United SUlea, 13 of which are in Ohio.
RarritoTibtiTg , p. v. Rockland Co. Va.
Hu^riniilt, villa
wiek Co. Vs., Milt
Harrediiurg, p.i
in Botler Co. Fa., Bruns-
and Medina Cos. Ohio.
!rcer Co. Kentucky,
Pop. 5i92,
!, Eng. Near H
/fartfaiid, a . _ . _.
is Hartland abber, which includes the site snd
■ome HHtion of ihe ancient abbey. It is seiteil
near the Bristol channel, on a promontory called
Hartland Point, SB m. W. B. W, ofBarasUpIe,
and S17 W, by B. of London. Lat. of tha point
66. 1., long. 4.30.
Hartitponl, a sea-port of Eng. In the county of
Durham, about 6 m. N.ofthe mouth of the Tee>.
In the vicinity are coal mines, and a large floor
mannfacture. Il ia seated on tbe German Ocean,
lly surrounded by rocks and hilla, 19 m, E, 8.
> W, of London.
■taww. la KBPgrEdmnnJ Andrea was sent by
James II. to seiM tbe ebsrten of the Naw-Eng-
laod colonies. On arriTing at Hartford he con-
vened the legialatore and declared his mission.
Delays were practised till evening , when the in-
s&nment was luvnight into the hall and laid upon
the table, but before Aodros could lay his hand
npon it, a ai^nal was given and all the lights
were immedialaly ovcrtnmed. When they were
ra-lighled tbe-charter was no-wbere to be found.
Il hod been secretly conveyed away and hidden
in the tree above mentioned, when it remained
•al^Iy till the deposition of Andros and the aocea-
don of King William III,
ibr^/brJ, isalso thenams of a town in Wash-
ington Co, N, T, Pop. 8,430 1 in Oxford Co.
Ble, Pop. 1,397 ; Windsor Co. Vt, Fop. 2,044,
and towns in Pulaski Co. Oeo,, Ohio Co, Ken.,
"n^mbuU and Licking Cos. Ohio, and Destbom
Co. Ind,
Htrtlmd, p. I. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 716.
Also a town m Windsor Co. Vl. Pop. S,603 ; in
Hartford Co. Conn. Pop. I,S>I ; and ia Niagw*
Co N.T. Pop.l,BS4.
zHf Dnrhsm, mni 858 N. by '
Ung. 1.10. W., lat. 64.41, N.
Nortlsw, a sea port in Northumberland, Eng. 6 m.
N. W, of Tynemoutb, Its prosperity is chiefly
owing to the miaeial productions of the neigh-
bournood, A haven bai been constrnoKd halfa
mile to the N, whence coal ia shipped to London ;
and a canal is cut through a solid rock to the har-
bour. Here are also large aalt, copperas, and
f lass works, Abont a mi& to the N, w, stands
•Bton Dels Tel, a magnifieent and modern struc-
Hartteuk, p.t. Otsego Co, N. T, Fop, S,77S.
BarH, a monntainons tract lying chiefly in the
S, of Hanorsr, eitendinc from wslar ~ '*
iinfao b
[erode, 70 m
Hartt-
long, sniTao broad. It is part of
Sylvs Hercynia, and still covered
with large forests, the timber of which is of great
importance in sopptyinE thennmerons iDiDBS,and
fbrges with fuel. (See HonerMr.) There an ma- .
ny nstDral cnrioaitws in the Harti. Hie cavern*
of Soharsfbid and Baumann are tbe most interest-
ing. The magnetic rocks of ilsenstein, snd tlw
Broeken or Blocksberg monntain also deserves no-
tice, the taller of whioh- commands a piospeetof
about 8 jm >q. m.
ww.^ ... __ » .. -tow«efPpp«
SAT MB MAV^
S&zooy, in the pnneipttliljr of ABWuBeraboig-, . to whioh plftce Cbara ii a fortj. It w 5 m. of
sitoAte near the Outs moontains. It hu a nine- Northampton. Pop. 863.
office and a castle, and is 83 m. 8. W. i^ Brenbttig. Ha(^eU, a tovn in Hertfordahiie, En|f . It f>r-
Pop.jJ>oat l^BOO. merly belonged to the hiefaop of Ely, in whoae
kannurdf p.t. Worcester Co. Masi. Fop, 1,001 . pakce Elisabeth resided, and was thence CMidnet-
Harvard tkdo§rsUy. See Camiridge. ed, on the death of Mary^ to ascend the throne.
Honotdb, p.t. BarnstaUe Co. Mas8.^n Bamsta- She proenred the alienation of this manor; and
ble Bay. Pop. 2,464. James 1. ezchan^ it with Sir Robert Cecil, af
I HoriricA, a sea-port and borough on the coast terwards earl of Salisbury, fbr Theobald ; and on
of Esiex, Enf . It has a oapacioos harbour, in the site of the episcopal palace, that nobleman
which a great number of the largest ships may built the magnificent seat called Hatfield-honse.
anchor, and a convenient dock for the building ot It is sealed on the river Lea, 90 m. N. by W. ot
men or war. Much company resort hither for London.
the purpose of searbathing, and it is the principal HtOkalf a town of Hungary, in the eoonty of
.place or embarkation for Holland and Germany. Siaboltz, 11 m. N. of Debretzin. The number of
The entnuice into the harbour is defended by a inhabitants are about 4,000, and chiefly Calvinists.
battery and Languard Fort. The town is seated HaiherUyy or Hathmidghf a corpmte town in
on a tongue of land, opposite the united mouths Devonshire, Eng. with a woolen manufacture,
of the Stour and Orwell, which are navigable 12 It is sealed on the river Oke, 28 m. N. W. of Exeter,
m. above the town. 42 m. E. by N. of Chelmsford, and 200 W. by S. of London,
and 17 E. N. E. or London. Long. 1. 13. E., lat HatraSf a fort and tower of Hindoostan, province
51. 56. N. Pop. about 4.010. of Agra, 18 m.S. S. W. of Coel, and 35 N. E.of
HanomUmf p.t. Lttenfield Co. Conn. Pop. Agra.
1 ,516. Hottesi, a town of Holland, in Gelderland, seated
HatUnure. a borough in Surry, Eng. 12 m. S. on the Tssel, 4 m. S. W. of Zwoll. Pop. about
W.of Guildford, and 42 of London. U sends two 2,400.
members to parliament. Pop. in 1821, about 880. HaUtras, a cape on the coast of North Carolina,
HaHin^deHf a town in Lancashire, Eng. witJi in the lat 35. 7. N., and long. 75* 30. It is beset
considerable manufkctures of linen, woolen, and with dangerous shoals.
cotton. It is 16 m. N. by W. of Manchester, and Hattigen, a town of Westphalia, in the oonnty
204 N. N. W. of London. of Mark, seated on the Roer, 22 m. E. N. £. of
Hasseli, a fortified town of Holland, in Ove- Dusseldorf. Pop. about 2,000.
ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 6 m. N. of ^woU. HatvaUf a town and fiirt of Upper Hungary
Hatseltf is also the name of a town of the Neth- seated on a mountain, 28 m. £. N. £. of Buda.
erlands, in the province of Licffe, 15 m. W. N. Hatrfddf a town and castle of Germany, in
W. of Miestricht Pop. about 6,000. Upper Hesse, capital of a county of its name
Hofser, or Asoergkur^ a town and fortress of seated on the Eder, 17 m. N. N. W. of Marburg
Hindoostan, province of Candeish, 20 m. N. of and 60 N. E. of Coblentz.
Burhanijpoor. Haeona, a cit^ and sea-port on the N. W. jiart
Hasmtrt, a town of FVanconia. in the principal- of Cuba, two m. in circumference, and the capital
itv of Wurtzbmv, on the N. E. bank or^the rtver of the island. The houses are elegant, built of
Maine, 8 m. £. of Schweinfart. Pop. about stone, and there are 11 churches richly omament-
1,^)00. ed. 2 hospitals, a dock-vard, lazaretto, and other
Hasslaehf a town of Suabia, in the Brisgau, on public buildings. The narbour is capable of con
the river Kintsig, 14 m. S. S. £. of Gengenbach, taining upwards of 1,000 vessels, and the enttanca
2U N. E. of Friburg. which is so narrow that only one ship can enter
Hastenbeckf a town of Lower Saxony, in the at a time, is defended by two strong torts, oalled
dachj[ of Brunswick, near which the French gain- the Moro and the Puntal ; there are also many
ed a victory over the duke of Cumberland, in 1757. other forts and platforms, well famished with ar-
It is 5 m. o. E. of Hamelin. tillery. A citadel of great strength is erected
Hattingtf a borough on the eastern extremity near the centre of the town, which contains the
of Sussex, Eng. It is one of the Cinque Ports, captain jpsneral's palace, and where the treasure
and had once a castle, now in ruins. The harbour, is deposited. Here all the ships that come ficom
formerly of much conseouenoe, is now only an the Spanish settlements rendezvous on their return
indifl^rent road for small vesseb. The town is to Spain. This city was taken by the English in
oommanded by a strong fort, has two churehes, 1762, but restored to the Spaniards in 17fii. It is
and is a fSuhionable watoring place, which is now seated on the W. side of the harbour, and water-
the chief source of its prosperity. In 1066, a ed by two branches of the river. This town ex-
bloody battle was fought here, between Harold II. oeeib, in point of commerce, every other town in
ofEiigland.and WilTiam, doke of Normandy, in Spanish America. Pop. about 70,000. Lat of
which the fi>rmerlost his life and kingdom, lias- fort Moro, 28. 9., lonv. 82. 15.
tings sends two members to parliament, and is HaoaiU, a town in Oie 8. E. extremity of Hamj»>
seated between a high cliff towards the sea, and a shire, Eng. 7 m. N. E. of Portsmouth, and 66 8.
high hill towards the land side, 24 m. of Lewes, W. of London. Pop. in 1821. 2,090.
* and 64 S 8. E. of London. Long. 0. 38. E., lat Haedkerg, a town in Brandenberg, in the mark
50. 52. N. of Pregnitz, seated on the Havel, near its conflux
Batbormigh, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. with Uie Elbe. Many vessels for the navigation
£f<tfc&ars«Ue,p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va. of the Elbe are built here, and great quantities of
HtUekes, p.v. Onslow Co. N. C. Also a town- wood sent hence to Hamburg. It is 37 m. N. N.
ibip in MoBlgomery Co. Pa. W. of Brandenburg. Pop. i&out 2,000.
BaUky^ a tributoiy stream of the Missasnppi, Haveifirdf a township of Delaware Co. Pa.
a4uah Ujoins in Tennessee. HmMmr^oest^ a borough of Wales, in Pern
Hatfidd, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. on the W. brokeshire, seated on the side of a high hill. It
aid»of 1ha>W«PQectiof^, Miriy oppealta Hadley, is a oonnty of itself, governed by a mayor, eon
taini thrie pui^ cfaBTclHw, uid hu m comiden^
bla tnde, utd Miidi one member to peiiiaiDeiit.
The tMKtf uid countj gaol we kept here ; iiul
it hid mce a wall and eutle, oow m roini, the
Utter built in the r«i^ of SMpheo. It ii nested
on tbe Cleddaw, which it DBTifeble ibr reieeb of
■mall bwden Hhiihtathe bridM, ud which wmii
after enten a creA of HiUbrd baT«n, IS m. E.
S. £. oT St. IHrid, and 963 W. by N. of London.
I^Df. 5. 0. W., lat. 61. 60. N.
Hat>tr/uU, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con-
Hectical, 35 m. S. W, of Dattmouth Collen.
Fop. 9,163.
BnvmUU, p.t. Evei Co. Uul on the Herrimaok,
'" ' e NewbnrTport. Pop. 3,913. Thla !■
to Uie town. A troop of them approached
home of ■ Mr, Diutan, who at Uiat time was
abroad in the Selde. He Haw to the faooae, which
contained hi* wife and ei|[ht children. He direct-
ed the children to eacepe u fait ■■ poeaible while
be atlemnted lo me hii wife who wu lick in bed.
Before lliig could be done, the nraw* were at
hand. He flew to the door, monnled hii bone,
■eiied hie g\xn and hastened Kwaj with hia chil-
dren. The Indiuu pnriaed and bed
._ . . . 1 hii troop of little onea
■aragee at bay till he had retreated to a place of
■aiety. Mra. Doitan with ber in&nt, ni dayi
old and their nurae, Ibll into the handa of the In-
The child was aoon daihed againit a tree and
killed. The [ndiuu divided into eeven] partiea
for aubaiitence ; and Mra. Duitsn and her nurtc,
and a bo; taken from Worcealer, fell to the lot of
a fWil; of twelve, with whom they trarelled
through the wildemeaa to an ialand at the mouth of
Contoocook river, in the town of Boecawen, N.
H. where they encamped for the night. Joat be-
fore dayligbt, finding the whole company in a pro-
found ilrcp, abe arose and armed beraelf and com-
paniona with the Inidian tomahawks, which they
wielded with each dealmctlTe tSiat, that ten of
the twelve were inatantly deapatcbed ; one woman
they daacended the river, and arrived
■afely. She received • reward of ^nmnoa mm
the treaiory of the colony. The plac* whence
they were taken, ii about one m. north of the town;
it li ilill owned by her deaoendanta, and part ot
IIm houM if itill itwding.
Hawril, atnwninSoflblk, Enf. on the borden
of Ewix, with a manufacture ofchecka, cottons,
and tiiatiana. It ia 16 m. S. W. of Bnry, and 59
N. E. of London.
HMWratraiD, p.t. Roekhnd Co. Jl. T,, on the
Hodaon. Fop. 3,306.
Havrt dt Oraet, a very important and commer-
cial aea-port of Fiance, in the department of Lower
Seine, with ■ atrong citadel, a food araenal, and
■lorehoaaaa for the conatniction and aiming of
abipe. It ii earrounded by lofty walls, and large .
ditefaea filled with water. The harbour baa par-
ticular advantages above all othera on the Coaat ;
for the water does not begin to ebb LU near thiee
hours after Che full tide. It ia capoLle of contain-
ing a great number of the largest veseels. This
town was bombarded bv the Englisb in 1^4 and
1759. It ia seated at tbe month of the Seine, 45
m. W.ofRouen.audltSN. W.ofFBiU,ofwhich
it is the sea-porL Long. 0. 6. £., laL 49. S9. N.
Fop. 31,000.
Hiam de Grace, a town of Maryland, in Htlt-
Ibrd county, on the W, side of the Busqnehanns,
at the head of Cheaapeak bay, 37 m. N. E. of Bal-
Haiutn, a town of SnalHs, in Brisgaa, on the
river Kintaig, JH m. N. N. E. of rriborg.
Baiamdtnertet, on the quarter of Hauaiuck, a
circle of Upper Auatrla, bounded on the N, E. by
the Danube, S. E. by the quarter of Traun, 8. W.
by Bavaria, and N. W. by the quarter of Inn,
comprising a saperficiea of^ 733 sqaire m. Fop.
about 199,000. The chief town ia Lints.
JUuUrive, a town of Prance, in tbe department
oTUpper Garonne, seated on the Arriege, 18 m.
8. of Toulouse.
Hauanbn. a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with
aconuderable mannfkcture of earthenware, and a
fbundery for cannon. On an eminence between
tbe town and the river Dee, are the remains of an
ancient castle. It ia 7 m. W. of Chester, and 196
N. W. of London.
Hmeick, a lawn of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
with Dianutaclures of carpeting, woolen stockinfa,
and tape. It is seated on the Tiviot, where it re-
ceives the small rivei Blitridge, by which it is di-
vided into two parts, and over which there are two
bridges. It has a parish church, and three cbap-
elsTor dissenuis. It ia 81 m. B. W. of Kelso,
and 47 S. S. W, of Edinburgh.
SoteiU, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 3 Om. S. W.
Portsmouth. Fop. 5SB.
HayskMbm, a river of New Holland, whJeh
nptiea itaelf into Broken Bay, on tlie eulem
MBl. It is navigable upwards of 100 m. for amall
jaaela. Bee Broim Say.
in Lancashire, Enj[. Here
it Iowa honaa.andan excellent fim school,
d by archbi^op ~ ■
It ia M m. N. fi
N.N.W. of London
Buuldut, a county of East Tennessee, border-
~ on Virginia, watered by the rivers Holston
Clinch. Fop. 10,949. Rogeisrille, is the
chief town.
Baielty, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1X137.
Hiuea-Kiatsr, a lake in Westmorland, Eng. S. of
Penritb, 3 m. long, and half a mile over in some
plaoes. It is almost divided in the nuddle by a
pnmonlory of inelosuivs, so that it consistsof 3
sheets of water.
Hay,BlownofWales,inBreekiwckdun, It had
a fine castle, now demolished ; and about 3 m. be*
low istksniinofCliiIbrdeMtb,whanfUtB«M-
uS (
j&lB '9f^
bom. Hay kisatedoiitte Wy«9«rer varfdiflenBi afpiiffiiiw at difierenft adaada,
whiBh tketeia^ biidge45 m. N. E. of Bieeloioeky Int aie chiefly or a alender make and da^ ed-
aiidl56 W.N. W. cHLondim. ov.aiidiiioatofthBiii have fiinled hair. TUmus
Haycock, a township of Beriu Co. Pa. caaoaa and hoaapi are amally and poorly euuatnict
Bmymariut, p.T. Pmee William Co. Va. Also ed ; and exoepi thdr anna, ther hvfe acaioely
a village in Muskingum Co. Ohio. any mannftelaxe, not eren fat clothing. They
Hayetf a townshm of Centre Co. Pa. are, hovreTer, hoapitahle and good-nalnredy when
flays, a town of nance, in the department of not pnxnpted to a eontiaiy eondnet hv the jeal-
Indre and Loire. It is the Urthplaoe of Des Car- oosy which the nnasoal appeanaee of European
tes,and seated on the Crense, 25 m. 8. of Toms. Yisitois may be supposed to ezdte.
Haym. See ChotMmkaim, flsftren, a town of Syria, in Pkksline, with a
Bujffddum, a town of Upper Saxony, 30 m. W. Christian chmrch, said to contun the tombs of
by S. of Dresden. Pop. ahoot 2^450. Abraham and Sarah, to which the Mahometans,
HsytcUUf p.T. Franklin Co. N. C. as well as Christians, come ob pilgrimage. Con-
Haywood, a western connty of North Carolina, stsntine built a church here, the walls of which
Pop, 4,593. Also a county of West Tennessee, are still standing. It is 25 m. 8. of Jerusalem
Pop. 5;356. BrownTille is the capital. fleArun, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 915. Also
Haytooodoborougk, p.T. Chatham Co. N. C. a town in Grafton Co. N. H. P«». 538. Abo a
flaytt. See Domiago, St. p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 1,939. Also a p.t.
flazefermdb,atown of Fnnce, in the department Waahington Co. N. Y. 50 m. N.* E. Albany.
of Nord. 18 m. W. of Lisle, and 19 S. of Dunkirk. Pop. 2.^.
Pop. 7,000. Htddagon, a town and castle of SualmLwliieh
Hieadford, a town of Ireland, in the county of gires name to a branch of the family of Hohen-
Galway, 42 m. N. of Galway. sollem, and is the residence of the prince. It
Hean, a town of Tonquin, on the river Hoti. 20 is seated on the Starxel, 4 m. N. of HohenaoUern ,
m. S. £. of Cachao, and 00 N. W. of the gulf of and 3D 8. of Stnttmd. Pop. about 2,000.
Tonquin. Heda,MoiuU. See iedamd.
Heap, a township of £n|^and, in Lancashire, Hector, p.t. Tompkins Co. N. Y. Pop. 5^212.
3 m. 8^ E. of Bujy, and 194 N. W. by N. of Lon- Hedemora, a town of Sweden, in Dalecariia,
don. Pop. in 1801, 4,283, and in 1821, 6,000. with a manufacture of gunpowder, seated on the
Heath, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. Pop. 1,199. Dahl, 30 m. S. S. £. ofTahlun.
Hebrides, or Wettem Idaads, a large cluster of Hedon, a borough in East Y<»kshire, Eng.
islands, situated in the Atlantic Ocean, on the seated on a creek of the Humber, 6 m. £. of
W. coast of Scotland, estending from the lat. of Hull, and 179 N. by W. of London. It sends
55. 17. X^., to 56. 29. They are upwards of 800 two members teparfiament.
in number, and contain aoout 2,000,000 acres. Hedsjaz, or BleMx, a diyision of Arabia, ex-
The chief of these are, Lewis and its clreumiacent tending along the Red Sea. from Arabia Petraa
islands, belonging to Roashire ; Harris, M . and to Yemen. It contains Mecca, the capital, and
S. Uist, Benbecular, St. Kilda, Ban, Sky, Raasa BSedlna.
and Egg, attached to Inyerness-shire ; Cana, Rum, Heemttrad, or fitadsisnd, a riyer of Perria, in
Muck, Coll, Tirey, Mull, Jure, Colonsay, lala, the proyince of Sigistan, which aAer a westeriy
Gighu, and Cars, belongiof to Argyleshire ; and course of about 400 m. ftlls into the lake of
Bute, Arran, Greater and Leas Cambray,and In- Zereh or Durrah.
oharmoek, which compose the shire of Bute. The Heidelberg, a township of Berics Co. Pa.
ancient history of the Hebrides b connected with Also a yillage in Lebanon Co. and a townahip in
much uncertainty. They were goyemed by inde- York Co. Pa.
pendent princes of their own, until the destruction Heidelberg, a city of Germany, in the circle of
of the Picts, by Kenneth II., and for seyeral oen- Lower Rhine, witn a celebrated uniyersity. It
turies were ths resort of pirates ; and their chief- Ium manufkctures of woolen stuflb, carpets, silk
tains were long lawless and seditious, till they stockings, yelyet, and soap. It was the capital
were at last brought under the controul of the of the palatinate, and celebrated fat a great tun,
to^el ]H>wer. The influence of the independent which held 800 hogsheads. The city has undergone
chieftains of the Western Isles was completely . so many calamities by war and fire, that it is not
destroyed by the act of parliament in 1748, whicn so large ss formerly. The motestant electoral
aholiahed all heritable jurisdictions. About 86 house becoming extinct in 1693, a bloody war
are inhabited, and are computed to contain about ensued, in which the castle wss ruined, and the
70,000 inhabitants. elector remoyed his residence to Manheim.
Hebridees, JVsw, islands in the South Pacific The French took possession of this town in 1800,
Ocean, lying between 14. 29. and 20. 4. S. lat, and and in 1803 it waa giyen to the elector of Badeik.
106L 41 . and 170. 21 . £ . long. They were disooyer- It is seated on the Ne<^ar, oyer which ia a bridge,
ed by Quiros, in 1606, and considered as part of a 12 m. S. E. of Manheim, and 52 S. of Frankfort.
BOttthem continent, under the name of Tierra Pop. about 10,000.
Australia del Espiritu Santo. Bougainyille yis- HeideUkeim, a town of Germany, in Lower
ited tbem in 1768, and found that Uie land was Rhine, 17 m. S. of Heidelbnrg. Pop. about
not connected but oompoied of islands, which he 1,800.
called the Gteai Cyclaoes. Cook, in 1774,ascer- Heilbron, a town of Suabia, in the kingdom or
taiQed the extent and situation of ue whole group Wnrtemberg. It is a handsome place situate in
and gaye them the name they now bear. The a oountiy yielding good wine, and deriyes great
prinfiual islands are Tierra del Espiritu Santo, adyantages fi?om iti baths. It stands on the
and MalUcoIlo, beside several of less note, some Neckar, 25 m. N. of Stutt^tfd. Pop. about
of which are fifom 18 to 25 leagues in cireuit. In 6,000.
peneral they are high and mountainous, abound- HeUbnuim, a town of Fraaoonia. in the princi-
injg.with wood, water, and the uanal productions pality of Anspaoh, with a nsditmal spring, 10
•r the trapieal islands. The inhabitants aw af m. £. N. £. of Anspaah.
an: au
HMjmMi, % town of Prana) in Um mo-- nor aiidiniUie offloon nade. Th* oh«iehis
Tince of Natangen. lilt fkmonfbr iiiie beer tttaaied la itoftt of the giteway^bj wliieh the
aad wUte bnad, end Mated on « nnaH ri^r town ie entered, and near it there ie a small
whieheoon after enten tiie IViach Half, 93 m. S. theatre. St. Helena it partienlnlj eelebreted
W. of Koni^piberf . for having been the prieon of Napoleon, the Ute
HaUgtudierg^ a town of Siuhii. in the prinei- emperor of Frenoe, and for beinc the place in
pality m Fnntenberg^ 12 m. N. N. E. Con- whloh he breathed bis last, and wnere his mortal
slanee. remains are deposited. He died in May,
lUtiijienhrftm^ a town of Lower Scxonj, in 1831. Lai. of James-town, 16. 65. S., long. 5. 43.
Holstein. sealed on the Bahio, opposite the isl- ffelana, St. one of a olasier of islands on the
and of Femeren, 40 m. N. of Labeo. Let 54. ooast of 8. Carolina, composing the parish of 8t.\
27. N.. loDg. 10. 46. E. Helena, in the district of Beaitfort. Pop. 8,799
HeiUgtiutadt, a town of Xiower Saxony, c^i- HeUns. St. a village in Hampshire, Eng. at the
tal of the territory of Eichfeld, with a castle and £. end of the Isle of Wifht, 2 m. If. £. of Bra-
& college. It is seated at the conflnz of the ding. It has a bay or road of considerate note
Qeiriand with the Leiae, 17 m. 8. £. of Oot^ as a rendeivoos for ships that are outward
tiiuren. bound.
Hmbkerg^ a town of Pmssia, in the province HdeiUtSt. a village in Laneaahire, Eng. 3 m.
of ErmeUmd. in 1703 Charles XII. of Sweden N. E. of Prescot In and near it are a variety of
fixed his head-qnarten here. It is seated on the manufbctnres ; particalarly an extensive cooper-
Alia, 45 m. 8. of Konigsberg. work, and a stul lerger one at Ravenheao, for
HddmTf a town of NOTth Holland, with a strong casting plate-glass. The Sankey canal begins at
fbrtirhtch defends the entrance of the Tesel. the coal mines here, and takes a eirenitooseonrse
In September, 1799, the fort was taken by the by Newton to the Mersey, below Warrington.
EngUsb. and the whole of the Dutch fleet lying HeUer, St. the capital of the island or Jerwy,
in Uie Tezel surrendered to them, for the service seated on the E. side of the bav of St. Aubin, with
of the prince of Onnge ; but the English aban- a harbour and a stone pier, ft has of late rapid-
doned the fort in Novemher following. It is ly incressed from a sinaU village to a respectable
situate on the N. W. point of the province, op- town. The inhabitants are oompuied to be 10,000.
posite the W. end of Tezel island, 94 m. N. of and have manuftctnres of woolen, stockings, ana
Alcmaer, and 45 N. by W. of Amsterdam. Long. caps. At the top of the market-plaoe is the statue
4. 34. E., lat 53. 0. N. of George II. ; and in the church, where preyere
HeUnay p. v. PhilMps Co. Arkansas. are read alternately in English and French, is a
HdauL^ St. an island in the Atlantic Ocean, 97 monument to the memory of major Piervon, who
m. in ctrenit, belonging to the English East India fell here in the moment of victory. Besidee the
Company. It lies between the continents of chureh there are chapels for dissenten. There
Africa and South America, about 1^900 m. W. of are three gasettee published weeUv in French,
the former, and 1,800 E. of the latter -, and was and one in English. Long. 1. 58. W., lat. 49. 11.
discovered by the Portuguese, in 1501, on St. N. See Jtrteif.
Helena's day. Aflerwaid the Dutch were in HaK0r, St. a little island near the town of the
possession of it till 1000. when they were ex- same name, in the bay of St. Aubin, on the 8.
polled by the English. In 1673 the Dutch re- side of Jersey. It took its name from Elerios, or
took it by surprise ; but it was soon after recov* Helier, a holv man who lived in this island, and
ered. It has some hiffh mountains, pi^cularlv was slain by the Pagan Normans. His cell, with
one called Diana Peu, which is covered with the stone bed, is still shown among the rocks :
wood to the veir top. There are other, hills also, and in memory of him, a noble abbey was founded
wUch bear evident marks of a volcanic origin, here. On the site oflhis abbey now stands Elix-
and some have huge rocks of lava, and a kind of abeth castle, the reeidenoe of the governor, and
half vitrified flags. The climate of St. Helena ffarrieon of Jersey. It occuines 3ie whole is*
is temperate, being exempted from the extremes hmd, which is near a mile in cireuit, and is sur-
of heat and cold^ from tnunder and lightning roundedby the sea at every half flood; and hence,
and hjurricanes. It is moist, however, and only at low water, is a passage to the town of St. He*
about one day in three is illumined by sunshine, lier, called the Bridge, half a mile long, formed
The interior valleys and little hills are covered of sand and stonee.
with verdure, and interspersed with gardens, i7efi(^e{aii4i, or HdgolmHdt a jgroup of small is-
orehards, and various plantations. Trore are lands in the German Ocean. oflTthe coast of Den*
also many pastures, surrounded by inelosures of mark, to which they formerly bdohged ; but now
stone andfilled with a fine breed of small cattle, and to Great Britiaa. They are situated ahent 98 m.
with Engtish eheep; goats and poultry are like- from the Weser, the £]be, and the Eyder. The
wise numerous. The inhabitants do not exceed principal island which is divided into the CliiF
3,000, including neariy 500 soMlen, and 1,600 and Lowland, is about fi m. and a half in cirenm*
blacks, who are supplied with com and maniuko- forenoe, and on it is erected a light-house, which
tures by the Company's ships in return for re- is visible nearly 30 m. distant. Heligoland hm
freshments. The town, called JasMs-toWn, is two good harbews, and to the east of the smaller
small, situated at the bottom of a bay on the 8. island, caUed the Downs, is good anohoiage in
side of the island, between two steep, dreary* 48 fret of water. The number of inhabitants ia
mountains. The principal street is well built and about' 0,000 Irho live chiefly by flshing and aotlnf
contains abont 90 houses, at the top of which as pilots. Lat ofthelight'hoOsei 54.11. N., long,
two other streets branch off to the east and y/HitL 7. 55.
In the latter are the bartarttS) the hospital, ind B4Si&fiMf, or MiUitm, a village of WfS^s^ >&•
several shops, stored with every klhd of edto- E. N. E. of Calm, whe#e the French Mned adn
medities. On the left* side of the pamdo are oiit¥e vletofy over the Turks in 1800. Here ki
situated the govermllen^house and the mldn
guard-room, in the former of which the gover^
a oelebtkted spring of fresh water, wM to be Hw
only one- In Egy^; and, aoeording to CnditftMl
HKL 3»
tJw Holy Fkmilr came liere mi their Audit FKiichml796: md is7in. 8. by W. of
from Herod, and bathed the child Jeena intfaia Loiig.4. 0. £., fat. 51. 46. N.
feuntain. Hampsied^ or Hemd Hea^tUd, a corpor^ town
HsUanij a townafaip of York Co. Pa. in Hertfordahire, aeated among hilla on the river
HeUerttamij p.T. Northampton Co. Pa. Gade, 18 m. W. of Hertford, and 23 N. W. of
Hdlehf a town of Aatatie Torkey. in Irak Ar»- London. Pop. about 4,000.
oi, aitaate on both aidea of the Eapnratea, with a Hem, a city of Syria, annmmded by walls 3 m.
bridjge of conunonieation. Itia anppoaed to stand in circoit ; but the preaent buildinn <mly take
on the site of the ancient Babylon. The snnonnd- np abont a quarter of the area in the N. W. qoar-
ing gardcna are ao covered with frnit treea, par- ter. To the S. of the town iaa laive mined caa-
ticolarly palms, that the town appear* aa if seated tle^ on a high ronnd monnt, faced with stone,
in a wood. It is73 m. S. by £ of Bagdad. Pop. It is aeated on a amall river, which mna into the
about 12,000. Orentes, 100 m. S. of Aleppo.
Hdlgale^ a atrait near the W. end of Long la- Htmffidd, a townehip of Jjancaster Co. Ps
land Sound, 8 m. N. by E. of New York. It is Also a township in Westmoreland Co. Pa.
narrow and crooked, with a bed of rocks extend- HtmfBUad.^eoaikij of Arkansas. Pop. 1^423.
log quite across; but, at proper times of the tide, Arkansas is the chief town.
shi|}S of any burden may paas through this HemtUad, p.t. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is-
stnighL land. rop. 6^15. »
HdlMf a town of Spain, province of Mnrda, 44 Hender$on^ county in the western part of Ken-
m. N. W. of Mnrcia. Pop. about 6,000. tucky, on the S. E. bank of the Ohio, and inter-
HdmershauMeHf a. town of Germany, in Low- sected, bv the Green River. Pop. 6,649. Hen-
er Hesse, on the river Diemel, 20 m. N. of Cassel. deraonville is the chief town ', 138 m. W. by S. of
Hdmont, a town of Dutch Brabant, with a Frankfort
strong castle, on the Aa, 17 m. S. £. of Boia le Henderson, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
Doc. Pop. about 25,000. 8,741. Lexington is the capitaL
Heinudale, a river of Scotland, which issues Henderson, p.t. Jefferson Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,42B.
•firom several mountain-lakes in Sutherlandshire, Also a village in Montgomery Co. N. C.
and rolls over its rocky bottom to the Ord of Hendersonsnlle, Tillages in Nottoway Co. Va.,
Caithness. At its mouth in the German Ocean ia Newbury Dis. S. C. and Sumner Co. Ten.
a.good salmon fishery. HendrieksmUe, p.y. Westmoreland Co. Va.
Helmdeu, a town m the north riding of York- Henea^rasj^ Great and LUUe, two of the most
shire. It has the remains of a castle, and is seat- southern or the Bahama Islands. LaL of the
ed on the Rye, 20 m. N. of York, and 216 N. by former, S. W. point, 20. 56. N.,long. 73. 40. W.,
W. of London. Pop. about 1,500. lat. of the latter, W. point, 21. 29. N., long. 73. 6.
Hdmstadtf a town of Lower Saxonjr, in the W.
duchy of Brunswick, with a university, 22 m. £. ^ Heng-Ukeou, a citv of China, of the first rank,
of Brunswick. - Pop. 5,300. in the province of Hou-quang. The chief mann-
Helsinhurffhf a sea-port of Sweden, in Schonen, facture is paper. It is seated on the river Heng,
seated on the Sound, nearly opposite Elsinore. 265 m. N. by W. of Canton.
Here is a fefry across the Sound to Denmark, Henin LeUard, a town of France, department
and it has ma;iufacturesofribands,hati. and boots, of Pas de Calais, 6 m. N. W. of Douay. Pop.
It is 5 m. N. £. of Elsinore and 32 N. W. of about 2,400.
Lund. Pop. about 2,000. Long. 12. 48. 12., lat Henley upon Thames, a town in Oxfordshire,
56. 3. N. Eng. The church is a large ancient building,
Helsir^forSf a sea-]x>rt of Sweden, in Finland, the tower of which was built bf Cardinal Wolsey;
and the chief town in the province of Nyland. the houses are modem and the streeti spaoioua
It has a commodious harbour in the gulf of Fin- The principal trade ia in com, flour, malt
land, and an immense fortress. It is 110 m. E.^S. and beech wood. It is seated on the Thamea
B. of Abo. Long. 25. £., lat. 60. 5. N. Pop. over which is an elegant stone bridge, 24 m. B. £.
3,200. of Oxford, and 35 W. of London.
Helsipa, or HeUmgland, a province of Swed- Henley, or Henley in Arden, a town m War-
en, in Nordland, 21Q m. in length, between Dele- wickshire, Eng. seated on the Alne. 15 m. S. by
carlia and the gulf of Bothnia, and from 50 to 80 £. of Birmingham, and 101 W. N. W. of London,
in breadth, and comprisea a superficies of about Him^cpcn^pe, the S. W. side of the entrance of
4^70 square miles. It has extensive forests and Delawate Bay. Lat 38. 46. N., long. 75. If^ W.
many iron minea. The chief articles of trade are Henneberg, a town of Upper Saxony, in a
iron, flax, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal, and tim- county of the same name. Some ruins of the
her. Pop. about 52,000. The principal town is castle of ita ancient counti are yet to be seen. It
Hudswickswald. is 12 m. S. S. W. of Meinungen. Pop. of the
Helston, a borough in Comwall,Enff. It stands county, which comprises a aurftce of 8d0 square
on the river Loe,near ita entrance into Mount Bay, m. about 100,000.
and^ ia one of the towns appointed for the coinage Hennebon, a town of France, in the department
of tin. A little below it is a harbour, where vea- of Morbihan, with a great trade in com, iron.
Hdvetia. See Switxerland. ment.of Cher, aeated on the Sander, 15 m. N.
Bdvoetduys, a atrong sea-port of South Holland, N. £. of Bourges. Pop. about 2,987.
mttheS. aicfeof theiaUndofVoora. Hereaome Henrico, a countv of the £. district of Vir-
of the Dutch men of war are laid up in ordinary ; ginia, bounded on tne S. W. by Jamea River, N.
aad it ia the general port for the £nglish nacketa by Hanover, and £. by Charlea city. Pop. 28,796.
ih»n Harwich to Holland. It surrendered to the Riclunondia the chief town.
HER 373 HER
HemrUttaf p.t Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,302. fordahiie ii almost entirely an agricultural conn
Henry f a county of the E. District of v ixvinia, ty . About nine-tenths of the land are in a state
bordering on North Carolina, intersected by Ir- of cultivation j and it excels in almost erery de-
vine, or Smith's River, and the N. and S. branch- partment of husbandry. The face of the county
es of Mayo River. Pop. 7,100. Its chief town, is rich and picturesque ; the climate is mild and
18 Martinsville. the soil extremely fertile, which arises from the
Henry, a countjr of Kentucky, bounded on the subsoil of limestone on which it rests. Hops are
N. W. Dy the t)hio, and on the E. by Kentucky cultivated, and the apples produciuf the cider,
River. Pop. 11,31^. Newcastle, is the' chief town, for which Herefordshire is celebrated, grow in
fienru, a county in Alabama, bounded on the greater plenty than in any other country. Red
E. by Chatahoochy River, which separates it from and yellow ochres are often met with. Fuller's
Georgia, and watered by the Choctaw and Tel- earth is du^ near Stoke, and on the borders of
low Water. Pop. 3,055. Columbia is the chief Gloucestershire iron ore is found. It b watered
town. bv several streams, the chief of which are, the
Henry, Cape, the S. cape of Virginia, at the Wye, the Munner and the Liy. Before the
entrance of Chesapeak bay . Long. ^. i2.,lat.36. invasion of the Romans, Herefordshire was in-
57. habited by the Silures, a brave people, who long
Heppenheimf a town of Gkrmany , in the circle checked the progress of the Roman arms ; but be-
of Lower Rhine, situate on the Eisbach, 12 m. ing at last overcome,they retired into the fiutnesses
E. of Worms, rop. 3,200. ofWales. It was a part of Mercia. one of the
HepUmstaUf a township in the west riding of kingdoms of the Saxon Heptarchy. Pop. in 1811,
Yorkshire, Eng. 8 m. W. of Halifax. Pop. in 04,<^, and 1821, 103,231.
1821,4,543. Hereford, an ancient city, and chief town of
HerMi. See Erekli. Herefordshire, Eng. seated on the N. bank of the
Herat, a city of Persia, inChorasan, or Khoras- Wye, over which there is a stone bridge of six
san, of which it was formerly the capital. The arches. It has manufactures of gloves, flannels,
neighbouring country produces excellent fruit; and hats. It was ancientiy defended by a castie,
and^roses are in such plenty, that it is called Sur- which is now destroyed, and only part of the
gultzar, or the City of Roses, it has a considerable walls remain. It has four churches, the princi-
manufacture of carpets. It is situate on a river pal of which is the cathedral, a large and venera-
of the same name, 300 m. S. E. of Mesched, on ble structure, and there are also several places
the high road from Persia to Hindoostan. of worship for dissenters. It has also an infirma-
HerauU, a maritime department of France, so ry, a countv gaol, a house of correction, and a
named fh>m a river which runs into the gulf of lunatic asylum and a free grammar school. The
Lions, in the Mediterranean. It is part of the city is in general well built, the streets wide,
late province of Lan^uedoc ; and the capital is and the environs delij|htful. It sends two mem-
Montpelier. It contains 2,830 sq. m. Pop. about bers to parliament. Hereford, from its situation
300,000. on the borders of Wales, suffered much from the
Herbenumtf a town of the Netheilands, in Lnx- wars between that country and England, and in
emburg, with a easUe on a mountain, near the • later times, from the contests between the houses
river £moy. 3 m. N. N. W. of Chiny. of York and Lancaster, and the civil broils in the
Herbiers, les, a town of France, in the depar^ time of Charles I. It is 135 m. W. N. W. of
ment of La Vendee, 35 m. N. E. of La Roche. London, and 30 N. W. of Gloucester. Pop. in
Herbornf a town of Germanv, in the circle of 1811, 7,306, and in 1821, 9,090.
Upper Rhine, with a celebrated Calvinist acade- HerenthaU, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra-
my, and manufacture <^ iron ; seated on the Dille, bant, on the river Nethe, 20 m. N. E. or Lou-
8 m. S. S. fi. of Dillenburg. Pop. about 2,000. vain.
HerevUmemn, an ancient city of Naples, total- Herford, or Herfarden, a town of Westphalia,
ly overwhelmed by an eruption of Mount vesuv- in the county of Ravensberg. with a nunnery
ius, in the beginning of the reign of the emperor belonging to the protestants of^ the confession of
Titus. Its situation was long doubtful till 1711, Augsburg. It ha!s a trade in sJe and linen, and is
when something of this city was discovered by a seated on the Warra, at the influx of the Aa, 20
peasant digging a well in his garden ; and from m. S. W. of Minden, and 11 m. £. N. £. of
1738 to the present time, researches being fre- Ravensberg. Pop. about 6,000.
quentiy made oy digging, a great number of manu- Hericowrt, a town of France, in the department
script, paintings, statues, busts, domestic utensils, of Upper Saone, 15 m. S. E. of Lure, and 27 £.
instruments of husbandry, &c. have been found, of Vesoul.
The village of Portici now stands on part of its HeHadaUn, a district on the N. of Sweden, now
site. It is 5 m. B.by S. of Naples. See Pompeii, mcluoed in Gefleborgstsn, and bounded on the
Hercyna, a river of Greece in Beotia, with two W. by Norway, and N. by Jemptland. It con-
streams, the larger called by the ancient Lethe, sistsof an extensive valley watered by the Ljusna
and the smaller Mnemosyne. and Ljusna. It is mostiy covered with wood, and
Herefordshire, a county of England, bordering abounds in cattie, game, and fish. Territorial
tUUU.
.300
of Brecknock and Radnor. It contains 556,400 Herisau, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
acres, and is divided into 11 hundreds and 221 of Appenzel, with manufactures of fine linen and
parishes. It has one city, Hereford, and 7 mar- muslin, 12 m. N. W. of Appenzel, and 8 S. W.
ket towns, Leominster, Ross, Weobly, Ledbury, of St. Gall. Pop. about 6,500.
Kington, Bromyard, and Pembridge, and sends Heriura, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
8 members to parliament; two for the city of seated on the Vedawati, 22 m. W. N. W. of'^Sera.
Hereford, and two for the boroughs of Weobly, //erAimer, a county of New-York on the Mo-
and Leominster and two for the county. Here- hawk river. Pop. 55,809. The chief town of
8 I
H£E 3M HM
the eoontj has the same name and a pop. of tj» Corn ia tho priiieipal objeet «f MmMHme^
2,486. and a great trade in nuutia carried on. TTheman-
Herman, a township of Penobicot Co. Me. ufibcUires are inconsiderable. Pop. in 1881,
Pop. 535. 139,714.
and
easilj described. In the great square is the barges, as it was once for ships. In 879 the
house of the governor, in the best Genoan style, Danes erected two forts here, for secnritj of their
containing many good pictures. It is seated on ships ; bat Alfted turned the course of the river,
the Szeben, 230 m. fi. S. £.of Buda,and 67 S. S. so that their vessels were left on drv ground.
£. of Colover. Pop. 16,000. Ednard. the eldest son of Alfred, built a castle
Hermsdarff two large villages of Silesia, the here, wnich has been often a royal residence.—
one 38 m. N. by W. of Breslaw, and the other 40 llie town is governed by a mayor, and had for-
ID. W. by S. of the same place. marly five churches, bat now only two. Here is
Hemutadtf a town of Silesia, in the principality a fine hospital belonging to Christ's hospitd iiw
of Wolau, on the river Bartch, 10 m. N. W. of London ; also a noble shire hdl, and aiarse conn
Trachenberg, and 38 N. by W. of Breslaw. ty gaol. About a mile to the £. is a oasin of
HenuUnrsmllet p.t. Scott Co. Ken. water dalled Chad well, which is the head spring
Hemgrund, or Herrengrundj a town of Upper of the New River, and at . the distance or two
Hungary, seated amonff mountains, with nch miles and a half on the London road is the East
mines of copper, 28 m. K. by E. of Schemoitz, India College for the education of 100 studenti.—*
and 4 N. N. W. of Neushol. Hertford is 21 m. N. of London. Pop. iii 1811
Hemhutt, a village in Lusatia. 12 m. N. N. W. 3,900.
of Zittau. It was founded in 1722, by some per- Hertford, a county of North Carolina, border
secuted Moravian brethren in the fields belong- ing on Virginia, and bounded on the N. £. by
ing to count Zenzendorf, who they considered as Chowan River. Pop. 8,541. Windsor is tbA
their bishop and father ; and they were for some capital.
time called Hernhutters, as this place continued Htrtzberg, a town of Lower Saxony, in the
their principal nursery. principality of Gmbenhagen, with manunotofes of
Hemosand, a sea-port of Sweden, in Angerma- arms and iron tools ; seated near the Harts moun-
nia, situated on an island in the gulf of Bothnia, tains, 21 m. S. S. W. of Goolar.
which is joined to the continent by a bridge. tfsrCz^^, a town of the duchy of Saxony, with
It was formerly a staple town, and has a constd- a trade in saltpetre, wool, and cloths ; seated on
erable trade in linen. In IHO, 1714, and 1721, it the Elster, 14 m. N. N. £. of Torgui| and 28 S
WBB burned by the Russians. It was 240 m. N. £. of Wittemberg.
Dv W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 53. £., lat. 62. Hervj a town of the Netherlands in the prov-
38. N. ince of Liege, 8 m. W. N. W. of Limburg.
Hemosand is also the name of an extensive gov- HtngotmA^ a large tract of oonatry stretchinff
ernment of Sweden, of which the preceding is the along the east shore of the Adriatic, ntnn N. W.
capital, comprising the provinces of Angermann- to S. £. The southern part belongs to the Turks,
land, JempUand, and Medelpad, containing 18,- and the rest to the Austriaos.
000 sq. m. with onlv 100,000 inhabitants. Hetdin, a strong town of France, in the de-
Hsro, North and SotUkf two islands in Lake partment of Pas de Calais, seated on the Canche
Champlain. 12 m. S. £. of Montreuil. Pop. including the
Herstal, or Heristal^ a town of the Netherlands suburbs, 5^000.
jn Leige, seated on the Mese, 4 m. N. of Leige. Hene Castel, a ttnitarj in the west of Ger-
Pop. 4,750. many, bounded by Hanover, the Prossian Stales,
Hertford, p. v. Perquimans Co. N. C. Franconia, Nassau, and Hesse Darmstadt, oom-
Hertfordj an interior county of England, ex- prising an extent of 4,350 square miles. The
tending in a north-easterly direction, about 32 m. chief towns are Cassel, the capital, Marburgh,
in length, and 16 in mean breadth ; bounded on Fulda, and Hanau. It is chiefly composed of
the S. by Middlesex, E. by Essex, N. by Cam- Upper and Lower Hesse, the grand duchy of
bridge, and Bedford, and W. bvBuckingham and Fulda, the district of Hanau, and the lordship ot
« part of Bedford. It contains 337,920 acres, is di- Sohmalkalden. The country is rather moon-
vided into eight hundreds, 135 parishes, and has tainous, and produces abundance of wood and
19 market towns, the chief of which are St. Al- minerals, among which are copper, silver, iron,
bans, Hertford, Ware, and Royston. It sends six cobalt, salt, pitooal, and marble. Pop. in 1817,
members to parliament, two for the county, and was 545,000, of whom the greater number arfr
two for each of the two boroughs. The north Calvinists.
part is hilly, forming a scattered part of the chalky Hesse Dturmttmdi, or the grand duchy ofHesse,
ridge, which slopes towards London. A number a district of Germany, belonging to Hesse Cassel,
of clear streams take their rise from the S. side, like which it is far from being compact; being di-
^lint stones are scattered in great profusion over vided by a strip of land into two parts, stretching
he face of this county ; and beds of chalk are fre- from east to west. It contains about 4,000 square
quently to be met with. The soil, however, with miles. The chief towns are Darmstadt and Gies-
the aid of proper culture, is favourable to wheat sen. Its aequisitions by the French revolution
and barley, which come to as great perfection were considerable. It is mountainous like Heese
liere as in any part of the kingdom. The W. Cassel, and is equally productive of minerals,
part is, in general, a tolerable rich soil and under The principal rivers are the Rhine, Maine, I^dm,
excellent cultivation. The principal rivers are, Niddu, and the letir. Pop. about 600/X)0, of
tlic Lea, Stort, and Coin, and the artificial one whom the greater number are Lutherans,
called the New River. The Grand Junction Ca- Hesse Homkurg, a small prinoipaltty of Gter^
nal passes through the S. extremity of the conn- many, near Frankfort, belonging, wita the titlt
HIG 915 HIM
of Uadgnnf to the younger braneli of the hoon of arable lind ifl tmall, and ia found ehiefljr on the
of Hesie DanaeUult. Pop. about 81,000. borders of the hikes and riven.
Hetttiadtf a town of Upper Saxony, on the Uighiskntm, p.y. Middleaez Co. N. J.
Wipper, 9 m. N. of Eisleben. Htgueyf a oity on the £* part of the ieknd of
BuekeUm, or HoekduHf a town of South Hoi- St. Efonungo, formerly of some importance, bat
land, seated on the Linj^he, 5 m. N. E. of Gorcnm. now greatly decayed. It is situated on a river of
Heutden, a Strang town of Sooth Holland, seat- the same name, 90 m. E. by N. of St. Domingo,
ed on the Meuse^with a caatle. It was taken by Htjetlee, the chief town of a district of the same
the French in 1796; and is 8 m. N. W. of Bois name in Bengal, seated on ah island near the
le Due. western bank of the river Hoogly, near its mouth.
HdzAdfR, a town in Northnmbeiland, Eng. with It has an extensive salt-mannfaotory. Lat. 21. 51.
a trade in tanned leather, shoes, and gloves. It N., and long. 88. 7.
had formerly a famous abbey, sol^^ parts of flittsr^Aotissii, a town of Upper Saxony, in the
which yet remain. Near this place, in 1463, was principanW of Coburg. It is subject to the duke
fought a battle, between the houses of York and of Saxe-llilburghausen, who has a palace here,
Lancaster, in which the latter was defeated. — and seated on the Werra, 90 m. N. N. W. of Co-
Hexham is seated on the river Tyne, a little be- burg.
lt)w thejunction of the North Tyne with the HUdeskeim, a city of Lower Saxony, capital ol
South, ia m. W. of Newcastle, and 285 N. N. W. a principality of the same name. It was lately
of London. Pop. in 1811, 4,855. an imperial city, and a bishop's see. It is divided
Hrydenheimf a town of Suabia, in the duchy into the old and new town, and seated on the
of Wirtemburg, with a castle, on the river Brenz, Irneste, 20 m. S. £. of Hanover.
16 m. N. N. e. of Ulm. miliar dstown, p. t Nash Co. N. C. , ^
Heydensfdd, a town of Franoonia,on the river HiUham, p.t. Overton Co. Tenn.
Maine, 3 m. S. of Wurtzburr. HUUboroughy a county of New Hampshire, bor-
Heymertserif a town in Uie circle of Lower dering on Massachusetts. Pop. 37,762. Amherst
Rhine, situate on the Erfil, 11 m. S. of Cologne, is the capital.
Hcyst'Op-den-Berg, 9k \jciyrn of i\ie Netherlands, Hi/Zffftoroii^A, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop
in South Brabant, on the Neethes, 11 m. N. £. 1,792. Also towns and villages in Somerset Co
of Mechlin. Pop. 5,300. N. J., Caroline Co. Md., Loudon Co. Va.,
HiatsUnoUy a village of Middlesex Co. N. J. Orange Co. N. C, Jasper Co. Geo., Franklin
HthemuLy p.v. Callaway Co. Missouri. Co. Tenn., Highland Co. Ohio., Montgomery Co.
Hiekmany a countj^ of E. Tennessee, bounded Illinois,
on the N. by Duck river. Pop. 8,132. Vernon HUUbcrough, a town of Ireland, in the county
is the capiUl. of Down, 20 m. S. W. of Belfast.
HUkman^ a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,193. HiUsdaU, p.t. Columbia Co. N. T. Pop. 2,546
Hieksfbrd, p.v. Greenville Co. V a. J7tf2Zton, a village of Charles Co. Mwyland.
Hidnuin^ a take in Sweden, 40 m. in length. HiUon^ an island on the coast of fiC Carolina
HiereSf a town of France, in the department of opposite Beaufort District,20 m. long and 5 broad.
Var, seated near the Mediterranean sea; but its fiiUCoioii, p.t. Bocks Co. Pa.
harbour being choked up, it is now much decay- HimmaUk, a vast chain of mountains, extend-
ed. It is 9 m. E. of Toulon. Lat. 43. 7. N., ing from the 73rd degree of E. long, to the borders
long. 6. 7. E. of^China, and separating Hindooetan from Thibet
Hieres, a cluster of islands, in the Mediterrane- and Tartary.
an, on Uie coast of France, opposite the town of That part which forms the oorthem boundary
Hieres. The four principal ones are called Por- of India, is a continuation of the same range with
queroUos, Porteros, Bagueau, and Titan. that to the west of the Indus, known among the
Hierro. See Ferro. Afghans under the name of Hindoo Coosh. To
Higham Ferrers, a borough in Northampton- the east of that river, it increases in height, and
shire, Eng. It had formerly a castle, now in assumes a character of additional giandeuf, both
ruins ; and is seated on an ascent, near the river from that circumstance and from its great extent
Nen, 25 m. E. S. E. of Coventry, and 65 N. N. in every direction. It forms, in fact, one of the
W. of London. sublimest features in the structure of the old con-
Higkgaief a village in Middlesex. Eng. con- tinent and of the globe. Here a long range of ^
tiguous to London, seated on a hill, five miles summits, covered with perpetual snow, presents
andahalf N. W. of St. Paul's Cathedral. Here itself to the Hindoo, who has in all ages raised
lord chief baron Cbolmondely built a firee-school towards it an eye of religious veneration. All the
in 1502, which was enlarged in 1570, by Sandys, names by which it is distinguished are derived
bishopof London, who also added a chapel. In from the Sanscrit term Hem, signifying^ snow,
the vicinity are several elegant villas, the resi- Hence have arisen the name Imaus and Emodus
denoes of weidthy citizens. among the ancients, and Himmaleh, Himadri,
Highland, A township of Muskingum Co. Ohio. Himachal, and Himalaya, of the modems. The
Highlands, an appellation applied to the moun- river Indus passes through a series of narrow de-
tainous tract in the N. and N. W. part of Scot- files in lat. 55. which scarcely offer any interrup-
land, by which it is distinguished from the Low- tion to the mountain chain. The direction of the
lands in the E. and S. E. It is divided into W. mountun is eastward, as far as the north-east
and N. Highlands, the former comprehending the . point of the valley of Cashmere : from this point,
shires of Argyle and Bute, and part of Perth and its direction is to the south-east, extending along
Dumbarton, with the islands attached to them, the sources of all the rivers which run across the
and the lattiBr containing the shires of Inverness, Punjab to fall into the Indus, with the exception
Ross, Sutherland, the districto of Atholl, Ran- of the Sutledge, which, like the Indus itself, rises
noeh, and isles of Sky, Lewis, and those annexed on the N. side of the range, and takes its passage
to Inverness, and Ross. Its extent is 200 m. in across its breadth. Pursuing the same direction
length) and 90 in mean breadth. The proportion the Himmaleh mountains cross the heads of the
HIM 376 HIN
Jnmnt, the GnngeSf and their numerous tribntarj lime chftraeter of the scenery so much in unison
rivers. Farther east, they seem to be penetrated with such feelings. In the Hindoo Pantheon,
by several rivers, as the Gonduh, the Arum, the Himmaleh is defined, and is described as the father
Teesta, and Cosi, and the Burrampooter. The of the Granges^ and of her sister Ooma, the spouse
geography of the countries to the east of this last of the destroying power Siva, the favourite object
river iB so little known, that it is a question of propitiatory adoration.
whether the same mountain range is continued Hinekmbrook Ide^ an island on the west coast
any farther. It seems agreed that, if it is contin- of America, in Pnnce William's Sound. Lat.
ued, its height ceases to be e^jualljr great; it is 60. 24. N., and long. 142. 36. to 146. 10. W.
probable, however, that a continuation of it ex- Hinchinhrook Jd9, one of the New Hebrides, in
tends along the northern frontier of the provinces the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 38. £., lat. 17. 25.
of Quang-si and Quang-tong all the way to the 8.
Chinese sea, declining gradually as it advances to Hinckley, a town in Leicestershire, En?. It
the east. has a large church, with a lofty spire ; and had
The following are the heighti of some of the formerlv a castle and walls, traces of which are
E»aks which have been ascertained : still to be seen. Here is a considerable manufac-
hawalsfivri, or the White Mountain, ture of common stockings, thread, and worsted
near the sources of the Gonduk river. It is seated on an eminence, 12 m. 8. W. of Lei-
above the level of the sea, - - 26,862 cester, and 09 N. N. W. of London.
Jamootri, 25,500 Hindehpen^ a town of the Netherlands, in
Dhaiboon, seen from Catmandoo, - 24,763 Friesland, seated on the Zuider Zee, 21 m. S. 8.
Another peak seen from the same capital, 24,625 W. of Lewarden.
Another near to the preceding, - - 23,262 Hindia, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
A third in the same vicinity, - - 23,052 country of the same name, in Candeisn ; situate
Peak St. George, .... 22,240 on the S. bank of the Nerbudda, 90 m. N. N. £.
Thus the Himmaleh mountains exceed in eleva- of Burhampour.
tion the Andes of America; that of Chimborazo, HtndooMtan, or inditL, and bv the Aborigines,
the highest of the latter, not exceeding 21.470 called Bharatta, a region of Asia, which com-
feet above the sea. Through tliis stupenaons pn"^* till the countries between the mountains of
chain there are difierent passes, but all of them la- Tartary and Thibet on the N., Bootan, Assam, and
borious to travel, and some highly dangerous, the bay of Bengal, on the £., the Indian Ocean
One of the most practicable is that which in its on the S., and the same ocean and Persia on the
upper part, follows the bed of the river Sutled^e. W. But this country must be considered under
1^ the east of this, there are some practicaole the three grand divisions of Hindoostan Proper,
only at a favourable season, and where the trav- the Deccan, and the Peninsula. Hindooeton Pro-
eller still runs the hazard of being caught in a per includes the provinces of Ben^, Bahar, and
fall of snow, or otherwise perishing with cold, all those that lie to the N. of the nver Nerbudda ;
Through the whole mountainous tract, and even the principal of which are Agimere, Agra, Alia
before ascending much above the inhabited parts,, habad, Cashmere, Dehli, Guzerat, Lahore, Malwa,
the traveller is Rable to be attacked with an alarm- Moultan, Oude, and Sindy. The Deccan has been
ing failure of respiration, from the ^reat rarity of extended to the whole region S. of Hindoostan
the air, an auction attributed by the natives to Proper ; but in its most restricted sense, it means
various fanciful and sometimes superstitious can- only the countries situate between Hindoostan
ses. Some of the most difBcult passes are occa- Proper and the river Kistna. See Deeean. The
sionally traversed by marauding parties from the tract S. of the river Kistna^ is generally called the
one side of the Himmaleh to carry off the property Peninsula ; although its form does not authorise
of the inhabitants on the other. Such posses ex- that appellation : it includes a small part of Gol-
ist between Nepaul and Thibet,or that stripe lying conda, Mysore, and the Camatic^ith Madura,
close to the north side of the Himmaleh which is and other smaller districts ; the W. coast being
inhabited by Bhootees, and may probably come called that of Malabar, and the £. that of Coro-
under the name of Bootan, a name of which we mandel. The sheiks possess Lahore, part of Moul-
are not at present able to assign the exact local tan and Delhi; the king of Candahar, Cashmere,
extent. Here there are also one or more easier Cabnl, Sindy, and part of Moultan ; Berar and
passes chiefly along the beds of the rivers Gon- Orissa, Malwa, Candeish, Visiapour, and paK of
duk. Arum, and Teesta. Hence armies have Agimere and Guzerat, are in the possession of the
crossed from Nepual to attack the territory ofThi- Mahrattas ; and the nizam of the Deccan posses-
bet, and a Chinese army has in return invaded ses Golconda, part of Da wlatabad and Berar.
and subjugated Nepaul. The difficulty of access The British possessions are Bengal, Bahar, part
to these regions, heightens the ardour of the ad- of Allahabad, and Orissa, the Northern Circars,
rairinff Hindoo, actuated in some degree by cari- the Jaghire in the Camatic, the countries north
Mity, imt much more by superstition, to bathe and south of Calicut, Bombay, and the island of
himself in the icy streams wnich give origin to Salsette. The allies of the British are the Rajahs
the Ganges or its mighty tributaries ; to contem- of Mysore, Tanjore, Madura, Travancore, Tntch-
plate the mystic rock, which so closely resembles inopoly, toe nabobs of Oude and Arcot, and the
the hind quarters of a bullock, and is reputed to district of Cochin. The principiU rivers are the
have been the result of a holy transmutation of a Ganges, the Indus, Nerbudda, Puddar, Taptee,
divine being, a scene where it is reckoned a merit Caggar, Mahanada, Godavery. Kistna. The chief
to make a voluntary sacrifice of life, by precipita- mountains are the Himmaleh,^ the western and
ting the bodjr over the fatal crag. Superstition eastern Ghauts, and those which divide Bengal
has in many instances chosen to cherisn its pro- from Ava. The number of inhabitants is upwards
pensities in localities si^alized as the origin of of 100,000,000, of which the greater proportion
large and fertilizing rivers. No where is this are idolaters, and are divided into three great
carried so far as in uiis mountainous tract, and it sects; the first worship the Triad, BrsLma,
must be confessed, that in no locality is the sub- Vifhnu, and Siva; the second are the followeia
Hiif SIT ItlN
oPBoodh) whoM pritteiMif tenvt U the doetrine of their peieon etraigfat and elegant, and their ooun
transmigration; the Jiaine an the tfahrd, who iedanee open and bleaeant. They differ materiaUv
ehiefl/ worship ParisWanath ; the other elan of from all other nations, bj bei-^« divided into tribes
mhahitants are Mahometans, of whom then an or caates. The four prinoipai tribes are the
about the eighth part of the number of Hindoo*. Brahmins, Soldiers, LaboonrS| and Mechanics :
To give an idea of the modem nvohitions in the and these are subdivided into a multiplicity of in-
empiTe of Hindoostan, it is proper to obeerre, that ftrior distinctions. There are Brahmins of rariouh
ffom a pure Hindoo government, it beoame, at degrees of exoellenee, who have the care of reli-
last, a Mahometan slate, and continoed to be so, gion allotted to them, and an held sacred by the
under Tarious dQaeties, till the beginning of the rest ; some of these acknowledge the errors that
18th century^ The first irruption of the Maho- liaTe enpt into their religion, own one Supreme
metans was in the jear 1060. From this period Being, and laugh at the idolatry of the muUi-
the provinces of Hmdooetan were held rather as tude, but insist upon the necessity of workin<s
tributary kingdoms, than as provinces of the same upon the weaknesses of the vulgar ; yet the gen-
empire ; and the conquest of the Deccan, in jmr- erality of them an as ignorant as the laity. Such
tioular, was for ages an object of. considerable im- as an not engaged in worldly pursuits are a very
portanoe to the emperors. In 1389 the Mogul superstitions, innocent people, who promote chai-
Tartars, under the condoet of Timur, or Tamer- ity as much as they can, both to man and beast .
lane, invaded Hindoostan; but the conquest of but those who engage in the world are generally
the country was not efieeted till 1525, by sultan the worst of all tl& Oentocs ; but, persuaded that
Baber, one of his descendants, who, from this cir- the waters of the Ganges will punfjr them from
cumatance. was the founder of the Monffol dy- their sins, and being exempt from tne utmost ri-
nasty ; ana hence Hindoostan has been called tne gour of the courts of justice (under the Gentoo
Mongul Empire, and its chief, the Great Mogul, governments) they run into much greater ezces-
The illustrious Acbar, his son, fiuled in his attack see. The Soldiers an commonlv called Rajali-
upon the Deccan ; an attempt in which many of poots; tliat is. deseended from rajahs. They are
his successors wen equally unfortunate, and which much mon robust than the rest, have a great share
tended, in the sequel, to the decline and dissolu of courage, and a nice sense of military honour,
tion of the empire. In 1615 emperor Jehangire, which consists, among them, in fidelity to those
his son, nceived Sir Thomas Roe, as the fint tiiev serve. lighting is their profession ; they
English ambassador, and the Portuguese had, by nadily enter into the service of any that will pay
this time, acquind considerable settlements in them, and will fbllow wherever he leads ; out
Bengal and Guzerat. In the roign of hb grand- should their leader fUl in the battie, their cause is
son Aurungsebe, which lasted from 1060 to 1707, at an end, and they run oflTthe field without any
the empin attained ito full extent ; his authority stain of their nptttation. The English East India
reached from 10 to 35 degrees in lat. and nearlv Company have many battalions of them in Cheir
as much in long., and his revenue exceeded 32, service ; they an colled Sepoys, and are clothed
000,000{. sterling. But in the course of 50 yean and disciplined in the European manner. The
after his death, a succession of weak princes and Labourere include ftrmera, and all who cultivate
wicked ministers reduced this astonishing empire tiie land. The Mechanics include merchants,
to very narrow limits, and deprived it of all its banken, and all who follow any trade ; these again
power and splendour. In consequence of the an subdivided into each profession. Besides tluBse,
mtriguesof the nizam of the Deccan, Nadir Shah, an the Hailachons, who eannot be called a tribe,
the Fenian usurper, invaded Hindoostan in 1738. behig rather the nftue of all the tribes. They
In the reign of Ahmed Shah, successor of Msp an a set of unhappy wretches, who perform all
homed Shah, tlie entire division of the empire the vilest offioss or lift, bury the dead, and carry
took place ; nothing remaining to the house of away every thine that is polluted. AU the dir-
Tamerlane but the cit|r and small territory of fbnnt tribes an kept distinct firom eaeh other by
Dehli. The last impenal army was defeated by insurmountable barrien : they an fort>idten to
the Rohillas, in 1749. The Jats, a Hindoo tribe, intermarry, to cohabit, to eat with each other, or
founded a state in Agra; Oude was seised by even to drink out of tlie same vessel with one of
Mongol empin was now become nearly nominal; instant, to herd with the Hallachores. The men<
and the emperon, from this period, must be n- ben of each caste adhen invari^ly to the profes-
Sarded as or no political consequence, otherwise sion of their Ibreftthen , from generetion to gen-
lan as their names and persons wen made use oration the same femilies have followed, and still
of, by different parties, to promote their own oontinue to follow, one uniform manner of life,
views ; for the name and person of the emperor To this may be ascribed that high degree of per-
retains a considerable degree of venention among fretion eonspienoos in many oTthe Indian man-
the bulk of the people in Hindoostan. Ahmed uftctures; andalsothatstrikingpeculiarity in the
was deposed in 1753^ and his successor was de- state of Hindoostan, the permanence of its insti-
posed and murdered m 1760. He was succeeded, tutions. and the immutability in the mannen of
however, by his son Shah Ahlum, who was alter- the inhabitants. The Hii|doos vie with the
nately dependent on the contending powen, and Chinese, in respect to the antiquity of their na
more particularly upon the English, who obtained tion. Their institutions of religion form a com
from him a grant of the provinces of Bengal^ Bahar, plete system of supentition, upheld by everything
Orissa, and the Circan. This prince died in 1806, which can excite the nvennce of the people.
of a detestable character. The Hindoos, or Gen obtained over the minds of the people is support
toos, an of a black complexion ; their hair is long, ed by the oofeimand of the immenss revenues with
« 919
OMM. The dominion of nligioD extend* to > thon-
nnd particnlan which, id other countrtet, an
p>Teriied bj the ciril Uw(, or by tiate, cu»tom,
■nd lii*hioii. Their dreu, their food, the com-
niDD intercoaraei of life, their muriageB, uid pro-
fsBiions, are kII under the juriuliction of religion.
The food of the Hindooe ii limple, canaiitiii|i
chieflj of ric4, ghee (■ kind of imperfect hatter),
milk, Testable*, uid arieDt>] ipice*. The mr-
rior casta mav eat of Ihn iteBh of goati, iheep, and
poultry. Other lupenur casteB may eat poultry
and fighi but the inferior cailea are prphibjted from
eating fleah or fiah of any kind. Thair graateat
luxury consiila in th« nse of the richeit apiceriei
' perfumea, of vhich the great people are Terj
s Hur
diatrlet he inhabits. Hw monnluii bau U aven
mote terrible tluui the tiger ; be inhalnti the
Ghanla and ia probably a aart of hyeiia. Tbe
common bear ia found in the forest* of tlM nntli.
wolrei and jackal* are common in tbe interior
parte. The aerval or panther cat which inhabits
this country i> little known. The lynx and car
seal inhabit the nortbam prorincaa. Tha rbinoa
eroaaeek* amid the mud and water of tbe marab
e* a ahelter fitnn tbe icorching heat of tha cli-
and perfi
lavUh. '
pertie* of the nectar of then „ , ..
they eiteem tbe cow itself almoat as a dlTinlty.
Their raannen are fpntle. They are taught by
tbeir religion that matrimony is an indlBpenaable
duty in eTery man who doaa not entirely separate
himsetf from the world from a principle of^devo-
tion ; and, as noue but mole deacendaut* can par-
Ibnn Ibe obseqniea to the mane* of their anceetore,
it is thooght an inepaiable calamity to die with-
OQt mala usne. Scarcely auy elate can be more
degrading than that of Hindoo fsmalea. Till tluee
yean after the nuptial age, a girl ia entirely at the
diipoeal of her Itither. When married, she ia im-
ffluredin herhuaband'adwelling; her dependence
upon him ii perpetual and entii« ; she ia not per-
mitted to eat in his preaenca — ■" ' ^-i- — j
mate. He is a mnch rater animal than lh« ele-
phant, and ia nsTBr aeen in traopa like that ani-
mal. He never attaeka men unleas when proTok-
Hindooatan awarmi with serpents, and almost
- -— and lake abounds in crocod ilea,
on, p.T. Martin Co. Indiana.
HuuniUe, p.T. Patrick Co. Va.
Hingkam, a town in Norfolk, Eng., 14 m. W. of
MorwSh, and 90 N. E. of London.
Hingkam, p.L Plymouth Co. Haas., 13 m. 8. E
Boston. Po^. 3j^7. It is aitnated on a naall
bay eommuuicating with Boelon harboni. It ia
' H?ii^
be subecTienl to bia rule. Polygai
jnong the Rai
milted to marry a aecond
bnt femalea, i
evils of life,
iq tolerated ;
. are not per-
A huaband can
diamiaa his wife at anv time ; but there it nothing
that can diasoire the wife from her malrimonid
engagement. Tbe inboman cnstom of women
botning themsalnes on the funeral pile of tlwir
deceaaed bnibands baa bowerer b^n teoently
tnihihited in the preaidancieaof Tort William and
[adraa; and the progteas of Christianity aJForda
reason to hope for the apeedy abolition of other
mTolling practices. The code of Gentoo laws,
with their aacred books, the Veidam and Oie
Shaitoh, ore written in the Sanscrit language,
which la irary eopiona and nerToua, although Uie
— '- of their best authors ia wonderfully concise.
' "!tty temperate.
I, lotrarda the If.,
bat hot towards the 8. ; and it reins almost
itantly for three months in the year. Its pro-
dncts are diamonds and other precious atones,
oilks, apices, atomatics,, drugs, mails, rice, and
Bugar 1 and the chief manufacturea mualins and
eaGooe..
Tbe great fbreata and marshy diatricis ate |>eo-
pted with elephaola. Tha tiger is eommoa in
HilT''>t sod Bangal aad is the scourge of svery
ahnndonce of rice,Iicbi, and dlk.
HiiikUs p.T. Medina Co. Ohio.
Hitttdale, p.L Cheshire Co. N. H,, 96 m. from
Boston. Pop. 937. Tbia place was fbrmerly nam-
ed Fort Dianmer and Bridgnaal't Fort, and suffet-
' - -ing tbe Indian wars. Al«> a
„ Do. N ■" "*- "■"
HatterserMdofj a __ .
m. E. of Trey burgh.
Hinman, Jaaiuia.or ^njoium, one of Uie larg
est of the Comoro Islands, litoated off the eaot-
em eoast of Africa. It is of a triangnlar form ;
and tbe whole island appears to have undergone
tbe action of a volcano, the rocks being every
where volcaniied. It is entirety mountainous,
bnt is covered with vegetation, which reaches
even to the summit of the highest conical hill.
The coasts can be approached with safelv. Tbe
sovereign of Hiniuan takes the title of sultan,
and formerly ruled over the whole group of the
Comoro Islands. Hie aubjecta view nim with the
moat profound reapect, and never approach him
without kneeling, and touching the earth witli
their forehead. The noblea are on a fiimiliar foot
ing with the king, and must be coniulted on ma
ny occasions. The native* are in general tall, ro
bust, and well made ; they have long black hair,
piercing eyeSjOnd are of a colour between olire
and black. They profess Mahomediam; bat the
native African worship of foUohes is still very
prevalent. They are courteon' and hospitable,
and all ghipwrecked mariner* b* e been received
with the greatest kindness. The -pine apples sro
most delicious, and the other fruits are excellent.
Yams and sweet potatoes are in abundance ; a]*a
goats and poultry. The balloeks are of a moder-
ate *iie, are excellent food. This island is often
frequented by Europeana, and particularly by Eng
HOA t79 flOe
hih Y^meUf for the sike of proenzinff water and reetion till it enters the Eaatem Ocean, 100 m. to
proTieioBS. The commodities in &mand are the N. of themonthof theKian-hu. The length
arms, toys, looking-glasses, shirts and bine and of its course is estimated at 2/)00 m. At 70 m.
red elotn. Baltam is the capital. Long. 41. 90. firom the sea, where it b crossed bj the mat ea-
£., lat. 12. 54. 8. nal, the breadth is little more than a mile ; but
flto, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, seat- it is so rapid and shallow as to be scarcely navi-
ed on the lake Wetter, 145 m. S. W. of Stock- gable,
holm. Hobokenf a village in Bergen Co. N. J., on the
Hianmgj a decayed town of Denmark, in N. Hudson, opposite New York, and noted as the
Jutland, x/ m. N. N. W . of Aalborg. spot where manj duels have been fought.
Biram^ p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,096. Also Hockkerg, a castle of Baden, situate on amoun-
a yiUage in Portage Co. Ohio. tain, 2 m. N . £. of Emmeddingen.
HirsMBrgt a town of Prussian Silesia, in the Hockstf a town of Germany, in Nassau, with
pincipality of Jauer, famous for ite mineral an ej^tonsive tobacco manufacture ; seated on tbe
baths. In the neighbourhood are extenaiye bleach- Maine, 6 m. W. of Frankfort, and 17 N. £. of
ing-grounds, and next to Breslau it is the most Ments.
considerable trading town is Silesia. It is seated BoekHadtj a town and castle of Bayaria, ft-
en the Bober, 23 m. S. W. of Jauer. mous for a single victory gained near it by the
Hirsei^dd, a town of Germany, in Lower duke of Marlborough, in 1704^ and which the En-
Hesse, capital of a principality of the same name, glish call the battle of Blenheim, from a village 3
depending on a ftmous anbey, which was secular- m. S. W. of this place. It is seated on the Dan
ised in a favour of the house of Hesse-Caasel. It uh^ 17 m. S. W. of Donawert.
is seated on the Fulda^ 34 m. S. by £. of Cassei. uoehitadtf a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- '
Long. 9. 42. E., lat. 60. 50. K. eonia, in the principality of Bamberg, on the riv-
mrtekolmf a town of Denmark, in the island er Aiach, 2!)m. S. 8. w. of Bamberg.
of Zealand, with a castle, 12 m. N. of Copen- Hoekkoekingf a river of Ohio, -flowing into the
hagen. Ohio, 200 m. bel
Hisdbm, a town of HeMe-Darmstadt, with a for boate.
Ohio, 900 m. below Pitteburg. It is navigable
for boate.
eaatle; seated on the Neckar, 7 m. E. of Hei- HodUng, an interior Co. of Ohio. Pop. 4,606.
delberg. Logan is tne chief town. Also a township of
Hitpamda. See JDemti^, A. Fairfield Co. Ohio.
HisguTf a town of Hindoostan. in the eonntry HoddetdoHf a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. seat-
of Dehli, capital of a district of tne same name ; ed near the river Lea, 4 m. S. E. of Herdford,
seated near the river Sursooir, 112 m. W. N. W. and 17 N. by E. of London. *
of Dehk. . Long. 75. 40. £., Ut. 29. 5. N. Hodeida, a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a
Hit. a town of Syria, near which is a spring of harbour for small vessels, on the Red Sea, 90 m.
naphtna and bitumen. It stands on a river of N. N. W. of Mocha. Long. 43b 30. £., lat. 14.
the same name, which soon after joins the Ea- 10. N.
phrates, 100 m. W. by S. of Bagdad. Hoei-tdUoUf a city of China of the first rank,
UUekinf a town of Hertfordshire, Eng. with a in Kian-iian|fomoua for ite tea, varnish, and jap-
great trade in malt. It has a handsome parish aned work, 625 m. S. of Peking,
church, and several meeting-houses. 15 m. N. fleei-ldUoa, a eity of China, of the first rank,
N. W. of Hertford, and 34 N. W. of London. in Quang- ton, 1,010 m. S. of Peking.
Hitke, or H^tke, a borough in Kent, Eng. It HoAdm, See Htmkdmm,
is one of the principal Cinque Porte. Near it are flo^, a town of Bavaria, in the principality of
the remains of Saltwood Cfastle, now turned into Bayreuth, with manufactures of cotton, knen, and
a fann house, bams, &o. Inoonsequenoe of the fine paper. The adjacent country has quarries
harbour becoming gradually choked up, the trade of excellent marble. It stand on the Saale, 32 m.
declined \ and i& town itself was almost annihi- N. N. £. of Bayreuth.
lated by pestilence and ikmine. At present, how- Hof^ a town of Moravia, in the circle of OI-
ever, it is a thriving and respectable place. It is mutx, with a great trade or wool, 23 m. N. E. of
10 m. W. S. W. ofDover, and 68 S. £. of Lon- Olmutx.
don. Hog laUtndf one of the smaller Shetland islands
Hoai^kmg, a city of China, of the first rank, near the coast of the mainland,
in Ho-nan. 320 m. S. W. of Peking. Long. 112. Hag Idand^ is also the name of several other
34. E., lat. 35. 6. N. blands : one in Pamlico Sound, near the coast of
HotM^gtm-Jbo, a city of China, of the first rank, North Carolina. Long. 76. 36. W., lat. 34. 56. N.
in Kian-nan. It is seated in a marshy, and in- —on the E. side of lake Champlain, 9 m. long
eloeed by a triple wall. The suburbs extend to and about 3 broad ; near the coast of Virginia,
the distance of a league on each side of a canal. Long. 75. 42. W., lat. 37. 30. N. ; — in Rho& Isl-
and fVoffl their extremity a kind of port on the and, in Narraganset Bay, 2 m. in circumference ;
Hoang-ho. The canal, heing above the level of — in the Eastern Sea, near the coast of Palawan.
the city, occasions perpetoal danger of inunda- Long. 11. 36. £., lat. 10. 16. N. ; — In the Eastern
tion. 515 m. S. S. £. of Peking. Long. 118. 4. Sea, 40 m. in length, and 3 in breadth, 60 m. W.
£. Jat 53. 30. N. of Somatia. Long. 95. 50. £., lat. 2. 30. N. ;— in
Hoang-hOf a Iwrge river of Asia, also called the the Eastern Sea, lying off the N. £. extremity of
Tellow River, from the quantity of clay which it Java, $10 m. in oirenmforenoe. Long. 114. 55. E.,
devolves. Ite sources are two lakes, situate lat. 7. 5. S. ; — in the Eastern Sea, near the W.
lat., and after running due E. it suddenly bends 37. £., lat. 14. 2. N.
8. penetrating China to a latitude nearly parallel Hog IsUmdoj a cluster of small islands near the
to ito ioiiroe ; and then it pmsuea an easterly di- S-WTeoaaier Ireland, aad eooalf of Kmij, be-
Hog'. H«ui.
Hegan^urg, p.v. Franklio Co, M. T.
ifiifuloUii, p.T. Ctuberiuiii Co. P«.
HogiUj Cmft la, the N. W. point of Nonauidr
nau whuh Adminl Hooka bntnt 13 FraQoli
men of wu, in 169S. Long. 1. &3. W., Ut W.
4&. N.
Hegtmiarg, mu ancient outle of Soalna, in «
county of id nune^ow belonging to Wiirteiiib«nK
■itvUe near Iho louioe of tfie Neakar, 10 n. a.
E. of Rathirsil.
_ HokenUndai, a tewnof BaTaria,nsar wbiohtha
a diatiict of
. , . . 1, wool, and oattia. It
now belong* lo the kingdom of Wnrtan^Migt.
The castle of its uiciCTit ooiuita iload don bj
tba nllwofllolaokjnaarUSenheiiii. Thaohiaf
Iowa is Oluingen.
Hokeitraaui, a town of Bohemia, on the lim
I. B. of Clirnddin.
D ancient oaatle of Sszonj, lito-
■K uu B uivuuiaiu, at tbe foot of winch is Om
village of Newladt, 5 m. N. £. of SindbaD-
HeTta,
Uoiu
__« deitrafed by the Fienoh in 1800. It
standi on a monntain, 9 m. E. N. E. of Soaft
HakeiuolUni, a town ef Germany, in a prinoi-
palitv of the lame name, with a castle on a moon-
tain Um SMtoftlieanoientconntiofHobenaolleTa.
U is aested on a branch of tbe Neokar, 16 m. B.
by W. of TnUagaa. Long. 9. B. E., Ut. 43.
). N.
ntheri
irBIul-
HohavilU, p. v. iJnooln Co. N. C.
Hr-kem, ■ city of China, of the Grat rank, in
tbe prorince of'^ Pe-loheli, lituate between two
ri*en,85m. B.of Peking. LoBa.116. S3. E., lat.
38. «. N.
Hoia, a town oTIoriaod, and a bistiop'i Me, at
the moutb of ■ riTer,onthe N. coMt. Long. 19.
SO. W.,lat.6e.4a.N.
ftalitack, a town of Lincolrwbira, Eng. with a
CDMldeiable trade in corn and -woiA. 13 m. S.
by E. of Bottoo, and 109 N. by E. of Lon-
Halieek, a eea-port of Denmark, in the island
of Zealand, witb B good haibom', fhim wbicl)
great qoantities of oomare annually exputad. 30
m. W. of Copeiihagen.
HaUtn, p.t. WoRieelei Co. Hsa*. 6 m. N. of
Woraester. Pop. 1,718.
, BtUtwarlkg, a town in DeTtmafaiie, Eng. aeat-
ed near tbe cuai from Bude hariMMit, between
MK> hnnckea of the IVmer, 43m. W., by N. of
Eietar, and 314 W. by S. of London.
HaUtrntn, p^. Grsfton Co. N. H., on Sqnam
Lake. Pop. • •""
Hola
Und.
HoBdnd, an important prorinosef the Netbvr-
land*, wbieh haa afl«n giTon name lo the Seven
fTniled FmriDoM. It in divided into two parte.
North and SoMh Hcdland; and ia bonnded in
theN^ «nd W.fartbeCknnMOcMui, on AaE.
bv the Znydet Zee and tlw ciMlsvant Mal« of
umaht, n^Tea rila#. By tb» He—, Md Dnlah
BmInM( MlMdii^ feMk IM. H. 4V. to 63. 10.
N. ; ita hnritode u about 180 m. K. of LonAm.
It^coalains90 walled towna, bende maay other*,
and above 400 villagn. BeRne the Hevalotfon
In mo, ail large eitlea had aeala in the atalaB
Eneral; vii.. Doit, Haerlem, DeHl, Leyden
nstenlam, and (loada. The number of inbabi-
taatB'WW eftimated at B00,000. Tbey also reach-
ed thia number in 1801 ; bnt in 1817 they had
been redneed by the war 10 748,000. The divi-
eiooi into the two govemmenta ef Booth and
North HoUand wai recogniaed by the omutlta-
tioD of 1814: the fimner contain* 1^70 aq.m.
with SS^OOO inhabitants, and is divided into the
■izdiatiiets of tbe Hagoe, Leyden, Rottaldam.
Dort, Ocronro, and the Briel ; while Holland
'•rtacfa in offiaial papera, is called by ill bdcimI
nauM of WeM frieriand, containa 930 aq. m.
with 359,000 inhabitanta, and ii divided into tbe
fbnr diattiol* of Amsterdam, Haerlem, Hoom,
and Alkmaar. The whole provinceia a centino-
•d flat; and, bnt for die oonatant oaie in fimmng
dilcbea and oaaals, it would be hardly -apdile or
cnltlvatlon; eome part of it Ilea even lower than
the aes, from which It i* seetued by dikes, % or
90 ftet high, and aa muly brvad al the tnp. The
elhnatc Is Baist and variable, and in vartona
Elacea, paiticnluly in Itorth Holland, tinftn«i-
ieto bealth. The winten are nvere.aid the
riven •reolnwat ev«ry aaasBo nndend unnavi-
cable, for aeveral weeks together, by Ibe iee.
llie soil ii rich, ooiaiating of a deep At team ;
but, owi^ to tke honMi^ «f both nil atid cli-
mate, till^ Is Teiy limited. Wheat, madder,
tobaoeo, hemp, and fln,M« niMd, bat Ibe chief
r'cDltnraJ wealth of Ihe country coaairti in
paatoiea, wUeh Sped great nnnAer of oowa ;
the mriring oPbnMer and cbeeae being a erfnei-
pal oconpaliew. Tbe aaeaJawa are gnnerall^ mt-
der w>.ter during tbe winter, and me infaabitanta
•nly dhoharge Sma Ann it by mills adapted aa
inttNfsnsf paita af Engknd totbb partievlaT
porpew.
. I,«9.
In At Waa, a vitlaga of Talbot Co. Mary-
Tfae nutives of tbe United Prwinoes Mr of
Mod stature, and inollned to be oorpotent, bat
uey are lemorkahle in genara! far a heavy, awk-
ward mien ; their featntea are legulai', and their
complexions fair. The bvtier wst of people
imitate the French faabiona in Ibeir dreaa ; but
thoae wfao are stamped with tbe geooine cbarae-
ler of their native conntry, never ftil lo lend
tbemeelvM with etMrmoaa incnaibniiioet ef
dathaa. The lata of the mniM an «• tardea
tea-beaidi, pnjjeellllgfbrward oneaah«{iB'S»K*
ta«v*MbMd«wfoM IMI b*^ Thay^nv-eUafly
HOL 381 WOL
offltnw^ with two brotd . ribuid0| not tied, but fit if obtained by their peiflune. The oivet of
pendent from the ndee. This hat fonna a striking Amsterdam is better than tliat of the Levant or
contrast with the short dieesj of^hich the milk- East Indies. Holland is said to have derived its
maids sold in onr shops is a fatthfbl picture. iBoth name from the vast and thick forests of wood with
men and women wear at least two waistcoats, which it was at one time covered : Holtlant, in
with as many coats, and the fi>rmer cover their German, signifying woodland. In the middle
limbs with doable trowsers. affes it was governed by its counts or earls ; in the
The dress of the yonng girls is the most singu- 15th century it became snbjeet to the house of
lar, especially at the time of any festival or hoi- Burgundy ; it passed aAerwards to Austria ; and
iday. In speaking of these, an amusing writer finafly jomed the other provinces that declared for
observes, that any one woula have supposed that independence. On the invasion of Holland by
the figures which appeared were masques, or de- the French, in the beginning of 1795, the stadt-
signed am caricatures. Imagine, says he, a short holder with hb family took refuge in England,
figure, with more breadth thxar goes to the pro- HoUuid was subsequently under various Torms
portion of elesanoe, and with very little alterar of the French domination. At length the people
tion in the width downward to the waist, the pet- became weary of this connexion. The events of
tlcoats descending only half way below the knee. 1813 had weakened the power that bound them ;
Imagine further, a round small face covered with the people rose ; their fetters were broken ; and a
a hat of three feet in diameter, perfectly cireular, provisional government was formed at Amster
and applied to the head in a part contiguous to dam on the 18th of November. William Frede-
the ciroumference. Then comseive a number of rick, of Nassau and Orange, landed firom Eng-
these figures in motion ^ branoiahing their hori- land at the close of the same month, entered
xontal hats, rolling theur diminutive eyes, and Amsterdam on the 2nd of December, and was pro-
a Acting a thousand ridiculous graces unaer cover claimed Sovereign Prince of the United Nether-
of this extensive canopy. The tout eiuenMe may lands, which had formerly been subject to the
bring to the recollection those sculptural vagaries dukes of Burgundy, were re-united under the
in which human figun is made the prop of a ca- prince of Orange, as William I., king of the
thedral seat, the support of a wainscot pulpit, or N^stherlands, and these countries continued
the stand of a mahogany table. under one government till 1830. For an ac-
The Dutchman, living in continual danger of count of the revoluticm of that year, See Jfedur-
inundation, and of losing not only the fruits of lands.
his mdustry but his life^ Becomes habitually pro- HMand, a strong town of £. Prussia, seated
vident. His foresight is admirable, his persever- near the river Weeske, 14 m. S. S. £. of Elbing.
ance not to be conquered, and his labours, unless HoUand, Aew, an island of the South Pacific
seen, cai\not be credited. They astonish the Ocean, and the largest known land that does not
more, when the phlegm of his temper and the bear the name of a continent. It extends firom
slowness of his habits are considered. View the 109. to 153. E. lonff., and ftom 11. to 39. S. lat.,
minuteness of his economy, the solicitude of his or 2,730 m. firom W. to £., and 1,960 from N. to S.
precaution, and the inflexibility of his methodi- When this vast bland was first discovered is un-
cal prudence ! Who would not pronounce him in- certain. The Portuguese and Spaniards u>pear
capable (^ great enterprise h He builds himself a to have visited it in tne sixteenth century, out it
dwelling ; it is a hut in size, and it is a palace in was the Dutch who first made it known to Europe,
neatness. It is necessarily situated among damps In the beginning of the seventeenth century they
upon a flat, and perhaps 'behind the buikof a traced tte N. and W. coasts; and what was
sluggish canaJ ; yet ne writes upon it, "JIfy deemed, till lately, theS.extromi^, was discov-
Gomegtt^ *' My delight ; << Undlust, " Country ered by Tasman in 1642. Captain Cook, in 1770,
pleasures, ^' Land figfU, " Country prospect, or explored the £. and N. £. firom 38, S., and ascer-
some other inscription, that miffht characterise the tained its separation fromNew Guinea: and in,
vale of Tempo, or the garden of Eden. He cuts his 1773, captain Fumeaux, by connecting Tasman's
trees into mntastic forms, hangs his awnings discoveries with Cook's, completed Ue cirouit.
round with smiUl bells, ana decorates his Sunday But the supposed S. extremity, which Tasman
jacket with dozens of little buttons. Too provi- discoverod by the name of Van Diemei) Land,
he pleases. Around him is every token of care. Different parts of tlvi coast have been called by
caution, and cleanliness; but none in his domestic the names of the discoverers. &c. The eastern
nabits, of magnificence, or grandeur of design, coast, called New South Wales, was taken poo-
The Dutch are usoally distmguished into five session of in his majesty's name by captain Cook,
classes ; the peasants and farmers ; seafaring and now forms a jjMurt of the British dominions
men ; merohants and tradesmen ; those who live See fFoies, Jfew Simtk.
upon their estates, or the interest of their money ; HotUmdf a township of Orleans Co. Vt. Pop.
and military officers. The civet cat which is a 422. Also a p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. Pop. 453.
Also a p.t. Erie Co. N. T. Pop. 1,070.
HolUu p.t Genesee Co. N. T.
Bolliamuahargf p.v. Huntingdon Co. Pa.
BoUis, p.t. Hihsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 7,501.
HoUiBUm^ p.t Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 1,304.
HoUodaU, a river of Scotland, in the county of
Sutherland, which rises in the mountains on the
borders of Caithness and flows N. into a bay of
the North Sea, fi>rming, for several miles, in the
native of the hottest oUmate of Afirica, and Asia, latter part of its course, the boundary between
is ftequf ntly reared in Holland where a great pro- the two counties.
Boim ektUramf a town in' OondMiluid, Eog . Bdffoke, MgmUrm wailnefiee ntlkr Norlhmp'
•ooMtiBiei ciai«d Hcilin-Abbey, ftt» tiM oeMft- ton Id MuMebiii^tto. It is about 800 feet lii#fa.
tod abbey that Ibrnierlj stood barei the fesaiui and may be easily aseondod in a eaniage.
of wliioh have boon eonyetled iaio the pafish tiie ■nmniit li a boildiag ei«eted for the aoeomo-
ohttTCh. It is seated near the month of the Wa- <fotien of visitors who lesort hither in snmmer to
ver, 12 m. N. of Cookermoutb) and 310 N. N. W. enjoy the Ua^flU prospeet whioh the monntain
of London. afllonls. Soothwsroly is seen Conneottent riTer,
HohHshurjt, p.Y. Philadelphia Go. Pa. retiring nader the shade of Moont Tom, whiten-
Holmes's HiOB, a h»bonr in the island of Mar- ed below by fiovth Hadiey Ftlls : beyond which
tha's Vinejrtird, wkidk 8te. Is the hill at Bprinfffield. The nver makes seve-
HolmestilUf p.v. Pike . Co. Missouri. ral tnms, and on tne hotlion are 2 very distant
BoiaUbne, a town of Denmrak, in North Jut- Maks, whieh are supposed to be East and West
luid, situate on a ahallow river whioh runs into Koeks, at New-Haven, about 70 m. distant,
the North Sea. The prineipal trade is in eom, Northeast is seen Monadnoe Mountain in New-
oxen^^d horses. It is 24 m. W. of Wiburg, Hampshire ; and the view toward the east is in
and 68 N. of Ripen. terropted bv the neighbouring peaks of Mouni
AMjCetn, a dutchy at the N. extiemity of .Ger- Holyoke. Korth, you look up the charming val-
many belonging to Denmark, 100 m. long' and ley oftheCkinnectieut; bordered by distant ranges
60 broad; bounded N. by Sleswick, E. by the or hills and mountains, varied by a few isolated
Baltic and the dutch of Baxe-Lauenburg, S. by peaks, covered with the richest coat of vegetation,
the duchies of Bremen of Luneburg, and W. by and scattered with villages and innumerable Arm
the German Ocean. Its principal rivers are the houses. The river makes a beautifhl serpentine
Elbe, the Evder, arid the Stor. It is a fruitful course from where it first appears at the foot of
country, and well seated for trade, having some Sugar Loaf Mountain, and Mount Tob^, until it
considerable harbours, particularly those of Ham- reacfa«s the village of Hadlev, which lies in fhll
burg. Lubec, and Kiel ; and from the latter is a view ; and then taking a bold sweep to the west,
eanai to the Eyder at Rensburg, by which there and flowing 4 m. it returns to the end of the
is a fiee naVagation from the Baltic to the Ger- street, only a mile distant ffom where it first meets
man Ocean. Pop. in 1818, 360,000, most of it. The whole peninsula is rich and fertile,
whom are Lutherans. and covered with cultivated fields of wheat,
HolsUm, a river of the (Jnitod States which com, grass, &c. without being disfi^red by
rises in the Alleghany mountains in Virginia, and fences, according to the custom prevatent here-
flows S. S. W. into the State of Tennessee, where abouto ; this is the richest sight upon the river,
it takes a more Soutlierly course to KnozviUe, particularly when viewed in connexion with the
and 35 m. below that town is joined by the Clinch, scene immediately below, where the river flows
when their united waters take the name of Ten- on, almost immediately under Our feet, and the
nessee. It is navigable for boato of 25 tons up- western shore presente the extensive Northampton
wards of 100 m. On ito banks are several iron meadows, a inile wide. Following the current
works ; and the adjacent countrv abounds with with the eye, in the West south west, it forms a
iron ore, and has sundrv lead mines. still more remarkable peninsula, although one of
Hbfr. a town in Norfolk, Eng. with an excellent inferior size : the Hocaanum ISend being a turn
ttee school founded bv Sir John Gresham. It is measuring 3 m. in circuit while the isthmus is
situate in a fertile district, 24 m. W. N. W. of only 46 rods across, or 160 yards. In the corn-
Norwich, and 119 N. £. of London. pass of this view, from the north to the west and
Holy I^andj an island on the coast of England, south, numerous village spires are seen, with lev-
8 m. S. E. of Berwick upon Tweed, but belong- el fields, orchut]s, and g^tfdens, almost without
ing to the county of Durham. It is 3 m. long number; and the whole scene is so bounded with
and 2 broad ; the soil rocky and full of stones : mountainous ridges, as to seem to .justify the
and at low water it is accessible by horses and opinion of geologiste, who say that it was once
carriages. It has a town called Kilo, and a castle on covered with an extensive lake, until the water
a hign rock, under which is a commodious bar- forced a passage between Mounto Tom and Holy-
hour^ defended by ablock-house. On this island are oke. Northampton b seen about west-nortn-
considerable remains of a stetely monasterr, called west, with Round Hill ; and towards the right,
Lindisfame, and here was anciently a Dishop's the top of Saddle Mountain, in the distance,
see .removed with the bodv of St. Cuthbert, first There are also others still further north, particu-
to Chester le street, and afterwards to Durham. larly Haystack and Bare Mountain. More than
Hdyhead. a seaport and cape of Wales, in the 30 church steeples may be counted here,
isle of Anglesey. It derives its principal support Holyufell, a town of Wales, in Flintshire, with
firom the expenditure of passengers to and from a market on Friday. It has a neat parish church.
Ireland, bein^the usual place of embarkation for and 4 places of worship for dinenters. From its
Dublin, and the stetion of the government pack- vicinity to the mines, and the extensive manufhc-
eta to and fVom that city, distant about 20 tures carried on in the neighbourhood, it is be
leagues. In the neighbourhood is a large vein come the most flourishing town in the county,
of white Fuller's earth, and another of yellow. Itename was derived from the famous well of St.
Among the principal ob|ecto of interest are the Winifred, eonoeming irihieh so manv fables
venerable ruins of a hermitage, two chapels, and' and sopeivtitioas notions have prevailed, bu*
the remains of a Dntoh wall ; these, with the which is certainly a verv remarkable springs
light-house and suspension bridge, attract the at- bursting out of the grouno with great impetuon-
tention of strangers. The church, near the verge ty, at the foot of a hul, and discharging upwards
of the cliflT, is a handsome structure of the thir- of 29 tons of water evmy miauto. Toe waters
teenth century : here are also 4 chapels for dis- have long since lost their reputation for miraca
•enters, a- fVee school, andsome almshouses. Fop. lous healing powers, but are much esteemed by
m 1621, 4,007. 207 m. N W. of London. Long, the manufacturer, being now applied to the pur
4 40 W., lat 63. 23. N. pose of turning ieveral millsforthe working of
JBfiM 9n HOO
f
ewMT* nitog ^vm^mnt pfpKujuadMatS, wd a* ih« red, wiute» and black. Cedan aie lanpe
spmninir cotton. It is 10 m. £vOi Si. Aiftpht aad and abondant, and are commonly naed in ship-
307 n7w< of Loodoiu. boUdiog. The palmetto, the aapadiUa, and the
JSbteie^, 'a tdwnof ^rarnunj. in the duchj of sea-grape trees, are all found very usefUl ; as are
NaMaii* It is silnate on the Iiann,.at the foot of also the bullet-tree, the iron-wood-tree, the cida-
a moontaiDi on which is the tower of an ancient bash-tree, and the button-wood-tree. The althea
castle^the orifflnaXseatoTtbe princes of Nassau, grows at a considerable distance from the coast,
4 m. N. £« of riassan. and fai generally made into rafts for floating the
Holxmindeuy a town of the state of Brunswick, Iog-wo<Kl to the seal The tree that exudes the
in Wolfenbuttel. with considerable iron works, resinous substance called coutchoue, or elastic
It is seated at the conjflux pf the Holx with the gum, from which Indian-rubber is made, grows
Weser, 28 m. N. W. of Gottmgen. plentifully in several provinces of Guatemala,
Hamburg^ a town of Germany; in Besse-Cas- particularly in various parts of Honduras. In ad-
sel, with an iron fbrge and a glass manufacture, dition to those may be enumerated the locust-tree.
20 m. S. of CasseL— Also a town of Prussia, in the fustic, the cocoa-nut-tree, the cabbaffe, and
the duchy of Berg, 48 m. 8. £. of Dusseldorf. — the silk-cotton-trees^ besides which both trees
And a town of Bavaria, in Deux Pouts ; seated on and shrubs of a medicinal nature grow in great
a mountain, 5 m. N. W. of Deux Ponts. varie'tv and profusion. The soil which hasheen
Ho-jioii, a province of China^ bounded on the brought under cultivation is extremely fertile, and
N. by the provinces of Pe-tcheli and Chan-si, £. the climate is superior to a great part of the Amer-
bv Kiang-si and Chantong, 8. by Hou-quang, and ican continent. The shores abound with aquatic
W. by Cnensi. As every thing that can contri- birds of difierent kinds. Myriads of swallows are
bute to render a country delighttul is found in this found in some parts, particularly in Honduras,
province, and as it is situate almost in the centre during the periodical rains. The humming-bird
of the empire, the Chinese call it Tong-hoa, The is seen in most of its splendid varieties, and tbe
Middle Flower. Besides Cai-fi>ng, its capital, it oxilis, one of the most minute and beautiful of
contains eight cities of the first class and 102 of this elegant tribe, is very common. The number
the second and third. of fish, insects, and reptiles, b also great.
JETofuut, a city of China, of the first chuw, in the Hatuy Brook^X, Cnester Co. Pa. on the head
province of Honan, 360 m. 8. W. of Peking, strecuns of the Brandy wine.
Long. 113. 9. £., lat. 34. 44. N. HonejugtfUU, p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va.
Heaoiesra, or Oners, a town of Hindoostan, in Honjuur, a seaport of IVance, in the departs
Canara, seated in an inlet of the sea, which spreads ment of Calvados. The harbour is very capa*
into a lake, and includes a number of islands. It cious, at the mouth of the Seine ; and its princi-
was formerly a place of great commerce, but was pal trade is in lace. 8 m. N. of Pont r£veque..
demolished by Tippoo after he had recovered it by and 110 N. W. of Paris. Long. 0. 15. £., lat. 49
the treaty ofjtfanmlore. Here is now a custom- 24. N.
bouse, and a few £ope ; also some merchants who HoniUm, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. cele-
live eoattered near the banks of the lake, and sell brated for the manufacture of broad lace. The
rice, pepper, ooooa, and betelants, Slc., to the church is half a mUe from the town, but it has al-
trading vessels that come from Goa. Raiaputra so a chapel belonging to the establishment, and
and Bombav. It is 60 m. N. by W. of &andapura, three meeting-houses for Independents, Baptists,
and 84 S. 8. E. of Goa. and Presbyterians. A fire happened here in 1747.
H<m4ukoaUt a town of France, department of which consumed three-fourths of the town ; and
Nord^near which a part of the allied troops were another, in 1765, destroyed nearlv 180 buildings,
surprised and defeated in 1793. 7 m. d. £. of It is situated in a delightful vale on the river
Dunkirk. Otter, 16 m. E. of Exeter. Market on Saturday.
HotuUuraSf a province of Ajfozico, 490 m. long^ Hoo^AZy, a river of Hindoostan, formed by the
and 150 broad iMonnded on the N. by a bay of^ two westemmpat branches of the Ganges, named
ite name, E. by the Atlantic, S. by Nicaragua, and the Cosimbasar and Jellinghy, which unite at
W. by Guatemala and Vera Pas. The country Nuddea. It flows by Hoo^y. Chinsura, Chan-
consiste of mountains, valleys and plains, water- demagore, and Calcutta, to tne bay <^ Bengal,
ed by numerous rivers ; and is exceedingly fer- and is the only branch of^the Ganges that^ia cem-
tile. The vineyards bear thrice a vear, and the monly navigated by ships,
soil in many parts yields 3 crops or maize ; other Hbo|[iUy, a city of Hindoostan, in Bengal, now
productions are wheat, peas, cotton, wool, log- nearly m ruins, but possesii^ many vestiges of
wood, with excellent pastures, honey, wax, and fomer greatness. In the beginning of the
provisions of all kinds. Honduras was formerly eighteenth century, it was tiie great mart of the
one of the most populous couxitries in America, export trade of Bei^nl to Europe. It is seated on
but at nresenty thoogh so fertile, is almost desert- the river Hooghly, 85 m. N. of Calcutte.
ed. The capital is Valladi^d, or Comayuguaa. HoogttraUny a town of the Netherlands, in Brap
Hsadaros JBsy, is that gua of the Carrmean bant, 15 sa. N. of Heientals.
Sea betweei^he peninsula of Tncatui and Ca^ fiooAeftoi0n,p.v. Greene Co. N. C.
Honduras, it is well known firom the colomes. Hook$elf p.t. MerrisMck Co. N. H. on the Mcrri-
settled on it by the British for the cutting down mack, 52 m. fir. Boston. Here is a beautiful cata-
of mahogany and dye woods. The trees arocut ract, round which a canal passes. Pop. 880.
atthewetseaaonof thsyear^and afler being drag- Hookstmon^ villages in Beaver Cow Pa. Balti-
ged from the forest to the banks of the rivers, they more and Talbot (%8. Md. and Greene Co. N. C.
ace made into raAa and ibated to the shore. The Boom, at flora, a seaport of N. HoUand on th*
growth of the logwood here is extremely rapid, m Zuvder Zee, with manufactures of woolen cloths
much so that it is said to attain, maturity in 5 or 6 ana carpets^ and a considerable trado in cattle,
years^ when it is cut and sent to Europe in loga. butter, cheese, herrings, and other S»bn 90 m«
Besides the mahojnny and logwood tzee^ Honour N. N. £. of Amsterdam.
ras Bay, produeesTa or.3 kindsof the mangrove^ J5Eso0adk JCncals«n,aiidge in th» wastsai pad
HOR 361 HOT
or HaiMchiuetM puuag thion^ the (Uts from •«, a dinnan, &c. SI m. E.of Lincoln, ud
TennoDl to ConneclicDt 136 N. of Lwidon.
Homaek, \ atreun tiling in Termont ud ftl- flbnuUntU*, p.*. Stanbaa Co. N. T.
ling into the Hudton, 8 m. above LanunbuH. Honata, ■ town in E. Torkihire, aexAj cot-
Hape, ariver of the iiiand of Junaica, which Tooodcd bj «i um of theiea,uid macbioMned
ruDi into the tea 5 m. 8. ofKionton. to diirin|[ the bathing »©oon. Meu it ii ■ men,
Hope, p.t. W»ldo Co. Me. Pop. 1,541. Aiw> two m. long and one broad, famooi for iU •pkr
towns in Durham Co. N. C. and Ghupe Co. L. C. (wd eok. 16 m. H. rfHnll, 193 N, of London.
Hops Advance Bay, a buy ia Ha^on'i Stiait, HonmrmUt, p.v. Cnlpepet Co. Va.
100 m. W. of Cape Cbidley. Homtmen, p.T. Accomaf Co. Va.
Hapt Bag, a b»j at the 11. E. comer of NooUu Harrys eastern Dutnct of Sonth Carolina.
Sound.— Also a bay in Ihe English Chinnel, on Pop. 6,383. Conwaybonnf h ii the Cwital.
the coMt of Kent, between Sandwich and Ranu- Uartautk, a viUage of Emcz Co. K. T. on the
sate. Paaoio.
Hope Cape, a cape ofHndMn'i Bay, at the ea- Hortau, a naport of Danmaik, in N. Jutland,
trance of Repulae Bar ■"' f*" Calcgat, having mann&ctnrea of woolen
flopcjieU, p.T. PhiUipa Co. Arkanu, OD the gooda, andaooniideiable trade. 90 ro. S. S. W
Miuiaaippi, apposite Chickasaw Bluff. oTAthiuen.
Hope fiUruls, two 110811 iilaadi on the coart of Banham, a barongb in Snaaex, Eng. Here ia
New Holland. Lst. 15. 41. S. the county gaol ; and the apring aMiiea are held
Hopeton, p.l. TateB Co. N. Y. Pop. here. It U eeated on the Adnr, 91) m. «. W.
KrninnU, thenameori3(awDi and villagea in Brighton, and 36 8. of London.
the United Stalea, via. in Ontario Co. N.y. Pop. Hor**o«, a townahip of Montgomery Co. P«.
2,202. Cumberland and Huntingdon Cos. N. J. fforrfwor, a town of WeitphaEa, with a caatle,
York, Waahinirton, Curaberbind, Bedford and and a collemate chnreh ; aeated on m eminence
N. W. ofMunater.
Botick, p.t. Rennelaer Co. N. Y. on Hoonck
Madisonvilla is the capital. Hot ^rrnv, a conntiy in Aihanaaa. Pop. 456.
HophinniUe, a townahip of Caledonia Co. Vt. It is named from KTeral Bprinm in the territory
Also vUlsges in Powhatan Co. Va. and Christian which have a temperature eqnsl to that of buliug
Co Ken water. The water hai no mineral properties but
/JiwiiiKOTi, p.l. Merrimack Co. N. H. on Con- is remarkably limpid.
toocook rJTBr, Pop. 2,474. Also a p.t. Wsih- HoUenlBlii, Ontntry of iXe, a large repon in
ington Co. R.I. pop. 1,777. Alao a p.t. Mid- the 8. eitremity of Aftica, extending N. by W.
dlesei Co. Mass. Pop. 1,809. Also a township from the Cape of Good Hope, beyond the month
in St. Lawrence Co. N: Y. Pop. 837. of Orange River and &om that cape, in an E. N
Horaidan, a town of Persia, in the provinca of E. direction, to the mouth of the Great Fiah RiV'
Farsiatan 76 ro N. W. of Shiras. er, which parts it ftom Cafflaria. It is bounded
Horb, a town of Worlembarg, with a conuder- on the W., 8., and E., by the Atlantic, Soulhem,
able trade in woolen goods, seated on the Neck. a°<l Indian oceans, and on the R. bj regions very
«r, 51 m. W. 9. W. of Tubingen. little, if at all explored. The Hottentola are aa
Horei, mountain of Arabia Petrea, a little to tall aa most EnTO[wana, but are more slender ; and
the W. of Mount Sinai. Here are two or three the e" -■ - -.-..■
line apringi, and a great number of fruit-lreea.
Horn, a town of Austria, with a trade in beer,
made of oats : seated on the Tifier, 46 xa. W. N.
W- of Vienna.
Horn, a town of the Netherluids, in the pror
ince of Liege, 3 m. W. N. W. of Raremonde.
Horn, Cape, the southern extremity of South
America, forming part of Hermite Island, on the
coaat of terra del Fuego. Long. 68. 13. W., laL
55. 5S. S.
Homaehot, a town of Spain in Eatremadnra,
near the river Malachel, 30 m. 8.8. G. of Merida.
Homierg, a town of Baden, in the Black For-
est, with a fortress on a mountain ; aaated on the
Gutlaah, 13 m. if W. of Rotbweil.
/foniMu?, a town of PruBsiBO Saxony, ( . _.
Ilse,8 m. 8. of Wolfenhuttel. the other pi
Hornby, a amall town in Lancashire, Eng. situ- yellowish bi
ated on the bank of the Wenning, 9 m. N. E. E^<^ who has the jaundice in a high degree.
Lancaster. The principal object of attjaolion ia There are not auch thick lipa among the Holten-
Bombv Caatte, erected, as issuppoaed, by Nicho- tola aa among their neighboun the Negroes, the
lasdeMont BegOQs,aoonafterthe conquest. Here Cafliea, and the Moaambiqaea; and their mouth
was formerljr a weekly market go Fnday, which ia of the middling mie, with the finest set of teeth
has merged in tha &ir for cattle every alternate imaginable . Their heads are covered with haii
Toeaday. more woolly, if possible, than thatof theNegroe*.
HonuMtUe, a town in Lineolnahire, aitnated in With respect to ahape, carriage, and every mo
an angle formed by the confluence of the Bane tion, their whole appearance indicates health and
and the Waring, with a market on aatorday. It content. They are excellent awimmen and di
waa aRoman atation, and part of the wall la stiU vera, and practise bathing several timea in tha
lenMiaing. H*i»*t«a«hiu^,foniBi— ting-hon- day. Ila women bnid or pUit tbair hair u hi
HAT 305 HOU
addttiontl elegance, and adorn themaelves with their hnts are also eomtmeted with greater care,
necklace* of uielli. Both the men and women and with a view of being more durable. They
Snerally go bareheaded, and leldom wear any seem to be a mixed breed, between the Hottentot
oee. Both aexea wear rings on their armi and and Gafire. The Hottentots, in general, aie
legs, chiefly made of thick leather straps, cut in a described as a mild, simple, affectionate, and in>
circular shape ; but rings of iron, copper, or brass, offensive race ; but extremely indolent in their
of the siae of a goose-quill, are considered more habits, jand limited in their fiiculties. Where,
genteel. Girls aie not allowed to use an^ nngs however, any sort of effort has been made to cul-
till they are marriageable. Their habitations are tivate their powers, and give them a feeling of
adapted to their wandering pastoral life. They hope and libertj^ in their occupations, they have
are merely huts, rcaembling a round beehive, from been found active, intelligent, and useful. No
18 to d4 feet in diameter, and so low that a mid- traces of religion appear to have been retained by
dle-sixed man cannot stand upright in them. The this people. But Christianity has been introduced,
iire-plaoe is in the middle, and the^ sit or lie through the exertions of the Moravians and other
round it in a circle. The low door is the only missionaries, who have recently endeavoured,
place that admits the light, and the only outlet with some degree of success, to ameliorate tlie
that is left for the smm^e. The order of these condition even of some of the wilder tribes, who
huts in a kraal, or dan, is most frequently in the inhabit the N. and N. W. of the colony. The
form of a circle, with the doors inward ; by which country possessed by the Europeans is considera
means a kind of yard is formed, where the cattle ble; extending from the Cape of Good Hope, N. to
are kept at night. Such aie the Hottentots in lat. 30, and £. to the Great Fish River, about
the vicini^ oTthe Cijpe of Good Hope, in 1778, 550 m. in length, and 330 in breadth. The whole
lieutenant Paterson visited a Hottentot village in is naturally Inrren and mouiftainous ; but the in-
Little Namaqua Land, in the N. W. part 3t the dustrious Dutch overcame all natural difficulties,
country ; it consisted of 19 huts and aoout 150 in- and it produces not only a sufficiency of all the
habitants. The ensign of autborlty worn ny necessaries of life for the inhabitants, but also for
their chief was a cane with a brass top, given to the refreshment of all the European ships that
him by the Dutch East India Companv. The touch al the Cape. The year is considered as di-
Hottentots amused them, part of the nig&t, with vided into two seasons, termed monsoons : the wet
music and dancing: their visitors, in return, monsoon, or winter, beffins in March; and the
treated them with tobacco and dacka, or hemp dry one, or summer, in September. Among the
leaves, which they prefer even to tobacco. Their quadrupeds of this countrv are antelopes^* which
music was produeea from flutes, made of the l>ark go in large herds ; bu&foes ; camelopardalises ;
of trees, of diflerent sixes. The men form them- Die gemslMck, a species of antelope, which has
selves into a circle, with their flutes ; and the remarkably^ long snarp horns, and, when attacked
women dance round them. Among other tribes by dogs, will sit on its hind quarters, and defend
of Hottentots are the Bosjesmans, who inhabit itself; wild dogs, which travel in herds, and are
the mountains in the intenor part of the country, very destructive to sheep ; elephants ; elks ; hye-
N. £. of the Cape, and live by hunting and plun- nas ; the koedo, an animal rather larger than a
der. On this account they render themselves deer, of a mouse colour, with three white stripes
odious to the planters, and are pursued and exter- over the back, and the male having very large
minated like wild beasts, or made slaves of when twisted horns ; lions ; jackals ; tigers ; the quaggA,
taken alive. Their habitations are not more a species of zebra, but more tractable ; rninoce-
agreeable than their manners or maxims ; bushes roses ; horses ; domestic homed cattle ; common
and clefts in rocks serve them by turns for dwell- sheep, and a peculiar species of sheep covered
ings. Manv of these savages aie entirely naked; with liair instead of wool. The hippopotamus,
but some or them cover their body with the skin or river-horse, is frequently seen here. Among
of any sort of animal. Being ignorant of agricul- the birds are vultures, ostriches (whose eggs are
ture, tbev wander over hills and dales after cer- excellent food), and the loxia, a species of greeari-
tain wila roots, berries, and plants, which they eat cue bird. Among the insects are a species of ter-
raw ; also caterpillars, termites, locusts, grasshop- mites, which do no injury to wood as in the East
pers, snakes, and spiders. Another tnbe of Hot- Indies, but, by raising a number of hills, they im-
tentots, near the mouth of Orange River, were pede tne progress of^vegetation. The black or
observed bv lieutenant Paierson, in his journey rock scorpion, is nearW as venomous here as any
to the N. W. in 1799. Their huts werr loftier, of the serpent tribe, or which there are numerous
and thatched with grass; and were furnished kinds.
with stools made of the back-bones of tlie gram- Hauatf an island of France, between Belleisle
pus. Their mode of living is in the highest de- and the continent. It is 10 m. in circumference,
Sree wretched, and they are apparentl^jr the most and is defended by a fort,
irty of dl the Hottentot tribes. Their dress is Homfatn, a town of France, department of Pas
composed of the skins of seals and jackals, the de Calais, 9 m. 8. of Bethune.
flesh of which they eat. When a grampus is Htfiuian, a town of France^ department of Seine
cast ashore, they remove their huts to the place, et-Oise, 21 m. W. of Versailles,
and subsist upon it as lonff as any part remains. Hovnsfisldf a township of Jefferson Co. N. T.
They smear tneir skin witn the oil, the odor of Pop. 3,413.
which is so powerftil that their approach majr be HtnauUno^ a town in Middlesex, Eng., situate
perceived some time before they appfv in view, on the edge of a heath of the same name, on
To the N. of the country of the Bosiesmans, and which are many vestiges of ancient encamp-
on the banks of Orange River, is another tribe ments, 10 m. W. by 8. of London .
called Koras, who may be reckoned to rank high- HimsaUmic, a river rising in Massachusetts and
er than anv of the other Hottentots known in the flowing through Connecticut into Lonff Island
8. of Africa. Their features are of a superior Bound. It is navigable for small vessels 12 m.
cast ; they are more cleanly in their appearance, HougUmoiUt^ p.v. Iredell Co. If . C Also a
and neater in theb dress and domestic utensils; village in Pendleton Dis. 8. i;
4D 3K
dm-fimw, » pro*iuee of Chiiu, which ocen-
Siea nearlj ue centre of the empire, and ii din-
ed inLo two puts, Ihe N. and B., bj the riTer
Kimn^u. It ii > fiat, open country, watered by
lakea, casali, uid riven ; and has plenty of wild
fowl and cattle. The aoil ia remnrluiblj fertile;
K»ld u fbaad in the sands of the rivers ; and there
M aach a varietj' of all aort* of oommiiditiea that
itia called, by the Chinese, the store-hanse of the
empire. Itcontaina 15 ciliea of the fint class, and
114 of th« second and third. Voa-tcbsng is the
iTotm, LocA, an arm of the aea, on the W. coast
of Scotland, ia Inverneaa-shiie, eilendiDj[ 20 m.
inland from the sound of Skye,
Houtta, a conaiderabie town of Negrolsnd, cap
its! of a country of the same name, eilending
along the N, aitfe of the Niger. It ia 300 m. L.
of Tombnctoo. Long. 4. SO. E., lat. 16. 10. N.
Hou-Uheou, a city of China, of the Gnt clasa,
in the province of Tche-kiang. The quantity of
silk mannfactared here ia almoat incredible, and
it is the chief place far making writing pencila.
It ilanda near a large take, called Tai.llO m. S.
E. ofNao-king. Long. ISO. 15. E., lat. 30. 55, N.
Howard, a oonnty of Hissonri Pop. 10,844,
Fayette ia the Capital.
Htneard. p t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop. 2,364.
Also a township of Centra Co. Fa.
Hmedea, a town in E. Yorkshire, £ng. It gives
name to aimall diathot called Howdenihire. The
bisbopa of Durhain had Ibrmerly a palace here,
the remaine ef which are now occnpied asafarm-
hoDie. Here ia a large church, like a cathedral,
part of which ia in rauis. It is seated near the
HUD
H^tardil£n,p.l. Woro
W. Boston. Pop. 1,674.
tfvUantton, o.t. Rutland Co. VL 40 m. N. W.
Windsor. Pop. 665.
Hubtrt, St., a town of the Netherlandi, in
Loiemborg, with a celebrated abbey, seated in
the forest m Ardennes, on the rtrnlet Homme, 14
m. W. of Baatogne.
HkiertMbrrg, a town of BazoBj, in Heiaeen,
with a roagnificenl hanting-aeat, built by AogD*-
laa III., tlun dectcral prince, 89 ta. E.t£ I^ip
»W-
HwUcTflEcU, a popnloDs and flcoriahing town
'~ W. Yoikshire, Eng, Here ia a large circnlar
'hich narrow and broad cloths, sergas.
bigh state of caltivation, 21 m.
and 175 N. by W. of London.
Htnee, Capa, tho promontory at the S. E. end
of New Holland.
HmttU, a township in Monmonth Co. N. T.
Hoieland, a township of Trumbull Co. Ohio.
HexUr, a forlilied town of the Prusaian stales,
on the WeBer, 23 m. E. by N. of Paderbom.
, Heu, one of the Orkney Islands, situate between
the island of Pomona and the N. coast of Caithneaa-
■hiie. It is 15 m. long and 6 brood. Here ia a
jtnpendoDB rock, called the Beaty ; and on the
»> • -s greatoonic hill, colled Hoy Head,
L Lon^ 3 g y, ,,L 66.
Iwrsavmeres, Slc, manufactored in the town one
neighbourhood, are weekly ex poeed to sole. It
stands on the Colne, 3 m. from the Calder, from
which it has a canal to Ashton-nnder-Line. In
addition to the pariah church, two otbere have
been erected— Trinilf Church, in 1819, and
Chriat Church, completed in 1624 ; and than are
aeveral meeting-houses for the di^rent denomi
nations of diasentera. The charitable inititutlons
ore nnmeroUB, and a mechanic's inslitntnle was
established in 1625, to which a voluoble libra^
has since been attached. It is 41 m. S. W. of
York, as N. £. of Manobeiter, and 169 N. N.
W. of London.
HudMOK'i Bay, o boy of North America, lying
between 51. and 69. N. lot., discovered in 16)0
by captain Henry Hudson. The entrance of the
bay, &om the ocean, is between Reaolntion Isle
on tbe N. and the Labrador coaat on the 8., form-
ing the E, eitremily of the strait distingiiidied
by the name of ita great diMwverer. It commn-
nicateaonlhe N. by twostraiu with Baffin's Bav ,
on tbe E. side it ia bordered by Labrador, on Ih*
S. W. by New South Walea, and on the W. by
New North Wales. Hiese conntriea, included
under the name of New Britain, abound with
animala whose skins and fiin ara fsranpeiior in
qaality to those found in leas northerly regions
n the region to the westward Captain FruUin
diMKivenS that beoutifnl little
«. N. "
floya, a town of Honoret, capital of oconnty of
the same name. It is seated on the Weser, 37 m.
N. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. SO. £., lot. 52. 47. N.
HoytT, a town of Denmark, inlhe duchy of Sles-
wick, celebrated for ita oyster-fishery, 4 m. W. of
Tonderen.
Houtrtaerda, a town and coatle of LuaaUa, on
the Block Elaler, 17 m. N. S. W. of Bautaen.
Hoym, 0 town and oaatleofSutony, in the prin-
cipality of A uhalt, seated on tbe Godel, ot ita
junction with the Seike 7 m. E. of Quedlinburg.
HTodiich, a town of Moravia, capital of a cir-
cle of the same name, which producei " '
m. S. 8. E. of Olmoti. Long. 17. 30, E., lot. 4
limhint, one of the Society Islands, in the 8.
Pacific, 30 leagues from TUiiti. Itia 21 m. in
compasB, and hi* a eoDmadiaoB harbour, called
Ou-ham Bay, on the W. coosL Long. 151. 8.
named Porry'a Marmot in honoin oTtba edebntt-
ed navigator of that noma. It bcaia o atronf
reeemblonoe to the atriped aqniril. The natives ara
oallad Esqnimani andnDrthem Indionsj and ore
materially different &om the soDthen tribes. In
1670 a charter was granted to a oompany for the
eicloaive trade to this bay. The torriloriei
claimed by this company are stated by boob wn-
teis to extend fhim 70. to 116. of W. long., and
aa ftr aa 49. B. lat,, thna comprehending o loagtb
HUE 967 HUN
of 1,300 or 1 {400 geoffiaphioal m. by a modial Huessen^n. town of Holland^ in GnelderUnd,
breadth of 350 m. Animated by a prospect of seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. £. of Nimeguen.
ffain, the company have pushed their discoFeries Hueta. See Qiuta,
into the interior, and thus has a knowledge of Hutlvnbergj a town of the Austrian States, in
these fast wilds been obtained, bevond what any Carinthia, S^ m. N. N. E. of Cla^nfurt.
other motives wonld have suppUea. In Decern- HyffMgtn^ a town of Baden, in the principal-
ber, 1770. Mr. Heame set out from Prince of ity of Furstenburgh 4 m. N. N. W. of Furs
Wales Fort to explore a river that the Esqoi- tenbnrff.
maaz, who came to the company's fhctories to HuU^ p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. on a peninsula
trade, had brought to their knowledge, and which, at the extremity of Nantasket Beach, on the S. side
on account of much copper being Tound near it of Boston Bay. Pop. 198.
had obtained the name of Copper-mine Biver. Hughedmrgh. See CaUneuaa.
Under the conroy of those Indians, he arrived Hml^ or Kingston upon HtUl^ a borough and sea-
at this river in June 1771, and traced it till he port in East xorksbire, Eng. The commerce of
came in sight of the Arctic Ocean, finding it this place is considerable, and it is deemed the
encumbered with shoab and a bar at its mouth, fourth port in the kingdon. Besides its commu-
which is in long. 119. W^ lat. 72. N. In ]789 nication with the Yorkshire rivers and canals, it
Mr. Mackenzie, another officer of the company, has access also to the Trent, and all its branches
exploreif the country still more to the W. ; and so that it hhs the import and export trade of man>
entering a river (now called afler his name), of the northern and midland counties. The for-
which IS the outlet of the Slave«lake, he traced eign trade is chiefly to the Baltic ; but it is also
it to its month in the Arctic Ocean, where it one of the privileged ports for trading to the East
forms a wide estuary in long. 135. W., lat 71. Indies, and has traffic with the southern paita
N. Further discoveries have been made by of Europe, and with America. More ships are sent
Capt. Franklin. hence to Greenland than from any other port,, that
Hudsonj a city of New York, in Columbia of London excepted. The harljour is artifi'cial ;
county with considerable manufocturing busi- and here are docks for building and repairing
ness. The streets are spacious, and cross each ships. Amoncr the public buildings are the Txini*
other at right angles; and the houses are sup» ty -house, for the relief of seamen and their wid-
plied with water brought in pipes from a spring ows, an armoury, a naval storehouse, a custom-
2 m. distant. The trade is considerable, and house and an exchange. It is seated on the north-
vessels of the largest sise can unload here. It is ern side of the Humber about 20 m. from its
seated «m an eminenoe, on the E. side of Hud- mouth, the town extending ahnost in a direct line
son River. Pop. 5,392. 30 m. S. of Albany, and sJong the river Hall, ana lying on a level tract
120 N. of New York. of ffround, washed on two of its sides by the Hull
Hudmnif vUlages in Caswell Co., N. C. and and the Humber. It is now well secured from
I'ortage Co. Ohio. inundations by embankments. 38 m. S. E. of
HktfMM, a riyer of the United States, which York, and 171 N. of London.
oasses its whole coarse of 300 m. in the state of HulUdmpuraf a town of Hindoostan, in Cana-
New York. It rises between the lakes Ontario ra, seated in a plain of rice-ground to the E- of a
and Champlain, and flows S. by Albany, and considerable creek, which rune N. from the en-
Hudson, and enters the Atlantic Ocean at New trance into Honawera Lake, 55 m. N. by W. of
York. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, and Kandupura.
for sloops to Albany, and is one of the finest nav- HulmnUU, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. •
igable streams in tne world. Hu/pen, a town of the Netherlands,, in Brabant,
Hudufieknotddf^ a seaport of Sweden, the chief 10 m. S. £. of Brussels,
town of Helsingia, with a good harbour, on the HtiZst, a town of the Netherlands^ in Dutch
gulf of Bothnia. The inhabitants carry on an Brabant, strong by its situation and fortifications,
advantageous trade in timber, flax, linen, batter. It was shamenuly surrendered to the French in
fish, Sto, 185 m. N. by W. of Stockholm. Long. 1747, and taken by them in 1794. It is seated on
17. 46. E., lat. 62. 6. N. a plain, which may be oyerflowed, and on a ca-
Hue, or Hurfoy the capital of Cochin China, nal that communicates with the Scheldt, 15 m.
with a TOjral palace. The inhabitants blacken W. N. W of Antwerp.
their teeth, thinking it a shame to have them BuUsekuiy a town of Silesia, near the river Op-
white, like dogs. It is seated in a beautiful pa, 13 m. E. of Troppaa.
Slain, and diyicfed into two parte by a large river, Humber ^ a river formed by the junction of
0 m. fVom ite month, in the China Sea. Long, the Trent and Ouse. It is a large estuary, which
107. 25. E., lat. 16.25.'N. divides Yorkshire firom Lincolnshire, and enters
Hud9a^ a town of Spain, in Andaloata, on the the German Ocean at Spurn Head,
coast of the Atlantic, between the mouths of HumrndtUnen^ a township of Dauphin Co.
the Odiel and Tinto, 53 m. W. of Seville. Pa.
Attsn^ an island in the Baltic, with one scat- HvMkrtys^ a coant^ of W. Tennessee. Pop.
tered yillage, 3 m. from the coast of Sweden, and 6,189, Reynoldsburgh is the capital.
9 S. S. £. of Elainore. It is 6 m. in circnmfer- Httmj^reytviUe, p.t New Hayen Co. Conn. It
ence, and was ceded by the Danes to the Swedes, has manufkctures of woolen. Also villages in
in 1658. See XJnmUmrg. Chester Co. Pa. and Union Dis. S. C.
Hueweaf an old fortified town in the N. of Ar- Bvmdtmtarck^ a town of the Austrian States, in
ragon, in Spain, sttnated in a plain on the Isnela. Styria, near the river Muehr, 17 n. W. by S. of
Ite works have gone into niins,Dat it is still a bish- Judenburg.
op's see, has a university, two large schools, a ea- HtmrfJd, a town of Qennany. in the district
tbedral, and 6^800 inhakitante, wiUi manufiustures of Fulda, with a collegiate chuich. 10 m. N. of
of oloth and leather. 30 m. N. £. of Sara^osaa. Fulda.
HueseaTf a town of Spain, in Granada, with a Hungary^ a country of Europe, forming an ini-
oattle, 42 ra. N. £. of Goadix portant part of the Austrian dominions. At diA-r *
HUH 386 HCJN
tnt periods this name his be^n applied with a very ^le horn, which is blown annually for the inhao
difierent sipoification. In the fourteenth and itants to elect the constable, who is the chief offi
fifteenth centuries Huni^ary comprised part of mod* cer. It is seated on the Kennet, 22 m. S S. W
em Poland and European Tnrsey, and was diyi- of Abingdon, and 64 W. of London,
ded into ten separate governments, or kingdoms, Htadnpun^ a town of France, in the depart
Tix. Hungary rroper, Croatia, SclaTonia, Dal- ment of Upper Rhine, seated on the Rhine. The
matia, Bosnia, Bulgsna, Moldavia, Galicia, and strong fortress of Huninguen, which for a long
Lodomiria, besides the principality of Tran- time held out against the allies in 1815, was si-
sylvania. SeTeral of these proyinces have long terwards demolished in consequence of a stipula-
since been detached from Hungary; but that tion in the treaty of Paris. 2 m. N. of Basel, and
country has still a close political and military 14 E. of Altkireh.
connexion with the Austrian provinces of Sola- Hunmaanbf^ a town in East To^shire, £ng.
vonia, Croatia, and Dalmatia. This kingdom The town is pleasantly situated on a rising
(for such it is still termed) is surrounded by moun- ground, surrounded by a fine wood on the N. W.,
tains, except on the S. where its frontier is along within two miles of tne sea, and contains many
the Danube and the Drave. It is bounded on the ffood houses. 39 m. N. £. of York, and 207 N. of
W. by part of Germany, N. by Galicia, E. by London.
Transylyania and Wallachia, and S. hj Turkey. Hunter, p.y. Greene Co. N. T. Pop. 1,066.
Sclayonia, and Croatia ; and has a territorial ex- Hunterdon, a county of New Jersey, on the Del-
tent of 84,500 square m. It was formerly divided aware. Pop. 31,066. Trenton is the chief town,
into Upper and Lower Hungary ; but this divi- HwnterwUnen, a village in York Co. Pa. and a
sion has been superseded by mat of the following township in St. Maurice Co. L. C.
circles : — 1. Circle this side the Danube 2. Cir- Huntersmlle, villages in Pocahontas Co. Va.
cle beyond the Danube ; 3. Circle this side the and Lincoln Co. N. C.
Theyss; 4. Circle beyond theTheyss; 5. Prov- Him<iii^<(o», a borouffh and the capital of Him-
inc3 of Sclavonia; 6. Province of Croatia. These tingdonshire, £ng. wi3i a market on Saturday,
are divided into counties, of wiiich there are and a great trade in com, coals, wood, &p. It
thirteen in the first circle^ andeleven in each of the was once a large place, said to have had 15
others. The principal rivers are the Danube, the churches, which are now reduced to two ; and
Drave, the Marosch, the March, the white Kor- there are the cemeteries of two other parishes, in
each, the Izamos^ the Theyss, the Waag, and the one of which is an ancient steeple. Huntingdon
Temes. The chief lakes are Balaton and Nieusi- is the birth-place of Oliver Cromwell. It is seat-
'edl, W. ; PalilBch on the S. W., and Grunsee or the ed on the river Ouse, over which is a stone bridge
Grun Lake among the Carpathians. There arealso to Godmanehester, 16 m. W. N. W. of Cambrid(^
several extensive marshes here, as that of the Isle and 59 N. by W. of London,
of Schut on the W. and that of Saxetje on the E. Huntingion, a county in the W. district of Pen-
of the kingdom. The climate among the moun- sylvania. Pop. 27,159. The capital has the sai.ie
tains is of course bleak ; but in the S. it is in name.
eeneral mild; in the sandy districts extremely J7iciih'ii^d!im. ' towns in Adams^ Luaeme and
Lot; on the banks of the rivers and near the Westmorelano Cos. Pa. and Carroll Co. Ten.
marshes there is much humidity : indeed this is HuiUingdmuhire, a county of-Ensrland, 25 milea
a prevailing characteristic of the climate of the ^on^ and 20 broad; bounded on toe N. W. and
level part of Hungary. The country abounds in N. dv Northamptonshire, E. by Cambridgeshire,
all the necessaries of life, and the wine, especial- and S. W. b^ Bedfordshire. It contains 240,000
ly that called Tokay, is excellent. There are acres ; is divided into four hundreds, and 107
mines of gold, silver, copper, and iron; and also parishes; and has six market towns. It sends
of opal at Cxerwenixa, which gem is peculiar to four members to parliament. The principal riv-
this country. There is such plenty or game that ers are the Ouse and Nen. The S. E. part con-
hunting is allowed to all. The trade princi- sists of beautiful meadows. The middle and west-
pally oonaits in cattle, hogs, sheep, flour, wheat, em parts are fertile in com, and adorned with
rjre, wool, and wine ; and these are almost whol- woods ; and the upland part was anciently s for-
ly sent to the Austrian provinces. The com- est, peculiarly adapted for hunting. The N. £.
merce of the country is fettered by no inter- part consists of fens, which join those of Ely ;
nal taxes, a circumstance of which the Hun- but they are drained, so as to afford rich pastur-
garians are very proud; but the Austrian age. and even large crops of com. In the midst
government has environed it with custom houses, of toem are some shallow pools abounding with
where a duty of one and one-third per cent, is fish ; and a lake six miles long and three broad,
gathered on all goods that pass into it from the called Whittleseamere. The principal commod-
other Austrian states. We may thus see that the ities are com, malt, and cheese ; and it fiittens
encouragement of manufiwtures within the king- abundance of cattle.
dom will never, voluntarily become the policy Ihmftiigtoii^p.t. Chittenden Co. Va. on Onion
of that ffovemment. The kingdom of Hungary river. Pop. 9Sa, Also a p.t Fairfield Co. Conn,
can easily raise an army of lw,000 men. The Pop. 1,360. A p.t. Sufiblk Co. N. Y. Pop.
horsemen are called Hussars, and the foot Hey- 5,im2. Also towns in Laurel Dis. S. C, Gallia,
dukes. The ^vemment is hereditary in the Roes and Brown Cos. Ohio,
house of Austria, and the established religion is HuntingioiBm, p. v. Calvert Co. Maryland,
popery, though there are a great number of pro- HunXUy, a town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire,
testants. No country in the world is better sup- with a manufacture of linen cloth ; seated on the
plied with mineral waters and baths ; and those Borie, near its conflux with the Deveron, 35 m.
_of Buda, when the Turks were in possession of it, N. W. of Aberdeen.
were reckoned the flnest in Europe. Hunteburg, a village in Franklin Co. Vt near
Hungerfard, a town in Berkshire Kng. with a the Canada une. Abo a village in Geauga Co.
good toade by its canal navigation. John ot Omo.
Gaunt granted a charter by the gift of a brass bu- HuntmrilUf villages in Otsego Co. N. Y., Sor-
ice »9 ICE
rev Co. N. C, Lanreiu Dm. S. C, Madiioii Co. HuttonsmOe, p.T. Randolph Co. Va.
Alab.y and Robertson Co. Tenn. Huy,ti town of the Netherlands, in the territory
jRiintfpiU, a town in Somersetshire, En^.7 m. of Liege, with many paper mills, and iron foun-
N. of Bndgewater, and 143 w.by S. of London, denes.. It is seated on the Maese, 12 m. W. S
Burdwar^ a town of Hindoostan, in the proT- W. of Liege,
inoe of Dehli^ where the Ganges first enters the Hyannia, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass., on the 8.
country. It is 100 m. N. by BT of Oehli. Long, side of Cape Cod.
78 23. £.,lat. 29. S5. N. Hyattstown, p. v. Montgomerv Co. Maryland.
jEiiBroii, a lake of North America, which lies flvds, a county of North Carolina, lying on
between 80. and 85. W. long., and 43. and 48. N. Pamlico Sound. Pop. 6,177. Lake Landing is
lat. It has a communication with Lake Michi- the seat of justice.
gan and Lake Erie. Its shape is nearly triaaira- Hvde Park, p.t Dutchess Co. N. T. on the
br, 250 m. in length, and its circumference SOO Hudson. Pop. 2,564. Also a village in Halifax
miles. On the N. side is a chain of islands 150 Co. N. C.
miles lon^, called Manitoualin by the Indians, £/y<2era&a<2, a populous city of Hindoostan,. cap-
who consider them as sacred : on the 8. W. is ital of Golconda, and the metropolis of the Dec-
Saginau Bay, and a little more to the N. W. is can. The suburbs, which are very large, are oc-
Thunder Bav so called from the firequent thunder eupied by merchants and tradesmen. It stands
that is heard there. ;n a plain, on a river that runs into the Kistna,
fliif^fi, a county of Ohio, lying upon Lake 310 m. N. N. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 52. E.,
Erie. Pop. 13,345. <Norwalk is the capital. Ut. 17. 16. N.
Hwrti Cdstie, a fortress in Hampshire, 4 m. S. Hyderabad, a fort of Hindoostan, in the pro.
of Lymington. It stands on the extreme point vince of Sinde, and the usual residence of the
of a neck of land, about a mile distant from the prince of Sinde; situate near the Indus, 6 m. £.
Isle of Wi|fht. In this castle Charles I. was con- of Nusserpour, and 62 N. E. of Tatta.
fined previously to his being brought to trial. Hydra, a small island of Independent Greece,
Htur, or flvMflt, a town of European Turkey, the ancient Aristeia. It lies on the eastern coast of
in Moldavia, the see of a Greek bishop. Here the Morea about 3 m. firom the shore. It is a
Peter the Great made peace with the Turks in barren rock, but was an important naval station of
1711. It is situate on the Pruth, 70 m. S. W. of the Greeks during the war of the revolution.
Bender. Lonff.28.34. £., lat. 46.35. N. The town of the same name contains 13,000 in-
HugsingabaAf a town of Hindoostan, in the habitants. The houses are built on the side of a
province of Malwah, on the 8 side of the Nerbud- rocky hill and make a very picturesque appearance-
dah, 140 m. N. W. ofNagpore. "Long. 77. 54. The inhabitants are enterprising, and engaged
E., lat. 22. 42. N. altogether in naval afiairs. A Grreek new/paper
HtuMum. a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy is printed here,
of Sleswick, with a strong citadel. It has a tracfe HypoUu, ^., a town of France, in the depart-
m horses and oxen, and manufaotnres of leather, ment of Gard, seated on the Vioourle, near its
cotton, and linen. It stands on the river Ow or source, 12 m. 8. W. of Alais.
A|ie, near the German Ocean, 16 m. W. of Sles- HypoHttf St., a town of France, in the depart
wick. Long. 9. 20. E., lat. 54. 36. N. ment of Doubs, on the river Doubs, 40 m. £. by
HuUany, a town of Hindoostan. in the province N. of Besancon.
of Visiapour. It is sunonnded by mud ram- Hyg, a town of Asiatic Torkev, in the Arabian
parts, and has a citadel, and a spacious caravan- Irak, on the Euphrates, 120 m. 8. of Bagdad,
seia. 30 m. 8. 8. W.ofViflii^ur. Long. 75. Hytht. See Hiihe.
6.E., lat.l7.5.N.
IBARRA^ the capital of a fertile pvovinoe of the tween 15. 30. and 22. ^. W, long. It is of an ir
streets are wide and eoi^venient, and the buildings never rises for the same space, at least not entirely,
of jEOod construction. 42 m. a, £. from Quito. Tlie coast is indented aU round with numerous
iServiUs, an outlet for the overflowing waters deep eulfs, bays, and creeks, several of which form
of the Mississippi, daring the seasons of innnda- ezcel&nt harbours. The island is mountainous,
tion, entering I*ke Bfaurepas. stony, and barren ; but in some places there are
AemUe, a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7fiE0. excellent pastures. The chief nvers are in the
The chief town has the same name. £. part ; tne Skalftnda, Oxarfird, and Bruna^ all
Iberia, Jfao, a viUaf o of Louisiana, in the dia* flowing from 8. to N. Some are white with hme,
trict of Attakapas, 200 m. W. of New Orleans. others smeU of sulphur. The principal moun-
litmawJfoujifasiis, the moat extensive mountain tains, clothed with perpetual snow, are called
ranfle of Spain, beginning to the W. of the Ebro, Tokuls; and of these Snafial, hanmng over the
ana extending to Uieahflieaof theMeditenanean. sea on the 8. W. coast, is esteemed the highest,
Tk'zo. See /mc». being computed at 6,860 feet. Mount Hecla, about
Iburg,^ small town of Hanover, intha prinoi- 2,000 feet m height, is the most noted, and is a
pality of Osnabuif, 10 m. 8. W. of Osnaburg. volcano : there are also several other volcanoes
icdamd, an island of the North Atiaatio Ocean, and the convulsions caused by them in 1783 were
belonging to Denmark, extendiiur aoeovding to so dieadful and multiplied that it was feared the
Hendeiaon ftom lat 68. 8D. to 67. 90., and bo- aaland would fidl to pieces ; the eruptions were
2k2
(ka noit tmimidoai of uj MtaritA in hifor^. UtL,t Bocntain of AmaMie Tmkcy, 140 m. to
Th* but miptioB, wbicb m 1m* tnri&c in lU tb* W. of OlnnpoL
(»B««ianen,oc>mmdinDMnDi«ria21. The /^mU ■ y«w, > Ion of Fortogd, n Ban, 3
clinale i* not eztramclr cold bat Uk wuooa are n. B, W. ofldulik ■ Velha.
rariable. Tbe Mn, at a mail diatasct Itodi Ibe Idamka ■ r<Us, k Unrn of Fmtngsl, in Brin.
*>*e»,i««ek«oDi(coiwi; andTeirlittkieeiaeTer The Fienri look it W »— nit in 1704. It b
Men near tha W. tnaat, Dotwithatuadinf ii pra- ■Mtcd on the FoomI, S5 m. E. of Caatel BnacQ.
imitT to Oraenland. beland ■ fornned aa n Lou. fi. 14. W.,Ul. 39. SB. H.
^HrDdeDcjoTDennMrt, WMlbiiiTidcJintofixir /£m, a town of (Iw Aoatnan Midea, u Omw
prorincn, JO abirra, ud 184 pariahM. Tha in- U, orirtnaled far iU licb qniekrilTor minca, 90
tabituilaw«t«Mtimat^BtS0,ll93inl8M. T)i«ir m. E.N. E. of Gar*.
booae* am at a diataBoa fiom each other, and MMon, a town of Gnmanj, in the dnehj of
manr of thmn deep in (Ju niMindi bnt 1IM7 ate Naaann, with a eaMlo, the lendeoee of the
alImianBUehoTcI>aftatf,withoaiwtDdowa,aDd dnke ; aitnate in a diatiiet eonlaininc aerera!
thneoftbeMmmonokaaaraaach wretched dena fbreaU and iitm woifca, 16 m. R. of Heti(*,SS.a
W. of WeHlar.
It It I*
the haibovt of HaneiDea, and wen GmiAad.
Mo^afilrtified townof Uotaria, eapala] of n
«ii«le «( the fame name, with two eonnoli and
n ocdkfe. Oood elotk n mannftdoied ben, and
the MauncTM in con and hM^ ia conaidRwble.
It ■ eeated on the Ma, 4am. W. N.W. of Brinn.
Low. 15. 3S. E., Int. 49. ». E.
lAtim*, n town of the ialand of Sudinia, and
ab!Bb«i'8*ee,37m. W.B. W.ofCaj^iari. IdOf
a 30. E.. l>t. 39. 18. N.
Aor. SeeJekon.
bnMl ,
habitanU wimn^lj
depopolated.
hm. BeeU
nrthing in the hnman lUk, or Jmlai
The Dane* tnde with aoppoaed b* so
n oil, whalebone, 34. 30. E., Ut.
ed^lbn
aoRonnded Gj Ibne eouEcniria walla;
jnbiMthein them. The Danea tnde with anppooed bTmoe tobe the ancient Henie. Loof-
the natiraa ftn hidea, tallow, tnin oil, whalebone, 34. 30. E., Ut. 18. 48. N.
and aaahwaea' teeth, which ace aa good u ivorj. Jlaiu, a town of Switieriand, in the GrieoH,
The eatabliahed leUfion ia the Lutheran, and capital of the Grer Lnzne. It ii aaaled on the
then an 300 ehnrahei in the ialand. The die- Ilhine,83in. B. W.of Coin.
Iliaaliig aearoity of biblea which had lonr pre- OekuUt, or htUktMrr, a botimKh i:
. ■... .!___j !_ ..... i... '"benJ diitri- ■" -.- - - . _ ™-j_--j__
aetahiie, with a market o
... , ._ , — , vj m ,w«iv «wHt- BCLwun:, tvitu ■ iuairnvh uR Wedneedaj. It ia a
bntion fittm Britain, which wereieceiTed with the place of neat aDtiqDit7,aiid the biith-plaae of the
"" '^--'--'—'—' '■-'■' "'-'— itea ilDger Bacon. The el» "
la relieved, in 181B, by « libenl dit
im Britain, which wereieceiTed with ^
ftealeat thankfUneM. The ptiacipat aehoot, held celebrated
Bt a place called Bemeatadt, near the W. cooat, conntj mei
hM Uuae luatari, who teach the elaaaica, the- eonnt* gaol. It ia aeaW on the ItcI, 16 m. S.
olilg7, ud the Danlah lannafe; and eocietiea by W. of Wella, uid 122 W. b^ B. of London.
htra lieeD formed for the enltiration of literature. Ild^tuo, Si., a Iowa of Spam, in New Caalile,
Icahtkili, er fenn, one of the Hebridea, near the noted for a maemficeot ninimrr pnlace, built br
B .W. point of the l*le of HuU, onl; 4 m, long, Philip V. ; and for a larce manulkclure of sbaa,
■ndonebtoad. Herenn the niniofan anfuttine beloiuringto the crown. IliaS m.J(.ofUKd&,
ntmnety, monaalerr, and eathedral, aaid tohire and 40K! W. of Madrid.
been founded bj Bt. Columba, about (he year T3S ; ndrfmte, St., 1 town of Mexico, in the proi'-
alao a email ohMtel dediotad to St. Oru, con- inoe of Guuuca, eeated on a mountain. 70 m. E.
tainiogmanj mametombetoneeof the (real lorda N. E.of Ouazaca.
of the iitea ; and adjoining it ia a eenielciT, in TUirtaa, a Tillage in Nortfaomberland, Eag. 4
which man)> ancient kinga of Scotland, Iretand, m. S. ofWooler. On a hill near it is a irimoireu-
and Norwar^ are buried. Other ruina
tic and druidieal edificea can be traced ;
M monaa- l«r encampment, defended by two
andmanj ofeartb,and « deepfo — — •■. — 1
with an inner
!^Erf
piona monki
leaniinf, an
■anklngdi
«, Enf. It
a good pier
natural baaln, with a g
., „ , j', projecting into the Briatol Channel.
ng, and proHnled Chriatianitj through Thia portemptoji a number oTbiiga and aloopa,
kingdooia of iiOrape. ohiefij in carrjingore from Cominl], ooal from
Ma, K )«IU end pointed
oftb* ialand of C«iidia,fkmoaa In aneienl
%.1
_ . . laa In aneienl timee mg uufia. It ia4i
being tb* place on which Jupiter waa brought W . of London.
uHTwhete thwe w- - ■ — •- ■<-*-—' •-
ILL atl ILL
■Mfad at the movth of the rirar iiheoi, 190 m. 8. lakes, by meam of nnmeioiia aTennea or Tisla«;
8. W. of 8t Salvador. Long. 40. 15. W., lat. 14 stilly howarer, the traveller is surroonded by tun-
65. 8. ber ; his eye never loses sight of the deep green
/ZihicA, atownof Ptflandi in the Palatinate of outline, throwing out its capee and headlande;
Cracow, remarkable for its silver and lead mines, though he sees no more than dense forests and
15 m. N. W of Crseow. large trees, whose deep shade almost appalled him
nUf a town of France, in the department of in Uie south. Travelling on from the centre of
Eastern Pyrenees, on the river Teck, 10 m. W. the State to its northern limit, we find ourselves
of Perpignan. surrounded by one vast prairie. In the oountiy
iZts-sC-Ftfatae, a department of France, contain- over which we have passed, the^sKis inter-
ing partof the latei^vinceof Bietagne. It takes spened with these interesting plams; Asrs, tne
its name from two nvers, which nnite at Rennes, prairie is studded with groves and copses, and
the capital of the department. the streams fringed with strips of woodland. The
HUtj a river of Oeimany, which rises in Tyrol, eye eometimes wanders over immense plains cov
runs N. through Bavaria, and joins the Danube ered with grass, discovering no other object on
near Ulm. wliich to rest, and finding no limit to its vision
ffUscMf a town of Spain, in New Castile, 15 m. but the distant horizon ; while more frequently it
8. 8. W. of Madrid, and 15. N. N. E. of Toledo, wandere from grove to grove, and from one point
iUuunM. a river of North America, formed by of woodUnd to another, charmed and lefifeshed
thejnnetionofseveralstieamsnear the 8. end of by an endless variety of rural beautv. The
Lake Iftichegan : after taking a 8. W. course of growth of the bottom lands consists of black wal-
950 m. it enters the Mississippi, 30 m. above the nut, ash of several species, haekberry , elm, (white,
influx of the Missouri. red, and slippery,) sugar-maple', honey-locust,
iZtmots, one the United States, bounded on the buck*eye, catsipa, sycamore, oottonwood, peccao,
N. by the N. W. Territory. E. by Indiana. S. by hickorv, mulberry, reveral oaks— as, over cup,
Kentucky and W. bv the State and Territory of bur oak, swamp or water oak, white, red or Span-
Afissonri. It extends from 37. to 49 30. N. lat. ish oak *, and or the shrubbery are red-bud, papaw,
and from 87. 17. to 91. 60. W. long. 350 m. in grape vine, dogwood, spice bush, hasle, green-
length and 100 in mean breadth and containing brier, dus. Along the margin of the streams, the
56,000 sq. m. The Miasisrippi washes its western, sycamore and cottonwood oAen predominate, and
and the Ohloila southern bwder, and it is travers- attain to an amasing size. The cottonwood is of
ed by the Illinois and Kaakaskia rivers. The N. rapid growth, a lifht, white wood, sometimes
E. comer touches upon Lake Michigan. This used for rails, shingles, and scantlings, not last-
State is not traversea b^ any ranges of hills or ing, nor of no great value. Its dry, light wood is
mountains ; the sur&ce m general is level, but in much used in steam-boats,
a few instances uneven, and approaching to hillv. The northern portion of Illinois is said to be
It may be arranged under three general heads, inezhaustiblv rich in mineral productions, while
1. The alluvions of rivera, which are from one to coal, aeconcary limeatone, and sandstone, are
eight m. in width, in some places elevated, and found in every part. Iron ore ia often found in
in others low^ and aubject to inundation. They the southern parts of the State, and is said to ex-
consist of an mtermixture of woods and prairie, ist in considerable qnantitiea near the rapids of
Tlie soil is almost invariabljr fertile— auch are the Illinois. Native copper in small quantities has
ranks, on the Mississippi, Wabash, Illinois, been found on Muddy river, in Jackson county,
Kaakaskia, dkc. 2. After leaving the alluvions, and back of Harrisonville, in the bluffii of Mun-
and rising to the ' Uuffii' which bound them, is a roe county. One mass weighing seven pounds
tract of level land, elevated from fifty to one bun- was fbuna detached at the latter place. A ahaft
dred feet, and which b eometimes caUed * table was sunk fiirty feet deep in 1817, in search of this
land.* The greater proportion of this is prairie, metal, but without suocees. Red oxide of iron
which m some places is dry, and in others wet and oxide of copper were dug out. Crystalised
and marshy, depending npon the convexity or gypaum has been found in small quantities in St.
'Concavity of the sur&ce. The soil is less fertile Clair county. Quartz cryatals exist in Gallatin
than that of the alluvions, but is generallv prefer- county. Silver is snppoeed to exist in St. Claiur
ed by emigrants. The tract of eountrv between county, 2 m. from Kock-Spring, fifom whence
tlio Missisuppi and Kaakaskia rivers belongs to Silver creek derives its name, in the early set*
this class. 3. In the interior and towards the tlements by the French, a shaft was sunk here,
northern part of the State^ the country becomes and tradition tells of large qnantitiea of the pre-
ruugh ana uneven. Itconatstsof an intermixture oious metal being obtained. In 1888, many per-
of woods and prairies, diveraified with gentle or eons in this vioimty commenced dining and be-
abrupt aiopes J sometimes attaining the elevation gan to dream of immense fortunes, whichbowever
V hills, and irrigated with a number of streama. vanished during the following winter. They dug
fhe meet of the country whieh lies south of aline up considerable onantitiea of hornblende the
drawn from the month of the Wabash to the shining specula or which were mistaken for sil-
roottth of the Kaakaskia, is covered with timber, ver. Lead is found in vast ouantities in the north-
A very few prairies, and those inconsiderable in em part of lUinoia, and the adjacent territory,
point of si», may he found immediately south Here are the richest lead mines hitherto discover-
of this line. Crossing that line, the timber is ed on the globe. This portkm of conntiy lies
found to decrease in quantity, and the piairies to principally north of Rock river and south of the
expand; yet the laUer are still comparatively Wisconsin. Dnbn^ue*s and other rich mines,
small, whollv unconnected with each <4her. and are weat of the Mississippi. There is scaroely
their outUnea distinctly marked by the thick fer- a county m the State, but what can fumieb coal
eats which sorround and sqMnte them. Advanc- in reasonable quantities. Laige beds are saia to
mg to the noith, the pndrie surfeoe begins to exist near the jnnctioa of Vox river with the lUi-
predommate ; the prairiea now become lai«| and aois, and in the vicinity of the rapids of the latter.
i?ffTt!f"""T?*' with each other like a cham of Salt is found in varioua parts of the Slate, held in
IME m . llfD
•oKitioiiiii the gpringt. The manuftetiire of salt which it is properly speaking, a put. Theinbah
hf boiling end evaporrtion is carried on in Galla- itants estimated at not more than 80,000 fiLmitiee,
tin eonnty, 12 m. w. N. W. fi:om Shawneetown -, are scattered oyer the ooontry in small hamlets,
in Jackson eounty, near Brownsville ; and in They send yearly considerabfe qoantities of wine
Vermiyon oonnty , near Danville. The springs Co the neighboormg parts of Georgia, in leathern
Mid land are owend by the State, and the works bags, carried by horses : bat they are without
leased. A coarse roaible, much used in building, manufactures, verf poor and nusenblei and cmeA-
IS dog fh>in quarries near Alton, on the Mississip- ly treated by their landlofd. Cutais, or Cotatis,
' pi, where large bodies exist. Scattered over the is the capital.
surfkce of the prairies, are lam masses of rock, Immefutadtf a town of Bavaria, in the circle
of granitic Urination, roundish in form^ usuallv of the Upper Danube, situate on a small river
called by the people last rocks. They will weigh which soon after joins Uie Iller, 18 m. 8. of Kemp-
from one thousand to ten or twelve thousand ton.
pounds, and are entirely detached, and frequently ImoUtf an episcopal town of Italy, in the dele-
are found several miles distant from any ^arry. gation of Ravenna, with a strong citadel. It is
There has never been a quarry of granite dis- surrounded by walls, towers, and ditches ; con-
covered in the State. tains 16 churches and 17 convents ; and is seated
Agriculture is thriving, but education in lUi- on the Santemo, 13 m. W, by S. of Ravenna
nois IS still in its infancy, and manjr of the settlers and 45 N. N. E. of Florence,
have no proper view of its necessity and impor- Inekbroyock, a small island of Scotland, in For-
tance. Many adults, epecially females, are una- fiurshire, within the mouth of the South Esk, neat
ble to read or write, ana many more, who are able Montrose, with which it communicates bjr a draw-
to read a litUe, cannot readily understand what bridge. It has also a large and convenient dry
they attempt to read, and therefore take no pleas- dock.
ure in books and study . Common schools are usu- Imchesim^ a small island of Scotland, in the
ally taught some part of the year in most of the frith of Forth, near the village of Aberdour, on
settlements, but more frequently by teachers whol- the coast of Fife. Here is the rains of a famous
Iv incompetent to the task. The Methodists are monastery, founded by Alexander I. in 1123, to
the moat numerous religious sect. This state is commemorate the hospitable treatment he receiv-
. divided in 52 counties, and has a pop. of 157^75, ed here from a hermit,
of whom 746 are slaves. The capital is Vanaalia. Inekgarvis, a small island of the frith of Forth,
The state was admitted into the Union in 1818. nearly in the middle of the passage over the
The legislature is composed of a Senate and House Qneensfeiry .
of Representatives called the General Assembly. Inekkeiikf a small island of the frith of Forth
The senates are chosen for 4 years and the Rep- lying midway between the ports of Leith and
resentatives for 2. The governor is chosen for 4 Kinghom. Here b a light-house, and also a
years. Elections are popular, and suffrage is ruinous fort.
uni.ersal. In the northern part are many Indian Imdimamoek^ a small island of Scotland, on
tribes, as the Kaskas, Sauks, Foxes, Potawotam- the S. W. side of Bute. The rains of a chapel
ies, AC. dedicated to St Mamoek are still to be seen ;
//m, a town of Saxony, on a river of its name, and on the W. side are vast strata of coral and
13 m. N. W. of Rudolstadt, and 14 S. by E. of shells.
Erfurt. Ind4d, a town of Sweden, in Medelpadia, on
RmeHf a lake of Russia, in the government of a river of the same name, near its entrance into
Novogorod, 48 miles long, and from 12 to 18 the rulf of Bothnia, 16 m. N. by W. of Sundia-
broad. Near it stands the city of Novogorod. It walcT.
communicates with lake Ladogra, by the river Indapour See indmpour.
Volk hof. /ii4<fln Bohtn, a town of Chinese Tartary capital
IZmcTiotf, a town of Saxe-Weimar, in Henne- of the Mantcheon Tartars, 480 m. E. N. E. of
berff. Near it is a mineral spring ; also a copper Pekin.
ancTsilver mine. It is seated near the source of indspendsnes, a township in Alleghany Co.
the Ihn 17 m. E. S. E. oTSmalkalden. N. T. Pop. 877. Also townships in BnsKX Co.
/ZmtnitfCer, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with N. J. Cuyahoga Co. Ohio and Bond Co. Illi-
a manufkctnre of narrow cloths. It is seated nois.
among hills, near the river ille, 26 m. S. W. of Indian or Hmif, a contraction of Hindoostan,
Wells, and 136 W. by S. of London. is a name often flnven to that region of Asia ly-
ilsley, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated between ing to the S. of Tartary. and between Persia and
two hills, 14 m. N. W; of Reading, and 54 W. of China, with its independent ulands. It contains,
London. besides Hindoostan, the Bimum Empirs, 8iam,
list, a town of the Netherlands, in Friesland, Coddn China, T&nquin, Tkibst, Japan, and Cey-
seated on the Weymer, 12 m. S. or Lewarden. Ion ; but is now, in its geographical features, more
Ilstron, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, usally, and far more properly, described under
27 m. S. S. E. of Gotheburg. those respective heads, whieh see.
lUen, a town of Hanover, in the province of Indiana, one of the United States, bounded N
Luneburg,16 m. S. S. W. of Zell. by Michig^ Territonr, E. by Ohio, S. by Ken
iUzkofen, a town of Prussian Saxony, 8 m. N. tacky : and W. by Ilfinois. It extends from -37
fi. of Halle. 45. to 41. 60. N. Ut. and from 84. 48 to 87. 49. W
Imbro, an iriand in the Grecian Arohipelago, long. It is 287 m. long, and 1^ broad, and con
about 20 m. in eircumfbrenee. It is mountainous tains 96,000 so. m. Itls washed on the Southern
and woody, and affords plenty of game. Long, beundarr by the Ohio and traversed by the While
26. 44. E., lat. 40. 10. N. and Wabash rivers.
IMD 303 IND
oalM tbe Kiiioh$, eztmidi from tte fidls of the pretty neerly of the same appearance, Tanring m
Ohio to tbe Wabash, in a aonth-west direction. Keight from eight to thirty ^t, and in oreadth
which, in many phuBee, produces a brolien ana from ten to twenty. In this distance the roof is^
uneven surfiuse. North or these hilk lie the JltU in some plaoes arched ; in others a plane and in
woodt, 70 m. wide. Bordering on all the princi- one plaoe, particularly, it resembles an inside
pal streams, ezoept the Ohio, there are strips of view of the roof of a honse. At the distance
bottom and prairie land ; botn tMnther from 3 to aboTe named, the cave forks ; but the right hand
6 m. in wiath. Between the Wabash and lake fork soon terminates, while the left nses by a
Michigan, the conntry is mostly champaign, flight of rocky stairs, nearly 10 feet hig[h, into
abounding alternately with wood-liands, prairies, another story, and pursues a course at this place
lakes ana swamps. A range of hills runs parallel nearly south-east. Here the roof commences a
with the Ohio, from the mouth of the Great Mi- regular arch, the height of which, from the floor,
ami to Blue riTcr, alternately approaching to Taries from 5 to 8 feet and the width of the cave
within a few rods, and 'receding to the distance of from 6 to 12 feet ; which continues to what is
i m. Immediately below Blue river, the hills called the creeping plaetf from the circumstance
dbappear, and there is presented to view an im- of the visitor's crawling 10 or 12 feet into ue next
mense tract of level land, covered with a heavy large room. From this place to the PiUar^ a dis-
¥-owth of timber. North of the Wabash, between tanoe of about one mile and a quarter, the visitor
ippecanoe and Ouitanon. the banks of the finds an alternate succession of large and small
streams are high^ abrupt and broken, and the land rooms, variously decorated ; sometimes mounting
except the pr&ines, is well timbered. Between elevated points by fpndnal or difficult ascents, and
the Plein and Theakiki, the countrjr is flat, wet again descending as far below ; sometimes travel-
and swampy ^tersperesd with prairies of an in- hng on a pavement, or ehmbing over huge piles
ferior soil. The sources of rivers are generally of rocks, aetached from the roof by some convul-
in swamps or lakes and the country around them sion of nature ; and thus continues his route, un-
is low, and too wet for cultivation. There are til he arrives at the pillar,
two kinds of prairies, — the river and the upland The aspect of this large and stately white col-
prairies. The former are bottoms^ destitute of umn, as it comes in sight from the dim reflection
timber and are said to exhibit vestiges of former of the torches, is grana and impressive. Visitors
ciUtivation ; the latter aro from 90 to 100 feet have seldom pushed their enquiries further than
more elevated, and are for more numerous and two or three hundred yards heyond this pillar,
extensive. Some of them are not larger than a This column is about fifteen feet in diameter,
common field, while others extend fiurther than firom twenty to thirty in height, and regularly
the eye can reach. Thvy are usually bounded by reeded from the top to the bottom. In the vicin-
heavy-timbered forests, and not unfkequenUy ity of this spot are some inferior pillars of the
adorned with copses of small trees. In spring same appearance and texture. Chemically speak-
and summer, they are covered with a luxuriant ing, it is difficult to say what are the constituent
growth of grass and firagrant flowers, fhmi six to puts of these columns, but lime appears to be the
eight feet mgh. The soil of these plains is often base. Epsom salts, abounds throughout this cave
as deep and fertile as the best bottoms. The in almost its whole extent, in a manner which,
intervals bordering on the Wabash are particularly has no parallel in the history of that article. This
rich. Wells have been dug in them, where the neutral salt is found in a great variety^ of forms,
vegetable soil was 22 feet deep, under which was and in many difierent stages of formation, some-
a stratum of fine white sand. The ordinary depth times in lumpB, varying from one to ten pounds
is from two to ^re feet. The principal produc- in weight The earth exhibits a shining appear
tions of this state are wheat, Indian com, rye^ ance, trom the numerous particles interspersed
oats, barley, buck-wheat, potatoes, pulse^beef, throughout the huge piles of dirt collected m dif
pork, butter, whiskey and peach brmndy. There ferent parts of the cave. The walls are covered
are salt aprings in dififerent parts, but they are in difierent places with the same article, and re-
little used. Tlie salt is more cneaply obtained production goes on rapidly. With a view to as-
from the neighbouring Statss. Coal, iron, and certain this, a visitor removed from a particular
copper are found in some places. place every vestige of salt, and in four or five
xhe climate is flenersily healthy and pleas- weeks the place was covered with small needle
ant. closely resembling that of Ohio. The Wa- shaped crystals, exhibiting the appearance of
basn is firosen over in the winter, so that it may frost. The qwity of the salt in this cave is ia-
be ssfely crossed on the ice. This state abounds ferior to none. The worst earth that has been
with large caverns, the most celebrated of wbich tried, will yield four pounds of salt to the bushel,
is called the Evsom SaU$ Cave, from the quantity and the best, from twenty to twentv five pounds,
of that mineral which it contains. The hill, in This quantity is inexhaustible. The next pro-
which the cave is situated, is about 400 feet hifffa duction is the nitrate of lime, or saltpetre earth,
from the base to the most elevated point ; and tBe There are vast quantities of this. There are also
prospect to the south-east, in a elear day, is ex- large onantities of the nitrate of alumine, or nt-
oak ana chesnut The side to tne south-east is eles above enumerated, are first in quanti^ and
mantled with cedar. The entraaoe is about mid- importance ; but there are several others, which
way froon the base to the summit, and the surfeee deserve notice as suUeets >f philosophical ouriosi-
of the cave preserves in general, about that ele- ty. The sulphate or limr , or plaster of Paris, is
vation. After entering toe cave bj an apertore to be seen variously foimed ; ponderous, ciystal-
of twelve or fifteen feet wide, and in height, in ised and impalpable or soft, light, and rather spon-
one place, three or four feet, yon descend with gy. Vestiges of the sulphate of iron are also to bo
easy and gradual steps into a large and spacious seen in oi^ or two places. Small specimens
roomi which continues about a qmrter of a mile, of the caibonate, also the nitrate of magaosia,
60
iiTD a
h«T8 bMU finmU. The n»k« in the csTe priael-
pillj coDiut of enrboiule of lima, or common
lime itona. Neu the folks of the cave are two
■pecimena of painting, probibij^ of Indivi origin.
The one «ppem to be » uiTBgc, with •oowlhing
like ft bow in his hand, and furniabea the hint, that
ll wu done when thatinatrumeiit of death wai in
tue. The other la so mach defke«d. that it is im-
poHibla to aa; what it waa intended to repieaent.
Tbia stale ia divided into 64 conatiea. The
pop. ia 341,683. In the N. part are many Pol>-
wotamiea and Chippenaj Indiana. Thaieare no
■lavea. Ths Bute irai admitted into the noion
in IB16. The legialatnre conaiita of a Senate and
HouM of Repreaentativei, alyled the General As-
•embly. The Senators are choaen for 3;ean and
the Representative for 1 , The Oovemor ia cho-
sen for 3 years. Sufin^ ii unireraal. The cap-
ital of the state is Indianapolis. There is a col-
leje at Bloomington, aod prorisioa ia made b;
the slate fbi the suppmt of aehools.
htdiaiut, a coantj of the Weslem District of
FennaflTania. Pop.l4,2&l. Tbeehieftownbaathe
same name. Also a town in .^lleghan; Co. Pa.
Indianapalit, the e»pital of the atate of Indiana
ia lituated in Marion counlj on White River in
the centre of the state. It haa bat recenll; been
established.
Itidian Old Toidh, a settlement of Penabicot
[ndia">, on an island in Penobacot river Maine, a
little a»re the great falla. It consists of about
eOO souls.
Indian Town, villages in Dorchester Co. Md.
Corritack Co. N. C. and WilUamahnrf Dis. 9. C.
InditM, East, the name given b; Unropeana to
that vast tract of conntir in Asia which is aita-
sled tothcS, of Tartar;, between Penia and Chi-
na (see HindoMUn.) u well as to a great num-
ber ofiilanda in the Indian Ocean, extending
ttom the peninaula of llindoostan as ftr E. aa
New Oninea, and from the ba; of Bengal and
the China Sea as fir S. aa New Holland. The
moA western of them are the Maldives, and the
moat eastern the Moluccas ; between which are
several very large ones, aa Cejlon, Sumatra, Ja-
va, Borneo, and Celebes ; beaidei maaj others of
considerable importance aa lo riches, though much
inferior in eitent.
India, Wat, a denomination ander which ia
comprehended a large chain of islands extended
in a curve from the Florida Hhore on the north-
em neninsata of America to the gulf of Venezneia
on Uie southern, Colombus gave this name to
them under the nation that the; formed part of
the Indian continent, which it was hia abject in
bis firal voyage to find ; and this opinion waa so
general that Ferdinand and laabetla, king and
queen of C^tile, in their ratiiicatian of an agree-
— . 1 ._ Col nmbuB, upon his retoni, gave
tropic of Cane«r, and there is not raoob difference
in their climate; accurate obaervationa made on
anj one of tliem ma; be applied with nttle variation
ing begins about the month
I tAen change their nusat
hue, and the trees are adorned with a verdant
foliage. The periodical ratna from the south may
at this time be expected ; they ail generally about
noon, and occasion a rapid and luxuriant vegeta-
tion. Thethermometervariesconsiderably; ilfalla
sometime* aii or eight deirieeB alter tlie diurnal
taina ; but its medium height may be stated at 7tt
of fabrenheit. After these showers have continu-
ed for a short period, the tropical summer appeari
in all iu splendour. CHouda are seldom seen in
the aky ; the heat of the sun is only rendered
sunpoitable by the sea breeK: which blows regu-
larly from the south-east daring the greatest part
of the day. The nights ore calm and serene,
the moon shines more brightly than in Europe,
and emits a light that enables man to read the
smallest print ■ ' "- '" '" ■"
compenaiiled
middle of August to the end of September, the
thermometer rises frequently above W),the tefreah-
then interrupted, and fraque"
them uie name of Indies,
which give
the positir-
onmioc
II of the New World wu uuciviuucu,
haa remained, and the sppeltation of
West Indies Is given by all the people of Earope
to these islands, and that of Indians to the in-
cal n
phere, and the mountains appear leas distant lo
the spectator than at other seasons of the year.
The rain blla in torrents about the beginning of
October, the riven overflow their banks, and a
great portion of the low grounds are submerged.
The tain that fell in Barbadoea in the year 1754,
is said to have exceeded ST inches. The moisture
of the atmospbere is so great, that iron and other
melala easily oxydatea are covered with rusL
This humidity continues under a burning snn ; —
the inhabitants, (aay some writers,) live in a va-
pour bath ; it may be proved, without using this
simile, that a residence in tbe lower part oftl^
eoantry at this season is disagreeable, unwboh
some, and doagerous to a European. A gtuluu.
relaxation of the system diminishes the activi^
of the vital functions, and produces at loot a gen-
It has been obaerved by travellen that most of
the wild onimala indigenous to the West Indies
only of these islands, but of the
continent of America. The principal of these
iitanda are Curacao, Ti'nidid, Tobaga^Orenada,
6t. Vincent, Barbadne<, Martinit^ue, Dominica,
Marie Galanle, Guadal npe, Antigua, Barbuda,
St. Christopher, St. Eustatia, at, Bartholomew,
St. Martin, Anguiila. St. Thomas, Porto-Rica,
St. Dominffo, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas.
Host of the Antilles ue sitoated tmdu the
Liiiarda and difiarenl sorts of serpents an not un-
common ; but the greateft number of them ace
harmless, and, with tho exception of Maituuque
and St. Lucia, no aoorpions are to be (bund in the
Lesser AnUUe*. This noxious reptile is frequent-
ly cdiaerved in Forto Rioo.anditexiats probably in
is the larger islands. The cayman haonta the
stagnant waters, and oegroes an Mmetime* ex-
nu 3fie
poMd U> Ita marderaiw bite. The parrot and its
virione iHciee &Dm the micftv to the puoquet
fVMiient the (breita ; aquatic birds in unnumbersd
floou enlivea tlie ahorsi. The colibri or ham-
ming-bird ia the iportiTe inhabitant of these narm
clime*; it seldom remain* long in the same place,
but is seen for a moment ob the bloasom* of the
onnge or lime tree, and dispiijs in ita golden
plumage the brighleit lint* of the emerald and the
nibj. Tree* similar to those that we have ad-
mired in other tropical countries grow in eqoal
Inxuriance on these islands. The Banana, which
jn its full growth appears like a clD*lei of trees,
i* at first wealt, and requires the support of a
neighbouring plant. A canoe made from a single
trunk of the wild cotton tree, has been known to
contain a hundred penoiui.aiid the leaf of a par-
ticular kind of palm tree aSbrdi a shade to five or
sii men. The royal palmetto or moantoin-cabbsge
grows to the extraordinaij height of two hundred
leet, and its verdant smnmit is shaken bj the
slighteit breeze.
Many of the plantations are enclosed by rows of
Campeachy and Brazilian trees; the corab ia a*
much prized for its thick shade as for its excellent
fruit, and the fibroni bark of the great cecropia is
conveited into strong cordage. The trees most
valuable on account of tbsir timber, are the tam-
arindua, the cedar, the Spanish mountain ash, the
iron tree, and the lauru* cbloroijlon, which is
well adapted for the construction of mills. The
dwellings of the settlers are shaded by orange,
lemon, and pomegranate trees, that fill the sir with
the perfiime of their flower*, while their branches
are loaded with f^uit. The apple, the peach, and
the grape ripen in the mountains. The date, the
sapala, and sapotilla, the mammee, several orien-
tal fruits, the rose apple, the guava, the manga
and diSerentqwcies oispondiaa and aononai grow
on the sultiT (J^ns.
The heights are covered in many places with
groves of the Myrlus pimcnta, and no other shrub
grows under its fragrant shade. The ignama and
potato are the principal food of the negroes ^ ma-
nioc and angola pulse b»ve been imported from
Af>ica. But the West Indian planter is wholly
occupied in ministering to the wants or luxuries
of Europeans ; were it not fnr the immenae sup-
plies of corn brought anoually from Canada and
the United States, these fertile islands might be
deeolaled by ftmlne. Sugar is the great staple
IND
aidered in many reKpeela euperiw to tbe commo>
Creole plant.
A field of canes ia in arrme or fiill bloom about
the month of November. At this period of it*
growth there are few objects in the vegetable
kingdom that can vie with it in beauty. The canes
are seldom lower than three feet and sometimes
higher than eight; this difference proceeds from
the nature of the soil and the mode of etiltivation
A ripe field may be compared to an immense
sheet of waving gold tinged by the sun' s rays
with the finest purple. The stem with its narrow
depending leaves is at lint of a dark green colour
hut changes as it ripens to a bright yellow; an
amnc or silver wand spronls Iromitssummlti woi
grows genersllr to the height of four or five feet ;
the apex is covered with clusters of white Bnd
blue flowers not unlike tuHs of feathers. The
finest plantations are sometimes destroyed by fire,
a calamity which occurs too fiequent'y in these
islands. No conflagration is more rapid, none
more alarming ; those who have witnessed such
■cenes can best describe them. The hopes and
fortune of the husbandman, the poinfiil toil of
many hundred slave*, the labour of years are in a
few moments destroyed. If a plantation ia by any
accident set on fire, the inhabitants sound the
alarm shell, and the shrill blast is repeated from
the neighbouring bills. Rolling smoke, spread-
ing flamea, and cracking reeds are somstimes the
first indication! of danger. Louder notes are af-
terwards heard from a dietince ; bands of negroes
hasten to the flan— -'-^- >■- -■ =- -
cruelty of their 01
the planters, groups ofhorsesand moles moving
in the back ground increase the eSbot of so snl^
lime ■ picture.
The ootton plant flourishes on dry and rooky
lands, if they have not been too much exhausted
by Ibrmer cultivation. Dryness isof greatadvan-
tage to it in all its stages ; when the shrub i* in
blossom or when the pods begin to unfold, the
plant is rendered completely asetess by hesvy
rains. These observations apply to everv species,
but more particularly to that sort which ia culti-
vated by the French settlers. There are several
vsrieties of Ihia shmb, all of them resemble each
other ; the best are the grten tctd, the Branlian,
and ths French or sthiM ited.
There is but one species of the coSee tree here ;
itiasupposed to be a native of Arabia Felii. This
commodity of the Weat Indies ; the cane ^
Uaasporled hither thin the eMlern eontinent by plant w
brought to Batavia, from thenoe to Am
lumbu* ID hu second voyage. He OtoAeil* itordam and Parts, and afterwards transplanted to
' has been generally mlroduced into the An- Surinam and Martinique. It seldom bears ftoit
OS UnM the time of G^tlain Cook ; it w con- before the third teaKn, and sometinM not tmtil
IVD 39
tlie fifth or lizUi ; it net«r bsU mora than thii^
j«an, uul fieqneutlj decan Iobk befbie tfa&t tinw.
A liagle pluit maf produce irom one to fow
pouodi of co^«.
These ulands were llie resort of the BaceanMTS,
thoie celebrated freebooter*, do noted and fonni-
dable during the aeventeenUi eenlaij. Tbesa
bold adventaran attacked, in small munbers, and
with amall means, bot with an intrepidity which
bkde deSanee to danger, not only single merchant
Teneli, but MTenl of them together, and some-
time* armed shipa Their common mode of at-
tack was b; boardiDt; They directed their efforts
especially aninst tlte Spanish ships which sailed
for Europe hden with the treisurei of America.
By the reptaled losiea which they suffered, the
Spaniards were at last so discouraged, that thej
seldom offered a seriom resistance. Their man-
netofdividing theirbooty wasremarkabie. Every
one wIki had a share in the expedition awore tii^
lie hid reserved nothing of the plunder. A false
oath waa of aitremely rara occurrence, and was
punished bv banishmeut to an ua inhabited island.
The wounded firat received their shue, wliioh
WIS greater according to the severity of their
wonnds. Tlie remaiiuler was divided into equal
parts, and dlstribnled by lot. Tba leader received
more than the othera onty when he bad particu-
larly dislingtiished hioiself Thoie wbo had per-
ished in the eipeditioa were not forgotten. Their
part wa* given to their relations or friends, and,
m de&olt of theiD, to the poor and to the church.
Religion waa strangely blended with their vices,
and they always began their enterprises with a
prayer. The wealth which they acquired was
spent in gambling and detiaucher;, lor it was the
principle of these adventurer* toeDJoythe pre-
sent and not oare far the future. The climate
and their mode of lile gradaallj diminished their
number, and the vigorous measure* of the
"agli*band French government* atlaatputan
id to their odlrage*, which had, perhaps, been
purposely toleratnT
Mara, a town of Hindoostan, in the proTinee
ofMalwah, cuital of one of the Foonah Hah-
ratta ctiiefs, who was defeated by the British in
18M, and his aucoessor compelled to enter into
•n •uga«einent to renoosce all oonnezion with
thaenemiMof tbaBritish^iid tofiiniisli,wbeD re-
quiied, 3,000 oavabr. It h sealed on a river
that flowi into the Neibuddah, 96 m. 8. 8. E. of
LoD(. 76. n. E., lat. »L ft. H.
>a>r, ■ ae^rart on the W. coaat of Boma-
Aital of • awtriot of the lama naiM. 160
Englis
end to
Loir* 4 m. below the influx ofthe Cher, itt
area i* estimated at &,8B9 sq. m. ; its pop. 205,000
Chateanrooi is the capital,
fmfre-ef-Loire, a department of France, includ-
ing almost the whole of the province of Too-
nuoe and bounded by the departments of the
Loire-et-Cher, the Indre, the Vienne, and the
Maine. It consists mostly of fine ptsins, inter-
spersed, however, with small hills. The prine;-
p«l rivers are the Loire, the Vienne, the Cher, and
the Indre. Tours is the capital.
India, or Siitdt, a great river of Asia, having
its source in a range of mountains of Tu-tary, be-
tween 3S. and 39. of of N. lat From Thibet it
take* a S. W. course, and enters Hindooitan in
about 35. N. lat. It ha* alwav* been conaidered
as the western barrier of Hindoostan. 60 m. from
its source it is joined by the Cabul, when it is no
longer fordibte. Between SS. and 26. of lat. ilen
ters the province of Sinde, and here we find it
againdivided iutotwoconsiderable branches; the
principal or weatem divided into nDmeroaa
stresms, which form a Delta BimlUr to that ofthe
Nile orGanges: they are, however, very shallow
and only navigable by boats. It is said to be 1,%0
m. in length and some paiia of it are capable of
bearing vessels of SOO tons. But there is ven
little commeroe transported by it. Ila water i*
very wholesome. On the E. of this river is a
great sandy desert, eitendins nearh 600 m. in
hngth, and from 60 to 150 inlireadth.
/MJKMry, p.t Somerset Co. He. Pop. 902.
hig-l^iigeii, a town of Wartemberg, on the
Kocher.aOm. S. S. W. ofHergentheim.
fi^fiUiiiii, a town of Germany, in Hease-Darm-
stadt, seated on an eminence, on the river Satva,
S m. E. of Bingen.
IwlAoTinigk, one of the highest monntains r>f
Engfond, in Yorkahire, 6 mTli. N. W. of fiotlle
It ia a,3()l feet above the level of sea.
InglatilU, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va.
IiQ^tton, a village in West Torhihiie, Eng. at
the foot of Ingleborougfa mountain. It is toleta-
bl; well built, and has manuftctores of cotton
yarn. Near it are ■everal collieries, which sapply
the SDrrounding oountty to a considerable dia-
Unce with' coal*. JO m. W. W. W. of Settle, and
S45 N. W. of London.
Inglit iMland, as island on the N. coast of New
Holland, near the entrance of the gulf cf Car-
IngnUlail, a town of Bavaria. It is one of the
streeu an large. Here waa formerlj a ._ ....
ty, which in 1800 was truuferred to LandshuL
It is sealed on the Danube, 9 m. E. of Ncubnrg,
and 46 N. by W. of Honich. Long. 11. SS £.,
laL 48. 46. N.
AvraA«n ItUmdM, a clnatsr of islands, seven in
number, in the Pacific Ocean, disoovered by
Captain Ingrahom, of Boston, inI791, and named
Waabington, Adams, Lincoln. Federal, Franklin,
Hancock, and Knox. Federal island (or Noohe-
va) is consideted the laigeat, most populous, and
fertile. They appear generally to be divermfi-
ed with hills and Tallns, and to be wall wooded.
Host of them are in)iabiled,and the pe<^ resem-
Mrs.a dapoiiment of France, inoltiding part
cf Um m-devant provinoe of Bnry. It haa ita
uaow from a rivor, which rises in ths deportmant
flows ialo that of ladn-cl-Laie, ud joiiu tbt
, on the Loire, 16 m. W. a.
W. (^Angers.
" a town of France in the denttment o*
It, 4 v. ». W. ef OriMfiB.
Airrs,ab
ha L(Hr«t,
iinr 387 ION
fnurAamioiiyft town of Ireland in the county of principal mannfkctores are those of hemp and
Cork, with a coneiderabie linen manufacture ; flax ; and there are also woolen and other mann-
seated on the Bandon. 7 m. N. W. of Kinsale. factures, tanneriea, brick worka, &c., which
tiMf a large river or Austria, which riaet in furnish employment to many of the inhabitants,
the Swiss canton of Griaons, flows N. £. through On an eminence are the ruins of the old castle,
Tyrol and Bavaria, and joins the Danube at Pas- demolished by the rebels in 1746 ; and over the
sau, where it is nearly SROO feet wide. It become Ness is a stone bridge of seven arches. The court-
navigable k t Hall, in the Tyrol, and its whole house, nearly in the centre of the town, is a mod-
course is more than 250 m. ern building, with a fine tower, terminated by
Irmaconditf a fortress of Hindoostan, in the an elegant spire, which sustained considerable
Guntoor circar, situate on a hill, 46 m. N. W. of injury from the earthquake in 1816. Near this
Ongole. town, on CuUoden Heath, the duke of Cumber-
nuehyji, town of Scotland, in Aberdeenshire, land gained a decisive victory over the rebels in
26 m. W. N. W. of Aberdeen. 1746. To the W. of the town is the hill of Craig
Jnsvruekj a fortified town of Austria, capital of Phatric, on the summit of which are the exten-
Tyrol, with a stronff castle, formerly the resi- sive remains of a vitrified fi>rt, so called from the
dence of the archdiues of Austria. The princi- marks effusion which the cement and stones ex-
pal manufacture is that of cotton, but it has also hibit. Inverness is 50 m. N. £. of Fort William,
manufactures of silk and woolen stuff's, and all and 156 N. of Edinburgh,
kinds of glass wares ; and the transit trade from InvemesS'Shire, the most extensive county of
Germany to Italy is considerable. Inspruck was Scotland ; bounded on the N. by Boss- shire ; £.
entered by the Irench in 1805, and was the scene by the countries of Nairne, Murray, and Aber-
of several heroic efforts of the Tyrolese against deen ; S. by those bf Perth, and Argnrle ; and W.
the French and Bavarians in 1809. It is by the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes several
seated in a pleasant valley, on the river Inn, 62 of the Hebrides. Independent of the islands, it
m. S. of Munich. is 80 m. lon£ and 50 broad. It comprehends the
/ii5<arfter^, a town and circle of East Prussia, district of Badenoch, Lochaber, and Glenaly,
on the Angerapj in the jgovemment of Gumbin- which are subdivided into 32 parishes. The
nen. Its chier trade is in corn and linseed, principal towns are Inverness, Fort William (or
The circle is of flreat extent, comprehending a Inverlochjr), and » Fort Augustus. The N. part
pop. of 150.000. r art of it is covered with forests, is mountainous and barren, and supposed to be
out the soil of the rest is fertile, and pastures are the most elevated ground in Scotland. This
extensive : manuftctnres are hardly known here, county has several considerable lakes, and is di-
The town is 60 m. £. of Konigriberg ; and con- vided, in a manner, into two equal parts, by those
tains 5,300 inhabitants. of Ness, Oich, Lochy, and Lochiel, united by
Interlaeken, a town of Switxerland, capital of a the Caledonian Canid, which forms a communica
bailiwic of the same name, in the canton of Bern, tion between the two seas. The extensive plains
28 m. 8. 8. W. of Lucem, and 32 S. £. of which surround the lakes are, in general, fertile ;
Bern. the high grounds feed many sheep and black cat-
Inveraryj a borough of Scotland, of the coun- tie, numerous herds of goats are found in every
ty-town of Argylflehire, situate on the N. W. district. The mountains and forests are inhabit-
side of Loch lyne, and the infloz of the Aray. ed by immense numbers of red and roe deer ; the
It has some manwfkotnres and a trade in wooI,tim- alpine and common hare, and other game, are
her, and oak bark; but its chief support is fit)ra also abundant. Limestone, iron-ore, and some
the herrinff fishery. Near the town is Invera- traces of different minerals have been found in
ry Castle, tne seat of the duke of Argyle ; and in UiLs county, with beautiful rock crystals of van
the neighbourhood is a considerable iron-work, ous tints ', but no mines have hitherto been work-
The plantiuff around Inverary is very extensive ed with much success. The principal rivers are
and admirablyvariegated. 4d m. N. W. of Qlas- the Spey, the Beanly, the Ness^ and the Lochy.
gow, and 75 W. N. W. of £diabargh. htvemess, a township of Buckingham Co. L. C.
InverhervU. See Bervie, Jiwerupie^ a village of Scotland, on the E. coast
tnvergondonf a villa^ of Scotland, in Ross- of Aberoeenshire at the mouth of the Ugie, 1 m.
shire, at the mouth of the frith of Cromarty, 8 N. of Peterhead. It has an extensive bleach field,
m. S. S. E. of Tain. It has a good harbour, and and a considerable brewery. Near it are .the ruins
a regular ferry over the frith to the town of of Inverugie Castle.
Cromarty. /Averury, an ancient borough of Scotland, in
Inverlteithin^f a borough and seaport of Scot- Aberdeenshire, seated at the conflux of the Don
>and, in Fifesmre, with a considenble trade in and the Ury, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aberdeen,
uoal ana salt. Before the entrance of the har- Zona. See loolmhiU.
bour is a bay. which affords safe anchorage for /oma, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. T.
ships of any ourden in all winds. The lurbour Ionian hlandsy a recently constituted republic
itself is commodious, and has two quays. It is of Europe, comprising, besides a number of islets,
situate on the N. side of the frith of Forth, 18. the 7 principaJ islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zan-
m. N. W. of Edinburgh. te, Santa Maura, Ithaca, or Thiaki, Cerifo, and
Tnverleigken, a village of Scotland, on the ri- Paxo ; of which Corfu, lying op|>o8ite to Albania
ver Tweed, at the influx of the Leithen, 5 m. E. is the most northerly. The tentorial extent of
of Peebles. Here is an extensive woolen manu- this small state is estimated at about 1,500 sq. m.
facture ; and near it is a sulphurous spring. The climate is in general mild, but the transitions
Inverness, a borough of Scotland, capital of a fW>m heat to cold are sudden : hot and score* u\^
county of the same name, situate on both' sides winds are sometimes dentractive to vegelr.t:on ;
of the river Ness, near its entrance into the frith and at certain seasons there arc violent rains and
of Murray. It has a commodious harbour, and a thunder. They are all subject to slight earth-
good salmon fishery. The trade is very consid- quakes, which are sometimes confined to a single
erable, and the town is rapidly improving. The island. The soil in the plains and valleys is fer-
2L
IRE
398
IRE
tile in Tioes, eoni,oliye«, curranU^ cotton, honey
' wax,&c. Putunge is in ^neral scanty; goati
and sheep are reared in considerable number ; but
horses and cattle are brought from the continent.
The wild animals are foxes, hares, and rabbits.
Prior to the French revolntiom these islands were
subject to Venice, but were ceded to France by
the treaty of Campo Formlo (1797.) Afler re-
peatedly changing maaters^ the republic was plac-
ed under the protection of Great Britain by the
arrangements of the congress of Vienna ; and a
constitution for this small state was drawn up and
ratified by the British government in July, 1817.
Ips* a town of Austria, near the conflux of the
Ips with the Danube, 22 m. W. of St. Pulten.
Ipsalaf a town of European Turkey, in Roma-
nia, and a Greek archbishop's sea. Near it are
mines of alum : and red wine is an article of com-
merce: It is sealed on the Marissa, 43 m. S of
Adrianople.
Ipgara, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
15 m. N. W. of the island of Scio. To the W. is
another small island, called Anti-Ipsara.
ipshoMf a town of Franconia. in the principal-
ity of Bavreuth, 17 m. N. N. W. of Anspach.
IpnoUh, a borough and principal town of Suf-
folk, Eng. It was once surrounded by a wall,
traces of which are yet to be seen. It is irregu-
larly bulH, and has declined from its former con-
sequence, but now contains 12 parish churches,
several meeting-houses for dissenters, a library,
seyeral hospitals, a free-school, a commodious
market-place, a guildhall, a custom-house, and a
county lail. Much com and malt are sent hence
to Iionaon, and mat quantities of timber were
formerly sent to &e king's dockyard at Chatham.
It has a considerable coasting trade, a small
share of foreign commerce, and sends ships to
Greenland. Vessels of large burden are obliged
to stop at some distance below the town. It is
the birthplace of cardinal Wolsey ; and is seated
on the Orwell, 26 m. S. E. of Bury St. Edmund,
and 69 N. E. of London.
Ipnoiehf p.t Essex Co. Massachusetts, situa-
ted on a riyer of the same name, about a mile
from the sea. 523 m. N. E. of Boston. Pop.
2,951. The manufacture of lace is carried on m
this town to a considerable extent.
ira, p.t Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 442. Also a p.t.
Cayuga Co. N. T. Pop. 2,196.
Irasburg, p.t. Orleans Co. Vt Pop. 660.
IrabaUy, See Irrawadd^.
iraCf a province of Persia, comprehending the
greater part of the ancient Media. It is bounded
. by Fars and Khusistan, E. by Khorassan and
the Great Salt Desert, W. by Kurdistan, and N.
by Azerbiian, Ghilan, and Mazanderan, and divi-
ded into nve districts, Ispahan, Tehraun, Naen,
Mullager, and Kermanshanv.
Irae-AraH (the ancient Chaldea), a province of
Turkey in Asia, bounded. W. by the desert of
Arabia, N. by Kurdistan and Oiarbeck, E. by
Khuzistan. and S. by the ffulf of Persia and Ara-
bia. Bagnad is the captaT
IrhUf or frbitikaia, a town of Rnsia, in the ffov-
emment of Perm, an the river Irbit, and the fron-
tiers of Siberia. In the vicinii^is a Ivge iron-
work, which yields nearly 2,000 tons of iron a
year. 142 m. N. E. of Ekaterinenburg.
Irebjff a town in Cumberland, Eng. seated in a
yalley, at the source of the Ellen, 10 m. N. £.
tff Cockermonth, 303 N. N. W. of London.
IreddLf a county of North Carolina. Pop.
15;862. SUtesville is the chief town
Ireland f the second in'oMgnitiide of the British-
Isles, is situated to the W. of Great Britian, in
the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the N. W.
and S. by the Atlantic, and on the £. by tJie
North Cnannel, the Irisn Sea, and St George's
Channel, which separate it flt>m England. Its
greatest length is about 300 m. and its mnyim^yn
breadth about 110 m. The superficial contents
are estimated at about 20,000,000 of English acres.
Ireland is divided into four proyinces ; namely, Ul
ster, to the N., Leinster to the E., Munster to the
S., and Connauffht to the W.; and these are
subdivided into S counties. Ulster contains thr
counties of Down, Armagh, Monaghan, Cshs".
Antrim, Londonderry, Tyrone, Fermana^, an^
Donegal ; Leinster has those of DublinTliouth,
WickTow , Wexford, Loiigford, East Meath. West
Meath, Ring's county, Queen *s county, Kilken-
ny, Killdare, and Carlow: Munster includes
Clare, Cork. Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, and
Waterford ; and Connaught has Leitrim, Roe-
common, MayOj Sligo. and Galway. The cli-
mate of Ireland is mild and temperate, but more
humid than in England. It is on the whole, of a
mountainous chancter, but well watered with
lakes and rivers ; and the soil, in most parts is
very good and fertile : even in those places where
the bogs and morasses have been drained, there
is good meadow ground. Itproduoes com and
hemp, in great plenty. Tlie cultiyation of
flax is so abundant as to afford nearly the whole
supply of the great linen manuftcttires of the conn-
try; there are so many cattle that beef and bol-
ter are exported to foreign parts ; and not only
the Englisn, but other ships, frequently come to
be victualled here. The other commodities are
hides, wool, tallow, wood, salt, honey, and wax.
The commerce and manufactures have for many
years been creatly on the increase : the stapfe
branch of industry is the manufacture of fine nn.
en cloth, which is brought to great perfection.
This country is well situate for foreign trade on
account of its many secure and commodious bays
and harbours. Its principal Ukes are Lough
Lean, Lough Em, Lough Neagh, and Lough Cor-
rib ; and its chief rivers are the Shannon, Lififey,
Boyne, Suire, Nore, Barrow, Blackwater, and
Lee. The mineral productions of beland, which
were little known till of late, are now fast rising
into importance. The minixig companies recent
ly formed are nearly all of them eminently sue
cesful : copper, lead, iron, antimony, and Molyb-
denum, are now obtained : and some of the mines
are very productive. In the royalty of Glend
alough, in the county of Wicklow, are two veins
IRK 399 IS£
of rich Iwd ore, at one ofwhiehthe lead is raited of aapreme jnriMiiction over eaatem Siberia.
at an expense of £L 6e. per ton, and within 12 There are several churches and other edifices of
fathoms two parallel veins, eqoally rich, were dis- stone, and the wooden houses are large and con
covered in 1§37. There are likewise productive venient. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000
colleries and quarries of marble, slate, and free- It stands on the river Angara, near tlie lake Bai
stone ; and numerous mineral springs, chiefly kal, 90u m. £. S. £. of Tobolsk.
chalybeate. Formerly this kingdom had a par- Jrifquais. See Lawrence^ St.
Itament, which was subordinate to that of Great Jrrawaddyj or IrabaUyf a considerable river of
Britain ; but, in 1800, it was deemed expedient Asia, which rises in Thibet, flows S. through the
for the welfare of Ireland that it should be uni* kingdom of Birmah and Pegu, and enten the bay
ted to great Britain. The two parliaments pass* of Bengal by several moutlu. On its banks are
ed aets for that purpose, and the two kingdoms, produced great quantities of the finest teak timber,
at the commencement of IdOl, were styled the so much esteemed in ship-building. The princi
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland : pal market for this valuable timber is Rangoon^
and 32 peers (four of them bishops) and 100 com- at the most eastern mouth of the river
monen of Ireland are elected to represent that /itMcft, a river of Siberia, which isanes from'
country in the Imperial Parliament, assembled in the lake Saisan, in Chinese Tartary, rune N. W.
England. The lord lieutenant of Ireland, as well between the two countries above 300 m., then
as ue council, are appointed firom time to time, by flows by Omsk, Tobolsk, and Samarof, below
the kinff. Tne country people in Ireland, are which it joins the Oby.
remarkwly hospitable and veiy warm in all their IrvUUf p.v. Muskingum Co. Ohio.
affections. The peasantry in general, are how- Irvine, a river of Scotland, in Ayrshire, which
ever sunk in poverty and ignorance. Their diet passes by Newmills and Kilmarnock to the town
consistschieflyofooarsebread^ potatoes and but- of Irvine, below which it enten the frith of
termilk ; the favourite liquor is whiskey (usque- Clyde.
bangh), a distillation fi^>m corn; and the rural cot- Irvine, a borough of Scotland, in Ayrshire
tage is a wretched hovel of uiud. £ducation has The chief trade is the exporting of coals to Ire
been much neglected, and still continues to be land. Here is a dock-yard, a large tan-work, and
discountenanced by tne Catholic clergy. Great manu&etnres of carpets, muslins, silks, lawns,
efforts have been luade for some years past to re- Aa, It is seated near the mouth of the river Ir-
move this, chiefly by two societies established in vine, 10 m. N. of Ayr, and 24 S. W. of Glasgow
Britain, who have under their patronage a great IrweU, a river in Lancashire Eng., which rises
number of schools, in a highly prosperous state, above Bolton, flows thence to Manchester, and
The established religion is the same as in Eng- joins the Mersey, below Flixton.
land, but the mat majority of the people are Irwin, a conntv of Georgia bounding upon
Catholics. The latter were longezcluded from all Florida. Pop. I46O.
civil and military distinction. This system of in- h sur TUUf a town of France, in the depart
tolerance, however, no longer exists; and there ment of Cote d'Or, seated on the Tille, 12 m. N
is reason to hope that Ireland will speedily occu- of Dijon.
py its proper rank among European nations, and leahMn, a town on the N. coast of Hispaniol^
that the British government will liberally encour- founded bv Christopher Columbos in 1493
age its growing literature, commerce, agricul- Lonff. 71. 2. W., lat 19. 55. N.
ture, and manufactures. isSsOmUe, p.v. Todd Co. Ken.
Ireland, /few, a long narrow island of the East- lachia, an island of Naples, 15 m. in cireuit, \y-
ern seas, N. of New Britain, extending from N. ing 3 m. off the coast of Terra di Lavoro. It is
W. to S. £. about 190 m. and in general very nar- mountainous ', but abounds in minerals, sulphur
row. The natives are Papuas, who ffo entirely fruits, and exoellent wines. It was taken oy a
naked, smearini^ their faces, and powdering their British and Sieilian force in 1807. Fresh water
heads with white clay ; their hu|s have only u scarce, and the rain is eoUecled in cisterns .
an opening to cnwl in on their hands and knees, but the air is healthy, and there are several hot
Their canoes, however are neatly formed of a sin- baths, on which accounts it is much resorted to
gle tree, sometimes 90 feet long, ana furnished by invalids.
with outriggen. See Britain, ffeio, IsMa, an episcopal city of Naples, capital of
Ireland, p.v. Hampden C^. Mass. the above ishund, with m strong fort, ^t stands
IriektowH, See Kilkenntf. upon a rock, which is joined to the island by a
Ifjab, a town of Afghanistan, in Cabol, seated bridge, and is like a pyramid of houses piled one
sear a western branch of the Indus, 111 m. S. upon another. At tne end of the bnoge, next
d. W. of (^ul. the city, are iron gates, which open into asubter-
Irken, or Irkien, See Yarkan. ranean passage, t&ough which the city is .enter-
ment ot tne Kussian empire, compnsmff &11 me isenaurg, upper, a principality ot ue:
E. part of Siberia, from the Nortnem Ocean to the borden of Hanau, subject partlv
the firontien of Chinese Tartary^ and from the Cassel^ partly to Hease-Darmstaat. It ;
boundaries of the government of Tobolsk to the ly fertile, and contains 1117 sq. m., and •
Germany, on
to riesse-
. is general
^ , . ni*f wid 47^00 in-
Eastern Ocean. This large territory was grad- habitants,
oally conquered and appropriated by the Russians, laetdurg, Jfew, a small town in the foregoing
in tneir desultory excursion from Tobolsk. It is principality, 3 m. S. of Frankfort on the Maine,
divided into four provinces of I kutsk, Nertchinsk leeo. a town of Italy, in Bresciano, on the S. £
Yakutsk, and Okhotsk. side or a lake of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of
Irkutsk, a town of Siberia, capital of tho gov- Brescia,
eminent of the same name, and the see of a leer, a river of Bavaria, which rises on the con-
bishop. It is a place of conaidenble commercial finea of Tyrol, and, passing by Munich and
un^rtance, from the caravans passing through it Landshot, joins the Danube, between Straubing
which tiade to China, and from its being the seat and Passau.
t»tr, or Itar (CireU tf), MM of the modeni di.
n^ODB of B*TUU, bomided jmiiIt by tlie circlei
of the ReKcn uid Ihe Upper Dinube, partly by the
Aiutrian itatea. It compriie* moat uF the lODlh-
em put of the old doohy of BkTaria, and U divi-
ded inlo 36 diatiicta ; tti chief town, Manieh, be-
in^ the capital of the kin^oro. The 8. ia moDQ-
tainona, and coniequently cold : the N. form* a
larffe plain, with few eliTationa, puMeMing great
fertility. Tha principal rirera are tha Inn, the
Iser, and the Lech.
tiert, a department of FraiHic, including part
of the late provincB of Danphiny. It iaao named
from a river, which riKi in Bavoy, ero«ea thia
department b^ Grenoble, Hoirani, and Bt. Mar-
celltn, and joina (he Rhone abova Valence
Granoble ia the capital.
/nr/oAK, a town of Fruaaian Weatphalia, in the
uoanty of Mark, with muinlactnrea of iron, tin,
velreta, ailki, and atu%. It it ■eated on the
Buaren, 41 m. E. by N of Doaeldorf
tttnia, a ton n of Naples, in the MoHk, at the
tbot of the Apenninoa. In 1805 it ao&red much
by an cortfaqaiUie, IS m. W. of Mnliie.
/liny, a town of France, in the deputmant of
Calvadoi, 15 m. W. br N. of £ayeni.
liingUut, t. N. tl. SowB into the Cocbaco
Int. See nomu.
Itla, or lla, an ialand of Sootlaod, one of the
Hebridei, to the B. W. of Jura, from which il ia
■epantfld by a narrow channel, called the Sognd
of Itla. It ia 31 m. long, and 15 broad. On the
E. aid« the aorfam ia hiUT, and covered with
heath, but the ^eater part of the ialand ia flat,
and, when uncoltivalad, covered with a Gne green
award. In the centre (d the ialand ia Loch Fin-
lagan, aboat 3 m. in circuit, with an iilel of the
•ame name in tha middle where the vreat lord of
the ialea reaided, but the palacea and office* are
■Ow in Toina. lala baa minea of iron, lead, cnp-
per, emery, qoiekailver, and black-lead ; with im-
menae atorea of limeatane, marl, coral, and iheH-
tand, for manur*. Much flax ia railed here, a
great nmnber of cattle fed, and a large quantiij
of whiake^ distilled. The priDoipal Tillage iiBow-
mon, which haa a oonvenient harboorand quay.
Ittamaiad, a town of Hindcoatui, in Bengal,
eapital of the oonntry of Chittayong ; gituate on
the Carnimpo<rff , near ita entiaiioe inio the bay
oTBenjial. Long. 91. 56. E., lat. X3. iS. N.
Island Crttk, a townahip of JeKiaon Co, Ohio.
ItlaiuU, Baf ^ a bay of New Zealand, al tlie
N.eitremity of the moat northemof the two iil-
ands that ^ under that name. In 177!2 M. Dn-
freane Marion, with two French aloopa, put into
tbii bay, and with 96 of hia erew, waa murdered
bv tha natirea.
IrU Adam, a tovm of Franoe, in the depart-
ment of Sainn.et-OiBa, aeated on the CHae, SO m
N t» W. of Paiia.
town. Sec alM> tVigbi-
Ilia of SIumU, a cluater of amaU ialanda naai
the coaatof N. Hampahire, between Nawbntynil
and Portamouth, belonging lo New HampaLir*
and Maine. The New Hampahire portion a
Btitalea the lowniliip ot GoaporL Twj ara bar-
ren haapa of land and rocka, with hardly i
■od upon them, yet war* onee popuoi
wAibeldtof ShoaU DtM Fuk are well known
aa the baat cored cod in the world. Tbtj have
now about 100 inhabjlanta, and a lighthouae has
been [FCently built here. A cave ii alill ahewn
npon one of them in which one of tha female is-
habilanla aaorated beraalf when the ialanda were
invaded by the Indiana. The celebrated Captcio
Smith diacovered thne iilands, and thej were
foimerly called Smilh'a Ialea. The New Eng
hrnd Set Serpent, that myaterioua monster, whoaa
fall length portrait baa been ihadowed forth in
the narration of many a wondering apectator, bnt
whoae abaolute non-entity is still maintained \>j
the pervenity of acepticiam — waa aoenatomed t»
make these ahorea hia Avontile reaort ReceDll*
hii viaits, like the porteatona biiinp* apon hia
back, have been few and fbi between.
IslaeoTtk, a village in Middlesex, Eng. seated od
the Thames, 9 m. W. of London. Here ara
many elegant villas ; and near it ia Bion-houae,
the magnificent aeat of the dnlie of Noithumber-
, oontiguons.
The New River is received at the B. W. end of it
into a large reservoir .whence ita water ia coovej-
ed in pipea, to all porta of the awtropoUa. Neai
a//bix,i
ialand Id Soral river, l^wer
(.Anana, abont ID m. fhnn Lake Champlain.
Me BnuAord, a town of France, in the depart'
ment of Indre-et-Loire, aDfraiinded by the Vienne.
Bl ra.S. S. W.ofTours.
ImU Ifi*", a amall ialand of France, 14 m. from
the ooast of Poitou. It waa taken by the English
in 1796, bnt aoon after evaenated.
hU ie Fnmct. See fVa«< IiU qf.
ItU Antrdoin, a town of Francs, in the depart-
iDMlt of Gera, seated on an ialand in the river
Save, 8 m. K. of Linnbei.
UMarmgh, a tov^thlp of Waldo Co. Me.
Fop. 674.
trong town of European Toikej, in
The Rnsaiana look it bj storm ic
1 the long *iege, knd tbo
city was abandoned to the I'Urj of the brtila.
—Jiery. Iimail is seated on the N. aide of the
Uannbe, 140 m. 8. by W. of Bender.
Intid, a town of Asia Minor, on the aide of k
hittoverlooking the gulfofNioomedia. Loos. S9
S4.E.,Ial. 40.38. N; ^
Inii, atown of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, and
a Greek archbishop's see. It ia the andent Nice,
ftmoui for the general council held bera in 306.
NoUking renaini of ita **«'
ITA 401 ITA
latudnot. The Jews inhabit th* ^mSer ptrt N. N. Wl, and N. E., it is bounded by France,
or it; and silk forma theorineipal article of trada. Switxeirland, the country of the Grisont, and
It is aeated in a coontry fertile in com and wine, Germany ; on the £. by the Adriatic Sea ; and
60 m. 8. £. of Constantinople. on the S. and W. by the Mediterranean ; iu fip
/ravy a town of Wnrtemberg, with an abbey, nre bearing some resemblance to a boot. It^
called St. George, whose abbot was a state of the length from Aosta at the fi>ot of the Alps, in 8a
empire. It is seated on the Isny, 16 m. N. £. of voy, to the atmost verge of Calabria, is aboot 600
Lindau. m. bnt its breadth is very oneqoal, being in som^
IsardMek^ or Kroexka^ a town of Serria, 14 m. places nearly 400 m. in others not above 25 or
S. £. of Belgrade. 30. It was formerly the seat of the Roman em.
/jpoAoA, a citv of Persia, long the capital of the pire, and, afterwards^ of that more astonishing
Persian monarchy, is situated u the province of usurpation, the dominion of the pope. In the
Irak, and was formerly celebrated as the finest midale ages the kingdom of Lombardy and th&t
city in the £ast It stands in the middle of a plain, of Naples held the two extremes, and the EU:cle-
surrounded on all sides by mountains at 8 m. dis- siastical and Tuscan states occupied the centre.
tance, which rise gradually in the form of an am- In more modern times the northern part became
phitheatre. There is no river except a small one divided into a great number of states, differing
called Sanderut, which supplies almost all the considerable in their extent and imoortance. By
houses with water, and over which are several fine the treaty of Campo Formic, in 1797, the Vene-
bridges. There are 160 mosoues, 1,800 large car- tian territories to the £. and N. of the river
avanseras, and above 200 public baths. Tlie streets Adige were ceded to Austaia; and the remain-
are not paved, but are generally clean, on account derof the Venetian states, with the duchies of
of the dryness of the air ; for it seldom rains or Modena, Milan, and Mantua, the principality of
snows here. Tlie inhabitants are computed at Massa, and the three legations or Ferrara, Bo-
not more than 200,000, having been greatly de- logna, and Romagna, in the pope's dominions,
populated by the intestine broils and civil wan were erected into a government by the French,
with which this kingdom has been almost torn to and called the Cisaipine Republic. This reputh-
pieces. This city is the emporium of the inland lie was overturned in 1799, bnt restored after the
commerce of Persia, beinff the medium of com- battle of Marenga, in 18U0. In 1802 it receiveed a
munication with India, CaEul, and Turkey. It is new constitution, under the name of the Italian
2G5 m. N. £. of Bassorah, and 300 S. of the Cas- Republic, and Bonaparte, then firat consul of
plan Sea. France, was elected president. In 1805 the Ital-
UraeTo Rher, N. U. a beautiful stream Ibrmed ian Republic was erected into a kingdom, and tlie
by the cataracts which descend from the White emperor of France assumed the title of king of
Mountains. It falls into the Connecticut at Lan- Italy. In December following, the Austrian
caster. part of the Venetian states was added to its terito-
lood. See YsmoL ries, by the treaty of Presburg. The kingdom
IsengeauXf a town of France, in the department was divided into departments, and the city of
of Upper Loire, 17 m. N. £. orPuy . Milan was the capital. But the subsequent cnan*
leseqmbOf or Enequ^f a settlement extending ffes which took place in Europe again deranged
along the banks of a river of the same name, in Uie political situation of this count^. The king-
Dutch Guiana, and contiguous to that of Deme- dom of Italy was overturned ; and the country is
rara, firom which it is separated by the river now divided into the following states :— The
Borassierri. It was taken nom the Dutch during Liombardo- Venetian kingdom, Uie kingdom of
the late wan, and was finally ceded to Britain in Sardinia, the States of the Church, or pope's
1814. It is extremely fertile, and is well cultivated, dominions, the Two Sicilies, the grand ducny of
The Issequibo River u 20 m. wide at its month, Tuscany, the states of Modena, the states of Par-
and more than 300 in length. ma, the duchy of Lucca, and the lepublie of San
IsBoudmif a town of France, in the department Marino,
of Indre, with a brisk trade in wood, cattle, cloth, Italy, as to climate, has been divided into four
hats, and stockings. It is seated on the Theole, separate regions. The first of these embraces the
17 m. 8. W. of Bouraes, and 135 S. of Paris. basin of the Po, extending about 260 m. in length,
istapOf a town of^Mexico, in the province of and 150 in its greatest breadth; being bounded by
Culiacan, 40 m. £. by S. of Culiacan. the Alps and Apennines on the N. W. and S., and
Ittria, a peninsula of Italy, between the bay of open to the Adriatic on the £. Here the atmos
Trieste ana the Quamaro Isles, bounded by Friuli phere is uniformly serene and bright ; andt be-
on the W. and Carniola on the N., being 200 m. mg tempered by refreshing breeies nom the adia-
in circumference. The air is unwholesome, es» cent heights, the climate is altogether one of tne
pecially near the coast ', but the soil is fertile. Oil most salobrions and delightfhl in the whole world,
and wine are abundant, and there are some pro- The second region includes the Tuscan and Re-
ductive quarries of fine marble. The chief riches man territories, being screened on the N. by the
of the country, however, consits in its vast aud Apennines, and more exposed to the heats of
valuable forests. One psrt of it belonged fbrmeriy summer than to the rigon of the winter. Frost
to the Venetians ; but the whole was ceded to thie and snow are here experienced ; but the temper-
emperor by the treaty of Presburg, in 1805. In ature is sufficient to mature the orange, the fig,
1809 it fell into the hands of Napoleon; bnt was and simihtf fruits. The third district contains
re-conqnered by the Austrians in 1814, and now Campania Felix, and its dependencies, where
forms the southern division of Austrian Illyiia. the vegetable treasures of nature are tdao found
The inhabitants (about 140/100) are chiefly oc- in the greatest perfection, the air uniformly mild
copied in agncaltura, rearing bees, fishing, and the and serene, ana a peculiar glow of beauty per-
mannfactOR of silk, leather, tallow, and sah. vades the landscape. The fourth division extoids
Bafyt <">« of the finest and most celebrated from the Apennines to the Adriatic, and embraces
ooontncs of Europe, lying between 7. and 10. B. the southern districto ef the peninsula. Here toe
long., and between 37. and 46. N. lat. On the a1oe» *Jie pahn, and other ptoductians of a soUtn
M 2l2
VFK »
trDcIlnuteflonriili; but, when the tirocM blow*,
IM hesta ue oTcmiiDuw to a •tnooei from il>
nHMt tnj othet part of Europe. The olioute
of lulv a]» eipcrience* much divervty from
ekvation and local circuin(Uuic«>. The fin«™l
Upect or the countrj U bighl; beauUrul and pio-
lurewiiie. The Alpaiuid Apenninea divereify IJiB
jmniniula-willi almuat every uoHible oombinalioa
or hill and valley, riven, lake*, and romantie
tuenery. Noitltern Ita]y ia brokan inlo bold and
rugged accliviliet by ihs former, from Ihe aaatfa-
ern Tice of which deeaend the ilreaiaa that rorm
the Po and varioiu othei claaaical rivers. To-
ward* the aouthem extremity of Italy, the Apen-
tiinea diverge into two branchea, one of wbioh
advancea eailwaid to Capo deLenca, and theotti-
eraontbward lathe atraiu ufMesaina. Several
detatcbed mounlaiiu, among which ia the celebra-
ted Veniviua, here over-haiia; the golf of Naplea,
and diacbaiK their liquid area into ita watera
The Apenninea are, in many parta, clothed with
Ireea to their amnmitai in othRr plaeea they are
more preoipitoua, and attain the altitude of ice and
anow. The principal rive™ are the Po, Tiber,
Adige.Brenta, PiavE,and Tagliameato, and lbei«
are aeveial Sue lakea, aa tha Maggiore, Lunoa,
Como, Gaida. Pemgii, Bracciano, and Celano.
The aoil, in general, ii very fertile. It prodnoM
a great variety ef wioea, and the beat oil In En-
rope ; excellent ailk in abundance ; corn of all
aorta, but not in such plenty aa in other counlriea ;
orangea, lemona, citrons, pomegranalei, almouda,
iiiiu,aiu[ar, fi^ipeachet, apricot*, pean, apple*,
berta, ehaanuta, Ac. The olive la one of the
portalkai ai^grmtmme of money are expended
Iw^traveUan in tke poichasa of piotuiea, cimoai-
liea, ralKM, •ntiqnitiei, &c. No ooDBtry haa pro-
duced better, poUtidana, hialnriana, j>oata, mon-
oiana,i)WDten, and acvlptora; tliat », nooe the
revival of tlie art* and ecieiiMaiexohMiva of those
of ancient tlmai. The Italiana an paetallj well
uoportioned ; bnt of Uiair complexion tber eas-
IMOporuoneo ; ont a
■ot boaat. With I
ther tbUow
lb Uw J bor-
der, or to which they are aubject. They arc ve-
ry a&ble, courteooa, iaieniona, aober,aiid leadj-
wilted ; bnt eiliemely jealona, vindictive, laaiv-
lona, eeremonioDB, and anpeiBlilioua Haaqner
If ,on which aceoiiQl it i« alill called, Florence lul.
There i* aomelhing peculiarly mild and graceful
hi the appearance of the olive tree, even apart
from ita aHoeiationa. Tbe leavea are aoioewhat
like tfaoae of the willow, only they are more aoft
___ leaf ataJka and ipikea. The D
tured-wood of the olive ia hard and compant
though rather briule, and haa the pith obliteraled
like Doi. Ita colour ia reddiah, and it lakea a
fine gloaa, on which accounla the ancient* carved
it into alatnea oftbair gods. The modems make
it inlo annff boiei and other trinketa. Thia conn-
try alao yieldi good pasturea, abounda with cattle,
^eep, goata, buffaloes, wild boars, mulss, and
lioraea. The foreata are well atored with gams ;
and the mouutaina have not only minca of iron,
lead, alum, sulphur, marble of ali aorta, alabaster,
laaper, porphyiy, ac., but also fold and silver,
with a great variety of aromatic herbs, treaa,
sbmba, and evergreens. Wine, oil, perfbmes,
fraite,and nlka, ue the principal aillctea ofei-
exGcpting leligioos exhtbitiona, in which they a]
pompoui beyond all other nationa. Tfae eatablisb-
ad religion ia the Roman Catholic, but all other
aecta are now tolerated : the number of archbiah-
opa in the whole oonntij is 38 ; and that of the
snfirurans indellnita, aa may be tnly added of
the inferior eecleaiaattos. Their language, a cor-
raption of the Latin, ia remarkable for it* imooth-
BBM, and ia nid to be spoken in ita neateat pu-
rity at Florence. Further particunn of mil
connlry will be found under the namea of ita par-
tienlar diviaiona, as Jfmplti, Ac.
ftoly, -hutrian. See LoMier^e- Ftnctian ISng-
Itoiy, pi. Tatea Co. N. T. Pop. 1,098.
Itamarf. Bee Thmmriea.
hcktufiiMrt, a river in Hampahire, Eag. which
Mtera the bay of Southampton, at the town of
that name.
Aiaea, or nuit,one of the Ionian lalanda. It
ia as ragged and barren aa it waa in the times of
Ulyaaes, who waa a native of thii iaiand. Tt has
about 6,000 inhabitants, who are the most indna-
trioua in the Ionian lalanda.
IUuua,p.L Tompkins Co, N. T. on Usynga
Lake, Pop. &,2rO. Ithaa aeveraluianuiactories,
and ia anrrounded by heantilhl scenery. There
are aome baautifbl eataracla in the neighbour-
Atstoe, a town of Germany, in Holstein, be-
tmging lo Denmark, with a fortress. A duty is
exacted here from all ahipa coming np the Stoer,
on whiob river it is seated, 13 m. N. N. E. of
Glnckstadt, and 31 N. W. of Hamburg.
Jbausmd. See JViar«e.
hamti, a town of Croatia, seated on the Lonla,
49m.N.E.ofCarlatadt.
heUkeittr. Bm lUhuUr.
hu, A.^ bMongh in Comwall^g. •aated «b «
MO 4« <IAf
haj of tlwMmt mom^ ceMmled ibc ito^xteanva lMiuriba» a town in BackinghaxnihirB, Eng.
pdolMfd fiabofy. It m govtmed by a mayor, and vith manoftclnret of bonelace. It is 6 m. S. W.
hai a maiket on Weda^day. TIm ohoivk b a of Donatablei and 33 N. W. of London.
hiindioma bailding oloee to the lea. Here are at ilera, an ancient town of Piedpkont, with a fort,
so meeting-houses fiw Independents and Metho- citadel, and castle. It is a bishop's see, and con-
dists, and a good grammar school, founded by tains a cathedral, four other churches, and seyera]
.Charles L In the vicinity of the town u Tregan- religious houses. It is seated on the Doria, be-
ny Castle ; and one mile from this mansion oa tween two hills, SO m* N. of Turin. Long. 7. 48
the summit of a lofty hill, is a pyramid erected b^ £., lat. 45. 32. N.
the late J. KnoU^esq., woo died in 181 L and di- ivry, a town of France, in the department of
reoted by will thai at the end of every 5 years an Enxe. with a late Benedictine abbey ; seated on
old woman, and 10 girls under 14 years of a^, the Eure, Id m. S. £. of Eyrenz, and 50 N. W.
dressed in white and aooompanied by musia, of Paris.
should walk in urocesssion from the market-house Ivry, a town of France, in the department of
to this pyramio, where they should dance, and Cote d Or, 9 m. 8. £. of Amar le Due.
sing the 100th Psalm. For this he bequeathed tnoarthf a town in Suffolk, Eng. with a market
certain freeholds, and Tested them in the minis- on Friday, 7 m. N. £. of Bury St. Edmund, and
ter, to whom and the port collector he bequeath- 77 N. £. of London.
ed £10 for a dinner. 8 m. N. £. of Pensance, Ixery, &., a town of France, department of
and 277 W. by 8. of London. Aveiipn, 6 m. N. W. of Vabres.
/sss, A., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. with a izermif a town of France, department of Rhone,
market on Bfonday ; seated on the river Ouse, 6 10 m. 8. W. of Lyons.
m. 8. £. <^ Huntingdon, and 59 N. by W. of /aiim#&, a town <^ Sibera, in the province of
London. Okhotek, defended by lofty palisades, and wooden
/viM, an island of the Mediterranean, 56 m. 8, bastions, provided with cannon and military
W. of Majorca. It is about 60 m. in circumfer- stores. The commerce consists of ftirs, and the
ence, and monatainous ; but fertile in com and skins of reindeer. It is seated on the Izengen, 15
frnite. A great Quantity of salt is made here, m. firom ito mouth, and 520 N. £. of Okhotsk,
highly esteemed tor ite whiteness, fhe capital. A^iiiiiteiuiiuio, a town of Mexico, in the nroT«
ofthe same name, whioh stands on the 8. siue of ince of Chiapa. The country about it proouces
the iaiand, is well fortified, and has a oonvenient cotton and a great number of pine-applet. It is
harbour. Long. 1. 95. £., lat 38. 59. N. 100 m. 8. E. of Chiapa.
J
JAALONO, a town of fVanee, in the depart Jackmmhargf p.T. B utler Co. Ohio,
ment of Mame, 9 m. W. of Chalons. JaekmmmUe, p.v. Tompkins Co. N. T., Lehigh
JUfls, a town of Asiatio Turkey, in Natolia, Co. Pa., Hoo^ Co. Vs., Telfair Co. Geo., Duvall
90 m. N. W. of Angola. Co. £. Florida. Fairfield, Adair, and Behnont
JaUmnktm, a town of Silesia, in the prineipali- Cos. Ohio, and Morgan Co. Illinois,
ty of Teschen, on the river Elsa, with a fort near JaaMwrg^ p.t. Belmont Co. Ohio. 91 m. fiom
it, called Jablunkan Schani, whioh defends a Wheeling.
defile toward Hnngaiy. It is seated between JisesMerf^atiywn ofthe Plruasianstetes. in Pom-
high monnlains, 1 1 m. 8. 8. S. of Teschen. eraaia, 3 m.8. E. ofJscobshyan and8E. orZaohan.
Jaesa, a town ofSpain, formarly the oapital of Jaeohakagm^^ a town oTthe Prussian states.
Arragon, seated on a river of the same name, in Pomerania, 14 m. 8. of Daber.
among the Pyrenees. It is a bishop's see, ana JaeoAsCo^t, a town of RussiS;, in Finland, with
is demdsd by a eitadeL 45 m. H. by £. of a convenient harbour, and a thriving trade. 60
Saragossa. m. N. N. E. of Wasa.
Jad iT Amdlnj a town of Sicily, in Val di I>em- Jocetooim, p.v. Burlington Co. N. T. 15 m. 8.
ona, 10 m. If. N. £. of Catania. Trenton.
Jmckmm^ a county of Georgia. Pop. OjOOO. Jelfer- JSasiir«e,ji town of N^iles, in Cdahria Ultra, 8
»n is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974,
jon is the capital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,974, m. W. of Squillaoe.
'Jie chief town has the same name ; a conn^ of JiB«it,a province ofthe eastern part of Andalu-
Indiana. Pop. 4,894. Brownstown is the capital ; sia, surrounded by the provinces of La Mancha.
a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,897. Brownsville is Murcia. Granada, and Cardova. Ite territorial
the oapttal ; a county of West Tenneesee. Pop. extent is 4,760 so. m. ; and ite pop. about 907,000.
9,909. Gainesborongn is the capital, a conntj ii This province, tnough badly cultivated, prodn-
Alabama. Pop. 19,1?% ; a county of Mississip|>i. ess wine, oil^ silk, and eom, especially along the
Pop. 1,789. Also the name of 24 towns and vil* Guadidaquivir, which is the Isrgest river in the
lagftBs, namely in Washington Co. N. T. Pop. province. Jaen was formerly a kingdom; and
9,054. Lebanon Co. Pa., Jaokson,FrMiklin, Wayne, the king of Spain^ still takes the title of king of
Pickaway, Pike, Knox, Champaign, Monroe, Jaen, althongli it is now included in the govern-
Stark, Perry, Montgomery, Preble, and Mae- ment of An&lnsia.
kingum Cos. Ohio, Jaohaon Co. Ind., Capa Josn, a fortified city of Spain, in Andalusia,
Girardeau Co. Bfiss. Madison Co. Ten., Cburk QHMtal of the above pioviaoe. IXm a bishoo'e
Co. Alab., HiMb, Co. Mias^ and FelssiuM ate, and Ifae lesideoce of the magistral of Htm
Parish, Lon. pwriaoa. It it seated ai the foot of a nurantaia,
Ja4almmiisr«ififc, villages in ColletoB Die. 8w a, ca th« fiPtrGuadattivlon, 36 in» N ot Ofana-
Soiwen Co. Oao., Cifbsil^ Go. Ten. ^
JAG «M JAM
J4fa, a fbrtile cotmtry of Arabia, N. W. of eanalf , and a dike, by meant of which they water
Aden and of Hadnmant ; it was fonnerly under the gardena, and cool the atreeta. It is sealed in
the dominion of the imam ; bat in the end of the a beautifol j>laiii. at the foot of the Andes, on
17th eentnxy the inhabitants made themselves the river Bupoeho, over which is a handsome
independent, and are now governed by three bridge which connects several sobarbe with the
petty chinft, who have alto conqoered a part of city. The commerce is oonsiderahle, and the
the province of Hadramant. markets are well supplied with all kinds of pro-
JaJfOy anciently called Joppa, a town of Asia, visons. 53 m. £. S. E. of Valparaiso. Long. 09.
*in Palestine, situated near {& coast of the filed- 48. W., lat. 33. 15. S.
iterranean, with a small citadel. It was formerly Jago^ St., a handsome town of Mexico, capital
a celebrated city, and u frequently mentioned of Veragua. It has an elegant hospital, and
in the Scriptures. It has long been inhabited by stands in a fertile country, which oroduces maiae,
Turks and Arabs, with a mixture of Geelu, Maro- plantains, &c., with abundance or cattle. 110 m.
nites, and Armenians, The houses are small 8. W. of Porto Bello.
and surrounded with the ruins of the ancient Jago^ St. a fortified sea-port on the 8. coast of
walls and towen. The Franlu, Greeks, and GuIni, and a bishop's see, with a good harbour;
Armenians have small convents for the reception situate on a bayjanout 6 m. fitun tSt sea. Long
of pilgrims of different nations. The principal 76. 10. W., lat. 90..5. 8.
commerce is in ffrain, particularly rice fi^m Jefu.d«(asC!seaUeros,Sl.fatownofHispanioIa|
Egypt. Jafia was laid waste in the crusades, and in a fertile soil, on the nver St Jago, 70 m.
afterwards destroyed by an earthquake. In pro- fimn its mouth, and 90 N. N. W. of St. Domingo.
fane history it is said to be the place whence Jago de Ctmnfostdla, Si. See ComnattelU.
Perseus delivered Andromeda. It was takenby Jago de lat ValUSf SL^ a town of Mexico, in the
the French, under Bonaparte, in February 1789, provmoe of Ouasteca. seated on the river Paauooy
but they held possession 40 days only. It is 13 170 m. N. by E. of Mexico,
m. N. W. of Gaza, and 33 W. of Jerusalem. Jago de la Vega, St. Bee SpmuMk4amm.
Ji^fna, a town of Ceylon, capital of Jaffioapar Jagodina, a town of European Turkey, in 8er
tarn, whence are exported great quantities of to- via, seated on the Morava, GO m. 8. 8. £. of Bel
bacco, and some elephants, which are accounted grade.
the most docile of any in the world. The Dutch Jiotsza, a town of European Turkey, in Bosnia,
took it from the Portuguese in 1658 ; and it was with a strong citadel, seated on the Plena, 50 m
taken by the English m 1796. It is seated on a N. E. of Serai.
river navigable for large boats, 100 m. N. of Can- J^ig^i ^ town and fortress of Hindoostan, cap-
dy. I^ng. 60. 10. E.^ lat. 9. 45. N . ital of a district of the same name, in the province
Japuipatam, a district in the N. part of Ceylon of Agimere. The district contains upwards of 80
fertile in fruit and vegetables, and said to be the villages, chiefly inhabited by a predatory tribe of
most populous and healthy in the island. Sevei^ Hindoos called Meena.
al small ishmds are politically connected with Jakptskoi. See YahUtk.
this district f and between it and the Candian Ja292a^aii,a town of Uindooetan, in the country
provinces are numerous woods, inhabited by a ef Cabul, aituate on the Kameh, 60 m. £. 8. £.
savage race, called Vaddahs, supposed to be the of Cabul.
aborigines of the country. JaiUndar, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a dia-
Jaffrabad^ a town of Hindoostan, in Guaerat, trict of the same name, in the oountiy of Lahore.*
near the month of a river, noted for large ovsten, 80 m. £. by 8. of Lahore. Long. 74. 10. £., lat.
87 m. E. N. E. of Diu. * ' ' 30. 50. N.
Jagwnaut. See Juggernaut. Jahfif or OuaMs, a people of Africa, who oo-
Jt^^jP't' Cheshire Co. N. H. 62 m. N. W. oupy great part ofihe country between the lower
Boston. Pop. 1^63. In this town is Monadnaek part of the Gambia and that of the Senegal.
MoiuUttin, which see. Near the mountain is the Tlieir territory is estimated at 4,800 square mOes.
Monadnock mineral spring, which is slightly im- They are celebrated as honten and warrion ;
pregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate and the cotton cloth which they manuftetnre is
of soda. Tellow ochre is thrown out by the superior, both in quality and odour, to that of the
3 Ting, and many tons of it have been exported. Mandingos.
ere are also cotton and woolen manufectures, JalmutsM, a town of Enropeaa Turkey, in Wap
oil mills, Slc. hehia, on a river of the same name, 95 m. 8. W.
Jagemd&tf, a town and castle of Silesia, seated of Ismail.
2? P PPP*» ^^°t ^- ^' of Troppau. Long. 17. /a(oicr,a town of Hindoostan, in the country of
44. £., lat. 50. 0. N. Agimere, situate on a mountain difficult of acccss,
Jago, St.y the most fertile province of Chile. 85 m. W. N. W. of Cheitoie.
f^n^^lPf ^ m- in length from £. to W., and 36 Jamagorody a town of Russia, in the govem-
m breadth from N. to 8. It is bounded on the ment of Petersburg, with a strong fert, seated on
h. by the Andes, W. by MeUpiUa, N by the prov- the Jama, 12 m. NT E. of Narva.
ince of Aconcaffua, and 8. by the river Maypo. /anunea. the most considerable and valuable of
Com, wme, and fruito are produced here in great the British West India islands, discovered by
qnanUUes. The mountains abound in the pie- Columbus, in 1494. It lies 30 leagues W. of St.
aous metals, and here are also mines of copper, Domingo, nearly the same distance 8. ef Cuba.
Un, andlead The province is watered by the and is oi^ an oval figure, 150 miles long and 40
Mapacho, and Colina, and several other fine broad, containing 4,(»(MX)0 acres. An elevated
streams. ridge, called the Blue Mountains, runs lengthwise
"f^'.?'* ^* capital of the above province, from E. to W., whence numerous riven take
and a biahop a see. Be«des the cathedral, there their rise on both sides; and though noaeof them
S? . !^ parish churches, and 8* monasteries, are navigable for barges, yet the sogan are ear-
The inhahitanto, about 46J0OO, are chiefly native ried upon many of them m canoes from the te
Ameneans and Spaniards. Here are several mote plantations to the seaside : some of them
ran uadar gnnmd far ■ oonwdenble ipAM, pu> in impDrtaaM. Thm ii an eeotedtitieBt aitab-
Lcnlul; ua Cobra uii Fein. Tlu jeti ii UifamcDt in thu Ulind, coniiiting oTIQ brneficcd
diaUiupiuhgd into two leuoat, the wet and in; clergymen, but the *IbI> of religion hu lone bean
but tbe nina ue not w trejoenl u fotmBrl;, deplorable. Within tbe lul Tew jean, however,
whidi ii luppoaed to be owing to the cutluig oonudenble effbcta have been nude b; miMnon-
dowD of the wooda. Aboat nine in the momiDg trie* uid others ; end though Ihe principal mea
it'iM to intolenbtf hot that it would be difficult to of the iiUnd have manifeited much oppoution,
live, if the euteilv breeze did not riae to cool the jet these eSbrti have ajieady been crowned with
air. Sometimes the oifhts are prelt; cool, aod very eonaideraUe encceaa. The goveminent of
there ue great dewa, w&oh are deemed unwhole- Janaaica ii one of the richeet place*, next to that
■oioe, eipeaialty to Bew comen. Tbe month* of of Ireland, in the diapna] of the erown ■■ tbe
July, August, and September, are called the •tending salary i* 3,6001,, and the aaaembl; oom-
hunicane mootlu, beuuse than Ihey are the nonlj vole a* much more to.the governor, wbich,
ino*t fVequeut; tfid there ia lightmug almoat with other perquiaite*, make it little leis than
every night. The beat houae* are generatly built 10,0001. a year. Spanieh Town is the aeat of
law, on account of the hnrricanea and earth- government, but Kingeton is the capital.
quakesi and the negroes' huta, made of reeds, Jraowa, p.L Windham Co. Vt. 36 m. S. W.
will hold anl; two or three [lerwins. The valley* WindH>r. Pop. 1,623. Aleo ap.t. Queen* Co. N.
are embellished with plantation*, so well laid out, T. on Long (aland. Pop. S,3t6.
and with such a vaoet; of fruit-tree*, as to make Jama^itad, a town of Hindooatan, in Camera,
the eouDliy look like a paradiae. Homed catUe, with a fort on the eommit of an immense rock,
bog*, and sheep ere plentiful; but the eervanta which la accessible only b/ one narrow waj.
gAoeraUy feed upon Irish ailt-beef, and the ne- The town stands on tbe banks of a river, 30 m.
groes have herrings and salt-fish. Tbe general E. N. E. of Mangalore.
produce of this island La sugar, rum, molasses, Jamaaui, a town of Arabia, capital of a district
ginger, cotton, indigo, pimeulo, oocoa, cofiee, of the leme name, lying W. of the province of
several kiud* of woiM. and medicinal drugs. It Bahrein. It is seated on tbe river Aatan, 140 m.
has some tobacco, but not good, and osed only 8. W. of Lachsa.
by the negroes ; also maiie, Guinea corn, and JaaM, the capital of a district of the same Dome
Kaa of various kinds, witn variety of roots, on the N. E. coaat of tbe iaiand of Sumatra, with
uits are in great plenty, such as oranges, a trade in gold dnit, pepper, and canes. The
lemona, shaddocks, citrons, pomegranate*, pme- town is large,' and situate inland, on a river navi-
applei, prickly-peara, melons, pompions, gnavas. gable for boats, 160 m. tl. by E. of BencooLen.
and many others. The plaiutain which Jamaica in Jamio, a town of Arabia Deserta, with a good
lommon with the other West India islands pro- harbour, on the R«dSe«,7Sm. B
Unoe, t* one of the most
vegetables in the wotld-
duces in ahundanoe, t* one of the most agreeable na.
Id- A grows Janes,
tains, and, flowing E. through the state, eaten
Cbesapeak Bay, near Hainpton. It ia 870 m. in
length and ia navigable for vessels of 125 tone
nearly to Richmond.
Jawut Bay. See Buiton'i Bm/.
Jamtt Itiand, an island of Africa, 30 m. Dp the
liver Gambia, and 3 m. Irom its nearest shore.
Hare the English have a fort and locloiy. Long.
16. 0. W., lat. 13. 15. N.
Jowut I^tmd, an island of South Carolina,
on the 8. aide of Charleston harbour, t^poiite
Charleston.
J«eMoint,p.L Chatanqoc Co. N. Y- Also an
a herbaoeon. (bm ^nml 4 feet in height, and ^^'^^ ^wn in James City Co. Va. on James
prodnces cluster, of ftnit »lled with alnscion. ^'"f. «^ ^ S"* }-^^., "'tie™"' '" **•"
sweet pulp. The banana U v«j aimUar to the SUle Nothingteuui-- ~' • '^■■' - "-
plaintunbntnQteo»weeL Jamana nan boart of a Also atown in ttewpo
dle*p«. Suiry, and Oomwall, and tbeM into 90 "I""^^. ™""™ ™ T^Tj. °- °' "''■
pwi*hM, or^irtrict*. 6 towns, and 97 villagea. of Camch, uid 73 H^. of DabUn.
^Th* tegidatore ia iomoc-Nl .If tbe govj;^"- J'^^'' ""T °/r^~' "" "" ^^'^'"^ **
«mncil ^ Vt nowinateJ by the cmwn, and a Meuse, 18 m. B. of 8ten«.
elected bv the fct/holden. flie firat aettlement "Utge m Sumter Dutnct B. C^
on this inland was made, in 1609, by the Span- „ JamOmd, • provmce of Sweden bodonng on
iards.whow«rteiiiellotb«Mti^iKltit\^ Nonray,nearW of acrcnlar form, andTOm.in
uSwnbytb.»iifli.binlfl66,and.«A»y«». length, and Otfm breadth. The western part is
after f^b*dbyA«l»Nledsia^ier*fo>dltlii par- >»<»mWiuou^ The rjaalem » a faie ehompaign
li«nentM7aniy,whow.t.|w.iwdb»niJi£« '«*""yt.'"!"^ Ti'^,.''^"' '^I!"!!!""'
hw* tin the reetoraOon. Thi tranqnillitT of tfab "tich abound with Gah. Tie country ptodnoee
«ta^rWbJrrSS^^d£S2rft?i^ «Mll,nto.U.andaboundsin good tump*. TT-
«S oftbe Maroon* or brimnal nativea, who, fMam ore exten«v» and of eioeUent qoality,
I^«r.^Jr^^K^EwSri)SriS Gi are much neglected It contairi* dum qn«-
■BW Ihil rtftf4 t'-^'-Wy tZr^pidly intrtfr* "*■) eaiidstoae, elate, the Ujhs ollaiius, fine tock
JAP «e
erjital, and lead ore. Th« inhabitanto can; on
conndanble Uade willi the SonngMai.
Jantiro. See Rio Janeire,
Janna, a proTince of European Turkey, bound-
ed on the N. bv Macedoeia, E, by the ArchipeU-
¥1, 9. bj Linulia, uid W. by Albania, it a the
heualjof the aijfienUand Laiuuiitbeoapit&l.
Janna, a town of Enropean Turkey, in the
province of the lame Dame,62 m. W, ofLariw*.
JanoiMija town of France, department of Eiire-
et-Loire, 90m. S. E. of Chartrea.
Japan, an exteniiTe empire in the moat eaitem
part of Aeia, extendins from long. 131. to 142. E,
and &om Ist. 30. to At. N. it coniiiti of three
large ialandi (the auperficial eilcnt of which ia
eatimated at 90,000 >q. m.), and several amaller
ulands. The whole empire ii divided into Kven
principal district!, which are sabdirided into 70
provinces; and the pop. is in propordan to ex-
tent, deemed equal to that of China, it is the
richest country io the world lor gold; then aie
also rich silver mines, and fine copper is the main
source of the wealth of many provinces, it pro-
duces a Sleat deal of rice^ wbicb is the principal
article orsobeiilence i mjllet, wheat, and barley,
are also caltivated to a smslt extent, Tomipa,
carrola, melons, cocumben, &c., all grow ipon-
taneoualy. Cedars are common, and so large
that they are proper for the masts of ships and
columns for temples. The mulberry tree, the
laurel, the tree shrub, and camphire tree are also
common ; but the most remarkable is the varnish
tree (rhus vernjx), the juice of which ii used to
varnish, or (as we oall it) japan their turziitnre.
The rocks and moat barren puces are cultivated
and produce a variety of fhuts, plants, and roots.
The woods and forests, and long ridges of moun-
tains, with which the country is intersected, pro-
duce 20od paitarase, and are stocked with deer,
ozen,Du9a[oes,andafew horses; but there are no
sheep Dor gloats. Here are large qnantities of
fine porcslsin, silk, and skins, as also red pearls,
whieb are not in less estBem than the white. The
w of ft jellowish complexion all over ;
JAP
lii^ nneover their ieet out of respect, are fond of
black teeth, and get on horseback on the left dds
Their hooaes are of wood, coloured white, and
never exceed two stories in height. The inte-
not is divided into apartmeifts at pleasnre, bj
moveable partiUona sliding m grooves. They
have neither tables, beds, nor ehsirs, but dt and
lis on carpets and mats. The dress conmats of
trowsert, and a loose tobe of wlk or cotton, &•■
tened by a girdle the number being increaaed aeoor-
ding to the eoldness of the we«Uter: stockings are
not nsed; and the shoes are commonly of rice straw.
The mathematical and pbfaical sciences are yet
in their infancy, but are highly esteemed among
them ; and they have aeTeiul schools at difierent
places, in which are taogbt arithmetic, rhetoric,
poetry, history, and astronomy. Some of theii
arts and manufactures even surpass those of En-
rope. They formerly carried on a conaiderable
trade with the neighbouring countries; but now
all communications are forbidden, except with the
Chinese and Dutoh ; and with them oaij at the
port of Nangasaki. The merchandise brought bj
the Dutch; are spices, sogar, linen and woole«
cloth, elephants' teeth, and haberdaaherj wares;
for which they receive gold, silver, copper, rice,
tea, fine porcelain, cabinets, and other japanned
in (heii
It they «
ichall Ih
■C
Cubo.
r small, of dark brown colour, and sunk deep In
the head, and the eyelids form in the great angle
of the eye a deep furrow, which disciimiuatee
them from other nations ; their eyebrows are also
placed somewhat higher; and their noses though
not flat, are thick and short. The; are natoTally
Ineenious, and bave a high character for honesty
sju veraoitj. Their common drinks are all hot ;
swalloned up
come either subject or tributary. The tributary
princes, amounting to between 60 and 60, air
vested with the reg^ dignity, and are abaolnto in
their respective UrriUnes ; but they are entitelj
subject to Ibe emperor, who can depose, or even
condemn them todeath, if Ike thinks proper. The
laws are eitromely severe and cruel: and the
and death oi
waa likewiw _ ,
of Dairo, and in Act worshipped by all his anb-
jects ; but in the civil wars which occurred on
the minority of one of them, in 1160, ane of the
competitora for the crown assomed the eoclesias-
'---' -nment, retaining the same title ; while
;i, who ruled in civil aiKirs, was called
From that lime the dairo has only been at
liie head of religions mailers, while the cubo ox
secular emperor bears an absclate dominion over
all eivil and military aStirs. The fbrmer still
Uves in great state and giandenr at Meaco ; and
the latter pSLva bin akindof hnuage, as if be Mt-
ed only as hie dnaty or viceroy ; bat, in reality
the eabo ie now Uie real mtmaieh of JaMn, ana
the dairo only as bis Ugh priest. The Japanaaa
are as fabolons as the Chinese to tha antiqaily of
their empiie; bat the oertain period benns wUh
the hereditary mcoeaaioD of the ecclesiastical
emperors, fivm tlte year 660 before the chriatUn
epoch. The religion of tha ooimtry is Hganiaai ;
but there are two different sects. There waa
otioe a great number of christians in dififerent
parts of the empire; bnl,io 1638tbey onderwent
^at oersecutionsand all whoprcft»sd Christian-
ity were either put to death or feroed to revert back
to paganiam. The capital of the empire is Jeddo.
Jopara,ti sea-port on tha N, coast of the island
of Java, with a good harbour. It was the oapital
of a conaiderable kingdom, till the Dntch mad*
themselves mastarefu'it; and now they have a
oolonj hers, and a conudersble tisde, SS3 m. E.
byS.ofBaUTia. Ixmg. UO. 46. E., lat 6.90. 8.
JAU 407 JAV
Jmqutmd, a town of St. DomiiLBO) on a bay of SO. W., lat. 14. 42. B.. and, after a louff 8. and 8.
its name, on the 8. ooaat, 38 m. 8. 8. W. of¥art £. conne MU into the Paraguay in kt 16. 34.
an Prince. 8. At its mouth ia erected a beautiful pyramid
Jb^iMf , a navi^fable river of Louiatana, which of marble, bearing inacriptions oommemoratiye
ftlla mto the Afiaeouri. of the treaty between Spam and Portugal, whicn
Jaques CairtUr, a river of Canada, so called defined the'boundaries of their respective territo-
ftom the naviffator who first explored tne St Law- ries. On its banks are extensive salt-pits, fVom
lence, into wnich it falls in long. 71.41. W., lat. which the province of Matto-Grosso derives
46. 38. N. large (juantities of salt.
JargmniL, a town of France, in the department Jaoa. an island of the E Indies, lying to the
of Loiret. It was taken by the English in 1438, 8. of Borneo, and separated at its W. end firom
and retaken by Joan of Are the next year. It is Sumatra, bv the strait of Sunda. It is some-
seated near the Loire, 10 m. £. 8. E. of Orleans, times caUed Great Java, to distinguish it from
Jaruhmrgf a town of Norwvr, capital of a dis* Bali, by some named Little Java ; and is 640 m.
trict.aboondingin mines, in the diocese of Ag- in length, and of various breadth, extending
gerhuys, 6 m. fi. of Tonsberg. from 105. toll6. £. long., and 6. to 9. S. lat.
Jamae, a town of France, in the department of The land is low, and in some places marshy,
Charente. Near this place the duke of Anjou, near the shore, which renders the air unhealthy ;
afterwards Henry III., obtained a victory over but it rises in a gradual slope towards the inte-
the Huguenots, in 1569. It is seated on the Cha- rior of the counSy , admittmg in its ascent eve-
rente, SS) m. W. of Angouleme. ry variety of situation and verdure. Rice is the
Jaromitz, a town of^ Bohemia, seated on the staple production of the island, and is exported
Elbe, 9 m. N. of Koniging^ratz. in considerable quantity. Sugar, pepper, cotton,
Jamn^ a town of Persia, m Farsistan, celebrated and coflee, are produced in abundance. Indigo,
for abundance of palm-trees, and their excellent of a very superior quality, is also cultivated ;
firuits. 89 m. 8. l^ £. of Shiras. Long. 53. 10. and wheat, barley, oats, and Bengal grain, thrive
E., lat. 28. 15. N. well, and might oe produced in great abundance,
JatratUm^ a town of Poland, in Red Russia, if due attention were bestowed on their culture,
with a strong citadel. A battle was gained here, The N. coast has a great many commodious
by the Swems, in 1666, afier which they took the creeks, bays, harbours, and towns, with many little
town. It is included in the kingdom of Galicia, islands near the shore. The inhabitants are
and seated on the Saine, 55 m. w. of Lemberg. chiefly Javanese ; next to these are the Malays ;
Long. 98. 43. £., lat. 50. 4. N. and m the sea-ports a considerable number of
JoTMiarZ, or jSBrMiav,agovemnien tof Russia, Chinese are settled. The Javanese inhabit all
formerhr a province of the ^{overnment of Mos- the interior parts of the island, and are in gener-
oow. Its territorial extent is estimated at about al the cultivators of the soil. They are de-
14,000 s^. m. and its inhabitants at 800,000. It is scribed as a barburous, proud and fierce people, of
divided mto 10 circles, exclusive of the level call- a brown complexion, short, coal-black hair, large
ed the Steppes of Jaroslav. The principal rivers cheeks, smidl eyes, and large eyebrows. The
are the Wofga, the Schekna, and Moloffa. The men are very robust and strongiimbed ; the women
chief trade is in cattle and wood. The capital, are small, but of pleasing countenance, and in
of the same name, is a large commercial place, some districts they are reuly beautiful. The men
and a bishop's see, with numerous manufkctures. wear a piece of^calico, which is the principal
It is seateaon the Wolga, 145 m. N. N. £. of manuftcture of the isund, wrapt two or three
Moscow. times round their middle ; and the women wear
JaMiu(s,atownof Hither Pomerania, seated on them from their armpits down to their knees;
the Oder, 10 m. N. of Stettin. but all other parts are bare. The men have two
Ja§qiu, a town of Persia, in the province of or three wives, and several concubines, according
Mecran, which gives name to a cape in the gulf to their circumstances. The Javanese appear,
of Ormus. Long. 57. 4. £., lat. 55. 40. N. firom remains of temples and inscriptions, to be
JoMty^ a town orHuropean Turkey, capital of of Hindoo descent, and their language is quite
Moldavia, and an archbishop's see, with a trade distinct fix>m that of the Malavs : but the pro-
'n flax, com, hides, wool, wax, honey, tallow, fessed religion of both is Mahomedism. The
and canvass, laure quantities of which are made Malays principally inhabit along the coast. They
in the town and sent to Constantinople. In are not so well featured as the Javanese ; but
1753 it was destroyed by fire ; it was subsequent- the men are often very muscular and well made,
ly rebuilt and well fortified ; but in 1788 the for They are ||eneral]y indolent, but at the same time
iifications were demolished, excepting a small restless, vmdietive, and treacherous. The Chi-
fi>rt. The inhabitants are estimated at 12,000. nese are distinguished by their habits of indus-
it has been several times taken in the wars be- try, and generally by their wealth. Many of
iween the Turks and the Russians or Austrians. them carry on a considerable trade with their na-
It is seated on the Pruth, 170 m. N. N. E. of tive country, and the several islands of the eas-
i^uchaxest, and 370 N. of Constantinople. tern archipelago. They intermarry with the Ja-
Jsuer, a town of Silesia, capital of a principal, vanese and Malays, and purchase female slaves
.ty of the same name, with a citadel, and a large for wives and concubines. This Island has very
square, surrounded by piassas. It has mannfi^- hip^h mountains, particularly the Pepper Moun-
tnres of woolen and cotton, and a trade in flax tain on the 8. side; it has, likewise, impassable for-
and yam. It is seated in a fine country on the ests and wildernesses ; but to the N., between
rivulet Janer, 35 m. W. by 8. of Breslau. Long. Batavia and Bantam, ia a very populous country,
16. S3. £., lat. 51 . 2. N. full of rice fields, and plenty of salt and pepper, be-
' ' ' r, a town of France, in the department sides most sorts of fraits proper to the olimalfe.
el Vienne, 6 m. N. of Poitiers. Here are also plenty of hogs, beeves, and >heep.
Jauru, a river of Brazil, m Matto-Grosso, with other tame animals ; ana likewise fbwl, wild
iHiich rises in the jdains of Parexis, in long. 58. and tame, in great abondanoe. In the weodtaso
JEA
«r» tigen, riiiDDHroKi, uid oUiei wild b«Mti ; JMi A£m, >.,» town ef n«aH,d*pMiMt
and in IM riven in encodilM. Tlie BMmaam of Lower Tfimmu, tb* lut next G^iub with
__ . , , -j^x iMtnd of biiitlM b» ta cot- liubonr. It owe* " ' '- •"■ ' ~
ItdioTt hiii liko wool. Hndi af whtis Mnrr, alid
■■ " tlie B«.T of BiMH, .
Lnoff. 1. 4a W., ^ 43. 96. N.
MM of hof , Tct iMtekd of biiitlM lie l< cor- liubonr. It owe* iU opniene* to the ood aad
' ~''^aioA*lH>Tt hiii liko wool. Hndi af whtis &dnrr,alid tmntedoa « mall nmr,Beu
fiMnd tnnther ud ite enlv dlnom^ tlw Bar of Bitaj, 14 m. B. W. of Bayonae
— Lnng. 1. 4a W., ^ 4." "-= "
It ii MUed on the riTci Arc, SS m. E. B. E. of
OninoUe. Long. 6. JKL E., lit. 46. 17. N.
'--otdtFitdie Prrt, a^, • town of Fiuice, do-
r lent of Lower Pynneei, defended 1^ « dti-
oel, npcn in eminenoa, It the eDtnnoa of LboM
puMgea, or defiltn, in the Pjreneei, whieb, in *
tbia CDDDtiy, ire Billed Ports. ItiiacMrdon the
riTer Nire, 20 m. 9. 8. E. ef Bajonoe, and W N.
E. of Pimpelani.
,, Ad, 1 riTCT of Scotland, in Roiborcbihire
and finer than that of the elipbiot. The lerene which rim on the horded of England, and joini
■eaion ii from Maj till Nomnber ; and then the the Teriot, a little below Jedborg. On il* tnnki
laina begin, which iaj the low gronndi onder ire aevenl large oTcnu, which were the hiding
water, kill the inwnta, and eontinae till March, places of ancirat boider-wirrion.
when thev omnmencse lowiag, and in Joly the Jtdbtcrgk sboronghor8e(itland,ca(HtalofRiii-
■Dgir ind rice begin to ripen ; bnt September bolghihire. Here ii the min of a Gn* abba;, part
and October are the beat montlu for all aorte of of which haa been niarde tbe parish ehorui. A
frtiita. Jaya haa a tittr which liaei in tlie maun- TUiely of woolen mannfaotnrea am carried on
tains, and, diriding ilaelf into man; branches, here, and thcTicinily is notea IbritsMchlrdi. Il
waters the circamjaeeut canntr; : theae after- ii litnaled on the Jed, near ita conSui with the
wards rennite, and pass Ihrougb Batarii, dirid- TeTiot, 4fi m. B. E. of Edinbnnrh.
ing it into two parts. For more than a century Jedv^ m JtdJo, tita capital of the empire of Ja-
JiTa was nnder the dominion of the Dutch. In nan, situate on the S. £. stdo of Niphon, tba
1811 it was captnied b; the Briliib, nnder Sir larnat of the Japanese lalanda. llie dtT haa
Samuel Anehmntj, and nianj imporlant im- neither wills nor nmparts, is 9 m. in length, and
provemenla wen adopted initaiotemal idmia- G in breadth, and oootaina 1,000,000 inhdNlanta.
istratioQ. Ooremment alao did mnEh In pro- The hoosM are built of asrth, n>d boarded on tha
mote agrianltiual improTements, and the countrj out aide, to pfsrent therains from deatiuytng the
Cipered and enjofed Iranqnillitr. Since it haa walli. In everjr st(«et is an iron gale, which is
n restored to the Dutch. The; appear ,howeTer, Aul apin the night lodi kind of enatom^nse,
to hive rerertsd to their (brmer wretched ■;«tem, or maguiue, for nMTohuidtie. llw imBeiial ptl-
as the; have been engaged in quelling ininrree- aoe ii anrroimded bj walla and ditMtes, with
tions, which there ia little donbt were provoked drawbridges, fonmnc of itself k consideTable
b; their arbiliarr and vexatious exactions. Bata- town, in the saiddle at the dt;. When the em-
ria is the capital. psror reaidn are three lowers, nine storiea b«h,
JbzI, one of die four circle* or departments of each corned with plates of gold ; and the halTof
Wurtembecg, deriving its name from the river audience is supported b; pillarB cf maas; gold.
''~' ""ving Baden on the W.ind Bavaria on the Near the palaoe are ssTnal othsrs, where tM re-
oupriiei a superficial area of above 14,00 latiou* of the emperor live, 'ne cmpfcas haa a
■tjiuic iQ., with apop. orS60,000; the name waa palaee of her own, and there are Iwen^ sinall
fbrmerl; given to a province not half the extent, one* for the eoDcubinea. Basides irineh, all the
Jml, a river of Oermanj, in Wurlemberg which princes of the empire, who are obliged to maks it
rises in the count; of Oettingen, and, after Row- their residence during half the jear,haTe each a
'ng throngfa the principalit; of Elwangen, &lls palace in the cit;, with a handaomB guden. ""
into the %okai oppoaite to Wimpfen, in Heaae- hoaaea of the common claas are nothing hot gr
Darmstadt floor, the raotna parted b; folding soraana, so thai
1 the the; ean be mads larger or amaUer at pleasmre.
Jaxt,hB
E. In
into the %okai oppoaite to Wimpien, in Heaae- hoaaea of the common claas are nothing hot groond
Darmstadt floor, the rooaaa parted b; folding soraana, so that
JaxAtrg, a small town of Wurlemberg, cm the the; ean be mads larger at amalleT at pleaamre,
river Jaxt,IO m. B. E. of Mersentheim. Jedo is saatad in aplam at the head of a fine ba;,
Joy, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 80 m. IT. E. Paria. and a river, which passes through it luiRdies soT-
Pop. l,Sm. Alao a township in Orleana Co. Vt. er^ oanab. Long. 130. 30. E, lat 36. 10. N.
Pop. 196. Alao a town in Essex Co. N. T. «n J^trion, a oouar; of NewToA Ini^ on Lake
Bantoga rivw. Pop. 1^79. Ontario and Ibe St. Lawtenee. "Pop. 46,616.
Jma, SI , a town of France, in the departMent Watertown ia the oapital. A ooun^ of the W.
erMaaella,ieatedoutbe8arre,lSm.W.ofDanx District of Penns;lTinia. Pop. 9,396. BrookTllle
Fonts. ia the capital. A count; of the W. District of
, Jaan 4* -'V'Si ^'< ■ '°'° "^ France, depart- Virginia. Fop. 19,927. Cballestan h tlw capital,
ment of Loirer C^iarente, fiunooa for its brand;. A count; of Georgia. Pop. 7,300. Lonisvule ia
It waa taken from the Huguenots, in 16B1 , hj tha capital. A connlj of Alabamn. Pop. 6^66.
Loais XIII., who demolished the fbrtiicatlotis. £l;ton ia the oapital. ' — — •- -r >■:— 1_:__:
1. A pariah of
I the capital.
GBUaa,UtbelieBdaf BnUinerouauin;,iBl636. aapUal. Aoonn^'of (Aio^^Fop. aiM». ~Sleu~
hl»Ma»dwi«i«SHina,l£m.8.B.ILorDyoa banvilla is the capital. A oonnt; of Indiaa*.
. ... ia the capital. A count;
ikhMtanla, in oapoaing the imperial oonnt of Kentook;. Pop. MJMS. LonisviUe is tlie
■'-- --^ "^--'of anUineroualTHi;,iBir~ - -"' * '' ~ " " "
JER 409 J£R
Fop. 11,406. Madison iithe capital. A eoanty of II- er, 19 m. 8. Barlinstoo. Pop. 1,654. Alto a
linoia. Pop. 2,555. Mount Vernon is the capital, p.y. Queens Co. N. Y.
A county of MiMOuri. Pop. 2^586. Herculanenm /ennoA, a town of the kingdom of Fezzan, dit-
is the capital. A countv of Florida. Pop. 3,312. tinguished by the numerous herds of sheep and
MontioeUo is the capital. A county of Arkansas, goats that feed around it, and by many majestic
Pop. 772. ruins, that exhibit to the inhabitants of its clay-
Jtffermm^ p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,074. p.t. built cottages vestiges oi greatness to which they
Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 49d. p.t. Schoharie Co. N. are perfectly indifferent. 60 m. S. E. of Mour-
T. Pop. 1,743. Also towns and villages in Morris zouk.
Co. N. J., Greene Co. Pa., Powhatan Co. Va., Jeromutmon^ p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio. 92 m. N.
Ashe Co. N. C, Camden and Jackson Cos. €reo., E. Columbus.
Rutherford Co. Ten., Pike and Cole Cos. Jersey, p.t. Steuben Co. N. Y. Pop: 2,391.
Missouri, and 13 towns in Ohio. Also a township in Lickinff Co. Ohio.
J^fereoiUon, p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. Jersey City, a village at Paulus's Hook, Bergen
J^ersontmenf p.t. Jefferson Co. Ken. Co. N. J. on the Hudson, opposite New York.
JefersontilU. p.t. Clarke Co. Indiana, nearly op- JerseyUnon, p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.
p3site Louisville, Ken Jersey , J^ew. See JVste Jersey.
Jsgni'kevif a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- Jersey, an island in tl»e English Channel, 16 m
Ha, 24 m. N. N. W. of Degnislu. from the coast of Noimandy m France^ and 84 S
Jeiinipannola, a town or European Turkey, in of Portland in Dorsetshire. It is subject to the
Bulgaria, 70 m. E. S. E. of Distra. English) but is still governed by the ancient Nor-
JekMd, or Jcmdf mountains in the N. W. part man laws. It is 30 ni m circumierenoe and d'ffi-
of Hindoostan, extending eastward from Attock cult of access, on account of rocks, sands, and the
to Behnbnr. They are part of the territory of forts ereoted for its defence. It produces excel-
the mountaineers called Giekers, Gehkers, or Ka- lent butter and honey, and the S. part of the iid-
kares. and is nearly covered with apple trees for cider.
JeftyL a small island of N. America, on the The commerce of Jersey extends to almost every
coast of Georgia, S. of the island of St. Simon. European nation and also to America. It exports to
«r e«i»»»w»y, « M'lvas v« jL«va«|^w* v<« %*u%r m«|^u« nrvtmmwk wv^ua, wnAW, wavma, *•«>«««•, k'«»vw) «««w. «a «•«••■■»««* wa
of the Chmges, where a branch, called the Jelling- ships are engaged in the Newfoundland fishery. In
hv River, sepuates firom the main stream. 25 m. 1812, 59 vessels, altogether of 6000 tons burden,and
E. by S. of Moorahedabad. navigated by 550 seamen, belonged to the island.
Jemappee, See Oemappes. Jerusalem, an ancient and famous town of Asia,
Jemarrow, a kingdom of Africa, on the 8. side formerly capital of Judea. It was taken by Neb-
of the Gambia, about 120 m. from the sea The uohadnezzar in the 11th year of Zedekiah, when
inhabitants are chiefly Mahomedans. the Jews were led captive to Babylon. It was af
Jsna, astiongtown of Germany, in the grand terwords taken by the Romans, and destroyed,
duchy of Saxe- Weimar, with a castle and a eele- together with the temple, 70 years after the birtii
brated university. Near this place in 1806. there ofChrist, after sustainmgone of the most remark •
was a general action between the French and able sieges in history. The emperor Adrian built
Prussians, in which the latter were defeated with a new city near its ruins. It was taken by tlie
immense loss. It is seated on the Saale,10 m. S. Persians m 614, and by the Saracens in 636. In
S E. of Weimar. Long. 11. 34. E., lat. 50. 55. N. 1099 it was retaken by the Crusaders, who found-
Jenisa. See yeniset. ed a new kingdom, which lasted 88 years, under
JenishoL See Fsmsetsft. 9 kings. SalaSin, king of Egypt and Syria, obtain-
Jemtz, a town of Germany, in the principalitv, ed possession of it in 1187. The Turks who drove
of Anhait-Dessau, situate on the Muloau, 2 m. N. away the Saiucens in 1217, have retained it ever
E. of Dessau. since, and call it El Kods, that is, the Holy Citv. It
Jehitza, a town of European Turkey, in Mace- is now inhabited by Turks, Arabs, Jews and Chris-
don ia, situate on a lake which communicates with tians. It stands on a high rock with steep ascents
the gulf of Salonichi, by a canal 12 m. long. It is on everv side except to the N. It is almost sur-
24 m. N. N. W. of Salonichi. rounded with valleys encompassed with mouu
JenkinUm, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa. tains, so that it seems to stand in the middle of
Jeivur, a township of Somerset Co. Pa. an amphitheatre. The principal object of vene-
JennersvUU, p.v. Chester Co. Pa ration is the church of the holy sepulchre, a very
Jenminjgs, a countv of Indiana Pop. 3,950. handsome building, 3,000 feet long and nearly
Vernon is the capital. 200 broad. It is supposed to comprehend within
Jeremie, a town and cape on the N. side of the these limits the scene of all the great events of tlie
southern peninsula of the island of St. Domingo, crucifixion, entombment, and resurrection of
The town is situate on an eminence, in a fertile Christ. The chapel is cut out of the rock, and
soil, particularly excellent for the culture of cof- lamps are kept constantly burning in it. I'he
fee, 5 m. W. of St. Domingo. Long. 73. 14. W. whole is covered with white marble, both within
lat. 18. 42. N. and without ; and on the outside there are 10 fine
Jericho, a town of Syria, in Palestine, once a (a- columns of the same. It is covered with a plat-
mous city. It is now called Herubi by the Arabs, form, the middle of which forms a small dome six
Jericho, a town of Prussian Saxony, in thegov- lamps under each. Before the ffate of the sepul-
emment of Magdeburg, situate on the Elbe, 32 m. chre is a silver lamp, so large that 2 men cannot
N. N. E. of Mi^eburg. fkthom it. On Good Friday, all the partn of our
JeriehOf p.t Chittenden Co. Vt. on Onion Riv* Saviour's passion are solemnized in tnis church
« 2M
Jill 410 JOH
Pil)^fii8 ifoek hiflMr frooi vvrioiii pafU, and the bid, and unite again aboat 15 m. fioa Tonbooloo
inhabitanta accomodate them with lodging and 'l*he town ia a resting place for traden between
nrovinonfl, which ia their chief bnaineasi and a Tomboeioo and the western parts of the coontry
bashaw, with a guard of janissaries, always le- It stands on the W. branch of the Niffer, 80 m
sides here to proteet them from the insolts of S. W. of Tombuotoo. Long. 0. 16. c., lat. a^.
the Arabs. The mannfactnres of Jerusalem 4. N.
are almost confined to one Inranch, that of beads, Jionpoutf a town of Hindooatan, capital of a eir-
crosses, shells, and other objects sapposed to de- car of the same name, in Allahabad. It is seated
rive their sanctity from their local origin. These on the Goomty ; ana not fki from the conflux of
articles receive a species of benediction in the that river with the Gangesis thefort of Jionpour,
church of the sepmchre ; and they are bon^ht on a high bank eommanding the bridge orer the
even by those who are most sensible of their m- Goomtjf. This place was at one time the seat of
significance, as they form acceptable presents to an empire ', and saltan Shirki built the ^al mua-
alT the inhabitants of Greek and Catholic conn- jud, or mausoleum, which is still remaining. The
tries. Jerusalem is politically included in the pa- stone bridge over the Goomty consists of sixteen
chalic of Damascus ; but the surrounding tern- pointed arches ; and on the top of it are many lit-
toryforms akindof independent district. 113 m. tie shops on both sides. It was built in 1567, anif
S. W. of Damascus, 45 from the Mediterranean, has hitherto withstood the force of the stream.
Long. 35. 20. £., lat 31. 47. N. which, in the time of the rains, fret^uently flows
Jerusalem, p.v. Ontario Co. N. T. Also a yil- over toe bridge ; and in 1774 a brigade of the
lage in Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Island. Also British armv passed over it in boats. Jionpour ie
a village of Southampton Co. Va. 48 m. JX. W. of Benares. Long. 812. 55. £., lat
Jesif a town of Ital^, in the states of the church, 95. 45. N.
seated on the river Esino, 10 m. W. 8. W. of An- Joaekbi^ a village in JeflSiison Co. Missouri,
cona. Jomehimitkalf a town of Bohemia, in the circle
Jessamine f a eonnty of Kentucky, on Kentucky of Saatx, noted for its mines and a manufacture of
river. Pop. 9,961 . If ickolasviUe ia the capital. lace. 15 m. N. by E. of filnbctfen.
Jesselmere, a town of Hindooatan, in a district JoaekimstkaL a town of Brandenburg, in the
of the same name, in the province of Agimere, Ueker mark, 36 m. N. N. £. of Berlin.
Sovemed by an independent chief. 70 m. W, by Joanna* See Hinxman,
F. of Bickaneer. Jogimimt, or Jomno, or MmmOy a city of Euro-
Jesso, a large island, Iving between those of Ni- pean Turkey, and the capital of Albania, standf
phon and Saghalien. it is 150 m. in length, and upon the banks of a lake, the ancient Acherusia,
from 80 to sSo in breadth : the narrow part is in the waters of which are (UBoharged into a subter-
the S., towards Niphon. It is fill] of woods ; and ranean ab^ss. The town is 2 m. in lenirth and
the natives, who hve by fishing and hunting, ar0 half a m. m breadth and contains a pop. of 40,000
stroni^, robust, savage, and slovenly, when com- engaged in the ezpoitation of oil, wooL com,
pareu to the Japanese. Here are some Japanese tobacco, and the importation of manufactured
colonies, and the island is generallj deemed sub- goods. This place was the capital of the celebrated
ject to Japan ; but it may m rather considered as Ali Pacha, and was visited by Lord Byron in bis
a foreign conquest than as a part of the eiviliied earlv travels in the E^t.
empire. Matsmai is the capital. The S. point is JobstawHf p.v. Burlington Co. N. T.
in long. 142. 30. W., lat. 40. 50. N. Joekgrim, a town of Savaria, province of the
Jessore, a town of Hindooatan, in Bengal, capi- Rhine, situate on an eminence, near the Rhine,
tal of a district of the same name. It is seated 9 m. S. £. of Landau.
on the river Boirub, and on the high road firom Johanrgeargen'Stadt^ a town of Saxony, in the
Calcutta to Dacca. It was at this spot that the circle of^Erzgebirge, celebrated for its mines,
pestilential cholera broke out in 1817, which from and for a considerable mannfaoture of lace. 18
that time till 1832 ravaged a great part of Europe m. 8. 8. £. of Zwickau,
and nearly the whole of Asia. Johannesburg , a town of Germany, in the
Jever, a small district of Germany, situated duchy of Nassau, celebrated for the vineyards in
bet>veen East Friesland and the duchy of Oldeq- its environs, which were bestowed bv the emperor
burg. Though surrounded bv Westphalia, it on prince Mettemich in 1816. It has a citadel,
was never included in any circle of the empire, and is seated on the river Pvoh, near the lake
was ceded to Oldenburg in 1814. Spirding, 95 miles S. £. of IConigsberg. and
Jever, a town of Germany, in the grand duchy W. of Mentz. Long. 22. 39. £., lat. 53. 16. N.
nf Oldenburg, 34 m. N. by W. of Oldenburg. JeAn, a townshipof Franklin Co. Missouri.
Jidda, a sea-port of Arabia Felix, on the Red Joknaburg, p.t. Warren Co. N. Y. Pop. 9^.
Sea, in a barren, sandv district, destitute of fresh John, St., one of the Philippine islands. E. w
water. A very considerable trade is carried on Mindanao. Long. 126. 32. £., lat. 9. 30. N.
here, this city being a mart between Egypt and John, St., a smell island in the W. Indies, N.
India. The ships from Suet seldom proceed of St. Croix, belonffinxr to the Danes. It has t
further than this port, and those, firom India are town and spacious harbour,
not suffered to advance to Suez. The English John, St., or Prince Edward, an island in tht
are permitted to trade here ; but^ in consequence S. part of the gulf of St. Lawrence, having NeiK
of the numerous exactions to which they are sub- Brunswick on the W., Nova Scotia on ue S.
jected, the trade has ffieatly declined. By the and Cape Breton on the £. It is 60 miles long
treaty with the Porte tne duty is 5 per cent., but and 30 broad, and fertile, with several streams
under various pretences it is raised to 12. 34 m. In 1745 it surrendered, with Cape Breton, to the
W. 8. W. of Mecca, of which it is the port English. The capital is Charlotte Town.
Long 39. 15. E., lat. 21. 29. N. John, St., a river which rises in the N. W. part
Jinbala, a town of Negroland, capital of an is- of the district of Maine, flows N. £. into New
'and so called, which is formed by two branches Brunswick, where it soon takes a S. S. E. course,
of tlie Niger that separate at leaving the lakeDib* and enten the bay of Fundy, at the city of S*
k
JON 411 JOA
John. It u n&Tigtble 60 m. for tlooM of 50 the eonnty of Waahington, aeatod near the foot of
UfJBf and about 200 for boats ; and afforcb a com- tha Iron inountainB, 80 m. £. by N. of KnoxriUe.
mon and near route from the province of New Long. 82. 40. W., lat. 3C. 8. 5.
Brunswick to Quebec. Junesboroughf a viHage in Jefferson Co. Alab.'
John, Si.f a oitf of New Brunswick, situate at JoncMlmr^, p.v. Camden Co. N. C. and Union
the mouth of the river St iohn, in the bay of Co. Illinois.
Fundy. It etands in a hifl[h lituatlon and is regu- JonlUopm^^ a town of Sweden, in SmaUnd, and
)arly ouilt The harbour ui open throughout the the seat of justice for Gothland. It has a strong
year and the city carries on m exteAsive com- citadel, ana a manufacture of arms. Tlie houses
merce. Long. &. 15. W., lat. 45. 13. N. are chiefly of wood; and on the roof are spread
John, St., the chief town of Newfoundland, aiW lajecs of birch bark, covered with turf or moss,
uate on the £. side of the island. It has a good many of them producing herbage, and some orna-
harbour, entirely land-locked, and defendea by mented with flowers. It is seatea near tlie S. end
several fbrts, in one of which the governor of tM of the lake Welter, 80 m. W. N. W. of Calmar.
island resides. This town su&red very severely Joodpour. a town of Hindoostan, capita] of a
by repeated fires during the years 1816, 1817, and district of tne same name, in the province of Agi-
1818. Long. 52. 26. W., lat. 47. 32. N. mere. It carries on a considerable trade by means
John, 8i,y the capital of Antisua. It is one of of caravans with Guxerat and the Deccan. The
the most regular towns in the W. Indies, and has rajah is now one of the British allies. It is seated
the most commodious harbour in the Leeward lal- near a branch of the Pudda, 100 m. W. 8. W. of
ands. Long. 62. 4. W,, lat. 17. 4. N. Agimere. Long. 73. 18. £., lat. 26. 8. N.
John^Si., a town and fort of Lower Canada, Joppa^ a village of Hartford Co. Maryland, 16
on the W. bank of ChamUy or Richelieu River, at m. N. £. Baltimore.
the N. end of Lake Champlain. In 1796 it was Jordan^ a river of Syria, which rises in Mount
made the sole port of entry and clearance for all Libanas,and flows S. through the lake of Tiberias,
goods imported from the U. Stales into Canada, to the Dead Sea.
It is 20 m. £. by S. of Montreal, and 110 N. by £. Jordan^ a village of Onondaga Co. N. T on the
of Crown Point Long. 73. 20. W., bit. 45. 25. N. Erie Canal, 10 m. N. Skeneateles.
John d* Acre, St, See Acre. Jorian. or Korgan, a town of Persia, in Astera-
Johnghaven, a village of Scotland, in Kincard- bad, bbroering on the Caspian Sea. It b 60 m.
ineshire, with a harbour for small vessels, 4 m, S. £. by N. of Asterabad, and 320 W. of Mesched.
S. W. of Bervie. It was formerly a great fialung Long. 56. 5. £., lat. 15. 56. N.
town, but is now more noted for an extensive man- Jorisau, a town of Bohemia^ in the circle of
ttfacture of canvas. Seats, celebraied for iu breweries. Onamoun-
Johnson, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt on Lamoil river, tain by the town is the magnificent castle of
Pop. 1 ,070. p^^jy^whaiT 5 a. N. of Conmiotua.
Johnson, a county of Illinois. Pop. I|596. /eiss2m, a town of France, in the department
Vienna is the capital. of Morbiban, 2S m. N. N. E. of Vannes.
Johntonburg, p.v. Warren Co. N. J. 74 m. N. Jouarr; a town of France in the department
Trenton. ofSeine-et-Maxns, 10 m. S. £. of Meaux, and 35
Johnston, a county of North Carelinn. Pop. £. of Paris.
10,938. Smithfield is the capital. Joud, QeeJehiU.
J(Anston, p.t. Providence Co. R. 1. 5 m. N. Prov- Jous, a town of France, department of Indre-et-
idence. Pop. 2,114. A1m> a township of Tron- Loue, 3' m. S. of Tours,
bull Co. Ohio. Pop. 400. Jons du Plaid, s^ town in the department of
Johnstown, p.t. Montgomery Co. N.Y. 25 m. N. Onie, 5 m. S. W. of Argentan.
W. Schenectady. Pop. 7,700. Also a p.v. Cam- Jougue, a town in the department of Doubs, 8
bria Co. Pa. and a p.t. Licking Co. Ohio. • m. S. of Montarlier, and 22 £. S. £. of Salins.
Johnstown, a town of Upper Canada, €xtandin|[ Jougues, a town in the departmeut of Mouths
nearly a m. on the river St. Lawrence. It is 50 of the Rhone, 12 m. N. £. or Aix.
m. N. £. of Kingston, and 100 -S. W. of Mon* Joum, an island in the Grecian Archipelago,
treal. Long. 75. 10. W., lat 44. 42. N. 10 m. in circuit, and 2 S. W. of Andros.
Johnstown, St., a borough of Ireland, in the ooun- Jouy, a town of France, in the department of
ty of Donegal, on the river Foyle, 5 m. S. 8. W. 8eine-et-Oise, 3 m. S. of Versailles,
of liondonoeny. Jouy U Chatel, a town in the department of
Johor, or Jor, a town of the peninsula of Ma- Seine-et-Mame, 10 m. N. W. of Provins.
laya, destroyed by the Portuguese in 1603, but Jouy smr Morm, a town in the department ot
subsequently rebuilt ', it is seated near the S. coast, Seine-et-Mame, 15 m. S. £. of Meaux.
150 m. S. £. of Mahusca. Long. 103. 30. £., lat. Joux Motmi. See Jwa Mount.
1. 35. N. Joysnse, a town of France, department of Ar-
Joigny, a town of France, in tho department of deche, seated on the Beauna, 27 m. S. W. of
Tonne , snrreunded by thick walls, and seated near Prtvas.
the Tonne, 17 m. S. S. £. of Sens. Jusn, St., or Dsssmuuisre, a river of Mexico,
JoinvUU, an ancient town of France, in (he de- which u the outlet of the lake Nicaragua. It
partment of Upper Marne, situate on the Marne, lows, fiom the S. £. corner of the lake, in an
2S m. S. W. of ftar-le-Dno, and 125 S. £. of Paris, easteriy direction, between the province of Nica-
Long. 5. 20. £., fait. 48. 20. N. ragna and Coeu Rica, into the Carribean Sea.
Jolmear, a tovm of Spain, in Granada, 7 tt. N. Jisas, St., a town of Mexico, in the province of
E. ofMoteil. Nkaragna, sitnals at the bead of the river St
Jonasmtts, a village of Alleghany Co. Maryland. Juan, flO m. £. of Nieaiigaa. Long. 84. 45 W.
/ones, a county of North C&iobna. Pop. 6/629. kL 11. 15. N.
Trenton is the capital. Also acounty cf Oeoifia. Jnan de Fhea, Stnut of, a large bay or gulf of
Pod. 13.342. Clinton is the capital. the Pacific Ocean, on the W. coLt of N. America
Jone^orongh, a town of Tennessee, oapiial of The entanee is in long. 124. 55. W., lat. 48. 25. N
JUO 419 J0L
Juan de la Frmdera^ St.^ a town of Chile. lu pilltn (with a fabulous animal in the centre;
territory contains mlnei of gold, and a kind of which is intended as an awning to shelter the.
almoncb that are very delicate, it is seated near entrance from the rays of the sun ; and after this
the lake Guanacho, on the £. side of the Andes, is another, where the food prepared hj the pilgrims
I50m. N.of Mendoxa. Long.68.40. W.,lat. 31. is daily brought previous to distribution. The
OQ. 8. temple of Juggernaut was erected by rajah Anuni^
JuoH de Porto Rieo, St., the capital of the isl- Bheem, in A. D. 1196; it was taken by the
and of Porto Rico, with a good harbour, defended British, together with the town, in 1803. The
by several forts. It is a bishop's see ; and is well roofs are ornamented in a siuffular style, with
built, and better inhabited than most of the representations of monsters: me walls of Uie
Spanish towns. It was taken br sir Francis temples, which are not risible beyond the endo-
Drake, and afterwards by the earl of Cumber- sure, are covered with statues of stone. Each
land ; but. losing most of his men bv sickness, side of the boundary wall has a large gateway in
he was obliged to abandon it. In 161o the Dutch the centre ; but tne mnd entrance is in th«
took and plundered this city, but could not retain eastern face. The idol Juggernaut is made o^
it. It stands on a peninsula, on the N. coast of the wood, and is probably the coarsest image in th«>
island. Lonff. 66. 45. W., lat. 18. 29. N. country, having a frvhtful black visage, with a
Juan de Vhta^ St., a small island in the gulf distended moutn. Tlie figure does not extend
of Mexico See Vera Cruz. below the loins, and it has no hands, but two
Juan Fernandez^ an island in the Pacific Ocean, stumps in lieu of arms, on which the priests oc-
36 leagues eastward of the island of MasafUero, casionally fasten hanus of gold : a Cnristian is
and 3^ W. of the continent. It is supposed to almost led to think that it was an attempt to see
have been inhabited by a Spaniard, whose name how low idolatry could debase the human mind,
it retains ; but it is more remarkable for having When two new moons occur in Assaur (part of
been the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch- June and July), which is said to happen about
man, whose life and adventures fhmished De once in 17 years, a new idol is always made.
Foe with the ground-work of that admirable no- After the wood is made into a proper form by
vel, Robinson Crusoe. The island is about 40 common carpenters, it is entrusteu to certain
m. in circumference, and at a distance appears prieslB, who are protected from all intrusion,
like a naked rock ; but there are intersecting val- The process is a great mystery. One man is
leys covered with wood, and a great number of selected to take out of the old idol a small box,
Soats on the side of eveir hill. In 1766 a set- said to contain the spirit, which is conveyed in-
eroent was made by the Spaniards on the N. side the new ; and the man who does this is
and highest part of this island^ at Cumberland always removed firom the world before the end of
Bay, wnich is defended by batteries. The town is the year. On certain festivals the images of
jM&a, a kingdom of Africa, on the coast of Ajan, tance, and then return to the temple. Dyring
with a capital of the same name, subject to the these processions many of the infatuated devotees
Portuguese. Long. 43. 20. £., lat. 0. 50. N. fidl under the wheels of the machine, and are
Jtuatan, See fucaian. crushed to death. There are two principal festi
Judenburg, a town of Upper Styria, capital of vals (the Swinging and Car festivals) and eleven
a circle of the same name, with a handsome cas- minor ones annually. The concourse of pilgrims
tie. The public buildings, with the square, are to this shrine is immense: and the revenue de-
ina|rnificent This town was taken by the French rived from them by the British government is
in 1797. It suffered dreadfully from fire in 1807 said to exceed £12,000 per annum. A road has
and 1818. It is seated on the Muer, 40 m. W. of been recently completed from Calcutta to Jug-
Gratx. Lon^. 14. 24. E., lat. 47. 10. N. gernaut, great part of the expense being paid by
Judith, Point, the Cape at the entrance of Nar- a rich Hindoo nrajah Sookmoy Roy) on condition
raganset Bay on the West. Here is a light that the road sm>uld be named aner him. Jug-
house, gernaut is seated a few m. N. £. of the Chilka
Judoinne, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Lake, 300 m. from Calcutta. Long. 85. 54. £.,
Brabant, near which are the ruins of an ancient lat. 19. 49. N.
castle. It is seated on the Geele, 13 m. S. S. E. JvJfar^ a town of Arabia, in the province of
of Lou vain. Oman, situate on a bay of the gulf of Persia, 100
Jundifpore, a town of Hindoostan, in the proy- m. N. W. of Oman. Long. 56. 14. E., lat. 25.
luce of Bahar, 20 m. from Patna. 65. N.
Juggernaut, a place of Hindoo worship, on the JuUtn, St., a town of France, in the department
coast of Orissa, district of Cuttack^ with a pop. es- of Jura, 18 m. S. by W. of Lons le Sanlnier.
timated at 30,000. It is one of the most celebrated Jutien du SauU, SSe., a town of France, in the
places in India. All the land witliin 20 m.is consid- department of Tonne, seated between two moun-
ered holy ; bat the most sacred spot is enclosed tains, covered with vines, near the river Tonne,
with a stone wall 21 feet high, and forms nearly a 6 m. N. W. of Joigny.
square, being 656 feet long and 626 wide. Within JuUers, a very fertile duchy of Westphalia,
this area are about 50 temples, dediqated to various now forming part of the Prussian province of the
idols; but the most conspicuous buildings consist Lower Rhine, adjacent to the terntories of Aix-
of one lofty stone tower, 184 feet high and 28 1-2 la-Chapelle, Liege, and Cologne. It contains
feet square inside, and two adjoining stone build- 1,600 square m. and 200,000 inhabitants. Flax is
ings with pjrramidal roofs. The tower is oe- cultivated, and made into fine linen, which is sent
cupied by the idol Juggernaut, his brother Bui- to Holland, and afterwards sold as the fabric of
budra, and his nster Subudra, and the other that country; there are also manufactures of
buildings are used for purposes connected with cloth, ribands, brass, iron, and wire. This duchj
Uie worship. Adjoining ii also a low building on was ceded, in 1648, to tne ualatine of Neuburg
KAO 413 KKT
m whofe ftmily it eontiaiMd down to the peace the late iiroTinee of Franche Comte. Iteontaina
of LunevUle, when it was jnven to Fnnoe, but in mines or iron of a aaperior qaality, mines of cop-
1816 It was tFansfemd to fnmm. per and lead, and many oaarries of black marble,
JuUttmm, p.v. Bariingtoa Co. N. Y. jasper, and alabaster. It takes its name from
hdierSf a small town of the Proasian ttatee, in Mount Jura. Lons le Sanlnier is the capital.
the goTemmaQt of Aiz-larChapeUe, and formerly Jura, Mounts a chain of mountains which be-
capital of the preceding dneny; seated on Um ^nsin the canton of Zurich|in Swit7erland, ez-
Roer, 22 m. W. of Cologne. Long. 6. d5. E., tends aloni^ the Rhine into the canton of Solcure
iat. 50. 55. N. , and the pnncipality of Neufchatel, branches out
JuliuabuTg. a town of Prusaian Silesia, with a toward the Pays de Vaud, separates that country
eaatle, 4 m. N. of Oeb. from France, and continues beyond the frootiers
JkhmUo, a town of Spain, in the profinoe of of the Generois as far as the Rhone. In Uie
Murota, 2S m. S. W. of Moicia. Pays de Vaud this chain forms many elevated al-
JvmMgc, a town of France, in the department leva ; particularly one on the top of that part call-
of Lower Seine, with a late celebrated Benedictine ed Mount Joux, which is watered by two pictur-
abbey ; seated on the Seine, 18 m. 8. W. of Rouen, esque lakes, the largeyit called Jouz, and the oth-
Jummoo^ Qt JumiOf a town of Hindoostan, er Brenet. These mountains have different
capital of a flonriahioff district of the same name, names in difibrent parts of their course in Switz-
which is governed dt an independent Hindoo erUnd.
chief: it is a place or connderaole trade, beiuff Jnjjey, a town of France, in the department of
seated on the banks of a small river on the high Upper Saone. situate on the Amanee, 17 m. N.
road from Cashmeie, to Dehli. 80 m. N. E. of W. of Vesonl.
Lahore. Jussy, a town of France, in the department of
Jumtta^ a river of Hindoostan, which riees in the Yonne^ 5 m. S. of Auzerre.
moantains of Serinaffhor. flows S. E. by Dehli Jtwfin, SL, a town of France, in the department
and Agra, and joins the Ganges at Allahabad. ^ of Landes,^/ m. W. of Condom.
JunagWf a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in Juierhockf a town of the Prussian provii.ee
Guzerat, 170 m. 8. W. of Amedabad. Long. 70. of Brandenburg, where in 1813 a battle was fought
33. £., Iat 31. 48. N. between the French and the allies, [t is seated
Jicmato, r. a branch of the Susquehanna from on the Rohrbach, 18 m. N- E. of Wittenberg,
the west It rises hj several h^ streams in Jutkia. See Siam.
Bedford county, and joins the Susquehanna 10 Jutland, a province of Denmark, bounded on
m. above Harrisburg. Ite banks are rocky and all sides by the sea. ezcept towards the S., where
precipitous, and the aoenery along ite course is ite boundary is the duchy of Sleswick. The name
verv picturesque. Jutland, was formerly applied to the whole penin-
Amiata, a township of Perry Co. Pa. on the aula formin|r the mainland of the Danish domin-
above river, 20 m. from Harrisbnr|r. ions, but it is now confined to the northern part
Junita, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,581. of the peninsula, eztending from 55. to 58. N. Iat.
Jmuenf St., a town of France, in the depart- It is about 180 m. in length, and from 70 to 90 in
ment of Upper Vienne, with manufacfcDres of breadth ; and is divided into four dioceses or dis-
woolens, leataer, hate, etc. It is seated on the triete, each of which has a bishop and governor.
river Vienne, SO m. W. of Limoges. The prevailing religion is the Lutheran. The
Junkieilan, or Junkseylon, an laland in the In- eountry ie generally low, and, ezcept the rocks
dian Ocean, near the B W. coast of Siam, about on the E. coast, presente little picturesoue scene-
60 m. long and from 10 to 20 broad. The soil is rv. In the £. are fine woods of oak, beech, fir,
luxuriant, aiui it has a considerable trade in ivory oe. The middle part conststo of heaths and
and tin. The principal town, of the same name, moors, with some arable land : it affords good
is situate on the N. part of tne islandL and has a pastore for ozen, sheep, and goate. The other
harbonr capable of receiving vessels of a moderate puts are fertile, and yield large crops of grain
nie. Long. 98. 0. £., Iat 8. 10. N. (principally rye,) which together with horses and
Jura, one of the western isles of Scotland, N. beavers, are annually ezported to Sweden, Nor-
E. of the island of Islay, on the coast of Argyle- way. and Holland. The air is cold, especially to
shire. It is 26 m. long, and 7 broad, and is com- wards the North Sea, but the inhabitante are'vig
posed of hnge naked rocks, piled one on another orons and robust. It is the only province of Den-
m the utmost disorder. The mountainous ridges mark which contains usefiil minerals ; and even
occupy the centre of the island, extending along here they are confined to iron, limestone, and
ite wnole length, and terminating in fbo; moon- mailile.
tains, called tne Paps of Jura, which areof aoon- Jyenagur, or Jyepaur, a fortified town of Hin-
ic form and of stupendous height. The west side doostan, capital A a district of the same name,
of the island is uninhabited. The whole of the in the province of Agimere. It is a place of
E. side forms a pleasing scene, and the eoast is great wealth, being the steple for goods that are
indented with bays and harbours. The only pro- brought firom the neighbouring provinces ; and
ducte are oate, bvley, potetoes, and flax. A few is reckoned one of the nandsomest and most reg-
wild roes are still seen hero. ular towns of Hindoostan. 120 m. W. by S. of
Jura, a department of Franee, inoloding part of Agra. Long. 75. 40. E., Iat. 26. 56. N.
K
KADHEMA, a sea-port of Arabia, in the prov- bay of the gulf of Persia, 170 m. N. by W of Lach
vince of Bahrein. The inhabitante aro ohielly sa. Long. 47. 36. E., Ut. 28 40. N
employed ta the pearl fidMij. It is seated on a Katfrmrim, See Ct^fiwrU.
8m8
&AL 414 KAM
KahUf a town of GermanTi in Altenburg, seat- of kioffs, and derifrei his pedigree lh>in the mat
cd on the Saale, 8 m. 8. of Jena. Tamenane. All of them, however, hare aabinit-
Kahlenbergf a mountain of Austria, extending ted to the goyemment of Russia, or live under its
along the Danube to the W. of Vienna, and form- protection. Thev are pagans, and believe in
ing the commencement of the Kalilengebirge transmigration or souls. In person, manners,
raxige, which is a branch of the Noric Alps. and customs, they resemble the ancient Svcthians,
iSafumef a town of Western Africa, capital of from whom thej are descended. See Artary.
the kingdom of Bur-Salum. It is seated on a KalmunZf a town of Bavaria, seated at the
small river which falls into the Athintic. conflux of the Nab with the Vib, 12 m. N. N. W
Kaia, a small village of Prussian Saxony, near of Ratisbon.
Lutzen, celebrated as the scene of much fighting Kaluga f a government of the Russian empire,
on 2nd of May, 1813, between the French and the formerly a province in the government of Hoe-
allied Russian and Prussian army, cow. Its principal town, or the same name, is
Kain. See JQn. seated on the Occa, 107 m. S. S. W. of Moa-
KainooH. See Cairoan, cow.
Kaisarieh, or Kaisaryahf a town of Asia Minor, Kamakura^ an island of Japan, 3 m. in cireum
the ancient capital of dappadocia, then called Ce- ference, lyin^^ on the S. coast of Niphon. It is
sarea. It is surrounded with walls, 5 m. in cir- surrounded with very high and steep rocks, and
cumference, and defended by a castle. The in- is used as a place of exile for state prisoners,
habitants, estimated at 25,000, carry on an exten- KamaUa^ a town of Negroland, in the country
sive trade, and it is the resort of merchants from of Mandinoo. The inhabitants are partly pagans
all parts of Asia Minor and Syria. It is sit- and partly Afahomedans, and have manufactures
uate at the foot of a mountain, always capped with of cotton, leather, and iron,
snow, 130 m. E. N. B. of Cogni. JJCsmAaui, a ridire of mountains in Thibet, be-
Kaketf a town of the country of Georgia, in a tween the lake ralte, and the river Burrampoo-
province of its name, which comprehends a part ter.
of the ancient Iberia. It is situate near Mount KamtnUz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
Caucasus, 45 m. N. N. £. of Teflis, and 120 N. Ber.hin, 27 m. E. by N. of Bechin.
W. of Derbend. Kdtniniuky a strong town of R usaian Poland, cap-
KalaUf a town of Prussia, in Lusatia, with a ital of Podolia, and a bishop's see, with a castle,
great toade in wool. 11 m. S. £. of Luckau. When the Russians seised part of the Polish ter-
KaUuUf a town of Arabia, on a river of the same ritories, in 1793, this fortress held out a long time
name, at its entrance into the gulf of Ornnis, 80 but at last surrendered to their arms. The castle
m. S. E. of Mascat. is seated on a craggy rock. 85 m. W. of Bra-
Kalifch, one of the eight Mlati nates of Rus- claw,
sian Poland, bounded on the W. by Prussian Po- iCamnitz, a town of Bohemia, with manuiac-
land, and on the three other sides by the palati- tures of stockings, glass, and linen ; also several
nates of Sendomir, Cracow, and Masovia. bleachiields. 2f m. N. N. G. of Leitmeriz.
Kalisehf a city of Poland, capital of the above KanUtehatka, a peninsula on the eastern coast
palatinate, with manufactures of cloth, linen, and of Asia, extending from 52. to 63. of N. lat.
leather, it is surrounded by morasses and walls, long, of its extremit]^ to the S. being 156. 45. E.
has a collegiate and ten otner churches, four re- The isthmus joining it to the continent on the N.
ligious houses, and a Cathnlio high school. 66 lies between the gulf of Olutorsh and Penshink ;
m. N. W. of Breslau. and its extremity to the 8. is Cape Lopatka. Its
Kalka Fira, a river of Chinese Tartar^, which greatest breadth is 236 computed m., being fW>m
gives name to a tribe of Monrals, inhabiting xhe Uie mouth of the river Tigrii to that of the river
country N. of the Mongul Tartars, proper^ so Kamtschatka ; and towards each extremity it
called, which stretches as far as the kingdom of gradually becomes narrower. It is bounded by
the Elnths, and ii nearly 300 leagues in extent Uie N. Pacific Ocean to the 8. and E. ; and by
fifom E. to W. the sea of Okhotsk to the W.. A chain of high
KalUnghurgf a sea-port of Denmark, in the isle mountains from N. to 8. extends the whole lengta
of Zealand, seated on an inlet of the u-reat Belt, of the peninsula, and almost equally divides it;
with the best harbour, next to Copenhagen, on whence several rivers rise, and take their course
the island. 65 m. W. by N. Copennagen. Long, into the Pacific Ocean, and the sea of Okhotsk.
II. 11. E., lat. 55. 47. N. Stunted trees are thinly scattered over the whole
Kalmueg, ^ nation of Tartars, inhabiting that face of the country, whose bottoms are mossy,
part of the Russian government of Caucasia with a mixture of low heath *, the whole resem-
which lies between the Volga and the Ural, to- bling Newfoundland in a most striking degree
ward the Caspian Sea. They all live in tents. The severity of the climate is in proportion to
and remove froio place to place in (juest ofpastur- the sterility of the soil. Four months, commenc
age for their numerous cattle, consisting of hor- ing at midsummer, may be considered as forminir
ses, camels, cows, and sheep. They neither sow their spring, summer, and autumn : the rest of
nor reap, nor make hay for their cattle, so that the year is all dreary winter. They have great
they live without bread, or any sort of vegetable ; quantities of wholesome vegetables in a wild state
and, in winter, their cattle fare like the wild such as chervil, garlic, onions, angelica, and wild
beasts. Their food is flesh (especially that of celery, with some excellent turnips, and turnip
horses), fish, wild fowls, and venison ; and they radisnes, upon a few spots of ground in the.vaf-
have great plenty of milk, butter, and cheese ; leys ; and this is the utmost extent of their ear-
but mare's milk is the most esteemed, and from it den cultivation. A variety of wild berries, which
they make a strong spirit, to which toey are par- are fathered at proper seasons and preserved by
Mai. They are divided into a number of hordes masbing them into a thick jam, constitute a con
or clans, each under its own particular khan, and siderable part of the winter provisions, serving as
all acknowledge the authority of one principal a general sauce to their driM fish, the main arti-
khan, who is called Orchicurtikhan, or the king cle of food. The forests abound in wild animals.
CAN 415 KA8
partieularl7 the bear ; and wild fowl are also Kanisca, a strong town of Lower Hunganr
plentiful. The people of Kamtschatka may be capital of the county of Salawar ; seated on toe
■aid to consist ot three sorts, the Kamtschadales Orave, lUO m. S. by E. of Vienna. Long. 17. 40.
the Rnasians, and Cossacks, and a miztore produc- E., lat. 46. 55. N.
ed by their intermarriages. The habitations of Kansas, r. a branch of the Missouri from the
the natives consist of three different kinds, which south west between the Platte and the Arkansas,
they call jourts, balagans, and log-houses. They It is formed of several branches, which interlock
inhabit the first in the winter, and the second in with the head streams of the above^ rivers, and
the summer ; in the third, introduced by the Rus- flowing easterly 400 m.. unite into a sin^e stream
sians,only the wealthy people reside. The ezter- half a m. in wiath. This flows 100 ra. further and
nal appearance of a^ourt resembles a round, squat joins the Missouri at a point which constitutes the
hillock ; a hole serving for a cliimney, window, western limit of the State of Missouri,
and door, is left in the centre,, and the inhabitants Kan-^dteoUf a city of China, of the first rank, in
ffo in and out bv the assistance of a lon^ pole, the province of Kiang-si. Its district contains 12
having notches aeep enough lo afibrd a little se* cities of the third class ; and the soil produces a
curity for the toe. The upper garment of the great n amber of trees, whence distils a fine var-
Kamtschadales resemble a wagoner's frock ; if nish, reckoned the best in China. It is seated on
for summer wear it is made of nankeen; if intended the Kan-kiang, 840 m. S. of Peking. Long. 115.
for winter it is made of skin, having one side 2. £., lat. 25. 52. N
tanned J and the hair preserved on the other, JToo-ecAeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
which IS worn innermost ; a close jacket of nan- the province of Quangtong. In its vicinity is found
keen, or other cotton stuff, is the next under this ; a kind of marble, that represents naturally, rivers,
and, beneath that, a shirt made of thin Persian mountains, lancucapes, and trees : it is cut into
silk, of any colour. They wear long breeches, leaves, and made mto tables, &c. Kao-tcheou
and boots, made of skins, with the hair innermost, stands on a navigable river, 96 m. from the sea.
They have also a fur cap, with two flaps, that and 1,130 3. S. W. of Peking,
are usually tied up close to the^ head, out allow- Kaposwar, a fort of Lower Hunganr, on the
ed to fall round the shoulders in rough weather, river Kapos, which washes its walls, ft is 55 m.
A species of doff, resembling the mountain or W. of Tolna. Long. 18. 13. E., lat. 46. 31. N.
shepherd dog of Etirope, is used for the purposes of Ktuahissar, See ^iphiam.
labor and draught. None of the inhabitants keep Karsubanur, a town of the Crimea, noted for
fewer than five of these dogs, which in winter its noble antique bath, and an ancient manuiac-
are fed upon offals or decayed fish : in summer, ture of leather from the skinsofTauric goats. It
when their services are not required, thej are left is situate on the Karasu, in a delightful valley,
to range over the country and provide tor them- 34 m. W. of Cafia.
selves ; but on the approach or winter they re- Karek, or Oarak, an island in the N. £. part of
turn home in the most punctual manner. They the gulf of Persia, 5 jn. long and 2 broad ; where
are harnessed to a sledge, two abreast, with one ships bound for Bassora generally call for pilots,
well trained in ttoni as a leader, and are used both Long. 50. 26. E., lat. 29. 15. N.
for travelling and for conveying all sorts of com- sSkrlthy, Qanda, a sea-port of Sweden, in E.
modities from place to place. The Russians made Bothnia, with a trade in hemp, salt, and ship-
themselves masters of tne whole of this peninsula building ; seated on the gulf of Bothnia, near the
in 1706; but the government the^ have establish- influx of the river Karleby, 90 m. N. by £. of
ed is exceedingly mild, the inhabitants beinir per- Christinestadt. Long. 22. 20. E., lat. 63. 56. N.
mitted to choose their own magistrates. Skins Karleby, Ify, a town of Sweden, in E. Bothnia,
and furs form the only articles of trade, in return on the river Lappojock, 6 m. firom the sea, and 20
for which they import brandy ^the introduction 8. of Gamla Karleby.
of which has been attended with the most de- Kasan, the ancient Bulgaria, a government of
struetive effects), nankeens, and other Chinese European Russia, Ijinff on both sides the Volea,
stuA, together with various commodities of Rus- between 46. 20.. ana 49. 40. of E. louff., and 54.
sian and European manufkcture. and 57. of N. lat., and bounded bv the govern-
Kamtsekatkai, JVSznst, a town of Siberia, capital ments of Viatka, OrenburgyNiznei-Novgorod, and
of Kamtschatka, with a citadel, arsenal, and bar- Simbirsk. Its extent is 122,000 square m.; its
racks It is seated on the N. side of the river pop. about 850,000, partly Russians and partly
Kamtschatka, 20 m. from its mouth. Long. 161 Tartars, though of very mixed origin. It is water-
'iO. E., lat 56. 30. N. ed by the Volga, the Kama, the Sura, the Viatka,
KanUsehatkoi, Vtrekm, a town of Siberia, in and the Kasanka. besides smaller streams and a
Kamtschatka, on the river Kamtschatka, 120 m. great number of lakes. It was formerly an inde-
S. W. of Niznei Kamtschatkoi. pendent kingdom, belonging to the Kalmucs, to
KisnoAisv, or JCenAatMijOr6a<,a river of Virginia, whom the dukes of Moscow, with other petty
, It rises in North Carolina and flows North and principalities of Russia, were tributary. But, in
Northwesterly to the Ohio at Point Pleasant. It 1552, it was conquered by Ivan Bassilowitz II.,
is 400 m long. The LUtU Kanahtioa flows into and annexed to Russia.
the Ohio at rarkersburg 12 m. below Marietta. * JjCasan, a city of Russia, capital of the forego-
Kaaniahar, See CsniuAar. ing government, and an archbishop's see. It has
Ktium, a town of the empire of Bomou. in a an antique Tartar fortress, btiilt or stone, several
province of the same name, where are brea mul- churches, and 11 convents ; and there are several
titudes of cattle and horses. It is seated on the suburbs, one of them inhabited by Tartars. At
Gazel, 150 m. N. N. W. of Bomou. one end of the city is a manlifiKstore of cloth for
Kangaroo isUmd, an island on the S. coast of the army. It has also manafactures of woolen,
New Holland, discovered by captain Flinders, cotton, lace and earthenware, with large soap
and so named rrom the number of kangaroos found works and tanneries ; and carries on an extensive
on it, which were extremely tame. Kangaroo tiade. At a short distance fh>m Kasan is a new
Head is in long. 187. 58. E., lat. 35. 43. S. admiralty establishment , with a navigatioQ
416 KEN
■ohool, mignmneg, and a dock-yard, where galltoti of Baden. Daring the war with Gemnny the
are conetrueted, and tent down tneVohra to the French repeatedhr besieged and tooki it : in 1798
Caspian Sea. It is seated on the rivulet Kaaanksi it fell into their nands, and they retained pnasee
where it enters the Volga, 420. m. £. of Moscow, sion till 1804, when it was restored to the grand
Long. 49. SO. £., latsS. 48. N. duke of Baden.
Kalabaf a town of Arabia, in Yemen, with a £«^iUsy, a town in W. Yorkshire. Eng. with
citadel j situate in a fertile country, near a riTer| a market on Wednesday, and manufactures of
which runs into the sea at Aden. 75 m. N. of woolen cloths, cottons^aad lindseys. The town is
Aden. Long. 44. ^. E.. lat. 13. 54. N. nearly all built of stone ; and the church, which
Kat^f a town of Arania. in the proyinoe of was rebuilt in 1805, is a spacious and huidsome
Bahrein. It is built of rock salt, and stands on structure. Here is a iiee grammar school, found-
the gulf of Persia, 95 m. N. of Lachsa. Long ed in 1716 ; also a mechanics' institute, with a
48. aS. £., lat 27. 40. N. good UbreryjestabUshed in 1896. The town is weU
Kat{fbeurenf a town of Germany, in Bayaria. supplied with water from two fine springs to the
with manufactures of cotton, linen, ftutian, ana £. and W., under an act obtained in 1616. It is
leather. It is seated on the Wertach, 38 m. S. seated in a deep Talley, at the junction of two
by W. of Augsburg. small riTulets, which discharge themselves about
Kau^a, the capital of a kingdom of the same a mile below into the river Aire. 12 m. N. of
name, in the empire of Bomou. It is seated on a Halifiuc, and 2U2 N. by W. of Xiondon.
)arge lake, 280 m. 8. by £. of Bomou. Long. S3. Kath^ a town of SootJand, in Banfihire, with
30. £., lat 15. 20. N. manufactures of flax. 12 m. S. 8. W. of Cnllen,
Kanikebanf a town of Arabia, in Yemen, situate and 46 N. W. of Aberdeen,
on an almost inaccessible mountain. 20 m. W. KtibfUy a town of Prussian Saxony, near tha
Sana. river Helm, 10 m. 8. of Stolburg.
KamdtZj^ a town and castle of Moravia on the KitUuim, a town and castle of Bavaria, with a
river Iglao m. 8. 8. W. of Brinn. Franciscan convent, a considerable brewery, and
Kaunim^ a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle extensive magaxines of salt It is situate at the
of the same name, which produces much timber, conflux of the Altmuhl and Danube, 10 m. 8. 8.
It stands on a river which runs into the Elbe, 26 IV. of Ratisbon.
m. £. 8. £. of Prague. Kdis^ a borough of Ireland in £. Meath, on
iToys Mmdj an island in the Pacific Ocean, the river Blackwater. 12 m. N. by W. of TVim.
near the W. coast of N. America, 30 m. long KdlyoaU, a township of Orleans Co. Vt Pop.
and 4 broad, discovered by Cook in 1778. Its N. 314.
E. point is a naked rock, considerably elevated : KeUot a town of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
the other parts abound in amall valleys, filled with with a bridge over the Tweed, below the influx
{ine-trem, but of no extraordinary growth. Long, of the Teviot. The abbey, magnificent ruins of
44. 46. W., lat 59. 56. N. which still remain, was founded by David I.
irM!Mr#2attteni, a town of Germany, in the pal- Here are inanufectures of carpeting, flannels,
atinate of the Rhine. In 1793 it was taken by leather, linen, and shoes. It is 10 m. N. N. £. of
the French, who the year following were sur- Jedborg, and 20 8. W. of Berwick.
prised in their entrenchments near it, bv the Aus- KmtUj or JSsmi. See KimL
trians, and defeated. It is seated on tne Lauter, jKsmwoo, a town of Nenolaad, capital of a
28 m. 8. W. of Worms. Long. 7. 50. £., lat 49. country lymg to the W. of Bambarra. It is 340
27. N. m. W. of Sego. Long. 7. 46. W., lat 14. 15.
KayMTitM, a town of Switzerland, in the irsfltp^mOs, p. v. Princeton Co.Va. 16 m. S.E
county of Baden, with a castle, seated on the Norfolk.
Rhine, 8 m; 8. E. of Zurzack. KtmpUm^ a town of Germany, in Bavaria^
KauMnotrtf a town of Germany, in the territo- with a late princely abbey of the BenedistuM
ry of Cologne^ seated on the Rhine, 7 m. N. N. W. order. It has a great trade in linen, and is seat-
of Dusaeldorf. ed on the lUer, 4iD m. 8. by W. of Augsburg, and
LatimUrSf a town of Poland, in the palatinate 50 8. by £. of Ulm.
of liTublin, with a castle, situate on a hill, on the £nnpvitte, p.v. Ntacara Co. N. Y.
Vistula, 25 m. W. 8. W. of Lublin. IGsn, a river in Westmoteland, Eng. which
JKozrooA, a town of Persia, in Farsistan^of con- flows bv Kendal, and enters the sandy wash of
siderable extent, but many parts of it are m ruins. Lancashire, called Morecambe Bay. It has a
70 m. W. 8. W. of Shiraa. cataract near its mouth, which obstroots the nav- '
K§sko, See Cai4ao. igation.
KedUstonf a village in Derbyshire, Eng with a iCnt, a river c£ Scotland, which rises in the
medicinal spring, much resorted to in summer, N. W. part of Kirkcudbrightshire, flows to New
%nd the elemnt seat of the earl of Scarsdale Gallowav, thence expands into a lake, 4 m. long
S m. N N. W. of Derby. and one oroad, and then joins the river Dee.
if^f or Krfls^ a town of the kingdom of Kemdal^ a town in Westmoreland, Eng. It is
Tunis, with a citadel ; situate on the side of eeated on the Ken, over which are two stone
a hiUL with a plentiful source of water, 70 m. W. bridges, and one of wood leading to the castle,
8. W. of Tunis. which is now in ruins. It has a spaciotts church
iC^, a village of Asiatic Turkey, in Irac and two chapels belonging to the establishment,
Arabi, 14 m. S. of HiUah ; celebrated for the and no fewer than 10 meeting-houses lor disscn
tomb of the pronhet £sekiel| which b annually ters. Beeides the fieeeehool, which is well en*
vjsitad ^ a namner of Jews. dowed and has some ezhibitiona to Qween's Col-
£«/U. astcoi^t fertreaa of Qemany, seated on lege in Oxford, there is a large naticni^ school,
the Rhine, over which is a bridge to Stiasburg; 9M also a school of industry, A/t, Here are
it is an important pass between France and Ger- manufecturss of kerseymcfee, lineej woolaey , ser*
many. It waa ceded by France at the peace of gee, baises, knit woolen caps and jackals, caxpei*
BMwiek, 1G97, and cbnfeized on the margrave ugs of variaus textures, waiftcoatiB^,4bc. ; and
KEM 417 K£ll
in the neighbourhuod are gunpowder worke, com which rues in Mooeehe&d Lake, and the other
and paper mills, dye works, &c. It has seven in the highlands on the north of the State. It is
trading companies, who have each a hall : and 300 m. in length and is navigable for ships 12 and
the trade, notwithstanding the disadvantage for boats 60 m.
of its river for water carnage, is veiy consM- KamebeCf a county of Maine on the above riv
erable. It is 44 m. 8. of Carlisle, and 261 N. of er. Pop. 52,491. Aufuste is the capital.
London. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 54. 15. N. Kenmebunkf p.t. York Co. Me., at Und mouth of
Kemhoertk, a town in Warwir «liire, Eng. Its a river of the same name, 25 m. 8. W. Portland,
church is an ancient edifice ; as i there are two It has some trade in lumber. Pop. 2 J233. Ken'
dissenting meeting-houses, a fn .* school, and a lubunk Port has an additioiud pop. of 2,763.
school or industry. Here was i famous castle, Kent, a county of Rhode Island in the centre ol
the remains of wnieh form one of the most pic- the 8tate. Pop. 12,784. East Greenwich is the
turesque objects in the kingd<im. It is 5 m. N. capital. Also a central countv of Delaware,
of Warwick, and 96 N. W. of London. Pop. 19,911. Dover is the capital. Also acoun*
Kenmare, a town of Ireland, in the county of ty in the northern part of Marvland, on the east*
Kerry, at the head of a river or bay of the same em shore of the Chesapeake. Pop. 10,502. Ches-
name, 26 m. 8. 8. E. of Tralee. tertown is the capital. Also a county of Lower
Kennetf a river of England, which rises among Canada lying on the St. Lawrence, opposite Mon-
the chalky hills in Wiltshire, becomes navigable treal. Also a county of Upper Canvia eztend-
at Newbury in Berkshire, and joins the T&dbb mg to the N. and W. without any defined limits,
at Sunning. ITsiif. p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, on the Housa-
KennmUan, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. tonic, 44 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 2/X)l. Also a
W. of London. Here is a royal palace^ which p.t Putnam Co. N. T. Pop. 1,928.
until the reiffn of George 111., was a avourite jLeal IsUmdf in the northern part of Chesa-
residenceofUie king of England. King William, peake Bay. It contains about 30,000 acres and
Queen Mary, Queen Anne, and George II. died is comprised within the county of Queen Anne,
here. The gardens now form a fashionable and Kentucky ^ one of the United States, bounded
extensive promenade having been gradually aug- N. by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; E: by Virginia,
mented to 3 1-2 m. in circumference. 8. by Tennessee, and W. by Missouri. It extends
KnsingUm,l. Rockingham Co. N. H. 45 m. fr. from 36 30. to 39. 10. N. lat. and from 81. 50. to
Boston. Pop. 717. 89. 26. W. long. Is 300 m. in length from ■£. to
Kentf a county of England, 55 m. long and 28 W. and 150 in mean breadth, and contains 42,000
broad ; bounded on the N. by the Thames and sq. m. It is washed by the Ohio on the whole of
the German Ocean^ £. by the same Ocean, 8. £. its northern limit and traversed by the Licking,
and S. by the English Cnannel and Sussex, and Kentucky and Green rivers. The Cumberland
W. by Surrey, ft con uns 935,600 acres ; is di- and Tennessee intersect the western extremity,
vided into 63 hundreds, and 414 parishes ; has The former rises in the eastern part of the state
two cities, Canterbury and Rochester, and 24 and passes into Tennessee after which it returns,
market towns ; and sends 18 members to parlia- and flows through Kentucky into the Ohio. The
ment. In the soil and face of the country there is a eastern boundary is former by the Cumberland
great diversity. The banks of the Thames are low Mountains, and the easternportion of the state is
and marshy, but backed by a range of chalky em* senerall^ mountainous. The soil rests upon a
inences, sometimes rising to a moderate height, bed of hmestone firom 3 to 10 feet below the sur-
This kind of hard chalky soil, inclining to barren- face. This substance is also mixed up in the soil
nesd, extends to the N. E. extremity of the coun- and imparts to it a warm and exciting quality
ty, and thence round to Dover ,exhibiting its nature which with the help of moisture gives a remarka-
in t)ic lofty white clifili which here bound the is- ble freshness and vigour to the vegetation. The
land, and produce that striking appearance at sea centre of the state contains a tract of 150 m. in
which gave it the name of Albion. The 8. part length and 50 in breadth, which for beauty of land-
of Kent, called the Weald, is a flat and woody scape and richness of soil surpasses any region
tract of a clayey soil, and fertile. The midland of tiie same extent in the western country. Along
and western districts are a mixture of hill and the Ohio between Salt and Green rivers is a large
vale, arable and pasture, equal in pleasantness to tract called the ' barrens' on account of its den-
any part of England. The minerals of this coun- ciency in wood, yet here the land is generally
ty, consists chiefly of chalk, flint, ragstone, and eood, and covered with grass. In nuuiy parts or
pyriteti ; and the only mineial water of any note me state however, there are not wanting sterile
18 that of Tunbridge Wells. The manufactures and mountainous tracts unfit for cultivation. The
are few, and mostly of the coarser kinds, but general appearance of the county is remarkal^y
'every branch of agriculture is extensively pros- picturesque, being diversified by hills and dales
ecuted with abilitj[ and success. Besiiies the in the most charming manner. The woods have
usual objects of agrfculture. the county produces a delightful appearance and resemble groves pro-
largre quantities of hops, rruit of various kinds miscuously arranged by art for the efiect of a
(especially cherries and apples, of which there pleasure ground. The trees are walnut, cherry,
are Isrge orchards for tJie London markets), and nonev-locust, buckeye, pawpaw maple, cotton
madder for dyeing. The country inland from Do- wooa, mulberry, elm, ash, hawthorn, sycamore,
ver, consisting chiefly of open downs, is excellent &a. In the early part of Spring the woods are
for the feeding of sheep ; and many bullocks are covered with the purple flower of the red bud and
fattened to an extraordinary sise in Romney the white blossoms orthe dogwood. Grape vines ol
Marsh. The principal rivers, oesides the Thames prodigious size climb the trees, and in early times
are the Medway , Darent, Stour, Cray, and Rother. the country was covered with a thick oanebrake.
KendaUf a village in Perry township. Stark This state does not furnish many mineral pro-
Co. Ohio, with a woolen manufiictory. ductions, yet it is said to contain much iron and
Kenn^eCf a river of the State of Maine, flowing eome lead and coal. Salt springs are common,
into the Atlantic, formea by two branches, one of but little salt is manuActured ftom them. Thett
53
•If) BD«iB medisiixtl qiriiip near Lexinvloii,
•nd UuTodaburff. Tfaa luriBoe of tJia eoiutn'
Q iMDj pud eihibita icmarkable
Ereiaiom called aink.hol™ ; tlieae i ^
I the «hap« oT inTeited oonea, t]id appsar t« be
caiueci by perfonljoiu in tha Iimoatooa rock be-
neuh, which Ii»»b ""
1 n*eT, oad ia 1773 Bouie had Collected i.
panoni who UMmpter
I tbaj weie attacked br
■ni and Inat their cattle. In 17^ he bi
d»- a lettluneat bat tbaj weie attacked br the ludi-
loilta Ton
been heard at the boltom _.
moat remarkaU* naUnl «nriau^ la Ibe ,
modi Caiw, near Graea Airet, njiieh haa been
traveraed for 16 m. under the earth without reaob-
ing tlie end. The aidea and roof are formed of a
■mirath limeitone rock perfeotlj white. Bente of
Ita apartmenta are 8 acraa in citent aikd 100 fe«t
liiffh. Others EODtaincolnmnaofbrilliantepar and
atalaotileg 60 m TO feet in height. The earth in
the care ia atronglj impregnated with aaJtpetre,
and here wtu found tome joara lince an Indian
piQiBiDj in perfect pnaervatioB.
The wheat niiaed in Ihi* atate ii of the Itueat
kind. Maiie ia prodaeed in great abundance.
Hemp and tobacoo, are, next to flour, the ataple
produotioni of tha country. Some cotton ia tlao
nnltirated. The nwnufactarea are woolen and
rottOD cloth, cordage, bagging, maple angar.
qxit when BoonibaRnuh n«w atanda,
la the £rat eflfaotnal aattbiHnt in the *l
Boone waa aftsrwada taken piiaoaer tyj the aara
gea bat aae^ed and amnd al Booiuhorongh
But the aAer a joame; of 160 m. Ikiaagh the wooib
- Uak he peitcBBiad is 4 dua, eattng but
nngta meal in that lima. H* waa aftet-
waida aethvlr eagaged in waiftm with the
ally annand the eai
Boinf nuiaequeiitly ti
ating hu title to the la
aaltpetre, paper, whiakey, leather,' &c 'The trade'
"'■ ' " itate ia Tery Houriahing. Agrici
lufactaredpiodnctaaReiportedbj .
of the atate ii
^iculturaj
boats and other rirer craft to New Orleana, and
herd* of catlle are driven aeroaa the mounlaina to
tlie Atlantic State*.
The le^ialntute of Kentucky ia styled the Gan-
eraf ^tnmblg, and ooDsiata of a Senate and Honae
of KepreaenUtivei. Tlie Senatora are cfaoaen (or
4 year* and the repreaentatire* fbt one. "The
Governor ia choaen for 4 yeara ; one fourth of
the Senatom are renewed annually. Eleetioua
are popular, and aefirageia nniTersal. Frankfort
is the aeat of government, lad Louiarille ia tiM
largeal town. The other largo lowna are Lexing-
ton and Mayaville. There ai« coUegea at Lei-
iuglon, DanTille, Auruala, Priaoeton, Bardalown,
and GeoFSDtown. The Baptiila are the most nn-
meroua religiona aeel: ther hare H89 miniatera;
the Methodiata 77 ; the Preabyteriana 70 ; the
catholio 30 and the Epiacopaliana 5. The aUte
ia dirided into 83 coantieii, and oontaina a popu-
lation of(iS6,94'<,orwboni above 165,350 are atarea.
This aUtc wna originally a part of Vir^nia,
and waa admitted into the Union u a atate in
I7t)3. The flrat aetUement within ita limitB waa
~ 9 by the celebrated Daniel Boone in 1775.
Indiana who oonunnally
aettlera with hoatilitiaa.
ed with law auita napeating h;
in Ilia poneaaon, he ratiiad to the baiika of
the Miaaouri ; and led a aolituy life amoof the
foceata. " We aaw him" aara Ht. Flint " on
thoae banka arith thin tie* Mir, a high fera-
head, a keen eye, a ahenml expraMion, a auiipi-
latlj bold cooformation of eonnlMiaDoe and
breaat, and a abarp and eoounandinf T«iM, and
with a eteed for the fbtnie, enbiaoiiu not maiqr
articlea beyond bis ted ri^ hunleia. He tjipeand
to na the aame Daniel Boone, if we may nae tfae
expreHiaa,jeTked and dried to high preaerratioo,
that we had figured, «a the waodem m the wooda,
and the alaycr of baara and Indiana. He conJd
no longer well deacn the wild tuihey on the
traea, hut kia eye (till kindled at the hunter'a
tale, and he remarked that the population on
that part of the Miaaouri waa becoming too denae,
and the farma too near each other, for e<niifDrtable
range, and that he nerer wiabed to reaide in a
t« where be could not fell treat euaugh into
yard to keep up hia winter Gre. Dim aa waa
bia eye, with age, it would not hare been diffi-
cult, we apfvehand, to hare obtainad him aa a rol-
DDteer on a hunting expedition over the Bocky
Hounlaina. No man erer exemplified more
atroDsly the mlina p— i-n atning in daath.' ' He
died in ISSa aged B5.
KeiUiiciiy Awer, liaea among the monntaina in
the eaatem part of Keutnoky, and flows north
westerly into the Ohio. It ia a reiy rapid atream
and for a great part of ita course flowa between
high and perpendicnkr dib of limealane. It
haa anavigatioB of ISO m. and at ita mouth ia 450
leetin width.
Keirpii Bay, a bay on the £. ooaat of New Hol-
land, «4iieh commnnieatea with Port Curti*.
Ktrcotiaif, an ialand in the Indian Ocean, about
80 milea in circumference. The &ea of the
nonntrj ia dirennfied with iteep hilli and extenaire
relleya, and ii every where covered with treea
and reidure. The inhabltanta are Malaya. Long.
IfiO. 30. E.,lat4. 88. N.
KergtaUn't iMtd, an island in the Sontbeni
Ocean, which, on aoeonnt of ita aterilily, capU^n
Cook, who riaited it in 1779, would hare denomi-
nated the Ialand of Deaolation, but that he was
Long. I
town of Cnrdiatan, the capit_] of a
J ij .» _ ^^\j^ It ia Bur-
by a cutle, 135
— a at Haiyland, andaa early _
176» made a risk to this oonntiy. In 1770 be
war )>>>i|? ■^■x '■* ttx wooda, the 4nly whito
goremment, and residrnoe of apaci
rounded by waUa, and defhndea b«
m.B. 8. ^.ofBetlia.
gerama, the ancient Caramania, apreriD
Feiaia, lying on the gnlfof Peraia. Thenori
part it barren, bat towafda tha S. the kj
a city of Persia «apital of
419 KIO
tlM fiiregoing pr<»?mo9» oelelinted for ito beantifbl JTexWm, a town of RoMia, in Finland, formal 1/
potlenvcarpets, and itnflli. It ia 120 m. N. by the capital of the Swedish proyinoe of Cafelaa
W. ofGomoron. Long. 65. 16. E., lat. 29. 20. N . and now of a Romian jroyernment. It b seated
K«nut9iUe, p.r. NorUiampton Co. Pa. on two islands in the River Woxon, which here
Kerpen^ a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the flows into lake LadoM. 90 miles N. of Peteia-
dttchy of JuUers. It has a colleMate church, and buiv. Long. 30. 25. £., lat. 61. 3. N.
is seated on the Erfl, 10 m. £. ST £. of Juliers. iLeviuAam, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
KerrswiiU, a village in Lawrence Co. Ohio. . a trade in malt : seated on the Chew, at its con-
Kerry^ a eonnty of Inland, in the province of flux with the Avon, 6 m. S. E. of Bristol, and
Munster, bounded on the E. by the counties of 114 W. of London.
Limerick and Cork, W. by the Atlantic Ocean, KeysvUU, a village of Charlotte Co. Va. 70 m.
N. by the Shannon, which separates it fVom S. W. Richmond.
Thomond, and S. by Desmond and the Ocean. Knf-1fest,^»mali island in the Gulf of Mexico,
Its greatest length is about 67 m. and its maximum near the southern extremity of the peninsula of
breadth 62, comprising idwut 1,040,467 statute East Florida. A settlement was made here hy
acres, or 1,639 square m. The southern part is the United States government with the design
plain, and fertile in corn ; but the greater part is of makinir it a naval station, but it has been
mountainous, and chiefly adapted for grazing, abandoned, from the unhealthiness of the spot
Considerable quantities of beef, butter, hides, and Kharkoff, or CharkoWf a town of European
tallow, are exported from its excellent harbours. Russia, capital of a government of the same
IValee is the capital. name : seated on the small rivers Kharkoff and
Kerr^f a parish of Wales, in Montgomeryshire, Lapan, 400 m. S. by W. of Moscow,
situate m a beaotifttl vale of the same name, 3 m. Wufrassan. See Cha,
from Newton. Khum. See Com,
KerskaWf a District of South Carolina. Pop. Kia-king^ a city of China, of the first rank, in
13^545. Camden is the capital. the province of Tche-kiang. Canals are cut
Kerieky a sea-port and fortress on the £. coast of through most of the streets ; and passengers are
the Crimea. The fortress is of great importance, sheltered from the sun and rain by Mautifhl
as one of those commanding the passage which piazzas. The silk manufactures are' very exten-
forms the communication between the Slack Sea sive, and the trade considerable. It is 590 m. S.
and the sea of Asoph. It is 60 m N. N. E. of S. £. of Pekin. Long. 120. 14. E., lat. 30 50. N.
Caffa. Long. 36. 24. E^ lat. 45. 15. N. Kiakta, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the govem-
Kesthtm^ a sea-port of Arabia Felix, in Hadrar ment of Irkutsk. It has a considerable fur trade
maut, 80 m. £. of Shibam. Long. 50. 50. £., and is the centre of the Russian and Chinese com-
lat. 15. 25. N. merce. It stands on a small river, near its conflujt
Kesk, or Ss6«, a town of Usbec Tartarv, in with the Selenga, 75 m. S. S. W. of Selenginsk
Bukharta, once the ordinary summer resiaence Long. 106. 30. £., lat. 50. 20. N.
of Timur, who surrounded it with walls, and H^uuvart, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
bnUt a new palace in 1379. It is 30 m. S. by W. chief plaoe of a sangiacat, with a castle on a rock
of Samareand. 230 m. £. of Bursa. Long. 34. 47. £., lat. 39. 56.
iTMset, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- N.
vince of Antwerp, with a handsome castle, seated Kian^'fUtn, a province of China, bounded on the
on the Maese, 7 m. N. of Ruremonde. W. by Honan, S. by Tche-kiang and Kian-si, E.
&Mwiek^ a town in Cumberland, Eng. ; seated places of considerable trade, the whole country
in a vale of its name, near the rapid river Greta, "^^^f^ intersected by lakes, rivers, and canals.
This vale is much visited by the admirers of na- Its suks, cottons, japanned goods, and paper, are
ture : here b the lake of Keswick, or Derwent- in high esteem. Nan-king; is the capital,
water ; and to the N. of this soars the lofly tGaM-ri, a province of China, bounded on the
mountain Skiddaw, one of the most distinguished N. by Kiang-nan, W. by Houauanff, S. by Quang-
in Enffland. Keswick has manufactures of tong, and £. by Fokien ana Tcne-kiang. The
cotton, linen, and coarse woolen goods, and an N. part contains the great Po-vang lake, and some
establishment for making some of the finer tex- extensive morasses ; the middle and S. parts are
tures has been recently opened. About a mile Ynountainous, but intermixed with fertile and
and a half to the S. of the town is a remark^le well cultivated valleys. It contains 13 cities of
arrangement of rude granite stones, which form the first rank, and 78 of the second and third. It
a oircTe, called the Druids* temple. It is 25 m. is celebrated for its porcelain, which is the finest
N. W. of Kendal, and 293 N. N. W. of London. and most valuable of the empire. Nan-tchang is
KtUeringy a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. the capital,
with manufactures of tammies, ser^s, lutestrings, Kianrku^ or Yang'ts^kiang^ the largest river of
&c. It is 12 ro. N, E. of Northampton, and 74 Asia. It flows £. during the first part of its
N. W. of London. course along the borders of China, after which it
KeuMckbergfOT KiatU, a town of Prussian Sax- enters the empire, and passing through the grand
onv, G m. S. E. of Mersburg. central provinces falls into the gulf oflrong-ming,
KeWj a village in Surrey, Eng. 6 m. W. by S. in the eastern sea.
of London. The royal palace of Kew, ti^en Kikwrg^K town of Switzerland, in the canton
down in 1828, was a favorito retreat of George of Zurich, with a castle, seated on the TheoflT, 14
III., who enlarged the gardens, and united them m. E. N. E. of Zurich.
with those of Riohmoad. The botanic f^den, KiekapoeSf a tribe of Indians in Illinois and the
chiefly for exotics, is one of the finest in the neighborhood. They have about 600 warriors,
world. KiddemUiuier^ a corporate town in Worcester-
Kezkolm, See Wiburg, shire, Eng. It has long been celebrated for its
KIL 420 KIL
ourpet manufactoie, which has oeen brought to fronts in search of the eggs and nests of vanoas
inreat perfection. A line spedmen of carpet weaT- birds. St. Kilda is the most remote of the Heb-
ing, delineating the Descent from the Cross, is rides, and is about 140 m. from the nearest point
filaced over the altar m St. George's chapel, re- of the mainland of Scotland. Long. 8. 23. W., lat.
cently erected. The Staffordshire and Worcester- 67 43. N.
shire canal passes this place. It is seated on the KUdare, a coonty of Ireland, in the prormoe of
rirer Stonr 14 m. S. £. of Bridgenorth, and 126 Lemster. about 37 m. long, and from 12 to 20
N. W. of London. broad ; bounded on the E. by Dublin and Wick-
Kidge, or Kej, a fortified town of Persia, capital low, W. by Kind's county, and Queen's county,
of the proYince of Mecran, seated on the Nehenk, N. by "Eut Meam, and S. by Carlow. Tlie prin-
530 m. S. W. of Canddiar. Long. 63. 20. £., lat. cipal rivers are the Liffey, Barrow, and Boyne. It
26. 15. N. is a very fertile and arable countey. It sends 2
Kidwelly ft, town of Wales, in Caermarthenshue. members to the imperial parliament.
It stands on a creek of the Bristol Channel, and KUdarejBi borough of Ireland, capital of the fore-
has a canal to some collieries, whence coal is going county, and a bishop's see. It is chieflt
brought down and exported. Here are also an supported by frequent horseraces on what is calf
iron foundery and a tin mill. On the opposite ed the Curragh, a fine turfy plain, containing up
bank of the creek, where the old town formerly wards of 5,000 acres, which feeds a great number
stood, are the remains of a castle. It is 8 m. 8. of of sheep. 27 m. S. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 57.
Caermarthen, and 226 W. by N. of London. W., lat. 53. 9. N.
Kid J a strong town of Denmark, capital of the KUfenora^ a small town of Ireland, in the conn-
duchy of Holstein, with a castle, and a university, ty of Clare, and a bishop's see united with KiUa
It stands on a peninsula, in a bay of the Baltic, loe. 12 m. N. W. of Ennis.
and has a commodious harbour tor ships of the KU^rron, a town of Wales in Pembrokeshire,
largest size. It is one of the most commercial now mhabited principalljr by fishermen. Here
places in Holstein ; and its trade is augmented by are the remains of an ancient and celebrated cas-
means of the Eyder canal to Rendsburg. Kiel is tie, on a high rock. It is seated on the Tiry, 90
37 m. N. W. of Lubec, and 46 N. by £. of Ham- m. N. of Pembroke, and 231 W. N. W. of Lon-
burg Long. 10. 16. £., lat. 54. 21. N. don.
Kien-mngf a city of China, of the first rank in Kilhamf a parish in East Yorkshire, Eng. 31 m.
the province of Fo-kien. At the time of the con- E. N. £. of York.
quest of China by the Tartars it sustained two Kiliaf a fortified t^wn of European Russia, in
sieges, and was at last taken, and all the inhabi- Bessarabia, with a good trade in wool, goat's nair,
tants put to the sword. It was afterwards re-es- tallow, wine, com, dec. It is situatea on the most
tablished bv the Tartars, and is now a place of northern branch of the Danube, 86 m. S. W. ol
considerable trade. It stands on the river Min- Bialogorod.
ho, 260 m. S. £. of Nan-king. Long. 117. 2. £., Ki&ennu, a countv of Ireland, in the prov-
lat. 27. 5. N ince of Leinster, aoout 40 ro. long and 20
Kien-tchangf a city of China, of the first rank, broad ; bounded on the E. bv Carlow and Wex-
in the province of Kianff-si, seated in a fertile ford, W. by Tipperary, N. By Queen's county,
countrv, 340 m. S. S. W. of^ Nan-king. Long, and S. by Watenord. It sends 2 members to par-
118. 20. £., lat 27. 35. N. liament. The surface is in general level and the
Kieou-laangf a cit^ of China, of the first rank, soil fertile. It is particularly noted for its ooal
in the province of Kiang-si, situate on the Kian- which makes no smoke in burning. The prinei-
ku, immediately above the influx of the Poyang- pal rivers are the Barrow, Suire, and Nore.
hou. It is the rendezvous of all the barks whicn Kilkenny, a city of Ireland, capital of the above
pass to and from other places in this province, and county, situate on the river note, over which axe
the provinces of Kian^-nan and Hou-quang. It is two bridges. Irishtown, on the £. side ot'the riv-
250 m. S. W. of Nan-kmg. Long. 116. 0. £., lat. er, is joined to it, and both together form a large
29. 54. N. and pleasant place. It had formerly a bishop ; and
Kilbarcharif n. village of Scotland, on the W. the cathedral, which stands in Irishtown, belongs
side of Loch Winnocn. 5 m. S. W. of Renfrew, to the bishop of Onory. The chief mannfectuies
It is inhabited chiefly oy weavers, and has ezten- are coarse woolens and fine blankets. 26 m. N.
sive bleach fields. of Waterford. Long. 7 32. W. lat 52. 36. N.
KUbridef a town of Scotland, in Lanarkshire, liri^ifc«iiny,t. CoosCo. N. H. among the White
noted for its cotton manufactures, and for being Mountains. Pop. 27. Also a village in St. Ijaw
the birthplace of Dr. William Hunter and his rence Co. N. T. and a township in Leinster Co
brother John, celebrated anatomists. It is 6 m. Lower Canada.
S. by E. of Glasgow. Killala, a sea-port of Ireland, in the county ol
KucuZflumett, a town of ScotIand,inArgyleshire. Mayo and a bishop's see united with Achoniy.
17 m. N. of Campbelton. It stands on a fine bay of the Atlantic, to which
Kilda. Se. one of the Hebrides, 26 m. to the it gives name. 24 m. N. of Castlebar. Lonff
W. of North Uist. It is 3 m. long and 2 broad, 9. 4. W., lat. 54. 8. N.
fenced about with one continued perpendicular Killaloef a town of Ireland, in the county of
face of rock, of prodigious height, except at the Clare, and a bishop's see united with Kilfisnora.
landing place on the S. £., where there is a nar- It is seated on the Shannon, over which is a
row and steep passage to a village on the top of brid|Fe of 19 arches, 10 m. N. N. £. of Limerick,
a rock. The surface of thtf island is hilly ; but it Jottamey, a town of Ireland, in the oonnty of
feeds many sheep, and produces plenty of barley Kerry, much firequented on account of the ad-
and potatoes. Many of the inhabitants live chief- joining lake. 14 m. S. E. of Tralee.
ly by fishing, and catching wild fowl. In the Killameyj a beantifhl lake of Ireland, in the
latter employment, the v are incredibly adventu- county of Kerry , otherwise called Loogh Lean,
rous. Being let down by a rope firom the sunmiit fh>m its being surrounded by high mountains. It
o* the nrecipitous rocks, they clamber along their is divided into three parts, called the iiower. Mid-
KIL 421 KIN
die, and Upper Lake. The Bortheniy or lower redaced by Are in 1735. It la aeated nearthe
lake, is 6 m. long and 3 broad. On the aide of Irvine, 11 m. N. N. E. of Ayr, and 20 S. 8. W.
one of the mountaini ia O'Sullivan'a Cascade of Glasgow. Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 55. 40. N.
which falls about 70 feet into the lake with a KUmamotk^ p.y. Lancaster Co. Va.
tremendous roar ; and opoosite this cascade is the KUmaurs^ a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, for-
island of innisfallen. Tne promontory of Muc> merly celebrated for its cutlery. 2 m. N. W. of
russ divides the upper from the Lower lake, and, Kilmarnock.
on passing round its extremity into the upper lake, KUmore^ a town of Ireland, in the county of
there is a celebrated rock, called the Eagle's Nest, Cavan, and, with Armagh, a bishop's see. 3 ra.
which produces wondeiful echoes. The upper 8. W. of Cavan.
Uce is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and from the moun- Kilrennyj a parish of Scotland, in Fiibahire, on
»ai ns desce nd a number of beauti ful cascades. The the frith of Forth.
islands in this lake are numerous, and afford an Kilsyth, a village of Scotland, in Stirlingshire,
amazing variety of picturesque views. The cen- inhabited chiefly by weavers employed by the
tre lake is small in comparison with the other two, Glascow manu&cturers. It is situate on the
ind cannot boast of equal variety ; but the shores Great North Road from ^Edinburgh and Stirling
are indented with bays, surrounded by dark groves to Glascow, 15 m. 8 W. of Stirling, and 13 N.
of trees The £. boundary is formed by the base E. of Glascow.
of Mangerton, down the steep side of which de- KUtoinmng, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire,
scends a cascade, visible for 150 yards: this fiiU Here is the elegant seat ofthe Montgomery family,
of water is supplied by a circular lake, near the Eglington Castle ; also some remains or a mag
summit of the mountain, called the Devil's Punch- nincent monastery, which was erected here ui
bowl, which is considered one of tlie greatest 1140. The vicinity abounds in limestone and
curiosities of Killamey. coal. It is seated on the Gamock, over which is
KiUcuUen, a town of Ireland, in the county of a stone bridge, 5 m. N. N. W. of Irvine.
Kildare, on the river Liffey, over which is a brioge. Kimhertonf p. v. Chester Co. Pa.
9 m. £. S. E. of Kildare, and f& B. W. of Dublin. Kimberwortky a village in West Yorkshire Ebg.
KUUngly, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 45 m. E. 2 m. W. of Rotherham.
Hartford. Pop. 3,261. KimboUotiy a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng.
KUUngton Peak. See Qretn Mountains, Here is a castle, the seat of the duke'orManches-
KiUingwarthf p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, on Long ter, where queen Catherine resided for some time
Island Sound, 2d m. E. New Haven. Pop. 2,483. after her divorce from Henry VIII. 63 m. N. by
KHimaUock, a town of Ireland, in the county W. of London.
'Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland
of Limerick, formerly one of the best built inland Kimi, or Kiemi, a town of Russian Lapland, on a
towns in the kingdom, but much decayed. 16 m. river of the same name, near its entrance into the
8. of Limerick. gulf of Bothnia, 10 m. E. of Tomea.
KUlony, a town of Ireland, in the county of Kin, Kain, a town of Persia, in the province ol
Sligo, 6 m. 8. of Sligo. Seistan, situate at the foot of a mountain, 60 m
KiUougK or Port St. Jhm, a seaport of Ireland, 8. S. W of Herat,
in the county of Down, to the N. of St. John's KUdnirg, a fortress of Russia, in the government
Point, in the Irish Sea. A rock stands in the of Taurida, on the 8. side of the estuary of the
middle of the entrance of its harbour, covered at Dnieper; It has been frequently attacked by the
half flood. Here is a manufacture of salt. 6 m. Turks, by land and sea, but without success. 18
S. S. E. of Downpatrick. Long. 5. 40. W., lat m. 8. 8. E. of Oczakow, on the opposite side of
54. 14. N. the Dnieper.
KiUyhegs, a town of Ireland, in the county Kincardina, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
Donegal, with a spacious harbour on the N. side with a commodious harbour, and a good road in
of Donegal Bay. 12 m. N. W. of Ballyshannon. the frith of Forth. Ship-building is carried on to
KUlyUagh^ a town of Ireland, in the county of a great extent, and the coasting and foreijra trade
Down, with a linen and thread manufacture, t'he is considerable. 5 m . 8. E. of Alloa, and 22 8 . by
celebrated Sir Hans Sloane was born in this town; W. of Perth.
It is seated on an arm of Strangford Lough, 35 m; Kinkardinef a town of Scotland, in Rossshire,
N. E. of Newry. with a small harbour, on the frith of Dornoch, A
/irt/iiuicdtai^A,avillageofIreland,in the county of m. W. by N. of Tain,
of Gai way , an old episcopal see, united to Clonfert. Kineardine, O^nsel, a town of Scotland, in Aber
The ruins of the cathedral, a monastery, dkc., de- deenshire, seated on the river Dee, 23 m. W. by
note its former consequence. 12 m. N. of Ennis. 8. of Aberdeen.
KUmactJufmaSf a town of Ireland, in the county Kineardineshtre, or Meams, a county of Seot-
of Waterford, 12 m. W. 8 W of Waterford land, bounded on the N. W. and N. by Aberdeen-
KUmainhamf a town of Ireland, in a valley, shire, £. by the German Ocean, and S. and W.
about half a m. W. of Dublin. It has a session- by Angusshire. Its length along the coast is 30
house, a gaol, a foundling hospital, and an hoe- m. ana its greatest breadth about 24. The N. W.
pital for invalid soldiers. Here the knights for part is mountainous, and chiefly adapted for pas-
the county of Dublin are elected ; and it was the ture ; but to tlie 8. of the Grampians the surface
seat of gnvernment before the castle at Dublin is in general fertile. The small village of Kincar-
was appropriated to that purpose. dine 9.m. 8. W. of Stonehaven, was formerly the
Kilmarnock, a populous and flourishing town capital but Stonehaven is now the county- town,
of Scotland, in Ayrshire. It is the principu man- Ktniier/ioofc, p.t. Columbia Co. N. i. on the
ufacturing town m the county, and carries on an Hudson 20 m. S. Albany. Pop. 2,706.
extensive trade : its chief manufactures are car- Kineton. See Kington.
pets, serges, blankets, tartans, and other woolen ISTmg and i^en, a county in the E. district ol
goods, saddlery, leather. Sec. Near it are the re- Virginia. Pop. 11,644.
mains of Dean Castle, the seat of the earls of Kit- King George, a county in the £. district of
mamock, in the desolate condition to which it was Virginia. Pop. 3,397.
2 N
KIR 491 KIR
JTtiif Orent, a vilUfe in Barnwell Diftridt 8. G. SSamoUf, a ptxish in NordbamptonihiM, Esf .
KingUdd^ p.t. Bom«net Co. Me. Pop. 554. IS m. W. of Peterboroaifh.
King Charge the Third Sound, b, harbour on the Kxngsessingf a towninip of Philadelphia Co.
S. W. coast of New Holland diseorered by cap- Pa.
tain Vancouver in 1791. It ia lafe, and eaair of King*§ MataUain, a mountun in Lincoln Coun-
acceM any where between its outer pointa or en- ty in the wettem part of North Carolina. A
trance, Bald-head and Mount Gardener, 11 m. battle was fought here Oct. 7. 1760 between a
distant from each other. Long. 118. 17 E., lat., body of American militia and a party of British
35. 5. 8. and Tories in which the latter were defeated
King George Sound, the name given by captain and nearl^r the whole killed or taken prisoners.
Cook, in 177B, to the boY which he discovered on KingsUigy a strong fortress of Norway. See
the W. coast of North America, in long. 126. 48. FredericstadL-
• W., and lat. 49. 33. N. but the natives call it Kingston, a corporate town in Surrey, Eiour.
Nootka \ the name now generally adopted by the At a national council held here, in the year S&,
English. It is notsituate on the continent, as king Egbert, and his son Athelwolf, were pres
Cook had reason to suppose, but on an island, to ent ; and several of the Saxon monarchs were
which captain Vancouver, in 1792, gave the name crowned here. This town sent two members te
of Quadra and Vancouver Island. In ]7d6a few parliament in the reigns of Edward II. and III.
British merchants in the East Indies formed a but was disfranchised by the desire of the inhab
/settlement in ihH^ place to supply the Chinese Itants. Queen Elizabeth founded here a free*
market with furs ; but the Spaniards hi 1789, cap- school ; and the spring assizes are held at this
tured two English vessels, and took possession of place. It is seated on the river Thames, over
the settlement. The British ininistr3r made their which it had an ancient wooden bridge, now re*
demand of reparation, and the afiair was ami- placed by one of stone. 10 m. S. W. of London,
cably terminated by a convention. Kingston a sea-port of Jamaica, in the West
Kin-gan, a city of China, of the first rank, in Indies, situate on the N. side of Port Royal Bay.
the province of Kiang-si, seated on the Kan-kiang, It was built in 1796, after the great earthquake
800 m. S.of Pekin. Long. 115. 10 £., lat. S7. which destroyed the town of Port Royal, and tn
16. N. 1803 was incorporated as a city. It is a place of
Kindi4fm, a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, ^ood trade being much resorted to by ships com-
6n the frith of Forth, nearly opposite Leith. It mg to load and unload their cargoes ; and of late
joins witii Burntisland, Kirkaldv, and Dysart in years it has been greatly enlarged by the addition
returning two members to parliament. It has of many handsome houses. Pop. including 18,000
two harbours, one below the town, and the other slrres, 33,00o. It is 10 m. E. of Spanish Town,
half a mile W. at Pettycnr, for the nassage boats Long. 76. 40 Yf., lat. 16. 3. N.
between this place and Leith. Tne manufac- Kingston, the capital of St. Vincent, in the
ture of thread stockings, and the spinning of West Indies, situate at the head of a bay of the
cotton and flax, were fomerly carried on here to same on the S. W. shore of the island,
some extent, but owing to the depression of Kingston, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. adjoin-
trade the former is given up and the latter is ing Exeter. Pop. 999. Also a township of*^ Ad
not prosecuted with any great activity. 9 m. N. dison Co. Vt. 25 m. S. W. Montpelier. Pop.
by W. of Leith. 803. A p.t. Plymnoth Co. Mass. on Plymouth Bay.
Kingthorough p.v. Montgomery Co. N. T. 50. 4. m. N. W. Plymouth. Pop. 3,322. A p.t. Ulster
m. N. W. Albany. Co. N. Y. formerly Espus. It stands on the Hud-
Kings County, a county of New Tork,compris- son, 55 m. below Albany. Poo. 4,170. Also towns
ing the west end of Long Island. Pop. 20^o37. andvillagesinMiddlesexCo. N.J. Luzerne Co .Pa.
Flatbush is Uie capital. Talbut and Somerset Cos. Md. Delaware and Roa
Kinsburg, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y, on the Cos. Ohio. Roane Co. Ten. and Morgan Co. Geo.
Hudson 90 m. E. Albany. Pop. 2,606. Kingston, the largest and most populous town
Kings County, a county of Ireland, in the prov- of Upper Canada, with a good harbour. Here
ince of Leinster, 43 m. long and about 39 in its the king's stores are kept and guarded. Vessels
Seatest breadth ; bounded on the N. by West from Lower Canada go no further than this place ;
eath, E. by Kildare, S. by Queen's County and and hence to York, Niagara, &c. Stores and
Tipperary, and W. by the Shannon, which sepa- merchendise are conveyed in boats. It is seated
rates it ffom Galway and Roscommon. It is di- on Lake Ontario, and its outlet into the St Law-
▼ided into 52 parishes, contains about 130,000 rence, 190 m. W. of Montreal. Long. 75.41. W.,
inhabitants, and sends two members to parliament, lat 44. 8. N.
The principal rivers are the Shannon, and the Kingston on Hull, See HuU.
Greater and Little Brosna -, and the grand canal King-tcheou, a citv of China, of the first rank,
croses the N. part of the county. It is not so well in the province of Hou-quang. It is considered
cultivated as some of the other counties, but the one of the keys of the empire, is well fortified, and
soil is tolerably fertile. The capital is Philips- has a large Tartar garrison. It stands on the
town . Kian-ku, 620 m. S. S. W. of Pekmg. Long. 111.
Xtn^'5Lan^(ey, a village in Hertfordshire, where 37. E., lat 30, 26. N.
f Henry III. occasionally resided. It is seated on Kmg-te-tehing, a town of China, in the prov-
the river Gade, 5 m. S. W. of St Alban's. ince of Kiang-si, famous for its beautiful por-
Ktn^#6rtd|g'e, a town in Devonshire, Eng. seat- celain. It is computed to contain above 1,000,
ed on a branch of the Salcomb River, over which 000 of inhabitants, and extends 4 m. alon^ the
is a bridge to Dodbrook, 34 m. 8. by W. of Exeter, banks of a river which here forms a kind of^ har-
and 208 W. S. W. of London. hour. 656 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 115. 54, E.
Kingsdertf a town in Hampshire, Eng. with a lat. 29. 25. N.
great trade in malt. It was the residence of Kington, or Xiinston, a town of Warwickshire,
some of our Saxon kings. 54 m. W. by S. of Eng. King John kept his court in a castle he
London. erected here. 85 m. N. W. of London.
KIN 4iC KIE
Kin^ltony or Kyneionf an ancient town in Here- Kintor$, a borough of Scotland, in Abardetn
brdahire, Bug. with a considerable clothing 8hire,on theriyexJDon, 13 m. W. by N. of Aber«
trade. It ia seated on the Arrow, under Bradnor deen.
Mountain, 19 m. S. W. of Hereford, and 150 W, KirUfrt, See CtaUyrt.
by N. of London. Kin-tfang^ a city of China, of the 6rat rank, in
Exng^ree^ p.y. WiUiamaburiE District S. C. 64 Ohen-si. It has always been deemed as a bsr-
m. N. Charleston. rier asainst the incursions of the Tartars, and is
Kinsmile^ p.T. Ashtabula Co. Ohio on Lako vtrongly fortified. Ths country around is very
Erie. fruitJuL 560 m. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. »).
King ITittuim, a county of the Eastern District £., lat. 36. 6. N.
of Virginia. Pop. 93XS. Ain-yvsn, a city of China, of the first rank, in
KingtDOod, a township of Hunterdon Co. N. J. Quang-si. It is seated on a fine river, but sur*
n the Delaware, also a p. ▼. Preston Co. Va. rounded with craggy mountains, inhabited by a
Kin-hoa, a city of China, of the first rank, in rude and savage race of people. 310 m. W. by
Tche-kiang, on the banks of a fine river, into N. of Canton. Long. lOd. 15. £., lat. 25. 28. N.
which several little streams discbarge themselves. Kintua, p.t, Warren Co. Pa. 350 m. N. W.
[t has a great trade in dried plums and hams ; Harrisburg.
and is famous for good rice- wine and very white Kiop^ or Kiaw, a government of the Russian
candles : the latter are made of a substance obtain- empire, being part of the Ukraine^ or Little Rus-
ed from little shrubs with a white flower, not sia. It was once a duchy, belonging to the great
unlike jessamine. U is 190 m. S. by. £. of Nan- dukes of Russia, and fciov was their capital,
kiog. Long. 119. 10. £., lat. 29. 16 N. This country was conquered by the Tartars, and
Kinnaird Headf a lofty promontory on the £. came again into the possession of the great
coast of Scotland, in Aberaeenshire, about a mile dukes but wasoverrun and possesed by the Cossacs.
to the N. of the town of Fraserburtf. Here is a under the protection of Poland. ' In 1664 the
castle 4 stories high, on the top of which is a natives, discontented with John Casimir, king
Mghthouse. Long. 1. 46. W. fat. 57. 39. N. of Poland, submitted to Russia, and have ever
ICinaoM/, a pari^ of Scotland, in Pertlishire, since remained subject to that empire. Thisgov-
on the £. bank of tlie Tay,with the remains of an emment is divided into 12 circles, and contains
ancient castle. It stands at the foot of a Iiill of about 1,000,000 of inhabitants.
Kinnoul, which is particularly famous for its fine Kiov, a town of European Russia, capital of the
ogates, and also abounds with many rare plants, foregoing government, and a Greek archbishop's
Kinross f a borough of Scotland, capital of Kin- see, with a castle. It is divided into the Old Town,
ross-shire, seated in a plain, screened on the N. the Lower Town^ and the fortress of Petscherski,
by the Ochil Hills, ana on the river Leven, be- all connected by intrenchments. Here are cata-
fore it enters Loch Leven. It has a manufacture combs of considerable extent, dug, as it would
of cotton and coarse linens. 23 m. N. N. W. of seem, through a mass of hardened clay. It is
Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9. W^ lat. 56. 7. N. seated on the Dnieper, 180 m. N. E. of Kaminieck
Kinross-shirej a county of Scotland, surrounded and 335 £. S. E. of Warsaw,
by the shires of Perth and Fife, and almost cir- J£io-/Mtt, a city of China, in the province of
cular, ahout 30 m. in circumference. It is divid- Chan-tong and district of Ten-tcheou. It was
ed into four parishes and contains about 7,000 in- the birthplace of Confucius, several monuments
habitants. The central part is occupied by Loch to whose memory are still to be seen her^.
Leven, and the country around has a rich appear- ^ ^^SU ^^ ^^&^^ ^ seaport of Denmark, in the
ance. It sends one member to parliament alter- isle ofZealandr The English defeated the Danes
nately with the county of Clackmannan. here, and took the town in 1807. It is 10 m. S
/iTtnsa/s, a seaport and borough of Ireland, in W. of Copenh&ffen. Long. 12. 15. £., lat. 55.30. N.
the county of Cork. It is a maritime arsenal, Kioping^ or Koping, a town of Sweden, in the
contains 10,000 inhabitants, and has an excellent government of Westeraas, 18 m. N. by W. of
harbour, defended by a strong fort. In times of Westeraas.
war it is very much frequented by E. and W. India Kippen, a parish snd village of Scotland, in
fleets, on which accouut the leases of the Inhabi- Stirhngshire, on the 8. bank of the Forth, 9 m.
tants oblige them to pay double rent during these W. of Stirling.
seasons. It is seated at the mouth of the Ban- Kirby Lonsa/ds, a town in Westmoreland Eng.,
don, 13 m. S. of Cork. Long. 8. 28. W., lat. with manufactures of carpets and blankets. It is
51. 42. N. seated on the Loyne, over which is a curious an-
Kinsale, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Va. on the cient stone bridge of^ three arches. 12 m. S. E.
Potomac near Chesapeak Bay. of Kendal, and 252 N. W. of London.
Kinsmant p.t. Trumball Co. Ohio 180 m. N. £. Kirby Moorside, a town in N. Torkshire, Eng.
Columbus. Pop. 720. There are several interesting ruins in the neigh-
Kinston, p.t. Lenoir Co. N. C. on the Neuse, bourhood ; and in the village of Kirkdale, 2 m.
40 m. above Newbeni. hence, many fossil animal remains were discov-
Kinlchin^f the capitd of the island of Loo-choo, ered in 1820. It is seated on the river Dow, 29
in the China Sea, and of all the islands under m. N. of York, and 221 N. by W. of London,
that appellation. The king's palace^ reckoned Kirby Stephen^ a town in Westmoreland, Eng.
to be four leagues in circumference, is built on The woolen manufacture is the chief trade here,
a neighbouring mountain. Long. 127. 30. £., but there is also one silk &ctory iu the town, and
lat. 2d. 2. N. many of the inhabitants are employed in the man-
£tn-ton^, a city ofChina,ofthe first rank, in the ufacture of stockings. It is seated on the river
province of Tun-nan. The surrounding country Eden, 3 m. S. S. £. of Appleby, and 266 N. N.
IS mountainous, but the valleys yield aoundance W. of London.
of rice. It Is seated on the ra-pien, 750 m. iirtrcAW^,a townand castleof Wurtemberg, in
W. by N. of Canton. Long. 100. 40. E., lat. 24. a district of the same name ; seated on the Her, 9
30. li m. S. of Ulm.
^ KIR 4M KIT
KirMem, & town of Wurtemberg, with a eastW Kirkpatriek^ a Tillage of Scotland, in Dombarton
»n a hill, by the river Jazt, 12 m. S. S. W. of shire 5 m. E. S. E. ofDombarton. The vestiges of
Rotenburg. of the Roman wall , built bj Antoninus^extenc from
Kirchbem^ a town in the Prussian province of the Clyde at this place to Abercom on the firith o
the Lower Rhine, 41 m. W. of Menlz. Forth. It is called, by the country people, Gif
£trcA€tii, a town of Bavaria, on the Mindel, ham's Dike.
29 m. E. S. E. ofUlm. KirktaUf or Kirtcn, a town in Lincolnshire
Kirehhayny a town of the Prussian states, in Eng ; situate on the top of a hill, 20 m. N. of Lt»
Lusatia ; seated on the Bober, 18 m. S. of Lnckau coin, and 147 N. by Vr of London.
KirclUuim^ town of Wurtemberff, with a castle, KirkmUUt p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
seated on the river Lanter, 18 m. 8. £. of Stuttgard. KirknilU, p.v. Mecklenberg Co. N. C. 150 m.
Kirdorfy a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm- S. W* Raieign.
stadt, 42 m. S. S. W. of Cassel. Kirhwoody a township of Belmont Co. Ohio.
Kiriuy a government of Eastern Tartary, en- KirkwaU, a borough of Scotland, capital of Po-
closed between the sea of Japan, the northern mona, the principal tsland of the Orknevs. It is
frontier of Cores, and the river of Sa^halien. built on a neck of land, on the E. sidfe of the
The climate is extremely cold ; and, from the island ; and the most striking object is the stately
number of forests by which it is covered, the cathedral of St. Magnus opposite which is the
country is thinly inhabited. The valuable plant bi8hop*s palace, now called a castle. The harbour
ginseng orows nere ; and the emperor of China is excellent, with a good outer road, defended by
sends hither the criminals banished by the laws. a fortification. Here are manufactures of linen
KiriUy a city of eastern Tartary, capital of the and cotton ; and great quantities of kelp are ex-
foregoing province, and the residence of a Mand- ported. It is 30 m. N. E. of Thurso, in Caith
shur ^neral, who is invested with the authority ness-shire.
of a viceroy. It is situate on the river SongarK Kirny a town of the Prussian province of Lower
which is here called Kirin, 540 m. E. N. £. of Rhine, situate on the Nahe, 42 m. S. by W. of
Pekin. Long. 126. 20. E., lat. 43. 20. N. Coblentz.
Kirkcaldvy a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, Kirrymtdry a town of Scotland, in Forfarshire,
with a good harbour. Here are a dock yard for with considerable manufactures of brown and
small vessels and manufactures of checks, tick- coarse linens. It is 5 m. N. W. of Foriar, and
ing, cotton, and leather. This was the birth-place 16 N. of Dundee.
or the celebrated Dr. Adam Smith, author of the Kirshehvy a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
* Wealth of Nations.' It is seated on the N. side formerly a considerable city, called Diocesarea.
of the frith of Forth, 11 m. N. of Leith. Salt is made in the neighbourhood. It is 84 m.
Kirkcudbright y a borough and seaport of Scot- N. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 15. E^ lat. 39. 10. N.
land, capital of its name, with a castle. The bar- Kiraowiy a town of European Turkey, in Bul-
bour will admit ships of any burden to come up garia, seated on the Danube, 76 m. S. W. of It-
to the town, and yet it has no considerable trade mael. Long. 28. 4. E., lat. 44. 47. N.
or manufkcture. It is seated at the mouth of KiskiminuaSy a branch of Alleghany river in
the Dee, 28 m. S. W. of Dumfries. Pennsylvania. On this stream are many salt
KirkcudbrightMrey or East GaUowaVy a county springs. There is a village of this name in West-
of Scotland, 45 m. lon^ and 30 broad; bounded morefand Co. Pa.
on the N. W. bv Ayrshire, N. E. and E. by Dum- Kirtiundyj^.X. Geauga Co. Ohio. 165 m. N. E.
fries-shire, S. by Solway Frith and the Irish Sea, Columbus Pop. 1,010.
and W. by Wigtonshire. It is divided into 23 par- Kismichy or KisnUy a fertile island at the en-
ishes. contains 33,600 inhabitants, and sends one trance of the gulf of Persia, 60 m. long and 15!
member to parliament. The northern parts are broad, separated by a narrow channelTrom the
mountainous and uncultivated ; bat there is some continent of Persia. Its E. end is 12 m. S. of
fertile land on the sides of the rivers, and it feeds Gombron.
a great number of cattle and sheep. The chief KisHn^etiy a town of the Bavarian states, in
riven are the Dee, Fleet, Cree, and Orr. Franconia, in the environs of which are some
Kirkhamy a town in Lancashire, Eng. The an- medicinal and salt springs. 32 m. N. of Wurxburg.
ciont chureh was taken down in 1822, except the Kisttuty or Krishnay a nver of Hindoostan, which
tower, and rebuilt by a subscribed rate. The rises in the Sukhien. Mountains, not far to the S
manufactures, which are increasing in importance, of Poena, flows E. about 500 m. forming the
are sail cloth, cordage, coarse linens, cottons, &c; boundary between the Deccan and the Peninsula.
It is seated near the mouth of the Ribble, 23 m. and enters the bay of Bengal by several mouths,
S. of Lancaster, and 226 N. N. W. of London. to the S. of Masulipatam. Owing to the accu
KirktiUUlochy a town of Scotland, in Dumber- mulation of sand at its mouths, it is not navigable
tonshire, with manufactures of linen and cotton ; for ships ; but its inundations are of the greatest
seated near the junction of the Luggie with the importance to the fertility of the country ^uirh
Kelvin, 7 m. E. N. E. of Glasgow. which it passes. J ~e
Kirklessy a village in W.Yorkshire Eng. situate Kistnagheriy a town and fortress of Hindoostan
on the Calder, 3 m. from Huddersfield. In the in the province of Barramaul. Since it came into
park near it is the monument of the famous Rob- the possession of the British, in 1792, it has been
mHood. . r^ u 1 J « rv <J»«nnantled to save the expense of a garrison. It
Knrkostoaldy a town m Cumberiand, Eng. On is situate on a rock nearly 700 feet m height 54
an elevated spot, a little E. of the town, are the m. S. E. of Bangalore, and 66 W. S. W. ofArcot
ruins of a castle ; and on another eminence, 3 m. Kittanninyy a township of Armstronir Co Pa!
to the S., IS the famous druidical monument called 40 ra» N. E. Pittsburg
Long Meg and her daughters. Kirkoswald is KittaHnna MountMnSy the name jpiven to a
wated at the conflux of the Croglinwith the brsjich of fiie Apalachian chain, in Rew Jersey
Eden, 9 m. N. by E. of Pennth, and 292 N. W. and Pennsylvania,
of London. Kitiery, p.v. York Co. Me. at the mouth of Pis-
Km *
ntaqaftiJtMoppOMWFoftraKMUh. Pop.9,aa3.
KuMM. k Wan of Ilia AwtiUa lUtM, in
Tyrol, u Ue Titinit^ of vhieh an minei of oop-
nar ind hItw. It ii >Mled on Ihi rirer Adit,
11 D. 8. E. c' Ka&tma.
KiOxHMtK, a town of BtTuwn FnaoooU, oa tlie
tiTW HwH, 10 n>. E. B. E. ofWarUbiug.
Kmm^dua*, ■ oilr of GUm, of Uw firM tuk,
Mpitol of tlu ialutd of H*m»n, on ^ N. oout,
mt tha nunlh of the Limou. It iluiti on ■ prom-
much eataamed in aereial dlaordeii. It ii lituUe
at (he foot of a mountain, near the ririT Poraak,
13G m. B. S. E. of ConitutinopI*.
Kiadrmu, a town of Bohamia, in tha cirela of
Pilaen, near tbe rivar Him, 90 m. W. of PUaan.
KUOam, a town at Bohami*, capital of a oinle
of tha aama name, willi a ooniidenUa woalan
minafacture. Fart of it wu deatrond bj fin in
leiO. It ii 69 m. 8. W. of Fragua.
iaing4uUncm, p.T. Scba^lkill Co. Fa.
KIia^iMK, a lawn of 8»itiarland,in tha diatriet
of Baden, on tha river Aar, 7 m. H. of Badan.
Kimfialt, • diitrict of ArgTlailuiv, Scotland,
•bout 90 m. ]img, and 16 bto^. It ia ■iinato ba-
tween the iathmna of Crinan and Tarbart, and it
divided into tha pwiahea of N. and 8. Kupdale.
Kiufpttmigtt, p.T. Chenango Co. N. T.
KiMfiiJaraiyt, • b«aitgh in W. Torkaliiie,
Bug. It ta the ancient aeat of the linen nann&c-
tun, which ia now earned on to a great extent.
tier* ia a ftmona aprinf , of a itiong pelrifring
auality, called the Draping Well, which &lli in
Jrope from the iof of a took. Tha town ia aitoale
U the top of a lockj mauntain, at tha foot of
which rana the rinr Nidd. 19 m. W. br N. of
Tork, and 197 N. bj W. of London.
B (0>
ganerouB, and hoapitabb, whan the pemie/ona na*
of ■pirituooa liqnora haa not changed their natonl
diapoailion. They do notlook upon chaatilj, hov-
erer, aa a virtue, noi do thep imagine that con-
wives to itnngera, and exchange them with »vb
other, aa Cato la aaid to have done. The fan
which oovar their manhea, are beueved to be the
apirita (tf thait deoeaaad eompaoiooi.
KHia^M, or KniOerftUt, a town of Aultri^
on the river Huhr, 96 m. 8 W. of Vicaaa.
KnotUmktr, a town of IraUnd, in tbe coiinty of
Eilkennv, 13 m. S. bj £. of Kilkenny, uid 63 S.
W. of Doblin.
KaoUiuJay, an aiisnuve and populooa village
in W. YorkMn, Eng. on tbe hvar Aire, 3m. E.
y. E. of Fonlefraet, noted for jta great production
KaifAlon, a town of Walea, in Badnoraliiie,
Mated CD the Teme, 10 m. S. E. of Radnor, and
1S8N.W. of London.
iOagAuhi^n.a village ia Middleaez,Eng. now
(brming part of tbe auniuba of Londmi. Here
are ezlenalre banaeka for aoldiera, and a eoosid-
^ painted floor cbllia.
nof Germany, _„
X, aeMcd on i1m Jade,
& m. E. aftmbdan.
KiwMnaaKi,* tribe of Indiana in North Ameri-
ea who ocoopy a part of tbe Britiah tarritoty to
theNorthoftheUkeaofCanada. The KxutouMi,
denominated CritiiuaKZ by tbe ancient Canadian*,
and KiUiManeiu by some modem wrii«ra~f>«ai
by the Engtiab, wander over, ar inhabit all the
country lo the aouth of ibe laltoof tbeHorniiaioa,
aa hr aa the lakea of Canada, and from Hadaon'a
Etay to lake Winnipeg. TbeKnieUneanxweof a
moderate tlature, are well proportioaad, and poa-
aen a remarkable degree of activity. BUok and
piercing eyea animaU their •neeable and open
cnuntenance. They (nint their Bux of difirent
coloaia. They weal aaimple and convenient dreaa,
cut and ornamented with laate ; but aometimea
they bant, even daring the nveieet oold, alnoat
entirely naked. It appean that of all the aavagea
of North AmericaJUis KniataneaiuL have the hand-
someat women. Theii figure ia well proportioDed,
and the regularity of Iheit faaturca would obtain
tbem adm&atiun, even in Enn^. Tbeii' ooia-
pleiion ia notao dark aa that of other savage
women , bsMuae their babila are much moee eleaa-
ly. Tbeae Indiana at* natarally mild, henaat
Kaawltan, a townahip of Suaaex Co. N. J.
Knax, a county ofOhio. Pop. 17,1M. Mount
Vemon ia the capital. Alaoa county oTKentucky.
Fop. 4,321. Barbouraville ia the capital. Alio
a county of E. Tenneaaee. Fop 14,496. Knox-
ville ia tha capital. Also a oounty of Indiana.
Pop. 6,567. Vmoennea is the capital.
turn, p.t Albany Co. N. T. 30 m. W. Albany.
Pop. 2,18(i. Also townahipa in Columbia and Jef-
faraon Coa. Ohio.
KnoxtiOt, a town of Tennesaee, capital of Knox
oounty. Here ia a oUlege, eatabliihad '>7Jf '
emmeut. It slaada oa tlw river Holstoo, xi m.
above ita jnnolion with the Tenneaaee, and 900 8.
by E. of Frankfort. Long. 64. 8. W., lal. 35.
ai. N. Alao village* in Cnwford Co. Geo., and
Jeffenon Co. Ohio.
KtMtferd, a town in Cbeafaire, Eng. Here ate
aODM eottoo-milla, and manu&olnrea of iba^ vel-
Kbaiv4m, a mty of China, of tbe first rank, in
Kiiug-ti. Hare are manu&cturea of good paper,
and the beat candles in the empire. It is 850 m.
B. by W. of Nanking. Long. 119. 20. E., lal. 98.
KMt.tciasa,apMvince of China, near the 8. W.
•xinuity of the empiie. It ia almoat a deaait,
and fiiU of pteoipiloua mounlaina, inhabited by
barbarooa tao**, whom the Cbineee have never
been able fbll* to mbdue. In the moontaiiu there
are nuMa of gold, ailVM, copper, and mercary
Tbe horaaa ■(• tlw beet in Clunai andHnaUfDl
Sua
KON 496 KOO
game abonndB. Stxiflb are made of a certain herb aee. It has a ipaeimw, haadaome raarket>pl«M
which resembles hemp, and are very much suited an elegant cathedral, and nnuiy other haaasomo
for summer clothes. The capital is Koei-yang. buildings. In 1763 a body of Prussian troops en-
Koei'tckeouj a city of China, of the first rank, in tered tM town, and laid the greatestpart or it in
Se-tehuen. It is very rich, and carries on a gieat ashes. It is seated on the Elbe, 44 m. £. of Prague,
trade. It stands on the ffreat river Kian-ku, 637 Lon|[. 15. 40. E., lat. 50. 10. N.
m. S S. W. of Pekin. Cong. 109. 50. £., lat. 31. Kmdgther^, agoTemmentof the Prusuan states,
10. N. comprehending the N. and W. parte of the pro-
£be»-yaR^, a city of China, capital of the pro- Tince of E. Prussia, and corresponding nearly to
▼ince or Koei-tcheou. It is built partly of earth E. Prussia Proper. It comprises a superficial area
and partly of bricks, and is surroundea by steep of 8,960. sq. m. with 491,000 inhabitante.
mountains. Long. 108. 30. E., lat. 27. 40.'N. Koniftberg, the capital of £. Prussia, with a
Kitme. See Kione. uniyersity, a magnificent palace, and a public li-
Ko/dttanj a district of Persia, in the province of brary. The town-house, tiie exchange, the royal
Mecran, possessed by a powerful chief, who re- mint, and the cathedral are fine structures. The
sides at Bunpoor. tower of the castle is very high, whence there ia
jroAite2an,amountainou8di8trictof Hindoostan, a beautiful prospect. Tne wall which encloees
tu the province of Lahore, on the western side of the city and suburbs is 9 m. in circumference, but
the Jhylum River, possessed by pett^ chiefs, who more than half this space consists of gardens and
are subject either to the Seiks or Afrhans. corn fields, the pop. of the whole not exceeding
KoiUmor, or HohonoTy a country of Tartanr, on 65,000, who are pnnctpally of the Lutheran rek-
the borders of China, inhabited by a tribe or Kal- gion. Many of tne houses are large and elegant ;
mucks called Sifans. It contains a large lake of and the trade is veiy considerable. No ships
the same name. drawing more than 8 feet water can pass the Mr
JEb£s, a town of Russian Lapland, in the gov- of the nver, so that large vessels anchor at Pillau,
ernment of Archangel. It has a good harbour on a small town on the Baltic. Konigsberg, though
the river Kola, near a bay of the same name in the fortified, is not capable of making any serious re-
Frozen Ocean. Lonff. &. 30. B.. lat. 68. 20 N. sistance. It was taken by the Russians in 1738 ;
£o2sn, a town of Bwemla, in the circle of Kaur^ and in June, 1807, it fell into the hands of the .
xim, witn a castle. A little to the W. of this place, French ; but, since the overthrow of Bonaparte,
in 1757, the Austrians gained a victory over the it has been under the dominion of Prussia. It is
Prussians. 26 m. E. S. E. of Prague. seated on the Pregel, near ite entrance into the
KoUvan, a town of Asiatic Russia, capita] of a Frisch HafiT. 170 m. N. of Warsaw. Long. 20.
district of the same name, in the government of 45. E., lat. 54. 42. N.
Tomsk. In the neighbourhood are some very Kanigtherg^ a town of Germany, in Hesse-Cas
productive copper mines, with some silver and sel, 46 in. If. N. E. of Mentx.
gold. It is seated on the river Berd, at ite conflux Kamgtbtrgj a town and castle of the Bavs-
with the Oby, 480 m. E. S. E. of Tobolsk. Long, rian states, m Franconia. 14 m. N. W. of Bam
81.20.C:., lat. 55. 28. N. be».
EMkokro, a lake in the peninsula of Kamt- Komgtherg^ a town and castle of Bileaia, in the
schatka, connected with a river of the same name, principality of Troppau, 15 m. 8. E. of Troppau.
It is said to be 112 m. in circumference, and KcmintheTg, a town of Hungary, seated on the
abounds with sea calves. river Gran, 70 m. E. by N. otPresburg.
Kolomna^ a town of Russia, in the government Konigtbirgj a well built town of Prussia 59 m '
of Moscow, and a bishop's see, with a trade in com, N. E. m Berlin.
tallow, salt beef, &c. It is seated on the Occa, Komgshof^ a town and castle of Bohemia seated
near the influx of the Moskwa, 65 m. S. £. or on the Elbe, 14 m. N. of Konigingrate.
Moscow. Komgsktfenf a town of Bavarian Franconia, on
Kom, See Com. the river Saale, 30 m. N. W. of Bamberff.
Kong, a kingdom of Central Afirica, on the bor* KorngthUter, a town of (Germany, in Uie duchr
ders of Guinea, from which it is separated by a of Brunswick, with a celebrated abbey. It is
ridfle of mountains. The country is populous, seated on the rivulet Lutter, 16 m. E. of Bruns
ana abounds in horses and elephante. wiek.
Kongf a town of Africa, capital of the above JTomjgzteiii, a town of Saxony, on the firontiers
kingdom, 230 m. S. S. W. of Sego. Long. 3. 20. of Bohemia. A mrrison is constantly maintained
W., lat. 11. 20. N. in the fi>Tt, which stands on a mountain, and is
Kongsbergf a town of Norway, in the govern- deemed impregnable. The town has manufactotvs
ment of Aggerhuys, formerly celebrated for the of woolen ana linen, and is seated on the £lh«,
richest silver mines in Europe. It is situate on 16 m. 8. E. of Dresiden. Long. 14. 14. E., lat^
both sides of the river Lowe, 36 m. S. W. of Chris- 50. 54. N.
tiana. Long. 10. 0. £., lat. 59. 40. N. Korngstein, a town of Germany, in the duchy
KongateingeTf a town of Norway, on the fron- of Nassau, with a castle on a rock, 11 m. N. W.
tiers of Sweden, near the river Glomme, at the of Frankfort.
foot of a steep rock, on which is a strong citadel. KomU, a town of W. Prussia, 10 m. N. W. of
42 m. N. E of Christiana. Long. 12. 8. £., lat. Culm.
60. 12. N. JOmkodoo, a country of W. Africa, bordering on
Kong-Uhangt a city of China, of the first rank, Jallonkadvo, Satadoo, and Dentila. It is fiill of
in the province of Chen-si. It stands on the river steep mountains, which, however, are cultivated
Hoei, surrounded by high mountains, where a even to the summit. The streams which descend
tomb is seen, which the Chinese pretend to be that from these mountains impregnate the sand and
of Fo-hi. Long. 104. 20. E., lat. 34. 56. N. earth with gold dust, which the natives separate
XenieA, or Koiiuh. See Cogni. by a mechanical process.
KonigingratZf a fortified town of Bohemia, cap- Koot^oor, a town of Hindoostan, capital or a
ital of a circle of the same name, and a biahop^s ciroar, in the province of Orissa. 86 m. N. N
KOR 4S7 KRA
W. of CatUek, and 163 W. S. W. of Calcutta. Kotm Blacky a riyer of Hunganr, which rises
Long. 85. 38. E., ht dl. 52. N. in the palatinate of Bihar, and &llfl into the
KooAanb^ a town of Hindoostan, in Lahore, Theyss, near Czongrad, in the palatinate of Bek-
■eated on the Beint^ 88 m. W. of Lahore. Long. each.
71. 20. E., lat. 30. 55. N. KoroUcha^ a town of European Ruasia, in the
Kopys, a fortified town of European Rnasia, in government of Kursk, on a riv'er of the same name
the £raivemment of Mohilef; seated on the Dnie- with a manu&cture of saltpetre. 44 m. S. £. of
per/28 m. N. of Mohilet. Kursk.
KordofaHf a country of central Africa, situated Korsor. See Canoer,
to the W. of the Bahr-el-Abiad, between the Kartrightf p.t. Delaware Co. N. T. Pop
kingdom of Darfur and that of Sennaar. It is 2,873.
sometimes independent, and sometimes subject to Kosd, or Kosta, a fortified town of Prussia, in
the one or the other of these states. The inhabi- Silesia, on the H^er Oder, 17 m. N. of Ratibor.
tants are said to be extremely licentious in their KosU, a considerable kingdom of Western Af
manners, and cherish a most inveterate enmity rica, situated on the E. side of the river Lagos,
against those of Darfur. Ibeit is the capital. about 60 m. fivm its mouth. By this sitaation
Korfakatij a town of Arabia, in Oman, on a bay the people of Kosie command the trade of all the
of the gulf of Ormus, 110 m. N. by W. of Rostak. slaves which are brought down the river; and
Kor^ran. See Jorjan. they prevent all communication between the tra-
Ktnvus, a people of Siberia, who inhabit that djprs of Laffos and those of the interior. The
part of the government of Okhotsk which lies capital, of the same name, is said to be of great
around the gulf of Penginskaia, and N.. as fkr as extent, and its buildinj[s are described as resem>
the banks of the Anadir. Thev are divided into bling those of Coomassie, the capital of Ashantee.
two sorts. Those called simply Koriacs have a futd/of. See JEvpotona.
fixed residence, and the resemblance between KMitrmMk^ a town of Russia, canital of a govem-
them and the Kamtschadales is very striking, ment of the 8amename,and abiuiop'a see. It is
The others are wanderers, and are known by the surrounded by a strong wall, and situate on a riv-
appellation of Reindeer Koriacs; they roam in er of the same name, at its entrance into the Vol-
detached parties over these vast deserts, and are ga. 380 m. £. S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 41.
noted hunters and robbers. Their only property 14. E., lat. 57. 40. N.
consists in their herds of reindeer, which they JTolta, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in the
maintain by conducting them to those cantons province of Agimere, seated on the Chumbul.
that abound with moss ; and, when these pas- Loxig. 75. 49. £., lat. 25. 15. N.
tures are exhausted, they wander in search of ^ttokolee, a city of Central Afirica, capital of
others. The number of fixed Koriacs scarcely a country of the same name, of which the situa-
exoeeds 900 ; and, though it is not easy to calcu- tion and extent are not aocuratelv known,
late that of the wandering Koriacs, it is imagined Kbtun, a city of Usbeck Taztary, in Cashgur,
that they do not much exceed this amount. The 110 ra. S. E. of Ireken. Long. 81. 36. £., lat. 37.
features of the majority of the Koriacs are not 50. N.
Asiatic ; and they might be considered as Euro- Koue-Uf a city of Chuia, of the first rank, in the
peans, but for tHeir low stature, their ill shape, province of Ho-nan. It is seated in a vast plain,
and the ^olor of their skin. In general the wo- between 2 large rivers, 312 m. S. of Pekin. Long,
men have sunken eyes, flat noses, and prominent 115. 29. E., lat. 34. 30. N.
cheeks, and in going about they carry their chil- KtnUf or Cost, a town of Egypt, on the E. bank
dren in a kind of net or basket arched over, in of the Nile, once a plac« of great wealth and trade
which the infant is placed in a sitting posture, being the staple or commerce' between th«) Nile
and sheltered from tne weather. They acknow- and the Red sea. 18 m. S. of Dendera, and 45.
\tdgp a Supreme Being, the creator of all things. N. N. £. of Esne.
He is supposed to inhabit the sun, whose burning KovmOf a town of Russian Lithnania, with a
orb thev consider as the throne or palace of the brisk trade, particularly in honev, wax, &c. It is
Lord or Nature. They neither fear nor worship seated at tne conflux of the Wiina, and Niemen,
him : goodness, they say, is his essence ; and it 66 m. W. N. W. of Wilna.
is impossible be should do any injury. The prin- KozloVf a large town of European Russia, in
ciple of evil they consider as a malignant spirit, the government of Tambov. The chief trade is
wno divides with the good Being the empire of in cattle, which axe sold to the Don Cossacs, and
nature. As the one is intent on the happiness of in tallow and salt meat, which v% sent to Mos-
manaind, the other endeavours to render them cow. It is seated on the Voronet, 48 m. W. N.
unhappy. Diseases, tempests,^ famine, calamities W. of Tambov.
of every kind, are his works, and the instru- Kroin^^, a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn
ments of his vengeance. To pacify his wrath, 5 ro. N. E. of Burkhausen.
they ofibr to him various animals, the first fruits KraMwrg^ a town of Austrian niyria, in Car-
of their hunting and fishing, and whatever they niola, with a castle seated on the Save, 20 m. N.
possess that is most valuable; but there is no W. of Laubach.
temple set apart for his votaries, who conceive Kraniehfe.% a town of €^ennany, in the prinet-
that they render him propitious by piously getting Polity of Saxe-Gotha, on the river Ilm, 12 m. S.
drunk in their jourts ; for drunkenness is become E. or Erfurt.
with these people a religious practice, and the Krappitz, a town of Prussian Silena, with a
basis of all Uieir solemniUes. castle, at the conflux of the Prudnitx with the
Karinehif a valley in the island of Sumatra, Oder, 14 m. S. of Oppelen.
behind the range or mountains which forms the JTromotarsik, a flourishing town of Asiatic Rus-
boundazy of the countries of Anak, Sungei, and aia, in the government of 'Ix>msk with a trade in
Indrapoor. It contains a fine Inke, which abounds flirs, and a considerable transit of commodities
with fish, and its banks are covered with villa- for the trade with China and Siberia, the great
ges. road firom Tomsk to Irkutsk puaing thioo^ lU
liupMUedoaanMU riT«r, which iUlsintothe tnMai« with laieU. In 1795 it aduiMHtdMd
Teniiei. the iovereigntr or RuMia. bat without W>og
iCrtunoiarak, a tpwn and capital of a district in any tribute. Long. 47. 49. E., lai. 42. 30. N.
the goTenunent of Aatracan, Asiatic Russia. It ITtcUn, a town of Hungsiy, in the ^^»ft,
is situated on an island formed bj branches of the opposite Semendria. with 1^400 inhabitants, who
Vok[a. Long. 48. 90. E., lat 46, 30. N. carnr on a brisk trade with Turkey.
Munodaw, a town of Folandi in the palatinate Jui&m. a town of Huntfair, in the district of
ofLublin,26m. S.8.W. ofChelm. the Tsaikisti. Long. l9. 18. &, lat 49. 14.
froaipen, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of N.
Leutmeritz. It has considerable tin mines m its K^fsi€in, a strong town of Austria, in the Tyrol,
Tioinity, and is 17 m. W. N. W. of Leutmerita. with a castle on a rock. It suixendered to the
Kriuahemt a town and castle of Germany, in French and Bavarians in 1809. It is seated on
Baden, on the riyer Jaxt, 15 m, S. W. of Mergen- the Inn, on the firontiers of Bayaria, 46 m. 8. S
theim. £. of Munich. Long. 12. 15. £., lat 47. 30
KreidervUU^ p.y. Northampton Co. Pa. N.
KrdtUk^ a corporate town of Wales, in Csemar- £tiUa, a country of Central Africa, to the 8. £
Tonshire, seated on the Irish Sea, nesr Traeth- of Waxiffara, traversed bv a river of the same
Amawar B&yi where a castle formerly stood, now name. It was represented to Browne as an im
in ruins. 13 m. 8. by £. of Caernarvon, and 234 portant state, but he did not enter it.
N. W. of London. Kulskam^ or HCtiizAetm, a town of Baden, in the
ITrsMfM, a town of Denmark, in Holstein. seat- principality of Leiningen, 40 m. £. 8. £. of Hei<t'
ed on a river of the same name, 5 m. N . of uluck- elberg.
stadt Kumama^ Great tmd Utde, two districts in the
£rem5, or Ovnw. a town of Austria, with alum central part of Hungary, separated from each
works, and manntactuies of velvet, silk stnfis, other bv a considerable tract of country as well
and excellent thread. It is seated on a river of as by tae river Theyss. Great Kumania comprises
the same name, at its conflux with the Danube, a superficial extent of 420 sq. m. with 13.000 in-
48 m. W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 36. £., habitants. Little Kmnania is however the more
lat. 18. 24. N. extensive district, comprisixiff an area of 1,000
Kronberg, See Cronenoerg. sq. m., and a pop. of 41,000. The Calvinist is
&vp«, a large manufactarmg village of Aus- the prevailing religion in both districts,
tnan Uiyria, in Camiola, circle of Laucach, seat- Kundavuraf a town of Hindoostan, in Canara,
ed on a river of Uie same name. and the chief place in the northern part of the
Kr0to€€hm, a town and castle of Prussian Po- province. It is seated near the mouth of a river
land, near the borders of Silesia, 28 m. W. of of the same name, which here expands into a
Kalisch. lake, and forms a number of islanas. It is the
JDroizka, a town of European Turkey, in Servia, port for all ffoods coming from, or going to Naga*
on the 8. side of the Danube, 15 m. 8. £. of ra ; but the bar will not admit vessels that draw
Belgrade. more than 12 feet. It is 30 m. W. 8. W. of
KrumUm, See CrumtoM, Mangalore. liong. 74. 45. £., lat 14. 24. N.
Krunwieaf a town of Russian Poland, in the Kuntrtdcrf, a village of Brandenburg, in the
palatinate t^Brzesc, with a castle, noted for be- Middle Mark, 3 m. E. N. £. of Frankford on the
ing the birthplace of Piast, who from the station Oder. Here, in 1759, wss fought one of the most
ofa private citizen, was elected king of Poland bloody battles on record between the Prussians
in the year 842. It is seated on a lake called and Russians, in which the king of Prussia, after
Gopio, which supplies the Nets with a great a great slaughter of the enemy for upwards of
part of its water. 28 m. W. of Brzeac Litov. six hours, was in the end obliged to quit the
Kte^a, a small walled town of Syria, on the field with the loss of all his cannon and 20,000
borders of the desert, supposed to be the ancient men.
Adarisi, 22 m. £. N. £. of Damascus. Kunkat a district of Hindoostan, in the prov-
KuarUf a province of Abyssinia, situated near inoe of Orissa, situate on the sea-coast, near the
the banks of the Bahr-el-Abiad. It is verjr moun* Point Palmyras. Being much intersected by
tainous and unwholesome, but abounds in gold, rivers, the rajah successfully maintained his inde-
which is brought from the neighbouring coun- pendence against the Mahnittas, but surrendered
tries. The governor is one of the great officers to the British in 1805.
of state, and has absolute power in his own KunkagtoTf the capital of the above district, and
province. the residence of the rajah, situate on the sea
KubbeeSf a city of Persia, in Seistan, in the coast. Long. 87. 5. E^ lat. 20. 50. N.
midst of a great sandy desert, on the road from KunHt^, a town of Bavarian Franconia, m the
Kerman toHHerat. 160 m. S. E. of Tezd. principality of Eichstadt. at the conflux of the
iTu^csfcs, a strong town of Asia, in Daghistan, Schwarzsch with the Aitmuhl, 12 m. N. E. of
situate en a hill, between high mountains. Its Eichstadt.
inhabitants call themselves Franki (Franks, a JTioigee, a town of Hindoostan, in the province
name common in the £. to all Europeans), and of Debli, and district of ef Sirhind. It is sur-
form a republic. They are excellent artists, and rounded by a mud wall and deep ditch, but was
make very good fire-arms, sabres and several arti- taken by the British in 1809, without resis-
eles in gM and silver, fbr exportation. They tance.
have, likewise, fbf their own defence, small cop- Kunoy a fortress of Japan, in the island of Nip-
per cannons, of three pounds calibre, cast by honOOm. W.S. W.of Jeddo.
themselves. They ooin Turkish and Persian fTuneietCz, a town of Moravia, on the Olschowa
nlver money, and«ven rubies, which readily pass 37 m. 8. by E. of Olmutx.
eurrsat, because they are of the full weight and £iioptn, a town of Sweden, m Finland, capital
value. Kuheshaisceusid(sred as a neutral town, of Savolax, and that part of Carelia remaining to
whait IhiDtiffhbonriAg princes can deposit their Sweden. It is situate on the W. side of an ex
KUR 4S9 CTR
temiTe lake 900 m 8. £. of Ulea. Long. 99. 10. hauy, wear lone beard, and lire entirely open
E.JatOS. 20. N. aeabyfish, and the prodneeofthe chaie. They
Kupferherfr^ a mine-town of Pmasian Silesia, in are hospitable and docile ; but pusillanimous and
the pnncipanty of Jauer, on the river Bober, 17 unable to support misfortune with fortitude,
-n. N. W. of Jauer. Their houses and customs resemble those of the
£iir, ^the ancient Cynu), a river of Persia, Kamtschatdales. They have some trade with the
which rises in the Caooaaian Mountains, passes Chinese, Japanese, ana Russians,
by Tefflis, and flows S. E. to the CSaspian Sea. Kuron, a chain of mountains in Asiatic Turicey.
At ita mouth are several inlets, liable to be over- See TamMt. *
flowed in the spring. Kur§kf a considerable town of European Rus-
Karda^ a town or Hindooatan, in the province sia. capiul of a government of the same name,
of Gnaerat, near the N. W. frontier, about 3 m. Itnaa 16.000 inhabitants, a Protestant consistory,
8 . of Theraud. and 16 cnurches. The export trade is very con-
Kurdistmif a country lying partly in Armenia siderable, amounting to about £150,000 sterling
and partly in Persia, along the eastern bank of the per annum. It is seated on the river Tuskara,
river Tigris, and comprehending great part of &40 m. S. of Moscow, tiong. 37. 8. £., lat. 51.
ancient Assyria. Its kmits are not precisely as- 40. N.
certained ; but it may be viewed as bounded or Xacjuten, or CAujuCon, a province of Penia,
the N. by Armenia, on the E. by Persia, on the bounded on the N. by Irac-A^mi, £. by Farsis-
S. by Arabian and Persian Irak, and on the W tan, S. by the gulf of Persia, and W. by Irao-
b^ Diarbekir. or, as it is sometimes called, Alge- Anuii. The NT part is monntainous, the 8. flat
lira. It is oivided into two parte, via.. Lower and marshy. Tostar is the capital.
Kurdistan, or the western division, which is in- KuUth. See CkhUaja,
eluded in the pachaUc of Bagdad, and oorrea- Kuttenkerj^f a town of Bohemia^ seated near a
fonds nearly to the whole of the ancient Assyria mountain, in which are ailver mmes. 5 m. N.
roper; and Ardelan, which extends from the W. of Csaslau.
small river Sharook to the Turkish district of Kuttortf a celebrated town and fortress of the
Zohaub. The surfiice is diversified by mountains N. of India, capital of a district of the same name,
and valleys ; and the soil is in some places fertile in the province of Cafiristan. It is situated on
and well cultivated ; but it abounds with deserts, the summit of a perpendicular rock, and was with
and, except in the neighbourhood of the towns, great difiiculty taken by Timur in the end of the
is barren and desolate. Wheat and barley are 14th centurv. 100 m. N. £. of Cabul, and 2^
the grains most commonly raised. The inhabi- N. W. of Lahore. Long. 70. 17. £., lat. 35.
tants are not subject either to the Turks or Per- 27. N.
slans. Some live in towns and villages, and £«<«, a town of Austrian Poland, in Galicia,
others rove from place to place, having tents like on the Cseremosz, with extensive manufactures
the wild Araba. and being robbm like them. The o Russia leather. 61 m. S. S. £. of Halicz.
tribes are rulea by a number of their own princes Kuynder, a town and fortress of the Nether-
or chieft. Thej^ are proud of their descent ; and lands, in Friesland, situated on a river of the same
demand a premium ror their daughters on i^iring name, at its entrance into the Zuvder Zee, 23 m.
them in marriage. Their character and circum- 8. of Lewarden. Long. 5. 32. £., lat. 52. 41. N. .
stances seem to have undergone little change Kuxneck^ a town of Siberia, capital of a prov-
since the most remote times. Xenophon is sup- ince of the same name, in the government of
posed to refer to them under the name of Cardu- Kolivan. It has manufi^cturea of iron, and stands
chai, a people who opposed the retreat of the on the Tom, at the influx of the Kondoma, 130
10,000 Greeks. Their religion is partly Chris- m. E. S. £. of Kolivan. Long. 85. 50. £., lat.
tianity and partly Mahomedism. Altunkupri is 54. 16. N.
the capital. Thechief towns are Kerkook,Soly- ITy^urg, a bailiwic of Switzerland, including
mania, Beltis, Erbile. Amadia, Sennah, oc. the whofe of the N. £. part of the canton of Zu-
Kureh, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Nato- rich. It is divided into 47 parishes, and is pro-
lia, 34 m. W. of Sinob. ductive, particularly in firuit and wine.
KunUWf a long chain of islands at the eastern Kytburg^ a town of the Prussian province of
extremity of Asia, extending from the southern the Lower Rhine, situated on the river Kyll, 30
Klnt or Kamtschatka to the isles of Jesso or m. N. N. E. of Luxemburg,
atamai, an island of Japan. They lie between Kyll, a small river of Germany, which rises be-
42. and 51. of N. lat., and the whole length of tween the frontiers of Limburgand Juliers, and
the range is said to be nearly 900 m. Exelu- fella into the Moselle, 4 m. below Treves,
tfive of uie very small ones, they are 22 in num- fmunenefiard, an extensive province of Finland
ber. They are annexed to the government of e<pal in extent to the half of Scotlana, but con-
Irkutak, and pay a tribute of frirs and sea calvea, taming only 115,000 inhabitants. It extends
which is collected every three years ; the Rus- along the river Kymmene.
sian authority however can only he considered as £yii, a small island in the Baltic, on the coast
extending over 19, the three most southerly be- of Russia, about 5 m. in length, 40 m. N. by E.
longing rather to Japan. The northernmost, of Riga.
calfodShoomska,is three leaguea from Cape Lo- KyndUf a town of Hindoostan, in the province
patka : the next, named Paramousic, is consid- of Mhar, and district of Ramgur. Long. 86. 5.
erably larger than Shoomaka. Thoae two ialanda £.,lat 21. 15. N.
were first visited by the Russians, in 1713, and KytuUn. See Kingttm.
the rest have been nadually discovered since that ITyrofiafr, a town ana fortress of Hindoostan, in
period. Some of these islands are fertile, wooded the province of Gnndwaneh. It belongs to one
and abound in fish and game ; while others are of tne Goand chiefe, who ia tributarv to the rajah
destitute of water and uninhabitabie, butareocoap of Nagpore. It is situate near tne Lucknow
sionally viaited by the ialandert for the sake of Hills, 96 m. S. E. of Ruttunpore. Long. 81. 32.
hunting ibxea ana otters. The natives are vt-y E., Ui. 21. 27 N.
LAB 431 LAC
Anmfy. a town of Benftl, in the district of Moningf, and W. bjr Neptol. li w«i conqoered
Cooch BaJiar, on the Durlah River. Long. 88. by the rajah of Nepaul in 17(i9, b]it ii T^ry little
60. £., lat. 26, 46. N. known to Boropeane.
fyratit,adistrictofHindoo8tan, bounded N. by iCyrtts, a town of the Pniasian ftatea, in Bran-
the Himmaleh Monntaine, E. by Bootan, S. by denburg. 46jn. N. W. of BerUn^
L
LA AB, a town of Lower Anetria, on the riTor the total pop. of which is ebont €00. The natives
Teya, 39 m. N. by W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 20. are called Esquimaux. They have no fixed abod-^,
B., lat. 48. 43. N. but rove from place to plaee. and sometimes come
Latu, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Camiola, as far as Newroundlana. Tney are of a difl^rro'
with a trade in salt, leather, and horses. 12 m. race from the other native Americans ; ibr the
8. of LaulMch. other tribes have no beards, but these have them
iMuplUf or Lasphe, a town of Germany, in the so thick and large that it is difficult to discover
Prussian states, seated on the Lahn, 7b m. E. of anv feature of t&ir faoea; they are likewise the
Cologne. only savages that eat their food in a raw state.
Leiadia^ a town of Austrian Italy, seated on They are of a middling stature, generalljf robust,
the Adirge, 20 m. N. N. W.of Ferrara. laxy, and of a brown color. Their head is lar^pe,
Laber, a river of Bavaria, in Franeonia, which and their feoe round and flat ; they have thick
rises near Neumark. and ikUs into the Danube at lips, a flat nose, long black hair, large shoulden,
Sinxing, above Ratilbon. and uncommonly small feet. They are always
LaUSf a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with weU clothed; fbrthere is nothingto be seen but part
manufactures of cloth ; seated on the Reca, 36 m . of their feces and their hands. They have a aort of
N. E. of Stargard. shirt made of the guta of fish, with a coat of bear
LaMa^ a town of European Turkey, in Servia, or bird skins, and a cm on their head. They have
70 ni. S. W. of Nissa. likewise breeches made of skins, with the liair in-
Lahiauj a town of East Prussia, with a strong wards, and covered with furs without ; also two
castle, seated at the mouth of the Oeine, near the pair of boote, one over another, of the same
Curische Haff, 25 m. N. E. of Konigsberg. sort of skins. In summer, they have nothing
LdibradoTy a country of North America, on the to cover them in the night ; and in the winter,
E. side of Hudson Bay. The general aspect of they lodge in tente made ef hides» or in caves.
the country is most dreary : the surfece is moun- The dress of the women is nearly the same as that
toinous and rugged, and covered with large stones, of the men. They are very superstitious, and
and the soil is poor. Coarse plante, adapted to have some sort of saerifieee They anknowledfe
the nourishment of deer and goato and other two invisible fseiioes i the ene has the origin of
wild animals, are ite chief productions. The eli- good ; the other, to whom they pay the meet horn-
« mate, in only lat. 47. N., is excessively cold dur^ age, as the origin of every species of evil. Their
ing winter. The ice begins to disappear in May, chief employment is hunting and fishing. They
and about the middle of July commences hot are very covetous ; and pay ao little regard to
weather, which at times is such as to scorch the private property as to take every advantage of
face of the hunters. Mock suns and halos are bodily strength to rob their neighbours, not only
not unirequent ; and the night is enlivened by of their goods but their wives. In other respecte
the aurora borealis, which spreads over the whole they are the mildest tribe, or nation, that is to be
sky. No oountrjjT is better ftirnished with large, found on the borders of Hudson Sav. Murder,
safe, and convenient harbours, or supplied with which is so common among all the tribea of south-
better water. The numerous islands along the em Indians, is seldom heard of among them. A
£. coast abound with eider ducks and other wa murderer is shunned and detested by all the tribe
terfowl, and also with hares, foxes, and deer, and is forsaken even by his relations and former
The animals are not numerous ; the moot com- friends. The women perfimn the most laboriovs
mon are reindeer, bean, wolves, tigers, foxes, offices ; they piteh the tente, carry or haul hur-
beavers, otters, Ivnxes, martens, ermines, wild dens, make or mend clothes, and prepare the vict^
cate. The Labracior jumping mouse is common uals. When any thing is prepared for eating, the
to this country and to all Uie interior as fer as wives and daughters are never served till 3x the
Slave lake. Eagles, hawks, owb, geese, bustards, males have taken what they think proper,
ducks, partridges, and all kinds of wild fowl are Lahy, a considerable town of Western Afiica,
numerous. The fishes are whales, morses, seals, in the kingdom of Foota Jalloo. It is upwards of
cod, and a white fish preferable to herrings ; and 9 m. in circumference and oontama 6,000 inhahi-
in the rivers and fresh waters are pike, perch, tants, wiu> are employed in the manufeeture of
carp, trout, &e. During the 3 months of summer narrow cloths, and various artidea in iron, ailver«
there is a variety in the color of the several ani- wood, leather, dbc.. and earry on a good Inde
mals, but in winter everything, animate and in- with Tombuotoo, wnieh is four monthe' jovoey
animate, is white. The trees of Labrador are beyond.
mere shrubs, with the exception of the blaok. Lacc«ittes, a group ef small islands in the In-
white, and red spruce, silver nr, birch, and aspen, dian Sea, lying W. of the coast ef Malabar, dis-
. ^_ ._., .. -. __j — . — ,.!_j_ ^ j^y y^^^ ^ Gaina,in 1449. They are
number: and are inhabited by a laca ef
wniie, luiu nra spru«», BiiTvr nr, Dircn, nuu mmyou., oisn laea, i^
A few vegetables are produced, and various kinds covered by Vaaoo de Gama, in 1449. They are
of fruit. A beautiful spar, called Labrador stone, S8 in numl
was discovered bv the Moravian Missionaries, Mahomedans called Moplays, whose chief tnfia
who have sqccessnilly exerted themselves in im- is in the prodaee of the oooea pafan, suoh as nil,
proving the condition of the natives. They have eaUes, and corda^; and in med fish. Thaae
now 3 settlemente on these inhospitable shoies, are sent to the oontinent of India, whesM thi^
Kt liot, Ae.) fn Mftmhi; andftbo to lili«6at,ili Lairhne^ft/t MatiaHltUndijw\tJidM^1M6V%'
■ge boats, wfaleh hri^ bftok datfei and oolfee. oifio Ocean, lying betweett 145. and 148. S. 1<m.,
Oupeny, one of tb6 lalr^«t, is 170 m. W. of Co- and between 13. and 98. N. lat. They wefe d^
chin. Long. 73. 32. E., lat. 10. 0. N. ooyered by Magellan in 1621. He tottohed fitat
LoMdMHa. BeO Ctdogna. at Uie island of Guam, where the natives stole
Lae^HSUi MUMb} a grctif» of islattda on the N. eome of his goods, whioh caused him to nume
W. ooant of New Holland : the hurgeat is about 9 these islands the liodronea, or Islands of Thieves,
m. long. A long chain of rocky reeA and grettt Besides the other fruits natund to the soil and
tand-banks proceed Ikom their terttiiniition. climate, nere is the bread-fruit tree in abtthdanee.
IMbny whatee, sea aerpettts, and fiiAes of different The names of the prineipal ialands ore Saypan,
kinds, an s6ea in the surrouhding sea. Long. Tinian, Guam, and Rota.
117. 8. E., lat. 16. 43. S. Ladrones. ia also the name of a Cluster of wnall
Leufodtry, mountains of Ireland, on the E. islands in tne gulf of Sa, at the southern oztremi-
side of the country of Kerry, 12 m. £. of Tralee. ty of China. They are the resort of pirates, who
haektn^ a town of Switzerland, in the canton of have long set the naval power of China at defiance.
Schweiti. near which are some mineral springs, In 1805 they had acquired possession of the whole
and petn&etions : it is seated on the nke of island of Hainan aim the aoulhei^ part of For-
Zurich. moaa.
JLadksn, a hutfe Village of the Bavarian circle La FargevQU^ p.v. Jefl^rson Co. N. T.
of the Rhine, diAiiet or Spfre, 3 id. S. E. of Nea- Lafa^eSe^ a parish of Louisiana Pop. 5,006
iCidt. VermihonviUe is the capital.
Laek^y or Latekm, a division of Arabia, oocu- Litfoureke, a bay on, or river of LOh&nUItt, ^no
pyizkff nearly the whole of the southwestern coast of the mouths of the Mississippi.
of the Persian Gulf, and extending to a consid- Lafintrehe Inierior, a Parish of Louisiana, l}^ng
erable distance inland. Great part of the interior upon the Gulf of Mexico. Pop. 5^500. Thiba-
consists of *ssBDdy i>lains ; but tne cOast is fertile, deauville is the capital.
and weH peq>bd. The chief productions are Lannaseo, a town of the Sardinian states, in -
dates, rice, anid cotton. The asses aod camels Piedmont, 24 m. S. of Turin,
ere esteemed to be cf an excellent breed, and Lagny^ a town of France, in the denartment of
some thousands ofthe latter are annually exported 8eine-et-Mame, with a late fkmons Benedictine
to Syria. Tlie extensive pirteies committed by abbey ; seated on the Mame, 15 m. E. of Paris,
the inhabitants Of this country were so intolerabie Lagasj a seaport of Portugal, in Algarva, with
that in 1809 the British fitted out an expedition a castle. Here the English fleet bound to the
Ibr the purpoee of* chastising them. They sailed Mediterranean usually take in fresh water. Off
to Ituhel-Khhna, the principal port on this coast, the cape near this town, in 1769, admiral Boeca-
which they took by aasault, burned 70 vessels, wen defeated a French fleet. It is 130 m. S. 8.
and made comddenhle plunder. Lacsha was E. of Lisbon.
formerly subject to Turkey, but the inhabitants Laguna. See Ckrisiophe de Lagunn. St.
have now shaken off the yoke, and their sheik ia Laguius of Venke, the numhes or lakes in Italy
one of the most powerfU princes of Arabia. on wnich Venice is seated. The;r communicate
IacAm, a city of Arabia, capital of the above with the sea, and are the security of the city,
province, and the reeidenoe of the sheik. It is There are about 60 islands in these Lagunes,
well built, and seated on the Astan, which flows which together make a bishop's see. Eurano is
into a considerable bay of the gulf of Persia, op- the most considerable, next to those on which
posite the isle of Balirein. Long. 48. 40. E., lat. Venice stands.
26. 20. N. LoAn, a river of Germany, which rises in Hes-
Ladtf a town In Miflln Co. Pa. se-Cassel. and flowing b^ Marburg, Wetzlar, and
LodbaiMNfMi. or Idukawannoekf a small stream Nassau, falls into the Rhine above Coblentz.
in Pennsylvania flowing into the Susquehanna. Lakn, a town of the Prussian states, in Silesia,
In this neighborhood are large coal mines, fbr a near which is the castle of Lahnhaus. It is seat-
description of which eee Peimsyhama. ed on the Bober, 10 m. N. N. W. of Hirsehber^.
Ladfettwdkan, a small stream of Pennsylvania Laholm, a seaport of Sweden, in Holland, with
flowing into the Delaware 174 m. above Phila- a castle ; seated on the Laga, near its entrance
delphia. Also the name of a township in Pike into the Categat, 12 m. S. %. E. of Halmstadt.
Co. Pa. on the above stream. Long. 12. 56. £., lat. 56. 31. N.
Ise9ma, p.v. Harrison Co. Indiana. Lahor^y a province of Hindooetan, bounded on
Lnkiiiiirg, a town of Germany, in Baden, the W. by Candahar, N. by Cashmere, E. by
seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. W. of Heidelberg. Sirinagur and Dehli, and S. by Moultan. It le
Ldiena, a lake of Russia, between the gulf of often called Panjab, or the country of Five Rivers.
Finland and the lake Onega. It is 140 m. long It is extensive and fertile ; afibrding, in addition
and 80 broad. The shores of the lake are flat, to all the necessaries of lifb, wine, sugar, and cot-
but the navisation is very dangerous on account ton wool. In the tract between the Indus and
of qnioksanm. This induced Peter I. to cause a the Ciielum are salt mines, which afford pieces of
canal to be cut (Wmq the S. W. extremity of this rock salt, hard enough to be fbrmed into vessels,
lake to the riter Neva, by which it has a commu- &c. See Panjab.
nication with the gulf or Finland. It was begun Lahorte^ a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
in 1718, and flnished in 1732} and is 67 m. long, above province, and of the country of the Seiks.
and 70 fbet broad. It was the residence of the Bfahomedan conquer-
Loiftma, A*et0, a town of Russia^ in the eovem- ors of * Hindoostan, befbre they had established
ment of retersburg, aeated on tne Volknof, be- themselvet in the oentnd parts of the country ;
tween the like and eanal of Ladoga. Old Ladoga, and owes its chief imprdvemento to Humaioon,
an inconsiderable place, is higher up the Volkhof. the iather of Acer, who made it his resktenoe
New Ladoga ia 56 m. E. of Petersburg. Long, during a part of hie troublesome wign. Tl» city
SI. 42. Bi, lat.-60. 0. N and its smtbe ibrm u^iroumibnMloa of 7 la It
LAM 4» LAN
is fUTOimded by walls of brick, and adorned with of the isle of Arran, on a bay of its name, whieh
beaatifbl edifices and wardens. Here are mana- formsanexcellent harbour lor yessels of any stae.
ftctures of cotton cloths and stuffii of all kinds, It is sheltered from the sea by a lofty islet, 2 m.
and of very canons carpets. It is sitoate on the long, called Holy Isle.
8. bank orthe RauTce, 210 m. S. of Cashmere. ^ Lamaily or LamaUU^ a river of Vermont, ris-
Lakr, a town of Germany, in the grand dnchy ing in Caledonia county and flowing into Lake
of Baden, which was only a village m 1780; bat Champlain opposite the soathem extremity of
is now an active manufactoring town. The man- South Hero.
ufactores are of woolens, linens, cotton, tobacco, Lampa, an extensive and moontainoos district
and leather. 18. m. S. S. £. of Strasburg. of Peru, in the intendanoy of Cnaoo. The oli-
Laino, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, near mate is cold, and it is chiefly valuable ibr its pas-
driver of the* same name, 19 m. W. N, W. of tures. The chief town, of the same name, is 90
Cassano. m. S. of Cuseo. Long. 81. 44. W., lat 16. 55
LairdsviUe, p.v. Oneida Co. N. T. S.
Lake, towns in Stark, Wayne and Logan Cor Lampanpii^ a loft^ mountain of the Chilian
Ohio. Andes, celebrated for its rich mines. 240 m. from
Xjtkt PUasamt, a township of Hamilton Co. N. Valparaiso.
T. Pop. 266. Lampedosa, an island in the Mediterranean, be-
Lot-tcAsou, a city of China, of the first rank, in tween the coast of Tunis and the island of Malta,
the province of Chang-tong, with a convenient It is about 21 m. in circuit, and is pleasant and
harbour on the Yellow Sea. It stands on a pro- fertile ; but it is uninhabited. It has an excellent
montory, 255 m. S. E. of Pekin. harbour, sheltered from all winds except the N.
LtUani, an iiland of Denmark, situated at the Long. 12. 24. £., lat. 35. 40. N.
entrance into the Baltic, near the coast of Zea- Lampertheimf a village of Germany, in Hesse-
land. It is about 60 m. in length by 14 in breadth, Darmstadt. 9 m. S. £. of worms,
and ii reckoned the most fertile spot in the Danish Lampeter, a towship of Lancaster Co. Pa.
dominions. It produces plenty orall sorts of grain, Lam^n, a town of Sumatra, capital of a dis-
particularly wheat and peas. The climate, how- trict belon|^ng to the king of Bantam. The Dutch
ever, ii considered unhealthy, on account of the have a resident here. It is situate on a bay of the
damp. Laland forms a part of the bishopric of same name, in the strait of Sunda, 160 m. 8. £.
Funen. Naxkow is the capital. of Bencoolen. Long. 104. 15. E., lat. 5. 40. N.
Laland, an island near the N. coast of the island Lamprey, a river of Rockingham Co. N. H. frll
of Sumatra, in the strait of Malacca. Long. 99. ing into Great Bay at Durham.
20. E., lat. 1. 45. N. Lampsaeo, a town ot Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
Lamba^ a town of Austria, on the Traun, 24 celebrated for its wine ; seated on the sea of Mar-
m. S. S. W. of Laintz. mora, 6 m. from the Dardanelles.
LambaUe, a town of France, in the department Lamsprinre, a town of Hanover, in the princi-
of Cotes du Nord, with a good trade m cattle, pality of Hiulersheim, sitoate at the source of the
ftinen, and parchnient. 11 m. £. S. £. of St. rivulet Lame, 17 m. S. of Hildersheim.
Brieux. Lanark, a borough of Scotland, and the connty •
Lambayemu, a town on the coast of Peru, with town of Lanarkshire. Since the tntodnction of
upwards or 10,000 inhabitants, the generality of the cotton manufacture, many new houses have
wnom are poor Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Indians, been built. It ii seated on an eminence, near
It is 95 m. N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 79. 35. the river Clyde, 22 m. S. £. of Glawow, and
W. , lat. 6. 45. S. 30 S. W. of Edinborgh. Ijong. 3. 43. W., lat 55.
Lambese, a town of France, in the department 42. N.
of Mouths of the Rhone, 12 m. N. of Aix. Lanarkshire, a county of Scotland, bounded N.
Lambeth, a village in Surrey, £ng. on the River and N. W. by Renfrew, Dumbarton, and Stirling,
Thames, opposite Westminster. Here the arch- N. £. by Linlithffow and Edinburgh, £. by Pee-
bishopof Canterburv has an ancient palace. By bles, S. by Dumfries and S. W. by Ayrshire. It
the vast increase of buildings. Lambeth is now is 52 m. in its greatest length, and 33 m its great-
joined to the metropolis, in a direction to each of est breath, comprising a superficial extent of 870
the three bridges. Here are numerous extensive sq. m., or 556J800 £nfflish acres. On the whole,
manu&ctories, and various places of public amuse- it is mountainous ana heathy, but pleasant and
ment, particularly the celebrated Vauxhall Grar- a^eably diversified, exhibiting landscapes inter-
dens, mmgled with wood and water, hiU and dale. It
Lambowm, a town in Berkshire, Eng. seated on contains as much curious, romantic, and varied
a river of the same name, 15 m. S. W. of Abing- scenery, as any in Scotkna; but the fidls of the
don, and 65 W. of London. Clyde are particularly interesting to a stranger.
^ Lamego, a town of Portu^, in Beira, and a The climate is rather moist, and Uie S. W. wind
biihop's see, with a strong citadel, two cathedral is the most prevalent. The county is divided in-
churches, and four convents. Here the states as- to three districts, called the Upper Middle, and
aembled to confirm the election of Alfonso Hen- Lower wards, and contains 41 parishes, 'thie riv-
riquez, the first king of Portugal, and enacted the er Clyde runs through the wnole extent of the
fundamental laws, now forj^otten. It is seated on county, dividing it into two nearly equal parts,
the Balsamao, 50 m. E. of Oporto. Long. 7. 30. It abounds in lead, iron, and coal.
W., lat. 41. 12. N. Lanaukare, a maritime county of £ngland,
Lamarwmr, a mountainous ridge in Scotland, bounded S. by Cheshire, £. by Yorkshire, N. by
which divides the countyof Berwick firom that of Westmoreland, and W. by the Irish Sea. It is 7^
Haddington for above 20 m.. and terminates on m. from N. to »., and its greatest breadth is 44 m.
the W. at SoutraHill, which is elevated 1,000 feet It contains 1.155,840 acres ; is divided into 6 hnn-
above the sea level. These hills are bleak and dreds, and 63 parishes ; has 27 market towns ,
barren, afiR>rding but seantv pasture for sheep. and sends 14 members to parliament. It is a coun-
LmnmM, a town of Scotland, on the 8. £. coast ty-palatine, under the title of the Datchy of Laa
Um 488 LAN
n : tlie only duchy of Englaadl (that of Corn- uderable extent. It is 53 m. N. W. of Manchei*
wall excepted) which is not merely titular. This ter, and 240 N. N. W. of London,
eoooty oomprises a variety of soil and face of Laneaster, a handsome town of Pennsylvania,
coontry ; bat npon the whole, is one of the least capital of a county of the same name. It is a
favoured by nature. The hundred of Fumess, pleasant and flourishing plaoe, situate in a fertile
which is separated fiom the rest by Morecambe and well cultivated country, and contains a court
bay, is a wild sad rogsed repon, stored with house, a jail, two banks, and nine places of wor-
quantities of iron ore and slate, and covered with ship. A college was founded here in 1787, but
a growth of underwood, which is cut in socces- the buildings are now impropriated to schools
sion, and made into charcoal. The £. part) be- Here are manufactures or guns and other hard>
tween the RibUe and the Mersey, comprising the ware ; and about a mile distant is a large cotton
ancient forests of Wyresdale and Bowland, is manufactory. The town has considerable trade,
mountainous and generally barren ; but the S. which increases with the population of the sur-
part of the tract between these two rivers is flat, rounding country. It is seated near Conestoga
Much of this is a feitile country, though oocaison- Creek, which runs into the Susquehanna, 61 m.
ally deformed by black turf bogs, here called mos- W by N. of Philadelphia. Long. 76. 33. W.,
ses, some of which are of litfge extent, and impass- lat 40. 2. N.
able in wet seasons. In the N. J5* part of this di- Lancaster , a county in the E. District of Penn-
vision are some lofhr hills, the most noted of which sylvania. Pop. 76^558, the capital has the same
is Pendle Hill. The remaining part is varied name. Also a county of the E. District of Vir-
with hillf dale^ and moor. Among its products, fljnia. Pop. 4,800. Also a District of South
is a species of coal, called cannel, nighty value- Cai^lina. rop. 10,361.
ble as fuel, and capable of being maniuactured in- Laneaster^ p.t. Coos Co. N. H. on the Connec*
to candlesticks, CUDS, snufl'-boxes, &c. As a com- ticut, 40 m. above Dartmouth College. Pop.
mercial and manuncturing county, it is superi- 1,187. Also a p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. a bran6h
to any other in the kingdom. Its principal man- of Nashua river 36 m. N. W. fioeton Pop. 2,016
ufactures are linen, silk, woolen, and cotton Also a p.v. Fairfield. Co CHho, apt. Garrard Co
goods, shalloons, hays, serges, tapes, hardware. Ken. a p.v. Smith Co. Ten. and a township in
plate-glass. &c. Of the commerce of this county, Glen^rary Co. U. C.
it may suffice to observe that Liverpool is the sec- Landaffy a township of Grafton Co. N. H. on
end port in the kingdom. The principal riven the Connecticut, 62 m. N. Concoid. Pop. 951.
dermere and Coniston-mere. It has numerous 29. 14. N.
eanals, and bad the honour of exhibiting the first Laiidajio,a town of Naples, in AImtuzio Citra,
regular one in the kingdom, which wasbegun by on a river of the same name. It is an arch-
the duke of Bridgewater in 1758. bishop*s see, and has a good trade^^ and two- great
lonMrtsr, a borough and the capital of Laneas- annual fairs. 84 m. N. by £. of "Naples. I^ng.
shire. It is seated on the Loyne, or Lune, which 14. 30. E., lat. 42. 16. N.
forms a port for vessels of moderate burden. The Landau^ a small but strong town of the Bava-
pariah church of St. Mary is a fine structure, on rian circle of the Rhine, well known in mlitary
the side of a hill, on the summit of which is a no- history. It was formerly imperial, but was ceded
ble castle, serving both as the shire-house and the to Louis XIV. in 1680, and afterwards fortified
county ffoal. Eiere are also two chapels belong- by Vauban. In 1702, 3, 4, and 13, it was alter
ing to the establishment, and several dissenting nately taken by the Austrian and French, but
meeting-houses. On the top of the castle is a was confirmed to France at the peace of 1713.
square tower, called John of Gaunt*s Chair, In 1793 it was attacked but without success by
whence there is an extensive prospect. Among the Prussians and Austrians. The French ceded
the modem improvements are an extensive quay, it to Bavaria in 1815., It is seated on the Qoeicb
with lar^ warehouses, and a commodious and el- 56 m. N. N. £. of Strasburg, and 347 N. £. of
egant' bridge over the river, in place of the old Paris. Long. 8. 7. E., lat. 49. 12. N.
one, now in ruins. The canal fivm Kendal, winds I.aiuiatt, a town of Lower Bavaria, situate on
round the E. pert of the town, and is conveyed an eminence on the leer. Long. 12. 37. E., lat.
over the river by an aqueduct of 5 arches, each of 48. 36. N.
70 feet span. Besides numerous other charities. Landau, a small town of Germany, in West-
there is a countv lunatic asylum, a handsome phalia, near the Watter. Long. 9. o. E., lat. 51.
stone erection on Lancaster Moor, opened in 1816. 12. N.
It has a chapel attached, and the hospital is capa- LaiuUekf a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
ble of accommodating 300 patients. 5 m. from county of Glatz. 27 m. S. W. of Neisse.
this place is Dunald-mill-hoie, a cave at the foot LanddUSj a town of France, in the department
of a mountain, into which a large brook runs and of Calvados, seated on the Vire, 28 m. o. W. of
passes 2 m. under ground before it appears again : Caen.
some of its vaults are so high that they resemble Landeny a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
the roof of a church, and in other parts so low that bant, famous for an obstinate battle fought near
thev can be passed only by creeping on the hands it in 1693, in which the French under marshal
and feet. Lancaster depends for its support princi- Luxemburg defeated the idlies commanded by
pally on its trade and manufactures and the county William m. of Enjrland. and also for a battle in
business. The merchants trade chiefly to Ameru 1793 in which the French were defeated by the
ca, the West Indies, and the Baltic. It is noted Austrians. It is seated on the river Becke, 19
for the making of mahogany cabinet ware, and m. S. £. of Louvain.
has mannfiictures of sail cloth, cordage, linens, Landtrnauj a seaport of France, in the depart
&c. The cotton manufacture is also gaining ment of Finisterre, with considerable manufac
gioond, and ship-building is carried on to a con- tures of linen, leather, and paper. It is seated*
» SO
LAN 434 LAH
at the mouUi of tiie Elhorn, 23 n. N. £. of Brett. Lmubmrgf a town of the Sardinian statea, in
Laiuferon, a town of SwitMrland, in the canton Savoy, in Uie province of Marienne. It atanda
of Nenfchatel, at the S. W. extremity of the lake on the Arve, at the foot of Mount Cenia, and ia
Neufohatel 7 m. N. £. of Neufchatel. ao ahut up with hiUa that the aun ia acarcelv yiai-
JjatuUs, a department of France, bounded W. ble from November to January, 20 m. N. N. W.
by the Atlantic, and on ita other aidea by the de- of Suaa.
partmenta of Gironde, Lot^et- Garonne, Gera, and Lane-end, a town in Staffordahire, Eng. noted
Lower Pyreneea. It ia divided into the three ar- for ita eztenaive potteriea, by which it haa greatly
rondiaaementa of Mont de Maraan, Dax, and St. increaaed of late yeara. U containa two good
Sever, and haa an area of 3,700 at}, m., with market housea, two churchea, aeveral meeting-
250,000 inhabitanta. The principal rivera are the houaea for diaaentera, a catholic chapel, an Eng-
Adour and the Douze, which traverae it from £. liah charity achool, a mechanic'a inatitute, &c.
to W. To the S. of theae rivera the aoil ia tolera- 5 m. £. by S. of Newcaatle-under-Lyne.
bly fertile, producing wine, fruit, and com, but Lanemeian, a town of France, in the depart-
on the N. it ia perfectly aterile. The foreata are ment of Upper Pyreneea, 15 m. S. £. of Tarbe.
eztenaive; ana the climate ia generally warm. Lanmoz, a town in the department of Gera, 11
The exporta are wood, turpentine, tar, wax, cat- m. S. S. W. of Condom.
Ue, wool, and brandy. Lunercosi, a nariah of England, in the county
Landuhwrgf p.v. Peny Co. Pa. of Cumberland, aituate in a romantic valley, 13
Lundreey, a atrong town of France, in the de- m. N. £. of Carliale.
priHment of Nord. It waa beaeifed in vain by Laneehorougkf a town of Ireland, in the conntr
prince Eugene, in 1712. In 1794 it waa taken of Longford, aituate on the Shannon, over which
by the alliea ; but ahortly after evacuated. It waa ia a fine stone bridge, 7 m. S. of Longford , and 62
one of the barrier fortreaaea occupied b^ the al- W. N. W. of Dublin.
liea a!fter the aecond treaty of Paris. It is seated Lamesborough, p.t. Berkahire Co. Maes. 14 m.
on the Sambre, 18 m. E. by S. of Cambray, and N. Lenox. Pop. 1,192. Here are valuable marble
19 S. by £. ofValenciennea. " quarries.
Loiu&Mtfro, a town of Italy in the Milaneae, 11 IjinesviiUy p. v. Suaquehannah Co. Pa.
m. S. S. £. of Milan. Langanico- the ancient Olvmpia, a town of
Limdsberg, a town of Bradenburg, in the New Independent Greece, in the ftforea, aituate on the
Mark, with a considerable trade in clotha and amall river Carbon, the ancient Alpheua. It waa
wool. In 1758 it waa taken by the Russians. It once a city of |rre&t note, near which the famoua
ia aeated on the Warta, 23 m. N. E. of Cuatrin. Olympian games were celebrated ; and here waa a
Lanksbergf a town of Upper Bavaria, with a fine temple of Jupiter Olympus, with a celebrated
caaUe near the river Lech, 30 m. S. of Augrsburg. imaffe of that god, oO cubita high, which waa reck-
LandseroUf a town and fort of Poland, m tl^ oned one of the eeven wonders of the world. It
palatinate of Cracow, 24 m. S. of Cracow. is now an inconsideraole place. 32 m. S. S. E.
Landeerona^ a fortified aeaport of Sweden, in of Chiarenza, and 60 S. W. of Co inth.
Schonen, aeated on an ialand near the Sound, Langdan, p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. on the Con-
with a good harbour between the continent and a necticut. 40 m. W. Concord. Pop. 667.
amall iriand. It ia 20 m. N. W. of Lund, and 21 Langeac, a town of France, in the department
N. N. £. of Copenhagen. Long. 12. 51. £., lat of Upper Loire, seated near the AUier, 12 m. 6
55.53. N. ofBrioud.
Ltrnds-endy a promontory in Cornwall, and the Laingens, a town of France, department of In
moat weaterlv point of Great Britian. Itiaavaat dre-et^Loire, noted for the culture of melons,
aggregate or Moorstone, and on the outermoet aeated on the Loire, 12 m. W. of Tours,
rocka at low water are to be aeen vaina of lead Langdand, a fertile ialand of Denmark, in the
and copper. Long. 5. 42. W., lat. 50. 4. N. S. part of the Great Belt. It ia 33 m. long, but
Landsfordy p. v. Cheater District S. C. scarcely 5 broad. The principal town ia Rud-
LandehtUf a town of Bavaria, with a palace, a kioptng.
collegiate church, and a beautuul convent : the Langgenau, a town of Bohemia, in the circle >>f
laat la now occupied by the university, which Konigingratx, on the Little Elbe, with aome ex-
waa removed thither from Ingolstadt in 1800. tensive manufacturea of cambric and gauze.
Brewing and diatilling are carried on here to a Langenau, Ujfper and Lower, two populoua
conaiderable extent, and there are manufacturea vilages of Prussia, in Silesia, 11 m. S. or Glatz.
of cloth, leather, and watohea. Upon an adjoin- Langenau, a long and atraggling village of Ger
ing mountain ia the ancient caatle of Trauanitz. many, in Wurtemberg. it containa 3,600 inhab-
it ia aeated on an island in the river laer, 32 m. itanta, are mostly weavers, 10 m. N. N. E.ofUlm.
N. E. of Munich. Long. 12. 6. £., lat. 48. 30. N. Langenberg, a town of the Prussian province of
Land^uUf a town of Pruaaian Silesia, in the Clevea and Berg. 15 in. N. £. of Dusseldorf.
principality of Schweidnitz. It haa a flourishing Langenburg, a town of Germany, in Wurtem-
linen trade, and ia aeated on the Bober, 22 m. S. berg, with a magnificent caatle ; aeated on the
W of Scheweidnitz. river Jaxt. 32 m. W. of Anapach.
Landahut, a town of Moravia aeated on the Mo- Idtngenealza, a town of Pruaaian Saxony, capita]
f ran, on the confines of Hungary and Austria, 36 of Thuringia, with a caatle, and manufacturea
m. S. E. of Brunn. oLsilk, woolen, cotton, &c. It stands on the Sal-
Landstrmas, or Landtrasi, a town of Austrian za, near its couflux with the Unstrut, 14 ra. W
Illyria,in Camolia, with a casUe and a Cuter- by N. of Erfurth. Long. 10. 42. £., lat. 51. 5. N.
cian convent; aituate on an ialand in the river Lan^entfuU, a town of Switzerland, in the can
Gurk, 30 m. S by W. Cilley. ton ofBem^ in the neighbourhood of which are
Laiie, a river of Ireland, m the county of Ker- aome medicinal apringa. 18 m. N. E. of Bern,
ry , whoae waters, being confined by a great ledge Langenzenn, a town of Germany, in Bavaria»
of to6kMf from the lakea of Killamey. It runs on the river Zenn, and near the Rednitz, 20 nk
from Lough Lane, into Caatlomain Bay. N. £. of Anapach.
LAO 435 LAP
Utnghdm, a town of Scotland, in Dumfiriewhire. rank, in the province of Chan-si. Long. 113. 57
with an extenaiTe cotton manufacture ; seatea £., lat. 37. 4. N.
on the Eek, on the borders of England, 20 m. N. Loon, a decayed town of France, capital of the
by W. of (Carlisle. department of Aisne, with a castle. The princi-
Langongey a town of France, department of pal trade consists in corn tii^d wine. It is cele-
Loiere, 21 m. N. £. of Mende. orated for a battle fought under its walls, between
Langanj a town of France, department of Gi the French and allies, in March, 1814. It is
ronde, with an extensive traoe in wine and seated on a mountain, near the Ardon, 77 m. N.
brandy. It has a good harbour and is seated on £. of Paris. Long. 3. 43. £., lat. 49. 34. N.
the Garonne, 10 m. N. of Baias. Laos, a kingdom of India beyond the Ganges,
Langport. a town in Somersetshire, Eng., situ- extending from 12 to 18. N. lat., and bounded by
ate on a hill, by the river Parrett, which is navi- Laktho, Slam, Cambodia, Ton<^uin, and Cochin-
rie for bargees to the Bristol Channel. 10 m. China, to the last of which it is nominally bub-
£. of Bridgewater, and 128 W. by S. of ject. It is surrounded by mountains covered
London. with forests ; but the country is in general flat,
LangreSf a town of France, department of Up- and the soil fertile, being watered by numerous
per Mame. Its cutlery wares are in high esteem, rivulets from the mountains and a number of
It is seated on a mountain, near the source of the canals from the Mecon, which flows from N. to
Marne, 40 m. N. £. of Dijon. Long. 5. 19. £., S. through the whole region. It abounds in rice^
lat. 47. 52. N. fruit, honey, wax, and cotton ; and the principal
Languard Fort, a strong fort of England, situ- drugs are benzoin and lac. Gold and suver are
ate .on a sandy point of land on the Suffolk side found in certain places of the river ; and it has
of the harbour of Harwich, but within the limits mines ofiron, lead, and tin. It is very thinly in-
of Essex. At high water it is surrounded by the habited, the greater part of the population con-
eea, and becomes an island nearly a m. from the sisting of migrating tribes, who wage an almost
shore. It was erected for the defence of the port constant internal warfare. The religion, lan-
of Harwich, and has a garrison, under the com- guage, and manners are much the same as in
mand of a governor. Siam. Lanjan is the capital.
LemguedoCf a province of the S. of France, di- Lapland, a northern region of Europe, now be-
yidedatthe reyolution into the departments of longing to Russia and Sweden, bounded on the N.
Upper Garonne. Aude, Herault, Gard, Lozere, by Uie Arctic Ocean, E. by the White Sea, S. by
ana Ardeche. It extends on the £. to the Rhone, Sweden, and W. bj Norway and the Atluitic.
and W. to the border of Gascony, and comprises It was formerly divided into three parts, Russian,
a superficial extent of 16,000 sq. m. The u pper Swedish, and Danish (or Norwegian) Lapland.
or Western Languedoc had Toulouse for its capi- The first, the most dreary region of the whole,
tal; and the Lower or Eastern, Montpelier. consisted of three districts, Bellamoreskoi, Mare-
Umier, a township of Preble Co. Ohio. manskoi, and Terskoi ; but these are now all in-
Laiy'tfiB. or Lanehang, a city, and the capital of eluded in the general appellation of the circle of
the kingdom of Laos, at least of the southern Kola, which includes also the tract on the E. of
part, to whieh it gives name. The king's palace the Tomeo called Kemi-Lapmark, which was
IS said to be of vast extent, and the houses of the ceded by Sweden in 1809. Swedish Lapland, or
ndees are also large, and highly ornamented. Lapland Proper, is subdivided into six provinces,
situate on the W. side of the river Mecon, now comprised in the government of Umea. Nor-
400 m. N. N. W. of Cambodia. Long. 101. 38. wegian Lapland, or nnmark, the most northerly
£., lat. 18. 30. N. of all, now oelongs also to Sweden. The ^neral
iMnmMory a town of France, department of aspect of Lapland is mountainous. The principal
Ilnisterre, 6 m. N. £. of Morlaix. rivers are, the Tornea, which issues from a lake
frfiimifif, a town of France, department of of the same name, and, after a course of 300 m.,
Finisterre 19 m. N. of Brest. falls into the gulf of Bothnia ; the Tana, and the
Lamian, a town of France, department of Cotes Alten, both of which fall into the Frozen Ocean,
du Nord, with a trade in wine, nemp, and butter. The lakes are numerous, and many of them very
In the neighbourhood are mines of iron and sil- extensive. The maritime districts are of uniform
ver. It is seated on the Guer, 39 m. W. N. W and rather mild temperature ; but in the interior
of St. Brieux. Long. 3. 27. W., lat. 48. 44. the winter is intensely cold : in the most northern
N. a^ ^® "^^ remains below the horizon from the '
Latmou. a town of France, department of Nord, 20th of November to the 10th of January ; and
6 m. £. N. £. of Lisle. the whole country is covered with snow and ice
Lanuargueg, a town of France, department of from the beginning of September to the middle of
Herault, 9 m. W. of Montpelier. March. In summer the sun continues two months
Lansdawn, a mountain in Somersetshire, Eng. above the horizon ; and in the yalleys and plains
4 m. from Bath, 813 feet high. the heat is excessive, favoring the production of
Lanring, a township of ']u>mpkin's Co. N. T. numerous insects, particularly moscnetoes, which
Pop. 4,0&. greatly infest the inhabitants. Barley is the com-
LansMurgh, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. T. It mon grain, but rye and oats are also cultivated in
contains four churches, a court-house, a jail, and some places, and a few culinary vegetables are
an academy ; and is seated on the E. side of tlie raised. The trees are fir, birch, larch, and small
Hudson, opposite the S. branch of the Mohawk, beech, which form vast though not thick forests.
9 m. N. N. £. of Albany. Pop. 2,663. Metals and minerals are foundin abundance : gold
Lozno, a town of the Sardiman states, in Pied- has been found at Suappavara ; copper, iron, lead,
mont. on the river Stnra, over which is an ele- zinc, and plumbago, are found in various places ;
gant bridge, 12 m. N. W. of Turin. and in the S. of Swedish Lapland ■everal mines
Lao, a town of the island of Cuba, 25 m. W. are wrought. Among the other internal produc-
of Havannab. tions of this country are limestone, marble, gyp-
LaOf or Lena, a city of China, of th« second sum, rock-crystal, jasper, amethysts, and garnets
The animals of ihiB country are much the same as but is gf^ft^ intermixed with otliete. They trade
thn«e of Norway ; but the rein-deer may more with the Swedes and Norwe^ans, whom thev
properly be said to belong to Lapland. The sin- supply with the skins and furs of quadrupeds, sueh
gular usefulness of this animal in a great measure as ermines, sables, martens, soninels, foxes of
recompenses the Laplander for the privation of various colors, bears, lynxes, and wolves ; and re*
the other comforts or life. The rein-deer in sum- ceive in return meal, cloth, spirituous liquors, to-
mer live upon leaves and grass, and in winter upou bacco, and various utensils,
mosa, which they dig up from under the snow; Lapraxrie, a Seignory of Huntingdon Co. L.
yet upon such scanty nre they will perform a C. on the St. Lawrence opposite Montreal,
journey of inconceivable length. The' animal is lar, a town of Persia, capital of Laristan, with
fixed to a kind of sledge, shaped like a small boat, a castle on a rock, chiefly celebrated for the man-
in which the traveller, well secured from cold, is ufacture of muskets and cloth. It was once a
laced down ; and taking the reins, which are fas- magnificent city, but is now in ruins. Some hand-
tened to the horns of Qie animal, in one hand, some houaej sull remain, and the baser is said to
and a kind of bludgeon, to keep the carriage clear be the noblest structure of the kind in Persia
of ice and snow, in the other, he sets out. and eon- Long. 43. 40. E., lat. S7. 30. N.
tinues his j[ourney with incredible speed, the ani- Larachra^ or LiinnsA, a strong town in the king^
mala choosing the road and directing their course dom of Fez, with a castle and a ^[ood harbour,
with very little trouble to the traveller. Their Here are magazines for the refitting of vessels,
milk and cheese are nutritive and pleasant ; their but no docks for building, it is seated near
flesh is well tasted food, whether fresh or dried ; the mouth of the Lucos, 46 m. 8. by W. of
their skin forms excellent clothing both for the Tangier.
bed and body ; and their intestines and tendons LaredOf a town of Spain, in Biscay, with a good
supply their masters with thread and cordage. harbour, 30 m. W. N. W. of Bilbao.
Vhe Laplanders are rather lower in stature than Larffo, a town of- Scotland, in Fifeshire, on a
the more southern Europeans. The men are of a bay of the same name, at the opening of the frith
swarthy and dark complexion ; their hair is black of rorth, which is a safe roadstead for ships c^ all
and short, their mouth wide, and their cheek hoi- descriptions. The town has a manufacture of Un-
low, with a longish pointed chin. The women are en ana checks. 8.m. S. S W. of S\ Andrew,
in general well made, complaisant, cha8te,and ex- LargSy a town of Scotland, in Ayrshixe, witli a
tremely nervous. In their manner of life the Lap- samll harbour en the frith of Clyde. It is memo-
landers are divided into fishers and mountaineers, rable for the defeat of the Norwegians, in their
The former, in summer, fix their habitations in last invasion of this county, in 1263. It is 15 m.
the neighbourhood of some lake, from which they N. W. of Irvine.
draw their subsistence, and in winter live in the lAtinOf a town of Naples, in the Molise, 95 m.
woods. The latter seek their support on the moun- £. N. E. of Molise.
tains, and possess herds of rein-aeer more or less Larissa^ a town of Greece, capital of Thesaaly
numerous. They are active and expert in the and an archbishop's see , with a palace, «nd some
chase; and the introduction of fire-armn has id- handsome mosques. It was famous as the rest-
most abolished the use of the bow and arrow, dence of Achilles, and retains its former name.
Besides looking after the rein-deer, the fishery. The inhabitants, estimated at 25.000, carry on a
and the chase, the men are employed in making lar^e trade. It is seated on the reneus, 75 ra. S.
canoes, sledges, harness, cups, bowls, &^, ; and by W. of Salonica. Long. 23. 47. E., lat. ^. 48 N.
the women in making nets, drying the fish and LarUtanj a small provinoe of Persia, extendiiur
meat, milking the deer, making cheese, and tan- along the northern shore of of the Persian Gulf
ning hides. Like the Icelanders, they consider The soil is so impregnated with acrid substances,
their country the finest in the universe. They and so destitute of water, that it is the most un-
live in tents composed of several poles or beams productive province of the kingdom. Those who
of wood, which meet at the top and support each inhabit the coast are addicted to piracy, and liv«
other ; the fire-place consists of a few stones, and under their own sheiks, paying the krag only a
is always in the middle of the hut, a hole being trifling tribute. Lar is the capital,
at the top for the smoke to pass. When travelling, Lome, a town of Ireland, in Uie county of An-
and exposed to the inclemency of the weather, trim, at the mouth of a river of the same naiae,
they throw a covering over the head, neck, and 8 m. N. of Carrickfergus.
shoulders, leaving omj a small opening, through Larvieaf a town of Cyprus, the second in the
which they see and breathe. In their dress they island, and the emporium of its commerce, the
use no kind of linen. The men wear close breeches, bay on which it is situated forming one of the
reaching down to their shoes, which are made of best roadsteads in the island. It has no good wa-
untanned leather, pointed ana turned up before, terbut is supplied from a distance by an aqoedact
Their doublet is made to fit their shape ; it is open Long. 33. 45. E. lat. 34. 56. N.
at the breast, and over it they wear a close coat. Lurry Bundar, a town of Hindoostan, on the N.
with narrow sleeves, the skirts of which reach branch of the Indus, called the Pitta. 66 ra. W.
down to the knees and are fastened round them of Tatta. Long. 66. 42. E. lat. 24. 43. N.
bj a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of Larta. See Arta.
tin and brass. To this girdle the^ tie their knives Lmigen^ or Laurwiren, a sea*port of Norway,
instrumenta for making fire, pipes, and other in the bishopric of Chnstiania. It is a plaoe of
smoking apparatus. The dress of the women is considerable trade, and hasproducttve iron works,
the same as that of the men, with the exception It stands at the conflux or two rivers, near the
of a few ornamental peculiarities. All the Swedish sea, 74 m. 8. S. W. of Chnstiania.
and Norwegian, as well as the neater number of La SaUe^ a seignory of Huntingdon Co. L. C
the Russian Laplanders, bear the name of Chris- 12 m. S. Montred.
tians ; but their religion is full of superstition, and Latenhourffj a town of Savoy, on the river Arc,
ft compound of Christian and Pagan ceremonies, at the foot of Mount Cenis, the passage of whioh
Their language has an affinity with the Finnish, is the principal support of the »»ih<»bttants- The
LAU 437 LAU
ian it bidden from the inbabitanta of thia town, perora of Rnaaia and Auatria. It ia aoated on a
by the moantaina.^ during two monthaintheyear. river of the aame name, 38 m. S. E. of Cla^n-
It ia 20 m. N. N. W. ofSoaa. fort. Long. 14. 35. E., lat. 46. 11. N.
Lasta, or LahoMMa, a city of Aiia, capital of LauboHf a walled town of Upper Luaatia, on
Great Thibet It ia not large, but the houiea are the frontiera of Sileaia. It haa a good trade in
apacioua and built of atone. About 7 m. to the £. cloth, yam, and linen, and ia seated on the
of the city, ia the mountain of Putala, on the eum- Queias. 14 m. £. S. E. of Gorlits.
mil of which ia the ^lace of the grand Lama, lauaa, a town and caatle of Germany, in Baden,
the high priest of Thibet, whoie authority is aa on the ri?er Tauber, 18. m. S. W. of WurtT-
great over almoat all the regiona of Tartary and burg.
Thibet aa that of the pope waa formerly over £u- iMuder. an ancient royal burgh of Scotland, in
rope. Laaaa la seated on a apacioua plain, on a Berwickshire. The caatle, originally built by
river that flows S. into the Sanpoo, 680 m. N. Edward I. aa a fortress, is now the seat of the earl
N. E. of Calcutta. Long. 91. 25. E., lat. 29. pf Lauderdale. It is seated on a river of the
30. N. aame name, 21 m. S. E. of Edinburgh.
Loisakrf a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a Lauderdale, a countv of Alabama. Pop. 11,782
take of the aame name, 39 A. S. S. £. of Stral- Florence ia the capital,
■und. Lnutdmrg, a duchy in the N. of Germanv, on
LoMtami a town of Java, on the N. coaat, the right bank of the Elbe, adjacent to Hamburgh
through which flowa a fine navigable river. It and included since 1815 in the Danish dominiona,
haa a considerable trade. 419 m. E. of Bata- of which it forma the southern extremity.
via. ' LoMeidnargf the capital of the foregoing duchy.
Lastaiff a town of France, in the department There ia only one wing of the ancient caatle,
of Mayenne, 12 m. E. N. £. of Mayenne. where the dukes resided, now remaining. Great
LatteUmlle^ p.v. Montgomery Co. N. Y. quantities of merchandise are sent heoce to Lubec,
Lutres. a town of Spain, in Aaturiaa^ near a bv means of the Steckenitz. It stands on Ibe
aape of tne same name, on the bay of Biacay. Elbe and Steckenitz, 35 m. E. S. E. of Hambur;^
35 m. E. N. E. of Oviedo. Long. 10. 50. E., lat. 53. 22. N.
Ltuwareef a town of Hindooatan, in the prov- Lauenburgf a town of Prussia, in Pomerania,
ince of Dehli, where a desperate battle waa fought on the Leba, 37 m. W. by N. of Dantzio. Long,
in 1803, between the Britiah under long Lake, 17. 48. £., lat. 54. 27. N.
and the Mahrattaa under Dowlat Row Scindia, Laufen a town of Austria, in the duchy of
in which the latter were totally defeated. Salzburg, with a fine castle, seated on the Salza,
LdbaeuMna, a town of Peru, capital of a diatrict 12 m. N. N. W. of Salzburg.
of the same name. The streets are broad and Laufem, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
atraight; the houaea only one story high, and of Zurich, with a caatle. Here ia a celebrated
arched, on account of tile frequency or earth- cataract of the Rhine, the perpendicular height
l^uaJLea. one of which overturned the whole place of which is about 60 feet, in the breadth 300. It
in 1698. It contains manufactures of cloth and ia3 m. S. by W. of Schanhausen.
baize, dec., and exporta great quantitiea of salt Lauffenburgj a strong town in the 8. W. ex-
pork^: the vicinity ia noted for making fine red tremity of Germany, with a casftle. It ia aeated
earthenware. «j50 m. S. of Quito. Long. 18. 16. on a rock, on the Rhine, which divides it in two
W., lat. 0. 56. S. parte. Here ia a amall cataract, noted for the
LaUJaan the ancient Laodicea, a aeaport of beauty of the scenery. 26 m. W. Schaffhauaen.
Syria, and a biahop*a see. It has beautiful re- Long. 8. 2. £., lat. 47. 35. N.
maina of antiquity, and a conaiderable trade, es- LauMinion, a village of Westmoreland Co. Pa.
peoially in tobacco though the harbour ia become 23 m. £. Greenburg.
too ahsilow for large vessels. It standa on the S. LaugkUm, a villsge in W. Yorkshire, Eng. on
aide of a email peninsula, 75 m. S. W. of Aleppo, a high hill, 6 m. £. S. £. of Rotherham. It ta
Long. 24. 30. £., lat 35. 40. N. notMi for ita church, whoae eurioua tower and
LatimorBf a townahip of Adama Co. Pa. apire are seen at the diatanee of 60 m.
LaUaisoOj Old and Jveae, two towns in Cafbria Lauimgen, a town of Bavaria, in the principalis
about 900 m. N. E. of Cape Town. They are tv of Neuberg, seated on the Danube, 3 m. W. of
about 50 m. apart, and are inhabited by a sav- Dillingen.
age race calleo BooUkuamagf or Maiekappees, See LMmceaUm, a borough and the capital of CorBi
LeeUtkoo. wall, Eng. It is aeated on the aide of a hill, ou
Latty Agkany, a barren diatrict of Hindooetan the Attexy, which fidls into the Taaiar,3 m. be
between ue provincea of Agimere and Moultan, low the town, 28 m. N, of Plymouth, and 214
inhabited by a tribe of Hindooa, supposed to be W. by S. of London. Long 4. 12. W., lat. 50*.
the aborigines of the country. 38. N.
LoaiioA, a town of Germany, in Hease-Darm- LinmeesUm, a town of Van Diemen's Land
atadt, with a caatlea, 10 m. E. by S. of.Giessen. capital of Port Dalrymple, aeated at the iunctioii
Linthaek, one of Uie two governments of Aus- of the £ak and Tamar, and containing 400 inhab-
trian nhrria, containing nearly 640,000 inhabi- itants.
tants. It ia divided into the circle of Laubach, Laiw^y a town of Bohemia, near the river Eper,
Newstadtl, Adelsbeif , Clagenfort, and Vil- 10 m. £. N. E. of Saaz.
lach. Loi^en, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
LmbmAy or Loyftodb, a atrong town of Austrian of Bern, at the conflux of the Sanden and Sense,
nijrria, capital of the preceding government The 5 m. S. W. of Bern,
caatle, called the Ola Fort, standa on a mountain, Latere!, p.v. Snasex Co. Del.
and is now used only fi>r a priaon. It haa manu- Laurd MauMtaintf one of the weatem Apa-
&cturea of silk, leather, and excellent cloth. In lachian ranges in Pennsylvania. They are of a
1821 a eon^peaa was neld here for deliberating moderate Might and covered on the easteriL
en the affiura of Italy, and attended by the em* with laoral trees.
9o9
hiHf OS 4ML
Lmtreneeourgf riHves in Amntrongr Co. Pa. Lavmnay & town of Uafyf in tlie pmeiptlihr o-
Fimnklin Co. K«n. and Dearborn Co. Indiana. Massa, with a citadel ; aeated at the month or tha
Laurens, a district of South Carolina. Pop. Lavenza, on the gulf of Genoa, 6 m. W. N. W.
90^S3. Also a count j ofCreotma on the Oconee of Massa.
river. Pop. 5^78. DuUin is Uie capital. Lmimgton^ a town in Wiltshire, Eng, 4 m. i).
Laurens f a township of Otsego Co. N. T. Pop. of Deyixes, and 90 W. b«r S. of L^don.
2|231. LamSf a town of the Austrian states, in Tyrol,
LamreiumUef p.r. Laurens Dis. S. C. at the conflux of te Lavis with the Adige, 7 m.
Lamrmuen.n. town of Germany, on the ri?er N. of Trent.
Lanr, 11 m. N. E. of Schweinfurt. Laveroj Terra di, a pforince in the N. W. part
Laurm^ton, a villaffe of Marlborourgh Dis.S. C. of Naples, bordered on the W. by the Tuscan
Laurtin, a town of Norway, in the province of Sea ; and containing 1,720 square ra. with 590^0^
Affgerhuys, 55 m. 8. of Chn^ania. inhabitants. It is proper for tillage, whence it
Lausanne, a city of Switxerland, capital of the took its name ; and is fertile in excellent winet
canton of Pays de Vaud, and a bishop's see, with and fruits. There are also mineral sorings, si&c^
a famous coUeg«. It stands on a very uneven mines of sulphur. Capua is the capital, ami Gse-
tract of land , formed by three small hills; and ta is the chief sea-port.
lofty parts afford the most subline views in na^ Lawrence, a county of Ohio. Pop. 5,366 0ar-
tore. The cathediml, the town-house, and other lington is the capital. A county or Indiana Pop.
public buildings, are maffnifieent, 30 m. N. £. 9fB7. Bedford is the capital. A county of W.
of Geneva, andiS S. W. of Bern. Long. 6. 45. Tennessee Pop. 5,412. Lawrenoeburgh is the
£., lat. 46. 31. N. capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 2,806.
LoKMime, a township of Northampton, Co. Pa. Jackson is the capital. A eountjr of Mississippi.
on the Lehigh. Pop. 5,321. MonticeUo is the capital. A countv
LauUnimrg, a town of W. Prussia, in the pala- of Alabama. Pop. 14^964. MouHon is the capital,
tinata of Cum, 4 m. E. by S. of Culm. A country of Kentuokv. Pop. 3,897. Louisa is the
Lauier, a river which rises in the Vosges moun- capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 3,661. Law-
tains, and forms the boundary between France renceville is the capital.
and Germany, on the W. of the Rhine, into Lawrence, towns and villages in Stark, Tuscar-
whioh it fklls at Lauterburg. awas and Washington Cos. Ohio. Hunterdon Co.
LauUrbaek^ a town of 'Bohemia, in the circle N. T. and Clearfield Co. Pa.
of Saati, noted for excellent tin mines. 9 m. S. Lawreneeburg, towns in Armstrong Co. Pa. and
8. W. of Carlsbad. Dearborn Co. Indiana.
Lttuterbach, a town of Germany, in the grand LawreneevUle, villages in Tioga, Allegan v Co.
duchy of Saxe- Weimar, with a trade in linen and Pa. Nansemond Co. Va., Montgomeij Co. N. C.
woolen cloth ; seated on the Vogelsberg, 15 m. Gwinnett Co. Qeo., Madison Co. Ohio.
W.N. W. of Fulda. Lawrence, St., a large river of North America,
Lauierhruwn, a village of Switzerland, in the proceeding from Lake Ontario, from which it runs
canton of Bern, 6 m. S. of Interlachen. It is 700 m. to the gulf of St. Lawrence, in the Atlan-
seated in a romantic valley of the same name, tic. Its mouth is 100 m. wide ; and it is navigable
celebrated for its cataract, called Staubbach. for ships of war as far as Quebec, which is 3B0
Lauterhurg, a town of France, department of m. and vessels ftom Europe ascend to Montreal
Lower Rhine. It stands on the Lauter, near its which is 180 m. further. In its course it forms a
conflux with the Rhine, 14 m. S. of Laudau. great variety of bays, harbours, and islands, many
Laugerte, a town of France, in the department of which are frmtful and extremely pleasant
of Lot, 20 m. S. W. of Cahors. See Qtt«6ee, Montreal, Ac.
Laujgrun, a town of France, in the department Ej&wrence, St., Gulf of, is formed between the
of Lot-et- Garonne, 17 m. N. £. orMarmande. western part of Newfoundland, the eastern shores
I^o>^i & town of France, capital of the depart- of Labrador, the eastern extremity of the province
ment or Mayenne. It is surrounded by an old of New Brunswick, part of the province of Nova
wall, and has two old castles, five churches, and Scotia, and Uie island of Cape Breton. It corn-
three hospitals, with a monastery established in municates with the Atlantic Ocean by three dlf-
1815. Linen of all kinds and qualities is manu- forent passages.
factured here; and the neighbouring quarries Lawrenee^trk, ti town of Scotland, in Kincar-
produce green marble,or black, veined with white, dineshire, with manufoctures of lawn, cambric.
It is seated on the Marenne, 40 m. W. of Mans, thread, &c., and a large bleach-field. It is seated
Long. 0. 45. W., lat. 48. 5. N. on the small river Leuther, 8 m. N. of Montrose.
lasomufide, a small town of Austrian Illyria,in Lawsvifle, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. 10 m. N.
Lower Carinthia, seated on the Drave, 23 m. fi. Montrose,
of Clagenfurt. LawgerstiUe, p.v. Schoharie Co. N. T.
Lttveld, or L^eld, a village of the Netherlands, Laxemhurg, a town of Austria, with a palace,
in the province of Liege, 4 m. W. of Maestricht. seated on the Suechat, 17 m. S. of Vienna.
In 1747 the French obtained a victory here over Laybaek. See Lauback.
the allies, commanded by the duke of Cumber- Lea, a river of Englaiid, which rises near Lu-
1*B<1. ton. in Bedfordshire, flows to Hertford and Ware,
Lavello, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, 90 m. and, dividing Essex from Hertfordshire and Mid-
E. by N. of Naples. dlesex, enters the Thames below Black wall.
LoMnkam, a town in Suffolk, Eng. with manu- Leaeoek, p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. ^ m. W. Phil-
foctures of hempen cloth and woolen yam. Here adelphia.
IS a spacious market place, with a cross in the Lead mwnes. This name is given to a tract of
M&tre ; but the market has long been disused, country on the Upper Mississippi which contains
Hie town is situate on an eminence, at the foot inexhaustible quantities of lean ore. T*ie tract
of which runs the river Breton, 12 m. S. by E. of is more than 900 m. in extent. The chi<;f mines
Bury St. Edmund, and 62 N. E. of London are in Oie neighbourhood of Galena in ike N^ith
. LCA 4» LBC
Weitern part of lllinoh. Hero are the ridieat Leutkerkeadf a town in fliurey, Btut. Here 'm
lead minea hitherto diaeorefed on the globe. Thta a bridge of 14 arches over the rirer Molei whieh
portion of eoantry liea principally north of Rock a little above is said to make its re-appearance
rirer and south of the Wisoonam. Dubuque a, above nound. 18 m. S. 8. W. of London,
and other rich mines, are west of the Miasissippi. Lemes^wateTf or Wilkkurny a fine lake in Com-
Native copper^ in hrgt quantities, exists in this berland. Eng. lying 6. £. of Keswick. It is nar-
region, especially at the mouth of Plnm creek row ana trregular, aboot 4 m. in length, i^irting
and OB the Peekatonokee. Plum creek is a the foot of Helvelljn, and receiving numerous
small creek, of Illinois about 40 miles above torrents from that huge mountain. The nngular
Rock river, which runs into the Mississippi, beauty of this lake is its being almost intersected
Peekatonokee is a branch of Rock river. For in the middle by two peninsulas, which are joined
many years the Indians, and some of the French by a neat wooden bridge. Its outlet at loe N.
hun^rs and traders, had been accustomed to dig end joins the river Greets, which runs mto the
]f»d in these regions. They never penetrated Derwent below Keswick,
much below the surface, but obtained considera* Leaesnioorf^, p.v. Crawford Co. Indiana,
ble quantities ofthe ore, which they sold to the tra- LeAa, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on a
ders. In 1823, the late Col. James Johnson, of river of the same name, which, after fbrming a
Great Crossings,Ky. obtained a lease of the United lake 15 m. in circumference, enters the Baltic
States €k>vernment^ and made arrangements to Sea. 16 m. N. N. W. of Luenburg.
prosecute the busmess of smelting, with con* LAamm, p.t. York Co. Me. rop. 2,391. p.t.
siderable force, which he did the following sea- Grafton Co. n. H. Pop. 1,868. p.t. Newlxmaon
•on. This attracted the attention of enterprising Co. Conn. Pop. 2,552. p.t. Madison Co. N. T.
men in Illinois, Missouri, and other Statea. Some Pop 2j249. p.t. Huntingdon Co. fV. T. p.t. Leba-
went on in 1826, more followed in 1827. and in non Co. Pa. 25 m. IS. £. Harrisbure. Also
1828 the country was almost literally filled with towns and villaget in Russell Co. Va. Washing-
miners, smelters, merchants, speculators, &c. ton Co. Geo., warren, Meigs, and Ashtabula Cos.
Such was the xrowd of adyenturers in 18SS9, in Ohio. Washington Co. Ken., Wilson Co. Tenn.
this hitherto almost unknown and desolate region, and St. Clair Co. Illinois,
that the lead business was greatly overdone, ana IjAanon, a county of the E. Distriet of Penn*
the market fbr awhile neariy deatroved. Fortunes sylvania. Pop. 20,546. Lebanon is the capital,
were made almost upon a turn of toe spade, and LeHda^ a sea-port of Afnca, inUw.temtofy of
.ost with equal fhcility. The buainess is now re- Tripoli, with a good harbour and an old castle,
▼iviog, ana probably wUl be prosecuted in ib- It is seated on the Mediterranean, 90 m. S. fi.
ture more in proportion to the demand for lead, of Tripoli.
The following table ahows the amount of lead Leftrtza, or LAr^a^ a town of Spain, in Anda-
made annually at theee diggings, firom 1821, to lusia, with a castle, seated in a territory abound-
Sept.30, 1830. Poundsof lead made from 1821, to tug m olive-trees that produee the Mat oil in
Sept. 30, 1823, 335,130 Spain, 20 m. S. by W. of Serille.
Do. for year ending Sept. 30, 1824, 175,220 Ldnuy a town of Prussia, in Brandenbmrg, seat-
Do. do. do. 1825, 664,530 ed on the Oder, 5 m. N. of Prahkfort.
Do. do. do. 1826, 958 8«3 LeaueUo, a town in the sUte of Genoa, 22 m.
Do. do. do. 1827, 5,182,180 N.E. of Genoa.
Do. do. do. 1828, 11,105^10 Leeee, a citj of Naples, in Otranto, and a bish-
Do. do. do. 1829, 13,343|l50 op*s see. It is the residence of the governor of
Do. do. do. 1830, 8,323,998 the provinee, which by some is called Leeoe in-
— -— — stead of Otranto. 17 m. N. W. of Otranto, and
Total, 40,068,660 195 E. S. E. of Naples. Long. 18. 20. £., lat. 40.
The government formerly received ten per 36. N.
oent, in Isad, Ibr rent. It is now reduced to six Leseo. a town of ' Anstrian Italy, in the Milan-
per cent These lands will soon be surveyed, ese, witn leveral flouriahing manufbetures. It is
and probablv aold, which will add jfreatly to the seated on the E. branch of the lake Como, 15 m.
stability ana prosperity of the mining business. E. N. E. of Como. Long. 9. d. E., lat. 45. 5.
LemakiUB, a village or Scotland, in Lanarkshire, N.
situate amid mountains, in which are rich mines LscA, a river of the Bavarian states, which rises
of lead. Here is a public library, fitted up by the in Tyrol, divides Suabia from Bavaria, and enters
miners, who work only eight hours in a aay, «nd the Danube below Donawert
employ much of their spare time in reading. It Leehlade^ or LeteUoife, a town in Gloucester*
is supposed to be the highest inhabited place in shire, Eng. A canal from the Severn joins the
Britain, bein^ about 2,000 fbet above the level of Thames near this town, and the traffic here, on
the sea. It is situate on the road from Glasgow both, ia oonaiderable in cheese, com, and cool,
to Dumfries, 18 m. S. of Lanark, and 44 S. of It is seated at the oonfluenoe of the Lech with
Glasgow. the Thamea.-28 m. E. by S. of Glooeester, and 76
LeSdetUe, p.v. Randolph Co. Pa. W. by N. or London.
LeakMvdUj p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 106 m. Lsdbitfz, a town of Prvssiaa Sileahi, in the
N. W. Raleigh. province of Oppeln. Near it is the conv«nt of
Lemmmgtcn Pri&rSf a town in Warwickshire, St. Anneiilrarg, ouioh i«sorted to bypilgrims. It
Eng. Here are some saline springs, with warm ia seated aear tha Oder, 17 m. S. S. K. of Op* ,
and cold baths, a pump-room, and other aoeom- peln.
modations for genteel company. It is sealed on iMfc. atirrer of Netkerlaads. which braneiwaofF
the river Learn, near ite conflnence with the frvm the Rhine at Demstede, and enter* the
Avon, 2 m. E. ofWarwiok and 89 N. W. of London. Maeae, 16 m. £. of Rottaidaa.
Luuhtang. See Cken-y&mg. lAtUnart^ a strong town of fiance, deparlttMii
Leathtrg, p.v. Caswell Co. N. C. 84 m. N. W. oTGers, with manuftctaras of leadheT, aftd aeua
lUlaiffh. tiadainoomaBdiviiM. It iaatfrta u% aiwa*
LBB 440 L£H
tain, neftr the tvnt Qtn. 16 m. N. of Auch. Wiahioffton Co. Ten., Toicwawas, Champtuni
Long. 0. 37. E., lat. 43. 56. N. and HiffhUnd Coa. Ohio.
LMuryf a town in Hereibrdahire Eng. with LeemU, p.y. Schoharie Co. N. T., p.v. Camp-
a conaiderable manofactore of ropea and Backing, bell Co. Va., p.T. Lexington Dis. S. C, p.v.
The navigable canal from Gionceater to Herefora Lawrence Co. Indiana.
paaaea by thia town, which ia aituate near the 8. LeetakaOy or LaUakoo^ a town of Southern Africa,
extremity of the Malyem Hilla. 16 m. £. of The old town of thia name waa until lately the most
Herefora,and 129 W. N. W. of London. remote place known in the Botahuana country.
' Ltduma^ a amall but atrong town of Spain, in The inhabitanta, when yiaited by Mr. Campbell and
Leon, aeated on the Tormea, 20 m. S. W. of othera in 1813, appeared to have made conaider-
Salamanca. able progreaa in the arta and ciyilization. Soon
Lee, a riyer of Ireland, which riaea on the con- after they remoyed to a more anitable aituation,
finea of Kerry, flowa E. to Cork, and &lla into aeyeral milea distant, in a aouthem direction, and
Cork Harbour. founded New Leetakoo. On hia return, in 1820,
Lea, a county of the W. Diitrict of Virginia, he found thia new town occupied by about 8,000
Pop. 6,461. Joneayille ia the capital. Aiao a peraona, collected from yarioua tribea. The
townahip of Strafford Co. N. H. Pop. 1 ,009. women perform moat of the agricultural labor ;
p.t Be»afaire Co. Maaa. 140 m. W. Boeton. while the men milk the cowa, make the clothea.
Pop. 1^. p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. Pop. 2,514. and go to war. New Leetakoo ia 800 m. N. E.
townahip in Athena Co. Ohio. of Cape Town.
Ludg, a flouriahinff town in Weat Torkahire, Leetoion, p.y. Jefferaon Co. Va.
Eng. It atanda on the river Aire, over which ia Leemee, a fortified town of the Netherlanda, in
a atately atone bridge. It ia the principal of the South Brabant. It ia aeated in a moraaa on the
clothing towna in Yorkahire, and the mart for the river Geete, 12 m. £. of Louvain.
colored and white broad clotha, of which vaat Luward Islands^ auch of the Carribee lalanda
quantitiea are aold in ita two cloth halla, within the in the Weat Indiea, aa commence at Porto Rico,
apace of an hour, without the leaat confuaion. and extend to Dominica.
Leeda haa flouriamng manufacturea of carpeta ; Lefooga, See Lt^go.
alao aome milla for the cutting of tobacco, and Ltghorn, a atrong city of Italy in the.mnd
aeyeral potteriea. In the neighbourhood are duchy of Tuacany,and a biahop'a aee. It naa a
numeroua coUieriea, and great quantitiea of coal good harbour, and' ia the greateat commercial
are aent to Tork and Him. 3 m. N. N. W. of depot of Italy. The Jewa, who are numeroua
the town, on the river Aite, atanda the remaina and rich, have a handaome aynagogue and achoola ;
of that venerable pile, Kirkatal Abbey, embowec- the Greeka and Armeniana liavechurchea of their
ed in grovea of oak. A canal paaaea hence to own ; and no relifion ia disturbed. The inhabi-
Liverpool, by which and the river thia town haa tanta are computed at 66,000. The town ia aup-
a communication with the Iriah Sea and the Ger« plied with excellent water brought from the moon*
man Ocean. 24 m. S. W. of Tork, and 189 N. taina of Colognole by meana of a long andexpen-
W. of London. Long. 1. 34. W., lat. 53. 48. N. aive aqueduct, conatructed by government. The
Leeda, a pariah in Kent, Eng. which had form- atreeta are wide and atraight, and almoet all the
erly a caatle and a priory: aome ruina of the lat- houaea of the aame height. There are ao many
ter atill remain. 5 m. S. W. of Maidstone and 40 canala, that aome have given it the title of New
from London. Venice. At a little diatance ia a light-houae, on
Leeds^ p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,685. Alao a email ialand. The 'trade conaiata of foreign
a yillape in Glouceater Co. N. J. on the coaat. gooda, aa cotton, augar, cocoa, apicea, aulphur,
Leeatto », p.y. Weatmoreland Co. Va. 105 m. and alum ; and in home productiona, aa eaaenoea,
W. Waahington. oila, wine, atraw hata, cloth, juniper berriea,
LeefogOy tne moat fertile of the Hapaee ielanda, orangea, lamba' and ffoata' akina, and coral. In
in the South Pacific. It ia not above 7 m. in 1741 thia city auffered greatly by an earthquake,
length, and only 2 or 3 in breadth, but ia auperior The neighbouring marshes have been rendered
in many respects to Annamooka. -The inhabi- fit for cmture by meana of canala, which have al-
tanta are treacheroua, and have frequently attemp ao been uaeful in diaaipating the noxioua effluvia :
ted to aeize European veaaela. Long. 185. 49. E., but the air ia atill far fr(»n healthy. 140 m. N.
lat. 19. 49. S. W. of Rome, and 46 W. of Florence. Long. 10.
Leek, a town in Staffordahiro, Eng. It haa a 17. E., lat. 43. 33. N.
briek trade, and manufacturea of bimdanna and Legnano, a town of Auatrian Italy, in the
other handkcrehieft, ribanda, twiat, and buttona. Veroneae, with a fortreaa regularly conatructed.
It ie aeated on the Uhurnet, 21 m. N. of Stafford The town ia populoua, and carriea on a conaiderar
and 154 N. N. W. of London. ble trade, particularly in grain, which ie ffreatly
Leer, or LeAr, a town of Hanover, in Eaat facilitated by meana of a canal from the Aoige to
Friealand, on the river Leda, which aoon after the Po. It la aeated on the Adige, 22 m. S. £.
joina the Ema. 14 m. S. £. of Emden. of Verona.
Leerdam, a town of the Netherlanda, in South LeibnUx, a town of the Auatrian empire, in Low-
Holland, aeated on the Linghe, 11 m. S. of er Stvria, aeated on the Sulm, 16 m. S. of Gnatx.
Utrecht. Lekigh, a river of Penneylvania running into
Leeroft, a fortreaa of Hanover, in Eaat Friealand, the Delaware from the N. W. In thia neigh-
aeated at the conflux of the Leda with the Ema, bourhood are Urge coal minea, for an account of
10 m. E. by S. of Emden. which aee Petmsylvania.
Leers^ or Lier«, a town of the Netherlanda, in Lekurk, a county of the E. Diatrict of Pennayl
the temtory of Laege, near which the alliea were vania lying upon tne river above mentioned. Pop
defeated by the French in 1746. 4 m. N. of 22^266. AUentown ia the capital.
Liege. LekigfUon, a village of Northampton Co. Pa
LMTthtrgf p.t. Loudon Co. Va. 46 m. N. W. on the Lehigh, 36 m. N. W. Eaaton.
Alexandria, alao towna in Harriaon Co. Ken., LeieeeCer, a borough and the capital of Leuset
tei 441 LEI
tenhiie, fing. In tiie cinl wars the wallt were LeigUmf (Hd, a decayed town of Ireland, tai Om
in a mat measure demolished; the castle was county of Carlow,9 m. N. £. of Kilkenny,
also <usmantled, the hall and kitchen beinff the LeigkUn Bridge^ a ylllage of Ireland, in the
only parts that are left entire. It has 6 churohes, county of Carlow, with tne ruins of an ancient
18 meeting-houses for the different denominations abbey, and also of a strong oastle ; seated on the
of dissentersi several hospitals, a free school and river Barrow, 7 m. S. of Carlow.
three charity schools. In 1821 an act was passed Lagkum Buzxaird, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng.
for lighting the town withgas, which has since The trade consists in com, oattle, lace, platted
been carried into eil^ct lie principal manufius- straw, 4to. About half a m. distant are the re-
ture is that of stockings, of which several years mains of a Roman camp. It is seated on the Ouse,
ago the yalne amounted to £60,000 annually, and 18 m. S. of Bedford and 41 N. W, of London,
it has of late much increased. A canal passes La'ii, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Nas-
hence by Loughborough to the river Trent. At sau, 4 m. N. E. of Welbnrg,
a parliament held here, in the reign of Henry V., Lemingm^j a small town of the Bavarian circle
the first law was made for the burning of heretics, of the Rhine, 30 m. S. of Mentz.
In the meadows near the town are ue ruins of Lem5fer,a province of Ireland, 104 m. long and
anabbev, in which Cardinal Wolsey died. It 56 broad; bounded on the •£. and S. by St.
is seated on the Soar^ 28 m. S. by E. of I^orbr, George's Channel. W. by Connaoght and Muns-
and 96 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 8. W., ter and N. by Ulster. It contains the counties of
lat 52. 38. N. Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, King's ooun-
LeUestertlurtf a county of England, bounded ty, Longford, Lough, East Meath, West Meath,
on the N. by Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, Wexford, and Wicklow. Dublin is the capital.
E. by the counties of Lincoln and Rutland, 8. by The principal rivers are the Boyne, the Banow,
Northamptonshire, and W. by Warwickshire and the Liffey,the Noire, and the May.
Staffbrdsnire. It is about 45 m. long and 30 broad, Leipa, a town of Bohemia, with manu&ctures
contains 51,456 statute acres, is divided into six of porcelain, glass, fine cloth, and cotton. 47 m.
hundreds and 196 parishes, has 12 market towns, S. E. of Dresden.
and sends four members to parliament. The di- Ls^iUtm, a town of Bavaria, on the S. bank of
mate is temperate and the county is well watered, the Danube, 12 m. N. E. of Ulm.
The chief rivers are the Avon, Soar, Swift, Letpntc, a walled tov^n of Morvana, near the
Wreke, Anker, and Wetland; and it has three river Becswa, 14 m. £. 8. E. of Olumtz.
distinct lines of canal navigation. The soil, in Leipzig ^ CircUaf, a province of the kixigdomof
{general, affords great quantities of rich grazing Saxony, bounded E. by the circle of Meissen, S.
and and is peculiarly fitted for the culture of by that of the Erzebirge and the princifnlity of
beans. Toward the N. W., the Bardon-Hills Altenburg, and W. and N. bv the Prussian part
rise to a great height ; and in their neighbour- of Saxony. It comprises 14 bailiwies, and is the
hood is Sherwood Forest, ajou|^ and open tract: seat of c(msiderable manu&ctures.
further to the N. W. are valuable coal mines. Le»f»ifi^, acityof Saxony,inthe cirde of Meis-
The manufiieture of stocking, the principal one sen, with a famous university, and a strong cita-
in the county, is very considerable ; but it may del, cidled Pleyasenburg. It carries on a consid-
be considered rather an agricultural than a man- erafale trade ; and has three great fairs every year,
ufoctwinff ooiintv. It is Bunons for its breed of which last a fortnight each. The number f3^ in-
large black cart horses, numbers of which are habitants exceeds &,000 ; and the principal man-
continually sent to London, and for its fine neat ufi^stures are silk, gold, and silver stum, linen
cattle and sheep : the latter, owing to the great care and cotton printing, leather, and paper. There
paid to crossing the breed and other m<Mes of im- are six handsome ooUeges belonging to the univer-
provement, have been brought to an astonishing de- sity , besides the private colleges; and the exchange
gree of excellence. More than halfthe land is con- is a fine structure. Leiraig was taken by the
stantly in pasture, and most of the rest maintained Prussians in 1745 and 17o6. The Austrians, in
in tillage is also rendered subservient to the rear- 1756, besieged it in vain ; they took it two joars
ing of cattle. The principal object of the gra- after, bat were soon obliged to give it up. Leip-
ziers here is to fiitten their cattle for the butcher, lig is celebrated for two of the greatest battles
but the dairy is also in some places attended to ; recorded in history having been toujriit in its vi-
and great quantities of oheese an annually ex- cinity, between the Fren^ and allied armies, on
ported. The Stilton cheese is made in this ooun- the I6th and 18th of October, 1813, which were
ty, near Melton Mowbray. followed by the capture of the town and the
Leicester J p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. S. W. rear-guard of the French army, on the foUow-
Boston. Pop. 1,788. Here is a manufactory of ing morning, and also the king of Saxony and
wool cards. Also a township of Livingston his fomily, who were made prisoners. It is seat-
Co. N. T. on the Genesee. Pop. 2i)4S. Also ed in a plain, on the river Pleysse, 64 m. W.
a township of Addison Co. Yt on Otter Creek. N. W. of Dresden, 90 S. W. ofBerlin, and 180
42 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. 638. N. E. of Frankfort on the Maine. Long. 12. 21.
Lagkj a town in Lancashire, Eng. with consid- E., lat. 51. 19. N.
erable maaufaotoies, partionlarly offine jeans, in LeirtA, a town of Portugal, in Eetramadura,
imitation of those of India, fustians, andoiher cot- and a bishop's see, with an ancient castle on an
ton articles ; and a peat traffic by its canal navi- eminence. 77 m. N. N. £. of Lisbon. Long,
gation. 12 m. W.«^ManoheBliir,andl98N.W. 8. 34. W., lat. 39. 48 N.
of London Loszntg, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, with
Lmg4, a small sea-port in Essex, Eng. opposite manufactures of cloth, Uce, stockings, dbc. It
the £. eztvemitv of Oanvey Ishmd. It is soled is Rated on the Mulda, 24 m. fi. 8 £. of Leip
for oysters, and nasa good roadfer shmning. 18 lig and 32 N. W. of Dresden,
m. S. S. E. of Chelmsford, and 99 £. of London. Lntk, a sea-port of Scotland, on the frith of
Ls^, apamh of ^land, in WoraestenbiM Forth, 2 m. N. N. E. of Edinburgh, of whioh it is
4 1-2 m. W. by S. of ^rooster. the port It is situate at the month of Um rirer
56
L£M 442 LEO
Leith, wkieh fbniu the harbour, and diyidea the long and 11 broad. The poeta made it sacred to
town into N. and S. Leith, which commanicate Vulcan, who was hence c&lled Lemnios Pater.
by two draw-bridges. The harbour is secured hv It was also celebrated for its lab^nth, of whieh
a noble stone pier, and it is accommodated witn not a trace remains. The air is pure, and the
wet and dxy docks and other conveniences for produce consists of com. oil, cotton, and a yarie-
ship-buildinff^ which is carried on to a considers- ty of fruits. It has two narboors on the S. coast
ble extent. Jaere are also manufactures of ropes, and an extensive roadstead ^a the N. Its eapi-
canvas, carpets, glass, shoes, leather, soap, and tal is of the same name, and is a metropolitan see.
candles, and several iron forges. There are three Long. 25. 28. £., lat. 40. 3. N.
<*.hurches, an episcopal ohapel, three meeting- LempsterjOX. Sullivan Co. N. H. 40 m. W.
houses, a magnificent banking-house, an hospital Concord. Pop. 999.
for disabled seaman, rebuilt m 1817, and numer- LemingUm, a township of Essex Co. Vt. on
ous charities. A little to the E. of the town are the Connecticut,65 m. N. £. Montpelier. Pop. 1^
the baths, which are constructed upon a grand Lemon, a township of Butler Co. Ohio, on the
scale, and in a style of great elegance. The har- Miami. Pop. 2,870. It contains the villages of
hour is defended by a martello tower and to the Middletnn and Monroe.
W of the citadel is a battery for the protection of Lena, a river of Asiatic Russia, in the govem-
the shipping. The commerce of Leith is very con- ment of Irkutsk, which rises in the mountains to
siderable ; and the vessels employed in the Lon- the N. W. of the lake Baikal, flows N. and N. E.
don trade are, in general, of a large size ; but the to Yakutsk, where it is 5 m. wide, and proceed-
largest ships are those employed in the Green* ing N. N. W., enters the Frozen Ocean by sever-
land whale fishery. To foreign parts are export- al mouths.
ed lead, glass ware, linen, woolen stuffs, and a Lenawee^ a county of Michigan. Pop. 1,591.
variety of other goods. Long. 2. 56. W., lat. 55. Tecumseh is the capital.
54. N. Lencziezj a strong town of Poland, with a fort
Leitmeritz. See LetUmeriiz. on a rock. It stands in a morass on the river
LeitomUekel. See Leutmisehd. Biusa, 77 m. W. of Warsaw, and 110 N. by W.
Ltitrirtii a county of Ireland^ in the province of of Cracow.
< 'onnauffht, bounded on the N. by Donegal Bay, LaUiam, a decayed market town in Kent, Eng.
N. E. by Fermanagh, £. by C5avan, S. £. by seated on an eminence, at the source of the Len,
Long^ordf, S. W. by Roscommon, and W. ^y 10 m. E. of Maidstone, and 44 S. E. of Lon-
Sligd. Its ^atest length is about 54 English m., don.
audits maximum br6a<uh !^. It contains 21 par- LeniMp, a town of the Prussian states, in the
iahes, and an area of 407,260 English acres. The province of Cleves and Berg, on a river of the
northern parts are mountainous and uncultivated same name, 20. m.E. 8. E. of Duaseldorf.
but they abound with inexhaustible veins of lead, Lenoir, a county offforth Carolina. Pop. 7,935.
iron, and copper ore, and have likewise some coal Kingston is the capital.
mines. The S. is level and fertile. The county Lmoz, p.t Berkshire Co. Mass. 6 m. S. Pitta-
is traversed by the river Shannon, abounds witn field, and 147 W. Boston. Pop. 1,355. It is a
small lakes and rivers, has some productive iron- very neatly built town and has manufactures of
works, and feeds great herds of cattle. It re- woolen anci iron. Also a p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
turns two members to the imperial parliament, on Oneida Lake. Pop. 5,0^. Also towns in Sus-
Carrick is the capital. quehanna Co. Pa. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Leitrim, a village of Ireland, firom which the Lenox, a county of Upner Canada lying upon
preceding county has its name, and formerly a the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario,
place of some note. It is seated on the Shannon, Lenox Casde, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. C.
4 m. N. of Carrick, and 82 W. N. W. of Dub- LenoxvUU, p.t. Carteret Co. N. C. on Core
lin Sound.
Leinslip.tL town of Ireland, in the county of Lens, a town of France, department of Pasde
Kildare. It has a noble castle with l&rge gardens, Calais, 10 m. N. W. of Douay.
on one side of which is a fine water&ll, called
the Salmon Leap. Near it is the ruins of the
church and castle of Confy. It is seated on the Leontium, and situate at the foot of a height, oa
Liffey, 8 m. W. of Dublin. the top of which Charles V. built a new town,
LmhuTg, or Leopold, a town of Austrian Po- called Carlentini. Lentini was greatly damaged
land, formerly the capital of Red Russia, and now by an earthquake in 1693. It is seated on a river
of Galicia and Ladomeria. it is well fortified, of the same name, 17 m. S. W. of Catania.
and defended by two citadels, one of which is on Lemtxburg, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
an eminence without the city. The cathedral, of Aargau, with a castle, and manufactures of Un-
churches, and public buildings are magnificent ; en, cotton, tobacco, dec. It is seated on the Aa,
and the inhabitants, computed at 44 ,000, of whom 6 m. E. of Aargau.
14,000 are Jews, carry on a considerable trade. Leiitxcn, a town of the Prussian province of Bran-
It is the see of a Roman Catholic archbishop, and denburg, near the Elbe, 74 m. N. W. of Berlin,
has also an Armenian and Russian bishop. It is Leoben, a town of the Austrian states, in Upper
seated on the Pelton, 72 m. S. S.E. of Chelm, and Styria, situate on the Muhr, 20 m. N. W. of
159 E. of Cracow. Long. 24. 26. E., lat. 49. 51. Grati.
N. Loahtt^MXy a town of Pnusiaa Silesia, with a
Lemgow,B, town of Prussia, in WestphaUa, and trade in com and yam, 10 m. N. N. E. of Jagem-
in the principality of Lippe-Detmold, with some dorf .
cloth and stun manufactures, and a considerable LeoganM, a town and fort, with a good harboux
trade in printing and bookselling. It is seated on the N. side of the S. peninsula of St Domin-
on the Beya, 17 m. S. of Minden. go. It was taken by die British in 1796. 26 m.
Lemnos^ or Stalimene, an island of the Arohi* B. S. W. of Port au Prince. Long. 72. 37. W .
pdago, lying near «k« ftrslt of OaUipoIi, 15 m. lat. 18. 38. N.
Lentini, an ancient town of Sicily, in Val di
Noto. It is a small remainder of tne ancient
LBf 443 LE8
LaomiMtsr. a borough in Hertfordshire, Eng. Le Jtay^ a towiuhip of Jefferson Co. N. Y. 90
with a trade m cloth, gloves, hats, hops, leather, m. N. £. Sackett*s Harboor. Pop. 3,430.
cider, dec. The ehnrch is spacious, and has a Ltrenoy or Uerena, a town ou Spain, in Estre*
beautiftd altar-piece by Rubens'. Here are also madura, at the foot of amoantain,and the source
four meeting-houses, two charity scbools,and two of the Malachel, 50 m. S. of Mezidaand 63 N. of
free schools, one oflhemendowedby Queen Maiy. Seville. Long 5. 59. W , lat. 38. 7. N.
It is seated on the Lug, 96 m. W. of Worcester Lerida (the lUrda of Lucan) , an ancient town
and 137 N. W. of London. of Spain, in Catalonia, and a biahop*s see, with a
Leomtnsfsr, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 20 m. N. university and a castle. Near this place are the
Worcester, on Nashua river. Pop. lyB61. It has remains of a palace of the kin^ of Arragon. It
mann&ctures of combs and other articles. is seated on a hill, on the river segra, 60 m. S. S.
Leon, an important N. W. division of Spain, £. of Sarsfossa and 200 N. W. orMadrid. Long
still retaining toe tide of a kingdom, bounded on 0. 25. £., &t. 41. 32. N.
the N. by Asturias, W. by Oahcia and Portugal, Lertiw, two islands in the Mediterranean, or/
S. by Estremadura, and £. by Old Castile. It is the coast of France, 5 m. from Antibes. That
200 m. long and 170 broad, and divided into al- nearest the coast, which is the larger island, is
most two equal parts by the River Duero. It is called St.. Margaret ; the smaller is called St. Ho-
divided into the districts of Leon, Salamanca, Pa- norat, and has a Benedictine abbey,
lencia, Zamora, Toro, and Valladolid. Lerma^ a town of Spain, in tlie province of
Lsoii, the capital of the above province, and a Burgos, with a palace, seated on the Arlanza, 23
bishop's see, was formerly ncher and more popn- m. o. of Burgos.
lous than at present. Its cathei'ral which is ad- Lemtea, a town of Cyprus, formerly a large
mired for its elegant lightness, contains the tomb city, as appears froin its ruins. It is situate on the
of 37 kings and one emperor. 174 m. N. by S. coast or the island, where there is a good road,
W. of Madrid. Long. 5. 38. W., lat. 42. 36. N. and a small fort, for its defence, 30 m. S. W. of
LboHj hU off an insulated tract on the S. W . Famagusta.
coast of Spain, separated from the mainland by a * Ls Hoy, p.t Genesee Co. N. T. 10 m. E. Bata-
canal and nver, 10 m. in length, and from 20 to via. Pop. 3,909. Also a township of Geauga Co.
30 feet in depth. The defence thus afforded Ohio.
against an enemy in possession of the mainland Lenokk, a town of Scotland, capital of the
(as was the case of the French in 1810) is ferther Shetland blands, situate on the spacious harbour
strengthened by the salt marshes, which extend called Brassa Sound. Itisthe rendesvous of the
to the eastward, and are impassable except along fishing bussea and vessels employed in the her-
a causeway. Bee Cadiz. ring fishery. Near the N. end of the town is
Leon, a town on the above island. The popu- Fort Charfotte, which commands, the N. entrance
lation including St Carlos, is said to amount to to Brassa Sound. Long. 0. 56. W., lat, 60. 12. N.
40,000, whose chief support arises from the works Lejcar, a town of France, department of Lower
carried on at the neighbouring arsenal and dock- Pyrenees, seated on a hill, 3 m. N. W. of Pan and
ywd of Caracas. 11 m. S. E. of Cadis. Long. 42 S. fi. of Bayonne.
6. 12. W., lat. 36. 97. N. Lu^uaXan, or Daghitton. See DaghUUm,
Leom, a city of Guatemala, capital of the prov- Lestgnau, a town of France, department of Aude,
ince of Nicaragua. In the vicimty is a mountain 11 m. W. of Narbonne.
with a volcano, which sometimes occasions earth- Lemna, an island in the gulf of Venice, on the
quakes. It is a commercial place, seated near coast of Dalmatia, 65 m. long and 14 broad. It
the N. W. extremity of the lake Nicaragua, 30 m. contains great quantities of different kinds of mar-
ftx>m the Pacific Ocean. Long. 87. 90. W., lat. 19. ble and produces wine, oil, figs, almonds, oranges,
30. N. safiron, aloes, hone^, &c., m great abundance ;
Leon, JVsio, a province in the S; part of New but salt-fish is the chief article ofcommerce. The
Mexico, having the gulf of Mexico on the E^ Pa- capital, of the same name, has a good, harbour, and
nuco on the S., and New Biscay on the W. It contains 1,200 inhabitants. 20 m. S. of Spalatro.
is little known. Long. 16. 90. £., lat 43. 33. N.
Leonard^ St,, an ancient town of i^ance, de- iMkeard, a borough in Cornwall, Eng. with
partment of Upper Vienne, with manufactures of manufectures of leather and yam. It is one of
paper and cloth ; seated on the Vienne, 10 m. the largest and best built towns in the country,
N. E. Limoges and 195 S. of Paris. had formerly a castle, now in ruins, and is one of
LtanardoSwn, p.v St. Maij'a Co. Maryland, the coinage towns for tin. Besides the church
on the Potomac, w m^ S. E. Washington. which is a laree and noble edifice, here are three
LeoiuardsmUe, p.v. Madison Co. N. i . 95 m. N. places of woruiip for dissenters, a free grammar
W. Albany. school, two national schools, and a diarity scho<^
Lstmborg, a town of Grermany , in the kingdom for poor children. In the vicinityare several ex-
of 'Wurtemberg, situate on the Glem, 6 m. W. of tensive sheep-walks. 16 m. N. W. of Plymouth
Stttttgard. and 225 W. by S. of London. Long. 4. 42. W.,
LeopoUUiadtjjBL town and fortress of Hungary, lat. 50. S7. N.
seated on the tVaag, 56 ra. E. of Vienne. Lesparre, a town of France, department of Gi
LepantOf a sea-port of Greece, in Livadia, and ronde, near which are found transparent pebbles,
an archbishop's see. It is surrounded with high known by the name of Medoc stones. It is 13 m.
walls, and defended by a castle on an eminence. N. N. W. of Bordeaux.
The produce of the acnaoent countrv is wine, oU, Lessitus, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain
com, ric^. leather, and tobacco. It is seated at ault^famous for its linen manufacture ; seated on
the entrance of a gulf of the same name, 100 m. the Dender, 28 m. S. W. of Brussels.
W. N. W. of Athens and 360 S. W. of Constan- Lestwithid^ or LutwUkUlf a borough in Com
tinople. Long. 29. £., lat. 38. 30. N. wall, Eng. with a tolerable woolen tnanufiusture
Lner*s Isle, one of the New Hebrides, in the Here is tne stannary goal, and the county courts
Faetnc Ocean. Long. 168. 5. £. kt. 15. 93. 8. are held here. It is seated on the xvrtt Fowej,
LBT HU LCW
uliicli was fdacamrly naTigabie, bnt is now choked Lnttm. p.t FMnklin Co. Mm. 10 a. 8. E.
up with naid. 9S m. N? JS. of Thuo and SSS W. Gfeenfield. Pop. 939.
hy 8. of*LoiMioii. LaetuMfs, a inUage of Philadelphia Co. Pa. 8 m
Lelartt a township of Meigs Co. Ohio. N. W. Philadelphia.
Xietttff e, a town of Naplee. seated at the footof Lfloroia,atown of Fianoe, department of Indie,
a mountain, 13 m. N. W. or Salerno. 11 m. N. of Chateattiouz.
LtiUrkgimj a township of Franklin Co. Pa. Lewairdaiy a strong town of the Netherlands,
5 m. N. W. Chambersbng. capital of Friesland. It has several oanals in the
Lentesy a town of Prosftian Silesia, with a cele- streets, which, being continned to the sea, and to
brated Cistercian abbey ; seated on the Oder, 30 the moat considerable towns in the piOTince, are
m. N. N. W. of Bieslao. a great assistance to its trade. Many of the build-
Laucofa, a town of France, department of Aude, ings, aswell public as private, are magnificent,
situate near the Mediterranean, on the N. side of « It is seated on the Ee, 26 m. W. of Groningen.
lake of the same name, 90 m. N. £. of Perpignan. Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 53. 13. N.
Lsudk, or Leuk, a town of Switzerland, in the LewaUZy a town of Huiuary, on a river of the
Valais, much flequented on account of its hot same name, 25 m. N. £. of Gran,
minenl springs, it is seated on an eminence near Lcioes , a borouffh in Sussex, £nff . It had ftr
the Rhone, 20 m. £. 8. £. of Sion. merly 12 parish churches, now reduced to six, in-
Lsicse, a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, eluding those of the adjoining villages of South-
seated on the Dender. 14 m. N. W. of Mons. over and Cliff. It is a very ancient place, nnd
LeiUkireh, a town or Germany, in Wurtembur^, ves tiges of its walls and (castle, and of an extensive
with two suhorbs. and a ffood linen trade. It is priorv, still remain. Here are 7 meetiBg-hoaees
seated on the Escnach, which runs into the Iller, for aissentem ; also a handsome county-hall, a
22 m. N. £. of Lindau. free grammar school, a good charity school, sev-
Leutmeriit, or Ldtmaritz, a town of Bohemia, eral charitable institutions, and a theatre. On a
capital of a circle of the same name. The circle hill, about a mile from the town, is the nee
is such a delightifhl country that it is called the ground, which is accounted one of the best in
Bohemian Paradise ; it produces excellent wine, England. Near this town was fought a battle in
and contains warm baths, tin-mines, and precious 123, when Henry III. and his son (afterward
stones. The town is well built and populous, and Edward I.) were made prisoners by the earl of
is seated on the Elbe, d6m. N. £. of Prague. Leicester. Lewes is situate at the edge of the
Long. 14. 17. £., lat 50. 32. N. Bouth Downs, 8 m. N. E. of Brirhton, and 49 8.
LewtmiMchd. a town of Bohemia, in the circle of of London. Long. 0. 2. £., lat w. 56. N.
Cltfudim, witn raanuftctures of cloths and dye- Loots, one of the most considerable of the
stufi, and extensive distilleries. 90 m. £. S. E. Western Islands of Scotland, parted by two arms
of Chrndim. of the sea into two divinons, the southern of
LeutcA, a town of the Austrian states, in Car- which is called Harris, and the northern Lewis :
niola, 8 m. 8. S. %, of Idria. the former is annexed to the eoonty of Inverness,
Leiana, p.v. Brown Co. Ohio. but Lewis belongs to Rosa-shire. It is about 60
LevatU, This word properly sisnifies the East; m. in length from N. to S., and from 10 to 15 in
but it is used, when speaking of trade, for Tur- breadth. The country in general is wild, hleak,
key, in Asia, comprehending Natolia, Syria, the bare of wood, and little fitted for enltivalion.
island of Cynrus, dbc. The Levant Sea means Bear, oato, peas, rye, and potatoes, are the pro-
the E. part or the Mediterranean. duets of the soil. The huls are covered urith
Levantf p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 10 m. N. W. heath, which affords shelter for various sorte of
Bangor, rop. 747. same. The lake and streams abound with sahnon,
Lsoek, See Cambodia. hu-ge red trout, dec., and there are ffood fisheries
Iieeen, a river in Lancashire. Eng. ^ich iisues on the W. coast, which is annuJly visited by
firom the S. extremity of Winoermere- water, and millions of herrings. The inhabitanta amount to
flows into Morecamlie Bay. 13,942, whose principal employment is the rearing
LeocHf a river of Scotland, in Dumbartonshire, of sheep and black cattle, and the fishery. There
which issues from Loch Lomond, and enters the are several small villages, but Stornaway is the
estuary of the Clyde below Dumbarton. only town. The promontory at the N. extremity
Lmsen, a river of Scotland, which rises in Kin- of the island ii called the Butt of Lewis. Long,
ross-shire, flows through Loch Leven, and crosses 6. 32. £., lat. 56. 33. N.
infeshire to the town of Leven, where it enters Leists, a county of New York. Pop% 14,966. Mar-
Largo Bay. tinsburg is the capital. A county of the W. Die-
Loom, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, with a trict of Virginia Pop. 6,241. Weston is the eapi-
Cpod harbour, and some share in the coasting and tal. A county of kentucky on the Ohio. Pop.
Baltic trade. It stands on the W. side of Larso 5,206. Clarkesburg is the capital.
Bay, at the influx of the river Leven, 7 m. N. £. Lswir, p.t Essex Co. Vt 60 m. N. E. Montpe-
of Dysart. lier, p.t. Essex Co. N. T. 6 m. N. Elisabethtown.
Leeen, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in Kinross- Pop. 1,305. p.t Brown Co. Ohio. Pop. 2flS^
shire, upwards of 10 m. in oircumferenoe, and Lewishorry, p.v. York Co. Pa.
seoiewhat of a circular fi>rm. It has several Leioisburg, p.t Green Brier Co. Va. 250 m. W.
■mall islands, on one of which ii a ruinous castle, Richmond, p.v. Union Co.Pa.on the Susquehanna,
where Mary, queen of Scoto, was confined by the 7 m. above Northumberland, p.v. Muhknbufg
eonfederato Icras, sAer she had separated firom Co. Ken. on Green River.
Bothwell ; and on another, named St SerTs Isle, LetotMkamf a village in Kent, Eng. which from
is the ruin of a- priory. On the E. side of the ite pleasant situation, and ite proximity to the
lake, near ite onUst, stands the ruinous monastery metropolis, has become the residence of several
e^Poiteaak. <^nlent citizens, who have many elegant houses
Ltwemoorik^h viBage in Crawftid Co. Indiana, here. 5 m. £. of London.
iB the Ohiflwtem. hSWw XiOuisville. Lmioion, p.t Lincoln Co. Me. at the hSk of
LEY
445
UB
the Aacbotcoggiii, 90 m. W. WiieaMet. Pop.
1^9. Also a p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on Niagara
river oppoiite Queenatown, at the head of ihip
navigation from Lake Ontario. Pop. 1|528. p.t
Montgomery Co. Missouri.
Lewittatenf p.t Sussex Co. Del. on Delaware
Bay, 3 m. within Cape Henlopen. This town
was bombarded by the British fleet during the late
war, but without any e^ct. Salt is made here
by solar evaporation. Also a p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa.
on the Juniata, 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg.
LeiDtmUe, p.v. Brunswick Co. Va. 70 m. 8.
Richmond, p.v. Chester Dis. S. C. 72 m. N.
Columbia, p.v. Blount Co. Tenn. 176 m. E.
Mu rfieesborough.
LtdngUm^ p.t. Bifiddlesex Co. Mass. 11 m. N
W. Boston. Pop. 1,541. This town will be ever
memorable in American history, as the spot where
the first blood was shed in the revolutionary con
flict. This took place on the 19th April 1775. A
monument has been erected on the green at Lex-
ington in commemoration of the event.
LMangtom^ a town of Kentucky, chief of Fay
ette county, and formerly the capital of the state
It has six edifices forpublic worship, a university,
and a court-house. The trade is considerable, and
the manu^turee numerous and flourishing. Pop.
6,104. Near this town are to be seen curious
sepulchres, full of human skeletons, which are
fiU»ricated in a method totally different from that
now practised by the Indians. In the neighbour-
hood are the remains of two ancient fortifications,
with ditches and bastions ; one containing about
six acres of land, and the other nearly three.
Pieces of earthen vessels, a manufacture with
which the Indians were never acquainted, have
also been ploughed up near Lexington. These,
with the fortifications and the sepulchres, have
been urged as an argument that this country was
formerly inhabited by a people farther advanced
in the arts of life than the present Indians. Lex-
ington stands in a fine tract of country, on the
head waters of Elkhorn River, 24 m. E. S. £. of
Frankfort, the present capital. Long. 84. 55. W.
lat. ^. 15. N. Transylvania University at this
place was founded in 1798. It has 6 instructers
and 93 students Its libraries have 3,850 volumes.
It has 2 vacations in spring and autumn. Com-
mencement is in September.
Lexington, p.t. Greene, Co. N. T. Pop. 2,248.
1>.t. Henderson Co. Tenn., Rowan, Co. N. C, Og-
ethorpe Co. Geo., Erie Co. Pa., Richland and
Stark, Co, Ohio. Scott Cos. Indiana and Boone
Co. Missouri.
Lexington^ a town of Virginia, chief of Rock-
bridge county, situate near the N. branch of
James River, 150 m. W. by N. of Richmond.
Washington College at this place was founded in
1812. It has 23 students ; the library is small. It
has 2 vacations in autumn and winter. Com-
mencement is in April.
Lexington, a District of South Carolina. Pop.
9,076.
Leyden, a city of the Netherlands, in S. Hol-
land, seated on the ancient bed of the Rhine,
which here almost expires in a number of small
channels. It is famous for the long siege it sus-
tained in 1574, against the Spaniards, during
which 6,000 of the inhabitants died of famine and
pestilence. In honour of this siege a university
was founded in 1575, celebrated for its colleges,
botanical garden, anatomical theatre, astronomical
observatory, cabinet of natural historv, and valua-
ble library : in 1807 it was almost destjroved by
the blowing up of a vessel loaded with gunpow-
der. The principal church is a superb structure,
and the old castle, town-house, custom-house
and house for orphans, deserve notice. Here are
excellent manufactures of soap and indigo ; and
the vicinitv produces the best Dutch butter and
cheese. It stands on 50 islands, and has 145
bridges, the greatest part built of fir«>estone. The
inhiUkitants are estimated at 50,000. Leyden is 4
m. E. of the German Ocean, and 20 S. W. of
Amsterdam. Long. 4. 28. £., lat. 52. 8. N.
LtwUn^ a town of Franklin Co. Mass. 117 m.
N. W. Boston. Pop. 796. Also a p.t Lewis Co.
N. Y. 33 m. N. Utica. Pop. 1,502.
Leypa, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Leut-
meritz, seated on the Pubietz, 23 m. £. N. E. of
Leiitmeritz.
Leyta, one of the Philippines, about 40 leagues
in length, and 95 in circumference. Its sou on
the E. side, is very fertile : but the high moun-
tains that intersect it from £. to W. occasion so
great an alteration in the climate, that, when'
the inhabitants of one part of the island reap, the
others sow , and they nave two plentiful harvests
in the year, to which the rivers descendi^ firom
the mountains not a little contribute, 'fke isl-
and contains 9,000 inhabitants, who pay tribute
in rice, wax, &c. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. 10. 50.
lAoiM'po, See Ming'po.
Libanus, or Lebanon, a lofty mountain of Syria,
extending from the vicinity of Tripoli to the bor-
ders of Palestine, about 30 or 40 m. from the sea.
Its height is very considerable, the summit is cov-
ered with snow a great part of the year. Few
specimens now remain of those magnificent ce-
dars for which it was once so celebrated. Near
Damascus there are immense caverns, one of
which can contain 4,000 men. To the E. la a
parallel chain called Antilibanus.
Idbatta, a town of Guinea, in the country ef
Gabon, seated near the mouth of a river or the
same name, 120 m. N. W. of Sette. Long. 8. 54.
E., lat. 0.58 S.
UJbau, a town of Courland, on the Baltic, with
a harbour for small ships. The chief articles of
commere are hemp ana linseed. It is seated on
a peninsula, 50 m . N. of Memel, and 80 W. of
Mittau. Long. 21. 25. E., lat. 56. 30. N.
Liberia, a district on the coast of Africa so nvn-
ed from its being colonized by liberated captives
and free people of colour, under the auspices of
a colonization society, in America, the first set-
tlers proceeded to Africa in 1822. Cape Mesu-
rado, in lat. 6. 18. N., was purchased of the na-
tives ; the plan of a town, afler wards called Mon-
rovia, was formed ; and as fresh emigrants arriv-
ed they purchased additional tracts of country.
The greater part of the early settlers from Amer-
ica were men of eminent piety, and their iupt,
humane, and benevolent policy, has given them
an uncommon influence over the native tribes.
In 1827 this sable community had risen complete-
ly above the pressure of urgent necessities. Mon-
rovia was rapidly improving in accommodations
and increasing in magnitaoe, and several fresh
towns were already springing up. The soil is
extremely fertile : the natives of the country,
without tools, without skill, and with little labour,
raising more grain and veg«ftables than they can
consumb and oflen more than they can sell.
Cattle, swi»:<i, fowls, duclcs, goats, and sheep,
thrive without Heeding, and require no other care
than to keep them Trom straving. Cotton, co^e,
3?
LIT iM ua
mdigo, and safwoftne, me dl the spontaneonfl Uehttnum^ t town of Cvermtny, in Hmm-Cm-
growth of the roreits, and may be cultivated at lel, 15 m. 8. £. of Cassel.
Tiieasore, to any extent, by such as u« disposed. Liektemau^ a town of Fraiiooiiia,in the larritoTy
iThe same may be said of rice, Indian corn, Ooi- of Noiemberff, with a fortrass on Che Reael, 6 m.
nea com, millet, and too many species of fraits E. of Anspacn.
and vegetables to be enumerated. Add to all UehtMberff a town of Franconia, in the prin-
this that winter is here unknown, the hills and oipalitj of Bayxeuth. In the iieiffb)>ourhood are
plains are covered with perpetual verdure, and medicmal apnngs, quarries of marble, and mines
nature is constantly ponrinpf her treasures, all the of copper and iron. It is seated on the Selbnitz,
year round, into the laps ofthe industrious. The 16 m. N. £. of Culmbach.
trade and commerce extend to the coast, to the UchUnfihf a town of Bavarian Franconia, with
mterior paiis of the continent, and to foreign a trade in timber; seated on the Maine, 15 m. N.
vessels, and is already valuable and fast inerea- E. of Bamberg.
sing. The chief exports are rice, palm oil, ivory, lAohtenstein, a town ofthe Swiss canton of St
tortoise shell, dyewoods, gold, hides, wax, and a Gall, seated on the Thur, 27 m . E. S. E. of Zurich
small amount of coiiee. The imports consist of Lon|f. 9. 5. £., lat. 47. 16. N.
the products and manufactures ofthe four quar- lAsehtenglnnf a town of Saxony, in the circle of
ters of the world. The harbour is seldom clear Erzsebirge, with a castle on a mountain, 6 m. N. £.
Of European and American shipping; and the of Zwickau.
busUe and thronging of the streets wiow some- lAchtenvord, a town of the ffelfaerlands, in
thing already of the activity of the smaller sea- Guelderland, 42 m. S. of Leipxie.
ports of the United States. Mechanics of nearly Lickf a township of Jackson Co. Ohio, Ao ntm-
every trade are carrying on their various occupa- ed from the number of salt licks withm Its limits,
tions, and not a child or youth in the colony but Licking y a branch of the Ohio, fidling into that
is provided with an appropriate school. The river opposite Cincinnati,
most recent accounts from Liberia are exceeding- Liektng, a county of Ohio. Fop. 90,864. New-
ly encouraging as to the health, commerce, and ark is the capital. Also towns m Licking and
prosperitv of the colony. Fresh emigrants are Muskingum Cos. Ohio.
constanti(y arriving, who are immediately suppli- JJckmUe, p.v. Greenville Die. S. C.
ed with employment, or if sick, removed to a lAeoHa, a lake of Naples, formerly ftnous for
spacious Infirmary. The piety of the first settlers excellent fish ; but, in 15S8, an earthquake hap-
has continued to spread, and the standard of mor- pened, which changed one part of it into a raonn-
ois consequently remains high. The Sabbath is tain of ashes, and the other into a morass. It was
carefully regarded, and Sunday schools have anciently known by the name Loerino, or the Lu-
been established for the benefit of the native crine Lake.
children. The cheerful abodes of civilization and Idcama, a village of Hanison Co. Indiana,
happiness — the flourishing settlements — ^the sound Lida, a town and castle of Lithuania, in the
ofUhristiau instruction, and scenes of Christian government of Grodno, {f6m.S. of Wilna. Long.
worship, which are heard and seen in this land of 25. 34. E., lat. 53. 50. N.
brooding pa^ran darkness — a thousand contented Idddd, a river of Scotland, in Roxburghshire,
freemen, united in founding a new Christian and the only one in the county that flows MUth-
empire, happy themselves, and the instrument of ward. It forms the boundary with Ekiffland ftwS
happiness to others — while they refresh the hearts m., till it enters the Esk, from DumfhesHihiTe, 3
cannot fail to encourage the brightest anticipa- m. above Lonfftown in Cumberknd.
tions of Christian Philanthropists. Lddford, a village in Devonshire, Eng. fbrmeriy
UbertUy a county in the E. part of Georgia, with a bcxrough, with a castle. It is seated on the riv-
7,234 inhabitants ; the chief town is Riceborough. er Lid, at the edge of Dartmoor Forest. 7 m. N.
Ubertyf a township of Sullivan Co. N. T. on of Tavistock,
the Delaware. Pop. 1,277. Also towns and vil- Udhopin^^ a town of Sweden, in W, Gothland,
lage in Adams and Tioga Cos. Pa., Bedford Co. on the 8. side of the lake Wenner, at the month
Va., Trumbull, Delaware, Fairfield, Highland of the Lida, 80 m. N. £. ofGotheburgh.
Clinton, Crawford, Butler, Jeflferson and Mont- lisfreniMiif, a town of Prussia, in mndenburg.
gomerv Cos. Ohio, Union Co. Indiana, Casey Co. near which commences the Finow Canal, that
Ken., Marion and Smith Cos Ten., and Amite Co. unites the rivers Oder, Finow, and Havel. It is
Mississippi. seated on the Havel, 25 m. N. of Beriin.
Liberty Hall, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Va., Pendle- LibmiBerda, a town of Prussian Saxony, with
ton Dis. S. C. and Morgan Co. Geo. a castle, seated on the Elster, 38 m. N. N. W. of
Liberty Hillj p.v. I&ershaw Dis. S. C. and Dresden.
Oreen Co. Alab. Liebenzdl, a town of Wnrteroberg, near whieli
Libertviown, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland. is the bath of Zell. It is seated on the Nsgold,
lAbertkeny a town of Hungarv, with rich mines 17 m. W. by N. of Stuttgard.
of copper and iron, and productive springs of Ideberose, a town of Lusatia, with a castle,
blue vitriol. 122 m. E. bi^ N. of Vienna. seated on the Spree wald, 20 m. W. of Guben.
UbongOy a town of Afhca, on the Lufuna, near Liebstadl, a town of W. Prussia, with a castle,
the sea, oO m. S. S. W. of Bombi. 45 m. S. S. E. of MarJenburs^.
Ubowme^ a town of France, department of Gi- Liege, a province ofthe Netherlands, bounded
ronde, with manufactures of light woolen stuffs, by the grand duchy of Luxemburg, the Belgic
and a trade in wine and brandy. It is seated at provinces of Namur, S. Brabant, and Limburg,
the conflux ofthe Iller with the Dordogne, 20 m. and the Prussian province of the Lower Rhine.
£. N. E. of Bordeaux. It is fertile in corn and fruits and contains mines
LiiMeld. See LUehfidd. of iron, lead, and coal, besides quarries of
LitchsteUf or Litchsttdleny a town of Switzerland , marble,
m the canton of Basel, seated on the Ergetz, 7 m. Liege, a large, ancient, and strong ei^ of tlM
8. E. of Basel Netherlands, capital ofthe above province. Hess
UO 447 UM
the river Meuae is divided into three branches, Protestants or Catholics. Itisaeatedat theeonflu
which after passing through the city, under sev- ence of the K!atzbach. and the Schwartzwassar,
eral bridges, unite again. Liege is 4 m. in 30 m. W by N. of Breshtu, and 110 If. S. <^
circumference, and has 16 gates : it has also 10 Pra^e. Long. 16 12. E., liat. 51. 13. N.
large suburbs, in which anff the city there were Ligny, a village of the Netherlands, in the prov-
formerly a great number of churches and religious ince of Namur, celebrated fat a sanguinary en-
houses, part of which are suppressed. The mag- gagement between the French and Prussians, on
nificent cathedral contains many relics; and the 16th of Jane, 1815, which was the prehtde to the
other public structures are the castle, the council- battle of Waterloo, 3 m. N. £. of Fleurus, and 11
house, the hotel de ville, and the arsenal. There W. N. W. of Namur.
are manufactures of arms, clock-work, nails, cloth, lAgny^ a town of France, department of Meuse,
leather, glass, dx., and a brisk trade. In 1792 with a castle, and a collegiate church. The in-
the French took the city ; they were driven habitants are estimated at about 3,000. It is seat-
thence in 1793, but entered it a^am in 1794 ; and ed on the Omev, 9 m. S. E. of Bar le due.
it was afterwards annexed to France. In 1814, lAgotda, vills^es in Somerset Co. Me. and
however, Liege, with its district, was delivered Westmoreland CT^ Pa.
up to the allied forces. It is 00 m. W. S. W. of L^onto, a village ia Amelia Co. Va.
Cfologne. Long. 5. 35. E. , lat. 50. 38. N. Ligorej a town of the Malay peninsula, sub-
iMgnitz. S^ Lignitz. ject to Siam, situate on a river of the same name.
UenrUheau, a city of China, of the first rank, in Long. 100. 35. £., lat. 8. 18. N.
the province of Quang-tong. Its territories bor- LigueiL a town of France, department of
der on the kingdom of Tonquin, from which it is Indre-et-Loire. 21 m. 9. of Totirs.
separated by inaccessible mountains. It is seated lHums^ a town of France, department of Somme,
on the Lien-kiang, which forms a convenient 18 m. E. of Amiens.
harbour for Chinese barks, 325 m. W. S. W. of IMienUiaLfl. town of Saxony, on the river Warp,
Canton. Long. 106. 40. E., lat. 21. 40. N. 10 m. N. N. £. of Bremen.
Ltere, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro- lAUe. See lisU.
vlnce of Antwerp, with manufactures of woolen IMlerSf a town of France, department of Pas de
and cotton, besides extensive breweries and dis- Calais, seated on the Naves, 17 m. N. W. of Arras,
tilleries, and a trade in cattle. It is seated at the i4/Z0,afortof the Netherlands, in Brabant,on the
mnction of the Great and Little Nethe, 10 m. S. N. side of the Scheldt, 9 m. N. N. W. of Antwerp.
E. of Antwerp. Lilley Point, a village of King William Co. Va.
LdessSf a town of France, department of Aisne, ^ Lima, a province ofPeru ; bounded N. bv Trux-
famous for an image of the Virgin, to which a illo, E. py the Andes, S. by Arequipa,ana W. by
great number of pilgrims used to resort. 7 m. E. the Padinc Ocean,
of Laon. lima, the capital of Pens, and an archbishop's
Liffifff a river of Ireland, which rises in the see with a unlversitv. This citv was founded in
county of Wicklow, runs W. into Kildare, where 1534, bv Pizarro, who gave it the name of Ciu-
it has a cataract near Leixslip, and then turning dad de los Re^es, or City of the Kings. This
N. £. passes through the county and city of Dub- Spanish name it retains in all legal deeds, but is
lin, below which it enters the Irish Sea. better known to foreigners by that of Lima. It
Liffardp a borough of Ireland, in the countv of is 4 m. long and 2 broad, and surrounded by brick
Donegal, situate on the Foyie, 11 m. S- S. W. of walls, with ramparts and bastions. The streets
Donegal. are handsome and straight : the huuses are gen-
IdgMj a town of the Netherlands, in Hainault, erally only of one stoiy high, in consequence of
on the river Dender, 15 m. N. W. of Mons. the earthquakes. Thev have flat roofs, and trees
lAgneroUta, a town of France, department of round them to keep off the sun. The river forms
AUier, 4 m. S. of Montlucon. canals in the streets, which run to most of the
IdgnUres^ a town of France, department of houses, and serve to water the gardens, dbc. The
Cher, with a collegiate church and a castle, 24 churches and convents are extremely rich ; and
m. 8. of Boorffes. many images of the saints are of gold, adorned
lAfputt, OTjLdgnitz, a government of Prussian with jewels. Here are the courts of the viceroy
Silesia, including the former principalities of and the archbishop, the roval mint, and the court
Glogau. Sagan, Lignitz, Karolath, with part of of the municipal body. All the provinces remit
Uiose or Jauer and Upper Lusatia. It is divided their product and manufactures to Lima, and are
into the circles of Lowenburg, Bunzlau, Gold- supplied hence with the neccessary commodities.
berg, Lignitz, Luben, Glogau, Sprottau, Sagan. The inhabitants, estimated at 50,000, are rich,
Friestadt, Grunburg, Gorlitz, Rothenburg, ana fond of dress and splendid retinues, and extreme-
Lauban. The climate is mild, and the soil in ma- ly superstitious. Lima is 90 m. fi'om the Cordil.
ny places fertile : it is neccessary, however to im- leras, and 850 S. by E. of Quito. Callao is its
port com. port. Long. 76. 49. W., lat. 12. 1. S.
LigmilZf an ancient town of Prussian Silesia, Lima, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y. IGm. W. Ca
and capitu of the government of the same name, nandaigua. Pop. ^^764.
with a considerable trade inxloth and madder. It LimaU, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant,
is surrounded by an earthen mound, and has four seated on the Dyle, 13 m. S. E. of Brussels.
gales, but is not fortified. The old palace of the Limatady. See J^ewtan Ltmavady.
princes, though within the town is surrounded with Limburg, a province of the Netherlands, bonncT
a distinct moat and high wall. The other remark- ed by Prussia and the provinces of S. and N.
able objects are the castle, the council house, the Brabant, Liege, and Antwerp. It contains an
two Lutheran churches, ttie Catholic church of areaof 1^500 sq. m. with 290,000 inhabitants. It
BU John, and the superb chapel where the dukes has good arable ffround, and abounds in a fine
of Lignitz and Brieg were buried. Here is also breeaof cattle anocontains mines of iron and lead,
an academy foundedby Joseph I., for the educa- Limhurg, a town of the Netherlands, capitsl of
tion of tho aoM of Sllesiaa gentbrnen, whether the province of that name, with t castle built of
UM 448 LUf
marble. Here ia a manufacture of woolen cloths, Limnt, or limpMy a viUa^ in Kent. Enjr. near it
and it is famous for excellent cheese. In the are the remains of a fortress called Stutfafl Castle,
neighbourhood are quarries of different kinds of It was formerly a port, but is now 2 m. from the
marble, and good mines of calamine coal. Lim- sea. The Roman road from Canterbury, callea
burff was taken by the French in 1793; but in Stanes Street, ended here. 3m.S. W.of Hithe,
1814 they delivered it up to the allies. It is seat- and 64 S. £. of London.
ed on a mountain near the river Weze, 20 m. £. Limosres, an ancient town of France, depart
of Liege. Long. 6. 3. £., lat. 50. 28. N. ment of Upper Vienne. It is a trading pl&ce, and
litMurg, a town of Grermanv, in the duchy of the inhabitants are estimated at 20,000. It ia
Nassau, with a fine cathedral. The Austnans seated on the Vienne, 110 m. £. of Bordeaux,
defeated the French on the heights near this Lon^r. 1. 20. £., lat. 45. 50. N.
place in 1766. It u seated on the Lahn, 26 m. Lttnosin, or LimounUy a late province of France,
N. W. of Frankfort. divided into the Upper and Lower Limosin, the
lime-works, has a good tide harbour for small departments of Upper Vienne and Correze.
vessels, and is 4 m. S. W. of Dumfermline. Liituntx, a town of France, department of
limeriekf a county of Ireland, in the province Aude, with manufactures of woolen, leather, and
of Munster, bounded on the N. by tne river soap. It is seated on the Aude, 50 m. S. £. of
Shannon, which separates it from the county of Toulouse.
Clare, W. by Kerry, S. by Cork, and £. by Tip- Lincoln^ a city and the capital of Lincolnshire,
peraiy. It is 50 £nffliBh m. long, from £. to W., Eng. It is situate on the river Witham, is divi-
and & broad from N. to S., and contains an area dca into Upper and Lower Town, and has two
members to parliament. The principal rivers are England. The cathedral stands on the brow of
the Deel, Maig, Comogue, Feale, Gal, and Black- the liill, and is admired for its rich and light arch-
water, besides the noble river Shannon, which itecture. The great bell of the cathedm, called
may rather be said to flow by the county. The Tom of Idnednj required 15 able men to ring it,
surrace of the county is tolerably level, but shel- but has been forbidden to be used, in consequence
tered on the S. £. by a range of mountains called of the decay of the tower in which it hangs,
the Galteas ; and the fertility of the soil is prover- Here are several meeting-houses for different de-
bial. To the N. of the Galteas lies the tract of nominations of dissenters, a catholic chapel, a
land denominated for its fertility the Golden national school erected in 1814, and several other
Vein, and on the banks of the Shannon lie the schools and charitt^le institutions. Of the castle,
carlaghs, or swamps, on which a quantity of man- built by William I., few vestiges remain, but the
ure is annually deposited by the overflowing of ruins of religious nouses are so numerous that
the river. the very barns, stables, &c., are built with arch-
Limeriek. a city of Ireland capital of the above ed doors and windows. Newport Gate, on the N.
county, and generaUy considered the metropolis side of the city still remains, and is one of the
of the province of Munster. It was formerly well noblest remnants of Roman architecture left in
fortified, and reckoned the second city in the Britain. Lincoln is a county of itself, governed
kingdom, but has long since yielded that rank to by a mayor. The chief trade is in coal, brought
ConE. Limerick is a county of itself, and a by the Irent and Fossdike ; and oats and wool,
bishop's see, and is divided into the Irish and which are sent by the Witham. Here is a small
£nglish town, the latter being built on an island manufiicture of camlets. It is 32 m. N. £. of
of ue Shannon called King's Island. The inhab- Nottingham, and 131 N. by W. of London. Long,
itanta are estimated at upwards of 40,000, and it 0. 25. W., lat. 15. 53. N.
has a market on Wednesday and Saturday. The Lincoln^ a county of Maine, on the Kennebec,
linen, woolen, and paper manufactures are carried and washed by the ocean. Pop. 57,181. Wis-
on to a great extent ; and the export of provisions casset is the capital ; a county of N. Carolina on
is considerable. Besides the cathedral and other the Catawba. Fop. 22,625. Lincolnton is the cap
churches, it has a modern episcopal palace, many ital ; a county of Georgia, on the Savannah. Pop.
hospitals, and other handsome public structures. 6,137. Lincolnton is the capital ; a county of
King William was obli^d to raise the siege of Kentucky on Green river. Pop. 11,012. Stanford
this city in 1690 ; but m 1691 , the garrison sur- is the capital ; a county of W. Tennessee, on
rendered on a very honorable capitulation. It is 40 £lk river. Pop. 22,086. Fayetteville is the capi-
m. S. S. £. of Galway,and 94 W. S. W. of Dublin, tal ; a countyof Missouri on the Mississippi. Pop
Idmeriek, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,426 ; p.v. 4,060. Troy is the capital.
Jefferson Co. N. Y. and a township of Montgom- Lincoln, a township of Grafion Co. N. H. Pop.
ery Co. Pa. 25 m. W. Philadelphia. 50,* a township of Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 639; a
UmtstoM, a county of Alabama, on Tennessee town in Middlesex Co. Mass. Pop. 709; and a
river. Pop. 14,843. Athens is the capital. town in Mercer Co. Ken.
Ltmtitfton, p.t. York Co. Me. on the Saco, 22 m. Lincolnshire, a large maritime county of £ng-
W. Portland. Pop. 2,320. land, bounded on the N. by the Humber, which
Lmma<, a river of Switzerland, formed by the divides it from Yorkshire. It contains 2,888 sq.
junction of the Mat and the Linth, the former m., is divided into 30 hundreds, and 630 parishes ;
issuing from the N. W. extremity of the lake has one city, and 31 market towns; and sends 12
Wallenstadt, and the latter flowing from the S. memben to parliament. The coast is flat, and
The Limmat flows N. W., passes through the at low water may be seen the submarine relics of a
lake of Zurich, and unites with the Aar below forest, which is a great natural curiosity. The
Baden principal rivers are the Humber, Trent, Witham,
LUI 440 UP
Welland, and Aneholm. Thii country b diTided net. Here the kiags of Sootknd had one of their
into three districts, called Holland, KesteTen, and noblest palaces, now in ruins ; but the room is
Lindsej. The air is various. The soil, in man/ still shown in which queen Mary was born. Lin
places, IS very rich, the inland part prodncing com lithgow is l7 m. W. of fidinburg h. Long. 3. 33.
m great plenty, and the fens coleseed, ana very W^ lat. 56. 0. N.
rich pastures ; whence their breed of catUe is larger Linlithgowshirej or fVett LotkiaHf a county of
than that of any other county of Kngland, except 8cotland,liO m. long and 12 broad; bounded on tlie
Somersetshize ; their horses are also excellent, N. bv the frith of Forth, S.£. by Edinburghshire,
and very larse ; their sheep are not only of the B. W. by Lanariishire, and N. W. by4 Stirling-
largest breed, but are clothed with a long thick shire. It is divided into 13 parishes, and con-
wool, peculiarly fitted for tib« worsted and coarse tains about 20,000 inhabitants. The surface is
woolen manufactures, and many of the unimprov- finely diversified with hill and dale ; it is fertile
ed fens are devoted to the rearing odT geese, the in corn and pasture, and produces coal, iron, lime-
quills and feathers of which are sent in immense stone, and lead. The chief rivers are the Avon,
auantities to the London and other markets. In and Amend,
lie N. W. part, the rivers Trent, Dune, and Idle, ZinnAe, Lochf an arm of the sea, on the W. coast
form an island, called Axholm, which is a rich of Scotland, which separates ihe counties of
tract, and produces much flax. To the N. £. is Argyle and Inverness. It extends in a N. £. di-
ll larffe tract of heathy land, called the Wolds, reotion firom the sound of Mull to Fort William,
in which great flocks of sheep are bred. The where it takes a northerly direction, and acquires
southern portion is for the most part enclosed the name of Loch £il. Another branch, in a south-
and well inhabited. Lincolnshire nas no consid- easterly direction, is called Loch Leven. This
erable manufiictnres, and its trade is almost con- lake is bounded on each side by lofty mountains,
fined to the exchange of its produce for manufac^ The island of Lismore lies at its entrance, and in
tured and grocery goods, and other consumable it are interapersed several smaller ones,
commodities. Linniehf a town of the Prussian states, in the
linednUm^ towns m Lincoln Co. N. C. and duchy of Juliers; seated on the river Roer,5 m.
Lincoln Co. Geo. N. IV. W. of Julien.
LindaUf a town of Bavaria, with a castle and Lm-Uhdny a city of China, of the second rank,
wall, deemed to be Roman works. The French in the province of Chan-tong, seeted on tlie great
took possession of this city in 1796 ; and it became canal. Here is an octagonal tower, divided into
subject to Bavaria in 180o. It is a trading place, eight stories, the walls of which are covered on
seated on an island of-the lake of Constance^io- the outside with porcelain. IS7 m. S. of Pukin.
ed to the mainland by a long bridge, 25 m. E. S. Lintonf a town in Cambridgeshire, £ng. seated
£. of Constance, and 75 a. W. of Augsburg, on the river Granton, 10 m. S. £. of Cambridge
Lon|r. 9. 41. £., lat. 47. 32. N. and 40 I^. by £. of London.
LtndaUf a town and castle of Germany, in the lintt, the capital of Upper Austria, and a bish-
principality of Anhalt-Kothen, 5 m. N. of op's see, has two castles, and considerable woolen
Zerbst. manufactures. The French became masten of it
Undemut. See Acue. in 1741 and again in ISOO. It is seated on the
Ltnien, p.v. Marenjro Co. Alabama. right bank of uie Danube, over which is a wooden
Linieiifsif, a town of Germany, in Hease-Darm- bridge, 96 m. W. of Vienna. Long. 14. 16. £.,
stadt, 22 m. N. N. E. of Manheim. Ut. 46. 21. N.
Luiitfeusleiofi, p.v. Steuben Co. N. Y liiUz, a town and citadel of the Prussian sutes,
Lindi^ame. Bee Hahf Island. in the Ute electorate of Cologne, seated on the
Idngenf a county of Crermany, in Westphalia, Bhine, 23 m. S. S. £. of Cologne.
divided into Upper and Lower, and partly belong- Lioiu,Gif{f of, in the Mediterranean, lying along
iuff to Prussia, and oartly to Hanover. the French coast between Spain and Italy. U
JjUigen, a town of Hanover, with an excellent was named thus from the furious storms to which
Calvinist academy. A little to the N. of it is a it is subject, yet is commonly incorrectly written
passage over the Elbe, called the Lingen Ferry. Lfoiw, as if called after the city of that name
It is seated on the Elbe. 40 m. N. N. W. of whieh is nearly 200 m. inland.
Munster. lApmri Islands ^ a cluster of islands in the Med-
Ltn-keangf a cily of China, of the first rank, iterranean, lyinff to the N. of Sicilv, to which
in the province of iCiang-si. It is thinly inhabit- they politically belong. They are all of volcanic
ed ; but it is of some note, on account of one of origin, were feigned to be the residence of iEolos
its villages being the general mart for all the and Vulcan, and formerly called £olian Islands.
drugs sold in the empire. It is seated on the They are 12 in number ; and nearly as follows,
Vu-no, 410 m. N. bv £. of Canton. Long. 115. in the order of their size : Lipari, Stromboli, Vol-
0. £., lat. 27. 58. N. eano, Salini, FelJcuda, AUcuda, Panaria, Volcan-
sq. m. with IGOflOO inhabitants. larly raisins, currants, and figs. Some of their
Linkiifping, a town of Sweden, capital of the wines are much esteemed, particularly the Mal-
foregoing government, and a bishop's see. It is vaeia.
defended by a castle, and stands on the river L^pen» the largest and most fertile of the Lipari
Stoeng, near the lake Roxen, 112 m. S. W. of islands, about 15 m. in circumference. It has not
Stockholm. suflbred fimm subterraneous fires for ages past
lAAlithgaWf a borough of Scotland, capital of though it every where bean the marks of its for-
Linlithgowshire, seated on a rising ground, over- mer volcanic state. It abounds with the ^urrant
looking a li^e at its E. end. It has manufiustures grape ; ootton also grows here ; and great quanti-
of leather, and m the neighbourhood are an ex- ties of pumice are exj^rted. It has a town of
tensive printfield, bleachneld, and two distille* tlie same aamsi which is a bishop s see, and standi
97 2p3
LU 4S0 LI8
on the S. E. aide of the island, 98 m. N. N. E. of posseiuon till Aogort 1806, when they eTtcimted
Pfttti, in Sicily. Long. 15. 30. E., lat. 38. 35. N. it aOer the battle of Vimeira, in whicb they were
lApnOj a town of Poland, in the pahitinate of defeated by the Britiih. The inhabitants of Lis-
Plockko, 33 m. N. N. W. of Ploc^o. bon are dMcribed as sapentitioos, Tindictive, and
lipouruy a town of Poland, in the palatinate oi meanlj acqme8cin|r under power. In the early
Cracow, 22 m. W. of Cracow. part or the revolnUon they made a noble stand
Iffp^y a river of Westphalia, which flows W. K>r freedom, bat have since submitted without
by Paderborn, Lippstadt, Jfiam, and Dorsten, and resistance to the usurper Don Miroel. See Por-
joins the Rhine above Wesel. tugtd. 178 m. W. by N. of SevDle, and 255 8.
lAppe-DetrnM, a principality of Germany, in by W. of Madrid. -Liouff. 9. 5. W., lat 38. 42. N.
Westphalia, bounded by the Prussian states and Lisbon, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the AndrosocMr-
Hanover, and containing an area of 430 scjuare gin. Pop. 2,432. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H 80 m. n.
m. with 73,000 inhabitants. It is mountainous W. Concord. Pop. 1,585. p.t New London Co.
almost throughout, and contains large forests of Conn. 7 m. N. Norwich. Pop. 1,166. p.t St
oak and beech. Lawrence. Co. N. T. on the St Lawrence, 3 m.
UppsprinZj a town of Prussian Westphalia, below Ogdensburg. Pop. 1^1. also a village of
near the source of the Lippe, 6 m. N. of Pader- Lincoln Co. Geo. on tne Savannah,
born. LMwmy p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa.
lippstadt, a strong town of Westphalia, with a Luibum, a town of Ireland, in the coun^ of
good trade in timber. It stands on the river Lip- Antrim, with manufactures of linen, cloth, mua-
Se, 18 m. W. of Paderbom. Long. 8. 28. E., lat lin, and cambric. It is seated on the Laggan, 8
1. 41. N. m. S. W. of Belfast
lAmu, a town of France, department of Pas de liaeay or Litea Bianea, one of the Lipari iai-
Calais, 12 m. W. of St. Omer. ands, 3 m. S. W. of Stromboli. It is a small de»-
laqueOf Ltqtaeuz, or likeo idandg. See LO0- ert spot.
koo. LuUux, a town of France, department of Calva-
Ltna, a town of Spain, in tne province of Val- dos. It has a good trade, particularly in linen
encia, the Edera of the Carthagenians, and the cloth, and is seated on the Touque, 12 m. from
Edeu of the Romans. It has manufactures of the Bea,and 40 S. W. of Rouen. Long. 0. 14. £.,
linen, Bc»p, and earthenware ; also brandy distil- lat. 49. 9. N.
leries. 20 m. N. N. W. of Valencia. Lisle, a strong city of France, in the department
Lis J a river of Asiatic Russia, which rises in a of Nora, and one of'^the most commereial towns
lake of the same name, and falls into the Yenisei, in France. The inhabitants are estimated at
Lon^. 90. 14. £., lat 62. 20. N. 60,000. Its citadel is supposed to be the strong-
LtSj a river which rises in France, in the de- est in Europe, next to that of Turin. The streets
partment of Pas de Calais, flows by Aire, St. Ve- and squares are adorned with noble buildings,
nant, and Armentieres, into Flanders, where it particularly the Great Square and the Little
passes by Menin, Courtray, and Deynse, and Square ; and amon^ the puolic structures are the
joins the Scheldt at Ghent exchange, a maeazine of^vast extent, and a gene-
lAthon, the capital of Portugal, and the see ol ral hospital. The manufactures are numerous,
a patriarch and an archbishop, with a university, comprising camlets, serges, cotton, linen, silk,
It is seated on the N. side of the Tagus, 10 m. velvet, lace, &c. Lisle was taken by the lUlies
from its mouth, and built in the form of an am- in 1708 ; but was restored bv the treaty of Utrecht,
phitheatre, on seven ^hills, not broad, but six m. in 1713, in consideration of the demolition of the
in length. The city is walled round, and it has fortifications of Dunkirk. In 1782 it sustained a
so increased by degrees, particularly towards the severe bombardment from the Austrians. It is
W., that the old walls now divide the two dio- seated in a rich and marshv soil, on the Denle,
ceses ; the E. part under the archbishop, and the 18 m. E. of Touma^, and 145 N. N. E. of Paris
W. under the patriareh. The harbour, which is Lon|^. 3. 4. £., lat. 50. 38. N.
capable of containing 1 ,000 ships in the greatest Luie, p.t. Broome Co. N. T. Pop. 4,393.
safety, is defended by two fotis ; and berore the Idsmore, one of tlie Hebrides of Scotland, at
entrance to the city is the fort of Belem. Near the entrance of Loch MuIl,on the coast of Argyie-
this is a grand aqueduct, between two hills, which shire. It has a fertile island, 9 m. long and 2
conveys water to a great reservoir at one of the broad, and was anciently the residence of the
extremities of Lisbon. In the middle of the city, bishop of Argyle.
on one of the hills, is a citadel, which commands Lismore^ a oorough of Ireland, in the county of
the whole place. The cathedral, on another emi- Waterford, and a bishop's see united to Water-
nence, is ancient and gloomy ; but the riches of ford. The cathedral is spacious and handsome,
the Portuguese have rendered it magnificent, but the town is now a small place. It stands on
The royal palace, which fronts the river, is large the Blackwaier, 26 m. N. K. of Cork,
and magnificent, and contains a library, collected LisonzOf a river of Austrian Italy, in FriuU,
at vast expense by John V. Lisbon was almost which enters thegulf of Trieste,
destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but has been Idssa^ an island in the ^If of Venice, on the
handsomely rebuilt. It contains many beautiful coast of Austrian Dalmatia. Here is a fishery of
edifices, 40 parish churches, 99 chapels, 75 con- pilchards and anchovies, and it produces excellent
vents of both sexes, and about 200,000 inhabitants, wine and abundance of oil and almonds. It is 56
There are public walks, two theatres, and a cirous m. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 0. E., lat. 42. 59.
for the bull-fights. The manufactures are in a N.
backward state, but the trade is very considerable, lAssay a town of Prussian Poland, near the
and many foreign merohants, both catholic and borders of Silesia. In 1707 it was laid waste by
protestant, reside here ; this city being the ^rand the Russians ; but it has been rebuilt, with great
magazine of all goods brought from Brazil, and improvement, and carries on a great trade. It is
the colonies belonging to Portugal. In December 66 m. W. of Kaliseh. Long. 16. 35. E , lat 52. 0.
1807 it was entered by the Frsnch, who rstained N
Ur 451 LIV
' tMMf a Tillsfie of PniMtan Silesia, on the d47. p.r. Snifex Co. Va. 96 m. 8. E. Rich
Weistriti, 6 m. N. W. of Breslan, celebrated for mond.
a victory ffained by the Pruflrians over the Aua- UttU VaUey, a township of Cattaraugus Co. N.
Uians in 1757. T. Pop. 337.
LUe^fiddj a city of Staffordshire, £ng. It is a LUtU York, p.v. Montgomery Co. Ohio. 77 m.
eount^ of itself, and, united with Coventry, forms S. W. Colttmons ; p.v. Harding Co. Ken. 90 m. 3.
an episcopal see. It has 3 parish churches, be- W« Frankfort
sides the cathedral, which is a beautiful structure, Ltoodta, a province of Indejiendent Greece, to
and walled in like a castle. Litchfield is the the north of the Morea, comprising Attica, Boeo-
birtholace of two celebrated contemporaries, Sam- tia, Phocu and Locris. The town of the' same
uel Johnson and David Garrick. The city is name is situate E. of Mount Helicon. 50 m N.W.
governed by two bailifb, &«., and sends 2 mem- Athens. Pop. 4,000.
ers to oarliament. It is seated on both sides of Idvenxa, a river of Austrian Italy, which runs
a small river, which soon afterwards joins the on the confines of Trevisano and Friuli, and en-
Trent, 16 m. N. of Birmingham, and 119 N. W. ten the gulf of Venice between the mouth of the
of London. Long. 1. 44. W.,lat. 52. 41. N. Piava and the town of Caorlo.
LUd^fieldj a mountainous county of Connect!- lioerm^e, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 18 m. N. E.
cut, bounded N. by Massachusetts, £. by Hartford Paris. Pop. 2,456.
county, B. E. by New Haven county, S. W. by Liverpool, h, city in Lancashire, Eng. with mar-
Fairfield county, and W. by Kew York, kets on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Saturday. Up
The soil is fertile, yielding large crops of wheat to the close of the seventeenth century it was a
and Indian com, and aSbrmng fine pasture. Pop. very inconsiderable place, ha? ing only one
42,855. church, which was a chapel of ease to Walton, a
LUe^fiddf the capital of the above county, sit- village 3 m. offl In 16o9 an act was passed to
uaied in an elevated plain. It is a good agricul- make it a distinct parish, and erect a new church,
tural town, and contains numerous mills and Since this period it has been gradually advancing
manufacturing establishments. 8 m. N. N. W. in importance; and, with respect to population
of New Haven. Pop. 4,458. and commerce, it is become the second port in the
LdtehHeldf a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. kingdom. It extends 3 m. along the E. bank of
Pop. 505 ; a township of Herkimer Co. N. T. 10 m. the river Mersey, and about a mile in average
8. Utica. Pop. 1,750 ; p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. breadth; contains 23 churches and chapels for the
2,3(^, also villages in Bradford Co. Pa. and Gray- establishment, a much greater number of meet-
son Co. Ken. ing-houses for dissenters, five Roman catholic
Lithuamaf the former name of an extensive chapBls, and a Jews synagogue. Among the
tract of country lying between Poland and Rus- public buildings, which comprise numerous speci-
sia, now forming the three Russian governments mens of architectural taste, the most important
of Wilna, Grodno, and Minsk. It was divided are the town-hall, exchange buildings, lyeeum,
into Lithuania Proper and Samogitia; and in Wellington rooms, com exchange, iimrmary, St.
1569 was united to Poland, under one elective John's market, blue coat school, dispensary, asv-
king. It is a flat country, fertile in com, and lum for the blind, theatre, athennum, music hall,
produces honey, wood, pitch, and vast Quantities news room, custom-house, and a borough gaol on
of wool ; also excellent little horses which are the Howardian plan. Tlie streets are generally
never shod, their hoofii being very hard. There spacious, some of them elennt, and the greater
are vast forests in which are bears, wolves, elks, part lighted with gas. Atue head of the insti-
wild oxen, Ijmxes, beavers, wild cats, &c. ; and tutions for literary and scientific piirsuitB is the
eagles and vultures are very common* Royal Liverpool Institution, opened in 1817 at an
LiHXf a village of Pennsylvania, in Lancaster expense of £30,000. To enumerate the asylums
county, and a settlement of the Moravians, 66 m. for the wretched and unfortunate, of every de-
W. by N. of Philadelphia. scription and denomination, would be altogether
LUseKaUf a town and castle of Austria, on the incompatible with our limits. The increase and
frontiers of Bohemia, 23 m. N. W. of Horn. prosperity of Liverpool have been greatly promo-
Ltttaw, a town of Moravia on the river March, ted by the enterprise and skill of its inhabitantB^
9 m. N. N. E. of Oimutx. by its local advantages, commandinc^ the trade of
JMtU BrUMUf a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. Ireland and America, and by the wisdom of the
littls CompUm.pX. Newport Co. R. I. on the corporation in abolishmg all exclusive laws, and
eastern point of Narraganset Bay. Pop. 1,378. encouraging every species of industry and com-
Liide CVee&y a townuip of Sussex Co. Del. mercial talent, llie principal manufactures, be-
UtiU Em Barbour^ a township of Burlington sides those connected with the shipping, which
Co. N. Y. lying upon the sea ; with a harbour and employ an immense number of persons, are fine
river of the same name, navigable for small craft, porcelain, watches, glass, iron, salt^ copperas, dec.
UUU FaUSf a village of Herkimer Co. N. T. Tlie watch movement and tool busmess is almost
on the Mohawk, 8 m. b«low Herkimer. confined to this part of the country ; and the
LUOe Plynumthj p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. breweries, soap-works, brass and iron founderies,
60 m. N. E. Richmond. sugar-houses, &c., are on an extensive scale.
Little Bock, the capital of Arkansas Territory, Few towns possess accommodations for shipping
«o named by antiphrasis fifom the enormous mas- at all comparable to Liverpool : it has, at present,
ses of rock around it. The town stands on the six docks, the Dry Dock, Salthouse Dock, King's
southern bank of Arkansas river, 120 m. from the Dock, Queen's Dock, George's Dock, Prince's
month of the stream. 400 m. S. W. St. Louis, Dock, North Dock, and Brunswick Dock, which
300 N. W. Natchei. Lat. 34. 17. N., and 1,068 m. with their basins occupy nearly 100 acres of kmd.
W. of Washington. The estuary of the Mersey may be properly term-
Lttt^elen, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Con- ed an arm of the sea, opening to this port a ready
necticut. 75 m. N. Concord. Pop. 1^435. p.t access to the Western Sea. and ships of any bur-
Middlesex Co. Mass. 98 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. den may oome up fuUy laden tp the town; whUt
the fyslftm of caaal to^gation opens A oommnni* Dinevwar Caetlci fomerlj the fendeaoe of the
cation inland with all parts of the kingdom. Thii nstive priaoea of Walet. It is aeated on the aide
poft ia now eatimated to eagroaa a fourth part of of a hill, on the river Towj, 13 m. £. of Caer-
the foreign trade of Britain, a sixth of its jjenerd marthen, and 202 W. of London,
trade, and to ftimish one-twelflh of the ahtpping : LUmdovenff a town of Walea, in Caennarthen
ita ouatoma amount to nearly £4fiiOOpOOf and ite ahire. it is seated on the Towy, at ita conflnz
exporta exceed even those of the metropolia. with the Braun, 26 m £. N. £. of Caennarthen,
The town ia governed by a mayor, and aenda two and 191 W. of London.
membera to parliament. 48 m. 8. of Lancaster, lianaUv, a town of Walea, in Caermarthen-
and 206 N. W. of London. Long. 3. W., lal. Sd- ahiie, wiUi a considerable trade in iron and coal,
22. N. seated on a creek of the Bristol Channel, 16 m.
Ldverpool, a town of Nova Sootia, in Queen'a 8. S. E. of Caennarthen, and 217 W. of Lon
county, with a harbour at the mouth of a river of don.
iia name, 58 m. N. W. of Hali&x. Long. 64. 15 LUntfair, a town of Walea. It ia aeated on the
W., hU. 44. 10. N. banka of the rivera Vemiew, 14 m. W. of New-
Liverpool villages in Onondmi Co. N. T., ton, and 180 W. by N. of London .
Perr^ and York Cos. Pa. and Meoioa Co. Ohio. LUu^fyUain, a town of Wales, in Montffomery
Ltvingstonf a county of New York, on Genesee shire, sealed in a flat, among hilla, near the river
river, rop. 27,709. Oeneaee is the capital ; a Cain, 15 m. N. by W. of Montgomery, and 186
county of Kentucky on the Tenneaaee and Ohio. W. of London.
Pop. 6,607. Salem is the capital. Uangaddoe, a town of Walea, in Caermarthen
LimgstaUf a townahip of Columbia Co. N. Y. ahire, 18 m. E. by N. of Caennarthen, and 196
on the Hudson,40 m. 8. Albany. Pop. 2,087 ; alao W. of I^ndon.
a village in Essex Co. N. J. IdungoUeHf a town of Wales, in Denbighshire
LUrmgrstonmUej p.v. Schoharie Co. N. Y. Near it, on a ateep mountain, are the remains of
LhoniAf a province of Russia, which, with that CasUe Dinas, once a stong place ; and about 2 m.
of Esthonia, has been reciprocally claimed and distant ia the beautiful ruin of Valle Crucia ai>-
posaessed by Rnasia, Sweden, and roland, and, for bey. The town stands on the Dee, over which
more than two centuries, was a perpetual scene is a beautiful ancient bridge, 2 m. 8. 8. W. of
of the most bloody wars. It was finally wrested Wrexham, and 182 N. W. London,
from the Swedes by Peter the Great, waa con- L^oiiui^oef^townof Walea^nDenbynahirewith
firmed to the Russians by the peace of Nyatadt in a considerable manufiwture of fine nannels, Ac.
1721, and now forms the government of Riga, or It is seated at the confluence of the Severn and
Livonia. It ia 250 m. long and 150 broad ; Clewedog, 13 m. 8. W. of Newton, and 188 N
bounded on the N. by the government of Estho- W. of London.
nia, and S. by Courland. The land is fertile, but LUmnttt, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire,
is only partially cultivated : the products are rye, Here are two churches, and the town ia ue cen
barley, flax, and linseed. In the forests are fie of the buainesa of the vale of Conway. It is
wolves, bears, elks, reindeer, stags, and hares, seated on the Conway, over which is a bridge,
The domestic animals are numeroua ; but the into Caernarvonshire, 20 m. W. 8. W. of Den
sheep bear very bad wool. The peasantry are in high, 220 N. W. of London,
a state of great degpidation. LUmtrissmt^ a town of Wales, in Glamorgan
lAoonia, p.t. Livingston Co. N. Y., 20 m. S. W. shire. It had a caatle, which is nearly destroyed. ^
Canandiiigua. Pop. 2,665. Also a viUage in 12 m. N. W of Cardiff, and 171 W. of Lon
Washington Co. Indiana. don.
is in long. 5. 11. W., Ut. 49. 58. N. and on the other side the river are the remaina
Lttier, A., a town of France, department of of that of Lanstephan. Llaujrharm ia 7 m. 8
Arriegre ; seated on the Salat, 50 m. S. £. of Auch. W. of Caermarthen, and 223 W. by N. of Lon
Long. 1. 9. £., lat. 43. 0. N. don.
LUttutrth, a town of Wales, in Cardiganshire, Uerena, a town of Spain, in Eatremaaora, 63
15 m. E. by N. of Cardigan, and 223 W. by N. of m. N. of Seville,
liondon. UoydsvUUy p.v. Otaego Co. N. Y. 90 m. W
Uanbtder^ a corporate town of Wales, in Card- Albany,
iganshire, with a considerable traffic in horses, Uwgor^ or Llyehwyfj a corporate town of
cattle, hogs, salted butter, and tanned and raw Walea, in Glamorganshire, on the left bank of .a
hides. It is seated on the Teife, over which is a river of the same name. It was the Leucarum,
bridge into Casrmarthenshire, 27 m. E. of Cardl- of Antoninus. 312 m. W. of London,
gan, and 209 W. by N. of London. Lo, St., a town of France, department of La
Uandaff an ancient city of Wales, in Glam- Manche, with manuiaeturea of serges, shal-
organshire, being an episcopal see, but it ia a loona, ribands, and gold and ailver lace ; aeated
amall place, and haa no market. The body of ite on the Vire, 125 m. W. by N. of Paris,
ancient cathedral waa rebuilt in 1751, but with- LoandOf capital of the Portuguese settlement
out eross aislea. Near it are some ruins of the in Angola. It has a good harbour formed by the
ancient caatellated mansion of the bishop. It is island of Loando, lying a little off tiie coast,
aeated on the Taafe, and has the benefit of a tolera- The town is large and handaome , considering
bly good harbeur, which opens into the Severn, the country, containing 3,000 houaea, built of
2 m. N. W. of Cardiff, and 163 W. of London, stone, and covered with tiles, beside a vast num-
Long. 3. 13. W., lat 51. 29. N. her of huts made of atraw and earth. 260 m.
X&ndils^Mwf, a town of Wales, in Casrmar- 8. 8. W. of St. Salvador. Long. 13. 16. £., lat
thenaUre, witfc a eenaiderable manu&etura of 8. 50. 8.
flannel. Near it «ro tlie pietiiresfoe ranwina of LoomIs, n island in the Atlantic aetr the
LOG 468 LOO
of A nffola, about 20 m. long and onlj one broad, fries-shire^ 12 m. long and 3 broad, extending down
and divided from the continent by a narrow chan- by Dumfries to Solwav Frith| and divided into two
nel. Goats and sheep are numerous. It nrodu- parts by a river called Locher Water, which
ces no grain, but yields the best water in ail the abounds with excellent pike. Oak, fir, birch,
neighbourhood. and haxel trees, also anchors, pieces of vesselB,dcc.,
LoangOf a kingdom of Western Africa, to the have been dug up in different parts of this moss
N. of the river Zaire or Congo. It includes Loan- LoekeSf a town of France, department of Indre
So proper, and the districts of Mayomba and et-Loire, with a strong castle on a rock. In the
[olembo, which are subject to the king of Loan- collegiate church is uie tomb of the celebrated
CO : and is said to extend more than 4(X) m. along Agnes Sorel, mistress of Charles VII., to whose
Uie coast, from the Zaire to Cape St. Catherine, patriotic exhortations that monarch owed almost
The climate is said to be very fine, and never all his glory. Loches is seated on the Indre, near
subject to hurricanes, nor even to violent winds, a fbrrest, 15 m. S. of Amboise, and 20 8. W. of
Rain rarely occurs, but the dews are sufficient Tours.
for ve^tation. The land is fertile, yielding with LocAmoAen, a borough of Scotland, in Onmfiries-
very Utile of a^icultural skill or labour, three shire, with a manufacture of coarse linen ; seated
crops of millet in a rear. The potato and yam on the W. side of the Annon,9 m. N. £. of Dum-
are abundant ; and tnere are a great number of fUes.
trees whence palm- wine is drawn. The women Loehrida, or Oerida^ a town in the province of
cultivate the ground, sow, and get in the harvest. Albania, and a Greek archbishop's see. It is well
The inhabitants are well-made, mild, and tracta- fortified, and seated on a hill, near a lake of its
ble. name, 62 m. S. E. of Duraxzo. Long. 20. 40. £.,
Loango, the capital of the above kingdom, with lat. 41. 40. N.
a harbour, at the mouth of the Quilla. The streets Lochia , a sea-port of Sweden, seated on a bay
are wide, and lined with palm-trees, bananas, of the gulf of Bothnia, 30 m. S. of Tornea. Long,
and bacava. The houses are oblong, and have 24. 16. £., lat. 64. 20. N.
only a ground floor ; separated from each other, Loehwinnochf a town of Scotland, in Renfrew-
and fenced round with a hedge of palm-twigs, shire, with a considerable manufacture of cotton,
canes, or bulrushes. In the centre or the city is It is seated on Castle Semple Loch, 6 m. S. W. of
a large square, fronting the royal palace, which Paisley.
forms another square, a mile and a half in com- Locky, Lock, a lake of Scotland in Inverness-
pass, surrounded by a palisado of stately palm- shire, 14 m. lonf , and from one to 2 broad. Out
trees. The principal trade consists in elephants' of it flows the Kiver Lochy , which, about a mile
teeth, palm-cloth, copper, tin, lead, iron, and below, receives the Spean, and their united
slaves. It is 230 m. W. 19. W. of St. Salvador, stream enters Loch £il at Fort William.
Long. 12.30. £., lat. 4. 40. S. LochenUZf a town of Prussia, in the province
LoanOf or LoianOf a town of the Sardinian of Brandenburg, on tlie river Rando, 16 m. N.
states, in the territory of Grenoa, near the sea, 6 £. of Prentzio.
m S. S. W. of Finale. Locke, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. 23 m. S. E. Au-
Lobau, a towii of W. Prussia, with a castle, burn. Pop. 3,310.
where the bishop of Culm resides. 45 m. £. by Lockarty, a town of Scotland, in Dumfries-
N. of Culm. shire, with a trade in linen and woolen cloth;
Lo^it, a town of Saxony, in Upper Lusatia, s^^ated near the Annan,12m. fi. by N. of Dumfries,
which has a trade in grey, striped and white lin- Lockport, p.t. Niagara Co. N. Y. on the £rie
ens, 13 m. S. E. of Bautzen. Canal. 296 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,823. Here
Lf^enstein, a town of Saxony, in the circle of are the most remarkable works on the canal, con-
Voiftland, seated on the Lenmtz, 22 m. N. N. E. sisting of 10 locks overcoming an ascent of 60
of Cnlinbach. Long. 11. 52. £., lat. 50. 21. N. feet in the canal. Besides these there is an ex-
Lo^oa, a town of Soain, in Estremadura, seat- cavation through the mountain ridge for 3 m.
ed on the Guadiana, 22 m. E. of Badajoz. cut in the rock. The town is a plac^ ot consid-
fjybstadtf a town of Saxonjr in the circle of erable trade. Pop. 3,823.
Meis!ien, 10 m. S. S. E. of Leipzig. Loekwood^ p. v. Sussex Co. N. J. 78 m. N. Tren-
LtUntrgf a U)wn of Prussian Saxony, in the ton.
government of Magdeburg. 22 m. E. of Magde- LocU, a town of Switzerland in an elevated
burg. Talley of the same name, in the canton of Neuf-
Locana, a town of the Sardinian states, in ohatel, famous for watchmakers, laceweavers,
Piedmont, seated in a fine yalley, on the river goldsmiths, cutlers, and enamellers. It is |9 m.
Oreo, 25 ni. S. of Aosta. N. W. of Neufchatel.
Loeamoy a town of Italy, capital of a bailiwie, LtnUUm, a town m Norfolk, Eng. 8 m. S. E. of
belonging to the Swiss. It contains three con- Norwich, and 112 N. £. of London,
vents, and a small Franciscan monastery, on a Lodevc, a town of France, department of He*
Loehabar, a district of Scotland, in Inverness- 30 m. W. by N.'of Montpelier. Long. 3. fSi, £'
shire, bounded on the E. by Badenoch, W. by lat. 43. 43. N.
Moydart, N. by Glengary, and S. by Lorn. The Lodi, a town of Austrian Italy, in the goyem-
conntry is bleak, mountainous and rugged. The ment of Milan, capital of a provmoe of the same
inhabitants pay little attention to any commerce, name, and a bishop's see, with a fortress. It has
exceptthe sale of their black cattle; and the only manufactures of porcelain, and the Parmesan
lands cultivated are a few acres around the huts cheese made here is esteemed the best of its kind
of those who tend their flocks. Here the Pre- The French defeated the Austrians at this place m
tender erected his standard in 1745. 1796 ; It is seated on the Adda, 18 m. B. £ of
ImAst Mb9$f a moraw of Scotland, in Dum* Milan. Long. 9. 30. £., lat. 45. 18. N.
IXM «c La»
Jjt&kMfnX^ p,y, Abb«ville Di«. 8. C. 134 m. W. LoUong. a town and fbrtrert of HindooffUii. ob
Cohimbus. the N. £. border of the province of Dehli, and on
LiMlameria, See Gnlieia, the river Pattereah, 8 m. above its conflnz with
Lqfingmf a town of Germany, in Baden, with the Ganges, and 100 N. N. £. of Dehli. Long,
a medicinal bath. 3 m. W. S. W. of Hmfiengen. 78. 38. £, lat. 29. 47. N.
Lcfsta, a town of Sweden, in the province of Loftersn, a large town of the Netherlands, in £.
Upland, witii extensive iron works. These works Flanders, with various mannfactares and a con-
were destroyed by the Russians, in 1719, but have sideraUe trade. It is seated on the Danne, 12 m
since been again erected. It is 39 m. N. of Upsal. N. £. of Ghent.
Lo^an, a county of Ohio. Pop. 6.443. Belle lAmbm-do-VemtumrKingdom^ o: Austrian Italyp
Fontaine is the capital. A county or Kentucky, a kingdom of Italy, belonging to the house ot
Pop. 13,002. Russelville is the capital. Also Austria. It is bounded on the E. by lllyria, S.
villages in Hocking Co. Ohio. Wayne Co. Mis- £. by the Adriatic, S. bv the states of the church,
soun and Centre Co. Fa. Parma, and Modena, W. by Piedmont, and N. b/
LoffieraU, a town of Scotland, m Perthshire, Switzerland and Austria ; and is divined into thi^
noted for its distillation of whiskey; seated on ^ovemmento of Milan and Venice. The country
the Tumrnel, 22 m. N. N. W. of Perth. is well cultivated and is watered by the finest
Logrorufj a town of Spain, in the province of lakes and rivers of Italy. It was erected into a
Burgos, seated on the Ebro, in a country abound kingdom in 1815; and. though declared to be a
ing with excellent fruits and good wines, 62 m, monarohy inseparable nrom the Austrian empire,
£. of Burgos, and 156 N. N . £. of Madrid. Long, it has a constitution of ite own and a prince of the
2. 20. £., lat. 42. 22. N. imperial family at ite head, who has the title of
LogronOf a town of Chile, capital of Melipilla viceroy, and resides at Milan.
Long. 71. 16. W.,lat. 33. 38. N. Lomhttrdyy p. v. Amelia Co. Va. 50 m. S. W.
LokaguTy a celebrated fortress of Hindoostan, Richmond ; p. v. Columbia Co. Geo. 64 m. N. £.
province of Dowlatobad, now belonging to the Milledflreville.
JBritish, 20 m. N. W. of Poona. Loviezj a small town of France, department
Loh^f a town of Arabia, in Yemen, on tne of Gers. It is seated on the Save 27 m. S. W.
coast of the Red Sea. It has a great trade in of Toulouse.
coffee, brought from the neighbouring hills: in Loitibock, an island of tne £ast Indies, between
the vicinity is a mountain which affords a con- Bali and Sumbava, 50 m. long and 45 broad. It
siderable quantity of mineral salt. It has no har- is very mountainous, but covered with wood and
hour, and the smallest vessels are obliged to an- verdure. At the town of Balli on the £. side, in
chor at a distance from the town. 180 m. N. N. the straits of Alias, and in the many flourishing
W. of Mocha. Long. 42. 50. £., lat. 15. 42. N. villages of tiie coast, European ships passing to
Lo^a. See Laxa. the E. are well supplied. The inhabitante, origi-
L^nre-ef-CAer, a department of France, bounded naUy emigrante rirom Hindoostan, retain most
on the N. £. by the province of Loiret, N. W. by Hindoo customa
that of Sarthe, S. by that of Indre, S. £. by that Lombock, a strait formed by the island of Bnlli
of Cher, and S. W. by that of Indre-et-Loire. It W. and that of Lombock £. The S. entrance i«
takes ite name i^m the riven Loire and Cher ; in long. 115. 43. £., and lat. 8. 45. S., where U a
the former of which joins the Sarthe above An large island called Banditti Island, to the W. of
gers ; and the latter runs into the Loire, 10 m. which there is no passage. Owing to the extreme
below Tours. Blois is the capital. rapidity of the tides, navigation is here extremely
Loire, the principal river of France, which rises dangerous
in the department of Ardeche, and falls into the Lomond^ Lodk, a lake of Scotland, in Dumbar
Atlantic about 40 m. below Nantes, watering a tonshire, 30 ra. lonff and from 1 to 9 wide. It
vast plain of more than 600 m. and dividing contains several islands, some of which are in-
France almost into two equal parte. By means habited, and adorned with antique ruins, concealed
ofthe central canal, it esteblishes a commnnication among ancient vews; and othen rise into high
between the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and rocky cliffs, the habitetion of the osprey. On the
facilitates the commeroial operations of the king £. side is the mountain Benlomond, which rises
dom. to the height of 3,240 feet ; and the river Leven
Loiref a department of France, adjoining those issues from ite S. extremitv.
of Rhone and Isere. It has ite name from the Loiiato, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov*
river Loire, which flows N. through ite whole emment of Milan, 12 m. £.S. £. of Brescia,
length. Montbrison is the capitel. Lonearty. a villsge of Scotland, in Perthshire,
Loire, Upper, a department of France, com- signalized by the great victory obtained by the
S rising the Velay and that part of the Cevennes Scote over the Danes, in 970. It has extensive
ependent on the former province of Languedoc. bleaching grounds, and is seated near the Tay, 5
It tekes ite name from the river Loire, which m. N. of Perth.
flows through it from the S. to the N. £. Le London^ the metrbpoKs of Great Britain, one
Puy is the capital. of the largest and most opulent cities in the world
Loire, Ittferieure, a department of France, con- mentioned by Tacitus as a considerable com-
teining part of the ancient province of Bretagne. meroial phoe in the reign ofthe Roman emperor
It has ite name from the river Loire, which crosses Nero. In ite most extensive view, as the metrop-
it from £. to W. and then enters the ocean, olis, it may be said to consist of five great portions,
Nantes is the capital. vit. : the west end ofthe town, the city, the east
Loiret, a department of France, comprising part end of the town, Westminster, and thie borough.
of the former province of Orlesaois. It has ite The west end oifthe town is popularly regarded
name fi^m a small river that runs into the Loire, as extending from Charing Cross to ifyde Park,
Orleans is the capital. and from St. James's Park to Paddington. This
Loitz, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, with a is the best and most fashionable portion of the
eastls seated on the Peene, 85 m. 8. of Stralsnnd. rottiopolis, and it chiefly oecnpiea bf tha town
m EmL «nd KTenl oUten are wortb^ ofnotiee ;
, „.^ J , , It the tai grester Dnmbei tre of plain and ordi-
and ii the neat emporium of nDDimercc. The naij ucbitectore. The ehnrchei md chapels be-
eMtandof Uie loam iiaUo devoted to oonunerce, loncinK to tlie establishment, m the billg ormor-
■hip-boilduur^niuu&ctarei, &£. The KHitfaeni tality, iDclndiog Uiok erected under the recent
bankoftheThamM, fivm DeptTord to Lambeth, act ofparliiuneQl,anioontloa66. There are like-
bean a f^eu TCKmbbuHM to tfaeeartendofthe w«e a great^number of n--''-— '- " "
town, being ooenpied by peraone engaged in com- '' '
mercial and maritime coneenu, I^odon and . .
•Weitmin«t«r«ro»itual«dinMiddIeBoi,ontheN. 6 aynagomieB for the Jew«. Beeides the royal
aide of the river Thame*. Soulhwarfc ia aitnated palacei, there are man j fine honaea of the princes
on the opposite bank, in Soirey. TIm eitent of of the blood, and of the nobility and gentry. The
the whole, from Limehooss and Deptfoit! to Mil- Tower of London is vary ancient, but the foun-
banknnd VanxhaJl, is aboDt 7 m.; the breadth der ii uncerUin. It is mrrounded by a wall, and
varies ftotali to 5. putl^ by a dsep ditch. Here axe the jewels and
Theeitensioa of thi< metropolis, since the mid- ornaments of the crown, aa well aa the other rega.
dlaofttie laiC cantary, haa proceeded with an -
IHecedeBlsd rapidity, and covered the fields, gar-
dens, and msrdiei in the vicinily of London with
new aqoans and streets. The direction of the
princiiol streets acoompaniss the course of the
rivar Thames from east to west ; and the cross
streets run moetly in a transverse direction from
north (0 aoDth. There are two chir>f lines of
streets from west to east : one of which oommen-
eea at tht north side of Hyde Park, and under the
•nccessiTe name* of Oxford -Btieet,8l. Giles's, Hol-
boTO, Skinner-street, Newgate-street, CheapMde,
Comhill, and Leaden hall-street, is continued to
White-chapel and Mile End, on the Essex road ;
the other bsgios at the south aide of Hyde Park,
and coDMBta of Piccadiliv, St. James'i sticct,
Pall Mall ChuingCross, the Strand, Fleet-atreel, Ua; and th^ menagerie for foreign birds and
Lndgatehill, St. Paul's chumh-yard, W.Uiog- beuts. The Mint. In Tower HiU.ls a very ele-
«treet,Oannon.*tr«l and Tower-street: whence gant modem building of pnre Grecian archilBC-
crosamg Tower-hill, « may be «Hd to bo further Jure. The bridges a^ a great ornament lo the
«?'""'^ t™ '^«' """"g "» "»« «^, in Wap- metropolis. The most ancient, London bridge,
{".'"^LJ^"*^''^"'^"'* '^'^'■' "'' """"*■ wsa begun in 117G, and finished in 1S09. Tte
tiieraossonesin the city are very narrow; the length of it is 915 feet. The number of arches
hrMdesl «id burisomest are lo the north of Ox was 19, of unequal dimensions; through which,
ford street and Holbnrn, They are well paved jn cona^quence of their narrowness and clnmsy
with granite stones, for the altempta at n.acad- conslniclion, the current rushed with such force
amizing have not auceeeded lu London, and on „ to render the navigaUoa extr«nely dangerous,
each aide with flafiv^toncs for the convenience of This clomsy fiibric is however about to be mp.
toot pasiengmi. The subterranean works con- planted by the New London bridgB.anoble Btruc-
stmcted for the acoomniodilionof the inhabitants, tore of 5 arches, which is now rapidly approaching
MnsiBlingofscwMi, dmina, water-pipes, andgaa- towards completion. Westminsler bridge was
Dipea sie moat .ilensive. The hooseaare most- commenced in 1730, and opened to the public in
ly built of bnei of a pale colour. The principal ]750. It is 1 JSH feet in length, and has 13 large
Muarea KB Groavenor, Porlman, Berkeley, St. and two small aemieirealar arches. Blackffiars'
i*2*'rj "f °;?''. «'""'h«8l«r, Cavendish, Bed- bridge, boilt by Mylne, was completed in 1766.
ford, Rnssel, Tanstoek, Bloomsbory, Montague Ii, length is 99G feet -, the breadth of the carriage-
i.«ie«t*r, Bryanston, and Finabury squares, and wav 29. and of the foot-paths 7 feet each. Itcon-
uncom s Inn fjcldi. Araonff Ifis public buil- aists of 9elUptical archea, tbecentreoneof which
dmgs, Bt. Pad B cathedral is the most conepicn- i, 100 feet wide ; and both thU and the arch on
ouB. II la li^ feet m oircnmfrronce, and 340 each aide are wider than the celebrated Rialto at
in height to the top of the cron, and ii infeaior to Venice. Waterloo bridge, commenced in 1811
none m Enro^ axc«pl St. Peter's at Rome. It andopenedin lSlG,inthe«n».iver*arvof thebat-
eonlBirunvinnDientaafmanyillDstrioaaindividu tie which it is designed to commemonte, is «M
■Ij, who have done honour to their country hy of the noblest stiuctures of the kind in the woildL
their takoto or iheir virtoei. Westminster Ab- Itconsiata of9 arohee, each 120 iiet apan and 86
oey IS a grand Bpecimen of Gothic architecture, feet elevation. The other bridges am thcK of
widtohavebeenfbundedbyBeberl.king ofthe Soutliwark and Vau»hall. Among the other pub-
East Saxons, m 610. Here most of ihoEngliah lie buildings, which can melwirt* ennmeratod
•overeigna have been crowned, and manyoftliem here, are WaBtminstet Hall, containing the BU-
interred. It contains alwagreatnomberofmon- premecourtaof justice, and adjoining to whioh
amenta erected to the memory of kings, sUtea- are the houses of Lordi and Conanona ; the Sea-
men, dernes, poets, and persona disUnguished bv sJonB House ; the Horse Guards, the TBia«iiy,
geniuB, iMmmg. and acienoe. The ehapel of and the Admiralty, at Whitehall; the noble col-
r.tF \"'^'^i<»'''<'g, Lelaod calls The Wonder lection ofpiiblic offices which form that magn&
of m« World. St. Stesben'i, Walbrook, is a cent structore called Somerset Place; ttl*
«0»U ohorch of eMnisitebeautv. tbe marterpiece British Museum ; the Royal Exchange ; the Bank
■J o. D ^P'"' "'""■ Bow Chareh in Cheap of England; the Excise Office; the East Indit
aide, St. Bride s in Flaet-sireet, St. UusUn's in Houaei the Mansion HnoM.IbrUit lord mi7«,
LON «6 LOR
the Monument, in commemoration of the great eon a Bay. Thna London hat liaen to ita firaa
fire in 1666 ; the New Post Office, in St Martins- ent rank of the first ci^ in Eorupe with lespeet
le-grand, opened in September, 1829 ; the Stock to wealth and population.
Eircliange , the new Custom House ; the new The number ofinhabitanta in 16U was 1,099^
Com £cchange, erected on the site of the old X04, in 1821, 1,225,960; since which penod it
one in Marklane in 1829 ; the Herald^s Collect ; has been everyvear rapidly increasing. The city
and the halls of the Tarious citjr companies. The is divided into 26 wards, each governed by an alder-
Adelphi-terrace is the admiration of foreignen, man ; and from the alderman the lord mayor is
for the noble view which it affords of the river, annually chosen. There are likewise 296 com-
tlie bridges and other public buildings, and of the mon-councilmen, a recorder, a common-seijeant,
fine hiHs beyond Lambeth and South wark. twosheriffs (who are also sneriffii of Middlesex),
The inns of court for the study of the law, the col- a chamberlain, a town-clerk, a city remembran
leges, learned societies, and public seminaries ; cer, a water<ibBiliff, and many inferior officers,
the noble hospitals and the other charitable in- Westminster is governed by a high stewara, who
stitutions ; the public places of diversion, ^., is generally a nobleman, chosen by the dean
are too numerous to be mentioned. ana chapter, and he has an under steward who
Such, on a cursory view of it, is the metropolis officiates for him. Next to him is the high teiliff,
of Great Britain, to the extent and opulence of chosen also by the dean and chapter, whose pow-
whioh many causes have contributed. The broad er resembles that of a sheriff. The suburbs are
stream of the Thames flowing between London under the jurisdiction of justices of the peace for
and Southwark. continaall^ agitated by a brisk the county, and there are also several oolice offices
current or a rapid tide, bring constant supplies where magistrates sit every day for toe examina-
of fresh air, which no buildings can intercept, tion of offenders and the determmation of various
The country around, especially on the London complaints in a summary way. During the last
side, is nearly open to some distance ; whence, three years the police of ue metr^wlis and
by the action of the sun and winds on a gravel- suburbs has been strengthened by a new estab-
ly soil, it is kept tolerably dry in all seasons, and lishment, under the superintendence of a miliU-
affords no lodgment for stagnant air or water. The ry officer, who receives instmctidkis fit)m the
cleanliness ofLondon, as well as its supply of wa- Home Department in V^hitehall. The cost of this
ter, is generally aided by its situation on the banks establishment will be greater by about 30 per
of the Thames ; and the New River, with many cent, than that of the watchmen, which it has
food springs within the city itself, further contri- superaeded. This, however, is more then com
ute to the abundance of that necessary element, pensated by its superior efficiency, the former
All these are advantages, with respect to health, ''guardians of the ni^ht" beinff generally decrepid
in w^iich this metropolis is exceeded by few. irom age and infirmities, while the new police is
Its situation, with regard to the circumstance of entirely composed of men in the prime of lifo,
navigation, is equally well chosen ; had it been and of unblemished character. Southwark was
placedlower on the Thames, it would have been long independent of London, but Edward III.
annoyed by the marshes; had it been higher, it granted it to the city. Itwaa then called the vil-
would not have been accessible, as at present, to la^^ of Southwark, and afterwards named the
ships of large burden. It now possesses every baiHwic. In the reign of Edward VI. it was form*
advantage that can be derived from a sea-port, and ed into a 26th ward, by the name of Bridge Ward
at the same time, by means of ita noble river and Without. ^ On the death of the alderman of this
its canal navigation, enjoys a most extensive com- ward, he is succeeded by the next in seniority,
munication with the internal parts of the country, to whatever ward he may belong, this ward being
which supply it with necessaries, and in return considered as a sinecure, and consequently the
receive from it such commodities as they require, most proper for ** the father of the city." The city
It contains several large wet docks, particularly has likewise a high bailiff and steward here,
those called the West India, the East India, the The city of London is a bishop's see, and isrepre-
London, and St. Catherine s docks; also dry sented in parliament by four memben, elected by
docks for reparing, and slips for building of ships, the livery, two other memben are elected by the
besides the King's yard at l)eptford, for building househofden of Westminster, and two by those of
men of war. London therefore unites in itself aU Southwark. To attempt an enumeration of the
the benefit arising from navigation and commerce, events by which this great capital has been dis-
with those of a metropolis at which all the public tinguished, within the limits of a work like thia,
business of a great nation is transacted ; and is would of course be absurd ; but we cannot omit
thus both the mercantile and political emporium to mention the plague, in 1665, which cut ofl
of these kingdoms. It is the seat of many con- 68,596 people, ana the dreadful conflagration, in
siderable manufactures ; some almost peculiar to 1666, by which the cathedral and many other
itself, as administering to the demands of stud- churehes, with 13^1900 houses, were destroyed,
led splendor and refined luxunr ; othen in which London is 225 m. N. N. W. of Paris, 396 S. of
it participates with the manufacturing towns in Edinburgh, and 338 E. S. E. of Dublin. Lon^ .
general. The most important of its peculiar man- 0. 5. W., lat. 51. 31. N.
ufoctures is the silk weaving estabhshed in Spit- London^Jftw, See Jfew lAnuUm.
alfield by refugees from France. A variety of Londen, a town of Upper Canada on the
works in gold, silver, and jewelry, the engrav- Thames, 100 m. N. E. of Detroit
ing of prints, the making of optical and math- London^ p.t Madison Co. Ohio. 25 m. S. W.
ematical instruments are principallv executed Columbus.
here, and some of them in greater perfection than London Bridge, p.v. Frinceas Anne Co. Va. 140
in any other country. The porter-brewery, abnsi- m. S. £. Richmond.
neas of immense extent, is also chiefly carried London BriuUn, p.t. Chester Co. Fa.
on in London. To its port are likewise confined Londonderry^ a coun^ of lapland, in the proT-
fM>me branches of foreign commerce, as the vast ince of Ulster, 40 English m.Tong and 33 broad ;
East India trade, and thoaa to Turkey and Hud bounded on the W. by Donegal, N. by the ooean,
ton
8.ud a. w,
htbiUnti,
W, br Tjrone, ud E. bj Antrini. It
■ccordinK (o the lul ceniiii, 93,8t$ in-
diTided into 31 jwhibeR, aad aend* S
pu-lianWDt. It i* s fraitliil chink
paiga oountijF ; and tfae gnater put of it wu giv-
en by Junei I. to 4n incorpoTited compuiT of
London mcrchvil*. The linen nunnfaetoie Soar-
ithci through ereiT pul of the city,
LmdomtttTji, naXj andwa-portof Inland, eip-
Itilof the focegDing eonnty, and ■ biahop'i we-
ll U itill lurroundad bj mUi, And oelebnted Tor
a long >ieg> it nutuncd igaimt June* II- in
leivi. It u governsd b; a nwyor, anil wndi one
DWmbcr to pu-liunent. Ths principal conunaros
ii with America and tha W- lodiea. Including
tbi luhorbi, it contuni 18,000 iuhabilanti, and la
aeUad on the rlfei Foyla, OTtr whirh >■ a wood-
en bridge, IJieSfset in length. Londonderry is 4
m. a. 0? Lough Foylc, and 115 N. W. of Dublin.
LmdoivUrry, p.t. RocJiinghaui Co. N. H., with
a mauuhcture of linan, cloUi, uid tfaread ; aeated
near Ih* b*ad of Boirer River, whicb rnni inlo
(he Herrimaok J6 m. B. 8. W. of Portunouth- Fop.
1,469.
LoiUimdtrry,jy.t. Windbam Co. Vt. 27 m. S.
W. WindwjT. Fop- 1,303 ; alio to«n> in Cheater,
Uanphin, and Bedford C«. Pa. and Ouernaey
Co. Ohio.
Louden Orovt, p.L Cheater Co. Pa.
LoKian r»tni,a village of Anna Arundel Co. Va.
LangaiMmijig, p.v. Gloanealer Co. N. J., 16 m.
S. E. l'hil•de^I^Ja.
Long, Latk, an arm of the Ka in Scotland,
which, ftoB tha fiith of Clyde, extendi 20 m. N.
between the oountiea of Dumbarton and Argyle.
It ia l^om 1 V> 3 m. in bieadth ; and near the mid-
dle, on the Argyle aide, it aendi off a ainall branch
called Loch Ooil.
Longford, a foanty of IielaiMl, in the proTinee
of Leiniler, 35 m. long vid 3U broad j bounded
on the N. W. by Leitrim, N. E. by Cavan, S. E.
by Weat Meath, and W. by the river Shannon,
which parta it firom Roacommon. It is divided
into 35 pariibei, conlaioa 107,576 inhabitanta,
and aergda two membera to [>arliamenl, Tha
xinnlry in general la fertile, but intenpened in
•mna parta with boga, moraiaea, and foraats ; the
dat parti, along the Shannon, are aabjeet to in-
undation. It conUina aeveral lakea, and beaidea
tb* Shannon ia watered by the Inuy, the Camlin,
the Fallen, and numeroui inferior atnamlela.
Oala form the chief article of agricultural export.
Longford, a borougb of Ireland, capital of the
above country. Much linen is mannfaetured in
tlie town and neighbourhood, and great quanti ties
of flax aent to other parta. It ia anted on the
Camlin, 70 m. (Engliah) W. N, W. of Dublin.
Ij>ng. 7, 40. W.,lat. 52. 48. N.
l^^gforang, a town of Scotland, in the S. E.
corner of Frrthihire, on the frith of Tay, 4 m. W.
by S. of Dundee.
Lmg lilaad, an iaiand belonging to the Stata
of New Tork, extending along the coaat of
Connecticut, fVom S. W. to N. E, about 140 m- in
length and 10 m. in average breadth. It it di-
vided into three couotiea, King, Qneen'a, and
Suffolk. At theW. eilreniity it forma the bav of
NewYork. On the aide of the ocean the iaiaod
ia bordered byaniminente beach of land. In other
parti,it ii much indented with numeroui bayi; and
Oaidiner'i Bay, with aeveral otben, occupiei an
extant of near 30 m. at the E. ecd. Tbeae baya
•lao enooBpaaa raany iaiifnda, Kveral ' '' ''
tr LOh
low hilU extendi from the weat end totheeaatero
cilremily. The watera are atored with a voit
abundance-nod variety of Kih, and Long-Ialand
hia long been celebrated for iU wild fowl and
varioue forest game. Much of the land in the eait
ia a light aaod, itill clothed with vaat foreata of
pine; and in theae are found abundance ol nme.'
Eaat uf the Hempatead plain*, the iiland ia cov-
ered with ihruhby oaka and pinei, called the
broahy plaini ; and here are found the gronae, or,
heath-hena. Fartbei cwtvraid, iDwarda lalip and
Fire-plaire, are atreamt whai« there ja good Iroul
fiahing ; and towarda the centre of the laland, is
plenty of wild de<r, that are bunted and killed by
way-laying Ihem a> Ibey are driven along by
hounds. In October and November, brant, wild
geese, andother waterfowl, ore killed in great num-
bara along the baya and inlela. Deer cannot lawful-
ly be killed on Long laland from January lu July ;
nor healh-beni, parlridgei, quaila, or woodcocfu,
from lat April lo 5lh October,
The face of (he country on Ibe north aide of
the iiland ia hilly, and in tome placet full of
iky boulderi ; while on the aoulh, the country
lending the whole length of Long Island, anJ di-
wilh the Atlantic at the E. end of the itland, and
with the harbour of New York at the W.
Long t^is. See Rain Ink*.
Lonffmeadout, p.t. Hampden Co. Haae. on the
Connecticut, Om. below Sprintfield. Pop. 1,357.
Low-nan, a city of China, of the first rank, in
"* ■ ' Long. 104. 18. E.,
"e of ^tc:
an ot oonaiderable a
A ridg« 01 drain of
Umgnor, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. aealed
near the river Dove, 31 m. N. by E. of Stafford,
and 153 N, H, W, of London.
LongCoiai, a town in Cumberland, Eng. aeated
on the Esk, 9 m. N, of Carlisle, and 310 M. N.
W. of London.
Longtmen, p.v. Rowan Co. N. C. 150 m. W.
Raleigh.
LoutK, a town of France, department of Maine-
et-Loire, 7 m. N. of Saumnr.
Longyim, a town of Fiance, department of
Moselle. Here is a eoniidersble iron forge and
cannon founderr- 10 m. 8. W. of Lougnry, and
36 N. W. of Meats.
LuigiBB, a town of France, department nf Mo
•ellc with a caatla. It is dividsd into the Old
9Q
LOR 456 LOR
and New town, the latter of which is fortified, banting of an immense reserroir, oonliuiuiiff
It is seated on a rocky eminence, on the river water for the purpose of irrigation, occasiimea
Chiers, X2 m. N. N. W. of Mentz. Long. 5. 44.* much damage to the town. It is seated on an
£., lat. 49. 22. N. eminence near the Sentronera. 40 m. W. S. W.
LonUeraj p.y. Baldwin Co. Geo. of Mnrcia. Long. 1. & W., lat 37. 25. N.
Lans Is Satdniery a town of France, capital of Lord Howe^s Qrtmpy an eztensiye g^np of
the department of Jura. It derives its name from islands, in the S. Pacific, thickly covered with
the salt springs in its vicinity, and is seated on wood, among which the cocoa-nut is very distin-
the Solvan, &6m. S. £. of Dijon. Long. 5. 30. guishable. The natives are of a dark copper
£., lat. 46. 37. N. colour ; their hair tied in a knot on the back or the
LoOf a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flanders, head ; and they seem to have some method dT ta-
10 m. N. N. W. of Tpres. king off the beard; for they appear as clean
Loo-ehoo, or lAeou-KwUf the general name of 36 shaved. Their arms and thighs are tattooed in
islands lyinff between Formosa and Japan. The the manner described by Captain Cook of some
Great Loo-choo is 50 m. long and from 12 to 15 of the natives of the islands he visited in these
broad ; the others are inconsiderable. They were seas ; and some are painted with red and while
very imperfectly known to Europeans, till visited streaks. — ^They wear a wrapper round Iheir mid-
by captain Hall and Mr. M'Leoa on their return die. Long, fifom 159. 15. to 159. 37. £., lat. 5.
from Uie late embassy to China. The climate 30. S.
and soil seem to be among the happiest on the Lord Howe's Islandf an island in the Pacific
irlobe. The fruits and vegetable productions are Ocean, discovered in 1786 by lieutenant King,
of the most exquisite description. The inhabi- Many excellent turtle have been caught here on
tants are diminutive in their stature, but strong, a sandy beach ; and it abounds with a variety of
and well made. Their disposition appears to he birds, which were so unaccustomed to be disturb-
peculiarly ffay, hospitable, and affectionate, but ed that the seamen went near enough to knock
they showed that strong aversion to receive stran- them down with a stick. At its end are two
?'6rs into their country which is characteristic of high mountains, nearly perpendicular from the
)hina, Japan, and all the neighbouring regions, sea, the southernmost named Mount Gower.
The king is tributary to China, and the govern- * About 14 m. to the S. is a remarkable rock, named
ment resembles that of the Chinese. The capital Ball's Pyramid, which at a distance, had much the
is Kin-tching, about 5 m. from its port of Napa- appearance of a steeple. The island is 31-2 m.
kiang. Long. 127. 52. £., lat. 26. 14. N. long and very narrow. Long. 159. 0. £., lat. 31.
Lootj East and Wut^ two decayed boroughs in 36. rf.
Comwal, £ng. separated by a creek, over which LorenxOf San^ a town of Mexico, piovince of
is a narrow stone bridge. They are supported New Biscay, with 500 inhabitants, whose employ-
chiefly by the pilchard fishery, and an inconsid- ment consists in cultivating the grape. — There are
erable coasting trade. Together they send as numerous settlements and inconsiderable ialanila
many members to parliament as the cit^ of Lon- of this name in South America,
don. The market, held at £a8t Looe, is on Sat- Loren, a town of Austrian Italy, in Rivigo, on
nrday. 13 m. W. of Plymouth, and 233 W. by the Adige, 20 m. E. of Rivigo.
S. or London. LorettOf a fortified town of Italy, in the papal
Lookout, Cape, a cape of N. Carolina, S. of statds. The cathedral contains the Casa Santa
the
into
part of Georgia extendinglto Tennessee river. Dalmatia, and thence to the* place where it now
LooZf or LootZy a town of the Netherlands, in stands. This house, or chapel, is 31 feet long, 15
the province jof Liege, 14 m. N. N. W. of Lieffe. broad, and 16 high; the inner part very old, but
LopatkajCape.ihe S. extremity of KamtschaULa. cased with marble on the outside. The famous
Long. 156. 45. £., lat. 51. 0. N. See Kuriles. lady of Loretto, who holds the infant Jesus in her
Lopham, Jforth and South, two adjoining par- arms, stands upon the principal altar, in a niche
ishes in Norfolk, 4 m. S. E. of East Harling. of silver ; this statue is of cedar wood, three feet
Lopo Gonsalve, Cave, a long and narrow pen- high, but her fkce can hardly be seen, on accoont
insula on the coast or Guinea, low, fiat, and cov- of the numerous gold and silver lamps around her.
ered with trees. It affords a good harbour, and She is clothed with cloth of gold, set off with
near the cape is a village, where provisions are jewels ; and the little Jesus is covered with a
plentiful. Lonff. 8. 30. E., lat. 0. 45. S. shirt, holds a fflobe in his hand, and is adorned
Loop, p.y. Giles Co. Va. 274 m. W. Richmond, with rich jewels. Those who go on pilgrimage
Lora, a town of Spain, in Seville, on the Gna- to Loretto, after having performed their devotion,
dalqnivir, 28 m. N. £. of Seville. make the Virgin a present; so that the treasure
Loramie, a township of Shelby Co. Ohio. of this chapel is immensely rich. The inhabitants
Lorain, a county or Ohio. Pop. 5,696. Elyria is of this town subsist principally by agriculture
the capital. and gardening, and many of them are shoemakers,
LorSus (the ancient Laribus Ccionia), a town tailors, and sellerf of chapl'its. Loretto was taken
of the kin^om of Tunis, with a castle, and fine by the French in 1796, and the church despoiled
remains or antiquity. It is seated in a plain, fer- of its treasures : even the Virgin was carried
tile in com, 150 m. 8. W. of Tunis. Long. 9. 0. away but restored in 1802. It is seated on a
£., lat. 35. 35. N. mountain, 3 m. from the ffolf of Venice. 12 S. £
Lorea, a town of Spain, in Murcia, divided into of Ancona, and 115 N. £. of Rome. Long. 13.
the Upper and Lower Town. The former has 36. £., lat. 43. 27. N.
narrow, crooked, and ill paved streets ; the latter Loretto, p.v. £ssex Co. Va. 75 m. N. E. Rich-
is regularly and neatly ouilt. It contains nine mond.
churciies and several monasteries, and has exten- Lorgues, a town of France, in Provenoe, on th*
sive mannftctures of saltpetre. In 1802 the Argens, 16 m. W. of Frejus.
LOU 469 LOU
UOrUtUf a fortified modern Beft-port of France, Lougkkorough. a town in Lelcefltenhire, Eng.
department of Morbihan. It is built with conBid- It has a lar|re cnnrch, with a handsome tower,
erable regularity ; the streets are wide, the public seven meeting-houses for dissenters ; also a firee
squares spacious and handsome, and the harbour grammar school, and a charity school. The chief
large, secure, and easy of access. Formerly it manu&ctures are those of cotton soinninff, lace,
was a yery flourishing town, the French Eaiit In- and hosiery. By means of the Loughborough
dia Company making it the exclusive entrepot of canal, the river, and rail-roads, it carries on a
their imported goods. It has sUU some trade, and brisk trade particularlv in coals. Many of the
is a place of importance on account of ite maga- houses have an old and irregular appearance, but
sines for the navv. The chief manufacture is of peat improvement have lately taken place. It
sslt. The British made an unsuccessful attempt is seatea near the Soar, 11 m. N. of Leicester,
upon it in 1746. It is seated on the bay of Port and 109 N. N. W. London.
Louis, at the influx of the Scorf, 340 m. W. by S. Loughrea^ a town of Ireland, in the county of
of Paris. Long. 3. 20. W., lat 49. 44. N. Oalway, near a lake of the same name, 15 m. S.
L^rrtfdL a town of Germany, in Baden, 6 m. W. of Galway.
N. E. of Bale. XiOuAaiw, a town of France, department of Up-
Lorraine, an extensive district of' the N. E. of per Saone, situate on a kind oi island between
France, between Champagne and Alsace, and now the rivers Seilles. VaiUere, and Solman, 18 m. S.
forming the departmente of Meurthe, Moselle, £. of Chalons.
and Vosges. It abounds in all sorts of com, wine, Loiom, a county of the £. district of Virginia,
hemp, flax, and rape-seed. Pop. 16J51 ; also a p.v. Lawrence Co. Ken. 180
LorrMfte, p.t Jefierson Co. N. T. 20 m. S. E m. E. Frankfort.
Sackett's Harbour. Pop. 1 ,727. Louis, Fort, an important barrier fortress of
Los$umouth, a village of Scotland, in Murray France, in Alsace, on the RJiine, 12 m. E. of
shire, at tha mouth of the river Lossie, 7 m. N Haguenau.
£. of Elgin, of which it is the port Louis, St. an island of Africa, at the month of
Lost Cruk, a tpwnehip of Miami Co. Ohio. the river Sene^, with a fort, built by the French.
Lot, a river of France, which rises in the de- It was taken in 1758 by the English, and ceded
partment of Lozere, begins to be navigable at Ca- to them in 1763. In tne American war, it was
nors, and enters the Garonne near Aiguillon. taken by the French, and kept by them after the
Lot, a department of France, consistinff of the peace oi 1763. It is flat, sandy and barren. Long,
former distnct of Querov,in Guienne. It takes 16. 15. W., lat. 16. 0. N.
ite name from the river Lot, which crosses it from Louis, St. a sea-port and fortress of St. Domingo,
E. to W. It is bounded on the N. by Correze, £. on the S. W. coast, at the head of a bay of' ite
by Cantal and Aveyron, S. byTam-et Garonne, name. The exportekrecofiee, cotton, ana indiffo,
and W. by Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne. 70 m. W. S. W. of Port an Prince. Long. 73. 32.
Ite pastures feed numerous flocks, which consti- W., lat. 18. 16. N.
tute a great part of the commerce. The climate Louis, ftfrty an important barrier fortress ui
is mild and healthy ; and the soil, consisting of the N. E. of France, constructed by Vauban in
fat rich earth, is cultivated with horses, and yields 1686; on an island in the Biiine. 12. m. £.
more than sufficient for ite population, estimated Haguenau.
at 275/296. Cahors is the capital. Louis de Ramsay, seiginory , Richelieu Co. Low-
Lot-et'OaronnB, a department of France, inclu- er Canada,
ding part of the former province of Guienne, Louisiade, an archipelago in the eastern seas,
bounded on the N. by Dordome, E. by Tam-et- lying S. E. of New Guinea, and extending
Garonne, S. by (vers, and W. l)y Landes and the ai>out400 m. in length, by about 160 in breadth.
Gironde. It has ite name from the rivers Lot and The centre lies nearly under 10. S. lat. and
Garonne. Ite pastures are but indifierent, and 152. 25. E. long.
artificial meadows are little known. The land, Louis, St. K\?ke of N.America, formed by the
being much covered with heath, is cultivated with junction of the Ottewa with the St. Lawrence,
oxen ; and a large proportion of the department It is 12 m. long and 6 broad,
is incapable of cultivation, consisting of rugged Louis, St. a river N. America, which has ite
hills or sandy deserte. Agen is the capital. source near the eastern bead waters of the Mis-
Lotinbisrs, a seignitory of Buckingham Co. L. sissippi, and fidls into lake Superior, oa the west
C. on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, 40 m. shore. It is navigable 150 m. Long; 91. 52. W.,
above Quebec. lat. 46. 44. N.
Lothian. See Haddtngtonshire, Edinburghshire, Louis de Maranham, St., a sea-port of Brazil
and lAnlithgowshire. capital of the island of Maranham, and a bishop's
Lmulsae, a town of Fraftce, department of Cotes see, with a strong castle. It is the residence of
du Nord, 25 m. S. of St Brieux. a captain general, and contains a custom-house
Loudon, tL county of the £. district of Virginia, and. treasury. The churches and convente are
on the Potomac, adjoining Fairfax, Berkley, numerous, and the houses, though only one sto-
and Fauquier connties. It is about 50 m. in length ry hiffh, are many of them neat. The harbour is
and 20 in breadth. Pop. 21,938. Leesburg is the tolenOily large, but the entrance is difficult. It
chief town. stands on the E. side of the river Mearim, near
LoMifon, a town of France, department of Vien- the Atlantic Ocean. Long. 43. 37. W., lat. 2
ne, 30 m. N. W. of Poitiers. 30. S.
LMuion, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the £. Louisa, a town of European Russia, on a bav
side of the Merrimack, 45 m. N. W. Portemouth. of the gulf of Finland, 30 m. E. N. £. of Hel-
Pop. 1,64^ : also a p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. 63 m. S. singfors.
W. HarrisDurg. Lomsiurff, the capital of the island of Cape
Loudontille, p.t. Richland Co. Ohio. Breton, with a citadel, and an excellent harbour,
Loughborough a township in Frontenac Co. nearly four leagues in circumference. It was te-
ll. C. ken by the English in 1745, restored to the French
LOU 400 LOO
in 1748, taken by the En^hah in 1758. and ceded stonishin^ tiie of the weed*, and tiie itmigth of
to them in 1763. The chief eoaice oitrade ia the vegetation in general.
eod-fiahery. Long'. 59. 55. W., lat. 45. 54. The most fertile •district of Loniaiana ia a belt
N. of land called the eoatt lying along the ViMmamp'
Louubvrgf^»i. Franklin Co. N. C. on Tar pi in the neighbourhood of New Oneana. It con>
riTer, d3 m. ft. £. Raleigh. aiita of that part of the bottom or allnvion of the
Louisiana, one of the United Statea, bounded MiMituppi, which commences with the fint oul-
N. by the territory of Arkansas and the State of tivation above the Baiize, about forty milea below
Misstssippii £. by Mississippi, S. by the Gulf of New Orleana and extends 150 m. aboTO the city.
Mexico, and W.by the Mexican province of Tex- Thia belt, on each aide of the river, is secured by
aa. It extends from 29. to 33. N. lat. and f^om an embaziknient called a <svee, from six to eight
89. to 94. W. long, and contains 48,220 square feet in height, and sufficiently broad, for the most
miles. It is intersected by the Missiuippi, Red part to furnish a fine high way. — ^The river in or-
and Waahita rivers and many inferior streams; dinary inundations would cover the greater part
the western limit is washed by the Sabine. of this belt from two to six feet in depth. It is
Three quarters of this state are without an ele- from one to two mUes in width, and perhaps a
vation, that can properly be called a hill. The richer tract of land in the same extent can not be
pine woods generally have a surface of a yery found on the globe. The levee extends some-
particular character, rising into fine swells, with ta- thing higher on the west, than on the east side
Die surfaces on the summit, and valleys fix>m thir- of the nver. Above the levee on the east bank
ty to forty feet deep. But they are witnont any par- of the river are the parishes of Baton Ron^, and
ticular range, and like the waves of a high and reg- East and West Feliciana. The latter pansh re
ular sea. The alluvial soil of course is level, and ceived its name from its pleasant surface of fertile
the swamps, which are only inundated alluvions, hills and valleys, and its union of desirable cir>
are dead flats. A range of hills commencesingentle cumstances for a planting country. This parish
elevations in Opelousas, rises gradually and diver- presents a spectacle,very uncommon in this conn-
ges towards the Sabine. In the vicinity of Natchi- try; the huls are covered with laurels, and for-
toches it preserves a distance^ntermediate between est trees, that denote the richest soils and which
the Sabine and Red river8,and continoes to increase are uncommonly productive. Here are some of the
in eleyation to the western parts of the state. Seen richest planters and best plantations in the state,
from the pine hills above Natchitoches, tliey have The mouth of Bayou Sarah, the point of ahip-
in the distance, the blue outline, and the general ment for this region, sends great quantities of
aspect of a range of mountains. Another line of cotton to New Orleans. Some of the plantations
hills, not far from Alexandria, commences on the on this Bayou have firom ^Ye to eight hundred
nortnsideof Red river, and separating between the acres under cultivation, worked by a large nom-
watera of that river and Dugaemony, unites with her of hands.
another line of singular soaped mamelle hills. West of the Mississippi, the Bayous Lafomohe
that bound the alluvions of the Washita, as and Placquemine, effluxes, or outlets from the
bluffii, gradually diverging from that river as they Mississippi, have the same conformation of banks
pass beyond tne western limits of the state, and the same Qualities of soil with the parent
That very remote part of the parish of Natcbito- stream; and, wnere not inundated, are equally
ehes, calted Allen's settlement, is a high and roll- fertile. The sugar cane thrives aa well upon
ing country. There are also considerable hills their banks. No inconsiderable portion of Atta-
leyond the Mississippi alluvions east of that kapam is of great fertility , as are smaller portions
iver. But, generally speaking, Louisiana may of Opelousas, which is, noweyer, more generally
le considered as one immense plain, divided, as adapted to becomee.grazizig country. TheTeche,
'espects its surfiice, into pine woods, prairies, al- which meanders through Opelousas and Attaka-
luvions, swamps, and hickory and oak lands. pas has generally a very fertile alluvion, the low-
^ The pine wookIs are generally rolling ; some- er courses of which are embellished with fine
ames, but not often level. They have almost plantations of the sugar cane. On the Atcha&l-
•nvariably a poor soil. The greater proportion aya the lands are rich, but too generally inun-
of the prairies is second rate land. Some of those dated. The Courtableau, running through Ope-
west of Opelousas, and between Washita and Red lousas, has probably aa rich a soil, as is to be found
river are even sterile. Some parts of the prairies m that parish. Approaching Red River from
of Opelousas are of great fertility, and tnoee of Opelousas, by Bayou Boeuff we find on that
Attakapas still more so. Asa general fact, they bayou a soil, which some consider the riehesf
are more level, than those of the upper country, cotton land in Louisiana. Bayou Rouge has also
A large belt of these prairies near the gulf is low, a fine soil, though it is as yet principally in a
manhy, and in rainy weather inundated. A state of nature. Bayou Robert, still nearer to
very considerable extent of them has a cold clayey Red river, is of extraordinary fertility, and the cane
soil, with a hard crust near the surface. In other brake along its bank is of astonishing luxuriance,
places the soil is of inky blackness, and disposed Bayou Rapide, which gives name to the pariah,
in the hot and dry season to crack in fissures of through which it runs, is a beautiful tract of land :
a size tj admit a man's arm. and the belt on either bank is laid oot along its
The bottoms are generally rich, but in very whole course in fine cotton plantations.
diflTerent degrees. 'Those of the Mississippi and The bottoms of Red river itself ai« well known,
Red river, and the bayous connected with those as having a soil of extraordinary fertility : and
streams, are more fertile and productive, than the the lower courses of this river constitute the
streams west of them, and between them and the paradise of cotton plantera. The colour of the
Sabine. The fertility of the richer bottoms of the soil is of a darkish red, and appean to derive its
Mississippi and Red river is sufficiently attested great fertility from a portion of salt intimately
by the prodigious growth of the timber, the lux- mixed with it, and from its peculiar friability,
urianee, size and rankness of the cane, and the It deriyes its red colour from red oxide of iron.
flOttoB. the tangles of vines and creepers, the as- It is a wide and deep vdiley, covered, while in
• Ittto of natuTe, with ■ dark uid h«aT; foren
Its nil hu been iccumulating Tor unknown igea
fram tbe ipoila of the Mexican mouDlunB, and
the Tut prairiei through which it rblls in ita up-
pcrcounes. Alt (he bajoui of Red river, and
they are naraeroui atmost beyond compntalion,
partake of the chaiacteiof tbe miiii liver.
Vait exleota of manh interpose between tha
•ea and the cultivable luida. The lakes and in.
leta and sounda are conncoted b; an inextricable
tinueof communicitioniandpuae* acceiaible by
■mall vesaeli and bay craft, and imposaible to b«
navigated except by pilota, perfectly acqaain ted
with the waters. The shore is indented b^ num-
berlen small bays.very tew of them aSbrdingauf
ficient water to gbeller vessels. Berwick's bay
ii tbe only one that has any cooiidarable extent.
A very ^at proportion of the surface of this
state Is covered with prairies. Almost all these
prairies arc connected, and form, like the waters
of the HiMiasippi, a family, through which the
connection of all the branches may be traced.
The prairies, that are included under the general
name of Attahapaa, are the Gnt, that occur weat
of the Hisaissippi, The parish of Altakapas is
situated in these prairies. The name implies
' nun tatar,' in the langnsge of the savages who
formerly inbahited it, and who are reported lo
have been cannibals. It is on immense plain of
grass,apreading from the Atchafalaya on the north
to the pilf on tbe south. Its contents are com-
monly stated at 5,000 square miles. But it is
thoug^ht this computation is too large. Being
open to -the gulf, it is generally fanned bv the
refieehing breezesof that sea. Its aspect of ex-
treme fertility, its boundless plain of grass, its
cfaaering views, its dim verdant outline, mingling
with tbe bine of the sea, white bouses seen in the
distanea, innumerable cattle and horses graiing
In the plain^ or reposing here and there under
the shade of its wooded pointa, has an indescriba-
ble pleasantness lo the tiavellei, who has been
toiling OD his way through the tailzie, and the
swamps, and along the stagnant lakes, and the
dark and deep forest of the Misaissippi bottom-
All at onc« he leaves the stifling air, the musche-
toes, tha rank cane, the annoying nettles, and the
dark brown shade, and emerges iata this noble
and cbeertU plain, and feels the cool and salu-
briona breeie of the gulf.
Opelmtsas prairie is still larger tban tue other,
and computed to contain nearly S,000 iq. m. It is
divided by bayous, wooded grounds, pointa and
bends, and oilier natural boundaries, into a num-
ber of prairies, which have separate names and
marks of distinction. Taken in its whole ex-
Unt, it is boutided by the Atlakapaa prairie on
•,he east, pine woods and EiiUs on the north, the
Babine on the west, and the golf on the south.
The loil, though iu many places very fertile. Is
in general less so than the former. It atones
for that deficiency by being more salubrious, be-
ing generally deemed the healthiest region in the
state. There sre here considerable cotton planta-
tions, and same of indigo ; and the parish which
bears its name, is one of Ihe most papulous in
the state. Tbe people of the other parish are de-
voted to'ths growth of Ihe sugar cane. This is
the centre of tfas land of shepherds, and the par.
idien of those who deal in cattle, Tbe greater
ntunber of the people ■!« chiefly devoted to thai
empli^roent and they number their cattle by
in Attakapas. Caleasin and Sahlne prairies are
names that designate tbe diKrent forms, shapes
and opeuings of this coutinuoua line ofpninei,
aa it Btretcl^B alaag the settlements (rom Ue Flac.
queminfr to tbe Sabine.
Some ofthem, aa Opelousas, are of immense
extent. That of the Sabine is boundless (o the
eventy miles long by twen-
ty wioe. iney are geDerally solBTel,aBto strike
the eye as a perfbct plain. They have, however,
slight swells and declinations, sufficient to cany
the water from tbem. Though after long rains
they are extremely wet, and immeose tracts are
covered with water. They have a gentle a;
sards the pnlf.r--'
they teach the
which, when the s
blows, the sea ia driven. These marshes are cov-
ered with a luxuriant growth of tall, reedy grass,
called cane grass. — In various parts of these pra-
iries, there are islands of timbered lands. They
generally have an appearance of such recularity
and beauty, that a stranger is with difficulty con-
vinced, that they are not clumps of trees, planted
out in circular, square, or triangular form lor the
beauty of their appearance. It would be impossi-
ble lo convey to one, who has not felt it, an idea
of the efTact produced by one of these circular
clumps of trees, seeming a kind of tower of vei-
dure,risingfiromanooeBnofgrass. Whereveraba-
with afringeof timber, which strikes Ihe eye of an
observer.iDietfae tines of trees in landscape paint'
ing. Allthe rivers, lakes and bayous oftbisStale
abound with alligaton. On Red river before it
was navigated by steamboats it was not uncomi
to see hundteda at k time along the shore* o
BeUtni* prairie ia pwtlj in OpsloosH. partly
s of flirions bulls about to fight, and hud
dling together so closely that the smaller onas
woiJd get upon the backs of the larger. At one
period thousands of them were killed for the sake
of their skins which were made into leather for
shoes, boots, dec. But it was found that this
leather was not sufficienUv fine and close grained
to keep out the water. Toe alligaton, are some-
times 13 and 15 feel in length, end are found in
all the states south of North Csroliua.
The climate of Louistans ia hot and moist. Ill
summer it is extremely unhealthy, especially in
the neighbourhood of marshy spots It is how-
ever favourabb to almost every vegetable pro-
duction of warm oountries. Here fiouriah the
sugar cane, orange, lemon, cotton-plant, to-
bacco, rice, maiie, sweat potato, dte Sugar
and oolton are the staple articles of cultivation.
The sogsr cane is principally raised upon that liaat
oallad Die coast, upon the shores of the gulf, and
upon the bayous of the Hisadsaippi. The Mj^tal
invested in sugar estates wsa estimated in 1838 at
46Sn0fl00 iaOm : tha fnAnm of ivgar fin tha
S«3
ikOu mt LOU
lame year, was 88,878,000 poands. The oom- iouri. standi on the Miaaiisippi, 18 below the
merce of the state consists in the exportation of month of the Missouri, on a gently rising ground
ihese products, and a great variety of others and is accessible by steam-boats £rom New
brought down the Mississippi from the western Orleans at the lowest stages of the water . The
states. New Orleans is the centre of commerce town was founded by tl^ French from Canaoa
for the state. The imports for 1829 were valued in 1764 and many of the inhabitants are still
at 6,857,209 dollars; tne exports of domestic pro- French. Here is a Catholic college and cathe-
duce at 10,898,183 dollars ; total exports 12,^,- dral. A considerable part of the western fur-trade
060. The shipping: of the state in 1828 amounted centres here, and the town is otherwise well sita-
to51,903 tons. The pop. is2l6j575. of whom ated for commerce. The passage to New Orleans is
109,631 are slaves. 1,200 m. by the river , and there are 6 steam-boats
The inhabitants of the state consist of remnants constantly plying between these two places,
of the former Spanish and French possessors m- There are also the same number constantly running
termixed with Americans. The French are very between this place and Louisville, besides others
numerous and exhibit in their manners the cus to different places. The town is regularly li^d
ternary gaiety and volatility of that nation. This out and extends 2 m. along the river. Pop. 5,65^
is one of the few states in the Union where the Lat. 38,26. N., long. 89. 56. W.
slaves exceed the fireemen. The Catholics are Lotc/«, a town of Portugal, in Algarva, sur-
the most numerous religious sect ; they have rounded by antique walls, and seated on a river
above 20 parishes in the state. The Baptists have of the same name, 10 m. N. W. of Faro.
of the first rank, in
near the source
Pekin. Long.
are subdivided into 31 parishes. New Orleans is 116. 56. £T, lat. 31. 46. N.
the seat of government. The Legislature is styl Lotirde, a town of France, department of Upper
ed the General JJssemhly, and consists of a Senate Pyrenees, with a castle on a rock, 10 m. N. W. of
and House of Representatives. . The senators are Bagneres.
chosen for 4 years and the Representatives for 8« Louristan, a mountainous but fertile district.
The Governor is chosen for 4 years, and is elect- of Irak, in Persia, bordering upon Khusistan. It
ed by the legislature fh>m the highest two previ- is abundantly watered, an<r the pastures are most
ously voted for by the people. Suffivge is univer- luxuriant, out agriculture is quite neglected,
sal. There are colleges in this state at Jackson The inhabitants are a barbarous and independent
and New Orleans, but general education has re- race^ and reside always in tents. The only town
ceived little care. is Korumabad.
This state consists of the Southern part of the Louthf a corporate town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
extensive country purchased by the Umted States with manufactures of blankets and carpets, and
fh>m France in 1803 for 15,000,000 dollars. It also a large soap manufkctory. Here is a noble
was first settled by the French, and afterwards Gk>thic cmuch, with a lofty spire ; also five meet>
occupied by the Spanish, but subsequently came ing-houses for dissenters, a free school, founded
again into the hands of the French. Louisiana by Edward VI., and another founded in 1677. It
under its present limits was admitted into the has a navigation, by means of the river Lud, and
Union as a state in 1812. a canal, to the German Ocean, at Tetney Creek.
Louisiana f p. v. Pike Co. Missouri, on the Mis- 28 m. N. E. of Lincoln,* and 141 N. of London,
sissippi. 96 m. N. W. St. Louis. LovM, a county of Ireland, in the province of
LowismUe^ p.t. Jefferson Co. Kentucky, on the Leinster, 27 m. long and 18 broad; bounded on
south bank of the Ohio, at the falls. This is a Jie N. by Armagh and Carlingford Bay, £.
busy and flourishing town^ situated upon a slop by the Irish Sea, W. by Monaehan and £. Meath,
ing plain at the junction of^Beargrass Creek with and S. by E. Meathj firom which it is parted by
the Ohio. The chief declivity of the falls begins the river Boyne. It is a fertile country, contains
a quarter of a mile below the town. The three 61 parishes, with about 101,000 inhabitants, and
principal streets run parallel with the river, and sends two members to parliament,
command a pleasant view of the opposite shore. LoiiM, a town of Ireland, in the county of the
The streets are paved with blocks or limenrtone. same name, containing the ruins of an ancient
The buildings are mostly of brick. The town has abbey, founded by St. Patrick* 18 m.N. N. W.
considerable manufactures and a thriving river of Drogheda.
trade. Pop. 10,352. JLotctrs, a village m Montgomery Co. Missouri.
Louisvule and Portland Canalf passes round tne Loueom, a cm of the Netherlands, in S. Bra-
fhlla of the Ohio, through the town above men- bant, with an old castle, and a celebrated universi-
tioned to Portland below. It is 2 m. in length ty. Its walls are nearly 9 m. in circumference,
and is cut through a limestone rock. It has sever- but within them are many gardens and vineyards,
al locks which overcome a descent of 24 feet* The churches, convents, and public buildings are
It admits the passa^ of the largest steam-boats magnificent. Large quantities of cloth were
and thus opens a line of free navigation from formerly made here, but this trade is decayed,and
Pittsburg to the sea. This canal was finished in the town is now chiefly noted for good beer. It
1831. was taken by the French in 1746, 1792, and 1794
Ijomtville, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. on toe and is seated on the Doyle, 14 m. £. by N. of.
St. Lawrence, 30 m. below Ogdensburg. Pop. Brussels«and 20. 8. S. £. of Antwerp. Long. 4
1^6. Abo a p.t. Jefferson Co. Geo. 60. m. 8. 41. E., lat. 50. 53. N.
W. Augusta. LoKVterv, a handsome town of France, depart^
Jjovuknon, a village in Talbot Co. Maryland, ment of Eure, with a considerable manufkctore of
Louis, St. a county of Missouri, on the Missis- fine cloths. It is seated on the Eure, 10 m. N. of
•ippi. Pop. 14,907. Eyrettx,and 55 N. W. of Paris.
uMdBf St, the capital of the aboive coonty, and Louvres, a town of France, department '
tlie ehieircommisroial town in the state of Mis «t-Oi8e, 14 m. K. of Paris
L02 4te LOe
LofweUf p.t. Ozferd Co. Me. €S m. N. W. Port- to the ftneiont Gevtn^an. It it a immiilaiaDiM,
and. Pop. 14y606. barren cotintrj, and reoeiTM it* name flrom the
LoriM^feR, p.T. Nelson Co. Va. 110 m. N. W. prioeipal ndge of momitauis. Mende ib the
Riohmond. capital.
L»wmsUmf a town of Germany, in Wurtem* Im, a town of the Sardinian etates, in Piedmont,
benr, eapital of a county of the same name, 9 m. 8 m. 8. 8. W. of Alexandria.
£. S. £. of Heilbnmn^and 33 N.N. E. of Sluttgard. Lmareaj a town of Spain, in Austria, near th^
LotMNste»», a fort and ancient oastle of the sea-coast, 83 m. N. W. of OTiedo.
Netherlands, in the province of Guelderland, situ- Lii^ar, a town of Pmssta, in the government of
ated at the .W. end of the island of Bonunelwert Volhynia, with 3,000 inhabitants.
In thiscasUe, in 1618, Hugo Orottus was confin- Liioaa«,a town of Prussian Silesia, 30 m. N
•d, and after three years imprisonment was con- W. of Glatz.
veyed away by a stratagem of his wife, in a re- LiiMsn, a town of Lower Lusatia, seated on
tumed box used for the nurpose of carrying the Spree, in a swampy country, 60 m. 6. 8. E.
books. It is 18 m. 8. E. of Rotteidam. of Berlin. Long. 13. 66. E., lat, 62. 0. N.
i!rfnoc«to^atownof Sttllblk, En^. Its church X^ee, a free city and sea-port of Germany ad-
IS a fine Gothic building ; and it has beside a Joining the ducy of Holstein. It was the head
chapel of ease, several mssenting meeting-hou- of the famous Hanseatic lea^rue, formed oere in
ses, and two grammar schools. The chief trade ' 1164, and the most commercial citv of the north ;
is in the mackerel and herring fisheries ; and it but great part of its trade is transmrred to Ham-
is much frequented for sea-Mthing. Here are burg. The city is surrounded with walls, which
forts and batteries for protecting ships in the are planted with rows of trees, but the otiier de-
roads. The coast being dangerous, here ire two fences were demolished bv the French, to whom
iiffht-bouses, and a flo&ng Tight was stationed it was surrendered in 1806. The houses are built
off this port in 1816. It stands on a cliff, the of stone in a very ancient stvle. The town-house
most easterly point of Great Britain, 10 m. 8. is a superb structure, ana has seveml towers,
of Tarmouth, andlld N. £. of London. Long. 1. . There is also a fine council-house, and an ea.
44. £., lat 62. 29. N. change. The inhabitants are Lutherans. There
Ltnoes-uaUr, a lake in Cumberland, Eng. one are tour large churches, besides the cathedral
mile long and a quarter of a mile broad. It is of The trade consists in the export of com fiom the
no gieat depth, but abounds with pike and perch, adjoining country and the import of articles for
In opposition to all the other lakes, it has its consumption ; and the raannnotaies, which are
course homS, to 8., and under the lofty Mell- on a small scale, comprise woolen, sUks. cotton,
break, runs into the N. end of Cromach-water. tobacco, soap, wnite lead, copper, dec. Lubec is
Ltwkia, a township in lishigh Co. Pa. 18 m. eeated on the Trave, 8 m. 8. W. of the Baltic,
N. W. Allentown. and 36 N. £. of Hamburg. Long. 10. 49. £., lat
LmseU, p.t. Iffiddleeez Co. BCass. on the Merri- 63. 62. N.
mack, 96 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 6,474. This Lti&ee, an islana m the Indian Ocean, near the
place has grown up within a few years bv means island of Madura. Long. 112. 28. £., oA. 6. 60.
of its manufaeUues, and is now one of the most 8.
important manufacturing towns in the United LubUf a sea-port of Maine, in Washington
States. It has the waters of the Merrimack at - county, situated on a peninsula, on the W. side
command, with a fell of above 30 feet. The of Passamaquoddy Bav, 366 m. £. of Boston. It
largest manufacturing establishments in the coun- was founded in 181o, and is now a huidsome
try are at this place ; they belong to 8 or 10 differ- and flourshing town. rop. 1|636.
ent companies. The town is buOt with regularity Lu^eii. a town of Prussian Silesia, seated on the
and is rapidly increasing. For fiirther particulars Katxbacn, 14 m. N. of Lie|pitz.
of the manutactuies of Lowell, see MasaackutetU. LubUnittf a town of Silesia, in the principality
Low$r Antt^ySsM, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 16 of Oppeln, 32 m. E. of Oppeln.
m. N. E. Easton. LubUn, a city of Poland, capital of a palatinate
LnoieXf a town of Poland, with a strong fortress, of the same name, and a bishop's see, with a cit-
sealed on the Bxura, 42 m. W. of Warsaw. adel. Three annual faurs are held here, each
Lowotitx^ a town of Bohemia, in the circle of lasting a month, which are frequented by great
Leutmeritx. In 1766 the greatest part of it was numbers of German, Russian, 'nirkish. and other
burnt in an obstinate engagement between the traders and merchants. It is seated on the Bis-
Sazons and Prussians. It is seated on the Egra, tricsa, 66 m. 8. £. of Warsaw. Long. 29. 46. E.,
6 m. W. 8. W. of Leutmeritx. lat. 61-. 14. N.
LowtkemiiUf p. v. Lewis Co. Va. 365 m. N. W. UMw, a town of Poland, palatinate of Cracow
Bichmond. 66 m. d. £. of Cracow.
LmomlUf p.t Lewis Co. N. J. 67 m. N. Utica. iMe^ a town of France, depratment of Var, ^
Pop. 2,334. m. N. £. of Toulon.
Lna, or Lojti, a town of Spain, in Granada. iAteamu^ a town of Peru, which gives name to
with a royal salt- work, and a copper forge ; seaiea a Jurisdiction, containing rich silver mines, and
in a fertile country, on the river Xenil, 28 m. W. feeding great droves of cattle. It stands near one
of GrafldUla. of the bead branches of the Apurimae, 80 m. 8.
Iioza, or LoJMf a town of Quito, eapital ol a of Guamanga.
province of the same name, femous for producing iMear, cSpe St. the 8. E. and of the peninsula
fine Jesuits' bark and oocmneal. Carpets of re- of California. It lies under the tropic of Capri-
markable fineness are manufeclnred here, but the com, in long. 111. 30. W.
town is much decayed. It stands at the head of £«ear ds BofrasMda, A. a setjport of l^ain, m
a N. W. bfaoch of the Amaion, 160 m. E. N. E. Andalusia, and a bishop's see. Ithas a One hir*
of Paita. Long. 78. 16. W., lat 4. 5. 8 hour, well defended, at the mouth of the Chiadal
Lnfat$ioek p.t. Lyoomlnff Co. Pa. jrivir, 40 m. 8. 8. W. of 8tvilto. hcmg, 5. 61
Lnw. a dtpanmmt of Flaaet:, oonispottdiiig W., lat. 36. 69. N
LUC 464 LUD
I tMcmr 4^ QyaditmA, St., a ttrooff town of Spsain, tered with riyulets, and hiUs, fhrniahed with tim-
in Andalueia, on the river Gua^iana, 76 m. W. ber ; and has several good bays and commodiooi
N. W. of Seville. Long. 7. 18. W., lat. 37. 28. hariioan. By the peace of 1763, this island was
N. allotted to France. In 1803 it was taken by the
Lueayo Islandg. See Bahama, English, and confirmed to them bv the treaty of
Lucca, a duchy of Italy, Iving on the E. coast Pans in 1814. There are two high mountains, by
of the gulf of Genoa. It is Sounded by Tuscany, which this island may be known at a cousiden^le
Modena, and the Mediterranean, and contains distance. Its N. end is 21 m. S. of Martinique,
about 4SK) souare m. Much of it is mountainous^ Long. 60. 51. W., lat. 14. 0. N.
biit it is well cultivated, and produces plentv or iMcia, St., one of the Cape de Yerd islands, to
wine, oil, silk, wool, and chestnuts ; the oil, in the W. of that of St. Nicholas. Long. 2i. 38.
particular, is in high esteem. It was formerly a W., lat 16. 45. N.
republic, was constituted a principality by Napo- ^^'''^ ^'i ^ ^^^ of Sicily, in Yal di Demona,
leon in 1805, and in 1815 erected mto a duchy by 15 m. W. or Messina.
the congress of Vienna, and given to the in&nta Luda, St., a town of Buenos Ayres, on a river
of Spain. of the same name, 30 m. N. of Monte Video, and
lAteea, a city of Italy, capital of the above 340 N. by W. of Buenos Ajrres. It is also the
duchy, and an archbishop's see. It is nearly name of several settlements in S. America, none
three m. in circumference, regularly fortified, and of which require particular notice,
contains 18,000 inhabitants. The state palace, iMciana, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 8 m.
and the cathedral and other churches, are worthy W. N. W. of Ecija.
of notice. Here are considerable manufactures LueUo, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 11 m.
of silk, and gold and silver stufib. Lucca was N. E. of Molise.
entered by the French in 1796, evacuated in 1799. LMckpu, a town of the Prussian states, in Lower
and re-entered in 1800 It is seated in a fruitful Lusatia. It is seated in a swampy country, on
plain, near the river Serchio, 10 m. N. £. of Pisa, the Berste, 56 m. N. of Dresden,
and 37 W. of Florence. Long. 10. 35. £., lat 43. iMdunwaUL, a town of Prussian Saxony, seated
60. N. on the Nute, 32 m. S. of Berlin.
Luet, a spacious bay on the S. coast of Scot- Lucltford, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. W. of
land, in Wigtonshire, lying E. of the promontory Holme,on the Lnckford, which fidls into the Frome
called the Mull of Galloway. The river Luce and forms the W. boundaries of Pnrbeck Isle.
enters its N. £. extremity, at the town of Glen- iMchuno, an ancient city of Hindooctan, and
luce. capital of Oude. It is large, but poorly built, and
lAtcanstdg, St., a narrow pass from the country the streets are narrow ano^ crooked. The palace
of the Grisons into Germany, defended by a fort, of the nabob is situated on a high bank near the
3 m. N. of Mayenfield ; which was taken by gen- Goomty, and commands an extensive view both
eral Maasena in Maroh 1799. of that river and the country on the eastern side.
Lucena, a town of Spain, in Cordova, 32 m. S. Adjoining the palace is a cantonment of one (^
8. E. of Cordova, and 42 W. N. W. of Granada, the East India Company's regiments of native
Lttcera. a city of Naples, capital of Capitanata, infantry ; and in the vicinity is the dwelling of
and a bishop's see The town is small, but popu- the British resident.
lotts, and has a manufacture of cloth. It is 75 m. Laeo, a town of Naples, on the W. bank of the
N. E. of Naples. Long. 15. 34. £., 41. 28. N. lake Celano, 9 m. S. S. W. of Celano.
Lucema, a town of Piedmont, in a valley of its Lmcou, a town of France, department of Ven
name, 15 m. S. W. of Turin. dee; seated in a morass, on the canal of Fontenay,
Luame, a canton of Switzerland, containing a 20 m. W. of Fontenay, and 50 S. of Nantes,
superficial extent of 740 sq. m. ; and bounded by Lucoma, or Manilla,-ihe chief of the Philippine
the cantons of Underwalden, Schweitz, and Zu- islands, 400 m. in length, and 100 in breadth, it
rich. The air is mild, and the soil uncommonly is not so hot as might be expected, being well
fertile. Freedom and openness of manners char- watered by large lakea and rivers, and the period-
acterize the inhabitants, who are Roman Catho- ical rains, which Inundate the plains. 'There are
lies, and computed at 87^000. several volcanoes in the mountains, which occa-
Luceme, the capital of the above canton, is di- sion earthquakes. The produce is wax, cotton,
vided into two parts by a branch of the Renas, indiffo, tobacco, sugar, cofiee, wild cinnamon,
which here enten the lake of Lucerne. It has sulpnur, cocosrnuts, rice, dbc. Gold is found in
no manufactures of consequence, and little com- various parts of the island ; and horses, buflTaloes,
merce, the merohants being principally enga^d and a variety of game abound. The inhabitants
in the commission business, upon goods passing are for the most part a well disposed peopie, and
between Italy, and Germany, over Mount St. before their subjugation were distributed into mud
Oothard and the Lucerne Lake. 30 m. S. W. of villages. Under the tyranny of the Spanish gov-
Zurich, and 43 £. fi£ Berne. Long. 8. 14. £., lat emment they have become indolent, and destitute
47. 0. N. of energy. The interior, however, is occupied
iMceme, or Waldttadte, a lake of Switzerland, by a savage race, whom the Spaniards have not
between the cantons of Underwalden, Lucerne, been able to subdue. They carry on a small
Schweitz, and Uri. It consists of a number of traffic in gold, wax, and tobacco, in exchange for
detached parts, forming in a manner separate cattle. I^ng. 122. 0. £., lat 15. 0. N.
lakes. It is the largestj as well as the most ro- lAtcrino. See Ideola.
mantic lake in the interior of Switzerland, being Laof, ^ town of the Sardinian states, in Savoy,
25 m. long and from 2 to 4 broad. lOm.I^. of Chamberry.
Luehow, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of iMdamar, a country of Central Africa, bounded
Luneburg, seated on the Jeetse, 36 m. S. of Lu- on the S. by Klaarta and Bambarra, and N. by the
nebury. Sahara or Great Desert. It is inhabited by a race
X4ccta, St., one of the Carribee islands, 27 m. of Moors, who are almost strangers to agriculture^
long and 12 broad. It consists of plains well wa- and depend for subnstence on the i«anng of ca»
LUI 406 LUN
ile. In religion they are Itfahomedans of the stieets mre neat and sttatght, and the ehuiefaea
moat bigoted and intolerant character, as was ftil- magnificent. It is 18U m. N. by W. of Mechoa-
ly proved in the case ofmajor Houghton, who was can. Long. 103. 54. W., lat. 22. 35. N.
murdered here, and of Mr. Park, who was kept lAn-tekeoUf a city of China, of the tirst rank, in
in long captivity, and with difficulty made his the province of Quang-tong. It is seated in a
escape. fertile country, near the sea, 315 m. S. W. of Can>
LudehaumUk, a town and fortress of Hindoos- ton. Loiig. 109. 25. £^ lat. 20. 56. N.
tan, in Ihe province of Dehii, situated on the S. lAtUa, a sea-port of Sweden, in Bothnia, with
bank of the river Suttelege. 180 m. N. N. W. of a good harbour. Near it is a mountain of iron
Dehli. ore. It stands on a river of the same name, at
LMdmduU, a town of Pmasian Westphalia the N. W. extremity of the gulf of Bothnia, 115
with manu&ctaf6t of iron and oloth, 88 m. N. £. m. N. N. £. of Uma. Long. 28. 12. £., lat. 65
of Cologne. 32. N.
LudtrahaUy a borough in Wiltshire^ng. It is Lwmberland^ a township of Sullivan Co. N. T.
15 m. N. of Salisbury, and 71 N. by W. of Lon- on the Delaware. Pop. 955.
don. Lwrnbertonj a village of Burlington Co. N. J.
Ludlmo, a borough in Shropshire, Eng. It has near Mount Holly, alK> a village inRobertaon Co.
a castle, now fast going to decay, where all busi- N. C. ^ m. S. F'ayetteville.
ness was formerly tiansaeted for the princinality LumeUo^ town in the Sardinian states/ormerly
of Wales. This castle and town were held for the residence of the kings of Lombardy , but now
the empress Maude against king Stenhen, and be- a small place. It is seated on the Gogna, 44 m.
sieged by him. Edward V. residen here at the E. N. E. of Turin.
time of his father's death, and was carried hence X«iMm, a town of Scotland, in Angusshire, sit
to London. Arthur, prince of Wales, son of uate on a bay of its name, attne mouth of the riv-
Henry VII., held a court, and died here. It is er Liman,5 m. S. S. W. of Montrose,
seated on the Teme, 21 m. S. of Shrewsbury, and Litndf a town of Sweden, in the province of
142 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 42. W., lat. 52. Scania It carries on but little trade, and is prin-
33. N. cipally supported by its university, founded by
LudloWf p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. on a branch Charfes XL, and from him called Academia Caro-
of Chickapee River. 12 m. N. E. Springfield. Una Gothorum. The cathedral is an ancient ir-
Pop. 1,327. Also a p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. 16 m. regular building. It is 21 m. £. of Copenhagen,
W. WindsoB. Pop. i;d27. and 38 S. W. of Christianstadt. Long. 13. 12. £..
LudlawvUUf p.t. Tompkins Co N. T. on Cayu- lat. 65. 42. N.
ga lake. Lunden, a town of Denmark^ N. Ditsmarwh,
lAtdtpigsmtrgf a town of Qermany, in Wurtem- seated near the Eyder, 22 m. W. of Rendsburg.
oerff, with manufactures of cloth, damask linen. Lundu, an island at the entrance of the Bristol
andTmarble paper. It is seated on the Neokar, 6 Channel, about 12 m. from the Devonshire coast,
m N. of tituttgard. It is about 6 m. long and 2 broad, and in the N.
LudwigMmrgy a town of the Prussian states, in part is a high pyramidical rock, called the Con-
Pomerania. near the Baltic Sea, 5 m. E. N. £. of stable. Long. 4. 8. W., laU 51. 18. N.
Greiikwalde. Lime. See Loytu.
Luga, a town of Russia, in the government of Lund^ a town of France, in the department of
Petersburg, on a river of the same name, 96 m. Oard, near the river Ridonrle. It has excellent
8. of Petersburg. muscadine wine, and is 16 m. E. of Montpelier.
Lugano, a town of Italy, capital of the Swiss Luneuj a town of Westphalia, in the county of
canton of Tesino, with aoonsiaerable trade in silk. Marck, situated at the conflux of the Zezisk with
It is built round a gentle curve of the lake Lnra- the Lippe, 20 m. S. by W. of Munster.
no, and backed by an amphitheatre of hills, 'foe iMnenburgf or lAtneburg, a province of Hano-
principal church is seated on an eminence above ver, former^ a duchy of the Grerman empire, ly-
the town. It is 17 m. N. W. of Como, Long, ing along the left bank of the Elbe. A small por-
8. 57. £., lat. 45. 64. N. tion, lying on the right bank of the Elbe, now
Lu^no, a lake in the canton of Tesino, 25 m. belongs to Denmark j but Hanoverian Lunen-
in lei^rth, and from 3 to 6 in breadth. Its form is burff comprises a superficial extent of 4,236 sq. m.
irregiuar, and bending into continual sinuosities, with 246.000 inhabitants. It Is watered by the
It lies between the lakes Como and Maggiore,bnt rivers Aller, Elbe, Ilmenau, Oker, Jeetiae, Fuhae,
is above 180 feet higher than either of them. and some smaller streams } and part of it is full
Ludgey or Lude^ town of Prussian Westpha- of heaths and forests, but near the rivers it is tol-
lia, seated on the Emmer, 24 m. N. N. E. of Pad- erably fertile,
erbom. Lunenburg^ a larj^ fortified town, capital of
LugOy a city of Spain, in Galicia. and a bish- the foresoinff provmce. The chief pubhc edifi-
op*s see. It was once the metropolis of Spain, ces are tne places for public worship, the palace,
but is now chiefly celebrated for its hot medicinal three hospitals, the town-house, the salt magazine,
Strings. It is seated on the Minho, 50 m. £. N. the anatomical theatre, and the academy. The
. of Uompostrila. Long. 7. 32. W., lat. 43. 4. salt sprinffs near this place are very productive. li
N is situaiedon the Ilnunenau. 36 . S. E. of Ham-
Luis. 5<., a town of Buenos Ajrres, m the prov- burg, and 60 N. of Brunswick.
inoe of Tueuman, 140 m. W. S. W. of Cordova. LuMetUmrg, p.t. Eases Co. Vt. on the Connecti-
Long. 07. 63. W. lat. 33. 10. S. out, neariy opposite Lancaster N. H. Pop. 1,054.
Ltoff dt la Pacty &., a town of Mezioo, in the p.L Wot^ester Co. Mass. 45 m. M. W. Boston.
province of Meehoaoan. 130 m. S by £. of Meeho- Pop. i;318.
ftoaii. iMMtnAmrgj a county of the £. District of Yir-
L«if d4 PMsej< A., a city of ftiezieo, in the ginia. Pop. 11,957. Also a county of Nova Soo-
province of Mechoacan, situate in the midst of rich Sa containing a township of the same name.
LUX 466 LTM
Maurthtt. In iU cattle the dokei of Lomin form- part of the Frenoh frontier, and the Bel^c prov
erly kept their court, a« did afterwards king Stan- incea of Namur and Liege, and comprising a sa
islaos. In 1801 a treaty of peace was concluded perficial area of 2,400 sq. m. with 226|000 inhabi-
here between France and Austria. Lnneville is tants. It gives the title of grand duke to the
seated in a plain between the rivers Vesoul and sovereign. The surface is mountainous and
Meurthe, 14 m. £. S. £. of Nancv^and 62 W. of woody ,l>eing traversed by branches of the Arden-
Strasburg. Long. 6. 30. E., lat. 48. 36. N. nes ; and the climate is colder than that of the
Lungw, a town of Naples, in Basilicata, chief- other provinces. The principal river is the Mo
ly inhwited by Greeks, 35 m. N. N. W. of Co- selle. Com, potatoes, flax, and some wine are
senza. raised ; the rearing of cattle forms an important
Lupaw, a town of Fomerania, on a river of the branch of industry ; and there are manufactures
some name, 15 m. £. ofStoIpe. of woolen and iron ; but the ci^ef wealth of the
iMray, p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va. province consists in its forests^ which occupy up-
Lure, a town of France, department of Upper wards of 460,000 acres. It is divided into the
Saone, celebrated for a late abbey of Benedic- districts of Luxemburg, Dietkirch and Neufcha-
tines, converted, in 1764, into a chapter of noble teau.
canons. It is seated near the Ougnon, 30 m. N. Luxemhurg, the capital of the above province,
£. of Besangon. and one of Uie strongest towns in £urope. It is
Largan^ a town of Ireland, in the county of Ar- divided bv the Alsitz into the Upper and Lower
maffh, with an extensive linen manufacture, 14 Town ; tne former almost surrounded by rocks,
m. N. £. of Armagh, and 67 N. of Dublin. but the latter seated in a plain. In 1796 it sur-
Luaada, a margraviate of Germany, 90 m. long rendered to the French, but was restored in 1814.
and 60 broad; bounded on the N. by Branden- ft is 22 m. W. S. W. of Treves, and 130 S. £. of
burg, £. by Silesia, S. by Bohemia, end W. by Brussels. Long. 6. 10. £., lat. 49. 37. N.
Sixonv. It is divided into Upper and Lower Lu- Luxnul, a town of France, department of Up-
satia, formerly two distinct states, which became per Saone, near which are some mineral water?
subject to Saxony and formed a province of that and warm baths. It is seated at the foot of the
power until 1815. The whole or Lower Lusatia, Vosges, 14 m. from Vesoul.
which forms the northern part of the margraviate Luyo and ChiUaoSf a province of Peru, bounded
now belongs to Prussia, as does also one half of £. by mountains, N. and N. W. by the province
Upper Lusatia, which is included in the govern- of Jaen, and S. £. by that of Caxamarca. It i^
meut of Liegnitz : the part that remains to Sax- 54 m. in length, and 24 in breadth, and contains
onv is computed at 1,170 sq. m. with 170,000 in 3,500 inhabitants. The capital has tne same name,
habitants, tipper Lusatia abounds more in moun- and is in long. 77. 41. W., lat. 5. 33. S.
tains and hills than the Lower, in which are Luzara, a strong town of Austrian Italy, in tlie
many boggy and moorish tracts, yet it is the most province of Mantua, where a battle was fought
fruitful. The breeding of cattle is very consider- oetween the Austrians and the French and Span-
able, and there is plenty of game ; but the prod- iards, in 1702, when each side claimed the victory,
ducts of the country do not supply the necessities It is seated near the conflux of the Crostolo wiih
of the inhabitants. This want is compensated by the Po, 16 m. S. of Mantua,
its numerous manufactures, particularly those of Luiarckes, a town of France. departmeBt of
cloths and linens. Seine-et-Oise. 19 m. N. of Paris.
Lungnanf a town of France, department of Vi- Luzerne^ a county in the W. District of Penn-
enne, seated on the Vonne, 15 m. S. S. W. of sylvania, bounded N. by Tioga county, New
Poitiers. York, £. and S. £. by Northampton, and W. by
LtuOf a river of Italy, which rises in the duchy Lycoming and Northumberland counties. It is
of Urbino, crosses part of Romagna, and enters about 79 m. in length and 75 in breadth, and is
the gulf of Venice 10 m. N. of Rimini. divided into 12 townships. Pop. 27,304. Wilkes-
LutonA town of Bedfordshire, £ng. with a mar- barre is the chief town,
ket on Monday. It is situate on t^ river Lea, Luzerne, a township of Favette Co. Pa. at the
18 m. S. of Bedford, and 31 N. by W. of London, great bend of the Monongahela
LuUerberg, a town of Hanover, in the princi- Lifconungy a countyof the W. District of Penn-
palitv of Grubinhagen, seated on the Oder, 15 m. sylvania. Top. 17,637. WiUiamsport is the cap-
S. of Gozlar. ital. Also a township in the same county, and a
LuUertDorthf a town in Leicestershire, £ng. It small stream falling into the W. branch of the
has a large and handsome church. Wickliff, the Susquehanna,
celebrated reformer, was rector, and died here, Luion. See Lueonia,
in 1387. Lutterworth has little trade, being prin- Lydd, a town in Kent, £ng. It is a member
cipally supported by the neighbouring opulent of the cinqueport of Romney, and seated in Rom-
graziers. It is seated on the river Swifl, 14 m. ney Marsh, 2d m. S. W. of Dover, and 72 S. £.
S. of Leicester, and 88 N. W. of London. of London.
LutzeUtein, a town of France, department of J^g^t a town of Norway, near a lake of the same
Lower Rhine, with a strong castle, seated on a name, 16 m. N. W. of Christiansand.
mountain, 30 m. N. W. of Strasburg. Lyman, a township of York Co. Me. 27 m. N
Lti/zen.a town of Saxony , in the principality Torx. Pop. 1,502.
of Merseberi^, belon^ng to Prussia, with a caa- Lyme, or Lwne iZtfis, a borough and aea-nort in
tie. • Near this place, m 1632, Gustavus Adolphus, Dorsetshire, £ng. It is seated on the side of a
king of Sweden, was killed in a battle, at the craggy hill, on the river Lyme, at the head of a
moment of victory. Lutzen is also celebrated for little mlet : and its harbour is formed by two very
the defeat of the united forces of Russia and Prus- thick walls, called Ihe Cobbe. Here the duke of
■ia, by Bonaparte, in May, 1813. It is seated Monmouth landed, in 1685, for the execution of
on the Elster, 21 m. W. S. W. of Leipzig. his ill-judged desiflna against James II. Lyme is
Luxemlmrg, a province of the Ne&erlands, the birth-place of Thomas Coram, the benevolent
booaded by th« PrassUa sUtea on the Rhuw, a patron and eontriver of the Fonndling Hoapitftl
MAA 467 MAB
ltis96m.E. of Exeter, and 143 S. W. of London, ment of Rhone, and the see of an arehbiriiop.
LyMM,p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. on the Connecticut, Many antiquitiea are atill obeenred, which evince
8 m. N. Dartmouth College. Pop. 1J804. p.t. N. ita Roman oriffln. It was long considered as the
London Co. Conn.at the mouth of the Connecticut second citj of France in beauty, size, and popula-
Pop. 4,096 ; a township of Jefferson Co. N. T. on tion, and superior to Paris in trade, comsoerce, and
L. Ontario. Pop. 2.872 ; and a township in Huron manufactures. The quays were adorned with
Co. Ohio. ma^ificent structures; tne cathedral was a ma-
Lyn^tnrdf a gulf of Denmark, in N. Jutland, jestic Gothic edifice ; and the town-house was one
which has a narrow entrance from the Catte^t, of the most beautiful in Europe. The other prin-
and extends 80 m. across the countiy, widening cipal public buildings were the exchange, the
graduallY, and forming several branches ; the W. custom-house, the palace of justice, the arsenal,
end is 20 m. long, and separated from the North a theatre, a public library, two colleges, and two
Sea only by a narrow bank. hospitals. The bridge wmch unites the city with
LtfmiHgtonf a borough in Hampshire, Eng. It the suburb de la Guillotiere is 1^60 feet long;
is seated on a river of its name, a m. from the sea, and there are three other principal suburbs, six
and the harbour will admit vessels of 300 tons gates, and sevexal fine churches. Such was Ljon»
burden . The chief trade is in salt ; and it is much m June 1 7:^3, when it revolted against the national
resorted to in summer fbr sea-balhing. Near it convention. Being obliged to surrender, in Oc-
are the remains of a Roman camp ; and in 1744 tober, the convention decreed that the walls and
nearl V 200 lbs. weight of their coins were dlscov- public buildings should be destroyed, and the name
ered here in two ums. It is 18 m. S. S. W. of of the citv changed to that of Ville Affranohie
Southampton, and 88 S. W. of London. The chiefs of the insurgents had fled, \»ut several
LynMurg, p.t. Campbell Co. Va. on James of them were afterwards taken; and of 3,688 per-
River, 118 m. W. Richmond. Also villages in sons, who were tried before the revolutionary tri-
Oldham Co. Ken. and Lincoln Co. Ten. bunal, 1,682 were either shot or beheaded. In
Lmdebarougk, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 10 1794, however, on the destruction of the faction
m. N. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,147. of the jacobins, the convention decreed that the
Lffndkitrtt, a village innampshire, Eng. on the city should resume its ancient name, and that
N. side of tne New Forest, 9 m. W. S. W. of measures should be taken to restore its mannfiM-
Southampton. Here are the king*s house and the tnies and commerce. In 1795 the friends of those
king's stables, the latter very large; and all the who were so wantonly put to death in 1793 aveng-
forest courts are held here. ed their fiite b^ a general massacre of the judges
Lyndon, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. 32 m. N. E. of the revolutionary tribunal, and of all tiie ja-
Montpelier. Pop. 1,822. eobins who were tnen confined in the prisons of
LynenUe, p.v. Granville Co. N. C. 60 m. N. Lyons. Notwithstanding^, Lyons has oegun to
Raleigh. resume its ancient celebnty, and is now a place
Lynnj or Lynn Regisy a borough and sea-port in of very great trade, which is extended not only
Norfolk, Eng. By the Ouse, and ite associated through Fhmoe, but to Italv, Switierland, and
^ rivers, it supplies most of the midland coimtries Spain ; and there are four celebrated iairs every
with coal, timber, and wine; and, in return, ex- year. The chief article of manufacture now is
portenult and com in great quantities: it also par- that of silk: the othen are gold and silver bro-
takes in the Baltic tiuAe and Greenland fishery, cade, plain, double, and striped velvet, richly em-
Lynn has a large market-place, with an elegant broidered taffete, and satin ; also sold and silver
cross. It is 42 m. W. N. W. ot Norwich, and 96 laces or galoons, game, hate, ribands, leather, car-
N. by £. of London. Long. 0. 24. £., lat 52. pete, and colored paper. The printing and book-
46. N. selling of this place are the next to Paris in im-
Lymt, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. E. Boston, portence. It was the scene of several actions
Pop. 6,1&. This town is noted for ite manufoc- between the French and Austrians in 1814 ; and
ture of riioes, of which between one and two on the return of Bonaparte from Elba in 1815 the
million pair are made annuallv. It lies upon the princes of the house of Bourbon were obliged to
coast, and b oonnectod by a long beach with the withdraw. It was also the scene of dreadful riote
peninsula of Nahant. in the latter part of 1831. This city is seated at
iApMy a township of Lehigh Co. Pa. bordering the eonflnx of the Saone with the Rhone, 15 m.
on Berks and Schuylkill Cos. N. of Vienne, and 280 S. E. of Paris. Long. 4.
Lynn Creek, p.v. Giles Co. Ten 68 m. W. 49. E., lat. 45. 46. N. Pop. 145,675.
Muraeesboro. Lyens, p.t. Wayne Co. N. T. 16 m. N. Geneva.
LynnMdp p.t Esmx Co. Mass. 11 m. N. Boston Pop. 3,603.
Pop. 617. LymdtT, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 20 m. N.
Luownoig, a former nrovince of France, lying W. OnondsLga. Pop. 3iS38.
on tne W. side of the Daone and Rhone, 30 m. in LyCA«, a village in N. Yorkshire, Eng. on the
length, and 17 in breadth. This province, with sea-coast, 4 m. W. N. W. of Whitby, noted for
Fores and Beaujolois, now forms tne department ite extensive alum works,
of the Rhone and the Loire. Lytkam, a town in Lancashire, Eng. 5 m. from
Lyons, a city of France, capital of the depart- Kirkham, and 230 firom London.
M
MAALMORIE, a promontory and small island the province of Zealand, on the ialaad of Tholni,
uf Scotland, on the S. E. coast of the isle of 9 m. W. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom.
Islay . Mahm. a town of A$en, seated on tbt golf oi
MuturUaudylu, a town of the Netherlands, in Bona 10 m. W. of Bona.
MAC tfS MAQ
JUifir^ a town of China, in an ialaad, at the ken hj the French. It ia lealed on a hill hw the
entrance of the bay of Canton. It is defended riTer Chienti, 22 m. 8. bj W. of Anoona. Long.
by thfee forts. Tne Portuguese have been in 13. 27. £., Ut. 43. 20. N.
possesnon of the harboor since 1640. The Brit* Mac Grtaottmrg^ p.T. Adaine Co. Pa. 32 m. a
lah have a factory here. Long. 113. 46. £., lat« £. Harrisborg
23. 13. N. Maichtla.K town of Peru, in the audience of
JirocorMa, a sea^portof Austrian Dabnatia, and Quito. The environs produce great quantities of
a bishop's see. In its vicinity are many subter. excellent cocao ; also Urge mangrove-trees^ the
raneous grottoes. It is seated on the ffolf of wood of which is very durable, and so h^vy as
Venice, 36 m. 8. £. of Spalatro. Long. 18. 7. £., to sink in water. It stands netr the bay of Goay-
Ut. 43. 49. N. aquii, 86 m. 8. of GuayaAuU.
MacoBj a town of Peru, the cafntal of a fertile MaekBrty^ a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
district of tlw same name, which forms the most district of Uie same name, in the province of Agra.
easterly part of the Uslgdom of Quito. The It is 70 m. 8. 8. W. of Dehli.
town was formerly a rich and flourishing place, Maehian^ the most fertile of the Molucca islands
but is greatly decayed. It is seated on one of the which rises like a conic ntonntsin from the see
sources of the Amazon, 1^ m. 8. by £. of Qui- It is 20 m. in circumlerenee, and produces exeel>
to. lent cloves. Loisg. 126. 65. B., lat. Ol 20. N.
Macassar y formerly a considerable kingdom of MachiaSf p.t Washington Co. Me. on Machias
the island of Celebes. Its princes at one period Bay. 236 m. N. Portland. There are 3 distinet
ruled over almost Uie whole island, and also over towns, each of which has a post office. Maduat has
several of the neighbonrinc ones. Since that a pop. of 1,021. £ast Machias 1^066, and Maehi-
time, however the empire nas been completely as Port 668. A large trade in lumber is carried
subverted by the Duton. on here, and a great number of saw mills are seat-
Maeastar,the chief settlement of the Dutoh in ed in the streams which run into the hay.
the above territory, called by them Fort Rotter- MaehliHy^ town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, sealed
<^m, with a respectable fort and good harbour, on an eminence near the river Ayr, 6 m. £. N.
but the lattter is of difficult access. Chinese £. of Ayr.
junks carry on a direct trade with China firom MaehunUth, a town of Wales, in Montgomeiy-
this place, so that the mixed pop. of Dutoh qad ahire. in the vicinity are extensive slato quarries
half-castes, Chinese and natives, is very consid- and several productive lead mines: the staple
arable. Tlie Portuguese settled here about 1525, manufacture is that of flannel. Here Owen
but were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. The Glend wr exercised his first ants of royalty in 1402.
British took possession of it in 1810, but restored The town is seated near the Dyfi, over which is
it in 1814. It is seatedat the mouth of a river, on a bridge into Merionethshire, 37 m. W. of Mont-
the 8. W. coast, and at the 8. end of the strait of gomery, and 207 N. W. of London.
Macassar. Long. 119. 49. E., lat. 5. 9. 8. Mae AilorA, a county of Georgia, I^ 4,996.
Maeastar, a strait which separates the islands Oarien is the capital,
of Celebes and Borneo. It is about 350 m. in ^Cbc £«a»,acountvof theW. Oistnot of Pesn-
length, and fhim 60 to 140 in breadth, and contains sylvania. Pop . 1 ,439. 8mitfaport is the ei^ital.
numerous shoals and roeky islands. Maekhtae or Moilrinaw, See Ififfti7isisiiissi
MauU^ieldy a town in Cheshire, Eng. with Mae Keam^urg, p.v. Schuylkill Co. Pa.
manufactures of mohair, twist, hatbands, buttons, Mae Keetperi, p.v. Alleghany Co. Pa. II m. 8.
and thread, and mills for the winding of silk. It is £. Pittsburg.
a large handsome town ^and contains two churches Maekeiuie*» River ^ a large nver of North Aroer*
7 meeting-houses for dissenters, a Roman catholic ica flowing out of Slave Lake into the Froaen
chapel, three alms-houses for widows, a free mm- Ocean. Taa Onjigak or Peace rncTy and JHkmp
mar school, founded by Edward VI., anci two eeeaw or Elk rwer^ which flow into this lake may
Sunday schools. It is seated at the edge of a for* be regarded as the sources of Msekeuie's riv«r ;
est, near the river BoUin, 36 m. E. of Chester, thus its whole course will be about ftftOO m.
and 167 N. W. of London. Long. 2. 17. W., lat Madceyemilef a village of Burke Co. If. C.
53. 15. N. Mac Leensborougkf p.v. HandHonCo. y»»^ft
Mae-CknmeUhmrgf p.v. Bedford Co. Pa. In the JMiic MinUf a county of £. Tennessee. Pep. 14.
neijriibourhood ofthis place is a medicinal spring. 497. Athens is the capital.
MaC'ConneUfriUe, p.t. Morgan Co. Ohio. Mae ^G$lnviUe^ p.t. Warren Co. Ten. 70 m. 8
MaemaudeffOley p.v. 8portan Dis. 8. C. £. Nashville.
Macdonoughf a township of Chenango Co. N. T. Mae Aktrv, a country of W. Tflnnosso Pod
Pbp. 1,933. 5,697. Puz^y is the capital. *^
Maedi^f a town of 8eotland, in -Banfthire, Afoeost^, a county of Michigan, on L. 8t. Clair
with ik^oo^ haibonr, on the frith of Moray, 2 m. Pop. 2,414. Mount Clemens is the capital.
E. of Kmff. Maeam, or Maaeai^ a city of FVanee. capka] of
Maesdan^ or Maeedoma, a celebrated province the department of 8aone-et-Loixe, celebrated for
of Greece, bounded by Thrace, Bulnuia, 8ervia, its wine. It is seated on the side of a hill near
Thessaly, and the Archipelago. The soil is for tlM 8aoiie, 40 m. N. of Lyons. Long. 4. 48. £.
the most part fortile, aud the coasts in particular lat. 46. 20. N. ''
abound in com, wine, oil, tobacco, Ac. Salonica Maetm, p.t Bibb Co. Geo. 35 m. 8. W. Milledge-
is the capital. ville. ^
MacetUn^, p.t Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,990. MacontmSUy p.t Northampton Co. N. C.
Jfocetra. 8ee Maxitra, Maeauarrie, a river of New Holland which rises
Maeerata, atownof Itely, in the Papal 8tetes : m the Blue mountains and flowing westerly be-
lt is the see of a bishop, sind contains a universi* oemes totally lost among inland maishes.
^, Mpo acadeBileey a public school, and about Jtfom, or ^oeart, a town of Asiatic Tnrker in
10,000 inhabitants. The principal gate is built in Natolia, seated on a gulf of ito name, in the Med-
thie ftrm of a triumphal aieh. In 1797 it was te- itorranean. Hers are the ruins of an amphitbeatie
HAD
tad *n old foil, and nameroiu lemuni of Greek
ifucription*. It ig 125 m. 8. E. of Sidtiiw.
Lang. 29. 34. E., Ul. 36. 66. N.
t&cTQ, or Maermnti, vt imluid of Uie Gieciin
Archipeluo, neu the cout of Altic«, 29 m. £,
of AthcDi. Lour. 24. 16. E., Ut. 37. 30. N
JVwm. See MatOM.
jKK>£a, ■Mt-poit of Anbia,in the prorioce of
HidnmiDt, 150 m. 8. W. of Bhibun. Long. 47.
GU. F.., lit. 13. 25. N.
Jfonmn.a towDihip of Lchiirh Co. Fa. 5 m. B.
W.AUeitown.
Mat VtybMK, p.*. Hifflin Co. Pa. 66 m. N. W.
Htrriabare.
Mac ftuianudnm, p.T, Cheater Co. Pa.
Madagattar, an iiUnd \j'™a on the extent
coast of AfHca^bont 800 m. m leopb, 300 id
breadth, and 2,000 in oirBiimfeicDce. It ii iulet-
•eeled Ihroo^liont iti wlinle length br a chain o,
loftj iDiiDDtaiiu, the iceaeiy of which a in minj
placea atzikinB;!/ gnnd and pictnieaque. The
climate ia healtb^ and the aoil extremely fertile ;
iU prodocta are nee, ■agar, silk and potatoei. The
ooeoa-nut, the banana, and other useful Ireae,
flooriah heM, The Island rears no horses, or
cameb, bat large herds of oxen, Mme of which
come to an enormous aiie. The great bat whoae
Sesh is ver; delicate, is also rotmilhere. The in-
babitsnta are divided into ■ namber oT tribes, and
amannt
imatl,
pretty d
black, curlins naturally; their n
thongh not &t TbcT seem to have had ■ grast
many Arabs among them, with whom Ihfy Brc
mixed ; and there are some of a yellowish Cnir-
plaiion, who have neater features than the rest.
Although a popnlous connlry, here are no clUes
~ ' """' a great number of Tillages at a small
^ othet, compoMHi of hots, with
with reeds or leaves. Both men and
fond of bracelets and necklaces, and anoint their
bodies witb greaae or oil. Tho« that are dressed
in the best manner have a piece of cotton cloth,
or silk, wiBpped roand their middle; bnt they
generally msVa little use of clothing. Their beds
are only mats spread upon bo«rds ; snd a piece of
wood or stone serves them for a bolster. They
are very superstitions, and practise circnmcisioD
and polygamy. Hadigsscar is happily exempt
'" — "^e ravages of the lion and the tiger, bat
v great nambcrs of locnsls, which some
iwarm to such a degree tstodarkun the air.
ven away ; and there are only some parts on the
coast ret known. The chief settlement was at
Port Dauphin^ on the 8. E, coast, in long. 4T. 0.
the St. John, m the northern part of the 8tate of
Maine. Its whole coarse lies within the territory
which has lately been the subject of dispute be-
tween the American and British governments;
and according to the recent decision of the king
of Ihu Netherlands il belongs to the British. At
the junction of this stream with the 8t John's
are several French settlements establiihed tn re-
fngees from Nova Bcotia in the early part of the
lust centnry. The inhabitants amount to ^Mut
2,000.
Madalena, 01 Magdaiaia, a river of Terra Finns,
which rises in the mountajna to the E. of TapAj-
an, takes a northerly course of above GOO m. and
enters the Carribean Sea, by sever*] months, be-
tween Carthagena and St. Martha.
MadlmTy, ■ township of StraSbrd Co. N. U. 11
m. M. W. Portsmouth, Pop. 610.
Maddra.ia island in the Atlantic Ocean, 64 m.
long snd 20 broad, and 250 N. by E. of Tenerifie.
The Pnrtugueae discovered this island in 1419; it
was uninhabited, and covered with wood, and on
that account they called it Madeira. Prince
Henry, the next year, settled a colony here, and
not only furnished it with the plants and domeatio
animals common in Europe, but procured slips of
the vine from Cypros, and plant* of the sugar-
cane from Sicily ; and the sugar and wine of
Mndeirs quickiv become articiss of some eotise
quence in the commerce of Portugal. The sngar-
wurks have aince been removed, but its wine is
now in the highest eatimalion, especially aucb as
has been a voyage to the £. or W. Iniiiea. The
scorching heat of summer and the iey chill of
winter are here unknown ; for spring and autumn
reign continually, snd produce flowers and fhiila
thtoughout the year. The cedar tree is fbnnd in
great abundance, and the dragon tree is a native
of this island. Flowers nursed in the English
sreeo-houses grow wild here in the fields ; tiit
hedges are mostly formed of the myrtle, rose, jas-
mine, and honeysuckle ; while the larkspur, fleur-
j_ <!- I — !_ ^^ Spring up spontaneoualy in the
~'iZ
They are eaun by the natives,
a dainty food. Here are also crocodiles, and
cameleoiis. The French have fVequentlv at-
tempted Id settle here, bat have always beeii dri.
the island ; the liisrd is the most common Ca-
nary birds and gold-finches are fiiand in the
mountains. The hog is the food most relished;
they are suffered to range among the mountains,
and are hunted and caught by dogs. Salted cod
ipoited from America.and is Uie chief diet of
of npwards of 90 commercial houses, and have
considerably more ofiti trade than the Portuguese.
In 1806 it surrendered to the English, but wu
afterwards restored. Funchal is the capital.
Madd}/ Market, a town in Shropshire, Eng. tt
is celebrated for having afforded refuge to Charles
I., after the battle of Worcester. Hen are some
very extensive iron works ; end a vork for obtain
ing fossil tar from the smoke of coal. It is 0 m.
N. of Bridgenorth, and 147 N. W. of London.
JUiuUiifiri, a town of Hindooitan, in Mysore
with a strong hill-fort. In its vicinity much iion
is smelted, and a grsat nnmbet of cattle are bred.
It IS stated amid hills and fertile valleys, 23 ni
C. of Sera.
8R
ICAO 47D MAD
Madimtf or MkUan^ a town of Artbia Petrea, ed on the Mad^na,50 m. E. of Cutliafeiia
•n the E. aide of the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Madrid^ the capital of G^Mun, in New CMk.
The Arabians call it Meear el SchuoU, the Qrot- It was formerly an inoonsideiQble place, beloni^
to c^ Schuaid (or Jethro J and suppose it to be the inff to the arcnbishop of Toledo , bnt the purity
place where Moses tended the nocks of his fa- or the air engaged the court to lemoTe hither,
ther-in-law. It is 50 m. N. of Moilah, and 80 8 and it is now a considerable city. It contains 77
of Aeaba. churches, 66 convents, 15 jnles of granite, and
JtfodtsoK. a oonntjr of New YoriL. Pop. 39,037. about 800,000 inhabitants. The houses are moat-
Caxenovia is the capital. A county of the £. Dis- ly built of atone ; and the nrinoipal streets are
tiict of Virginia. Pop. 9,336. Madison is the long, broad, and straight, and adorned at proper
capital. A eounty of Georgia. Pop.4,ti26. Dan- distances with handsome fountains. There are
ieisville is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop. aboye 100 towers or steeples, in difierent places,
6,190. London is the capital. A county of Indi- which contribute greatly to the embellishment of
ana. Pep.'dj442. Andersontown is the capital. A the city. It stands in a plain, surrounded hv
county oflfiinets. 'Pop. 62229. Edwardsyille is mountains, and has a high wall, built of miw
the capital. A county of Misaourt. Pop. 2,371. There are two palaces on a large scale. The Pal
Frederickstown is the capital. A county of Ken- ado Real, at the west end. Is strongly built and ele-
tucky. Pop. 18^^. Richmond is the capital, santly omatfMnled en the « alawa ; ithe Bum
A county of W. Tenneasee. Pop. 1 1,750. Jack- lUtiro' is situated at the east of - the town, and is
son is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. chiefly remarkable for its large collection of paiat-
96,011. Huntayille is the ca]>ital. A county of ings, and yeiy ezlenaiye garaena. The churches
Mississippi. Pop. 4,973. Liyingston is the capi- and monasteries contain niany paintings, by the
tal. A coimty of Florida. Pop. 525. Hickstow most celebrated masters. Tne sqnaies are ru-
is the capital. Also the name of 27 towns and merous ; the finest is the Plaga Mayor, which
yillages m different parts of the United States. is 1,536 feet in circuit, surrounded by houses.
JKorf^oimUs^ p.y. Hopkins Co. Ken. ; p.y. St. 5 stories high, all of an eonal height; eyery
Tammany Pansh Louisiana. story being adorned with a nandseme balcony,
Madnuy or Fort St. Qtor^tf a celebrated fort and the fronts supported by columns, which form
and city of Hindoostan. It is the capital of the yery fine arcades. Here the auio da /es, were
British possessions on the £. side of tne peninsu- formerly celebrated, with all their terrible appara-
la, and is a fortress of yery great extent. It is tus. In the enyirons are seyeral royal residences,
dose on the maimn of the Bay of Bengal, from such as the Casa del Campo, where a great many
which it has a rich and beautinil appearance, the wild animals were formerly loept for the ehaae.
houses being coyered with a stucco called chu- The manufactures of Madnd are yery inconsider-
nain, which in itself is nearly as compact as the able ; those for hats, and the royal ohina and salt-
finest marble, and bears as Wh a polish. The petre works, are the principal. The French took
Black Town is separated from Oie fort by an es- possession of the city in March 1806, and on the
planade. In common with all the European set' 2nd of May the inhabitants voae up in aims to ex-
tlements on this coast, Madras has no port for pel them firom the city, when a terrible oamase
shipping, the coast forming nearly a straight line ; took place for seyeral hours, and it was not till
and It is incommoded also with a high and dan- the arriyal of more troops that order was enforced
gerous surf. It is the teat of an archdeaconry, among the people. On the 20th of July follow-
and of missions from different societies in Britain, ing, Joseph Bonaparte entered it as king of
In 1746 it was taken by the French, but restored. Spain > but was obliged to quit it soon afterwards,
by the peace of Aiz-la-Chapelle. ItislOOm.N. On the 2nd of December, of the same year, it was
by E. of Pondicherry. Long. 80. 25. E., lat. 13. retaken by Napoleon, who reinsUted his brother
5. N. on the throne, and he kept posseasion till August
Jiadrag Territory, the eountries subject to the 1812, when Madrid was entered by the British ar-
presidency of Fort St. George, or Madras, com- my, under the duke of Wellington. The Fkenoh,
prehending neajrly the whole of India^ S. of the howeyer, again took possession of it in Noyem-
riyer Kistnah, and the extensiye proyince denom- ber ; but finally eyacuated it the following year,
inated the Northern Circara. < Witnin these boun- The inhi^itants joined in the reyolution^ 1880,
daries , howeyer, three natiye princes, the rajahs when the king was obliged to aoeede to the jpen-
of Mysore, Trayancore, and Cochin, still collect eral deaire m restoring the constitution or the
their resources, and exercise a certain degree of Cortes of 1812. See ^om. Madrid is on the
authority within their territories. The rest of riyer Manzanares, oyer which is a magnificent
the country is under the immediate jurisdiction of bridge, 265 m. N. £. of Lisbon, and 650 8. 8. W.
the ffoyemor and council of Madras ; and is sub- of Paris. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 40. 25. N.
diyided into 24 districts, oyer each of which there Madrid, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. on the St.
is a European fudge and a collector, with the re- Lawrence. Pop. 3,459.
quisite establisnments. There are also four pro- Madrigal, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, aeat-
yisional courts of cireuit and appeal, to which the ed in a plain, fertile in excellent wine, 10 m. N.
aboye mentioned Judges are subordinate, and a E. of Medina del Campo.
supreme court of appeal stationary at Madras, Madrisio, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 30 m. N
consisting of four judges, selected from the com- of Venice.
pany*s ciyil senrants. Mad River, a town of Clark Co. Ohio, on a
Madre de Dioa, an island in the Pacific Ocean, stream of thatname running into the Great Miami,
near the coast of Patagonia, 180 m. in cir- Jlfoilro^an, a town of Africa, the capital of Moc-
cumference. aranga, with a spacious royal palace. The upper
Madrt do Papa, a town of New Granada, with part of the houses is in the shape of a beU-
a celebrated conyent. It is much resorted to by the Long. 29. 40. E„ lat. 10. 0. S.
pilgrims of S. America, and they pretend that the Jl&dura, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a
imagje of the Virgin has done a great manj^ mira- district of the same name, belonging to the Brit-
cles in foyour of the sea-faring people. It is seat- ish, and included in the colleotoranip of Dindigul.
MAO 471 MAG .
It n fortified with iquAre towen and pirapets, and Magadaxaf the^ capital of a kingdom of tho sama
haa one of the moat auperbpagodaa in Hindooatan. name, on the coast of Ajan, with a citade], and a
It is 130 m. N. N. W. of Cape Comorin, and 270 good harboar. It stands at the mouth of a riveri
8. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 12. E., lat. 9, SC. N. which is supposed to have a long course, having
Madura, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the regular inundations that fertilise the country to a
N. coaat of the island of Java. It is 100 m. long orreat extent. The inhabitants are mostly Map
and 15 broad, and the soil is fertile and well cul- homedans ; but there are also some Abyssinian
tivated. The chief towns are Samanap, Parma- Christians. They all speak the Arabic tongue, are
cassan, and Bancallan. atout and warlike and among other weapons use
Maeleff a lake of Sweden, 80 m. long and 20 poisoned arrows and lances. The city is a place
broad, between the provinces of Westmania and of great commerce, receiving &om Adel and other
Sndermania. It contains several fine islands, is parts, cotton, silk spices, ana drugs, in exchange
usually frozen during a few weeks in winter, and for gold, ivory, wax, and other commodities,
opens an easy communication, by sledges, be Lfong. 46. 25. E., lat. 2. 10. N.
tween the interior parts of Sweden and the city Mgdaltn Isles, a {[roup of islets, in the gulf of
of Stockholm. St. Lawrence, near its entrance. They are in-
Maelstromj a danffprous whirlpool on the coast habited by a few families, whose chief support
of Norway, in 68. N. lat. and near the island of is derived from fishing.
Moskoe, wnence it is also named Moskoestrom. Moftdalena, a large river of Colombia, which
When it is flood, the stream runs up the country rises m the province of Popayan, and afler a
with a boisterous rapidity ; but the roar of its im- course of 900 m. fiills into the sea, in lat. 11. 2.
petuotts ebb to the sea is soarcely equalled by the N.
loudest cataracts. The whirlpool is of sucn an Magdalena, a river of New Mexico, which
extent and depth that, if a ship comes within its runs into the sea between the rivers Flores and
attraction, it is inevitably absorbed and beaten in Mexicano.
pieces against the rocks below ; and when the Magdeburg, a government of the Prussian
water relaxes, the fragments come up again. The states, in Saxony, composed of part of the Old
intervals of tranquility are only at the turn of the Mark on the left of the Elbe, the pirncipality of
ebb and flood, and calm weather ; and thev last Halperstadt, the abbey of Quedlinburg, the coun-
bat a quarter of an hour, its violence gradually ty of Wernigerode, the barony of Schauen, and
returning. When the stream is most boisterous, the bailiwics of Kloetze, Barby, and Qomraern.
and its fury heightened by a storm, vessels have It comprises a superficial area of nearly 4,400 sq.
been reached by it at the distance of 5 m. m., is divided into 15 circles, and contains 450,000
Matma, a town of Germany, in Tyrol, 23 m. inhabitants. The country is in general level.
W. B. W. of Trent. and the parts which are not marshy and over-
Maest. See Meuse. grown with wood are very fertile. Its commerce
Maeseyk, a town of the Netherlands, in the is greatly facilitated by the Elbe, which traver-
grovince of Liege, on the river Meuse, 10 m. S ses through its whole extent.
I. W. of Ruremonde. Magdeharg, a fortified city, capital of the fore-
MaesUmdsluys, a town of S. Holland, near the goine government. It has a handsome palace, a
mouth of the Meuse, 10 m. W. of Rotterdam. citadel with a fine arsenal, and a magnificent
Maestricht, a city of the Netherlands, about 4 cathedral, which contains the superb mausoleum
m. in circumference, seated on the Meuse, oppo- of Otho the ffreat. The inhabitants are computed at
site Wyck, with which it communicates by a 30,000. Here are manufactures of cotton and
stone bridge. The number of inhabitants is esti- linen goods, stockings, gloves, porcelain, hats,
mated at 18,000. It has fine long streets, many leather, soap, and tobacco ; but the principal are
churches and convents, a college formerly be- those of woolen and silk. It is well situate for
longing to the Jesuits, a council house with its li* trade, on both sides of the Elbe, by which it has an
brary and considerable manufkctore of cloth, easy communication with Hamburgh. In the
leather, hosiery, and hardware. Near it is the neighbourhood are the monastery of Bergin, and
loftj mountain of 8l Peter, with a fortress ; and the salt-works of Schcenebeck. producing about
a stone quarry, with such a nnmber of subterra- 30,000 tons annually. Magdeburg has sustained
nean passages as to be capable of containing 40, several sieges. In 1631 it was taken by the
000 persons. The other fortifications and the sit- Austrians, who burnt the town, except the cathe-
nation of Maestricht are such that it is deemed dral and a few houses, adjacent, and maasacred
one of the strongest places in Europe. The city above 10,000 of the inhabitants ; out it was soon
was besieged by the French in 1748, during the handsomely rebuilt. In 1606 it surrendered to
negociations of Aix-la-Chapelle, was unsuccess- the French, and was not restored till 1813. It is
fuUy attacked by them in 1793, and they became 75 m. W. S. W. of Berlin, and 120 S. E. of Ham-
masters of it towards the end of the following burgh. Long. 11.40. E., lat. 52. 10. N.
year. In 1814 it waa delivered up to the allied Ma^dlan, a strait of S. America, discovered in
forces. It is 14 m. N. N. E. of Liege, and 58 E. 1520 by Ferdinando Ma^^ellan, a Portuguese in
of Brussels Long. 5. 48. E., lat. 50. 49. N. the aervice of Spain. It has since been sailed
M^fra, a town of Portugal^ in Estremadura. through by several navigators ; but the paasace,
with a college founded in 1772. In a sandy ana upward of 300 m. being dangerous and trouble-
barren spot near this place John V., in pursuance some, they now sail round Cape Horn,
of a vow, erected a building of extraordinary MagervUU, a townahip of Sunbury Co. New
magnificence, as a Franciscan convent. The Brunswick, on the St. Jonns.
town is seated near the sea, 18 m. N. N. W. of Muggtroe, ht Magtron, a large island on the
Lisbon. coast or Norway, and the most nothem land in
Ma^adi, or Ma^fiery, a town of Hindooatan, in Europe. It is separated fVom the continent on
the district of Mysore, seated in a hilly country, the S. by a narrow channel; and itsN. extremiU
ahounding in timber-trees, stone andiron, 24 m. is an enormous rock, called N. Cape. Long. 25
W. of Bangalore. (7. E., lat. 71. 10. N.
MAH ' 472 MAI
Magkerafdlf a town of Ireland, in the county Jfagpore, which see. The peishwa became de-
of Londonderry, with a considerable linen man- pendent on the Pritish in 1802, but attempting to
u&cture. 13 m. W. of Antrim, and 30 S. £. of shake off his dependence, he was defeated and de-
Londonderry, posed. The Mahrattas are Hindoos : and many
Magia, a river of Switzerland, in the canton of of the Brahmins are polished and insidious mer-
Tessin, which runs S. with rapidity, through a chants. They are fond of horses, and their army
narrow valley of its name, and enters the lake of was almost entirely composed of cavalry; they
Maggiore, near Locarno. were however, never very formidable, as a regu-
Maggwrtj a lake of Upper Italy, sejiarating part lar force, depending more on the celerity of their
of the Austro- Italian government of Milan from motions and the suddenness of their incursions
the states of Sardinia, and extending from Sesto, than on the boldness with which they met Uieir
northward to Locarno ; 30 m. in length, and 3 in enemies,
breadth. The river Tesino runs S. through its Mahrhurg. See Marchburg.
whole length ; and it contains the celebrated Bor- Mahur^ a town of Htndoostan, capital of a dis-
romean Isles. trict of its name, in the province of Berar ; seated
Magindanao. Bee Mindanao. on the Chin, Gonga, which flows into the Goda^
MagHanOfti town of Italy, province of Sabina, very, 140 m. S. W. ofNagpore. Lon^.78. 34. E.,
seated on a mountain, near the river Tiper, 34 m. lat. 19. 24. N.
N. of Rome. Long. 12. 35. E^ lat. 42. 25. N. Maida, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra. On
Magna Maccaf a town andiortof Italy, in the the plain near this place, in 1806, a victory was
Capaf states, seated at the mouth of the lake of obtamed by the British troops over the FVench. It
Commachio, in the gulf of Venice, 3 m. S. £. of is 9 m. W: S. W. of Squilface.
Commachio. Maiden Creeks a township of Berks Co. Pa.
Magniaa. See Manadiia. Maidenhead, a town in Berkshire, Eng. with a
Magny, a town of France, department of Seine- good trade in malt, meal, and timber. It b seated
ot-Oise, ^m. N. W. of Paris. on the Thames, over which is a bridge, 12 m. E
Mapa, a river of Italy, which rises in the Ap- by N. of Reading, and 26 W. by N. of London,
pennmes, on the S. confines of Parma, and flows 2 m. distant is Maidenhead Thicket, formerly in-
bv Pontremoli and Sarsana into the gulf of fested by highwaymen.
Genoa. MaidenheeS,, a township of Hanterdon Co. N. J.
MakaUUf a town of Egypt, capital of Garbia. It Maidenio, an island of the Pacific Ocean, 'Sd m.
carries on a considerable trade in linen, cotton, long and 9 broad. In the N. W. part of it na-
and sal-ammoniac ; and the inhabitants have ovens tive copper is found. Long. 167. 10. £., lat. 54.
to hatch chickens. Long. 33. 30. E., lat. 31. 40. N.
30. N. - •,. , , . , MaidjfUnUf a borough and the county town of
Mahanada, a nver of Hmdoostan, which rises Kent, Eng. It has a brisk trade in exporting the
in the N. E. part of Berar, crosses Onssa, and en- commodities of the county, particularly hops, of
cipal channel, named Cajuog or Codjung. edifice ; and there are several meeting houses for
Mahdia. See Madea. dissenters, a grammar school, 8 chanty schools,
Mahanoy, lAul^, Lower and Upper, three town- &c. Maidstone is seated on the Medway, over
ships in Northumberland Co. Pa. which is a bridge of seven arches, 10 m. W. of
Mahanlongo, Upper, a township in Schuylkill Canterbury, and 34 E. S. E. of London. Long.
Co. Pa. 0. 38. E., fat. 51. 16. N.
Make, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, for- Maidstone, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 53 m.
raerly belonging to the French, but taken by the N. Montpelier. Pop. SSSq ; also a township of Es-
Engush in 1793. It b situate on high ground, sex Co. U. C.
at the mouth of a river, 5 m. S. S. E. of Tellich- Maihidporej a town of Hindoostan, in the Mal-
eny* wal, near which the troops of Holkar were defeat-
Mahlherg, a town and castle of Germany, in ed by the British in 1817. It is seated on the
Baden, 17 m. N. of Friburff. Soprah, 20 m. N. of Oojain.
Makmoodabad, a town of Hindoostan, in Guze- Mdilcotay, a lofty fortress of Hindoostan, in My-
rat, 17 m. S. S. E. of Ahmedabad. gore, and one of the most celebrated places of Hin-
Mahmu^ore, a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, doo worship. The large temple is a square buihi-
80 m. N. E. of Calcutta. ing of great dimensions, and the jewels belong-
Mahomdu, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- ing to it are very valuable. In 1772 Hyder was
inceofOude, 70 m. N.W.of Lucknow, and 150 completely routed by the Mahrattas near this
E. S. E. of Dehli. place ; and it was here that the Mahratta chiefs
Mahomng, three townships m Mercer, Indiana joined lord Cornwallis in 1791. It is 17 m. N. of
and Colombia Cos. Pa. Also a river of Penn- Seringapatam.
sylvania ^lliM into the Alleghany. MaUlieiais, a town of France, department of
MahraUa Territory, an extensive conntry of Vendee, sealed on an island formed by the Seure
Hindoostan, which till lately stretched across and Autize, 22 m. N. E. of Rochelle.
what is called the peninsula of India. On the Maina, a sea-port of Greece, in the Mores,
accession of Ram Rajah, in 1740, the peishwa which gives name to a district that lies between
and the paymaster-general confined him to the two bays of the Mediterranean Sea. TTie inhab-
fortress of Sattarah, and divided tiie empire be- itants of the district, estimated at 50,000, could
dom in the orovince of Gundwaneh, called the ed on the bay of Coron, 46 m. S. by W. ol Miri-
Etstem Mahrattas, and fixing his residence at tra. Long. 82. 10. £., lat. 36. 34. N
tatioji tlw norUt-eaiMTQ eitremit* erf' the Union.
It nitendi trom 43 . G. to 47. 30. B, lat. and fVom
66. 49. to 71. 4. W. lonf. boDuded N, snd N, W.
br Lowai Cuwds. E. bv N'w Bruniwick^ 8. b;
lb Atluitio, and W. bj Neir Hunpahire. and
,»uluDiDg 30,000 iquaTe ni. Tho northsrn limit,
u Gied by the king of the ttetherUnd*, hu loaie-
whit redocAd the aute from iti fornwr dimeniioni.
The northern pula u« moontunoiu, lod e put
of the north-weitsTn limit ii fbnnedb^ one of the
extremities of the Apelachiui chun. Honnt
Katahdia oc KtaadM tn iaolaled peek in the
north ii 5,385 feet in heiirbt , and •ereral other
clevalioM cicesd 4,000. Toe mountuni ve cot-
eied with mood, odi] indeed all Ibe northern re-
Ji^MTta tor 1699, were rdiwd al749,TBt ; the tx
port* of donmtie pioducc, 729406 dolUn ; the
total oxporti 737,833 dollari. Tba fiiheriei are
Tet; pnwDotiTe ; ths fiah annoall; taken are eiti-
matsd to be irorth nearly half a million oTdoHan.
The northern part* of the alate fiimiih raat qnaii'
titiea of timber. Tba tree* ue blUdia the depth
of winter by paiiiei which panetnte into the
wood* in aalumn Ebr that porpoaa, and cut down
the tree* aAer the KmnDd i> ooTeied with «dow
Bufficlenlly to enahte them to drag the timber by
oien lo iha tivcn where they are rolled apon the
ice. When the riTsrs, break up in the apnng the
top are floated down to the lea. Where the rir-
en an wide and uninterrupted by fiUli, the log*
are &itpned togstber ia immenM rafU.
il ttill to be bnnd the mooae, a wild animal
which haa diiappeaied from almoat every other
part of the United Slatei. The treei are piinci-
paUy pine, hemlock, ipiDCe and bircb. Toward
the aea grow the white and red oak, but theee
treea ais not abnndant The obief riven in
Maine are the Penobicot, Kennebec, Androaeoft-
|in, and Smo which riaa amour the moontaina
and flow Bontherl^ into the Atlantic. Theaa
alNama b>*e • rapid conrae and in the upper part
•re mnch broken by iUla. The Wallocatook Arooa-
look and AUanah, in the ooilb, Bowa into the
St Johns. Tba St CroU fbtma a partof the east-
ern boondary. Ther* are many lakaa in tlua
state, the latest of which are the Hooaebewl,
CheauDcocA, and Sehoodto. The eoaat ia indent-
ed with a great number of baya and inlets of the
sea, and no state in the Union haa ao many tx.
celleDt harbonra. Along the coast are alao aeat-
cred man* fine ialands, a great nomber of which
BIS popnlonauid well caltirated. The mineral
prodaetiona are few. Iron and lend in small quan-
tities hive bean discovered. Slate and limeatoue
are abundint ; lime is bnmt for exportation at
Thomutown and Camden, and all the Hew Eng-
land Btslei are supplied ftom this quarter. The
soil among the uioantajnous parti and on the
CBBit il inierior, but there are many tncu in the
interior of great fertility. Wheat, barley,
__._. eitenaively cultivated. Ini
ThU state U divided into ]« eaanliea. The
capital is Auauata. The legislature conaiata ofa
Senate and Houae of RepreaentaliTei, the mem-
bars of which aie ehoaeD annually. The Gover-
nor ia also elected annually All (he electioni
are popular, and sufiroge ia universal. The most
nametous religious sect ia that of the Baptists ;
they have 148 ministers ; the CUviniilic oongre-
sationolists have 107; the Hethodiata 66; the
Uuitariana 8 ; the Epiacopaliana 4 ; the Catholics
4. There are alao 30 aocietiea of Quakcra, 60 of
Freewill Baptiala; 3 of Sandemaniaoa and aame
Uni*enaliita. There are eollegea at Bmnswiok
and Waterville and tbeologieal aeiBiquies at Ban-
gor and Readfield. Comrooo sqhoola are sapport-
ed br law and the bualneaa of edueation reoeivea
great attention.
There are aome Indiana remaininjrmthiaslale,
chiefly of the Pennobacot tribe. Their aeiue-
ryeai
polatoea are
: ..-_.:._ v...-j.^ m,| thrive
ilnaland Stale. ..._
climate is the coldest in the United Stales ; and
~ 1 the spring heavr fogs
re aa in the other New England Stalea.
eldest in " - - - -
. . heavT f .
ia hot but of short continuance.
■nterpriie. Tliere are
„e stale etc^ domestic ftbrioa.
w is chiefly confined to the eiporta-
le of lumber, flab, liow, plaater A«.
There is alao some trade to the Weat Indies. Ths
fbippinginie37,tinDanladto909,396laM. The
K)ddyBay. The popolaiion of Maine is 399 AS.
is state was originally a part of Maoiacbusstts
with the title ofthe District of Maine. In IHdO
it was admitted into the Union as an independent
State.
The most popniona part of the state lies along
the coast The nortbem partis unsettled. The
largest town is Portland ; tike other prizkcipal
towns are Bath, HalloweU, Gardiner, Baogor,
Wiieaaaet, Thomsstown, Eastport, Lubee and
York.
JVoiiu, alorn river of Germany, formed by two
Btreams called the Red and White Maine, which
rioeaamong the mountainaof Froncoiua. Itjoiiw
the Rhine a little above Menti.
Muiiu, Lnoer, a circle of the Bavarian stales,
oootiguona to Baden, Hease-Csssel, and Hoaae-
Darmatadt, eompriaiug • aapar6oial eUcol of 3001)
■q. m. with 483,000 inbahlants. 1^ principal
prodncla aie ean and wiw "' — '-"■ -- '- ■■■-
«>tiw, I
It of3,460*q. m. nilfi434,()00inhtbii
Tbe auntifkctan'a. thougli confined to the pro-
doctioiu of the province, *i>. the metili, flax, ind
timber, are conaidenble. BsTreath ii tba capi-
, , „ itor4,ooo .
with 404,600 inhtbituits. The soil is in nnem]
fertile prod iiiing corn, flu, hemp, fniit, aniline;;
and the mannfiictUTe of linen i> carried on to a
conaiderable extent. Angers u the capita].
MaintaHd Taiiber, acirclsof BadeD,campriunK
the N. E. portion of the grand duchy, and a Binall
tract on the Maine, iniolat^d from toe real by part
of BaToria. Werlheim ia tbe chief town.
Mainland, tbe principal of the Shetland Iilei,
ii60n). lon^;, and fronn 6 to 18 broad, and i a di-
vided into eight parochial diatricla. The face of
the CDOntry exhibila a proapect of black, cnggy
mountain*, and marsh j^ plaini, intenpened with
■ same verdant ipoU, which appear amooth and far-
tile. The mcuntaina abound with variona kinda
of game ; the lolly ctiSs, impending over the aea,
are the hannti of tag lea, lalcona, and ravena ; the
deep eavema andemeath ahelter leala and otters ;
and to the winding bays nwirt the awana, Beeae,
aeanpa, and other aquatic birds. The seas abound
witb fiah, such *a the herring, cod, tnrbot, and
haddoctc; lobalera, ojateri, muscle*, A^., are also
plentifol; while the rivuleta and lahes abound
with salmon, troot, Ac. The hill* are covered
with aheap of a amall breed, and of a shaggy ap- i
peocanoe ; but their Seece ia very aoft^ and ex-
tremely fine. Their horses are of a duninutive
sixe, but remarkablj atrong and handsome, and
are well known by the name of Sheltiei. There
is an immense stoteof peat, butno coal. The in-
habitanU are eitimated at about 14,00tl. They
have some manDfaelureaofhnen and woolen cloth,
bat their chief employment is derived from the
fisheries. Lerwick is the capital.
-i, the principal of (he Orkne; islands.
a of France, department of
Eore-el-L(rite, Mated between two monntainaoD
the river Ente, II m. N. by E. of Chirlres.
Maire, La, a strait of S. America, between Tern
del Fnegio and Blalen Land, aboot IS m. long, and
a* many broad.
.Wain, a town of Hangary, in Little Comanls,
with 4,100 inhabitants. 17 ra. B. b; W. of Fele-
MaauMt, 9t. (t.towa of France, department of
Dens Sevres, with a trade in corn, and mannlac-
tuns of stockings, woolen atuRV, &e. Il i*
■ealml OD the Sevre Niortoiae, 36 m. B. W. of
Pmliers.
jUsfemhi, a country on the coast of Ooine>,be-
n MAL
government of Koetromt. It is seated on the
nver Unia, 140 m. E. of EoMroma. Long. 44.
14. E., let. 58. 60. N.
MaktfUU, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.
Mailer, a village in Cornwall, Eng. 7 m. S. E.
of Bt. Garmains, on an eminence, forming tha W.
Kint of the Hamoaie, at Plymonth. On tha
ight* i* a Tcrj strong battery ; and the steeple
of Die church, called Maker Tower, it i* a noted
eea-mark. Long. 4. 10. W.,lat. 60. 21. N.
Malaiar, a maritime province oT Uindoaetan,
lying between 10. and li. N. laL, now UEider the
dominion of the Britiah. Itconaiati either of flat
land washed by the sea, or of difierent ranges of
hilts, extending to the foot of the monntaina ; and
il ia intaraecled by a number fif mountain
stream*. Ita chief prodace i* timber, sandal-
wood, cocoa-nut, coir, and black pepper. Ita
principal towns are Calicut, Telhchern, and Can-
beyond the Gangea, bounded on the N. br
oiam, E. by the ocean, and S. W. bv the atrait
of Malacca, which leparate* it &om Sumatim. It
is 775 m, in length and 1S5 in breadth ; and pro-
duces a great many excellent fi-uita and roots,
pepper, and other apices, with some precious
guma and woods. There ia bat Little com, and
ind gallantry; talk inceaaantly of thei:
irevery, and apeak the aotlest language of Asii
— •'• ■■ -■ '^ iShert ^ '
IS people on the face of the globe. Thi
;r.-
1 Bia&ra and Gabon, of which little ii
ligion ..
"e posacBsed bj a
.avage a
n Sea, between Ivica and Minorca. The whole
coast is lined with atrong towers. The N. W.
part ia monnlainoua ; the real producea good corn,
olivc'tree*, fine honey, and delicate wiue. Palma
is the capital.
Jfatmua. Bee Mauomia.
MaJurtB, a town of Ruaaia, in thegoremment
ef Niinei Novogorod, situate on t])e Volga,3< m.
E. H. E. of Niinei Novogorod.
JlM»riif. w JVatoroi, a town of Rossit, in the
inland parts a
barbaroiu people.
M^aeca, the capital of the above country situ-
ate on the western coaat. TTie Portngnese had a
factory here, which was taken /rem ibem by the
Dutch in 1640; it was aubjected to (he English
in 1795 ; reatored to the Dutch m 1816 ; but is
now under the anthority of Great Britain, and is
one of the principal ataliona of the London Hi*- ,
uonary Society. Ilia seated on the strait ofita
name, 480 m. S. E. of Acheen. Loni. lOS. B
E.,Ut.9. 18. N.
MAli 476
MtU^f A Mft^port and oitj of Spain, in Gran- alMur. Thej supply shipa with aaik and oordaM
ada, with a good harbour, ca^le of containing cocoapnatB, oil, and honey, dry fish, tortoiae-aheU,
400 merchant yeMels and 20 ml of the line. The and especially cowries.
cathedral is a stupendous pile,beffun by Philip MationadOf a town of Buenos Ayres, with a
II. while married to Mary of Enfffand, and their harbour sheltered by a small island of its nam^ ;
united arms are over the gate. The inhabitants seated near the N. entrance of the Plata. Long,
are about 50/)00, who have some trade in raisins 55. 36. W., lat 34. 50. S.
and excellent wines, and manufactures of silks, MaldonadOf a small river of Buenos Ayies ,
velvets, soap, paper, &c. Malaga was taken by which enters the sea in the bay of Maldonado.
the French in 1810, and remained in their posses- MaUmhaf a sea-port on the coast of Loangv),
siou till 1813. It is seated on the Mediterranean, Western Africa. 60 m. S. of Loongo.
surrounded byhills, 55 m. W. 8. W., of Granada. MaUj the principal of the Maldive islands, and
Long. 4. 10. w., lat. 36. 35. N. the residence of the prince. Long. 73. 10. £., lat.
J&lagaj p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 30 m. 8. 6. 20. N.
Philadelphia ; p. v. Monroe Co. Ohio. 147 m. 8. Maluherbet, a town of France, department of
E. Columbus Loiret ; seated on the £ssone, 35 m. N. £. of
MatahidB.tL town and bay of Ireland, in the Orleans,
county of I^ublin^ 6 m. from the capital. In the MaUttrnUy a town of France, department of
vicinity is Malahide Castle, the residence of the Morhihan , seated on the Ouse, 19 m. £. N. £. of
Talbot fiunily. Vannes.
MaUmUnto. a town of 8. America, in the prov- MMam^ a village in W. Torkshixe, £ng. sur-
ince of Cartnagena, about 60 m. E. of Carthage- rounded on every side hy mountains and rising
na, on the W. side of the river Magdalena. grounds, which abound in natural curiosities:
iialamocto^ a small island and town of Austrian and among them, on a high moor, is a circular lake,
Italy, 5 m. 8. of Venice. about a m. in diameter, which is the source of the
Jva2a<ia, a town of Asia Minor, on the site of river Aire. 6 m. E. of Settle. 233 ftom London,
the ancient Melitene, once the capital of Arme- Maiiiug, See Meeklin.
nia Minor; seated 15 m. W. of tne Euphrates, MoUvagonga, a river of Ceylon, which rises
90 W. N. W. of Diarbekir. Long. 57. 30. E. lat among the hills to the S. E. of Candy, nearlv en-
37 30. N. compasses that city, and, after many windings
MalenmiUyf or ^afovtUy, a town of Hindoostan, among the mountains, enters the sea at Trinco>
in Mysore, with a large mud fort, separated into malee.
two parts by a transverse wall. Here is a fruit- MaUenUe, a town of France, department of
garden of great extent, planted by the late sul- Aveiron, 6 m. N. £. of Villefranche.
tans. Tippoo Sultan was defeated here by gene- MalUeoUOf one of the largest of the New Hebri-
ral Harris in 1799. It,is 35 m. £. of Serinffapatam. dee, in the 8. Pacific, extending 20 leagues from N.
MaleidHf a town of' Germany, in the duchjr of W. to 8. £. The inland mountains are very high.
Mecklenburg-Schwerin. seated on the river and clad with forests ; but the soil is rich and
Peene, where it forms tne lake Camrow, 22 m. £. fertile, producing cocoa-nuts, bread fruit, bananas,
of Gustrow. sugar canes, yams, eddoes, turmeric, oranges, &c.
MaUkOf a town of Germany, in the duchy of Hogs and common poultry are the domestic ani-
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, between the lakes Cupin mals. The inhabitants appear to be a different
and Plan, 23 m. 8. 8. £. of Gustrow. race fh>m those of the Friendly and Society Is-
MaUegkinaj a town of France, department of lands. In many particulam they seem to cor^
Lys, 10 m. E. of Bruges. respond with the natives of New Guinea, particu-
MaldAf a town of BengaJL capital of a district larly in their black colour and wooly hair. They
of the same name, on the N. E. side of the Gan- so almost naked, are of a slender mdce, have
ges. It is the residence of the commercial agent fively but very irreffular features, and tie a rope
of the £. IndUa Company, and carries on an exten- fast round their bel^. At the 8. end of the i»>
sive trade in raw silk, and manufactured goods, land is a port, named Sandwich Harbour. Long.
Long. 88. 4. £., lat. 25. 3. N. 167. 53. £., lat. 16. 25. 8.
Jl&deii, a borough in Essex, Eng. with consid- Mailimg, Wut, a town in Kent. Eng. 6 m. W.
erable trade, chie^ in com, salt, coal, iron, deals, of Maidstone, and 29 £. by 8. of London,
and wine . It has two parish churches, a fl«e Mallow, a borough of Ireland, in the county of
school, a library, and a town-hall. Vessels of Cork, with consii^rable linen manu&ctures and
moderate burden come up to the town, but large a fine spring of tepid water. It is seated on the
ships are obliged to unload at a distance below, Blackwater, 17 m. N. by W. of CoA.
an eminence, on the river Blackwater, 8 m. E. of Malmoef a sea-port of Sweden, government of
Chelmsford, and !y7 N. E. of London. Malmohus, with a large harbour a^ a strong cit-
Maldm^pX. Middlesex Co. Mass. 5 m. N. E. adel. It has manufactures of woolen, and a con-
Boston. Fop. 2,010. Also a town and fort on siderable trade ; seated on the Sound, 18 m. £. bv
Detroit river, U. C. 8. of Copenhagen. Long. 13. 7. £., lat 55« 36
Maldiou, a cluster of small islands, in the In- Mafmohu, a government of Sweden, including
dlan Ocean, lying 8. W. of Cape Comorin, ex- a great part of^the ancient Schonen or Scania
tending fW>m the equinoctia] line to 8. N. lat, and Itlies along the Sound and the Bdtio, and compri-
situated between 72. and 74. E. long. They are ses an area of 1,380 square m. with 137/100 in-
divided into 17 attolons, or provinces, each having habitants.
its separate governor and its distinct branch <n Malmskmtjf^ a borough in Wiltshire £ng. with
industry, the brewers residing in one, the gold- a woolen mar nfiusture. Its castle is deramished
smiths in another, dbo. Tibe inhabitants appear but there are some remaina of its onoe oelebrated
to be a mixture of Arabs and Hindoos fimn Mai- abbey. It ii seatsd on a hUli almost lanoiindoi
MAL 4918 • MAH
■J tlM Avon, over whioh it ou 6 bridm, 96 m. Mahern HBls,^ nngo of hills in tlia oooittet
E. hj N. of Brictol, and 96 W. of Loa&n. of Worcoater and Herefiwd, Enf. eztendiBf about
Jlfo2oiM, p.t Franklin Co. N. T. 60 m. N. W. 9 m. in kngtii and ftom 1 to9inbieadth. Tbej
Plattebniff- Pop. 8,907. *ppcv to be of limestone and qoarts, and the bigb-
AToto. 5*2 a oea-poft of France, deportment of est point is 1,313 feet above the soriaeo of the
llle-et-Vilame, with a strong castle. It has a Severn.
large harbour, diflScolt of access, on account of Maluak, a province of HiodooBtan, bounded N.
the rocks that sorroond it, and is a trading place bj the provinces of Agimers and Agra, £. by Al-
of g^rsat importance. It was bombarded bj the lahabad and Gondwanieh, 8. by Khandeish and
English in 1693, bnt without success. In 1758, Bersr, and W. by Agtmere and Guaermt. Itii
thev landed in Gancalle Bay, went to the harbour 950 m. in length b^ loO in breadth, and is one of
by land, and burnt above 100 ships. St. Malo is the most extensive elevated, and diversified
■eatad on an island, united to the mainland, by tracts in Hindoostan. Till lately the whole
a causeway, 44 m. N. N. W. ofRennes. Long, territory belonged to the Bfahiuttas.
9. 9. W., ]aL 148. 39. N. Malaen, a town of Fnnoe, department of Lo-
JKi^pss, a town in Cheshire, Eng. It has a sere ; seated on the Tmyere, 19 m. N. N. £. of
handsome church, an independent chapel, an Mende.
hospital, a grammar school, and a national school; MamahMtmgf p.t. Sullivan Go. N. T. 93 m.
and is seated on a hill, near the river Dee, 15 m. W. Newburg. Pop. 3,069.
S. E. of Chester, and 165 N. W. of London. Mamanmtek, p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. oo
MahUouet, a village of France, department of Long Isknd Soimd. 93 m. N. E. New York. Fop.
the Nortn, nunous for a victory gained over the ^38.
French by the duke of Marlborough, in 1709, 9 JlfasMrs, a town of France, deoartneiit of
m. S. £« of Mons. fiarthe, seated on the Dive, 14 m. W. of Belles-
MaUa,ma island in the Mediterranean, between me.
AfHca and Sicily, 90 m. long and 19 broad, form* Jftm, an island in the Irish Sea, 30 m. long and
erly reckoned a oart of Africa, but now belong- 19 broad. It contains 18 parishes under the iu*
ingto Europe. It was anciently little else than a risdiction of a bishop, called the bishop of Sooiv
bsnen rock, but is now become a fertile island, and Man, who is sole baron of the isle, and poo-
The principal objects of cultivation are lemons, sesses other important privileges, but has no seat
indigo, samon, cotton, and vines which produce in the British parliament. Tne air is heahhy,
excellent wine. The number of inhabitants is said and the. soil prodnoes more earn than is sufficient
to be about 90,000, who speak Arabic and Italian, to maintain the inhabitants, who are a mixture
After the takinjg of Rhodes, the emperor Charles of English, Scotch, and Irish. The oommoditiee
v.. gave this island to the grand master of the of the island are wool, hides, butter, tallow, black
oraer of St. John of Jerusalem. It was attacked marble, slate, limestone, lesd, and iron. Some
in 1566 by the Turks, who were obliged to aban- manufactures of coane hats, ootton goods, and
don the enterprise with the loss of 30,000 men. It linen cloth, sie carried on in different parts : but
was taken by Bonaparte in the outset of hii ex- its principal trade arises from the hetring fishery,
pedition to Egypt on the 19th of June, 1796, when The duke of Athol was fi>rmerly lord of this id-
he ibond in it liiOO canons, 900,000 lbs. of now- and, the sovereignty of which he sokLin 1765, to
der, two ships of the line, a firigate, four galleys, the crown. The chicRf towns are Castletown,
and 40.000 muskete : besides an immense trea- Douglas, Peele, Ruthin, and Ramsay. It is 18
sure coileoted by superstition ; and 4,500 Turk- m. 8. of Scotland, 40 m. N. of Wales, 30 W.
ish prisoners, whom he set at liber^. It was of England, and 96 E. of Ireland,
soon afterwwds taken by the British ; was stip- Jlfaaa«r, a small island in the Indian Oeean, on
ulated to be restored to the knighte at the oeaoe the N. W. side of Ceylon. From this island a
of Amiens, but retained in consequence or pre- bank of sand, called Adam's Bridge, runs over to
tended dansers from France. In l603 the war re the continent of Hindoostan, whien can be passed
commenced between the two nations, and the onlybyboate. The sea to the S. of this, between
treaty of Paris, in 1814, confirmed the possession the continent and the bland of Ceylon, is called
of it to. Great Britain. Malta is extremely well the gulf of Manaar. — ^The Portuguese obtained
fortified ; the ditohes, of a vast size, are all cut possession of the island in 1560 : but it was iakem
out of the solid rook, and extend many miles, by the Duteh in 1656, and in 1795 by the English.
Valetta is the capital. Long. 79. 3. E., lat. 9. 6. N.
Malta, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 8 m. AfoaodUs, or Mmgnua the ancient Magnesia, a
E. Augusto, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. T. 7 m. W. Sar- town of Asia Minor, formerly the capitil of tbe
atoM. Fop. 1,517. Greek empire , seated at the foot of a mountain,
Maltony Jfmo, a boronsh m N. Yorkshire, Eng. on the river Sarabat, 90 m. N. £. of Smyrna,
with a considerable trade in coals, com, butter. Long. 97. 6. E., lat 36 45. N.
Ac. Here are two churches, four dissenting Mtanakawkin, p.v. Monmouth Co. N J. 54 m.
meeting houses, a flee school, and a nationiQ S' E. Philadelphia.
school, it is seated on the Derwent, over which ManeUanj a township of Fayette Co. Pa.
is a stone bridse to the village of Old Malton, MoMapar, a town of Hindoostan, district of
18 III. N. E. of York, and 914 N. by W. of London. Tinevelly, situate on a point of land projecting in-
MahtTHy Ormi and UaU, two villages in Wor- to the gulf of Manaar, 40 m . S. E. of Palamcotta.
oestershire, Eoff. The former is 6 m. W. bf S. of Long. 78. 17. E^lat. 8. 30. N.— Also a town in
Worcester, and had ome an abbey, of which the province of Tanjore. Long. 78. 30. £., lat
nothing remaine but the gateway ofthe abbey and 16. d9. N.
the nave of the church, now parochial ; the lat- Mmuummm. p.v. Monmouth Co. N. J. 60 m. N
flMris ssMed in a cavity of the Malfem hills, 3 £. PhiladelphML
m. frftm Gmat Malvern. Between Great and JfsiUoiia, atown of Eastern Africa, situate on
'Uttfe Mahusn are two celebrated ch^beato the sea-coast, 60 m. S. of ScAOa. Lasff. 35. 39
«|iriWM«M«Mhidh Ja-caBed the^Holy Well. E.. lat. 91. 15. B. ^^
479 MAX
JlfoiiM«<cr,aYillageinWannck8liire,Enff.near Benninffton. Pop. lj|525. p.t. Eawz Co. Mjbmb.
Athentone. It was 9. Roman station, and here 90 m. X. £. Boeton. rop. IfiOd. p.t Hillsborough
several coins have been dust np : seated on an Co. N. H. Pop. 877. p.y. Niagajra Co. N. T. at
eminence near the Anker. lOiS m. ftom London, the falls, p.t. Ontario Co. N. ¥. Pop. 2,811. p.y.
Mtmeha, a territory of Spain, lying 8. of Old Oneida Cfo. N. T. 8 m. S. W. Utica, and towns in
Castile, and N. of Andalusia. It is divided into York Co. Pa., Baltimore Co. Maryland, Chester-
Upper and Ixiwer, and is nearly surrounded by field Co. Va., Sumter Dis. S. C. Clay Co. Ken.,
mountains, producing antimony, yermilion, ana Adams and Morgan Cos. Ohio, Dearborn Co. Ind.,
mercury. The country is an immense plain, in- and St. Louis C%. Missouri,
tersected by ridges of low hilb and rocks ; but it MamUd, a town of Norway , capital of a proYmoe
is well culttyated, and produces com, olives, and in the ffovemment of Bergen ; seated Jiev the
wine. The inhabitants are afiable, and great loy mouth of a rirer of the same name, 60 m. W. S.
ers of music and dancing ; and it was here that W. of Christiansand. Long. 7. 42. £., lat. 58. 2.
Cervantes made his hero, Don Quixote, perfdrm N.
his chief ezploito. Mandauj a fort and Indian village of N. Araer*
Jtfandks, a department of France, including the ica, on the Missouri, where captains Lewis and
W. part of Normandy, and comprising about 2|500 Clarke had their winter encampment, when on
sq. m., with 600,000 mhabitants. It is almost sur- their expedition to the Missouri. Long. 100. 50.
rounded by the English Channel. St. Lo is the W., lat. 47. 20. N.
capital, but Cherburg the largest town. Mandar, a district of the island of Celebes, on
Manchester^ a large town in Lancashire, Eng. the W. and N. coast, bounded W. by the straits
seated between the rivers Irk and Irwell. It is of Macassar, and E. by a tract of desert moun-
a place of great antiquity, and has attained great- tains.
er opulence than almost any of the trading towns Jlfondtfi^o, a country in the W^jpart of Negro
in England, but is neither a corporation nor a land, at the sources or the rivers Nicer and Sene-
borough. It has long been noted for various gal. Not only the inhabitants of this state, but
branches of the linen, silk, and cotton manufac- Die bulk of the people in many other districts in
tures, and is now principally conspicuous as the the western part of Africa^ are called Mandin^es,
centre of the cotton trade. The labours of a very probably from having onginalljr emigrated ttom
populous neighbourhood are collected at Man- this country. They are oif a mild, sociable, and
Chester, whence they are sent to London, Liver- obliging disposition : the men are above the mid-
pool, Hull, &c. These consist of a great varietv die size, well-shaped, strong, and capable of en-
of cotton and mixed goods, fitted for all sorts of during jgreat labour ; the women are good-natur*
markets, both at home and abroad, spreading ed, sprighUy, and agreeable. The dress of both
5t6r ajpnestpart of Europe, America, and the sexes is composed of cotton cloth of their own
coast of Guinea. Manufactures of tapes and oth- manufacture. Polygamy is common, but the wo-
er smdl wares, of silk goods, and of nats, are al- men are not under that restraint which prevsils
so carried on at Manchester. Its chief ornaments in many other countries. Most of the towns con-
are the college, the exchanffe, the ooUeg^iate tain a mosque, where public pravers are oifi^red ;
church, another large chruch, and a spacious and a bentang, or coffee-house, where public busi-
market-place. The churches and chapeb of the ness is transacted. The private houses are built
establishment, several of which are recent erec- of mud, with a conical bamboo roof, thatched with
tions, are 19 in number. Here are also upwards grass. The language of the Mandingoes is said
of 40 places of worship for different sects of dis- to be copious and refined, and is generlly under^
sentera and three for Roman Catholics'; one of stood in all the regions of Western Afiriea.
the latter, opened in 1820, is a beautiful edifice, Mandshars, or Jiandt/uuSf a branch of the Mon-
erected at a cost of £iOfiOO. The chari^ schools gul Tartars, whose ancestors conquered China in
and Sunday schools are numerous. The most the thirteenth century, but were expelled by the
important of the other charitable institutions are Chinese in 1968. They inhabit the three provin-
the Manchester General Infirmary and Dispen- ces of Eastern Tartary, and retain the customs
sary — ^The Lunatic Asylum — ^the Fever Hospital — they brought from Chma.
the Lying-in Hospital — the Strangers' Friend A'anfre3(mta, a sea-port of Naples, in Capita
Society — tne Samantan Society — ^the Lock Hos- nata, with a casUe ana a good harbour. All sorts
pital — ^the female Penitentiary, and the School for of vegetables are in abundance, and most of the
Deaf and Dumb, instituted in 1825. Of the in- corn exported from the province is shipped here,
'ititutions for the promotion of literature and sci- It is seated on a gulf of the same name, 30 m. E.
ence, the principal are — ^the Literarv and Philo- N. E. of Lucrea. Long. 16. 12. E., lat. 41. 31. N.
^hicd Society — the Society for tne Promotion Mangalore, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ofNatural History, and the Koyal Manchester In- ince of Canara, seated between the two arms of a
stitution. The Mechanics' Institute is in a very fine lake of salt water, each of which receives a
flourishing state ; and there are several valuable river firom the Ghauts ; but the bar at the entrance
libraries, particularly the College Library and the into this harbour will not admit vesseb drawing
Portico. Manchester is governed by a oorough- more than ten feet. It is a place of great trade :
reeve, two constables, a deputv constable, &c., the principal exports are rice, betei-nut, black
and contains several courts of law. It has risen pepper-, sandal- wood (from the countev above the
to its present consequence entirely by its manu- Ghauts,) cinnamon, and turmeric. Here are the
faetures. In respect to population it ranks next ruins of a fort which Tippoo Sultan ordered to be
to London : in 1821 it contained 133,788 inhabi- demolished in 1784. In this town a treaty of
tants. By the Irwell it has a communication peace was signed between Tippoo and the English
with the Mersey and all the late various- exten- m 1784 : in 1799 it came into the hands or the
sions of inland navigation. It is 36 m. E. by N. British, and is now the residence of the JQ(lgB»
of Liverpool, and 186 N. N. W. of London. Long, collector, &c., of S. Canara. It is 130 m. N. N W.
2 10. W., lat. 53. S7. N. of Calicut, and 190 S. S. £. of Goa. Long. 75* 4
• Manek€St€rt p.t. Bennington Co. Vt 88 m. N. £., Ut 18. 50. N.
Han m man
JKsftfMy urifUnd in tbe S. Pacific^ 5 leagues in ManSf a town of France, capital'of the depart-
aireumnrettoe. In the interior parts it liaea into ment of Sarthe, and the aee of a Ushop. Tt eon-
email hilla, and captain Cook, bj whom it was dia- tains 18,000 inhabitants, and was formerlj nrach
OOVered in 1777. represents it as a fine island ; more popnlons. It has excellent poultry, and its
but he did not mid a landing place. Long. 158. wax and stufis aire famous. It is seated on a high
16. W.. lat. 21. 27. S. hill, near the Sarthe, 20 m. 8. of Alencon, and 75
Manheimf a town of Baden, and capital of the W. bj N. of Orleans. Long. 0. 9. Bi., lat. 48. 0
circle of the Neckar. The streets are spaeioiis, N.
straight, and well pared ; the hodses are elegant JIfoiiMroar, a lake of Thibet, from which the
and uniform. The palace is a mag^nificent stnie- southernmost head of the Ganra was long sap-
tore, with a cabinet of natural curiosities and a posed to issue. It is about llS m. in circomfer-
gallery of pictures. The inhabitants are compa* ence, and lies about 79. £. long, and 34. N. lat.
ted at 24,000. Manheim was frequently taken Ma$irfdd, a town of Pmssian Saxony, in tbe
and re-tsken by the French and Anstrians in the goTemtaaent of Merseberg, with a decayed cast''?
late wars ; and was finally ceded to Baden in 1802. on a high rock r seated on the Thalbach, 8 m. N.
It is 17 m. N. of Spire, and 42 S. of Frankfort. N. W. of £isleben.
Lonff.' 8. 31. E., lat. 49. 29. N. Man^fiM, a town in Nottinghamshire, En^
M&nhdMf p.t. Herkimer Co. N. T. on the Mo- with a trade in corn and malt, and manufactares
hawk. Pop. 1}937. p.t. Lancaster Co. Pa. and of lace, hosiery, and cotton spinning. Here are
townships in Tork and Schuylkill Cos. Pa. a commodious chnrch, fivto meeting booses, a
Mmuea^ an inland kingdom in the S. £. part of grammar school, two charity schools, and 12
AfHca, bounded on the N. by Moeaiangr, E. by almshonses. Coins of several Roman emperors
Sofala and Sabia, and S. and W. b^ unknown have been dog up near this town, and the relics
venous. It is sud to abound with mines of gold, recently discovered aUbrd indispatable proof that
and has a- river and capital of the same name ', but the Romans had a station in the vicinity. It
It is Uttie known to Eoropeans. communicates with the Pinzton Canal by a rail-
MatKiekdurgf a town and fortress of Hindoostan, way 7 m. in length ; and is seated on the edge of
in the province of Berar, 5 m. S. E. of Chanada. the forest of Sherwood, 14 m. N. of Nottingham
MoMukpatam, a town offlindoostan, in the prov- and 138 N. by W. of London,
ince dT Orissa, 12 m. S. W. of Juggemaat. MansiUat a town of Spain, provine cf Leon, 10
Mamekpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of m. S. S. E. of Leon,
a district <^ the same name in the province of Al- JfonsorA, a town in the kingdom of Fea, seated
hhabad ; seated on the Ganges, in lat 19. 40. N., near the mouth of the Guir, GO m. W. of Me-
long. 85. 36. E. _, ^ ^ qninez.
^ ManUuSf p.t. Onondaga, Co. N. T. Pop. 7,375. Mansintrdy t tdtrn of Umer Tgfpt, trtHi i ooik
Mamlla, the capitid of toe island of Lnconia, as siderable trade in rice and sal ammoniao, built by
well as of the otber Philippine ialandsi and the the Saracens, daring the criiaadas. as a bolwark
see of an archbishop, who is commonly the Span** against the Cbriatians. It is seated on the E. aide
ish viceroy. It is well fortified, and defended by of the Nile, 24 m. S. ^ W. of Damietla aod €3
the castle of St. Philip. The number of Christian N. of Cairo,
inhabitants is estimated at 12,000. Most of the Mantaea. See MataoL
public structures are built of wood, on account of Jfofdes^ a town of F^«noe, department of Seine-
-.he frequent earthquakes, bv one of which, in et-Oise, with a hridge over the Seine, the great
1617, a mountain was leveUeu, and in 1625 a third arch of which is liw feet wide. The wines uf
Sartof the city was overthrown by another, when its vicinity are fkmous. It is 31 m. N. W. of
,000 persons perished. This city is seated near Paris,
the lake Bahia, on the £. side of a bay, on the S. Jlfoiitua, a province of Italy, oanti|ruous to the
W. coast. The bay is a circular basin, 10 leagues duchies of Parma and Modena, fertile in com,
in diameter, and great part of it land locked , but flax, fruits, and excellent wine. It comprises a
the part peculiar to the city, called Cavete, lies superficial extent of 880 square m. with 214,000
9 m. to tluB S. W. On account of the pure and inhabitants; but the fiMrmer duchy of Mantua
mild temperature of the air, it is deemed the most was of greater extent. It was governed by the
healthy of all the European settlements in the Oonzago family, with the title of duke, till
East. Long. 120. 52. E., lat. 14. 36. N. Charles IV., taking part with the French in tJie
Manningtreef a town in Essex, Eng. The prin- dispute relating to tne succession of Spain, was
cipal imports are deals, corn, coal, and iron. It put under the ban of the empire, ana died in
is seated on a branch of the Stour, called Man- 1706. Having no heirs, the house of Austria
niufftree-water, 11 m. W. of Harwich, and 60 E. kept possession till 1800, when the French ob
N E. of London. ' taiued it, after the battle of Marengo, bat the
MannharUbtrgj a mountain chain of Austria, Austrians obtained possession of it again in 1814.
beginning at the frontier of Moravia, and terrain- Mantua^ a city of Austrian Italy, capita] of the
atmg at ue Danube. The products are corn, saf- above province. It is seated on an island in the
firon, and wine. The chief towns are Crems and middle of a lake, 20 m. in circumference and twe
Kloster-Neuburg. broad, fi>rmed by the Mincio ; and so very strong
Manoamtty a town of France, department of by situation, as well as by art, that it is one of
Lower Alps, near the Durance, with a castle, 25 the most considerable fortresses in Europe. The
m. N. E. of Aix. only way into this city is b;^ meana of two moles
Manpwrrify a town and fort of Hindoostan, in or bridges, each of which is defended by a Ibrt
the district of Dooab, seated on Issah, 54 m. E. and other works. The city is well bult, and
of Agra. most of the streets are apaoiouai regular, and well
JfoMreM, a towif of Spain, in Catalonia, with a paved. In the cathedral are pamtings by the
eastie, and manufactures of t^k, hats, ganpowder, most celebrated masters; the church of St. An-
dkc.: seated at the conflux of the Cardonero with thony is famous for relies; and the mnciscaa
the Lobregrat, 20 m. N. W. of Barcelona. chorob is one of the most elegant of that eider in
MAR 499 MAK
lUly. Here an maaj other ehuichM, nomeroiu JUamnit, or Amaraiu, a town of Pmiul in the
eo&Tentiy a •jnagogue for the Jewi, who live m proTiiice of Adirbeitzan, oontaining 2,500 Loueet,
a diatinet quuler, a uniyersity , the eneient dooal each with a garden ; aitoate near a river, sad wa-
pehue, witn its callery of paintingSi Ao. Virgil tered by oanala. Coehineal it found in ita neigh-
waa bom at a viluge near tnia city. Mantua siir- boarhood. The InhabitantB say that Noah was
tendered to the French in 1797 (after a aiege of buried here. It ii 50 m. N. of Taoria. Long. 47.
eight montha), waa taken by the Aoatrian and 46. E., lat. 39. 7. N.
Ruaaian army' in 1799, again ceded to France in Martua, a town of W. Afliea, in Wangara, on
1801, and finally delivered op to the Auttriani in the N. aide of the Niger. 160 m. N. £. ttf Ghan-
1814. It ia 35 m. N. £. of Parma and 70 E. 8. ara. Long. 17. 10. £., lat. 15. 60. N
£. of Milan. Long. 10 50. E., lat. 45. 10. N. Mmrasdk, a town of Aaiatic Turkey, in Caiama
Jfontea, a village in Blookley townahip adjoin- nia, the capital of a eaiyacate and the tee of a
mg Philadelphia. bitbop. It it 180 m. E. by 8. of Cogni. Long. 37.
JlfoiiiaMi, D.t. Pottage Co. Ohio, on the Cnyaho* 85. E., lat. 37. 24. N.
ga, 148 m. N. E. Colnmbnt. Pop. 949. JUitmCAeii, a village of Attiea. formerly a city,
Ma4nma,OD!d of the Navigator^t Itlanda, in the 8. famoot for the victory obtained by Miltiadet with
Pacific. Here, in 1787, La Petouae met with hit 10,000 Atheniana over 500,000 Peraiana, B. C.
fiiBt &tal aocideat ; eaptain Langle, Lemanon the 490. It ia a few m. N. N. £. of Atkana
nitnialiat, and 0 aaikirt being mattacred by the JforotAen, p.t. Lawreoce Co. Alab. ontkeTen-
natnea. Long. 169. 0. W., Ut 14. 19.8. neatee, 35 m. W. Hunttville.
Afanaeotto, aprovinee of 8. America now forming Jforaet, a lake of Eaalern Afiica, W. of Mo
part of the Ve«ea«elan province of the Colombian tambique, reported to be about 40 m. in bieadth,
tepnblie, and extending N. to the Carribean 8ea. and ormoch greater lengtk. At ita 8. extremity
Tke coil ia in many plaoea exceedingly fertile, it a dittrict with a town of the aame name. Long,
and the eUmale, although exoettively hot, it not 3. 10. £., lat 13. 10. 8.
on the whole unhealthy. The inhabitantt are ea- ilorataer, a oountiyof Hiadooatan, aituated on
timated at about 100^000. the eaatem coatt, oppotite Ceylon, and between
MaraetdhOf the capital of the above ptovittce,witk 9. and 10. of N. lat It ia 66 m. in length by 40 in
a harbour which can only admit tmafl vettelt, ow- breadth ; and ia included in the collectoranip of
ing to the obatniction <tt a aand bar. It haa a Dindigul. The chief townt are Ramnad and Tri-
mean api>earance, aome of the houtet being cover- patoie.
ed with tilea, otketa with reeda. The climate it JIfarvianMi, a river of Goiaaa^ noted fer a ourioua
hot, and the tterou of thunder and lightning that pebble, known by the name or the Marawina dia-
fiequently occur are accompanied with tremend- mond, which, when poliakedj it often tet in nngi,
out mint. It it aeated on the outlet of the lake dec. It enteta the Atlantic m long. 63. 48. W.,
of ita name, 60 m. W. 8. W. of Caracaa. Long, lat 5. 58. N.
71. 46. W.. kt. 10. 30. N. Jlfarttzum, or Marlui Jew, a town m Cornwall,
Maraeaiiof a lake of Caracaa in the province of Eng. The pariah church of 8t. Hilary la about 2 .
Venotuela. It ia 160 m. long and 90 wneie broad- m. dittant ; out the town hat a chapel of eate
eat, with a otrcnmference of 450 ; and ia naviga- beaide teveral meeting houaea fer dlttentert. It
ble for vettelt of the greaiett burden. The bankt itteated on Mount Bay, 4 m. E. of Penxanee and
are tterile, and the air intalubriont ; but the wa- 279 W. by 8. of Londoa
ter it freth, except in tiormy weather, when the Marbttlnj a town of Andaluaia, aeated at the
watera of the tea are forced into it. It communi- mouth of the Rio Verde, with a harbour, defended
catet with the gulf of Veneiuela, by a ttrait by a caatle, 28 m. 8. W. of Malaga,
which ia defended by ttrong fortt. and hat teveral MarUekiad^ p.t Eatex Co. Matt. 19 m. N. E.
8pantth townt teated on itt bordert. Boaton and 4. 8. E. 8alem. Pop. 5,150. Thia town
Maraeayf or M&rtieao, a town of Colombia, in Uet dote to the aea and haa a taro but amall harbour,
the province of Venesuela, in the neiehbourhood It carrieaon a very active fiahing buaineaa. Here
of wnioh are plantationa of cotton, inoigo, coflTee, it a bank, an acammv and 5 churchee.
com, Ac. ; aeated on the E. tide of the lake Val- MarbUtmrnHf p.t if later Co. N. T. on Etoput
encia, in the valley of Aragoa. creek, 70 m. 8. W. Albanv. Pop. 3,223.
Maraga, a well built city of Peraia, province Marbcentf, a town of Iranoe, department of
of Aderoijan, with a tpaciout bazaar, a glaaa man- Eure, 12 m. N. of Conchea.
nfectory, and a handtome public bath ; tituated Marhatf a town of France, department of Ain,
at the extremity of a well cultivated plain, open- 12 m. N. of Bourg.
ing to the lake of Urumea, from which ititdit- Jfor6rooJk, a river in Bhropthiie, Eng. whioh
tant 10 or 12 m., and 68 m. N. of Tabreez. Long, joint the Bevern below Bridgenoith.
46. 25. £., Hit 37. 20. N. Marhtrg, a town of Germany, capital of that
Marmnkamt a northern province of Brazil, which part of Upper Hette which belonga to the elector
comprehendt a fertile and^populout itland of the of Hctte-Catael. It haa a foittMd cattle on the
aame name, 112 m in cireum&renoe. The French top of a mountain, a univertity, an academy, a
tettled here in 1612; but they were aoonexpriled Lutheran, a Calviniat, and a catholic church, an
by the Portugueae. 8t. Luit de Maranham ia hoepital, two infirmariet, and an orphan honae.
the chief town. It wat taken by the Freneh in 1757 ; tonenderad
Maranen, QwJmaxan, to the alliea in 1759; and again taken by the
MmranQ, a tea-port of Auttrian Italy, in the French in 1760. It it teated on the Lake, 47 m.
province of Udina ; teated on the gull of Venice, -8. W. of Caatel. Long. 8. 60. £., lat 50. 48. N
27 m. B.byE.ofUdina. Long. 13.5. £., lat. 45. 'Jfor^nmOZt, p.v. Feliciana Co. Lou. 83 m. N.
52. N. W. New Orleant.
JMervM, a town of Franee, department of Lower JIf arMllia, Si.f a town of France, departmeLt of
Charente, with a biiak trade in aalt, malt, eern, Itere ; tealed on the laere, at llie foot of a hfll Jb
and meal ; aeated on the 8evre, in the midtt of an excellent win»eo«ntry, 30 m. 8. 8. E.of' Vi-
anii marahea^ 12 m. N. N< £. of RoobaUe enne
ICAR 480 MAR
MaruXbu, p.t. Onondaro Co. N. Y. 4 m. N. £. landed and bamt the town and castle^ aince
fiom Skeneateles Lake. Pop. 2,626. which it haa greatly declined. lUi chief unp^-
Marekf a town in Cambriaegehire, Eng. with a ance ariaea from ita aitoationi aa all veiaeb from
oonaiderable trade in corn, coals, ana timber. Europe bound for Cumana, Barcelona, and La
Near thia place three arna fuU of burnt bones Guira, must pass through the channel which sep-
and Bome small Roman coins were duff up in 1730. arates it from Cumana. Its ports are Panmatar,
It ia seated on the Nen, in the isle of Elj, 26 m. Pueblo de la Mar, and Pueblo del Norte. It was
N. N. W. of Cambridge and 81 N. of London. the scene of several sanguinary battles between the
MarMurg^ or Mahriurgt a town of the Ana- independants and the royal troops under general
trian States m Styria, capital of a circle of its Monllo, who was defeated with great loss near
name, with two oaatles. In ita vicinity are good Pampatar, and obliged to retire to the continent,
vineyards. It is seated on the Drave, 36 m. S. S Ascension is the capital. Long. 64. to 65. W.,
E. of Grata. Long. 15. 38. E., lat. 46. 48. N. lat. 10. 56. N.
Marehe, a town of France, department of Voa- Margate^ a town in Kent, Eng. on the iale of
ges ; situate near the source of the Mouzon, 20 Thanet, with a brisk ttmde in com, coals, fish, tim-
m. 8. of Neufchateau. ber, iron, tar, &c. It is a member of the nort of
Marektek, a town of Lower Austria, with an Dover, and owiiijg to the great resort to it, far sea
old castle ; seated on the March, on the frontiers bathing, for which its situation is well adapted,
of Hungary, ^ m. E. by N. of Vienna. it has rapidly increaaed in population and wealth.
Marcuniuaf a town of the Netherlands, prov- The harbour has been greatly improved, and the
•nee of Hainault; seated on the 8ambre, 18 m. town is protected from the inroaos of the sea by
£.bv 8. of Mons. a stone pier. There are regular paasage boats to
Martkiametf a town of France, department of and from London, and during aummer a number
Nord, seated in a morass, on the river Soarpe, 9 of steam packets. It is situate on the aide of a
m. W. N. W of Valenciennes. hill, 17 m. £. £. N. of Canterbury and 71 £ by 8.
JIfamamn, a town of Naplea, in Terra di Lavo- of London. Long. 1. 22. E.. lat. 51. 24. N.
ro, 13 m. N. N. E. of Naples. Margutritet a small uncultivated island on the
Mardgny, a town of France, department of 8. £. coast of France, opposite Antibes, with a
8aone-et-Loire, near the river Loire, 32 m. W. atrong caatle, in which " tne man with the iron
of Macon. mask was for some time confined. Long. 7. 3.
MarcOf St., a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, £., lat. 45. 31 . N.
seated on the Senito, 22 m. N. of Cosenza. Jlfari, Lock, a lake of Scotland, in Roes-shire,
MoTcimy ST., two small islands in the English 16 m. long, and from 1 to 2 broad. There are 24
Channel, near the coast of France, 7 m. S. £. of amall ialanda in it
La Hague. Maria, a river of N. America, which riaee in
Marcus Hook, p.v. Delaware Co. Pa. on the Del- the Rocky Mountains, an(L after a course of 600
aware, 20 m. below Philad. m. falls into the Missouri, 54 m. below the Great
Mardike, a village, of France department of Falls.
Nord, seated on a canal, to which it givea name, Maria, Cape^ a small ialand on the N. coaat of
4 m. W. by 8. of Dunkirk. New Holland, in the gulf of Carpentaria. Long.
Mardin, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the dis- 135. 53. £., lat. 14. 50. 8.
trict of Bogdad. It stands on a high and ateep Maria, St., an island in the Indian Ocean, near
hill and is surrounded by a wall. the £. aide of Madagascar. It is 45 m. long and
Marebf the capital of a district of Arabia, in Te- 7 broad, well watered, and surrounded by rocks,
men. It is 100 m. 8. E. of Sanaa. Long. 47. 20. The air is extremely moist; for it rains almost
£., lat. 15. 44. N. every day. It producee rice, augar-canes, legu-
MarengOf a village Austrian Italy, in the gov- mes, pine-applea, tobacco. Ac., and on the coasts
emment of Milan, funoua for a decisive victonr are found white coral anil ambergris. Long. 50.
gained by the French over the Anstrians, June 14, 20. £., lat. 17. 0. 8.
1800. It is 3 m. 8. £. of AUessandria. Maria, St., the moat southern island of the
Marengo, a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,742. Azores, which produces plenty of wheat, and has
Linden is the capital. about 5,000 inhabitants. It has a town of the same
Marengo, p.v. Seneca Co. N. T. name. Long. 25. 9. W^ lat. 36. 57. N.
Marennes, a town of France, department of 4faria, SK., a town of UongOf capital of the king-
Lower Charente, remarkable for the green-finned dom of Matamba. It atands on a river that flows
oysters, found near the coast. It is 25 m. 8. of into the Coanzo, 310 m. £. of lioanda. Long. 18
Xa Rochelle and 270 8. W. of Paris. 0. E., lat. 8. 50. 8.
|« MareHnto, an island in the Mediteranean, on MasiagaianU, one of the Carribee islands, be-
the W. coaat of Sicily, 12 m. in circumference, longing to the French. Iteztenda 16 m.fiom N.
It has a castle, with a few farm-houses, and pro- to S. and 4 from E. to W. On the E. ahore are
duces much honey. Long. 12. 15. £., lat. 38. 5. N. lofty perpendicular rocks ; and about half its sur-
Mmrmeita, ^ townahip of Huron Co.Ohto. 110 fece is barren mountaina. It is indiflerently wa-
rn. N.&.Columbua. tered, but producea tobacco, cotton, coffee, and
Margarei*t IsUmd, in the N. Pacific, was discov- sugar. It was taken by a British frigate in 1808.
ered by captain Magee, in the ship Margaret, of The 8. end is 30 m. N. by £. of Dominica. Long.
Boston, in his voyage from Kamtschatka, in 61. 12. W., lat 15. 52. N.
1780. Long.141. 12.E., lat 24. 40. N. Marian Itlandg, 8ee Ladroiu.
Margariia, an ialand near the coaat of Cumana, Marie amx Mines, a town of France, department
about w m. long and 15 broad, discovered by ofUpper Rhine, divided into two pacta by the river
Columbus in 14w. The oontmual verdure ren- Leber. It is 14 m. N. W. of CoUnar.
ders it pleasant ; but it has no freeh water. The Marienburg, a strong town of W. Prnaaia, in
Inhabitants are principally mulattoes and the orig- the government of Dantxic, ^th a brisk trade
inal natives. The pearl fishery, was once prose- It is seated on the £. branch of the Vistula, 24
eated to a great extent, but in 1620 the Dutch m. S. £. of Dantsic. J^ong. 19. 1. £., lat 54.2. N
MAR 481 MAR
MarumkuTgj a town of Saxony, in the circle of hoasea, a free grammar lohool, a Laneattenau
J[^zgebir|re, near which are mines of silver, iron, school, &c. It is seated on the Kcnnet, 96 m. K.
Titrio] , and sulphur. It is 35 m . S. W. of Dresden, of Salisbury and 74 W . of Liondon.
Mariestadtf a town of Sweden, capital of the .Mar26oro«^A,p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop. 822
Srovince of Scarborg, seated on the lake Wenner, p.t Windham Co. Vt. 9 m. S. W. Brattleborouffh.
0. m. S. E. of Carlstadt,and 162 S. W. of Stock- Pop. 1,218. p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 28 m. W
nolm. hong. 14. 25. £., lat. 58. 28. N. Boston. Pop. 2,074. p.t. Ulster Co. N. Y. on
.Marieni4>erdM', one of the two governments into the Hudson. 90 m. S.Albany. Pop. 2,272. p.t
which W. Prussia is now divided. It is a long Hartford Co. Conn. 17 m. S. £. Hartford. Pop.
tract, of very irregular form, lying N. of Poland 704. Townships in Montgomery Co. Pa. and
and S. of Pomerania and the government of Dant- Delaware Co. Ohio, and a village in Calvert Co.
ztc. Area 6,880 sq. m. Maryland, 45 m. S. Baltimore.
MarienioertUr, a neat town of W. Prussia, cap- Marlhorougk^ a District of S. Carolina on the
ital of a government and circle^ with a spacious Great Pedee. Pop, 8,578.
palace, built in the old Gothic stj^le. The cathe- MwrUboroug^^ lUutf and West, townships in
dral is the largest church in the kingdom of Prus- Chester Co. ra. 30 m. S. W. Phiiad.
sia, being 320 feet long ; and by its strong breast- MarVbonmgh, Upper, p.v. Prince (George's Co.
works seems to have formerly served as a fortress. Maryland, on the W. branch of the Patuxent. 12
In 1709, Peter the Great,and Frederic I. of Prussia, m. S. E. Waahinjrton.
had an interview at this place. It is seated near Marlborough, Fort, an English factory, on the
the Vistula, 90 m. S. W. of Konigsberg. Long. W. coast of the island of Sumatra, 3 m. £. oi
13. 52. E., lat. 53. 50. N. Bencoolen.
Marietta, p.t. Washington Co. Ohio; it is beau- Marlow, a borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng.
tifully situated at the confluence of the Muskin- with a manu&cture of black sific, lace, and pa-
gum and Ohio, but is subjected to the incon- per. It is seated near the Thames, over which is
venience of being annually overflowed by the a bridge into Berkshire, 17 m. N. of Aylesbury
rising of the river. This town was the fiivt set- and 31 W. of London.
tlement of any consequence made in the state, yet Marlow. p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. on Ashuelot,
it is not a large place and of late years has rather river, 46 m. W. Concord. Pop. 645.
declined than increased. Pop. 1,914. Also vil- Marmande, a town of France, depsrtment of
lages, in Onondaga Co. N. Y. and Lancaster Co. Lot-et-Garonne, with a brisk trade in corn, wine
Pa. on the Susquehanna, 13 m. W. Lancaster. and brandy It is seated on the Garonne, S£
Marignano, a town of Austrian Italy, in the m. S. E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 11. E., lat. 44
government of Milan, seated on the Lambro, 10 20. N.
m. S. E. of Milan. MartHora, or White Sea, the ancient Propontis,
Marina, a town of Italy, in the papal states, with an inland sea between Europe and Asia, which
a castle, 10 m. E. S. E. of Rome. communicates with the Archipelago by the strait
Marion, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 11 ,203. of Gallipoli, and with the Black Sea by^ the strait
A county of Ohio. Pop. 6,558. Marion is the capi- of Constantinople. It is 120 m. in length and 60
tal. A county of E. Tennessee Pop. 5^16. Jas- in breadth.
per is the capital. A county of Alabama. Pop. Marmora, an island in the above sea, 30 m. in
4,056. Pikeville is the capital. A county of Mis- circumference, with a town of the same name,
sissippi. Pop. 3,701. Columbia is the capitsl. A Long. 27. 34. E., lat. 40. 28. N.
county of Indiana. Pop. 7,181. Indianapolis is Mame, a department of France, including part
the capital. A county of Illinois. Pop. 2,021 • of the former province of Champagne, and the
Salem IS the capiUd. A countv of Missouri. Pop. district of Brie. It takes its name from a river
4,839. Palmyra is the capital. which rises near Lan|pres, and falls into the
Marion, p.t. Twiffgs Co. Geo. 34 m. 8. W. Mil* Seine a little above Pans. Chalons is the capital,
ledffeville, p.v. Marion Co. Ohio, 48 m. N. W. Mame Upper, a department of France, includ-
Columbus, p.v. Cole Co. Missouri, 145 m. W. ingthe S. E. part of the province of Champagne
St. Louis. and Brie. Cnanmont is the capital.
Marissa, or Maritza, a river of Romania, which Maro, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
^ows bv rhilipopoli, Adrianople, and Eno, into province of Oneglia, seated in a yalley, o m. N.
the Archipelago. W. of Oneglia.
.¥arA, a territory ofPmssian Westphalia, bound- Jlfarp2e«, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. 14.
ed N. by the principality of Munster, E. by the m. W. Philadelphia.
duchy of Westphalia, and S. and W. by that of Marquartstein, a town of Bavaria, with an an-
Ber^. Ham is the capital. cient castle, stated near the river Acha, 22 m. W
Mark, St., a sea-port and jurisdiction on the W. of Salsburg.
side of St. Domingo. The town is one of the Marquesas, 5 islands in the Paciiio Ocean, nam>
pleasantest on the island ; and the houses are ed St. Christina. Maedalena, St. Dominica, St.
Duilt of freestone, which is abundant in the neigh- Pedro, and Hood, lie first four were discoverer
bouring county. It is situate on a bay of the same by Quiros in 1595, the last by Cook in 1774 St.
name. d3 m. S. W. of Cape Francois. Long. 72. Dominica is much the larjpest, about 48 m. in cir
40. W., lat. 19. 20. N. See also St Mark. cuit. Captain Cook, in his second voyage, la;
Marksborough, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 70 m. N. some time at Christina, in long. 136. 9. W., anc
Trenton. lat. 9. 55. S. It is high and steep", but has man^
Marksmlle, p.v. Avoyelles Parish, Lou. valleys, which widen towards the sea, and art
Market, Jew. See Marazion. coverea with 6ne forests to the summits of the in
Marlborough, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. teiior mountains. The products of these islands
Here king John had a castle, in which a parlia- are breadfruit, bananas, plantains, cocoa-nuts,
ment was held in 1267, when the Statute of Marie- scarlet beans, paper-mulberries (of the bark of
bridge for suppressiuff riots was enacted, fho which their cloth is made), casuarinas, with other
town eontains two cnttrehm, several meeting tropical plants and trees. The inhabitants art
61 2S
tfAR 4tt MAR
well m»A9f strong, and active ; of a tawny oom- BoMcm. Hare are about 150 ladtaiu. See JHw-
plezion, but look almost black by being punctur- saektuetU,
ed OYer the whole body. Their language, man- Marsito Jiuovo, a town q£ Naplea in Principafb
nere, cnetome, Ac., very much reaemble thoee of Citra, 18 m. N. N. E. of Policaatro.
the Society islands. ^ Marneo F9ceki0f a town of Naples in Basilieata,
Mortal, a town of Franee, department of Meur- near the river Acre 33 m. N. £. of PoUcastro.
the, with considerable salt-works : seated on the MarsUhfy a town of France, deportment of
Seille, in a marsh of difficult access, 17 m. £. S. Mame, iu m. 8. of busanne.
£. of Nancy. ^forjCranil, a town of Sweden, in the gorem '
Martala, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, ment of Gottenburg. The inhabitants, about
built on the ruins of the ancient LilybeunK at 1,900, subsist chiefly by the herring fishery, by
the most western part of the island ,45 m, W. 8. the number of ships which in bad weather take
W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 29. £., lat. 38. 4. refuge in the harbour, which though difficult of
N. entrance is secure and commodious, and by a
HarmtgrnveTf a strong sea-port of Algiers, in the contraband trade. It stands at the entrance of
proyince of Masoaia ; seated on a rock, near a the Catiegat, 23 m. N. N. W. of Gottenburg.
iNiy of the Mediterranean, S m. from Oran. Lour. 11. 36. £., lat. 57. 53. N.
Mai^fk. See Morato, Mrtm, a town of Italy, in the patrimony of St.
M^rsden, a yillage in W. Torkahire, Eng. near Peter ; seated on a river of the same name, 10 m.
the source of the Colne, 7 m. & W. of ladders- £. of Gastr«.
field. Here are some extensive oottoB niilli% Mmrtaham, a city of the Birman empire, capital,
and the Huddersfield Canal passes this place. of a province of the same name, leitile in rice.
MarsmlUSj a flourishing sea-port of France, fruits,andvrines of all kinds. It was at one time
capital of the department of Moutns of the Rhone, a rich trading place, but after it fell into the
The inhabitants aie computed at 110,000. It was hands of the Birmans, they caused its harbour to
so celebrated in the time of the Romans that Ci- be nearly choked up, and it is now of little impor<
cero styled it the Athens of the Gauls, and Pliny tanoe. it is seated on the Bay of Bengal, at the
called U the Mistress of Education. It is divided mouth of the Thaluan. 120 m. S. £. of Pegu
into the Old Town and the New. The former Lonf. 97. 56. £., lat 16. 30. N.
appeal* like an amphitheatre to the vessels which J&rtawro, See Metapmra,
eater the port; but the houses are mean, and the .Uartat, a town of Franee, department of Lot *
streets dirty , narrow, and steeo. In this part is seated near the Dordogne^ 18 m. £. of Sarlat.
the principal church, built by tne Goths, on the JIfarXAa, Si., a district of^the republic of Colom*
ruins of the temple of Diana. The New Town b bia, in the territory ot'New Grenada, bounded N.
in evefv respect, a perfect contrast to the Old, by the Carribean Sea, £. by Maracubo, and W.
with woich it has a communication by one of the by Carthagena. It abounds with fruits proper to
finest streets imaginable. The other streets and the climate, and there are mines of gold and
w)uarer as well as the jpublic buildings in general precious stones, and salt-works^ Here commeneee
are very elegant. With respect to commerce, the famoua ridge of mountains, called Uie Andes,
Marseilles has long been eminent ; and it is now which runs p. the whok) length of S. Amer-
sometimes called Europe in Miniature, on account ica.
of the variety of dresses and languages. In the Marthaj St.^ a town of Colcmbiay capital of the
environs are nearlv 5,000 little country boxes of above distriet. The harbour is surrounded bj
the citizens, called Bastides. The port is a basin high mountains. It was once flourishing and
of an oval form^ 3,480 feet lon^, by 960 broad at populous, but has of late years much, dedined.
its widest part, with 18 or 20 net depth of wattr. It nas been firequently pillaged by the English,
In 1649 the plague raged with great violence m the Dutch, and the Buccaneers : m 1596 it was
Marseilles, and with still greater in 1720. when reduced to ashes by Sir Francis Drake. It is
it carried off* 50,000 of the mhabitants. The late seated on one of the months of the Madalena, lOQ
lord Gardenstone obaerves that Marseilles was a ra. W. by S. of Bio de la Hacfae. Long. 74. 4.
little republic within itself, that the citizens elect- W., lat. 11. 27. N.
ed their own magistrates, and that the expense MartkatmUej p. v. Monigomerv Co^ Miss. 66 m.
of a law-suit never exceeded twopenM-ht^fpetmif, W. St. Louis.
which sum was lodged by each party with tliua Martha*s Vineifara, an island near the S. coast
clerks of court, at the commencement of every of Massachusetts, a little to the W. of Nantucket,
process ; after which no further expense was in- It is 21 m. long and from 2 to 10 broad ; with the
ourred. Marseilles is seated on the Mediterran- Elizabe^ Islands it forms Dakes County, con*
nean, 15 m. S. of Aix, and 450 S. by £. of Paris, taining a pop. of 3,518. The chief products azc
Louff. 5. 27. £., lat. 43. 18. N. Indian corn and rye. £dgarton is the chief town
MarseUUs, p.v. Halifkx Co. Va. 150 m. S. W. MarthaUny a town of Switzerland, canton ot
Richmond. Zurich, 6 m. S. of Scaffhausen.
MarshalisviUe, a village of Mecklenburg Co. Martic, a township of Lancaster Co. Pa. on
Va. the Susquehanna.
MarshaUonf p.v. Chester Co. Pa. 30 m. S. W. Martigites. a towm of France^ department of
Philadelphia. Mouths of the Rhone , seated near a lake, 12 m.
Marsl^eldf a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. long and 5 broad, which produces exceQent salt,
seated on the Coteswold Hills, 11 m. £. of Bris- 20 m. N. W. of Marseilles,
lol, and 103 W. of London. Martin, a country of N. Carolina. Pop. 8 J544.
Marshfieldfp.i. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. S. E. Wtlliamstown is the capital, a county of Indiana.
Montpelier. Pop. 1,271. p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass Pop. 2,010. Mount Pleasant is the capital,
on the coast of Maes. Bay, 86 m S. E. Boston. Pop. Martinstnirg, p.t. Lewis. Co. N. Y. 50 m. N Cti-
1,563. ca. Pcm. 2,382; also villages in Bedford Co Pa.
VarsA/iia, an Indian town in Barnstable Co. Berkshire Co. Vs., Knox Co. Ohio., Moigau Got.
affass. on the S. side of Cape Cod. 70 m. S. £. Indiana, und Hopkins Co. Kontucky. .
MAR 4S3 MAIl
Mmtim's Crssk, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. 10 It k the ihlre and assiie town, and has an excel
n. N. i«a8ton. lent gaol and a market-houie. 17 m. 9. of Philips-
Martinf Cape^ a promontory of Spain, separating town and 43 S. W. of Dublin.
th« gulf of Valencia from that of Alicant. Long. MaryUmd, one of the United States, bounded
0. 36. £., lat. 38. 54. N. . N. by Peansylyania. £. by Delaware and the
MarUn, St., a town of France, in the isle of Re, ocean ; S. andW. by Virginia; extending from 38.
with a harbour and strong citadel, 10 m. W. N. to 39. 88. N. lat. and from 75. 10. to To. 20. W.
W. of Rocbelle. Long. 1. 21. W., lat. 46. 16. long, and containing 10,800 sq. m. It embosoms
N. all Uie northern part of Chesapeak Bay. and is
Mmrtin^ St., one of the Leeward Carribee isl- washedon the south-western limit by therotomac;
ands, 44 m. in circumference. It has neither the other streams are the Patuzent, Fatapsco, Sev-
harbour nor river, but several saltpits, and salt ern, Choptank, and Nanticoke. A verj narrow
water lakes. Tooacco is the chief commodity strip of its territory extends westwardfy and is
cultivated. It was long jointly possessed by the crossed by the eastern ranges of the Apalachain
French and Dutch, was taken by the British in mountains ; but nearly the whole of the state is
1801, but subsequently restored. The W. end is level and low. In the west the soil is somewhat
5 m. 8. of AnguiUa. Long. 63. 16. W., lat. 18. strong, and in other part8 are tracts (^ thin unpro-
4. N ductive soil, but in general the land is excellently
Martinaeh, a town of Switxerland, in the Valais, fitted for the culture of grain and tobacco. The
on the river Dranse, 12 m. 8. W. of Sion. climate in the southern* and eastern parts is un-
MartinsnUe, o.t. Henry Co. Vs., p.v. Guilford healthy ; agues and intermittent fevers are preva-
Co. N. C, p.v. Morffsn Co. Indiana. lent in this quarter in summer. The mineral
Martinique, one of the Windward Carribee isl- productions are not numerous ; bog iron is afford-
ands, 5r
French
trees,
The chief products are sugar, cotton, ginger, In- is chiefly confined to the' staple articles'of wheat
digo, chocolate, aloes, pimento, plantains, and and tobacco ; cotton has lately been introduced,
other tropical rruits. The islanil is extremely and promises well ; flax and hemp are also rais-
populouB ; and it has several safe and commodious cd in the west. The manufactures consist of cot-
harbours, well fortified. It was taken by the ton, paper, iron, glass, carpeting, d^c. and there
£nfflish m 1762, 1794, and 1809, but restored in are great numbers of flour mills in the state^par-
1810. In 1806 it su:&red great damage by a tie- ticularly in the neighbourhood of Baltimore. Com-
mendous hurricane. Fort Royal is the capital. merce is ver^ active ; the state is admirably sit-
Martoek, a town in Somersetshire, Engk with uated for maritime trade, being intersected by the
an elegant church, 130 W. by 8. London. noble bay of Chesapeak and many navigable riv-
Martorano.tL town of Naples, in CiJabria Citra, ers. The shipping in 1828 amounted to 170,967
and a bishop^s see, 18 m. from the sea and 15 S. tons, but a great proportion of the commerce is
of Coeenxa. carried on by nortnern vessels. The imports for
Martord, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, at the the same year were estimated at 4,804,135 dollars ;
conflux of the Noya and Lobregat, 18 m N. V^. the exports of domestic produce 3,662,273 dollars,
of Barcelona. total exports 4,804,465 dollars.
Martos, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a Maryland consists of two divisions, separated by
fortress. 10 m. W. of Jaen. the Cnesapeak, called the Eastern and Western
Mam, a town of Persia, in Khorasan, celebrated shores. The counties are 19. The population is
for its salt works : situate on the Morga, 130 m. 446,913, of whom 102,878 are slaves. Annapolis
£. N. £. of Mesched. is the seat of government. Baltimore is much
Marvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 8 m. the largest city. The other princinal towns are
N. £. of Portalegre. Fredrickstown and Hagerstown. The legislature
Marvejols, a town of France, aepartment of consists of a Senate and House of Delegates.
Lozere, seated on the Colange, 10 m. N. W, of The senators are chosen for 5 years and the Del-
Mende. egates for one. The ffovemoris chosen by the
MarmUe, a town of France, department of legislature annually. Sufirage is univenal. The
Mouse, seated on the Oshein, 3 m. N. of Jametz. senators are chosen by electors, who are chosen
Mary, St., a sea-port of the state of Georgia, in hy the people. Other elections are popular.
Camden county, at the mouth of St. Mary River, The most numerous sect are the Catholics who
70 m. S. by W, of Newport. Long. 81. 52. W., have an archbishop, the metropolitan of all the
lat. 30. 43. N. Catholics in the United States. They have in
Mary River, St., a river of (he state of Georgia, this state between 30 and 40 churches. The
navigable for vessels of considerable burden for £piseopalians have 57 ministers ; the Presby te-
90 m. Its banks afford immense quantities of rians 17; the Baptist 12; the German Reformed
fine timber suited to the W. India markets. It 9. Maryland has a university at Baltimore ; at
rites in the Okefonoko Swamp, and thence forms which place there is a CatnoUc college, and
the boundary between Georgia and Florida to another at £mmittsbmf . There n also a col-
the ocean, which it enters at the town of St. Ma- ^^S^^^^ Annapolis.
ry, between the points of Amilla and Cumberland The means of internal eommanieations have
islands. been greatly increased by artifieia] imprevements.
Mary. Strait, St,, a strait in N. America^ about The Potomac and Ohio canal commences in the
70 m. long, which connects Lake Superior and western part of the state, and extends north-west-
Lake Huron. It contains a number of islands, eriy through this state and Virginia. The Port
and at the upper end is a ra|>id, which, by care- Deposit Canal passes along the Susquehanna to
fttl pilots, can be descended without danger. avoid the obstructions in that river. Th^ Ches-
Maryborough, a town of Ireland, in Queen's apeak and Delaware canal opens a ready com
•oonty, with considerable woolen manufkctures. mnnieation between these two bays, and nil-
MAR 484 MAS
raadfl ezientl from Baltimore toward the Mio thlnn in plenty The bazaars are corered wxtb
and Sasquehanna. the wayes of date trees, laid on beams which reach
This state was settled in 1663 by catholics who from the house tops on one side to those of the
fled from persecution in EnjD^nd. The present other. The inhabitants are Mahomedans. Great
constitution was formed in 1776. Britian recognises the flag of Mascat as neutral,
JUor^mtjp.t. Otsego Co. N. T. 67 m. W. Albany, and in time of war'it has often been the medium
Maryportf a town m Cumberland, £ng. with a of communication with the enemies' ports. It is
good harbour. In 1750 it was only a poor fishing seated on a small bay of the Arabian Sea. Long,
town ', but it has now upwards of 5,000 inhabitants 59. 26. £., lat. 23. 30. N.
who employ upwards of 130 vessels, from 50 to Mashamy a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with
250 tons burden, in the coal or coasting trade, manufactures of coarse woolen cloths ; seated on
Here are three ship-yards, and some manufac- the Ure,7 m. S. E.of Middleham and 21b N.N.
tures ; and near the town is the Roman station, W. of London
Virosidum) where several altars and statues have Mashanagur, a town of Candahar, province of
been dug up. Besides the parish church, here Cabul, situate on the Seward, 48 m. N. of A ttock
are 5 meeting houses, and a national school. Ma- and 130 E. 8. £. of Cabul. Long. 71. 7. E., lai
ryport is situate at the mouth of the Ellen, in the 33. 54. N.
Irish Sea, 28 m. S. W. of Carisle and 312 N. N. Maskelane JsUf a small beautiful island, in the
W.-of London. Long. 3. 22. W., lat. 54. 35. N. S. Pacific, lying off the 8. E. point of MallicoHo,
MaryviUe, p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. 60 m. S. W. one of the New Hebrides. Long. 167. 59. £.,lat.
Richmond. 16. 32. S.
MaryniUe, p.v. Campbell Co. Va. 160 m. S. MasmunstoTf a town of France, department of
W. Richmond, a town of Union Co. Ohio, 27 m. Upper Rhine, 25 m. 8. 8. W. of Colmar.
N. W. Columbus, p.v. Harrison Co. Ken. 35 Mason, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 36 m. S.
m. N. E. Lexington, p.v. Blount Co. Ten. 12 m. Concord. Fop. 1 ,403 ; a village in Pike Co. Miss.
8. Knozville. Mason, a county of the VT district of Virgin-
Marza, a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, noted ia. Pop. 6,534. Point Pleasant is the capital. A
for its salt ; 10 m. S. by W . of Noto. county of Kentucky. Pop. 16,205. Washmgton is
Mas d* Agenois, a town of France, department the capital,
of Lot-et-Cxaronne, on the river Garonne, 24 m. Ma^on HaU, p.v. Orange Co. N. C. 52 m. N.
N. W. of Agen and 50 S. £. of Bordeaux. W. Raleigh.
Mas d* Asilf a town of France, department of MasonviUe, p.t. Delaware Co. N. T. Pop.
Arriege, with a benedictine abbey seated on the 1,145.
Clisse, 8 m. S. W. of Pamiers. Masotta, a j>alatinate of Poland, bounded by
MasafuerOf an island in the Pacific Ocean, 80 Prussian Poland, the palatinates of Sendomir and
m. W. of Juan Fernandez. It is high and moun- Kalisch, and Vistula. The name formerly includ-
tainous but lowest to the N., and at a distance ed a province of much greater extent. Warsaw ip
appears like a hill or rock. It is uninhabited, the capital.
except by numerous seals and goats. There .Mias«a, a town of Italy, capital of the duchy ot
is also plenty of wood, but difiicult to be got off; Massa Carrara which is famous for its quarries Ot
the heavy surf allows of no food landing place, fine marble. The town and its territory belonged to
Long. 81. 40. W.. lat.33. 40. N. Tuscany, but they are now independent. It is
MsbatSf one of the Philippines, about 80 m. in seated on the river Frigido, 3 m. from the sea wad
circumference; the natives are tributary to the 30 N. by W. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 10. E., lat.
Spaniards. Long. 123. 25. E.,Iat. 12. 18. N. 44. 2. N. Pop. of tho duchy 29,000; or the
Mashrough, a villa^ge in W. Yorkshire, Eng. cap. 7,000.
on the river Don, adjoining the bridge of Rother- Massa, a town of Tuscany, in Siennese. Borax
ham. Here are considerable iron works, where all and lapis lazuli are found in the neighbourhood-
sorts of hammered and cast-iron goods are made. It is seated on a mountain near the sea, 35 m.
JCofcara, the western province of Algiers, 370 m. 8. W. of Sienna. Long. 11. 3. £., lat 43.
long and 130 broad. It is drv, barren, and moun- 5. N.
taipous, except on the N. where there are plains Massachusetts, one of the New England States
abounding in corn, fruit, and pastures. Tiie 8. bounded N. by N. Hampshire, E. by the ocean,
parts are inhabited by independent wandering 8. by the ocean and the states of Rhode Island and
tribes, particularly the Angad tribe. Connecticut, extending from 41. 73. to 43. 52. N
Mascara,ihe ca{>ital of the above province, with lat. and from 69. 50. to 73. 10. W. lonf. 190 m.
a strong castle, in which the bey resides. In in extreme length firomE. to IV. and 90 mbreadtW
1732 it was an inconsiderable place ; but is now and containing 7,500 square^ miles. The Green
populous and flourishing. It is not so large as Mountains extend frt>m Vermont into the westerp
Tremesan, but surpasses it in beauty, having a part of this state where they form two ridges cair
great number of good houses and mosques. It is led the Hoosac and Taffkannuc Mountains. Far-
seated in a fertile district, 45 m. E. 8. E. of Or- ther to the East the white Mountain range en-
an and 190 S. W. of Algiers. Long. 0.40. £., ters from New Hampshire and passes southerly
lat. 35. 54. N. to the east of Connecticut river, dividing below
Mascot f ML sea-port on the E. coast of Arabia, Northampton into the Mount Tom, and Lyme ran-
with an excellent harbour. It has a castie on a ges. There are no considerable ridges farther east,
rock, and is very strong both by nature and art, but several detached eminences are scattered here
though the builoings are mean. It was taken, in and there, the most easterly of which is Meant
1508, by the Portuguese, who retained it for a Wachusett in Princeton. The highest point is
century and a half. The cathedral, built by the Saddle Mountain, an eminence or the Tagkan*
Portuguese, is now the imaum's palace. There nuc ridge in the north-western comer of the state;
is no vegetation to be seen on the sea-coast near this is 4,000 feet in height, few of the other peaks
It, and only a few date trees in a valley at the exceed 3,000. The rivers of Massachusetts ara
bark of the town, though the inhabitants have all the Connecticut which intersects the weslern
cat. Tb* Pa»luck«t ■
cold ; ill The e
m ■ HAR
riTet. A nilnMd lua tlio btan coauncDced from
• Boaton to Lowell, anif uiotlier ia projeolcd from
Boftpn to Frmidtnee.
In commerce tliii (Uta ia tha aKand in the
Union, KDd in tonniMof ablpiHng, thefiraL Tha
mporla Tor 1339 were nlacd at 13,630,714 doUua.
I, lolsl
porta of domeatio produce at 3il49,T51 dot
--' Tporta e,S54,9!)7 dollan. Thaihipping
, ._ .™,^.n ™«jg fi,(i«ip«
are alao i>ry prodactive, and ever; leL-port in the
atate i> engifed ia them. Tha cod and mackerel
fiaheiiei occnp; abort I/KMveaaeta and the whale
Kaberj' 460 ihipa. The product of t|)e Gahertea In
iSaa wai eatimaled at \,ir70'3S3 dollan. In man-
uftclurea thia lUte has On leeond rank : the fab-
ric! are cotton, woolen, carpetiug, paper, slaii,
iron, copper, lead, hala, leather, hoaierj, lace,
dnck, chemical preparationi, &o. The lirgait
ealabliihinentB are at Lowell dd the Merrimaoli,
15 m. ahon- HaTerhill. Thia town haa been
tccentlr rounded, and bj msiiia of ila manubc-
tnrea tau experienced a Tery rapid nowth ;
aamait cotton niannluitoij waa firat eaubliahed
here in 1813, and otbera were added a short time
afterwards ; at present the place eontiouea to in-
crease and bidi ftii to eqaa] anj of the interior
towni in the United SUte*. Tbe nwnafactu re*
pnlmonarj o
TbeaoUin
the end of NoTembar.
with the exoaption of ita (endenej to aggravftto
n tba interi^ is geuenll^ pKMl, and
thenarrawpanioattkaf Cape Cod, whieb nrojects
into tba sea in the ahap* of ft nun 'a arm bent in-
ward at the elbow and wriat ; it ia 76 m. in length
and from 5 to SO in breadth ; the aoil of this part
iaalmoatantiiclj aandand prodncM little vege*
tation eioept pine ahmbe, eoane grass and wIkii-
tlebetTT busbaa. Agrionltnra ia well nndentood
and slullfhllv pfwtiaed m Massacboaetta ; no
state in the Union aorpasaaa it in this respect.
The faima are ^nerally fhxn 100 (o 900 aciH
and an almoat nniramll; the nopeitf of the onlU-
TBl(in;tbenarein«aj agttonltiual societies in tha
■tale whose exertions to promote skiUnl and thrif-
feets. Cattle-ahowa aod ezhibitiona of the
[^nctaof tite acalandofhonaeholdmanu
are also held in nuur parts of the atale. The i
ticlea of cultivation are maiie, wheat, rfe, barlev,
oata, potatoes, palae and garden regetslilri m
«eU rarietiea : ha; is aSMded in great qnantl-
In minerals tbu state ia not very pioduotive.
^roa is prodooad in the sooth ; chiefly fruro bog
ore ; copper and lead bare bean Snmd in the Inte-
rior bat the; are not at prMent vrongbt ; marble
'iM abundant in Ibe weat, and gr«nite of the beat
qaalitj aboandaatChalmafbrdandQainer- Soap
■tone and alale are produoed in the lalarior patta,
and the island of Harlha'a VineTard fVimiahes
aroUlaoeons earth Ha the manaAntme of alum.
The roada in this atate aia exMlknt, and tlw
meana of intemil aommnnieatioa an n^lal
14,000,000 juda are nude anniuliy. Here are
also made carpeting, caanmerei, aatineta, &g. At
Wiltham, near Boston, are large uwnufiietima of
cotton, principall; aheetiog and sbirtJng; about
3/100,000 yarda are made annuallj. At Tnw ara
large mannlictarei of eotk>n, woolen and iron.
At TaoBlon are maanfketurea of calico, iron, cop-
per, and lead. At Ameabary are Bunafaotnree
of flannel, and there are oUwrs of woolen and oot-
ton at BoDtbhridge, Milborj, Ware, H.Uudley,
Northampton, and agreat number of other towns.
In man; places on the eoast an nunufactnraa of
aalt by solar eraporation. Upon Cape Cod, bd4
~' the neighbourhood of New Bedford, mo— '' —
ilate at Caabridge,
eOO^ bnabel* are made /early.
fheologicB.
tation at AndoT«r, and between 50 and GO .
poratedacadeaiieaindifferentparti. General edu-
bj bw in evtry town. The reli-
eitenda ^om WorMstet to Pnrideneo and seTB-
ral canals pass raond the obstniotionaba the Blani-
mack and Conneotieot Ha tut tailrc^ bnill
in the United States wal la thia atnle, and eHendt
tnm the granite qaaiiM at QnlBej to Vaftamft
parte ^the UnioD. The CalTiniatic Coagrega
lionalislB bate 164miniBten;tbeUnitariana 140;
the Baptiats 110; the Methodiata 71 ; tba Uninr-
■aUataU; the Epiaoonaliana 30; and there are one
01 two ether seola. ReDsanta oTsona of the la-
dian tribes atill remain in this stale ; the; ue
aboal 760 in nonher and Ura principallj an t^
island of Uarthn'a Vineyard and on the soathHlj
oawt of Cape Cod They annadar tlMfwrdiw)'
HAT 4E
*hlp of tlw- Blata (joTernment ind b«Te miMiont-
Tiei residing ■mong them.
MuuchoMlU waifintMttliid at Flymoalb in
Dtrermber 1620, and thli ciUbliihinent wm the
mrm of ijl the New Engliind colonies. The »Ule
reerfved ita tisme from MusMoil, an Indian Sa-
chem with whom the first setlleri made ■ tteatj
Hve^r^I^'E
which waa ftithtbllj observed for 50 yeara. The
American reTolntion began in this stilt!' with the
baUle at Lexington in I77&. The British were
diiren Iiom Boston the next Tear, and an ihde-
pendent goTeramait waa ealablithed which pre-
serred the eolooial form till 1790. A coaren-
tion of delesatea in that year framed the pres-
ent oonatitntion, >hich waa slightly reriaed in
1820.
HaanahnsettsisdividedinloMcoiuitiei. The
pop. la 610,014. There are 305 towns in the state.
The Iflgiilatnre conaiata of a Senate and Hou<e
of HepreaentKtiTea, the members of which as well
aa the Oovemorand Lieutenant GoveinoT are cho-
j. Election! aie popular, and tuffraa« ii
, Boston is the capital. The otiiei luge
towns are Salem, Newbunport, New Bedford,
Charleatown, CajnbridM, Oloaceiter, Fly moulli,
Lyau, Marblehead, Nsntacket, Norlhimptan,
Springfield, and Haverhill.
M^taekiaettt Bay, a baj of the foregoing state
between Cape Ann, and C^ Cod.
jWauaAis, atown of Naplea, inTena d'Otranto,
- 16 m. N.W.of Taranto.
Mtttmt, pi. Bt. Lawrence Co. N. ¥. on the
St Lawrence. Pop. 9,070.
JVamraaD, a town of the Sardinian atatet, in
Piedmont. 40 m. N. N. E. of Turin.
JKuKma Motoitaim, a branch of the Ozark
range ,extending east and west throagb the western
part of Arkansas Territory.
JVaawMie.atown of trance, department of Qera,
14 m. S. of Aach.
MatnivaUt, p.*. Sallifan Co. Ten.
Mtutui, a town of AbTsiinis, situate on an isl-
and on the eoasl of the Red Sea, with an eicel-
lent barboar, distributed into three diTisions. The
houiea, in general, are built of poles and bent
gnaa, as in the towns in Arabia. Long. 66. 36.
B., lat 16. 35. N.
XomfipalMt, aritjacd wa-fwrtofHindoDatan,
in the district of CondapiUr. with a good harbour
and a coiuaderable trade J< chintzes, painted lin-
ena, Ae. It formerlr belonped to the French,
bntwtstaken by the British in 1769. It is seated
neai one of the mouths of the Kislna, 73 m. 8. W.
_ __ t the foot of t
m. N. oTBetbri.
Ksta, a town of Spain, ii
Valencia. Naar it is
l HAT
a lake of tbe aame name, noted for Ibe immenae
qnantity of nit that it prodncea. The town stands
on tbe aea-coait, S8 m. 8. S. W. of Alicant.
Matata, or Matattai, a commodioaa bay on tbe
N. coast of the inland of Cnba, 35 m. E. ofHavana.
Lonff. ei. 16. W., lat. 23. IS. N.
.Mufofa. a town and cape on the S. coast of tbe
island of Candia, 30 m. 9. of Candia. l^ng. 24.
61. E., lal. 34. 46. N.
Malamba, a country of AfriCB,in Congo, boand
ed on tbe N. by Congo Proper, £. by parts un-
known, 9. by Bemba and Benguela^ and W. bT
Angola. The chief town Is St. Maria.
Mtuamiului,* wiiltge in Hyde Co. M. C.
Maianiat, a sea-port on tbe N. coait of Cuo*.
60 m. £. Havana. It has a good harbour and (.
large trade with tbe United States. Fop. nfiOO.
Ut. 83, 3. N., long. 81. 30. W.
Miilan, or MacUin, one of tbe amaller Philip-
eies, on which Masellan waa killed is 1531, aAer
bad conqnered the i>le of Zebu.
Mulaptut, Cape, the fnostaootbem promontorj
of the Horea, between the gulf ofCoron and that
of Colochina. Long. 23. SO. E., kt. 36. 36. N.
Mataramj a town of the island of Jara. It is
strong by situation, and ia seated in a fertile and
CpuloUB country, surrounded by monnlaina.
mg.111.55. E., lat. 7. 15. B.
Jt&oni, alown of Spain, in Catalonia, celebrat-
ed for its glass works, and the best red wine made
in the prOTince. Here are also mannfactnm of
calico, silk Btu&B, laeei, &e. It ia aeated on the
Heditenanean, 90 m. N. E. of Barcelona.
Maters, a town of Naples, capital of Basilicata,
and the see of an archbishop. It is-oeated on tbe
Canapro, 35 m. W. N. W. of l^ranto. Long. 16.
34. E-, lat, 40, SO. N.
MattTta. See Hcliopotii.
JtfofAan, a town if the empire of Bomon, with
a royal palace, forming a kind of ciUdcl ; situate
ouaamall river, 100 m. 8. W. ofBomou.
Matkitu, a towq ofFrance, department of Upper
Vienne, IS to. W. 8. W. of Si. Junier.
Malhura, a celebrated town of Hindoostan, pro-
vince of Agra, much Tcnemted by the Hindoo*
-place of their god Kris' "
scaled on the Jumna. Long. 60. 40. E., lat. 27.
3B.N.
MatUdoBQle, a villiife in Fairfbi Co. Va.
Mallock, a village in Derbyshire, Eng. situate
on the Derwent, i m. N. of Wirk.worth. It is
an extensive straggling place, built in a romantic
style, on tbe steep side of a mountain ; and near
the bridge are two chalybeate springs. A little
to the S! is Mallock Bath, famoua Tor ila warm
baths, which are much frequented from April to
October. Near the western bank oftbe river it a
petri^ing spring.
MatUpona, a river of Virginia which pasus
through N. Carolina, and joining the Famunkey,
forms Tork River.
Mattdieeiz, or Matithewiet, a town of Poland,
memorable for a great victory obtained by the
Ruasiana over the Poles in 1794. 32 m. £. of
Warsaw.
MattKee, Si,, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 10
m. from tbe Mediteriuean, and 66 N. N. E. of
MaUhae, St^ an island in the AUanue, 42U m.
8. by W. of Cape Pajmas, on the coast of Gainea.
It was planted by the Portuguese, but ia now de-
•erled. Lon^.B. 10. W.,lat. 1. 34. S
MAU 407 MAY
MatikeWf St., a small bland in the Indian Ocean. Maurepas^ lake in the eastern part of Loniiiana
Long. 123. 51. E., lat. 52. 3. S. which discharges its waters into Liake Pontohar
JHottAsiof, acoonty ofthe E. District of Virginia, train by a strait 7 m. long • the lake is 12 m. in
Pop. 7,663. length and 7 in breadth, witn a depth of 12 fe«tt.
Maitapois€tj a village on Boszard's Bay in Ply- Jfatiruic, a town of France, department of Can
mouth Co. Mass. tal, famous for excellent hones ; seated near the
Mattituek, p.y. Suffolk Co. N T. on Long Dordogne, 29 m. E. of Tulle.
Island. Maurice, St., a town of Switzerland, in the Va-
Matto Gfroifjo, aproyinee of Brazil, bounded N. lais, situate on the Rhone, between two high
by the proyince or Para, S. by that of St. Paul, mountains, 16 m. N. W. of Martifny.
W. by uat of La Plata, and E. by that of Goias, Maurice, St., a riyer of Lower Canada, flowing
and lying between 52. and 64. of W. long.^ and into the St. Lawrence. Also a county lying upon
between 10. and 23. of S. lat. It was first yisited the same riyer.
by the Portuguese in search of gold, which abounds Maurice, p.y. Cumberland Co. N. J. on a stream
near the sources of many of its riyera The coun- of the same name, falling into Delaware Bay.
try is generally fertile. Mauritius. See Prance, Isle of.
Mantuimay, a sea-port in the island of Jeso, cap- Maurua, one ofthe smaller Society Islands, in
ital of a proyince or the same name, tributary to the S. Pacific, 14 m. W. of Bolabola. Long. 1^.
Japan. Long. 138. 55. E., lat 42. 0. N. 32. W., lat 16. 25. S.
Matura, a sea-port of Ceylon, with a small fort Maur^, a Co. of W. Tennessee. Pop. 28,153.
The country round is exceedingly wild^ and Columbia is the capital.
abounds in elephants, which are here principally Mautem, a town of Austria, on the S. side of
caught for exportation. It is seated at the moutn the Danube, opposite Stein, with which it is con-
of the Melipu^ear the southern extremity of the neeted by a long wooden bridge. It is 11 m. N.
island, 25 m. E. S. £. of Galle. Long. 80. 28. £., by W. of St Polten.
lat 5. 53. N. Jfines, St., a borough in Com wall, Eng. It
Matura, a town of Hindoostan, in the proyince hat no church, but a chapel has been erected at
of Agra, 22 m. N. E. of Agra and 70 S. S. E. of the expense of the late marquis of Buckingham.
Dehfi. Henij VIII. built a castle here, opposite to Pen-
Mmikeuwe, a fortified town of France, depart- dennis, for the better security or Falmouth. It
ment of liord, with manufkctures of arms and is seated on the E. side of^ Falmouth Hayen,
woolen stuffii. in 1793 the Austrians formed the 12 m. S. S. W. of Orampound and 260 W. by S.
blockade of this place, but were soon driyen from of London.
their position. It was one ofthe fortresses ooou- Marataunif, a township of Berks Co. Pa. 20 m.
pied by the allies from 1815 to 1818. Seated on N. E. Reading,
the Sambre, 13 m. S. of Mons. Maxen, a town of Upper Saxony, celebrated for
JKsiidkCAMiift, a yillage of Northampton Co. Pa. a yictory obtained by the Austrians oyer the
on the I^high, 35 m. 8. W. Easton and 108 by Prussians, in 1759, when 20,000 Prussians sur-
the riyer aSoye Philad. Here are large coal rendered themselyes prisoners of war. It is 10
ounes, for an account of which See Penntyttxaua. m. S. of Dresden
Mauldah a town of Hindoostan, in Bengal, sit- Maa^d, p.t Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 186.
oate on anyerthat communtcates_with the Gan- Maximin, St., a town of France, department of
' ' IS, 21 m. N. of Toulon.
Scotland, at the mouth
light-house, 6 m. S
88. 16. %., lat . 25. 3. N. " £. of Anstruther.
J|fa«2<(aproylnceof Chile, 132 m. long and 120 May, Cap€,n. cape of N. America, on the N.
broad. The soil is fertile|and the proyince is well side or the mouth of the Delaware. Long. 7^. 4.
watered. The capital is Talca. Lat 34. 47. S. W., lat 39. 0. N.
MauU, a riyer of the aboye proyince, which Mayamha,OT Majumha, a sea-port of Africa, in
rises in the Cordillera, and enters the Pacific in Loango. The chief trade is in logwood. It
lat. 34. 50. S. stands at the mouth of the Banna, 110 m. N. W.
MauUon, a town of France, department of Ven- of Loango. Long. 10. 20. E., lat 3. 40. S.
dee, with an ancient castle on a rock. It is seated MayhMe, a town of Scotland, in Ayrshire, with
near the riyer Oint, 52 m. N. E. of Rochelle. a manufacture of blanketa; seated on an emi-
Ma/MUoMf a town of France, department of Lower nence, surrounded by hilU", 8 m. S. of Ayr.
Pyrenees, 20 m. W. S. W. of Pan. Matfen, a town in the Prussian proyince of haW'
MauUon, a town of France, department of Up- er Rhine, with a castle and a collegiate church •
per Pyrenees, 23 m. S. E. of Taibes. seated on the Nette, 15 m. W. by M. of Coblents
JlfMtinee, a riyer of Indiana, flowing into the Mayence. See Mentx.
Ohio. Also a yiUage in Wood Co. Ohio, on the Mayn^idd, a town of Switzerland, in the Gnson
same riyer. counbj, chief place ofthe League ofthe Ten Jn
Maurm, Si., an island in the Ionian Sea, on the risdictions, witn 900 inhabitanta; seated on the
W. eoastof Greeoe,15 m. N. of the island of Ceph- Rhine, in a romantic yalley, 22 m. S. by £. of
alonia, and about 50 m. in circuit. Itssurftoeis Appenzel. •
mountainous and rugged, and it is subject to fVe- Mdyenne, a department of France, including
quent earthquakes. ^The chief products are wine, part of the former proyince of Maine. It takes
oliyes, citrons, pomegranies, almonds, and other ita name from a nyer, which flows S. by the
Slits. It forma part ofthe Ionian republic, and cities of Mayenne and Layal, to that of Angers,
nds four deputes to the assembly. There are where it reoeiyes the Sarthe^ and soon after joins
seyeiml good ports ; but no town or consequence the Loire. Layal is the capital,
except tne capital, of the same name, sitnaie at Jftsyenits, the chief place of an anondissement
the n. extremity ofthe island. Long. 20. 46. £., in the aboye department, with a castle on a rock.
lat ^. 40. II It has mannfteturei of linen, woolen, and ihtnd
MAZ 48B MEC
aii4 11 Mated on the river Mayenne, 45 m. W. N. 4 to 8 biotd. Long. 59. 30. £., lai. 80 30.
W. of Mans. Lonjr. 0. 43. W., lat. 48. 18. N. N.
Mtu/IMd, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. T. Pop. Msmeo, a citj of NiphoB, in Japan, fimnerlv the
2|614. Alao a township of Unjahoga Co. Ohio, metropolis of the whole empire. It ta still the
and a Tillage of Hickman Co. iten. ecolesiastical capital, the rendenee of the daixo,
MayhmOf a village among the Choctaw Indians or spiritoal sovereign, and the centra of litaratnie
in the north-eastern part of Mississippi. Here is and science. The palace and some of the tem-
a missionary station. pies are of extraordinary magnificence. A nnm-
Mafftusboraughy a township of Coos Co. N. H. Der of the finer manuiaotoies, paxtioolarly japan-
16 m. E. Lancaster. work, painting, carving, 4bc., are earned on here.
MaynooA. a town of Ireland, in the coanty of The town is seated in a fine plain, 160 m. W. 3
Kildare. Here is a royal college for stadenis in- W. of Jeddo. Long. 153. 30. S., Ut 35. 94. N.
tended for the Romish church ; also a college for Mead, townships in Crawfiird and Belmont
lay students of the same perauasion, established Cos. Ohio,
in 1803. It is 12 m. W. of Dublin. Meadia, a town of Hnngafy, in the bannat of
MayOf a county of Ireland, in the province of Temeswar. It was taken^ the Turks in 1738
Connaught, 62 m. lonff and 62 broad ; bounded and 1789, and is 23 m. 8. £. of Temeswar.
C. by R^ommon, S. oy Galway, W. and N. by MeadnUU, p. v. Crawford Co. Pa. Here is an
the Atlantic, and N. £. by Sligo. It is divided institution caUed Alleghany College, founded in
into 76 parishes, contains about 294,000 inhabit- 1815. It has a library of 8,000 iralnmes and is
ants, and sends two membera to parliament. The tolerebly well endowed.
W. coast is mountainous, and thinly inhabited ; MttMviUe^ p.v. Halifax Co. Va. 150 m. 8. W.
but the interior produces excellent pasturage, Biohmond, p.v. Frenklin Co. MiMiMippi, 30 na.
and is watered by several lakes and riven, llie 8. E. Natelief .
fisheries are very productive. In 1827^1,180 boats, ^see, one of the smaller Molnoeas, in the In
with 5469 persons, were employed m Westport dian Ocean, with a good harbour. Long. 127. 5.
alone. Mayo gives the title of earl to the family £.» lat. 1. 18. N.
of Bourke. The principal town is Castlebar. JIfaaiisviUe, p.v. Bradford Co. Pa.
Jfoyo, a town of Ireland, once the capital of Mearns. See KineardhuBkire.
the county of its name, but now a poor place, 9 MuOh^ or Eoit Jfsalft, a connty of Ireland, in
m.
eirenmi
l*™d
mountaluj^to the' 8. W. of which is irregular baronies and 147 parishes, oontalns 159,183 in*
ty orbeeves, goats, and asses ; as also some com, received the name or Meat|i in the twelfth een-
yams, potatoes, plantains, figs, and water-melons, tury. There is no cathedral, and the episoopal
The chief commodity is salt. Long. 23. 5. W., palace is at Ardbraocan, a village near Navan.
lat. 15. 10. N. The agrioulture of this county is now in a verr
JIfayo, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. 97 m. N. W. flourishing state. The soil m general is a rion
Raleigh. fertile loam, producing abundance of eom, and
Mayorga, a town of Portugal, in Estremadun, foedtng numerous sheep and cattle. Tram is the
near tne Atlantic, 67 m. N. of Lisbon. capital.
May^iekf p.v. Mason Co. Ken. on the N. Fork JVeatA, IF«M, a eounty of Ireland, in the pro-
of Liekinir nver. vince of Leinster, 42 m. long and 35 broad;
MaiftvaUf p.t. Mason Co. Ken. on the Ohio, bounded N. by Cavan, E. by East Meath, 8. bv
66 m. above Cincinnati, 63 N. E. Lexington. King's county, W. by Roscommon (fVom whicn
Pop. 2,040. It stands on a narrow bottom l^low it is separated by the Shannon), and M. W. bjr
the mouth of Limestone creek, and has considers- Longford. It is divided into 11 baronies (beeiden
ble trade and manufactures. half the barony of Fore) and 59 parishes, with
Mayiow»f t. Lancaster Co. Pa. parts of seven othen, eontains about 130,000 in-
MayvifUf p.v. Chatauque Co. N. T. on Cha- nabitants, and sends three memben to parliament,
tauoue Lake. It is very fertile in com and pastunge, and has
Matfwar. 8ee Oudipaur, several mkes and riven. This county gives the
Maxagmu a sea-port of Morocco, near the Atlan- title of marquis to the family of NugenL Mul
tic, 8 m. W. of Aaamor and 120 N. of Morooco. lengar is the oounty town. •
ry)ng. 8. 15. W., lat. 33. 2. N. MeauXf a large and populous town of France,
Matanderam, a province of Peraia, bounded N. department of 8eine«el-Mame. The market-
by the Caspian Sea, W. by Ghilan, 8. by the lof- place is a peninsola, contiguous to the town*
ty mountains of Eloura, which separete it from which was formerlv well fortified. In the eathe-
Irak and E. by Khorassan. It is a fisrtile conn- dral is the tomb of the celebrated Boesuet, bishop
try, and the mountains on its 8. boundary are of Meaux. It is seated on both sides of I he
covered with timber trees ^ but the climate is Biarne, 25 m. N. E. of Paris Long. 2. 53. £..
moist and unhealthy. Sari is the capital. laL 48. 58. N.
Maxara^ a sea^port of Sicily, in V al di Masara, Mteat, a city of Arabia, famous as the birth-
and a bishop's see. It has a capacious harbour, plaoe of Mahomet. It is seated in a barren val*
and is built on the ruins of the ancient Sesinun- ley, surrounded by many little hiUe, oonvsting
tnm^5 m. 8. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. 30. £., of a blackish rock. Tbe hovsee follow Ihe winil
lat. 37. 53. N. iuffs of the vaUay, ^d are bnUt paHly nn the dn-
Jfoaerft, or AfiKstni, an island in the Arabian clhities upon saeh side. The street* an wgolaf ,
Aia, on tM OQMt of Omm, 60 m. long and firem level, and convenient The chief snimaft of thn
M£C 469 MEO
inhabitanti is derived fW)m the pilffrimi^ who dachy of Mecklenburg-StreliU. Both prmoei n
flock to this place from every part of the Mahom- ceived the title of grand duke at the congrress of
etan world. On the top of one of the hills is a Vienna in 1815, anid they have each a vote at the
cave, where they pretend Mahomet nsnally re> diet of the empire. Schwerin and Strelita aie
tired to perform nis devotions ; and hither, they the chief towns.
affirm, tne greatest part of the Koran was brought Meeklenberg, a county of the £. District of
to him by the angel Gabriel. Numbers of sheep Virginia. Pop. 90,366. Boydton is the capital,
are brought hither to be sold to the pilgrims. A countv of N. Carolina. Pop. 20,076. Uhar-
The principd ornament of Mecca is the mmous lotte is tne capital,
temple, which has 48 doors, and its form resem- MeekUy. See Cassay,
bles that of the Royal Exchange in London, but Mteon^ a river which rises in the N. £. part of
it is nearly ten times as large. The area in the Thibet, flows through the country of Cambodia,
middle is covered with gravel, except in two or and falls into the China Sea by three mouths,
three places that lead to the B^at- Allah through ^seron, oxMekran, a province of Persia, bound-
certain doors ; and these are paved with short ed on the N. by Seffistan and Candahar. £. by
stones. The Beat- Allah, in the middle of the^ Hindoostan, S. by the Indian Ocean, ana W. by
temple, is a square structure, covered all over^ Kerman. The southern part is dry. and little
with a thick sort of silk, and the middle em- more than a desert ; the northern is less so, but
broidered with large letters of gold : the door is animals are rare, and the soil far from fertile,
covered with silver plates, and nas a silver cur- Kidee is the capital.
tain before it, thick with gold embroidery. This Jtudea. a town of Algiers, on the site of the
Beat is the principal object of the pilgrims' devo- ancient Lamida, in a countrv abounding in com,
tion. and is open out two days in the space of six fruit, and sheep. 35 m. S. W. of Algiers,
weeks, one day for the men and the next for the Medta^r .MoMiui, a sea-port of Tunis, formerly a
women. About 12 paces from the Beat is the place of importance ; seated on a peninsula in the
pretended sepulchre of Abraham, by whom the gulf of Cabes, 8 m. S. W E. of Tunis,
nfahometans affirm the Beat- Allan to have been Medebaehf a town of Prussia, in the province of
erected ; and 2 m. from the town, according to Westphalia, 32 m. £. of Cassel.
the same authoritv, is the hill on which he pre- Jfeae/m, a town of Spain, in Estieinadura, the
pared to offi?r up his son Isaac. The famous balm birth-place of the celebratea Fernando Cortes. It
of Mecca is not manufactured in this city but isseated in a fertile country on the river Guadia-
is found and brought hither from the surrounding na, 20 m. £. by S. of Menda.
country. Mecca is governed by a sheref, who is Meddpadiaj a province of Sweden^ between the
a temporal prince, and his revenue is increased gulfs of^ Bothnia and Jamtland. It is 100 m. long
by the donations of Mahometan sovereigns. It is and 45 broad ; verv mountainous and woody, but
34 m. E. N. E. of -Jidda, the sea-port of Mecca, interspersed with fakes, rivers, and fertile valleys
and 220 S. by E. of Medina. Long. 40. 56. £. Bundswold is the capiul-
Ut. 21. 40. N. MedetMuk a sea-port of the Netherlands, in N.
Meekimieky a village in Dutchess Co. N. T. Holland, witn a good harboOr. The chief com-
15 m. N. E. Poughkeepsie. merceisin timber brought flom Norway and Swe-
MtekanUtbuTgy p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 8 m. den ; the vicinity is remarkable for its rich pas-
from Harrisburg *, p.v. Champaign Co. Ohio and tures. Medenbfick was taken by the English in
a village in Liberty township, Butier Co. Ohio. 1799. It is seated on the Zuyder Zee, 28 m. N.
Mechatdckstoum^ p.v. Freaerick Co. Maryland. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 51. E., lat. 53. 46. N.
Mechamek^s Mill, p.v. Moore Co. N. C. 68 m. Me4field,p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W.
S. W. Raleigh. Boston. Pop. 817.
McchanUmlUy p.v. Saratoffa Co. N. T., Mont- Medford,p.i. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Mystic
gomery Co. Maryland and Darlington Dis. 8. C.
MeJuin, or MaUnes, a town of the Nether-
river, 5 m. N. W. BostoiL Pop. 1,755.
Median. See
lands, capital of a district in the province of Jfeiftna, a town of Arabia Deserta, celebrated as
Antwerp, and an archbishop's see. The cathe- the burial place of Mahomet. It is a small^ poor
dral is a superb structure, with a verj high stee- place, but is walled round, and has a magnificent
pie. Here is a great foundery for ordnance of all mosque, in one comer of which is the tomb of
kinds ; and the best Brabant lace, fine linen, Mahomet, enclosed with rich curtains and lighted
damask, carpets, and leather are ^ made here, hj a^^reat number of lamps. Medina is called
'■'"*"* * liewaspro-
firomMec*
A«v«, «•>«> M.wv^. -- «. — J—J -- — — I iregalpow-
N. N. E. of Brussels and 15 S. S. E. or Antwerp, er. The time of his death was in 637 ; but the
Long. 4. 29. £.,lat. 51. 2. N. Mahometan epoch begins in 622, from the time
Ahehoaean. See VailadoHd. of his flight. Medina is seated on a sandv plain,
Meckenhdrnf a town of the Prussian states, in abounding in palm trees, 200 m. N. W. orMecca.
the prt>vince of Berg and Cleves, situate on the Its port is Jambo. Long. 39. 33. £., lat. 25. 20.
Erfn, 8 m. S, W. ofBone. N.
Mtddenhvrgy a duchy of GermanV} bounded Medina^ the capital of the kingdom of Woolly.
N. by the Baltic, £. by Pomerania, 8. by Bran- W. Africa. It contains about 1,000 houses, ana
denburg, and W. by Holstein and Lunenburg, is deibndedby a high wall, surrounded by a thick
It extends 135 m. in length, and 90 where broad- hedge. Long. 12. 50. W., kt. 13. 38. ».
est,iand abounds in com, pastures, and game. Medimay a town and fort of the island of Bah-
The country was, for many centuries, under the rein, near which is a bank containing the finest
S»vemment of one prince ; but on the death of pearls in the world. The harbour itm not admit
e sovereign, in 1^, it was divided between vessels of more than 200 tons. It is seated near
his tvfb sons; the elder obtaining the duchy of the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf
MeoUenburg-Schwerin, and the younger the ^(Mftiia,atownof Spain,in Estiemadvn^iM^
MEi 190 XEL
ed ct the ibot of a moontun. 80 m. W. N. W. of if«tiiw, a nnaU idaad in the middle Uke of
Leniw. CoMtanee, wlucii produces excellent wine. 5 m
Mtdimmj% ctmnij of Ohio. Pop. 7,560. A N. W. of Constanoe.
town of the eome name is the eapital. Jfenwi^ew, a prineipalitj of Germany, in Sas-
Medina dd CampOj a town of Spain, province ony, formmg the territory of the dnke of Saxe-
of Leon, in a country aboandinff with com and Meinunfen, oomprtainf en area of 446 aq. m.,
wine, 23 m. 0. 8. W. of Velladoiid. with 56^ inhabitanta.
Medina dd Rio Seeo, a domed town of Leon, MmnMngeHf the capital of the foteginng princi-
near the Seqoillo, 25 m. N. W. of Valladolid and pality, with a fine caetle, a lyeeum, a council
5C. S. S. E. of Leon. nouae, &o. The principal manufacture ia black
Medina Sidomta^ n.iawn of Spain, in Andaluaia, crape. It ia aituate amon^t mountaina, on the
with a eaatle, 24 m. S. £. of Cadiz, and 60 S. of river Werra, 16 m. N. W. of flildburghauaen and
Seville. 31 N. of Schweinfurt Long. 10. 43. £., laL 50.
Afedttarroneon, a aea between Aata, Africa, and 38. N.
Europe, communicating with the Atlantic Ocean Md§8m, or Jfunui, a ciiele of Saxony, formerly
by the strait of Gibraltar, and with the Black Sea a margraviate. Part of it was ceded to Prussia in
by the strait of Gallipoli, the sea of Marmora, and 1815 ; but it has stiU an area of 1,600 sq. m., with
the strait of Constantinople. It is of very great 2(^,000 inhabitants. It is a fine country, produc-
extent, but its tides are inconaiderable, and a con- ing corn, wine, metals, and all the conTenieuces
slant current sets in from the Atlantic through ofiife; and is situate on both sides of the Elbe,
* the strait of Gibraltar. It contains many islanav, having Boliemia on the 8., and Prussian Saxony
several of them large, as Majorca, Minorca, Cor^ on the N.
sica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, &c. The ^ ATeigfen, the capital of the fi>regoing circle,
eastern part of it, bordering on Asia, is sometimes with a castle and a famous manufacture of pofoe-
called the Levant Sea. lain. The cathedral is the burial place of the
Mtdwayy a river of England, which riaes in A ah- Saxon princes to the year 153d. The bridge over
down Forest, in Sussex ; entering Kent, it flows the Elbe, burnt d^vnn by the Prussians in 1757,
by Tunbridge and Maidstone, and thence to Rooh- haa been replaoei^ ^ y another of a very handsome
ester ; belo^ which, at Chatham, Ib a station for construction. Meissen is seated on the rivulet
the royal navy. Dividing into two branchea, the Meiaae, at its junction with the Elbe. 12 m. N. N.
western one enters the Thames, between the W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 31. £., iat. 51. 11.
isles of Grain and Sheppey,and is defended by the N.
fort at Sheemess. The eastern branch, called Meissenkmm, a town of Bavaria, in a district
the E. Swale, passes by Queenborongh and Mil- of the same name , aituate on the Glan, 34 m. N.
ton, and enters the German Ocean mIow Fever- by £. of Deux Fonts and 30 W. S. W. of
sham. The tide flows up nearlv to Maidstone Mentx.
and the river is navigable to Tunbridge. .VsUasae, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia,
Jlf<Mfaea«, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 25 m. S. W. aitnate on a fertile plain, near a mountain abound-
Boston. Pop. 1,766. ing in white marble. It was anciMtly a eitv,
JVedwi, a town of Sweden, in Gothland, much adorned with many public buildings, especially
fbei^uented on account of its waters, which are temples ; and is still a large place, but the housca
vitriolic and sulphureous. The lodging houses are mean. 80 m. 8. of Smyrna. Long. 87. 50
form one street of uniform wooden buildings, E., Iat. 37. 15 N.
painted red. It stands near the lake Wetter, 3 m. Mdatxo See. iftfasse.
fh>m Wadstena. Mdhowm^ a conaiderable village m Derbyahire,
Meelah, a town of Algiera, province of Constan- Eng. 8 m. S. by E. of Derby, ^re ue a chnrch,
tina, survounded by gardens producing abundance four meeting-houaes, and the vestiges of an an-
of herbs and excellent fruit, particularly pome- dent castle in whicn the duke of Bourbon was
granates. It is 14 m. N. W. (^ Constantina. confined aAer the battle of Agincourt The in
Jfsgora^ a town of Greece, in the isthmus of habitants are chiefly employedin the manufaotuie
Corinth, nrmerly very large, but now inconsid- of worsted stockings and a peculiar kind of silk
erable. It has some fine remains of antiquity, flowered shawb.
20 m. W. of Athens. Melhmmu, a township in Buckingham Qo.
MegeiHj a town of the Netheriands, in N. Bra- L. C.
buit ; seated on the Mouse, 15 m. W. 8. W. of Melek^ a town of Austria, with a benediotine
Nimeguen. abbey on a high rock, near the Danube. 10 m. W.
Mbfna. See Burrampooter, of St. Polten.
JfMtfTta, a river of Virginia which runs into MeUomhe Rtgit^ a town in Dorsetshire, Eng.
N.Carolina, and uniting with the Nottaway forma It has a good market-place, and a town hall ur
the Chowan. which the corporation of Weymouth, and Mel-
Mehwuy a town of France, department of Cher, combe transact business. It is seated at the mouth
Here are the ruins of a castle built bv Charles of the river Wey, opposite to Weymouth, with
VII. sa a place of retirement; and here ne starved which it communicates by an elegant bridge
himself, in the dread of being poisoned bv his son, 127 m. W. S. W. of Xxmdon. See Vtymovt!.
aflerwards Louis XI. It is seated on the Yevre, Mddert, a town of the Netherlands, in Brabant.
10 m. N. W. of Bourges. 10 m. 8. E. of Louvain.
Mekwas, a district of Guaerat, H indoostan, in- Mddotf, a town of Denmark, ia HoIsUin, sMtr
habited by a race of marauders who live by ed near the mouth of the Miele, 50 m. N W
plttnder. of Hamburgh.
jrs^,aooai^of Ohio. Pop. 6,159. Chester Mddnan^ a town of Scotland, in Aberdeen
ia the eapital. Theie are townahips of this name ahire, 17 m. N. N. W. of Aberdeen,
in Muskingum, Adams snd Morgan Cos. Ohio. Meifi, a town of Naples, m Basilioata. and a
MeigtvaU, p.v. Raadolpli Co. Va., p.v. Jack- bishop's see, with a castle en a look, 20 m. N, W
warn Co. 1\m. W. of Aeennza,
Jiab«a,atownofrartBBal,iKB&tMl>aaWoe JTtttoMntli, p.*. Amu C*. N. C. IU n. B.
Minho, iritb BitRoif Dwll*; antod on Uw Mw- W. lUkigta.
bo, 37 m. N. I7 E. «f Bn«. Jfafan, & low> of FruM, depulMaat of Bcioa-
X<li^ ui iahiBd of Dilmatia, to fte golf of at-Mun*. it bu k tndc with r>rw ia com,
T«ake, withabentdiotine ibbvr.flTiUigci, uid meii, wine, and cheeK ; md ia MMed ea Um
MT«nl bwlionn. It ia SO m. in bn^, and a«iiia,9&iii. S. E. of Ptfia. Lenf . S. 36. £., bt
abonnda in araagaa, cLtwa, wipa.BBd iSh. 4S. 3D. N.
XiUUa, • MS'pOTt of reijoa tke cootof tht JfdriUi /«Iaiid,ane of a enwofiilaad* inUN
He^teiTonean. In 1486 H waa taken bjr tha Polw 8«a of the *«itera aonUaent, oalM the
8panlvda,wlM Mlt aaitadaL Itall5m.fl. OeonUn Anhipalun, Trlme tba EiwfiA diaeor-
E.ofFsa. Looff. 9. 67. W., lal St. 68. N. 07 ^pa uder C>{>i. Fany wintered. It lin
Jf»Ha*», *. kiiwdoM of B. Aftiea, tm tha oout bet wean 74. 36, and 75. GO. N. bl. and 106. and
orZanfnebar. Itawodncti an gold, elephaala' 114. W. Imc. S40 n. low and 100 broad. It U a
tcMfa, <wtri«bea' ftatfcaiB, wax ; and aloea, aenna, i^« of racka witbovt a uaa «r skab, kat in Uw
and other dmga; akao ploRty of rice, iagar, cocoa- nnnfea or Tallsra tlie aoil afiitda gfaaa, hhim and
nnta, and otbcT trapieal fhiita. aaladi. A few "EMoiinau reaoit taltbar in aan-
JVatnado, tk« eapital of Iheabora kingdom, i* a nei, and the wild animala of Uw wntltalai mtk*
Urge and handaaotapWe, wino— dodbraaegai' it their abode ia ttte aame Mtaon. UonU of
dena. It baa a good haibonr, defeodedlij a fort ; nm^ ozan wera >e«n U Winter HaAoni in thia
ballboeaUanea ladangerooa, on aooonnt of the iriandearlv' —
teat nvmhar of aheaband locki under water.
«70 m. 8. W.
lat. 3. 15. S.
._. ., — , _ , a.eitendingBboat
S5 league! ftoia G. to W , and abouniTiiig in
giain and wine. Lograno ia Um capital.
Mdila. SttMaUa.
XditeUa, a townofSieilj, inVBldiNoto,8m.
W. of LeontinL
dVat^opof , a town of Raaria, gorarnment of Tm.
rida, aitoate on a lake, 19 m. &oia the aea cf
Aaopb and 106 B. of CaUurinenakf .
JMJukam, a town in Wilbhire, Env. with a
market enrj other Tlinrada; fiw oattft, and a
mann&ctnie of Ivoad elotha. It baa a la^e par-
iah cbnrch and three naeting hanaaa. 00 m. W.
of London,
jrrfjiiifa.a town of Switaerland, in tha canton be eaten. They an fbond in mat _
of Aargaa, aeated on the Renaa, 9 m. 8, b; W. within the Aretic Circle, and go in hard! of eij^^
ofSadan. oranhandrcd.
MtUmilt, a towniliip of CiHnbtrlBnd Co. N. J. Mtmd, a atrong town of E. Pmaais, wtlh a
n of Behanua, * "' - •
Mdt%ieli, a town of Behanua, with a caatlo. Ita tie, a fine harboor, aad a
ndnitj jielda eieelfent red and whka wise, and It ■ aaated on a mer of Um wmat name, al iIm
aeu It ilandi the Angoatine cenTent of Sohuka. N. eztremita of the Cnaiaaha Baff ; aad on the
It ia aeatad on the Glne, oppoaite the inflaz oi the N. E. aide of the eutianaa into the harbonr ia a
Hnldan, 18 m. N, of Pngn. Ugfatfaooaa. It ia 70 m. N. N. E. of Kanlnberg
Melomi, a town of Egrpt, with a Mmarkable and 130 K. E. of Dantaio. Lo^. 21. 36. K., lat.
moaqne ; reated oa the NiU, 3 m. B. of Aahmn- 6E. 46. N.
JfMiMu^an, a town of Baraiia, defended by
, „ ._, art, and iurronnded b* ~ ** "-
with manoikctiiiea of linen and woolen cloth, atditable trade in Ibio u
Mitrmt, a town of Scotland, In ik>tb«r)(Blui«, art, and aurronnded b* a mor^i
nanoikctiiiea of linen and woolen cloth, atditnble trade in lbiOMm,faatiBD,eMtaB,|ner,
le diatance fivm lAe towo, on the B. aide aah, tobBeo0,alid bopa. Hear tkia place, in ITIC,
of the Tweed, are the magnificent nmaina eC the Pnaeb teroMlaBaa daftated tW emwi
Hettoee Abbej, foanded b; David I, part 1^ nnder the prinoa of Conde; and In 18W «
which if atill DMd tbr divine aerriee. Alenander Frcnoh delMted tha Anaitiaaayandki^ lb* town.
II. iaaaid to be boned onder the great altar. Ab- It ia aaaMd in a ftrtUe plaan, near the rinr lUar,
botafoH, the eeat of 8lr Walter Scott, ia in the » n. S. bf E. of Ulm. Lo^. 10. U. E.,>b> 4S.
Ticinitjoftbeabbej. Melraae b It m. N. W. of ON.
Jedburg and 36 B. of EdlnbaTgh. Jlew^Mr, p.t. SfaeJbv Co, Tas. on tk Hbau-
JlfeKoa JCnohvy, a town in LeioeatenhlTe, £». alppi, on the lUe of eld Fort ncberiBf. It baa a
The fine cbeeer called Stiltua it chieflj made ui fine aitiution at 1 point whew Ok great WMtam
ita neighlKinrhood. The chnrch b a fine Oothic mad atrikea tfta lim.
edifice, and here are two meelins-boDaaa, a dmc- JUnkfkrrmaggg; a lake of N. AuMnea, in tiM-
hv achool, a national icbool, and 19 almaboMoa, ada and VermoBt, 35 m. long^ and 3i mad Ita
au of which were erected in 1637. It u aaated oallet ia the rirer St. Francea, namtg inib tha
in a rich giazlDg conntr;, on the rim Eve, over BL Lawrence. Ob aa bhoA in lUa labv w a
which am two ban d«om: atone bridMa, lam. tf. qnarr; of eU aMna aqnd lb Ifce bw* Tnrhiy «P
E- of Leieeatei and lOB V. bj W. of Loadaa. (tone.
MEN 498 MER
MnuUf m Btrait which dividM the idaad of An- Jfanls, or AbwmM, a city of Germanj, in the
ffleaej mm the other parts of N. Walee. An grand duchy ofllesee, and a bishop's see. It is
Megant suspension bridge has been tlirown orer well fortified, and deemed a barrier fortress. The
this strait, which will allow vessels that pass city is built in an irregular manner, and plenti
the strait to sul beneath it. fufly provided with churches. The principal
Menan, a river of the kingdom of Siam, which buildings are the electorial palace (now much de>
passes by the city of Siam, and enters the gulf of eayed), the house of the Teutonic knights, and
oiam, below Banook. the cathedral. Mentz is one of the towns which
MenaneabotOf a kiiwdom in the centre of the claim the invention of printing ; and the growth
island of Sumatra. ^Tie country is described as of the best Rhenish wine is limited to a circle of
a large plain, clear of wood, comparatively well about five miles round it. The French took this
cultivated, and abounding in gold. place by surprise in 1792 -, and the next year it
Mende^ a town of France, capital of the depart* stood along blockade and siege before it sunen<<
ment of Loiere, and a bishop's see. It has man- ered to the allies. It was twice re-attacked ..-
ufactures of serses and other woolen stuffii ; and the French in 1795, but they were defeated hy
IS seated on the Lot, 35 m. S. W. of Puy and 210 the Austrians, who also relieved it from a block-
8. bv £. of Paris. Long. 3. 30. E., lat. 44. 31. N. ade of two months in 1796. The siege war soon
Mendkam, p.t. Morris Co. N. Y. after resumed, and continued till the signing of the
Mendip HiUSf a lofty tract in the N. E. of Som- treaty of Udina in 1797,'when the city was taken
ersetshire, Eng. abounding in coal, calamine, and possession of by the French. By the peace of
lead: copper, manganese, bole, and red ochre, Luneville, in 1801^ it wba formally ceded to
are also found. A great portion of these hills, France, but was delivered up to the aflies in 1814.
formerly covered with heath and fern, has been Mentz is seated on the Rhine, just below the in-
brought into cultivation and ]>roduceB good corn, fiuz of the Maine, and on the opposite side is the
At the bottom of a deep ravine, near the village town of Caasel, connected with it by a bridge of
of fierriagton, a cavern was discovered, in 171%, boats. It is 22 m. W. S. W. of Frankfort and 70
containin|; a great number of human bones, many E. by N. of Treves. Long. 8. 10. E., lat. 49. 58. N.
of them mcrusted with a calcareous cement, and JitfdZy a township of Cayuga Co. N. T. 12 m
a large pc^on completely incorporated with the N. W. Auburn on tlie Erie Canal. Fop. 4,144.
solid rock. / Menuf^ town of Ecypt, situate in a well culti-
Mendd^ham^ a decayed village and parish in vated oountry, near that branch of the Nile which
Suffolk, Eng. where an ancient silver crown, flows to Rosetta, 40 m. N. N. W. of Cairo,
weighing 60 ounces, was dug up about the ena Menzala^ a town of Egypt, situate near a lake
of the ifth century. It is seated near the source of the same name, 60 m. long, separated from the
of the Oeben, 80 m. N. E. of London. Mediterranean by a narrow dip oi land. It is SO
MendoHy p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W. m. S. S. E. of Oamietta and 73 N. N. E. of Cairo.
Boston. Pop. 3,152; a township of Monroe Co. Long. 32. 2. E., lat. 31. 3. N.
N. T. Pop. 3,075. M^pptfij a town of Westphalia, capital of a dis
Jtfisniioztf, a city of Buenos Ayres, province of trict of the same name, 52 m. N. of Munster.
Cugo, on the E. side of the Andes, in a plain Meqidnetua, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
adorned with gardens, well watered by canals, with a castle, seated at the conflux of the Segra
It contains four convents, a eolleffe, and a chureh. with the Ebro, 58 m. £. S. E. of Saragossa and
A river of the same name flows by this town, and 180 E. N. E. of Madrid.
finally enters the Atlantic under Uie name of Co- MemUnez^ a city of Morocco, seated in a de-
lorado. Long. 70.^ 12. W., lat. 34. 0. S. lightful plain, having a serene and clear air ; for
Mendrah^ a province of the kingdom of Fenan. which reason the emperor frequently resides in
much of whicn is a continued level of hard and this place in preference to Fez. The palace
barren soil ; but the quantity of trona, a species stands on the S. side, and is guarded b^ several
of fossil alkali, that floats on the surface, or settles hundreds of black euauchs, whose knives and
on the banks of its numerous smoking l^es. has scimitars are covered with wrought silver. In
given it a higher importance than that of the the middle of the city, the Jews have a place to
more fertile districts. It has a town of the same themselves, the gates of which are locked every
name, 60 m. S. of Mourzouk. night, and guarded. Close by Mequinez, on
MsndrisiOy a town of Switzerland, canton of the N .W. side, is a large Negro town, which
Tieino, containing several convents. 7 m. W. takes up as much ground as w city, but the
by N. of Como. houses are not so high, nor so well built. The
MeneJundd. Se., a town of France, department inhabitants of Mequinez, estimated at 112,000, are
of Mame. In 1792 the French gave the first considered more polished and hospitable than those
check to the progress ofthe Prussians at this place, of the southern provinces. 58 m. W. of Fez.
which in the end compelled them to a retreat. Long. 5. 46. W., lat. 32. 40. N.
It is seated in a morass, on the river Aisne, be- Mir, a town of France, department of Loire-et-
tween two rocks, 20 m. E. N. E. of Chalons. Cher, 11 m. N. N. W. of Bloise.
ifisti^efi, a town of Wurtemberg, near the Dan- Moron, a town of the Austrian States, in Tyrol,
ube, 50 m. 8. of Stutgard. of which it was formerly the capital ; seated near
Mengaingkaiuenj a town and casUe of Ger- the conflux of the Passar, with the Adige, 12 m.
many, county of Waladck, &m. N. E. of Corbach N. N. W. of Botzen. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 46. 39.
and 24 N. W. of Caesel. N.
Afenm, a town ofthe Netherlands, in W. Flan- Mercer, a county ofthe W. district of Pennsyl-
ders. It has been often taken; the last time by vania. Pop. 19,731. The chief town has the same
the French in 1794. It is seated on the Lis, 10 name. A county of Kentucky. Pop. 17,706. Har-
m. N. of Lisle. rodsburg is the capital. A county of Ohio. Pop.
ifsKtone, a town of Nice, with a castle and a I^IO. St. Mary's is the capital. A county of 11-
•mall harbour, 5 m. E. M. E. of Monaco. linois. Pop. 26.
MmUar, p.t. Gteauga Co. Ohio. Mcreer, p.t. Somerset Co. Me 94 ra. 8. E. Poi?
MLH
493
MER
land. Pop. 1410 ; ako towiu in Mercer and But*
ler Cos. ra.
Menenbwg, p.T. Fnnklin Co. Pa. 16 m. 8. W.
Chambertborg.
MtTdim,K town of Afliatie Turkey, in Diarbeck,
and an archbishop*i aee, with a caatle. The
coantry about it prodacei a ffraat deal of cotton.
It ie Mated on the ■nmmit of a mountain, 45 m.
8. £. of Diarbekir. Long. 39. 59. £., lat 96. 50.
N.
Jtf«r0, a town in Wiltahire, Eng. 100 m. W. by
8. of London.
Mer$ega, a town of Algiera, in the province of
Maacara, celebrated for ita warm hatha. 25 m. 8.
£. of 8her8he! and 50 8. W. of Algiera
Mere^. a town of Ruaaian Lithuania govern-
ment of Wilna, aeated at the conflux of the Mer-
cez and Nemen, 30 m. N. of Grodno.
Mertdithf p.t. Strafibrd Co. N. H. 63 m. N. W.
PortaHDouUi. Pop. 2,683. Here are considerable
manufacturea of cotton, woolen and paper.
MergeiUkdm, a well built town or Wurtem-
berg : aeated on the Tauber, 20 m. 8. 8. W. of
Wurtxburg. Long. 9. 52. £., lat. 49. 30. N.
Merghen, or Merguen, a city of £. Tartary,
province of Tcitcicar ; aeated on the Nonnl, 140
m. N. by E. of Tcitcicar. Long. 124. 55. £.. lat
49. 10. N.
Merguif a aea-port on the W. coaat of 8iam, with
an excellent harbour. It waa wreated from the
8iameae by the Birmana in 1755, but waa ceded
to Britain m 1824-5, and ia 208 m. 8. W.of 8iam.
Long. 96. 9. E., Ut. 12. 12. N.
Mergui Arek^fdagOf conaiata of ialanda extend-
ing ISS m. along the coaat of Tannaaaarim and
the iathmua of the Malay peninaula, with a atrait
between them and the mainland, from 15 to 30
m. broad, having regular aounainga and good
anchorage. They are in general covered with
trees, but are not inhabited, although the aoil ap-
peara feruie The principal of them are King's
Isiano, Clara, 8t. Mathew's and Tannaaaerim.
MtrioA, a strong town of Spain, in Eatremadura,
built by toe Romana, before the birth of Christ.
Here are fine remaina of antiquity, particularly a
triumphal arch. In 1811 it fell mto the handa of
the French, but waa retaken by general (afterwarda
lord) HUl in the following year. It ia aeated in
an extenaive fertile plain, on the river Guadiana,
over which ia a noble Roman bridge, 32 m. E. of
Badajoz. Long. 5. 58. W., lat. 38: 47. N.
Merida, a town of Mexico, capital of a province
of the aame name, lying between the Baya of Hon-
duras and Campeachy. It ia situated m an arid
plain. 30 nv 8. of the gulf of Mexico and 70 N.
£. of Campeachy Long. 89. 58. W., lat. 20. 45.
V
Meridem, p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 17 m. N.
Fi*- Haven. Pop. 1,708.
AtridiamtvUUy p.v. Madison Co. Alab.
Meridien, p.v. Madison Co. Missouri.
Meriorif Imef and Loteer, two townships in
Montgomery Co. Pa. near Philadelphia.
Merionethshire, a county of Wales. It contains
nearly 500,000 acrea, is divided into 5 hundreds
and ir parishes, has four market towna, and sends
one member to parliament. The number of in-
habitants :n 1921 was 34,382. The face of the
country is varied throughout with a romantic mix
ture of all the scenery peculiar to a wild and
mountainous region . The principal rivers are the
Dee and Dyfi. Cader Idns, one of the highest
mountains in Wales, is in this county.
Meritekf an important town and fbrtreaa ofHia
doostan, in the province of Bejapoor ; attoate near
the N. bank of the Kiatna, 62 m. 8. W. of Viaia-
pour.
MermeiUaMf a lake and river in the 8. W. part
of Louiaiana flowing into the gulf of Mexico.
Jtfero, a atrong town of the kingdom of Pegn
140 m. 8. W. of Pegu. Long. 96. 36. E., lat It
0. N.
MeroUf a town of Peraia, in Khoraaaan, aeated
in a fertile country, which prodnoea salt, 112 m.
8. W. of Bokhara. Long. 64. 25. E., lat. 37. 40.
N.
Merrittstown, p.v. Fayette Co. Pa.
MerriUsville, p.v. Greenville Dia. 8. C. 120 m.
N. W. Columbua.
Jfernrnadk, a river of New England riainff in
New Hampahire. One of ita head atreama ciUled
the Pemigewaaaet haa ita aource near the Notch
of the A^rEite Mountaina ; the other flows through
Winnipisiogee Lake. The river runs south into
Massachusetts, where it turns south-eaatand flowa
to the aea at Newburyport. In the upper nut of
its course it is much obstructed by fiuls. These
afford excellent mill sites, and the largest manu-
factories in the United 8tates are situated on this
river. Many canals pass around the falls; at
Chelmsford the Middlesex canal extends from this
river to Boston harbour. The mouth of the river
is obstructed by a sand bar which does not admit
the passage of ships except at high water. There
is a good navigation for vessels of 200 tons to
Haverhill. Two chain bridges cross the river at
Newburyport and Salisbury. The current ia
rapid and the ahorea bold ; the interval bordera
are narrower than upon the Connecticut, but af
ford much beautiful acenery . The waters are pore
and salubrious and abound in salmon, shad, ale-
wives, herring and sturgeon, which last gave name
to the river, Merrimack being the Indian name
for aturgeon. The ohief branchea are the Con-
toocook in New Hampahire and Naahua and Con-
cord rivera in Maaaaohuwtts.
Merrimaek, a county of New Hampahire, formed
from the N. part of Hillaborough Co. Pop. 34,619.
Concord is Uie capital.
Merrimaeh, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 6 m. E.
Amherst. Pop. 1,191. Also townships in Wash-
ington and Franklin Coa. Miaaouri.
^terrt^iiUy p.v. Bertie Co. N. C.
Menymeettng Bay, a wide expanaion of water
at the junction of the Kennebeo and Androscoggin
rivera. Alao a bay in Winnipisiogee Lake.
mereea, a town in Essex Co. U. C. on Lake
Erie.
Merseh, a town of the Netherlands, in the duchy
of Luxemburg, 8 m. N. of Luxemburg.
MertebuTg, one of the new divisions of the Prua-
aian atates, consisting principally of ceaaiona made
by 8axony in 1815. It lies to the 8. of Anhalt
and to the £. of the government of Erfurt, and
comprises an area of 4,000 sq. m. with 471,000 in-
habitants.
Mersthursr^ the capital of the above government,
formerly a bishopric The mo«t>emarkable build-
inffs are the castle, the cathedral which stands
below it, and the aoademy . The brewing and •$Xt
2T
MEfl 4M M£T
portatioa of strong beer fkraieh the prinoinal em- alio in 1683; when it w9m half dettroje^. It haa
nloyment of the inhabitanta. It is aeatedon the since been rebuilt, with elegant hoaaes only two
Baale, 16 m. N. W. of Leipzig. stories hi^h. For several years poor to the peace
Jller»sy, a river of £Bfflana, which rieea in the of 1814,Messina was the head-quarters of the Brii-
N. extremity of the Peal in Derbyshire, receives ish troops in Sicily. It is seated on the strait ot
the Tame at Stockport, and, lower down, the Messina, which aeparatea Sicily firom Calabria,
Irwell ; it then passes by Warrington, and receives 130 m. K. of Palermo. Long. i5. 50. £., lat 38.
the Weaver at Frodsham, where it forms a broad 10. N.
estuary, that contracts on its approach to Liver- ^esnitf,a town of Franconia^ In the principali-
pool, below which it enters the Irish Sea. This ty of Aichstat. 14 m. N. N. £. of Aichstat.
river not only affords salmon, but it is visited by ifiss^e^ town of Austrian Italy, in Tieviso
annual shoals of smeltn, here c&Ued sparlings, ofa 8 m. N. W. of Venice,
remarkable size and flavor. MeturadQ, a considerable river of W. Africa,
MerteVf an island in Essex, Eng. between the which falls into the Atlantic on the Grain Coast
mouth of the Coin and the ez^trance of Black water On its banks is a kingdom of the same name, th«
Bay. It has twoparishes, c&Jed £. and W. Mer- boundaries of which are very uncertain. See
sey. 7 m. S. of Colchester. JJberia,
Merthyr Tidml, atown of & Wales, in C^mor- Mesurata, a sea-port of Tripoli, and the resi-
ganshire. It has a oanal to Cardiff, immense dence of a governor. CarSivans travel hence to
mines of iron and coal, and Yery 'extensive iron Fezzan and other interior parts of Africa, by which
works. 3 m. distant are the mina of Morlais Cas- they carry on a great trade. It ia 100 m. £. S.
tie, said to have been the residence of the kings £. of Tripoli. Long. 15. 20. E., lat. 32. 0. N.
of Brecknock. It is seated on the Taafe, 24 m. Af6to,a large river of New Granada, which has
N. N. W. of Cardiff and 180 W. of London. Its rise opposite to Santa Fe de Bogota, and falh
Jlf«rt02a, a strong town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, into the Orinoco, about 450 m. from its source^
seated near the Graadiana, 60 m. 8. of Evora and in long. 67. 45. W.,lat. 6. 10. N.
100 S. £. of Lirtx>n. Long. 7. 37 W.. lat. 37. Metapura, a town of the isle of Borneo, in the
41. N. kingdom of Baniermassing, 72 m. N. £. of Ban-
Mertan, a village in Surrey, Enff. with calico jermassin|; and 100 S. £. of Ne^^ara.
manufkctures and bleach-fields. l£re Henry III. Meiealfibanmgk^ a village in FrankUn Co
held a parliament in 1236, at which were enacted Ten.
the Provisions of Merton, the most ancient body MeieUn^ a town of Prussia, in the province of
of laws adder Magna Charta. It is seated on the Westphalia, seated on the Vechta, 19 m. N. W.
Handle. 7 m. S. W. of London. of Munster.
MermUBf a town of France, department of Nord , Mettlin, or MytUenM, an island of the . Grecian
seated on the Lys, 15 m. N. of Lisle. Archipelago, anciently called Leabos, to the N. of
Metehedf a city of Persia, capital of Khorassan. Scio, and almost at the entrance of the .ffulf of
It is fortified with several towers ; and is famous Ouestro. It is about 40 m. long and 12 broad ;
for the magnificent sepulchre of Iman Risa, of the somewhat mountainous, and has many hot springs
fflunUy of Ali, to which the Persians pay great de- The soil is very good, and the mountains are la
Totion. Here is a manufacture of beautiful pot- many places covered with wood. It produces
tery, and another of skins. Caravans are con- eood wheat, wine, oil, and the beet figs in the
tinually passing through this citv from Bokharia, Archipelaga Castro is the capital.
Balk, Candahar, Hindoostan, and all parts of Per- JIfsfAtZ, a town of Scotland, m Fifeahire, with
sia. It is 180 m. £. of Asterabad and 490 N. E. a safe harbour on the frith of Forth, whence much
of Ispahan. Long. 58. 30. £., lat. 35. 56. N. coal is exported. 6 m. N. E. of Dysart.
JIfBsektd jSU, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in Irak- Meiktun^ p.U Essex Co. Mass. on the Merri-
Arabi, near a lar^ lake, called Rahema, which mack, 30 m. N. Boston. Pop. 2,011. Here are
oommnnicates with the Euphrates by a oanal. It manufactures of cotton and paper,
stands on the spot where Ali, one of the sucoes- Methverif a town of Scotland, in Perthshire,
sors of Mahomet, was interred ; and his tomb is where king Robert Bruce was defi^ated by the
annually visited by Persian pi^ima. It is 110 English in 1306. 6m. W.'N. W. of Perth,
m. S. of Bagdad. Long. 44. 50. £., lat. 32. 5. N. MeUiHg, or MottUng, a strong town of the Aus-
MesapotanUaf the ancient name for the country trian states, in Camioia ; seated on the Kulp, 13
lying between the Tigris and Euphrates. It now m. N. W. of Carlstadt and 40 S. £. of Lau-
forms a part of Asiatic Turkev. bach.
Mesopoiamiaf p.t Trumbull Co. Ohio. 170 m. Mdro, a river of Italy, which rises on the fio^
N. E. Columbus. Pop. 562. tiers of Tuscany, crosses the dachy of UrWino
Meuaf a conaiderabie town of Morocco, on the and enters the gulf of Venice near fano.
river Sua, not fiur from the Atlantic. It is 165 Metropolis a town of the island of Candia, ou
m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 10.46. W., lat. 29. the site of the ancient Gortyna, of which many
58. N. vestiges remain. 22 m. S. S. W. of Candia.
ifsMtna, a sea-port of Sicily, capital of an in- .Vetz, a town of France, in the department of
tendancy of the same name, in Val di Demona, Moselle, and formerly the capital of the kingdom
with a citadel and several finis. It is 5 m. in cir- of Austrasia. The fortifications are exceUent,
cumference, has four large suburbs, and contains and it has three citadels and noble barracks. The
36,000 inhabitants. The public buildings and cathedral is one of the finest in Europe. Here
monasteries are numerous and magnificent ; there are manfactures of cotton, linen, gauze, chintx,
are 60 churches, including the oithedral, which fustian, dec.; and a conaderable tnde in leather,
b much, admired. The luirbour is one of the wine, brandy, dtc The sweetmeats made bars
safest in the Mediterranean, and has a quay about are in high esteem. Metz is the seat of the de-
a mile in length. A great trade is carried on here pavtment administration and a bishop's see, and
in silk, oil, fruit, com, and excellent wine. This contains neariy 43,000 inhabitantB. It is ssatud
city suflfered mudi by an earthquake in 1770 ; and at the oonfiux of the Moselle and SeiUe, 910 m.
ir B. of Pm. Long. C. 10. E., ht. 49 -.
'I'arll«7, •epvaiing Albania ftom Tben*!/. It
« tba utdaiit Pindni. Then ii a vllbfe of thii
Mm inn > viUtge of Franee, with « munifi-
Biaat roytl pdao* ud pwk i MaUd oo tb* Seme, 6
m. 8. of Ptm.
JlfatJOK, ■ townof FniiDe,dapaTtaMnt ofBuDS-
Mturt, Of JK>cr«,B(owiiof the Pnuiitji aUlM,
Mpitalota uiiall piiwiipilitrorthe luiieiMnie. It
lui a ciMle, and ma li>n>Mii7 a plaoa of vtrength,
but ita fintifieationa w«ra deatroyed in 1764. 16
m. N. N. E. of Doneldorf.
MairllH, atownorFntnce, JDcludiiigpartof tba
fbrmeT proTince of LomJm. It ia bonnded bj tba
dapartmant of Moselle, Voagei, and Menae, and
oompriara u area of 9,600 aq. m., with 365,600
inhabltanta. Tha clinwle ia lemperala, and the
aoil ID genanl fertile. Nancy ia the capital.
jVwrtia, a river of France, which riaea in the
department of Voage«, and Sowa b; LaneTUIa
and Ninej into the HoaeEle.
Maut, B rirer which liHa in Franee, in the
depariment of Upper Mame. It entera the Netb-
erlanda at Givet, flowa to Chailemont, Namur,
Huj, Liege, Haeatiioht, Roremonde, Venlo,
Grave, Batlenburg, Raveateni, Oorcum (where
It receivea the Waal), and Woreum. At Dort it
divide* into fear principal faranohea, the moat
northern of which ia callnl the Herve. Theae
fonntlie ialand ofTaaelnicnde, Vaom, and Ovar-
a]aokee,aiidenten the German Ocean below Briel,
HelvQetalnjatnd Goree.
JKmm, «i department of Franca , inelnding the
(bciDBT doohj of Bar. It ia bounded by the gimnd
dmhy of Luambnrg, and the department! of
Hoaella, Voasei, Harne,and Ardennei, and com-
pHeea an area of S,600 iq. m. with 385,000 inhabl-
tanta. Bar im Onnain ii thecspilal.
JVmsw, an eztenaiTC diatrict of Hindooatan,
proTince of Agimere, Iring chieflj between S5.
v)d3fl.orN.lat.
JMauot, ahiU; and woodj tract of Hindooatan
Ijing on the S, W. of Dehli, confining tha low
COnntTf, along tha W. bank of the Junma, to a
aomparativetj narrow alip, and eitending weit-
lrardl30m. FnniN.lo^.it iaSOm. ItainhaL-
itanla, the Mewatti, have been ever eharacteriied
u the moat aavage and brutal, and aie still noled
■a thiarM and robbera. The eonntrj contain!
■oma atrong fbrtieaaea on ateep or inaceeaiible
hiU*. It k nanunall7 poaaeaaed bj the rajah of
Macherrj.
Hffn'rrTTf. or Magw, a rirei of New Mexico, on
the «onfinea of Louiaiana, which mna into the
ft conaiderable portion of Mexico is with'in the
torrid lone, the cllnule in general ia temperate
and hraltbj. No country abounda njore with
grain, fruita, toota, and regelablei, nianj of them
feculiar to the countrj, or at leait to America.
L ia aUo celebrated for ita mine* of gold and ril-
rer, and has auarriea of^per and porphjry, and
ezqniaite marble. Cochineal ia almost peculiar
to this conntiy; its indigo and cocoa aie sapei.nr
to an; in America; and its logwood has lonj;
been an important article of commerce. Among
the quadrupeds are the puma, jaguar, bean, elk*,
wolves, deer, &c. The peecirjof this counlij ia
aometimes called the Meiicao hog. Theae ani-
mala frequent the mountainous and woodj part*
and go in large herds together. Tbejp commit
great ravages among the augar-canes "—
ihot and potato fields. InGoir-"--
,lhe Indians st
them with poinned arrowa blown through a tab*.
The domestic animals of Entope, puticularlv
homed cattle, have multiplied here, almoet witn
incredible ruidiCj. Nombera of theae having
been suffered to ran wild, now range over the
vaal ptaina, in herda flnm 30,000 to «l,000 ; ther
are hilled merel; for the aake of their hidea, whiM
are aonualljr exported, in vast qoantities, to Eu-
rope. TheinhabitanlaeoiuistofnativeSpaiuardf',
Creates, who are descendants of Eoiopeana ; Hu-
lattoea. the iaaue of whitea and negroes ; Mesti-
ioe>, descendants of whites and Indians; Zam-
bocs, detcendanta of negmea and Indiana; and
African Degroes, with whom are ctaaaed a mixed
Bitraction from Europeans, Africans, Jndiana,
and Malaji or others of Asiatic origin.
becon
UB population goes
, during the last hundred
cordinglj, it would appear that, J
113.
indepuiikat republic, aitoated between 43. and
:. W. long., and aitending from the Pacific
Uoean to to Ae Carribaan Bea,tbe gulf of Mexico
and the SaUae fUver. It comprise* an area of
1,700,000 *q. m. with about 7,000,000 ofinbabi
taota. In general it ia a monntainoos countt;
intermixed with many rioh vallejs : the highest
mountains man* of wnich are volcanoes, are near
Iha coast of the TacificOoeao. The eaatem ihoie
iaadatooontry, full of impenetrable forests, with
boca and moraaaea, overflowed in the rain; aea-
n, which ii from April to September Although
increaaing, especiall; durin
yean; and accordingly, it woum afurciMr uiai, ui
total amocDt, these countries are more populous
at preseotthan they were previonaly to the arri-
val of Europeans. The kingdom of Monteiuma
did not eqoal in extent the eighth part of New
Spain as it noi^ exists. The great towns of the
Axtecs, and their moat cnltiva&d lands were met
with in the environs of tlie capital of Mexico, and
paiticnlarly in the delicious valley of Tenochti-
tlsn. Thekingiof Alco1buacan,ofT]acapBn,and
of Heehoacan, were independentpriuca*. Be-
Eind the parallel of 30. were the Chichimega and
tomitea, two wandering and harbaroni nation*,
whoae hordes, though &r fivm numerous, pnahed
their incnniona aa fkr aa Tula, a town situated
i^ear the northern border of tlie valley of Tenoch-
titlan. It would be juat aa difficult however
to eatimale, with an; degree of accuracy, the
number of Honteiuma's aubjecta, as it woud br
to decide respecting the ancient population of
Egypt, Persia, Carthage, or Greece, or even with
regard to many modern states. History presents
us, on the one hand, with a train of oonqneron
unbitMM to Ihtow additionil Initn on tbcir own
Mlploita; on Iha other, teligiona and Miuible men
dicMting with noble ardour Ibo armi of eloqnencj
agunat the cmeltr of the Gr>t coloniata. Both
partial were' eqniijy inlercirted in eiwgen.ling
the flonrUhing condition of the newly diBCorered
oonntriea. AtallaTentB, the '
a pron that the population ofthii lingle put c^
the kiDirdoin w«« once &r laperior to what it ia
now. Tet it mart be temarked that thCK mini are
diapened,^aTer a ipaca that, relativel; apeaking, ia
bat verr limited.
To a great degree of mmcolar itrength, the
copper-eoTanied native* add UiG advantage of be-
ing aeldom or never aubject to any defonnity.
M. Humboldt isaurea a» that lie never law a
/ nnch-back Indim, and that Ihej very leldom
■quint,oTU« met with either lame or wanting
the uae of Iheir anna. Id thoee countriei where
the inhabitanta mffer ftom the goitre, lhi« affec-
>i obaerv
geaeral!7
Theii
,„ i» grey, and they p
ength till the period of their death. In
reipect of the mora! faculliei of the indigenooa
Meiicana, il ia difficult to form a ju)t eatimate of
. them, if we consider thia unhappy nation almoit
in the only light in which there hai been an op-
portunity of viewing it by intelligent travellera,
aa (inking aoder long oppreaaion, and depreBed
almoat to the loweat pitch of degradalion.
In hit preaent condition, the Mexican lodiui
ia grave, melancholv, and taeitam, aa lone aa be
unot ander the influence of intoiicaiing liquors.
Thia gravity ia particularly remarknble in the
children of indiana, who at the early age of four
or five jeira diaplay infinitely greater intelligence
•nd develoKment of mind than the children of
white*, "niey delight in throwing an air of mys-
tery over their most triflins remaika. Not a paa-
non manifeata itself in their featurea. At all
times sombre, there is something terrific in the
chann, when he paaaea all at once from a alate
of Isolate repoae to violent and ungovernable
agitation. The energy of hia character, to which
every ahade of aoftneas is unknown, habiluplly
degeneralea into feroci^, Thia ia eapecially the
caae with the inhabitants ofTlasoala. In the
midst of their degradation, the deaeendanti of
theae refioblicana are still distingniahed by a cer-
tain haughtiness with which they are inspired by
the remembrance of their former creatnesa.
The Meiicana have preserved a particular
taste for nainting and for the art of carving on
■tone and wood! It ia truly aatoniahing to see
what they are capable of eiecnling with a bad
knife upon the hardest wood and stone. They
exerciae themaelvea in painting the imagea, and
carvingtbe statoeiof saints; hutfrom a religiooa
principle, tbey have continned to aervUely imi-
Bte fijr 300 years, the models which the Europe-
ana brought with them at the period of the origi-
nal conquest. In Mexico aa well aa Hindooatan,
the fluthful are not allowed to make the amalleat
change in their idols ; every thing connected with
Uie ntesof the Aitecs waa aubjected to immnta-
ble laws: It is on this very account that the
Honteinm*. Tbey diapiay a great deal of apH
tude for the exercise of the arts of imitation, and
atill greater for thoee of a porely mechanical ua-
When an Indian has attained a certain degree
of cultivation, he ahowa great facility in acquiring
information, a spirit of^aeeiuraoy and precision,
and a particular tendency to lobtiliie, or to aeiui
on the minnteat differences in objects that are
to be ooiDpared with each other. He reaaoue
coldly and with method ; but he doea not eviaoe
that activity of imagination, that lively treshneae
of sentiment, that art of producing, which charac-
terises the people of Europe and many tribes of
Af^can negroes, l^e mu«ic and dancing of tlw
indigenouB natives partake of thai want of cheer-
fulness which is so pecnliar to them. Their
singing ia of a melancholy description. Hare vi-
vacity, however, ia observed in their women than
in their men; but thev share the evils of that
state of aubjeetiiHi to which the aez b condemned
among moat of Ihoae nations where civititation ta
atill imperfect. In the dance women take no part ;
they are merely present for the sake of offering
to the dincen the fermented drinks which the;
themselves had prepared.
The Mexican Indians have Ukewiae peaerved
the same taste for flowers that Cortex noticed in
his time. We are aatoniahed to discover thia
taste, which donbtleas indicates a taste for the
beautiful, among the people in whom a sangnina-
rj worship, and the frequency of human sacri&eea
appears to have extinguished every feeling con-
nected with sensibility of mind and the sofur tt-
fections. In the great market of Mexico, the na-
tive doea not even sell fish, or ananas, or vegeta-
bles, or fermented liqnor, withonl his shop ^ing
decked out with flowers, which are renewed every
ancceedinrday. The Indian shop-keeper appears
seated behind a perfect entrenchment of verdure
and every thing around him wean an air of the
most refined elegance.
The Indian hnnleta, snch aa the JWeear, the
Apatha, and the Lipaiu, whom the Spaniards
comprehend under the denomination of IndiM
^rofuM, and whoae hordes in their incntaions which
are aflen made during night, infest the frontiers
of New Biscay, Sonori, and New Mexico, evince
more activity of mind^ and more strength of
character, than the agricultural Indians, Some
tribes have even languages, the mechanism oi
which appears to prove the exialence of ancient
oiviliiatiOD. They have great difficulty in learn-
ing the European idioms^ while, at the same time
they eipreu themaelves in their own with an ex-
treme decree of &cility. These aame Indian
chiefa, whose sloomy taciturnity astoniahea the
obaerver, will hold a discourse if severml hoors,
whenever any atrons interest ronae* them ta
breik Umj haUtutl ■ileoe*. TUi whole conn-
trj WM long ooder ibe d^oiaion of Spun, mod
f avcrneil b; k riatnif . The fint Ulempt (o w-
■aDM iadepeDdenea took place in 1810. In 1634
■ ftdcnl Mvemnimit wu nt&bliibed. Nmiier-
ou* duturbuioM have liaas BriMD, ud Ihc coun-
try ii itill for from being in a Mttled ilale.
Madco,th» oapiul or the aboTC canatcj. It
wu ft flauriehing eilj belbte the Bpuiiurdi enter-
ed the coontry, and wm (BBted on WTer&l i*t*iida,
in A nlt-wiler lake, called Teicdco, to which
there wai no entrance, but bj; three cauao-wara. S
m. in length each. T!te circumfarence of the
city, eiduaire of the auburba, was fbrmerlj aboTo
10 m
Itw
wIt thiM Bootha, and, aa the Mexieana &■
d themaelTaa &twi alraet to atieet, it waa al-
mcwt rDinedj_bnt waa aflcrwatda rebuilt bj
I uv r eniinuiiH ipjvnva, in xoiti, uts
wlT thiM Bootha, and, aa the Mexi<
moat mined, bat waa aflcrwatda nbiult bj the
Spaniardi. The water in the neigUMfhoodoTtha
citj haa dried up, and Meaco ia now thm mitea
dialaut from the ■faorei of the lake. TbeatreeU ate
wide and straight, bat badlj paved. The hooses
present a magnificent aji^arance, beinv bnilt of
poiphjrf and amjgdaloia. Several palacea and
private raanaiona have a majestic effect, and ila
chmcbe* gUtlaf with metallic riches. The cath-
the tean, aad b
Lnnownt people w
M. de Humboldt saw erecting, in the great
aquaie of Mexico, an equeitrian and coloaaalata
tueof the king of Spain, by J(. Tolza,"h atatue,
■aja he, " which, bj its imposing mass, and the
noble limpticitf of its style, might adorn the first
citiea of Europe. According to the accounts of
Sponiih authors, balla, and gtroes of haurd, are
puraued with arduur, while the more noble en
joyments of tlie drama arc less generally relished,
vivid pBHiona the Mexican Spaniard adds a
great fund of stoicism. He enlen a nming-
house, loses all his money upon a ainffle cai3,
and then takes out his cigar trom behind hi
edral surpasses, ID this respect, all the
in the world ; the balustrade which ■orroonds
the great altar being ctHnpoaed of maaaive aihrer.
A l^pof the same metal, is of so vaat a nia that
three men ^o into it when it is to be cleaned ;
and it ia enriched with liooa' heaJda, and other or-
naments of pure gold. The alaluea of the Virgin
and the aainti are either made of solid ailver, or
richly gilded, and Drnamcnted with orecioaa
■tones. Pilacsa, mansions of great fluniliea,
beautifal fbuntaina, and eitenaive sqaaies, adi
the interior of thii city. To the north, near the
suburbs, is the principal pufatic promenade, or
Alamtda, Ronnd this walk flowi a rivulet, fbr-
mhig a fine sqosre, ia the middle of which there
is a bann with a fboatain. Eight aUeya of trees
terminate here, in the figiu« of a star. Bnt in
Gonseqnenca of an onlbrtonale pnximitr imme-
diately in IVont of the alameda, the eye diacoveta
the ^atsiadirB, a place where Jews and other
victlnu of the terrible Inqnisition, were burned
alive. Thia detestable tribunal waa finally abol-
iihed by the Emperor Auguslin Itarbide in
1890. In the fine evenings, dnnng the dry season,
the environa of the city present a scene of pleas-
ore, gaiety, and bustle, sckrcely to be paralleled ;
bnndreds of canoes, on the canal of Chalco, of
varioaa sina, mostly with awninga, crowded with
nativ* Indiana, nc^y dteased, and their heads
•towmJ with tba >nost gaudy flowan, an Men
and smokea aa if nothing had happened.
Mexico preserves few monuments of anti^ty.
The ruins of aqueducts, the stone of saenficea,
•Dd the calender stone, both of which an placed
in the Knat square of the city ; tnannseripta, or
hieroglyphical tabtei, badly preaerved in tM ar-
<^iveB oT the vloe-regal palace ; and finaUy, tb«
ooloasal atatue of the goddess TVo- IWanfai, lying
on its back in one of the galleriea ot the Univar-
aity, are all that remains worthy of notio* in thia
city. Bat, to the north-east of the town, and of
the lake Teicuco, on the litth hills of TtoUmtMm,
ising remains of two p,
1 moon, aod, aoewding
acted by the Olwue, an
t to Uszioo ftoni tha
lossy, from aama ooontty ntnaled en
the Atlantic Ocean. The pyramid, or honss of
the aun, ( Tbutta-gtiuiiaJ,) w 171 feet high, and
ita baae meuures 646 feet; that of the moon.
(Mnlli'ytia^,) ia thirty feet Boaller. These
monuments appear to have served aa models fbr
the TtoeaUu, or houses of the gods, conatrocted
by the Mexicani in the capital and other parts of
the CDODlnr ; but tbe pjramida are ineaaed ' —
tliick waif of atone. They formerly aapi
CDODlnr ; but tbe pjramida are ineaaed by a
. ;k waif of atone. They formerly aapported
■tatuea covered with very thin leaTss of gold. A
few amall pyramids, which i^ipsar to have b
dedicated to the stars, surround tha two great
ones. The situation of Hezico ia higUv fiivoiaUa
for carrying on oommeroe both with Eorope and
Asia, being abont 69 leagues distant from V«m
Cmi on the one hand and fann Aoapolee en tiw
St9
wc «
etbai. The working of gold and lilTer bai ioag
boon cwried [o greml peHection ben, and hen
ue alio DUDU&ctQRt of calico, cloth, nap, and
tobacco. Thii city haa been fteqoentJ; inandated
b; the overSowine of the lakes in iti vicinity,
panienlarlj in 1629, when 4U,U00 peraona ore 1811]
lo have been drowned. To prevent the reear-
TCDce of rach ctlamitiei, b *aat conduit waa con-
■tnictad to turn the couru of the water* which
f<»meity flowed into the lake Tncaco thronvh
the monnlaina. HOO m. E. N. E. of St. Jnan de
Ulhna. hang. lOU. 40. Vf., lat. 30. 4. N.
Mtxteo, Ca^ of,animmenae gulf of N. America
lying between the B. coaal of E. Florida and tlie
S. K. point of Yucatan.
JHecuw, n.t. Oxford Co. Me. Fop. 344 ) p.t. 0»-
w«ro Co. N. Y. on a bay of X>ake Ontario, 16 m.
E. (}awepi. Fop. S,ff7l 1 p.t. Mifflin Co. Pa. on
th« W. branch of the Saw|Behanna.
Mtfaiunoi, a city of Pegu, with namcroua gild-
ed teiopleauid apacioua monutcriea, IlBTicinity
la uncommonly nuitfal in rice -, and h«re are cn-
paudona mnariea alwayi kept filled with grain
leadf to be tiananorted ta any part of the empire
in which there happena lo t>e a scarcily. It
■treteheaS m. on the S. W. bank of the Irrawad-
dy, and ii 85 n>. N. W. of Pegn. Long. 96 8. E ,
lat le. 18. N.
Meyrntt, a town of France, department of
Loiere, 23 m. 8. of Mende.
Mtiaiuia, a aea port of Fei, on the coaat of tba
MediterTanesn,80 m. E. of Tetuan. Long. 4. 1.
ff., lat. 35. 2j. N
Metitrtt, a town of Fianoe. department of Ar-
dennes, with a citadel ) aeated on an idand in tOe
river Mease, IS in. W. by N. ofSedan.
Jfgwi, a town of France, departmentofLot-et-
Garonne, 9 m. N- W. of Concfom.
MkenMgatit, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro-
vince of Agra, on the W. bank of the Ganrea.
Lon^. 79. 57. E., lat. 87. 3. N.
Miaco. See Maaa>,
Miami, UtUe and Qreat, two riven of the alate
of Ohio, which run S. into the Ohio, the former
mat above Colainbia and the latter 31 m. below
Ginoinnati. The Little Miami ii 60 m. to ita
•oaree, but reneralty ao (hallow aa to aflord no
navigation. Tbe great Miami haa a navigation,
like the HuakingDm, that approachea near thn
navigable watera of Lake Erie. The coaolry be-
Iween theee two riven wat called the Miamia, and
ia reckoned among the riflheat belonging to thn
United SUtai.
Jliamt,aooaDty of Ohio. Pap. 13,806. Troy ia
tlM M|Htal 1 a townahip in Cooper Co. Hiaaonri,
tad townahiH in Hamilton, Champaign, Greene,
Cleraont, Montgomeiy, Oxford and Logan Coa.
Ohio.
JHmtut, a town of Peraii, in Aderbeitian. Here
Ihe oetebrated traveller M. Thevenot died, onhia
mtDm from Iipaban. It ii 57 m. S. E. of Taaria.
JtfujU,a cape of Dilmatia, which advance* into
IhenlfofVenioe, near the town of Zara.
JBekad, 3t., the moet caUniive and popnlona
iaiand of the Aioiea. It ii 54 m. long and ftom
6 to 15 broad, and eontaina nearly 8(1,0<M) Inbahi-
tanta. In a valley on the eaatern side are a num-
ber of boiling fountaina ; alao many aulpbureona
qiiinga, aome of a hot, and othen of a cold tern-
paralure. The principal towni are PurU del
andafthe capital of the iaiand) and Villa Fnnca.
Long. 26. 48. W., Ut. 37. 47. N.
ttitkaii A a boronvh in Cortiwalt, Eng. with
8 MIC
180 inhaUtanta. 8m.8. S. W. ofSt Coltunband
2S0W. by S. of London.
Mitkui, Si., a town of France, department 01
Meoae, with a fine hoapital, and the rich library
of a Benedictine abbey. It ia anrroonded bt
moonlaina, and ii aeated on Ihe Meoa*, 90 m, N.
E.ofBailednc.
Midiatl, St., a town of Mexico, in the province
of Nicangua, on the river St. Michael, llO m. N.
W. of Leon. Long. 87. 45. W., lat. 12. SH. N.
of Mexico, province ofCn-
- city of Tncoman, ailnate in a
ev, at the foot of a range of mgged
150 m. N. W. of St. Jago dal Ealero.
Long. 66. 45. W., lat. 27. 0. S.
JOckatl At Oorra, St., a town of Colombia, in
the preaidency of Quito, capital of a jnriadictinn
of ita name. It haa a large and elegant cborch.a
college, and aeveral conventa ; and la 70 m. N. E.
of Quito. Long. 77. 30. W., lat. 0. 35. N.
Miekatl dt nura, St., a town of Quito, aeated
near the mouth of the Pinra, 3SE m. S. S. W. of
Quito. Long. 80. 40. W., lat. B. ID. S.
MitJuul, a%i^of, St., to the K. of Panama, thkt
part of tbe Pacific Ocean which _waa fint diacov-
ered by the Spaniatda, after their march aeroa*
the iithmua ofDarien
JWtcjUgan, a lerritoir of the United Statea, tb«
weatem part of which ia aoroetimea called the
Territory of Huron. It waa formerly limited to
the peninanla encloaed between Lakea Michigan
and Huron, bnt now compriaing alao that tract
called the Northweat Territory. It ia bounded
N. by Canada and Lake Superior E. by Lake«
Huron, St. Clair and Erie, and 8. by Ohio, India.-
na and Illinoia. It exlenda from 41. 31. to 49. N
lat. and ftom 82. to 96. W. long, eonlaining about
180,000 aq. m. Tbia territory ia inleraected in
the eaatern part by Lake Michigan and waahed
on tbe weatern Umit by the Miaaiuippi. Except
the peninBala,lhe coontry haa been litUe explored.
It if eveTvwhere level except in the weatem part,
Bonth of Lake Superior, where are aonv mountain
rangea call the Ocooch Honntainiand Porcn|une
Hilla. The peninmla ia a complete level with
but jualmffieient elevation in the centre to nve
the riven a direction to the ihorea of tha lakea.
Tlie country oonaiita moctly of pniriea and fbr-
ginaw. Grand, Kallimaio, St. Joaeph. Raiain.and
otben. The weatem parta abound with wild ai
mo 489 MID
iein dMT. He is 4 or 5 feel in height, and feedii MddUhcraugkf p.t. Plymouth Co. Maee. 40
upon the buds and tender twigs of the forest, m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 5,006. Here are manofte*
lie in shy and has very aoute senses. His flesh tares of nails and iron, which are supplied with
is highly esteemed by the hunters and Indians, boff ore from ponds in the neighbonroood.
and the horns when soft are a great delicacy. MiddUiroak, p.T. Augusta Co. Va. and Mont-
The elk has often been domesticated. gomery Co. Maiyland.
The soil is yarious : the alluvions of the rivers MiddUburg^ a large commercial town of the
are fertile ; along the shore of Lake Michigan Netherlands, capital of the island of Walcberen,
it is sandy and sterile. The chief mineral pro* and of all Zealand. The squares and pubUc build-
ducdon is lead, for which See Laad Mines Cop- ings are magnificent > oarticnlarly the town-house,
per was formerly thought to exist here in great formerly a celebrated abbey. The harbour is
abundance, but this <&es not appear to be the commodious, and has a communication with
case. Iron is found in various parts. The cli- Flashing by a canal, which will bear the largest
mate of the southern parts is mild, but in the vessels. Middleburg was taken by the BritisE in
north the winters are severe. One of the most Juljr, IBOO, but evacaated in the December fol-
valuable natural productions is the wild rice lowing. 86 m. S.W. of Amsterdam. Long. 3b 37.
which grows on the marshy borders of the lakes £., lat. 61. 39. N.
nd rivers. It grows in 6 or 7 feet depth of MiddUhtrg, a town of the Netherlands, in Flan^
water where the bottom is muddy ; the stalk ders, 6 m. GT £. of Sluvs.
is 12 or 14 feet in length ; the leaves and spikes MddUkwrg, one of tne Friendly Islands. 8e«
resembles those of oats. Sheaves of them are Eaoowe.
bound together while growing, to preserve them MtddlAwgf p.t Schoharie Co. N. T. Pop.
from the oirds who resort to these spots in mil- 3vM6 ; p. v* Union Cb. Ps.; p.T.Fredrieks Co. lid.
lions for the purpose of feeding upon the rice. ^t. Loudon Co. Va. ; also m village in Nelson Co.
After it has ripened in this manner, the Indians Ken. and a township in Cuvahoga Co. Ohio,
row their canoes through the rice and beat the MiddlAurgjhi. Addison Co. Vt. on Otter Creek.
grain with sticks into the canoes where blankets 33 m. N. Writutland. Pop. 3,468. Here are man-
are spread to receive it. ofkctures of cotton, iron and marble. A quany
There are many Indians residing in this ter- of this last material exists on the banks of the
ritory. The tribes are the Chippeways, Winne- creek within the town. Middleburg College at
bagoes, Menomonees and Ottawas. Their num- this place was founded in 1800. It hM6 instruct-
bers amount to about 30^000. A very great ors and 99 students. The libraries have above
proportion of the county is still in a wud state. 4,000 rolumes. There are three vacations, in
ancithe settlements are chiefly within the penin- January, May and August, of 13 weeks. Con-
Bula. The counties in the territory are 18. The mencement is in Aufiut.
pop. exclusive of Indians is 31,260 of whom Middleburg , p.t. New Haven Co. Conn. 36 m.
*)7 are slaves. Detroit is the capital. The S.W. Hartford. Pop. 816; p.t. Gennesee Co. N.T.
Methodists have 11 preachers in the territory ; Pop. 2,416 ; p. v. Portage Co. Ohio,
the Presbyterians 6: the Episcopalians 6; tne ^i42ii/{/i«Itf,p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. 24 m. W.
Baptists 2 ; and there are some Catholics. Northampton. Pop. 721 ; p.t Otsego Co. N. T.
A settlement was made here at Detroit by the Pop. 3,238.
French, so early as 1670, but they never occupied Middleham, a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. with
much of the country. The territorial ffOTemment a woolen manufacture. Here are the ruins of a
was established in 1806. The peninsula was over- once stately castle, in which Richard the III. was
run by the British in 1812 shortly after the com- bom, and where Edward IV . was confined after
Riencement of the war, but they^ were driven being taken prisoner in his camp. It is seated
firom the territory by General Harrison the next on the Eure, 11 m. S.byW. of Ricnraond and 232
year. N. N. W. of London.
JIfidkiMJi. Lake, one of the great chain of lakes Middle Idmd, p.T. Suffolk Co. N. T. on Long
in NorUi America. It lies wholly within the Island.
limits of the United States, indosea in the terri- MiddUpori, p.T. Niagara Co. N. T.
tory above described. It is 290 m. in length, 66 Middlesex, a eounty of England, bounded N.
in breadth, and 800 in circumfi^rence. ft com- by Hertfordshire, E. by Essex, S. by Surrey and
municates with Lake Huron at the northern ex- Iwent, and W. bTBuckinghamshire. It contains
tremity by the Strait of Michilimackinac, which an area of 179,200 acres, ms two cities (London
has \i feet depth of water. The lake is deep and Westminister) and sotou market towns, and
•noogh to be navigated by ships of any burden, sends eight members to parliament. The air is
It abounds with fine trout, sturg^eon and various healthy ; but the soil in general, being gravelly,
other kinds offish. Canals are in contemplation is net naturally fertile, though by means of its
to eonneot it with the waters of the Missis, vicinity to the metropolis many parts of it are
■ippi. converted into rich beds of manure, clothed
MieiiaeamUe, p.v. Hartford Co. Maryland. with almost perpetual verdure. Besides the
MUkiiimaMmme, a eounty of Michigan. Pop. Thames, Lea, ana Coin, which are its boundaries
877. It eomprises all the northern put of the to the S., E. and W. Middlesex is watered by
TerritoiT. Michilimackinac or Mackinac, on the several small streams, one of which, called the
island of that name, is the capital. New River, is artificially brought from near Hert-
MitkilimaMnaA, a strait which unites the lakes ford, for the purpose of supplying London with
Michigan and Huron. It is 6 m. wide ; and on water.
its S. E. side, in Lake Huron, is an island, with MidHesez, a county of Massachusetts. Pop.
a fort and village c/i the sams name. Long. 84. 77J968. Cambridge is the capital. A county of
30. W., Ut. 46. 48. N. Conneeticut. Pop. 24,846. Middletown is the cap-
MUkOimmckimtte, UtOe. a river of the state of ital. A county of New Jersey. Pop. 88,167 New
IlUnoisi whieh enters tne Illinois 200 m. aboTo Brunswick is the capital. Aeoonty of the E.dl^
its junction with the MissMsippi. triet of Virginia. Pop. 4,123. Urbana is the eapittl .
mr 8w MIL
JIfMUbMXy p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 6. m. N. JMMteteiM, p.T. Milllin Co. Pft.
Montpelier. Pop. I4G6 ; p.i. Ontario Co. N. T. on JlHhaHdmf a town of Aiiatio Tniliey, in Nato-
Oanandaigna Lake. lia, with a fort ; ataate on a riTor wnich rona
MiddUMz Ctaud, nnitea the Iferrimack with into the sea of Marmora, 66 m. W. by S. of Buna.
Boston harbour, paaaing throufffa the connty of Jfiiax, or the JiiZaiieM, a eountiy of Italy bound-
that name in MaMachoaettx. It is 31 m. lonf, ed on the N. by the A]pt, £. by the Venetian
M feet wide and 4 feet deep. It has 16 locks territory, 8. by the Apennines, and W. by
and a deaoent of 107 feet from the summit level. Piedmont. The soil is every where fertile in com,
It was began in 1793 and finished in 1804, at a wine, fhiits, rice, and olives ; and there are also
cost of above 700,000 dollars. plenty of cattle. The rivers are the Seecia, Ti-
MiddUUmy a town in Lancashire, Eng. The cino, Adda, Oglio, and Po. There ue likewise
thvrch is an ancient edifice ; and there are five several lakes, the three principal of which are
meeting-houses, and a firee grammar school. It those of Maggiore, Como, and Lugano. Milan,
has the cotton trade in all its branches, a large with other countries in Italy, was long comprised
twist ilkiannfhctare, considerable bleaching works, under the general name of Lombardy. In the
some manufiMstuiea of >ilk, and extensive dye- I4th centary it became a duchjr. The campugn
works. It stftnds on the Rochdale CanaL 6 m. of prinee Eugene, in 1706, put it in possession d
N. by £. of Blanchester and 190 N. N. W. the house or Austria, to whom, with the ezeep-
of London. tion of the Sardinian Milanese, it continued sud-
MidiUumt a town of Ireland, in the county of iect duringOO years, until the victories of Napcv
Cork, situated on the N. W. angle of Cork har- leon in 1796. ni 1797 It was formed into four de-
bottr. 13 m. B. of Cork. partments, as the Cisalpine republic; but in 1814
MUMeton^ p.t. Strafibrd Co. N. H. $28 m. N. E. after several other changes,the part belonging to
Concord. Pop. 668: p.t. llatland,Co. Vt. 36 m. W. the king of Sardinia was restoiea,and the remain-
Windsor. Pop. 919; p.t Essex Co. Mass. 9 m. der incorporated with the Lombardo-Venetian
N. W. Salem. Pop. wJ ; p.t. Delaware Co. N. Y. Kingdom, or Austrian Italy. The Austrian Mi-
Pop. 2,383 ; two townahips N. and S. in Cumber- laneae forms, along with the duchy of Mantua
land Co. Pa. and a township in Columbia Co. Pa. and the Valteline, the government of Milan. It
MiddJUOmen^ p.t Middlesex Co. Conn, on is divided into 8 delegations, and contains 7,700,
Connectkut river, 15 m. below Hartford. Pop. so. m., with 2,100,000 mhabitants. Tlie Sardinian
6,876. The town stands on a bend of the river, and Milanese, which lies to the W. of the Austrian,
has manufoctures of cotton, woolen, swords, rifles, is divideo into 9 districts, comprising an area of
Ac. On the opposite bank of the river are quar- 3,300 square miles, and containing 560,000 in-
ries of fireestone. Also towns and villages in habitants.
Newport Co. R. I. Pop. 915 ; Orange Co. N. T. ; MOati^ a city of Italy, capital of the Lombardo-
Brookhaven, Suffolk Co. N. T. ; Monmouth Co. Venetian Kingdom, and the see of an archbishop
N. J. 50 m. E. Trenton ; Dauphin, Washington, The city is 10 m. in circumfeivnce ; but the gar-
Bucks, Delaware and Susquehanna Cos. Pa. den grounds are so extensive that it does not oon-
Newcastle Co.Del.; Frederick and Dorchester Cos. tain above 140,000 inhabitants. It stands in a de-
Md. ~ '~
femon
MiddkUmm PokU^ p. v. Monmouth Co. N.J. of two canals. The cathedral, in t&e centre of
14 m. N. W. Slnewsbury. the city, is a splendid specimen of Gothic archi-
MiddUtUUf p.v. Herkimer Co. N. T. 90 m. N. tecture, and. next to St Peter's at Rome, is the
W. Albany. most considerable in Italy. This vast fabric is
MUUUway, p.t Jeflferson Co. Va. built of white marble, supported by 50 columns,
MidditwUk^ a town in Cheahire, Eng. The and adorned, within and withoirt, by a prodigious
trade of the place is chiefly derived from the number of marble statues. Tne other public
sarrounding neighbourhood, which is a great buildings are the university, several colleges, the
fiuming district ; to which may be added the ex- convents, the hospitals, the theatres, the mansions
tensive salt works, and some silk factories. Here of the minister or finance, of the ndnister of the
are a spseious church, three meeting-houses, and interior, and of the archbishop, and the fimner do-
a free grammar school. The Trent and Mersey cal palace, now the residence of the Austrian
Canal runs through the town, and it is seated viceroy. In the Piasza dl Castello is an arena
on the Croco. near its confluence with the Dane, in imitation of the amphitheatre of Verona, which
94 m. fi. of Clbester, and 167 N. W. of London. is capable of containing 30,000 spectators. The
JUdJmnty a borouffh in Sussex, seated on the college of St Ambrose has a library, which, be-
Arun, 50 m. W. by 0. of London. sides a prodigious number of manuscripts, con-
MidMnmtr, a town of Hindooatan, in Orissa, tains 60,000 printed books; and its superb gal-
eapitalofadistrictof the same name. It is seat- lery is adorned with rich paintings. The chief
ed near a river that flows into the Hoogly, 70 m. trade of Milan is in grain (especiuly rice), cattle.
W.W 8. of Calcutta. Long. 87. 25. £., lat. 22. and cheese; and the manufactures of silk and
90. N velvet stuffs, stockings, handkerehieft, ribands,
Jftdnuf, a town in Liberty Co. Gfeo JO m. S. gold and silver lace and embroideries, woolen and
' Savannah. finen cloths, glass, porcelain, Ac. It has been
JKet, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil- many times taken in the wars that have descfia-
•en, on the river Nisa, 18 m. W. of Piben. ted Itoly. The French took it in 1796. It was
AF{^Im, a countfrof the W. district of Pennsyl- retaken by the Austrians and Russians in 1799;
vania. rep. 21^. Lewktovrn is the cap- but again possessed by the French in 1800, and
ital. A1k> towM in Alleghany, Cumberland, Ly- retained by them tin the fUl of Napoleon in 1814.
coming FnakkMn. and Datiphin Cos. Pk. and It is 280 m. N. W. by N. of Rome. Long. 9. 12.
RichliSMl and PSke Cot. Ohio. E., lat 45. 28. N.
JMMtlrfk^A, p>t UmoliOo. Pa. p.v. Columbia MUan, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. ISS tn. N
C^. ra. Columbus.
MIL 501 hUL
MiUt20f or Melazzo, a 'sea-port of Sicily, in MtUery a coanty of Arkansas. Pop. 368.
Val di Demona. It is divided into the Upper and MiXUrahurg^ rilliigeB in Holmes Co. Ohio ; lUp-
Lower Town : the former stands on a promonto- ley Co. Ind and Bourbon Co. Ken.
ry and is fortified; the latter has a fine square, Miller* 9 River .k branch of the Connecticut in
with a superb fountain. It stands on a rock, on the Worcester and Franklin Cos. Mass.
W. side of a bay of the same name, 20 m. W. of MilUrstown, villages in Lebanon, Perry, and
Messina. Long. 15. SS4. £., lat. 38. 12. N. Lehiffh, Cos. Pa.
MUbom-partf a borough in Somersetshire, Eng. MUlfamif p.v. Caroline Co. Va.
It has manufactures of woolen cloth, linen, and MiUsay, p.v. Bullock Co. Geo.
hosiery ; and is seated on a branch of the Parret, MiUf^onmghf p.y. Sussex Co. Del.
2 m. E. by N. of Sherbom and 114 W. by S. of MUUfidd^ township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 33.
liondon. MiUkonCf p.y. Somerset Co. N. J. 14 m. N. £.
Mttburnjp.t Somerset Co. Me. 93 m. N. E. Princeton, on a river of the same name flowing
Portland. Pop. 1,006. into the Raritan.
MUdenhallf a town in Suffolk, Eng. ; seated on MilUmlle, p.y. Cumberland Co. N. J., Crennesea
the Larke, a branch of the Ouse, 12 m. N. W. of Co. N. Y. ; King George Co. Va. and Butler
Bury and 70 N. N. E. of London. Co. Ohio.
Miles, a township of Centre Co. Pa. MiUwoodj p.y. Frederick Co. Va. on the Shenan-
MV-esbuTgh, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. 33 m. N. W. doah.
Lewistown. Milo, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 381.
MUetOf a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, MUo, the ancient Melos, an island of the Gre-
nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1763. 8 m. eian Archipelago, 18 leagues in circumference,
N. K. of Nicotem. with one or the best and largest harbours in the
MUfordy a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire. Mediterranean. It produces plentiful crops of
It is elc^ntly and uniformly built, and stands on corn, excellent fruit, and wine ; abounds in yery
the N. side of Milford Hayen, a deep inlet of the good cattle, especially goats, and has mines of iron,
Irish Sea. The hayen branches off into so many and sulphur. In this island are curious subter-
creeks, secured from all winds, that it is esteem- ranean galleries, the roofs of which are coyered
ed the safest and most capacious harbour in Great with genuine capillary or plume alum, nnd the
Britain. At the entrance on the W. point, called creyices of the rocks fiUcni with pure sulphur.
St. Ann's, is an old lighthouse, and a blockhouse. Here are two bishops : one of the Greek, and the
Here the earl of Richmond^ afterwards Henry other of the Latin church. At the commence-
VII., landed, on his enterpnee aeainM Richard mentof the 18th century the inhabitants amounts
III. A quay and several good buildings haye ed to aboye 20,000, but since that period it has
been constructed by a company from Nantucket, declined. It now belongs to Independent Greece,
who haye formed an establismnent here for the yet a considerable time must elapse before it can
southern whale fishery. recover its former opulence ana splendor. The
Milfordfp.i. Hillsborough Co. N. H . 27 m. S. Con- population of the whole island does not at present
cord. Pop. 1,303. Here are manufiustures of cotton exceed 1,200. On the E. side of the islaad is a
and screws; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 18 m. S. E. town of the same name, 60 m. N. of Candia, and
Worcester. Pop. 1,380 ; p.t. New Hayen Co. lUO S. by E. of Athens. Long. 25. 0. £..lat. 36.
Conn, on Long Island Sound, 9 m. S. W. New 41. N.
Hayen. Pop. £256. The town has a good harbour MUtenberg, a town of the Bayanan states, prin-
for small vessels with some commerce and a quar- eipality of Leininjgen, with a castle on a nill ;
X' of marble ; p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. 76 m. W. seated on the Maine. 20 m. S. S. E. of Aschaf-
Ibany . Pop. 3,025 ; also towns in Hunterdon Co. fenburg.
N. J. ; Pike, Bucks, Mifflin, Lehigh, and Somer- MUikorpe, a town in Westmoreland,Eng. seated
setCos.Pa. ; Kent. Co. Del.; Greenville Dis. S.C; on the Cetha, near the mouth of the Ken. It is
Ashtabula, Union, Butler, Hamilton, and Cler- the only port in the county, and hence the fine
mont, Cos. Ohio. Westmoreland slates and other eommodities are
MUhau . a town of France, department of Avey- exported. The manufactures consist chiefly of
ron.seatedon theTumjSOm. N. W. ofMontpelier. sacking, twine, and paper: in the vicinity' are
Mithaudy a town of France, department of Gard, limestone and marble quarries. 255 m. N. N. W.
seated on the Vistre, 9 m. S. W. of Nismes. of London.
MUitsehyti town of Prussian Silesia, seated on Afi^fon, a town of Kent, Eng. It is noted for
the river JSartsch, 27 m. N. N. £. of Breslao. excellent oysters ; and much com, &c. is ship-
Long. 17. 23. E., lat 51. 32. N. ped here for the London markets. It is a place
MiUborOf p.y. Washington Co. Pa. of great antiquity, and was the residence of the
MiUboroughf p.v. Bath Co. Va. ; p.v . Sussex Co king of Kent, and of Alfred, who had a palace
Va. here. 14 m. N. £. of Maidstone, and 40 E. of
MiUhury, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6 m. S. London.
Worcester, 40 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,611* Jftfton, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 7 m. S. Boston,
Here are manu&ctures of woolen, paper, oil, leath- on Neponset river which is navigable hence to
er, black lead, nails, scythes, mill-saws, Ac. the sea for vessels of 150 tons. Here are manu*
Mm Creekf a hundred of Newcastle Co. Del. ; ftctures of paper and chocolate. Pop. 1,565. Mil-
p.y. Berkley Co. Va. and townships in Hamilton ton Hill in this town, is an abrupt and rocky emi-
and Union, Coshocton and Cuyahoga Cos. nence, from which one of the most enchanting
Ohio. prospects ir the world may be enjoyed, oompris-
MWedgenOe, p.t Baldwin Co. Georgia, and the in^if the city and bay of Boston, the ooean, and a
eapital of the state. It stands on the Oconee, 312 wide extent of oounti^ delightfully variegated
m. above the mouth of the Alatamaha. Pop. 1,599. with hills, valleys, onltivateo^ fields, towns and
The river is navigable from here to the sea for villages. In very clear air the white Moun-
boats of 30 tons, and the town has a considerable tains of New Hampshira hava been disooveted
trade in cotton. from this' spot.
Miff 603 MIN
MUUnit p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Cham- low than that of other Indians. The chief trades
plain, at the month of the Lamoil. Pop. 2,100 ; are ffoldsmitht, blacksmiths, and carpenters, who
p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 5 m W. Litchfield ; p.t. can build pretty gfood vessels. PoWgamy is prae-
Saratoga Co. N. T. Pop. 3,079 ; p.r. Ulster and tised. The government is partly feudal and part-
Cayuga Cos. N. T. ; also towns and villages in ly monarchical. The prevailing religion is Ma-
Morris Co. N. C, Northumberland Co. Pa., Sus- homedtsm,but the Spaniards have been in posses-
sez Co Del., Albemarle Co. Va., Rockingham Co. sion of a Iarfl« portion of the sea-ooast to the W.,
N. V , Ijawrence Dis. S. C, Wavne Co. fnd., Gal- N. and N. £., where they have planted colonies
latin C^ Ken., Rutherford and Lincoln Cos. Ten. of Christians,
and 5 townships in Ohio. Mindanao , the capital of the above island, and
MUUm Ahbaa, or Ahheu MiUon^ a village in Dor- the residence of the sultan and his court, is about
setshire. Eng. 7 m. S. W. of Blandfbrd. It form- 6 m. up the Pelangy. Opoosite stands the town
erly haa an abbey, founded by king Atbelstan, of Selannn. Long. 124. 40. E.^ lat. 7. 9. N.
but the whole was swept away, except the church Mindafteinif a town in Bavana, with a castle
in 1771 , by the earl of Dorchester, who erected on a mountain, idtuate between the riven Iller «nd
on its site a large Gothic mansion. The village, Lech, 25 m. 8. W. of Augsburg,
with its church and almshouse, were built by Um Minden, a government of tM Prussian states
same nobleman. comprising the N. £. part of the province of West-
Mina, a town of Persia, province of Kerman, phalia ancT the former prindpalities of Minden,
surrounded by a wall with towers, and seated on raderbom, Rittberg. and Corvey, the bailiwic of
the Ibrahim, near its entrance into the ffulf of Reckeberg, and the lordship of Rheda. It has an
Ormus, 190 m. S. of Kerman. Long. 56. oO. £., area of 2,000 sq. m. divided into 13 districts, with
lat 26. 40. N. 330,000 inhabitants. The soil ia general is fer
Afifia, p.t. Chatauque Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,318. tile, and the pasturage good.
Minos J a town of S. America^ in Buenos Ayres. Minden, the capital of the above government
seated near the source of the river 8t. Lucia, 34 is one of the oldest towns of Germany, and, while
ra. N. E. of Maldonado. Long. 55. 5. W., lat. 34. the see of a bishop, formed a petty republic. Its
21. S. convenient situation for trade and navigation its
MinasviUe, p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. breweries, sugar-houses, and wax manu&cturee,
Mhuts OeraeSy a province of Brazil, bounded are great advantages to the inhabitants. Near
N. by Bahia, W. by Goiaz, and 8. by the Parai- this town prince Ferdinand, of Brunswick, de-
buna. It extends 600 or 700 m. from N. to 8. feated the French in 1759. It was occupied in
nearly the same from E. to W., and contains 390- 1806 by the French, and finally ceded to Prussia
000 inhabitanU. This vast territory produces in 1814. It is seated on the Weser, 43 m E. of
gold and diamondp in abundance ; also iron, anti- Osnaburg. Long. 8. 56. E., lat. 52L 19. N.
mony, bismuth, platina, ehromate of lead, &c. Minden, a township of Montgomery Co. N. T.
The soil is likewise rich, produeinff in the valleys Pop. 2,567.
sugar, cotton, dbc. ; and in the mgher grounds Jfuidsro, one of the Phitippmes, separated from
wheat, and generally all kinds of European Lnconiabyauarrowchaimel. It is mountainous,
grain. and abounds in palm-trees and all sorts of fruits.
Mineky an arm of the sea, on the W. coast of The inhabitants are pagans, and pay tribute to
Scotland, which separates the Isle of 8ky from the Spaniards.
Lewis Island. MvnernUU, a village in Sehuylkill Co. Pa. sur-
Minddng Hampt&n, a town of Gloucester- rounded by extensive coal mines,
shire, £n^. with a considerable manufacture (MT .Mtnerto, a township of Essex Co. N. Y. Pop.
cloth. It 18 pleasantly situated on a declivity, 10 358 ; p.v. Mason Co. ICen.
m. W. of Cirencester and 96 W. of London. Minektad, ^.X. Essex Co. Vt. on the Connccti-
MindOjB. river of Italy, which flows 8. from cut. Pop. 150.
the lake Garda, forms the lake and marshes that Mine ShibMeikj p.v. Washin^n Co. Missouri,
surround Mantaa, and aAerward runs into the 55 m. 8. W. 8t. Louis. Here is one of the rich-
Po. est lead mines in the oountry.
Mifukendoif. a town of Austria, on the Tries- Minehead, a borough and sea^port in Somersets
sing, 6 m. £. fl. E. of Baden. shire, Eng. It has a good harbour on the Bristol
Mindanao, an island in the Eastern seas, and Channel, and carries on a trade in wool, coal, and
one of the Philippines, about 300 m. long and 108 herrinn. 31 m. N. of Exeter and 160 W. by 8.
broad. The coast is indented by numerous bays, of London. Long. 3. 34. W., lat. 51. 12. N.
and the interior is intersectedby chains of lofty wVti^e^,acountry of Asia, bounded W. by the
mountains, with intervening plains that afford Black Sea, £. by Imeritia, 8. by the river Phasis,
pasture fbr immense herds of cattle. The sides and N. by Georgia. It is governed by a prince
of the hills and valleys are stonj, and yet there are who is tributarv to Russia. The ftce of this
tall trees, of kinds unknown m Europe. Some country, its produetsi sad the customs and man-
of the mountains yield very good gold; and the ners of the inhi^tants, aie similar to those of
valleys are well watered wiu riviUets. Rice is Georgia.
produced in abundance; as are also plantains, AfinAo, a river of Spain, which rises in the N.
ooooa-nnts, sweetpotatoes, and ail the firuits com- E. part of Galieia, passes bv Loffo, Orense, and
mon to tropical climates. There are neither lions Tuy, and dividing Galieia mm Portugal, enten
nor tigers, but hones, beeves, buffaloes, goats, the Atlantic at Caminha.
hogs, deer, Ac., are numerous. The fowls are Minie, a town of Egypt, on the left bank of the
ducks, hens, pigeons, parrots, parroquets and tur- Nile, 90 m. 8. of Fiayoum.
tie-doves, besiiMS many small birds. Theinhabi- Mimsinkf p.t. Orange Co. N. T. on the Dela-
tants sre generally of a low stature, with little ware. Pop. 4,979.
heads, small black eyes, short noses, and large .^tnorvins, a town of Naples, la Terra di Ban
mouths. Their hidr is black and straight, and 24 m. W. 8. W. of Trani.
their ooroplexion t^wny, bat more inclloed to yel« Minorca, one of the Balearic islands, lying 50 m.
MIR 503 ms
to Um N. £. of B^Jorca. It is 30 m. lon^ ana 12 Dordogne, Near it ii a ramarlul^ii emra. eaB-
broad ; and is a moontainona country, with some ed CloBeaa. it ia aeatad near the river Viaara,
fruitful valleya. Some com ia raiaed, but the 15 m. E. of Bergerac.
principal prodoeta of the ialand are wine, wool, MirepoiXf a town of France, depanment of Ar-
eheeae. and variona fmita. It h^ been frequently rieffe ; seated on the Gen, 15 m. E. M. E. of Foix,
in the hands of the Britiah, by whom it was taken and 43 S. 8. E. of Toulouse.
without the loaa of a man in 1798, but given np Jftroto, a town of Saxony with a aaatle, 11 m.
at the peaoe of 1809. CiodadeUa is the capital ; W. of StreliU.
but Manon olaima greater consequence, on ae- Misapu, a town of Naplea, in Otiaaio, 6 m
count of ita excellent harbour, Port Mahon , which S. 8. £. of Ostuni.
is defended by two fi>rta. Long.3.48. £., iat.39. Misitra, or MtatroM^ a town of Indeoendent
51 . N. Greece, onoe the capital of the Moraaand a place
Jftnot, p.t Cumberland Co. Me. Pop. 2,906. of importance, but it is now decayed. It is 90 ra.
Minskf an extensive province of European Rus- S. £. Lepanto. In the neighbourhood aie to be
sia, comprehending the old palatinate of Minak seen the ruins of ancient Sparta,
and portions of Polotak, Novogrodek, and Wilna. Munia, See Meissem,
It extends fiwm the Dwina N. to the province of Mississippi, a river of the Umted States, rising
Volhvnia, comprises an area of 37,o60 sq. m. is . in a number of head streama between 47. and 48,
divloed into ten circles, and contains %0,000 in- N. lat and flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. It
habitants. The surface, productions, ^. are the is more than 3,000 m. in langfth and receives firmn
same as in Lithuania. the west the Missouri, which on acoonnt of ita
'Mimskf the capital of the fbregoing province, auperior length is aometimeo oonaidered the main
with two citadela, b seated on the Swislocz, 80 stream rather than a branch of the Bfississippi.
m. S. E. of Wilna and 310 E. N. £. of Warsaw. The other tributaries of the Mississippi are the
Long 27. 58. E.. lat. 63. 46. N. Ohio, Illinois, Arkansaa, and Red nver with a
JUmtaon, an ialand in the Indian Ocean, 40 m. great many inferior streama. The falls of St.
long and 14 broad, on the W. coast of the island Anthony, are in the upper part of ita eourse, and
of Sumatra. Long. 97. 38. E., lat 0. 25. S. have a perpendicular descent of 17 ft. ; beh>w the
Mioss, a lake m Norway, in the province of point the river is navigable for vessels of 30 tona
Hedemarke, 90 m. in circumference. It is almost to the sea. It runa but a little distance from ita
divided by a peninsula, and contains a fertile ial- aource, before it becomea a conaiderable atream.
and 10 m. in circumference. Below the falls of St. Anthony, it broadena to
Mi^tulon, a email deaert island, S. W. of Cape half a mile in width ; and ia a clear, placid and no-
Raj m Newfoundland^ ceded to the French in ble stream, with wide and fertile bottoma, for a
17S3, for drying and cunngtheir fish. They were long distance. A few milea below the river Des
dbpossessed of it by the £nglish in 1793, but it Momes. is a kmg rapid of nine miles, which, for
was restored to them in 1802. Long. 56. 10. W., a consioerable put of the summer, iaa great im*
lat. 46. 42. N. pediment to the navigation. Below thme rapida
Miraf a town of Portugal, in Beira, 16 m. N. the river assumes its medial width and charac-
W. of Coimbra. ter from that point to the entrance of the "'
^romia, a town of Portugal, in Traa oa Mon- ri. It is a still more beautiful river, than the Ohio,
tea, seated on a rock, on tlie river Douro, 32 m. somewhat gentler in ita current, a third wider,
£. S. E. of Braganza. Long. 6. 32. W., lat. 41. with broad and clean sandbars, except in the time
46. N. of high waters, when they aro all covered. At
Miranda de CanOj a town of Portugal, in Beira, every little distance, there are islands, aometimes
13 m. S. E. of Coimbra. a number of them parallel, and broadening the
Miramdia de £^, a town of Spain, in the pro- atream to a great wiath. Theae islands are many
vince of Burgos, with a castle ; seated in an ex* of them large, and have in the aummeraeason an
cellent wine country, on the river Ebro, over aspect of beauty, aa they swell sently from the
which is a handsome bridge. 34 m. N. E. of clear streams'—a vigour and gran£ur of vegetation
Burffos. which contribute much to the magnificence of the
JiRrandef a town of France, department of Gers. the river. The sandbars, in the proper season,
Wool, down, and the feathers of geese, are ita prin- are the resort of innumerahle swans, ^ese and wa-
cipal articlea of trade. It is seated on an emi- ter fowls. It is, in general, a full mile m width from
nence, near the river Baise, 13 m. S. W. of Auch. bank to bank. For a conaiaerable distance above the
MirandeUf a town of Portugal, in Traa os Mon- mouth of the Missouri, it has more than that width,
tea. 22 m. 8. W. of Braganxa. Altogether, it has, f^m its alternate bluffs and
Mirandoiaf a city of Italy , in the Mbdenese, cap- prairies, the ealmneas and transparency of ita wa-
ital of a province of ita name, and a bishop's see, ters, the siie and beauty of its trees, an aspect of
with a citadel and a fort. Beaides the cathedral, great amenity and magnificence,
it oontaina many fine churches and convents. It When it receives tlM Missouri, it is a mile and
ia 18 m. N. N. £. of Modena. Long. 11. 19. £., a half iride. The Missouri itself enten with a
lat. 44. 52. N. mouth not more than half a mile wide. Thia uni-
Mirantl, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with ted stream below, haa thence to the asooth ot the
a strong castle ; aeated on the aide of a hill, 16 Ohio, a medial width of little moie than three
m. S. bv W. of Placentia. quartera of a oule. This mighty trilMitarv aeems
MirJeau, a town of Franoe, department of Up- rather to diminish, than increase ita widEth ; hot
per Vienne, 14 m. N. by W. of Poitiera. it pereept&ly altera ita depth, ita mass of waters,
Mirebeauj a town of France, department of and wholly changes ita cnaracter. It is no long-
Cote d*Or, 13 m. N. of Diion. er the gentle, plamd straaaa, with amooth ahnea
MirecQuri^ a town of France, department of and clean sandbars; buthaa^a Birious and beiling
Vosges. famous for its violins and fine lace ; seat- eurrentt a turbid and dangerons mass of sweeping
ed on the Modon, 15 m. W. N. W. of fipinal. waters, jagged and dikpi&ledahorsaj and, wfasia-
Jlftreifioiit, a town of France, department of ever iu watera have receded. dapoailN ef wmd*
MIS &04 M18
It xemuDB a sublime object of contemplation. The oocaaionalljr through deep pine foreati, and beau-
noble forest still rises along iU banks. But its tiful prairies ; and the tenants on iU bonJers are
character of calm magnificence, that so delighted elk, buflUoes, bears and deer, and the savages
the eye above, is seen no more. that pursue them. In this distance, there is no
The bosom of the river is covered with prodi- a civilised inhabitant on its shores, if we except
gious boils, or swells, that rise with a whirling the establishments of Indian traders, and a car-
motion, and a convex surfkoe, two or three rods risen of the United States. Buffaloes are seldom
in diameter, and no inconsiderable noise^ whirling seen below these ftlls. Its alluvions become
a boat imperceptiblv from its track. In its course, wide, fertile, and for the most part, heavily tim
accidental circumstances shift the impetus of its bered. Like the Ohio, its bottoms and blufis gen-
current, and propel it upon the point of an island erally alternate. Its broad and placid current v
bend or sandbars. In tnese instances, it tears up often embarassed with islands, which are gener
the islands, removes the sandbars, and sweeps ally rich alluvial lands, often containing fit>ro
away the tender, alluvial soil of the bends, with five hundred to a thousand acres, and abounding
all their trees, and deposites the spoils in another with wild turkeys and other small game. From
place. At the season of high water, nothing is 100 m. above the mouth of the Missouri,
more familiar to the ear of the people on the river, it would be difficult for us to convejr an idea of the
than the deep crash of a land-slip, in which larg- beauty of the prairies, skirting this noble river.
er or smaller masses of the soil on the banks, wiUi They are a perfect level ; and are in summer cov
all the trees, are plunged into the stream. The ored with a luxuriant growth of grass and flowers
ciroamstances that change the aspect and current without a tree or bush.
•f the river, are denominated, in the vocabulary Below the mouth of the Ohio, in the season oi
of the watermen, chutes, races, chains, sawvers, inundation, to an observing ■peetator a very strik-
planters, points of islands, wreck heaps and cy- ing spectacle is presented. TTbe river sweeps along
press bends. The divinity most frequently in- in curves, or sections of oireles, of an extent fit>m
voked by boatmen, seems to have imparted his six to twelve miles, measured irom point to point
name oftener than anv other to the dangerous pla- The sheet of water, that is visible between the
eesalong the river. Tne 'Devil's* race paths,tea-ta- forests on either side, is a mile wide. On a calm
ble, oven, dbc. are places oi difficult or haxardous spring morning, and under a bright sun, it shines,
navigation, that fireqoently occur. They are se- like a mass or burnished silver. Its edges are
rious impediments to the navigation of this noble distinctly marked by a magnificent outline of c(^-
stream. Such is its character from Missouri to ton wood trees, generally of jpreat sixe, and at this
the Baiize ; a wild, furious, whirling river, — nev- time of the year, of the brightest verdure. On
er navigated safely, except with great caution, the convex, or bar side of the bend, there is gep
On the immense wreck heaps, where masses of erally a vigorous growth of willows, or young
logs, like considerable hiUs, are piled toother, the cotton wockI trees, of such astonishing regularity
numerous wrecks ofboats, lying on their sides and of appearance, that it alwavs seems to the in-
summits, sufficiently attest the character of the experienced spectator, a work of art. The water
river, and remain standing mementos to caution, stands amongthese trees, from ten to fifteen feet
Boata propelled by steam power, which can be in height. Those brilliant creatures the black
changed in a moment, to reverse the impulse and and red bird, flit among these young groves, that
direction of the boat, are exactly calculated to ob- are inundated to han their height. Nature is
viate the dangen ox this river. carrying on her most vigorous efibrts of vegetation
No person, who descends this river for the first below. If there be wind or storm, the descending
time, receives clear and adequate ideas of its flat and keel boats immediately make for these
g[randeur, and the amount of water which it car- groves, and plunge fearlessly, with all the head-
nes. If it be in the spring, when the river below way ihey can command, among the trees,
the mouth of the Ohio is generally over its banks. Should they be of half the size of the human
although the sheet of water that is making its body, struck fifteen feet from the ground, they
way to the gulf is, perhaps, thirty miles wide, yet readily bend before even a ftail boat. — ^Tou de-
finding its way through deep forests and swamps scend the whole distance of a thousand miles to
that conceal all from the eye, no expanse of wa- New Orleans, landing at night in fifteen feet
ter is seen, but the width, that is curved out be- water amon^ the trees ; but, probably, in no in-
tween the outline of woods on either bank; and stance within twenty miles of the real shore,
it seldom exceeds,andoflener falls short of a mile, which is the bluff. The whole spectacle is that
But when he sees, in descending from the falls of of a vast and magnificent forest, emerging fit>m a
St Anthony, that it swallows up one river after lake, with its waten, indeed, in a thousand
another, with mouths, as wide as itself, without places in descending motion,
affecting its width at all ; when he sees it receiv- One of the most striking peculiarities of this
inff in succession the mighty Missouri, the broad river, and of all its lower tributaries, is the uni-
Ohio, St. Francis, White, Arkansas, and Red formity of its meandera, called in the phrase
riven, all of them of great depth, length and vol- of the country, its 'points and bends.^ In
ome of water ; when he sees this mighiy river many instances these curves are described
absorbing them all and retaining a volume, appar- with a precision, with which they would have
the Baiize, and sailing with a good breeze fot current diagonally across its own channel to
hours, he sees nothinff on any side^ but the white another curve of the same regularity upon 'the
and turbid waters of the Mississippi, long after he opposite shore. In the bend is the deepest chan-
is out of sight of land. nel, the heaviest movement of waten, and what
* From its source to the fidls of St. Anthony, it is called the thread of the current. Between this
runs alternately through wild rice lakes and thread and the shore, there are generally counter
"""^"^'^ hy limestone Unffii and craggy hills; currents^ or eddies; and ia the cnuBMiM and
MI* 506 MIS
undei kllaTikl •oil, tlie riTir ii gcDrnllj makiog in the iavel eonatrj U umlabrioai. EHipMBt wtr
inioadt Dpon iU btiiki on the bend ude. Oppo- ten tre abandut, uid the interne heat of the
■ite (he bead there ii tlwtji t ■andbu', matohed, ■ummer engenden bilioai di*eue*. Id the elett-
ID the couveiitj of Its eonlbnnation, to the con- ted put* the climale w healthy and pleaaaot.
caTity of the bend. Hen it ia, that the appear- Tbe nortlieni and central portion* of this atale
ance of tbe young eoltoD wood giore* have their are occnpied by the Choctaw and Cbiekaaaw
moat athkiug aapect. The treea riie ttom the Indiana; tbe former tribe namber aboat 21,000
•horc, (bowing Gral the rigoroui Baplion of the louli and the latter 3,000 ; ciiiliiation and lueful
present year; and tb«n thoee of adate of two and art* have made eonaideiable pro^aa among
three yeara ; and tnea riaing Id legolar gnulation them ; their agTioDltore ii in a thrlTing atate, and
to the matt ancient and lol^ punt of the fotett. they haTecomraodioua honaea, ibopa, aehooleand
Theae eorrea are ao regular on thia, and all the ohurche*, and anpport a mianonary. They ueou-
rivere of the lower eoiuti;, that the fjoatmen and py aome of the beat land in the itate
Indiana calculate diatancei by them; and instead Miasiaaippi ia dirided into S6 counties and ha^
of the nomher of miles or leagnea, they estimate a population excladlng Indians, of 136^06. The
theic progresa by the DDmber of bends they bare alares are 6S,G50. Jackson, on Peait river, is the
passed. seat of goTemment. Nitcbei is the only con-
The navigation upon thia liver is very great, siderable town. Tbe legialatoie is styled tbe
Ships seldom ascend higher than Natchei. The Qeoeral Assembly, and consists of a Senile and
number of •team-boat* upon the Hisaiasipin and House of Represenlativea. The senators ire
its uibularies is about sod. Their site u from elected for Sysan aadone thlldof the nambersre
540 Ion* downward. Tbe passage from Cincinna- renewed esch year. The represenlatiTes are
ti to New Orleans and back, has been made in 19 chosen yearly. All resident* of one year are vo-
From New Orleans to Lonisville the tera; clergymen are einlnded fl ""
"' lasaage baa been B day* and 3 hours, the Baptials ue the ' - >- -
being 1,660 m. and against the eunent. 66churche>; ti
[n-boats have genenlly high-preasnre the Piesbyleris __., .. _
power, and many ftia] eiploMona hare happened there are some Catholics. Edacation is provided
fiir by a literary flind; public scbooU are main-
tained in sonte of the large towns, and there is a
ooUege at Waahington near Natchea. Tbe com-
merce of the atale is directed to the ontports of
Louisiana and AJabanw- Muaiaaippi was erected
into a teiritorial EoveruDMnt in 1796. It was ad-
milled inlo the Union in 18)7.
ipwi, towns in Phillips and AAansaa Coa.
Jtittion»rif Suuiatu, Se* ^pftitdix.
MitiuagiHpm, one of the bead streama of the
MaaJHippi ruing near the W. end of Lake Bn-
Miaiicaitt, a river of Vermont flowing into the
N. pirtof L. Champlain.
upon Iheae watna. Tlie first steam-vessel here was Miiiolongki, a town of Independent Greece, on
bnilt in IflO. New Orleans ia the onlport of this the N. side of tbe Gulf ofLepanto.opposite Patras.
rim, and tbe Urgesteity on its banks. Itswaleis It has a staallow harbonr, and is inrronnded by
paaa into die Qnlf by arveral channels which in- mtrihei. It was taken and retaken several times
teraect a flat marshy tract. The main entrance by the Turks and Oreeka during the wsr of the
is at the Baliie. revolntioD. Here Lord Byron died in 1694.
MutiMtip^, one oTthe United States, bonnded Tbeiv is another town of this name in the Mores.
N. bj Tennessee, B. by Alabama, 8. by Louisia- Muteuri, a river ef the United Statea, which,
na and W . by Louisiana and Arkansas, It ei- taken in conneiion with the Mis*i*sippi, inlo
tends Irom 30.10. to 35. N. lal. and from 80.30. to which it flows, is tbe longest river on the globe;
81.35. W. long. 336 m. in length from N. to S. and iU length fVom tbe highest nivignhle ■tream to
160 in breadth, containing 45,760 sq. m. It is wa- the gulf of Meiico being 4,401 m., its length to
tared by the Mississiopi onthe westemboandsry, the joncljon with the Misslsaippi ia 3,096 m. It
the Tiioo and Big Black rivers, branches of the rises in the Rocky .VIounOuns, nearly In lbs same
Mississippi, the Pascsfoula and Pearl which flow parallel with the Mississippi. The most anthen-
into the Oulf of Mexico, and the head atreams of tie information we hive yet had of the sonrces
the Tombeckbee rise in the H. pari and pass into of this mighty river, is ftom its fint intirpid
Alabama. There is a small extent of coast tving American diwaverers, Lewis snd Clarke. Whal
npon Lake Borgne at it* outlet into the Gult, may properly be called (be MissonH seems to be
along which are aealtered a few low sandy islands formed by three considerable branches, whicb
bat Qiere ii no sea-porl of cnnse^uence in tbe anile not far fiom the bsses of the principal ran
slate. Nearly tbe whole conntry is an allnvial gea of the mountains. To the northern they gave
flat, and the shore of the Mississippi in Uie north Uie nameof Jeflerson, to the middle, G>Ilaltn,aniI
is an immense swamp 70 m. in width. In the N. lotheaouthem, Madison. — Eaehofliiese branchei
E. part are some hillr, broken tract*. Agteitpait forks again into a namber of small moontain
ofUie soil i> a pine barren, but the river intervals streams. Il is but a short distance fVomsonieol
are rirh andpmduclive. Sugar-cine is raised in these to the head waten of tbe Oregon, on the
the south. Tlie middle pans produce flgs, grapes, other side of the mountains. A person msy drink
toboeco, maiie, sweet potatoes, rice, and indigo, from the ■pring sources ofpach, without travelling
Cotton is raised in allnarls, and is the slaple ir- more than n mile. Alter this Jancti»n,tha river
tiele oTaultivalioii. The climate i* hot. moist and continues u eonsiderable distance to be still albam
H »U
bnmd and cnmpmtiTelT eFntleitieam Tull of ial-
>ndi. Pieciptloaa peU( of blickiib rock frown
mboTB tb* riTCT in perpendiooUi eleTktioiu ofl ,000
feet. Tiif^ mounUini, whow bue* it sweFpH, are
covered with pines, cedara, and bn ; and moun-
Uin abeep are tetn bounding on their luniiiitts,
when thpj are aaparenlly imccewible. In tliis
<Hit«nc< the mouQtaina have an aipect ofincx-
prenible louelinna and gtaudror.
The r
the <
a beconii
: of •
uiar del.
The
Ibia diitance ila perpendi
The fintftJI i»9e feel; the atcond, 19; the third,
47 ; therourtfa, 26. Theae falla are next to -Niag-
ara the ^ndeit in the world. Theri
uea rapid for a lotu; diitAoee befi
Uoche Jiune, or Yellow Btone, ii probably
largest tributaijr of the Miaaonri. It riiea in
the wune range* of mounlaiiu with the main
river, and has many points of resemblance to it.
It enten &om the south by a mouth 850 yatds
wide. Il is a broad, deep, and sweeping river ;
and at iU junction appears Iha larser of the two.
it* caane it oommoniy calculated at 1 ,600 miles.
Bntlheaiie and ]ta^ of mII these tributuiea
are probably over rated. Il< shorei, for a lonz
and its bnltonK wide, and of. the finest soil. Ita
enlrsDce is deemed (o be 13B0 m. above tliemoulh
of lh« MiMouri; and it waa aelected by the pi.v-
po«t, and an eilenaive settlement. While beiir-,
elh, and mountain aheep, are the principal uiii-
mali teen along this part of the river. The oth-
■T tributaries arc the Kanaai, Platle, Oaage, Lit-
tle Missouri, Running Water, While and Milk
River*.
At the point of junctiSu with the Yellow Stonp.
Ihe Miaaouri haa wide and fine bgttoma. But ita
banks are for the most part destilute of limber,
and this for a long aeries of yeaia will prevent its
being inhabited. The ' Gate* of the Rocky Moun-
taJDi,' through wbich the Miaaouri aeema to have
torn itself a paaaage, are commonly described aa
among the lublimeat apectaclea in tbe world, for
nearly 6 m. (hese mountain* riaa in black and per-
pendicalar maaaea 1,300 feet above the surface of
the river. The ehaam ialiltle morethan S50yarda
wide ; and the deep and foaming watera of the
Miaaouri niah through the paaaage, as if il were
a cataract. The heart of tbe beholder ia chilled,
aa he Ronlemplatea, in then wild and uninhabited
region*, thia conflict between the river and the
moantaina. The amooth and black walla of Ihe
ckll riae more than twice a* high aa the muuu-
lainaantheUudaOD,beIowWeatPoinl Every pas-
■en^r up tbat river haa been impteaaed with
tlte grandeur of that acene in the midat of ameni-
ty and life. What Iheo muit be the aenaitions
■M tbe paa*
HounUini,
flictofnatu
fem civiliution. Vaatc
torn from the moni>taina
of the river.
The bottom* of the Mi
prrpetuiienlaT ; and have n: — , .. —
into the Muvu/li form. The bottom* abtnind with
deer, turkeys and amall game. Tbe river aeldom
overflows any part of ita banka, in Ibii diitance
Il la little inclined to be awampy. There are much
fener lakea, bayous, and amall pondi, than along
thr Mississippi. Prairies are acarcely seen on the
banka of the river, within the distance of the firit
4011 m. of its course. It is heavily timbered, and
od, easily cleared
nly turbid with a
wniiiah earth, which it holds in luapeiuion, soon
and eoaily settles, and ia tJien remarkably pure,
pleaaant and healthy water. The river ia so rapid
and Bweepiog in it* courae, and ita bed ia compoa*
ed of aucb maaacB of aand, that it ia contJnuaJljr
shifting its sandbars. A chsrl of the river, aa .1
runs this year, give* tittle ground lor calcnlalion,
in navigating il Ibe next, Uhaa numerona i aland*
and generally near tbem ia the moat difficult to
be stemmed.— Still more than the Misaiasippi be.
low it* mouth, it leara up in one place, and depos-
iles in another ; and makes more frequent and
powerRil change* in it* channel, Iban any other
Ita bottcniB are considerably settled lor a di*-
Unceor400m. above it* mouth. Tbat ofChara-
ton ia the highest compact aetllement. But tbe
laiceat and mostpopiilous settlement in thestale
is Ukal called Bonne'a Lick. Indeed, there are
nd lie along Ihe banka
louri have a ehatactfr,
Ihoae of tbe Upper Mia-
ay, with trees" which are not ao large, hut taller
and atrsighler. Its alluvions are something nar-
rower ; having for the firal 500 m. a medial widtii
of raot« than 4 m.. lU bluffa. like tboae of the
Other nver, are generally iimeatone. but not so
very distingiliabahle fr
nssippl. "niey are hi)
A1H1TH..1J. , . icre, on the botloms,
above the Plalle, and far beyond the limit* of the
alate of Missouri. Above the Platte tbe open
and prairie character of the country begina to de-
Tclope. The ptairiea come quite into tbe bank*
of the river; and atrelchflvm it indefinilely, in
naked gnu* plain*, where Ihe traveller may nan
der for days, without seeing either wood or water,
—Tbe < Council Blufia' are an important mil
ibout GOO m, up tbe Mwoari. B«-
Qominated, by way of eminence, the Upper Hi*
■ouri. The counUy i* composed of vast and al
mosi boundless gras* plaiua, through which slretcb
the Platte, the fellow Stone, and the other riren
of this ocean of grass. The savage* of this region
have a peculiar phyaiognomy and mode of life,
Il is a country, where commence new tribes of
Elanta. It is the home of buSaloea, elk, white
can, antelope* and maunlain ahevp. And its in-
eihanatible auppliea of game make it tbe paiadise
of hunters. Sometimes the river washes the ba-
sis of the dark hill* of a friable and crumbling
soil. Here are found, aa Lewis and Clarke, and
other respectable travellen relate, large and sin-
gular petrifactions, both animal and vegetable, —
On Ibe top of one of these hiUi Ihey found the
petrified skeleton oTa huge fiah, 45 feat in leaftb
Tha bo^ of greguioui uiinuk, purtiooUrlj
the bnAloM, ire innDiiwnlil*. Soea i* the geii'
«rtl ohumoter of the oouatry, until we come in
contact with the •parlor the Rocky UountainB.
AttuMM the limit! of the itate, tail rirer is im-
pable of (Upparling kdenie popujalion, for a coa-
lidenble duunce from ile ronke. AboTe those
hmita ilia generallj too deititate of wood, to bo-
come habit&ble by any other people than buaten
■nd nhephardi. All thesreat tributarit* of tbia
lirecue copiee, more or Icm eiact, of the parent
ilnun. One general remarlE applies to the wbole
country. The riven hare a narrow margin of
fertility. The country, u it recedea from the
rirer, Dc«omea more and more aterila, auicly and
destitute of water, until it ipproiimatea in char-
acter towards the sandy deserts of Arabia.
JViunn, oaeofthe United States, lying west
of tbe Miaaissippi, and intersected by the great
■I from which it takes its name. It is boonded
N. and W.bytheTerritory of Miuouri, E. by imn-
ois, Kentucky andTeDoesaee, and S. by Arkan-
ling from 36. to 40. 30. N- lat. ai ' '
]. W. long. 270 m. in length ■
d!l. to 94. 10.
nbreadlh. ItcontaiDs 60,000 aq. m. The Mi
•lasippi wuhei the eaitem boundary, the other
principal slrcama are the branches of the Mis-
•ouri and this river. The Oiark Mountains ei-
tvud south-westerly from this state into A tkanaae,
and there ar« acme mountain ridges toward the
east. A large extent of this great state in its
south-east angle commencing above New Mad-
rid, and extending down the great iwamp, and
lance back From the Miaaiaaippi, is low, ewampy,
full of lakes, and in many places subject to be in-
undated. Beyond that region, which is generally
inailted by a bold line of rolling and fertile high
landa, the country gradually rises into high flmt
knuha, still rising beyond that region to the moun-
Uinoue country of the lead mines. This country
extends to the Osue and its tributaries. Beyond
this the country is broken and hUly ; unu1 we
open upon the boundlHsa belt of open prairies,
which spreads beyond the western limits of this
state. The best portion, and tbe moat inhabited
parts of the state are belwren the Miaaouti and
(ainous. It contains great tracts of alluvial and
hilly prairies. It is for llie most part a surface,
dehghlfuUy rolling and variegated. There is no
part ofthe globe, where greater extents of coun-
try can be traversed more easily, and in any di-
rection by eatriafea of any description, wliere
there are no roaila, i- j ■•--■ -- — -- - -'■
It i* niually a itiflhr and mere clayey aoil than
theother; aDditiaofBlightjeUowealaiiT. There
are two extensive tracts of that fine kind of tim-
bered upland alluvion, which constitutes the finest
central portions of Kentucky. The one is, per-
haps, fifteen or twenty miles in extent II is south-
west of the mine country, and is called Bvllevun
settlement. The other tract is much larger, and
ia called in this country tbe Booiu't lick itillf-
mat. There are smaller ellenta of thia kind of
land, spread over all the stMe, In a state of na-
ture, it atrikes the eye delightfully. The surface
rolls gently aadalmoet imperceptibly. It haa the
same trees and ahruba, and the grand vegetation,
that deaipiate the rich alluvions; and at Uie same
time it has the diversified surbce, and the asao-
ciated ideas of health, and springa of water that
are naturally coiuiected with tbe notion of up-
lands. These lands are timbered with the same
trees which the alluvions bear. Like those, they
are anrmounted with grape vines, and are free
from underbrush. The graceful pawpaw, the
persimon, and tbe wild oharr^ tree, all denoting
rich soils, abound in these regions ; and they are
nearly as fertile a* the bottoms of the Missouri, or
the Mississippi. •
The nrairies are arenerallv level and of aninter-
the richer and the
raplands. The a
sally rich, and nearly
Some tracta of the npla:
there are scarcely any lands ii
cientty level for cnltivation, that have not ferti-
lity enough to bring good crops of com without
manure ; and in many instances the poorer lands
ate belter for wheat than the richer. The grand-
eil objects of nature will, probably, not excite so
macfa surprise in the mind of a traveller Itvm the
Atlantic stales, as tie first view of a prairie. Ri-
1 boundless hi
ion. In the early periods of summer, he beholds
outstretched under his eye a perfectir level plain,
ititul verdure, covered
poorer uplands. The alli
and nearly
of the npland prairies are rich
il soft and beauti
d there, ii
d that is jet in a slate of I
One specific diSerence between (he aoil of this
country, and the country bordering on the Ohio
is, that the land here contains a much ffrealer pro-
portion of sand, is more loamy and friable, and tha
seal ii not so stiff. There are tracts over all thia
country, where we find the clayey soils of Ohio
and Kentucky. But they an amall. The roads
generally, run over tracta, where Iho falling rain
and mow are so readily absorbed, even in the win-
ter, that the people are not troubled with the deep
and almost impassable roads, that we find in thoss
■tatea. The rich uplands are of a darkish grey
enlour ; with the exception of the great tract about
tha Isad mines, where the soil, composed ofdecom-
poeed pyrite, is reddish, and of a colour brightai
than Bnaaish brown. The poorer oplsnda are
Eneratly covered with white oak, and that small
mhby species of oak denominated hers pmoai.
of the n
Here and there, in tbe skirts of the orair
oAen in their centre are clumpa of oaks, a
cans and black walnuts, disposed in forms so re-
Sular, and irenerally circular, as could pot fail to
elight the eye of an admirer of the ancient style
of gardening He is unprepared for such a view,
seen in such strong coQlrael with dark and lonely
foresta It is, after all imposuble to etmiej t^
description the impiesaion which .these views
MIf 8
b«holdi tt <mM k Terdant uid ilMinag MMn of
gnat, Tut riven rollioe their mi^tji musn i^
inten tfatODgti the dars fbreata, Tomutie hilli
■ttetching tmj in the diilanoe, tnd here uid there
a c&bia or A house throwioj^ Dp ita coliimri of
■moke, a.ai the cattle, horaea and iheep aleepiog
■bout it. A grander apeotacle ia exhibited wben
in the autDma the Indiana ael fire to the drj grua.
The Barnes leap farmrd vith aatoniahing rapidity
and aniead id all directioDi, The hnnter or ttw
traveller ia unable to escape b* their aliDostapeed
and the irild horses, deer and bnSaloea are often
overtaken aod burnt to death.
The lead mines of tbia state an highly prodac-
live. They are oonneeled with thai great min-
eral trnet which extendi from the N. W. part of
Illinois into tha adjacent tenititries, and whieh
the reader will find described under the bewl of
Lead MituM. The richest mipes in this atateare
in the neigbbouThood of Potoi, upon Big river,*
amall aft'eam Sowing into the Manmee. The ore
!■ found not in veina, iiut in detached nwases fhiin
3 to aO feet below the snrftoe. About 3,(»0,00l>
poonda are annually smelted. Coal is fband in
abundance along the Hiasouri, aud iron in every
part of the atate. Manganeae, »no, aotimony,
and cobalt aoeompany tbe lead are ; aalt, nitre,
■oapatone, plumbagcj, harytea, pumice stone, gyP'
tnrn, flint and maHilfl are also produced here.
The climate u generally salubrious, and the
air uncommonly dry ; but tha weather ia aubjeet-
ed to greater ex Ire mea ofeold and beat than in the
other wealem alalaa. Wheat and maite are the
staple articles of cultivation ; flax, hemp and
eoltsn are alaa taiaad.
Miasonnii divided into 33 conniiea. The pop-
nIaliOD i> 140,074, of'whom 14,900 are slaves.
The capital is iefTeraon , the largeat town is BL
Louis. The legialatum ia called the Genaral As-
•pmbtj, and ooaaisla of a St Date and House of
Representatives. The aenB(i<ra are ofaoaen for 4
yeara and the representatives for 2. The Gov-
ernor ia chosen for 4 ^earm and ia ineligible for
the next term. Gleclioni are popular and suf-
frage is universal. The BaplisU have 67 mlnie-
tere in this stale ; tha MethodiaU 23 ; the Fresbv-
leriana 10; the Episeopaliana 3, and there are
some Catholica. There ia a college at St. Loais
and a few aeminaries of learning exist in other
This atate was originally a part of the Territory of
L.auiaiaiia. It waaadmitted into the Union in ll&l.
Mittouri Temiory^ the name given to IhAt vast
extent of wild country belonsing to the Uaited
Slates which lies weat of all the settled diatricta
and east of the Rocky Mauntaina. It ia bounded
N. by the British poaaaaaiona, E. by Michigan,
Illinois, and the state of Missouri, S. and 8. W. by
Mexico and W. by the Rocky Mauntaini. It ex-
tends fVom 36. 30. to 40. N. lat. and from !«a. to 113.
"Vf. long, and ia estimated to contain SOO.OOV sq.
miles. A great part of this immenae leiritory ia
inleraeotedliy the river Misiouri and its numcroua
branohea. The north-western part ia Irsveraed by
a mountain ridge which branches from ihe great
Rocky Mountain chain, about the 42d degree r>f
latitude, and extends north- weaterly towards Lake
Winnipeg. The eaatern pari ia a level country.
FrumaW to 400 miles weat of the Missiaaippi, the
land is partly covered with foreata. Beyond this
limit commoncea a vaat ocean of prairies, and the
country ia mostly a plain in some parts fertile and
covered with graae, and in othera a buren daaerl
The sotAm and Mil of this n«l esleat a4 COBB
try Is difitent IVom anr other of the >am> diniAB-
sion* on the globe. Tike lower oounes of ail Iha
riven, that enter the Miaainippi liom tlila ngioa,
are wooded. In proportion, aa we aacesd towards
the mauntaina, the wood becomes more scaroe,
and tha upper tributaries of these atiesina mn
through open prairira. There is, alao, a fsrtila
belt along the banks of all these streanis ; bat in
proportion aa we diverge from tliem, the land
becomes more sterile and parched. We sraoe-
mosl Gkened to the Sahara of the African desert*.
There ia, however, in the most sterile part* a tlun
■ward of ffraaa and herbage. Conn tleaa droves of
buSaloea, elk and deer, range upon these vaat
prairies, 'fheae will probably, in aome fiiton
Criod of our national eiialenoe tie replaced bv
rd* of domestic cattle, and Bocks of slieep, fol-
lowed by moving bands of aheplwrds, Almoat
the whole oontM of tlie Missouri, Platte and
Tellow Stone are throngh a rich soil. The aama
may he affirmed of Red river. The upper eonraea
of the Arkansas are tlinnigli the most sterile re-
gion of this ocean of prairies.
In a country of such immense extent, generally
level, naked and open, the climate must of conne
in a great ineaaure correspond to the latitnde. Tha
first climate, beyond the stale of Missouri, and
the territory of Arkansas, ia mild and temperate.
The belt beyond haa nearly the climate of New
England. Still further lowar-*- "- '-■— ■'
is Canadiai
. lear the sonroes of the Arkanaaa. When
the winds blow from the west over the summits
of these mountains, the ootd they occaaion is
Wild horaaa ate ahnndant in variooa parta of
this country. Lewis and Clarke iiklheir expedi-
tion aaw manj' oflhem on the plains of the Mis-
souri, and Major Longobaerved whole litKipe up-
on the prairies still Srlher south. The Indians
am abundanllj supplied with them, many of
which are very lUat, and capable of gteat endn
ranee. A savage warrior mounted on one of
Iheia with his long spear, makes a very fotiuida-
The Indiana take no pains to breed horses,
but supply Ihemaelve* by catching and taming as
many aa Ibey want. A method sometimes adopt-
ed by hunten for taking Ihewild huiae, istoeboat
tha animal through the neck, using the requiaita
care not to injure the apine, A horse may re-
ceive a rifle ball through a particular part of tlka
neck, without sustaining sny parmaoent injnrj ,
the blow, is however, st&oient to oocasioa atsm-
U i* euilj Uken. Tbii ii
_i leaaint tot iU mneott&il pti-
,_iBm4ll dsgiee of ikill ID tha oje of
th« rifle.
Major Long reaiaii*. Hut in foe babila of tbt
wild bone, wa find liltle nnlik* what i> mcd in
the domntie ulimal. He beciiniei Ihe mtat tim
orooi and mrtcfarnl ofth* iohabitant* of the wil-
dernCH. It would appeu 6oid the path* Ui>t
are leon, that thej •omatimei parform 1od(
joamen.
Wild hone* were once natnerooa on Ihe Koo-
tanny Lands, near the Dortfaern loiircei of the Co-
'umbia, on the eaalem aide of the Rock; Monn-
taio RidEe, but of late yeara tfae; have been a)-
moit crudicated in that quarter. The/ an nut
known to eijit in a wild alale to the aoithwani of
the Gfly-aecond or Gllj-third parallel oT latitude.
The Knotanniea an acquaia(ed with tbe Bpaniah
and American mode of taking them with the
taso. MsjoT Long mentioni that horaea are an
object of particular Talue to the Oiagea. For the
purpoae of obtaining theieauimB]i,.whiGhin their
wild itate prcacTre all their fieetnen, they go in
a large part; to the country of the Red Canadian
River, where they an to be fbond in eonaidenble
ben. When they diacorer a gang of the
i( to do tnm a great diatance. Ther are leai
rj when tlxrr an aaiembled loMther in i
t>en, and wit) then oilen blindly Allow their
era, re^dlea* of, or trampling down the bui
poated in their way. It is dangerou* for the
ter to ihow himself after having wounded
for it will pnrane him, and although ite gait
be beav; and awkward, it will have no diffii
in overtaking the fleelcBl runner. While .
ing, the; an often acallered overa great eite
country, but when they more in a man, they
■- — ^^^^s
^^^a^n^a^^B^
^"^N
-.-IT lEJJ^B^ai
"^^
^l^^=" .
..1, they d
I, two of which take their
' gang t
mlo threi
ma at did
; they know the horaea «
Thii arrangement being completed, the fintpart/
eommencea the punuit in the direction of their
colleigaea, at wlioae poulian the^ at length ir-
rire. Thr> aeoond part; then oontinnei the ehaae
with fnsh honaa, antf purauea the fngitivea to
the third party, which general!; aucceeda in ao
&r running them down, ai to nooae and cap-
ton a coniiderable number of them.
Immenie heida of biaon, elka, deer, and other
wild animala occupy iheia vaat pluna. Of these
the tuion is the moat remarkable ftom the inered-
ibte number* in whichthe; IWedtngether. Som«-
timea 40 iq. m. of lerrilory have been seen com-
pletely covered with them. At the (wriod wtwn
the Europeans began to make aettlenients in North
America, thii animal was oooasionally met with
on the Atlantic coast; bat even then it appean
to have been ran to the eastward of the Apala-
ohian MouDtoins; for I>awaon has thought it lo
be a &ct worth recording, that two wen killed
ID one ■eiw>D on Cape Fear River. Aa early as
the first discoverr of Canada it was unknown in
that oonntrv. llieodat, whose history of Can-
ada wu publiahed in I63G, meni; says, that be
wu informed that bulla exiited in the remote wes-
ern countries. Warden mentions tliat at no verj
diitanl date, herda of them existed in the western
pirt ofrennsylvinis. and that as late as the tut
1766th?; were pr«tty numerous in Kentuck;. The
bisnni wander constantly from place to place
either from being disturbed by hunters, or in quest
of food. The; an much attracted by the soft
tvnder graai, which iprinn np after a fire has
spresd over the prairie. In winter ther scrape
ail IV the snow with their feat, to naob tiie nass.
Th/ bulls and cows live in separate bertta for the
grratpr part of the vear ; but at ail seasons, one
or two bulls general!; aocompany a large herd of
cows. The biaon is in general ashy animal, and
takes to flight instantl; on winding an enemy,
which the acutencM of ila aense ef amell enables
tiBguiasd
ndVms
a dense and almost impenetrable column, which
once in motion, ii scarcely to be impeded. Their
line of march is seldom interrupted even by eon-
■iderable riven, across which they swim without
fear or hesitation, nearly in the order that the;
travene the plains. Wben flying befon tbeir
Eunuera, it would be in vain for the foremost to
alt, or attempt to obstruct the progress of the
main bod;, as the throng in the nar still rushes on-
ward, the teadera must advance, although destme-
lion awaits the movenient. The Indians take ad-
vantage of this circamstance to destroy great quaji-
tities of this bvourite game, and certainly no
mode could be resorted to more eSectualf; de-
truclive, nor could a more terrible devastation be
produced, than that of forcing a numerous herd
of these large animals, to leap together fhiin the
brink of a oreadfut precipice, upon a rocky and
broken surface, a hundred teet below.
When the Indians determine to destroy bisons
in this way,nneoftheirswine«tfbotedandn3 '
active yonns men is selected, who is
in a bison skin, having the head, ean,
adjusted on his own head, so as to make the di
ception ver; complete, and thus acconlnd, he
stations himself beiweenthe bison herdandaome
of the precipices that often eilend for several miles
along the riven. The Indiana surround the herd
as nearl; as possible, wben at a given signal, they
show themselves snd riub forward with loud
yells. The animals being alarmed, and seeing
no wa; open but in the direction ofllie disguised
Indian, run* towards bim, and he taking to flight
dashes on lo the precipice, wiiere he suddenly
crevice. The fonmoat of the herdarrives at the
brink — there id oopoesibility of rclnat, no chance
of escape; the fonmosl may for an inatantahrink
fied b; the approaching hunlen, rush forward
with incnasing impetuositv, and the agnegaled
force hurls themsoccessively Into the gulf wiierp
certain death awaits them
The grinly bear is a native of Ibis territory .
and is the most ferocious of all his tribe. He is twice
Bs large aa the black bear, with enormonsly largo
paws and t«eth. He is the monarch of the Rocky
9d3
■trenalh enable* him to kill anil
€lnf mwajftbiKD, whoiB he buries in « pit dng
fcr (he porpiMe. Hii eilrame tenicity of life ten-
dera him atilt more iltngeroa* ; for he can endure
lepealed wonnds which wonld be inatimtioeoiiily
morUI to other beaiW, ind in th«t iUle, mti rap-
idly ponoe hi* eDem?. 8n lh»l the hunter who
ftiJi to ^oot him through the bnun, i* placed Id
tlM moat pctiloue ntuttioo.
One eveDiDf the Bttn if the hindmoat of one
of Lewi* andClark'acaniie* perceiTed one of theae
bear* lying in the open gcciand about three hnn-
died paeea from the nver ; and lii of them, who
were all good honten, went to attack him. Con-
CMlinB Uwm«liea by a atQall eminence, they
were able to approach within *0 pMM unpercei*-
ed; Cinr ofthehaDten now fired, and euihlodgcd
a ball In his body, two of which paued directly
throagh the Innffa. The bear apruig up and ran
ftiriouaW with, open momh upon them ; two of
tke hunten, who liad reaerred theii Are, nve him
two additional wound*, and one breaking hi*
Aonlder-blade, lomewhit retarded hi* motion.
Before they conldagaia load their guni, he came
M clo»e on them, that they were obliged to run
toward! the river, and before they liaiTgained it
the bear had Klmoetairrtalien them. Two men
jumped into the canoe ; the other four Beparated
and concealing thenuelvea among llie willowi.
fired a* fast a* they could load (heir piece*. Sp-
vernJ time* (he bear wa* atrncfc, but each ahot
•eemed only to direct hi* fury toward* the hun-
ter ; at lait, he purmed ihero ao closely that they
throw aaide thair guna and poucboa, and jumped
flvm a petpendicolar bank, SO feet high, into the
river. The bear iprang after them, and waa very
sear the hindmoat man, when one of the hunter*
on the ahore ihot him through the head, and
finnlly killed Mm. When they dragged hjm on
ahore, they found tbatS balli had poued through
h'<a body in difi'erent direction*. On one ooca-
■inn Cspt. Lewia wa* walking at aome diatance
.._._ _i huge bear — '■'■'"
M HOB
Mt give np the fonut, nntil Capt Lewia tniMd
raaad aad thflwwd bia with a *peai whtofa ha
had IB Ub hand. H« than thought it beat to i«
turn, and fled into the thiokal.
Thi* territory ia inhabited by vanona ladtaa
tardea, Ute Boat noawiDna of which an tha Sioui.
Hh whole >ninbn of the Indiana ia sathoaled
•t 150,000. The United State* have militaiT
poata in difihient parts. It eonatitnted a portion
of the gnat territory of I^Miiaiana pnrnniaad of
the Frnich.
Mitmntri, towna in CHark and Hemprtrad Co*
MittOMTit»», a town in Howard Co. Misaonri.
Jftftoim Capa, the a. point of tha eastern-moat
ol the Hsnnit Island*, aboat 9 m. E. H. E. oi
Cape Horn.
Jfirtajkcn Poiar a praaantWT on (ha W. of Cap«
Elaee, at tha 8. £. point of the iaiand of New-
foundland.
JfuCaann, LMka, a lue of Row Britain, lyinr
E. of the 8. part of Jamea' Bay, and •urronod^
by mountain* called the Oreat Mistsaaina. It ia
abuve 250 m, in oirctiit, oTa very irregular ahape,
being maoh interseotad by long and narrow pro-
■ection* of land, and oootaina aeveral iaUnda. It
la formed of the Mists— is and other river* from
the mouulaina, and ita outlet i* the river Bapert.
MiMrtUa, a town of Sicily, in V*l di Demona,
60 m. E. S. E. of Palermo
Milek-K, a village in Snney, Eng. 7 m. 8. W.
of London. It iieeated on the Wapdle,an which
•re some snuSHuilk and ealieo-priating mann-
JticobifrfaaH, a town in Glonceatenhire, Eng.
seated at the N. axlremilj of thr Jbreit of Dean,
19 m. W. of Gfaooaater and 116 W. by N. of
* the eounty
rnUemen
ofCori
id 16 gentle)
idaus. S. E
E. of limerick.
.r nponbim
pJiugiDs int
MthahMT
meat of Coorland, th* reaidence ofLoaia ?CVI]!
for aaveralyeandnring hiseiile, Thewallaand
moatsof (he town are decayed, the bouse*, for the
BKWt part, have bo particular elegance; and a
great many garden* and open pisens are onntain-
ed withtn ite eirenil Here an two Lutheran
ahnrebe*, a besntif*! Calviniat ebmnb, and a
Catholic church. It i* aeeted on the A*, 45 m. E.
ofnoldiugenmidaTflN.N.U.ofWaraaw. Lrcw-
S3. U. E., lat. 56. W. N.
Mitfmaaid, a town of Siberia, on (he Nei**»,
18 n. S. of Gtati.
JEaancmU, a town of Bavaria, capital of the
eounty of WerdenJet* ; ■eatadon the laer, 12 b.
N. of Tupraek.
MiUtritrg, a town of Autrian Illyria, with a
eaatlBcnarock 30 m. S. E. ofTrierie
MMU, p.t. Mobile Co. Alabama, and tne only
eanaidetabb town in t)te atate. Il*(uid* on the
W. ade of a large bay to which it give* it* n*me,
— ' ' — * good trade nrincipallr in the eiporla-
.._ a i-bosispljbelweenthiaplaoe
« well aa the towna on the
rtver above MolHle. Tfaia town waa founded by
the SpanianI* aboat the ynar 1700. The yellow
lover la often pnvalent ben Ltt. 30. 37. N. long.
88.18. W. Pop. 8,1M
MakiU, a nver of AUmbb, htroei by the jane-
liaa of the Alabama and Tombcckbee, 40 m. above
tha town of Huhile. It enton Mobile Bay br
ssv«b1 chBacb. Tha wc*«em channel ia oalled
andki
tioB of ootton. Steam.
and New Orisan*,
llOfi ai MOH
the Mobile ; the eutern t« ealled the Tennw^ and M^mkirek, » town of Bavaria, 18 m. N. of Cod
haa the mateat width and depth. Mobile Bay ataace.
ia 90 m. long and 12 brood ; it baa two antfanoea Mtfkiy a town of Seothmd, in Dnmiriea-ahife,
from the Gulf of Mexieo, the deepeat of which near the riret Annan, eneompaaaed on all atdea,
las iSfeet of water. except the S. by hilla of different heighta. Ita
^oM/e, aconntT of Alabama. Pop. 6,266. Mo- delightfal aitoation and ita mineral apringa attract
bik* is Uie eapitai. mQcn company. 20 m. N. bj E. of Domfhea and
MocaroMgaf or Moearay a kingdom on the E. 50 S. of Edinburgh,
eoaat of Africa, erroneonslj called Monomotapa. Mofat Hillt, the hiffheat mountains of the S.
which ie the title of the monarch. It ia bounaea of Scotland, on the NT border of Dumfries-shire,
on the N. b J Monomn^, E. by the Mosambiqae, Hartfel, the moat elevated, ia 2,300 feet above the
S. by Sofala and Mamca, ana W. by unknown level of the sea. They feed numerous flocks of
regions. It haa aeveral rivera, of which the Zam- aheep ; and from them descend, in different dir^c-
bera is the chief; is fertile in rice, millet, and tions, the Tweed, Clyde, and Annan, whoae sour
suffttr-canes, which last grow without cultivation ; ces are but little distant from each other,
and the pastures feed vast multitudes of cattle, Mogadarfti town of the empire of Morocco,
especially of the largeat sorts, but.not any horses, with a harbour for vessels of a middling siae. It
There are a great many ostriches, wild beasts, and ia the emporium of all the foreign, and mdeed of
elephanta; and several minea of gold and ailver. the entire trade of Morocco, and contalna 10,
The natives possess all the charaoteriatica of the 000 inhabitants. The town is auirounded by
African negro. Their houses are built of wood, walls, with batteries, and at high tidea is almost
and covered with plaster ; but they have few encompassed by the sea The streets are all in
towns. Madrogan is the capital. straight lines and contain a great number of hand-
aome houses. The port is formed by a channel,
between the mainland and an ialand above a mile
Mocaumpour. or MoekwanporBf a town of Hin-
doostan, capital of a district of the same name
subject to the rajah of Nepaul. It ia aituate on the in lengthy ItislSOro. W N. W. of Morocco.
£. Bide of tbe Nepaul, 48 m. S. 8. E. of Cat- Lonff. 9. &. W., lat. 31. 28. N.
mandu and 136 N. of Patna. Long. 85. 20. E., Ji&hatSf a town of Lower Hungary , in the coun-
lat. 27. 30. N . ty of Bnranv. Here Louis, the last king of Hun-
Mochaf or Moka^ a town of Arabia, in Yemen, p^t w <fefeated in 1526, by the Turks under
seated on a small bay of the Red Sea, near the Sohman II., with the lose of 22,000 men, and after
strait of Babelmandel. On each of the points of the battle was suffocated by the fell of hia horse in
land, which enclose the road, is a fort; but thej a muddy brook. In 1687 the Turka were defeated
are «rretched structures. The town is of a circu> hv prince Charles of Lorrain, with the loaa of 10,
lar form, surrounded by a wall in which are six 000 men, their cannon, and baggage. It is seated
gates. It stands in a dreary plain, bounded by at the conflux of the Corasse wiUi the Danube*
mountains, and consisting entirely of arid sand. 23 m. N. by £. of Esseck.
The English, from Hindoostan, at present engross Mokatok EiveTf a river of New Toik, which ris*
almost exclusively the trade of this place, wtiich es 40 m. £. of Lake Ontario, and, after reoeiving
is very considerable, especially in eonbe. 140 m. many tributary atreams, enters Hudson River, 10
S. 8. W. of 8ana and 638 8. 8. E. of Mecca, m. shove Albany. About 3 m. above ita junction
Long. 44. 25. £., lat 13. 10. N. with the Hudson it has a cataract, where the
Medhmrtfj a town .in Devonahire, Eng. with a stream, 100 yarda wide, falla perpendicularly
manufectnre of plush. It haa a apacioua chnsch about 70 feet.
and two meeting-houses, and is seated between Mokawk, a village on the Ouse or Grand riv-
two hills, 36 m. 8. 8. W. of Exeter and SBB W. er, U.C., and the principal settlement of the Six
8. W. of London. Nationa of Indians.
Modtma, or ModtmtMt, a duchy of Ttaly, bound- Makegwn, a village of New London Co. Conn,
ed on the W. by Parma, N. by the Po, £. hy the on the Thames, 5 m. below Norwich. It is in-
papal atates, and 8. b^ the Apennines. It now in* habited by a remnant of the Mohegan Indians,
eludes the principalitiea of Massa and Carrara. Mokiscan^ on Mokecan, p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio,
and contains an area of 2JD60 si|. m. with 370,000 on a creek of the same name. 80 m. N. E. Co-
inhabitants. The soil is fertile in com, wine, eif, Inmbus. Pop. 1,310.
and fruits of diferent kinds. It also feeds a great MokUa^ one of the Comoro Islands, between
number of cattle. the N. end of Madagascar and the continent of
JUedsno, the capital of the Modenese, and a Africa. The inland parts are mountainous and
bishop's see, with a citadel and a magnifleent col* woody. Some of the inhabitants are Mahomedans,
lege. The cathedral, several of the churebes, and who have a few wretched mosques, built of wood
some of the monasteries, are handaome stmctniea and straw without, and matted neatly within.
The ducal palace is richly furnished and contains This island produces plenty of rice, peas, honey,
fine paintings. The inhabitants of Modena, esti- oocoa-auta, plantaina, various fruits and sugar-
mated at 30,000 carry on manufactures of bemp^ canes. It haa a good road for ships. Long. 43. 59.
woolens, glass, leather, &c. it is seated between £., lat. 12. 36. S. ^
the rivers Seccbia and Panaro, 30 m<. £. 8. E. «f MokUrf, or MegiUVf a considerable government
Parma and GO N. N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. of the Russian einpire, to the E. of the govern-
12. R., Ut. 44. 34. N. ment of Minsk. Its uea is 18,500, s^. m., and
M&(diem^ a town of ^cily , in Val di Noto, «apa> its pop. about 800,000, of whom the majority are
tal of a district of its name ; ssated near the river Poles.
Scicli, 1^ m. W. of Note. Mttkii^y the capital of the above government,
Madon^ a strong t»wn of the Bioraa, and a inthaaeatof tbe government eflleeie,and the resi*
bishop's see, with a safe harbour. It ia sealnrt etn denoe of a Greek and a Catholic archbishop, and
a promontory, projecting into the sea of flapienwg, haa n onalla, auMfwded with an earthen movrnd.
15 m. W. ofCoron. Long. 21. 31. B., lat 36.5a. If. TheinhabUnntacBnTenacottsiderabfotradewillk
JUmm. See Mmn. Dantiic, Riga, and Memel. In July, WS, n wt
MOL GU
Tcra battle wm Tooght in Ihe neiKhboiuhrMxl M
of tljs pl&ce betweeo the Fiench and the Rni-
aiaiu. It ii aituate on ths Dnieper, 340 m.
E. N. E. orWanaw ind 364 S. of Fetertbnrc.
Looff. M. 14. E., lal. 53. 52. N.
.Mffirin, a town of PniwlR, in BnindenbDTg, 18
m. N. N. W. of Curtrin.
Mohrangat, ■ town of PruHia, in the gOTCra-
inertt of Konigiberg, lituale on a lake of tbe unie
niine, which ilmoel ■lUToundu it. Here ia an
(.Id caatle, formeil; a couveat, beloDging to Una
knighla of the Teutonic order, in conKquenea of
■rhnae wara the town haa Itequentlr luf^red. It
■■ 56 m. S. S. W. of Konigaberg and 56 S. E. of
Moiiak, m town and fort of Arabia Petrea, on
thecoaatoTtlieRedBea, 130in. S. of Aeabauid
180 N. W. of Medina. Long. 33. 50. E., lat. ST. .
30. N. I
Moira, a townahip of Franklin Co. N. T. Pop. i
791.
Moirana, atown of Prance, department of Iwre,
S5m. S. E. ofVienne.
Mautac,\ townofFiance, departmentof Tani'
et.Garonne, with a trade in com and Oonr ; Htu-
ated on the Tarn, near ita confluence with the
Garonne, 18 m. N. W. of MonUnban.
Mola di Ban, a town of Napiei, in Terra di
Bari, iealed oa (he gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of
Mola di OaeU, a town of NapIei, in Terra di
Larora, aeBted near the aea, 3 m. N. E. of
Gael*.
JfoU.a town of Wale>. in Flintahire. II ii am-
rounded by ragged hilla, rich in mineral treaa-
um. Sm.S. ofTliutandSOl N.V/. of Loudon.
Meidaria, a proFince of Tnrkey in Europe,
bounded N. bj Aiulrisn Poland, E. by Ruiaia, S.
by Turkey, and W. bj TruisjiTania. The prin-
cipal riven aie the Danube, Truth, and Senth.
The W. part ii m ountainoua, and there are aoma
ancultiTatrd deaert* ; but it aboundi in good pa*-
turea, wbich feed a great number of horses, oxen,
and aheeji ; it alio producea com, pulae, honey,
wax, fruila, with plenty of game ajidfowls. The
Bovereign, wlio ia ilyled hoapodir, ia tributary to
the grand aeignior. Jasay i* the principal town.
MoU, a port of Bt. Domingo. See M^iolas,
HOL
Molucea*, or Spiet Idandi, a nnmbei of ialanda
in the Indian Ocean, lying E. of Celebes. Thcj
include tboae &om Mortay in the N. to Banda in
the S^and from Mywl in the E. lo Bonro in the
W. Tbe other principal one* are Gitolo, Ceram,
Araboyna, Ouby, Temate, Tidore, Motii, Machi
an, and Bachian. Except Giiolo, they produce
neither com, rioa, nor cattle, but Ukey hare
orangei, lemana, and other fruit* ; and are moet
remarkable for ipicea, eapecialty clorea and nat-
mega. On tbe ahorea there an large rocka of
coiml, of great variety and beaatj.
The clove tree, (now called by botaniata Eagi-
nia caryophj/Uata,) la about fcntv or fitly feet high,
with long pointed leaves like thoae of the laurel.
Bome compare iti appearance to that of the beech.
At the beginning of the wet aeaaon in May, it
throwa out a protuaii "' « - ..
lea in time a pale yellow, and tl
red. At thia period, it ia fit to be uaed ai
cooaeqnently thia ii the clove harveat. Uut to
open aafficiently for the purpowa of propagation.
It requirea three weeka lonjfer; in which period
it awella to an ertraordinary aize, loaea much of
Ita apicy qnality.and coataina a hard nucleus tika
the aeed of the bay. It ia now called "the Mo-
ther Clove." TherearelivevarieliesofLhiafrait
Ban.
J*o/ierM,atownorFi
el-Garonne, 11 m. N. ofMont Auban.
Molina, a ali-ong town of Spain, in Mew Caalile,
sealed on a river of the aame name, in a lerritorv
abounding in poalurea, 108 m. E. N. E. of Madrid.
Moliae, a province of Jiaplea, in the form of a
triangle^ whone aidea are 39 m. long, lying be-
tween Terra di Lavoro, Ahruiio Citra, CapiUnata,
and Principato Ultra. It it a mounlainoua coun-
try, but fertile in com, wine, aaflron, and ailk.
""""""' - ' ' "ff "• earthquake in
R) of the inhabitanta
d Keognphical diatribotion
I any other aaeful plant. It waa onirinallr
confined (o the five Molucca islanila, and chiefly
than a
Makian. It had been conveyed to Ambojna
a very abort time befbrp the arrival of tbe Portu-
giieae. Not partial to large ialanda, it doea not
grow well in Giloto Ceram, Booro, or Celebea.
It haa been cultivate, and haa prodocpd fruit, in
^e nealem part of Oceanica. It haa alao bome
froit, thongh of inferior quality, for 4heaB fillv
jeara in the Maoritina. Even at Amboyna
e before the t.
ith 0
•eIRh
peril
Ibed.
Motitt, the oapital of tbe roiegoiluF p
■"■ - Matle. 60 m. H. M. E. of Nap&a.
14. 43. E., tat. 4t.
MoOtK, i atrong town of Denmark, in the dochy
of Lanenborg, aeated on Ihe Sleokeniti, 8 m. 8
of Lubeo.
MoUkmm, a town of Fnnce, departineM of
Jjowet Rhine, leued on tbe Briuoh, 10 m. W of
Stnabwf.
year of ita growth, and rrquiiea great attention
whereaa, in the parent ialanda, it beam in ita
levonth or eighth year, and requirea very little
care or culture. It neither thrivea near the aea
nor on the high hilla. The gathering, the drying,
and tbe packing ofit, are all aaaimple operation*
aa possible ; and very little care is requirml for
iU preaervation *a an artjole of commerce.
The most remarkable animala in these islanik
are the baibiiouaaa, the opossum, the phalanger,
jerboa, and the ebevrotain or Jlb>d«*
There are but few di
nvmoaw. There are but few t
Tfe eye ia delighted with the magnificent plom-
"" 'rds,aaohai tbs bird »f pan
The nitivea oftlic Molucou, befora the; wen
Tiiited b; foreij[a ulions, atUciied no riloe to
tho Trgetible ricfaea which ue peouliu' to their
iiluidj, *nil which have rendered tfaem at once (o
celebiated ud to uDrortuoate. The Chineae
fltit ucidrntall; landed in the middle i^jand dia-
coTered the cIo*e and the nutmeg, in coikaeqnenoe
of which a taate foi theae oonnnoditiei was dif-
fuied over India, and (hence extended lo Petaia
and to Europe. Theie Iilandi were diuoTcred in
1511, by the PnrtDffneee, who formed aome aettle-
loaDta,- bat were diiTen oat in 1607 bj the Dutch,
to whnm (he iilanda are at j>re«eDt anbject.
.Volunti, a town of Pniaciui Sileaia, m the prin-
clpilit]! of Brieg, rainoua for a yictor; nined b;
■he Pruniani otct the Auatriani in IHl. t m.
W. oTBrieg.
Mamiaia, a city on the eoait of Zanguebar.
It wu aeRted on a penineula, which haa been
aince turned into an ialand, bj cutting a canal
thTOUsh [he JBthmtu. It ia defended hj a atronf
citadel, haa a commodiooa hubour for large rea-
•el*, and carriei on a great eomnierce with the
ialanda and kingdomi adjacpnt, in gold, JTory,
rice, fleah, &<:. The king of Melinda, being a
....■.._ L.J . , _.:.,. .u^ Portugueae
nedMa-
Eavernor, took the caatle br aaaaolt, lui
smedin, and murdered all the Chrii
1631. In 1729 the Portuguese again beeama
maatera of Ihij territory ; but aince that time tba
nati*ea have regained poanaaion of it, and hara
treated in the mnat (reacheroua and boatile man-
ner alt Chriatiana who have at(empted to land.
Mombaia ia 75 m. S. S. W. of Heltada. Long.
39. 30. E., Ia(. 3. 15. S.
Mornflot, a lawn of Egypt, with manulaetum
of lioena, aealed on the left baikk of the Nile, W
D>. N. N. W. of Sioufc
AI</mpoz, a town of New Granada, in the pro-
vince of Cartbagena, on the left bank of (he Mag-
dalena, 112 m. 9. 3. G. of Carthagena.
Mo«,, an ieland of Denmark, in the Baltic, to
tba 3. W, of the iale of Zealand, from which it ii
aeiMrated by a narrow channel. SleH ii the
chWtnwn.
Mmutdu, p.T. Montgomery Co. Alabama.
Momtco, a IbrtiRed aea-port of Italy, capital of a
•malt principality of the aame name, balween tlia
country of Nice and the duchy of Genoa. Tba
harbour ia good, but not deep enough for large
Teaaala; tlw principal export ia olire oil. It w
anted on a craggy rock, that projecta into tbi aea,
a Mon
13 m. E. N. E of Nie«. Long. 7. 30. £., lat. 43.
«. N.
MatiaghaM, a county of Ireland, in the pTO*ion«
of Ulater, bounded N. by Tyrone, E. by Armagh,
B. E. by Louth, 8. W. by Cavan, and W.by ^r-
managb. Ila area includes 170,600 Iriah acrei,
part oT which it occupied by wooda and boga, and
a third part taken up by Longh Erne. A great
part it, howcTcr, in a high ala*c of caltiration,
and (he popnlKion amoontt lo about 180,000. It
oontaina fire baronitt, it dinided into 90 paiiahei,
and tenda two members to parliament,
Jtfoiuf Asa, the capital ofthe foregoing oounty,
wai fortified with a cattle and a fort, in the reign
of queen Eliiabeth. It ia 40 m. 8. W. of Bclfaat
and 60 N. N. W. of Dublin. Long. 6. 4!). W.,
Iat.54.16. N.
JfoMviM, • townehip of Torh Co. Pa.
JimuuttT, a town of the kingdom of Tnnia, teU-
ed near the aea. 7l) m. S. E. of Tunia. Long.
11.6. E, lat. 35. 50. N.
MaiiMtUmm, a town of Ireland, in (he counlf
oflCldare, aituate on tlie Barrow, near the grand
canal, 1!) m. N. of Carlow and 32 8. W. of
Dublin.
JdniMaiic, a (own of Spain, in Catalonia, on
the riTBT Francoli, 17 m. N, of Tarragona.
MtiuaUUr, a town of the Sardinian itatei in
Piedmont, aeated on an eminence near the Po, 6
m, 8. E. of Turin.
Motualte, a town of Piedmont, proTince of
Montfeiral, aeated on a mountain, 13 m. S. W.
ofCaaalandSO E. of Turin.
Jtfmgasa, a town of Portugal, In Enlre Donto e
Minho, with a atrong caalje; aealed near the
Hinfao, 24 m. N. of Bran.
JfancAoisn, a city of Birmah, and daring a ahort
period ila capital, ia aurroundad by a wall and
ditch, but ia chieOT celehraled ta (he bir(h-p!ace
of Alompra, who alterwaida became (he deliverer
of hit conntrj and the conqneror of Pegu. I[ it
40 m. N. of Ummerapoora.
MmKcn, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a
caalle, 6 m. 8. of Balbatdo and &0 N. E. of Sai-
MaiuoiUatir, a town of France, department of
Co(et du Nnrd, 12 m. B. S. E. of St. Brieoi.
JVoawftaocil, mountain, ueually called the GronJ
MonadoMk, ia tHualed in the towna of Jeffrey
and Dublin, in Cheahire Co. N. H about 22 m. E.
from Connecticut river, and 10 N. of the Southern
bonndary of thit tUlf. The direction of (he
ridge it N. E. and S. W, The mountain ia about
5 m. long from N. to S. and 3 m. from E. to W.
According to ProreaaorDani,whoviaited the moun-
tain in 1816, ita baae ia 1 ,452, and itaaummit 3,450
feet abore the level of Che aea. The mountain it
compoeed of laic, and mica alate, diatinctly ttrati-
fied. Garnet, acborl, feldspar, and quaiti, occnr in
Yariout parla. On the E. aide, plambago isfonnd
in large quanlitiet. Cruciblet and peucila bave
been manufactured from it, but for the [alter, it
deati(ute of thoee high cliSi and mnral pTecipic«_
belonging to granitic motmtaina. The prospect
from the pinnacle it very eitenaire ; thirty
panda of fVeth water, aome of which are ao laree
at to contain iaiandi of 8 or 10 acres, may be
teen fVom it, in the immediale vicinity. Near the
bate ofthe monnlain, ia the " Honadnock Mineral
Spring,"
■KmcoMMrr, 4 town of FVance, departmtnt *f
Tianne, Z7 m, N. W. of Poitim.
MON 514 MON
Mcndego, a river of Portugal^ which hat its the cow, mare, ewe gfMi, and camel. Their or-
■ource near GuardO| crcwsefl Beira by Coimbra, dinary drink is warm water, in which a littie
and enters the Atkmtic, near a cape of the same coarse tea has been infused ; with this thej mix
name. Its banks were the theatre of great mili- cream, ihilk, or butter, according to their circum>
tary movements between the French and British stances. They have also a method of making a
in 1810 and 181 1 . kind of spirituous liquor of sour milk . especially of
Mondonedo, a town of Spain, in Gallicia, and that of the mare. The Monguls are free, open, and
a bishop's see ; 60 m. N. £. of Oompostella and sincere. They pride themselves chiefly oa their
115 N. W. of Leon. Long. 7. 10. W., lat. 43. 30. dexterity in handling the bow and arrow, roount-
N. ing* on norseback, and hunting wild beasts. Polig-
Mondavi, a fortified town of Piedmont, capital amy is permitted among them ; but they generally
of a province of its name and a bishop's see. have only one wife. Their religion is confined
In 1796 the FrencH gained a victory here over the to the worship of Fo. They have the most sa*
Austrians, which made them masters of the states perstitious veneration for their lamas, to whom
of the king of Sardinia. It is seated on a moun- they give the most valuable of their effects in re-
tain, near the river Ellero, 14 m. £. of Coni. turn Tor prayers, which thev go about recitin;*
Long. 8. 3. £., lat. 44. 25. N. from tent to tent. The Monguls are now split inu^
Mondragotif a town of Spain, in Ouipuscoa, near a number of petty states, dependant on the em-
which are some medicinal springs and a famous pires of Russia and China. Those under tho Cki-
mine of excellent iron. It is seated on the Deva, nese government may be divided into four prin-
34 m. S. S. W. of St. Sebastian. cipal tribes, which are the Monguls, properly so
MondragoiUy a town of Naples, in Terra di La- called, the Kalkas, the Ortous, and the Tartars
▼oro, celebrated for its medicinal waters. 13 m. of Konkonor.
N. W. of Capua. Mankeim, a town of Bavaria, in Neuburg, 8 m.
Monjiaj an island on the coast of Zanguebar, to N. of Donawert.
the N. E. of Quiloa, tributary toPortu^. Long. Monikendamj a sea-port of the Netherlands, in
40. 50. E., lat. 7. 50. S. N. Holland, with manufactures of soap and silk :
Monftanquinj a town of France, department of seated on an arm of the Zuider Zee, 8 m. N. S.
Lot-et-Garonne, 20 m. N. N. £. of Agen. of Amsterdam. Long. 4. 38. £., lat. 52. 28. N.
Monfortey a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a Mmdstrol, a town of France, department of Up-
castle, 19 m. N. of Orense. per Loire, 14 m. S. W. of St. £tienne.
Monforie, a town of Portugal in Beira, 17 ro. Monks comer, p.v. Charleston Dis. S. C.
S. E. of Castel Branco. Monkton, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. 26 m. S. E. Bur-
Monforte, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 21 lington. Pop. 1,384 ; also a township of Annapo-
m. S. of Portalegra. lis Co. N. C. and Westmoreland Co. N. B.
Mo^forte, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Mon- Monmouth, a county of New Jersey. Pop. 29.-
tea, 30 m. W. of Braganza. 233. Freehold is the capital.
Afon^A^, a celebrated town and fortress of Hin- Monmouth, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 17 m. W.
doofltan, capital of a district of its name in the Augusta. Pop. 1,882.
province of Bahar, seated on the S. bank of the Monmouth, a borough of England, capital of
Gan^s, which in the rainy season forms here a Monmouthshire. It was formerly defended by n
Srodigious expanse of fresh water. The town, as wall and ditch ; and contains the ruins of a ens-
istinct from the fortress, consists of 16 difiemnt tie in which the warlike Henry V. was born,
bazaars, or market-places, scattered over a space hence called Henry ofMonmouth. His cndleand
of about a mile and a half long and a mile wide, the armour which ne wore at the battle of Agin-
The population is estimated at 30,000. Since 1816 court are still shown at Troy House, the seat of
tliis has formed one of the stations of the Baptist the duke of Beaufort, about half a mile from the
Missionary Society, whose exertions have nere town. Here are two ancient churches, both cu-
been attended with a pleasing degree of success, rious structures. The inhabitants carry on some
80 m. E. by S. of Patna and 300 N. W. of Cal- trade by means of the Wye, and there are iron
cutta. Loner. 86. 36. E.,lat. 25. 24. N. and tin works in the neighbourhood. Monmouth
Mongolia, or Western Chinese Tartory, is bound- is seated at the conflux of the Wye and Minour,
ed on the N. by Siberia, E. by Eastern Tartary. 25 m. W. of Gloucester and 131 W. by N.of Lon-
S. by the Great Wall of China and Leatong, ana don.
W. by Independent Tartary, and occupying most Monmouthshire, a county of England, 24 m.
of the space between China and Asiatic Russia, long and 20 broad. The eastern, and largest
Almost the whole territory consists of a level part, is a tract fertile in corn and pasture, wel!
plain, which borders on the Altai and other wooded, and abounding with limestone. The
mountain chains that form the Russian frontier, western portion is mountainous, and in great part
The inhabitants are decidedly distinguished both unfavourable for cultivation ; whence it is devo*
from the Turks and Tartars. They liave neither ted to the feeding of sheep and goats. Mon-
towns nor houses ; but wander in hordes, and mouthshire was formerly reckoned one of the
live under tents, which they remove from one counties of Wales; andT fVom the names of its
place to another, according as the temperature towns and villages, its mountainous rugged sur-
of the difi*erent seasons, or the wants of their face, and Its situation beyond the Wye, which
flocks, require. They pass the summer on the seenis to form a natural boundary between Ene-
banks of rivers, and the winter at the foot of land and Wales in this part, it certainly partakes
some mountain or hill which shelters them from most of the character of the latter country though
the piercing N. wind. Their ideas of honour, per- now comprehended in the civil division of the
haps less ridiculous than those of our conlempo- former. The higher ranks generally speak Eng-
raries, induce them rather to be content with the lish, but the common people use the Welsh lan-
Ibod which their flocks supply them, than culti- ffuage. The chief wealth of the county arises
vate the earth. During the summer they live nom its agricultural and mineral products. Dor-
July on milk, using wlthoat distinction that of ing the last century a great number of ironworiu
MON 51S IfON
hkft been etUbliahecl, and tome tin works; and the castle, the ajnienal, the townhomei and the
the inland interoonne has been ffreallj ftcilitated great church. It is a place of good trade, has
bv the Brecknock and Monmoatnshire canals, as considerable mannfiictiires of woolen stufls, cot*
also by the several railways. tons, lace, earthenware, du:. , as also iron founderies
M&ncnudapa. See Mocaronga, and salt works, and contains 25,000 inhabitants.
MonongaKda^ a river of me United States. Mens has been several times taken by the French,
which rises in Virginia, at the foot of the Laurel Dutch and Austrians. It stands partly on a hill
Mountains, flows N. by Morgantown, where it and partly on a plain, on the river Trouille, 30 ok
becomes naviffable, then enters reonsylvania, and S. S. W. of Brussels. Long. 3. 57. B., lat. 50.
passes by Redstone to Pittsburff, wliere it meets 27. N.
the Alleghany, and their unitea streams assume MomaraXy a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo,
the name of Ohio. seated on the Gnadiana, 25 m. S. W. of £lvas.
Montmgalia, East and Weslf two counties of the MonMol, a town of Guinea, in the countrjr of
W. district of Virginia. Pop. £. 6,688, W. 7,368. Anziko, the residence of the Micoco, or king.
Morgantown is the capital of both. 380 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 17. 16. £.,
MoiwpoUj a town or Naples, in Terra di Bari, lat. 0. 40. S.
on the coast of the gulf of Venice, 23 m. E. S. £. .tfonson, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 411.
of Bari. ifotuon, p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 72 m. S. W.
Monpazierf a town of France, department of Boston, rop. 2,264. Here are some manufac-
Dordogne, seated on the Drot, 18 m. S. W. of tuxes of cotton and woolen.
Sarlat. MontaguSf p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. on the Con-
Manauegna, or Monque^ua, a town of Pern, in nectieut, 90 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,152. Here
the bisnopric of Arequipa, capital of a territory are falls in the river round which a canal passes ;
of its name, adorned with large vineyards. Its p.v. Susses Co. N. J. 93 m. N. Trenton ; p. v.
whole commerce is in wine anclbrandv, which are Essex Co. Va 72 m N. £. Richmond,
greatly valued. 100 m. 8. E. or Arequipa. Motutiers. See Moutturs.
Long. 71. 40. E., lat. 17. 34. S. MatU Blanc, a stupendous mountain of the
M&mreaU, a town of Sicily, in Val di Masara. Pennine Alps, in Savoy, so called from its white
It is an archbishop's see, and the cathedral is an appearance. It is supposed to be highest in Eu-
admired specimen of Gothic architecture. 3 m. rope, being 15,673 feet above the level of the sea.
W. S. W. of Palermo. MaiU Dauphin, a town of France, department
Monroe, a county of New York. Pop. 49,862. of Upper Alps, seated on a craggy mountain al-
Rochester is the capital ; a county of the W. Dis- most surrounded by the Durance, 16 m. S. of
trict of Virginia, rop. 7^798. Union is the cap- Briangon.
ital ; a county of Ohio. Pop. 8^770. Woodsfield Monl de Matsany a town of France, capital of
id the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 6^78. the department of Landes, seated on the Midouse,
Bloominffton is the capital; a county of Ken- 30 m. N. £. of Daz. Long. 0. 30. W., lat. 43.
tucky. Fop. 6,125. Tompkinsville is the cam- 55. N.
tAl; a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 13,709. MonUSt.MiehdyKBirong town of France, de-
Madisonville is capital; a county of Illinois, partment of Manche, built on a rock in the sea.
Pop. 2,119. Waterloo is the capital ; a countj of which is accessible at low water. 10 m. S. W. of
Michigan. Pop. 3,187. Monroe is the capital ; Avranches. Long. 1. 30. W., lat. 48. 37. N.
a county of Florida. Pop. 517. Key West is MontabaMT, a town of Germany, in the duchy
the capital ; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 3,855. of Nassau, with a fine palace, 7 m. N. of Nassau.
Hamilton is the capital ; a county of Alabama. Montagu Island, one of the New Hebrides, in
Pop. 8,780. Clairbome is the capital; also a the S. Pacific, near Sandwich Island. Long. 16^
county of Missouri. 31. E., lat. 17. 26. S.
Monroe, a township of Waldo Co. Me. Pop. Montagu island, an island in the N. Pacific, .'Ui
1,081. t. Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. W. Boston, m. long and 12 broad, near the W. coast of N
Pop. 265 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on the House- America, at the entrance of Prince William
tonic. Pop. 1,522; p.t Orange Co. N. T. Pop. Sound. Long. 174. 30. W., lat. 60. 0. N.
3,671. Also towns in Sussex Co. N. J., Brad- .tfenioi^, a town of France, department of Ven
ford and Bucks Cos. Pa., Warren Co. N. C, Wal- dee, 18 m. S. S. E. of Nantes,
ton Co. Q^o., Bf onroe Co. Michigan., Overton Co. Montaigu, a town of France, department of Puy
Ten., Lincoln Co. Missouri, and 19 towns in de Dome, 33 m. N. N. W. of Clermont.
Ohio. Montaigu, or Sekorp&nkoud, a town of the
Monroetown, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Va. 166 m. Netherlands, in S. Brabant, fimious for an inia^
S. W. Richmond. of the Virgin, visited by a great number of pil-
MonroevUle, p.v. Huron Co. Ohio. 120 m. N. grikns. 14 m. N. £. of Louvain.
Columbus. MontaUfTB, a town of Portugal, in Tras 09
Jlfoitrorui, a flourishing town on the coast of Montes, 2o m. N. E. of Braga and 42 W. of Bra-
Africa, founded by the Americans. It b the cap- ganza.
ital of a district named Liberia. It contains a Mantalvan, a townof Spain, in Arra^n, with a
public library, a court-house, meeting-houses, strong citadel, seated on the Rio Martin, 44 m. S.
school houses, an infirmary, dbc. The houses are of Saragossa and 92 N. by W. of Valencia,
constructed of the same materials and finished in Montalvao, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo
the same style as in the towns of the United on the borders of Spain, 18 m. N. N. £. of Per-
States. In the vicinity irood building stone, talem and 108 firom Lisbon,
shells for lime, and exceOent clay for bricks, Montargis, a town of France, department of
aiM>und. Timber of various kinds^ fit for all the Loiret, adjacent to the river Loing, from which
purposes of building and fencing, is also j>lenti- a navigable canal proceeds to the Seine. It is
ful. See Uheria. seated near a fine forest, 15 m. S. of Nemours
Mons, a strong town of the Netherlands, capital and 62 S. by E. of Paris,
el Hainault. nrhe most remarkable buildings are MantamhaHf a town of France, department eC
HON ttf MOM
Tun-et-GkunoBne, with a celebrated Prateitaiit Dnine, with' an aaeient citadel, and manvlaa-
ttnivenitj. It is the eee of a bishop, leelored in turee of wool, silk, and leather. It is seated in a
1617. Here are manofactares of silk tiookin^, fertile plain, near the Rhone, 25 m. 8. of Valence
■tuffs, serges, shalloons, &c. This town was and 50 N. of Ayignon.
taken from the Hufaenots in 1GS9, and' the fbrti- MonUmor o JVovo, a town of Portugal, in Alem-
llcations were demolished. In the reign of Loais tejo, on the Canna, 15 m. W. N. W. of Evora and
XIV. it was depopulated bv the dngonnades, and 55 E. of Lisbon.
in 1815 it suffered much from a persecution raiiH MomUmar e FsUb, atown of Portugal, in Beii^
ed' against the Protestants by an infuriated rabble, with a castle, eeated on the Mondego, 106 m. N.
It IS seated on an eminence, on the river Tarn, 20 by E. of Lisbon.
m. N. of Toulouse and 30 S. of Cahors. M&nUrtOM, a town of France, department of
Montbdiard, a town of France, department of Seine-et-Marne, celebrated for a battle fought here
Doubs, with a castle on a rock. It • has a |[Jod on the 17th of February 1814, between the allies
trade in linen, leather, and cutlery, and near it is and the French, in which the former were defeat-
a considerable iron mine. It is seated at the con- ed with great loss. It has a trade in com, dbe.,
fluence of the Sayoureuse with the Luiine, which and is seated on the Seine, at the influx of the
soon after Joins the Doubs, 10 m. 8. 8. W. of Be- Tonne, 15 m. 8. £. of Melun.
fort and 47 N. E. of Besan^on. Long. 6. 56. £., Monterey ^ a sea-port of New Albion, in a juris*
lat. 47. 30. N. diction of its name. It comprehends an uea of
Montbriaonf a town of France, capital of the de- 300 yards long by 250 wide, is walled round, and
partment of Loire, celebrated for its medicinal has a fort, wiUi a small kind of blockhouse a lit-
waters. It is seated on the Veiize, 40 m. W. 8. tie above the top of the wall, at each comer of
W. of Lyona Long. 4. 7. £., lat. 45. 34. N. the square. It stands on the 8. £. part of a spa
MonUnduTj a town of France, department of cious bay of its name. Long. 121. 34. W., lat. 37
Somme, seated on a mountain, SSS ra. 8. 8. E. of 6. N.
Amiens and 58 N. by £. of Paris. ^ontaaa, a town and fortress of Spain, in Valen-
Monte AUinOj a town of Tuscany, famous for cia, 9 m. W. 8. W. of 8an Felipe,
producing the best wine in Italvy called Mus- MoniesauieUf a town of France, in the depart-
catella di Monte Alcino. It is 24 m. 8. 8. E. of mentofUpper Oaronne,l5ra. 8.8. E. of Toulouse.
Sienna. MonUsquwUf a town of France, department of
Monte Alio, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 14 m. 8. Gers, 1 1 m. W. 8. W. of Auch.
8. W. of Ferma MotUezumafp.i. Cayuga Co. N. T. on the £^e
Monte ChristOf a town, river, bay, and cape on canal. 12 m. W. Auburn,
.the N. side of St. Domingo. The cape is a high Montferrand, a town of France, now forming a
hill, in the form of a tent, called by the French suburb to Clefinont, which see.
Cape la Grange. Long. 71. 50. W., lat. 19. 54. Montferrat, a duchy of Itdy, fbrminga part of
N. — Also a chain of mountains in St. Domingo, the Sarainian states, and bounded by Pieuraont,
extending from Monte Christo Bay to the bay or the Milanese, and Genoa, from which last it is
Samana. separated by the Apennines. It i s ver^ fertile
Monte FaleOf a town of Italy, in the papal and well cuftiyated, abounding in com, wine, oil,
states, near the river Clitumno, 12 m. W. of and silk.
Spoleto. Monifortj a town of France, in the department
Monte Fiasconef a town of lUly, in the papal of Seine-et-Oise, 16 m. W. of Versailles,
stetes, near the lake Bdsena, 12 m. N. N. W. of Montfort, a town of France, department of Hie-
Viterbo. e^Vi]alne, 12 m. W. ofRennes.
Monte FostoU, a town of Tuscany, in the Pisano, Montfortj a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
18 m. £. by N. of Leghorn. Utrecht, seated on the Tssel, 7 m. 8. W. of
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Calabria 171- Utrecht,
tra, and a bishop's nee, 12 m. N. N. E. of Nico- Montfort, a town of the Austrian States, in Ty-
tera. rol, 6 m. N. of Feldkirch.
Monte Leone, a town of Naples, in Prineipato Montgatx, or^unlcoes, atownof Hungary, with
Ultra, 9 m. N. of Benevento. a fortress, com'posed of three castles, seated on a
Monte Marano, a town of Naples, in Prineipato craggy rock. It is encompassed by a great mo-
Ultra, near the river Cahore, 18 m. S. of Bene- rass ; and was defended three years by the wife
▼ento. of count Tekeli, the leader of the Hungarian mal-
Montre Peloso, a town of Naples, in fiastlioata, contents,near the close of the seventeenth century,
near the river Basiento, 14 m. £. of Acerenia. Itisl52m. £. 8. E. of Cracow. Long. 21.55.
MonU Santo, See Athos. E., lat. 48. 26. N.
mouth of the Rio de la PlaU, and the capital of is the capital ; a county of Maryland. Pop. 19,
the territory. The town is surrounded by a strong 616. Rookville is the capital; a county of the
well, and the principal trade consists in hides. W. district of Virginia. Pop. 12,304. Christiana-
It is seated at the foot of a lofly conical moun- burg is the capital, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,252.
tain, on the N. side of the river, 140 m. E. of Bue- Dayton is the capital, a county of Kentucky
nos Ayres. Long. 53. 25. W., lat. 34. 35. 8. Pop. 10,221. Mount SterUng is the capital ; a
Monteckio, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro- county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 14,365. Clarkes-
▼inee of Brescia, near which the French defbated yiUe is the capital; a county of Alabama. P<^.
the Austrians in 1796. 10 m. 8. E. of Brescia. 12,691. Montgomery it the capital ; a county of
Montego Bay, a sea-port, on a bay of the same Missouri. Pop. 3,900. Lewistown is the capiUl ;
name, on the N. side of the island of Jamaoia. a county of Illinois. Pop. 2,950. Hillri>oit>ngh is
Long. 78. 0. W., lat. 18. 30. N. the capital ; a county of Indianna. Pop. 7,386.
JmHsKiiMr^ a town of Fhmoe, department of Ciawfoxdarille is the capital.
MON 517 MON
Montgonury^ifX Franklin Oo. Vt. Pop. 460 ; MnUmirel, a town of France, department of
p.t. Hampden Co. Mans. 12 m. ff . W. Spring* Mome, rendered memorable for two severe bat-
field. Pop. 579; p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. Pop. 3^7. ties foaght in its vicinity between the French
Alfto towns and villafea in Somerset Co. N. and the allies on the 12th and 14th of Febmarr,
J., Montgomery and Franklin Ooa. Pa., Rich- 1814. It is 33 m. W.by S.of ChalonssurMarne
mond and Franklin Co. Ohio, and Montgomery and 55 £. of Paris. *
Co. Alabama. Monlmarendf a small stream flowing into the
Montgomery^ a borough of Walef, capital of St. Lawrence from the N. 9 m. below Quebec.
Montgomeryshire. Here are the ruins of a cas- Here is a beautiful citaract with a perpendicular
tie which was destroyed in the civil wars. Of late descent of 246 fe^t.
years the town has received considerable improve- MotUmoreneyy a town of France, department of .
ments; the market-house has been enlarged, and a Seine-et-0'*«e, 10 m. N. of Paris,
new county gaol erected ; many of the ouilding* MonltmoniUn^ a town of France, department of
are large and handsome. It stands on the side of Vienne, seated on the Gartempe, 25 m. 8. £. of
a hill, at a short distance from the Severn, 168 m. Poitiers.
N. W. of London. Montona, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria,
MorUgomayskir6f a county of Walefl. 36 m. 16 m. £. S. £. of Uiuago.
long and 34 broad. Though barren and moun- Montpdier, one of the largest, richest, and most
tainous in many parts, it has a greater mixture of beautinil cities of France, in the department of
fertile vale and plain than several of the Welsh Herault, and a bishop's see, with a university in
counties. Its riches proceed from its sheep and which is a celebrated school of medicine, and a
wool, the hiUy tract beiuff almost entirely sheep- botanic garden, the first establishment in Europe,
walks ', and Uie flocks, like those of Spain, are Here are also one of the great provincial schools,
driven from distant puts to feed on themdnrinff a special school of medicme erected in 1801, an
the summer. This county also affords minenu anatomical theatre, an extensive library, a liter-
treasures, particularly lead ; and it abounds with ary society, &c. The town-house is remarkable
slate and lime ; but Jhere is no coal. Its princi- for its halls, which are embellished with fine paint-
pal rivers are the Plvnlimmon, Severn, Vyrnew, ings. The number of inhabitants is computed at
and Tannat, all of which are noted for affording » 33,000. Its trade consists in silks, blankets, car-
variety of fish, particularly salmon. pets, cotton goods, gauies, hides, dec. The air is
MontgovurymlUj p.v. Gibson Co. Indiana. extremely healthy , and a great number of invalids
MorUguyon, a town of France, in the depart- flock hither from all parts. Montpelier is the s^at
ment of Lower Charente, 43 m. S. S. £. of Saintes. of the departmental administration, and is situa-
MoKtieeUOf p.t. Sullivan Co. M. T. 40 m. W. ted on an eminence between the small rivers Lex
Newburg; p.t. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 35 m. N. Co- and Merdanson, about 5 m. from the Mediterra-
iumbia ; p.v. Jasper Co. Geo. 32 m. N. W. Mil- nean, with which it communicates by the Canal
ledgeville, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi. 10 m. de Grave. 30 m. S. W. of Nismes and 47 N. E.
E. Natchex; p.t. Wayne Co. Ken. 100 oi. S. Frank- of Narbonne. Long. 3. 58. £., lat. 43. 37. N.
fort ; p.v. Lawrence Co. Arkansas. Also the MontptUer, p.t. Caledonia Co., Vermont, and
seat of the late President Jefiferaon, Albermarle the seat of government for the state. It has a
Co. Va. 2 m. E. Charlottesville. central situation on Onion river ; the site is low
Jdontid^ a town of Spain in New Castile, 22 m. and surrounded by bills. The town has consider-
W. of Alcarax and 70 E. 8. £. of Calatrava. able manufactures and 2 weekly newspapers.
MontigfiaCf a town of France, in the department Pop. 1,792.
of Dordogne, on the Vesere, 21 m. £. 8. £. of Montpdier^ p.v. Hanover Co. Va. and Rich-
Perigeuz. mond, Uo. N. C. Also the seat of President Madi-
jiSntUla, a town of Spain in Cordova, 16 m. S. son in Orange Co. Va.
S. E. of Cordova. MotUrealf a district of Lower Canada, compri-
MoniimUierSftL town of France, department of sing the counties of York, Effingham, Leinster,
Lower Seine, on the small river Laarde, 6 m. N. Warwick, Huntingdon, Kent, Surrey, Bedford,
of Havre. Richelieu, and Montreal.
Montiou, a town of the Prussian province of Montrtal, a ferule island and county of Low-
Lower Knine, with a fortified castle on a hill ; sit- er Canada in the river St. Lawrence, 30 m. long
uate among rugged rocks, 16 m. 8. S. E. of Aiz- and 10 broad; surrendered by the French to iLe
la-Chapelle. Enflish in 1760.
MontUtUt a town of France, in the department Montrtaly city, stands on the eastern side of tla
of Lower Charente, 40 m. 8. 8. £. of Saintes. above island. Itmakes a fineappearance iVom adis-
MonUouiSf a town of France, department of Up- tance with its compact mass of buildings, roofed
per Pyrenees, with a regular fortress on a rock, at with sheets of tin, and overtopped by church spires
the foot of the Pyrenees, for the protection of the glittering with the same metal, fiehind it rises
frontiers. It is 40 m. W. by 8. of Perpignan and a mountain spotted with orchards. The hoases
430 S. of Paris. Long. 2. 5. E., lat. 42. 30. N. are mostly of stone, or plastered to resemble it,
MotUtueotif a town ofFrance, department of A'- and are low with a heavy look ; the streets are
Her, with manufiictures of lace, ribands, serge, narrow. The cathedral i's the largest church in
&c.f seated on ^e Cher. 35 m. W. 8. W. of Mou- North America except that of Mexico ; it is 255
iins. feet long and 134 wide and is capable of contain-
Montludf a town of France, department of Ain, ing 10,(KK) people. The college is a large edifice
on the Seraine, 9 m. 8. E. of Trevoux. of stone, and has 300 students. The General Hoe-
MofUmarauU, a town of France, department of pital or Convent of the Grey Sisters was establish-
Allier, 28 m. 8 W. of Moulins. ed in 1753 and is under the management of a Sudo-
ItoiUmtdy^ a town of France, department of rior and 19 Nuns. The other objects worthy of
Meuse, seated on the river Chiers, which divides notice are Nelson*s Monument, the Museum, and
it into upper and Lower Town, 21 m. N. of Ver- the Parade, a beautiful public around. This city
dun. is the principal depot of the Northwestern Fuf
3 X
MOO S16 MOR
Combany, and earriea on ft lurfs trade with Moore, a conntT of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,7S3>
the united Statea. A rapid in the river below, ia Carthage ia the chief town.
a great impediment to the commerce with Qnebec. Mooruborough, p.T. Rutherford Co. N. C.
Rfontreal waa taken from the French by the En- Moortburg, p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.
gliah under General Amherat in 1790. In 1775 MoorsUnonf p.T. Burlington Co. N J. 9 m. from
It waa taken by the Americana under General Philadelphia.
Montgomery, but ahortly aAer abandoned. It ia MoorsvUle, p.T. Limeatone Co. Alabama. 190
190 m. 8. W. of Quebec, 2S0 N. by W. of Boaton. m. N. Tuacalooaa.
Lat. 45. 31. N. Long. 73. 35. W. Pop. in 1825, Moarfdd, p.t. Harriaon Co. Ohio ; a townahip
M,000. of Clark Co. Ohio ; and a Tillage in Nicholaa Co.
Montreal, a town of Spain, in Arragon, with a Ken. 45 m. N. £. Frankfort,
caatle, seated on the Xiloca. 25 m. N. of Albara- Momfdd , p.t. Hardy Co. Va. 53 m. S. W. Win-
cin. cheater.
Jf^ntreol, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, Jfoor^^ur^, a Tillage of Hawkins Co. Ten ^9
and an archbishop's aee ; seated on a riTulet, 5 m. m. N. E. KnozTille.
W. of Palermo and 50 N. E. of Mazara. Moorshedabad, a city of Hindoostan, the capiui
Montreuily a atrong town of France, department of Bengal before the esUbliahment of the Engliah
of Pas de Calais, on a hill, near the mouth of the power. It ia aeated near the western arm of the
Canche, 20 m. S. E. of Boulogne and 36 S. of Ganges, 112 m. N. of CalcutU. Lor.g. 89. 15.
Calais. K., lat. 24. 12. N.
MotUrenil Bellay, a town of France, department Moosektad Lake, in Somerset Co Maine ; it is
of Maine-et-Loire, on the Touet. 10 m. S. S. W. 25 m. in length and from 3 to 15 in width. It is
of Saumnr. the chief aource of Kennebec BiTer.
Monindkard, a town of France, oepartment of Mooshdoek, commonly called Moose hiUoek. a
Loir-et-Cher, with a caatle : aeated near the Cher, mountain in CoTentry. Grafton Co. N. H. 4.636
, 12 m. S. E. of Amboiae. fieet in heieht.
Montrose, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, in MootapiUy, a town of Hindoostan, in the Gun-
Anguss-shire. at the mouth of the 8. Esk, over toor cirear, at the mouth of the Gondegama.
whu:h is a bridge. A little aboTe the town the Long. 80. 10. £., lat. 15. 35. N.
river expanda into a wide lake, called the Basin, ^o^uMtca, aproTinoe of Peru^ bounded by tnoae
into which the tide flows, so that at high water of I.<ampa, Puno, Chucuico, Arica, and Areouipa
the town is almoat surrounded by the sea. Of The chief products are wine, fruits, and olivea.
late years fihe quays have been erected, and two The capital, of the same name, ia aituate in a fer^
light-houses. The harbour is very commodious, tile valley, at the foot of the Cordillera, 70 m. 8
and has a dry and wet dock. Here are conside- of Arequipa.
rable manuractures of canvass ropes, sheeting, Mora, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, on the
linen, and thread. The aalmon fisheries on the Odivor, 29 m. N. W. of Evora
N. and S. Esk form a valuable branch of com- Mora, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the
merce. Ebro. 18 m. N. of Tortosa.
Montrose, p.t. Susquehanna Co. Pa. and a vil- Mora, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 16 m
lage in Cumberland Co. N. C. "8. £. of Toledo.
Montsauche, a town of France, department ot Morant Point, a promontory on the E. coast of
Nievre, 15 m.'N. E. of Chateau-Chinon. Jamaica. Long. 75. 56. W., lat. 17. 66. N.
Montserrado. See Mesurado. Moral, or Murten, a town of Switzerland, can-
Montserrat, a mountain of Spain, in Catalonia, ton of Friburg, with a caatle. It atands on the
on which ia a monastery with a chapel, dedicatea 8. E. aide of a lake of its name, lying parallel
to the Virgin, resorted toby numbers of pilgrims, with the lake of Neufchatel, into which it flows
It is 26 m. N. W. of Barcelona. by the Broyne. This town sustained a eiege
Montserrat, one of the Leeward Carribee Isl* a^nst the nuke of Burgundy, in 1476, in which
andsf discovered by Columbus, and so named by hia whole army was destroyed. 10 m. N. £. of
him from its resemblance to the mountain men- Friburg
tioned in the preceding article. It is about 9 m. Moratalax, a town of Spain, in New Castile, 22
in length and breadth ; and the hills are covered m. £. of Ciudad Real.
with cedar and other treea. It belongs to the MorataUa, a town of Spain, in Mureia, 34 m. 8.
English, and ia 30 m. 8. W. of Antigua. Lollg. 61. S. W. of Chincnilla.
7. W., lat. 16. 48. N. Morava, a large river of Servia, which riaea in
MontviUs, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 30 m. N. E. Wis- Bulgaria, and, running through Servia by Niaaa,
casset. Pop. 1,743; p.t. New London Co. Conn, joins the Danube at ^mendna.
9 m. N. W. New London. Pop. 1J9G7. Moravia, a province of the Austrian empire,
Monxa, a town of Austrian Italy, in the gov- bounded N. and W. by Bohemia, £. by Hungary,
ernment of Milan, fiunous for the treasury or St. and S. by Austria Proper. With Austrian Siie-
John the Baptist, where among other things, is sia, now annexed to it, its area is npwaroa of
the iron crown of the kingdom of Lombardy. 10,000 aq. m. and its popclatton 1,680,000. It is
Charlemagne wan crowned nere with it in 1774 intersected by mountain ranges, but the most
and Napo&on in 1805. It ia seated on the Lam- lofty ridgea are diversified with fertile valleya and
bro,8ra. N. E. of Milan. extensive olains, and it ia watered by a great
Mooers, n.t. Clinton Co. N. T. Pop. of the number or rivers and brooka. More com is
town and Eilenburgh. 1,222. ffrown than the inhabitants consume, and much
Moon, Mountains of the, mountains of Africa, hemp and flax are raised. The principal manu-
extending firom W. Afirica, through Abyasinia, to iacturea are woolens, linen, cotton, iron, glass,
the Indian Sea. They are higher than those of paper, and gunpowder. From thia country a sect
Atlas of Christians takes its name, their doctrinea hav-
Moon, a townahip of Alleghany Co. Pa. ing been first taught here ; but the inhabitants in
Moorsy a township of Northampton Co. Ps . general are Roman Catholioa. Bnmn is the canital.
MOR 519 MOR
MormBuan ViUage,% village in Upper Canada, Co. Va., Burke Co. N. C, Blount Co. Ten.» Butler
on the Thames, between Lakes Huron and Erie. Co. Ken. and Clinton Co. Ohio.
70 m. E. Detroit. It ia inhabited b^ abont 160 Marges^ a town of Switzerland, in the canton
Indiana, and their pastors, the Moravian mission- of Vaud, with a castle. By its canal, goods are
aries. Here (General Harrison defeated the Brit- sent to other parU from the lake of Geneva, on
ish in 1813. which the town is seated, 5 m. W. S. W. of
Mormoj or MarBckf a river of the Aostrian Lausanne,
states, which rises in the mountains between Bo- Morhange^ a town of France, department of
hernia and Silesia, crosses Moravia by Olmutz Moselle, 21 m. S. S. E. of Mentz.
and Hr^disch, and roceivinjr the Teya, on the Moriak^ p.t. Essex Co. N. T. Pop. 1,742.
confines of Austria and Hungary, separates ^oricAe*, p.t Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long Island,
these two countries as far as the Danube, into Morigen, a town of Hanover, on the Mohr, 12
which it enters, 15 m. above Presbur|r. It haa m. N. N. W. of Gottingen.
commonly the latter appellation till it receives JUoritz, St,, & town of the Swiss canton of Gri
the Tcva. sons, with a famous mineral spring, 25 m. N. N
MorbegnOf a town of Austrian Italy, one of the £. of Chiavenna.
handsomest and most commercial towns in the M^triachiay a mountainous country, lying be
Milanese, seated on the Adda, 12 m. S. £. of tween, and forming part of the provinces of Crna
Chiavenna. Long. 9. 36. E., Ut. 46. 8< N. tia and Dalmatia. The inhabitants are callea
MorbeySf or Ommirabih. a river of Barbary, Morlachi, or Moro-bla8si,andare said, bv some to
which rises in Mount Atlas, flows through the be of Wallachian extraction. They inhabit the
empire of Morocco, and enters the Atlantic at pleasant valleys of Koter, along the rivers Kerha,
Azamor. Cettina, Naranta, and among the inland moun-
^orWAon, a department in the N. W. of France, tains of Dalmatia. The Morlachi are said to be
bounded N. by that of Cotes du Nord and 8. by extreinelv superstitious, and if injured or insulted,
the sea. It takes its name firom a bay between implacable ; but hospitable, and in a high degree
Vannes (the capital) and the island of Bellisle. capable of gratitude: the most pleasing trait of
Its entrance is narrow ; but it extends within, character among them is friendship, which they
and contains about 30 little islands. have even made a kind of religious article ; for
M<nreonef a towir of Naples, province of Moliae, the Sclavonian ritual contains a particular bene-
19 m. S. 8. £. of Molise. diction for the solemn union of two male, or two
Moreat the ancient Peloponnesus, a neninsula female friends, in the presence of the congrega-
in the south of Greece, joined to tne main tion. The male friends, thus united, are called
land by the isthmus of Corinth. It is 180 m. probratimi, and the female posestreme, which
long and 120 broad. The soil is fertile, except mean half-brothers and half-sisters. From these
in the middle, where there are many mountains ; consecrated friendships among the Morlachi, and
and it is watered by several rivers, of which the other nations of the same origin, arose^ as it should
Alpheus, Vaaili Potamo, and Stromio, are the seem, the sworn brothers, a denomination fre-
chief. See Oreeee. quent among the common people in many parts of
MoreaUf p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. on the Hudson, Europe. Segna is the capital,
opposite Glen's Falls. Pop. 1,690. Jfor2aiz, a town of France, department of Fin-
Jiardandf p. v. Tioga Co. 2i. T. also townships isterre, with a castle and a tide harbour. The
in Montgomery, Philadelphia and Lycoming Cos. church of Notre Dame is a singular structure,
Pa. and the hospital very handsome. It has a consid-
Mordlaj a town of Spain, in Valencia, seated erable trade in linen, hemp, and tobacco, and is
among high mountains, 80 m. S. of Valencia. seated on a river of the same name, 30 m. £.
MoretvUUf p.v. Delaware Co. N. T. N. E. of Brest. Long. 3. 45. W., lat. 48. 33.
Moretf a town of France, department of Seine- N
et^Marne, near the Seine, 12 m. S. S. E. of Melun.. .Msroceo, an empire of Africa, compreDending
MareUm Hanmtteady a town in Devonshire, a considerable part of the ancient Mauritania,
Eng. with manufactures of woolen cloth and yarn, bounded W. by the Atlantic, N. by the Mediter-
ana a considerable trade. Here are the vestiges ranean, E. by Algiers, and S. by the Sahara. Its
of two castles, or forts ; and in the vicinity are a greatest lo^h is above 590 m. but it is no where
Druidical temple, a large rocking stone, and a more than 260 broad. The soil though sandy
cromlech. 185 m. W. by S. of London. and dry in some places, is fertile in others ; and
Moreiawn, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 7 m. W. the fruits, as well as the pastures, are excellent
Montpelier. Pop. 616. but the country is not properly cultivated. The
MareUa, a town of the Sardinian states, in inhabitantsareMahomedans,of tawny complexion.
Piedmont ; seated on a small river which runs robust, and very akilful in managing a horse and
into the Po, 18 m. S. of Turin. wielding a lance: they are jealous, deceitful, su-
Morgan, a county of the W. District of Virgin- perstitious, and cruel. There are a great number
ia. Pop. 2,692. Berkley Springs is the capital. A of Christian slaves and some merchants upon
nesse. Pop. 2|582. MontgomOT is the capital, vans, which travel over vast deserts, almost des-
A county of Illinois. Pop. 152^709. Jacksonville is titate of water. Besides woolen goods, their
the capital. A county of Indiana. Pop. 5,579. coimnodities are Morocco leather, indigo, cochi-
MarUnsville is the capital. neal, and ostriches' feathers ; in return Tor which
Morgany towns in Greene Co. Pa. and Morgan, they have silks, muslins, calicoes, coffee, and
Botler, Knox, Ashtabnla and Gallia Cos. Oh&. drugs. In the deserts are lions, leopards, goats
Morgai^idi, p.t Union Co. Ken. and serpents of several kinds. The fruits are
MorgoHtmlUf p.v. Nottawav Co. Va. dates, figs, almonds, lemons, oranges, pomegra
MargmiUotimf p.v. Berks Co. Pa., Monongalia antes, and many otoen. There are abo much
^
MOR
62G
HOS
lUz and hemp, bat very little timber. ' Theempe
ror IB absnlute, his wiU beins; a law, and he oflen
exnrciaeajrreat cruelties. His naval force con-
, nniM chiefly of rovers, who now and then take
iarffe prizes. He can bring 100,000 men into the
. fi«(id, naif of whom are fool and half horse : but
they are poorly armed ana know but little of the
art of war. The recent capture of Algiers by the
French will no doubt entirely change the politi-
cal character of this despotic ^^oTernment.
Morocco f a city of the foregoing empire, seated
in a beautiful valley, formed by a chain ofmoun-
taios on the N. and those of Atlas on the S. and
E. Though not equal to Fez in magnitude and
population, it is generally considered the capital,
being the most usual residence of the emperor.
It has nothing to recommend it but its great ex-
tent and the royal palace. It is surrounded by
strong walls, 8 m. in circumference. The mosques
are very numerous and some of them magnifi-
cent. The best houses are enclosed in gardens ;
but the generality of them serve only to impress
the traveller with the idea of a miserable and de-
serted city. The Jews, who are numerous, have
a separate town, walled in, and under the charge
of an alcaid, appointed by the emperor. It has 2
gates, which are regularly shut every evening at
nine, after which hour no person can enter or de-
rrt. Morocco is 90 ni. E. of Magador and 400
of Gibraltar. Long. 7. 15. W.. Tat. 30. 57. N.
MoroHf a town of Spain, in Andalusia, with a
castle : near it is a mine of precious stones. It is
30 m. S. E. of Seville.
MorotoL one of the Sandwich Isles, 7 m. W.
N. W. of Mowee. Tarns are its principal produce ;
but it has little wood. The coast, on the S. and
W. sides forms several bays. Long. 117. 14. W..
lat. 31. 10. N.
Morpeth, a borough of Northumberland, Enrr.
It stands on the N. bank of the Wansbeck, and
on the opposite side are the parish church and the
ruins of a castle. Here are also a chapel of ease,
a Roman Catholic chapel, two meeting-houses, a
free grammar school founded by Edward VI., an
Engush firee school erected in 1792, a dispensary
opened in 1817, and a mechanics' institute com-
menced in 1825. The other principal buildings
are the town-hall, and the new county gaol, house
of correction, &c. 15 m. N. of Newcastle and 2>i9
N. by W. of London.
Morrison, county of New Jersey. Pop. 23,580.
Morristown is the capital. Also townships in
Huntingdon, Greene and Washington Cos. Pa.
Morrison, a township in Jackson Co. Ohio.
Morristoton^^X. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. Pop.
1,618; p.t Morris Co. N. J., 19 m. N. W. New
York ; p.v. Belmont Co. Ohio. 120 m. E. Colum-
bus.
MorrismJle, p.v. Madison Co. N. T., Bucks and
Green Cos. Pa., and Fauquier Co. Va.
Morsona, a town of Naples, in the Molise, 14
m. N. E. of Molise.
Mortagne, a town of France, department of
Ome, famous for its serges and tanneries. 19
m. E. N. £. of Alen^n and 70 W. S. W. of
Paris.
Mortagne, a town in the department of Nord,
seated at the conflux of the Scarpe and Scheldt,
8 m. S. E. ofTourna^.
Mortagne, a town m the department of Lower
(yharente, on the Gtronde, 24 m. S. S. W. of
Saintes.
Mortagne, a town in the department of Vendee,
where a battle was fought between the royalitti
and republicans, in 1793, in which the former
are saio to have lost 20,000 men. It is 36 m. N.
of Fontenay le Comte.
Mortain, a town in the department of Manclie,
on the rivulet Lances, almost surrounded by
craegy rocks, 18 m. E. of Avranches.
Moriare, a town of the Sardinian Milanese. 22
m. S. W. of Milan.
Mortay, or Martero, an island in the Eastern
Seas, formerly subject to the Sultan of Temate.
It is 80 m. in circumference, and thinlv inhabited|
but full of sago trees, which are cut by the peo-
ple of Gilolo. Long. 128. 23. E.,Iat. 2. 15. N.
Mortlaek, a villa^ of Scotland, in Banffshire,
where Malcom 11., in memory of a victory gained
over the Danes, founded a bishopric, which was
translated to Aberdeen by David I. ; the ancient
cathedral is now used as the parish church. 6 m.
S. W. of Keith.
Morviedro, a town of Spain, in Valencia, on the
site of the ancient Saguntum, with the ruin of a
Roman amphitheatre, A^. It is seated on a riv-
er of the same name, 15 m. N. of Valencia.
Mosa, a town of Arabia,. in Yemen, 25 m. N. by
£. of Mocha.
Motamhique, a straight or channel of the Indi-
an Ocean, between the E. coast of Africa and the
Island of Madagascar. It is the narrowest in the
middle, where it is 240 m. over.
Mosambiqtu, a city and sea-port, the principal
settlement of the Portuguese on the E. eoast of>
Africa. It stands on an island of the same name,
not more than 3 m. in length and half as much
in breadth, and about 2 m. from the continent.
The citv is handsome, and the buildinffs well con*
structed, especially the churehes and convents :
the fort, or castle, is about a musket shot from
the city. The Portuguese have generally a good
garrison here, a well stored magazine, and a large
ospital for sick sailors. Their ships always call
here in going to the £. Indies ; and the harbour
is so commodious that whole fleets may anchor
and provide themselves with all necessaries.
Long. 41. 8. £., lat. 15. 5. S.
J^ahaeh, a town of Germany, in tlie grand
duchy of Baden, with a castle, and manufSicturea
of cloth and salt ; seated on the Neckar IS m. E
of Heidelberg.
Mogburg, a town of Bavana, seated at the
conflux of the Amber with the Iser,24m. N. E. of
Munich.
MoBcomf, See Russui.
Moscow, formerly a duchy, but now a govern-
ment of Russia ; bounded on the N. by the gov-
ernment of Tver, E. by that of Great Yolodimir,
S. bf the government of Kaluga and Resan, and
W. b^ those of Tver and Smolensko. It is a
fruitful country, and a considerable portion is laid
out in gardens and orchards.
Moscow^ the capital of the above government,
and formerly of the whole empire. Previona to
the invasion of the French, it was the largest ci^
in Europe, the circumference within the rampart
that enclosed the suburbs being 20 m.; but its pop.
did not correspond with its extent. It containea,
within the rampart8,300,000 souls and was the most
populous city in the empire, notwilbstanding the
residence cf the court was at Petersburg. Moocaw
i^ rendered memorable in history, for one of the
most extraordinary events that ever took place.
In June 1812, the French entered Russia with saeh
an immense army that they threatened to snveep
every thing before them like a torrent ; and it was
generally expected that if they onee reached this
MOB 621 M06
eity, which would ailora tua resoureM for their The placet of divine worthip, iocluding ehapelt,
army, m well ae comfortable qoartera for the win- amonntf^ to above 1,500 : or these 484 were pub-
ter, the object of the war would have been com- lie churches, some built of brick, stuccoed
Dieted. On the 8th of September the battle of or white-washed, but the greater part were
Borodino took place ; victory decided in favour ot wood, painted red some hM domes of copper,
of the French, and the Russians retreated off the others of tin, ^It or painted c^en, and manj^
field, leaving Moscow to its fiite. The road being were roofed with wood. They were richly oma-
thus left open, the French entered this cit^^ on mented within > and the pictures of the saints
the 14th orthe same month with little opposition, were decorated with gold, silver, and precious
But a sad reverse of fortune now took i>laice, which stones. Some of their bells were of a stupendous
preserved the Russian empire from ruin, andpav- size ; they hung in belfries detached from the
ed the way to the downfall of the Frencn mihtary church, were fixed immoveably to the beams, and
power over Eurow. The city was set on fire by rung by a rope tied, to the clapper. In the cath-
the Russians, so uat the French were compelled edru of St Michael, toe sovereigns of Russia
to attempt their retreat, at the moment they were formerly interred, their bodies being deposit-
thought tnemwslves secureljf entrenched for the ed in raised sepulchres, in the shape of coffins,
winter. Nothingnow remained but to otEer terms above the pavement The cathedral of the As-
of peace to theRussianSj which were rejected ; sumption of the Virgin Marv was the most ma^-
they next proposed an armistice, which was refus- nificent in the city, and had long been appropn-
ed ; and, on tne 19th of October following, they ated to the coronation of the Russian sovereigns,
commenced their calamitous retreat from Moscow. The foundling hospital, founded by Catherine
The conflagrations destroyed upwards of three II., was an immense pile of building^ of a quad-
parts of the town ; and, shocking to relate, more rangular shape, and capable of containing 8,000
than 30,000 sick and wounded soldiers, who were foundlings. Since the fire, the chnrci£s and
in the hospitals, perished in the flames. The old chapels are less numerous than before, but those
city was distributed into 5 divisions, all of which, which have been rebuilt occupv the fiirmer sites,
not excepting the suburbs, have been rebuilt, with Moscow is the centre of the inland oommerce of
wider streets and greater uniformity in the pri- Russia, particularly connecting the trade between
vate dwellings, and the population has^ nearly Europe and Siberia. The principal manufactures
reached its former magnitude. The divisions are are those of silk, linen, cotton, paper* leather, and
-«1. The Kremlin, m the central and highest sugar. Moscow sufl^red severely from the pes-
part of the city, surrounded by high walls of stone tilential cholera in 1831 . Its present pop. is about
and brick, 2 m . in circumference. The division 900,000. The navi^tion to this city is formed
contained the ancient palace of the ciars, where bv the Moskwa, which flows into the Occa, near
Peter the Great was oom ; also the cathedral &olomna, and that river communicates with the
with seven towers, besides other churches, the Volga and also by a canal to the Don, which |iv-
patriarchal palace, and the arpenal. The pal- er communicates with the sea of Asoph. 425 m.
ace escaped the conflagration of 1812, but was S. E. of Petersburg. Long. 37. 33. £., Ut. 55.
damagea by the Fren^ on their leaving Mos- 46. N.
cow ; it has since been rebuilt, with improve- Ma§eoWf p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 405 ; p.t.
menti. 2. The Khitagorod, much larger than Livingston Co. N. T. near Genesee river, 30 m.
the Kremlin, contained the university, the print- above Rochester ; also a village in Clermont Co.
ing-house, and manv other public bmldings, with Ohio.
all the tradesmen s shops. 3. The Bielgo- MostUU^ a department of France, including part
rod, or White Town, ran round the two preced- of the former province of Lorraine. It takes its
ing divisions, and took its name from a white name from a rtver, which rises in the Vosges, wap
wall, by which it was formerly surrounded. 4. ters Epinal and Toul, receives tioe Menrthe be-
The Semlaingorod environed all the other three low Nancy, and, passing by Metz, TfaionviUe, and
<iuarters, and was so denominated finom a cireu- Treves, enters the Rhine at Coblentx. Metx is
lar rampart of earth by which it was encompassed, the capital.
The last two divisions exhibited a ^tesoue group Jtfoseiua, a town in Persia, in Khosistan, 22
of churches, convents, palacesJbrick and wooden m. S. W. of Suter.
houses, and mean hovels. 5. The Sloboda, or su- Moaturckf a town of Germany, in the vrand
burbs, formed a vast exterior circle round all the duchy of Baden, where the Austriana sustained a
parts already described, and were invested by a defeat in 1800. 22 m. N^ Stettgard.
low rampart and ditch. These suburbs contained, Moskoty an island on the coast of Norway, sep-
besides buildings of all kinds, orchards, gardens, arated from the mainland by the Vestfioro. On
corn-fields, much open pasture, and some small its coast is the whirlpoolof Madatrmt^, which see.
lakes, which give rise to the Neglina. The Mo^ Mosquito JElore, a tract of countrv of the east-
kwa, from which the city takes its name, flows em coast of Honduras. It is well* watered by
through it in a winding channel ; but, excepting navigable rivers and lak«»s ; abounds in fish, game,
in spring, is only navigable for rsils. It receives and provisions of all sorts ; furnishes every neces-
the Yausa in the Semlainofforod, and the Neg^na saiy for raising cattle and stock ; and is clothed
at the western extremity of the Kremlin ; but the with woods producing timber for every purpoee
beds of both these rivulets are nearly dry in sum- at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the
mer. Moscow exhibited an astonishing degree W. India Islands, the climate more salubrious
of extent and variety, irrdgnlarity and contrast; and the destructive ravages of hurricanes, and
some parts had the appearance of a sequestered earthquakes are here unknown. It received
desert *, others of a populous town ; some of a its name from the immense swarms of mos-
contemptible village; others a great capital, chetoes which are the torment of the inhabi-
The streets, in general, were very long and tants and compel them to pass a great part of
bioad; some of them paved; others, partaonlarly their time in boats upon the rivers. The Mos-
in the suburbs, were formed with trunks of trees quite Indians of this coast are governed by arb-
or boarded with planks like the floor of a honM. toeratic chiefr, and number about 1,500 warriors.
116 9x9
Tkb emnlTf W4a held bv the English far 80
jcuf bat «u CBded to 8pi n a 171:^ " «»>«>f.
It, & aea-part of Hatvaj, in Uie goTernineDt
Di Auerhun, at themoathof a river of it* name,
ODlHeE. aide of Cbriabania Bay. Hare are man*
law-uilU and a larm iron fbandery. 38 m. S. of
ChriiUania. Long. 10. 48. E., lat. 58. 38. N.
Motnda, a town of the kiagdom of Canro, at
tlie moath of the Onio 390 m. 9. W. of St. Sal-
radar. Loog. IS. 10. E , I't. 7. 50. S.
Moitar, a aea-port of Dalmatii, and a Greek
Bichbiihop'i ace; leated on the Naranta, 20 m,
N. E. of Narenza. Lanp. 18. 37. E., iaL 43. 48. N.
Moml, a toim of Aaiatic Tnrkej, in Diarbeck,
anTTOunded br hijih walla and defended br ■ caa-
tle and citadel. The hoiuea are in aeraial placea
ffone to rain ; bat it haa a gremi trade, particularly
iDctoth, and allaortaofcottonaand Bilk*. Ataonie
diatance from HobdI ia & moaqne, in which tbej
pretend the prophet Jonah liea ; and they believe
thia town atanda on the aite of the snoient Nina-
Teh. It ia aeated on tbe 'Hgri*, 130 m. S, E. ol
IHarbekir and 190 N. E. oTBwdad. Long. 43. 30.
E.,1at.3e. 20. N.
MaOterkUl a hundred of Sent Ca Del. Fnd-
rica ia the chief town.
JVotir, one of the Bfoincca Ulanda, 20 m. in
eiraumference, and Taloible ibr ita apicea. Long.
1S7.V.E., lat.O. 10. N.
MottU, a aei-port of Spain, In Granada, with
a p>od barbonr, seated on tbe Mediterranean,
37 m. fl. E. of Granada. Loom. 3.28. W., Iat.3e.
33. IT. -. .
JVotta, a town of Aoauian Italy, in the TVeria-
ano, at the oonSai of the Hottinno and LiTeoia,
)8in. N. E. ofTte»i«>.
JfMM, a town of Naplea, in CapitanaU, 3 m.
E. B. £. Voltonra.
MotUiMf Bee MttOtg.
JMaaot, a town ofArdia, in Yemen, and the
rendenoe of a prince ; teited in a fbrtile conn-
a, 90 Bi. B. E. of Sana. Lonjr. 46. 35. E., IaL
30. N
Moudaii, a town of Switierland, in the Mnton
of Vaad, with a oaitle on the amnmit of a monn-
tain, 13 m. N. N. E. of Laoaanne.
Mtmliiu, a town of Prance, capital of tbe de-
partment of Allier. Ita manufacture of cutlery
" 'B gnat eateem ) nod the faooaea of the late
fine bridge, 30 m. 8. of NsTen and 305 S. S. E.
ofFaria. Lt^i. 2. 30. E., lal. 4S. 34. N.
Mtmlau « ffiUert, a town in the department of
HieTeregat the foot of the mountain! of Homo.
5 m. B. W. of Chctean Ghinoa,
Mauliiu la Mardu, a town in the departoMut
if Ome, 84 m. N. E. of Alengon.
MimlUn, a province of Himfooalan bonndeed by
Lahore, Afghaniataa, Agimere, 8inde,and Bcloo-
ehiatan. It* prodocta are cotton, augar, opium,
falla.aolphar, &e. In manv parla tlwni ate fine
cameia, uid a breed of excellent bnraea. It ia gov-
erned by a nabob, tribntary to the Afgliani. -
Menitan, the capital of tbe above province, anr-
rounded with a fine wall 40 feel hieb and fonr
milei in circomftrence, la Btrongljr fortified, and
baa a Hindoo temple of great cekbrity. It ia &•
moua for ita ailka and carpets, and ia aitnata in a
pleasant and well cultivated district, 4 m. B, B.
of tbe Chenob, or Aeeainiei River, and 310 8. W.
of Lahore. Lo^. 70. 40. E., lat. 39. K. -N.
Mmilten, p.v. Lawrence Co. Alabama.
MouUimiarmigk, p.t. Straffoid Co. N. H. on
Lake WinipisiDgee. 3fi m. N. Concord, Fop.
1,458.
MmmtmU Mnu, a village of Scott Co. Ken.
JVmmlsw Skoals, p.v. Lawrence Die. S. C.
JHoMif Mtj, p.T. Bomy Co. N. C. ITS m. S. W.
MmnU Bm/, ■ bay in the Engliah channel, on
the B. coaat of Uomwail, between Land's End
and Liiard Point. Withm rise* a loAv penjnsa-
lated rock, called Mount St. Michael, near tho
town of Maniicn, to wbrcb there ia a diy paaaage
MmkI Bum, a village of Somerset Co. N. J.
also two townabipa, Upper and Lower, in Nortb-
JWmW DtMtrt, a fertile ialand on tbs coaat of
the alale of Maine, in Hancock county, 15 tn.
long and 13 broad. It is intersected in the mid-
dle, by tbe waters flowing into the S. aide from
the sea; and tbe N. part ia eeparated from the
mainland, by a strait 9 m. wide. Pup. 1,603.
u~_> /f.'. _ _ a ... m^ a f * FLO -, w
Clw, p.v. Sumter Dis. L _ . . _. _
Colombia.
Mammt EUm, p.v. Darlington Di*. S. C. 77 m
N. E. Colombia
Moiat Oiltad, p.v. Loudon Co. Va.
MetMHairjf, p.v. Montgomery Co, Ten. 67 m
H. W. HuTfreeaborongh.
JVM«t iMly, p.t. Kntlsnil Co. Vt. SO m. W.
Windsor. Pop. 1,318 ; p.t. Burlington Co. N. J
18 m. E. Fhiladelphia.
titm, aoeminencein Bristol R, I.,
n the early history of New Englar
the residen«« of the Indian Sachem Meti
ebtatedii
or king Philip. It stand* on tbe shore ^ a vride
branch of Narraganiet Bay.
JbmntUami, p.v.Orange Co. ». T.; p.v. Shenaa.
doahCo.V™ ^ ^
Jfeimtaarel,p.t.NelsODCo. Va.;p.v, JaaperCu.
Pa,
Mmml ImwiI, p.v. Halifax Co. Va.
JtnadJbrru.p.v. Liringatoa Co. N.T. Pop.
JVsMJKmrM, p.v. Iicdell Co. N. G.
Mmmt Pilot, p.v. Bnmner Co. Ten.
JUixmt It^, p.t. Iredell Co, N. C, and Wil.
ooz Co. Alatama.
Momnt FUtmat, p.t Waatchester Co. N. T.
on the Bndaon^ m. abore Hew York. Pop. 4,932,
■ko towna and villages in LaiKaxter, Weatmore-
MOU £83 IfUl
land ud Wajne Cos. Pa., Queen Anne Co. Ma- and 700 N. W. ofBomon. Long. 16. 85. E., ktl.
town of France, in the departiaent
». ^.f M^m»^^t»M. ^^. x««w.^««^..>wM WW. w».w, «... w. ^^„^. .^.^Jy with a mannfactare of porcelain ;
ten Co. Ind., Maoxy Co. Ten., Wilkinion Co. Mis- seated between two oraggy moantain8,9 m. £. of
siflsippi, Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Ries.
Mount Prospect, p.v. CUlgecombe Co. N. C. ^fouzMt, a town in the department of Ardtnnes,
MouaU RMuhUe, p.y. Wayne Co. Pa. with a manufacture of serges ; seated on the
MoutU SouUf p.v. Hinds Co. Mississippi. Mouse, 9 m. S. E. of Sedan.
Mount Sterling, p.Y. Switierland Co. Ind. ', p.T. Mowte, one of the Sandwich islands, 163 m. in
Montgomery Co. Ken. circumference. A low isthmuM divides it into
Mount Upton, p.v. Chenauffo Co. N. Y. two circular peninsulas, of which the eastern is
Mount Vernon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 14 m. double the size of the western. The mountains
N. W. Auffusta. Pop. 1,439 a township of Hills- in both rise to a great height, but the country
borough CS. N. H. Pop. 793 ; p.T. Cnester Co. presents an appearance of verdure and fertility.
Pa; p.t. Knox Co. Ohio ; p.v. Rockcastle and Bui- Nesr the W. point of the smaller peninsula is a
litt Cos. Ken. ; p.v. Posey and Jeflerson Cos. In- spacious bay, with a sandy beach shaded with
(liana. cocoaruut trees. IiO&g. 175. 66. W., laU 20. 53.
Mount Vernon, once the residence of Washing* N
ton, and the spot where his remains are entomb* Moya, a mountain of S. America, from which,
ed. It is on tho aouth side of the Potomac, in Fair- during the sreat earthquake in February, 1797,
fax Co. Va., 15 m. frtmi the city of Washington, such a flood of water burst forth that it totally
The house is a plain wooden building surrounded swept ftwav Pelile, and the celebrated plantation
by handiome lawns and gardens. Tne tomb is a of St. Ildemnso, where 1,000 persons perished,
rustic excavation in the earth with a firont of MofoUen, a town of Ireland, county of Down,
brick and totally devoid of ornament. with a manufacture of linen. 3 m. nom Porta^
MountoiUe, p.T. Loudon Co. Va down and 63 from Dublin.
Mount Vintage, p.v. Edgefield Dis. S.C. JlfoMWMiiJiii|^, t. Philadelphia Co. Pa. It is a
Mount Waekmgt&n, See White Mountmins, suburb of the city on the south.
Mount 9Fa#Atitftoi», a township of Berkshire Co. Moyeuvie, a town of IVuice* department of
Mass. 130 m. S.W. Boston. Pop. 345. It forms Meurthe, noted for its salt spring, 2 m. £. S. E,
the S. W. comer of the state of Massachusetts, of Vic and 16 E. of Nancy.
Within its limits stands Mount Washington, one Motyr, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the
of the summits of the Tagkannuo ridge, about government of Minsk, on the river Prynec, 160
3,000 feet high. m. S. S. E. of Minsk. Long. '29, 30. £., lat. 58.
Mount Zion, p.v. Union Co. Ken., Hancock Co. 10. N.
Geo., and Monroe Co. Missouri. Moeddaw, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the
MounlmeUiek, a town of Ireland, in Queen's goTemment of Mohilef, fbrmerlv-the capital of a
county inhabited principallT by Quakers. The palatinate. It is seated on the Sofa, 30 m. 8. of
wool-combing, malting, and tanning business. Smolensko and 64 E. by N. of Mohilef. Long,
the cotton manuikcture and bleachinff are carried 32. 32. £., lat. 54. 28. ff
on here. It is seated on a stream which ftUs in- Muddan, a town of France, m tne department
to the Barrow, 5 m. N. of Maryborough and 42 W. of Dordogne, on the river Ille, 18 m. S. W. of
8. W. of Dublin. Perigueux.
Mountrutk, a town of Ireland, in Queen's coun- Muck, one of the Hebndes of Scotland, 4 m. 8.
ty. In iti neighbourhood are soma iron works ; W. the isl. of Egg. It is 3 m. long and a m. broad ,
but the woolen manufacture forms the principal the soil in general is good, and the black cattle
trade. 23 m. N. of Kilkenny and 47 W. S. W. thrive well. Kelp is burnt on its shores, and
of Dublin. much oil extracted from the livers of the sunfish.
Mounieorrel, a town of Leicestershire, Eng. Mudama, or Mundama, a town of Turkey, in
seated on the Soar, at the foot of a high mount Natolia, on a gulf of the sea of Marmora, 'rhe
or rock, of a sorrel-coloured stone, with which the commerce is Terjr considerable in grain, fniiU
town is chiefly built and paved. It is 7 m. N. of wine, saltpetre, silk, and the manufactures or
Leicester, and 102 N. W. of London. Bursa, wmch are brought here for exportation.-
JlfoMm, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with It is 17 m. N. of Bursa. Long. 29. 10. £., lat 40.
an old castle, 34 m. S. 8. E. of Evora. 27. N.
Mouraen, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, Mugeln, Jfeu), a town of Saxonv, in Meissen^
with a castle, on the borders of Spain, 28 m. £. with a castle called Rugetlud 18 m. W. by N
by 8. of Evora. of Iffeissen.
MouTMuk, the capital of Fexxan, with a fort- Mugin, a town of Spain, in Galicia, on the W.
ress, in which is the sultan's palace. It is situate oosist, 40 m. W. N. W. of Compostalla.
on a rivulet, and supplied with water from amul- MugUa, a town of Austrian Illyria, m Istiia,
titude of springs ana wells. The medler which with a castle, and a harbour for baiges, 5 m. 8. E.
is present to the eye, of the vast ruins or ancient of IVieste.
buildings and the humble cottsges of earth and MugUtx, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
sand that form the dwelling of the fwesent Arab Olmuts. 22 m. N. N. W. of Olmuts.
inhabitants, is singularly grotesque and stnmge. MuUherg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in tho
It is surrounded by a high wall, with three gates, government of Merseberg, with a castle, sitaate
at which is collected a tax on all goods (provisions on the Elbe, 30 m. N. W. of Dresden.
excepted) that are brought into the city. Its MuJdderf, a town of Bavaria, on the Inn, 8S
oommeroe, which is consulerable, consists of ibr- m. 8. 8. E. of Landshnt
sign merehandise brought by the caravans liom MuUenberg, a oounty of Kentucky. Pop. 5,84] .
Ciiro, Bomou, Mesurata, ami other smaller troops CkeenriUe is the capital,
of traders. Mounook is 900m. 8. MoMinta. JI«iiMM.atowBcr8oothuMl,uiAynUn,wilh
MUN AM MUN
manniaotQret of irony eoal and tor, on the river MmUerkingtm, a town of Oennaajr in Woitnn-
Ayr, 26 m. E. of Ayr. ^fg.- seated on the Danube, 9 m. N. of Buehan.
MujaxaTf a se^-port of Spain, in Granada, with Mimdu, a town of Hindooslan, capital of a dis-
a atronff castle on a mountain ; seated on a bay trict, of the same name, eztcndinf from 22. to 23.
u>f the Mediterranean, 40 m. N. £. of Almeria. N. lat., in the ]>roTinoe of Malwu. It was aa-
LontiT. 1. 55. W., lat. 37. 7. N. cientljr the capital of the prorince, and was then
MvldaUf or JfoJdou, a river of Bohemia, which 22 m. in cirenit, and contained many monmente
rises on the confines of Bavaria, and, after reoeiv- of ancient magnificence, hot it is fallen much .to
Ing a number of riven, enters the £lbe opposite decay. It occupies the top of a large and lofh
Melnick. mountain, 25 m. S. of Ougein and 110 N N W
Mulhamsai, a cit^ of Prussian Saxony, in the of Burhampour. Long. 75. 47. E., lat. 22. 60. N
government of Errart. It was formerly an im- Mw^ordamUe, p.v. Hart Co. Ken.
perial city, but fell to Prussia in 1802 and was Mtatfiore, a town of Afghanistan, in the prov
confirmed to that power in 1814. Here are va> ince or Cabul, 125 m. m. of Cashmere and 135
rious manufactures and some flourishing schools. £. of Cabul. Long. 71. 15. £., lat. 34. 15. N
It is seated in a ferUle country, on the Unstrut, Jivngulkaut, a town of Bengal, with a manii-
29 m. N. W. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 37. E., lat. 51. faeture of coarse cotton cloths, situate on the
10. N. Durlah,20m N. N. E. of Rungpour. A
Mulkausenf a town of France, department of JfvincA, one of the finest towna in Germany, i
Upper Rhine, with manufiusturesof prmted linens and capital of the kingdom of Bavaria. It con- i
and cottons ; seated in a fertile plain on the Ille, tains nearly 60,000 inhabitanto. The houses are I
24 m. S. of Colmar. high, and the streets spacious, with canals in ma-
Mtdhaddii, a river of Ceylon, which rises at the ny of them. The palace is a stupendous struc-
foot of a high mountain, cidled Adam's Peak, ture, the interior magnificently adorned ; and the
about 60 m. N. E. of Columbo, flows westvrau^, oabinet of curiosities, the museum, the library,
and enters the sea bv several branches. The and the arsenal, merit attention. The cathedral
largest of these, called the Mutwal, runs into the of Notre Dame contains the tomb of one of the
sea 3 m. from the fort of Columbo, and is navi- emperors, of black marble, adorned with stotues
gable for boaU upwards of 35 m. of bronxe. Institutions for charitable, literary,
AfiiU, one of the Hebrides of Scotland, 28 m. in and scientific purposes are numerous. The large
length and in some places of equal breadth, se- market-place, m which is the town-house, is rerj j
parated from the mainland of Anrvleshire by a beautiful. Manufactures of silk, velvet, woolen
narrow passage, called the Sound ofMull. There cloth, and tapestry, are carried on. Near the ci^
are mauy good natural harbours ; and the ruins are two other palaces, Nymphenburg and Schke- i
of several ancient castles are to be seen. The heim. Municn has often suffered in the wars |
soil is for the most part, rocky and barren ; but of Germany, and in 1796 and 1800 it was taken
the hills abound with springs, and are covered bv the French. It is seated on the Iser, 33 m.
with sheep and cattle; these, with the fishery, £. S. £. of Augsburg and 62 S. by W. of Ratis-
and a considerable quantity of kelp, are the arti- bon. Long. 11. 30. £., lat 48. 10. N.
cles of commerce. The principal place is Tober- Mmnkaes, See Montgatx,
mor?. Mutmeratadtf a town of Germany, in Franoo-
MulUeokUlf p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J. 17 m. S. nia, situate on the Lauer, 13 m. N. of Schweln-
W. PhiUulelphia. furt.
MuUingar, a borough of Ireland, capital of W. Mutmypowr,. a town of Birmah, capital of the
Meath. It is a place ofgood trade, and stonds on province of Cassay. 210 m. N. N. W. of Umme-
the river Foyle, 38 m. W. of Dublin. Long. 7. rapoora,and 410 £. by N. of Calcutta. Long. 94.
50. W., lat 53. 30. N. 40. £., lat. 24. 30. N.
MuUnanOf a river which rises in Mount Atlas, MunstngeHf a town of Germany, in the king-
divides the empire of Morocco from the kingdom dom of Wurtomberg, with a castle, 20 m. W. of
of Algiers, and runs into the Mediterranean Sea. Ulm.
Mmraaef a town of the Prussian province of Afimster, a province of Ireland, 135 m. long and
Brandenburg, seated on a eanal cut between the 120 broad ; bounded on the N. by Connaught, E.
Spree and Oder, 10 m. S. W. of Frankfort. by Leinster, and S. and W. by the AtlanUc. It
MuUnomahf a branch of the Oregon or Coium- contains the counties of Clare, Tipperary, Water*
bia river, which fklls into the main stream about ford, Cork, Limerick, and Kerry. The principal
100 m. from the ocean. Ita course and length place is Cork.
are but imperfectly known. Mwuter, a ffovemment of the Prussian prov-
Mumpers f p.v. Franklin Co. Pa. ince of Westphalia. It contains 2,820 sq. m. and
MunMerst, a town of Bavarian Franconia, in is divided into 10 circles or districts— Munstor
E. of Berlin. the £ms and Lippe. The country is level, with
Mvnev ereeky p.t. Lvooming Co. Pa. some apreeable heighte, but no mountains ; and
' Mundaf a town of Spain, in Ghranada, 30 m. W. it has n oitful plains, fine woods, eztpnsi ve heaths
N. W* of Malaga. that fised much cattle, and good quarries of stone.
Mundaif a town of Hanover, in the duchy of This government oonsiste, fer the greater part, of
Brunswick, situate on the Werra, at the influx of the ancient bishopric of ite name which on the
the Fulda, where their united streams ferm the secularisation of church property, in 1802, was
Weser. Good millstones are found in the neigh- divided between Prussia, the duke of Oldenburg,
bourhood of the town. In the war of 1736 it and several other prinoes, all of whom became
was several times in the hands of the French, by subject to Prussia m 1815.
whom it was again occupied in 1805. It is 10 m. jfeouter, the capital of the fi>regoing govem-
ff £. of GaMd and 13 S. W. of Qotlingen. meat The catfaedial, the library of the dutpter.
MUR tm MTS
and mMOj antiaaitiefl are worthy of notice. In month of the Tunhro, 89 m. W. bj 8. of Compoe
1535 & tailor, culed John of Leyden, kin^ of the tella.
anabaptUtfl. made htmeelf master of the city ;; bat Mmrray^ p.T. Qenneeee Co. N. T. 95 m. N. E
it was retaken in 1536 after 14 months' ateffe, Batavia.
when John and two of hia anociatea were tortur- Mtaray JFVttA, a considerable inlet of the sea,
ed to death with red-hot pincers. The famous on the coast of Scotland, between Tarbetness in
treaty, called the treaty of Westphalia, which Ross^shiie, on the N., and Brongrh-Head in Mur*
ended the 30 years' war, was ooncluded here in rayshire on the S. It extends in a S. W. direction
164S. In the war of 1756 this c^ sostained ser- as far as Inyemess, and thence W. to the town
eral steffes and was taken in ITw. In 1606 the of Beanlie, where it receives- the river 'of that
French laid the inhabitants onder a heav]^ oontri- name.
bution, and stripped the churches of their plate. Murratfskir€f or Elfimshire. a coQnty of Soot-
Munster is seated on the Aa, 50 m. £. N. £. of land, 50 m. in length and 20 alon|r the coast ;
Wesel and 52 W. N. W. of Paderborn. Lonif. bounded on the N. by the Frith of Murray, £. by
7. 36. E., lat. 51. 58. N. Banffshire, 8. by InyerneBS-8hire,and W.'by that
Jlfiiiuter, a town of Switxerland, in the cantons county and Nairnshire. It is divided into 12
of Lucerne, 12 m. N. N. W. of Lucerne. naiislies, and the number of inhabitants Is about
MunsUff a town of Switaerland, canton of 90,000. The 8. part is mountainous and occu-
Grisons, 15 m. N. of Bormio. pied by forests ; but the greater part b rich, and
jifuiuter, a town of France, department of Up* produces wheat, barely, oats, and flax. The chief
per Rhine, 6 m. W. of Colmar. rivers are the Spey, Findhom, ana Lossie. The
Munster, p.v. Cambria Co. Pa. oounty town is Elgin.
MunaUr Eufd, a town of the Prussian states, MurrauniUe, p.v. Alleghany Co. Pa., West-
in Westphalia, 16 m. 8. 8. W. of Cologne. morelana Co. Va., Buncombe Co. N. C.
Munsier Mieirfdd, a town of the Prussian prov- Murten. See Moral,
ince of Lower Rhine, 12 m. 8. W. of Cobfentz. MusUf a walled town of Arabia, in Yemen, 18
Munsterberg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the m. E. of Mocha,
government of Reichenbach, rich ingrain, flax, Muska, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia,
hemp and hops. It b seated on the Ohlau, 13 m. with a castle, seated on the Neisse 2d m. N. N W
N. W. of Neisse. Long. 17. 3. £., lat. 50. 31. of GorliU and 52 N. E. of Dresden.
X9. Jlliu^'ii^m, a river of the state of Ohio, which
JIfur, or JfuAr, a river which rises in the duchy runs 8. into the Ohio, at Marietta, where it b
of Salzburg, crosses 8tyria,and &Us into the Drave 280 yards wide. It is navigable by large barges
near Canischa, in Hungary. 110 m. from its mouth, ana by small bMts 45 m.
JIfur ds BarreXf a town of France, in the de* further to the lake at its head, whence, by a short
partment of Aveiron, 32 m. N. by E.of Rhodes, portage, a communication b opened to Liake
MuranOf a town of the Lombardo- Venetian £rie.
kingdom, on an island of the same name, one of Muskingum^ a county of Ohio. Pop. 2^flSi&
largest of the Lagunes of Venice. Here the fa- Zanesville is the capital.
mous Venetian looking-glasses are made. It b 3 Mtsnlburg, a sea-port of Scotland, in Edinburg-
m. N. by E. of Venice. shire, near the mouth of the Esk, over which are
MurtUf a town of France, in the department of three bridges to the suburb of Fbherrow. It en-
Canta], seated on the Alaignon near its source, joys many privileges, and has even incorporated
13 m. N. W. of St. Flour. trades. Besides uie oarish church, here are an
jtficraa, a province of Spain bounded N. by episcopal chapel and tour other places of worship
New Castile, E. by Vdencia, W. by Andalusia The principal manufactures are of salt, starcn,
and Granada, and 8. by the Mediterranean. It b earthen ware, and leather. 5 m. £. of Edin-
90 m. long and 58 broad ; and the principal river burgh.
b the Segura. The soil b dry, and it produces Miutagamf or Miutyganmm, a sea-port of Al-
little corn or wine ; but oraii|[es, dtrons, lemons, giers, in the province of Tremecen, with three
olives, almonds, mulberries, rice, pulse, and sugar castles, 140 m. W. 8. W. of the city of Algbrs.
are plentiful. It has also a great deal of silk. The Long. 0. 30. E., lat 36. 20. N.
vale of Mureia is celebrated for the variety and jAniela, a town of Spain, in Andalnsb, situate
ichness of its culture. on the river Guadalquivir, 7 m. N. E. of Jen
Mureia, the capital of the foregoing province, and 50 N. of Granada,
and a bishop's see. The inhabitants are compu- Mutoodu, a town of Hindoostan. in Mysore,
ted at 60,000. A number of hands are employed noted for its manufacture of the glaes used for
m the working of bassweed, and there b also an making the rings which are worn on the wrists
extensive estaolishment for twbting silk, and a of the naUve women. It b 34 m. W. of Sera,
refinery of salt-petre. There are fine jpardens Jlfttyden,a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
about the city, in which are the best fruits in 8. Hculana, seated on the Zuyder Zee, at the in-
Spain. It b seated on the Segura, over which b flux of the Vecht, 6 m. £. 8. £. of Amsterdam,
a bridge, 27 m. N. of Carthagena and 212 8. £. Mycom, an bland of the Greoian Archipelago,
of Msdrid. Long. 1. 16. W., lat. 37. 58. N. 30 m. in circumference. The soil b dry, and Uie
Musfreesbvrough, p.t. Rutherford Co. Ten. and mountains are of mat height. Here are plenty
formerly the seat of government for the state. 39 ef partridges, quails, woodcocks, turtledoves, rab
m. 8. & Nashville and 160 W. KnoxviUe. lat 35. bits,and wneatears; also excellent grapes and figs.
68. N., long. 86. 35. W. It b situated in a level The harbour b open, and deep enough fbr tne
and fertile country, producing wheat cotton, and largest ships to nde secure from the N. wind,
tobacco. Also a p.t Hertford Co. N. C. on the Long. 25. 21. E., lat. 37. 38. N.
Meherrin. Jfyerjfoi0ii,p.v. Lebanon Co. Pa., 31 m. E. Haf-
JWMre, a town of Naples in Basilicata, seated at risburg.
the foot of the Apennmes, 19 m. 8. E. of Consa. Mf^, one of the Moluccas, of a triangular
Mttro*, a town of Spun, in Galieia. at the form, with a bold shore. The villafes are built ift
NAS 686 MAO
the water upon posts, and there are forests visi- one half of his dominions to the English and their
ted by the birds of paradise, which are caught in allies, the Blahrattss and the nisam of the Deocan.
great nambers. Long. 130.' 0. E., lat. 2. 0. 8. In 1799, a new war taking place, his capital was
Mysore^ an eztensire province of Hindoostan, taken by the English, on the 4th of May, and
lying between 11. and 15. N. lat, and now snr- himself killed in the assault A partition of his
roanded by the British territories of the Madras remaining territories took place, and, on the 30th
Presidency, while the exuting rajah is also de- of June following, Kistna Rajah, then only fire
pA .dent on British protection. The country is in years old, was placed by the British on the throne
^eAi?'-al dry, rugged, mountainous, and banen; of his fore&thers. The dominions of the rajah of
bat there are several rivers and mountain torrents, Mysore are now divided into three great districts,
which by artificial means serve to water rice- Patana to the 8., Nagara to the N. W.^ and Cha-
grounds, gardens, &c. In the forests are many trakal to the N. E., so called firom the three places
«)1ephants, and tigers are commob. Oxen, buffiir where the chief offices are situate. The Patanx
loes, and goats are numerous, and in the N. £. district is by far the largest, and of itself com
part many sheep are bred ; but horses and asses prises a much greater extent of territory than wc*
are few. The chief products are rice, cotton, pep- ever before subject to the Mysore family,
per, cocoa, and betef^nut, sugar-cane, butter, and Mtftare, the capital of the foregoing province,
oil. The whole of this country, with some other was ruined by Tippoo 8ultan ; but since the Eng-
territories to the N. and E., and the provinces of lish restored the ancient family in 1799, and made
Coimbetore, Malabar, and Canara, were subdued it the rajah's seat of government, the town and
by Hyder Ali, a Mussulman, who usurped the fortress have been rebuilt, and the populaition is
throne of Mysore in 1759, and made Seringapatam rapidly increasing. Mysore is 10 m. 8. of Serin-
his capital. He was succeeded by Tippoo Sul- gaoatam. Long. 76. 50. E., lat 12. 15. N.
Un, who continued his &ther*s state of warfiue. MytiUtu. See MeuUn,
On the termination of a war, in 1792, Tippoo Afyton, at town in N. Torkshire, Eng. 2 m
agreed to pay thirty lacks of rupees, and to cede firom Aldborough..
N "^ .
NAAS, a borouf h of Ireland, in the county of retaken b^ the Prince of Orange the following
Kildare, where the assizes are held alternately year. It is seated on the Zuyder 2ee, 14 m. £.
with Athy. It was anciently the residence of 8. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5. 11. £., lat. 52.
the kings of Leinster. 17 m. 8. W. of Dublin. 19. N.
Long. 6. 42. W., lat 53. 13. N. JV^gafnai^o^ a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
JVa6, a riyerofGermany, which flows 8. through with a citadel in the centre, both fortified with
the kingdom of Bavaria, and enters the Dantibe mud walls. I& the outer town a wide street ex-
a little above Ratisbon. tends all ronnd^ with short lanes on each side u»
J^abal, a town of the kingdom of Tunis, cele- the outer and inner wall. In the fort are t^vo
brated for its potteries. Near it are several re- large temples and a ruinous palace. 30 m. ^'/of
mains of antiquity. It is seated near the sea, ^ m . 8eringapatam.
8. S. E. of Tunis. Long. 10. 19. E., lat 53. 13. N. Jfagwra, or Hydar-nagara, a city of Hindoostan,
JfaMmrgr, a town of Bavaria, on the river Nab, capital of the district of Bednore. Itwasfbnner-
10 m. E. S. E. of Amberg. ly called Bidderuru, and by Europeans Biddenore ;
MiblouSf a town of Palestine, capital of a coun- but received its present name in 1763, on being
try which was the ancient kingdom of 8amaria. taken by Hyder, who made it his principal anenu
It is the residence of a scheik, who farms the tri- and a place of great ma^itude and commerce,
bute to the pacha of Damascus. Here is consid- It afterwards declined, being neither the seat of
erable trade, and the manufactures flourish more a court nor of any public works, except the mint
than in most cities of the east. The soil of the In 1783 it was tsken by the English, and re-taken
surrounding country is fertile, and produces a soon after by Tippoo ; but on bis final defeat, in
Seat leal of corn, cotton, olives, and some silk. 1799, it was cedea by the English to the rajah of
ablous is 24 m. if . of Jerusalem and 90 8. 8. W. Mysore. 70 m. N. by E. of Mangalore and 150
of Damascus. Long. 35. 24. E.. lat. 32. 20. N. N. W. of Seringapatam. Long. 75. 8. E., Ut 13
Jfaeoj a town of 8. America, in Mexico, 50 m. 48. N.
N. W. of Valladolid. Jfagax^ a town of Candahar, province of Cabnl,
Mieogdoches, a small town in Texas, 120 m. W. on the Cowmull, 79 m. W. by N. of Attock ana
of Natchitoches in Louisiana. 120 S. of Cahul.
JiadiTf a town of Egypt, on the W. branch of Xagtra^ a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with
the Nile, 28 m. N. N. W. of Cairo, a fort, 3 m. N. W. of Calahom and 138 N. of
JWu/Uf, a town of Switzerland, in the canton Madrid,
of Claris, near which, in 1388, an unparalleled JdigM, a town of GermaAy in the kingdom of
victory was obtained by 350 troops of Glaris, as- Wurtemberg, with a ruined castle ; situate on a
4 m. N. of Glaris. 60 m. N. W. of Agimere. Long. 74. 15. £., kt
JVoerden, a strong town of the Netherlands, in 27. 9. N.
8. Holland, at the nead of the canals of the pro- Jfagpare, a city of Hindoostan, capital of the
vinee, of which it IS considered the key. In 1572 Eastern Inahratta territories. It is extensive
it was taken by Femande de Toledo, son of the and populous, but meanly built; and, excepting
duke of Alva, and all the inhabitants were mas- a small citadel, is open and defisnceless. 560 m
sauvd. In 1672 it was taken by the Frenohi and W. by 8. of CalcntU Long. 79. 46. £,>t 21 ^J<
HAM 687 NAN
JfMgpcTt CktOa, (or LitUe,) a district of Bdiar, French in June 1815, and ia noted in bistorj ta
HiniMOBtan, constitating the S. W. British fron- the iceno of many early battles. It is seated be-
tier, and included in the coUectorship of Ramg- tween two mountains, at the confluence of the
hur. It is one of the wildest and least cultiyated Maese and Sambre, 24 m. W. S. W. of Liege
districts of British India. and 32 S. E. of Bnusels. Long. 4. 45. E.,lat
JVatfy6«fi/a, a town of Huugarj and one of the 50. 29. M.
rejal tree towns. The gold and silver mines are KanmM, a town of Hungary, 23 m. N. W. De-
orgreat produce, and money is coined here. It breosin. Pop. 4,000.
is 30 m. N. £. of Zatmar. Long. 22.54. E., Aiinay, a river ofQuito,falling into the Amazon.
Imt 48. 10. N. JftmcevUUf p.v. Harrison Co. Indiana.
Jfahantf a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 8 JVoticy, a city of France, capital of the depart'*
m. N. E. Boston. It belongs to Lynn in Essex ment of Meurihej and a bishop's see. It ismvid-
Ck». and is united to the continent by a narrow ed by a canal into the Ola and New Town,
isthmus of sand called Lynn Beach. The penin- The former though irregularly built, is rich and
aula has a rocky, uneven surikee, and is aoorned populous, and contains uie palace of the ancient
with many summer cottages belonging to the in- duaes of Lorraine ; and their tombs are in a rich
habitants of Boston. During the summer months saloon which adjoins the church of the late Cor-
it is greatly frequented by visitors. Two spa- deliers. The New Town, whose streets are per-
cions and elegant hotels Imiltof stone, afford ex- fectly straight, was one of the finest in Europe,
cellent accommodations, and steam-boats psM even before the magnificent works with which
everv hour in the day between Nahant and Boa- Stanislaus I., titular king of Poland, and duke of
ton ourixig the season. Lorraine, enriched it The cathedral is a supurb
JVoAs, a river of Germany, which rises in the structure, and there are several other elegan
territory of Treves, above JSirkenfeld, and enters churches. It was occupied by the allies in 1814.
the Rhine at Bingen. Nancy is seated in a delightful plain, near the
AViAx, a town 0fDehli,Hindooatan, capital of river Meurthe, 90 m. 8. of Mets and 230 E. of
a district of the same name, and a place of con* Paris. Long. 6. 10. E., lat. 48. 42. N.
siderable strength. It is the residence of a Hin- Kandar^ a town of HindoosUn, capital of a dis-
doo chief, tributary to the rajah of Nenaul. Long, trict of the same name in the province of Dowle-
77. 8. £., lat. 30. 41. N. tabad. 132 m. N. N. W. of Hydrabad.
JVoini^ a borough of Scotland, and capital of Mmdidroo^f a strong town of HindoosUn, in
Nairnshire, with a small harbour. It is seated at Mysore. Since the restoration of the rajah, in
the mouth of a river of the same name, on the 1709, it has been garrisoned by English trooM.
Murray Frith, 15. m. N. E. of Inverness and 120 It is 25 m. N. by sT of Bangalore and 64 E. S. E.
N of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 6. W., lat 57. 38. N. of Sera.
Jfaimskirtf a county of Scotland, 15 m. long* Jfai^^ an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
and 10 broad ; bounded N. by the Murray Frith, a little tothe E. of Santorin ; it is 26 m. in circum-
and enclosed on every side of the counties of In- fbrence, but has no harbour, nor springs sufficient
vemess and Murray. It is divided into 4 parishes to water the fields. The inhaoitants are all
and sends one member to parliament alternately Qreeks, and their chief trade is in onions, wax,
wiUi Cromarty. The S. part is mountainous, and ftoney. The ruins of the temple of Apollo
but towards tne N. it is level, and the soil abund- are yet to be seen, and consist chiefly of marble
antlv fertile colurdns. Long. 26. 10. £., lat 36. 15. N.
JVUbtvan, a town of Prussian Armenia, former- jyhti^ara&t, a city of Japan, in the island of
ly a large citj, but ruined by Abbas I., who re- Xtroo, with a good harbour and the only one in
moved the inhabitants in the interior parts of the em^^ in which foreign ships are permitted
Persia. Here are now some considerable buzaars, to anchor.' The inhabitants carry on a great
caravenserais, baths, and other public buildings, trade with the Chinese and Dutch. Long. 129.
it is 85 m. S. E. of Erivan and 250 E. of Erse- 46. E., lat 32. 32. N.
rum. Long. 45. 30. E., lat 33. 40. N. JfangiBf a town of France in the department of
J^amdauj a town of Prussian Silesia, with a Seine-et^Mam, 12 m. W. of Provins.
cAstle. It IS situate among morasses on the river ^mgmnog^ p.t. Charles Co. Maryland. 45 m.
Weyda, 20 m. E. S. E. of Breslau. S. Washington.
jfamtir, a province of the Netherlands, 30 m. Jtanhangf a city of China, of the first rank, in
long and 20 oroad ; bounded by the French fron- the province of ikiang-si, seated on the lake ro-
tier, and by the Belgic provinces of HainauU, S. yan^6^ m. S. of Akin. Long. 1 13. 58. E.,
Brabant and Liege. It is pretty fertile, and has iat.%. t^. N.
several forests, marble quarriers, and mines of JVimAff^,a city of China, capital of the prov-
iron, lead and coal. The rivers Meuse and Sam- ince of-Kiangan. It is 17 m. in circumference,
bre divide it into 3 perta, nearly of equal extent and about 3 m. distant ftom the great river Tang-
Before the French Revolution of 1789, the great- tse-Chiang, from which canals are cut, so large
er part of this province belonged to Austria, and that vessels may enter the town. It was former-
the remainder to France. In 1794 the whole was ly the imperial city, whence it is called Nanking,
siexed by the French, and constituted for 20 which signifies southern court ; but, since the six
fears part of the department of Sambre-et-Meuse. grand tribunals hsve been removed to Pekin, it is
t was finally incorporated with the kingdom of called Kiang-nan in all public acta The place is
the Netherlands in 1815. greatly fUlen from ito ancient splendor; for it had
^amvr^ the capital of the above province, and a magnificent palace which is quite destroyed, as
a bishop's see. It has a castle in the middle of well as many ancient monumenta ; and a third
the town, on a craggy rock, and several forta. part of the city itself is desolate. The streeta
The inhabitanta are estimated at 20,000. ^ Fire- are narrow, but handsome and well paved, and
arms, swords, knives, and many other kinds of on each side are shops neatly iiimishea. The pub-
cutlery, are made here. This city was the scene lie buildings are mean, except a few tempies, the
of a sanguinary eooflict between tne allies and the eity gates, and a tower of poraelain 900 net high
NAM fl» HAP
The inluibitanU were fonnerly eetimaied tt S/MO, little Tegelmtiony yet Affords gnm f&t the putur
000, the city being abo^e 30 m. in cirenmierenee. age of a few eowe and eheep, and tapporte 'a
The number at present ii said to be 1,000,000. population of 7 ^M)8. The inhabitants are chiefly
without comprehending the garrison of 40,000 engaged in the whale fishery, and their ships pea-
men. They oaye several mannfectnres in silk etrate to the meet distant seas on the globe. The
and wood. Here the physicians have their prin- island constitotes one town and one countjr. The
eipal academy. Nanking is seated on the Slam, principal Tillafe is on the iV. side of the island,
500 m. S. S-fS. of Pekin. Long 119. 25. E., lat. and has a tolerable harbour ; the houses are of
32. 46. N. wood. There are many spermaceti works upon the
^an-ngttUf a city of China of the first rank, in island. The shipping owned here in 1827 amount-
Kiangsi. It stands among plantations of sugar- ed to 26,353 tons. S. E. of Nantucket, out of
cane, near the source of the Kang-kiang, and the sight of Uie island are some dangerous shoals,
foot of the mountain Me-lin, 200 m. N. £. of JVontwicA, a town in Cheshire, £ng. The man-
Canton. Long. 113. 38. E., lat. 24. 48. N. ufacture of salt was formerly considerable, but
JVim-fitfig', a city of*China, of the first rank, in it is now confined to a single establishment; and
the province of Quang-si, 1,145 m. 8. S.W.oiPe- the chief trade consists u the manufacture o-f
kin. Long. 107. 45. £., lat. 22. 44. N. shoes for the London and Manchester dealers.
Jfansemondj a county of the E. district of Vir- The principal dairies of Cheshire are about this
ginia. Pop. 11,784. Suffolk is the capital. Also a town, and it has considerable trade in cheese. It
river flowing through this county into James is seated on the Weaver, and bv the Chester Ca- i
River at Hampton Roads. nal, which here forms a broad basin, 20 m. 8.
jyimtasketf tne Indian name of the peninsula on E. of Chester and 164 N. W. of London,
the S. side of Boston Bay. It contains the town JVan-ysn^, a city of China, of the first rank, in
of Hull, and is joined to the mainland by a beach the province of H!o-nan, seated on a small river,
of sand several miles in length. The peninsula and surrounded by mountains, 160 m. 8. of Ho-
has several high hills which command one of the nan.
entrances into Boston harbour. JVon-yon^, a city of China, of the first rank, in
JYdntasket Roadf the name given to that part of the province of Quantong, seated on the Pei-
the outer harbour of Boston, between Nantasket kiaag, near its source, 170 m. N. N. E. of Canton,
and the islands to the N. and N. W. just within the JfapauL 8ee Jfepaul.
outer Ught. A's^fet, or the Two SieiUes^ a kingdom com-
Jfan-tekangf a eitv of China, capitsl of Kiang- mbending the 8. ]>art of Italy, bounded on the N.
si. It has no trade but that of porcelain, which is W. by the EcclesiasticaJstates, N. E. by the guf
made in the vicini^ of Jaatcheou. The country is of Venice, and every where else by the Mediter
so much cultivated that the pastures are barely ranean. It is 300 m. in length by 100 in breadth,
sufficient ibr the flocks. It is seated on the Kan- and is divided into 13 provinces : namely, Napo-
kiang, which flows hence into the lake Poyang, lia or Naples, Terra di Lavoro (the ancient Cam-
695 m. 8. of Pekin. Long. 115. 30. E.. lat. & pania Felix), Principato Citra and Ultra, Moliae,
36.N. Basilicata, Calabria Citra and Ultra, Abruizo
Mantes f a city of France capital of the depart- Citra and Ultra, Capitanata. Terra di Bari, and
ment of Lower Loire, and a bishop's see, with a Terra d' Otranto ; tne last three forming the an-
university. It was formerljr the residence of the cient Apulia, now called Puglia, on the E. side
dukes of Bretagne, who built a strong castle on of the kingdom.
the side of the river, which still exists. The The climate in general is extremely hot, espec-
cathedral contains the tombs of the ancient dukes ; ially in Julv, August, and September, and is said
besides which there are a collegiate church and to be one of the most inconstant and unfavonra-
11 pariah churehes. The bridges over the Loire, ble to valetudinarians. In some seasons it rains
in which are some islands, are almost a league every day for 6 or 7 weeks together; but tht moat
in length. The suburbs exceed the city in extent, disagreeable part of the climate is the sirocco, or
A great Quantity of salt is made in the territory of 8. fi. wind, which is very common in May, and
Nantes, ooth at the bay of Bourgneuf and in the extremely relaxing. In winter there is seldom
salt marahesof Guelande and Croisic. Large ves- any ice or snow, except on the mountains. The
sels can come no higher than Port Laubai, which country abounds with grain, the finest fruits and
is 12 m. from Nantes. The inhabitants are com- vegetables, rice, flax, on, wine, saflh>n, and man-
rnted at nearly 80,000. It was here that Heniy na ; and affords alum, vitrei, sulphur, rock ciystal,
V. promulgated the famous edict in 1596, in fa- marble, minerals, and fine wool and silk. Besides
vour of the Protestants which was revoked by the manufactures noticed in the account of the
Louis XIV. in 1685. Nantes is 58 m. 8. by E. of city of Naples, waistcoats, caps, stockings, and
Rennes and 217 8. W. of Paris. Long. 1. 33. W., gloves are also made of the hair or filaments of a
lat. 47. 13. N. snellfish, which are warmer than those of wool
^aniicok; p.t. Broome Co N. T. on a creek of and of a beautiful glossy green. The principal
the same name falling into the Busquehanna. mountains are the Apennines (which traverse
NmUieokef a hundred of Bussex Co. Del. on this country from N. to 8., branching to the two
a river of the same name fiJling into the Cheaa- extremities; and the celebrated volcano. Mount
peak. Vesuvius. The riven are numerous, but incon-
ffantmiU, £. and W., two townships in Chester siderable ; the chief are the QarigUano and Vol-
Co. Pa. 35 m. N. W. rhilad. tumo. One of the greatest inconveniences to
JWmfiia, a town -of France, department of Ain, which this kingdom is exposed is earthquakes,
with manufactures of sauzes, tafletas, chinties. The established religion is the Roman Catholic;
Ac. situate on a lake of the same name, 18 m. £. but Protestants and Jews are allowed to settle
of Bourg. here. The inhabitants of this country have at all
JVaaltidto, an island of Massachusetts, 20 m. 8. times borne but an indifferent character among
tf Cape Cod. It is 15 m. long and 7 broad, and other nations ; gluttony is here a predominant
eoMtakis 49,380 aeres. It is a sandy spot with vioe, while instances of ebriety are comparatively
NAP 529 NAR
ttite. In the female sex, the passion for finery is above J&l ,000 or iCSOOO. The inferior nobility ar«
almost superior to sverjr other ; and though chas- much poorer, many counts and marquises not
tity is not the characteristic virtue of the country, having above £300 or £400 a -year, of a paternal
yet a Neapolitan woman would, for the most part estate, many still less, and not a few enioying the
prefer a present to a lover. The breach of the title without any estate whatever. Altnoogn the
conjugal vow sometimes occasions quarrels and churches and convents of Naples are not to be
assassinations among people of inferior rank ; and compared with those of Rome in point of archi-
in the metropolis, assassinations are oflen perpe- tecture, they surpass them in rich jewels, and in
trated from much less cogent motives. That fu- the quantity of silver and golden crucifixes, ves-
rious jealousy for which the nation was once so sels, and other ornaments. The cathedral is a
remarkable is, however greatly abated. See Italy grand Gothic edifice ; and, of all the palaces, that
and Sicily. of the king is not only the most magnificent, but
Jfapies, a large and rich trading city of Italy, in the best style of architecture. The harbour.
amphitheatre, sloping from the hills to the sea. aineter, shut out from the Mediterranean by the
Although the style of architecture is inferior t6 island of Capri, and three parts of it sheltered
what prevails at Rome, and it cannot vie fiith that by a circuit of woods and mountains. Naples was
city in the number of palaces or in the magnifi- taken by the French in Januarv, 1799, but retak-
cence of the public buildings, yet the private hou- en by the British fleet under lord Nelson, in the
ses in general are better built, and the streets are June following. In 1806 it was again taken pos-
broader and better paved. No street in Rome session of by the French under Massena, soon
equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; aller which Joseph Bonaparte was here crowned
nor can any of them be compared with the beau- king of Naples; but on his removal to Spain, in
tiful streets which lie ojpen to the bay, where the 1808, the crown was conferred on Murat. In
excessive heat of the sun IS oflen tempered with the May, 1815, Naples was surrendered to a British
sea breezes and gales wafling the perfumes of the squadron, and in the following month king Fer-
Campagna Felice The houses in general are 5 dinand was restored. In 1803 the city suffered
or 6 stories high, and flat at the top, on which much damage by an earthquake. It is 110 m. S.
are placed numbers of flower vases, or fruit trees K. of Rome, 104 N. £. of ralermo, and 300 S. by
. . ^ ... _^ .. .. o « of Venice. Long. 14. 30. E., lat. 14. Sl
in boxes of earth, producing a very gay and agree- E.
able effect. On the mountain St. Elmo, in a N.
most pleasant situation, is a convent of Carthu- JfapoU de Romania^ a sea-port of the Morea.and
sians, on which much expense has been lavished an archbishop's see, seated on a peninsula, at the
to render the building, the apartments, and the head of a bay, of the same name. It has a large
gardens, equal to the situation. Naples is admir- harbour, with a narrow entrance, defended by a
ablv situated for commerce, and has all the neces- citadel. This town was takeo by the Turks in
saries and luxuries of life in great profusion. The 1715, and remained under the government of the
chief articles manufactured here are silk stockings, Porte till the recent dismemberment of Oreece. It
soap, snuff-boxes of tortoise-shell or of the lava of is 20 m. S. S. W. of Corinth. Long. 22. 44. E.,
Mount Vesuvius, tables, and ornamental fumi- lat. 37. 44. N.
ture of marble. They are thought to embroider Jfapoli di Malvasiay a sea-port of the Morea, on
here better than in France ; and their macaroni is the island of Malvasia. It has a fine harbour defend-
preferred to that of any part of Italy. They ex- ed by a good citadel ; and a long wooden bridge,
eel also in liquors and confections ; particularly which joms it to the mainland. It gives name to
in one kind of confection, called diaboloni, of a that excellent wine called Malmsey ; and was the
very hot and stimulating nature, and which is ancient Epidaurus,famed for the temple of ^scula-
sold at a voir high price. pius. It is sealed on a rock, at the entrance of the
The number of innabitants is computed at 350, bay of Napoli de Romania, 38 m. S. E. ofMisitra.
000, which is very probable ; for, though Naples Long. 22. 58. E., lat. 36. 53. N.
is not one-third of the size of London, yet many J^ara^ a town of Japan, in the island of Niphon,
of the streets here are more crowded than the with a magnificent castle, 25 m. N. W. of Meaco.
Strand, and a great proportion of the poorest sort J^araingungB, a town of Bengal, in the district
are obliged to spend the night in them, as w:;ll as of Dacca, with manufactures of muslin, and a
the day, for want of habitations. There is not a trade in ^rain, salt, tobacco, &c. It is seated on
city in the world, perhaps, with the same number the Lnckia. Long. 90. 35. E., lat. 23. 36. N.
of inhabitants, in which so few contribute to the Jiarasinghapuraj a town of Hindoostan, in My
wealth of the community, bv useful and prod uc- sore, with two considerable temples. It is welt
tive labour; the number or priests, monks, fid- built, and stands in a fertile country, on the Cave
dlers, lawyers, nobility; footmen, and lazzaroni or ry, immediately below the influx of Kapina, 34j
vagabonds, is immense : the last alone have been m. E. S. E. of Mysore.
computed at above 30,000, but their number has ^arbeth, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire ,,
since been somewhat diminished. The nobility seated on a bill, 12 m. N. E. of Pembroke and
are excessively fond of splendour and show, as ap- 242 W. by N. of London.
pears by the brilliancy of their equipages, the num- JN'arbonney a city of France, in the df partment
ber of their attendants, the richness of their dress, of Aude. In the time of the Romans it was the
and the grandeur of their titles. The king, it is capital of that part of Gaul called Gallia Narbon-
said counts 100 persons with the title of prince and onsis; nnd here the emperor Marcus Aurelius
still a greater number with that of duke, among was bom. Some Roman inscriptions, in diflerent
his subjects. Six or seven of these have estates of parts of the citv are still visible ; and the canal
from £10,000 to £13,000 a-year, and a considera- from the river Aude, throuirh the city to the Med-
ble number have possessions to about half that iterranean, was cut by the Romans. Narbonne is
amount ; while the annual revenue of many is not famous for its honey, and the cathedral is remark
67 2 Y
NAS tm NAT
able for iti noble ehoir. It ia 5 m. from the Med- ritor^ fertile in wine and mmr, 290 m. S. 8. E.
iterranean and 80 £. S. E. of Toalouae. Long. 3. of Lima. Lonff. 75. 10. W., fit. 14. 45. S.
0. E., lat. 43. 11. J*f. Jfaseby, a Tillage in Northamptonahire, Eng. fa-
Jfarborourkf an uninhabited island in the S. mous for the decisive victory seined by the armr
Pacific, on the coast of Chile, where Sir John Nar- of the parliament over that ofUharles I. in 1645.
borongh refreshed his nen when sent to the South 13 m. N. N. W. of Northampton.
Sea, in the reign of Charles II. Long. 74. 35. W., JWuA, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 8,492.
lat. 45. 0. N. Nashville is the capital. ■
J^ardoj a town ef Naples, in Terra d' Otranto, JVavAtca, a branch of tlie Merrimack, rising in f
22 m. W. by N. of Otranto. Worcester County Mass. and falling into the
Aar«n<a, a town of Dalmatia, and a bishop's Merrimack at Dunstable, N. H. It is 40 m. long
see ; seated on a river of the same name, 42 m. Jfaskuan, one of the Elisabeth Islands, on i&
N. N. W. of Ragusa. S. side of Buzzard s Bay, in Dukes Co. Mas.
^arim, a town of Siberia, in the government of JftukvilUypX. Davidson Co. Tennessee, and the
Tobolsk, surrounded by pallisades and wooden seat of government for the state. It is seated on
towers. The environs abound with foxes, ermines, the S. branch of Cumberland river near some hiffh
and sablea. It is seated at. the conflux of the Ket blu£&. The site is pleasant and healthy and iLe
with the Oby, 400 m. E by N. of Tobolsk. Long, town i* much visited during the hot season bv
81.* 15. £., lat. 59. 10. N people from the lower country. Here is a brancK
AamoUa, atown and fortress of Hindoostan, of the United States Bank. The Cnroberland is
province of Berar, 33 ra. W. N. W. of EUich- navi^ble to this place by steam-boati. The Uni*
pour. versity of Nashville was founded in 1806. It has
Aamt, a town of Italy, in the states of the 4 instructors and 95 students, the libraries have
church. Here are the ruins of a marble bridge, 3,250 vols. It has two vacations of 11 weeks,
built by Augustus; and also of an aqueduct that Pop. 5,500.
brought water from a spring at the distance of 15 tCashvUUj p. v. Nash Co. N. C. 50 m. N. E.
m. It is seated on the Nera, 20 m. S. S. W. of Raleigh.
Spoleto, and 40 N. of Rome. AoAotr, a town uf Denmark, in the bland of
JVoro, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara, on a Laaland, with a convenient harbour, seated on a
river of the same B>mie, 11 m. E. of Girgenti. bay of the same name, 15 m. W. by N. of Marieboe.
JVarvwqLa river of Kussia, which issues from Musau, an independent duchy vof Oermanv,
the lake Peipus, flows to Narva, and enters the formed of the several principalities which fbmerly
gulf of Finland 8 m. below that town. It has two bore this name. It is bounded by the Pruasian
cataracts, pompously described by travellers ; territory on the Lower Rhine and the states of the
but they are flir inferior to that of the Rhine at princes of Hesse. It contains mines of iron, eop-
Lauffen. per, and lead, and the soil is fertile in some places,
^"arraganteif Bay^ in Rhode Island State, ex- out the surface is for the most part woody and
tends from N. to s. dividing the state into two mountainous. The rearing of cattle and the cnl-
parts. It is separated into several distinct chan* ture of the vine are the principal occupations of
nels by the islands which it embosoms. The the inhabitants. The dole of Naseau holds the
largest are Conanicut and Rhode Island. The 13th place at the smaller assemblv of the German
length of the bay is about 30 m. and its breadth diet and has two voles in the full assembly.
15. It afibrds many excellent harbours and is ac- JNVi^mv, a town of Germany, in the above duchy,
oessible at all seasons of the vear. It receives the only place belonging in common to the dnke
many rivers, and the cities of Providence and of Nassau and the king of the Netherlands. Op-
Newport with other small towns lie upon its posite the town, on the other side of the river, and
waters. on a high mountain, ibrmerly stood Nassaubeig,
J^arraguaffua, p.v. Washington Co. Me. 37 a place of great antiquity, and the original seat of
.m. W. Macnias, on a river of the same name. tlie Nassau family. Nassau is 32 m. W. N. W.
JfarsingapaUim, a town of Hindoostan, in the of Frankfort. Long. 7. 52. E., lat. 50. 16. N.
territory of Cattack, near the coast of the bay of J^assau^p.i. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 15 m. 8. E
Bengal, 44 m. S. of Cattack. Albany. Pop. 3,254.
Aarva, a strong town of Russia, in the govern • XassaUf an island in the Indian Ocean, on the
ment of Petersbureh. The houses are built of W. side of the island of Sumatra, about 120 m. in
brick and stuocoea white ; and it has more the circumference. It abounds with forests, and pre-
appearance of a German than of a Russian town, sents an enchanting verdure. The inhabitants
In the suburb called Ivangorod are the stupendous are dissimilar from their neighbours; for they
remains of an ancient fortress, built by Ivan Ba- approach the simplicity of manners and personal
silowitz the Great, which impend over the steep appearance of the Otaneitans, while their color is
banks of the Narova. In 1700 Charles XII. of like that of the Malays. Long. 99. 40. E., lat. 2.
Sweden obtained a victory here over Peter the 50. S.
Great. Five years afler, the czar took the town JSassuckf a town of Hindoostan, in the province
by assault; and, by his own personal exertions, of Guzerat, 95 m. S. S. W. of Surat. Long. 73.
saved it from pillage and massacre. The princi- 49. E., lat. 19. 50. N.
pal exports are hemp, flax, timber, and corn. It J>tataj a sea-port of Terra Firma, in the province
IS situate on the Narova, 8 m. from its mouth and of Panama, seated in a fertile country, on the bar
86 W. S. W. of Petersburgh. Long. 27. 52. E., of Panama, 68 m. S. W. of Panama. Long. 81 ^
lat. 59. 18. N. W., lat. 8. 36. N.
JVortear, a town of Hindoostan, capital of a fbr- Jfat'alf a country on the 8. E. coast of Afiicn,
tile district of the same name, in the province of lying N. E. of the Cape of Good Hope, inhabiled
Agra; ' seated near the Sinde, 115 m. S. of Agra, by a tribe of CaJffVes. It is about 600 m. in length,
Long. 78. 17. E., lat. 25. 40. N. and near the middle is a river and abo a bay ot
JVSfca, a sea-port of Peru, in the audience of the same name. Long. 31. 30. E., lat. 29. 0. B.
Lima It hasagoodharboar.andstaudaivalei* Ji'aUhez, p.t. Adams Co. MiasiMipoiv on tlw
nAf tax MKA
eaatoni bunch of Um rtrer MusiMippL 156 m. JVawirre, a proTince of Spain, containing tn«
above New Orleans by landy and 322 by the riyer. greater part ot the ancient kinffoom of NaVane
It ie the only htfge town in the state, and has a It is 75 m. long and 60 broad. l*hoagh a moun
great trade in cotton. Staam-boats and ritrer ship- tainous country, abounding in game and iron
ping fte^ent this place in great numbers, and mines, some valleys produce good corn and ex-
make it one of the busiest towns upon the river, cellent wine. Pampeluna is the capital.
It is situated upon a bluff 300 feet above the river JVaearre, J^ew, a former province of Mexico,
and is surrounded by a level country. It is often now divided into various modern intendancies.
visited by the yellow fever. A branch of the JfavarreinSy a town of France, department of
United States Bank is established here. Pop.2,7d0. Lower Pyrenees, on the Gave d* Oleron, 26 m.
MUekitoeheSf a parish of Louisiana. Pop. 7,S^. S. E. of Bayonne.
The capita] is the following. Mimgator*s hlands. a cluster of ten islands in
JVoteAifodUf, p.t on Red River, Lou. 35 6 m. N. the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Bougainville,
W. New Orleans. It is the frontier town of the and explored by Perouse in 1787. They are calletl
United States toward Mexico, and the centre of bv the natives Opoun, Leone, Fanfoue, Maouna.
communication for the land trade with that conn- Oyalava, Calinasse, rola, Shika. Ossamo, and
trv. It was settled above a century ago, and its Ouero. Opoun, the most southerly and easterly
innabitants are composed of French, Spanish and of these islands, lies in long. 169. 7. W., lat. 14.
Indian descendants mtermingled with native and 7. S. Miouna, Oyalava, and Pola, may be n urn-
emigrant Americans. Its trade with Mexico con- bered among the larsest and most beautiful isl-
sists in the exportation of mann&ctured ^roods, ands of the S. Pacific. Thev combine the ad
spirits and tobacco, for which it receives m re- vantages of a soil fertile witnout culture and a
turn, silver bullion, horses and mules. This town climate that renders clothing unnecessary. The
is the resort of many fugitives and desperate char inhabitants are a strong and lusty race ; scarcely
acters firom the United States, but the stationary a man is to be seen amongr them less Uian six fei>t
Dopalation is respectable. high, and the women are in proportion. In dis-
j^atiekf p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. position they are thievish, treacherous, and fb-
Boston. Pop. 890. rocious. Their villages are situate on creeks, by
JfaloUaf a country formerly called Asia Minor, the seaside, and have no paths between them ; so
It is the most western part of the great continent that they pass from one to another in their canoes,
of Asia, bounded N. bv the Black Sea, £. by the and thus are almost constantly on the water.
Euphrates, S. by the Mediterranean, and W. bj Their canoes, houses, &^ , are well constructed :
the Archipelago and the Sea of Marmora. It is and thev are much more advanced in internal
crossed bv a chain of mountains, formerly called policy than any of the islands in this ocean. See
Taurus, nom W. to E., and watered bv a great Maotma,
number of rivers. The soil is generally fertile, Jfaxiaf or Jfaxos, an island in the Grecian Ar-
producing fl-uits of various kinds, com, tobacco, chipelafo, 15 m. in length and 50 in circumfer-
cotton, and silk. The whole country has suffered ence. It is fertile in ffrain, wine, oil, cotton, and
severely firom Turkish oppression. silk; and its plains abound with orange, olive,
JVoltom, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in lemon, cedar, citron, pomegranate, fi^, and mul-
the district of Dindigal, 45 m. S. S. W. of Tnch- berry trees. It has a great many villages ; but
inopoly. the population of the whole island does not ex-
JVolfors, a town of Bengal, seated on the river ceed 10,000. The highest mountain is Zla,
Attri, 47 m. E. N. £. of Moorshedabad. which signifies the mountain of Jupiter : but
Jfatural Bridge, p.v. Rockbridge Co. Va. 176 there are no antiquities, except some small re-
m. W. Richmond. See IZodkM^s. mains of a temple of Bacchus.
JVbicsfi, a town of Prussia, in wandenburg, 18 AVizia, the capital of the above island, and one
m. W. N. W. of Berlin. of the most beaudful places in the Archipelago.
^oMmktTg, a town of Germany, in Hesse Csssel, It has two archiepiscopal sees, the one Greek and
situate on me Eider, 16 m. W; S. W. of Cassel. the other Latin. Here is no harbour, but the trade
JftmmkuTg, a town of Prussian Saxonjr, in the is considerable in barley, wine, oil, figs, cotton,
Sovemment of Merseburg, formerly capital of a silk, flaX| cheese, salt, oxen, sheep, and mules,
uchy of the same name. It has a small citadel, It stands on the S. side of the Island, and is de-
and its cathedral is remarkable fbr its fine altars, fended by a castle. Long. 25. 32. £., lat. 37. 8.
paintings, and subterranean chapels. The chief N.
manufactures are leather, soap, starch, gunpowder, Jfayakanahdly, a large square town of Hindoos-
turnery wares, dbc. ; and its town carries on a tan, in Mysore, with a citsdel in the centre, boih
brisk trade. It is seated on the Saale, 18 m. W. strongly fortified with mud walls. In the town
S. W. of Merseberg. Long. 12. 0. £., lat. 51. a wioe street extends all round, and has short
11. N. lanes on each side. It has a manufacture of
JVaacmfrvrg, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the coarse cotton cloth^ and in the vicinitv are many
government of Leignitz, on the river Quels, 11 palm gardens. It is 34 m. S. W. of Sera,
m. N. W. of Lowenburg. JVoxsretA, a town of Palestine, celebrated as
JVoeon, a town of Ireland, in the county of the residence of Christ, in the early part of his
Meath, seated at the conflux of the Blackwater life. It is now a small place, where the monks
with the Bovne, 7 m. N. £. of Trim and 25 N. of St. Francis have a convent. 50 m. N. N. E.
W. of Dublin. of Jerusalem.
Jftnarino. a se«-port on the W. eoast of the JViuarsCA, ^(f^ uid Zioipsr, two townships in
Morea, witn a large harboor defended by two Northampton Co. Pa. 7 m. N. W. Easton. The
forts. It is memorable for the destmetion of the inhabitants are Moravians, and here was their
Turkish and Egjptain fleet, bv the English, first settlement in the country.
French, and Rnssiaas, in 1827. It is seated on a A'oxe, or Lindsness, the most southern promon-
hill, 10 m. N. by £. of Modon and 88 S. W. of tory of Norway. Long. 7. 20. £., lat. 57. 30. N.
Corinth. Long. 91. 25. B , lat. 37. 5. N. keagk^ ^'^V^i » Uk« of Ireland^ 90 m. long and
mbntd, Ifini in llMcoDntieiof Armifb,Down,
Aotiim, Ijonaanden^, and Tfrona. The rivet
Binn flows through it.
JVsnfA, B caiporate town of Walea, in Olsmor-
fwuhire. la the neighbourhood are iron forges,
smelling work* Tar copper, and coal minea; ud
nn the other ijde of Uie river are the eileDBive
temaina of an ahbcj, A great quantity of coal it
exported hence in amati vesseli It ii aituate
the nver Heath, Dear the Briitnl Channel, 27
S. W. of Breoknockand 198 W. of London.
Jftath, a river of Walea, which riiea in fireck-
nockahire, and runa through Gtam organ a hire, hj
the town of Neath, into the Briatol CEaonel.
ffeb.a river in the lale of Man, which runa into
the Irish Sea at Peel Caatle.
ffebio, or Jfttbu), a rataed city on the N. aide of
the iaiand of Conica, I mile from St. Fiorenio.
JVtbra, a Iowa of Prusaian Saxony, in Thurin-
gia, on the Uaatrut, 12 m. N. N- W. of Naumbor^.
jieckar, a river of Germany, which riaea in
Wurlemberg, Sowa by Rothwiel, Tubingen, Ga-
alingen, Hellbron, and Heidelberg, anJ entera
the Rhine at Mnnheim, Thia river givea name
to three departmenta of Wurteroiwrg, Upper,
Lower, and Middle, and ilIbo to the two following
.VethiT, a eircle of tlM srand dnchy of Baden,
comprehending that part of the Lower Palatinate
lying to the E. of the Rhine. Manheim ia the
capiUl.-
/ftduiT, one of the four circles of Wurteiaberg,
comprehendiag the W. part of the kingdom, ac-
cording to the diviaion made in 181H.
JfttSargemund, a town of Baden, on the Neck-
ar, 5 m. £. of Heidelbeie-
Neckarxulm, 1 town of Wurtembrrg, aeated at
the conflux of the Neckar and Sulm, 5 m. N. of
Heilbroa.
^eHrtniuii A town of Algiers, in the province
of Maauata, surrounded with nugnilicent rains.
It is 50 ni. W. S. W. of than. Long. D. 38. W,,
lat. 3S. 40. N.
Jftdajedj an extenaive province of Arabia,
bonnded N. by the deaert of Syria, E. by Lachsa,
S. by Hadiamaut and Yemen, and W. by Heda-
iai. The aoil ia varioua, and in many parts veiy
fertile. The Bedonina inhabit a great part ofthia
province ; tlie remainder ia mountainoua, and
contains a great Dumber of towns, almoal every
one of which haa iti own chief.
JftedJam, a town in Suffolk, Eng. aeated on
the Orwell, 9 m. N. W of Ipawicb and 74 N.
E. of London.
JV««Uan,p.t. NorfiilkCo.MasB. IS m. 3.W. Boa-
ton. Pop. 1,420. It ia seated on the river
Cbarlea, and has manufacturea of paper,
yitdia, a cluBler of rocka in the English Chan-
nel, at the W. end of the Isle of Wight, ao called
from their height and sharp eitremittea. Here is
a light-house. L«ng. I. 33. W., lit. 50. 44. N.
^tthethou, one ofthe Sandwich lalanda, in the
K. PaciGo, live leagues W. of Atooi, The E.
coast ia high, and rises abruptly from the aea ^ the
rest of it consists of low grannd, except a roond
bluff bead on the S. E. point. Long. 160. 15.
W.. lat. 21.50. N.
Jfceruimden, a village of the Hetberlands, in N.
Brabant, a little N. by W. of Landen. Hence
the two celebrated battles of Landen are aome-
timei called by the naoM of Neerwinden. See
Jfefla a town of the kingdom of Tnnis, 250 m.
B by W. of Tunis Long. 9. 85. E., lat. 30. M.
;, bntw
trictol
waali
ken by thi
aed ofit by the Engliab in 1782. The port is not
ma extraordinary -, bnt most of the diflereot nationa
ive in India are here settled, and trade nnder thepro-
1 ia tectJon of the ton. The Wesleyan Melhodisla
on have two miasionaiies here. It is 50 m. E. of
m. Tanjere and 166 S. bv W. of Hadias. Long. 79.
66. E.,lat. 10.46. N.'
ytgara, a town of the ialfl of Borneo, capital
ofthe kingdom of Baniermasnng ; litDate on the
E side orthe river Banjer, 60 m. N. of the town
of Banjermaasing. Long. 114. 0. E., laL 1.40. 8
Jfegat^>c, a aea-port on the W. coast of the
isle of Ceylon, with a Ibrt boilt by the Porta-
gnese. It was taken in 1640 by the Dutch, who
evacoaled it to the English in 1796. It is IG m.
N. of Columbo, Long. K. 56. £., lat. 7. 2a N.
fftgrm, an iaiand on the E. aide of the bay of
Bengal, at the month of Baaien River, the moat
western branch of the Irrawaddy, with an eioel
lent harbour. Long. d4. 30. E., Ut. 16. 0. N.
JtegrH FmM, the moat westerly promonlory of
the iaiand of Jamaica. Lonm. 73. 23. W., laL 18
17, N,
Xtgra Cap*y a promontory of Aftica, on the
coaat of Bengnela, being the most aoatherly
eountry to which the Europeans usaally lesort In
purchase alaves. Long. 11.40. E., lit 16. 15. N.
JftgTola^, or ffigriUa, a Urge conntiy in the
interior of Africa, Uirongh which the river Niger
flowa from W, to E, It ia called by the Aiafaa
Soudan, a word of similar import to the Eoropean
appellation, aignifyiog the Land of the Blacks
It extends fhm long. 10. W, to 27. £., and fiom
lat, 10. to 25, N. ; Being bounded on the N. b^
the Zahara and the moantaini which aeparate it
from the states of Barbary, on the E. by Nubia
and AbvBsinia, on the S. by countries unknown
and Ouinea, and W. by Guinea, FouU, and Zaha-
ra. Of thlavastooQutry little ia known more than
the names afsomeof thetowaaandgieatkingdoms
of wbicfa it ia composed. Some parts, particularly
on the river Niger are said to be eiceedinely fer-
tile; other parte are represented as aandy and desert.
Among the animala of the territorv may be no-
ticed'^- "-— "^ " ^----i-- -----i
imal who attacka not only beaata, but man, lakin£
the precaution alwaya to approach him from be-
hind. Major Denham aaw one killed in ihi*
country, above 8 feet in length. The principal
tarrilorr known ia Bomon. The general charac-
ter of the negroes, who are tha inhabitants of thia
region, is that of levity. They do not appear la
want the feelinga of humanity, nor are they mora
destilnte of sagacity than other people of aneqoal
_i — .1 — L_.j ^ their country eop-
a reiy alight degree of
Hm OB HBP
mdiutiy» and thera m Iktle wettmm foa «k»tkli« in 1607 H foneBdartd to theFraaeh ; and wasfin
amid the heal of their eluMte. they hare a geaer- ally ceded to Prnaaia in 1814. It ie seated on a
al habit of eeeking present pleasarei and m^ eaie river of the same name, 48 m. S. by £. of Breslau.
for the future. The only neoeMVf ofUfr thai Long. 17. 90. £., lat. 50. 94. N.
appears to be de6cient is salt, which is the move JVUrro, a town of Hungary, and a bishop's see
wanted among them in conse<iaenee of their eub- with a castle and a college. It is situate on ariT
sifting chiefly on vegetable iood ; and it is a pr»- er of the saow name, 34 m. N. of Gran.
verbial expression of a man's riches to say thttt AWwuram, a town of Hindoostan, on the W.
he eats salt witli his food. This important article eoaet, 33 m. N. £. of Mangalore and 40 N. W. of
they receive from 2ahara by caiavans of trading Tellicherry.
Arabs. They also receive arms, hardware, glasa- JfeUenhmr^^ a former landgraviate of Snabia,
es, and trinkets, from the W., by the Europeans, now belongug to Baden.
and. in the interior, by the caravans of Cairo, JfdUnhurgj a town of Wurtemberg, formerly
Fezzan, and Morocco. For these they give in re- the capital or a landgraviate of Snabia, with a
turn gold dust, ivory, and elephanto' teeth. The citadel on a mountain, 23 m. N. of Constance
kind of government that existo among the ne^pro Long. 9. 5. £., lat. 47. 67. N.
nations (a by no means uniform. Manv distncU JVeUora, a town and fortress of Hindoostan. hi
are governed by a number of independent pettv the Camatic, near the Pennar, 85 ra. N. by W. of
chiefs, who are engaged in frequent wars witn Madras. Long. 79. 57. £^ lat 14. 96. N.
each other. In other places, the talente of indi- JfeUim, a county of the E. District of Yirgntia.
vidual chieflains have been able to reduce consid- Pop. 11^1. Livingston is the capital. A county
erable tracts of territorv under their dominion ; of tLentucky. Pop. 14,916. Bardstown is the cap-
and hence some flourisning towns have sprung ital.
up. Many of the towns are fortified with ditches JVsIsen, p.t Cheshire Co. N. H. 33 m. S. W
and high walls. Domestic slavery prevails in a Concord. Pop. 875. ; p.t. Madison Co. N. T. Pop.
very great degree among all the negro states. 9,445; p.v. Portage Co. Ohio. Also townships in
When the tropical rains fall, or are so deficient Buckingham Co. L. C. and Pork Co. U. C.
that the sun bums up the fiuse of the country, it JCtUmCs River, in NorUi America, forms the ont-
is'not uncommon for parents to sell their children, let of Lake Winnipeg, and flow* into Hudson's
and even themselves, for bread. A free man may Bay in lat. 57. 3. N. Taken in connexion with the
also lose his liberty by being taken prisoner in Saskatchewan, its most distant head stream, its
war, or on account of the crimes of murder and extreme length ie 1,500 m.
sorcery ; and also in consequence of insolvency. ^eUanviUef p .v. Athens Co. Ohio. 54 m. 8. £.
The uiowledge of the negroes, with regard te Columbos.
religion and sll speculative subjects, is extremely Ab/senVybrf, a^ Britiah fiietery at the mouth of
limited ; but they have much superstition, and Nelson's River.
are implicit believers in witchcraft and magic. Amesa, a village of Greece, in the Morea, 90
Mgropani, an island in the Grecian Archipela- m. 8. W. of Coruth, anciently celebrated fbr its
go, 100 m. in length and 18 in breadth, anciently games.
called Euboea. Itisnear the N. coastof Livadia, JVemeMr^, a town of France, department of
and sei>arated fix>m itbv the strait of Euripueover Seinenst-Marne, with an old castle ; seated on
which u d, bridge. It sbounds in corn, wine, oil, the Loing, between two hills, 45 m. 8 8. E. of
and fruits. It forms a part of Independent Greece. Paris.
Jfempont, a strong city, capital of the above Jftmrngh, a town of Ireland, in the county of
island, and an archbishop's see, with a good har- Tipperary, with a castle, seated on a branen of
hour. The walls of the city are 9 m. and a half the Shannon, 19 m. N. £. of Limerick and 93 N.
in circumference, but the suburbs are much l^rg* of Caahel.
er. It is seated on a strait of the same name, 30 A'eooesfro, a town and fort of Romania, on the
m. N. £. of Athens am( 960 8. W. of Constaoti- stmit of Conelantim>ple, 19 m. N. of Constantino-
noDle. Long. 94. 8. £., lat 38. 30. N. pie.
JVeAaMnd, a town of Irak, in Persia, famous for A'so('«, A., a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng
a battle fought near it between the caliph Omnr and a considerable trade in coal ; seated on the
and Tex Degerd, king of Persia, in 638, when the Ouee, over wbioh is a strong bridge, 56 m. N. ff.
latter lost his life and kingdom. It is 900 m.N. W. W -of Londoo.
3f l8i>ahan. Long. 48. 10. £., laL 34. 90. N. . JVeemidsA, a town of Birmah, with manufae-
J^eidenberg, a town of Prussia, in the gavem- tnres of msiwied ware, seated on the Irrawadoy,
ment of Konigsberg, with a castle on a mountain, 4 m. N. V. £. of Pagham.
75 m. E. of Culm. Long. 90. 90. £.,l«t. 53. /fepmd,^. kingdom of Northern Hindooslan,
99. 8. bounded N. by t& Riimnaleh Mountains, 8. by
. Jfeidetutein, a town of GersMny, in Hesse Cae> the provineee of Bahar, Cude. and DebU, E. by
sel, 9 m. 8. 8. W. of Caesel. Bootan, and llie territory of the rajah of 81 Kim.
Jfeira, one of the Banda Islands, and theeeat of The soil is pradoetive and in some places yields
their government. It has a spacious harbour » two crops in the year. The mountains of Nepaul
but difficult to be entered ; and ships anchor un- contain oaines ofeopper and iron ; and, aHhough
der the cannon of two forts. Long. 199. 30. SL, coaimetee is not enoomraged, it sends to Bengal
lat. 4. 50. 8. Woiy, wax, honey, reein, tin^r, bastard cinna-
Xtiist, a city of Prussian Silesia, in the govern* men, cardamoms, walnuts, 4tc. ; and takes, in
ment of Opoeln. It is a place of great strength, return, moslins and silks of Bengal, carpets, spi-
and one of^tae finest towns in Silesia. The in£ab- oee, tobacco, and European goods. In 1814, in
itants carr;^ on a considerable traoe in linens and conscgnence of the repeated encroachments of the
wine. This place was taken in 1741 bv the Pruo- Nepnu^eae, the British invaded tibeir territories,
sians, who afler the peace, in 1749, buift a citadel, ana dictated to them a treaty of peace in l6l6.
to which thev gave Uienanie of Pruasia. lalTSS^il Bjf tUa HMrtf NcMnl is limited on the W to the
was besiegjed bf the Austriaar, bntiaagmwaBy; mnr 00n«} the mtbh huM gwaad
9t9
NET 0M HET
«if the proTiBoe of Kemaon, and a BriUsh mnwoy ningen, Zealand, Utrecht, Drenthe, and Lnxeni
eonitanUy reBidea at IJattainandoo, the capital of hiire. The auiface of the conntiy. eapeciallj the
Nepaul. ^ norUiem ^yineea, Up nncommonly leyel, and is
ffeptan Islandf a axnall island in the S. Pacific, ooTered with woods, corn fields, and vast meadows
opposite Port Hunter, on the S. coast of Norfolk of the fteshet yerdare. The maritime proYinees
Island. hate nndergone great physical rerolutions, espe*
JVVpt, a town of Italy, in the papal states, re- eially from the retreat and encroachmenUi of the
markable for some Roman ruins, and a fine mod- sea^ alongr with the changes in the coarse of the
em aqueduct ; seated on the Trigilia, 20 m. N. of Rhme. Bo lately as the 15th century, a great
Rome. salt-water lake was suddenly fiirmed to the S. E.
^epantet, a river of Massachusetts flowing into of Dort, which overwhelmed 72 villages, and
Boston Bay. It is navigable for vessels of 150 100,000 inhabitants are supposed to have perished,
tons to Milton, 4 miles. To prrevent the recurrence of such dreadful ca
JV^poiMet, a village in Norfolk Co. Mass. on the lamities, the Dutch began to secure their coasts,
above river, 6 m. S. Boston. It lies within the as also the banks of the great rivers, by dikes, or
limits of Dorchester and Milton, and ha^ some mounds of eardi, the erection of which has been
manufactures. justly considered one of the greatest efforts of
J^eseopeekf p.t Luzerne Co. Pa. human industry. The climate in the maritime
Jfeshamoekl a town of Mercer Co. Pa. provinces is humid and variable ; in the interior
^erae, a toWn of France, department of Lot-et- it is more constant. The summers are wanner,
Oaronne. divided bv the river Baise into Oreat and the winters colder than in England. The
and Little Nerao. In the feudal times this was soil is in general fertile, and agriculture has been
the residence of the lords of Albert, whose stopen- long prosecuted with care and success. The prin
dous castle is now in rqins. 16 m. W. &. W. of cipal productions are com, flax, hemp, tobacco
Agen and 67 S. E. of Bordeaux. hops, madder, fruit, and a little wine in the S.
Nerhudday a river of Hindoostan, which issues Cattle are reared in great numbers, and vastqnan-
from alkke on the S. confines of the province of Al- tities of excellent butter and cheese are made for
lahabad, flows W. for 700 m. and enters the gulf exportation. There are no minerals in the north-
of Cam bay below Baroach. em provinces. In the S. there are some valua-
JVsre&stm, a town of Wurtemberg, with a late ble strata of coal, mines of iron, copper, lead, cal-
Benedictine abbey on a mountain, whose abbot amine, and zinc. The principal rivers are tlte
was a prelate of the empire. It is 15 m. W. N. Rhine, with its different branches, the Maese, and
W. of bonawert the Scheldt. These rivers, and the multitude of
AWioa, aprovince of Sweden bounded by Su- canals with which the country is intersected, af-
bormania, Westmania, Wermland, and W. and ford an easy and safe navigation, not only to all
E. of Gothland. It is now included in the gov- parts of the kingdom, but to the w. of Germany,
eroment of Orebro. the N. of France, and even to Switzerland. The
Jfenmdef a town of France, department of Loire, lakes are comparatively inconsiderable ', the prin
84 m. W. of Lyons. cipal is that of Haarlem.
JiTtnmdeSf a town in the department of Cher, During several centuries the Netherlands took
19 m. E. S. E. of Bourres. the lead of all the neighbouring states, both in
^erskinskf a town of Siberia, capital of a prov* trade and manufactures, the linen of Holland,
ince of the same name, in the ffovemment of Ir- the lace of Brassels, the leather of Lie^, the
kutsk, with a fort. The adQaoent country is woolens of Leyden and Utrecht, and the silks of
mountainous, but yields excellent pasture for cat* Amsterdam and Antwerp, being known several
tie ; and there are some considerable lead and centuries ago throughout Europe. From their
silver mines. It is seated at the confluence of situation, at the mouth of so many large rivers,
the Nerehawith the Shilka, 440 m. E. of Irkutsk, both the Dutch and Flemish had an early and
JVesIs. a town of France, department of Somme, extensive trade. The number of vesseb emplov
on the Liuffon, 25 m. E. S. £. of Amiens and 66 ed by the Dutch in the fisheries, particularly t£e
N. by £. of Paris. hemng'fishery, is said to have exceeded that of
~ JVWjLocA, a lake of Scotland, in Inverness- all the rest of Europe. At a later date came their
shire, 22 m. long and from 1 to 2 broad. The acquisitions in the £. and W. Indies, while they
depth u very considerable ; and the high hills on also carried on extensive transactions with Amer-
each side present a delightful view ofwood, pas> ica and the coast of Guinea. The commerce of
ture, cultivated lands and mugged precipices. It this country, however, experienced a great de
was agitated in an extraordinary manner during oline after its connexion with France, and tboueh
the great earthquake at Lisbon m 1755. Its out- considerably revived since the expulsion of the
let, at the N. extremity, is the river Ness, which French In 1814, yet owing to overatrained taxation
rans into Mumy FriUi, below Inverness. and the rivalship of England, it will be a lon^^
JfetiMdjtL town of Denmark, in the island of time before the country can recover its former
Zealand, 38 m. 8. W. of Copenhagen. prosperity. The constitution resembled in many
JfetherloMdSy or Lots Covnirieg, a kingdom of repeets that of Great Britain ; though it also ap-
Europe, established in 1814, bounded on the W proximates to the foderal government of the Untt-
and N. by the German Ocean, E. by Hanover and ed States of America, in consequence of the long
the Prussian territories of the Lower Rhine, and existence of provincial customs, particularly
I
of Holland, £. Flanders, W. Flandera, Hainault, The character of the inhabitants in the northern
S. Brabant,Lieffe, Limburg, N. Brabant, Antwerp, and southern provinces diffors considerably. Tlie
Guelderland, Friesland. Namur. Overyssel, Gro- Dateh havis been long distinguished as a kiLor
NBU .88^ IfBU
om uid peneveriiuF peop1«» not davoid of «nter- Jftfuliirf , a town of Germuiy, in Bawia. It
iniM bailed maeh more niely than the £ngliah ftandf on a hill, on the Danube, and has two gates,
and Americans into adventurous speculations of but the fortifications are a chiefly gone to oeeaj.
doubtful success. The Belgians have less uni- The castle is a large building, and contains a hall
rnrmitv in their habits and disposition ; on the of extraordinary sise, embellished with portraits.
Iwrdeii of HoUand they are hardly to be dis- Itis U m. W. of Ingolstadt and 60 S. W. of Am-
tineuished from the Dutch, while in the prov- berg. I^ng. 11. 13. E., lat. 48. 43. N.
inces to the S. the dress . and habits of the French Jfeuhirg, a town of Bavaria, seated on the
are prevalent. Calvinism is the established flchwarsa, 19 m. E. S. E. of Amberg.
reliffion of the northern provinceg, the Roman JVeacAotean, a town of France, department of
CatWic that of the southern ; but there are no Voeges, seated in a soil fertile in com and good
political disqualifications on account of religious wine, on the river Mouse, 25 m. S. W. of
tenets Nancy.
The earliest accounts we have of the his- JVevdUUMic, a town of the Netherlands, in Lux
tory of this country, are from the Romans, by emburg, 16 m. S. W. of Bastogne and 30 W. N.
whom all the southern and central part was con- W. of Luxemburg.
ouered and called by them Belgium. After se- Jfeuckatel, or Jfeufchaidt a canton of Swttser-
veral political changes, the country came into the land, between the lake of Neuohatei and the bor-
nossessionofthe house of Burgundy, and by roar- ders of France. It is a hilly country,. and is wa*
riaffepassed to Maximilian of Auatria, father of tcred by several lakes and rivers. The soil is not
Charies V The latter united the 17 provinces equally fertile ; but there are large vineyards that
into one state : but the bigotry and tyranny of his Moduce white and red wine, of excellent quality,
son Philip II produced the separation of the 7 The pastures on the mountains feed a great num-
United Provinces. The other 10 however, con- her of cattle, and there are plenty of deer in the
tinned under the Spanish crown till 1702, when foreste. The inhabiUnteare Protestonte, except
Louis XIV obtained possession: but after the in the two districte of Landeron and Cressier,
batUeofRamillies, in 1706. the Netherhinds were where the Catholics are pr«»dominant. This dis-
brouirht under the power of the allies, and assign- trict, along with that of VaUengin, was formerly
ed to the Austrians by the peace of Utrecht In a separate pnncipahtv. On the death of the duch-
1741 the French under marshal Saxe recovered ess of Nemours, in 1707, the sovereignty was
what the preceding generaUon had lost; but at claimed by Frederic I. of Prussia, as heir to the
the peace of Aix-U-Chapelle the country was princeof Orange, and his right was acknowledg-
agairrestored to Austria. In 1792 the French ed by the states of the country , whoy privileges
overran the Austrian Netherlands : they were and alliances he confirmed. In 1806 Neuchatel
driven out of the country in 1793 ; but returned was ceded by the king of Prussia to the French
in 1794 and subdued every part of it; and in marshal Berthior. and the gnntwas confirmed by
1795 decreed it, with the territories of Liege and Naiwleon. In 1814 it was je-cned from this sub-
Upper Guelderland, an integral part of the jecUon, and the congress of Vienna acknowledg-
French republic. To this country they gave the ed it a Swiss canton, though the nominal sover-
name of Belgium, and divided it into 9 depart- eignty of Pruwia was preserved,
mente-.butin 1814, agreeably to the treaty of Par- Jfeuehaid, the capital of the above canton,i8sit.
IS thev evacuated aUthat part which formerly be. nate partly on the plain between the lake of
kmffed to Austria and Holland : and the 17 prov- Neuchatel and the Jura, and partlv on the side
mcM were united and formed into an mdependeni of that mountain. The chief article of exporta-
^^ tion is wine, produced from the neighbonnng
The above comprises tne description and vineyards and much esteemed ; and it has manu-
historvofthekingdomofUieNetherlandsasoraan- faotures of printed linens and cottons. 25 m. N.
ised in)815andasitremainedforl5yea« Jter- E.of Uusanneand25 W.ofBem. Long.7.0.E.
wards This kingdom no longer existe. The people lat. 47. 5. N. *„ ^
^BeUrium, or the southern part of the kingdom , JTeuekaid, a town of France, department of
never became oordiaUy reconciled to their union Lower Seine, noted for excellent cheese. 20 m.
with Holland, and various minor causes of dis- S. E. of Dieppe. . ._ . , •, . . «^
content served to augment their dislike to the ^ JV«»e*irtsf , a lake of Switxerland^ about 20 m.
ffovernment The revolution of the three days long and four broad. At the N E. extoemity it
at Paris set them the example of reaistence. On has a commumcaUon with the lake of Biel by a
the 2fith of August 1830 the populace of Brussels narrow ouUet. . ,„ _ v
rose in insurreSuon and hoisted the ancient flag AVaif «n, a town of Germany m Wurtemberg,
ofBrabant. Conflicte with the Duteh Jroops at- with a fortress called Hoheneuflen, 17 m. 8. £.
tended with terrible carnage followed, and ended ofStuttgard. --* , . .^ _., «-
with the formal separatio7of Belgium from Hoi- J^eukaut, a town of Bohemia, with a castle, 27
land. The crown of Belgium has been encces- «• E. by S. of Bechm. . . ,u j u
sively oferrd to the Du& of Nemoure, a son of ^^««*««, a town of Hanover, in the duchy
Louis Philippe, and Prince Leopold, but the af- of Bremen, near the mouth of the Oste. It was
fain of the country remain in so uncertain a once a place of great trade, but a sand bank
condition that nothing satisfactory can be stated arising in the harbour, at the entrance of the Oste
as to ite present situaUon or future prospeete. into the Elbe , it is now much less freouented. It
The population of the kingdom of the Nether- is 19 m. N. W. of Siade.
lands in IWW was 6,977,500. Belgium oom- AsuAoiisrf, a town of Hungary, seated in a
prised about 3 Sths of this number In 1831 a marshy plain, on the river Neitra. 43 m. l!.. S. B.
iensus of Holland gave 2,445j560. „,^ ^ ""^v'^S"?* . #«•« nf 0*rmi.n,r m Hi««i
J^culmrg, called also the Jfinagtt Pskttnate, J^eufMrckm, » town of ^J^7f "" J^
formeily a duchy of the German empire, but now CwiBel, on the nver Fulda, 32 m. S. 8. £. of Cas-
incorporatMl in the Bavarian eirelea of Upper eel. ^ P™.i« ««»wl««« -.r
Danube and Regen. Mmmagm, a town of the Prasnaa prorinee o'
urn; OS Jnw
LowOTlUiiAe,wmta4«BtiieBl0Mll#9l7». If.E. Jftniteait, a town of GcnMi^, is th»dMk/ U
«rTVevM. BroMwiek. with t eiwtle; leatod oa tha Imae,
Jtfhunmrk, t toim of BftTtria. wbevo the fVenob, 16 m. N. N. W. of Hanover,
ia 1796, met with the feat of thai osrieaof defeats AVMloil, a town of Gemany in Bavaria.at tho
whieh led to their retreat aoroM the Rhine. It ia eonflnz of the Abenst with the Danube, 16 m. E.
oealed on the Sols, 19 m. 8. E. of Naremborg. by N. of Ingoletadt
J^eumarky a town of Bayaria, on the river Roth, JfmMadt^ a town of Bavaria, with a castle, seat-
16 m. 8. £. of Landshnt od on the nyer Nab, 27 m. N. N. £. of Ambew.
J^eumark. a town of Aostrian niyria, in Car^ JfmuUtdif a town of the Austrian 8tates in Mo-
niola, 88 m. N. W. of Laabaeh. ravia, 10 m. N. W. of Olmuta.
^ettmarkei, a town of PruBsian 8ilesia near J^eutUidi, a town of Prussian Silesta, in the
which, at the villa^ of Leathen, the Prussians principality of Oppeln, with manu&etoree of lin*
gained a decisive victory over the Austrians in en and woolen, and a trade in wines ; sealed on
1757. 90 m. W. by N. of Breslau. the Prudnitx, 14 m. 8. E. of Neiase.
^eurode, a town of Prussian 8i]eMa ia the JVsiisfeib, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of
county of Glatz, on the river Wolitx, 10 ra. N. N. Pilsen, 35 m. W. by 8. ef Pilsen.
W. of Olats. JVkasfair, a town of Bohemia 13 m. N. E. of
^emae, a river of N. Carolinia. which enters Konigiagrats.
Pamlico Sound below Nenbem, where it is a mile JVsiuCaA, a town of Westphalia, in the couaty
and a half broad. of Mark, 50 m. £. 8. E. of Dnsseldorf.
JfeuMlix. a strong town and fortress of Hanga* JVotttedfef, a town of fioheaiia.66 m. N. E. of
rv, fi>rmerly callecT Peterwardeia 8ehans. It ia Prague.
the see of a Greek bishop, and stands on the Dan- Jmutadtd^ town of Hungary^ on tlie Waag,
nbe, opposite Peierwardem in Sclavonta. 5dm. N. N. £. of Pvesburg.
JfeundUr, a lake of Hungary, 26 m. long aad JV«vi»S«,atowa ofFraBce,departnieBtof Loiiet,
10 broad, and 16 8. 8. W. of Piesburg. It u al- 11m. N. N. E. of Orleans,
most surrounded by fens. In its vicinity is the Jf^mnliB^ a town of Switaerland 9 m. N. E. of
castle of Esterhaxy, said to rival the pafause of Neaehatol.
Versailles in pomp. JfeumlU. a township of Cumberland Co. Pa.
Jfeutolf a town of Hungary, and a biahop'a see. JfemwUdf a town or Westphalia, capital of the
with aa old castle, in which is a church, covered lower couaty of Wied, with a fiae castle ; seated
with copper. Ia the adjacent moantaina are ex- on the Rhine, 7 m. N. W. of Coblenti.
tensive copper miaes. It is seated oa the Graa, Jfava, a river of Russia, which issues Irom Lake
32 m. N. by £. of Bchemaitx. Lad^g&i A**'' ^ Petetsbarg, whese it divides iato
JftuHadtf a towa of Austria, with a castle, aad several braaehes, aad enters the gulf of Finland,
an arsenal. It has the staple nght over all goods 8 m. W. N. W. of Halle in Buabia.
coming from Italy, and stands on the frontiers of JVewrn, a village of Wales, in Pembrokeshire,
Hungary, 28 m. 8. by W. of Vienna. Long. 16. noar a river of the same name, 2 m. N. £. ol New-
18. £., lat. 47. 50. N. port. In the churchyard stands a square stone,
Jfeustadi, a town of Bavaria, in the circle of 13 fipet high and two broad ; the top is ciienlar,
Lower Maine, formerly the capital of the Lower charged with a cross, and all the sides are carved
part of the principality of Bayreoth, with a castle, with anol-work of various patterns.
The library belonging to the church contains JVteers, a town of France, capital of the depart-
many curiosities. It stands on the river Aiscb, ment of Nievre, and a bishop's see. It is buytin
32 m. E. 8. E. of Wurtzburg. Long. 10. 43.'E., the form of an ampliitheatre, and contains several
lat. 49. 38. N. fine buildings. Tne chief manuftctufeoaie china,
Jfmulmdtf a town of the Bavarian circle of Lower ^>fM, and worlm of enamel. It is seated on the
Maine, formerlh
seated on the 8
ftirt. ' ofMoulias.
^nutadi, a towa of Wurtemberg, sealed oa the JVsetOsviUe, p. v. Clermont Co. Ohio.
Kocher, 12 m. N. N. E. of Heilbroa. Jftna, one of the Leeward Carribee Islands, ia
Jfhutadtffi' townof 8axoay, in Meissea, capi- the W. ladies, divided from the £. end of St.
tal of a circle of the same name. It has a castle, Christopher hj a narrow channel. It has bnt one
two churches, and a mine office , and on a moua- mouataia, wmeh is ia the middle, veiy high, and
tain near it is another castle called Amshaug. It covered with large trees op to the top. Here is
*s seated on the Oris, 46 m. 8. 8. W. of Leipsig. a hot bath, much of the same aatnie as those of
Long. 11. 49. B., lat. 50.46. N. Bath, in £ngbnd. It is a small ishmd, but verv
J^etutadij a town of Prussia, in the province of fluitral, and subject to the English. Cfaarlestott
Brandenborg. Here are extensive breweries, and is the capital, on the 8. W. side, defended by a
manufactures of cloth and cutlery. It stands on Ibtt. Long. 02. 50. W., lat 16. 10. N.
the Finow canal, 31 m. N. E. of Bertin. Asotsmk, p.t Bollivan Co. ^. T. Pop. 1^68.
Jfeustadtf a town of Brandenburg, in the mark Jfetumk mlU, a few low eminences on the coast
of Pregnitx, celebrated for ito manuAetare of of New Jersey, a little to the Booth of Sandy
plato-gTass; seated on the I>osse, 8 m. E. N. S. Hook, which are distinguishable oa account of the
of Havelharg. flatness of the ooaatry arouad them.
JfeiuUuU, a towa of DeanMrk, ia the doehy of «Mhmi, er JVeism, a towa of Wales, ia Caemar-
Molrtetn, with a eaatle, and a spacious haihoar en vonsfaire. Here Edward I., in 1284, held his
the Baldc. It Buffered greatly feom iie in 1617. triumph on the ooaqnost of Wales. It is seated
20 m. N. by E. of Lubeo. Long. 10. 9^. £., kt. on 8t. George's Channel, 21 m. 8. by W. of Ga«r-
M. la N. aarvsQ and 240 W.^N. W. of London.
Mhuiadt, a town ef Germany, m llto gnad Jfem Fbnttt^m. forsst m Hampahire, ^w .^etweoa
duchy of Meckleaburg-Bchwena, with a castle. SmsthampUaa wateraad the nver J^wmk, It is 90
17 a. 9: ^ aahwefia m. ia]eagth,aadl5iahreadtk ItwaaafiboMtod
lowa or TBe bavarian cirete ot JLower Pf^i >^* woras or enamel, it is seated on the
rly in the principality of Wurtaburg, Loire, at the influx of the Nievre, over which is a
Saale, 16 m. N. by E. of Sehwein- handsome bridge of 20 aiehes. 30 m. N. N. W.
NEW Sir NJSW
by WilUam the ConqoAror, and was than 10 m. ping, with 90,000 additional in other 6aherieeand
longer than it ie now. Hia aon William Rofua eoasttni;. Here are 10 charchea, 3 banks, 3 m
was killed in this foreat by an arrow, shot by aurance offices, and 7 manufactories of spermaceti
Walter Tyrrel, that accidentally glanced againat candles. In the neighboarhood are large salt
a tree, the site of which is now pointed out by a works which make annually above 600,000 bush
triangular stone. Several considerable towns and els. Pop. 7,592.
villages are now included in the forest. JVev Bedford^ p.v. Mercer Co. Pa. 15 m. S. W.
JVeie River ^ an artificial river of England, origi- Mercer; p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 00 m. N. £.
nally brought from Amwell, in Hertfordshire, to Columbus.
Islington, for the supply of the metropolis with JVeio Berlin, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. Pop.
water. It was finished in 1613, bv Sir Hugh Mid- 3,643 ; p.v. Union Co. Pa.
dleton, a citiien of London, who expended his JVew^^ni, p.t. Craven Co. N. C. is the largeat
Whole fortune in. the undertaking. It has since town in North Carolina. It is seated upon the
been carried up to a spring near Hertford, called Neuse, 30 m. above its entrance into Pamlico
Chadwell, where the stream is also increased by Sound. The river is navigable to this place, and
a cut from the river Lea. The river, with all its secures it a considerable commerce in the expor-
windings, is 42 m. in length, and is under the tation of flour, naval stores and lumber. It was
management of a corporation called the New once the seat of government for the state. Pop,
Kiver Company. 3,776.
JVeio Year Harbour^ a good harbour on the N. JVetoftsni, p.v. Montgomery Co. Va.
coast of Staten Land. Long. 64. 11. W., laL 54. NewbemmUe, p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y.
49. 8. ^ewlterry, a District of S. Carolina. Pop. 17,
JVei0 Year Islands, small islands in the S. Pa* 441. Also a p.t. capital of this district, 40 m. N.
cific. near New Year Harbour, the resort of vast W. Columbia ; p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. ; p.v* Ly*
numbers of slions, seals, and a species of vulture, coming Co. Pa. and a villa^ in Christian Co. Ken.
JVeio Alhanyj p.t. Floyd Co. Indiana, on the J^ewnggen, a fishinff town in Northumberland,
Ohio. 4 m. below Louisville. Also a village in Eng. situate on the N. side of a bay to which it
Bradford Co. Pa. give name. 7 m. E. of Morpeth.
Jfew Alexandria, "^.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. and Jfewbormuth, or Garey, a town of Ireland, in the
a town of Columbiana Co. Ohio. county of Wexford, 25 m. N. bv £. of Wexford.
JVei0 AmsltrdaMy a town of South America, in Asio BasUm, p.t. Hillsborou|^ Co. N. H. 17 m.
Guiana, the capital of Berbice. It stands on the S. Concord. Pop. 1,680 ; p.v. Madison Co. N. Y.
river Berbice near its mouth. Jfew Bowrbom^ a village in St. Genevieve Co*
Aeao Anirim, p.t. Orange Co. N. Y. 34 m. N. Missouri.
W. New York JVeio Braintree, p.t. Worcester Co. Msm. 18 m.
JVaioarJk, a borc«igh in Nottinghamshire Eng. N. W. Worcester. Poo. 825.
with a good trade in malt, corn, and coals, manu- JVsio Britain, a townanip of Bucks Co. Pa.
factures of coarse linens and lace, iron and brass Aew BromumlU, a town in \^%yne Co. Ohio,
founderies, extensive roperies. &jc. Gvpeum of Jfew Brunswick, p.t. Middlesex Co. N. J. on the
a superior quality is found in the neig^hbourhood. Raritan, 30 m. N. £. Trenton and 36 S. W. New
It is seated on the Trent, over which is a bridge, York. It stands at the head of aloop navigation
120 m. N. by W. of London. with a considerable trade in flour and grain. Pop
JVetoarik, a town of Upper Canada, on the W. 7^1. Rutgers College at this place was founded
side of the river Niagara, at its entrance into Lake in 1770. It has 6 instnicters and 70 atudents.
Ontario, and opposite the town and fort of Niagara, A«io Brunswick, See Brunswick,
27 m. N. by E. of Fort Erie. Jfewkurg, p.t Orange Co. N. Y. on the Hudson
JVetoarft, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. on the Psssaio, 84 m. S. Albany, and 70 N. New York. Pop.
9 m. W. New York. Pop. 10,953. This town is 6.424. It is finely situated on the side of a hill
regularly and handsomely built^ and has consider- close to the river, and has considerable tiade.
able m&nufactures. The river is navigable to the Jfewburgk, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, witli
sea for vessels of 80 tons. The neighbourhood a good harbour on the frith of Tay. Here the
r duces excellent cider. Also & P-t. I^i^* Co. large vesseb belonging to Perth unload their iroode
Y. Pop. 1,029; p.v. Ontario Co. N. i; p.t. into lighters. The pnncipal manufacture is unen.
Newcastle Co. Del. 14 m. S. W. Wilmington; 10 m. B. £. of Perth.
p.v. Worcester Co. Maryland ; p.v. Louisa Co. Jfewburgk, a town of Wales, in the isle of An-
Va. 25 m. N. W. Richmond ; p.t. Licking Co. glesey, 2^ m. N. W. of London.
Ohio. Pop. 1,912. Jfewbury, a town in Berkahire, Eng. its manu-
Jfewark Bay, lies N. of Staten Island and com- ftcturea of druggets, shalloons, and broad cloths,
municates with Newark harbour on the E. and formerly very extensive, are greatlv declined ;
the ocean on the S. but a considerable trade is eirried on by meana of
JVeio Afford, t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 20 m. N. the Kennet and Avon Canal Here are 65 alma-
Lenox. Pop. 1^. houses. Two battles were fovghi near this town
JVeio Athens, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio. Here is between Charles I. and the parliament in li^
a seminary called Franklin College, founded in and 1644. It is seated on the kennet, 4ti m. 8.
1824. It has 3 instnicters and 40 students. Also of Oxford and 66 W. of London,
a p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. JVhofricnf. a township in Penobscot Co. Me. Pop.
Jfew Baltimore, p.t. Green Co. N. Y. on the 626; p.t Cuyahoga Co. Ohio. Pop. 869.
Hudson, 18 m. below Albany. Pop. 2,370. Also JfewBurUngkm, p.v. Hamilton Co. Ohio,
a p.v. Fauquier Co. Va. Newbury, p.t. Onmge Co. Vt. on the Conneeti-
J^ew Barbadoes, a township of Bergen Co. N. J. eut, 30 m. S. £. Montpelier. Pop. 2,253 ; p.t Essex
JVsio Bedford, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. with a good Co. BAass. at the mouth of the Merrimack, 32 m.
barbour on Buzxards Bay. It enjoys an active N.E. Boston. Pop. 3,803; towns in York Co. Pa.,
oommeroe and is largely engaged in the whale Geauga and Miami Cos. Ohia
fbhery, in which it employs lO/MX) tOM of aiup- JfomkmrfpoH^ p.t EsMZ Co. Msm. oa tht M«r
liMiaea neu itii montk. It m «De of tbs band-
■DioeM towna in the United St&tM, uid ii built on
ft ■lopinv buk of the tiver, with ragulu ilreeta
«Bd huidw)tne hoiuei. It eitendt 4 m. tiomg th*
riTjer, 4nd hu T ehardiM, S buih*, 9 laiunuoe
i^cu,aiid2newipapcn. AnelegantchtinbridM
crMMs the river fnim the coutre of tiie tawa._ It
hid forsKrl; ■ very mctive commetee, bat it is
now much declined. A fire in IBll deitiojvd be-
tween two uid three hundred baildinp in the
nioet compeet put of the town, end the e^t itill
remeiue in nuu. Ship boildiaa ii cuned on
here, with 10100 Weet IndiK eniT coeeLinf trade
end fiiherie*. Here ii eleo e mannfactara of
heeierj. The tomb of WhiteGeld the ««lebt«l*d
preioher mej be seen in the Federel elreet church
in Ihie town, where hedied in 176a. Newbonport
ia 3«i m. N. E. BoeUa, 24 N. Baleut, 9t S. W.
FoTtaroouth. LaL 43. 49. N., long. 70. 47. W.
Pop. 6,3Be.
)fta C^nau, p.t. Fairfield Co. CODII. 77 m. 8.
W. Hertford. Pop. 1,836.
JV%» Coniini, p.T. Buokingbam Co. Vs. end
Hewkioe Co. Ten. -
JftaeatUt, a town of Wale*, in Caennaitlien-
Airc. It bad a fine ceetle, now in mine ; end ia
eeated on the Ti*7, 339 m. W. N. W. of London.
jVeiecaje/i, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Dublin, 10 m. Vf. S. W. of Dublin.
JfneeatUt itiuler Lftat, a borongh in StaSbrd-
■hire, Kn^. with a eoneiderable mann&cture of
haU. The throwing of eilk i* a Teiy coneideia-
Ue brKneh of trade, and here are aleoaeotton mill,
Unaeriee, mall conceme, &c„ end in the neigh-
bourhood ere »me iron worka. The TiUaiea
around are entire); ooeupied with the Eunuue-
turea of porcolein, atone-ware, &c. The prioci-
p*i etreeta ere broad, well paved, and lifhled with
*u, end kha nnera] aspect of the town ia mnch
improved of late yeera. It etande on a branch of
the Trent, 15 m. N. b; W. of Slaffard and
H9N. N- W. of London.
3tttixaxl)t vfK lyu, a borough and a«a-port
in Northumberland, Eof. It ia aituale alnons
■teep hilla on the Trne, which iahere ■ fine and
deep river, so that ehipe of 300 and 400 tone bur-
den ma; eafelir come up to the town, though the
large C(41iere on eUlioued at Shields. The ha-
ven is so secure that vesaels, when ihej have
pHiMlT;neinouth Barare in no danger either
from itorme or ahallowe. The town rises on the
N, bank of the river, where the streeU upon the
■scent ere eieeedingly steep. Many of the hooii-
ei are built of atone ; but soue of timber, and the
rest of brick. Throufrh this town went part of
the wall which extended from lea to lea, and was
built bj the Romans to defend the Britons against
(he incmsions of the Picts, after alt their trained
yodth had been drawn from the kingdom Vo re-
erail the armies of their oooqaerora. The cartle,
which is old and roinoua overlooks the whole
town. The exchange, chnrebes, and olba pob-
lic buiTdin^, are elegant ; and the quay for land-
ing goods IS long and large. Here are a SOT-
geou^a hall ; a large hnapilal, built by the oootri-
bntlon of the korlinen, for the maintainanoe of
the poor of their ftatemity; and acTcral oharlta.
ble fonndations. Newcastle is litnaled in the
eentre of the eoltieries, which have fas eentn-
rks supplied London, all the eastern, and most of
the midland and sootbem parts of the kingdom
with ooal. 1%is trwle has been the source of
fr«at opulence to Newcastle, which, beaidee, el
fNta kvia ^^Mtilies oTtsad, salt, Mfaoea, koltH,
hemp, &«., fiom the Baltic and Norway. Bhipa
are sent hence to the Greenland Gsheiy. It alio
Cissesees manufacture! of steel, iron, and woo-
n cloth ; and in the town and vicinitj
are several glase-houses. The £nl chattel
which waa granted to the townsmen ittt dia>
ging ooal was by Henry lU., in 1339; but, ui
1303, the use of coal for fuel was pnhibiled in
Londoo, by royal proclamation, chieSy becanae
it injnred the nle of wood for fuel, great quanti-
ties of which were then growing about that city ,
but this interdiction did not km< oontinna, and
we may eouidei ooal as having been dug and ez .
ported fVom this place fbr more than wO years.
A handsome stone bridge of ninearobes oonaeet*
this town with the ancient bonngfa of Gateshead.
It was erected in 1781, in place of the old on*
which was carried away by an eztraordinaty flood
in 1771. Newcastle was visited bythe pestilcB-
tialchoIeraialSSl. It is 373 N . by W. of Londoo.
Long. 1. 14. W., Ut 54, 57. N.
A^BcajtJa, a county of Delaware. Pop. 39,710,
the capital la
/fMsnuais, lennerlj the seat of govenmant of
Delaware. It is aeated opm the Delaware, 34 m
8. of Philadelphia. It has aome Inde in Baar.
itaecatOt, aX. Uoooln Me. Pop. 1,644; t.
Rockingham Co. N. H. 2 " "^ "- '
OreU laland in the Fian .
Hareei Co. Pa., Hanover ai.
and Henry Co. Kentucky.
Aae CAarfeKoH., p.t. Penobnx>t Co. He.
Jft» Ckaur, p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. Pop. 1,098.
Jttaxo^, p.v. Preble Co, Ohio.
JfiBfmerttaam, p,r, Tuv^arawas, Co. Ohio.
Jfais Cmcord, p.v. Columbia Co, H, T.
A'swI>w*aB,LBtnflbrdCo.N.H. Fop.l,IG}.
Jtae Egyft, p.T. Monmouth Co. N. J.
Iftitdiguu, a village of £i>g. in BumTiSm. S
E. of Dorking, In the E. part of this nlhge is a
medicinal spring, of the same oatnie aa that ol
liulofthe Cherokee Indi,
. le Coosa, in the northwest-
ern pert of Georgia, Here ia a newspaper pnb-
liahed in English and Cherokee.
JVmt Engtimd, the name applied to the north-
eastern puts of the American Union, compriaing
the Btatas of Maine, New Uampahire, Vermont,
i. 2 m. E. Fortamonth on
Maasachnsetts, Rhode laland, and ConneclicQt
Thiatetrilory eitendsfrom41. to47.a). N. let
and from 66. 49. to 73. 46, W. long, and Ubooad-
edN, W,andN,hy C»n»da,E.by New Bnms-
wiek and the Ocenn : S. by the Ocean and W. by
New York It enntaina shout 63,000 m. H.
Tki iiiifiM of the eoontiy is infinitely vuiM, M
... .... , nfani eitanaii
ni irhiBh m»j he •ooMdenil i
Ermuoba* of tbe eraat AMluhii
u« the Whit*, Qnmi ud Tagkw
which let. RiT«n aid iibkIi itfcuu
daat, rniii f*w coantrita in >hc wtwM
watend i the UrgtH ue the Conneclicut, Pe-
nobtcot, Meirioudt, KfoikIifc, Aadraacoggin,
and Sue. The olinatit eihibita ^it eitremn
orheat ■ndaold. In iB«t porta the ^aod ii
oovered with idow far aerarBl months in irinlet,
c Mountaina
> bn\at
tt aaila are itodj, and on the whole the coantrv
caiuatpMtaUjr be called fhrtibt. Notwitfaitand-
ing thia, no part of the United Stale* ii ao well
cDltiTaUd, and the akill and indoitry of the ?(ew
EnglaDd taraion ban made the countrj; IJkp a
niden. The Taiiool totictea of caltiration will
be feand annniMMed under the head* of the mt
eial alateH Cattle are raieed in great nnmben
no part of the country ofitn inot mzin« lanib.
Oraai and dmIm *m IIm ataple ptaduetNoa in d
New Enrland ]> the mort denielt ]leo»led
■Pctinn of (He Unileil Blaise, and haa been &r
chief nuraerv IVom which the wcatern ilates were
penpled. TTie (jreater portion of (he coinnem
of the Union, and nearlj all the fiiberiea, an mt-
rifd on bj the ihippiny of New England. A
apiril of adTenlure, aotivitj, zeal uuf (breaurhl
nreohsracterirticoflhe peoule. Tbay are ia-..
niiiis.inqTii<itivt,»hrewd,c«lculating,peTievemj
nnd trdtistrioui. The nopulnliim t* honogeaaDoe
and almoit eolirely of Engli.hdeacenl. The aetUe-
ment of the Purilaoi at Plvmoulh in MaMaobw
■rlta wu the foandation of*]! Uie New EnglMd
[ica, fornini
if which tkepromantorTorAlaakaiitbeS.bonv-
dar*. ItwaidiKoTaredbjCookinlTTS. Lon».
iOLM. W.,lat.58.43, N.
Jfttciat, ■ tai#D in Gkiuceatenhire, Enr,, leat
ed on a branch of the Severn, B m, N, W. of
aWcntsr and 113 W. N. W. of London.
^mfnmdUnd, an idand on the E. coatt of N.
Americs between 47. and SH. N. hL It waa dia-
OOTered by Sebaatina Cabot in H96 ; uid aiW
manv diapulea with the Trench it waa ceded to
the Enffliah inlTl:'. lu form i« triangular; the
N. poini ia aeparalid from Labrador br the atrait
of fielliale, and from thia apex it ia 350 m. in
length to Uiebaae, which ia 300 in breadth. It ia
■ mounlairoua, woody country, and very cold, be-
ing oOTerrd with anow five month) in (he year.
Tlie aetdemenli of the Britiah are chiefly confin-
ed to (he harboun, the country near I'lacentia,
KDd along the bava G. towarda Cape Raw and
hence to Cape Buena Vista. In (he &hiog aea-
son, which begini in May and enda in September
it ia reaorted to by at least 100,01)0 people, on ac-
coDnt of the great fiahing-banlia to the 8. E. of the
ialand ) for here they cure the cod, which is car-
ried not onlv to England, hut to (he Meditem-
neanand the W. Indies. Within a few jean
Newfoundland haa rapidly incresaed in popula-
tion and indualry. In I78i) the number of inhabi-
Unts waa H&.OOO; it ia now eatimated at 75,000
Tba cutting dowti of wood atill fnmiahes a large
portion of employment during the winter : the
amalleat kind uaed for fiwi, M dnwn by their
large don trained up and hameaaed for that par-
poae. There ia great plenty ofguue Gah and
fowl, but Tery liltle corn, fruit, or cattle.
JV™ FmrfieU, t. Fairfield Co. Conn. Pop.
053. "
Jfta/aiu, p.t. Windham Ca Vt, Pop. 1,441.
^VulUd, p.L York Co. Me. Pop. 1,20; p.t.
Toniklna, do. N. Y. Pop. 2,064.
.fca Gardai, (owns in Cheater Co. Pa , Rob
inaon Co. N. C, Columbiana Co. Ohio., and
Wayne Co. Indiana.
Jfea Geaaa, p,». Fayette CSt. Pa.
^rl^e Gtrmantoaa, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
JVrw Glasgote, p.t. Amberat Co. Va.
Aeu GiUtard, p.v. Move Co. N. C.
Jftte aioacerter, p.t. Cumbeilasd Co. He.
JVtKi (TiMAeiubnMr, p.v. HontgosKry Co. Pa.
JVw CronUana, t. Cheahire Co. N. H.
AVio GvUford, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio.
.Veas Hftritmim, p.t. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio.
JVaw BmmbuTg, p.v. UdgeSeld Dis. S. C.
JKne BamfMn, one of the New England
States, bounded N. by Lower Canada ; E. by
Maine , S. by Haasacbnaelts and W. by Vennom
U extends from 42. 41. to 45. 11. N. lat. snd from
70. 40. (o -n. 38. W. long., 168 m. in length from
N. to 3. tMi 9U in bnadtli; cooloining 9 491 aq
"•''- '^'•■- — ■- ■- inland with th* emeption df
milea. Tbii
I of aea-coaat on the easL It is ti
froan H. to S. bj a chain of mountaina called the
White Hounttin range. The name of the White
MoantaiuB ia more Btnetly applied to the eleratioBS
in the northern part of the state, which are the
higheat moonlaina in the United Statea, east of
the Miwriaaippi. flee (fStfo Mmaituitu. Farther
wiadi, thia n.m piesenle some high eminences,
a* MosadtKck, Kearaatge and Mooshelock.
Thia is the moat monntaiDons ata'd in the nnioa
and for ila great rariety of has-jtiflil scenery has
bean nUed the Switierland ri' America. Hardli
any of Ike s«tfa«e (s »na eaespi a amiU toMt
«poa the e«ut The itTMini which water thi*
■tUe >re numeroiu. The Connccticat wuhes the.
whole weetem bouoduy : the Heitimack riae*
. J !.__ .1 ,j. p^^ uc jjj count within
the boTdeiB cf the riTCn it ii ttij lieh. Tb«
mooDtainaoi tr*eli effiird fooA pMtnnfe. Th«
■rtielei of culture we D ~'
Thel
Q thia H
Ml into Maiae. The PUcataqua i> the onlj
■idenble stream wbich b«lonn wholly to New
Hampahire. Haay beautiful takea an acattered
•bout in different parts and aiipplj' the numeiDoi
riren with their water Tbe laigeat ii Winipiaio-
gee which Sows into the Memmacli it la above
20 milea lonf and 10 wide, and exhibita aome of
the moat delightful wenerj id the world. Bee
ffuuftnoga The othera are Sqnam, Sonapee
barle;, flai, potaiooa and puUe. Haj if prodne
abundantly. Cattle, and the prodacta of the del.,
forn importantarticleioraiportation. Domeatic
taoTthe dai^
•^
maaufactnrea are comnioa in all parta, and there
are tar^ manaiactaring eatabliahmenta at Dorer
and Bomersworth. Mnt of the export trads m
to tbe atatea oT Maine and Haaaacht '
foreign imports in 1898 amounted to I ,
lara ; the eipwta of domestic produce to 115,947
dollaia ; the shippinf amounted to 26,953 tone
The fiabeiiea employ 60 or 70 aail, and l^e about
40,000 quintal! of cod and pollock, and 6,000 bar-
rata of mackerel yearly. Portsmouth ■• the only
aea-poK, eieept a few small cores farfiahinircr
The Itles of'Shoali, r-'--' - - "
J craft.
I Set, lie upon thia
New Hampshire is divided into 6 counties, and
SSOlcwDs. The capital is Coocord. The other prin-
cipal towpa are Fortsmoalh, Eieter, Dover, Am- .
hfliat, Haverhill, Hanover, Keeoe and Char leatown
The popnlation of the lUte ia 369,533. The lee-
iilatare conalaU of a BsDale lod Hauas of Rcpre-
sentativsSgtbe membera of which are choaen jearlr
aa weU aa the Governor and executive connciL
Eleclioos are popular and snffraffe ia uuivenal.
..;„- ;- .11 .J :j, leligioQ ; no citixea
KDt,Jor the support
c Con-
winter, and furioos winds prevail among the
monntaini ; in the northern part, the snow lies
till Hay. The aumoier and antomn are plaaaaut,
and throughout tbe year the fair daya are to the
cloudy aa three to one.- A ^at part of the atale
is covered with forests which furoiib abuodanl
supplies of timber such aa oak, msple, beech,
hemlock, walnnt, white piDe,fir, elm, cherry, aah,
poplar, hornbeam, birch, locuat, Ac. The sugar
maple is one of the moat valuable Ireea iu the
world. It growl here sometimes to the diameter
of 6 or 6 feet. In the spring Iha trunk ia tapped
a fb* feet from the ground and the aap drawn
out ; this ia practiaed only for a aeaaon of 4 or 6
weeks, when the ti^ea are frozen at night and
thawed in tbe day : at no other time will the sap
run freely. When the bud* gwell, tbe >ap ceaaeg
■ to How. The liquor ii then simply boiled down
and poured into paaa where the sugar crystallizea.
Jlons of sap in a
iseaaon. In thia
adjommg parts of Vermont the
mannf^tnre of this sugar is carried on to a eon-
(iderable extent.
The mineral produota are iron, copper, plnmba-
go, mangaoese, soapstone, and limealone. Hia
' " eeptible oTcoltiTatioB, and m
8 ; the Calviniatic B _
Uata 51; the Chriat-ians 17; the Method ista Hi
the Quakers 16 ; the Univcnalisla SO ; the Sha-
kera S and the Bandemanians 1. Education re-
ceives great care ; commoit acboola are supported
br law. The larger Seminariea are Dartmonth
C5ollege at Hanover and Phillip* Academy a:
£xeler. New Hampshire was first aettted at
Dover and Purtimouth in 16^ It was for a
time a part of Maasachuselti, but faaa been a
distinct government aince 1741. The pre^nt
conatitution waa established in 1793.
JVne HampUM, t. StraSord Co. N. H. on the
Merrimack, 30 m. shove Concord. Pop. 1,904-
p.t. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 40 m. N. W. New
Jfew Hanover, a eouDty of North Carolina.
Pop. 10,759. Wilmington is the capital. Also a
towBahip of Montgomery Co. Pa.
Kae Harmtmu, or Harmony, a town in Poaey
Co, in the Bouth-weatem comer of Indiana, on
the Wabash, formerly the seat of the Harmonista,
under the German Kapp, and moit recently, of
the ooH>peralivea under Owen of Lanark. Tbe
fbtmer eatahlishment was removed to Economy,
which aes, and the latter baa been abandoned.
Jftu Hartford, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 39 n>.
N. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,766; alio a viUage in
Oneida Co. N. T. 4 m. W. Utica; it ia neatly
bnilt, and anrrounded with many handaome conn-
}<aB Bavm, a town in Susaei, Eng, near the
mouth of the Ouae, with a amall hartiour, 57 m.
fhiD London, also a amall town iu Scotland, on
tbe Frith oTFoith, 1 m. W. Leith.
JVne HattH, [
. AddiH
Co. Vl c
go, manganese, si
MU la generally n
Otter
. . ; p.t. Oswego Co. N. T. on Lali*
Ontario. Pop. 1,410; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio ; p.v
Hamilton Co, Ohio; p.v. Gallatin Co. Illinola.
JVmir Harm, a county of Connecticut. top
43glB.
New Haven ia the capital.
bMHj eitr. tb* c«|iilal of th* ■!
NEW H
\j ODd j> inllj Oitli Hartford, tka aeat of eoT'n-
m«nl far ConnscUeqt, itandi on ■ ba; opeaiog
inlo Long Inland Souod. It oceapiei ■ low utu-
Ktlaa. lurroundcd bj bill*, ind u regulirly and
handHmel; built. The atieptj are wide and
com ni odium, and tbe genera] aspect of the town
i) neat and elegant. In the cenlre ii a large
rquare planted with treei and fronted b; the
buckwheat and garden itufiitra be cniaf uticlei
af culliTalion ; conaiderable namben of oattla are
railed far exportation. The foreign commerce i>
carried on principally through tbe porta of New
York and Philadelpliia. The importa directly
inlo the sUle amounted in 1829 to 7eit,247 dollan;
i^rti of domeatic produce to 6,0Si3 dollar*;
e of income to the gtate : there a
table oyster beds which are produi
re some mines of copper and iroi],bL
""'■ '''^ ■' Tiineralj. Flouriahing ii
hat*, a hoes, leather.
State Hoiue, the eollegi
ehurehea and other Gne iIi
• of the fineat public pi
ictutei, conitiluling
,cee in the country.
e bandtomeit build-
The Bute Hi
ing* in the United Slalei
Yale College, at this pi
It ha* 15 inatructer* and 346 aladenti. The lib-
larie* hare 17,500 Tolumei, and the collection of
mineral* ia the beat in the country.
I* founded in
;X,„
■ laboritoTj and an otxemtory
the Tower of the Wioda at Alhen*. A law
■chool i* connected with the college. There are
S Tkcationi iu January, Hay and September, of
13 weekii. Commencement ia in Beptember.
New Haren haa conaiderable comtnerce, and
its trade with tbe interior is asaiiled by the Far-
mington Canal, which eilenda from thi* place
northward into M*i*w:baMtto. Il is in lal. 41.
18. N., long. 72. C6, W., 76 m. K. E. New York. 34
8. W. Hartf— ■ "" ° "' - "
Jfne Hopt
, p.L Bucki Co. Pa. on
Trenton ; p.t. Wavne
CoN, C;
Iflni
Spartanburg Dia, S. C. ; p.v, Hant
tfoB Ibma, p.T. St. Martin'* Pariah, Lou.
JVVxiinfCtm, p.t. Rockingbam Co. N, H. 5 m.
N. W. Portsmouth, Pop. £49,
ffta ]piuiw\, p.l. Hillsborough Co. N. H. (8 m.
S. W. Amherst. Pop. 1,673
JVnie Jeriea, one of Ibe United States, bounded
N. by New York, E. by the ocean, S, by Dela-
ware Bay and W, by Penngylvania. It extends
from 39. to 41. S4. N. lit. and from 74. to 75. 39.
W. long. It i* 163 m. long from N. to S. and
)iO m. in aTerafe breadth, and contain! 8,300 sq.
niile*. A small portion in the North is mountain-
oui. bat ths greater part of the stale ia level, and
the •outbem portion is aflat aandy allOTJon, in
some pari* marshy, but in general barren or pro-
dacing only «hrub oaks and pine*. The Dela-
ware waahes the whole western limit of the stale,
and a part of the eastern bonndiry lies upon the
Hudion. The other river* ate the Raritan, Pai-
nic, Haekensack and Great Erg Harbour. Tbe
pjimite is milder than in the alhoining itatea of
New York and Fennsylvanii, and nearly the
whole state liea open to the sea air. The *oil of
the northern part is good, both for a|[rtcultura
and ffraiing. Fruit ia abnudanl; the apple or-
cburda are very nuinerau* and produce fptAX
<]>iantiti« of eioelteul cider. Wheat, rye,mniie,
Ividedinlo 13 eountiel and 120
, Princeton, New
arit, Eliiabclhtown and Amboy. The legida-
tuie, coniiala of i council and a House ofAisem-
bly, the membera of which are choaen yearly.
The governor i) chosen yearly by the legislature.
Vetera mu<t be reiidentone year and poues* a
properly of 50 pound*. The moat numeroua reli-
gious aecl are the Preabyterians, who have Hj
churche* ; the Reformed Dutch have 28, the B»p-
tiit 34, and the Episcopalians SO ministers. The
state baa a school fund yielding a yearly reve-
nue of 23,000 dollan. There are colleges at Prince.
Ion and New Brunswick. This stale is traversed
br teveral canala and railroad*. The Merrit
C^uieitendi from the Hudaon at Powlea-Hook
oppoaila New York to Easlon on Ibe Delaware, 94
m, : ithaaariieand fall of 890 feet by means of
lock* and inclined plane*, at which the boat* are
drawn up by machinery. It paaae* by the town*
of Newark, Paleraon, and Dover, and croaaea Fas-
*atc and Pomplon rivers by aqnedueta, ' The
Delaieart and Raritan Camd will eilend from the
Delaware at Lamberlon belotv Trenton, to New
I the Rarilan, ^
Tiir PttterMOK and Hadian Rittr Railroad, will
paia from Paleraon to Jersey cily, on the Hudaon,
14 m. Two other railroad* are proiecti'd, iho
Hat Jttsey and the Eli^elAloan and Samtrrilte
Railroads
, »aa first selUed by the Dines at
Bergen, oppoaite New York, in 1634 ; the Dutoh
aftorwardi m " ^ " "'""
ttviHi>MdIn> Uie Engtiifa in 1664. Elinbeth-
■ " — -"^ by them in 1665. The |[OT*ro.
mi for a lime diTHled into Eut andWeit JvrieT.
Al the leTolutinn i tingle go*eiiinienl wu eslab-
liibed which fau continoed to the pruenl dajr.
The conatitDtion wufonned in ITiU
JfewKait.t. eountjoTthe E. district of Virgin-
it. Pop. 6,457-
JfoB LdMoiM, p.T. Coiumbl* Co. N. Y. 34 m.
S. E. Atbtmy, oeu the Manuhiuelti line. It ii
inhibited bj tiie Sbiken,uid hai« miapriJiprir-
moM chvioiaff proapecl. i
If . C. 220 mTN. E. Roleieh.
JVcH ficzin^fton, p.T. Richlind Co. Ohio; ft
yiWtige in Knox Co. Ohio ; p.t. Preble Co. Ohio ;
■nd ■ village id Scott Co. Ind.
J^eiB Libtrtg, p.v. Owen Co. Ken., and Ouern-
tey Co. Ohio.
JWiDAui,BtowiuhipofChe*t«r Co. Pa.onBrui-
dyirine Creek.
JVow Litbm.p.v. Olmega Co. N. T, Pop. 2;232 ;
a villife in Montgomery Co. Muylsnd ; p.v.
Coluiubiuia Co. Ohio, 150 m. N. E. Columbai.
Jfea London, p.t. Merrimack Co. ?(. H. 30 m.
N. W. Concord. Fop. 913 ; a tovoihip of Chm-
" " '" ' " e Arundel Co. Ma-
ter Co. Pa. ; a village in Anne Arundel Co.
rrUnd, 5 m. S. W. Annapolii ; p. v. Campbell
Va.; a toWDihipof Huron Co. Ohio; - "
'■on Co. Ohio ; p.v. Jefieraon Co. Ind.
Co. Miwouri.
JVtie London, a county of Connet
49JBI5.
JVew Loiutna, the capital of the above county
■tanda on a fine harbour, at the mouth of the
Thamea. Moat ofthe town i* bnill at the foot of
B hill facing to the eait. The itreeta i
:ar, but Bome oTthe baildinga are hands
town has somewhat declined ^m its former ,
perity yet the whale fiaherj is coiuiderably active
liere. The harboni ia defended by forts Tram-
bull and Oriiwold. Pop. 4,356.
/few Madisim, a.v. Darke Co. Ohio, 81 m. W.
Colombni.-
JVnBMa&ruI, acDDntj^ortJiaouri. Pop. 2,361.
fftic Madrid, the capital ofthe above county
' - the Miiaiasippi, 60 in. below the month
once a contiderable place
" --llago.
r. RalU
t. Pop.
"•C
ofthe Ohio. __
but ia DOW reduced
Jfammati. p.v. Pike Co. Geo.
arktt, a town jn Snfiblk, Eng.
. N.
G. London.
ATnonwrfaK, p.v. Rockinrham Co. N. H. 15 m.
W. Portsmonlh. Fop. 9,013; also lowna andvil-
tagM in Tork Co. Pa. Dorchester Co. Hd.
BpotaylranU Co. Va., Frmleriek Co. Hd^Slw
nandoahCo. Va., Manland Co. Ohio, Waah
iagton Co. t^en.^ and Jeferaoo Co. Ten.
^r«> JfarOoravfi, p.t. Setkshire Co, Haaa. 46
m. S. W^Borton. ■*
>ne JftUfTp.V. Bmiat^Mt Co. N. J.
AVwuilaii, a town in Gloooeaterahire, Eng. on
the Severn, 115 m. N. W. London.
AcBiutoBni, a township of Dauphin Co. Fa.
Jftui OrUaiu, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 46,
310, the capital is the following.
/ftiB Orltant, city, the capital of Louisiana,
ctanda on the Miaiissippi, 105 m. from its month
by the windings of the atream and 90 in a direct
hne. The river here makes b considei^le bend
to the N. E. and the city occupte* the nortfa-
weatem bank, allhongh its aituation ii east of the
genersl cnorK ofthe slreiim. The site is low and
manhj, which makei' the ptace inaalabrioni, and
in the summer most of clie inhabitants remove
from the city, ft ia regalarly built and is com-
Eised of three divisiona, the city proper and the
uibonrgi or suburbs of St. Marie and Uarigny.
In the city the houses areboilt in the French and
Spanish ilyle. and covered with while and yellow
•tocco. Tbe fiuxbonrg Sl Harie is built after
the American fashion, and does not difi^r in ap-
pearance from one of the Atlantic oitie*. Here
are a large catboLo cathedral, ahaodaoiiM pm-
bylerian charch, a French and Engliah thcVtic,
a college, a conrent of UraatiDe nnna, an orphu
asylum, and miaj oharitable inatitBliona. Tbs
commerce of the city is very great, as it is the
outporl of all the stales lying on Uie Hiasisaini
and its waters. Here are Bouetimes 1,600 fiat
boata from the upper oonntrj loaded with ill suits
of agricultural prodnoe ; 50 steamboata, an often
counted at a lime in tbe liver. The fn«ign ex-
ports consist (rf'all the rarioM pradnclioiu of the
southern and western stales, bnt the moat impor-
tant articles are sugar and cotton. Tha Canal
Carondelet eilenda from tbe MiaaiBBippi at tidia
place to Ijike Pontcbirtiaia 9 m. and affords a
navigation foramall vessela to the ocean, A rail-
road 4 1-3 m. in length also passes between the
same places and joins the lake at an artificial har-
bour. Both these communications are pcrfrctly
fht and the variation of level on the iiilraad
y 16 inchea.
Tbe population of New Orleana is of a vary
miscellaneaus character. Dissipation prevail! to a
high degree. Half the inhabitants are blacks or
mulattoea, and there are more French than Ameri-
CBDs. The neiehbourhood is a swamp, and tbe
soil on which the city if built is so apiwgy thai
water rises al a few toet below tbe aurftce, and
tbe buildings have no cellar*. With all these
diaadvantages added to tbe nnhealthincn oT the
doubtless soon become one of the most imporiaBt
commercial cities in the world. It was founded
by the French in 1717. Tbe British landed an
army for tbs purpoM of atUcking it in 1614 bnt
were totally defeated by Genera] Jackson, a few
miles below tbe city on tbe 8th of Janaair
1815. ■'
New Orleans U in \t. 89. 57. S., kwg. 90. B.
W., 32g m. by the rirar belowNatehei ; 1,169 be-
low St. Louis; 991 below the month of the Ohio;
and 1,933 below Pittabnrg. It ia IftBO m. 8. W.
Waihington. Pen. 46,310.
Jftm PaU. p.t. DIater Co. N. T. 7 m. 8. Povfb-
keanaie. Fop 6 lOS
Btraifht
5£W 643 SEW
JV«0 Pans, p.T. Preble Co. Ohio. 92 m. 8. W. Jf^w Sharon, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1^99.
Columboi. JVeio Sheilana, or Jfeto South Shetland^ a clutter
JVeio Phtladdphia, p.T. Tatcanwas Co. Ohio, of Islandi in the Antarctic Ocean, Ijing to the S.
56 m. N, E. ZaneiviUe. Also a village in Hardin E. of Cape Horn, in about lat. 65. 8. Their exist-
Co. Ken. ence was first made known to the world in 1820,
JVetopor<, a borough in Hampshire, Eng. and although it is said tho American South Sea
the chief town in the Isle of Wight. It stands on whalers had been accustomed to visit them for
the River Cowes. A borough in Cornwall. 214 some years previous. They are but little known,
m. 8. W. London. A town of Monmouthshire, yet have been found to extend 200 m. from £. N.
118 m. N. W. London. A town of Wales in £. to W. S. W. The land exhibits marks of vol-
Pembrokeshier. 1^ m. N. W. London. canic action and consists of lofty summits, crown-
JVeieporf , p.t Penobscot Co. Me. Pop. 897 ; ed with snow and ice. Seals are abundant in this
p.t Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,913; p.t. Herkimer neighbourhood.
Co. N. T. 90 m. N. Herkimer. Pop. 1,863 ; p.t. JVeio Shoreham, a town in Newport Co. R. I
Cumberland Co. N. J. 84 m. S. W. Trenton ; t. on Block Island. Pop. 1,865.
Luzerne Co. Pa. ; p.v. Perrv Co. Va. and Indiana JVeio South Walts. See Walea.
Co. Pa. ; p.T. Newcastle Cfo. Del., 3 m. S. W. JVVio SwUztrland, a village in Switzerland Co.
Wilmington ; p.v. Charles Co. Maryland, 40 m. Ohio, on the Ohio, 65 m. below Cincinnati.
8. £. Yi ashington ; p.v. Washington Co. Ohio ; JVetoton, a town of Wales in Montgomeryshire,
p.v. Vermilion Co. Indiana ; p.v. Cooke Co. Ten. ', 169 m. W. N. W. London. Also towns in Lan-
p.v. Franklin Co. Missouri. cashire and Cheshire, Eng., a borough in the Isle
J^evmortf a county of Rhode Island. Pop. 16, of Wight, and a township of York Co. L. Canada.
534. Newport is tlie capital. JVeteton, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on Charles
JVeicporf, p.t. one of the chief towns in Rhode River, 9 m. W. Boston. Pop. 2,377. Here are
Island. It stands qear the southern extremity of manufactures of paper, iron, and snuff. Also
the island which fives its name to the state, upon towns in Harrison Co. Ken., Licking, Hamilton,
a harbour formea by the entrance of tne main Miami, Trumbull, and Muskingum Cos. Ohio,
channel of Narraganset Bav. This is one of the and villages in Essex Co. N. J. and Bucks Co. Pa.
finest harbours in the world, lying close to the JVeioCott Bu$hd, a town in Devonshire, Eng. 15
sea, and always accessible; the entrance is de- m. 8. W. Exeter.
fended by several strong forts. Newoort formerly Jfewton Steteart, a town of Scotland in Wigton-
enjoyed a very active commerce, but tnis has great- shire, 26 m. N. E. Portpatrick.
ly declined, and the town has a decayed look. JVetotoioit, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H.
The legislature of the state sit here occasionally, 10 m. N. W. Newburyport. Pop. 510 ; p.t. Fair-
and many people resort hither in summer for the field Co. Conn. 25 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop.
parity ana niildness of the air. Here are 11 3,099; p.v. Tioffa Co. N. T.; p.t Queens Co. N.
churches, and some manufactures of cotton and T. on Long iSand, 8 m. £. New Tork. Pop.
Uoe. Pop. 8,010. 2,610. The orchards of this place produce the
senal, and a well endowed academy; ter Cos. Mainland, King and Queen and Loudon
JVeie Portage, p.v. Medina Co. Ohio, 114 m. N. Cos. Va., Hamilton and Licking Cos. Ohio.
E. Colambus. JVeioloton Stovemsburg, p. v. Frederick Co. Va.
JVeie Portland, p.t. Somerset Co., Me. Pop. J^ewtown Trap, p.v. Frederick Co. Maryland.
1,215. Jfew Trenton, p.v. Franklin Co. Indiana.
Jfntport Pagnd, a town in Bockinghamshire. Jfno Vernon, p.v. Morris Co. N. J.
Eng. with manufactures of bone lace. Itisseatea JVeio Village, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J.
on the Ouee, 51 m. N. W. London. JfewviUe, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. T. ; p.v. Cum-
JVeie Pretton, p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 43 m. berland Co. Pa. ; p.v. Barnwell Dis. 8. C.
W. Hartford. JVeio Washington, p.v. Clarke Co. Indiana.
ytiw Prospect, p.v. Bergen Co. N. J. 68 m. N. JVeio Windsor, a township of Orange Co. N^T.
K (Ventoo. Pop. 2,310.
JWto Pramdence, p.t. Essex Co. N. J. 12 m. N. Aeio Woodstock, p.v. Madison Co. N. T.
W. Newark. See also Providence. JVeio Year's Idands, a number of small islands
JVeto Richmond, p.v. Clermont Co. Ohio, on the near the N. coast of Staten Land, in lat. 54. 41. 8.,
Ohio, 20 m. «. £. CincinnaU. long. 64. 28. W
JVeio RocheUe, p.t. Westchester Co. N. Y. 20 m. Jfew York, one of the Umted States, bounded
II. £. New Tork. Pop. 1,274. N. by Lake Ontario and Lower Canada, E. by
JVeto Rowley, p.v. Essex Co. Mass. 35 m. N. £. Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, S. by
Boston. Pennsylvania and N. Jersey, 8. W. and N. W. by
JVeio Burnley, p.t. Harrison Co. Ohio, 130 m. N. Lakes Erie, and Ontario, and Canada. It extends
B. Colomhos. from 40. 30. to 45. N. lat and from 73. to 79. 55. W.
JVswry, a borough of IreUnd, in the county of long. It u 340 m. in length firom £. to W. and 304
Down, 49 m. N. Dublin. in breadth, and contains, including Long Island,
JVetory, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 345. 45,065 sq. m. This sUte is mountainous in the
JVev Salmn, p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 81 m. N. eastern part, where it is traversed by a branch of
W. Boston; p.v. New London Co. Conn., Ontap the Apalaohian chain, called the Shawangunk
rio Co. N. T., Fayette Co. Pa., Randolph Co. N. ridge, different portions of whiq^ are known by
C. and JeflfertoaCo. Ohio. the name of the Highlands, and Catskill Moun-
JVeto ScoUmnd, p.v. Albany Co. N. T. 9 m. fhim tains. See Catskill. In the north-eastern part are
Albany. the Peruvian Mountains, which lie around the
/fewoyam, a village of Durham, Eng., 5 m. from sources of the Hudson, and seoarate the waters of
Darlington. • Lake Chajviplain firom those of the St. Lawrence.
NEW 544 ^ NEW
The most of the western part it level, but on the najoharie and Catahill Railroad from Canajoharie
borders of Pennsylvania are some hilly tracts. Par- on the Erie canal to CatskiU on the Hac&on 74
allel with Lake Ontario there runs an elevation m. ; — ^the Hudson and Delaware Railroad, from
called the Rid^e, about 70 m. in length ^ it is not Newburgrh on the Hudson to the Delaware ; — the
more than 30 feet above the surrounding country, Trov and Bennij^ton Railroad, from Troy on the
and 100 feet in width, and extends from Niagara Hudson to Benninffton in Vermont. Tnese im-
rivf>r to the Genesee. The mountains exhibit provements with Uie admirable position of the
granite, gneiss, limestone and mica slate; the great outport of the state at the mouth of the
western and central districts are secondary, and Hudson, have given the trade of New York an
the southern mostly transition. Iron, tin, lead, unexampled activity, and it has alreadv become
and plumbago are found in the mountainous parts ; one of the most flourishing states in the Union,
coal, gypsum and slate occur along the Hudson, The commerce is chiefly transacted through the
with some native silver. Antimony and arsenic single sea-port of New York ; but there is also
have also been discovered. much trade by the way of the lakes. The imports
The eastern part is watered by the Hudson, into the state in 1888 were valued at 38,719,644
which rises on tne western side of Lake Cham- dollars ; the exports of domestic produce at
plain, and flows southerly to the sea at New York ; 13,920,627 dollars ; total exports 23,834,137 dol
the Mohawk, from the west, is its chief branch, lars. The shipping in the same year amounted
The Genesee crosses the state from Pennsylvania to 354,771 tons. Thus in amount of foreign trade
and runs into L. Ontario. Black river and the New York surpasses every state in the Union, al
Oswegatchie, water the northern parts; the Onon- though in tonnage of shipping Massachusetts is
daga receives the waters of a number of small superior.
lakes toward the west, and discharges them into The manufactures consists of cotton, woolen,
Lake Ontario : the head streams of the Susque- cloths, iron, salt, paper, glass, leather, ^c. "Hie
hanna have their source in this state. A ^eat chief establishments are at the following places,
extent of the northwestern limit is washed by At Columbiaville near Hudson,are 11 factories pro-
Lakes Erie and Ontario; on the north-eastern ducing yearly 16,240,000 yards of calico, with ear-
border lies Lake Champlain, dividing it from Ver- peting and flannels ; — at Matteawan near FishsfciU
moot, and in the same quarter is Lake George, are manufiustured broadcloths unsurpassed for fine-
In the west are the smaller lakes of Oneida, Sken- ness in the country ; — at Catskill carpetimr and pa-
•ateles, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Crooked, Ca- per; — at Walden are produced yearly 140,000 yards
nandaigua and Chatauque, many of which are of flannel; 360,000 of sheeting and SK),000 of broad-
adorned with beautiful scenerj. cloth ; — at Schenectady are made yearly 400,000
Thie soil in a great part of the state is excel- yards of cotton cloth, 30,000 lbs. of yam,
lent; on the A^hawx are alluvial tracts of re- with carpeting, satinet and paper. There are also
markable fertility : in the west are the €renesee manuflictures of cotton, iron, &c. at Ramapo, Al-
flats which are no less rich. In the north it is bany, Troy, and many other jplaces. The yearly
clayey ; about Albany are some tracts of sandy value df the manufactures without reckoning do-
Elain interspersed with marshes. The valleys mestic fabrics is estimated as follows, cotton 3,000,
ave a rich black mould ; along the Hudson in 000 dollars ; woolen 3,000,000 ; iron 4,000,000 ;
the southern part, the soil is gravelly with rich paper 500,000 ; hats 3,000,000; boots and shoes
alluvial tracts. About one fourth of the land is d,000^0()0 : leather 3,000,000 ; windowjlass 200,
under cultivation ; wheat is the chief article of 000. The domestic manufactures in 1825 amouni-
eulture ; maize, rye, barlev, oats, flax, buckwheat, ed to nearly 5,000,000 dollars,
hemp, &c. are also raised. The climate of this The state is divided into 8 districts and 56 coon-
great state is more diversified than perhaps that ties. The towns and cities are 762. The popa-
of any other in the union. The northern part lation is 1,913^508 of whom 46 are slaves. There
feels the severity of a Canadian winter ; the south are also about 5,000 Indians in the western parts,
has a climate comparativelv mild. About Albany The capital is Albanv. The other large towns
the winter begins toward the middle of December are New York, Brooklyn, Troy^ Hudson, PoUgb-
and ends early in March. Hay is cut early in keepsie, Newburgh, Rochester and Buffalo. The
July, and the maize ripens in September and Oc- legislature consists of a Senate and an Assembly ;
tober. The Hudson is frozen in winter. the senators are chosen for 4 years, one fourth of
This state abounds in mineral springs, the most the numbers being renewed annually ,and the mem-
celebrated of which are in the nei^hM>urhood of hers of the Assembly for one year. The Oovem-
Saratoga, which See. There are m the western or and Lt. Governor are chosen for 2 years and are
Surt, many which discharge inflammable air. See elected by the highest number of votes given', al-
urning Springs. Salt springs are also common, though less than a majority. The clergy are ez-
and salt is manufactured in great abundance at eluded from ofiBce. Elections are popular and
various places. See Salina. The internal trade ' suffhige is universal. The most numerous religi-
of the state is facilitated bv many canals, the lar- ous sect are the Presbyterians,who have 587 chor-
gest of which unites the Hudson with Lake Erie, ches ; the Baptists have 6S9 ; the Eptsoopaliami
See ErU Canal. The Northern canal connects 129 ministers ; theLutherns!^,and toe Biefonn-
Lake Champlain with the Hudson, and is 63 m. ed Dutch 54 churohes. Education is provided
in len£ih. The Delaware and Hudson canal ex- for by a Literary Fund producing yearly 6,000
tends from Port Jervis, on the Delaware to the dollars, which sum is divided among the ineor^
Hudson ; it has a further extension to Honesdale, porated academies. There is also a common school
in Pennsylvania, and its whole length is 108 m. fund ; and 200,000 dollars raised from this source
There are also canals which open a communica- and from taxes, are annually appropriated for the
tion between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario support of public schools. There are in the state
through Oneida Lake. Four railroads are in a 36 mcorponted academies and 6,000 coounon
process of construction The Mohawk and Hud- schools which afford instruction to 400,000 chil*
son Railroad, bstweer the Hudson at Albany and dren. There are 4 eoUeges in the state, at New
the Mohawk at Schenectady 15 miles * — the Ca- York, Scheneotadf , Clii»ton« and Geneva
K<w Yatk «u Gnt MtUed by tl» Dntcb,- who in hiight, ud u the moat coMl; dmioli ia tto
eiUbliihed tliemKlvw kt Albany, uid on the ul- city, havinf been built tt the eipeon of 300,000
ud of MantulUn, what Uie city ofNew Tark daUus. Bt. Pauick'i C&thednl, a Romui Catho-
now lUDiti, about 1612. The £ngtUh, diiputed he edifice, ii the larmat of all the churche*, and
Ibeit claim to thi eoaatiy, and Charka II. made ii of itone, ISO faat long and 80 wide. Then are
aitanlof it lo hiabrother the Duke of Tork. A more than 100 additional ehuicfaea, Kme of them
alntur force waa aent againat the colony, and the yery coatly. Trinity Church ia a Gothic ediJGce
Dutch anable lo i^er reaiatance, peaceably aat>- of atone, and belonga to the otdeal and li
mitled. The name of the cotani waa changed epiacopal eatahliah - • •
(rom New Nelherlanda to that of Sew York. It a propeity Ur the
' ■ '-'^-r»--i-' 1.— dollaia.
Dutch anable to offer reaiatance, peaceably aai>- ot atone, and beJonga to Ibe oldeal and iicheat
mitted. The name of the cotany waa changed epiacopal eftahliahmeDt in America, pnaaraaing
(rom New Nelherlanda to that of Sew York. It a nropeity Ur the amount of •eTcral milliona (^
paaaed again into the handa of the Oulchforaihort dollan.
paiiod, hut finally became eatabliahed under the Columbia College at New York, waa tbandari
EDgliah govarDmenl. It waa the theatre of aome in 1757, and till the SeTolnlion, waa Called King't
of U> moat imporlaiit military opeiationa during College. It baa a Preaident and 6 proteiaon.
tha American reTolution.and (he terriloir was The fibiariei contain 14,000 volumei. The ala-
Dot wholly abandoned by the Britiab till th* deata are 124. Thia inaulDtiou ia well endowed.
coDcluaion of peace. The preacnl cooatitutiot -t Commencement la in Augoat ; there ia bat one
the itate waa eatabliahed in 1821. TicatioB of about two montha inunedialelj alWr-
Jfta Kofi, city, in lht> above atate, the chief ward. TIm college building ia of atone, atnocued,
cit« in the waalem world for population, wealth and contain* lodginga for the profewora, with
and commerce, ia ailuated in the aouth-wealem ex- a chapel, library, muaeum, lecluro rooma, Ac. but
tremily of the atate, npon a wide harbour at the the atndenta do not reaide in it. llie groundi al-
Siouiii of tbe Hodaon, communicatiag with Long taehed to the college are extenairo.
lalaad Bound and the ocean by two entrance*. The New York likatitution compriaea ■ large
The city alanda on the aouthem point of the ial- edifice, 360 liMt in length, in the rear of the City
and orMauhaUan which ia waahed on one aide by Hall, and occupied by the Lileiary and Philoaophi-
the Uudaon, and on (he other by the atiait called eal Society, the Uialorioal Society, the Academy
Eaat Rirer, which aeparatea it from Long laland, of fiite Aria, the Lyceum of Natural Hiatory, the
and afibrda a narigable commuaicatiaa ^tween Moaeam, and the Deaf and Dumb Aaylum. The
New York harbour and Long laland Sound. Tbe Hiatorical Society hare a library of 10,000 volume*,
harbour eilenda 9 m. B. of tha city to the aea. The New York Society Library in NaaMn itreet
The Grat aettlament wa* made at the aouthem ex- baa 30,00a The State Priaon ia on the eaalarn
tremity, conaaquently that portion of the city ia bank oftbe Hndaon, in the npper part of the city,
compoaedof narrow, crooked, inconrenieolatraeta, and ia a large atona building, encloaed by a ipa-
and unaigbtly old buildinga 1 but the more modam oion* ytii. Tbe almahou** ia at Bellevoe, on
porta, and eapeciallj thoae which have grown up Eaat nver, and compriaea three stone baildinn,
within 30 yean, are regular and commodioua. the largaat of which ia 3W ftet in length. The
The fineat abeel ia Broadway, which tiaveraet Ho^ital ia a tarn and well regulated eatabliah-
the whole city in a etnight line from N. to S. be- ment, and haa a ubraiy of 4/X)0 vdaniai.
ing 3 m. in length and BO feet in breadth ) it ia Tbe citv riae* with a ntudetate aacentfrom both
occapied cbiefiy by ahopa and elegant public build- riven. The riew in approaching it by tha Nu-
inga, and few atreeta in tbe world equal it for the rowa from the aea ia particularly fine. The bay
aplendor, buatle and bahion it eihibita. The Ba^ eontaina many amall ialanda, with forta and caatte*
tery ia an encloaed promenade an tha ahore at the upon tbero, and the lofty a^iea of the city are
aouthem extremity of the oily ; it ia planted with viaible at a great diataoce. The water ia ereiy-
treea, and thoogh not eilenaive, ia plinaant, much where deep and the current rapid ; it haa not been
frequeDt*d, aul offata ■ delightful view of the frozen over for 60 yeara. The commerce of the
harbonr. city ia very great, aa may be gathered from the
The Park ia a triangnlar encloaure of 11 acre* fullowingitem*. During the yeai 1830, there ar-
in the centre of the city ; npon one ude of thia rived 1,&9 veaaela from foreign porta ; aailed for
alanda tbe City Hall, an elegant aUucture with a fbreign porta 1,138; entered coastwiae 1,332 i eleai^
ed ooaatwiae 3,474 ; tolal arrived and departed
7,433, The revenue collected at (he coalom houae
in 1829 waa 13,0f
half tbe whole re
foreign commerce. The city expenditure by tha
municipal government in 1^, waa 1,033 419 dol-
lars. The population by tbe ceoaua of ]e30, WM
307,031 in the city and county which take m the
whole island of New York. Brooklyn, on the
Long tatand ahore of Eaat river, ia properly a
suburb of the city, and contojna a population of
IS^.
Fackela aail from New York, to IJverpool and
London every week j to Havre every 10 days;
I ., ■ -I "d to Hull, Greenwich, Belfast, Vera Crui, Car-
ftont of white marbla ; it i* 316 liaet long and 106 thagena,andaUtheehiefporUof the United State*
broad, and ia one of the finest building* in the "» aiffirent timM. raiy eteam-boal* constant-
ennoUy Tbe Merchanta' £iohange in Wall >7 P*^ betwsni New York and the towns on the
street is bandaoaialy biult of while marble. The Hudeon, Long bland Sound and other waters in
Uoiled States Biaoch Bank ia alao a fine marble "" nnghbonrhood. There are 61 bank* in the
alruoture. St. Paur* Chapel u erie*B«l on* of «*)■, 8ff iBMrUMe companica; 463 schools; 40
the finert boildi^ in tbe city ; ita apiie ia S34 bookstoreaiJBO lawyers ; 98 dergymen ; 60 ano
fretbich. 8l Jofan's ClMpsl has a enLM 940 ftet tiooeen- 300 oyster shop*; 66 lotleiy oOcea
W 9t9
KET I
3,M0 Ueciued gioeent* KBd tavcrsi; S,38D II-
een(*<l ortmcn and poiters ; 2,110 paupcn in ibe
■Inuhaiue. The reU estate of the city ii valued
■t SlfiOa^, dollan, the peraonil nuie at 37,684,
938 dollan ; toU!, 127,288^18.
Moat of the purtodicali are newipapen; the
wholi- Qambcr i( 48, eleren of nrhjcb are dailj.
The bookselling truje is Ihrivinr, and then are
sonis establiahmenls, in which &e repablicatioD
of English works is carried on upoB a verf larga
BCale. One of tl ■■■" ' ■— ' --■"
SOO.OOO voluioes i
lie scboali does nc
ficiencj howBTBr,
'/<^ a dot
anilal
5 doll<in. ThtB de-
nnraher of charitj ■ _.
Namnl History, and the New York Athene
ire respectabln'aasociationB for liie promotion of
■ciencB and literature. T^e Cliamber of Com-
merca is an incorporated bod; of merchants, who
devote tbemaelTes to Ihe stady of mercantile af-
bin. Many other inatilations for varioni objects
we can only menlioQ by name, aa the inati'
ibr the Deaf and Dnmb; the Horticultanl
institntiona. The r
U of the <
poaedofa Mayor, 10 Aldermen, and 10 ABaistants.
The rapid increase in population and trade
which New Tork has experienced within a few
years, and ita commanding position for acommer-
cial mart, added to Ibe increasing faciltiea for in-
ternal navigation, and the growing proapenty of
thet>ack country, mnstsecore it a permanent mpe-
riority over all other cities in the United Statea.
lU popalation exhibits ■ great diieraity of char-
acter. Tbe ancient Dntcb settlers have left tra-
oea of their national manners among their de-
cendanta, and tbe Damb«r of foreigni
Tbe French and Bpaniah are next in number.
Th« ehj wu fontaded by the Dntch in 1614, and
WW hf them called New Amslerdam. It was
long. 74. 0. 45. W., 210 ma. n. docuid, bv
N. £. Fbilad., S27 N. Z. Waahington, 140 B.
Albany, and 390 B. Montreal.
Jftw York, p.t. Albemarle Co. Va. 23 m. W.
JTl'iuiKiiif Foil, • city; of China, capital cf tlis
western part of Ihe province of Kiang Nan.
Jfganlo Feu, a large city ofChina in the prov-
ince of Hon Qnang. 430 m. W. b^S.ofNonkiD.
^Kagantjt, river of Norlb America, con nccIiDg
Lakes Erie and Ontario. It ia 35 m, in leogtb
and Sows norlherly ; aboat midway between the
two lakes it separatee into two channels forming.
Grand Island, A shortdiatance betowlhe union
of these channels are the celebrated ftl Is ofNiag
ara universally allowed to be the grandest cata
ractin the world. Haifa mile above the Islla,
the river is a furious rapid which sweeps away Lo
certain deslmclion^very tiling- involved in it ; ths
the river is here three qaartera of a mile broad,
and from this point it nuhea down with increased
velocity to Ihe fall where it leapa in one immenaa
mass down a perpendicular precipice 160 feet
in depth, with a roar that may be heard 40 milpa.
The cataract forma an irregular semicircle, the
deepest hollow of which is called the Hone Shoe
Fall and ia on the Canada aide. Atthebrinhof
the ^11 alands a small igland, called Goat Island,
which breaks the great abect of water as it rushes
over the precipice, but the watera unite a^ain be-
fore they reach the bottom. A bridge ia "thrown
acroaa the fatla ttont the American side to the isl-
and. On the Britiah aide a few jards belnw is a
projection called Table Rock, commanding a majr-
nificenlviewofUiefalls. From this rocf a spiral
staircase leads down lo the foot of tbe cataract
where visitors may pass under the faU between
tbe sheet of water snd the rock. The path Irida
far under the excavated bank of the river, which
in some places forms a roof overhanging 40 feet,
Theratlof.Qchanimmen.e maas of water, pro-
dnceaviolent whirls in the air, and tbe ipray ia
driven out with anch force that no one can ap-
proach the edge of the cataract without being
drenched to the skin. It is difficaltevento draw
a breath bore^ and in entering this Iremendooa
cavern there is danger of being blinded by Ihe
strong drivinjf showers of spray ; the greatett
distance to which it is pusiible to penetrate with-
in the aheet of water is 150 leet. The hanks oT
' miles below the falls are pet-
cataract waa Ibnnerly much
farther down the river, Ihe ri-ek having gradually
worn awaj to the present spot, A cloud of spray
ia continually riaing from the foam of waters and
eihibitinsin the sunshine a brilliant rainbow.
The island upon the summit is about a mile in
cireumference, and is covered with trees. In
summer crswdg of visitors are continually reaort-
ing hither &om all parla of the world -, and then
are many public houeea in the neighbourhood fin
their BOcooimoditioQ.
JVW, a small island, near the W. coast of the
island of Snmatra. Long. 97. 0. E., lat. 0. 40. K.
Jfiit, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, 9 m.
W.. B. W. ofAlburg.
JfiMaBO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Parma,
16 m. B. W. of Piacenia. .
htaiboTanA.
Jftv ZMlmiti. See Zealamd.
A'ml.mi.ato ' "
London, 11 hi
B. E, by Cbata Rica, and B. W. by tbe Pacific
Ooean. It is 400 m. from E. to W. and 130 frtm
N. toS. It is well watered by lakes a '
KtC 547 NIO
950 h. in eireumferenoe. It is iiiterap«rtecl with blaek lank hair, and dark copper-colonied skitw.
islands, and abounds in fishes, bat is infested with They live in little huts, having no towns, and go
crocodiles. The S. W. extremity is only a few quite naked, except a cloth about the waist with
leagues from the Pacific Ocean, and the S. E. end a snull string hanging down behind. These is-
eommunicates with the Atlantic Ocean by the lands extend norZward, from the N. point of
river St. Juan. - Sumatra. The largest, which gives name to the
.Yiearafua, a city of the foregoing province, sit- rest, is 25 m. long and 10 broad. Its extremity
uate at some distance S. W. of the lake, and near is in long. 94. 3. £., lat. 6. 2(9, N.
the mouth of a river, on the Pacific Ocean, 120 JfUojack Cavt^ in Georgia, is situated in an em-
m. S. E. of Leon de Nicaragua. Long. 86. 10. inence called Racoon Mountain. Its mouth is
W., lat. II. 15. N. 50 feet high and 160 feet wide. It is many miles
yiemria^ an island of the Grecian Archipelago, in depth and the floor is covered with a stream of
between Samoa and Tina, anciently called Icaria. water throughout its whole length. Three miles
.H is 50 m. in circumference, and full of rocks, within is a cataract, beyond which visitors havo
Lon^. 26. 30. E., lat. 37. 40. N. not penetrated. Tne' rock is limestone.
JVicoitrtf, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, KwoloMf^ a citv of Russia, in Uie govemmenc
the Mediterranean. It was anciently an appendage houses are constructed of a white calcareous stone,
of Provence in France, but afterwards passed to but the rest of the houses are of wood. This
the king of Sardinia. It is 36 m. lonff, and 18 place, being of easier access bj water for vessels
broad ; and contains about 100 000 inhabitants. than Cherson, is now the capital of the naval es
JfiU^ an ancient, handsome, and considerable tablishment of the Black Sea. The admiralty,
town, on the confines of France and Italy, capital with a long line of magazines, workshops, wet ano
of the foregoing province. It has a strong citadel dry docks, and every necessaiy department lor
built on a rock, and on the W. it is fortified shipping are placed along the l>ark of the Ingul,
with a wall and ditch. On the E. side of the rock It is 30 m. N. N. £. of Oczakow and 45 N. W.of
is the harbour, called Limpia, from a small river Cherson. Long. 30. 46. E., lat. 46. 58. N.
that runs into it. The inhabitants export oil, silk, JVieofo, St.^ tne most considerable of the isles
wine, cordials, rice, oranges, lemons, and all sorts of Tremeti, in the gulf of Venice. It has a bar-
of dried fruits. It was taken by the French in hour, defended by a fortress, in which is an abbey
1792, retaken by the Austrians in 1800, but evae- with a church. Long. 15. 37. E., lat. 42. 10. N
uated in a week afterwards. It is very ameabjy ^fieoUhurg, a town of Moravia, with a castle on'
situated, 4 m. from the mouth of tne Yar, 69 a mountain , 12 m. £. N. E. of Laab.
8. by W. of Turin, and 83 E. of Aix. MeopoU, a town of Bulgaria, famous for the first
Mce^ a city of Natolia. See imU. battle fbucrht between the Turks and the Christ-
JiUhahurg, a town of Persia, famous for a mine ians in 1^, when the emperor Siffismund was de
of turquoise stone in its neighbourhood. It is 37 feated, and had 20,000 men killed. It is seated
m. S. of Mesched. on the Danube, at the influx of the Osma, 60 m.
yUholas, a county of the W. district of Virgin- S. S. W. of Bucharest and 150 N. N. W. of Adri-
ia. Pop. 3,349. A county of Kentucky. Pop. anople. Long. 25. 43. E., lat. 44. 16. N.
8,832. Carlisle is the capital. JfieopoU, or Olamsk, a town of Turkish Arme
XuhoUuviUe^ p.t. Jessamine Co. Ken. 30 m. S. nia, built by Pompey in memory of a victory
E. of Frankfort. gained over Mithridates. It is 16 m. S. of Enerum.
JVkAo/iu, St., one of the largest and most pleas- NiconOy the capital of Cyprus, seated near the
ant of the Cape Verde Islands, between St Lucia mountain Olympus. From the time of Con-
and St. Jago. It is 75 m. in length ; and is the stantine the Great till 1567, it was 9 m. in cir-
residence of the bishop of the isles. Long. 14. 10. comference ; but the Venetians, finding it too ex-
W., lat. 16. 32. N. tensive, reduced it to 3, and fortified it ^ith 11
Jk'iekoUu^ St,, a town of France, in the depart- bastions and 3 gates ; all the rest they razed to
ment of Meurthe, with a handsome church, to |]^e foundation, demolishing temples, palaces,
which pilgrims formerly resorted. |t is seated ^nd the most beautiful monuments. In 1570, It
on the Meurthe, 7 m. S. E. of Nancy. ygi^^LS besieged 45 days by the Turks, and then
Meholas, St., Mole, a town, harbour, and cape, taken by a general assault. The church of St.
at the N. W. extremity of St. Doming, com- Sophia is a fine old Gothic structure. The baxa^
manding the strait called the Windward Passage. ^\^ extensive, well supplied with provisions, and
The harbour is strongly fortified by nature and remarkably clean. Lon. 33. 26. E., lat. 35. 14. N.
art ; and ships of any burden may ride at anchor in jyiawifl, a town of SicUy, in Val di Demona,
the basin, even during a hurricane. It was to- 12 m S of Cofhlu
!'*';iZ>^u F"«^**** "i'^f^' ^^1^ '^^^ n'L"'?;*"^' Nieatira, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
\i^^r' J!?^^''!?''*'*'* *° ^ Long. 73. 30. ^ear the Sast of the Mediterranean, 35 m. N. N.
'''.;vitjL%K Rc^Ke^o and l^S.E.of Naples. Long.16.
the island of Cuba. Long. 79. 40. W., lat. 33. 50. N. ^'T^;:}^'f:'ZZ:^'rr.n,^»u in n««t. Rii.*.
yUobar idands, a group of 19 islands on the E. .^^^ ^ ^, i^rS^Z iSS? A^JS
side of the bay of Bengal They are almost en- "J^. <^ * smaU nver, which runs into the ba.y
t rely uncultivated ; bST the co/oa-nut, the mel- j£ Salmas^herejhew is a p»rl fishery lus
hogs ai« the principal animals. The inhabitants 36. 9. £., iat. 39. 25. N.
am tall and well proportioned, with black eyes, Nidau, a town of Switzerland m the »ntOB
NIO 648 NIL
of Bern, with a eaatle; ■itnate on the U« of kh foyeminent eimn detpatohed un ezp«ditioB
Bi«lf 15 m. N. W. of Bern. under Captain Tackej to proceed op the Congo
Mdday a town of Germany, in Heaae Darm- and make discoveriea, but nothing Mttitfiictory
atadt, leated on a river of the lame name, 20 m. was the reault The travela of Lamg, Denhara,
N. E. of Frankfort. and Clapperton failed to settle the long dispoted
JVte&Ia. a town of Spain, in Seville, near which ]x>int, ana an impenetrable cloud of mystery con-
is a considerable copper mine ; seateo on the Tin- tinned to hang over the subject till 18^ when the
to. 11 m. N. N. W. ofMoguerand 40 W. of Se- mnd discovery was eftcted by Richard and
ville. John Lander, the former of whom had been the
JVtem^, a town of Brandenburg, on the river servant of Clapperton in his African travels, sjid
Ada, 16 m. N. of Wnrtemberg. who attended lum on the expedition in which he
JYiemecx, a strong town pf Moldavia, sitnate on lost his life
a mountain, on a river of the same name, 76 m. These travellers in March 1830 penetrated into
W. S. W. of Jassay. Long. 26. 10. E., kt. 46. 58. the country till they reached theNiger,and proceed-
N. ed down the stream till thej arrived at the Bight
JWetiMfi, a river which rises in Lithuania, and of Benin, a termination which had been fixed upon
passes by Bielica and Grodno ; it then runs many years before bv a German theorist named
throuffh part of Samoffitia and E. Prussia, and en- Reicnard, although his reasoning was grounded
ten the Curisch Haff oy several mouths, of which upon false data. The Niger, or Quorra. or Joliba,
the principal and most northern is called the Russ. for it is called by all these names, is thus ascer-
jAenhtrgf a strong town of Hanover, capital of tained to flow into the Atlantic ocean in about 5.
the county of Hoya, with a considerable trade in N. laL It discharges its waters by several chan-
com and wool } seated on the Weser, 37 m. S. S. nels, forming a great delta like the Nile, Ganges
E. of Bremen. Long. 9. 25. £., lat. 52. 39. N. and Mississippi ; the channel by which the Imi-
Jfienhurgf a town of Prussia, in the government ders arrived at the ocean, has been hitherto known
of MunjBter, seated on the Dinkel, 33 m. N. W. of as the river Nun, and the delta is 240 m. in ez-
Munster. tent along the coast, from the river Benin to that
Jiunlnwg, a town of Giennanv, in the duchy of of Old Calabar ; the inland extent of the delta is
Anhalt-Kothen, seated in the Saale, 8 m. N . W. about the same, and the whole territory is inter-
of Kothen. sected by various arms of the river, such as are
MenkauSt a town of Hanover, in the district of called ^^^yc^^* on the lower course of the Missie-
Paderbom, with a castle, formerly the residence sippi. The banks of these streams are generally
of the prince : seated on the Lippe, 2 m. N. N. overflown, and the land is covered with mangrove
E. of raderbom. trees growing in the water ; the whole surface is
Xieptr, See DnMptr. low, &X and swampy.
Metter^ QeeDnUster. ^ For the first hall of its course the Niger flows
JViav/wrr, a sea-port of the Netherlands^ in W. in a N. E. course ; between 15. and 16. N. lat. it
Flanders, at the mouth of the Tperlee. Here are turns to the E. and afterwards pursues a southerly
sluices, by which the country can be laid under direction to the sea. It flows by the cities of Sero,
water. The inhabitants principally subsist by the Jenne, Tombuctoo, Boussa^ Taoori, Nyffe, Rabba,
herring fishery, and bv making nets and ropes. Egga, and Kisnee, at which last place the delta.
9. m. S. W. of Ostend. Long. 2. 45. E., lat. 51. commences. It receives from the N £. a branch
8. N. called the Tshadda, which the Landers saw in a
JVieicport, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hoi- state of inundation 2 or 3 miles in width. It is
land, seated on the river Lech, 15 m. E. of Rot^ now very evident that neither Herodotus, Pliny .or
ierdam. Ptolemy ever had anv knowledge of this river,
Memrtf a department of France, including the and that the name ofNigerought.no longer to be
greater part of the province of Nivemois. Its takes applied to it. Its most common name in Africa
its name from a small river, which rises near is the Qjuorra.
Champlemy, and runs into tne Loire, at Nevers, JVl^cmo^town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena,
the chief town of the department. 22 m. S. W. of Modena.
Jdgtr, a celebrated river of Africa, rising near JHgriHa. See Jfegroland.
Mount Lamba in the countrvof the Soulimas, on Auie, a great river of Africa, which, according
the northern declivities of tne Kong Mountains, to the most authentic accounts, rises in the
No geographical problem ever presented a more mountains of the Moon. It runs through the
fruitfril subject for conjecture, aoubt, hypothesis, lake Derobea, then makes a circuit towards its
and research, both critical and experimental, than source, which it leaves 25 m. to the E., and en-
the course and termination of this mysterious ters into Nubia, through which country it takes
river. Until the travels of Mungo Park in 1796 a circuitous course, and forms some considerable
it was even disputed whether it flowed East or cataracts. It tlien flows almost directly S.througb
West. This traveller although he established Uie Egypt, till it arrives at Cairo ; and a little below
fact of its easterly direction, and proceeded some that city it divides into two ffreat branches, which
distance along its banks, yet was unable to make with the Mediterranean Sea,forms the island called
any further discovery respecting its termination. Delta. The ancients reckoned eleven mouths of
Attempts made by other travellers were followed the Nile, of which seven were considerable ; but
by no better success, and Park in his second jour- at present there are only two that are at all times
ney into the country lost his life. Many authors navigable, and those are atRoeettaand Damietta
waters were swallowed up by the sands of the de- September, when it begins to decrease. It is caus
ssrt; at one time the belief was veiy prevalent ed oy the periodical rains that fall between the
that it flowed a great distance south and ran into tropics, ano more particularly in Abyssinia, which
tfM ocean by the river Zaire or Congo ; the Brit^ is full of high mountains. In Cairj there is a «a
mP M9 NQA
nal eaHed Khtlii, which is opened when the water It wts dieeoTered in 1542, by the Portn|piefe, who
if high enoaffh ; thence it ii conveyed into res* were cast ashore by a tempest. The chief town
ervoirs and cisterns, and is ailerwaros distributed is Jedo.
into the fields and gardens, as occasion requires. ^tipisnnt^f s Iske of Upper Canada lying N. £.
MU, a township of Scioto Co. Ohio. of Lake Huron, and flowing into it
jyimegum, a town of the Netherlands, in Guel- JVucAnst-JVovo^^tf^. Bee J^avog9fd.
derland, with a citadel, an ancient palace, and ASnUit, or JVts^tn, a town and fortress of Asiatic
several forts The churches are in general hand- Turkejr, in Diarbech, now greatly decayed, it is
some struetores ; and the town-house is remark* seated in a vast plain, 78 m. B. £. of i>iarbekir.
able for iu beauty and magnificence. The inhab- ^fUida, a small island in the gulf of Naples, very
lUnts subsist chiefly by brewing ale, and their fertile, and laid out in slopes and terraces like a
trade with Germany. The city is celebrated in large garden. It has a harbour, oUled Poito
history on account of several treaties of peace Pavone, 5 m. W. B. W. of Naples.
concluded here, particularly in 1678. It was taken ^tUhnfuna, a village in Schenectady Co. N. Y.
by the French in 1794. It sUnds on the Waal, 35 m. 12 m. N. W. Albany, on the Mohawk, inhabited
£. S. E. of Utrecht. Long. 5. 51. E., lat. 51. 52. N. by the Shakers. It is built with great neatness
yimiskiUen, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. and beauty upon a level spot of ab<>ut 2,000 acres,
yhnpUch, a town of Prussian Silesia, which divided info 4 farms. Tne fields are fenced in
f;tves name to a circle in the principality of Brieg. right lines, and everything displays the utmost
t has a castle on an eminence and is seated on oraer and regularity. The inhabitants dress in
the Loch, 26 m. S. W. of Breshtn. the usual Quuer drab, and cultivate garden stnfi,
Jdnevehf p. v. Frederick Co. Va. seeds, Ac, They have also manofaetures of vari-
Jfing'Kouef a city of China, of the first nnk^ in ous household wares which are executed with mat
the province of Kiang-nan, noted for itsmannfae- dull and excellence. All their property is neld
tures of paper, made of a species of reed . Its dis- in common. Pop. 446.
trict is very hilly, but pleasant ; and the surround- Jftsmes, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ing mountains, covered with woods, produce ex- ment of Card, and a bishop's see. Here are nu*
cellent medicinal plants. It is seated on a river^ merous monuments of antiquity, of which the
which runs into the Kiang-hu, 537 m. S. by £. or amphitheatre, built by the Romans, is the princi-
Pekin. Long. 118. 25. E., lat. 31. 2. N. pal. There are likewise the ruins of a temple of
Ati^-fo, called by Europeans Liampo, an ex- Diana, and a grand tower. The Maison Qnarree.
cellent sea-port of China, and a city of the first or the Square House, is one of the finest pieces of
rank in the province of Tche-kiang. The silks architecture of the Corinthian order in the world,
manufactured here are much esteemed in foreign Here are manufkctures of silk, stufii, stockings,
countries especialljr in Japan, where they are ex- cloth, leather, Ac., and a considerable trade in
changed by the Chinese tor copper, gold, and sil* silk, com, dried fruits, oil, and wine. It is seated
ver. It is seated on the E. coast, opposite Japan, in a plain, abounding in wine and oil, 75 m. N.
660 m. S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 12U. 18. £., lat E. of Narbonne. Long. 4. 19. £., lat. 43. 50. N.
29. 58. N. Jfistaf a strong town of Servia. It was taken
Jihtgvta, a city of Eastern Tartary, in the prov- bv the Hnnffarians in 1737, but retaken by the
ince of Kirin. with considerable trade, particu- Turks the foUowincvear. It is seated on a river
larly in the valuable plant ginseng^ which abounds of the same name, 20 m. E. of Preeop and 120 8.
in the neighbourhood. It is seated on the Hurha, £. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 32. E., lat. 43. 32. N.
110 m. N. E. of Kirin. Long. 124. 40. E., lat. JVicA, a river of Scotland, which rises in Ayr-
44. 30. N. shire, flows through a part of Dumfriesshire, to
JVtHtan, St. a town of Scotland, in Stblinffshire. which it gives the name of Nithsdale, and enters
with manufactures of leather, cotton clotn, and Sol way Frith a little below Dumfries,
nails. 2 m. S. E. of Stirling. Mvdle, a town of the Netherknds, chief place
JVInoM, a town of the Netherlands, in E. Flan* of an extensive district in Brabant, with a manu-
ders, on the Dender, 13 m. W. of Brussels. facture of cambrics ; seated on the Thienne, 15
JVto, an island of the Grecian Archipelago, to m. S. of Brussels.
le S. of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is *^ ^' '- - '-"
m. in circumference, and fertile in com, but
the S. of Naxia, anciently called Nos. It is 35 JVtiwnieis, a late province of France, between
m. in circumference, and fertile in com, but has Burgundy, Bonrbonnois, and Berrjr. It is pretty
very little wood or oil. The regular manners of fertile, contains mines of iron^ and is watered by
the inhabitants, who are all Greeks, revives an a sreat number of rivers, of which the Loire,
idea of the simplicity of the primitive ages ; and AlTier, and Yonne, are the principal. It now
their kind treatment of strangen appears to be forms the department of Nievre.
tne genuine remains of ancient hospitality. JVtzaioM*, a town of Persia, in Chorasan, 80 m.
A&m, a townofSwitzerland, in the canton of S. £. of Mesched. Long. 61. 32. £., Ut. 35.
Bern, with a manufacture of beautiful porcelain. 40. N.
12 m. N. by E. of Geneva. JVIcs|m, a town of Mexico, in the province of
^(umSf a town of France, department of Drome, Guaxaca, with a rich Dominican convent The
with a mineral spring called Pontias, and some country near it produces a great deal of indigo,
manufactures of^ soap and woolen cloth. It is cochineal, and sugar. It is 30 m. 8. E. of Anto-
seated at the foot of a chain of mountains, on the quien. Long. 97. 15. W., lal. 16. 42. N.
river Aigues, 21 m. E. S. E. of Montelimart. ASxenleit, p.v. Pasquotank Co. N. C. 28 m. N.
Martj a town of France, capital of the depart- £. Edenton.
ment of Deux Sevres, with manuftctures of druff- Mxamaiam, a town of Hindoostan, in the cir-
gets, serges, and other coarse woolen goods. It car of Giuntoor, at the month of the Kistnsh, 34
M seated on the Sevre Niortoise, 31 m. E. N. E. m. S. W. of Maaulipatam.
of Rochelle and 46 W. S. W. of Poitaen Long. Jfitxa ddla Pagfia^ town of Sardinia, in Pied*
d. 33. W., lat. 46. 20. N. mont, seated on the Belbo, 14 m. S. £. of Asti.
AfpAen, the larvest island of Japan, 750 m. long KoaeoUy a town of Hindoostan, capital cf a din-
tad froia 150 to 3(X) Inoad, containing 55proviBee8. trict of its name, in Nepaul. It has a oekbcnled
NOD fifiO IIOR
tompk dedietted to Bhavany. Long. 86. 90. £., ^mhtrg^ a town of Swedon, in Weatmanhad)
kt. ST. 40. N . near whien are tbe beat iron miaat in the oroTinee-
JfoaUles, a town of France, department of Itia34ni. N. of Stroemafaolm. Long. 16. 12. £.,
Vlenne, 6 m. 8. 8. E. of Poitiers. lat. 60. 8. N.
Jfoaiiagur. a town of Hindooatan, in 6aierat| Jforda. a town of Italy, in the dnehy of Spole-
capital of a district of its name on the coast of the to, seated among mooniains, on the river Fredara,
golf of Cutoh, inhabited hv a piratical tribe, called 90 m. 8. E. of l^leto.
Sangarians. The chief or the district, by a treaty /fordf a department of France, so named from
with the Br.tish, engaged to prevent his subjects its situation. It includes the graater part of the
from plonJering Bntish vessels. 190 m. W. 8. former divisions of Hainanlt, Trench Flanden,
W. ofAmedahA. Long. 69. 30., lat. 22. 22. N. and Cambreais.
^^oble, a township of Morgan Co. Ohio. Jfardharg^f a town of I>enmark, at the N. eztrem-
J>tohlAarougk, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1^6. ity of the lale of Alsen, with a castle 9 m. N. N.
yYobUniUBj p.v. Hamilton Co. Indiana. W. of 8Qnderbarg.
J{aeera a town of Italy, in the duchy of Spoleto, JVorden, a searport of Hanover, in Friesland,
seated at the foot of the Apennines, 18 m. N. £. with a good harbour. It is 4 m. from the Ger-
of Spoleto. man Ocean and 14 N. of Emden.
J^ocera ddU Paganiy a town of Naples, in Prin- Jfardkautenf a town of Prussian 8azony, in the
cipato Citra, 6 m. N. W. of 8alemo and 20 8. E. government of Erfurt, with 7 Lutheran churches
of^Naples. and a well-built orphan-house. It has a consider-
yoekamixaKj a township of Bucks Co. Pa. able trade in com, brandy, and rape and linlseed
ffegaraf a town of France, department of Gera, oil, and manufactures of marble and alabaster. It
21 m. 8. W. of Condom. was ceded to Prussia in 1802 : and is seated on
Jfogarcot, a town of Hindoostan. Nepanl, with the Zorge,35 m. N. N. £. of Erfurt. Long. 10. 56.
a celebrated pagoda, 60 m. N. E. of Catmandu. E., lat Bl. 30 N.
Jfogenl It Ri/tnUf a town of France, department JVerdAetm, a town of Hanover, situate on the
of Eure-et- Loire, seated on the Huisne, 35 m. N. Rhume, at its conflu with the Leina, 10 m. N
E. of Mans. of Gottingen.
Jfogtnt sw SeuUy a town in the department of JfordkSpingf a aea-port of 8weden, in Gothland
Aube, seated on the 8eine, 25 m. N. W. of It is 10 m. in circumference, but the houses are
Troyea scattered , and the inhabitants do not exceed 12,000
JfrnTf Cm, a promontory at the 8. extremity of The river Motala flows through the town, forms a
Terra del Fnego. Long. 73. 33. W., lat. 54. 32. series of oataracls, and is divided into four pris-
S. oipal streams, which encircle several rocky talands
J^mrmtmtier, aa ialand of France, in the bar of covered with buildinga ; but at tbe extremity of
Biscay, 8. of the mouth of the river Loire. It is the town it is navigable for lane vessels. Ueie
12 m. long and 3 broad, and has good pastures, are manufactuves of woolen cloth, paper, and fire-
The principal town, of the same name, is defend- arms, some sugar-houses, and a brass fbondery.
ed by a fort. Lontf. 2. 10. W., lat. 47. 0. N. Corn ia eicported hence in great quantities ; and
JyoUj a town or Naples, in Terra di Lavoro, a salmon fishery ffives empfojrment and riches to
once a rich Boman colony, and atill a handsome many of the InnaDitants. It is 110 m. 8. W. of
place. The ailk spun m its neighbourhood is Btockholm. Long. 15. 50. E., lat 58. 35. N.
much esteemed. It is 14 m. E. N. E. of Naples. Kariltrnd^ one <» the ancient divisions of 8we-
yblemMvUU^ p.v. WilliamaCo. Ten. den, bounded on the N. by Lapland, £. by the
JVoti, a town of 8ardinia, with a fort and a good Gulf of Bothnia, 8. by 8weden Proper, and W.
harbour, 30 m. 8. W. of Genoa. Long. 8. 41. £., by the aame and Norway. It contains six provin-
lat. 44. 18. N. ces.
JVMia6re de Dtos, a town of Terra Firma, in the fl&nUandf a province of Norway, having the
province of Darien, 30 m. E. of Porto Bello, to North Sea, on the W. and Swedish Lapland on
which its once flourishing trade is now trana- the E.
ferred. Jferdlingmtf a town of Bavaria, fortified in the
Jfamkrt d» Dws, a town «»f Mexico, the most ancient manner. Hero the league of the five
populous in the province of Zaoalecas. 170 m. western circles of the empire was concluded in
N. of Guadalaxara. Long. 104. 15. W., lat. 24. 1702. In 1796 it waa taken by the Frsnch. It is
0. N. a commercial place, seated on the Eger. 38 m. N
JVomcny, a town of France, in the department N. W. of Augs!>urg. Long. 10. 34. £., Ut. 48
of Meurtne, on the 8eille, 15 m. N. of Nancy 50. N.
JVbn, Ca^f a promontory of the kingdom of JfordmaUngy a town of Sweden, in Angerma-
Fez, opposite the Canary lalaads. The Portu- nia, near a bay of the eulf of Botnnia, 24 m. S.
guese, in their first attempts to explore the W. W. of Uma, and 70 N. &. of Hermoaand.
coast of Africa, long considered this promontory Jfordtirand, an island of Denmark, on the W.
as an impassable boundary. This its name im- coast of 8. Jutland, 12 m. long and 5 broad. It
ports ; but they doubled it, at last, in 1412. Long, has a town called Ham, 28 m. W. c^ Sleswiek.
11. 50. W., lat. 28. 38. N. Long. 0. 4. £., lat 54. 40. N.
JYona, a sea-port of Oalmatia, and a biahop*s see. Jfcre, a noted part of the river Thamea, aituated
It was once a splendid city, but is now a mean off Sheemeaa, at the point of a sand bank which
{»lace, and its harbour not capable of receiving runs eastward fiom the Isle of Grain. It ia the
arge vessels. It is almost surrounded by the sea. well known limit of the Cockneys* summer voy-
7 m. N. by W. of Zara. age. Long. 0. 44. £., lat. 51. 27. N.
Mmtranf a town of France department of Dor- Jfcffalk, a county of England, 77 m. long
dogne, 21 m. N. of Perigueux. and 45 broad ; bounded on the N. and £. by the
Aeepevr, a town of Hindooatan, in Guecati 55 German Ocean, 8. £. and 8. by Suffolk, and W.
m. E. of Surat Long. 73. 60. £., lat 21. 11. N. by Cambridgeahire and Linoolnahire. It contains
Jfcoikm Sound. Sea Oregon, 1,094,400 acres, is divided into 33 hondreda ud
MOR Sa KOR
OOO puifhai, hts one et*^ ftnd 3G market totrni, this oonntry to them in 912. which fiom thai
and lendi 12 members to |>«rUanent. The produot« lime vna called Normandj. Ilollo, the fint duke
▼i^ry accordinf^ to the soil- and sttoation. The held it as a fief of the crown of France, as did se-
lighter arable lands produce barley in great plen- veral of his successors after him. In 10G6, Wil-
ly ; wheat is cultiTated in the strongest soils ; liara the 7th duke liaving conquered England, it
and turnips are grown here in great quaniilies ; became a province of that country, tillii was lost
buck- wheat is also ^rown on the light soils, and in the reign of king John, and re-anited to the
used for feeding awine and poultry. The fenn^ erown of France. It is one of the meet fertile
parts yield ^reat ouantitMs of butter, which n provinces in France, and abounds in all things
aent to London unoer the name of Cambridge but- except wine, which defect is supplied by cider
ter. The sheep are a hardy small breed, much and perry. It contains iron, copper, and a great
valued for their mutton. Poultry of all kinds are number of rivers and harbours,
very plentiful, and the t^keys are reared here to Jforridgewoek, p.t. Somerset Co. Me., on the
a larger sixe than elsewhere ; rabbits are extreme- Kennebec. Fop. 1,710.
ly numerous on the sandy heaths; and there is JVbrrwtoieii, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa., on the
abundance of game, especially of pheasants. The Schuylkill, 17 m . above Philadelphia,
principal manufactures of the county are silks. JVbr<e/^,orJVbr Te/^e, a sea-port of Sweden, in
i>omabazines, crapes, camlets, Ac. It is watered the Baltic. It suiTered much from ravages com-
>vthe Great Ouse, Nen, Little Ouse, Waveney, mitted by the Russians in 1719. Near it is a
Yare, fiure, and some soialler itnoms. Rwynch §»rge for making fire armsw 30 m. N. E. of Stock-
is tlie capital. hokn. Long. 10. 32. E., lat. 60. 44. N.
JforfMf a county of Massachusetts lyin^ on JVurth MUrtony a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng.
Boston Bay. Pop. 41,901. Dedham is the capital ; Near this place was fought the celebnited battle-
a county of the E. District of Virginia. Pop. 14, between tne English and Scots called the Battle
996. Portsmouth is the capital. of the Standard, in 1138. It is seated in a delights
J^orfiUkf p.t. Norfolk Co. Va., the chief commer- f\xl valley 222 m. N. by W. of London,
cial town of Virginia. It stands on a good har- Jforth Cape, an enormous rock at the N. end
hour at the mouth of James river. The situation of the island Maggeroe, on the coast of Norway,
is low and the heighbourhood is marshy. The and the most northern promontory of Europe,
buildings are not remarkable for elegance, but Long. 1^. 57. £., lat. 71. 10. N.
some of the churches are neat The streets are JVorcA Sea. See Oemuin Ocean,
irregular. Here are 6 churches, 3 banks, a ma- Jfarihampton^ borough and the capital of North •
rine hospital, and a theatre. The harbour is amptonshire, Ens. h, was formerly surrounded
strongly defended. On the opposite side is a Na- by a wall, and had a castle, of which there are still
vy Yard of the United States with a dry dock some remains. In 1675 it was almost entirely
situated within the limits of the town of Uosport. destroyed by fire, but was soon rebuilt. The
Pop. 9,816. houses are uniformly built of freestone and chiefs
JforfoUcy p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 34 m. N. W. ly slated ; the streets are regular, and the town is
Hartford. Pop. 1,485; p.v. St. Lawrence Co. lighted with gas. It has 4 churches, 8 dissenting
N. Y. Pop. 1,039. meeting houses, a capacious market-place, a good
Jfcvfgik Itiandf an island in the S. Pacific, ly- free school, a general infirmary, and a county
ing E. of New S. Wales, and settled by a colony gaol on the principles of Mr. Howard. The prin-
ofconvicts, subordinate to that government. It cipal manufacture consists of boots and shoes,
fvas discovered in 1774 by captain Cook, who chiefly for exportation. In the meadows below
found it uninhabited, except by birds. It is very the town a battle was fought in 1460 between
hilly, but some of the valleys are tolerably large. Henry VI. and the Yorkists in which the former
Mount Pitt, the only remarkable hill, is 12,000 was defeated and made prisoner. Two miles to
feet high. The wh^ island isaovered by a thick the S. is a fine ancient Gothic structure called
forest ,but has not much underwood ; and the Queen's Cross, erected by Edward I., in memory
principal timber tree is the pine, which is very of his queen Eleanor. Northampton is seated on
useful in buildings, and seems to be durable. The the Nen, 30 m. S. E. of Coventry and 66 N. W
island is supplied with many streams of good wa- of I^ondon.
ter, which abounds with many fine eels. The JV*or<Aampton«Atrs, a county of England, 65 m
dins round the coast are 240 feet high, quite per- long and 24 where broadest ; bounded S. by
pendicular ; and anchora^ is safe ail round the Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. In the N.
island, on takiuf the leeside } but there is no har- E part, near Peterborough, commences a fenny
hour, and from ttie heavy seas which constantly tract, extending to the Lincolnshire Wash. With
beat upon the shore, there is great difficulty in this single exception, Northamptopshire is said to
approaching it, in consequence of which the set- contain lea« waste ground, and more seats of the
tiers are encouraged to remove to Port Dalrym- nobility and gentry, than any other county. Its
pie or the Derwent River, in New Holland, where greatest defect is a scaroity of fuel, which is but
the greater part of the military and convicts were scantily supplied by its woods ; and, though coal
removod in 1805. Long. l6d. 12. £., lat. 20. is brought by the river Nen, it is at a very dear
5. S. raine. This county, however, poasesses some con*
JVtfrAam, a village in Durham, Eng. Its castle, siderable remains of its old forests, particularly
on the edge of a rock above the Tweed, has been those of Rockingham on the N. W., and of Sslcey
many times taken and destroyed by the Scotch, and Whittlebury on the S. Its products .aie^ in
and as often rebuilt by the English. 6 m. S. W. general, the same with those ot other farming
of Berwick. counties ; but it is peculiarly celebrated for gras-
Jformnndjff a former province of France, now tng land. Woad for the dyers is cultivated here ,
forming the departments of Calvados, Euro, Man- but the country is not distinguished for SMnu-
che, Orne, anu Lower Seine. The Normans, a factures.
r>ople of Denmark and Norway, having entered Jf^rthfieei, a village m Kent, Eng. a^«Aed on the
rmnce under RoUo, Charles the Simple ceded Thames, 2 m. W. of GwresaiM Th% ^dxuvik
«onUin« Ungtamit* of manniiienU u lacieiit u
the 14th oentoij. Viat qoantiliei of linw u«
made here, uid greal nDmbera of extnoMnu Iba-
■Uj ha*H besn ,
MinUtach, ■ S>wn in Oloacaatenhiie, En^.
■eatad neu tbe Kmice of the Lech, 2Sm.E.at
Olonce»ter uid 81 W. by N. of LohiJdd.
jrertkap, a village of Wales, in Plintihire, 3 m.
S. B. of Flint ; noted for iU roum&chun of
come earthen iraie, firebricks, Ac.
ffarlAumtertoHd, the inoet northern conntf of
Lnifkuid. In the Saxon heptarchj it wu ■ put
of the kingdom of the .Vorthombriint, which con-
tained also the conntiea of York, Lancailer, Dur-
ham, Cambeilind, and WeBtmoreland, and
vedit
B-N, 1
' (he Hum
-. a triangular form, G4 _
length and 50 in eztteme breadth ; boanded on
the E. by the German Ocean. The soil is va-
rioui ; tbe E. part ii ftuilful in moat aorta of com,
with rich meadowi on the banka of the riven ;
bat the W. nut ii moitly heathy and mountain-
001. The S. E. part abounda with thick eeama
of coal; and the 9. W. angle ha* rich lead mine*.
Limeitone and iron ore aMund in vaiioDi parts.
Alnwick ia the capital; but the larseat town ia
Nawcaatle.
ffortkitnbtrland IrlandM, a chain of i^landa in
the S. Pacific, near the N. E. coaat oF Mew Hol-
land. iMOtt. I5U. E., lat. 22. a.
Jfortkiijaherliut Strait, the S. part of the gulf
of St. Lawrence, between tbe island of St. John
aad the coast of New Brunawick and Non
SeoUa.
Narthteieh, a town in Cheshire, Eng. with ■
cotton manQfactare, and considerable sadt-works;
•ealed on the Dan, at it* junction with the Weav-
er, SO m. N. E. of Cheiier and 17* N. W. of
London.
Jfmttn Smaid, an intet of the sea, ou the W.
coast of N. America, diacovered by Cook in his
age. The entrance is betireen Cape
... .:. _.,j Q^^ Danhy on the W.,
Denbi^
about fb m. diitont, both lying in lat. 64.
I. N.,
1,315.
AertA ^mtnia, p.r. Dutchess, Co. N. Y.
tfoTtkamftBit,a. town of England, the capital of
Korthamplonahire, with tome mannftctures. It
stands on the Hen, 66 m. N. W. London.
ffortiiamplmuldn, a county of England con-
taining 1,017 sq. m. Pop. ltia,483.
Jfortiamplon, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mara, on the
Connecticut 95 m. W. Boston. Pop. 3,613, It
A'ortUri^a, p.t Woreestsr Co. Ham. 4C m. 8
W. BartoD.Top. 1,053.
Xfortk Bnel^uJJ, p.L Woroaster Co. HaM. 68
ro. W. Boston. Fop. 1,31J.
Jfortk Brantk, p.v. SomerNt Co. N. J.
Jforii BnigBnatar, p.t. Plymonlh Co. HaM. S8
m. S. Beaton. Pop. l|953.
ttartk Btnd, p. v. Hamilton Co. Ohio, on tbe
Ohio, in the S. W. comer of the stale.
AiirtA Csroliiu, one of tbe United Stales, bound-
ed a. by Virginia, E. by the ocean, S. by tbe
ocean and 8. Carolina and W. by Tenneaaee. It
eitenda &om 33. 60. to 36. 30. N. lat. and from 75.
46. to B4. W. long. 435 m. in length &om E. to W.
and 180 in breadth. It contains 43,000 aq. m.
Nearly all (he stale is level : in tbe west the Blue
Ridge of monntains croase* the country from Vir-
ginia to B. Carolina. It is watered hj Ihe Cho-
wan and Roanoke liTeis which tiie w Virginia
and flows thniDgh this state into AlbenDarle
Bound; by the Pamlico and Cape Feai riven which
flow to the sea in Ihs eastern and soulhem parts,
and the Tadkin which ; into S. Carolina.
A number of low sandy islands aie acalteied
along the coast and inclose several laise soundf,
aa Amlico, Albermarle and Carrituck ; yet the
entrances to these, and the mootba of the riven
are obstructed with ahoala, and there ii not a good
harbour in the state. Tbe soil is to a great PXtenl
sandy and poor, with eitenaiTe swampy tracts ;
there are however, fertile districts here and there,
and the banks of the riven are genenlly produc-
tive. In tbe western parts the soil is much the
beat. The Qreat Dismal Swamp ties between
this stale and Virginia and covers a space of 150.
000 acres. In its neighboBrhood is another called
the Little Dismal Swamp.
The mmeral region of tbia state has lately at-
tracted greal attention. Mineaof gold have been
discovered which have already proved highly
Eroductiva : these mines are not confined to the
roitaof North Carolina but extend into the ad-
joining atates of Virginia, South Carolina, Ten-
nesee, Georgia and Alabama , Tliey are comput-
ed to cover more than 1,000 sq. m. of suri^ce.
The mines in this stale are very active and em-
ploy about 30,000 men. They are not sunk verj
Her
ueiy built, s
_ anufsctories. TbeFarm-
mglon Canal ia deaigued to extend from New Ha-
ven to thi> place.
Jfartkamplim, a township of MonliranMTT Co.
K. T. 60 m. N. W, Albany. Pop. 1 ,^ ; a town-
•hip in Bucka Co. Pa. and Burlington 13o. N. J. ;
p.t. Lehigh Co. Pa. 55 m. N. W. Philad. ; p.v. Por-
tace Co. Ohio ; p.v, Northampton Co. N. C,
ffortlumjiton, a county of the E.Diitrict of Vir-
gima. Pop, 8,644. Eastville is the capital ; a
oonn^ ofN. Carolina. Pop. 13,103.
JVonA Hampttm, p.t. Rockingham Co N R
on the coast, 7 m, 8, W. Portsmouth, Pop, 767'
Jfartk BlaJuin, p.t. Bcboharie Co, N. Y 56
m. S. W. Albanjr.
liirMorm^, p.l, Worcester Co, Mass. 36 m.
W.Boelon. T(^9M.
deep but are wroaght eztenuTdy in ■ bornoota,
direction. The gold is also found on Ibe bdt-
face, in gnins among the sand and travel, and is
obtained by washing the earth. The particles
seldom exceed in siis the head of a pin, altfaoogb
occasionallv larger piecea are found , and in one
instance a lump weighing 38 pounds was disODT-
ered. There are a great number of mills in
this state for grinding the ore, which are driven
by water orateam. The greater port of the o
HOR 861 NOR
many eza^f ertted ■tetemeiits have been made there waa an hereditary nobiittT, with the titles
respecting it, some of which state the amount of Landgrave and Caaique. The legislature was
as nigh as 5,000,000 dollars annually. called a parliament. This constitution wss found
A great part of the country is covered with upon trial to be ill adapted to the character of
forests of pitch pine. In the plains of the low the people, and it was abolished in 1693. This
country, this tree is almost ezclusiTely the natu- colony had been connected with that of South
ral growth of the soil. It much exceeds in height, Carolina, till 1739, when they were separated,
the pitch pine of the Northern States. The tar, and the government of both was assumed by
turpentine and lumber, afforded by this valuable the king. This continued till the present consti-
tree, constitute one half the exports of the state, tution was established in 1776.
The moisture of Uie air, in the swampy regions, ^orthtaatU, p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. on the
loads the trees with long, spongy moss, which Hudson, 16 m. from Kingsbridge, Pop. 1,653.
hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives Jf(ortk Eagt, p.t. I>utchess Cow N. Y. on the
the forest a singular appearance. The mis- Hudson, 90 m. N. New York. Pop. 1,669* pv
tietoe is often tound upon the trees of the. Erie Co. Pa. ; p.v. Cecil Co. MaryUnd.
interior, 'fhis state also produces several valu- J^orik End, p.v. Matthews. Co. Va.
able medicinal roots, as jrinseng, Virginia, and Jfort^fUld, p.v. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the
Seneca snakeroot, &c. The ricli intervals are Merrimack, 14 m. above Concord. Pop. 1,169;
overgrown with canes, the leaves of which con- a township on Staten Island N. Y. Top. 2,171 ; p.t.
tinue green through the winter, and afibrd good Franklin Co. Mass. on the Connecticut, 80 m.
fodder for cattle. W. Boston. Pop. 1,757 ; a township of Washing-
The most common articles of culture are maise ton Co. Vt. Pop. 1^412 ; a village of Essex Co.
and wheat, to which the nature of the soil seems N. T. and a township of Portage Co. Ohio,
well adapted. Some attention is paid to cotton JVorth Hero, an Island of Vermont, in Lake
and rice. Tobacco is raised in the uplands, as Champlain. It constitutes a township. Pop.
well as most of the productions of the Middle 638.
States. Agricultural societies exist in different Jforthington, p.v. Hartford Co. Conn. 9 m. W
parts of the state, and sums of money are annu- Hartford.
ally paid by the government for their assistance. JVorl4 JiTtJinton, p.t. Washington Co. R. I. on
Agriculture, however, is in a backward feondi- Narraganset Bay, SO m. 8. W. Providence. Pop.
tion. 3,036.
The produce of the interior is generally carried Jforthltch, a town in Gloncestenhire, Eng. 80
to the trading towns in Virginia and South Car- m. W. by N. of London,
olina for a market. TimMr and plank, grain, ^crtk MidileUm^ p.v. Bourbon Co. Ken.
flour and naval stores are the chief exports. The Kmik Mordand, p.v. Luxeme Co. Pa.
shipping of the state amounted in 1880| to 54,094 Jfarth MottnUiin, a portion of the Kittatinny
tons. The imports for the same period, were range in Pennsylvania.
983,347 dollara ; the exports of domestic produce, Aor^vorf, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 6 m. 8. Belfast.
664,500 doUan. Pop. 1,083.
In the mountainous parts of the west, the climate tforth Prmridmue, See Pmutudsai.
is temperate, and the air salubrious ; this region JVorU SaUm, p.t Westohaster Co. N. Y. Pop.
's one of the most healthy in the country, and 1,976.
though the davs in summer are hot. the nights JfmikmmberUmd, a ooon^ of Enriand, border-
are refreshed oy cool breeaes. In all the eastern Ing upon Scotland, oontaimng 1,850 sq. m. Pop.
Eirts, the climate is unhealthy, and intermittent 196,9d5. It contains the richest coal mines in the
ven are common in summer and autumn. The world. Also two countiea in Upper and Lower
inhabitants have a pale,yellowish,and bilious com- Canada.
plexion. The winten are very mild. The wheat ffortkumhtirlmndf a oomity of the W. District of
hwest takes place in the beginning of June ; the Pennsylvanm, Pop. 18,1^. Sunbury is the cap-
maiae harvest early in September. Ital. Also a county of the £. District of Virginia
North Carolina is divided into 62 oonnties. Pop. 7,953.
The population is 738,470, of whom 246,462 are kortkumUriand^.%. Northumberland Co. Pa.
slaves. Raleigh is the ca[ntal. The other large Abrt/ktsood, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 90 m
towns are Newborn, Wilmington and Fayettevilfo. £. Concord. Pop. 1 ,342.
The legislature is styled theOeneral Assembly ,attd JVbrton, a village in Essex Co. Vt ; p.t Bristol
consists of a Senate and a House of Commons. Co. Msss. 7 m. N. W. Taunton. Pop. Iy484; p.t
Each county chooses one senator and two repre- Delaware Co. Ohio ; p.t Me^na Co. Ohio,
sentatives. The governor is chosen annually by Abrton, or G4miiv jVbrfon. a town of Oxftrd-
the legislature, and is ineligible three yean out shire, Eng. 74 m. N. W. London,
of six. Voten fbr senators must be freeholden. JVorfea Sound, an inlet on the W. eoaat of N.
The clergy are excluded from the legislature.' America, in lat. 64, 55.
The Baptists are the most numerous reli^ous sec^ Mmomlk, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn, on Long f e-
^ they have 272 churehes ; the Presbyterians 126 *, land Sound. 19 m. S. W. fWfield. Pop. 3,793 ;
' the Lutherans 45 ; the Episcopalians 11 ; the p.t. Huron Co. Ohio. 14 m. S. from Lake Erie.
United Brethren 4. The Methodista have 32 Pop. 903.
preachers, and there are a number of societies of fforway, a oountry in the N. of Europe, be-
Quakers. The state has a univenity at Chapel longing to Sweden, the most westerly part of the
Hill, and a small literary fund, but which is not ancient Scandinavia. It is bounded on the W.
yet available for the purpose of education. mnd N. by the Northern Ocean, £. by Swedish
The first permanent settlements in North Caro- Lspland and Sweden, and S. by the Cbttegst *
Una were made by fugitives and seceden from extending from the Nase in lat ^. 30., to the N
Virginia, between 1640 and 1650. The conatitn- Cape in lat 71. 10. Ita breadth, which is vrrv
tion was the work of the celebrated John Locke, unequal, is from 40 to 280 m. It is natural U
Tile chief magistiate was called the Palatine, and fbmed into two divisions, naniely , Northern au4
70 . 3A
NOR
raper Norway, Mpumtad tnta each
other bj ths anal] Swcdiih prarinMiaf Hemdahl.
Il ia dirided into tbe foai gaTcmmeDU or Agger-
huja, ChriitianU or Chrialiuiwuiil, Berf^n, and
Dnmdieiin. From ila rocky aoil, and nortbeni
poaitioa, Norwaj ii not popnloiu in proportion to
ita aiWnt. Tbe number of inhabi tan ti it calcnla-
ted at l,000,00n, wbo like the Swia* monnlaineera,
•re eiceedinglj altacbed to their conntiy. In
Norway, they bive a paiticulai ctxle, called the
Norwaj Law, compiled by GneSel&ld, at tlie
Norway, the peaaants are free-bom. Tbej ,inaaf w
mach ipirit and Gie in their manner ; are frank,
•pen and nndaonted, jet not iaaolent; DCTer
&wnin{[, ret ftj'mg proper reipeet. Their prin-
dpaJ mode of laliite i« by offering their band;
and, when the; are given or paid any trifle, the
peasant!, ioilead of returning thanlu by warda,
oc by a bow, ahake haada with (treat Oankoeia
and cordiality. The eame canaea which aRcl
ttia population of Norway operate likewise on
th> aUt« of tillage; for, allhoogh in aome place*
Tegetatum ia >o quick thai tlie com ia sown and
ODt iniil or eeren weeks, yet tha country does
BOt pmloce sufficient com for ila own consump-
tion. It la, however, exceedingly lich in paatnre,
•nd Aonaequeutlr produces much cattle. Tbe
horeaa are aoiall, bm strong, reiy active, and
hardy. The Gsberies, particularly on the W.
ooaat, find employment and wealth for tbe natires,
•ad supply the finest sailor* for the Daniah fleet.
The principal fiah are aalmon, cod, ling, and
whiting ; their livers also yield train-oil i and the
mallnt are given *a winter fodder to the cattle.
Tbe eilensive fbreati of oak and pine produce
timber, spars, beama, and planki, besides cbarcoal,
torpentine, bark, fuel, and even manure ; and the
birch (the bark of which is used as a covering for
the roof* of bonsea) not only supplies fWi, but
alao a kind of vine. The general export* are tal-
low, butter, dried £ah, Lmber, planks, horse*,
horned cattle, silver, cobalt, alum, Prussian bine,
' eopper, and iron. It abounds in lakes and rivers ;
the former so large that Ibey appear like inlels
of the sea; bat the river* are in general of a short
oonrsa, except the Glommen. Tbe mountaina
reddish colonr, a
fhun the ridge of Kolen to the lea, devourinc
every product of the soil in their ooorae, and at
last aeem to devour each other.
Norway was rormerlv jrovemed by itsowD^-
reditary aoveieigo*. On ue demise of Hasen V.,
in 1319, without male iama, his grandson in tha
female line, Megnua Smek, anited in hia persoa
the kingdoms ofSweden and Norway. Hagnna
waa succeeded in the kingdom of Noway by hia
■on Hsgen VI., husband ^the celebratedHarn-
Mt, anTat hia dr ■- -^ "■ -'
d to Denmark . . ^ a,
wilhoul iaeue, Margaret herself was raiaed to the
throne by tbe unanimous voiceof the natioB. On
ber death it deicended with Denmark and Swe-
den to her nephew Eric. Sweden was sflerwarda
•eparated from Dciunark by tbe valonr and ad-
dre** of OuslBvos Vasa. By the treaty of Kiel,
in Jannaiy, 1614, Norway was ceded by the king
of Denmark to Sweden ; but the people, not ap-
proving of the ceaaion, had recourse to arms, in
order to resist the entrance of tbe Swediah ttoopa
into their country ; and Ih* diet elected Prince
Chriitian, the king of Denmark's son, who waa
then governor, to the throne. However, on the
conclusion of the war with France, the allied
powers, who had previously promised this ooon-
try to Sweden, if she would lake an active part in
the coalition againat the French empiie,naw did all
in theirpowertoeofbrcethecesaion. Fortius pur-
pose a considerable body of their troop* was march-
ed into the Daniah larrilorie* on the continent, to
wat«b that power, and all the porta of Norway wen
bv tbe Swedish and English fleets by
the Swedish army, nnder tbe c
wbile
>, entered Norway by land. Amidat such
united efforts, it was not to be expected that the
brave Norwesiina conld hold out long. After
the capture of Fredericksladt, and the passage of
the Glommen by the Swede*, Prince ChnstiBn
proposed to resign hia erovrn into the hand* of the
Diet : and on the SOth of October, 1814, that as-
sembly eaiDe to the resolution that Norway should
be governed by the king ofSweden, bnt aa an in-
tegral state, preaerving its eonatitntiDn and laws,
to which Sweden aaaenled. Chriatiania is the
Mmtiek, a ci^ and county of England, tlwe^
its! of Norfolk, and a biahop'a *ee. It waa fiw-
merly aurroonded by a strong wall, of whioh some
ruins still remain. Hanyitflbe streets are ctill
narrow and ill-disposed, though during the last 10
year* considerable improveinenU have been eflec-
led. Be*ideBlheeatbedral,wbicht*Dneoflhemoal
epacioDB and elegant in tbe kingdoni, here are 39
narish cburchei, two churebe* lor the Fleminn,
'- - -^- -"- ■■ ~-hou.er — '^^-
and fin; the gnmiT Soandinavian chain,
runs from S. to N., is known by distinct sppelU-
tions; tha chief are the ridge* of Langfial, Dofra-
Ital, Kolen, and Sevemoi. The wild animal* are
tha baai, lynx, wolf, fbx, and bare ; but the most
ity, i* the castle,
sn ancient and stalely edifice. Near this city, on
.Household Heath, are the mini of the castle of
Kett, the tanner, by whose rebellion, in the reign
of Edward VI., the cily was reduced to a rniuoas
atsle. Norwich has eitensiva muDbftare* of
crapes, bombazines, and stuSi ofvarioua kinds,
and a considerable trade. It is seated on tbe riv-
er Yare, S3 m. W. of Yarmontb and 110 N. E. of
London. Long. 1. SO. £., tat. 52. 40. N.
Itorviek, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,713; p.t
Herkimer Co. N. T. P<m. 1,1S9.
JfarmA, p.t. WindKtt Co. Vt. oa th« ConaM
NOV 566 BOr
tieiit> 91 m. abovt Windsor. Pop. l;916 ; p.t. br Nortfaamberland 8tz«it, and If. W. bj 56w
HamM^ira Co. MaM. 15 m. W. Northampton. Bmnswiek and the bay of Fnndy. Its length is
Pop. 787 ', p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the 235 m. from Cape Sable on the S. W. toCape
Thames, 14 m. above New London. Pop. 5,169. Canso on the N. E. Its extreme breadth is 68 m.
this township comprises 3 villages, the largest of but the mean of the peninsular part is not more
which is Chelsea Landing. Here are large man- than 45. It has several lakes and a vast number
oiactares of cotton, flannel, carpeting, paper^ iron, of small rivers. It is a peninsula, lying S. £. of
tintseed oil, Ac. Here is an ancient aoonffinal New Brunswick, and joined to it by a narrow isth-
oemeterv called the Burying Ground of the Unca- mua, at the N. £. extremitv of the bay of Fnndy.
ses. Also a p.t. Chenango Co. N. T. Pop. 3,374, The French settled here before they made any
and a township of Franklin Co. Ohio, on the establishment in Canada, and called it Acadia.
Scioto, b m. above Columbus. The first grant of lands was made to Sir William
JVbsfsii, a.town of Saxony, on the Muldau, 18 Alexander, by James 1. of England, from whom
m. W. of Dresden. it received tlie name of Nova Scotia. Since its
Jfotekurg, a town of Russia, in the government first settlement it hag more than once changed
of Petersburg, seated on an island in the lake La- rulers and proprietors, nor was it confirmed to
doga, at the place where the Neva issues. It has England till the peace of Utrecht in 1713. The
a good citadel, and was capital of Innia^ before inhabitants consists of English, Scotch, Irish, and
Petersburg was built. It ii ^ m. CT of Peters- a few Germans : recent accounts state them at
burg. Long. 31. 9. E., lit. 59. 56. N. 150,000. and they are rapidly increasing in num-
JVo(0, a town of Sicily, capital ofValdi Noto. her ana prosperity. The soil is in many parts
It was ruined by an earthquake in 1693, and near thin and sterile, but there are some tracts not in-
it another town was built called Noto Nuovo. It ferior to the best lands in New England. Halifax
is 22 m. S. W. of Syracuse. Long. 15. 19. E., is the capital,
lat. 36. 50. N. JVom ZembUf an island in the Arctic Ocean.
JfoUingkaMf a borough and the capital of Not- separated from the continent of Russia bv the
tinghamshire, Eng. ft is situate on the side and strait of WaigaU. It is 540 m. in length and from
summit of a rock, into which are cut some small 100 to 240 inbreadth. This country was discov-
habitations, and numerous vaults or cellars. To the ered by the English in 1553, and it has since been
W. of the town, on a rocky eminence, is the castle, visited by ships attempting to discover a N. E.
a magnificent modern structure, belonging to the passage. In lo95, a Dutch vessel beinffcast away
duke of Newcastle, built on the site of an ancient on the coast, the crew were obliged to winter
fortress, oelebratea in Englbh history. It is a here,and with great difficulty preserved their lives,
handsome town, distinguished by ita spacious The country is extremely desolate, producing no
market-place, and notedTfor ita excellent ale. It trees, nor any ve^tables but moss and some few
is one or the principal seata of the silk and cotton arctic planto. It is inhabited by wild beasta, par-
stocking manufacture ; the lace manufacture is ticularly white bears, white foxes, elks, reindeer,
also very extensive. At this town Charles I. set and rabbita. The hunters from Archan^l now
np his standard, at the commencement of the civil generallv winter here, and return home in sum-
war which terminated in his destruction. Not^ mer with their cargoes of skins and furs. Long,
ttngham is.seated on a river, which communicates 52. to 78. E., lat. ?l). to 78. N.
wi& the Trent, 1 m. to the S. It is 16 m. E. of JVoeoOe, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Tre-
Derby and 124 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 9. visano, 10 m. S. W. of Treviso.
W . , lat 52. 58. N. Jfcwtnf a town of Italy, caoital of a province of
JfoUawayf a river of Virginia flowing into the ita name m the Sardinian Milanese. It contains
Meherrin. 17 eburehes, besides the cathedral, and is seated
JfaUinghamshire, a county of England, 48 m. on an eminence, 25 m. W. by S. of Milan,
long and 25 broad ; bounded N. by Yorkshire. AbMOors, a town of Italy, in the Modenese,
It enjoys such a temperature of soil and climate with a castle, 17 m. E. by N. of Parma and 18
as to render it one of the most fertile and health- m. N. N. W. of Modena.
ful counties in England. Almost the whole of the Jfmrif a town of the Sardinian states, in the
middle and western parte of the county were for- territory of Genoa, with a strong castle on a
merly occupied by the extensive forest of Sher- mountain. It is the principal deposit for goods
wood, the only royal forest N. of the Trent ; but oominc from the Levant, which pass into Aus-
the greater part ii now enclosed and covered with trian Italy, and thence into the S. of Germany.
grain of all sorta, cattle, malt, hops, wool, liquo- W. of Genoa. « ^ . , v t^
rice, and woad. The manufactures chiefly con- JVom, a fortified town of Croatia, taken by the
sista of hosiery , bobbin-net and net-laoe, glass, and Austrians in 1789. It is seated on the right bank
earthenware of the Unna, 52 m. S. £. of Carlstadt. Long. 16.
JVbttmgikaiii, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. 24 m. .53. E., Ut. 45. 8. N.
N W. Fortamouth. Pop. 1,157; t. Burlington Jfaoi Baxar, a town of Servia, seated near the
Cq, X. J. Oresoo, 73 m. W. of Nissa and 95 S. of Belgrade.
JfaUUigkam, E. and W. two townships in Chester Long. 21. 1. E., lat 43. 35. N.
Co. Pa.,lilso towns in Washington Co. Pa., Prince Mmgrad. a town of Hungary, capital of a
George Co. Md. and Harrison Co. Ohio. county of the same, with a casUe: seated on a
A'oOoiMw, a county of the £. District of Vir- mountun, near the Danube, 25 m. N. of Budt.
ginia. Pop. 10. 141. ^omgrad, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, with a
JVbM Scotia, a British province of N. America, castle, seated on a lake of the same name, near
which formerly , till 1784, included the province the gulf of Venice, 17 m. E. of Nona and 25 N.
of New Brunswick. It is bounded on the S. and W. of Zaro.
8 E by the Atiaatie, E. by thegut ofCanso, N. JVoMfr^#^,aaity of Russia, capital of a g^vcrt
Nl<B 596 HUR
nwnt of the mnt n&me, and formerly oaUed through it, on tht buikc of whieh it li fhiilfti], b«l
Great NoTogorod, to distinguish it from other in other places barren , sandj. and destitute of w*-
towns of the same appellation. It was for a long ter. The inhabitants make toeir bread and drink
time governed by its own dukes, and was in fact of a small round seed called doca, or aeff, which
a republic, under the jurisdiction of a nominal is a kind of millet. Their houses have mud walls,
sovereign. It was the great mart of trade between are verv low, and covered with reeds. The drea
Russia and the Hanseatic cities, and made the of the better sort is a vest without sleeves, and
gods and Great Novogorod .'' But in the They are described as a stupid
I5th century this independent republic was oblig- pie, but profess to be Mahometans. The produc-
ed to submit to Ivan Basilowitz I., grand duke of tions of tne country are rc»ld, elephants' tem, civ-
Rnssia. It continued, nevertheless, the largest it, and sandal wood ; and a great many slaves am
and most commercial city in Russia, and contain- sent into Egypt.
ed at least 400,000 inhabitants. It was first des- JVtiex, a town of Spain, in the province of Leon,
olated by the cruelties of Ivan Basilowitz II. ; but on the borders of Portugal, 15 m. E. of Braganxa
its splendor was not totally eclipsed until Peter and 48 W. of Zamora. ■
the Great built Petersburg, to which he transfer- JVWttx, a town of France, department of Cote '
red all the commerce of uie Baltic that had before d'Or, famous for its excellent wines. It is seated
centered here. It now contains scarcely 8,000 at the foot of a mountain, 16 m. S. S. W. of
souls ; and a vast number of churches and con- Dijon.
vents stand as melancholy monuments of its Jfun, or Vied d» JVWn, an extensive country of
former magnificence. The town stretches on Africa, of which the emperor of Morocco arro-
both sides of the Volkoff, a river of considerable gates to himself the sovereignity, but his real an-
depth and rapidity, which separates it into two Uiority is extremely feeble. It is inhabited by dif-
divisions, namely the trading part and the quar- frrent tribes of Arabs, whose camps are scattered
ter of St. Sophia ' in the latter are the ruins of over such interior parts of the country as are capa-
the cathedral, in which several princes of the du- ble of cultivation.
cal fiunily of Russia are interred. Novogorod is Awn, a river of Africa running into the Bight of
situate near the N. end of the lake Ilmen, 120 m. Benin, now ascertained to be one of the mouths
8. S. £. of Petersburg. Long. 31. 45. E., lat. 58. of the great river Quoixa or Niger. See Jfiger.
25 N. JVWn2i, p.t. Alleghany Co. N: T. 266 m. W. AI-
J^ooogorod, Jilzneif a city of Russia, capital of bany. Pop. 1,291.
a government of the same name, and an archbish- Jrundydroog^ a town and fortress of Hindoostan,
op s see. It has a castle, surrounded by stone in Mysore. It is built on the summit of a mouii-
walls , also two cathedrals, 28 parish churches, tain, 1,700 fret in height, the greater part inao-
and five convents. The trade is considerable, and eessible ; but was besieged and taken by the Eng-
the shops richly 'fhmished with all kinds of for- lish, under lord Comwallis, in 179B. It is 70 m
sign and home goods. It is seated at the conflux N. of Seringapatam.
ofthe Ocea with the Volga, 250 m. £. by N. of JVtotesECM, a town in Warwiekshiie, Eng. with
Moscow. manufactures of woolen doth and ribands. It was
Jfovogarod. Seotrskoi^ a town of Russia, ffov- formerly noted for its nunnery, and is seated i
ernment of Cxemigov, seated on the Desna, 86 m. on the river Anker, 9 m. N. by E. of Coventiy |
B. N. E. of Czemigov. and 96 N. W. of London. ■
JfoTfogrodekf a town of Russian Lithuania, gov- JfunjinagodUfa, town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, t
ernment of Grodno, seated on a hill in a vast with a ruinous fort, and a larve square temple. It
plain, 80 m. S. by E. of Wilna. Long. 26. 8. £., is situate in the fork formed t>y the junction of
lat. 53. 25. N. Kaundini with the Kapini, 13 m. fr. by E. of
Jfnonurgorod, a town of Russia, in the govern- Mysore,
ment of Catharineslaf 160 m. N. N. W. of Cher- JVimny, a village in Somersetshire, Eng. 3 n.
son. Long. 31. 44. E., lat. 48. 40. N. 8. W. of Frome. Here are the rains of a
JVbitfra, a town of Austrian Poland, near which strong castle, the shell of which still remains near*
are mines of gold and silver. 30 m. S. of Cra- ly perfect. It was burnt by the pariiament foreev
cow. ^ in 1645.
JVb^, a town of Spain, in Galicia. The chief Jfurenherg^ a town of Bavaria, in the eiicle of
trade is in ship-buildmg. It stands at the mouth Rezat. It is surrounded bv an old wall and ditch,
ofthe Tambro, 15 m. W. of Compostella. more than 3 ro. in circumference, formerly flanked
Jfoyers, a town of Frdnce, department of Tonne, with 365 towers ; and through the middle ofthe
with a castle ; seated on the Serin, 19 m. E. S. £. town flows the river Penits, over which an sir
of Auxerre. stone bridges and severu of wood. The inhabit-
JVbyim, atown ofthe department ofOise, the ants are verv industrious, and their maps and
birth-place of the celebrated Calvin. It is an epis-, prints, as well as their musical and mathemalical
copal aee^ and is seated near the Gise, 25 m. N. instruments are in high esteem ; nor are they lesa
lY. of Soissons and 70 N. by E. of Paris. curious in clook-work, and in the several maim-
^ozontoHf a village in Newcastle Co. Del. fiustures of iron, steel, ivory, wood, and alabaster.
22 m. 8. W. Wilmington. The toys commonly known in England by the
yozeroiff a town in the ^ department of Jura, name of Dutch toys are also made here. Ayy^tw
MTith a castle on a mountain, 20 m. S. E. of Sa- the public institutions are a fkmoes academy for
11 bs. painting, an anatomical theatre, and a public li-
JVWa, a countrv of Africa, bounded on the N. brary . liie ancient castle or palace is still standing
by Egypt, £. by the Red Sea, S. hj Abyssinia and at the extremity of the city, and the arsenal is one
Darfoor, and W. by Bornou. It is about 600 m.
. , , ofthe best in Germany. The hoasee are baiH of
in length and 450 in breadth. The Nile runs freestone, and an four or five stiiriee high. Nu
OAK 667 OBO
iMkberff wai given to BtTuia bytht treaty of Til- a atrong eaatle. It la & moat aneient town in
ait in 1807. it la 96 m. N. by W. of Munich and the lEingdom, and waa fbnnerlv the reaidence of
SSO W. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 11. 4. £., lat the kinga of Sudermania. It la seated on a rivei
49. 27. N. of the aame name, near the Baltic, 70 m. 8. W.
J>^atingm, a town of Wurtemberg with an hoa- of Stockholm. Long. 17. 27. E., lat. 58. 35. N.
pital,foandedinl481,aaidio be thericheatfonnd- Jfyland, a province of European Ruaaia, in
ation in the lun|fdom. It ia aitoate on the Neck- Finland, lying on the gulf of Finland, to the W.
ar, 14 m. S. E. of Stuttgard. of Carelia. It ia 120 m. long and from 30 to 60
JWiMerpOMT, a town of Hindooatan, capital of a broad; and ia a fertile pleaaant country, being
diatrict of the aame name, in the province of Sin- better peopled and cultivated than the neiffhbour-
dy. It ia lituate on the Sinde, 58 m. N. £. of ing provincea. The inhabitants (about 115^000)
Tatta. Long. 69. 10. E., lat. 25. 28. N. carry on aome trade in com, cattle, planks, hnen,
JVyftora", a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. ooaat and dried fiah.
of tiie iale of Funen. The remains of the old pal- Iftfdoi^ a town of Rusaia, in the government of
ace, in which Christian II. waa bom, now aerve Wiburg, on the lake Saima. The eaatle, which
fbr a magazine and arsenal. It la seated on a bay atands on a rock in a river, near the town, ia
of the Great Belt, 10 m. E. of Odenaee. Long, atrongly fortified by nature and ait. It waa taken
10. 40. E., lat. 55. 30. N. by the Russians in 1714, reatored to the Swedes
JAfkiapiw, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, at the peace of Nyatadt, but finally ^ven up to
with a good harbour, on the gulf of Ly mford. It the Ruaaiana by the treaty of Abo in 1743. 50
stands on the £. side of the island of Mora, which m. N. W. of Wiburg.
is formed by branches of the gulf, 40 m. W. by Jfydoi^ a town of Russia, in the government of
8 of Alburg. Long. 8. 36. E., lat. 56. 52. N. Livonia, with a castle ; 20 m. S. by W. of JNarva.
Jfjfkepin^ a sea-|K)rt of Denmark, caoital of Jfifitadt, a town of Ruaaia, in Finland, with a
the lale of Falster, with a rojral palace, ana one of commodiona harbour, and a conaiderable trade in
the beat endowed hospitals in the kmgdom. It all kinds of wooden vessels. In 1721 a peace waa
atanda on a narrow channel, oppoaite the ialand concluded here between Russia and Sweden. It
of Laland, 60 m. S. S. W. of Copenhagen. Long, ia aeated on a bay of the gulf of Bothnia, 38 m.
11. 58. E., lat 54.50. N. N. W. of Abo. Lonir. 21. 31. £., lat 61. 10. N.
Jfyfcoping, a government of Sweden, oompre- JVVftod, a town of Denmark, on the S. E. coaat
bending the W. part of Sudermania. of the iale of Laland. It carriea on a oonaidera-
Ji/ifkapm^y a neat town of Sweden, capital of ble trade with the provincea oi Germany, and is
Sudermania, with a harbour, and the remains of 28 m. E. 8. E. of Naxkow.
O
O, or ST. MARTIN D'O, a town of France, Co. Mich. Allegany Co. N. T., and Anne Arun-
department of Ome, 5 m. S. of Arsentan. del, Co. Md.
Odkoona, one of the Ingraham Tales, which ia Oa&(sy, p. v. Seneca Co. Ohio,
id to be the northernmoat of all this cluster. It (MimiZg», p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
lies about 10 leaguea N. E. of Nooheva. To this OakmMQee, a river of Georgia flowing into the
island Captain Roberta gave the name of Maasa- Alatamaha.
chusetts. Captain Ingnham had before called it Oaktomie, p.v. Covington Co. Miaaiaaippi.
Washington. OakoUU^ p.v. Buckingham Co. Va.
Omk Ftaiy p.v. Pendleton Co. Va. Omdmid MUiB.p.r, Loudon Co. Va.
Oak Groee, p.v. Lunenburg Co. Va. ; p.v. Jaa- Oaxaea, one or the provinces of Mezioo, which
per Co. Geo. Su.
Oak HaU, p.v. Pickens Co. Alab. Otaooi, city, the capital of the above province
Oakham, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 62 m. W. is seated in a beautifiil valley 240 m. S. S. E.
Boston. Pop. 1,010. Mexico. Pop. 24,000. The churches are splendid,
Oakham, the chief town of Rutlandshire, Eng. but the neighbourhood is subject to earthquakea.
Near the church are the decayed walls of an oM Oftow, a village of Scotland, in Argyleshire,
castle r and in 1749 four silver pennies of the seated 13 m. to the S. of the entrance of Loch
later Mercian kings were found here. It ia seated Etive. Here is an excellent harbour, capable of
m the centre of a fertile valley, called the Vale of containing upwards of 500 merchantmen, defond-
Oatmorc, 28 m. S. by E. of Nottingham and 98 ed firomtne westerly winds by the islands of Ker«
N. by W. of London. Long. 0. 46. W., lat 62. rera and Mull. It (a 33 m. N. W. of Inverary.
42. N. OUaeh, a town of the Auatrian states, in Sttria,
OakhamptOHj a borough in Devonshire, Eng. at the conflux of the Achxa and Traun, 9 m S. E.
it has a manufacture of aerges, and the remains of Judenbnrg.
of a castle, diamantled by Henry VIII. It stands Oberkhth, a town of Baden, 15 m. E. of Stras-
on the river Oak, 24 m. W. of Exeter and 196 W. burg,
by S. of London. (Aemberg, a town of Bavaria, with a castle,
Oakingham. See ffokingham, aeated on the Inn, 12 m. S. S. W. of Paaaau.
Oakkuitp.Y, Green Co. N. T. ; p.v.Fauquier Co. OftsnuEerf, a town of Wurtemberg,seated on the
Va. ; p.v. Howard Co. Bfissouri. Neckar, 8 m. N. N. E. of Rothweil.
Oo^fi^iUfii, p.v. Laurena Die. S. C. 92 m. N. OMddis, a town of Portugal, in Estremadura,
W. Columbia. with the remains of a castle, on a rock. 13 m.
Oakland, a county of Michigan. Pop. 4,910. E. of Peniehe and 40 N. N. E. of Lisbon.
is the capital. Also viUagea in Oakland Okallahf a atfong town of Persia, in Irac-Ageau
3 a2
OCfi 08
•eited on a Vranch of the Tigrli, ncte BaMOM. ' naldnl and ita eiTil hklMy. It i« Uitiefbra iMr>
Ok&kaiaf a giilf or bay of Mboria, ra the Froaeii thy of baing made the fiyoodation of ita oaiiie.
Ocean, about 360 m. from N. to S. and from 45 It will be <»Ued Ocbavica^ and ita inhaUtanta
to 60 in breadth. The S. W. extremity, where it Oceanians ; namea whiehopiriU snperaede the un-
it entered by the river Oby, iain long. G&, 15. B.| meaning or inaconiate deaignationi of Anatralv
lat. 66. 56. N. aaia. Notaaia, Auatral India, and Anatralia. New
Ohringkj a town of Rumia, in the ffOTOroment Holland haa not one Aaiatic feature. fixtMid*
of Perm, attuated on the Kama, 60 m. n, of Perm, ing the principle of the nomenclature which ia ik
Long. 56. 0. E., lat. 58. 44. N. preaent uae, we ought to call Africa *< Oeoiden-
oSuf or 06, the largeat riirer <^ Siberia. It !»• tal Aaia." Thia deaignation would be etiually
Buea noo Lake Altjrn, in the deaert of Iichimaka, oorreet with thoae others. There ia no oeeaaioa
runs N. W. and W. by Kolivan, Narim, and Sur^ for perpetuating the memory of the pretended
gut, till it receives the Irtysh from Tobolsk, when TVrra Acafrotts, in the name of a part of the world
It flows N. and N. £., ancf, after a course of 1 ,900 which is not excluaiTely situated on the Austral
m. enters the golf of Obsk|ua. It is. a large smooth Cf r aouthem^ hemisphere. The happier term of
atream, abounds in fish, and ia nariffable almoat Polrneaia will be preserved for that aubdivisioii
to its source. In its course, especially after the of Oceanica to which it has been specially aj^
influx of the Irtyah, it forms a grsat number of plied,
islands. The great oountriea of Oceanica are expoaed
OauM, an ancient town of Spain, in La Man* to the influence of a vertical sun. It ia prolMble
oha, formeriy fortified, but now in a atate of de*> that New Holland, unless it oontaina inland ar(M,
cay. In 1610 a battle waa fought in ita viotnitv haa a climate aa hot and arid aa Africa. The
between the French and Spanurda. 90 m. S. »» marahy shores of some islands in the north- weal
S. of Madrid. of Ooeanioa, expoaed to an intense heat, geaeiate
Oeona, a town of Teira Firma, in the p«o- a pestiferous air, which may be correctbuby ha
vinoe of St. Martha, on the Rio de Oro, which man ooltivation. Notwithstanding these local in^
flows to the MagdaWna. It is 340 m. S. by £. of conveniences, Oceanica presents to the indaatri-
St Martha. Long. 73. 96. W., lat. 7. 40. N. oua, the healthy, and the temperate, a greater di-
Oeea$ueaf a nauie introduced bv Malta Brun, to versity of ^delightful climates than any other part
dcaignate a fifth mnd division or the globe, com- <^ che world. Such islands aa af« email and ele-
? rising the islanda of the Indian Seaa and the vated resemble so many paradiaes. By aeieding
acific Ocean, with the continent <^ New Holland, looalitiea with the Proper elevations, the English-
and all the Antarctic regions. The limita ana man may find his nesn lawns and his moas-cer-
genend character of this division of the earth are ered trees, the Italian his orange-groves, and the
oeacribed by thia celebrated geographer in the Weat Indian planter his fiems of sugar cane,
following words. The small extent of these islands procures ftir
The Chinese Sea separates Asia from the great them the temperature of the ocean. The heat
ocean, as the Mediterranean separates Africa fixim never becomes insapportable^ even for northern
Europe. To the west we continue the boundary Europeans. The air is continually renewed by
line tnrough the strait of Malacca, and then turn- the light sea and land breezea, dividing the em-
ing round the north point of Sumatra, we proceed pire (? day and night. Their perpetual apring ia
to the point where the 92d meridian east from rarely disturbed by hurricanes or earthyialea
London crosses the equator. Through the whole None <^ the mat racea of quaikupeds, either of
southern hemisphere, that meridian will form a Asia or New Holland, haa extended to the anmll
convenient division between the aeaa of New ial«nds of Polvneaia. The pig ie the only obb
Holland and thoae of Madagascar and Afiriea. found everywhere domesticated, and is the saoM
The iaianda of Amsterdam and St. Paul will, on apeciea a» m India and China. Dogs, eata^ and
this principle, remain connected with the Arohi- rats, formed the whole quadniped cTaaa in thean
pelago of tne Indian Ocean. When we leave the islands before Captain Cook aupplied them whh
OfaiMse Sea to the noorlh, the channel between goats and cattle. Ornithology ofibrs, through the
Formosa and the Philippines being the broadest^ whole of Oceanica, a litUe more variety, along
marks the natural bourdary. From thia we draw with many features of mutual reaemblance.
a line which, following that part of the waters The vegetable kingdom of Oceanica pn»sents to
which in moat of islands, sepuatea the Japaneae ua all the riches of India in new splendour, and
aeas to a distance of 300 or 450 m., and reaohea aaeompanied by new pleasures unknown to Aaia.
the point of intersection of the 40th parallel of In the Bonda islands, the Philippines, and the
north latitude with the 152d meridian. The40ih Molnocaa, riee occupies the place of wheat; «nd
parallel will continue to bound the new diviaion the culture of it is probably extended over New
of the world, till we come to the point where it ie Guinea. Further to the east, in the isIanHa of
crossed by the 158th western meridian from Lou- Polynesia, there are four exceedingly useful eaca-
don. TsJnng our departure from iM» point, we lent plants, which grow either spontaneoualy, or
aeparate the North American aeaa from thoae of under the influence of culture ; the potato, the
the Oceanic Archipelago by the ahorteat line that yam, and two apeciea of mrum, from which, by
can be drawn horn this to the point of intersection oultnre and boiling, a sweet farinaeeona aubatssoe
of the 106th western meridian and the equator, b obtained.
This meridian will be our boundary through the Two orders of trees are spread over all the mid-
southern hemisphere dling and small islands of^ Oceanica, wliich da-
The fifth part of the world thus determined la light both the eye and the taste. The nnmerooa
found to be situatsd in the Great Ocean, that fiunily of the palms is extended over the moat re
which, of all others, is tbs Oosaii, hy way of mote and smallest iaianda. Between the tropica
eminence. This essential character ia not com- there ia aoaroely a rock or a sand-bank on which
toon to it with any other divlaion of the globe : these trees do not display their astoniahing vega*
it is a character which impresses a special phjsi- talhrn. The palma have, in the interior atroetuie
itgnomy on its geography, aa wall u on ks of their truaka, no analogy with other treea. Id
tbelT blOHom ths^raaiM, tnd the upuifi id their
nMxta <rf' fVncliGcation Bat do tree* ue «o portlj
kod iiMgailioBiil u Um hIiqi. Tbej pnKnt k
■traigbl oolamn, pertecvv cjlindriul, crowned
&l thd lummit withi vutfcxLd of ipiightJj letvei,
vranfFcd in olrolea over one anotfaer, and pot
rorthlram their aaminon receptaole iuje panicle*,
partially Incloaed in ample Bhe&thi, and loaded
with flowera and with fruit. Bat their majertic
appearance ia their least merit. Their beauty H
aorpaandt bj their uaefulnera. The external
layenaftbe trunk furnish a hard andheary wood,
trhtch inay be formed into planks and itakei.
Tha sheaths which contain the eluaten of fruit
aeqaire auch thiekneas aad eoaaiitence that they
are often aaed as Teraela, Tha large leavea axe
employeit for roofing wig warns and enttages. Mo*
teriali for wadding, flock, and cordage, are fW-
niahed by the fibrous pericup of the cocoa-tree,
br tha leaf italki orseTeral other apecies, and by
the SlomcDtoai tiuue which, in all of them, covert
the Inink. Or these ore made mpea, cables, and
even aail-clath, and they are used at oakum in
caalkinz vesaels. The leaves of the Macaw tree
Qatinien serve for Iknt in the Indian fair ooeii
tolt which can cover ten people at a time. Tbi
leaves of soma palms are used for wiiting on :
the shell of ^e cocoa-nut supplies oa with a na-
tural cnp. This order of trees famishes a numbet
of excellent diahet. The tweet and pulpy mb-
atanee sarrouading the sliells of some is eaten and
preated in a variety of farms : lach aie the .9riea
cettcku and the Pliamx daclfUfera. In some, U
tha oocoa-nulj the perisperm or cotyledonoua
malter, while id otheis, ai the cabbap palm, or
Jlreed oUracea, the teioiinal leaf-bud is used aa a
C:-herb. The milky liquid coalained in th>
ge cavity of the cocoa-nut it capable of being
converted into wine, vinegar, and alcohol. iVom
the tanie fruit a good oil it procured.
Another feniily of nutritious Ireet enjoyed by
the Oceanian nations ia that of the ^rlocarpi or
bread-fhiit trees. Thii valuable genos ritei to a
height of forty Test. Its trunk acqmrca the thick-
BM*«r the human body. The fruit is at larf* aa
r T»W
The MaJayt are no longer ooAsidered by tha
learned a> having otigioally eonte ftvn the pen-
insula of Halacoa : it is now undenbtod that it
was not till ■ compantively recent period that
diey became iDhabitanls of that oountiy. Their
aationd historians traoe their origin to the island
of Samatn ; they alto describe tbem as oonneet-
ed with (he Javaneiie ; but we find them at pre-
tent extending over nnmeroot countriei. Not
only are all the inhabitants of the maritime parts
of Borneo, Celebes, Luxon, and the Motuocas, of
the Malay race ; bnt tlie innumerable tribes of
Polynesia, or etaten Oceanica, teem to have the
tame origin. Although the Hariant are 5,500 m.
from Eaater Island, and thoni^ Owyhea it at
nearly an equal distance from New Zealand, wa
have a collection of facts, authenticated by tlM
concnmng testimony of numerout obtervenr,
which fbrce na to regard the families disseminated
over this wide region as hiving a common ari^n.
Tha islanders have tawny complexions, varying
■ little in the different Iribea, independently of
nfio'
[lable I
their climate. The fttirest are i
idependently or
n their habiti cf
directly under the eiguatoT.
'ong, lank, roogh, and al-
if the beaid, and in gen-
1 acanty.
1 that of
■e generally il
me mos( westerly regions ; some of them, aa thi
Battas of Sumatra, are di
The liair of the head it long, la
ways black. The hair of ll>e I
eral of every part except the fa
They are in the praclica of plucking o
the beard in theiiyoulii. The Hahomet
aSbcting to wear long bearda, cnltivata t]
(he best of their power, but not with a
tucceas aa to eacape ridicule. Thair pettona are
thott, aqnat, and robuit ; their lower limbi soint-
wbst large, bnt not ill-formed. The bnttt of the
female* are mnch in&rior in ivmnietry to those
ofthe womeii of Indottan. "nie fkoe ia round,
the mouth wide, the u^tfa remarkably good, the
chin square, the cheek bones high, the cheeks
rattier hollow. The nose it short and small, never
Erominent, but never flat ; the eyes are small, and
ke those of other Orientals, al waya black. Thty
are an ill-looking people compared to the Ariba,
Binnana, and Biaatese. They are lata handsome-
ly ronned than the Chineae, bnt have much better
Differences in colour and in the tppearaDC«
•f the hair have been observed between the
great and the eommon people in Olaheile, which
ledrarsterto believe tliat a Malay cfllooy bad
anbdned in theae islands tome prior nagm tribes,
of the race which inhabits New Guinea and New
k ehUi'a hMd. Gatbend befbr* it is
and baked among athet, it beoomes a i
bnad, reseniblinf fresh wheaUa breau m ihw.
For a period of eigid months, this tns yields its
frvit in tuch pnrfotioD, tbsl. thiveiof tAem will
•upporl a roao for a yaai. The inner bark of lbs
tame tree ia manuiiBetared inla a kind of olotb.
ta wood li welt adapted for buildinv colla^aad
4aaoet. Its leaves ate nsed at n^ikins ; its glu-
tlnoos asd milky jotoa faniishes good oement and
The iahaManta of Oeeaotas. ssem t» bs Mfca-
blt to two stocks, totally distinotboUiiiiphyiiof-
great live on the flesh of quadrupedt, i
osmiBoo people chiefly on fitb.
The aimilahty of tM laugaaget^ at exhibited ill
the very impeiJeot Toicabiuariet given by Forater
Father Gobien, Handen, and ot£ert, it tlron^ly
raorfcad. The inhabitanla of eaatera Oceanica
n«ak (ha Mue loagoage iu different dialeett, and
thit praienis s tingultr analogy Id that of the
Malays, paniealarly that ^oken in BiunaUa.
Odita^krU a town ctf Bavaiiu Franconia,
•Mted on (hs Mains, 10 m. 8. E. of Wurtibarg.
(MMMUwsK,at«wftaf Wnrtsnberg, capital
of a pet^ priBoiHUtj (fbsmsrly the territun of
« MA aUey), wBuh was given to. prioM Hel-
tsnuob in laoa, Mm.aolUlm.
in N. Ctodisa,7 iMgoet E ff . of Caoe Httt*-
OSL 660 OHifi
nm. Lat 34. 65. N. it if 14 fiwt dMp at low fine fotestey and onaniet of ezoeUftnt fiMstooo
water. tbe S. ie more lovely and veiy fertile. Botk
Oen'ie- QeeLoekrida. ports ebound in alum minea. Boniholm, tJie
Oexmkcaoj 4nr Otehaikof, a decayed sea-port and chief town, is seated on the strait, 22 m. £. N. E.
fortress of Russia, in the gOTomment of Cathari- of Calmer. Long. 16. 60. £., lat. 66. 48. N.
nenslaf it has been frequently an object of oon- Oe{«, alown of Prussian Silesia, capital of a
test between the Turks and Russians, many thou- principality of the same name, which now ferms
sands of whom, on both sides, have &llen in its part of the ffovemment of Breslau, belonging to
different sieves. The Russians took it by storm the duke or Brunswick. The town stands on a
in 1788, ana it was confirmed to them by the river of the same name, is surrounded with walls,
subsequent peace. This important place is the and has a palace, formerly occupied by the prince,
key to both the Bog and the Dnieper, rivers of 17 m. £. N. £. of Breslau. Long. 17. 31. £., lat.
great consequence to this part of the empire. It 61. 12. N.
IS seated near the Black Sea, on the N. side of OeUnUz, a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 6 m.
the estuary of the Dnieper, opposite BLinbum, 60 S. by £. of Plauen.
m. W. of Cherson and 190 a. £. of Constanti- Ospen, or £t^M»,a town of the Netherlands, in
nople. Long. 30. 30. E^ lat. 46. 35. N. Limourg, with considerable manufactures of
Odmhaek, a town of Germany, in the duciiy of cloth ; situate on the Wexe, 4 m. E. If. £. of
Deux Fonts ; seated on the Glan, 34 m.W! of Limburg.
Mentz. 0€ael, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of
Odenstej a town of Denmark, capital of tho Livonia, at the entrance of the Gulf of Riga. It
isle of Funen, and a bishop*s see. It supplies is 74 m. long and 50 broad, defended by two forts,
the greatest part of the army with all their leath- and belongs to Russia Arensberg is the capital,
or accoutrements, and is particularly fiimoos for Oettiwt a town of Bavaria, seated on the Inn, 8
gloves. Here are also manufactures of cloth, m. N. W. of Burkhausen.
sugar, and soap ; it is situate on a river, 6 m. fiom OeOing, a town of Bavaria, with a well-endow
the bay of Stegestrand and 90 W. by S. of Co- ed college. It is seated on the Wimits, 28 m. 8.
penhagen. Long. 10. 25. E., lat. 55. 30. N. of Anspach and 69 N. N. W. of Munich. Long.
Oder^ a riv^ of the Austrian empire, which 10. 40. £., lat. 48. 56. N.
rises in the mountains of Moravia, and flows Qfa*s Dike^ an entrenchment of England east
through Brandenburg and Pomerania. Below up by Offa, a Saxon kinff, to defend £ngland
Stettin it forms a large lake or bay, called Gross from the incursions of the Welsh. It extends
Haff, and then enters the Baltic Sea by three through Herefordshire, Shropshire. Montgomenr-
channels, called Peene, Swin, and Diwenow ; be- shire, Denbighshire, and Flintshire, mm the
fween which lie the islands of Usedom andWollin. Wye to the I^.
Oiierfterj', a town of Moravia, on the confines Q^onto, a river of Naples, which rises in the
of Silesia, with a castle, seated on the Oder, at Apennines, passes by Conza and Monte Verde,
the influx of the Else, 18 m. N. N. W. of Tes- separates Capitanata from Basilicata and Terra di
chen. Bari, and enters the gulf of Venice near Barletta.
Odarherg, a town of the Prussian province of It is the ancient Aufidus.
Brandenburg, situate on the Oder, 25 m. N. W. Qfen- ^^ Buda.
of Custrin. C^enhaeh. a town of Germany, in Hesse Dam-
OdemAeimt a town of Germany, in Hesse sta<U. and the principal manoftcturing town in
Darmstadtj on the Selts, 14 m. S. of Mentz. the duchy, seated on the S. side of the Maine, 5
Pdemheimf a town of Germany, in the duchy m. E. of rrankfort.
of Deux Ponts ; seated on the Glan, near its Oj^enhir^ a town of Baden, seated on the Kiat-
couflux with the Nahe,28 m. S. W. of Mentz. zig, 10 m.B. E. of Strasburg.
Odessa, a fortified sea -port of Russia, in the Ofida, a town of Italy, in Ancona, 26 m. 8. of
government of Catharinenslaf The town is Loretto.
well built, and is rapidly increasing in size and Qfutts, p. v. Hampshire Co.Va.
importance. Tbe population is estimated at Ofden, p.t Monroe Co. N. T. 10 m. N. W.
nearly 40,000 who carry on a good trade and Rochester. Pop. 2,401 ; p.v. Scott Co. Missouri,
have manufactures of woolens, suks, gunpowder, Ogdauburg, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. oa
soap, Ac. It is seated on a gulf of the Black the river St. Xawrenee, at the mouth of the Os-
Sea, 44 m. W. by S. of Oczakow and 99 E. of wegatchie. It is the lowest point of ship naviga-
Cherson. tion on the St. Lawrence from Lake Ontario ; be-
Odeypore, See Oudipare. low, the river is obstructed by rapids. It is 120
Odinfffore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of m. above Montreal.
Jushpour, m the province of Orissa. It is 60 m. Ogeekeey a river of Georgia, flowing into the
N. £. of Ruttenpour and 220 N. W. of Cuttaek. Atlantic, 20 m. S. Savannah.
Long. 83. 22. £., lat 22. 37. N. Ogerdieim^ a town of the Bavarian cixole of the
OdtAam, a town in Hampshire. Eng. Here Rhine, 12 m. N. of Spire,
are the remains of an ancient castle, and of a OHet4M»7M, a county of Georgia. Pop. 13/568.
royal palace, bams, &e. It is seated on the Bas- Lexin^n is the capital.
ingstoke Canal, 24 m. N. £« of Winchester and OgUo, a river which rises in the principality of
42 W. by S. of London. Trent, enters Italy, and flows between tne prov-
Oehsfdd^ai town or Prussian Saxony, seated inoes of Begamasco and Bresoiano, through the
on the AUer, 22 m. N. E. of Brunswick. lake of Isero, to the borders of the Milanese, and
Ocibrsa, a town of Saxony, in Meissen, situ- turning S. Cf. enters the Bfantuan, where it joina
ate near the Flohe, 9 m. E. N. E. of Chemnitz. the Po, above Borgoforte.
OsIsA, an island of Sweden, in tbe Baltic, se- Ogmoj a town of the kingdom of Siam, seated
•«rated from the coast of Gothland by a strait 12 at the N. E. point of the jralf of Siam, 56 m. 8.
m. broad in the narrowest part It is 80 m. long, £. of Siam. Long. 101. 28. £., lat. 13. 33. N.
bat not more than 9 broad. Tbe N. part has CNUtsrM, aa island in the S. Paeifie, 13 m in
om m cm
Bbcnlt. It hu DO huboar, and ii ncitliar w pop- the itBle, tad budl* any hilla. Moat of ihe loD
nlotiinorfrnilau theiilaudalotheN.ofit; but ii aiuceptjble of cultivation. In the north it ii
it! mun^utniea an of ■ ■uperior kind, the cloth Kmewhat mareh; ; the banka of the riren an
ii of a belter dye. and the apcan and clubi an highly fertile ; in the interior are eiteusive plaiua
better caned aodpoliBhed. The people are lua- afexoallent >ail, and the itBle altogether may be
ty and well made, and rather browner than thoee pronoanccd equaJ in fertility to almoat any revioii
of Tahiti. Lone- 150.47. W.,lat 88.27.8. of the earth. TheforeaUconiialofwalnDt, varToua
Oluo, a rirerof the United 8tal«a flowing into apeciea of oaka, hickory, augar roaple, and other
the Miasiadppi, front the N. E. It ia formed by farla; be«cb,biroh, poplar, uD, tycanxire, paw-paw,
lb* jaoctiaQ of the Allegany and Monongtbela buckeye, cherry, doj[wocd, elm, hornbeam, tbc.
which riae in Pennaylrania and Virginia, and With the eieepllon of a few cypreaa tieii, this
nnile at FittaburR in the former alste. Ita gen- atate producea hardly any eTrrgreens. Many
era] oonraetothe Mluiaaippi ia 8. W. but it hai in- aorta of mediciiial roots ore found bere,aaciD«eng,
numarable ainnoaitiea) ita leBcth in a atraight valeriaB, oolumbo, enakeroot, and bloodtoot
line tiota Pittiborg to the Miaaiaaippi ia 614 at. Ca«l ia abundant in tke eaatern porta, ai alao iron,
and by ita windinga 908. In the lower part of ita bnl there are few miuea. Marble ii plentiful, and
oouTM ita width i> aboui a mile. There ia no oh- aalt apringa fumiah water oiiarly a* atrong a* that
MmEtion to the navigation except Iha (idla at oftheaea. Near the fallsof the Little Miami, are
Loniiville, which are avoided b^ a canal. Be* the Yellow Springs, the watera of which are a
LouimilU. In winter andspring it ia 50 feet deep- attnng chalybeate, and in conaiderable eateem for
nthaaatthe end of annimer,whan it may be tat' their medicinal quahtiea
ded at the fidla. The rains at the and of the year
raise the wateraomatiraealSfeetinada^. iWr
highest elevation iain March. For half its length
in the npper part, it is froien in the winln, and
the breaking up of the ice in March oAen otsoa-
■ions immense damage. In the spring of IS33 an
uncommon flood of tha river innndaled a great
part of Cincinnati, overflowed many other towns
npon the banki, and deatroyed a vast amount of
The Ohio ia a very beaaliAil river, and the io-
tcrval lands upon ita borders are highly fertile. II
embosoms more than 100 ialands, and the acenery
along its oonrM b diversified with abrupt eminem-
eea, and •xiansif* allavial tracts corned with
thiok fbresU of mamore, dofwood, and other The agncDltonJ pndoets etc nuiie, wheat, 17*,
beautiJiil tree*. It is of great impnrtuioein tha barley, oata, spelt anl buckwheat Fnnts we
navigstion of the western states and i* eooBected abunduit, and the soil is thought to be the best
with Lake Erie by aeanal. 5m Os JeUmnm^ or- for garden vegelablee of any in the weaUm coun-
tidt. try. lUiMCD has been lately intiodueed. Hemp
Ohio Canal, nnitea the Ohio with Lake Briet [| cattivated in aome parts.
Beginning at Cleveland, on the lake, it {Mocseds Ohio enjoys the moat active eommerae of all
southerly along the Cnyaboga, to the portage be- the western states. The northern and eastern
Iween this stream and the Tnscawwraa ; here it coonties export to Montieal and New York by
strike* the latter stream ,and pMees aloe gits valley the lake, great ooantities of agrieultuial produce.
■Duthwesterly. Itthen paaaesofftotheBciotoand But the chief nf [he eiporta are to New Orleans.
dessendsthevalleyoflhatriTertolheOhioatParts- The orticlea are flour, grain, pork, bacon, lord,
mouth. ItiB306m.ia1ength,beaidesalalenlcat whiskey, horsea, and cattle.
teColumbuiof 11 m,,and tha Dresden -ent wi^ Tha domestic manubotores are eonaidrnd>lc,and
•lack water navigation of 17 m. It baa 11 ,185 H. ot there are UTne larp- msnufsctoriea of woolpn, cot-
lockage. This canal was projected bytbe state of ton,aiid paper, at Cinoinnati, Zaneaville,Bleuben-
Ohio. It was begHD in IsSB, and is now nearly ville, Dayton, andother place*. Tlie maniifacluTe
finished.' It has cost leas than 10,000 dollar* a of steam macbinrry, snd'otfaer articles from iron,
mile. Another canal Join* the Ohio with the ia conaiderable. To these may be added linseed
Miami, It leaves the Ohio at Cincinnati and ex- and castor oil, whiskey, cabinet fumilnre and oalt.
tenda northerly to Dayton on (he Miami. It is The number of counties in Ohio is 7J. The
70 m. in length. A thrlher communication is Pop, 937,637, Slavery ia pnhibiled. The leg-
projected from thia point to Lake Erie and the islatare is called the Gaurai Aasemily, and con-
Ohio canal by roil-roada. aiata of a Senate and House of Repreaentatives.
Okia, one of the United Stales; bounded N, by The senators ore chosen for two yean and the
Michigan Territory and Lake Brie, K. by Fenn- representatives for one. The Gotemor ia chosen
■ylvania and Virginia, 3. by Virginia and Ken- for two years. BufTrage is universal and election*
loeky and W. by Indiana. Iteitandafrom 38. 30. are popular, Columbus is the seat of government
to 42. N. lat., and from 80. 35, to M, 47. HV, lon«. and Cincinnati the lugestcity. The otiier towns
220 m. in length and breadth, and contalBtni 40, of importance are Zoneavitle, Steubenvitle,ChiUi-
UOO sq. m. It is waabed oa the whole soaAsrn eolhe, Dayton, Marietu and CiicteTille, There
limit by the Ohio, and is intersected by ita tribu- are 4 tribes of Indians in the state i the Wvan-
taries the Hnskiapim, Scioto and Greet and Lit> dots, Shewnees, Delaware*, and OtlawoL Tha
tie Miami, The Maumee, SaoduAy and Cuya- Senecaa have reeendy removed weal of the Mia-
hoga flow into Lake £rie. In thiapart-lbe shita siaaippi. ThefourtribeanumberabontlpiOOBOala,
haa 150 m. of coast, containing aeveral haifaear^ aad own 336,341 oore* of land, which is secured
thechiefsf which are those ofSanduaky, Clevw- to lh*m by treaty. Considerable annnities are
'and and Ashtabula. There are PomomtMMim ftudlbambj the United Btalcegovemmaat.
71
set
OLE
Athena and Oxford.
The r. _ „
PreabjleriaDi ; thev hiTC 203 i
tiiU 140 ; the MeUuidiati 91 ; the Lutheraiu 37 ;
the Aisociale PrcibyteHani SO ; the Getmui Re-
formed 82; the Epiicopaliana 16; the Sweden-
borriaiu 4 \ there are also aome Catholic*, Uni-
tariana, UniverwliiU, Quakera and Bbakera.
Two uniyer«itiea enjoy . - -.
■late ; thej are eatabfiahe
There are a
BJid Gsmbier, and
miei in difi^nt placet.
The Brat tettlement in Ohio vu made at Ma-
rietta in 1733. A territoria] goyeminent w»»
MUbliihed Uie next year. In 1802 it wm admit-
ted ai a Hate into the Utiion. The fertility of
the aoil, and happy local poailion of the state for
trade, have made it one of the moet dHinble ra-
eiona uf the wulem coaatry far emigranta, and
It* increaae in population and wealth liaa been
olmoil unparalleled.
Oktitu, a town ofPmaaian Sileaia, with a fine
caitle. Great quinlitie* oftobacco are praduced
in llie Dcishbourhood. Itiaailnate on u» Otila,
10 m. S. £. ofBrealau.
OkTdnif, a town of Saxony, in Saxe-Gotha, with
a caalle and numerooa mann&cturea. 8 m. S.
B. E. of Gotha.
Ohringat, i. town of Wurlemberg, capital of the
ditlrict of Hohenlohe, with an academy. In the
vicinity of the town many Roman antiquiliei have
been Ibund since 174). Ititandi on the nver
Chrn, which dividei it into the Old and New
Town, 38 in. S. S. W. MernnUteim. Long. 9.
42. E.. lit. 49. II. N.
Oki, Lack, a lake of Scotland, in Inyemeii-
ahire, extending 4 m. from E. to W., and contain-
ing aome little wooded iilanda: iti oatlet at the
N. end » the river Oicli, which flowabv Fort An-
guatu) into ibe 8. extremity of Loch Keaa.
Oil Creek, p.L Crawford Co. Pa., on a eteek of
the nme name, falling into the Allegany.
Oire, ■ town of Naplea, in Terra d' Otranto,
with an old caa Jc , tested at the Awl of the Ap-
enninet, 20 m. N. E. of Tarento.
Oiie, a department of France, including part
of the former provincet of the I^et of Francs and
Picardy. It takei iu name from the river Cite,
which hai it! aource in the Ardennea, and joint
the Seine below Pontoiaa. Beanvaia ia the capi-
in tninmcr, ud the pcoaonona v^onn which the
heat of the tun niiea ftom itt waters in that •»
ton render the neighbourhood aunh^table tot
any hnman bein^.
OcUocnu, a nver ritinjr in Georgia, and flow-
ing through Florida into Oekloconee Bay, 40 m.
E. of the month of the Apalachieola.
Okauk, a town of Siberia, capital of a prov-
ince of the tame name, in the gnvemment at Ir-
kulak. It ia leated at the mouth of the Okota,iii
a bay of the Pacific Ocean, called the Sea of
Okotak, 490m. E. S. ofTakatak. Long. 143.
12. E., tat. 59. SO. .N.
(Hdgnktag, a grand duchy of Germany, conaiat-
_ ig of aeverat aeattered portiona. Oldenbuts
Proper wai formerly a county, united with Dtl-
menhorat, and wlien the lio'
with the grand duke of Ruaaia for the diatrict of
Kiel in Hohrtein ; and, in 1777, the emperor of
Oeimany raiMd it to the the rank of a dncfa^.
The reigning duke was eipeUtd by Napoleon m
1610, bnt wat reatored in 1613, and at the eon-
greta of Vienna received the title of grand duke
He now poaaetaea, beaidet Oldenburg Proper (in-
eluding Delmenhorat and the lordahipe ofVarel,
jever, and Kniphauaen), the pnncipaJity of En
tin (formerlv the biihonric of Lubee) in Holateia
and the lordtfaip of Birkenfeld, ceded by Pruaaia
ont of the terntory on the Rhine. The inhabi-
tant! Bra of the Lutheran religion.
OUaJ^tg, a fortified town of Gennany, capi-
■nland tea with nnmerona itlanda. It
by inunenae nnmbera of alligalon, intkei, fivn,
and all aorta ofreptilea that are en^udered in mur
regioM Vaal ■wwDMormaachetoctinfritllMHr
taini the tomb* of the laat counta of Oldenburg,
which an very ourioua. It ia teated on the Hnn-
U, aa m. W. of Bremen and 7(> B. S. W. of
Hamburgh.
OUeanirg, a town of Denmark, in the doehy
of Holatein, lealed near the Baltic, SBm. N. of
OUfltnul,Btownof the NetherUndt, in LKe-
ryaiel, 30 m. E. of Devenln.
OtttaMu, a town oT Denmark, in Holalei,i,
with extennve talt-worka, aealed on the Tr&ve,
17m.W. ofLubec.
<M Fart, p.v. Centre Co. Pa.; p.v. Bnrke Co,
N. C.
OUJutm, a town in Lancaahire, Eng. built on
high gmund, on a branch of the Hedlock, and
near Uie Irk, whose ttreami give motion to tlw
machinery, Ac., of nnmerona mannhcturea, 7 m
N. of Mancheater.
Oldtmm, a connty of Kenlneky on Ibe Ohio
. ._.,__ __pi^_
on the North en
trance of Jamei river, Va,
OU Town, or Aufioit Old Tmim, a aettlemcnt
ofPenobacot Indiana on an island in Penobacot
river, Maine, 19 m. above Bangol Tbey we
|j»ut 300 in number, and have a Catholic piieat
and a school .
(MTmBit,f.U Allegany Co. Hd.ip.v. Rno
Co. Ohio.
Oceaa, p.t. Cattarangna Co. N. T. Pop. S61.
OfarOB, a populont and tortile island of Fnnoe,
E m. from the w. coaat, opposite the month er
theCharente. It is SO m. lonsandG broad, and
belonnto lh« department of Lower CharenK.
OLT 663 ONK
Sorope ai the ground and fubstruction of all their Olympian Sprtn^s^ in Bath Co. Ken., m'ar
marine constitutions. the source of Licking river; they are eonsidera-
OUtoHj a town of France, department of Lower biy frequented by inyalids. The water conta^'us
Cliarente, with a castle ; sealed on the £. side iron, sulphur, and carbonic acid,
of the island of Oleron, 13 m. W. S. W. of Roche- Olympus y a celebrated mountain of Natolia.
fon. Long. 1. 15. W.. lat. 45. 48. N. The ancients supposed its top reached the heavens,
OUron^ a town in the department of Lower and from that circumstance placed the residence
Pyrenees, on the Gave, 10 m. S. W. of Pau. of the gods there, and made it the court of Jupiter.
0/iifca, a town of Poland, in Volhiniai with a It is 10 m. S.£. of Bursa. Also a mountain in
•itadel, 20 m. E. of Lucko. Thessaly, separated from Ossa by the celebrated
OUwda. See Pemofmbuco. vale of Tempe; it is 6,000 feet m height. Tfiere
OUia^ a town of Spain, in Navarre, formerly is beside a mountain in the island of CSndia with
the residence of the king of Navarre, but now this name:
much reduced. It is seated in a fertile country, Omagk^ a town of Ireland, in the county of
90 m. N. of Tudela. Tyrone, 14 m. S. of Strabane.
Otim, a sea-port of W. Prussia, where a peace Oman^ a province of Arabia, bounded on the
was concluded, in 1660, between the emperor of N. W. by the Persian Gulf, N. £. and S. E. b^
Germany and the kings of Sweden and Poland, the ocean, and S. W. by extensive deserts. It is
It is situate on a bay of the gulf of Dantxic, 10 possessed by a number of petty sovereigns, the
m. W. N. W. of Dantxic. Long. 18. 32. E.,lat. most consioerable of whom is the imam of Ro»-
64. 21. N. tak. The chief town is Mascat
<Nsy, a township of Bucks Co. Pa. Ombo, a town of £gTpt» on the right bank of
OIi90,townships in Momn and Meigs Cos. Ohio, the Nile, 26 m. N. of Esne.
OUvnua, a town and fortress of Spain, in £s- Omhront^ a town of Tuscany, in the Stennese.
tremadura, which, with its territory, formerly be- at the mouth of the river Ombrone, 5 m. S. or
longed to Portugal, but was ceded to Spam in Grossetto.
1801. It is 16 m. 8. S. W. of Badajoz. Om^na^ a town of the Sardinian states, prov-
OliarUm^ a town of Nottinghamshire, Eng. ince of Novara, on the N. E. side of Lake Orta,
seated on tlie river Mann, and surrounded by hop 25 m. N. N. W. of Novara.
plantations, which contribute greatly to its oroe- ^'"i^ ^-i ^ fortified town of France, depart-
perity. 14 m. N. W. of Newark and 137 N. by nient of Pas de Calais. It owes its name and
W. of London. importance to a saint, who built a grand monaste-
Olmaio, a decayed town of Spain, in Leon, aeat^ ry here in the 7th century. The cathedraLand the
ed near the Ada^a, 25 m. S. or Valladolid. cnurch of St. Bertln are magnificent structures.
(Mmtils, a district or circle of the Austrian prov- About a league from the town is a great morass,
ince of Moravia, containing 2,000 sq. ro. with 347, in which are some floating islands. St. Omer is
900 inhabitants. The N. part is mountainous, seated on the Aa, on the side of a hill, 8 m. N.
bat the S. level and fertile. W. of Aire and 135 N. of Paris. Long 2. 15. £.,
0<iiittfx,the capital of the above district, and lat. 50. 44. N.
formerly of Moravia, is an archbishop's see, and Ommsii, a town of the Netherlands, in Ove-
has a fiimons university. It is fortified, well ryssel, seated on the Vecht, 17 m. N. E. of De
built, and almost surrounded by the river Morau. venter.
In 1741 it was taken by the king of Prussia who OmmxraUk. . See Morbeys.
attempted it again in 1758, but was oblijged to Omoa, % town of Honduras. It is seated on
raise the siege. The emperors of Russia and the bay of Honduras, 80 m. N. N. W. of Val-
Austria met nere in 1805, previously to the battle ladolio.
of Austerlitz. It is 80 m. N. by £. of Vienna, OtiuA, a town and fortress of Russia, in the
and 97 S. of Breslau. Long. 17^ 15. £., lat. 49. government of Tobolsk, situate at the conflux of
33. N. the Om with the Irtysh, 350 m. S. £. of Tobolsk.
OZnsy. a town in Buckinghamshire, Eng. with Long. 74. 54. £., lat. 54. 14. N.
amanumcture of bonelace; seated on the Ouse. Onecole, a village in Stiflbrdshire, Eng. 8 m.
12 m. S. fi. of Northampton and 56 N. N. W. of N.by E. of Cheadle, noted for the rich copper
London. mines in its vicinity.
Ohnustt, a government of Russia, formerly in- Oneekow, one of the Sandwich Islands, in the
eluded in the government of Novogorod. In this N. Pacific, 5 leagues W. of Atooi. Its eastern
district are mines of copper and iron. The capital coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea,
is Petroxavodsk. but the other parts consist of low ground, except
OUmeU^ a town of the foregoing government a round bluff head on the S. E. point. It produ-
near which are a mineral spring and an iron forge, ces plenty of yams, and a sweet root called tee.
It is situate on the river Olonso, near its entrance Long. 161 . 0. w., lat. 21. 50. N.
into the lake of Ladoga, 100 m. across the lake, N. Ontg^ a town of Russia, in the government of
E. of Petersburg. Archangel, on the river Onega, near the White
OUnutx Mmtnlnmt, a chain of mountains in Sea, 80 m. S. S. W. of Archangel. Long. 37. 54.
the N. W. part of Russia, which runs in a direc- £., lat 63. 53. N.
tion almost due N. for the space of 1,000 m. form- Onega, a river and lake of Russia, in the gov-
ing part of the boundary between this country and ernment of Olonetx. The lake is 100 m. long
Sweden. and 40 broad, and has a communication with the
OUnuu^ a town of France, department of Ven- lake Ladosa. The river gives its name to a
dee, 35 m. W. of Fontenay le Comte. country fuflof woods,and flows into theWhiteSea.
Olphen^ a town of Prussian Westphalia, 17 m. OntgUa, a province of the Sardinian states, in
S. S W. of Munster. Piedmont, surrounded by the territoxr of Genoa|
(Mte», a town of Stntxerland, in the canton of and the sea. It abounds in olive-oil, fimits, and
Soleure ; seated on the Aar, 17 m. E. N. £. of wine.
Bolonra. OmtgUm^ot OmmOa^ a sea-port of Piodnont
OOlf IBM OIU
capital of the above proTinoe. In 1799, the French beaatifhl ; and there ia a neatneaa and perfeclioA
I took it bjr storm, and aet it on fire in aeveral plft- in moat of their works, which shows thai they
cea. It ts seated at the mouth of the Impenale, are not deficient in ingenuity and persoTerenoe.
56 m. S. W. of Genoa. Long. 7. 57. £., lat. 43. Long. 165. 0. W., lat. 53. 5. N.
68. N. Otfsl6ordk, a town and fort of the Netherlandsy
OnetAi, a lake of New York discharging ita in the Isle of Cadsand, 4 m. N. £. of Sluys.
water into L. Ontario. It has a canal commnni- Oattenhy, a town of Sweden, in the Isle of
cation with the Mohawk. It ia 90 m. long and 4 Oeland, 27 m. S. of Borkholm.
broad. Ostalors, a town of Hindoostan, in the Cama-
Onada, a county of New York l^ng upon the tic, 22 m. N. N. W. of Tanjore and 80 S. W. of
above lake. Pop. 41,326. Uticaisthe capital. Pondicherry.
Ondda CasUe, p.v. Oneida Co. N. T. OpeUntaas, p. v. St. Landry Pariah, Loniaiaiia.
One Ltfff a township in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio, 223 m. N. W. New Orleans.
114 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,645. The ge- OpAetm, a town of Norway, in the province of
nius that Invented this name must have been a Bergen, 45 m. N. N. £. of Bergen,
limping concern . Oppfto, or PortOf a city and aea-port of Portugal ,
Onei^uie, a lake of Russia, in the government in cntie Douro e Minho, and a bishop's aee.
of Olonetz, 120 m. long and 40 broad. It contains It is by nature almost imnfegnable ; and is no-
several islands. ted for its strong wines, ot which lanre quantities
Ongatf or Chming Ongtir, a town in £aBez, are exported to Englana ; whence all red winea
£ng.l21 m. E. N. E. of London. ftom Spain and Portugal are called Pan winea.
OngoUf a town of Hindoostan, in the Camatic, The other chief exports are orangea, lemona, oil,
capital of a district of its name helon^ng to Bri- sumach, and linen cloth. Its ooinmerce greatly
tain. It is 78 m. S. 8. W. of CondapiUy and 166 increased idfler the earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755 ;
N. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 56. E., lat. 15. before that time the popolatiott was estimated at
28. N. 90,000, and it is now said to be 70/K)0. Itiaaoa^
Onion, one of the prinaipal rivers of Vermont, ed on the side of a mountain, near the river
which flows through a fertile country, and after I>ouro, which forms an excellent harbour, 172
a course of 70 m. nuls into Lake Champiain. m. N. by E. of Liabon. Long. 8. 22. W.^ lat. 41
Onondaga, a lake of New York communicating 10. N.
with lake Ontario. It is 6 m. long and 1 broad. Oppdn^ a province of the Pruaaiui statee, com-
Onondaga, a county of New York on the above priamg the greater part of Upper Silesia. It con-
lake. Pop. 58,974. mrraense is the capital. aiats chiefly of hills and mountains abounding
Onondaga, p.t. in the above county 50 m. W. with extensive forests, and containing a large
Utica. Pop. 5,668. Here are very large salt works, store of valuable minerds. The diatziet c^led
See Salina. the principality of Oppein. indudtng move than
Onrust, a small island near the coast of Java, half tbia province, was formerly governed by its
at the mouth of the harbour of Batavia. Here own duke.
the Dutch formerly repaired their ships, and had Opwii'n, the eap&tal of the. above province, with
lar^ warehouses, which were destroyed by the a Catholic collegiate church. It has a great iiadt
Bntigh. in wool, and stands on the Oder, 150 m. S. £. of
Onslow, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 7,814. Brealau. Long. 18. 0. £., lat. 50. 39. N.
Ontario, a lake of N. America, situate oetween Oppenkeim, a town of Gecmany, in Heaae
75. and 79. W. long., and 43. and 44. N. lat. Its Danuatadt. The vicinity produces excellent wine.
lengUi is 180 m. and 50 ita medium breadth. On It is seated on the side of a hiU, near the Riiine,
its 8. W. part it receives the waters of lake Erie 12 m. 8. S. E. of Mentz.
by the river Niagara, and near the S. E. the Oppenkthn, a township of Montgomery Co. N.
Onondago River ; and on the N. E. is its outlet T. on the Mohawk. Pop. 3,660.
the river Iroquou, or St. Lawrence. It ia 500 m. Omn'do, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, at
in circumference, and abounds with fish, among the foot of the Apennines, 25 m. N. £. of Reg-
which are the Oswego baas, weighing three or gio.
four pounds. The islands are principi^ at the Oppido, a town of Napiea, in Baailicato, 5 m.
eastern end. The chief harbours are York and S. S. E. of Acerenza.
Kingeton, belonging to the British, and Sachets' Oppnrg, a town of Saxony, in the circle of
Harbour belonging to the Americana. Meissen, with a castle, 4 m. W. 8. W. of Neo-
Ontario, a county of New York. Pop. 40,167. atadt.
Canandaigua ia the capital ; also a -county in Up- Orach, a town of European Turkey, in flaania,
per Canada. near the river Drino, 60 m. S. W. of Belgrade.
Ontario, n.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,587. Oran, a city and aea-port of A^ers, in the
Oodanuuty . a town of Hindoostan, in Coimbe- province of Tremecen. with an exoel&nt harbour,
tore, 30 m. S. S. E. of Coimbetore. almost opposite Cartha|[ena in Spain. It vaa
OonaUuhka, one of the islands of the Northern taken by tne Spaniards m 1509, and re-taken in
Archipelago, visited by Cook in his laat voyage. 1706. In 1732 the Spaniarda became maslen of
The natives are described as very peaceable, it again. In 1790 it was destroyed by an earth-
Fiah and other-sea animals, birds, roots, berries, quske, little besides the exterior walls being left
and even sea weed, comfXMe their food. Thev standing, when 2,000 penons perished. ^S^ m.
diy quantitiea of fish during the summer, which W. N. W. of Algiers. Long. 0. 5. W., laL 95.
they lay up in small huta for their use in winter. 58. N.
Their clothing is chiefly composed of skins. Oron, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. Y.
Hie upper garment, made like a wagoner's Orange, a city of mnoe, in the depaitment ef
frock, reach down to the kneea. Besides this, Vanduse, and a bishop's see. Itwaa an impor-
they wear a waistcoat or two, a pair of breechea, tant place in the time of the Romana^ but at pre-
a fur cap, and boots. They manufacture mata sent Ss remarkable only for its antiquities. A
nd baakets of graaa^ -whish art both itrong and triumphal areh, 200 pacea firom the towa, mm
ORD 606 ORE
formerlj within its limits ; and here are also the OrebrOf a ipTemineBt of Sweden, comprising
remains of a fine amphitheatre, some aauedacts, the old province of Nericia, part of Westmano-
&c. The fortifications were demolished by Louis land, ana a small part of Warmeland. It contains
XIV. in 1682. The chief mannfaetares are linen, 1,780 square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants,
serge, and paper. The city is seated in a fine Orebro, the capital of the above mentioned goy
plain, on the nver Aigues, 12 m. N. of Avignon ernment has a considerable trade with Stockholm,
and 57 S. of Valence. across the lakes Hielmar and Maeler, by means
Oranffe, a eonnty of Vermont. Pop. 274S85. ■ of the river and canal of Arboga; sending iron,
Chelsea is the capital. A eonnty of New York, vitrei, and red paint, in particoUir, to that capital.
Pop. 45,372. C^oshen is the capital. A county of In the middle of the town, on a small island form
the £. District ofVirginia. Pop. 14,637. Orange ed bv the Swart, stands the castle, formerly a
is the capital. A cotuty of N. Carolina. Pop. royai residence. It is seated near the W. eztrcm-
23,875. mllsborough is tne capital. A county of ity of the lake Hielmar, 100 m. W. by S. oi
Indiana. Pop. 7,909. Paoli is the capital. Stockholm. Lonff. 15. 12. £., lat. 59. 30. N.
OrangBf p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 15 m. S. £. Mont- OregOHy or CoLumbiay a river of the United
pelier. Pop. 1,016 ; p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 80 States flowing into the Pacific Ocean. It rises
m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 680; p.v. Orange Co. N. in the Rocky Mountains about lat. 55. N. and
Y.; p.t. Essex Co. N. J.; towns in Cuyahoffa. Rich- flows S. W. to the Sea in lat. 46. 15. N. Its
land, Trumbull, Shelby, Meigs and Delaware length is 1,500 m., and it has s^eral largv tribu-
Cos. Ohio. taries as Clark's River, Lewis's River, and the
OrmngAwrgf a District of 8. Carolina. Pop. Multnomah. -Its head streams are near those of
18,455. the Missouri, and its course ,is considerably ob-
OnngB Springs, p.v. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N. structed by falls, but it admits a navigation 180
W. of Richmond. m. ftom its mouth. All its waters abound in fine
Oraitfetoioit, a township of Rockland Co. N. Y. salmon, and towards the sea, they contain great
on Uie Hudson. Pop. 1,947. numbers of seals.
OrtmgemUt, p.t. Genessee Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. Oregon Tsnieory, the popular name of all that
Batavia. Pop. 1,^ ; p.v. Columbia Co. Pa. part of the United Sutes territory west of the
Orangt Rxmt, a river of S. Africa in the Cape Rocky Mountains, watered by the aboveroention-
Colonv running into the Atlantic in lat. 28. 30. S. ed river. It extends from 42. to 51. N. lat. along
Oranitnbaiwm, a town of Saxony, in the duchy the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is bounded NT
of Anhalt-Dessan, 6 m.' S. E. of Dessau. bv the Russian and British American possessions,
OramenAaamt, a town of Russia, in Ingria. It £. by the Ilocky Mountains, S. by the Mexican
is seated in the gulf of Finland, 20 m. W. of territories, and W. by the Pacific. Between the
Pete'rsburff. Rocky Mountains and the sea is another chain
Oramaumrgy a town of Prussia, in the Middle through which the Oregon river passes at the
Mark of Brandenburg ; situate on the Havel, 18 great falls, and still faruer west another rid^
m. N. of Berlin. runs parallel with the coast at about 150 m. dis-
Offltoea, a town on the W. side of the island of tanoe. These ridges are lofty, and their peaks
Teneriffe,and the chief place of trade. It is seat- are covered with perpetual snow. Among these
ed at the bottom of an amphitheatre of mountains, mountains, there are sheltered and fertile valleys,
out of which rises the Peake of TeneriflS?. Its port The timber in the mountains is pine, spruce, fir,
is at 3 m. distance. Long. 16.24. W., lat. 28. dbc. The plains generally have a fine soil ; but are
23. N. very deficient in timber. The prairies, like those
OriojMK, a town of Piedmont, with 1,700 in- on the eastern sides of these mountains, are cov-
habitants, 6 m. S. W. of Turin. ered with grass, and a profasion of most beautiful
Orbty a town of Switierland, in the Pays de flowers. Among the prairie plants are two or
Vaud. 32 m. W. S. W. of Bern. three kinds of edible roots, which furnish vegeu-
Ofoty a town of Germany, in the late electoiate ble food to the ssvages, as an aid to the great
of Mentz, eelebiated for its salt works, 26 ra. E. of proportion of salmon, which they devour. Wild
Frankfort. sa^ is also an abundant herb. It grows of a
OrMMIo, a sea-port of Tuscany, in the province height equal to that of small tree; and on
of Sienna, with a go6d harbour, protected by sev* these extensive plains is one of the principal ar-
eral forts. It is seated on the Mediterranean, near tides of fuel. The sea shore, for a considerable
the mouth of the Albegna, 63 m. S. by W. of Si- distance to the interior, is skirted with deep and
enna. Long. 11. 6. £., lat. 42. 28. N. ^ thick forests of evergreens, such as pine and hem-
Orkre, a river of France, which rises in the Ce- lock. Sheltered on the north bv protecting ridges
venues, flows by Besiers, and enters the gulf of of mountains, and the breeses nt>m the west be-
Lions at Seriraan. ing softened by coming over immense extents of
Orettdes. See OrJaieffS, sea, the climate is as mild as it is in the country
OrekUst a town of France, department of Nord, east of these mountains four of five degrees south
12 m. S. S. £. of Lisle. of that point. When Lewis and Clark lefl the
OreAtUa, a cluster of small islands in the Carri- oountry in March, and in the latitude of Mon-
bean Sea, N.of the coast of Terra Firma. Long, treal, tne prairies were in blossom, and the for-
65. 20. £., lat. 12. 0. N. wardness of the season seems to hare correspond-
OreMmomi. a town of the Netherlands, in the ed with that of North Carolina at the same time,
territorv of Luxemburg, situate <m the Semoy, The winters are rainy, and some parts of them
18 m. N. of Sedan. severe.
Ordinjren, a town of Germany, in the late elec- The Spaniards first discovered this country
torate of Cologne ; seated near the Rhine, 36 m. The river was discovered by Captain Gray, in the
N. N. E. of Cologne. ship Columbia of Boston ; and it wa.i explored ir
Orduna, a town of Sosin, in Biscay, seated in 1805 by Lewis and Clark. A settlement of fur
a valley surrounded by nigh mountains, 20 m. S. traders was made at its mouth by the Americans,
W. of Bilbao. but it was aflerwards abandoned. The Ipdians
3B
ia the tomtory an nnmbeted it 140^. I^
nocUieni put of the cowl if Nootks Bound Wng
bsttreen a iMge iiUnd and the coutinept. The
MTasM whicli inhabit the» parte are better knowa
than uv other oTthe Northweitem tribei.
These latageB call theinMlTei Waka^. Their
hrirhl i* abore the middle itatnn, and the; an
of B miuoiilar ftame. Their featnret are oharac-
teriied by a prominenee of the cheek-bone*.
Their fcoe U often TBTj mnob oonipreeied abore
the cheeks, and appear* to aink abrapUy between
the lemplea. Thefr now, flat at the base, i. muk-
ed by wide noatrili, and a ronnd point Ibeir
forehaad U low, their eyeii froall and black, and
their Up*, broad, thick and ronnd. In general,
Ihey are entlrelr dmtilute of beard, or, at matt
haTe only a aroaU thin toft at the point of their
chin. "raisdeBciency.howeTerjiipechapi owmp
to an artiRcial eaiae ; for, soma of them, and,
eapecially their old men, hare btuhy bearda, ind
ewn nnutachio*. Their eye-browi *» aoantily
■nppUed with hair, and are alway* rtmght ; but
ther hare a conaiderable qoantity of Tery hanb,
and wry etrong hair on their head, which, with-
out a lingle eiception, ie black and ■traight, and
floatji on their ihouldei*. A coarw dre*« of linen,
with » coTering from the akin of the bear or aea-
«tter, red, black, and white pigments, with which
they besmear their body, the whole of their or-
dinary ooetume, in short, forms the image of
vretctiednen and i^orance. Their war-dress is
•itraordinary. They muffle up their head with
pieces of wood, carred into the representation of
eajrles, wolres, and porpoiaee' heads. BeTeral
eimitiel lire together lo the same hat, the wooden
half partitions of whiohj gire it the appearamoo
of astabk. Borne of their woolen stnfis, althoogh
nannfsctored withont a loom, are very good, and
are ornamented with figures of a brilliant oolonr.
They earre clumsy stages of wood.
Tbeii light canoes, which are flat and broad,
bound OTcr the waves in the steadiest manner,
without the assistance of the oatrigger, ortoloiua
iMrd, an essential distinction between tlie eanoea
' of the American tribee, and tbon of the sonth-
em parts of the East Indies, and the islands of
Oceanic*.
Ongnitd, a sea-port of Sweden, in Upland, on
the giJf of Bothnia, opposite the small island oTOin-
•on. The chief article exported is iron, from the
long celebrated mine of Dannemoia in its Ticinity.
It is 70 m. N. of Stockholm. Long. 16.5. E.,laL
W. 21. N.
0^*1, a gorcMmant of Roisia, oitoe a prorinos
of the goreranent of Bielgorad. Its ea^ita] . of
tha aams name, is seated on Occa and Orel, 907
m. S. S.W. ofMoMow. Long.3e.20.E.,UL&3.
0, N.
OrMnay a town of Spain, in Estreoudara, 96
n. E. of Harida.
OrelJniTg, a go*emitMnt of Asiatic Russia,
bonnded by Enropcan Roiaia and tbe gonmment
of Tobolsk.
OrttJaag, a town and fortreis of the abore gor-
ernmenl. It is a place of considerable commerca,
and is seated on the Ural, 2GU m. S. S. E. of Ufa.
Long. 56. 4. E., lat. 51 . 46. N.
Ortiut, acity of SpBin,in Galicia, and abishop «
■M. Here are some celebrated tepid and _jt
spring*. It is seated at the foot of a mountain, on
the nrer Minho, 47 m. 8. E. of Compoetella.
Long. 7. 50. W., lat. 42. 22. N.
Or/a, OHr/a,orRf>wtA,acity ofTQrkey,in Di-
arbfck, said lo be the Ur of the Chaldees. Tbe
walls ate 3 m. in oireandsmce, defended by
square towers ; on a rocky hlU to the S. is a stately
eaatle. It has a good trads, paiticularlj in ear-
pets and leather, and baa a canal to the Eaphrates.
The country round is fertile in com and &ait. It
is 83 m. N. E. of Aleppo and HH) S. W. of Diar-
bekir. Long. 38.90. E., lat. 36.6U. N.
Otfordj a borough in SuOi^, Eng. Here are
the remains of a eastle, which, with the chutcfa,
is a sea-mark. It ii sealed near the Germisi
Ocasn , between two chsnnals, 18 u. B. by N. of
Ipswich and 88 N. E. of London.
Or/srd, p.l. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,999;
townships in Sent and Sofihlk Co. U. C.
Orford Jfttt, a cape of England, on tbe S. E.
coast of Sussex, where a iigtat-hoiiae ia erected
for the direction of aMp*. Long. 1. 34. E., laL
52.4. N
Org«i, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with a
castle, 16 m. S. of Toledo.
Orgsist, a towa of Praiiee, department of Jura,
seated at tha sonrceofthe Valotue, W m. B. 8.
W. ofSalin*.
Or^iea, a town of Spain, in the proTinee of
Gianada, 25 m. S. of Otanada.
Oiiail. See L'Oritmt.
OriAkWa, atown of Spain, in Horcia, and a
biahop'* *ee, with a ani*eTnty,anda oiladel buih
on a rock. Tlie inhabitants baT* maon&ctare*
with the roots of the terebinthvs much esteei
ed for {Heserriag Spanish snoff, it is sealed in
rery fertile connlry, on tbe Segnra, IS m. N. E.
ofMuraia.
Oritluaiy, p.*. Oneida Co. N. T. 7 m. from
imca. Mere are manufacture* of cotlon and
woolen cloths.
OriuB, a province of Hindooatan, bounded on
the N. by Bahar and Bengal, W.by Berar, 8. by
Golconda, and E. by tbe bay of Bengal. Tbe
Sealer part of the province now belongs to the
titiah. It isdivided intothe districts ofCuttack,
Mohnrbnn^, and Konjeur.
OrislMgiu, a fortified town of Sardinia, and an
archbishop's see, with a good haibonr. It is seat-
ed on the W. ooast, on a bay of tbe same name,
42 m. N. W.ofCagliari. Lmig.S.5t.E.,lat.39.
53. N.
Orkaud, a town of Swwien, in BehoneD, 34 m.
N. of Christianstadt.
Orfaw fiiaitdM, tha anoieut Onades, a elnalei
ofislandalo the N. of Scotland, ftomwhiobtfa^
are separated by Pentland Frith. Tbay Da betweaa
OKL 567 ORO
57. tnd 36. ftod 49. 16. N. lat., and are about 30 The trade coaaiBtainatookiiica, ahaepakliUL iriM
ia number, but aeveral are small and uninhabited, brandy ^ corn, grocery , ana particularly sugar,
The largest is sometimes dignified with the appel- which is brought raw from Nantes and Rochelle.
lation of Mainland, but is more frequently called The fauxbourg of Paris is of a prodigious length,
Powioma, Beyond this island, to the N. £., are andthatof the Olivet, on the left side of the Loire,
seen, among others, Rowsa, Egliaha, and Westra ; has a communication with the city by a bridge of
Shapoinsha and fiqda ; Stronaa, Sanda, and N. nine arches. Near the city is a forest, contain*
Ronalsha; and to the 8. ai>pear Hoy^and 8. ing 94,000 acres, planted with oak and other val-
Ronalsha, with others of inferior note. The cur- uaole trees. Orleans is 30 m. N. £. of Blois and
rents and tides which flow between these islands 60 8. 8. W of Paris. Long. 1. 54. £., lat. 47.54.
are rapid and dangerous^ and near the small isle N.
of Swinna are two whulpools, Tenr dangerous Orlesiu, a county of Vermont. Pop. 13,960.
to mariners, especially in calms. Tne sea coast Irasbnrgh is the capital. A parish of iionisianji,
swarms wita seals and otters, and is Tiaited by Pop. 3,^3.
whales, cod, ling, and haddocks, herrings and Orlsoiw, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. 84 m. S. E.
other fish ; and on the shores are found large oys- Boston, rop. 1,799 ; p. v. Orange Co. Ind.
ters, muscles, cockles, dbc. The islands are via- OrleauMf an island and town of Lower Canada,
ited by eagles, falcons, wild geese and ducks in in the river St Lawrence, a little to the £. of Que-
great variety , herons, hawks, pulls, &c. Springs bee. Long. 69. 50. W., lat. 17. 0. N.
of pure water are found in afl the mountainous Orlen^, a town of Kussia, in the government
parts, and there are numerous lakes and rivulets of Irkutsk, situate on the Lena, 235 m. N. of
abounding in fish. The heath on the mountains Irkutsk. Long. 105. 40. £., lat. 56. 0. N.
shelter ^ouse, plovers, snipes, dbc., but there are Ormea, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- .
no partridges, hares, nor foxes. There are great mont. seated on the river Tanaro, 12 m. S. of
numbers m small eheep and black cattle, swine, Monaovi.
rabbits, and red deer. Tne products of the valleys Ormskurk, a town in Lancashire, Eng. The
and plains are chiefly big and oats. Except iu- chief branch of trade is cotton spinning ; coarse
niper, wild myrtle, heatn. and a shrub called thread is also made for sail-cloth. 3 m.n, by £.
cyorhordon, there is scarcely a tree or plant to be of Liverpool and 209 N. N. W. of fjondon.
seen ; but this nakedness cannot have been their Ormia, a small island in a strait of the same
former state, as many trunks of lawe oaks are to name, at the entrance of the gulf of Persia, 9 m.
be found in all the mosses. The cumate in sum- 8. of Gbmbron. In 1505 t& Portuguese were
mer is moist and cold, but in winter there is permitted to form a settlement here, and it was
very little snow, and that lies onlv a short time, afterwards frequented by a number of rich mer-
Preceding the autumnal equinox, dreadful storms chants. In lofi2 the Persians, by the assistance
of wind rain, and thunder occur. For about three of the £nglish. expelled the Portuguese and de-
weeks in midsummer these islands enjoy the ravs molished the buildings. Some time after the
of the sun almost without intermission : but, for the Persians rebuilt the tort, and. though they could
same space in winter, that luminary hardly rises never bring it to be a place ot trade as before, it
above tne horizon, and is commonly obscured by is still the key of the gulf of Persia, on account
clouds and mists. In this gloomy season the ah- of the commoidiousnesB of the harbour. It is al-
scene of day is supplied paray by moon-light and most deserted ; for it produces nothing but salt,
partiv by the radiance of the Aurora Borealis, which sometimes is two inches deep upon the
which here ffive> & light nearly equal to that of a surface of the earth. Long. 56. 25. £., lat. 27.
full moon. The coasts afford numerous bays and 20. N.
harbours for the fisheries. The chief exports are Oman», a town of France, department of Doubs,
hnen and woolen yam, stockings^ butter, dried seated on the Louvre, 10 m. S. E. of Besangon.
fish, herrings, oil, feathers, and skins of various j Orne, a department of France, includin|g^ the
kinos, and ielp. The English language prevails Ad province of Perehe and part of that ofNor-
in all these islands, although there are many mandv. It takes its name from a river which
words in the Norse, or Norwegian, still in use. rises in the departmeut, and runs into the Eng-
The inhabitants have the general character of lisb Channel o m. below Caen. The capital u
being frugal, sagacious, circumspect and hospita- Alen^n.
ble : but the common people are superstitious. OrSnoco, or Orinoco^ a river of S. America
The Orkney and Shetland isles unite in sending which issues from the small lake Ipava, in lat. 5.
one member to the imperial parliament. 5. N..-flows E. and S. £. to the lake Parima, from
Orlamunda^ town or Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, whicD it runs toward the W.; but, after receivimr
seated on the Saale opposite the influx of the Or- the Guaviari, it bends N., then N. £. and £., tiu
la, 40 m. W. S. W. or Altenburg. it enters the Atlantic by an extended delta of
Orlandf p.t. Hancock Co. Me. Pop. 975. mouths opposite the isle of Trinidad ; but the
OrlandOf a cape on the N. coaster Sicily, 15 m. principal one is considerably to the 8. £. of that
W. bv N. of Patt:. lK>ng. 15. 4. £., lat. 38. 14. N. island, in Ut. 8. 30. N. In this singular winding '
(mean, p.t. Fauquier Co. Va. course, estimated at 1,400 m. it receives many
Orleans, a city of France, capital of the depart Urge nvers ', and its chief estuary is so deep a^d
ment of Loiret, and a bishop's see. It is seated impetuous as to stem the most powerful tides
on the Loire, and has a canal thence to the Loing, See Panma,
near Montargis. Under the sons of Clovis. it was Orcnsa, a small fertile island of Scotland, one
the capital ofakin^om. In 1428 it atood a me- of the Hebrides, to the S. of Colonsa. Here are
morabie siege against the £nglish, which was the ruins of an abbey, with many sepulchral
raised by the celebrated Josn of Arc, called the statues, and some curious aneient sculpture.
Maid or Orleans. It is now oonsid«red one of OrMyton, p>. Cattaraugus Co. N. i .
the largest and meet pleasant oitiea in France. Orano, p.t. Penobscot Co, Me. 10 m. N. £. Ban-
The principal public buildings are the cathedral, gor. Pop. 1,473 This township contains Indiaa
town house, ooort of justice, mint, ai.d theatre. Old Town
OSA r>(» OSS
Orcpua, a town of 8pahi| in Vtleneia, on a defended b^ a ma^ificent casUe. It has a har-
eape of its name, in the Mediterranean, 55 m. boar, and is one of the most commercial places
E. N. £. of Valencia. Loni;. 0. 5. £., lat. 40. 8. of the empire. It stands on the Jedoffawa, oyer
N. which are seTeral bridges of cedar, 30 m. S. by
OrVf a rirer of Scotland, in Kirkcudbrightshire, W. of Miaco. Lonor. 136. 5. E., lat. 35. 5. N.
which issues from a small lake to the E. of New Otage^ a river of the United States flowing
Galloway, and flows into the Solway Frith at easterly between the^ Kansas and Arkansas ana
Dalbeattie. joining the Missouri m the centre of the State of
Otrington, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me. 30 m. N. that name. It is 300 m. in length.
Castine. Pop. 1,234. Osages, a tribe of Indians in Missouri and Ar-
OrsvUUt a yillage of Pendleton Dis. S. C. kansas, comprising about 6,000 souls. They are
Orsovaf a town and fortress of Hungary, on divided into the ffreat and little Osages, and have
the confines of Servia, seated on the H. side of two or three yinajm, but live in a scattered,
the Danube, 60 m. S. E. of Temeswar, and 75 wandering state. They raise some com but are
£. of Belgrade. Long. 22. 40. £., lat. 45. 10. N. half the year occupied m huntin|r.
OrsaVf a town of the Prusnan states, seated on OackatXf a town of Saxony, in the circle of
the Rhine, 20 m. S. E. of Cleves. Meissen, with a college and some manufactures
Orsxa, a town of European Russia, in the gov- of cloth ; seated on thie Chemnitz, 16 m N. W.
eminent of Mohilef, with a castle, seated on the of Meissen.
Dnieper, 3B m. N. of Mohilef. O#6r0, an island in the gulf of Venice, haying
Ortaj a town of Italy, in the ecclesiastical on the N. that of Cherso, to which it is joined by
states, seated near the Tiber, 10 m. £. of Viterbo. a bridge. The capital is of the same name
Orta, a town of the Sardinian states, in the Long. 15. 30. £., lat 44. 56. N.
Sroyince of Noyara, seated on a lake of its name, Osiat. See Stout.
1 m. N. N. W. of Noyara. Osma, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, and a
OrUffolf a cape and castle of Spain, on the N. lushop's see, with a university. The cathedral
coast of Galicia, 30 m. N. N. E. of Ferrol. Long, and the episcopal palace are at Brogo d'Osma, a
7. 50. W., lat. 43. 46. N. little to the E. it stends on the Doueio, 48 m.
Orfmfter^, a town of Gkrmany, in Hesse-Darm- S. £. of Burgos. Long. 2. 52. W., lat. 41. 50.
stadt, with a castle ; situate on the Nidder, 17 m. N.
8. E. of Giesen. Osnahvrg, or Osnabrwk^ a province of Hano-
Ortadmrg^ a town and citadel of Bavaria, in a ver, lying between the ^rand duchy of Oldenberg
county of me same name ; seated near the river and rrasaian Westphalia. It is 4b m. long and
Vills, 10 m. W. of Passau. 90 broad ; produces much com and flax, and
Ortenhurg^ a town of the Austrian states, in plenty of torf^ coal, and marble. The most ben-
Carinthia, on the S. bank of the Drave, opposite eficial manufacture is a coarse kind of linen,
the influx of the Liser, 32 m. W. of Clagenfurt. which is exported to distant parts.
Or Ikes J a town of France department of Lower Osnahurgj the capital of the above province,
Pyrenees, celebrated for a victory ^ined here by with a casUe and a university. It is celebrated
the allied army over the Frencn in 1814. It is for the peace of Westphalia, concluded here in
seated on the side of a hill, by the river Pan, 20 1648. The Catholics and ProtestanU have each
m. N. W. of Pan. two churches and a gymnasium. It is seated on
OrtoHf a town in Westmoreland, Eng. 276 m. N. the Hase, 25 m. N. by E. of Munster. Long. 7.
N. W. of London. 54. £., lat. 52. 18. N.
Ortona a Mare, a town of Naples, in Abruzzo OsomOf a town of Chile, seated on Rio Bueno
Citra, on the gulf of Venice, 13 m. £. of Civita in a territory where there are mines of gold, 86
di Chieti. m. S. of Valdivia. Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 40.
Ortrand, a town of Saxony, in the circle of 56. S.
Meissen, situate on the borders of Lusatia, 16 m. OsmsAna, a town of Western Tartery, in Tur
N. E. of Meissen. kestan, capitel of a province of the same name.
OrurOf a town ofPeru, capital of a jurisdiction It is 80 m. N. N. E. of Samarcand, and 260 S. of
of the same name, in the audience of Charcas. Taras. Ijong. 66. 20. E., lat. 40. 40. N.
The country abounds in cattle, and has many Ossefta, the country of the Ossi, or Osseti, one
?[>ld and silver mines. It is 150 m. N. W. of of the seven Caucasian nations, between tlie
lata. Long. 68. 30. W., lat. 18. 10. S. Black Sea and the Caspian; bounded on the N.
OrvietOf a fortified town of Italy, in the papal by Great Cabarda, E. by the Lesguis Tartars,
states, capital of a territory of the same name, and and S. and W. by Imeritia. It is divided into 19
a bishop^s see, with a magnificent palace and a distriote of very unequal size ; some containing
fine Gothic cathedral. It is seated on a craggy only five, and others 50 villages, each of which
rock, near the conflux of the Paglia and Chiana, comprises from 20 to 100 families. Their Ian-
50 m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 20. £., lat. gnage has some analogy with that of the Persians.
42. 42. N. Their history is entirely unknown. The Circas-
Orvittey p.v. Onondaga Co. N. T. sians and Tartars call tnem Kusha.
Orwdl, a river in Sufiblk, Eng. which rans S. Ossian, a township of Alleghany Co. N. Y.
E. by Ipswioh, and, uniting; with the Stour, forms Pop. 812.
the fine harbour of Harwich. . Above Ipswich it Omjses, a lake in N. Hampshire, in StraffortI
IS called the Gipping. * county : it covers a space of 7,000 acres. On the
OnoellfpX. Rutland Co. Vt. on L. Champlain, western shore is an Indian mound from which
35 m. N. W. Rutland. Pop. 1,598 ; a township of have been teken skeletons, tomahawks, &e. Osft-
Oswego Co. N. T. Pop. 501 ; p.v. Bradford Co. pee Mountain is on the N. W.
Pa. Ossipeef p.t. Straflnrd Co. N. H. lying upon
Orwigshirg, p.t. Sohuylkill Co. Pa. 26 m. N. the above lake, 32 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 1,935.
W. Reading. Ossonff the western division of Queen's county,
Osaea, a eity of Japan, in the island of Niphon, in Ireland. It gives name to a UaboDriey but l£e
O0T tm OTA
eatlMdnl if now at IfiflhtowB, in tiM eomtf of 16 m. W. N. W. of Briadtu, «ikd 50 8 E, id
Kilkenny. Bui.
Osstuu, n town of Spain, in Andahnii. It OnosM, &., n villiM in Nortbnmberknd, £ng
wu formerly etronf , bat leei bw its nin|Murt« tluui on the Piot*e wally 4 m. N. of Hexhem. Here
by a foantain in the middle ot the town, whioh Oawald defeated Codwall, a Britbh naorper, who
ramiahed the inhabitant with water, while the waa killed on the firat onaet ; and here he aet np
eountry for 8 m. ronad waa totally ae|iriYed of the firat orooa in the kingdom of Nortbamberlancl.
that neooeaavv article. 50 m. E. N. £. of Serille. (hwemuekie, a rirer <? New York flowing into
l«ong. 5. 8. W., Uf. 37. 33. N. the St Lawrenoe ; aJao a townahip in St Ijaw-
OsUdriCf a town of Spain, in Catalonia. It had renoe Co. Pop. 3,934.
a atrong eaatle, taken by the Freneh and demol- Omoego^ a river of New York, fbrming the out-
iiihed in 1695. It ia aeated on the Tordcra,88 m. let of aeveral amall lakea, and flowing mto Lake
N. R. of Barcelona. Ontario. It has aeveral canals which aaaiat ita
Ostendf a fortified aea-port of the Netherlanda, nayigatlon.
in W. Ftandera, aeated among a number of canala. Onoeg^, a county of New York. Pop. 27,104.
and almoat aorroonded b^ two of the largeat or Oswego, Uie capital of the above oountir, ataAds
them, into which ahipa or great harden may enter at the mouth of Oawego rirer. Pop. 2,71)3.
with the tide. It ia tamoua fi>r the lone aieoe it Onoajfry, a town in^hropahire, £ng. It had a
austained firom the Spaniarda, from Ju^ Iwl to wall and a eaatle, long aince demoliaheicl. Of late
September 1604, when it capitn^lated on honora- yeara the town haa been much extended and im-
ble terma. On the death of Charlea 11., of Spain, proved. It haa a flourishing cotton manufiietory ,
the French aeiaed Oatond ; bat in 1706, after the and a good trade. 179 m. N. W. of London,
battle of Ramillieo, it waa retaken by the allies. Onmutma, a town of ftuaaian Lithuania, in the
It waa again taken by tlie French in 1745, but government of Wilna, 32 m. S. E. of Wiloa.
reatored m 1748. In the war of 1756 the French OtaAo, one of the Society laUnds, in the S.
garriaoned thia town for the empreaa queen, Maria Pacific. It liea N. of Ulitea ; and ia divided from
Theresa. In 1798 it vras once more captured by it by a atrait, which, in the narroweat part, ia not
the French; evacuated in 1793; and repoaaaaaad mora than 2 m. broad. Thia island is smaller and
in 1794. In 1798 a body of Britiah troopo landed more barren than Ulitea, but haa two good bar-
here, and destroyed the works of the Bruges C^ hours.
nal ; but, the wmd ahiftine before they could re- Otmhrnie, or Tahiti, an ialand in the S. Pacific,
embark, they were compelled to aurrender to the diacovered in 1767 by captain WaUia, who oallea
French. 10 m. W. of Brogea and 23 N. £. of it Qeorge the Thlrd^ lahmd. Captain Cook, who
Dunkirk. Long. 8. 66. E., iat 61. 14. N. oame hither in 1768 to observe the transit of Venus.
OtUrkafm, a town of Bavaria, aeated on the aailed round the whole ialand in a boat, and ateid
Danube, 20 m. W. N. W. of Paaaau. three months : it vras visited twice aflerwarda by
0$Urode, a town of Hanover, with a manufiic- that celebrated nayigator. It ooneiate of twopen
ture of woolen atufifii ; alao a magazine for com, inaulas, about 30 leagues in circumference. Great
which ia delivered out to the minen of Han For- part of it ia covered with wooda, oonaiating partly
eat at a fixed price. It is seated on the Saale, 18 of bread-fruit treea, palms, cocoapuut trees, pUn-
m. N. N. E. of Gh>ttiiigen. tiana. bananaa, mulberries, sugar-canea^ and othera
Otierode^ town of rruaaia, with a castle, situ- peculiar to the climate, particularlv a kind of pine-
ate on the Dribents, 46 m. S. £. of Marienburg. apple and the dragontree. The oirda moat com-
OHirsttnd^ a town of Sweden aeated on the &. mon are two aorta of uarrooueU, one of a beautilul
aide of the lake Storaio, 76 m. N. W. of Sunda- aapphirine blue, another or a greeniah color, with
wald. Long. 16. 10. E., Iat 63. 10. N. a tew red spoto; a king-fisher, of a dark green,
Ojtenaie*, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the with a collar of the same hue round ite white
government of Magdeburg, with sooo woolen throat ; a large cuckoo, aeveral aorte of pigeona
manufacturea; aituate on the Ilae, 17 m. W. by or dovea ; and a bluiah heron. The onlv quadru-
N. of Halberatadt peda found on the ialand were hoga, doga, and
OstM, a decayed aea-port of Italy, in the papal rata. The inhabitante have mild ieaturea, and a
stotes, and a bialiop*8 aee. In the neighbounood pleasing countenance. They are about the ordi-
are extenaive aalt-worka. It atanda near the narvjriaeofEuropeana, of a pale mahogany brown,
eaatem mouth of the Tiber, 18 m. S. W. of with fine black hair and eyea. Their proviaions
Rome. are chiefly fiah, pork, oocoa-nute, braad-fruit, and
OtiiglU, a town of Austrian Italy, in the pro- bananas ; and they employ aea-water aa a aauce
vince of Mantua, aeated on the Po, 16 m. 8. s. of hqfii to fish and ffntk. Nothing can exceed their
Mantua. aplity in awimming, diving, and climbing tieea ;
OstiKgkmuen, a town of Westphalia, aitoato on and tney am praiaea fiw their gentleneaa, good
the A Iat, 8 m. W. of Lipatadt nature, and hoapitality. Previoualy to the intro-
Ostrog, a town of Russian Poland, in Vdhynla, duction of European habite, the men wore a piece
near the river Horin, 30 m. N. N. W. of Constaa* of cloth round their middle, and another wrapped
tinow. about the head, like a turban ; the women had a
Oftro/ejiis, a town of Poland, where the Ru^ piece of cloth, with a hole in the middle, through
oiana were repulwd by the Ftonch in 1806 : sea^ which th'iy passed their heads, so thai one part ol
ed on the Narew, 50 m. N. E. of Waraaw. the garment nung down behind and the other be-
OiCmeitas, a town of Auatrian Dalmatia, vrith fere to the kneea, a fine white cloth, like mualin.
the ruina of a castle, formerly fortified. 14 m. II. passing over this in various elegant turna round
of Scardona. tha bm. Tattooing vraa common among both
Ottrovnoy a viUage of Rnsalaa Lithuania, whsie saxes. Their houses had seldom soy wnlk» but
the French defeated a body of Rusnans m 1618. oonsistsd only of a loo^ thatched with the k»g
17 m. W. of Vitepak. pnddy leaves of the pahn tree, and supported by
Oatuni, a town ot Nspiss, in Tern d'Ottanto, a fear pttra made of the bnad-froit traar-The
seated ou a monntain, near the gulf of Venioe, Mrtive doth ia made of the fibrous bMk of the
78 3Bd
mvlbtnj tn*, vhich b b«*1«i with ■ kind of nul-
wt, and I rlua, madt of tiie bibueoi «*eal«ntiii
U employed to nuks the back cohere. Some of
the** pieoee ire two or three jud* wid* tad 60
r. Bedford Co. Va. ISO m. S. W
yurdi long. Onui, i, utiTe of thi , _
carried to Eaghnd bv captain Cook, and carried
back by him in hi« la«t '"jap- In 1799 kinj
Fomara ceded the diatrict of Malaria, on the N.
aide of thii ialuid, toaome of the
a all the inhabitanta of Otaheite and
many of tbanaighboariof iilanda hare bmn led
to renotince idolatry. The aoTereigD liimaelf be-
came a decided oonvert to Chrialiaiiity. A nn-
eral refoimatioa of mumera hai been effeoled. a
number of Khoola estabUahed, the naefnl •-*- '-
trod need, and
Point Venni it
OUkakiff. See Ociaime.
Otegv, p.t. Otaeso Co. N. T. Pop. 1446.
Otia.p.t. BerkabireCo.Haai.aOm.S. B.Lenoz.
Pop.l,013i p.t. HaoCDokCo-He. Pop. 3S0.
OtifiiEeU,p.t.CnmberlandCo.Ma.40 m. N. of
Portland.
Orueo, p.t. Onondan Co. N. T. on a imall lake
of the lame name. Pop^ 1,339.
OOm, a town in W. Torkabire, Eag. aealed on
the Wharf, nnder a hirh eraegy cliff: 95 m. W.
of York and 303 N. N. W. orCondon.
Otaque, an liland of S. America, in the bar of
Panama. Long.m. 10. W., lat. 8. 10, N.
Otranlo, or Trrra d'OtroMo, a prorinoa of Na-
6 tea, 70 m. long, and 3D broad ; bonnded on the
L by Terra di Ban, and on all other paita by the
■ea. It ia a moantoinona oonntrj, abouoding in
olirea, fi^, and wine. Ste Ltctt.
OlToxlo, a Btronft city and aea-port of Naplea,
capita] ik Terra d^Otranto, and an arehbiahop'a
aee, with a harboar and a citadel, ll hoa a con-
aiderable trade, aud laaeatedan the nlf of Venice,
140 ID. e. E of Lari. LoDr. 18. &. £., lat 4a
90. N.
OtTOT, a town of W. Taiiary, in Tarkerton,
near the river Birr, 70 m. W. 8. W. of Tarai.
Otneoli, a lawn of Ilalr, in the p«m] alatca,
teiated on a hill, near the Tibei, 7 m. if. b; E. of
Moriiano.
OUtgQ, a imall lake in New York giving riae to
one oftfae head atreama of the Snaqnehanna.
OUtgOi/i eonntj of New York lying on the abore
lake. Pop 61,373. Cooperatown la the capital.
Ottafo, p.t. OiHgo Co. N. Y. Pop. 4,368.
OutfU, p.t.. Chenan^ Co. N. Y. Fop. 1,^.
OttowB, or Orowf Auw riaea in the moDntaiaa
N. of l«k* Hnroa, ud Oowa into the BL Law
ItfW
Ftapida.
Ott/mdoif, a town of Pmaaiaii Saxon, with «
eaatle ; aitoate near the month of tlie Haden, 27
m. N. W. of Stade.
OttnJuim, a town of Anatiia, on Iha N. aide of
the Daonbe, 6 m. W. N. W. of Linti.
Otttrharf, a town of Baraiia, in the eirefe of
the Rhine, 5 m. N. of Kayaeralaateni.
Oltartxnt, a Tillage in NonbDmberlandjKng.
on the rirer Heed, noted for a battle in 1388 be-
tween the Engliah and Scotch, when Henry Percy,
anmamed Holapor, waa taken piiaoner, and Done-
laa, the Scotch geneial, killed. On thia batUD
the ballad of CbeTj Chaae ia founded. 21 m. N.
ofHeiham.
OUtt Ottk, a atream of Vermont rivng in Iba
Oteen Honnlains and flawing into Lake Cham-
OtUr Bridgt, p.*.
Richmond.
OtUr^trg, a town of Hanorer, in the dnchj
of Bremen, with a fort, 17 m, N. E. of Bremen.
Otttrg, St. Mary, a town in Deronahiie, Eng.
It haa a large ehnnh with two •qoan towera, and
manofactoree of flannell, aeiwea, Ae. It ia acal-
ed on the rirnlet Otler.lO m. E. of Exeter and 161
W. by B. of London,
Ottmaeiati, a town of Fmanan Bileaia, in the
goremment of Oppeln, with a eaatle, aealed on tha
nrer Nleaae, 7 m. W. by S. of Nieaee.
OUo, p.t. Catlaranrna C^. N. Y. Pop. 1,294.
OUMTiat, p.T. Buc& Co. Pa. 40 m. E. Ffailad.
Othotiller, a town of Pnuaia, in the prorince of
Lower Rhine, with an ancient caxtle ; aeated
among monntaint, 16 m. N, N. E. of Barbruck.
Oafar, one of the Molnoca iaianda, lying to the
S. of Oilolo, aud aubject to the aaltoa of Bachian.
It abonnda in clore treea. The Datch hare a
email fort on the W. aide. Long, 1!6. 50. E., lat.
1. 30. 8.
Ouk, a prorinee of Hindooatan. to the N. of
AUohilKd. It ia anbject to a nabob, whoae do-
miniona lie on both aide* of the Gangea, oecnpy-
ing (with the eioeplion ofthe district of Rampmir)
air the flat country between that rirer and the
noTthem moantalni, a* well ai the prioeipal part
of that fertile tract lying betwnen the Gouge* and
Jumoa, known by the name of Dooab, to within
40 m. ofthe city of Dehli. Dade and ila depen-
denciea are eatimated at 360 m. iu length from E.
to W., and in breadth fVom l.'W to IM. The na-
bob ia in alliance with the Britiah ; and a brigade
of the Bengal army ia eonatantly atatiooed on ita
weatam frontier, which anawer* the pnrpoae erf"
oovering Onde aa well'aa Bengal, and of keeping
the wealera atatea in awe. The capital ia Lock*
Oh(b, a decayed city of Hindooatan, in the
prorinoa of Onde, aaid In hare been the eapital
ofa great kingdom 1,900 yean beforetbe Chria-
tian era. It ia frequently mentioned in the Moha-
berat, a Ikmona Hindoo work in Sonacrit, ander
the name of Adjndiah. But no tiacea ofit* fbimer
magnificence are left. It ia aeated on the Oogra,
nearly adjoining Fyxobad.
Ottdmard, a town of the Netherlanda, in E.
Flandera, in the middle of which ia a fort. Here
Franeb, realored by the peaoe of I'tf ■ninaiir-
rendered to the French in 17M, and IknaDy «aded
OVK 871 OWT
to ihe NetherUmds after the fkll of Nftpoleon. It b«nt,Mated on Uw Tiehe, 8 m. K. £. of Bnu
ia Mated on both aide* the Scheldt, 13 m. 8. of aela.
Ghent, and 29 W. of Brnaaela. OocryMal, a province of the Netherlanda, boon-
Oudenburgf a town of the NetherUnda, in W. dedoirthe N. bv Friealand and Groningen, E. by
Flandera, 6 m. S. E. of Oatend. HanoTor and Weatohalia, S. by Guelderland.
OudenwateTf a fortified town of the Netherlanda, and W. by the Zuyaer Zee. It ia nearly equal
in the province of Utrecht, the burth-plaoe of the in extent to the whole of N. and 8. Holland, and
celebrated Jamea Arminina ; aeated on the Little containa many moraaaea. Ita j^ateat richea con-
Tiael, 10 m. W. 8. W. of Utrecht. aiat in tor^ which ia dug up here, and aent to the
OudipouTf or Meywar, a territory of Hindooatan, neiffhbonnng provinoea : the other exporta are
in the province of Agimere, belonging to the Raj* catUe J>utter, cneeae, hidea, tallow, wool, and lin-
poota, and lying E. of the river Puoda. It con- en. ZwoUe ia the capital,
aiata in general of monntaina, divided by narrow Ovid, p.t. 8eneca Co. N. T. between Seneca
valleya acceaaible only by narrow paaaea, and and Caynga Lakea. Pop. 2,756.
abounda with fortreaaea. See Cheiiore» ^ Ouueonsm, a river ot Michigan or N. W^Ter-
Oudipaur, the capital of the above territoiy, ia xitory, riaing between Lakea Michigan and Snpe-
seated on the Banaaa, 134 m. 8. 8. W. of Agimera rior and fidung into the Miaaiaaippi at Prairie do
and 175 N. E. of Amedabad. Long. 74. 4. E., Chien. Jt la 3C>0 ro. in length,
fat. 25. 28. N. Ooidopol, a town and fort of Roaaia, in the flov-
Ouen-teheoUf a city of China, of the firat rank, emmentof Catherinenalaf. It had ita name from
in Tche-kian, at the mouth of a river, with a gooa a curiooa antique tomb, auppoaed to be that of the
harbour, 300 m. 8. 8. E. of Nan-king. Long. 121. poet Ovid, diaoovered in 1795. It ia aeated at the
10. £., lat. 28. 2. N. mouth of the Dnieater, 60 m. 8. W. of Oczakow
Ougdn^ a city of Hindooatan, in the province Long. 30. 22. £., lat. 46. 10. N.
of Malwa, the reaidenoe of one of the Weatem OmedOf a town of Spain, capital of Aaturiaa
Mahratta chiefa. It ia aix m. in circnmferenoe, d'Oviedo, and a biahop'a aee, with a univerait^
aurronnded by a atrong wall, with round towera. Near it are the hot springe of Rivera de Abajo,
Here are four moaquea, aeveral Hindoo templee, which bear aome reaemblanoe to those of Bath.
and a modem palace. It is aeated on the Sippara, It ia aeated at the conflux of the Ove and Dova,
which flows into the Chumbnl, 150 m. N. by W. which form the Asta, 55 m. N. N. W. of Leon,
of Borhamponr. Long. 75. 56. £., lat. 23. S6. N. Long. 5. 53. W., lat 43. 20. N.
OulZf a town of the Sardinian atatea, in Peid- Owomo, a lake in Cayuga Co. N. Y. flowing
roont,'aeated in a vallev, 12 m. 8. W. of Soaa. into Seneca river.
OimdU, a town in Northamptonahire, Eng. on Oi0aMO,p.t. Caynga Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,350.
the Nen, over which are two bridgee, 26 m.ri.E. Oioijgo, p.t. Broome Co. N. Y. oO m. 8. E.
of Northampton and 78 N. by W. of London. Utica.
Ouralf or Ural Movntaiiu. See Ural, Owen, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 5,792.
Oicrem, a town of Portugal, in Estremadnra, Owenton ia the capital ; a county of Indiana,
aeated on a mountain, 12 m. W. of Tomar. Pop. 4,060. Spencer la the capital.
Oatrfa. See Orfh. Owaitan, p.t Owen Co. Ken., 20 m. N. E.
OuriotUf a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, oele- Frankfort, rop. 143.
brated tor a victory obtained by Alphonao, king OwMivtUs, p.v. Gibaon Co. Ind., 190 m. 8. W.
of Portugal, over five Mooriah kinga, in 1139. Indianapolia
The heaoa of theae five kings are the arma of OwingwmlU, p.v. Bath Co. Ken., 70 m. E
Portugal. It ia 26 m. 8. W. of Beja. Frankfort
Oust J a river in Yorkahire, Eng. formed of the (hovke*^ or flaieott. the largeat and moat east-
Ure and Swale, which rises near each other in em or the Sandwich latanda, in the Pacific
the romantic tract called lUchmondshire, and Oosan. Ita length from N. to 8. ia 84 m. and ita
unite at Aldborough It flows thence through breadth 70. It ia divided into 6 diatricta, 2 of
York, where it ia navigable fbr conaiderable ves- which, on the N. E. side, are aeparated by a moun-
sels ; and after receiving the Wharf, Derwent, tain, which riaea in three peaks, the summits of
Aire, and Don, it meeta the Trent on the bor- which are 18,000 feet above the level of the aea;
dera of Lincolnshire, where their united stieama they are perpetually covered with anew, and may
form tile Humber. be aeen at 40 leaguea diaiance. To the N. of
Outs, a river in Suaaex, Eng. in St Leonard thia mountain the ooaat conaiata of hiffh and abrapt
Forest, the other in the forest of Worth. It flows cliflb, down which fidi many beantiral cascades ;
by New Haven, and entera the English ChanneL and the whole country ia covered with cocoa-nut
OuMt^ or Grand River, a river of Upper Cana^ and bread-fruit treea. To the 8. the ground ia
da flowing aouthernly into Lake Erie, near ita covered with oindera, and in many placea has
eastern extremity. Here begina the Welland black atraaka, which a^em to mark the course of
Canal, which Sea a lava that haa flowed from the mountain to the
Ottssore, a town and fort of Hindooatan, in Mv- riiore. The aonthem promontory looka like the
acre, taken by the Engliah in 1792. 19 m. 8. E. mere drega of a volcano. The projecting head-
of Bangalore and 69 £. N. E. of Seringapatam. land ia compooed of broken and craggy rocks pil-
Ott<etro, a town and fortreaa of Portugal, in ed irregularly on one another, and terminating
Tras oa Montea, aeated on a mountain 9 m. 8. E. ahaip pointa; yet amid theae rains, are many
ofBragansa. {Mteneaof rich aoil, carefully laid out in planta-
Ovtrfiadces, an ialand of the Netherlanda, in 8. tiona. The fields are enclosed by atone fences,
Holland, between the mouths of the Meuae. Som- and are interapersed with groveaof cocoa-nut
merdyck ia the principal town. treea. Hera Captain Cook» in 1779, fell a. victim
Overton, a. county of W. Tenneoaee. Pop. 8, to a andden reaentment of the nativea, with
246. Monroe ia the capital. Alao a p.v. Perry Co. whom he unfortunately had a diapnte. The in-
Ten hahitanta, formerly devoted to the moat demd*
OwryadU, a town of the NetherUnda, in Bra- ing aupentition, hava within a ihw yeaza wnolly
on* lis osw
rvnonnoed idolatry yUidwnneAiiumeaiiBiMloiMh by Bnekin^iaiiiihifa, W. by Gloveettonhirc, S.
" to by BerkahirOy and N. by Warwickshire ann
rieaareaetUedamoimat them. They are
be natarally mild, fnendly, and hoepitable to Northamptonflhire. The ezUeme lenjgth is 48 m.
strangers. The king and ohiefii ceded this ishnd and hreaath 38, bnt its fonn is very irregular. It
to Great Britain in I7d4. Long. 156. 0. W.,lat. contains 450,000 acres, is diyided into 14 hon
19. 28. N. dreds and 907 parishes, has one oity and 13 mar-
OxbaWf p.v. Jefferson Co. N. T. 180 m. N. W. ket towns and sends nine members to parliament
Albany. The soil though yarioos, is fertile in com and
Oxford, the capital d Ozfordshiie, Eng. and a gnss. The 8. part, especially on the borders of
bishop's see. It is seated at the confinx of the Buckinghamshire, is hUly and woody, baring a
Cherwell with the Thames, and has a canal to continuation of the Chiltem hills running throogii
BrauQston, in Northamptonshire. The city, with it. The N. W. part is also eloTated and stony,
the flubarbs, is of a circular form, 3 m. in eir- The middle is, in general, a rich country, watered
comference, and was anciently surrounded by by numerous streams running from N. to 8., and ■
walls, of which some remains are yet to be seen ; terminating in the Thames. Of these the most
as also of its extensive castle, the tower of which oonsiderabw are the Windrush, Evenlode, Cher-
now serves for a county gaol. It has, besides the well, and Tame ; the last, although an inconsider- i
cathedral, 13 parish churches, a number of dis- aUe rivulet, has obtained some importance from r
senting chapels, a famous university, a noble having been supposed to give name to the Thames. t
market-place, and a magnificent bridge. Theuni* The products of Ozforoihirs are chiefly those
versity is generally su]fpoeed to have been a sem» common to the Midland farming counties ; and a
inary fbr foaming before the time of Alfred, al« gieat improvement has taken place of lato yean
though it owed its revival and consequence to his m the agricultural system. Its hills yield ochre,
liberal patronage. Here are 90 colleges and four pipe-«lay, and other earths, useful for various pur-
halls, several of which stand in the streets, and pesss. Com and malt are conveyed from it by
Elve the city an air of magnifioence. The col- the Thames to the metropolis; and the Oxford
ges are provided with sufficient revenues for the Canal affords a direct water communication with
maintenance of a master, fellow, and stodente. Liverpool, Manchester, and the Wednesbory col-
In the halls the studenta live, eitlwr wholly, or in lieries, as well as with London and Bristol,
part, at their own expense. The coHeges aie, Orf^/brd, a county of Maine. Pop. 35,217. Paris
University, Baliol,Merton,Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, isthecapitd. Abo a county of^ Upper Canada
New, Lincoln, All Souls, Magdalen, Brasen Nose, on the Tluunesand Grtand rivers.
Corpus Christi, Christ Church, Trinity, 8t John O^ford^ p.t Worcester Co. Mass. 65 m. S. W.
Baptist, Jesus, Wadham, Pepibroko, Woreester, Boston. Pop. S/)34 ; p.v. Penobscot Co. Me.; p.t
add Hertford. Of these, the most ancient is Uni- New Haven Co. Conn. 12 m. N. W. New Have^
versity College, founded before the year 872 ; and Pop. 1,762; p.t Chenango Co. N. T. 110 m. W
to Christ Church College, begun by cardinal Wol- Aloany. Pop. 2,M7. A1m> towns and villages in
sey and finished by Henry VIIi.. belongs the Sussex Co. N. J., Philad.,Chester and Adams Coe.
cathedral. The halls are Alban, Edmund, New Pa. Caroline Co. Va., Oranville Co. N.C., Tna-
Inn, and 8t Mary Magdalen. Among the libra- carawas, Coshocton and Guernsey Cos. Ohio,
ries in the university, the most distinguished is Otford, p.t. Talbot Co. Maryl. 60 m. 8. E.
the Bodleian (fbunmd by Sir Thomas Bodley), Baltimore. It is a port of entry, and one of the
those of All Soul's College, Christ Church, largest commercial towns in the eastern part of the
Queen*s, New, St. John, Exeter, and Corpus state.
Christi. Orford^ p.t. Butler Co. Ohio. Pop. 2,900. The
Among other public buUdings are the theatre, whole township belongs to the Miwm Umverntw^
the Ashmolean museum, the Clarendon printings established here. This institution if as founded m
house, the Radolifie infirmary, and an observatory. 1824. It has 11 instmcters and 82 studento. The
Magdalen brid^^e, besides the beauty of ite archi- libraries have 2,200 volumes,
tecture, has this singularity, that more than half Oys, a town of France, department of the straits
of it is on dry ground, and the rest covers two of Calais, 7 m. N. E. of Calais,
small stripes orthe Cherwell ; this bridge is 526 OyonMz a town of France in the department of
f^t long. At Oxford, king John, compelled by Ain,8 m N. of Nantua.
his barons, summoiMO a parliament to meet in QytUr Bay, pJL Queens Co. N. Y. on Long lal-
1258, the proceedings of which were so <lisordeiw and. Pop. 5,193.
Iv that it was afterwards known by the name of OyaUr Porndg, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. T. on Long
tne Mad Parliament. Charles I. assembled a Island.
parliament here in 1025, in consequence of the Oxmma, a river of Hispaniola, formed by the
plague then n^tng in London ; and in 1644 he confluence of two streams which unite about
summoned such of the members of both houses a league above St Domingo. In rainy seasons it is
as were devoted to his intereste: these were se* of considerable siie, and is very convenient for
ceders from the parliament then sitting at West* bringing down the produce from the interior. It
minster. This city was distinguishedfor ito a^ runs into the sea below St. Domingo,
tachment to that unfortunate king, who here Ozark Mmmimna^ a ranee extending from the
held his court during the whole eivilwar. M^th* central parte of the stete of Missouri south-wester-
out the town are many ruins of the fbitificatioai ly toward the Mexican territories. It is crossed
erected in that war. Oxford is governed by a by the Arkansas and Red rivers. The northern
mayor, dependent on the chancellor and vio»- partis mostekvated; bnt little is known of any
chancellor of the university, and sends four mem^ part of these moantiins.
bors to parliament, two fbr tne univenity and two Qnstetm, a town of Poland, covered on one
fbr the city. 50 m. S. by fi. of Coventry and 55 aide by a great mortss, and on the other defend-
W. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 15. W., lat 61. ed by a castle, whose walls are of wood. It i«
46. N. situate on the Weitschel, 34 m. W. of Craeow
Ot^/afiMn, UfMUtfui BaglMd, bcwided £. Ling. 12 10 £., lat 50. 10. N.
rAO vn PAB
P
PACAJE8,atowii of Bnenoi Ajiei, eapiul of a moet lenMrkable of the oonTonts u the oolleg*
province of its name, with a great trade in cattle, formerlv belonging to the JeaoitSy and here is al-
60 m. S. W. of La Pai. so a celebiated aniTeraiU. It is 58 m. E. S. £.
Paeem, a town in the N. part of Sumatra, cam- of Manster. Long. 8. 55. £., lat. 51. 41. N.
lal of a kingdom of the same name. 120 m. S. £. Padron, a town of Spain, in Galieia, seated on
of Acheen. Long. 97. 15. E., lat. 4. 0. N. the Ulla, 19 m. S. of Compostella.
PaehamaCf or Paekaeama, a town of Peru, in PadttoWf a town in Comwell, Eng. with aoon«
the province of Cereade. situate in a valley of its venient harbour, and some coasting trade. It is
name, formerly beautifieu with a magnificent tern- seated at the moath of the Camel, on the Bristol
pie, built by the ineas, in which the Spaniards, Channel, 30 m. W. of Launceston and 243 W. by
when they conquered Peru, (bond immense rich- S. of London,
es. It is 18 m. 8. 8. E. of Lima. Padi(a,a province of Aostrian Italy, in the
PaekeUf a town and fort of Benga], formerly government of Venice, 40 m. long and 35 broad,
the capital of a district of its name, which is now bounded by Rovigo, Verona, Vicenza, TVeviso,
included in the government of Burd wan. It and Venice. It is well watered, and one of the
stands near the Dnmmooda, 10 ra. N . E. of Ro- most fertile countries in Italy,
gonatpour. Padua^ a fortified city of Italy, capital of the
Paekueaf a town of Mexico, noted for the rich aboye province, and a Bishop's see. It is 7 m. in
silver mines in its vicinity, 56 m. N. by E.of Mex- circumference, but much less considerable than
ico. Long. 100. 41. W., lat. 90. 44. N. fimnerly -, for great part of the area within the
Pacific Oc$an^ otherwise called the South Sits, walls is unbuilt, and the town in general so thin-
iying between Asia and America. It is the larg- ly inhabited that grass grows in many of the
e«t ocean in the world, extending over more than streets. The houses are Emit with piazsas, which
one-third of its whole surface, and being upwards when the town was in a flourishing state, may
of 10,000 m. in breadth. When Magellan entered have had a magnificent appearance \ but they now
this ocean, through the dangerous strait that bears rather give it a gloomy air. The cathedral is one
his name, he sailed three months and 90 da^s in of the nchest in Italy : in the sacristy is a statue
a uniform direction to the N. W. without discoy- of the celebiated Petrarch, who was a canon of
eringland. In the distress he sufiered in this thechnrch,and left to it apart of his library. The
voyage, befbre he discovered the Ladrone Islands Franciscan church is deoicated to St. Antonio,
he had the consolation of enjoying such calm the patron of the city, whose body is enclosed in
and gentle weather, with fair winds, that he a sarcophagus, under an altar in the middle of
gave tois ocean the name of Pacific. ^ The Span* the chapel. Near this church is the school c^ St.
lards, on passing the isthmus of Darien fiom N. Antonio, where many of the actions of the saint
to S., at the first discovery of this ocean, named are paihted in fresco, some of them by Titian,
it the South Sea; but with rospect to America, it The church of St. Justina is remarkable for its
is more properly the western ocean. On one rich Mosaic pavement. The hall of the town*
side of the equator it is called the North, and on house is one of the largest in Europe, and con-
che other the South Pacific. tains the cenotaph of Liyy, who was a native of
PackerwuUUf p. v. Clearfield Co. Pa. Padua. The university, once so celebrated, is
Pactolusy p.v. Sullivan Co. Ten. now on the decline. Here are manufactures of
Paey, a town of France, department of Euro, cloth, silk, ribands, and leather, all on a small
on the Enre, 11 m. £. of Evreux. scale. Paaua was taken by the Firench in 1796 .
Padang, a sea-port on the W. coast o£ Sums- It is seated on the Brenta and Baohiglione, in a
tra, in the possession of the Dutch. It was taken fine plain, 90 m. W. by 8. of Venice. Long. 11.
by the British in 1781, and again in 1794 -, but 63. £., lat. 45. 14. N.
finally surrendered to the Dutch in 1814. In Padila^ a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
1797 It was almost totally destroyed by an earth* 14 m. N. of Policastro.
quake, and upwards of ^00 lives were lost. Long. Pagakfk, a decayed city of Birmah^ anciently
99. 49. £., lat. 0. 60. 8. capital of a province of the same name. It isi
Po^tf^ton, a village in Middlesex, Eng. 1 m. to nave been abandoned in the 13th century in
W.byN. of London. From the number of build* consequence of a diyine admonition, llie re-
mgs erected of late years it is now joined to the mains of its ancient splendor are numerous
metropolis, but Uie parish still contains some mouldering temples, and the vestiges of a fort,
beautiful rural spots and handsome seats. A ea- It is seated on the Irrawaddy, 110 m. 8. W. of
lud passes hence to the Grand Junction Canal Ummerapoora. Long. 94. 34. E., lat. 9l. 10. N.
near Brentford. PofssetUe, p.v. Newberry Dis. 8. C.
PaddytawHf p.v. Hampshire Co. Va. Ps^^no, a town of Naples, in Abruno Ultra,
Paderbom, an ancient principality of West- 15 m. E. S. E. of AquiUa.
phalia, 40 m. long and 25 oroad, remarkable for •^<^» ^'^ island in the gulf of Venice, separated
its bacon and venison. It now belongs to Prus- firom Dalmatia by a narrow channel. It is 90 m.
sia. long and 6 broad, chiefly barren, and the soil
Padtfhomf a fortified town of Prussian West- stony ; but it is well peopled, contains salt works,
phalia, formerly capital of a principality of and oroduces wine and nonoy. The chief town
the same name. The rivulet Pader rises under is of^the same name. Long. 51. 10. £., lat 44.
the high altar of the cathedral, and in the eollegi- 40. N.
ate ehnreh are the lemaina of 8t. Blase, tte Pakang^ a sea-port on the E. coast of the penia
PAL 574 PAL
•iiU of Malaya, eapital of a kingdom of the Mine Pelemof, a etrong eea-port of Spain, in GaU
name, famous for a great nvmber of elephanta Ionia, leated on a Say or the Meditemnean, 51*
and for plenty of pepper. It ia 140 m. N. E. of m. N. E. of Barcelona.
Malacca. Long. l(A. 30. E., lat. 3. 56. N. PaUmow, a town of Bengal, coital of a well
P<im&«i(f,aaea-port of France, department of cnltiTated district of its name, seated on the
Loire Inferieare, at the month of the Loire. Coyle, 140 m. S. S. W. of Patna.
Hence all the ships belonging to Nantes take PoIms . See Pdno bUmds,
their departure, and here they anohor on their ar> PdmUmaU tf tks Jttsns, and Banmrn. See
rival. & m. W. by N. of Nanlss. Long. 1. 59. ItAtns and BeMria.
W., lat. 47. 17. N. Palathu, a township (^Montgomery Co. N. T.
PainaviUe, p.t. Geauga Co. Ohio, on Lake Pop. 3,745.
Erie. Pop. 1,49S. It has a good harbour, and ia a Palawan. See Perinea.
floarishing place with 3 weekly newspapem. PafazmoUf a town of Austrian Italy, m the
PumesmlU, p.v. Amelia Co. Va. provinee of Brescia, seated on the Ogko, 90 m.
PaingwUk, a town in Olouoesterahire, Eng. W. N. W. of Brescia.
The inhabitants aie employed ohieflj in the Pa20iii6ay, a district or kingdom of Sumatra,
clothing trade. It stands on the side of a hill, 7 on the N. E. ooast, conquered by the British in
m. S. S. E. of Gloucester. 1812. The chief articles of export are gold, tin,
PaaUj townships in Wayne, Holmes, Fafette pepper, silk, ivory, wax, rice, &c.
and Ross Cos. Ohio. Polsmkif^, the capital of the above district
Painted Past, p.t. Steuben Co. N. T. on the and the emporium of the inland commerce of 8u-
Tioga Pop. 974. matra. The inhabitants consists of Bfalays, Cht-
Paishawvr. See PeUkare. nese, and Arabs. This town is seated on a river
Pa»l4py, a town of Scotland, the largBst in Ren- of its name, about 50 m. from the sea. Long
frewshire. It has considerable mannmotnres of 104. 54. E., lat. 2. 59. 8.
silk and linen, gauxe, lawn, muslin, cambric, Pe2ejiaa, a town of Spain, in Leon, capital of a
thread, Slc. ; also extensive soap, candle, and district of its name, and a bishop's see. with five
cotton works. The river White Ckrt divioes it churches, 11 convents, and two hospitals. li is
into the Old and New Town, which communicate seated on the Carrion, 70 m. S. £. of Leon,
by three bridges. The latter stands on the E. Long. 4. 28. W., lat. 41. 59. N.
Bide of the river, and consists of many handsome PmUnoy a town of Naples, in Abnuxo Citra,
buildings; it also contains the magnificent re- 9m. E. S. E.of Solmona.
mains of an abbey church, the only one which PsJeazaela, a town of Spain, in Old Castile.
Paisley formerly required. By means of the riv- seated on the Arlania, a little above the influx of
er, and a canal, vessels of 40 tons can oome up the Arlanion, 30 m. S. W. of Buiyos.
and unload at the quay. 9 m. W. of Glasgow. Palermo, p.t. Waldo Co. Me. 60 m. N. £. Port>
Long. 4. 23. W., lat. 55. 57. N. bmd. Pop. 1,258.
Potto, a sea-port of Peru, with an exoellent Po^enno, a fortified city of Sicily, in Val di
hatbour. It has frequently been plundered by Mazaia, capital of the island, and an archbishop's
the buccaneers; and in 1741 it was burnt by see. It stands on a bay of the same name, on the
Commodore Anson, because the governor refused N. coast, near the extremit)r of a kind of natural
to ransom it. Lons. 80. 49. W., tat. 5. 12. S. amphitheatre, formed by high and rocky moon-
PsfocAy, a town cttHindoostan, in the district of tains. The country between the city and the
Coimbetofe, with a small fort. In its vicinity a monntainsisoneof the richest plains in the world;
pot was dug up, a fbw years since, contaimng the whole appearing a magnificent garden, filled
Korann silver coins of Augustus and Tiberius, with fruitful trees and watered by fi>untains and
It stands in a well cultivated country, 14 m. S. of rivulets. The two principal streets inteiaeot each
Coimbetore and 37 W. of Daraporam. other in the centre of the city, where they form
r, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 12 m. a handsome square, called the Ottanfolo, from
S. of Seville. the centre of wnich is seen the whole (S* these no-
Poboot, a town of Spain, in Leon, 32 m. W. ble streets, and the four elegant gates which ter-
8. W. of Leon. rainate them, each at the diirtance of half a mile.
Palais f a town of France, capital of the island The Porto Felice opens to the Marino, a delich^
of Belleisle. It has a strong citadel^ which stood ful walk, which has on one side the wall t^the
a long siege against the English m 1761, and city, and on the other the sea; and in the centre
then surrendered on honorable terms. It stands is an elegant kind of temple, frequently made use
on the N. £. side of the island, 30 m. S. S. E. of of as an orehestra. The churehes of Palermo are
L*Orient. Long. 8. 7. W.. lat. 47. 19. N. upwards of 300, and many of them very rich
Palais f Sl,i a town and district in the depart- and magnificent. The catnedral is a large G<»-
ment of Lower Pyrenees, which, with the town thic structure, supported within by 80 columns
and district of St. Jean Pied de Port, fbrmed of oriental granite, and divided into a great num-
nearly the wfaolo of the former province of Low* her oTchapels, some of which are extremely rich,
er Navarre. It is seated on the river Bidouse, 18 partieularly that of St. Rosolia, the patroness of
m. S. E. of Bayonne. Long. 1. 4. W., lat 43. Palermo. The relics of this saint are preserved
21. N. in a large box of silver, enriched with precious
Palambuan, or Balambtum, a town on the B. stones ; and they are conaidered as the greatest
end of the iuand of Japan, capital of a territory treasures of the city. Here are also found the
of its name, which abounds with ootton. rice, ' tombs of several ofthe ancient Norman kings,and
maisB, frmt, henes, anislopes, bufialoes, and oxen, of the emperore Henry VI. and Frederic II. of the
It stands on a bay in the strait of Bali. Long, finestporphyiy. This city has suffered greatly
114. 25. £., lat. 8. 10. S. at diftrent periods by earthquakes and inuadsr
PeCsflMsOa. a town of Hindeostan, in the tions. The harbour, defended by two castJeBy is
province of Tinevelly. Long. 77. 46. £., bt. 8. dangerously open to the sea firom the N. E.; and
42. If . et^natthe anohoring place, ihips are in dan^r
FAL SIS PAL.
when a WMtcriywind nisbei thraoffh the valler natic, with the remaine of a fort, in whiah 4a a
of Colli between the momntains. About the mid- eoniiderable temple. It ia eeated on the Paliari
die of the llth eentorf the Norman kiQg^,Roger,es- 2& m. W. of Aroot.
tabliehed ailk raanaraeturee in this cttj, by meani Palk Strak, a strait at the N. end of the island
ofpriaonen taken in hia war with the Greeks, and of Ceylon, in the bay of Bengal, which separates
they still flourish, thoagh not so lucrative since that island from the coast of Coromandel. It is
the mannfaeture has extended to Italy. One celebrated for the extensive pearl fiidiery earned
mile from Palermo is a celebrated convent of on in it, on both shores, formerly by the Dutch
Capnchins, in which is a vault, made use of as and now by the British.
a receptacle for the dead. It consists of 4 wide PaJUBor idamda^ a group of islands in the S.
psasages, each abont 40 ^t in length, with arch- Pacific ; the largest is about 15 m. lonff and 10
es along the sides, in which the l)odies are set broad. Long. 146. 30. W., lat. 15. 38. S.
upriffht, clothed in coarse garments, with their Palma^ one of the Canary islands, to the N. ol
heads, arms, and feet bare. On tne floor are . Ferro, 50 m. in circumference, and very fertile,
handsome trunks, containing the bodies of per- It has a town of the same name, much frequented
sons of distinetion, the keys of which are kept by for its excellent wines and siUe harbour, tiong.
the relations. In 1799 when the French ma^ 17. 50. W., lat. 28. 37. N.
themselves masters of Naples, Palermo became Fo/ma, a strong city, capital of the island ol
the residence of the court ; at preaent it is the Majorca, and a bishop's see. The public squares, '
seat of the viceroy of the Sicilian parliament and the cathedral, and the royal palace, are magnifi-
of the chief boards of the ialand adminiafration. cent. It oontaina 14,000 houses, built after the
130 m. W. of Messina, and 200 8. by W. of antique manner ; a uoiveiaity, more ancient than
Naples. Long. 13. 23. E., lat 38. 7. N. celebrated ; and 22 churches, besides the eathe-
Pa/esfMM, a country of Syria, so called from drai. The harbour is extremely good. It was
the Philistines, who inhabited ita sea-coaat. In taken by the Engliah in 1766, and retaken in
the Scriptures it ia styled the Land of Canaan, 1715. It is seated on the S. W. side of the island,
and the Promised Land : it ia also called Judea, Long. 2. 30. £., lat. 39. 35. N.
ftom the patriareh Jndah ; and the Holy Land, Pocma, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, on the
from its having been the scene of the birth, min- Xenil, near ita conflux with the Ouadalquivir, 30
istry, and death of Jeans Christ. It is divided m. S. W. of Cordova.
irom the other parte of Syria on the N. by Mount Palm^, a town of Portugal, in Eatremadura,
Libanns, and on the £. by the riyer Jordan and on the river Cadoan, 20 m. £. of Setuval.
the Dead Sea ; Arabia Petrea on t|ie S., and the Palma, a town of New Granada, 40 m. N. W.
Mediterranean on the W. It ia in ceneral a fcr- of Bogota.
tile country, abounding where enltlyated, yfith Palma JWmw, a etrong ftontier town of Italy,
com, wine, and oil ; and it might supply the in the Venetian, province of Udina, seated on a
neighbouring country with all these, aa it anciently canal, which communicates with the Lizonao, 10
did, were the present inhabitanta equally indue- m. S £. of Udina. Long. 13. 15. £., lat. 46.2. N.
trious. The parte about Jemaalem are tne moat Palma di Solo, a sea-port of Sardinia, on the S.
mountiunous and rocky ; but they feed numerona W. coaat, 38 m. S. W. of Cagliari.
herda and flocks, and yield plenty of honey, with Palmag, a river of Mexico, formed by the junc-
exeellcnt wine and oil ; ana the valleys produce tion of the Naasaa and Sauceda, in New Biscay,
large crops of com. This country haa b^n con- whence it flowa £. about 200 m. between the
quered and occupied by such a variety of foreign proyinces of Panuco and New Leon, into the
racea that it ia aifficuit to say which ibrma the gulf of Mexico.
basts of ita present population. It now belongs Fa^mof, the capital of the ialand of Orand Ca-
to the Turkiah empire, and is included in the nara. See Csnariea.
paehalica of Acre and Damaaous, the former com- PalmaSj one of the Philippine ialands, 16
prehending the aea-ceaat and the latter extending leagues 8. £. of Mindanao. Long. 127. 0. £.,
over the interior. lat. 5. 33. N.
PaUMtme, p.t.liawrence Co. Indiana; p.y. Craw- Pabnas, Cupe, a promontory on the Ivory coaat
ford Co. Illinois. 80 m. E. VandaKa. of Guinea. Long. 5. 34. W., laL 4. 26. N.
PolsiCrttta, one of the lar^st of the ialands Palmdm, a town of Portugal, in JSatremadura,
called the Lagunea, near Venice. It has a town with a castle on a rock, 8 m. N. N. £. of Setuval.
of the aame name, 6 m. S. of Venice. Palmer^ p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 68 m. S. W.
Ptilutrma. anciently Pmneste, an episcopal Boston. Pop. 1,237. Here am some manu&ctnrea.
town of Italy, in the delegation of Rome, with Po/merCsvn, p.v. Saratoga Co. N. T. 46 m.
the title of a principality. Here formerly stood from Albany.
a temple dedicated to Fortune, the rains or which PaknertUm /«2s, an island in the S. Pacific,
may yet be seen. It is 25 m. E. by S. of Rome, discovered by Cook in 1774. It consists of abont
Long. 13. 5. £., lat. 41. 52. N. 10 islets, oonnected b^ a reef of coral rooka, and
PaUano, a town of Italy, in the pspal atates, lying in a circular direction ; the principal one
situate on a hill, 20 m. E. of Rome. not exeeediuff a m. in ciroumiereiice, nor mora
Pidigaut, or PaHeaud, a fort of Hindooatan, in than three teet above the level of the sea. It
Malabar, built by H^der, on his conquest of that abounds with ooooa*nuts, souryygnas, and the
province. Around it are scattered many Tillages, wharra-tiee, but haa no inhabitanta. Long. 162.
which contain a considerable population and uve 57. W., lat. 18. 0. S.
aome trade. It waa taken by the British in 1783 Fafmyr*, or Tmdnmr, once a magnificent city
and again in 1790, and waa confirmed to Ihem at of Syria, onginally built by king Solomon, in ttaie
the peace of 1792. It stands between two rivu- -midst of a sandy desert, bounded on three sides
lets, near their iunction, at the foot of the south- by a ehain of high monntaina. On the deoUne of
era extremity of the Ghauts, 25 m. W. S. W. of the Maeedonian empire in the £., it beeaoe the
Coimbetore and 66 E. by N. of Paniany. capital of a principality, under the name of Pal-
P^tigpmdafti town of ttindoeetan, in the Gar- myta; and it declared for the Bmuumfim Adaar
PAM 6M PAN
^ his aniiT thtoagfa Sym to Egypt. Ths and lecion (480 m.) prodneM long gamy witlio«t
eitj flourished and increaaed to Ihe time of Anre- a weed ; ana the toiid, reaehtng the blae of the
Ijan, when it resiated the Roman power under CordiUeraai ia a grove of low treee and ahmboy
queen Zenobia, who waa at length taken captive, in which auoh beautiful order ia obserred that
And led in triumph through the streeta of Rome, one may gallop between them in every direction.
Soon afterwarda the inhabitants maaiaered the The two last have nearly the aame appearance
eoldiera who had been left in ^arriaon ; thia oe- throughout the year. The treea and shrubs are
caaiuned the return of Aurehua, who. having evergreena, and the graaa only changea irooa
made himself master of the place, causea the in- ffreen to brown. The nrat region variea with the
habitants to be destroved, and gave up the city to ronr seasons. In winter the leaves of the thistle
rillage. Its stupenuoua ruina were visited, in are luxuriant, and the whole aurface haa the ap-
751, by Mr. Wood, who publiahed a splendid pearance of a turnip field. The clover ia alao
accouatof them tnl7G3. The inhabitanta consist rich and atrong, and the wild cattle are graun^
of about 40 Arab familiea, living in mud cottages, at full libertv. In spring the clover haa vanish*
erected within the spacioua court of a once mag- ed, and the leaves <» t& thiatle are extended,
nificent temple. 100 m. S. £. of Aleppo. Long. In a month the whole region becomes a wood of
38. 50. E., l&t 33. 20. N. thistles, ten or eleven feet high, in full bloom.
Palmyra, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 28 m. E. Nor- The stems of the thistles are so close and strong,
rtdjFewock. rop. 912; p.t. Wayne Co. N. Y. Pop. that, indeoendent of the pricklea^ they form an
3,434 ; p.t. Pike and Lebanon Co. Pa., Halifax Co. impenetrable barrier, whica haa ansen so sudden-
N. C, VVarren Co. Missouri, Mont^j^omery Co. ly, that an invading army might be imprisoned bj
Ten., Warren and Portage Coa. Ohio, Edwarda them. Before summer is over the thistles are
Co. Uli. and Pike Co. Miss. dead, and the violence of the pampero or haizi*
Palnaud, a dtatrict of Hindooetan, in the Car- cane leveb them with the ground, where they
natic, ceded to the Britiah in 1801, and included n4>idly decompoae, and the cfover again quickly
in the collectorahip of Guntoor. It is situate near appears. If milliona of inhabitanta could be aua-
the river Kistna. Timerycotte ia the principal denly placed on these pampaa they would havs
place. nothii^ to do but to dnve out their cattle to graae,
Palot, a aea-port of Spain in Andalnaia, with a ^ and without preparation plough what ground they
tolerable harbour ; celebrated as the place whence pleased. But tney can nardly be said to be peo^
Columbus sailed on his first adventurous voyage pled. Between the few aettled inhabitante or
in 1492. It is seated at the mouth of the Tmto, nuchoa. and the roving Indiana who inhabit
60 m. W. by S. of Seville. Long. 6. 68. W., laL the aoutn part of the pampaa, a cruel extermina-
37. 10. N. tmg war is carried on. The Indians always on
Polos CajM, a promontory of Spain, in Murcia, horseback, are however, incapable of acting on
19 m. E. or Carthagena. Long. 0 40. W., lat. 37 foot, and are eaaily repulsed. The climate of
37. N. the pampaa ia aubject to great difference of tem-
Palota, a fortified town of Hungary, 40 m. perature, though the gradual changes are very
8. by W. of Buda. Long. 18. 0. £., lat 47. 0. regular. The winter i% as cold as an&ngliah No-
N. vember. The aummer ia very oppreasively hot.
Palotxa, a town of Hungary, aituate on the Pop- But the whole pampaa enjoy an atmoaphere aa
rah, 54 m. N. of Cassovia. Long. 21. 20. E., lat. beautiful and aalubrious aa the moat healthy parte
47. 42. N. of Greece and Italy, without the malaria. The
Fa&s, a famous lake of Thibet, lying to the S. south-west wind or pampero^ generated by the
W. of Lassa, about 12 m. S. of the river Samboo. Andea, ruahes over the plaios with a violenoe
It ia represented as a wide trench, of about 6 m. which it is almost impossible to withstand ; but
broad, surrounding an island 30 m. lon^ and 20 they make the weatner afterwards particularly
broad. On the W. ahore of this island ui a mon- healthy and agreeable.
astery, and the aeat of the Lamissa Turoepamo, Pampdotme. a town of France, department of
or the Great Regenerate, in whom the Thibetiana Tarn, i5 m. N. by £. of Alby.
think that a divine spirit is regenerated, as it is Pomirft^^, a town of £^n,in Old Ctatiie, 12
in the Great Lama. The word lamisaaf is the m. S. W. of Burgos,
feminine of lama, which signifies a priest Pampota, or PampetuMi, a city of Spain, eapi
jPame^tA, a township of Jefferson Co. N. T. Pop. tal of Upper Navarre, and a biahop*a aee, with a
2,263. atrong citadel, and a nniveraity. The aonaree
Pamtsff, a town of France, department of Ar- are handsome^ and adorned witn ahopa nill of
riege, and a biahop'a aee. In the vicinity is a rich merehandiae. It was taken by the F^nch,
mineral apring. It ia aeated on the Arriege, 36 on their invaaion of Spain ; but aurrendered to
m. S. by £. of Toulouae. Long. 1. 35. £., lat. the allied forees in 1831. It is seated on the Ar
43. 6. N. ga,47 m. S. of Bayonne and 197 N. E. of Madrid.
PmiUieo Stnmd. a kind of inland aea, on the Long. 1. 42. W., fat 42. 49. N.
coast of N. CareUna, 100 m. long and firom 10 to Pamplona, a town of New Oranada, famuos
90 broad, aepanted in ite whole fength from the for minea of gold, and numerous flocks of sheep
Atlantic, by a beach of aand, hardly a mile wide, in ite vicinity. It ia 160 m. N. by £. of Bo-
It has several inlete, but that of Ocraeoke, in lat. gota. Long. 71. 30. W., lat 6. 30. N.
36. 10. K.| ia the only one that will admit veasels Pamagia, a town of Romania^ 14 m. N. of Gal-
of burden. lipoli.
Pamwa», the name given in South Africa to Ponaina, a city and sespport of Colombia. It
the wiueprairies or plains South of the Rio de la stands on a fine bay of ite name, on the S. coast
Plata. Tne great plain on the east of the Cor- of the isthmus of Darien, and oontaina a haad-
diUeraa, is afout 900 m. in breadth, and divided some cathedral, and a number of churehes, eon-
into regions of diflferent climate ana produce. On vente, and monaateriea, Before the abolition of
leaving Buenoa Ayres, the first region is cover- the trade by the galleons, it waa the emporium
•dy fiir 180 n. with clover and thiattee; theaee- fi>r ail the merchandise of Chile and Per u, intend
PAN
577
PAR
ed for Earope. SeA Porto Bdlo, The trade and
commerce are still considerable, and in the har-
bour is a fine pearl fishery. The city is torroand-
ed by a wall and other fortifications, and is 60
m. S. by W. of Porto Bello. Long. 80. 21. W.,
lat. 8. 49. N.
Panama^ p.v. Chatauque Co. N. T.
Panaraga^ a town of the island of Java, capi-
tal of a kingdom of the same name, 60 m. £. oy
N. of Mataram.
Panaruean, a town on the N. coast of Java,
formerly the capital of a principality, but now
subject to the Dutch. The chier export is long
pepper. Long. 113. 25. £., lat. 8. 0. S.
Panav, one of the Philippine islands, between
those of Paragoa and Ncgros. It is of a triangu-
lar form, 250 m. in circumference, populous and
fertile, and watered by a great number of rivers
and brooks. The chief commodity for exporta-
tion is rice. Iloila is the capital.
PancraSf St. an extensive parish in Middlesex,
Eng. 2 m. N. W. of London. 7*he old church and
churchyard have long been noted as a burial place
for Roman Catholics.
Panesovaf a town and fortress of Hungary,
seated near the Danube, 10 m. E. N. £. of Bel-
grade.
Pangasenaf one of the Molucca islands, in the
£. Indies, 45 m. long and 10 broad, lying between
Celebes and Bourton.
PangOf a town of the kingdom of Congo, cap-
ital of a province of the same name. It stands
on the river Barbela, 95 m. N. N. E. of St. Sal-
vador. Long. 14. 45. E., lat. 4. 20. S.
Panjuhy a country in the N. W. part of Hin-
doostan, being that watered by the five eastern
branches of the Indus. It was the scene of Alex-
ander's last campaign, and the termination of his
conquests. It forms a square of 250 miles, and
includes the whole of Lahore and a great part of
Moultan Proper. To the lower part of Mooltan
it is flat ana marsh?, inundated by the rains
which fall between Mav and October.
Paniofty, a town of nindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Malabar, containing above 40 mosques, 600
bouses belonging to traders, and 1,000 huts inhab-
ited by the lower orden of people. The port is
frequented by small vessels firom different places
on the coast ; and much rice is exported nence
to the northern parts of the province. It is seated
in a sandy plain, near the mouth of a river, 32
m. S. by E. of Calicut. Long. 75. 48. E., lat. 10.
47. N.
Pamuiinaehy a village of Scotland, in Aberdeen-
shire, situate a little below the waterfiiU called
the Lin of Dee. It is noted for its mineral wa-
ten ', and has houses and baths for the accommo-
dation of company.
PannijnU^ a town of Hindoostan, in the prov-
ince of Dehli, celebrated for a battle, in 1761, be-
tween an army of 5iOO,000 Mahrattas, and Abdal-
lah, sulUn of Candahar, at the head of 150,000
Mahomedans, in which the former were totally,
defeated. Panniput is situate in an extensive
glain, 72 m. N. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. 55. £., lat.
9. 13. N.
Pawmi, a town of Macedonia, 16 m. S. of Sa-
lonichi.
Pantalariay an island in the Mediterranean, be-
loneinff to Sicily, and situated between that isl-
and and the coast of Tunis. It is 30 m. in cir-
onmferenee, and abounds in cotton, fruits, and
wine.
PflnlM, p.t. Addison Co. Va. Pop. 606.
73
PanucOf or Otuutsea. a province of Mexico,
bounded on the £. bv the gulf of Mexico and W.
bv Mechoacan and New Biscay. The tropic of
Chancer divides it into two parts ; the S. put
abounds with provisions, and has some veins of
Eld and mines of salt ; but the other is poor and
rren.
PamteOf the capital of the above province, and
a bishop's see, is situate near a,river of the same
name, which fiills into the gulf of Mexico, 210 m.
N.N. E. of Mexico. Long. 98. 50. W., lat. 22.
50. N.
Pao-kingf a citv of China, of the fint rank, in
the province of Hon-quang. 830 m. S. S. W. of
Pekin. Long. 111. 0. E., lat. 27. 5. N.
PaoU, p.t. Orange Co. Ind. 106 m. S. W. In-
dianapolis.
Pao-ning^ a city of China, of the first rank, in
the province of ^'-tchoen, on the river Kialing,
700 m. S. W. of Pekia. Long. 105. 35. E., lat.
31. 3. N.
Paoomy one of the two New Hebrides, in the
8. Pacific, to the S. of MalUcoIlo. Long. 168. 29.
W., lat. 16. 30. S.
Ptuhtingr, a city of China, of the first rank, the
most considerable in the province of Pe-tcheli
next to Pekin. The countrv around is pleasant
and as fertile as any part of China. 7o m. 8.
S. W. of Pekin. Long. 115. 25. E., Ut. 38. 54.
Papa, a town of Hungary, in the county of Ves-
prin, 45 m. W. of Buda.
PapervilUf p.v. Sullivan Co. Ten.
PapotUf St. a town of France, department of Au-
de, on the Lande, 13 m. N. W. of Carcassone and
35 8. E. of Toulouse.
Pajfpenhergf a town of Hanover, in E. Fries-
land, with two churches, and numerous yards
for ship'building. It is seated on a canal, which
communicates with the river Ems, 13 m. S. of
Embden.
Papptnkeim^ a town of Bavaria, formerly the
capital of a countv of the same name, seated
on a hill near the Altmuhl, 13 m. N. E. of Dona-
wert.
Papua, See Ovtnaa, Aeie.
Paray a handsome city of Braxil, capital of a
government of the same name, with a citadel and
castle. The chief business is cultivating tobacco
and sugar canes, and gathering cotton which
Sows wild here. It is seated on the estuary of
e Tocantin, 80 m. from the ocean. Long. 49
25. W., lat. 1. 50. S.
ParadtMy or Pracdsy a vast multitude of smaL
islands and rocks in the China Sea, lyinff off'thc
coast of Cochin- China. They extend 3(Ki m. it
length by 60 in breadth, and the intercurrents
among them render their navigation dangerous
ParadeUay a town of Portugsl, in Beira, 12 m
8. E. of Lameffo.
Paradioty viflages in York and Lancaster Cos
Pa.
Para^oay or Palatoaii, the most westerly of the
Philippine islands, being 180 m. long an'd from
20 to 40 broad, divided Between the king of Bor-
neo and the S{>aniards, with some independent
natives in the interior parts, who are black, and
have no fixed place of^ abode. The Spaniards
have a garrison at the N. end of the island, at a
5 lace called Tatay. Long. 118. 45. E., lat. II
. N.
Paraguayy an extensive country of 8. America,
bounded on the N. bv Amazonia, E. by Brazil, 8
by Patagonia, and W. by Chile and Per«. It
SC
PAR 678 FAR
coBtuiu nnmeroiiB lakes anil riven , of the latter, with a eonaideraUe manvftctttie of cloth ; lealid
the three principal are the Parana, Paraguay, and on the Kalzbaoh, 10 m. N. E. of Leinutz.
Uraffnay, the united streamt of which form the PardMtXf a town of Bohemia, in toe circle of
celebFated Rio de la Plata. These riven annual- Chmdin, with a fiirtified eaatle and a manafihctare
ly overflow their banks. The climate is in gen- of knives and sword blades. It is seated on tJhe
oral moist and temperate, though in some places Elbe, 23 m. £. by S. of Pngoe. Long. 15. 41
It is cold. In the temperate puts ths soil is ex- E., lat. 40. 58. N.
tremelv fertile, producing grain, beans, peas, cot- PcracUa. See >Pmrm.
ton, tobacco, and the valuable nerb called para- Parttuaj a sea-port of Istria, on a peninsula in
guay. which is peculiar to this country, ana the the gulf of Venice, with a harbour for large vee-
mfusion of which is drank instead of tea. Here sels. It is 26 m. S.bv W.of Capod'Istria. Lon^.
are also a variety of fruits and very rich pastures ; 13. 60. E., lat. 45. lo. S.
but the country is destitute of woods. Cattle, P^fga^ a seapport on the coast of Albania, op
sheep, horses, and mules are in great abundance ; posite to the southern point of the island of Coriup
of the last many thousands were annually sent to memorable as the onlv place which bade defiance
Peru. In the mountains toward Tucuman, the to the arms of Ali rasha, trnnt of Albania, cc
condor,' the largest bird of the vulture tribe, is whom it was eventually surrendered on condition
not unnequent ; and the ostrich is found in the of his paying an indemnity to those of the inhabi-
wide plains. Bevenl independent tribes ^ in- tants who should refuse lo remain. The evacoa-
digenes live in the interior, on the Rio Grande ; tion took place in 1819, moat of the inhabitanis
one of them, called Abipones, are a warlike race, removiagto the Ionian islands^ 30 m. S. W. of
andy'byji novelty in American mannen, chiefly Joannina.
cavalry, seoonng and taming the wild horses in- FmrU, a province of Colombia, lying to »he S.
troduced by the Spaniards. In 1515 the Span- E. of Cumana, on the banks of the Orouoco, and
iards discovered tnia country by sailing up the including the delta of that river. On the N. of
Rio de la Plata, and, in 1535, founded the town this province, between Cumana and the ielaad
of Buenos Ayres. In 1580 the Jesuits were ad- of Trinidad, is a large bay, called the Gulf of
mitted into these fertile regions, and, in the next Paria.
century, founded the fbmous missions of Paraguay. Paria, the capital of -the above province. Here
In 1757 Spain exchanged the colonies on the E. are some silver mines, and its cheeses, made from
shore of toe Uraguav Tor the Portuguese colony the milk both of sheep and cowa, are in high es-
of St. Sacrament, wnich caused that river to be- teem. It is 140 m. W. N. W. of Plata. Long,
come the boundary of the respective possessions 68. 32. W., lat. 18. 30. S.
of the two crowns. In 1767 the court expelled ParutroHg, a strong town of Thibet, on the bor-
the Jesuits, and the natives were put upon the den of Booten, 45 m. W. N. W. of Twssssudon.
same footing with the other Indians of the Span- PariUa, or Samia, a town of Peru, in the pro*
ish psrt of S. America. vince of Lima, at the mouth of a tiver of the same
Paraguay revolted irom the government of name, 80 m. S. E. of Truxillo, and 280 N. W. ol
Spain at the same time with the neighbouringprov- I«ima. Long. 77. 50. W., lat. 8. 56. S.
inoes. Soon after the declaration m independence Parima, a lake of S. America, near the borden
the direction of afiain fell into the hands of Doctor of Amaxonia and Gniana, of a square form , 80 m.
Ftancia a native of the countrjr,who procured him- long and 40 broad. It seems to be a kind of in-
self to be declared Dictator for life. This govern- undation formed by the Orinoco ; fer that river
ment has continued to the present moment the enten on the N. and issues on the W. side of the
been avoided, and those who have entered the thence S. £. to the river Amaion. To the W. of
country have experienced great difficulties in re- this lake, befere the main stream of the Orinoeo
taring. Asuncion b the capital. turns to the N., there are two other bnnches that
PairaHa. a province of Brazil, between those of flow from it to the Black Rivcf. Hence there are
Rio Grande and Tamari6a. It abounds in sugar three communications between those two great
canes, bnm-wood, tobacco, and cotton. The rivers, the Orinoco and the Amazon,
chief town, which is of the same name, is seated PmrtM, the capital of France, and of civilised
oa the river Paraiba. The Dutch obtained poe- Europe, lies on both banks and occupies two im-
session of it in 1635, and fortified it with a slight lets of the Seine. This city, which pretends to
rampart ; but the Portuguese retook it soon af* a rivalry in arts and elegancieii with Athens, and
*cr. in magnificence with Thebes, had the meanest
ParamatribOf the capital of Surinam, Gniana, conunenoement. Julius Ovsar found the princi-
and the chief place of the Dutch colonies in S. pal islet, now called '< the city " (la cite), covef«<;
America. It has a strong but small ciUdel, and with huts, and serving as a retreat lor fishermea
a noble road for shipping, where there are seldom of the tribe of Gauk called " Parisii." The sur
fewer than 60 vessels, loading coffee, sugar, cot- rounding woods and manhes, and the watere of
ton. and indigo. The streeto are strait, and lined the Seine, which had hitherto protected these bw-
with orange, shaddock, tamarind, and lemon trees, barians, were but a weak obstacle to the Roman
in continual bloom. It surrendered to the Eng- legionaries, upon whose approach they burned
lish m 1709 and in 1803. It is situate on the £. their huts and fled fkrther into the woods. C«>
side of the river Surinam, 16 m. firom its mouth, sar, having completed the conquest of Gaul, held
Lrag. 65. 25. W., lat 5. 48. N. a conference with the chieft <^ the GalUc hordes
lie site|laid in it the
ly the nomans ** Lo-
Gonentes, and afterwards, joining the Uruguay, tetia Pariaionira/' from the name of the tribe, ami
forms the river Plata. the word " Loutouhezi,*' by which the nattvea
IWoAieiks, a town and castle of Proisian Silesia, designated the eloster of huts which bad diM^
PAR 679 PAR
potjcd Tba new eity improTed impidl/ under which thev were still crowded; huilt ]iu|[DifieeDt
the infloenoe of Roman lawsi arts, and adminia- quays and wharvea; and erected four bridges of
tration. During the reign of Charlemagne, who, remarkable beauty, as monuments of art. He
amidst his conquests, nerer lost sight of the arts not only conceived (for even the conception was
of ciTilixation, Paris advanced in arts and letters a great merit), but had nearly executed, at his fall,
aa well as weaJth and extent. The adventurous the Canal de TOurcq. He distributed the public
and roving Normans, tempted by the wealth of supply of water by 6fleen new and abundant
the city, and despising the feeble successors of fbunt&ins, of which some are beautiful specimens
Charlemagne, who haa abandoned the capital as of architecture. The immense architectural and
a patrimony to hereditary counts, plundered it sculptural mass called *' the Fountain of the El-
three times, after short intervals — in 815, 857, and phant" was left by him, and still remains unfinish-
873. Under the third or Capetian race, it improv- ed. The people, not merely of Paris, but of the
ed still more rapidly than before. It became the whole kingdom, are indebted to him for those
fixed royal residence and seat of government ; spacious markets, so commodiously arranged for
the capital of the kingdom in fact as well as in tne sale of every kind of produce ; for public
name. Philip Augustus added to itsatrength and stores, especially the wine stores, which surprise
beauty by many new edifices, by paving the by their vastness. the happy ingenuity of their
streets, and by surrounding the wnole city with, distribution, and their architectural grandeur. He
deep fosse and thick wall defended by five bun- erected, near the barriers, five abattoirs or slaugh«
died towers. Paris at this time had sixteen gates, ter-houses ; and thus relieved the town f^om the
and covered a surface of seven hundred and thirty- inconvenient and dangerous presence of herds of
nine square acres. Louis IX. (St. Louis) built cattle, the revolting spectacle of blood, and the
hospitals and schools, reformed the more barba- noxious miasmata of butcliery and tallow-melting,
reus and vexatious " customs'* (laws), regulated The vast granary of reserve, destined by him to
the administration of justice, and createa a po- protect the people of Paris against famine and the
lice. Paris was taken in 1426 by the English, who change ot seasons, now unfinished or abandoned,
were compelled to abandon it in 1436. Francis remains a monument of the instability of all hu-
I. had the gloiy of introducing into Paris science, man power and the tucertainity or all human
literature and the fine arts. The Grecian orders projects. He cleared the Place du Carousel, be-
of architecture were now adopted for the first tween the Louvre and the Tuileries, of its ob-
time, and the interior of the new edifices adorn- structions and nuisances; adorned it with a tri-
ed with sculpture and the paintings of the Italian umphal arch ; completed the Louvre ; filled its
masters. Henry IV. erected tlie Pont Neuf, and gal*^i7 ^ith sculpture and paintinn. The gar-
laid out several squares cr places in the old city den of the Tuileries owes much of its magnifi-
on the islets in the Seine, hitherto the qaarter of cence to the noble vista which he opened by the
the court. Paris is indebted to Louis XIV. for a me Castiglione to the triumphal column in the
great portion of its magnificence : — ^for its noble Place Vendome ; — the opposite view of the Cham-
and healthful Boulevwds; — for the triumphal berof Deputies, with its noble portico, on the left
arches (of which two are splended monuments) bank of the Seine; and the unfinished but grand
by which it is entered at tne gates of St. Den- triumphal arch of Neuilly. Many of the public
is, St. Martin, St Antoiue, and St. Bernard ; — buildings, canals, and other public works left un-
for the Place Vendome and Place des Victoi- finished by Bonaparte, have neen carried on, and
res ; — for the colonnade of the Louvre ; the Hospit* some have been completed, since the restoration
al of Invalids ; the garden of the Tuileries, design- of the house of Bonroon. A new quarter, as it is
ed by Lenotre, untter the immediate inspection of called, was begun, in 1823, in the western sub-
Colbert ; — for the promenades and plantations of urb of^Paria, touching the Champs Elysees, ex-
the Champs Elysees. The Revolution came, and tending to Chaitlot, and spreading above the
with it the gem us of devastation for a time. The Chanssee d'Antin. The style of structure is
works of art only are a permanent loes, and for- elegant, and the scale within the reach of ordi-
tunately they were neither many, nor irreparable nary fortunes. A second quarter opena by its
chefs d OBUvre ; — whilst the pubuc health, conve- main street, which is spacious and planted with
nience, and beauty of the town, have gained in- rows of trees, a communication between two
calculably by the removal or^ desecration of the main points of the fauxbonrgs Montmartre and St.
churches and convents. Spacious and convenient Martin. The progress of au these, however, has
markets, open and well-built streets or other edi- been slow, and in some parts suspended ; and
fices of great public ornament and utility, now oc some generations will probably have passed away
cupy the sites of such religious houses aa were before the " Ville de Francois Premier'* and Nou-
establishments for the purposesof society or char* and the want of capitaTor perseverance, (rreat
ity. Paris is under eternal obligations to Bona- undertakings are rarely, ir ever, completed by
aparte : he did more for it than even Louis XIV. private enterprise in Paris: they have been pro-
He combined, in a greater degree, the useful with jected and executed only by the government Tlie
the magnificent. Despotic as he was, he saw palace of the Exchange, eonsideied the noblest
that the mass of the people was now a power edifice of the kind in Europe, was completed and
which must not be dassled merely, as in the time opened for the transaction of commercial business,
of Lous XIV., but conciliated and served. His and for the sittings of the tribunal of commerce,
designs are said to have been essentially his own. since the accession of Charles X.
It seems most probable that they could nave been It is difficult to give within short limits a
conceived only bv the same mind which had the eoup d'osil of soerow£d, diversified, and even dia-
foroe, energj and resources to execute them. He orderly, a mass aa the French capital,— rits church-
fireed the bridges and banks of the Seine ftom the es, palaces, public buildings, and monuments ot
•mbarraaament and deformity of the old houses by art. <>f its ohurches, the most remarkable an tb«
PAR 580 PAR
eathedral of Notre Dame, in the old city, — a large rietv of aims and costume, it yet seems perfretl/
and lofty edifice, with two hiffh and massive tow in the classic and antique style and taste. The
ers. presenting a style of arcnitecture imposing triumphal arch of the Carousel, modelled upon
and curious, and well executed for its early date ; that of Septimius Severus at Rome, is unexcep-
— ^the church of St. Eustache, a model of li^ht tionably beautiful in itself, but small in proportion
and graceful classic architecture ; — the churches to the surrounding area, and rendered for a time
of St. Roch and St. Sulpice, modem edifices in a still more disproportionate by the remoral of the
fraud and noble style ; — that of St. GcneTieve^ celebrated Venetian horses of Lysippus with their
uilt near the close of the last century,— dese- car from its summit, in 1815. These, however,
crated during the Revolution into a Pantheon for have been recently replaced by an exact copy ia
the remains of the great men of France, with the bronze. It has, like its model, three arcades in
simple and sublimely affecting inscription — ** Aux front, with an additional transverse arcade. The
grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante,*' and modem triumphal arch at Neuilhr exceeds the
re-desecrated in 1830 ; — admired for its dome, — arch of the Carousel, and ev^ those of Louis
sustained by the mass of the building in the form XIV. at the gates of St. Denis and St. Martin, in
of a Greek cross at its intersection — ^its principal grandeur ana advantage of position, rather than
faeade and jieristyle of twenty fluted Corinthian beauty. Colossal statues have been re-erected to
columns imitated from the Pantheon at Rome. Henry IV. on the Pont Neuf, and Louis XIV. in
Paris boasts several palaces, of which the princi- the Place des Victoires.
pal are the Tuileries, with its vast open court and Judging by the daily congregation of thousands
imposing fagade on tiie one side, and its public of both sexes in the open air, — joung men idly loX-
garden, adorned with alleys of forest tr<^s, terra- ling or lounging, — old men, with even a cer
ces , plantations, basins, and copies in marble and tain air of gravity, wasting life in the coffee-
bronze of the most celebrated pieces of sculp- houses and public gardens, — the gaminff-housee
ture ; — the Louvre, with its gallery of works of equally public and crowded, — one would be dia-
art, and its colonnade, regarded as a specimen of posed to pronounce the people pf Paris a race the
the nearest approach to perfection in architectujre ; most frivolous, idle, and depraved. But the loung
the Palace or Chamber of Deputies, with a rnnd ers and gamesters are, to a considerable extent,
Corinthian portico, and several statues of colossal congregated from all parts of Europe ; and the
size, — the beautiful Palais Bourbon — ^both conti- old men are small annuitants, content with their
gttous, immediately on the lefl bank of the Seine ; actual means of subsistence, — without further in-
— the old and majestic Luxembourg, or Chamber crease by industry or speculation. Science, liter-
of Peers, with its two grand pavilion wings and ature, and the fine arts, are at the same time cul-
central quadrangle surmounted '
its splendid garden opening on
the Palace ofjustice, in the old ^ , ^ «,
kings of the present dynasty down to the twelfth braries, and museums, can afford. The public
in succession, now occupied by the courts of jus- schools and colleges forming component branch-
tice; the Palis Royal, inhabited and recently esofonegreat system of pubuc education in med-
repaired by the duke or Orleans, with its adjoin- ictne, jurisprudence, and the military art, abstract
ing public jg^den, galleries and shops, — concen- and experimental science, literature, the fine and
trating as in a focus, wealth and idleness, liters- useful arts, from the institute down to the two ad-
ture, industry and the arts, gaming and every mirable institutions for the instruction of the blind
other species of dissipation and depravity. and the deaf and dumb, with appropriate and some
The chief public edifices are tne Hospital or noble edifices devoted to them, and lectures by
Hotel of Invalids, with its gilded dome, its oma- eminent professors, either gratuitous or on mod-
mented fagade, with central Ionic pilasters, and erate terms, are too numerous to be detailed. The
a planted esplanade extendinj; before it; — the chiefpublic libraries are five in number: — the Roy-
Hotel des Monnaies^ or mint, m which also all al Library, containing 500,000 vols., 100,000
national medals are struck, with its colonnade, MSS., 100,000 medals, and 1,500,000 engrav-
arcades, and statues, forming a noble facade to- ingrs ; the Mazarine Library, 93,000 vols., and
wards the Seine, on its leA bank ;— the Observa- 41.000 MSS. ; the Library of the Arsenal, 170,000
^ory. communicating by a grand avenue with the vols., 6,000 MSS. ; the Library of St. Genevieve,
l^uxembourg; — the Exchange, already mentioned, 110,000 vols., and 2,000 MSS. ; the City Library,
built in a simple and noble style, forming a paral- 42,()00 vols. The principal museums are that, or
lelogram 212 feet long and 126 broad, with a rather those, of the Garden of Plants, — an incom-
pertstyle of sixty-six Corinthian columns. parable temple of natural science in every branch.
Three of the sixteen bridges over the Seine raised chiefly by the illustrious Buffbn, and his
merit particular notice : — ^the bridge of the Gar- worthy successor, the late count Lacepede ; the
den or Plants, formerly called Pont d'Austerlitz, Louvre, still containing 1,200 pictures and 500
with five arches of iron, remarkable for its ele- pieces of sculpture, among which are many cheft
Knee and solidity ; the Pont d' Jena, changed to d'oeuvre *, and the Conversatory of Useful Arts
at of " the Invalids," at the instance of BRicher, {Arts^et Metiers^) containing specimens or models
who was actually laying a train to blow it up in of the machinery and instruments used in every
1815; and between these, from the Louvre to the branch of manufacture.
Institute, the Pont des Arts, incomparably light Paris is the great centre, not only of French bnt
and graceful, and used only by foot passengers. of continental intellect in literature and science.
Of the public monuments of art, the most per- From its press issue the most valuable, if not the
fectly beautiful is the bronze column in the Place greatest number, of literary publications ; and it
Vendome, modelled upon that of Trajan at Rome, has a still more decided lead in scientific research
but exceeding its proportions by a twelflh. The and discovery. ^ Pans is also as decidedly the
most remarkable merit in this column, perhaps first manufacturing town of France. Its princi-
is, that, presenting in relief on its pedestal tne pal manufacturing establishments called royal, are
4nclassic trophies of modern war, in every va- three : — ^the Gobelins tapestry, to which that oc
PAR Ml PAH
La SaTonnMie bu been united ; tbe mmnnfeefeory Pierfte. neoonl^ of Indiana. Pop. 7,534. Rook
of glaMy wbicb employs 2,700 men ; and tbe por- yille is tbe camtal ; also a Yillsffe in Uie same
eelain maoolactorj atSevres, remarkable not only eonnty. 88 m. W. Indianapolis.
lor tbe valae of its productions, bat for its carious Fmrhur^ a townsbip of Butler Co. Pa.
maseum of sU tbe objects connected witb tbe art, Parker Biver, a small stream ot Essex Co. Mass.
ranged in order. Paris also excels in many of tbe flowing tbrough Newbury into Plum Island Sound.
eommonly used articles of luxury and fasbion^-^ Parkeftburtff p.t Wood Co. Va. on tbe Ohio.
in male and female dress, jewelry, wrougbt gold 12 m. below Marietta.
and silver, watcbes. clocks, furniture, carriages, PmrigaU^ a yiUsfe in Cbesbire, situate on tbe
dbo. So strong is toe tendency to trading inoos- estuary of tbe Dee,l2 m. N. W. of Cbester. Pack
try, tbat its exports have increased since tbe Revo* et-boats frequently sail hence to Ireland
lution to a degree unprecedented in tbe history of Parkman^ a township of Somerset Co. Me.
commerce. Pop. 803; p.t Geauga Co. Ohio. 156 m. N. E.
Society has become essentially changed in Par- Columbos. Pop. 7(%.
is since tbe RevoIutioA* The nobles have lost Parks^ p.v. Edgefield Dis. 8. C.
^heir importance, if not existence, as a caste. Parma, a duohv of Italy, under which name are
Tbat numerous aggregate of families formerly included the duchies of Parma Proper, Placenxa,
called tbe " court/ has disapi>eared. Wealth, and Gusstalla. It is bounded on the w. and N.
however, is not the first distinction, nor has it the by tbe Milanese, £. by the Modenese, and S. by
same weight in obtaining access to^ood company, Tuscany and Genoa. The soil is fertile in com,
in Pari^ as in other places. Tbe rarisian society wine, oil, hemp, and pasturage ; and there are
of men of letters and artists is, perhaps, the most some inconsiderable mmes of copper and silver,
intellectual, interesting and polished, in existence. The celekrated Parmesan cheese is no longer made
-firom tbe fund of knowledge and accomplish- in this country, but at Lodi, in the Milanese, and
ment which it contains, and the passing admixture some other places. By the treaty of Parts, in
of European rank and talents. The Parisians are 1814, this duchy was given to the ex-empress
doubtless polished and artificial in their manners ; Maria Louisa.
but they are also really social and obliging ; and Parma, an ancient, ricbj populous, and band-
tbe many hospitals which they support for tbe some town of Italy, capital of tbe foregoing
helpless of botii sexes and every age,— of which 7 duchy. It has a university, a magnificent eathe-
contain 3,156 beds^ — with, moreover, several bu- dral, and the largest opera-bouse in Europe,
reaux for the distribution of private domiciliary le- which has seats for 8,000 people. The dome, and
lief,— -sufficiently prove tbat they are humane and the chnrch of St. John, are painted by the famous
charitable. Their love of amusement and pleas- Correggio, who was a native, of this place. The
ure is attested by their crowded public walks, other most remarkable places are tbe aucal palace,
their 3«^)0 coffee-houses, and twelve theatres, with its gallery and collection of artificial cnri-
Parislies in north lat. ii. 50. 11., — long. 20. 11. osities ; the large Benedictine convent, in which
Q«ckoning, with the French astronomers, fVom 12,000 soldiers were quartered in 1724; tbe Pa-
the western point of the He de Ferro,) — 98 leagues lazzo Giardino, a ducal'palace, connected with tbe
8. E. of London, 250 leagues 8. W. of Copenba- town ; and the promenade between tbe town and
rn, 380 leagues 8. W. of Stockholm, 500 leagues citadel. Charles, king of tbe Two Sicilies, car-
W. of St. Petersburgb, 600 leagues 8. W. of ried away a library from this place to Naples,
Moscow, 324 leagues W. of Cracow, 300 leagues which contained 18^000 volumes, and a very val-
8. W. of Dantxic, 216 leagues 8. W. of Berlin, uable cabinet of curiosities, witb a rich collection
210 leagues W. S. W. of Dresden, 195 leagues of medals. Tbe inhabitants, about 36,000. trade
W. STW. of Leipzig, 115 leagues W. by N. of in silk, and silk stockings. In 1734 a bloody
Frankfort on the Maine, 204 leagues W. by N. battle was fought here between the Austrians and
of Prague, 850 leagues W. of Vienna, 270 the French and Sardinians, in which the former
leagues W. of Presburg, 552 leagues N. W. of were defeated. Parma is situated on a river of
Constantinople, 333 leagues N. W. of Na- the same name, which divides it into two parts,
pies, 260 leagues N. N. W., of Rome, 230 leagues united by three bridges, 40 m. N. W. of Modena
W. N. W. of Venice, 107 leagues N. W. and 00 S. E. of Milan. Long. 10. 30. £., lat 44.
Bern, 148 leagues W. N. W. of^Zuricb. 100 60. N.
leagues W. N. W. of Basle, 280 leagues N. by E. Parma, pX. Monroe Co. N. T. 12 m. N. Roch-
ofModrid, 350 leagues N. £. of Lisbon. Its area ester. Pop. 2,569.
is 10,600 square ACies, of 100 perches each ; its PamossMS, or PamagMO, a celebrated mountain
':;rcumference, by the Boulevards, about six in Greece. It has two heads, one of which was
leagues ; its diameter about two leagues ; and its fkmous for being consecrated to Apollo and the
pop. 900,000. It is divided into 12 municipal dis- Muses, and the other to Bacchus. It is the higb-
trictB,oaIIed arrondissementa ; 9 on the right and 3 est in Greece, and has a fine fountain, supposed
on the lefl bank of tbe Seine, — witb a mayor and to be the ancient Castali^ 8 m. N. of Livadia.
justice of peace in each ; and these arrondiase- Paro,ot Parrogvm^, a town of Hindoostan, cap- ,
ments are again subdivided into fbrty-eight ouar- ital of a district of its name in tbe nrovince of
ters, each with a commissary of police. The Bootan, with aoastle, the residence or a governor,
municipal administration and police of Paris are It is famcNia for the manufacture of idols, and tbe
wholly in the hands of the executive government, forging of swords, daggers, and arrows. It stands
PariSf p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 46 m. N. of Portland, on the Patohieu, in a fertile valley, 20 m. 8. by
Pop. 2,307 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 9 m. S. W. £. of Tassasadoti.
Utica. Pop. 2.765. Also towns and villages in Parat, an island in the Oncian Axehlpelsgo,
Fauquier Ck>. Va., Jefleraon Co. Ind., Bonrbon Co. one of the Cydades, to the W. of Naxia. It is
Ken. Pop. 1,219. Henry Co. Ten., and Unioo, 10 m. long and eight broad, and the soil is well
Portage, Stark and RicUand Cos. Ohio. nrilisitaf Tkt tnd» consists in wheat, barkv,
ParMmUa, p.t St. Lawrenee Co. N. T. Pep. wine, and pulse, and in calicoes.' It fennerly
1,479. prodooed a fraat deal of oil, but the Veattian
3o2
PAS fitt PA8
amiT burnt all the olive treee. Tfaii island was into the golf of Mexico, it is baited at the mmitli
anciently dedicated to Bacchus, on account of its against ressels drawing more than 5 leet water,
excellent wines ; and has been so famous for its Put de CalaiM^ a department of France, contain*
marble that the best carvers would make use of ing the proyinces of Artois and Bourbonnois. li
no other. The statuaries Phidias and Praztteles has a superficial area of 2,500 sq. m. with 570/X)0
were natives of this island ; and the famous Arun- inhabitants. . The climate is humid and chaneea-
deltan marbles at Oxford were brought from this ble, several districts are manhy, but the soil in
place. general is fbrtile in corn, hemp, flax, Ac. Arras
Par99f or PareeMa, the capital of the Isle of is the capital
Faros, and a bishop's see. It was anciently the Paaewalk, a town of Prussian Pomerania, near
largest and most powerful town of the Cyclades; which are some iron works. It stands on the
but is greatly decayed. The walls of the castle Ucker, 28 ib. W. of Stettm.
are built of ancient pieces of marble, and most of PsMnia, a town of Mexico, in Xalisco, 100 m.
the columns are placed long* wise ; some of them, S. S. W^ of Compostella.
that stand uprignt, support cornices of amazing Pamaro. a town of Mexico, in Mechoacan, S%
sixe. The natives bnila their houses of marble, m. 8. Yf. of Mechoacan.
which they find readv cut to their hands; but Piuqwilank, a county of N. Carelina. Pop.
they take no care to place the pieces in a regular 8,618. Elizabeth is the capital,
manner ; their fields likewise are inclosed with Pagwagtf a sea-port or Spain, in Biscay, be-
friezes, altars, and basso-relievos. The present tween those of Fontarabia and St. Sebastian, 3
inhabitants are lo ignorant that instead of great m. E. of the latter.
sculptora, and skiltol arehitects, they have no- Pauaic, a river of New Jersey rising in New
thing but carven of mortan and salt-cellan. York and flowing 8. E. into rlewark Bay. It
Paros is situate or the W. coast of the island, has a fall of 70 feet at Patterson, where the riv-
Long. 25. 44. E., lat. 37. 8. N. er is 40 yards wide and falls in an unbroken sheet,
PariskvUU, p. v. St Liawrence Co. N. Y. 35 m. forming one of the most beautiful cascades in the
8. £. Ogdensburg. Pop. 1,479. country.
Parret, a river which rises in the S. part of PassamiOquoddy Bay^ an inlet of the Bay of Fan-
Somersetshire, Eng. receives the Odcrad, Ivel dy between the eastern part of Maine and New
and Throne, and entera the Bristol Channel at Brunsvrick. It contains the Island of Campobel-
Bridgewater Bay. lo, Moose, Deer, and several othera, and receiTes
ParramtUta^ a town in New S. ^ales, capita] the watera of many riven. The tides in the bay
of the province' of the same name, with a chureh, rise more than 30 feet ; the watere abound with
court-house, hospital, orphan-houie, goal, dbc. herring, cod, mackerel and pollock, the taking of
Pop. 1,200 the soil in most places is remarkably which aflTord occupation to great numben of peo-
good. It is seated at the head of the harbour of pie. The bay is 12. m. long and 6 wide : it is
rort Jackson, 15 m. W. by. N. of Sydney. navigable for the largest ships.
Partippany^ p. v. Morris Co. N. J. 25 m. N. W. Pastamaquoddy Indians, See Perry.
.Newark. PassaOf Cape, a cape of S. America, in Quito.
Parton^fidd, p.t York Co. Me. Pop. 2,465. Long. 80. 50. W., lat. 0. 30. S.
PartenHarekf a town of Bavaria, 48 m. S. S. W. Pattaro^ Cape^ anciently called Pachimnm, the
jf Munich. m est southerly point of Sicily. It has a fort lb
Partkenay, a town of France, department of protect the country from the incursions of the
Deux Sevree, with a considerable trade in cattle Barbery corsaira. Off this cape. Sir George
and com, and manufactares of serge, hats, leath- Byng defeated a Spanish squadron in 1735. Long.
.er, and earthenware. It is seated on the Thoue, 15. 22. E., lat. 36. 35. N.
21 m. 8. of Thoura and 28. N. N. E. of Niort. PasMorowUZf a town of Servia, where a peace
Parfeno-ai^, a ferry-town of Scotland, in Fife- was concluded in 1718 between Charles VI. and
shire, near the mouth of the frith of Tay, 9 m. Achmet III. It is sitaate near the river Moravia,
N. N. W. of St. Andrew. 33 m. E. S. £. of Belgrade.
Pani, a town and' fort of Brazil^ in the jurisdie- PoMaruaHf a town of the Island of Java, capi-
tion of Para ; situate on the N. side of the head tal of an extensive principalitv, with a trade in
of the estuaiy of the Amazon. 200 m. from the cotton and rice, 30 m. W. of ranarucan.
ocean. Long. 54. 20. W., lat. 1. 50. S. Passau, a fortified city of Bavaria, capital of
ParySj a mountain of Wales, on tbe N. W. the cirele of Lower Danube, and formerly of a
coast of the Isle of Anglesey, famous for a cop- principality of its name, which in 1815 was di-
per mine, which is wrought similarly to a stone vided oetween Bavaria and Austria. It stands
onarry open to day. This mine was not opened on the Danube, where it receives the Inn and Hz.
tall l7€£^ and the quantity of ore is prodigious, and bv these riven is divided into four parts ;
The purest part is exported raw to the smelting namely^ the town of Passau, Insadt. Ilstadt, and
works at Swansea and other places : the most im- the fortified castle of Oberhaus, on tne mountain
pare is calcined on the spot, and deprived of its of St. Gkorm. This city is celebrated for the
sulphur, which is sublimed, and afterwards form- treaU, or religious peace, concluded here in ISoSL
ed mto rolls of brimstone. Quantities of nearly In lo62 the cathedral and greatest part of the
pure copper are obtained firom the waten beneatn town were consumed by fire, but t^ey have been
the bed of ore, bv the intervention of iron. A handsomelv rebuilt. It is 65 m. E. S. £ of Ra*
lead ore. rich in silver, is also found in this moun- tisbon and 135 W. by N. of Vienna. Long. 13.
tain, llie smelting and boiling houses are in the 32. E., lat. 48. 34. N.
valley below, near the sea, and at Amlwich is a Pa#ssiiAetm, a town of Prussia, in the govem-
eommodious haven for vessels employed in the ment of Konigsberg, 73 m. S. of Konigsberg.
eopper and brimstone trade. Piosfmotio, a town of Italy, in the papal states,
P«, a town of France, department of Pas de 17 m. N. W. of Perugia.
Calais, 12 m. 8. W. of Arras •P«My> ^ viUNC* ofTriince, department of Fn»
Pateaga^La^ a river of MissiMlppiyfiowittg soath is, near the town of St. Denys. Here is a wam-
for ipeedilj
PAT
ohetor* of conridFnbla
bleaching cotton uid linen i
PunrunA.atowTuhiporPbiladelphuCo. Pi. kd-
joininf the citj.
Paita, or St. Juan it Patto, ■ town of New
nraiiada, capita] Of a district of iti name, eeilrd
in a vallef , 190 m. N. bjr B. of Qaito. Long. 76.
r>5. W.,lat. 1.50. N.
Psitraiw^ town of Spain, in New Ciilile, 32 m.
E. of Mndrici.
Paugonia, a countrj in the moat Bontbem part
nf 3, America, boanded on llie N. b; BocaiM
.4;m,and exleading 1,100 m. on the eaatem coait,
rrnm Rio ds la Plata to the itniti of Magellan.
'^'■'- oonnlry bam no Urober in the S, parla.
h the N. conUini an immenw quantitj, and
naniL-iaua flocki of cattle. The R. coast is gen-
erally tow. The natives are tall, stool, and well
made, some of them sii feet five incheain height;
hot their hands and feet are remwk^lr small.
Their coloar is a kind of bronze. TheylUTeno
other clothing than skins, which they wear with
the hair inward, and a little apron of leather.
Here is funnd the toogon or American oitrich.
hough II
B PAT
nail fkotories making yearly mon than ffiO,000
pounds of nails ; besides iron and brass foandenea
and manoftcluiei of maohinery. The oantal em
plOTed Umore than 1 000,000 dottars.
PaltteiUt, p.T. Breckenridj^. Co. Ken.
Palhtad, a town of Scotland, in FifeShiie, 2 m
W. of Dytnart, long famoue for its manafactnni
of naita, and now including di^rent brancbea of
wearing woolen and linen.
Patmot, or Patiiuu, an island in the Grecian
Archipelago, l^inj^ 96 m. S. ol the Isle ofSamos,
famoDs for being the place where St. John wrote
the Apocalypse. It is 25 m. in circiimteienoe,
but prodncee rery Lttle, only a few nlleys being
capable of cultivation ; partridges, rabbits, quaila,
tnrtlea, pigeons, and snipes ahoand. In the
midst of the island rises a mountain, terminated
bj the convent of St. John, the ^bot of wfaicb
is the prince of the country. The hermitage ot
the Apocalypse is situate on the side of the
nionntmn wtween the convent and the port of
Beala. It leada to the ohorch of the ApocaljgMe,
which is built against a vrotlo in a rock, point-
ed out as the a^Iura of St. John, daring his ex-
ile. The inhsbitsnta are chiefiy sailors or ship-
builders ; and hare some trade in cotton, and
stockings of their manufacture. Long, 96. 94.
E., lat. 37. 94. N.
Palna, a city of Hindooatan, capital of Babtr,
seated on the right bank of the Ganges, cf poaite
the influx of the Ounduck, and fortified with a
wall and citadel. In the citadel were confined
the Biiliab prieoners taken in ITM, bjr Meer Coi-
thrni onhoTMhackii.-
principal harbour is that of Port St. Julian.
p€i*k,^ town of Hungary, with a protesUnt
college, aituale on the I^toreza, 33 m. S. S. E.
of Cassovia. „
Patana, a city and diittiot of Mysore. See
Seriugapalain.
PaiaMt. a towa on the N. E. coast of Ihe pen-
insula of Malaya, capital of ■ district of the some
name, with a well defended harbour. The inhab-
itanU hare some trade with the Chinese. 300 m.
N. by W. of Malacca. Long. 100. 30, E., lat.
Paumco, a river of Maryland flowing S. B. in-
lo theChesappak. It forms the harboar of Balti-
Patav, a town of France, department of Loiret,
where the English were defeated, in 1429, by Jo-
•nofArc. iSm.N.W. of Orleans.
Patdungr, p.r, Suffolk Co. N. Y. on Long*
'paltnuf, a town of Sicily, in Valdi Demona,
built on the ruins of Hybia,
honey. 15 m. W. of Catania. ,
F^-m, p.t- Es«x Co. N. J. on the Vt^e-
Pop. 7.331. It is simsled just below the falls of
the rircr, and has recently grown into imporUnce
Ingof the city rinoe which period ithaaaoknowT-
ed|^d the British away, and is the residence of
the provincial courts, oc.The bnildings are bigb
but the streets are narrow. It is a place of con-
siderable trade. 320 m. N. W. of CalcntU. Long.
8C. 10. K,, lat, 94. 35. N.
Patrat, a sea-port of Greene, in IhsMorea, and
a bishop's see. The Jews, who are one-third of
the inhabitanis, hare 4 synaKoaues, and there sre
several handsome Greek chnrches. The princi-
pal articles of trade are silk , leather, honey , man-
na, pomeirranates, citrons, and oranges. II is
seated on the aide of a hill, near the entrance of
the iralf of Lepanto, 14 m. S. W, of Lepanto.
Long. 21. 45. fi, lat. 38. 17. N.
Palri, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
situate neara lake of the same name, 13 m. N.
W. of Naples.
Patrica, a town of the pepel atates, in Campa^
na di Roma, 13 m. S. of Rome.
PalrUlc, a countr in the £. district of Vjrpnia.
Fop. 7,303. The Court House is 270 m. H.W.
Richmond.
P^riclailU, p.r. CiBven Co. N. C.
rqfSI. Peter, a prorince of Italy, m
_ _ _ by Campagnt di Roma, and B. W. by the smu
celebrated for its' It was granted by the emperor ConsUntine, ta
support a church he had bnilt inhonoor of ^. Pe-
ler.and for the use of a biihop of Rome. The
country ia ftitila in ooni and fruit, and prodnoes
by it
a 30,000 spindles; and<
e 17 cotton facto-
nuallv 2Xlbo))00 pounds of cotton ; a manufaoture
of sail cloth with 1,600 spindles and consuming
■oarlr 600,000 pounds of Baj ; a slitUng and roU-
fnc dmU working annoallj 896,000 pooai of iron ;
^ , ^.Torkebire,
the Roman raad from the Piela' wall ended .
manufaoture ed Dear the month of tbeHnmber,lS m. E. S E.
of Hull atid 188 N. of London.
river Neiasc, 13 m. W. <^nBtM
PAU m FAW
Fattm, an idajid on Uie ooot of Ztagnebar, 10 department of Drone, on the lido of a hiQ, 16 m.
. m. in cirooit, inhabited chiefly by Ajabianii aeat- S. of Monteliniar.
ed at the moath of a river of the name name. PmtUi a town of Naplea, in Calabria Citra^ 12
Long. 43. 0. E., iat 1. 56. N. m. W. N. W. of Goaenia.
Pattan, a town of Hindooatan, in Nepanl, eon- Pmtlogrmdf a town of Ruwia, in the govern-
tainiuff several temples, and about ^,000 hooaes. ment ot Catharinenalaf, 32 m. £. of Gatharinen
10 m. R. S. £. of Catmanda. alaf. Long. 35. 54. fi^ Iat 47. 10. N.
PaUensmif a town of Hanover, 7 m. S. by E. of Pausa, a town of Saxony, in V<H|{tland, 7 m.
Hanover. N. N. W. of Plaoen.
PatUrtoHf p.t. Putnam Go. N. Y. Pop. 1,536. Pautilippo, a mountain 5 m. W. of Naples, cole-
Pattiy a sea- port of Sicily, in Val di Demona, brated for a grotto, which is a passage cut through
and a bishop's see; seated on the gulf of Patti, the mountain nearly a m. in length, 20 feet in
3d m. W. of Messina. Long. 15. & C, Iat. 38. breadth and 30 in height. Peoole of fashion drive
11. N. through this pasaatfo with torches ;. but the coun*
Paltiary, a town of Hindoostan, in the prov- try people find their way by the liffht which
ince of Oude, 55 m. N. W. of Canoge and 55 E. enters at the extremities, and at two hol^ pierced
N. E. of Agra. through the mountain, near the middle of dbe grotto.
PtUtotubargtp.y, Botetourt Co. Va. on James On this mountain is die tomb of Virgil ; and its N.
river, 190 m. W. Richmond. uid E. sides are covered with villas and gardens.
Pottjin, a town of Hindoostan, capiUl of a dis- Powdk, a town of W. Prussia, m Pomeralia, near
tnct of the same name, in Ouzerat. It u seated ^ w. coast of the gulf of Dantaic, 36 m. N. W.
S5 ^A* ^'^y'^^^'A^ v' Amedabad. Long. ^ Oantaic.
■TT. l\ p , ^ If II ♦K ii# • u ^«««. • province of Austrian Italy, in the gov-
•fSOfeetde^sentinacouneofeOiod.. Abri£e of tto Mil««e. It » bounded hyPijnim, M^
IS thrown over them, and on the banks of Uie ri- "f ^ ^^ Sl f*PP?*" an area of 3«0 sq. m.
' ver are numerous manufactures. See Lowdl. «»?* 120,000 inhalntanto.
Feftiz«i/,a.navigable river of Maryland, which Pt^^f^ the capital of the foregomg provmce,
flows into the W. side of Chesapeak Bay, 30 m. •od m, bishop's see, with a celebrated universi^.
S. of Annapolis. and a dtadeL Besides the cathedral, there are
Patzow^ a town of Bohemia, in Bechin, with a 18 churches^ and numerous convents. The
Carmelite convent, and manufactures of doth, articles of commerce are com. hemp, cheese, and
17 m. E. of Tabor. wine. It was once the capital of Lombardj^, and
Paa, a town of France, capital of the depart- has undergone various changes. In 1706 it fell
ment of Lower Pyrenees, with a oastle where into the hands of Austria; in 1796 it was taken
Henry VI. was bom. It was the ancient real- by the French, and retained till the peace of 1814.
dence of the kings of Navarre ; and, before the It is seated in a beanttful plain, on the Tesino,
revolution, the capital of Beam. Here are man- near its conflux with the Po, 17 m. S. of Milan,
ufactures of cloth, linen, ^., and the environs Long. 9. 15. £., Iat. 45. 13. N.
are productive in wine and fruit It is seated on Pavoatany the capital of the Isle of 8l Thomas,
an eminence, W the river called the Gave de on the coast of Guinea, and the see of a bi^op,
Pau, 97 m. S. of Bourdeaux. Long. 0. 23. W., Iat. with a fort and a good harbour. It lies under the
43. 7. N. equator, in long. 8. 30. W.
Paulf 8t.f an island in the Indian Ocean. See PawUngt, p.t Dutchess Go. N. Y. Pop. 1,705.
jfflwterdom. PmoUt, p.t Rutland Go. Vt 35 m. N. Ben-
Peu/. St., a town of BraziL in a district of its ni^ion.
name, rounded by a colony of Jesuits and Indians Pawnees^ a tribe of Indians in the Missouri Tcr
in 1570. The inhabitants are estimated at 20,000, They comprise 3 distinct bands independent in
the greater part of whom are farmers. The town government, but connected by a-^enenJ interest
is pleasantly situated on an eminence, surrounded and carry on wars in concert. Tlieir number ie
on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed between 6 and 7,000. The Grand Pawnees re
at the base bv rivulets which almost insulate it side in a village on the Loup Fork of the Missouri
in rainy weather. It is 36 m. &om the sea and and have about 3,500 souls. Tlie village of the
190 W. of Rio Janeiro. Long. 45. 56. W., Iat Republican Pawnees is 4 m. distant, ana contains
23. 26. S. 1,0U0. The Loup Pawnees are estoblished 3 m.
Pom/, St.. a town of France, department of Pas farther up the nver; their numbers are about
de Galais, 18 m. W. N. W. of Arras. 2,000. They live chiefly by hunting, but practise
Patdy St.y a town in the departmeat of Upper a little agriculture, and xeep horses and dogs.
Vienne, 10 m. S. fi. of Limoges. PatetiZket, a river rising in Bristol Go. Mass.
Paul, St., a town in the department of Var, 7 and flowing S. into Seekonk river, 4 m. N. E. of
m. W. of Nice. Providence, R. I.
Paul deFeiumUhet, &., a town in the depart- • Patoiucketf pX Bristol Go. Mass. on the above
ment of Eastern Pyrenees, 18 m. W. N. W. of river. Pop. 1,458. The river here divides Maaea.
Perpignan. chusetts fVom R. I. On the opposite side is the
Poia de Lsen, Se.,a town of France in the depart- town of North Providence in rrovidence Go. R.
ment of Finisierre, on a bay of the English Ghan- I. Pop. 3,503. The two towns axe united by a
nel, 30 m. N. E. of Brest Long. 4. 0. W., Iat bridge, and together form one of the largest man-
48L 41. N. ufacturing places in the country. The manufac-
Pavl d$ Qmafua$^ 5r., a town of Amaaonia. on tures are mostly of cotton ; they employ 45,000
the S. side of tne river Amason, and on the W- spindles and 9.000 looms. There are three falls in
ders of Peru. Long. 96. 20. W., Iat 4^ 10. S. tne river which afford a very great water power
PoaWRtf„%eoiinty of Ohio. Pop. 160. Patofiizet, a river of R. I. flowing easterly into
Paul TVotx CtoMTT, St^ a town of F^ot, Narraganset Bay, 5 m. below Plrovidenoe. It has
FED M FkQ
muiy fidk aiid a mat nnmber of eotton ftetoriea PMr, a town of Bnmatra, on the N. coast, 4$
an titnated apon ita banks. m. £. S. E. of Achean. Long. 96. 36. E., lat 5.
Pawtuzet, p.v. in Warwiek and Cranston town- 22. N.
ships R. I. at the mouth of the above river, with PtdrasA, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, with
manufaotores of woolen and cotton. It is a port a castle, in which the two sons of FVancis I.
of entry and has some commerce. were confined. It was the birth-place of the em-
Pozfmt, p.t Worcester Co. Mass. 56 m. W. peror Trajan. 25 m. N. E. of Segovia.
Boston. Pop. 597 ; also townships in Dauphin Co. Pedro Pointy the most northern point of the is«*
Pa. and Ross Co. Ohio. and of Ceylon, opposite Point Calvmere on the
Paam, one of the Ionian islands, a little S. of continent of Hindoostan. Long. 80. 27. £., lat.
Corfu, about 15 m. in circumference, inhabited by 9. 52. N.
about 6,500 Greeks. It produces wine, oil, and Ptdro, St.. one of the islands in the Pacific
almonds. Long. 20. 20. £., lat. 39. 21. N. Ocean called Marquesas. Long, 138. 51. W^
PayenUf a town of Switzerland, in the canton lat. 9. 58. S. — ^AIso the name of a large river of
of Bern, on the river Broye, 22 m. S. W. of Bern. Mexico, which mns into the Rio del Norte, on
PaymofOf a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 42 the borders of Cohahuila ;— a river of Brazil
m. N. by £. of Ayamonte and 73 N. W. of Seville, which falls into the Atlantic ;— «nd several in-
PayRMvifls, p.v. Rockingham Co. N. C. considerable settlements in S. America, con8i8^
Pavf de Vmui, a canton of Switzerland, extend* ing only of a few scattered families of Indians,
ing along the lake of Geneva, and rising^ mdual- PuUbm, a borough of Scotland, capital of Pee-
ly from Uie edge of that lake. It is richly laid blesshire, seated on the Tweed, over which is
out in vinejraras, corn-fields, and meadows, and an elegant bridge. It is divided bv Eddlestone
chequered with many villages and towns. Lau- Water in the Old and New Town, has manuAic-
sanne ii the capital . tnres of carpets and serges, and is noted for its ex-
PaZf La, a city of Buenos Ayres, capital of a cellent ale. On a projecting rock near the Tweed,
district of its name, and a bishop's see. Besides stands Nidpath Castle ; and on an eminence on
the cathedral, it contains four churches, an hospi- the E. stands Horseburg Castle. It is 22 m.
tal, a college, and several convents. It is seated S. of Edinburgh. Long. 3* 7. W., lat. 55. 40. N.
at the foot of a mountain, in a valley abounding PukUsskirt^ a county of Scotland, 30 m. long
6 m. S. W. of Gallipoli. taining 10,046 inhabitants. Its hills, among which
Peaekam, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,351. are those of Tweedsmuir, abound with salubrious
P§aeh BottoMf p.t. York Co. Pa. springs, and feed nucibers of sheep and cattle.
PsscAtoton, a village of Tompkins Co. N. T. The principal rivers are the Tweed and Lyne;
Peak, a mountainous tract in the N. W. part of the former runs throjovh the county, whence it
Derbysiure, Enff. which abounds in lean, iron, is sometimes called Tweedale.
millstones, marble, alabaster, coal, and a coarse Pee Pes, a township of Pike Co. Ohio,
sort of crystals. It is much visited on account of PeekskUl, p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. on the
its extraordinary caverns and other curiosities. Hudson. 50 m. N. New York.
The ** Wonders of the Peak," which have been Peel, a town on the W. coast of the Isle of Man,
celebrated both in prose and verse, are noticed in situate on a spacious bay. At the S. extremity
this work under the articles fiiceloii, GssCfsfon, of the bay is Peel Isle, a rock of great magnitude
Chaisworik, and Tideswell, and height, on the summit of which is a castle,
Peaks of Otter, a portion of the Blue ridge of and the dilapidated cathedral of the isle, dedicat-
mountains in Virgima, beiuff the highest summits ed to St. Germain, the first bishop, who lived in
in the state. They are 3,103 feet in height. the fifth century. The town is much decayed
Pea-Patek, a small island in the Delaware, a and the inhabitants are indolent and poor. 10
little above the mouth of the canal. Fort Dek- m. W. of Douglas. Long. 4. 40. W., lat 54.
ware upon this island, commands the passage up 13. N.
the river. P«^ng, p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. Pop. 291
PearlingtoH, p.v. Hancock Co. Miss. Peene, a river of Germany, which nses out of
Pearl isUmde, islands lying in the bay of Pan- some lakes in Mecklenburg, flows through Hi-
ama. The inhabitants cf Panama have planta- ther Pomerania to the western bnmch of the Oder
tions on them. which is thence called Peene, and runs by Wol^
Pearl Rhery a navigable river of the state of gast into the Baltic Sea, at Peenemunde.
Mississippi, which after flowing through a fer- Peememuade, a town and fort of Prussian
tile territory, falls into Lake Borgne, auttle £. of Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom, and the resi
Lake Pontchartrain. dence of the governor of the island. It commands
Pease, a V>wnship of Belmont Co. Ohio. the entrance and mouth of the Peene, near which
Peehlam a town of Austria, on the ri^tbank it stands. 6 m. N. by E. of Wolgast. Long. 13.55.
of the Danube. The river is very wide ; and E., lat. 54. 8. N.
here the Romans, who called it Prnclara, had Peer, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov
a^arbour for their navy. 14 m. W. of St. Polten. inoe of Limburg,24 m. N. N. W. of Maestricht.
PedeOj a navurabla river of the United States, P^gou, a town of Saxony, on the Elster, 10 m.
which nses in N. Carolina, and is there oalled 8. S. W. of Leipzig.
Tadkin River : on entering S. Carolina, it takes P^g^^i a town of the Austrian states, in Stiria,
the name of Pedee, and flows into Winyaw Bay near which are considerable lead mines. It is
at Georgetown. seated near the Meur, 9 m. N. N. W. of Gratz.
Pedena, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Istria, 25 Pegna de Framda^h town of Spain, in Leonv27
ro. S. E. of Capo d'Istria. m. S. S. E. Ciudad Rodrigo.
Pedemirea, a town of Portugal, in Estiemadu Pegntfid, a town of Spain, in Leon, with a
la, on the saa ooast, 33 m. 8. W. of Leiria. palao** and a strong ^astto. It is saaisd at tiM
88e flK
ftiot of ft moatttaiA, new Q» Doeio, 38 m. E. Tl» inhidittanti merttnated at 100,(MQ. Hbm
8. E. of ValUdotid. Long. 4. 0. W., laL 41. the Hon. M. S. ElpUaaton had his andi^aM
33. N. with the Afehan kinff^in 1809. 96 m. S. 8. E.
Pegm^byiu, % town ofPortagal, in Estreinado- of Qabol. Long. 70. 37. S^ ht 33. 32. N.
n., at the month of the MongoU, 36 m. N*. N. W. Peukrtttchmmy a town of PrnMian Sileaia, m
of Lisbon. the gOTemment of 0|ypeki, 39 m. 8. E. of Op-
Pegnafior^ a town of Spaing in Astnrias, seat- peln.
ed on the Pravia, 8 m. N. W. of Oviedo. P«fs, a town of Prassia, in Uie Ueker mark of
PqpuUlor, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, 48 m. Brandenburgi with mana&etnres of doth and
N. £. of Seville. yarn ; and in the neighbonrhood are inm-works
Pegnagareiaf a town of Portugal, in Beira, It stands on the Mankse, which mas into the
96 m. E. of Castel Branoo. Spree, 10 m. N. N. E. of Cotbus and 37 8. 8.~£.
Pagnamaeor, a fortified town of Portogal. in or Fnjikfort.
Beira, with a castle, 31 m. £. N. £. of Castel Pdb'it, the capital of the empiro of China, in
Dranco. Long. 6. 52. W., lat. 40. 6. N. the proTinoe of Pe-tche-li. Its name signifies tlie
Pegnarandaj a town of Spain, in Old Castile, 39 Northern Court, to distinguish it from Nan-king,
m. S. by E. or Burgos. — ^Another, 33 m. N. N. the Southern Court, where the emperor tormei^
W. of Avila. resided. This capital forms an d>iong square,
Pegniltf a town of Bavarian Franconia, on a and is divided into two cities ; one inhabited by
river of the same name, near its sonroe, 10 m. S. Chmese, the other bv Tartars. Those two dtiee,
of Bayreuth. exclusive of the suourfas, are nearly 14 miles in
Pegmm de VeUt, a sea-port and fortress of Mor- circumforenoe. The walls of the city are 96 feet
oceo, seated on a rock in the Mediterranean, near high, 24 thick at the base, and 12 at the top ; and
the town of Velez. It was built by the Spaniards there are spacious towers at 70 feet distanoe fiwm
in 1508, taken by the Moors in 1022, and retaken each other. The gates are high, and well azeh-
in 1664. It is 7^ ra. S. E.of Ceuta. Long. 4. 16. ed, supporting buijaingsof nine stories high ; the
W., lat. 35. 12. N. lowest of which is for the soldiers when they
Pegu J a province of Birmah, bounded N. by come off guard : they are nine in number, three
Arracan and Ava, W. and S. by the bay of Ben- in the S. wall, and two in each of the other sides.
gal, and £. by Siam. It is verv fruitful in com, The middle gate, on the E. side, opens into the
roots, pulse, and frnits : its other products are Tartar or imperial city, which is a space within
teak timber, elephants, elephants* teeth, bees- the general enclosure, about a mile fVom N. to S.
wax, lae, saltpetre, iron, lead, tin, petroleum, and three-fourths of a mile fiom E. to W., with a
very fine rubies, small diamonds, and plenty of rivulet winding through it. A wall of large red
lead. The inhabitants are generally of low stai- polished bricks. 20 feet hirh, covered with a rvKif
ure and have small eyes. The woman are much of tiles painted vellow and varnished, surrounds
feirer than the men, snail, but well proportioned, this spaoe, in whieh are contained the imperial
In the low flat part of the country, which is liable palace and gardens, the public offices, and lodg^
to be overflowed, the houses are built upon stakes, ings for the ministers, the eunuchs, artiflcen and
and in time of inundation the inhabitants commu- tradesmen belonging to the court. Betweeii the
nicate with each other by boats. P^gu was long other two gates in the S. wall, and the opposite
an independent kingdom, and, in 1752, conquered ones on the N. side of the city, run two straight
the kiiM^om of Birmah ; but Alompra, whom the ttreets, each 4 m. in length and 120 feet wMe.
king or Pegu had continued as chief at Moncha- One street of the same width runs fiom one of the
bou, soon uterwards revolted, and in 1757 reduo* eastern to the corresponding western gate, but the
ed Pegu to a dependent piovinee. other is interrupted by the imperial city, round the
F^n, a city oif the above province, erected on walls of which it is carried. The other streets
the site of the former city which was ruined bv branch firom these main streets at right angles and
Alompra in 1757. The ancient eity was a quad- are very narrow. The houses have no windovs
pie of Shoemadoo still exists as a monument of course of people ill the main streets, yet not one
Its ancient greatness. The present eity occupies Chinese woman among them, and the conAiston
about one-fourth of the former area. On the N. occasioned by the number of horses camels,
and E. sides it borden on the old wall, and is mules, asses, waggons, carts, and chairs * with
fenced round by a stockade. It is seated on a ont reckoning the several mobs which 'entfacr
river of the same name, 300 m. S. of Ummera- about the jugriers, ballad-singen, &c. Person
poors. Lonr;96. 11. B., lat. 17. 40. N. of distinction have always ahorseman to go be-
Pet-Ae, or IFUto-rieer, a river of China, in Pe* fore them and clear the wav All thA «*»■«
ole night
nrhipe in
the flat ooontry on its' banks. ' ^ turbance, or take them into custody. The mtBor
PetfM, a town of Hanover, In theprincipalityof atreets have lattice gates at their 'entrance into
Hildesheim^ with a palace and a Capuchm eon- the great etreets, wlneh are shut up at nifffat and
vent. 20 m. E. of Hanover. l^uaAed by soldien, who suffer no assembliee
Papuij or Tekudakai, a large lake of Rosiia, the streets at th«t time. The emperors palace
between the governments of Petersburg and Livo- and garden, which occupy two-thirds of theTV-
nia. The river Nanrova Issues from this lake, by tar city, is surrounded by a brick wall 9 m in
whioh.it has a oommnnication ai Narva with tlie length, with pavilioneat each corner enoomoasaed
gulf of Finland. by galleries, supported by oolnmns ; the arehitoJ
Pm$hor^ or Pnkmom, a town of Afirhanistan, tore of the stapcndoos pile of bnUdings oTwhich
capital of a fine and popolous district of its naine. the palaoo eensMts ieentiwly diifeioat ftom that
ML S07 pim
^ tiM BmopMM. The tampfef nul tlw tommn btakete, niody wofen fiom tUpi 0/ tbe pitntetn-
of Ptokin uvvonamenMui toatit k diffionlt to tree, mnd wooden Iwtketa with coten, neaU^
count them. Tho wanaamdtng eouBtrr ii eandj owed, and inlaid with ■hells. No one goes
and nnmodncttvei but proyioiona of all kinds are abroad without a basket, which usuallj contains
exceedingly plenlifal, being -bnmght, as well SiS some betel-nnt, a comb, a knife, and a Uttlo
the merehianaise, from all parts by canals -from twine. The best knives are made of a piece of
the rivers, which ate always crowded with von- the large mother-of-pearl oyster, ground narrow,
•els of different sites. An earthquake which hap- and the outward side a little polished. The combs
pened here, in 1731, hurried above 100,000 per- are made of the orange-tree, of which there are a
sons in the ruins of the houses. The inhabitants few of the Seville kind ; the handle and teeth are
are estimated at 2,000,000. It is 60 m. S. of the fastened to the solid wood. The fishing hooks
great wiJl. Long. 1 16. 27. E., laL 39. 54. N. are of tortoise shell ; and twine, oord, and6shing-
Pelagniti, an island in the Qrecian Archipela- nets, are well manufactuied nrom the husks of
So, about 8 m. in oiroumference. Long. 24. 12. the cocoa-nut. Of the plantain leaf are formed
;., lat. 39. 30. N. maU, which serve the people as beds. They abo
PeUgrino, a mountain on the N. coast of Sicily, use a plantain leaf at meab, instead of a plate ;
nearly -2 m. W. of Palermo. On this mount is a and the shell of acoooa-nut supplies the place of
cavern, in which is the image of St. Rosolio, the a cup. There are ressels of a kind of earthen
patroness of Palermo, who is said to have died ware, of a reddish brown colour, in which they
here: and round this cave a church is built, boil their fish, yams, &c. A bundle of cocoa-nut
where priests attend to watch the precious relics, husks serves them for a broom ; and thick bam-
and receive the offerings of the itilgrims. boos, with bores five or six inches in diameter,
PeUw IdandSf or PiuLos^ a group of islands in are th6 buckets or cisterns. The shell of the tor-
the Pacific Ocean, lying between 1«3. and 136. E. toise is here remarkably beautiful, and the natives
long, and 6. and 8. N. mt. They are encircled on have discovered the art of moulaing it into little
the i¥. side by a leef of coral \ and are 18 in tiays or dishes and spoons. Some of the great la-
number, of which the principal ones are Oroolong, diea have also bracelets of the same manufacture,
Emungs, Emillegue, Artingal, Corooraa, and Pe- and ear-rings inlaid with shells. The Pelewans, in
lelew. They are well covered with trees of ya- general, are stout and well made, rather above the
rtous kinds andsiies; and every nart of that call- middle stature, and of a deep copper colour,
ed Corooraa bears the marks of inoustiy and good Their hair is long, and generally fi>rmed into one
cultivation. Captain Wilson, of the Antetope large loose curl round their heads. The men are
E. India paeket, who was wrecked here in entirely naked : but the women wear two Uttle
1783, found the natives simple in their mannen, aprons, one before, the other behind. Both sexes
delicate in their sentiaients, and friendly in their are tattooed, have their teeth made black by art,
disposition. The astonishment which they man- and the cartilage between the nostrils bored,
ifested on seeing the English, plainly showed through which they fineqnently put a sprig or bios-
that they had never before seen a wnite man. som of some plant or shrub. The men have the
They had no idea of the nature of powder and left ear bored, and the women both ; a few of the
shot, and were exceedingly amazed on seeing its former wear beads in the perforated ear, the lat-
effects. Their principal arms eousist of bamboo ter either the leaf, or an ear-ring of inlaid tor-
darts, from 6 to 8 feet long, pointed with the toiae-ahell. Both sexes are very expert swimmere;
wood of the betel-nut tree ; but there are short and the men are adminble diven. Such an
ones for different marks, which are thrown by opinion had Abba ThuUe, the king of the
means e^a stick two feetlonj;. The chiefs wear a island, entertained of the English that on their
bone round one of their wrists, in the form of a departure, he permitted his second son, Lee Boo,
bracelet, which, being a mark of greathonoor oon* to accompany them to England, where he arrived
ferred by tlie king, u never to be parted with but in 1784. In a few monUis after, this hopeful
with lira. They are not all ot the same degree, as youth died of the small-pox, and the E. India Corn-
appeared firom a difference in the bone they wore, pany erected a monument over his grave in Ro-
Captain Wilson was invested with the ni^iest thefnithe churoh-yard.
order of the bone. With respect to ^pert^. in Pelhaim, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 32 m. N.
these islands, a man*s house or canoe is consioer* W. Boston. Pop. 1,075; p.t. Uampahire Co.
ed as his own, as is also the land allotted to him, Mass. 80 m. W. Boston. ?op. 904 ; p.t. West-
as long as he occupies and enhivstes it ; but^ Chester Co. N. T. on East River, 20 m. from New
whenever he removes to another place, the grouna York. Pop. 334.
reverts to the king. The natiyce make canoes Pefufons, a town of France, department of
out of the bark ^ trees, some hirge enough to ear- Mouths of the Rhone, 15 m. W. N. W. of Aix.
rydOmen. Tarns andooeoa nuts, heing their chief BeUerin, a town in the department of Low-
articles of subsistence, are attended with the nt* er Loire, situate on the Loire, with a harbour fi>r
most care ; and the milk of the latter is their com- small vessels, 10 m. N. of Nantes, and 23 S. £. of
mon drink. On particular occasions, they add to Painbosaf.
their ordinary fare certain sweetmeats, and a Palsponnesuf. See Orteee.
sweet beverage, obtuned by the aid of a syrup, PejKMtnud Bay and Pamt, on the coast of Maine,
extracted either ftom the pjam-trse or the suAr- in lat. 43. 37. N., long. 69. 30. W.
cane. Their houses are raised about three feet PsmAa, an island in the Indian Ocean, near JdM
from the ground, the foundation beams being coast of Zanguebar, about 100 m. in cironmfir-
laid on large stones, whence spring the upright ence. Long. 41. 10. £., lat 4. 50. S.
supports oftheir sides, which are crossed by oth- Pvmba^ a town of the kingdom of Congo, eapi-
er timben grooved together, and ftstsned by tal of a province of the same name. It is seated
wooden pins, the intermediate spaoe being closely on the Leno, 90 m. S. S. £. of St. Salvador. Long.
filled up with bamboos and palm-tree leavM, 14. 40. £., lat. 6. 45. 8.
platted together : the inside is without any divia- PmMma^ % river of North America flowinc ia«
ions, forming one great room. They have little to the Rod Rivac of Lake WioAipeg in lat, 48.
F» 08B nil
, a town in HereforAdiin, Eflif . with Pmiat&iu» % town in W. Toikfiiiie, Sag.
n manafkcture of woolen doth ; seated on the a email woolen manoftotore. It haa a handaomp
Arrow, 7 m. W. of Leominater and 145 W. N. W. pariah chaich, three meeting-hooaee, a grammai
of London. eohool, and three other eehoola fiee to the whole
Pembrt^jV.i. Merrimack Co. N. H. on the pariah. The enyirona, especially to the W.,haTe
Merrimack, 40 m. W. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,318; rather a dreary and bamn appeszanee. The
p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W. Plymouth, town is seated on the right bank of the river Don,
Pop. 1,324 ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. T. 25 m. E. of 13 m. S. 8. E. of HuddeiafieM and 177 N. N. W.
Bnffido. Pop. 3,831. of London.
i'emlTolEe, a borouffh of Wales, capital of Pem- Ptmkridg; a decayed town in Stafibrdshiie,
brokeshire. It stands on the innermost creek of Eng. seated on the river Penh, 6 m. 8. of Stafiord
Milibrd-haTen, over which are two bridges, but ana 129 N. W. of London,
the harbour is become injured by the rubbish of PrnJemm^ a town of Prussian Pomerania, seated
the neighbottrinff Kme-stone quarries. It was an- on the Randow, between two small lakes, 15 m.
ciently surrounded bewails, and had a magnifi- 8. W. of Stettin.
cent castle, the remains of which still giye it an PanwagMwaipr, a mountain of Walea, in Caer-
appearance of uncommon grandeur. SB3 m. W/ narronshire, overhanging the sea, and rising to
bv N. of London. Long. 4. 48. W., lat. 51 . the height of 1,540 feet It is 4 m. W. by 8. of
43. N. Aberconway, uid the road to Holyhead crosses it
PemArokeskirt, a county of Wales, 37 m. long on the side of a dreadful precipice, from which it
and 28 broad ; surfoundedon all sides by the sea, is defended by a wall.
except on theE., where it is bounded oy Caer- ^ Pmni, a township of Philadel|>hia Co. Pa. ad-
martnenshire, and Cardiganshire. It contains joining the city, also townships in Chester, Nor-
335,600 acres, is divided into 7 hundreds and 145 thampton and 8chuylkill Cos. Pa. and Morgan
parishes, has one city and 7 market towns, and Co. Ohio.
consisting of rich meadows and arable land. The Oangapatnam.
N. E. part alone is mountainoua, which, however Psantsyton, p.T. Hunterdon Co. N. J. 9 m. N.
yield good pasturaj^ for sheep and cattle. This W. TVenton.
county abounds with objects of antiquarian inter- PmuuAorougk^ 2 townships in Cumberland Co.
est, such as druidical circles, cromlechs, single Pa. and villa^ in Lycoming Co. Pa. and Wood
atone monuments, castles, Ac. Co. Va.
PemigewasMti, one of the head streams of the Psnnsterg, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Merrimack in N. H. It joins the Winipiaiogee, PsmisyiiNMna, one of tne United 8tatea, bounded
at Sanbornton. N. by Lake Erie and New York, £. by New
Penang. 8ee Prince of WaUg tdamd. • ' Tork and New Jersey, 8. by Delaware, Maryland
Pmautier, a town of France, department of and Virginia, and W. by Virginia snd Ohio. It
Aude, 4 m. N. of Carcassone. extends from 39. 42. to 42. N. lat and from 74. to
Pendennis, a castle in Cornwall, Eng. on a hill 80. 40. W. long, and contains 43,950 sq. m. The
of the same name, on Falmouth Bay. It was centre c^the state is occupied by the great Apala>
built by Henry VIII. for the security of the coast, chian chain of mountains, which here spread out
and on the opposite side of the bay is another cal- to their greatest width, and occupy two thirds of
led 8t Maws. It is a little to the 8. E. of Fal- the whole territory. The Delaware bounds the
mouth, the harbour of which it defends. state on the East. The 8usquehanna with its nu-
PendUUniy a large village in Lancashire, Eng. merons branches intersect nearly the ^hok
2 m. W. N. W. of Manchester. The inhabitants mountainous region. The Allegany, Mononga-
are principally employed in the trade and mann- hela and Ohio, water the weatem parts. A small
factures or the various Manchester goods. portion of the northern limit is washed by Lake
Pendleton. 9, county of the £. dutriot of Vir- Erie,
ginia. Pop. 6,271 . Franklin is the ci^iital : a coun- In the country E. of the mountains, the climats
ty of Kentucky. Pop. 3.866. Falmouth ia the cap- does not difier greatly from that part of New Jer
ital ; also a town in Pickens Dis. 8. C. 100 m. N. sejr in the same parallel, and may be charmcteris-
W. Columbia. ed in general terms as mild ana temperate. Ths
PomekOf a strong sea-port of Portugal, in £s- mountainous conntiy lies exposed to the chilling
tremadura, with a good harbour and a citadel ; north-weat winds, and the winter in this partS
seated on a peninsula, 48 m. N. W of Liabon. severe, with deep snows. W. of the moun-
Long. 9. 20. W., Ut. 39. 22. N. taina, the climate becomes milder ; here the eaaler-
Pemgf a town of Saxony, and the chief plaea ly winds of the Atlantic coast are unknown, and
of one of the lordships rorming the county of the country is not exposed to the sudden cban-
Sohomburg, with a manufacture of woolen stnflk ges which they occasion. The heat of the snm-
and a Dottery ; seated on the Mulda, 11 m. N. mer is not so great as upon the coast, and the an-
W. or Chemnitz. tnmn is long, serene and temperate.
Poniocola, a town of 8pain, in Valencia, seated East of the mountains the soil is excellent ; in
on a high point of land, surrounded on three this part the land ia level, and enriched from the
sides by the sea, and of difficult access by land, washing of the hills and uplands. In the interior,
It is 30 m. 8. by W. of T(^tosaand 80 N. N. E. the soil is rocky and barren, with fertile apola ia
of Valencia. Long. 0. 24. E., lat 40. 24. N. the valleys, and along the borders of the ativama
Pen/Uldf p.t. Monroe Co. N. T. 6 m. E. Roch- Some or theae valleys contain land as rich aa aaj
aster. Pop. 4,475; also a township of New Bruns- in the state; but generally the soil being a blaci
wick in Charlotte Co. at the Bay of Fnndy. mould, two or three feet deep, and among the
Pemshehrf a town of A&hanistan, capital of a mountains, is not well adapted to cnltivntioa.
district in the piovinoe of Cabial,46 m. N. of Cabul. W. of the moontains, the country improvea, and
PEN
if the Ohio, U ganenlljr henaiaty. It n
•raand the heui »
fertile
The moit important minenl h uthnoite coal,
in which thiB itite fu inrpuKi all other portioni
•f Ih* eooatn. In nopart oT the world, iodeef
i* thia Taloabie material found ao abondantij ■
principallr ooeopied b; moantaini nuining p
Irl to the BloeRidge, often broad, with tablei . .
piila,and riling gencTall; aboat 1,S0(1 feet above
Tlie coal Doenn in the ^aleat qnantitj in
Ihow parte of thia re^an moat aooeaaible bj water.
Citpnaive reini andbedi range ftom the Lehigh
to tiie SuKjnetianDa, croaiing the bead watcra of
9chiiylkill and Swatira, about 10 m. N. W. oftbe
Blue Ridge. I( ii abundant near the Suaqnehan-
na. and Lackawanna, but io no part ia it »o plen-
tiful aa at Mancb Chunk, a village on the Lehigh,
' "^'nch of the Soaquebanna.
legfoaof -
Tby the . . _ __
of iti bnnehea ; thii region
ia diatioguiahed ai the Tallen of the Wyoming
and Lackawanna, but ii in faot without anj naL-
It ia between 60 and 70 m. long, and 5 broad.
Tbe coal liei in bedi, and not ai commonly, in
veini i Iheie an of every thickneaa, fWim a foot
to 27 Aet ; none are much eileemed that are leaa
than ibree or foor ; few are wrought that are leu
tJianS. Tbalalaralexlentorihabedaiaimmeiue;
they break out in the precipices and hilli, and
upon the hanka of tbe Suaquehanna and Lack-
awanna, and form in pome pla«ea the pave-
ment of Ibsie rivera; tfaey appear in the lidea
and channel* of aloioct every atream from the
mountain ; they blacken tbe aoil in numeraua
rlacea ; and welliare olten aunk in the coal,
a many of the minea of thIa region, the
naturaliat ia gratified by geeing vail depoaiti of
vegetable impreaiionaand lemaina whicaaccom-
pahy tile coal, naoally in the alale which forma
the roof, and occaiionally in that of the floor ;
they eiiit alto in the tandatnne, and aomelimea
even in the coal ilaelF. There are initancei where
they 6.\[ the alate for a apace of ten teel in thick-
neaa. Ttie impreaiions are very perfect, indica-
ing repoie and calm at the Ume of their depoai-
tion, and excloding the poaaibility of Iraniport
from distant countriei-
Ther»> are many ipeciea offema, none of them,
it ia aaid, mndem, and moat or all, tropical.
There are impre»ioni aomelimea aeveral feet long
U>d of the aame width, of the bark of gigantic
vegetiblea ; some bolaniita lay tbey are palmi ;
occaaionally there an entire limba earhsniiad,
and there are frequently broad leavei 6 or 7 in-
ches in diameter. Cnlmiferotu plants are na-
merou>, and alio the aquatic algs and TDshei ;
the leiTea of the plants are nauaJly in full expan-
sion, the moat delicate parte of their structure be-
ing accurately preserved orcopied. Large quan-
titiet of clay and Iran and bog ore are connected
with the coal strata of this Ttlley, and chalybealo
The western part of Penniylvania is asabun-
danlly snppliird with bituminous coal as iJie east-
era is with anthracite. It is found on the riven
Conemangh, Alleghany, Monongahela and Ohio,
and in nnmerous places W. of the Alleghany
lidfc, which is, with I
n npon theae m
eonaidanbleelaTatian, andabewhere, in nearly ■
horiiontal poaition, aitematinr with grey aaind
atone, oRen micaoeoui, and bordered by argillace-
onaschisL The veins areireneially narrow ,rarely
above 6 feet in width. The coal ia alnmdanl,
and of ezoeltant quality near PiUibnrg.
Spring! holding salt in solalioD, are common
in variona parts of tlie bitaminona coal region ;
they are ijenetally weak neai the surface, but
deep apnnp, diaclnaed by boring, are oilen strong.
One or these, which aontaina aa moch salt as the
ordinary waten of Salina, waa diacovsred by
boaiDg, ahoat SO m. from Montrose, bordering on
tlie stale of New York. The moat conaiderabU'
saline ipringa are on the Iianki of the Cone-
maugh and Kiskaminitas, about 30 m. E. of Pitta-
bare. Tlieae rivera for man; milea wind rapidly
through rocky ravinea bordered by hilla of 300
and 400 feet in height, that rise with steep ac-
clivities, preaenting mural preoipioea of grey aand-
stone, in places jutting over the road and torrent.
Theaaudstone is ordioarily fine, but is aometimea
a coaiao aggregate, principally qnarti. Its thin
lamia* are gener^y in a bomonlal pocitioD.
The lower strata, often in a daeompoaing^ elate,
containa vegetable impreiaiona. This rock oiu-
ally rests on dark and very fissile argillaceous
schist, thalcontaini mnch sulphuret of iron, and
forma the roof and floor of numerooi bedi of bi-
tuminooa coal adjacent lo the atreams. These
beds are from a few inchea to 5 feet in Ihickness,
and occur at variona altitudes, from 900 feet
above the river to a great depth below. Large
quantitiei of salt are nude at cheae springs. Iron
ore is foDod in abundance in the eitenaive cal-
caieoD) valley, between the ridge* of llie Apala-
ehiaa mountaina, partieularty in the counties of
Centre and Huntingdon. It la mostly raised from
beds of argillaeeoua earth, resting on limestone.
The iron mann&ctuied in the counties before
mentioned ia distinguished for its tenacity aAd
malleabitity, Bilnminans ooal fiom tbe AHegha-
ny mountain is often usedfoi making pic lion.
The Bt4fmi Spmigt near the lown of that
name among the mountains in the 8. of the atMe,
were discoverMi in 1804. Tbey arise from a
limestone rock, at the foot of a mountain. Tbe
water ia oold, odoaTleaa, aott and agreeable to the
taate; it ia charged with iron, magnesia and lime,
and is afficaoiout in removing cntaneooa and
chronic complaints. , There sre several aall
springs in the state. Wild animals are abundant
parts. The moat remarkable of these ii the
called panther
mmon In bolh parts of the weal
rm continent but ia not known in the eulem.
Copper ore, in a variety •>'
SD
Fm tm mi
fto nd m muiy plaoei fiuMif tiM nMMnteiM. <ni tiM O&mtmm^ % itiMai tuaamg iato tkr
There it a lead mine at Perkiomen. At Mereer, Alle^^hany. The salt manufactured at Kiska
on the weetern border of the etafee, is a manube* mimtaa and Coaemanfh haa in loae jearv
tory of eopperaa from iron pjritee. amoimted to 300^000 boMiele ; it ie aold at fiom
The Umeatone of thie etate aAfda good marhle. 20 to 96 oenU pw hnahel at the works ; the ex-
On the Bohnylkill, in Motttffomer]|F ooonty, » a pense of iMiMitaetiixiiif doea not exceed 10 eenta
quarry of bioiah marble, which is extensively a bushel.
wrought, and exported. Many of the buildings A fturge portion of the numerous salt works are
in Philadelphia are ornamented with it. There near the river in the ravmeB of the Kiskaminitee»
are quarries of slate in York, Lancaster end and coal for foel ie procured from veins situated
Wayne counties, in the eastern part of the state, above the works, in the side of the hill, and eoata
The stete is divided into two districts, the but a cent a bushel. Considerable ealt is made
eisiem and western. The counties are 51, the near Pittsburg, firom a fountain obtained by boring
townships 661. The pop. is 1,347,679. Harris* 970 feet; the water is strong, and is rsised hj t
burff is the seat of jrovernment, and Philadelphia steam engine ; the salt is white, and of a good
the largest city. The other large towns are Pitts- miality. This fountain is sufficient for the anna-
burg, Reading, and Lancaster. Agriculture is u manufacture of 25,000 bushels. There are
ikilrally conducted in the esstem parts. Wheat, other salt sprinin on the Ohio, and also on the
maize, garden vegetables and fruit are raised in Chenango and Mahony.
great quantities. In the interior and western The legislature consiste of a Senate and
parte the fkrmen also cultivate buckwheat, rye. House of Representetivee. The senators are
oate, barley, hemp and flax. The commerce of chosen for four years, and the repreoentetives an-
the stete is chiefly confined to the single port of nually. Sufirage is universal. The govem-
Fhiladelphia. The port of Piesqu Ue, on Lake or is chosen for three yean by a popular voCa.
Erie has also sonie comsreroe, and tfa!t infesmsl There is no Li. governor aqd nia connciL Tbe
trade across the mountains is very active. The governor can only be elected thrice in 12 years
shipping of the state in 1888 was 104,614 tons, and on retiring from office becomes a senator.
The importe during the same year were 10,100,152 The legislature meeU annually at Harrisburg in
dollars. The exporte of dooMstio produce 2,617,1 52 Decemoer. The state sends 24 representatives to
doUare. Total exporte 4,060,435 dollars. The Congress. The state ezpenpes for 1830, were
manufactures of Pennsylvania are very extensive. 6,357,994 dollars, of which enormous sum 5,496,
At Philadelphia are large manufactures of cotton, 550 dollars were for canaUi railroads and other
iron, glass and china ware, besides the ^at va- internal improvementa.
riety of articles made in small establtshmente. The Presoyterians are the most numerous re-
The cloth annually mannfrctured is estimated at ligious sect, and are divided into two classes ; one
24,000,000 yards. At Pitteburr and in the neigh- of which call themselves Associate Presbyterians,
borhood, are very large establishmente of various These two have 266 preachers. The Baptiste
kinds. The glass manufactures of this place are have 144 ; the Methodiste 140 ; the German Re-
partiealarly eelebreted, and furnish out glass formed Chureh 73 ; the Episoopalians 60 ; there
ware, and window glass, equal to any in the are also Lutherans, Unitarians, Catholics, Qua.>
country. The glass is white, dear and excellent, kers, Outoh Reformed, Universaliste and Jews.
both in texture and polish. The cotton menu- The navigation of the Schuy kill has beenim-
facture is also extensive, and occupies several proved by a series of canals from Philadelphia to
large establishmenta here and in the nei^bouring Port Carbon in the coal region, a distance of 100
towns of Alleghany and Birmingham. The man- miles : 64 m. of which consist of canals, and the
uftctures of iron employ 9 founderies, 8 rolling remainder of portions of the river, rendered navi-
mills and 9 nail laotories, which make 16 tons of p^hle by dams and slack water. The canals are
nails daily. There are also 7 manufiustories of 36 feet wide, and were finished in 1825. TheUn-
steam engines* and lately the manufacture of su- .ion canal extends from Reading on the Schuylkill
S'X mills, and snuU steam machinery to drive to Middletown on the Susquehanna, 83 miles; it
em, has become an important branch of business, is 36 feet wide and four deep. There is a tunnel
There are two establishmente in Pitteburg fiar the on this caaal 729 feet long, 18 feet wide and 16
manofeeture of steel. There are great numbers hifh, being the longest in the United States,
ot* iron works in various parte of the state. At This canal was completed in 1828. A branch ex-
Tork,isafiMindery lor chureh belk,mamifacturee tends up the Swatara to the Schuylkill coal
of cutlery surgical instnimente, Ac. Elegant mines. The Conestoffa creek is rendered naviga-
carpeting is also ande at the same plaoe. At ble by canals, 18 m. trom Lancaster to the Sus-
Blayanunk, on the Schuylkill, are large cotton quehanna. The Lehigh canal extends from Eas-
and woolen manufactories. At Chanwersburg, ton to Mauch Chunk 46 3-4 m. ; it is 4 feet wide
besides other establishmente, are extensive man- and 4 deep, and is esteemed the most perfect ca-
ufectories of edge tools, axes, carpeaten' tools, nal in America ; it was executed in 2 yearn, and
hatoheto, chisels, Sm, of a qnalitv and temper cost 25,000 doUan a mile. The Lackawaxen ca-
equal to any made in Gngland. At Bosh Hill, nal extends from the Delaware and Hudson canal
near Philadelphia, is a manufacture of elegant 25 m. up the Lackawaxen creek to the coalnunes,
floor cloths, from hemp and flax, and of table and is navigable for boata of 25 tons,
cloths from cotton. At Bethany, in Wayne The Pennsylvania canal is a work undertaken
coun^, is a glass manufactory, which produces hj the state, and designed to fi>rm a commnniea-
450,000 feet of window glass annually. At Mead- tion between Philadelphia and Pitteburg. A tail-
ville is a manufectory en paper from straw, which road is to be constructed from Philadelphia to
18 extensively used for wrapping paper. This is Columbia 80 m. Here the canal begins and ex-
the firat successful attempt to make paper from tends to the Union canal at Middletown, thence
straw. W. to the Juniata, and up that river to the moon-
In the western part are larj^ manufeotures of tains, which are tobeorossed by a railroad or ton-
sail com sprtDgs. The principal salt works are nel ; beyond this the oaaal is to be oontiBued to
nttibnm Thf wkoUleBfthoftUiMmawuM-
un wilf be 394 m.
The other cuimli now conitractiag bj the itila
goTerament an ons tttaa Hiddlalown on tha Un-
lOD cual to HoiictT Hilli od the W. branch of
ibe8iMqa*h«iuia.60n. Another fiom Noilhiim-
btrWnd on tha noqnelMiine ap the E. bnnoh to
>utieoka falU, 56 m Anothoi from Brliiol up
ihe Delamn ta Eulon on the LeU|{h, 60 m.
Tbii i> called the DeUwan oumI. Another from
MetdTiII* on French onck, ■ hM4 water of the
Allcghanj, to tdaidj HiTCt in the N. W. of the
•tale, 90 n. The whole length of the oanek in
tlic (tate wiU be T9B m.
The Maucb Cbunk nulroaii ezleade from the
coal mine, to the iiTat Lehigb, 9 m. ; it wu com-
pleted fbar jeira nnoc. The Mill Creek nulwaj
rxtenda 3 m. bom Port Caiboo up Mill Cmk to
the coal minea. The Laekawaian railroad ex-
tend* 16 m,, tVom tb« Lackawaioa oenal at Hooea-
dale, to the oo«l mine* at Carbondale, on Iba Laok-
awanna, peaalss tbrongh iUx'i Oap, in the Moo*.
iG Mountain. Ad aacent aoddeaoentof 1,B1S fact
iapaaied bjS InelinedpliDea, at 6ol'wtuchon the
waaiem dde ol the monntuQ are autioDarr en-
gine!. Thii railroad eoet (bont 1^,000 dolian a
mile, aud went into operation in lUSS- Beaidei
iheie, there are now in proneie the following;
PenniylTaniB Railroad, from Philadelphia throDBb
Ltncaaler to Colombia, on the Suaooehanna, B4
m. ; Bcbujlkill Weat Bnoch Railioad, from
Schajlkill Haren to th« oo«l mine* on Bro&d
Mountain, 13 m. lan<, inclnding a branch of 3 1-9
at. ; Schnylkill VaUey Railroad, from Port Car-
bon, eutward up the nlley of^ the Bohnrlkill,
near!; lo iti head, 10 m. long, paBtns through a
district rinhl; mppUad with raal ; thiilaat la near-
ly ooniideted. Tbe Baltimore and Buquchan-
nn Railroad i( to extend from Baltimore to Terk
On it! lidei ire two awful orifieei, called Hulpil
and HDoU>it hole* ; throngh each of them runa a
btmk, both of which ma under ground for atiout
a mile, and croaa each other in the bowela of the
earth withoot mixing their walen.
Ptmnytan, a village of Honterdon Co. H T.
10 m. N. W. Tieaton.
Ptua, a town of Pike Co. Minonri.
Panotfcol, a rircr of Maine and the largeit in
tha itale. It hai two large head atreami, ibe
chief of which nina W. of Hooaabead lake in the
highland which eeparale Maine from Canada. It
fiowa S. and on joining the ocean forma a wide
baj to which it givei il« name. It ia aavinble
- " Mm
nuouity,
I of the
1 from the W.,
, _ -juntj of Maine on the above
river. Pop. 31,530. Bangor ia the capital. Alao
t town on the river 30 m. below Bangor. Fop.l^^l.
Pmeitcat ImJiam. See huLian Old Toicn.
Penria, a town of Walea, in Glamorganahiie
Hera are the mine of a Norman caatle ; and 3 m
lo the N., on a mountain, ii a Druidical monu-
ment, called Arthnr'a atone. Penrice ii aealcd
on the Briitol Chanttfl, 20 m. 8. E. of Curmaf
then and SSO W. of London.
PairUi.a, town in Cumberland, Eng., in the
chufab-yard ia a aingnlar monument oianl
called the Oiant'i Grave. ~'
ancient caatte overlook the t
and on the beishta to the N. ia a aquare atone
boilding oalUd tha " Beacon," well aituated for
^ving alarm in times of danger. The aacent to
It ia diffieolt, but the proapecta &Dm the summit
of the hill are eitenaive and baaatiAJ. S!S3 m. N.
N. W. of London.
Panrjpe, a borough in Cornwall, Eny . Here
collegea at Carllale, Cuionabnrg, Pituburg,
MeadVille, Alleghany, Unlonlown and Waahins-
Ion. Common education however i> in a back-
ward attle. Aboatone third of all the children
in the State attend achool. The sum of 9,000,000
dollara waa beqoeathed by the late Stephen Oirard
: and grain imported
the Isle of Wight, and aevenl good brewe-
whiob supply tha diipping at Filmnutbj and
11 uoB a vnat Inde iii tha pilchard and New-
fooodlana Giheries. It ia sealed on a creek of
Falmanlh Haven, 3 m. N. W. of Fahnonth and
a63W. byS.oTLondoD.
1 ,_ _. " L!_ Qij ^ pjj^JJj J.
the Gnlf of' Heiico. It is the largeat town in
Weat Florida, and haa a capaoiooa harbour, but
comparative! vheallhy, a
>t thriving. The town
waaoteemd on helh sides '
hoMor that not tha letat diaoord arose be'tween
Ihe eettlers and the savages fcr 70 years. The
OTtffiaal charter of their slate eontieued till after
the revolution. The ntsenl eoaetitution was
catabiiahed in 1790.
• of the highesi mountaina of
Ul 30. 3&. N., long. S7. W. Pop. about 2,m.
Pmtfari, a town in Someraetahire, Eng. with
a mannhoture of hata; seated on tlie Chew, S
m. B. by E. of Bristol and 117 W. by B. of Lon-
PnOamd FriiX, a alrait which divides the Ork-
ney Islands from Cailhneaa-ahire, in Scotland.
It la UO m, loog and 10 broad, and dangerooa to
theae who are not aoqaainted with its tides and
onmnlai especially in paaaing the Fentland
Skerries, a daater of rocke al the £. end of the
frith. On the largeat of theae rocka ia a lignl-
kouae. LaDg.S.4S.W.,IaL5e. 35. N.
Pmdamd BiUs, a rUge of hills, in Sootland, 4
m. W. nf Edinburgh.
PauB, a govammsnl of Boana, formerly a prov-
ince of Kaaan. lit capital, of the aame naiiie, b
seated on the Bnra, where it receive* the rivwe'
Penia, 390 m. S. W. of Kaaan. Long. 45. 3S
E., Ut 53 30 II
rER 568 PER
Pemanct, a tea-port in Cornwall, Engr. It waa partment of Dordogne, and a biahop^f we. Hem
humt by the Bpaniarda in 1593, but toon rebuilt, are the ruins of a temple of Venna, an trnphithea
and made one of the tin-coinage towns. Its trade tre, dbc. It ii seated on the rirer Ule. 50 m. S
is considerable, and consists chiefly in pilchards W. of Limoges. Long. 0. 43. £., mL 45. 11
and other fish, and in shipping lead, tin, and cop- N.
per, which abound in tne yicintt^. In conse- Penrnda^ a town of Hindooatan, oapital of a
qoence of the mildness and salubrity of the air, district ofits name, in the province of Dowlatabad,
and the agreeableness of its situation, Penzance 188 m. N. W. of Hydrabad. Long. 75. 50. £.,
is much frequented by invalids, for whoae accom- lat. 18. 33. N.
modation there are cold and hot sea-water baths, Perindura, a town of Hindooatan, in tlie pro-
Ac. It is seated on a creek of Mount Bay, 10 vince of Ck>imbetoie, 12 m. 8. 8. W. of Bfaawmai-
ra. N. E. of the Land's End and 280 W. by 8. of kudal.
London. Perlebergf a town of Pruaaia, in Bnn«leQbaTy
Peoria Lake, in Illinois, an expansion of the with considerable cloth mannfiicturea. It ia aeafr
river Illinois, 20 m. in length and 2 in breadth, ed on the Stepenitz, 42 m. W. N. W. of Ruppin.
It is vtry deep and baa no perceptible current. Long. 12. 3. £., lat. 53. 8. N.
Here is a settlement called reoria, on its banka. PerkinsmumUe, a village of Amelia Co. Va.
Pepin Lake J an ezpanaion of the Mississippi, Perkiomerif a township of Montgomeir Co. Pa.
100 m. below the falls of St. Anthony. 24 m. on a river of the same name, 25 m N. rhiladel.
long and from 2 to 4 broad. Psrin, a government of Russia, formerly a pror
Pftpperell, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 40 m. N. ince of Kasan. It is divided into two piovineea,
W. Boston. Pop. 1,440. Perm and Catharinenburg, the capitals of which
Pequigny, a town of France, department of are of the same name.
Somme ; memorable for an interview and treaty Perm^ a town Rusaia, capital of a ^vemmenf
between Louis XI. of France and Edward IV. of and province of the same name. It is aeated on
England, in 1475, on a bridge built for that pur- the Kama, at the influx of the Zegoehekha, 6SiO
pose. It is seated on the river Somme, 15 m. 8 m. E. by N. of Moscow and 810 E. by 8. of Pe-
E. of Abbeville tersburg. Lonsf. 55. 10. E., lat. 57. Sb. N.
Perakf a sea-port of Malaya, capital of a king- Permaunlj a town of Hindooatan, in the Car
dora on the W. coast. It is seateo on a river of natic, situate on a mountain, 20 m. N. N. W. of
the same name, 180 m. N. W. of Malacca. Long. Pondtcherry.
100. 0. £., lat. 4. 23. N. PemnUa, a town of Hindooatan, in Guserat, 38
Peratff St,, a town of France, department of m. 8. of Surat.
Ardeche, noted for ita wines. U is seated on the Pemambueo, or Femambuco, a province of Bra
Rhone opposite Valence, 32 m. N. of Viviers. lil, bounded N. and E. by the Atlantic Ocean, 8.
PerdidOf a river separating Florida from Ala- by Bahia, and E. by the desert territory. It ia
bama and (lowing into the Grulf of Mexico. about 470 m. from N. to 8. and 370 from £. to W.
Pfrdtt .Mottfit, a lofl]^ mountain of the Pyrenees, and abounds in sugar-cane, cotton, and Biazil
with a double summit, of which the higher is wood.
computed at 11,000 feet above the aea. U ia of PemanJiueo, the capital of the above province,
very difficult access, as the calcareous rock often consists of three divisions, Reciley St. Antonio,
affsames the form of perpendicular walls, from 100 and Boa Viata. The two former are aitnated on two
to 600 feet in height ; and glaciers increase the flat sand banks, surrounded by the sea, and con-
difficulty. About 2,000 feet from the summit is a nected together by a bridge, partly of atone and
lake, which throws its waters to the E., into the partly of wood ; the other division is connected,
Spanish valley of Beoussa. with Boa Vista, situated on the continent, by a
Perga, a town of Albania, on the gulf of Ven- narrow wooden bridge. The greatest part of the
ice. 23 m. W. N. W. of Arta. extent of sand between Olinda, a town about a
PergUmaTy a town of Romania, and a bishop's league dbtant, on the same aand bank as Recile,
see, 60 m. S. W. of Adrianople. Long. 25. o5. and the latter, rematna uncovered, ia open to the
E.| lat. 41. 10. N. sea, and the surf there ia very violent The tide
PergamOf a town of Natolia, and a bishop's enters between the bridges, and encirclea the mid-
see , with a palace and a castle. It is not so con- die compartment. The first division of the town is
siderable as formerly, but has nine mosques, and composed of brick houses, of three, four, and even
occupies an oblong circumference of 3 m. at the five atories in height: most of the streets are nar-
font of a mountain. Here parchment was in ven- row and there are no public buildinn that req[iiire
ted. It is seated on the Germasti, 15 m. from its notice. St. Antonio, the principu diviaion of
mouth and 37 N. of Smyrna. Long. 27. 27. E., the town, is con^posed chiefly or* large booses and
lat. 39. 5. N. broad streets. It contains tne governor's palace
Peria, a town of Persia, in the province of Irac, (formerly the Jesuits' convent), the treaaniy, the
90 m. W. of Ispahan. Long. 51. 25. E., lat. 32. town hall and prison, the barracks, and theFrmn
"20. N. ciscan, Carmelite, and Penha convents. It oom-
Periac, a town of France, department of Aude, prises several squares, and has to a certain degree
celebrated for its saltworks. It is seated on a a gay and lively appearance. The river Capioar
lake of its name, 6 m. 8. W. of Narbonne. ibe discharges its waters into the channel between
Periapalam, a town of Hindooetan, in Mvsore. St. Antonia and Boa Viata. The harbour belong
The environa are rich and beautifLl, and aoound ing to Recife, called the Mosqueiro, situated on
in sandal wood. It is 40 m. W. by 8. of Serin- the outward bank, is fonneu by aieefof nwka,
gapatam. which runs parallel with the town, at a very amall
Periers, a town of France, department of Man- distance. Pemambucois daily increasing m opa*
che, 9 m. N. of Coutances. lence and importance, and European faahionspre-
Perigordf a former province of France, now vail. Long. 35. 20. W., lat. 8. 13. 8.
forming the department of Dordogne. Penunc, a fortified town of Russia, in Livoma,
Perigueux, a town of France, capital of the de- with a caatk ; seated near the month of a rivar or
llM MM HUM, K ■ M. of Oigt. U>K. M. 3.
e.,laL5a. 30.N
Paint, 4 loini of FMnee, deputataat ef Vui-
elow, nolMi u tha bmhBlu* of tb* oelabntad
onloi Flrchier, bukoy of Nunn. 19 m. £. by
N. ot Avignoa.
Ftnut, 1 lawn la the daputBMnI of Pu de Ca-
Uii, iMted on Ike CUrsnoe, 17 b. N. W. of Ami.
P<rw, a Uiwo of Swedsn, in the provioM of
Njdud, on the coMt ot the BUUo, 96 ■». K. of
HVlsinirrora.
Ftntua, • iboag town of Franee, deputment
of Somme. Il wu called Pae«Ue, beexMe never
taken, though often bMi«g<d, till tho 96lh of
Jane, 1616, when it wu itormed by the Britiih.
Cherlee Uu Simple vm impriaoBtd in the oeatls,
where be mieenbl; died ; uti the duke of Bur-
gandj detuned Loiiii XI . bete three diji, till be
eonunted ta sini a dieedruiteceotii treetr- It ii
mted on the Smnne, 37 m, 8. W. of CHubn*
uid60E.b;N.orPui^ Lon«. 3. i. E, Ut. 4$.
Ptroutt, e town of the BudiniM etUM, in
Piedmont ; eetted on tbe riter Claaon, 6 m. N.
W. oTPifn^roL
PerpinM, ■ fbrtified town of Ftukoe, o^td
of the deMttment of Eaatcrn Prreneei, with a
good citadel and a nnivEiutjr. The inhabitinte
cany on a bade in oorn, wool, iron, and wine,
and hare manahitaiei of lilk, voolani,. eoap,
liqaenn, Ati. Thii town waa the aoene of two
baulei between the French and SpanianU, in
1703. It il Maled pattl; no a gentle deoUritv
and paitly in a plain, on tbe Tet, near the Med-
itemuMan,96ni.S. E.ofTonlonae. Laam.U.64.
E,, lat. «. 49. N.
Ptrjuimant, a conn^ of N. Caioliu. Pop.
e,S57. Hertford ii the capital.
PrrriiOmt, p.t. Monroe Co. N. T. Pop. S,1S6.
Pary, a coonty of the E. Diittict of Pennijl-
TUia. Pop. 14,967. New Bloomfield u the
capital. A oonntjF of KCntocky. Pop. 3,331. A
-. Theb
Ptrrji, p.t. GenMce^. N. Y. Fop. 3,793 ; alwi
lawn* and villagei in Venango Co. Pa., Geangr
atark, Wayne, Shelby, ToMaiawai, Mnikinguci.
Gallia, Brown, Fianklin, Licking, Fairfield, and
BiohUnd Coi. Ohio. Peny Co. Ken. and Perry
Aconnlyof Indiina. Fop. 3,371.
upital. A comity of W. TennoMea.
Pup. 7 JOB. SbannoniTille ia the capital. A einintr
capital. A comity of W. Teni
- -r- - , -bannoniTille ia tbe capital. A cininty
of Alabam*. Fop. I1,M9. A county of truaianppl.
Pop. iifiei. Angnela U Iba capital.
Pern, p.L Wadiington Co. ""
' y Bay. Pop. 7% Here ii
Purryapttu, p.v. Fayette Co. Fa.
PmyAurg, p.t CaUanugni Co. N. T. 30 m.
S. Bn&k). Pop. 3,440 ; p.t WocmI Co. Ohio.
PtrryiwiUt, p.T. AUeghiny Co. Pa. 7 m. N
Fittaborg.
PtrrgniilU, Tillage* in HadisiQ Co. N. T.,
Richland Co. Ohio, Merecr Co. Keo., Piiry Co.
MiMOQii, Peny Co. Ten. and Bond Co. IIUdoIi.
Ptrufalit, anciently the cental of the Fenian
e«a^te. It waa taken by Alexander the Oteatv
who Mt it on &re. Iti "Tr"'^"**" roiiu an 50
■. N. E. of Sbiraa.
Pmlum, a town in Wotoeatanhii*, Eng.
Hera are two ohniobaa, and that of Haly Croea
oontaiu Mveral aooiest monnmenti. ItiaaeaEed
<m tbe ATon,9 m. £. S. E. oTWoroeator and ICQ
W. N. W. of London.
PtrnM, * large kinj^om of Asia, oonuating of
■eTCral ^ovtneei, wbicb, at different timea , bare
had their particolaj kinge. It ia be«nded on tbe
N. by the Caipian Sea, and tbe mounlaina of
Canduiw,W. by the Eo^rate* and Tigris, 8. by
tbe gnl& of Periia and Ormn* and tbe Anbian
Sea, and E. trf Hindooatan. It ii abont ],2S5 m.
in length &am E. to W. and 900 in breadth tron
N. to D.,thachief riTciaaratheTigtii and Auue.
In the N. and G. parts it ie moantainoui and
cold ; in tbe middle and S. E. patta auidy and
dcMrt) and in the S. and W. level and fettile,
thoDgh for leTeixI montba *ery hot. Tbe toil
produce* raiioni eort* of pulse and oorn, and
cotton in great abundanoe. In eereral place*
naptba.aiort of bitamen, rises ont of tbe ground,
and here are numeroui mine* of gold, silTcr,
iron, torqacHS stones, and salt ; but tbe fiiat two
of these are not worked on account of the loareei-
ty of wood. This oconliy producei all the *a-
rious sort* of fruits, excellent wine, and a great
niunbei of molberry tree*. Tbe citron here
grow* to great perfection. Likewise dates, piit^
igton Co. Me. on Pa*Mau-
. ., ... X Here i* a remnaDt of the
'wiramagnrnHj Indians consisting of ab^nt 60
chio-nnta, and tree* which pradnoe manna. Sheep
and goata are abnndaBt; a* are also eainela,
bolklae*, and hBraes. lie principal manufae-
tsre* are dlk*, lUk* mizad with eotton cr with
eamd*' csgoate' bair,boaidv*, gold tSaanes.gola
velTSi, *aip*U, eafieoe*, camletB, Ac. Tbe Fer-
■an* are labjeoted to a de*potiim similiar to Ihat
wUah ;n>M* npon all crienlsl nations ; yet their
3dS
elimelcrb nitariill; dUbrant. Thuj an men
gay, lirelj, tnd utiTA, They an nid to ba ei-
Utiaelj oatenUtioag, •nd to (arpan ill other na-
lioiu ID politoneaa — if tbe moat pTofaaa and hy-
pocritical Hattetr mijbeio called. Their dreaa
II liriiter than that of the Tnrki, and they are
laTiah in the dk of jewel* and fold omameDta.
The beard ii held in hizh eitimatinn, and everr
art employed to render it thick and tufted.
They are, howo*er, the moat learned people of
the E. ; poeliy and the aciencea may even he Eon-
Kidered u their ruling paaion. In the fonner,
their fame la decidedly auperiorlo that of an* nth-
er oriental nation. TTiB name* of HaGi^e'rdaii,
and Badi, are claarie eren in Europe. The reli-
^oo of the cnnntry i> Mahomediim, of the sect
of All. In the be^nning of tbe laat ceDtuTy,
Peraia waa overnin by the Afghans, who Banded
Hr^ and aword Ihreagh its remot«it eilremitiea,
and rednced ita proudest capitals lo aihei. Tbe
atroeitiei of tbe Abhana were avenged, and the
independence of Peraia vindicated, by Nadir
coontey eihibita aeeDea of mncd and atrikin*
magniBmnee^ eontnated with the moat beaotilid
onea of cnltiTatioD. Tbt Gtamfuan moatitaiiia
croaa it from B. W. to IT. E., the ^iflieat of
which iaBenlaweci. The oonn^ N. W. ofthia
ridge i« mountainoai, and containa aeveral lakea ;
the Torth and Tay. Perth ia the capital.
Pertigi, a town of the island of Sardinia, tS m.
S. E. ofCaatel Aroeoneae.
PertaU, a town ofrrance, department ofVall-
d<ue, near tbe Dorance, II m. N. of Aii. 38 8.
E, of Aitgnon,
Peru, an independent atale of S. America, (be
largeat of the former Spanish TicBroTalties, boand-
ed on the N. by the republic of Colombia, W. btr
the Pacific Ocean, S. by Chile, and E. by Braiil-
igth,from N. lo S.,and
■- '- --^ , in tha
the
intry,
till tbe fnrliine of afma Ka*e a decided auperiori-
ty to Kiirivem Khan. Hia death gave rise to an-
other dispated aucoeasion, with civil vara, aa
Airioua aa before. At leneth Aga«Mabommed, a
eanuch, rftised himaelf to the aovereienty, and not
mAj retained it during his li&time, but tranimit-
led is to his nephew, the pieient sovereign, who
aaaumed the title of FuttehAli Bhah. He iaT«p-
reaented ii an accomplished prince ; and bis eld-
: .. je ■■:-'■'
PtriUnOntf. a _ .
Peraia and Arabia. Tbe entrance near Ormus is
not above Mm. aver; but within ilia ftam 190
to 350 in breadth, and tbe length fVom Ormns to
the mouth of the Enphratea ia 600 m. The
•onthem aide ia particularly celebrated for ita
pearl ftahery.
PcTMOH, a eoantf of H. Carolina, Pop. 10,037.
Raxborough ia the Capital.
Pert*, a biirough of Scotland, capital of Perth-
shire. It haa been Ihsresidenca ofthe aovereigna
of Scotland, and the aeat ofthe parliament and at
the aDpnime courta of joatice. Near the lomi
about SOO in breadth. Rain ii
S. parta ; but in the N., where the m
not BO hiih, it often raina excesiiiely. Tbera
are large Rireali on the sidei of the moantaina
which advance near the aea ; hal none of tbe
treea are like thoae in Europe. Peni haa been
long celebrated lor ita mineB of gold and silTPr,
which are the chief or only source of ita ricbra.
Beaidea the produce ofthe minea, the commodi-
tiea exported are sugar, Vienna wood, cotton, Pe-
ruvian bark, copper, and cocoa. The Gerceal
beasta of prey in Pern are the puma and junar,
inaccurately called Itona and ligera by the Enro-
psajis ; for they posseaa Deilber the undaunted
courage ofthe former, nor the ravenoua craettj
of the latter. The lams, or American camel, in-
aeated on the S. W. aide of the Tay which i>
navigable for amall veaaela, but the largeBt are
obliged to unload at Newhurg. Over the river ia
a modem bri(h[e of 10 arcbei, the moat beautifiil in
Scotland, to the lawn ofEinnonl. Here are aev-
eral incorporated tradeB,Bome of which havafaalla.
The salmon fiaherj is a great article of trade ;
and the manufacturea of linen and cotton gooda,
leather, boots, aboes, and glovea are eonaidnable.
35 m. N. by W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 9a W.,
lat. 56. 34. N.
PtrAa, a town of France, department uf Seina-
el'Marne, 6 ra. 8. W, of Metun.
Parlhtt, a town in the depaitment of tipper
Manie,6m.N. W. of 81. Dialer.
Ptrditkire, a county of Scotland, 76 m. long
and 6B broad ; bounded W. by Argyleahira, IT
by the ahirea of Inverneaa and Ab^deen, G. by
Angua-sbini, B. E. by the frith of Tay and the
connttea of ^te and Einrosa, and 3. l^ the frith
of Forth and the eotmtiea of Clackmannan , Btirl-
haUta the cold diatrieta, and the elk, bi
madilloea, monkey*, &c., are nninerDaa. Anxnr
tbe biidi, the moat remarkakle ia the cnDdor,
whioh ia entitled to pre-eminence over the flying
tribe, in bulk, atrengUl and courage. Tbe river
Guayaquil abounda with alligatora, and the nelgh-
boonng counli7 awarma almoat aa mlicb with
anakea and vipera aa that round Porto Bella dora
with toadi. When the Spaniarda landed in this
country, in 1630, they fbnnd it governed by aor-
ereigna called Incaa, who were revered by their
aubjecta aa divinitiea , and the inhabitanta wera
fbnnd to be much more polished than the nattvca
of other parla of America, those of Mexico rx-
eepted. These were aoon aubdued by the Span-
iards, under the command of Francic Fliam.
After the aaaaaainttioii of Fliarro, in IMI, the
country continued a prej to civil contentiona
and inanrrectiona, till about the year l.'i62, when
Tupac Amaru the aon of Hanco Capae, who
had taken refuge in the mountaina, was attkck-
■iiKin, uHi un ed by the viceroy Toledo. The inca snimutet-
u 139,060. The ed himaeir, and waa led to tbe aeaSold amid tlia
Tha rojil Mtlioril;, thiu Iha Tcranne.
Ikken bj tbc fVanch l
1796; and the {uriaoD larTendered to Ae An*-
Hill
sled on the ri
fimoU.^m. N.E'
Attn two jMiB of Tuied n
Rtbar with Mi ftiiiilj, nho ■
rera now remained in mbjvotion to Spain, and il
a oomparatire itatF of tnnqnUlitjp for H
' n 1809, wb»n junlM w '-"'-*
Tiin utaj wai compelled to evacuate Chile ; and
Chile in return aenl an aimr into Pern, nndar
^oetal Sao Hajtin, who in 1891 .
with lh« Sect under Lord Coohnne __.
in liberating it ttaa the Spaaiib joha. The
conntrj ban linoa andergMM eu manj obanjea
that it cannot M piraant be conaidered ai in a Kt-
1. VtWm. W.i
lied itata. Lima ii the capilal-
Ptni, p.t. Bennincton Co. Vl
oington. Pop. 455. Thia town prodneea the beat
Bnrling-
Mui. US m. W. Boaton. Pop. 7S») p.t.
Co. N. T. on Lakp Champlam apmil«
ton. Pop.4,M9; p.T. Huron and l>ela«
Obto.
Ptmgia, a prorince of Italj, in tbe popc'i do-
minion* compraheDdiag the ancient proTince of
Pemgina. It if 9S m. long and 34 broad ; and
ia bounded W. b; Tuscanr, 8. by Onrieto, E. bj
Spoleto and Urbino, andN.b^ Citta di Caatano.
' ia fertile in com and rood wine.
Pangia, the capital of tba aboTa pcovini
■ biBhop'i aee, with x Hrong citadel and unitn-
■itf . Tha cbnrcbea, and tatay other boildingi,
Rome. Loog. IS. 90. G., lat. 43. S. N.
Ftngia, s lake of ltd/, 8 m. W. of the city of
its name. It >■ almoat round, S m. in diamrter,
and in it an three iilandi.
Pemaan Mmmtaiiu^ range in tbe north-eaatrm
part of New Tork ranning parallel withLake
Chunpliin. Thehifheataainmit iacalled Whila-
race,indii 3,000 frat above the laka.
Ftiaro, a aea-port uf (he ecoleuutica! atatea,
in tbe delegation of Urbinn, and a biihop'a nee ;
the cathedral ii magniScenl, and it baa aeTaral
handaome churcbea, with eiqaiiil« painting!.
Tbe environ* are remarkahlcforprodocing oliTaa
■nd eicellenl Gga. It ia leated on ui emmeiice,
It the monthof tbe Foglia, on the gniroTVaniee,
17 m. e. N. E. ofUrblno. Long. 13. 9. E., laL
46. 69. N.
Pisemr*. a itrong town of ni«I«a, in AbruM
Citra, at the month of* river of tbe«ma name,
tbenirofVenice, 9 m. N. N. E. of Chieti.
I tbe gnlfo
FttJutn,
where it proeeadi from Iha lake Garda, 16 m. W.
of Verona.
Pneia, a lawn of Tuacanj, in the proi'
Florenca, celebrated for ir '' " "^
otFloranca.
J>E*cnia, a town of Naple*, in Abmito Ultra,
DeartheLakeCeUno,90m. 8. b; E. of Aouila.
Pawnw.atowr -'* -* ' ■-'>■-
raull, an the riTC
Pot, a town of HangaiT, capital oTa palatinate
i>f tha fame name, with a tbrtreu, a royal palace,
and a nniTenilj, the onlj one in the kingdom.
Here are many Greek mercbanta, who condDct
tha Levant trade to Gemunr and the northern
Mliana. It i* acated on the E. aide of tha Danube,
oppoaila Budi, 96 m. E. 8. £. of Preabnrg. Long.
19. B. E., lat. 47. M. N,
P*ili, a town of Naplea, la Prindpato Citia,
■eated near tha mignifioent raise of tho ancient
Paatum.SOn). 8. B. of Salerno.
Pm^, a town of Heiiea, SS m. 8. E. of
Gnatimala.
POMfud, • proTinoa ou the N. eoaat of Braii),
between tlie provineea of Baara and Rio Grande.
It eoolaina minea of niter.
Pt-tdu-U, the principal prorlnea of China,
bounded on tba N. br the Great Wall and part of
Tartar*, E. b; the Tetlow Sea, 8. by Chaiig-tong
and Ho-nan, and W. bjr the mountaina of Chan-
ai. Itcontiim nine eitiea of the fintclaaa, which
have many othen under their jnriMlietion. Al-
though Pe-tcbe-N eitenda no fbrther than 43. N.
lat. yet all it* rirera are ao mnch froisn dnring
four mootha in the year that waggoua with the
heB.Tieat loada may aafely paM them. Tha aoil ia
nndy,and prodaeea very little rice ; but it aboanda
with all other kind* of grain, and with tha greater
part of the ftnit tree* common in Europe. But,
what randera Ihii prannee the moat considerable,
ii that the richea of the whole empire are brought
hither, tbe nuthern proTince* fumiihing it with
rrery thing theyprodace that ia moat uncommon
and delicioui. Tbe inhabilaoti, in general, are
reckoned not ao polite, nor M apt to leam the
aeienoea, a* thoae of tbe aouthem ptonncea; bat
tb^ are atranger and more wariike. Th«r num-
ber ia eitbnaled at 38/100,000. Pakin iithe cajnlaj.
Ptttr «ul Paid, A., or Pttrapaidoriuii, a tM-fOtt
□f Rnaaia, in Kamtacbatka. The town eonelita
of aonie log-houaei and a few conical hut*. Cap-
tain Clarke, who auoceeded captain Cook, and
died at aea, waa interred her*. It ia aeated on the
E. lide of Awataka Bay. Long. 168. 48. V... lat
53. I. N.-
Patr It Port, St., a market town in the ialand
of Gnemaey, with an excellent harboot, defended
by two eaaUe*.
PtUi toi uayH, a city in Northamptr>iiahiie, Bng.
It ia a biahop'* aee, and contain* 8,668 inbab-
itanta ; the cathedral wa* formerly a monaate-
ry. The market-place ia ■paoimu, the itreeli re-
gular, and many of the building* aitremely neat.
The manobcture of atockinga i* eitenaiTe, and
conndefaUe trade ia eaitied on in com, ooal, and
timber. 81 m. N. af LondoB. Long. 0. 4. W .
ht Eft. 80. N.
Ptltt^anagk, p.t Hillaboraugh Co. N. U 40
B.W. Concord. Vap.ifidC Here are nr—
1. Fop.
« of Aoatriaa ItaJj, in MadiMM Co. N.T.'lttiM.
■*rGS
PET 606 FBT
PaUtkeadf « Ma-port of Seotland,in Abeidara- the atieun from kke Lsdog^aie msviUy rrawvid
■hire, utoate on & paainsiiU, about a m. 8.*of the when theee vaMmM fint make their appearance ;
moau of U|(ie. It hae two haiboart, defended by and for a few days, till the nver is uosen hani
piers ; a considerable trade in the fisberv, and to enough to bear carriages, there is no commnni-
the Baltic ; and manafactnres of thread, woolen cation between the opposite parte of the tows,
cloth, and cotton. HeH is a small fort and a bat- Among the noblest ornaments of Petersburg is an
tery. A mineral spring, of a jKywerful diuretic equestrian statue of Peter the Great, in bronse,
quality, and the aea-batning, brmg a great resort erected by Catherine II. in 178S. It is of colossal
of company, for whose accommodation there is a size, and stands on a huge pedestal of rock, brought
ball-room and many elegant houses. 34 m. N. E. there at great expense. Within the walls of the
of Aberdeen. Long. 1. 35. W., lat. 57. 27. N. fortress is the cathedral of St. Peter and St Paul,
Peters, a township of Franklin Co. Pa. in which are deposited the remains of Peter the
PeUrAurgh^ a goremment or province of Rue- Great, and of the suceeesive soreseigns, except
sii, at the £. extremity of the gulf of Finland. Peter II.. who was buried at Moscow. The lite-
Thegreater part of this province, was formerly rary and scientific in^tntions aie nnmeroos
called Ingermanland or Ingria. It comprises an but the most important b Uie uniTcisity, founded
area of 1 8,000 square miles, with 700,000 inhabit* in 1819. A Bible society is established on an ex-
ants. Timber forms the chief source of wealth, tensive scale, having upwaids of 900 auxiliaries
Peiarsburgh, the metropolis of the Russian em- in different parts of the empire. Of the charita-
pire, in the govenment of the same name, is sit* hie institutMos the prineipw ave the feondliii^
uated on the river Neva, near the gulf of Finland, hospital, the sailors* hospital, the kiaietto, ihm
and is built partly upon some islands in the mo«th asylum tor tiie blind, the asylum for the deaf and
of that river, and partly upon the continent So dumh, the humane society, Ac. The maaofae-
late as the beginning of the* last century, the turesaie various, and some of them of considers
ground on which Petersborgh now stands was only Ue extent; and tiie commercial intereonrse m
a vast morass, occupied by a few fishermen's huts, important firom its extensive eommunieatioB with
Peter the Great first began this city in 1703. He the interior, this beine the only great maritinie
built a small hut for himself, and some wretched outlet in the gulf of Finland. T& principal ex-
wooden hovels. In 1710 the Count Golovkin ports are hemp, flax, skins, leather, iron, taliowy
built the first house of brick, and the next year Ac. : the imports sugar, coflhe, cotton, indigo,
the emperor, with his own hand, laid the founda* dvewood, spices, hardware, Ac. The number of
tion of a bouse of the same material. From these snips that enter the Neva annually, of whiidi
small beginnings rose the imperial city of Peters- nearly half are British, varies from 1 ,000 to 1,700.
burgh; and, in less than nine years sAer the In 1®1 this city sufiered seveeelv by the^sli-
wooden hovels were erected, the seat of emmte lential cholera. Petersburg is 3d5 m. N. W. of
was transferred from Moscow to this place. The Moseow, 430 N. E. of Stockholm, and 1,400 E. N.
streets, in genera] are broad and spacious ; and E. of London. Long. 30. SO. E,, lat. 59. 56. N.
^three of the principal ones, which meet in a point Peiertturgf p.t Rensselaer Co. N. T. 25 m. N.
at the admiralty, are at least two m. in length. 5. Albany. Pop. 2,011 ; p.t AdamsXaacasterand
The mansions of the nobles are vast piles of buUd^ Perry Cos. Pa. ; p.t Dinwiddle Co. Va. on the Ap-
ing, furnished with great cost, in the same ele- pomattox, 25 m. S. Richmond. This town is a
gant style as at Paris or London, and situated port of entry, and has a conaiderable commeroe
chiefly on the S. side of the Neva, either in the ingrain, flour, cotton and tobacco. Pop. 8,382;
admiralty quarter, or in the Fuburba of Livonia p.t Elbert Co. Geo. on the Savannah, 35 m. above
and Moscow, which are the finest parts of the Augusta; p. v. Woodland Co. and Boone Co. Ken.
city. The views upon the banks of tne Neva ex- p.t. Columbiana Co. Ohio ; p.v. Pike Co. Ind.
hibit the grandest and most livelv scenes imagi- PeUradorf, a town of Prussia, in the piovinee
nable. Tnat river is in many, places as broad as of Samland, 24 m. S. of Konigsberg.
the Thames at London : it is alao deep, rapid, and PeUr^fiddf a borough in Hampshire, Eag. 54 m.
as transparent as crystal ; and its banks are lined S. W. of London.
on each side with a continued ranffe of grand PeUrskagemf a town of Prussian Westphalia,
buildings. On the N. the fortress, tne academy with a castle, seated on the We8er,7ni. N. N.
of sciences, and the academy of arts, are the most E. of Minden.
striking objects. On the opposite side are the PeUrsham^ p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 67 m . W.
imperial palace, the admiralty, the mansions of by N. Boston. Pop. 1,696.
the S. side, is the c^uay, which extends three m. Psterjtotsn, p.t. Monroe Co. Va.
except where it is interrupted by the admiralty ; PetertmlUf p.t. Frederick Co. Va.
and the Neva, during the whole of that space, has Peterwaradm, a town of Sclavonia, one of the
been embanked by a wall, parapet, and pavement strongest frontier ph^CM the house of Austria
of hewn granite. There are no fewer than 35 has against the Turks, over whom, in 1716,
great churches (almost every sect of Christaine prince Eugene here gained a [peat victory. It is
being tolerated), and the number of inhabitants is seated on the Danube, opposite the fortress of
supposed to be about 300,000. ItisBaidthat3»000 NeuMtz. in Hungary; 40m.N. W. (rf* Belgrade
one-horse sledges are employed for passengera in Long. 20. 30. E., laL 45. 23. N.
the stieete, in winter. Fram its low and marshy PeUurUm, SouikftL town in Somersetshire, Emr.
situation^ it is aubjeet to inundations, which have with a manu&ctura of dowlas ; 130 m. W. bj S.
sometimes risen so high as to threajm the town of London.
with a total sobmemon. The opposite divisions PeMUutOyjk town of Tuaeaav, in the Sicn
ofTetersburgh sitoatad^on e»ch side of thn Neva, neae, B m. W. of OMt»o and 45 B. £. of Sim.
are cennectM b^ twe bndgesoft De>n(oeB»|,wliioh|. na.
on account of.tiie large immn dm driven^Mrai Pstic Chtrnt, a set^port of St. Domingo, ewfted
I
pro 807 PHI
on a bay at the W. end of the iiland. It ii 900 a eastlei and a eonaidttable trade in wood, and
m. E. of Jamaica. Long. 72. 52. W., lat. 18. 27. N. mano&ctuies of cloth, atofi, atockinga, jeweU-
PeUmns, a citjr of Eaatern Taitary, in the pror- it, and watohee. It ia leated on the £nU, 15 m.
ince of Kirin, inhabited prineipallj bv Tartar £. by S. of Dorlach.
soldien and Chineie condemned to exue. It ia Ffrmmkif a town of Bavaria, with a caatle, seat*
seated on the Songari, 150 m. N. by W. of Kirin. ed at the conflux of the Pfreimbt with the Nab,
Long. 125. 65. £., lat. 45. 10. N. 10 m. £. of Amberg.
Petrdla, a town of Naplea, in the Principato PfuUendmf, a town of Baden, aeated on the
Citra, 1 1 m. £. of Moliie. Anoalapatch, 22 m. N. byE. of Conatance.
PeireUa, a town of Albania, 26 m. 8. £. of PAUungen, a town of Wurtemberg, 8 m. S. £.
Duraoo. ofTabingen.
pBtrikow, a town of Poland, and for lome time PkaUhnrg^ a fortified town of France, depart-
the meeting-place of the Polish dieta, 80 m. 8. W. ment of Meorthe, near the Voagei monntains, 27
of Warsaw. Long. 19. 46. E.. lat 51. 12. N. m. W. N. W. of Strasborir.
Petrina, a strong town of the Austrian states, Pkanagaraf a town of Rusaia, in the island of
in Croatia, seated on the Knipa, 37 m. E. of Cvl- Taman. with a atrong fort. The ruina stiU show
stadt. that it has formerly been lew end magnificent.
Peirozavodskf a town of Rusaia, capital of the It is seated on a ffulf of the Black Sea, 70 m. E.
irovernment of Olonetx, with mannractures of byN.ofCaffa. Long. 36. 40. E.. lat. 45. 12. N.
Htoneware, leather, lead, Ac., and a foonderr ibr Pharos f a smaii ism^d Ir. uie Mediterranean Sea
cannon. It is seated on L^ke Onega, 65 m. op|x>site Alexandria, in Egypt, the space between
N. E. of Olonetx. which and the continent torma an extenaire har-
Peitapollyf a town of Hindoostan, in the district hour. It has a communication with the continent
of Guntoor, seated on the
8. 8. £. of Condavir and 41
PettaWj a town of the Austrian
with considerable manufactures; seated on the reetion of ships. 'Long. 31. 11. E^ lat. 30. 24. N.
Drave, 15 m. S. £. of Marchbnrg. PkarsaUa, p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 12 m. N. W.
Pettyeutf a harbour of Scotland, in Fifeahire, Norwich. Pop. 987.
one mile W. of Kinghom, in the frith of Forth. Phana^ anciently Pharsalia, a town of Greece,
It is the usual landing-place of pasaengers from in Theasaly, famous for the decisive Ticton^ gain-
litfith, on the oppoaite shore. ed by Julius Cesar over Pompey,in 48 B. C. It
Petworth, a town in Suaaex, £ng. In the cen- is an archieplscopal see, and seated on the £ni-
tre of the town is a Terr handsome marketphouse pens, 10 m. 8. or Larissa,
of stone ; and in the church are interred the re- Phelps , p.t. Ontario Co. N. Y. 200 m. W. Al-
mains of many of the Percies, earls of Nonhum- bany. Pop. 4,798.
iM*rland ; seated near the Arun, 12 m. N. E. of PkUadeiphia, See Ma-Skeir.
Chichester and 48 S. W. of London. PhUadeiphiaf a county of the £. diatrict of
Petftngewj a village in Sussex, Eng. 14 m. W. Pennsylvania compriaing 120 aq. m. beaidea the
S. W. of Haatings, situate on a amall rirer which city ot that name and its auburba. Poo. 188,961.
runs into a bay of the Engliah Channel, caUed PAttode/eAia, the chief city in Pennsylvania and
Pevensey Harbour. Here ia an ancient caatle, formerly tlie seat of government, atands on the
whicn belonged to Robert, earl of Morton, and ia western bank of the Delaware, 126 milea from
said to be the largeat and most entire remain of the sea by the courae of the rirer and bay, and 5
Roman buildings to be seen in Britain. Peven- miles above the confluence of the Delaware and
flt*y was anciently a famous haven, though now it Schuylkill. The site is a perfect level, and the
is nearly 2 m. from the sea. Here Wuliam the city is built on the most unixorm rectangular plan.
Conqneror landed, when he invaded England. The houses are of dark colored brick, and the
Poftonslmrgy a village of Pittaylvania Co. Va. streeta from 50 to 100 feet wide ; it is probably
Pfiffenhoftn, a town of Bavaria, with a Bene- the moat regular city in the world,acircumatance
dictme monaatery at a small diatance. It is seat- that aecures it numberless advantagea in the way
ed on the Ilm, 15 m. 8. of lofrolatadt. — ^Also a of convenience, but which dei>rivea it of all that
town of Wurtemberg. on the Zaber, 18 m. N. cf ia picturesoue and diversified in aapect. It haa
Stttttgard ; — a town otthe Auatrian statea, in Ty- many buildings of striking elegance ; the finest
rol. seated on the Jnn, 15 m. W. of Innsprnck v— i" the United States Bank, which haa a front of
ana a village of Bavaria, 8 m. 8. E. of Ulm. white marble, on the model of the Parthenon.
Pfalxdyti town of Prussia, in the province of Another edifice formerly occupied for the samo
Lower Rliine. It has a convent, which was form- purjiose has a handsome marble front of the Cor-
«*rly a palace of the kings of the Franks, and ia inthian order ; aome of the other banks, and many
Mated on the^ Moaelle, 3 m. N. E. of Treres. of the churches are fine specimens of architecture.
Pfeddersham, a town of Germany, in Heaae- The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts is a
Darmstadt; sealed on the river Prim, 5 m. W. of chartered company having for its object the en-
Worms, oouragement of the arte of painting, sculpture,
Pfefftkon, a town of Switxerland, in the canton architecture and engraving. It haa a good col-
of Zurich, 12 m. E. of Zurich. lection of paintings, some fine pieeea of statuary
PfeteTf a town of Bavaria, on a rirer of the same and a library .
name, near ita conflux with the Danube, 14 m. £. The academy of Natural Seieneea have also a
by 8. of RaUsbon. good museum and library, and conduct a scientific
/y«z-aiui-£ii<z, one of the ten circles of the journal. There are about 40 periodiosla in the
grand duchy of Baden, lying along the two riTcrs cit^ including 23 newspapers, 8 of which are
rfini and £ntz, from the RLine to the frontiers (tf daily. Bookselling b an aetire branch of buai*
Wurtemberg. Bruchsal is the chief town. nesa. and consists chiefly in the republication of
Pfortm, a town of Lusatia, 10 m. 8. of Guben. £ngn«h works.
Pforzheimf a town of Germany, in Baden, with The manufiicturee of this city, and the neigh
)dinpriiM/*lljafaottonelMh,inn,flaM,
ehiiiK,cu«lil«T'*wark,A4i. Inlhemaobuiuuta
DO ei^ of tbe UniUd Slataa ia niHrioi to Phila-
delphia. Therej ue 7 mukati m Um eltj, 87
placci of pnblio wonhip, 9 IbratMa, 13 bank* and
to public tobooli. In uie nortb-WMtan aiibnrt) it
Ifae Stale PriKiii or Eaatern Penitentiary, tbt larg-
eil baildlng in the United Btatea ; It ji bnilt e£ gn-
nite, and coirenanMeaof lOaeiea; the priseipal
front ia 670 leet in le^.
The arcade hia tiro marble Ironta and oontaina
Peal^'i MaHDm, the beat loleDtifie eolleetion in
ihii oonntrjr. Hm are moat of the birdi ftom
wnich WilaoD drew the flanareiwhiehilliiatrBle hia
work on Omilhologj. Thu mnaram alao con-
taina the m«t perfect akeletoa of the mamnoth
Bad a board of aUeimen. Ite exiBMea of ti
oit* in 1S30 wen 966,661 doUan. iDcommm
it M the feiuth oi^ id the nnioo : in ISSB tl
ahippinf ownod here amooBled to IH^OSO ti
ItiainN. la "" ' "" "" —
L Jlicll Jl
I Utii f>'.^
The
□tofthe United Stacea
The UniTeraity
tfali place waa fe „ „
and 125 itadenti. Tbe Fenniylnnia Uoapital,
ii one of the oldeit and bnt initituUoiu of the
kiod-in tbeeonntrr; Ueompriaee twabniMin^,
one of 9TB feet in leOKth : the namber ofpaticnta
it umalljr about 300. Weet'a painting of ChtiM
healinff the gick, preiented by the artitt to the
hoapital, i< ahairn in a bnilding attached to the
eaUbliihment. The Philadeljibia TibrtrT was ee-
tabtuhed by the exertiona of Dt Franklin, and
now contain! 92,000 TolaniF> : the bailding ia or-
intad with a maible statue a( thefaundei.
Pkilhi, St., a town of Spain. SeoXaCoa.
Plula, a.,atowncrf'Braii]. Bee iMitdt JUr-
vUiam.St.
PhiUp IiUndt, two ialaeda in the 8. Pacific,
dlscDTeied bj saptaJD Hnntci in 1791. They
are 6 m, ainndar, but alrooat JMned hj ■ aandy
apit above wal^r. Tlkej are covered with ahmba,
hare few tall tiaei on them, and the land ia low-
Long. aftneeaaleroialaBdlM. 3. e.,ls(.8. 6. S.
PkiUfftniUt, a fortified town of the Nether-
landi.St m. S. by W. of Namnr.
Pkilippi, a town of Hacedon, and an archbiah-
op ■ aee. near thia place ooauDooIy called (he
plaiiM of PhUippi, CaaaiaB and Brntoa- were de-
feated by AuguitnaandHarkAntonj^, in49B. C.
it i* sreatly dseayed, but an am|thitheatT« and
aeveru other monnmenla of ita ancient gnnAtxa
remiin. 60 m. K. of Balonica. Lone- M. 18.
£., laL 40. 40. N.
Pkilippitu, a itrang town of the Netbettanda,
inFlindan. Itwaa takenbytheFrenoh m 1747,
and again in I7M ; but mtorcd in IBI4. It ii
eeatefon an arm of the Scheldt, 15 m. 14. by W.
of Ghent.
PkUippiiit Mmdr, a large clniter of ialanda,
■aid to be 1,100 in number, in the E. Indian Oisaaa.
ir if very hot ai
rice, Ac. The tieM are >1«V* gi
are ripe Ihiita all the year. Then
beaata and birda, quits onknown ii
an aflablcj boapilabli
lanii n
« Mllftrtila ia
rible a
Tbe American Philoaophicsi Society have a libia-
iT of 4,000 volumea. The A the neum 2,000. The
Acadam; of Natural Sciencea 2,000. The Society
ofFriendi 2,000, and the Ho^pi
Pennaytrania Unlvertity occupietan eamce ong-
iiioHy deaigned for lbs reaideoce of the Piesident
of thr United States.
11i« Fair Mount Water Works constitute an im-
menae Sydrauiie eatablishment upon llie Schnyl-
kill a tittle above the city, foi supplying Philadel'
phia Wilh water; tbe Schiijlkill ia dammed, and
the wrter of the river raiaed into reaervoira hold-
ing nearly 90,000,000 galloni. Froni these the
water _a conveyed in pi pea, unoDnling in
aggregate length to 5G milea, through Philadel-
phia aad the auburba. Thtae worka coat neoily
a milLon and a half of dollars. There an two
bridge* o««r the Schu vlkill below the water worka.
The Delaware at the city is ihne quarteiv of a
mile wide, and is navigable for ships of tba line,
rhe lity eitenda oear^ &om the Delawan to the
8ch,,tTkiII. The streeta are kept BDCommonly
clear the marketa are well auppUed, a«d living
ia eheaper than in any other laige city in the
Onited Btatea. It ia a wry agreeable place of
residenea empt in aumnwr, when the heat ia
intenao. It «aa founded by William Penn in
ins i and ii governed by a Mayor, (we ooonul*
They cultivate tbe
the nma roof with themaelvee. The hotiaea an
bamboo, covered with palm leaves, raised on pil-
lara to tbe height ot nine feet The ehief food cob-
aists of rice, eoeoa-nnla, and aalted fish. Fmtlwr
particularv are given nnder the names of th« n-
■peetive Id and*.
Phmppaia, JfoB. 8m PtUw IilaitJM.
PAUil^apoU, a town of Hacedon, founded by
Pliilip, the father of Alexander the Great ft
wia nearly deatroyed by an earthquake in 1618.
It ia seated on a small island formed by tbe Ma-
rina, 95 m. W. N. W- of Adrianople.
Philiju JVorfm, a toim in Somersetahire, Bng
and ioi m. W. of London.
Fhilipslrttrg, p,v. Orange Co- I», T., Wamn
Co R. J., Centn Co. Pa. and Jeffiiraon Co. Ohio.
PhOipnitU, a village in New Feliciana Pariah,
Looiai—
_ one of < the bnlwarka of the empire _.
taken by the French In 1734, when the dnh« if
Berwick waa killed at the dege ; bnt it wa« rc-
stond the year following bj the tnatyof Tienoa.
In 1799 it waa fonr lime* blockaded by the Freneh
npnblioaH, ud «■• at length eom^tBly dia-
KD 609 HL
maatled. It ii «tte<* en the Rhine, 17 m. N. of Epidaurae. It k eitnle on the W. eotet of the
Darlaeh. #alf of Eguu, 95 m. E. of Napoli dl RonMUiia
PhUipttadi, a town of Sweden, in Wermeland, Lon^. 23. 29. E., lat. 37. 40. N.
Mated in a mountainoai country, aboanding in PtedmeiUf a princtpalitj of Italy. 150 m. long;
iron minee, between two lakes, and watered bj a and 90 broad ; hounded on the N. by the Valaii,
rivulet. 29 m. N. £. of Carlitadt and 160 W. by £. by the Milanese, S. by the eouiity of Nioe and
N. oTStoekholm. the territory of Genoa, and W. by France. It
Pkilipttownf a town of Ireland, capital of King^s eontaine many hi^ mountains, among which ai-o
county. 40 m. W. of Dublin. ■ Loof . 7. 13. W., rich and frnitiUl vaHeys, as popukms as any part
lat. 5J. 18. N. of Italy. In the moontaias are rich mines of
PkUiiptiowti, p.t Putnam Co. N. Y. on the •eyemf kinds, and the forests aflbrd a enrnt deal
Hudson, nearly opposite West Point. Pop. of game. The principal rivers are the ro, Tan a-
4,816. ro, Storia, and Dona. This country baa a great
PkUUpwtimf p.t. Woreetter Co. Mass. 65 m. N. trade in raw silk ; and it produces com, rice,
W. Boston. Pop. 938. wine, flruits, hemp, flax, anu cattle. It belongs
PkiUnu^ p.y. Franklin Co. Ohio. 14 m. from to the king of Sarainia, whose authority was le-
Columbua. stored in lol4. Turin is the capital.
Phipabwrgt p-t. Lincoln Co. Me. on the Kenne- Piaua, a town of Tnscany, 9& m. S. E. of
bee. 20 m. 8. W. Wtscasset. Siena.
Piaeetua, Sea Plaeeitxa. Pierey^ a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop.
Piatuua, a town and castle of the Sardinian 936.
aUtes, in Piedmont, seated on the Dora, 6 m. W. PumnmU, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 1,042.
of Turin. Pierponl, p.t. Ashtabula Co. Ohio.
Plamna^ an Island off the coast of Tuscany. 6 PUrrtfmmi^ p.y. St. Lawienoe Co. II. T. Pop.
m. S. of that of Elba. It is level and low, as tlie 749.
name imports. Long. 10. 34. £., lat. 42. 46. Pierre^ Si,, a small island near Newfoundland,
N. ceded to the French in 1763, for drying and.
Pime, a river of Austrian Italy, which rises in curing their fish. They were dispoosessecT of it
the delegation of Feltre, flows through the Vene- by the English in 1793. Long. 56. 0. W., lat.
tian temtory, and falls into the gtuf of Venice, 46. 39. N.
16 m. N. E. of Venice. Pierref St., a town of the isUnd of Martinieo,
Piazxay a town of Sicily, in Val di Noto, sitn- situate on a round bay, on the W. coast, 15 m.
ate almost in the centre of the island, 38 m. W. N. W. of Fortroyal. Long. 61. 21. W., lat. 14.
N. W.ofLentini. 44. N.
PieardM. a former province of France, on the Pierre U MfftUier, fli., a town of France, depart-
English Channel, now chiefly included in the de- ment of Nievre, 15 m. N. W. of Moulins anci 15i)
partment of Sonune. S. of Paris.
Piekaway, a county of Ohio. Pop. 15;935, Cir- PUiola, a village of Austrian Italy, near Man-
cleville is the capital. Also a town in this Co. tua, the birth-plaice of Virgil, to whose memory
on the Scioto. an obelisk was erected in 1797, by Bonaparte.
Pickerings a town in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It Pietro^ St., an island in the Mediterranean, 13
had a strong castle, in which Richard II. was nr. km^ and 3 broad, near the S. W. coasts of
confined, now in ruins. The parish chnrch is an Sardinia, taken by the French in 1763, but reta-
ancient and spacious building, with a fine lofty ken soon after.
spire ; and here are meeting-houses for Indepen- Pignend, or PignerUa, a town of Piedmont,
dents, WesIeyaniK Primitive Methodists, and and a bishop's see, with mani^ketorss of woolen,
Friends. 96 m. N. E. of York and 222 N. by W. silk, psi|er, and leather, and a trade in com,
of London. wine, spirits, &c. It is seated on the Cluson,
PieOy one of the Aiores or Western Islands. 20 m. S. W. of Turin.
It has & volcanic mountain, called Pico, about Pike^ a county of the E. District of Pennsyl-
8,000 fiset m perpendicular beight, from the sur- vania. Pop. 4,843. MiHbrd is the capital ; a
face of the sea to the summit of the peak ; on its county of Ohio. Pop. 6,094. Piketon is the
sides are numerous craters, sevc^ m which are eapital ; a county or Kentucky. Pop. 9,677.
now almost concealed by trees. The last ernp- Pikeville is the capital; a countv of Indiana,
tion of the peak happened in 1718, and destroyed Pop. 9,464. Petersburg is the capital ; a county
several vineyards. The island is about 80 m. in of Missouri. Pop. 6,121. Bowling Gieen is the
circumference, and produces a great deal of wine, eapital; a county of Mississippi. Pop. 5y409.
Juiong. 98. 96. W., lat. 38. 29. N. Holmesville is the capital ; also towns and vUlages
JpSiUndba, a volcano in South America, 15,998 in Alleghany Co. N. Y. Pop. 9^016. Bimdmrd
feet above the sea. It is situated near Quito, Co. Pa., Knox, Peny, Madison, Wayne, Starke
11 deg. S. of the equator. and Clark Cos. Ohio.
FtBduens, a county of Alabama. Fop. 6,660. Pi^e/anJ, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Pickens is the capital. Pike JZnii, a township of Washington Co. Pa.
PiekenmoiUe, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C. PikeeviUe^ p.y. Baltimore Co. Maryland.
Pictouj a small islknd, between that of St. John PikeviUe, p.v. Marion Co. Alabama.
and the continent of Nova Scotia, at the E. end JPJtei^eve, a township of Salem Co. II. J.
of Northumberland Strait. Long. 69. 15. W., PMgram, a town of Bohemia, in the oirole o#
lat. 45. 50. N. BnAEi, at the sonreo of the Iglw, 98 m. £1 of
Pcite' WaUy in England, a famous barrier agniasi Tabor.
the Picta, of which some remains are left. It be- PHOem^ a sea-pefft of Pniaria, en tiie Bahio.
Em at the entrance of Solwmr Frith, in Cumber* The haivboar ie good, and it is woU ibrtifled. bo*
nd, and, passmg E. by Culfsle, wna eotttfamed ing coneidcrsd as tfao bahrarit and key of tko
across the island to T^nemeutii. kingdom. Here is a magaiine for militaiy alDiOo;
Pidamra, a town of the fiierea, the aneient nnd bilow tho gilo of the mMIo ii •
no 600 PI8
trian ■Utile of FVederic William the Graat. Tlie above miiMiiMlitf . It haa a good hnboor, de
atreeta are broad and' atrught, and the hooaea fended \|t a oitaml. and ia aeftted on a peninaoU^
built in the Dnteh taste. In 1807 it waa taken 40 m. S. 8. £. of Leghorn. Long. 10. 23. E.,
bv the French, and re-taken by the Ruaaiana in lat 4St. 57. N.
l6i3. It ia 20 m. W. by 8. of Konigaberg, of PipernOf a town of the eccleaiaatioal atatea. In
which it la the port. Long. 20. 20. £, lat. 54. Campagna di Roma, bnilt out of the roina of the
38. N. ancient PriTemum, and aeated on a mountain, 9
Pilniti, a town of Saxony, in Meiaten, with a m. N. N. W. of Terracina.
royal palaoe, celebrated for a trea^ entered into PipUyt ■ town of Bengal, aeated on the Saban
by the princea of £arope againat France, in 1792. leeka, not far from ita mouth, 53 m. 8. of Mid-
The palace waa burned down in 1818, but haa umore.
aince been rebuilt. 7 m. S. £. of Dreaden. Fiqua^ p.t. Miami Co. Ohio.
PUsetif a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of PtrofM, a email aea-port of the Aoatrian atatea,
the aame name, which ia particularly rich in in latria, leatad on a peninaula 6 m. 8. W. of
aheep, and noted for excellent cheese. The town Capo d'lstria.
is fortified and well built, and aeated at the con- Piritz, a townof Pomerania, aeated near the lake
flux of the Radbuza and Walta, 55 m. 8. W. of Maldui, 12 m. 8. by W. of New Stargard.
Pra^e. Lon^. 13. 39. £., lat. 49. 42. N. Pirmasens.tk town of Bavaria, in the circle of
PtUnOf or PtlzoWf a town of Austrian Poland, the Rhine. Near this place, in 1793, the French
aeated on the Wialoka, 60 m. £. of Cracow. were defeated by the rruaaiana. It ia 13 m. £.
PUUHy a town of Ruaaia, in Courland, capital of Deux Ponta.
of a fertile district of its name; aeated on the riv- Pinuif a town of Saxony, celebrated for a
er Windau, 16 ip. N. N. W. of Goldingen. battle fought in ita neighbourhood, between the
Pinekney^ p.t Lewia Co. N. Y. Pop. 783; alliea and the French, in 1813. It baa a caatle on
p. V. Montgomery Co. Missouri. a mountain, called Sonnenstein, which waa almoa*
PinekneyoiUSj p.t. Union Dis. 8. C. destroyed by the Prussians in 1756 and 1758, and
Pine, townahips in Alleghany and Lycoming is now an aaylum for invalids, &c. It is a place
Cos. Pa. of considerable trade, aituate on the £lbe, 12 m. S.
Pine Chrooe.h. townahip of Schuylkill Co. Pa.; £. of Dresden,
p.v. Warren Co. Pa. Pita^ a city of Tuscany, capital of the Piaano,
Pine Hillf p.v. York Dia. 8. C. and an archbishop's see, with a famoua univeraitv
PinevHUt p.v. Charleaton Dia. S. C. 50 m. N. and three forts. The river Amo runs through
Charleston. Pisa, and over it are three bridgea, one of which
Pines f Isle of, an island in the 8. Pacific, off the ia constructed of marble ; and .there ia a canal
8. end of New Caledonia, 14 m. in length. It ia hence to Leghorn. Thia city formerly contained
a pointed hill, sloping toward the extremities, 100,000 inhAitanta, but there are not at present
which are very low ; and on the low land are 20,000. The manufiustures consist of steel, jew-
many tall pine treea. Long. 167. 38. £., lat. 22. ellry, embroiderv, damasks, velvet, tafieta, and
38.8. See Pinos. calico. The catnedral is a magnificent atructure,
Pinev, a town of France, department of Aube, and on the right side of the choir ia a leaning
12 m. £. N. £. of Troyes. tower, much noticed by travellers. There are
Pinif'kinfr^ or Ping-yuen, a city of China, of upwards of 80 other churches : that of St Stephen,
the first rank, in the province of fcoeitcheou, 930 belonging to an order of knights, la particularly
m. S. S. W. of Pekin. Long. 107. 28. £., lat 26. deaerving of notice. The other remarkable build- <
38. N. inn axe the palaces of the grand duke and arch- •
Ptng-Uanjff a city of China, of the firat rank, bishop, the araenal, the £[reat hospital, and the \
in the province of Chen-si ; seated on the river magnificent exchange, which laat ia almoatauper-
Kin-ho, 550 m. 8. W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 25. fluous, aa the trade of risa ia removed to Leghorn.
£., lat. 35. 35. N. It ia aeated in a fertile plain, at a email distance
Pinkel, a atrong town of Portugal, in Beira, from the Mediterranean, 11 m. N. N. £. of Leg-
capital of a territory of the aame name, and a horn and 42 W. by 8. of Florence. Long. 10. &.
biahop's see. It is seated on the Coa, 28 m. N. £., lat. 43. 43. N.
by W. of Guarda. Long. 6. 40. W., lat 40. />uaiio, a territory ofTuacany, lying N. of the
46. N. Florentine, on the Mediterranean. It is 47 m.
Pinnebergf a town of Hanover^ in the duchy of lonff and 25 broad, abounds in corn, oil, and wine,
Holstein, capital of a small province of its name, ana ia well cultivated. Pisa hi the capital,
with a castle. It is seated on the Owe, 10 m. Piseadores. See Pon^^lum.
N. W. of Hamburgh. PiseataquA^ a river of New Hampahire, the
Pt'fios, an islan<r of the W. Indies, on the 8. mouth of which forms the only port in thatatate,
aide of Cuba, 25 m. long and 15 broad, mountain- and at its entrance ia a lighthouae, in long. 70. 41.
oua, and covered with pinea. Long. 82. 33. W., W^ lat. 43. 4. N.
lat 22. 2. N. ' ' Pisaumoay, a township of Middlesex Co. N. J. ;
Pinsky a town of Rusaian Lithuania, in the gov- p^t. Prince George Co. Maryland. 18 m. S. of
emment of Minak. There are many Jews among Washington.
the inhabitanta, and the Greeks have a biahop. JPiioo, a town of Peru, in the province of lea,
The chief manufacture is dressing Rusaian leather, with a good road for ahipa. It ia aeated in a conn-
It is surrounded by morasses, and atands on a riv- try fertile in excellent fruits and good wine, 130
erof the aame name, 90 m. £. of Bneao. Long. m. 8. 8. E. of Lima. Long. 75. oS. W., lat. 13.
26. 20. £., lat 52. 18. N. 86. 8.
PirnnHnOf a email principality of Italy, on the Pisekf a town of Bohemia, capital of the circle
coaat of Tuscany, to which was annexed the of Prachin. Bohemian diamonda are found liere.
Island of £lba, separated by a channel 7 m. It ia aeated on the Wotawa, near its conflux with
broad. the Muldau, 58 m. 8. 8. W. of Prague. Long. 14
PiamUM^ a aea-port of lUly, eapital of the 0. £., lat. 49. 21. N.
PIT 601 PLA
lUf a eity of Tuieanj, and a biahop'a iee, Piffiifaairfg, a eoonty of the E. Diatriet of Vif
with a ciudel. There are wTeral fine charchea, ginia. Pop. 26,022.
magnifioent palaoes, and handtome atieeta ; bat Piuraf a town of Pern, capital of a proTinoe of
it is almost deserted, in comparison to what it was the same name. This was tne first Spanish set
formerly. The Aastrians defeated the Neapolitans tiement in Peru, being foanded by Fisarro in
here in 1815. It is seated near the river Stella, 1531. It is 25 m. S. E of PatU. Long. 80. 29.
20 miles N. W. of Florence. Long. 11. 29. £., W., lat. 5. 15. S.
lat. 43. 55. N. PizzigkiUms^ a town of Aostnan Italy, with a
Piteaim*s Is^Mmd, an island in the S. Pacific strong castle, in which Francis I. of France was
Ocean in lat. 25. 2. S. Long. 130. 21. W. It is kept prisoner. It was taken by the French in 1733,
surroanded by rocks and dtmcult of access, yet again in 1796, and retaken by the Austrians and
is fertile and pleasant. Here the mutineers of Rassians in 1799. It is situate on the Adda, 10 m
the Bounty formed a settlement which has since N.W. of Cremona and 30 S. E. of Milan,
been visited by British and American ships. The Pixzo, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on
inhabitants are about 50 or 60, a mixture of Eu- the gulf of St. Euphemia 4 m. W. by N. of Monte
ropeans and Otaheitans ; their manners are civil- Leone,
ised, and they speak English. PlaeaUia, a town of Spain in Estremadura, and
Pilcaithlyt a village of Scotland, seated in a se- a bishop's see, with a castle. It is seated in a
questered vale, 5 miles S. of Perth. Its mineral plain, iilmost surrounded by mountains, 50 m. N.
waters have been long famed in scorbutic com- £. of Alcantara and 110 vV. S. W. of Madrid.
plaints, and it has gO(Ml accommodations for in- Long. 5. 56. W., lat. 40. 6. N.
valids. PTateniia^ a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on
Pitka^ a seaport of Sweden, in W. Bothnia, the Deva, f& m. E. by S. of Bilbao,
seated on a small island, at the mouth of a river Placttuiay a sea- port of Newfondland, on the
of its name, in the gulf of Bothnia. It is joined E. side of a large bay on the S. part of the island,
to the continent by a wooden bridsre, and is 95 The harbour is capacious, and defended by a fort,
miles N. N. £. of Uma. Long. 2J. 5d. E. lat. called St. Louis. It is 60 ro. W. S. W. of St.
65. 15. N. John. Long. 53. 43. W., lat. 47. 15. N.
PUsehen, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- PUutnzay a fortified town of Italy, capital of a
omment of Brrslan, on the frontiers of Poland, duchy, included in that of Parma, and a bishop's
50 miles E. of Breslau. see, with a good citadel, and a celebrated univerai-
Pitt, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 12,174. ty. The churches, sooares, streets, and fountains
Greenville is the Capital. are beautiful. The inhabitants, about 30,000, have
PiUenteeemy a borough of Scotland, in Fifeshire, scarcely any other employment than the mana-
with a harbour on the frith of Forth. In the vi- facture of silk stuffs. At this place the Austrians
cinitjr are coal mines and salt-works. 10 miles S. gained a decisive victory over the Spaniards and
by £. of St. Andrew and 24 N. E. of Edinburgh. French in 1746. In 1796 it was taken by the
PiUaborougky p.v. Chatham Co. N. C. 26 m. W. French, who were forced to evacuate it in 1799.
Raleigh. In 1800.it again fell into the hands of the French,
PiUsburgy city, Alleghanv Co. Pa. the chief and was retained till 1814. It is of greater ex-
town in the western part or the state. It stands tent than Parma, and is seated in a well cultivated
upon a point of land at the junction of the Alle- country, near the river Po, 38 m. W. N. W.*of
Siany and Monongahela rivers, which here take Parma. Long. 9. 38. £., lat. 45. 5. N. See
e name of Ohio. It is built on a regular plan Parnui.
upon the slope of an eminence, and a level plain Plains townships to Stark, Wayne and Frank*
at its foot. It IS finely situated for trade, and en- lin Cos. Ohio.
joys a communication by steamboats with all the Plaii^ddy p.t. Washington Co. Vt Pop. 674 ;
great towns on the Ohio and Mississippi; but it p.t. Sullivan Co. N. H. Pop. 1,581 ; p.t. Hamjp-
is most distinguished for its large snd flourishing shire Co. Mass. 110 m. W. Boston. Pop. 98a;
manufactures of glass, iron, woolen and cotton, p.t. Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,626; p.t. Essex
for which see Pennst^wutui. The surrounding Co. N. J. Northampton Co. Pa. and Coshocton
country is exceedingly rich in bituminous coal, Co. Ohio.
which IS delivered at the houses for three cents PUutaw^ p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pop.
the bushel. The constant use of this fuel causes 591.
a perpetual cloud of black smoke to hang over Ptea, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Pil*
the place. The suburbs, Birmingham and Alle- sen, with a castle, 20 m. S. E. of E^ra.
ghany, lie on the opposite sides of the two rivers PlaqueminKSf a Parish of Louisiana. Pop.
and communicate with the city by bridges. Pitts- 4,4^. Fort Jackson is the capital ; also the
burg is a very flourishing place ; it is not a hand- name of a bend in the Mississippi, 70 m. below
soroely built town ; yet it contains some neat edi- New Orleans,
fices. Pop. 12,542. P/^tfe rtver, a branch of the Missouri, from the
PiUsfieldy p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. west ; it is 400 m. long and joins the Missouri in
Boston. Pop. 3,570. It is a pleasant town and has lat. 41. N.
manufactures of cloth, muskets and drums. Here P/ossey, a town of Bengal, in the district of
are barracks and a hospital of the United States. Nuddeah, memorable for a great victory obtain-
p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 15 m. N. W. Concord, ed by oolonel Clive in 1757 over the nabob Snra-
Pop. 1,271 ; p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 505; p.t jab Dowlah. It is 25 ra. S. of Moorshedabad.
Otsego Co. N. T. Pop. 1,005. Plmia or CAicswisaea, a rich and populous city
PUufinrdf p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 2,005 p.t. of Peru, capiuf of the province of Las Charcas,
Monroe Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,841. and an archbishop's see, with a universitv. Thm
PittMgrovtt p.t Salem Co. N. J. cathedral is large, and finely adorned with ^ni>
PittAm,p,i. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1«804; insrs and gildings. It is seated on the Chimao,
pt Hunterdon Co. N. J. ; p.t. Loseme Co. Pa. 600 m. S. E. of Cnseo. Long. 66. 34. W., lat.
PSttsCeisn, p.t Rensselaer Co. N. T. Pop. 3.702. 19. 16. 8.
76 *^ 3E
PttMi or Ibo 4b iMPUta^tL lam rirer of 8. iatb»,gefttedoiitheFeistex,attlftefootofaiiiomi-
America, formed by the nnion of the ifreat riven tain 20 m. E. of ClagenforL
Parana and Um^ay. It was di«coTered in 1515 Pl&ezkoj^ town of Poland, capital of a Palatinate
bj Juan Diax (w ^lii, a Spanish navigator who of the same name, and a bishop** see, with s cai-
was slain by the natives in endeavoaring^ to make tie. It is seated on a hill, near the Vistula, 35 m.
a descent in the country. It forms the S. boond- N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 19. 29. £.,lat. 52. 46. N.
•ry of Brazil, and enters the Atlantic between Ploen, a town of Denmark, in the daehj of
the capes of St. Anthony and St. Mary, the lat- Holslein. It has a castle on a monntain, sod ii
ter in lat. 35. S. It is 1^ m. broad at its month ; seated on the N. side of a lake, 24 m. N. N. W. of
and at Monte Video, 60 m. np the river, the land Lnbee. Long. 10. 30. £., lat. 54. Jl. N.
is not to be discerned on either shore when a /^/oonne/, a town of France department of Hor-
vessel IB in the middle of the channel. This river biham, on Ute river Due, 27 m. N. E. of Vsnnet.
has many islets and shnals, which canse adverse Plattkau, a town of Saxony in the principaJitj
currents, and render its na vibration intricate; of Anhatt, with a castle; seated on the Stale, 10
atiQ the only safe pirt on its shores, for ships of m. W. of Kotben.
considerable burden, is Monte Video. PhukemiRt p.v. Somerset Co. N. J.
Plata f a province of Buenos Ayres, in Para- P/wfexz, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, eapitil of
griiay, seated on the S. W. of the river Plata. a lordsliip of its name. It is seated on a pltia,
PUue^ a town and castle of Pomerania on the on the river 111, 12 ro. S. S. E. of Felkircb.
river Reea, 19 m. E. by S. of Camin. Plum idand, on the coast of Massa'^huetti,
PiattekiUf a township of Ulster Co. N. T. Pop. extends from Newbnryport harbour to Ipswich.
2,044. It is 9 m. long and a mile in breadth. It is eoa-
Ptatten, a lake of Hungary, 60 m. to the S. posed of sana hills bearing a scanty vegetttion of
K. of that of Neusidler. It is 46 m. in length, plum bushes. The whole surface of the island
from 3 to 8 in breadth, and abounds with fish. is furrowed into singular hollows and ridpi like
PlaUeUyK town of Bohemia, in the circle of immense snow drifts. It produces also wild gnpei
Saau, on the fronUers of Saxony, 14 m. N. of Eln- and cherries, and in the autumn aflbrds a deli|rht-
Uogen . ful resort for parties of pleasure who freqaent the
PlaUsburg, p.t. Clinton Co. N. Y. on Lake island in great numbers to enjoy the sea breeset
Champlain 63 m. S. Montreal. Pop. 4,913. It On the north end stands two light houses,
was the scene of some important military events Phtmb, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa.
during the late war, and is particularly distin- P^icmpsfeo^, a township of Berks Co. Pa.
<ruished for the defeat of the British army under Pluners, or Pizkiviere,M, town of France, in the
Sir George Prevost, and the capture of the Brit- department ofLoiret,20 m. N. N. £. of Orleane.
tsh fleet by Commodoie Mc Donough in Sept. Plymouth^ a trough and sea- port in Deron*
1 S14 . shire, Eng. It is seated at the mouth of the Pljni,
Plnvj a town of Saxony, in the grand duchy of and next, to Portsmouth, is the most considenble
Mecklenburg, with a castle, seated on a lake of harbour in England for men of war. It tffordf
the same name 20 m. S. S. E. of Gustrow. fine anchorage for shi]is, particularly since the
Plawm , a to wn of Saxony , capital of Voigtland , constitution (3* the m agnificent break -water acroa
with a castle. It has considerable cotton manu- its entrance. The fishery for pilchards eitend
ftctnrss, and is seated on the Elster, 80 m. S. W. no further E. than this port, whence great ootn-
of Dresden. Long. 12 12. E., lat. 50. 28. N. titles are exported to Italy and other catholie
Plauen^ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on countries. It carries on a considerable foreign
a lake formed by the Havel, from which is a ca- and domestic trade. The charitable institntioDi
nal to the Elbe. It has a manufacture of porce- are numerous, and among those for literary pur-
lain, and is 5 ni. W. N. W. of Brandenburg. poses are the AthensBum and a public library. It it
Pleasant, townships in Franklin Madison, Clark, 43 m. S. W. of Exeter and 21^ W. by S. of Lon-
and Brown Cos., Ohio. don. Long. 4. 7. W., lat. 50. 23. N.
Pleasant Groves villages in Lunenburg Co. Va. Plymouth, a county of Massachusetts, border-
Orantre Co. N. C. Greenville. Dis S. C. Henry ing on Mass. Bay. Pop. 42,993. Plymoath ii the
Co. Geo. capital.
Pleasant Garden, villages in Burke Co. N. C. Plymouth, p\. the capital of the above coantr,
and Maury Co. Ten. 36 m. S. E. Boston. Pop. 4,751. It is memorable
Pleasant Hill, p.v. Wvthe Co. Va. in American historv as the place where the finl
Pleasant Level, p.v. Warren Co. Ken. and Mon- settlers of New England landed in Deeeinber
toe Co. Alab. 1620. The Forefathers' Rock, on which ther
Pleasant Plain, p.v. Franklin Co. Ten. first set foot has been removed from the eca shore
Pleasant Ridge, p.v. Green Co. Alab. to the centre of the town. The fbrtificttioM,
Pleasant Valley, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. T. Pop. 2, erected to defend them from the Indians maj
419. Here are cotton and other manufactures ; still be seen here,as also the first welldu^ in New
p.v. Putnam Co. N. T. Sussex Co. N. J. and Fair- England. The landing of the Pilgrims is anna-
fax Va. ally celebrated at this place, and a laree stone ei-
PleasanttiUe, a village of Shelby Co. Alab. ific called Pilgrim Hall was erected here in ISWl
Plesis, p.v. Jefferson Co. N. T. bv the New England society for use on such oc«-
Plesse, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- stons. The ha%our is shallow and insecore; tM
ernment of Oppeln, capital of a lordship, with a town has some commerce and roanufactures of
a fine castle. It is surrounded by walls flanked cordage, iron and cotton. Pop. 4,751.
with towers, and seated on the Vistula, 36 m. E. Plifnumth, p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. Pop- l»y^J
S. E. of Ratilw. Long. 19. 3. E., lat. 49. 57. N. p.t. Windsor Co. Va. Pop. 1,237 ; pt. L|«c'»fi^™
Plettenbere, a town of Westphalia, with an an- Co. Conn. Pop. 2,064 j p.v. Chenango Co. W- »•
Rtcnt castle ; situate on the Else and Oestcr, 13 Pop. 1 591. also towns in Luxerne and Afontfom-
m. 8. S. W. of Atensbcrg. erv Cos. Pa. Washington Co. N. C Richmond \A
Pleyborg^ a to-vn u^^ Mwtle of Austria, in Can- Ohio
-1
poi M roi;
Plym/Mflw, p.t. Pliraoirth Co. IIm0. 99 m. B. E. Peini PlMtmiU. TilfagM in Windhun Co. Vt,
Bofton, with reananotiirM of aran. Pop. 990. Maaon Co. Va., Clermont Co. OIuo Martin Co.
PZympten, a bofoii|rh in Devonahire, Eng. It Indiana,
had once acaatle, now in mina ; and ia oneofiho Point Jtemoee, p.r. Pulaaki Co. Ark.
atannary towna for tin. Itia aeatednearthe Plym> Pairing, a town of the Sardinian atatea, in
7 m. E. of Plymonth and 218 W. by S. of Lon« Piedmont; aeated on the Bonna, 14 m. S. C. of
don. Turin.
PlffnUmman^ a raat and lofty mountain of Potafjf, a. town of France, department of Seine*
Walea, partly in Montffomeryahire, and partly in et-Oiae, the birthplace of Louin XI.; aeated neaf
Cardiganahire. The Mvern, the Wye, and other the foreat of St. Germain, 15 m. N. W. of Paria.
rivera, have their aonrce in thia mountain. Poitiers , a town of France, capital of the de«
Pe, the orinci pal river of Italy, which has ita partment of Vienne, and a bishop^ aee. Ita pop
Muroe at Monte Viao, in Piedmont, flowa N. £. la not in proportion to ita extent ; for it includea
to Turin, and thence proceeding in an eaaterly i number of ffardcna and fielda within ita circuit,
eoaree it dividea Auatnan Italy from the atatea of It has aeveraf Roman antiquitiea, particularly an
Parma, Modena, and the pope'a dominion, and amphithentrp, partly demolished ; and a triumphal
entersthegulfof Venice by four principal montha. arcn, which serves aa a gate to the great street.
In ita course it receives aereral rivera, and often Here, in 1356, Edward the Black Prince gained
overflows ita banka, aa moat of thoae rivera de- a victory over the French, taking prisoners king
ace nd from the Alpa,and are increaaed by the melt* John and hia aon Philip, whom he brought to
in^ of the snow. It ia croaaed like the Rhine by England. The principal manufactures are stock*
flymg bridges. ing*> woolen caps, gloves, and combs. It is seated
Po, a river of China, in the prorinee of Kianjg* on a hill, on the river Clain, 85 m. S. W. of Toura
at, which runa into the Po-yang-hou, a amall di»> and 120 N. by E. of Bordeaux. Long. 0. 21. E.,
tance from Jao>tcheou. lat. 46. 35. N.
PocotaligOf p.v. Beaufort Dia. S. C. PoUau, a province of France, which now ibrma
Poeklingtonf a town in E. Torkahire, Eng. on a the three departmenta of Vendee, Vienne, and
atream that runa into the Derwent, 14 m. E. of Deux Sevrea.
York and 194 N. by W. of London. Pola, a strong sea-port of Istria, and a biahop'a
Podeiuteini a town of Itevarian Franeonia, near aee. Here are large remaina of a Roman amphi-
the aource of the Pntlach, 30 m. S. E. of Bamberg, theatre and a triumphal arch. It is seated on a
Podgana, a free city of the Auatrian empire, mountain, near a bay of the gulf of Venice, 38 m.
in Guicia, aeated on the Viatula, oppoaite to 8. of Capod'Iatria. Long. 14. 9. E., lat. 45. 13. N
Craoow. Po/and, a large country of Europe, bounded on
It haa an area of 5^20 aq. m. with 438,000 inhabi- territoriea wreated b^ that power from the Turka.
tanta. The capital ia Siedlce. It waa formerly divided into four principal parta.
PodoUa, a government of Ruaaia, wrested fitmi Great Poland," Little Poland, Red Russia, ana
Poland, in 1993. The Dniester separatee it from Lithuania. In 1772 a partition of this country,
Moldavia on the 8. W., and the Bog eroaaea it projected by the king or Pruaaia. waa effected by
from the N in a 8. E. direction. It baa an area that monarch, in conjunction witn the eropreaa of
of 20,400 aq. m. with 1,330.000 inhabiUnu. Ruaaia and the emperor of Germany. By thia
Podolsk, a town of Russia, in the government partition one-third of the country waa wreated
of MoMsow 28 m. 8. of Moaeow. th>m the republic, the diet being compelled, by a
PodoTf a fortress of Africa, on the river Senegal, foreign force, to make and to ratify this important
built by the French. It waa ceded to the Enghah ceaaion. The three partitioning powera, more-
in 1763, bui afkerwarda taken by the French, and over, forcibly eflTeoted a great chance in the con-
confirmed to them by the peace of 1783. Long, atitution. In 1791, however, the king and the
14. 20. W.. lat. 17. 1. N. In the wooda and plaina nation, in concurrence, almoat unanimously, and
in the neighborhood, are found nomeroua herds without any foreign intervention, eatablished
of the harnessed antelope. An animal aingularly another constitution, and one so nnexceptionable
marked with stripes creasing each other and to- every way that it waa celebrated by Mr. Burke
aembling a hameaa. aa a revolution whereby the conditiona o£aU were
Poggufj a town of Tuaeany, with a handaome made better and therighta of none infringed. Bv
palace, 8 m. 8. E. of Florence. it the broila of an elective monarchy, oif which
Pogriabonxif a town of Tuaeany, with the mine Poland, on almoat every vacancy of the throne,
of a citadel, aeated near the Elaa, 20 m. 8. of had been involved in the calamitiea of war, were
Florence. avoided, the throne being declared hereditary in
Pogry, an laland in the Indian Ocean, on the the houae of Saxony. A Tew of the nobility, how-
W. aide of the island of Sumatra, and aeparAted ever, diacontented at the generoua aacrifice of
from the N. end of that of Naaaan by a narrow aome of their privilegea, re|>aired to the court of
channel, which containa a number of amaller ial- Ruaaia ; and, their repreaentationa concurring with
anda, the whole of which are aometimea called the ambitioua viewa of the empreaa, she aent an
the Naaaan or Poggy ialanda. It ia triangular, army into Poland, under pretext of being guaran-
and about 20 m. in length. Long. 99. 33. E., lat lee of the conatitution of 1772. Her intertereoc«
2. 20. 8. waa too powerful to be reaiated ; and thia new
Point, a townahip of Northumberland Co. Pa. conatitution waa overthrown. But the principal
i*0tii< Cbnpea, a pariah of Louiaiana. Pop. 5,936. object for which the Ruaaian army entered Po
Point Coupee ia the capital. land waa not j<t% attained. The empieaa had
Popia LnhndHs, p.v. Franklin Co. Miaaoori. on planned, in coainnetion with the kind of Pmn
tlie Mtaaonri. m. a aeoond partition of thia country, which
Pamlc9P0{w, p.v. Ctennoiit Co. Ohio. «iok pbM in 1703. Sveh nvlti^ttad oppc eaMoop
PolUh aTinj, (a UMrl the indeprndeoce of hta
oonntry, and to recover the provinw» wrested
from it. He wu iDcceaifuE st Snt, agiio*! the
king of PruMis ; bat wu at tengtb oTerpowared
by nnmbeni Ihe eonnlry wai in difierent puti
dnoUled, the boQMi burnt, and the inhabitanla
maaucred in cmwdi. The brave Koaeiuako wai
taken pritoDpr, and aent with a aumber of otbet
patriot* into conHnement at Peteriburgh , for hav-
ing dared to defend bia native countrj a^nat
fbreign aggreaaion. Tbe king formerly reaigned
hi* crown at Grodno, in 179S,and waa aflerwarda
removed to Petenbargh, where lie remained a
atalfl priaoner, till bia death, in 1796. Tbe whole
of the connlrj waa divided among the tbiee fti-
tilionincr powera. Austria had Little Poland, and
H roL
CT, ftar, beiap, flax, aaHp«ti«, ahun, nun*, be*
ej, and wax; and there are minea of aalt, of ■
great daptb, out of wtiieb ia dug rockaalt. Hor-
a, very atroag, iwiil, and bean
; and homed cattle are b
■ ofLitl
•nd Polachia ; and Rua
in 1806, the Freooh penetrated into Poland, and
proclaimed their deaire to leitore ita ancient inde-
pendence, when, traitiea of peace having been
•djuated with Ruaiia and Pruaaia, the project
waa for the moat part abandoned. Bj the peace
of Tilail, tbe kin« of Pniuii renounced the poa-
Kaaiontrf'lhc greater part of bia Poliib prorincei,
when the; were erected into tbe dukedom of
Wavaaw, in fkvor of the king of Saxony. In
1809 Anatria wai compelled to cede part of Qal-
icia to Ruaiia, and a further portion to the new
•Utea. But on tbe retreat of the French array
oat of Poland, in 1813, the Roaiiana knk poaara-
•ion of the duchy of Wiraaw, and the congren of
Vienna not nnl; conGrmcd to that power all the
poliah and Lithuanian provlncea acquired before
1795, but added the aovereignty of the central
provincea, which form the preaent kingdom of
Poland.
The towoa of Poland are fbr the moit part
bniJl with wood ; and tbe villagea conaiat of
Feland, the central portion of tbe prccediiw
countiy, elected into a acparmte atata in 1815. It
oompnae* tbechief part of that which, from 1807
to 1613, fbnned the duchy of Wanaw, and ■
bounded by the reapective acqniaitiona of Raaaia,
Anatria, and Pruaaia. Tbe forra uf the teiritorr
iaaaquareof 200 m ; in the middle aund* (be
capital, Waraaw; but there ia alio a detached
tract extending N. £. toward* Lithuuiia. Ila
ares it 47,000 aqnare m, and iti popalation 3,471
5O0. It ia aabject to the aame aovereign aa Raa-
aia, but ia governed in every reaper! aa a aepavale
monarchy, the caar being repreaented fay a vice-
roy. Tlic prevailing religion ia the Catholic, but
Frotsatanta are niuneroua, aa are alao the Jewa.
Thia remnant of the neat republic of Polaod
h(a rendered itaelf uottdTor Ibedcaperate attempt
which it made in 1830 and 1831 to throw off the
Ruaalan voke. Tbe Poliah conalitation granted
in 1815 by the Emperor Alexander, bad been re-
peatedly violated, and many cauaei of animoaily
between the Polea and their oppreiaon (ended
to embitter their aervitude. The Grand Dake
Conatanline, romraander in chief of the army, ont-
raged the feelinn of the nation by bii inaulliog
demeanorlowanU Ibeaoldierr. At length inajriird
by the recent example of tbe 'French and Belgian!
the Polea roae in ininrrection at Waiaaw on Iba
SDth of NovemlMr 1830; the revolt immadialcly
apread throughout tbe kingdom and eslended in-
to Lithuania and other parte of ancient Poland.
An obalinate and langninary war commenced,
and tbe Polea animated by tbe gnatnes* oflha
object for which tnay were contendinir, and hop-
ing for aid from thepoweraofweatem Europe, ob-
tained aoiDe advantagea in the ootaet which ae«m-
ed to proraiae a aucceaaful reautt to their heroic
eBbrta. But none of the Guropean powera alimd
in their behalf; (he Ruaaiana ponred in freafa ar-
raiea, and Poland overpowered by numbera, waa
forced to anhmit in the autnmn an831. Thia nn-
fortunate country now gmn* under a heavier ty-
rany than before. To the Ruaaian umiea (hat
cmihed the revolution, Europe owea the ronbcr
infliction oTtha peatilential cholera. Thia disor-
der waa introduced by them from Aaia into Po-
land during tbe campaisn of 1831, and apnad
orer a great part of Europe.
Patirtm. See Poolunmt
PaUnd. p.t. Tmmbull Co. Ohio. Pop, I J73.
F«Una, a name commonly given to the palatin-
ala of Bneac, in lathnania.
Pol, Si., ■ town of Fraooe, departm*nt of I^
» mineral water*. 16 m. N
„. , _r hnta. The eonntry i* *o fcr-
Ule ID con. In many place*, that it lupptiaa Swe-
den and Holland with large quantitie*, and it ba*
eilannvc paaturea. Peat, ochre, chalk, belamni
tea, agate, chaleeaony, oomeliana, onjica, juper,
loc^ cryatah, amethyiti, garnet*, topaiet, aapphi-
m, and even rnbiea and diamond* are fonnd in
Poland; aUotalc, *par, lapia calaminaria, coal,
Iton, l«id, and qoiokailvei. Her* '
de Caiaia, noted for :
W. ofArtaa.
PalitmJro, an laland in the Greeian Aivhipe-
lago, one of the Cycladea, SO m. in circa mfrnnoe.
Here an a few village*, a Caatlc, and a barboor;
bat it conaiats, in general, of barren rockn and
moantain*. It lies between Hilo and Pan*.
Long. as. 31. E., lat. 36. Xt S.
i'stiuit»,a lownofNapIei, inPrincipalo Cil-
ra, Mated on a gnlf of the aame name; in tbe ned-
itenanean, 85 m. 8. E. of Nulea. Lou. 15. «
E., UL 40. 15. N.
PaligwHte, • town of Napl<
feated on a crag^ roek, B
i* nuMih leatk- J6 m. £ of Ban.
M, in Terra di Bui,
thegtUfof Vcnin,
Km f05 'tm
P«lifiiy, a townof FnoMy deMitneni of Jan, MiMd k^jthe kinf of Pn»iim« ftad eonfinncd to
Mated on a rivuloL 23 m. S. 8. W. of Bewngon. bim in 1790 ; the wmainder N. of tho Secne mm
PoUma, ft town of Albania, 12 m. 8. of Dnrauo. ceded by the king of Sweden, at the treaty of
Po/*te, a townof Pomerania.inthe|Povernnient Kiel in 1814, to the king of Denmark, in ex-
of Stettin, celebrated for ite hope. 5 m. N. of change for Norway, bat aoon after came to Prut-
Stettin, sia in exchange for Saxe Lunenbarg.
PoIUzIm, a walled town of Bohemia, in the oir- Pamm'Ma, a district of W. Pra«ia, extending
ele of Chrudim, on the firoatiers of Moravia, 23 W. from the river Viitula to the duchy of Pomt-
m. S* E. of Crai dim. rania, of which it was forroerlv a part. It is now
PoUxx^ a town of Sicily, in Val di Maura, at included in the government or Dantsic.
the foot of the moaatain Madonia, 28 m. S. £. Pommm, or Mmmlsnd^ the largeet of the Or^ ner
of Palermo. lalands, being 24 miles long and from f^ to 10
PofkawUzt a town of Sileaia, in the principality broad ; but interaected by numeroua arma of the
of Glogaui 12 m. S. of Glogau. eea. The general appearance of the country m
Pojloekskawt, a town of Scotland in Renfrew- much the same as tne Mainland of Shetland |
ah ire, on the rirer White Cart, 3 m. W. S. W. of but the soil is more fertile, and in some parts bet
Glasffow. ter cultirated. Kirkwall is the capital. See
PsTite, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania, on the Orkmeyt.
river Orabow, 38 m. E. S. £. of Colberg. Pomdidkerry^ a town of Hindoostan, in the Csiw
PolarBj a town of Hindoostan in the Camatio, natic. It was first settled by the Fiench in 1674 ;
26 m. S. S. W. of Areot, and 55 m. N. W. of Pon- and previously to the war, of 1756 was a fine city,
dicherry. It extended along the sea coast above a mifo.
PoloUk^ a strong town of Russia, in the govern- was tbree^iaarters of a mile in breadth, and had
ment of Vitepsk, celebrated for a number of bat^ a citadel thlBn the best of its kind in India. The
ties kavinff been fought in its vicinitv, between city has been repeatedly taken by the English,
the Frencn and Russians, in 1812. it is seated particularly in 1761 ^when it was immediately
on the Dwina, at the influx of the Polota, 60 m. raied, in retaliation of M. Lally's conduct towards
6. W. of Vitepsk. Long. 27. 50. £.,lat 55. 43. N. Fort St. David) and the last time in 17i». I«
Psitaee,a government of Russia, between those was restored to the French at the general peace
of Catharinealav and Charkov. It has an area 85 m. S. by W. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. £..
of 16,000 square miles, wiUi 1,500,000 inhabit- lat. 11. 42. N.
ants*, is fertile in corn; and affords very rich i*oad»c0, a small uninhabited island of the Gre*
pasturage. eian Archipelago, near the coast of Negropont.
PoUana^ the capital of the foregoing govern- Long. 23. 29. £., lat 39. 9. N.
ment, with a considerable trade in cattle, corn, PamdniUe^ p.v. Essex Go. 11. T.
flax, hemp, wax, dbe. Jt is famous for a oattle, Ptn^errada, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
in 1709, between Peter the Great and Charles river Sill, 40 m. S. W. of Leon.
KI(. of Sweden, in which the latter was totally Pong'Aau, or PtJosdorcs. a eloster of islands in
defeated. 737 m. 8. E. of Petersburgh. the China sea, which lie about six leagues from
PoUtM, St., a town of Austria, the residence of a the W. coast of the island of Formosa. Tbe^ are
great number of the nobility. The adjacent coun- only sand-banks or rocks ; and not a shrub is to
try yields excellent saffron. It is seated on the be seen upon them. The harbonr of Pong-bou,
Drasam, 33 m. W. of Vienna. Long. 15. 41. E.| the principal island, is good, and was fortified by
lat. 48. 13. N. the Dutch, while they were masters of Formosa.
PoUxin, a town of Prnssia in Pomerania, near A Chinese garrison is kept here, with one of the
which* are medicinal springs and baths. 50 m. mandarins called liteiati, whoee chief employ is
N. E. of Stargard. to watoh the trading veesels between China and
PWyneraa, a term applied by modem geogra- Formooa. Long. 121. :&. E., lat. 25, 30. N.
phers to namerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, Fens, a town of France, department of Lower
Rom the Ladrones to Easter Island. The prin* Charente, with a mineral spring ; seated on a hill,
eipal groups are the Ladrones, Carolines, Pelew, near the river Sevigne, 10 m. S. of Saintes.
Sandwich, Society, Friendly Navigator's, Har- Pons, St., a town in the department of Heraalt,
fey, Georgian, and the Marquesas Islands. and a bishop's see. It is seated in a valley snr-
PosiM, a town of Portogal in Estrenwdura, 10 rounded by mountains, in which are fine marblt
m. N. E. of Leira and 21 S. of Coimbra. quarries, JM m. N. of Narbonne. Long. 2. 47. £.,
Peaufws, a small island in*the Mediteranean, lat 43. 29. N.
near the coast of France, at the entrance into tha Pomi AmdmMT, a town in the department of
harbour of Marseilles defended by a tower. Enre, with manufiictures of woolen, linen, and
PMn^rttaaa, an extensive province of Prussia, leather, and a brisk trade in com, cattle, and ei*
lying along the S. coast of the Baltic, and com* der, seated <m the Rille, 23 m. W. 8. W. of Rooen.
prising an area of ]2,(X)0 scpiare miles, with 670, PmU a Jfonsssn, a town in the department of
boo tnnabitanti. It is divided into the govern- Meurthe. It had once a university, which was
menli of Stettin, Stralsund and Cosltn, and is removed to Nano^ in 17G9. It is seated on tha
watered by several rivers, of which tlie Oder. Moselle, which divides it into two parts, 14 OL
Peene, Ueker, Rega, Persante Ihna, Stolpen,and N. N. W. of Nancy.
Leho are the roost considerable. The air is nietp Pool d% Csmars, a town in the department of
ty cold, bat compensated by the fertility or tha Aveiron, celebrated lor its mineral waters, 40 m.
noil, which abounds in pastnres and com, of S. 8. E. of Rodes.
which a great deal is exported. The country is PmU ds Ce, a town in the department of Maine*
flat, contains many lakes, woods, and forests, and at-Loire, seated on the Loire, 3 m. 8. of Angen.
has several good harbours. It was formerly an PmU ds FJireke^ a town of France in the da*
independant daehy of tlie German empire, and partmemt of fioia. Mated on the Seine, 18 m. N.
was divided into Hither and Farther Pomerania. of Evrenx.
Hm latter, and part of Hither Pomerania, ware PmU TApsfne, a town of Tkasea im iha depeiW
3bS
rail 606 fOO
■MBt of Oalvmdot. It it a tndinf plaee. Mated Pou KRl ; and here, in ISM, a peace was eoo-
•ft the Touque, 4 m. from the eea, and 40 W. 8. eluded between Henhr III. and the kinr of Scot-
W. of Rouen. Lonf . 0. 10. E., lat 49. 17. N. land.
Pont is Kaax, a town of FVanoe in the depart- Pmttwm, p ▼. Oakland Co. Michigan of Hnran
ment of Ain, leated on the Re^ue, near its eon- river, 6owinff into L. St. Clair,
flux with the Saone, 8 m. S. of Mteon. Pamitm Idamdt^ a clutter of small islands in
Pant de KmIa, a town of France in the depart- the Mediterranean, opposite to the coast of Tenrn
ment of Ain, with manufactures of stoflb and di Lavoro.
tepestrjr ; seated on the Vesle,12 m. W. of Bouig. PonfuMui, a river of Borneo, which enters the
Pont OibatU, a town of France in the depart- ocean by seTeral mouths, at the W. side of the
ment of Puy de Dome, 10 m. W. N. W. of Cler- island, under the equinootial line, where the
mont. Dutoh have a factory.
Pont Si. Emit, a town of France in the de- Penliey, a town of France, department of
partment of Oard, on the river Rhone, over which Morbihan, with a linen manufacture ; seated Os-
IS one of the finest bridges in Europe, consisting the riyer BUvet, 25 m. N. of Vannes.
of 19 great and four small arches. To faciliUte Pontoite, a town in the department of Seine-ct
the passage of the water, in time of floods, aper^ Oise, with a castle. The parliament of Paris was
tures are made through each pier, six feet above transferred to this place in 1658, 1730, and ITSa. i
the common level of the river ; and, to stem the It is seated on an eminence, near the Oise, 90 m. '
rapidity of the river, the bridge is not built in a N. W. of Paris. Long. 2. 6. E., lat. 49. 3. N.
right hue, but in a curre. Here are manufac- PoiOonon, a town of France in the department
tures of silk, aiM a good trade in wine, oil, and of Manche, on the Coeanon, with a tide haibonr.
fruits. 17 m. S. of Vtviere and 55 N. E. of Mont. 10 m. 8. 8. W. of Avrenches.
pelier. Long. 4. 40. E., lat. 44. 15. N. PotUremoU, a town of Tuscany, with a strong
Pont St. Maxenee, a town of France in the de- castle; seated at the foot of the Apennines, m
partment of Seine-ct-Oise, 5 m. N. of Senlis. the rirer Magre, 40 m. 8. W. of Parma. Lonf.
Pont aur Seine, a town of France in the depart- 9. 40. E., lat. 44. 25. N.
ment of Aube, with a castle, seated on the Seine, PoiHrienx, a town of France, department «f
90 m. N. W. of Troyes and 55 8. E. of Paris. Cotes du Nord, on the river Trieuz, 10 m. N. W.
Ponteur FeiiiM, a town of France in the de- of St Brieuz.
partment ofYonne, seated on the Yonne, 8 m. N. Ponifpool, a town in Monmouthshire, Eng.
W. of Bens. with extensiTe iron works, and a manufacture of
Ponta DtlgadA, a sea-port of St. Michael, one japanned ware. It is seated between two hills,
of the Asores. It is defended by a citadel, and on the river Aron, 15 m. N. W. of Monmouth
eonUins about 8,000 inhabitente. Long. 25. 40. sad 148 W. by N. of London.
^'t !•<• 3^ <5. N. Poftza, one of the Pontian Islands, in the Medit- I
Pontartter, a town of France, department of erranean, conUining a town, harbour, and con- i
Doubs, with a strong castle on a mounUin. It is nderable salt works. It was teken by the British
•**f*^.°^^ S?"*?V*"i J*^ /^"^I'S? S^ S'^'h » 1®'3. Long. 13. 10. E., lat. 40. 53. N.
wriand, 22 m. W. of Neufehatel and &> 8. E. of Pimzone, a town of the Sardian states, in tbe
BesanQon. Long. 6. 26. E., lat. 46. 55. N. duchy of Montferrat, 20 m. W. N. W. of Genoa.
PonU, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- PooU, a borough and sea-port in Dorsetehii«.
mont, seated at ^ conflux of the Saono and Or- Eng. It is a county of itself, and situate on i
so, 19 m. N. N. W. of Turin. , . „ peninsula projecting into a capacious bay. The
Ponte ^^iMna, a town of Portugal, in Entre principal branch of business liere is the New-
Douro e Mi nho, seated on the Lima, over which ibundland fishery. It has also a large importa-
is a magnificent bridge, 13 m. N. W. of Braga. tion of deals from Norway, a generaf commerce
PoNle A»ra, a town of the Sardinian states, in with America and Tarious parte of Europe, and a
the duchy of Montferrat seated at the conflux of fine coasUng trade, particularly in com and conL
the Stura and Po, 5 m. W S. W. of Casal. Near the mouth of the hariiour is an oyster bank.
Ponia, Veta, a town of Spam, in Gahcia, near from which Tast quantiUes are carried to be fbi-
the mouth of the Lens, 29 m. N. of Tuy. tened in the creeks of Essex and the Thameai
PoateAorftrsm, a lake of Loamana A m long Poole is 40 m. W. 8. W. of Winchester and 106
and 25 broad It lies m the 8. E. part of the N. by 8. of London. Long. 1 69. W., Int. 50.
•tete and discharges ite watere into the Oulf of 43. N. " '
Mexico through Lake Borgne. It receives the Pooforwm, or Ph^enm, one of the Banda Isl.
waters of Lake Maurepas and is connected with ands, 100 m 8. E. of Amboyna. Long. 130. O.
the Mississippi at New Orleans by a canal. The £., Ut 4 20 8 a ^^^ *'-
lake is navigable for small vessels. Pooio^, oni of the Banda Ishinds, on which
P<mtd»j or Potue ImmpaU, a town of the Ana- the Dutch have a regular pentagon, ^led Foil
tnaa states, m Cannthia, seated on the Fella, Ri^Tenge. 1^ a » ««"^ '"^
over Which it has a bridge to Ponteba Veneta, a PeolsviUe. p. ▼. Montgomery Co. Maryland 33 m.
N. N. W . of Priuli and » 8 W. of V illach. Poana, a citv of Hrndoostan, the ^em eap|.
Ponfrfrmct, a borough in W. Yorkshire, Eng. tal of tbe Mabratta empire. At the bottom Sf
It is situate m a very rich soil, noted for ite gar- Parvate Hill, in Uie vicinity, is a lanre square fieU
dens and nunenes. Ite castle, now in ruins,li8s enclosed with high brick walls, where the Peishwa
been the scene of various .tragical erente in the used to assemble the Brahmins, to whom he smvo
English history, particularly the murdwr of alms at thegreat feast, when the rainy season ter
fUcliyd II 22 m. 6. W. of fork and 175 N. N. minated. Ae view ftom this hill eoJimS^ thii
pZif^TL 11 • SI -•u t^t ^ ^ *"''" ''***' *" '*■ gardens and plantations, the
PMsbidd, a tiUm in Northumberland, Eng., eantonmente, and the British residency at tba
on the river Pont, 7 m. N. E. of Newcasde. It Sungum. The town is entirely defencelew the
appcm to hav« been the Roman staUon called streete long and narrow, and the houses vei^ to-
POP 60T POR
Mfohriy built Tke mora njpeeteble dwelUngt few fallfljrt} itetioiiecl at CiTiU Veeebia. In 1798
are raited witb large blocks of granite to toe this state was taken possession of by the Frsochy
height of aboat 14 feet, alter which the super- who oTertnrned its ancient ffovemment, and erect*
structure is composed of timber frames, with ed it into a republic, styleJ the Roman republic,
slight brick walls ; those of the common people under the direction of five consuls. They otl^
are onljr one story high, with tiled rooft. The ged the pope, Pius VI., to remove Trom Rouey
palace is surrounded by high and thick brick first into Tuscany, and afterwards into France,
walls, with round towers at Uie angles, and has where he died at Valence, August 19th, 1799. la
only one entrance. The affiurs of government December following, a conclave was held at Ve-
are under the direction of the British resident, nice, and on March 13th, IdOO, cardinal Chiaro*
100 m. 8. £. of Bombay. Long. 73. 65. £., lat. monti was elected to the papal chair, under tht
Id. 30. N. title of Pins VII., and assumed the sovereiffnty.
Pcorumder, a fortress of Hindoostan, in Beja» A concordat was concluded (br France in ItiA,
pore, where the archives of Poona are kept ; seat- and in 1804, Napoleon was crowned by the pope ;
ed on a mountam, 18 m. E. 8. £. of Poona. but in 1807 the emperor became imperious, while
Pool«t a town of France, department of May- the pope maintained a strong feeling of indepen-
enne, 6 m. W. 8 W. ofAlengon. denee. Measures of violence .vere resorted to;
Pspa Madrt^ a town of Terra Firma, with a Rome was occn|Med by French troops ; the pope
convent and chapel of the virgin, to which the was removed into France, and his states tran^
Spaniards in those parts go in pilgrimage, espe- Ibrmtrd into a kingdom, under Napoleon's son
etally those who have been at sea. It is seated He continued a kind of prisoner till the allies had
on a high mountain, 60 m. £. of Carthagena. invaded France in 1814, when he was restored to
Long. 74. 33. W., lat. 10. 15. N. most of his former prerogatives. He died in 1823,
PopttetoHf p.v. Delaware Co. N. T. and was succeeded by cardinal Annibal delln
Popayan, a province in the W. part of New Genga, under the title of Leo XII., on whose
Granada. A chain of barren mountains runs death, in 1896, cardinal Francesco Boverio Castig-
throogh the country from N. to 8., and the soil lioni (the present pontiff) was elected to the papal
near the sea is flat, marshy, and (MJlen flooded by chair and took the title of Pius VIII. Rome m
the rains. the capital.
Pofmyanf the capital of the foregoing province, Popenrnght, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
and the moot ancient city erectea by Europeans Flanders, on a river of the same name, 6 m. W.
in this part of America. It contains a cathedral, of Ypres.
several chnrchesand convents, and two nunneries. Poplmr Cfrawtf p.v. Dinwiddie Co. Va. Newbur/
The trade is considerable, and the inhabitants are Dis. 8. C.
estimated at 25/NX), chiefly mnlattoes. It stonds Poplar PUdiu, p.v. Fleming Co. Ken.
in a large plain, 200 m. W. 8. W. of SanU Fe and Poptor A^ge, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. T.
340 N. E. of Quito. Long. 75. 56. W., lat. d Pt^mr SprtHgt^ p.v. Arundel Co. Md.
35. N. PopUui&wn, p.v. Worcester Co. Md.
Pope, a county of Illinois. Pop. 3,333. Gol- Popo, a kingdom of Africa, on the Blave eonst
eonda is the capital. The mhabitants have scarcely any houses, except
P&podom, or EedetimoHeal Stmiet, a country of the kind's village, which is m an island in the
Italy, bounded N. by the Po, which separatee it midst of a river. Long. 3. 33. E., lat. 6. 18. N.
from the Austrian states, E. by the Adriatic, 8. PopoemiepeU.oa the Smoking moumtmn, a volca-
by Naples, and W. by Tuscany. It is 130 m no 45 m. 8. E. in sight of the city of Mezion.
long and from 80 to 100 broad, divided into the 87,716 feet above the sea.
dele^tions of Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Ravenna, Pore, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the W.
Urbmo and Peearo, Anoona, Fermo, Ponlecorvo, coast of Bumatra, 64 m. long, and from 9. to 13
Macerate, Perngio, 8w>leto, Viterbo, Aseoli, Ben- broad. Long. 96. 30. E., hit. 1. 10. 8.
evento, Camerino, Civite Vecchia, and Rieti. PoresA, a sea-port of Hindoostan, in Travail*
The papal government is a bar to industry, and core, taken by the English in 1795. It is popup
ill calculated to promote the happiness bf ite sub- lous, and carries on a considerable trade. 8o m.
jecte ; the country is conseooently badly culti- N. W. ef Travancore. Long. 76. 30. E., lat 9.
vated and thinly inhabited. Trade and manufae- 16. N.
tnres are but little encouraged ; and were it not PS0re4«sesr, a villige in Hampshire, Eng. 4 m*
lor dates, flgs, almonds, olives, and other fruite, N. of Portemouth, at the upper end of the har^
which gfTOw sponteneously, the indolence of the hour, between Fareham ana Portsea Island. It
inhabitente is such that they would be absolutely has an ancient castle which served, during the
starved. The pope, according to the ancient last war, for the reception of prisoners of war,
canon law, is tne supreme, universal, and inde- and ordnance stores.
pendent head of the church, and is invested with Poreo, toan of Buenos Ayres, capital of a
sovereignty over all Christian sovereigns, com- province which commences on the W. side of
mnntties, and individuals. He has the titles of rotost,from which it eiteods60 m. It has ite
holy lather and holiness, and is elected at every name from a mountein, in which is a rich silver
vacancy from among the cardinab, each of whom mine, the first worked by the Bpaniards after
is styled his eminence. Their number was fixed their conquest of the country. 85 m. W. 8. W.
by Bixtus V. at 70. in allusion to the number of of Potosi. Long. 67. 30. W., lat. 19. 40. 8.
toe discipies sent out by Christ to teach the worid ForeimA, a town of 8pain, in Andalusia, on
'^n allusion without any remarkable propriety ,as the Balado, 33 m. N. W. of Jaen.
no two classes of people could be more unfike. PormUnd, a town of Switieriand, canton of
The annual revenue of the pone, which fonnerly Bern, seated on the Hallan, neat Mount Jun,
amounted to upwards of iN/)0O,000 sterling, is 34 m. W. 8. W. of Basel. Long 7. 10. £. lat
now reduced to about £600,000, including the 47. 37. N.
exactions in foreign countries. His militery force Porioek, a town m Bomersetshire Eng. with a
is Inconsiderable; his naval force oonsiite of a trade incoal aadlime. Itis seated on a bay el
fOft ^m NA
tt0 BrirtiJ Ckuuwl, •nmmB^ed bf lulfc, 7 a. •hMrvsd it m ailiupaloBf th«eoMt SmM-
W. of Mineheaa ana 170 W. W Lowkm. aw.
8«6 Anv. >Mf.«Amv.mTilliifeflB the Delaware IB Ov-
rmngmtg. sea rare. ''^''li? *'*'^'ft *^ ▼uMfB ab tne ueiaware m uv-
PtfTjetea, a rich and eoanneretal toim of the ange Co. N. x . ai a point where the elatea of
kingdom of^SiaiB. It ie sntroanded with 14 bae> New TotIl, New Jenejr and Pennajrlvania win. A
tions, and sTtoaAe on a large river, 300 m. N. ef eanal eztenda fram tlna plaee to the Hodaon ia
ita month in the fnlf of Siam Loaf. 100. 2. £., one direetaon and to the eoal region in PeneWv^
bt. 17. 46. N. aaa, OB the other, it U 106 m. in length.
J*or« M Primee, a aea-port ef 8t I>oaua^ Pert Kmi, p.T. Eeaez Co. N. T.
veated on a bay oo the W. aide ef the ialand, with Pert LamU a atrang town ef France, depot*
coaeidonhle tnde. It waa nearly burnt down in ment of Mori»ihan, with a eitadel and a good
1791, by the revolting negroee, and waa taken Vv harbour. It atanda on the extremity of a penia-
the English and royaliata in 17M. Long. 78. 10. eaU, at the month of the Biavet, S7 m. W. of
W., lat. 16. 40. N. Vannea. Long. 3 18. W., laL 47. 40. N.
Port Bmiiie. S^ R&genML P^pi«h P-t. Rockingham Co. N. H. Pep.
Port Bgron^ p.T. OnrngaCo. N. T. 889,91.
Pert GMuoay, n.r. iking George Co. Va. Port LomU, the capital ef the iaiaad of M nnri-
Port tkUrmmmUf a harboar on the N. eoaat of tine, or lale of Fianee, aitnale oa the W. aide of
Van Diemen a Luid, where a British aettlement, the iaiaad in a low and flat Talleyyanrraanded by
dependent on the colony of Port Jackaon, was e^ monntaina. In 1617 it waa alnsoet entirely bamt
lablished in 1 804. Lanneeaton ia the capital. down, bnt has since been rebuilt. It waa lonr the
Port Denre^ a hariMiar oa the E. coast of Pala* chief BetUeaent of the French in thia oart « the
gonia, where ahips sometimes toaeh in their pea* world, but now belongs to the Britian. Long.
sage to the Pacific Ocean. Long. 07. 66. W., 57. 38. E., lat. 90. 10. N.
lat. 47. 60. 8. Perl JlfaAen, a aea*port and chief place of ndia-
Porf DaokmXj p.T. 8t Charlea Co. Miaaonri. trict of the iaiaad of Miaorca, with anexcellent har-
Pert Di^MMitn p.T. Cecil Co. Md.on the Bneqne- bonr. It la bnilt chiefly <m loAy rocka. The
banna ; a eanal 10 m. in length, hen paasea along honeee are in general good, and are all prorided
the riTer. with cisterns, and many with terraeea. The
Port JPtsceeary, a haibonr on the W. ooaat of Place D*Amiee ia luve and handeome ; oa one
N. Ameriea, in the gnlf- of Georgia. Long. 237. aide are barracks capable of containing 1,900 men
90. E., lat. 46. 7. N. The only pubUc walk ia the Alame£, which ia
Port Egment, one of the finest harboon in the merely an alley of treea. On one aide of the harw
world, on the N. W. coast of Folkland Island, bonr la a dock-yard, and on the other m aaianl
diseoTcred by commodore Byren in 1765. The awle. Long. 4. 6. £., lat. 36. 17. N.
whole nary of England mignt ride here in per- Pert Pats, a town on the N. const of St. Oo-
feet secnrity from all winds ; and every thing for aiingo, with a good harbour, oppoaite the iaiaad
the refyeshorent of ships is to be obtained in of 'mtne. Long. 73. 8. W., lat. 19. 56. N.
•hnndanoe. Long. 66. 0. W., lat, 61. 87. S. Psrf Painek, a sea^port of Scotland, inWigton-
Port Elixahttkf p.T. Cumberland Co. N. J. shire, confined by the sea on one aide, and on the
Pert Frenreta, a harbour on the W. coast of other by orerfaanging rocka and hilla. It ia near-
N. America, diacoTered by Perooae in 1786. It ly oppoaite Dcmaghadee, in Ireland, from which
ia of a cirenlar form, not to be fathomed in the it is 80 m. diatant ; and packet boata aail hei
middle, and bordered by peaked mountains, of an for that place every day. The harbour io good,
excemiTe height, eoTered with snow. The na- and haa one of the finest qnaya in Great Britaia*
tiTes on this coaat are deaeribed aa the most with a reflectiiig light-houae. It ia 96 m. W. ef
aemolete thicTes, peesessed of an activitT and Wigton and 107 8. W. of Ediabargfa. Loaf. S.
obstinacy capable of executing the most difBoult 3. W., lat. 64. 56. N.
prefects. Peltry is abundant, particnlarlT that Port Pena, a Tillm of Newcaatle Co. DeL oa
ef the sesHitter. In thia harbour is a small island, the Delaware, oppoaUe Reedy laland. 6 m. 8. of
Ung. 137. 30. W., lat. 66. 37. N. Newcaatle.
PoH Oibmm, p.T. Claiborne Go. Miaaisstppi 46 Port RtmibUe, p,r. Rockingham Co. Va. 131 m
m. N. E. Natehex. N. W. Richmond.
P^rt OotuKOf Monrae Co. N. T. at the mouth Port Aoarmy. See Skolkmrmo,
ef the Geneeee ; en Lake Ontario ; it ia a port of Port Haya/, a eea-port of Jamaica, once a ea«-
CDtry with a cuatom hooae. aiderable town, abounding in riches and iiarda.
Port OimtfoWf p.T. SoTem Co. N. T. In 1608 it waa deatroyed b^ aa earthquake, ia
Port GlosgoWy a town of Scotland, in Renfrew- 1708 1^ a fire, in 1798 by an inundation of the oea,
•hire, near the mouth of the Clyde, erected in and in 1744 bT a hurricane. AfWr theaeextrner*
1710 to aenre as the port of the city of Glasgow, dtnary eaiamitiea, the onatom-hoose and public
vboae magistntes ap^nt a bailiff for its goTera- oflices were remoTod, and no market aulieied la
ment. The harbour is excellent, and there are ex- be hi'ld here in future. It now consists of aboot
tensire warehouses on the (^nay, belonging to 900 houaea, built on a neck of land which jots
the GHaagow merohanta. Cofitigoous to Uk town, out reTeral milea into the aaa, and ia gnardeo by
and near the shore, standa the caatle of Newark, a atrong fort. The harbour ia deep, and lyOOO
a strong fortified edifice. It ia 4 m. £. of Grrea- abipa may ride in it, aecure from CTery wind. U
ack and 90 W. by N. of Glaacow. is six miles, ciom the bey, S. S. W. ef Kiagaloa.
Port Jaektom^ a bay and haTOonr on the eoaat of Long. 76. 46. W., lat. 18. 0. N.
'New 8. Waiea, 13 m. N. of Botany Bay. The Pert Jieyal, p.t. Caroline Co. Va. oa the Rap-
eapea that form ila entrance are high, nigged, and nahannoc 30 m. below Fradericksborg ; p.r.
pmeadieolarelifb^andthe harboorlaoneofthe Maryland Co. Ind; p.T. MontgoaMtj Co
Boblest in the world, extending 14 m. in length TVn.
^th numeroas creeks or cotos. The aame of Port Port Aeyal, aa iaiaad on thecoaatof S. Carolina,
lianhsaa waa giTua to it by captain Cook, who -acqpanled from the Mghbooring coatineat bj aa
FOR eOO POR
tnn of the m, called Broed River, which ferme height, end the entrmnce to the harboor is defended
the roott commodioiu harboor in the atale, at the by eeveral forts. Pop. 1!^,C0J . Lat. 43. 39. N.
toim of Beaufort. Ion. 70. 19. W.
Port St. Jinne. See KiU&ugk. Portland, p.t. Chataaque Co. N. T. on Lake
Port St. 7m/mm, a harbour on the £. coast of Pat* Ontario with a harbour. Pop. J ,771 . The light
agonia, where ships bound for the Pacific usually house at th% mouth of the harbour is a great cu-
touch. Long. 68. 44. W., lat. 49. 10. 8. riosity • it is lighted with natural gas, arising
Port St. iniry, a sea-port of Spain, in Anda- from a spring in the neighbourhood.
lnsia,on the bay of Cadii. The principal trade is Portland, a township in Huron Co. Ohio p.T.
in salL The English made a descent here in 1708, Dallas Co. Alab.
with a design to besiege Cadtx, but without sue- Portland Uimnds, a cluster of small islands in
eess. 10 m. N. E. of Cadis. the S. Pacific. They are low and covered with
Port OUT 5aeiM, a town of France, department wood ; and the centre one is in Long. 149. 8. E.,
of Upper Saone, on the river Saone, 8 m. N. W. lat. 2. 38. 8.
of Vesool. Porfo, a small sea-port of the papal states, in
Port Tobmeeo, p.t Charles Co. Mainland, near the patrimony of St. Peter. It is the see of a
the mouth of a small stream running mio the Po- bishop (who is generally a cardinal), dependent
tomac, :)4 m. S. Washington. only on the pope, and is seated on the W. side of
Port yendr€f a town of France, department of the Tiber, 10 m. S. W. of Rome.
Eastern Pyrenees, with a small harbour on the Porto Bello, a sea-port of Terra Firma, on the
Mediterranean, defended by two forts. It is ^ N. coast of the isthmus of Oarien, nearly opposite
m. 8. S. B. of Perpignan. Panama on the 8. coast. It is a very unhealthv
Port WUliam, p.v. Gallatin Co. Ken. 44 m. N. place ; and the country around it swarms wjtb
Vf . Frankfort. toads and other reptiles in the rainv season. Be-
Portadown, a town of Ireland, in the county of fore the abolition of the trade by the galleons, in
Armagh, with a linen manufacture ; situate on 1748, and the introduction of register s6ips, this
the river Bann, 16 m. N. of Newry. place was the great mart for the rich commerce-
Portage, a county of Ohio. Pop, 18,897. of Peru and Chile. The town stands close to the
Ravenna is the capital. sea, on the side of a mountain that surrounds the
Portage, a towship in Portage and Sandusky harbour, which is safe and oommodious. It was
Co. Ohio. taken in 174S by admiral Vernon, who demol-
PortaUgre, a strong town of Portugal, in Al- ished the fortifications ; but it has since been
emtejo, and a bishop*s see. It has a manufacture strongly fortified. It is 60 m. N. by E. of Pana-
of woollen cloth, and is seated at the foot of a high ma and 300 W. of Carthagena. "Long. 79. 50.
nounUin, 30 m. N. of Elvas. W., lat. 9. 33. N.
PortaHingUm. a borough of Ireland, partly in Porto GsM^o, a sea-port of Venesuela,S. Amer-
King's and partly in Queen's county ; seated on ica, with a good harboor, defended by forte. It
the Barrow, 31 m. N. of' Kilkenny and 36 8. W. is a flourishing place, containing a population of
of Dublin. 8,000, and is the centre of the navigation and
Porter, a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. commerce of Veneiuela. 70 m. W. by S. of Ja-
811. A township of Niagara Co. N. If. Pop. go de Leon. Long. 67. 32. E., lat. 10. 31. N.
1,890 ; p.t. Scioto Co. Ohio. Porto Farino, a sea-port of the kingdom of Tn*
Portia, a village 4 m. E. 8. E. of the city of nis. Long. 10. 16. £ , lat. 37. 13. N.
Naples, on part of the site of the ancient Hercn- Porta Ferraio, the capital of the island of Elba,
laneum, near Mount Vesuvius. Here is a palace with a good harbour, capable of containing the
of the king of Naples, enriched with a vast number largest fleets. This town is celebrated as having
of flue statues, and other remains of antiquity, been the residence of Napoleon from May 4, 1814,
lak^n out of the ruins of Herculaneum. to February 26, 1815, when he sailed on his final
Portland, a peninsula in Dorseuhire Eng. con- expedition to France. Its position is centra] in
nected with the mainland by a ridge of pebbles, the Mediterranean ; and it perfectly commands
called the Chesil Bank, extending alwve 7 m. up the ooeet of Italy. It is a very pretty town, bnilt
the 8. W. coast. Between this bank and the on a shelving rock, that closes in a circular bay,
mainland is a narrow arm of the aea called the about 2 ra. mep and as many in breadth. The
Fleet. Portland Isle is 4 m. long and 9 broad, land all round ia high and woody, and the entrance
eurrounded by inaccessible rocks, except at the to the bay is easy of approach. The streets
landing place, at the N. W. end, where there is a and fortincations rise one above another, like
stroug castle, called Portland Castle, built by rows of seats in an ancient amphitheatre, and
Henry VIII. The peninsula is noted for its free- present a most beautiful spectacle to thoee who
stone, which is usea for building the finest struc- approach by water. A commodious quay com*
tures, and about 9,000 tons of it are annually ex- municates, by means of large flights of^^ steps.
Kried. It lies on the S. W. side of Weymouth with all the streets. Porto Ferrajo was built and
f, and on its 8. extremity, called Portland Point, fortifv*d by Cosmo I. duke of Florence in 1548 ;
two light-houses have been erected. Long. 2. 27. but the fortifications were not finished till 1628,
W., lat. 50. 31. N. when Cosmo II. completed them with ■ magnifi-
Portland, p.t. Cumberland Co. Me. the largest eenoe equal to that displayed by the old Romans
town in the state, and till lately the seat of gov- in their public undertakings ; and it is now deem*
emment. It has a good harbour on Casco Bay ed impregnable. The gates are decorated with
and a large coasting trade, with considerable fi>r« sculpture, and the rings for tastenins cables to
eign commerce, ft has many handsome build- arc of carved bronse. 7 m. 8. W. of Piombino,
ings, among which may be mentioned the custom on the coast of Italy. Long. 12. 17. £., lat. 43.
house and the mariners church. The town is 53. N.
generally well built. The shipping of the port Perlo Fino, a small sea*port on the coast of
in 1998 amounted to 56,949 tons. On the N. C Genoa, with a fort, situate between two mooa-
aide of the town stands an obeerrmtocy. 70 feet in tninsy 13 m. 8. £. of Genoa
77
VOR tit roE
' Farto (Table, i town of Spain, in Biseaj, ■ealed At the B.. W. eztmnHj of it, i» ■ilnftte the tomm
in a waul) bay, 10 m. N. W. of Bilbao. of Portamonth.
Porto Oreeo, a town of Naples, in the Capitan Portsmmttk, a borough and aea-port in Hainp*
nta, near the gnlf of Venice, 16 m. N. W. of Man* ihire, Eng. It is the nHiet considerable haven for
fredonia. men of war, and the most strongly fortified place
Fofto Oruaro, a town of Austrian Italv, in in England. Its capacious harbour is made bj %
Frittii, seated on the Lema, SO m. W. bj d. of bay running up between the bland of Portsea, on
Pal ma Nova. which the town is situate, and the opposite pen-
Porto LangoniB, a sea-port on the S. E. side of insula, haying a narrow entrance commanded by
the Isle of Elba, with a good harbour, and a for- the town and forts. Many of the largest shipe
tress upon a rock, almost inaccessible. It is 4 m. are alwajs laid up here : and in time of wtr, it
8. E. of Porto Ferrajo and 35 N. W. of Orbitello, is the pnncipal rendesTOus of the grand channel
on the coast of Italy. Long. 10. 80. E., lat. 42. fleet. The docks, arsenals, storehouses, barrac:ks,
50. N. dec., are all of capital marnitade, and kept in the
Porto Maritij a town of Spain, in Galicia, 48 most perfect order. To the S of the town is the
n. E. of Compostella. noted road of Spithead, where the men of war an-
Porto Praya, a town and bay of St. Jago, one chor when prepared for actual senrice. Portsotoata
of the Cape de Verde islands. The town stands has one spacious church, and contains 7,269 in-
on an elevated plain, and is the residence of the habitanto. Portwa, built on what was formerly
Portuguese governor of the islands. Long. 23. called Portsmouth Common, is now become
29. W.. lat. 14. 54. N. much larger than the parent town, containing a
PvTtn del Principe^ a sea-port on the N. coast population of 34,785. 72 m. 8 . W. London Long,
of Cuba, with a good harbour. Near it are sev- 1. 6. W., lat. 50. 47. N.
eral springs of bitumen. Long. 78. 15. W., lat. Portnumtkjp.i. Rockingham Co. N. H. at the
81. 52 N. mouth of the Piscaiaqua with an excellent haiw
Porto Real, a sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, hour. It is the only sea-port in the Btoto,and has
en the E. side of the bay of Caais,7 m. E. of Cadis, considerable commerce. Here is a navy yard of
Porto RieOf an island of the W. Lidies, 60 m. the United States. The town has 7 churches,
E. of St Domingo, belonging to the Spaniards, abranchof theU. S. Branch bank,2 insurance offi-
It is 120 m. long and 40 oroad, diversified with ces,and an athen^nm. Two bridges cross the riT-
woods, valleys, and plains, and watered by springs er to Kittery in Maine. In December 1813 a fire
and rivers, but unhealthy^ in the rainy season. It destroyed 397 buildings here. It Is 24 m. N. N.
produces sugar, rum, gmger, cotton, maixe, and E. Newbury port, 56. m. N. by £. Boston and 54
fioe ; and there are so many cattle that they are 8. 8. W. Portland. Pop. QfiSSL ImL 43. 5. N.
often killed for the sake of the skins alone. St Lon. 70. 45. W.
Juan de Porto Rico is the capital. PortomuniA, p.t Newport Co. R. I. on the N.
Porto SanUOf an island in tne Atlantic, the least end of Rhode island. Top. 1,727 ; p.v. Norfolk
of the Madeiras, 15 m. in circumference. In 1518 Co. Va. on EUxabeth river opposite Norfolk , p.v.
a Portuguese ship, coasting along the AfVican Scioto Co. Ohio, on the Scioto near ito junction
shore, was driven out to sea by a sudden squall, with the Ohio. 9i0 m. 8. Cumberland. Pop. 1,063.
and, when they all expected to perish, they dis- The Ohio canal, which #a«, leaves the river mt
covered this island, which, on account of their this place ; p.t Carteret Co. N. C. near Ocrft
escape, they named Porto Santo ; and hence they ookelnlet.
descried the island of Madeira. It produces little Portsoy, a sea-port of Scotland, in Banffshire^
corn ; but there are oxen and wild hogs, and a with manufactures of fine linen and sewing
TAst number of rabbite. Its most valuable pro- thread. The vicinity is celebrated for ite miner-
ductions are dragons* blood, honey, and wax. It aJb, especially fi>r a fine vein of serpentine, call-
has no harbour, but good anchorage in the road, ed Portsoy marble : a species of asbestos, of a
Long. 16. 25. W., lat. 32. 58. N. greenish color, which has been wrought into in-
Porto SeptrOy a fertile province of Brazil, 8. of combustible cloth ; and a brilliant kind of granita
that of Ilhcosand N. ofSpiritu Santo. The cap- of a flesh color. Portsoy sUnds on a point of
ital, of the same name, is seated on the top of a land projecting into Murray Frith, 9 m. W. Banff.
rock, at the mouth of a river that flows into the PortsmUe, p.v. AUs^any Co. N. Y«
Atlantic. Long. 40. 0. W., lat. 16. 20 8. PortuftU, the most western countrv on the con
Port VeeckiOf a sea-port of Corsica, seated on tinent of Europe, bounded on the W. and S. bjr
a bav on the E. coast of the island, 38 m. 8. the Atlantic, Ocean, and E. and N. by Spain. It
fi. of* Ajaecio. Long. 9. 10. £., lat. 41. 40. N. extends from 36. 56. to 42. 20. N. lat, and firon
Porto Venero, a sea-port on the coast of Genoa, 6. 25. to 9. 30. W. long., and is divided into ths
at the entrance of the gulf of Spenia. It has a provinces of Entre Douiu-e-Minho, Tras os Moiv>
good harbour, and is seated on the side of a hill, tes, Beira, Estremadura, Alemtejo, and Algwre,
at the top of which it a fort, 5 m. 8. of Spenia. It contains 96,510 so. m. and a pop. of 3,7Sy550L
Long. 9. 38. E., lat. 44. 5. N. Though Spain and^ Portonl are in the same
Portroty a town of Scotland, on the B. side of climate, yet the air of the latter is much more
the Isle of Skye, one of the Hebrides. The in- temperate than that of the former, on account of
habitenU trade chiefly in black cattle, sheep, and the neighbourhood of the sea. Agriculture is in
kelp. It has an excellent harbour, sheltered at a very backward stete ; the implomente of indos-
ite mouth b? the Isle of Raaxa. Long. 6. 16. W., try are of the rudest construction, and very little
lat. 57. 33. N. eom is raised. Indian com, imported frmn AA
PsrfMS, an island between Chichester Bay and rica, is used by the peaaante instead of wheat
tlie harbour of Portsmouth, in Hampshire, Eng. Lemons flourish here in great abundance. This
It is alow tract, about 14 m. in circumference,sep- fruit was introduced into the country from the
anted fVom the mainland on the N. by a creek, east by the Arabs. Olives, vineyards, oranges,
•wr which are two bridges, one fin- the entrance nute, almonds, figs, and raisins are plentiful, and
and the other for ths ospartoiia of paasenfen. inths lowgronadsrioe aadnwiaBanoiihivnted.
FOR
bil
uo
The inhabitants also make considerable quantitiea
of salt with the sea-water, especially in the bav
of St. Ubes, whence a mat deal is exported.
Their export trade consists of the produce of
their own country, and the merchanaise which
•i<«v receive from their foreign possessions, com-
prising Madeira, Cape Verd Islands, some settle-
ments in Africa, Goa, and Macao : toe latter con-
sists of wine, sugax, tobacco, cotton, indigo,
hides, and many excellent drugs. The horses of
Portugal were formerly in ffreat esteem ; but
they* are now so fond of mules that horses are
scarce. Towards the frontiers of Spain there
are mountains, in which gold and silver were for-
merly found ; and the river l^jo was anciently
celebrated by the poets for its golden sands.
There are also mines of iron, tin, lead^uarries of
marble, and some precious stones. Toe Porta-
gueseare indolent and luxurious. Plays and church
festivals, bull fights, balls, music, &c., engross
the whole attention of those who are not compelled
to labour for their subsistence. The peasants are
in a state of vassalage, and subsist on the hardest
fare. In many respects they bear a striking re-
semblance to the Highlanders of Scotland. The
Srincipal rivers are uie Tagos, Douro, Guadiana,
londego, and Caldao. The government is an
absolute monarchy. Formerly it had its Cortes
or representative body, but, from 16917 to the re-
cent revolution, they were never assembled. The
established religion is the Roman Catholic ; and
there are two archbishops and 13 bishops.
Portugal appears to have been known at an
eariy period to the Phenicians and Carthaginians.
It subsequently followed the fortune of Spam, and,
after being the scene of various military opera-
tions, was finally reduced and constituted a Ro-
man province under Augustus. The Romans
were succeeded by the Goths and other barba-
rians. The Saracens, or Moon, invaded the pen-
insula from Africa, and after the battle of Xeres,
A. D. 712, set op several kingdoms, and were
not expelled from Portugal tilt the 1 3th century,
in 109^ Alphonso VI., kmg of Castile and Leon,
made Henry of Bnrgnndy, grandson of Robert
kin^ of France, count of Portugal, as a reward for
assisting him against the Moors. Alphonso, son
of Henry, was the first king. .The last of his
descendants by the male line dying in 1560,
Philip II. of Spain took possession ofthe throne
in right of his mother. The rapaeitv of the Span-
ish viceroys was so great that in 1640, the Por-
tuguese revolted, and made John IV., duke of
Braganxa, king. In 1807 the British fleet pre-
served the royal family from falling into the huids
of Bonaparte, and conveyed them to Braxil. Por-
tugal itself, also, after a long and severe contest,
was delivered fron the French yoke by £ngliah
armies under the command ofthe duke of Wel-
lington and other generals. The Queen died at
Rio Janeiro. March 20, 1816, in the 82nd year of
her age, and the prince regent became king. At
the conclusion of- the general peace, the people
became discontented, partly through the degra-
dation of the kingdom to the situation of a depen-
dent colonv,.and partly through the maladminis-
tration of Uie regency. Plot afrer plot was form-
ed, in which many officers of distinction were
implicated, who, as soon as they were detected,
were removed, and replaced by British officer*.
This only served to increase the discontent :x>tlb
of the people and of the armv, snd to hasten n
levolution. Every thing having been previously
arranged between the civil and miliUry authori*
ties, a new constitution was announced at Oporto
August 94, 1820, and in September a oonneil of
regency was formed at Lisbon, and letters issued
to assemble the cortes. John VI. by a royal de-
cree issued at Rio Janeiro,. Febraary ira, ap-
proved of the constitution, and, leaving bis eldest
son Don Pedro as regent of Brszil, retorned to
Portugal, and took an oath to maintain the new
constitution, July 4, 1821. On the 12th of Oc-
tober, 1822, the Brasilians proclaimed the prince
regent constitutional emperor of Brazil, and the
independence of that empire has been since so*
knowledged by the court of Lisbon. On the 30tli
of April, 1824, Don Mignel, the king's youngest
son, general of the army, surroundeowith guards
the ^ace of his father, in order lo depose him,
and to make his nephew regent. The foreign
ambassadors discountenanced the conspiracy ; the
king took refuge on board an Englisli man of war ;
under the protection of Britain he resumed th»
fovernment ; and Don Miguel left the kingdom
ohn VI. died in March, ]a26.
As soon as Pedro IV. heard of his father*s death,
he declared his determination to remain in Brasil,
and to abdicate the throne of Portugal in favour of
his danghicr Donna Maria da Gloria (who was
born in 1819), on condition that his brother Doo
Miguel should marry her, and that a free eonsti-
tution should be adopted as contained in a charter
which he sent over from Braxil. The acceptance
of this charter was resisted by the ultra-royalist
faction at Lisbon, and a rebellion took place un-
der the direction of the marquis of Chaves. In
consequence of the invasion of the kingdom by
the rebels, who had mustered their armies in
Spain, the sister of Pedro IV., who had by him
been appointed regent, claimed the sssistanee of
George IV. ; who, in compliance with ancient
treaties between the two kingdoms, sent an army
to Lisbon in 1897, which checked the rebellion.
Don Miguel, who resided at Vienna, returned to
Lisbon in the spring of 1828, having first visited
Paris and Lonoon, at both whieh places be pro-
fessed his determination to adhere to the oonsti-
tution. The professions of Don Miguel soon ap-
peared to be insincere, and on the 30th &t June
he assumed the title of king of Portugal and Al-
garve. A weak resistance was made oy the ga^
ri9on and inhabitants of Oporto, but it was soon
overcome, and Don Miguel now reigns as abso*
lute king. Lisbon is tM capital.
P&MUbs, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated
on the Guadalquivir, 19 m. S. W. of Cordova.
Poissfs, a town on the E. coast ofthe island of
Sardinia, 46 m. E. 8. E. of Castle Aragcoesa.
Long. 9. 90. E., lat. 40. 36. N .
Potegm, a town of Sclavonia, capital of a pajn
tiaato of the SUM bum. It wa» taken fiom th»
POT 618 POT
Tarkf, by the AuitriAiis in 1687 ; and ii Mated Ite length will be 300 m. mnd ite width 60 feet
near the Orlaya, 18 m. N. N. W. of Brod. It wa« began Julj 4th 1888.
Posen, Grand dueky of, a province of the Prne- PUon, a town of Boliyia. Here are the best
aian stati**, eompriain|f that part of Poland which eiWer minee in all America, in a roountaio in tiie
was restored to rmaeia in 1815. On the £. it it form of a sugar>]oaf. SiWer was as common in
bounded by the new kingdom of Poland, and 8. this place as iron is in Enrope ; bat the minei
and W. by Silesia and Brandenburg, (t is divided are now much exhausted, or at least little ii ob.
into the two governments of Posen and Brom- tainrd in comparison of what was fonneriy pro*
berg, contains about 12,000 sq. m. with 800,000 daced. The country aroond is naked and btm>B.
inhabitants, and is watered by the Netx, the War- The town is seated at the bottom of the moonttin
tha, the Obra, and the Brahe. of Potoai, 260 m. W. N. W. of Arica. Loaf. 67
Poaen, the capital of Prussian Poland, and of 30. W., lat. 19. 50. S.
the government of the same name, b a bishop's Poiosi, p.t Washington Co. Missouii, 70 m.
•ee, and has a university, and a castle on an isl- W. 8. W. 8t. Louis, it is surrounded by do-
mnd in the river Wartha. The cathedral is ma^- merous lead mines. See MitBomri,
nificent. The suburbs are extensive, and contain PoUdam, a province of the Prussian stttes, in
many fine buildings. The river Wartha frequent- Brandenburg, comprehending the districts for>
ly inundates the town, but is very beneficial to its merly termed the Ucker Mark, the Mark of Piv>f.
trade with Germany. By the |>artition of Po- nits, and the matest part of the Middle Mark.
land, in 1773, Posen became subject to the king It is bounded N. by Pomerania and W. Pmina,
of Prussia. In 1806 it was entered by the French and S. and W. by Saxony. The city of Berlin,
armv, under marshal Oavoust, and added to the with a small district lying around it, formi t dii-
dueny of Warsaw, till 1815, when it was re- tinct government. Potsdam contains ao trea of
stored to Prussia. It is seated in a pleasant about 8,000 so. m., with 488,000 iohabitants.
plain, 27 m. W. by 8. of Onesna. Long. 17. 0. Potsdam^ the capital of the foregoing goTeni>
E., lat. 52. 24. N. roent, situated on an island formed by theriTen
Pogeiff a county of Indiana. Pop. 6^883. Mount Spree and Havel. The public buildings display
Vernon is the capital. great magnificence and taste. The royal paJaoe
Pogneekf a town of Saxony, in the principality is an admirable structure, and the booses near it
of Aldenburg^. It has mannfiaetures of clotn and are almost all built in the Italian style. In the
leather, and is seated on the Gams, near its con- market place is a marble obelisk, 75 feet in beicbt;
flux with the Orla, 8 m. N. E. of Saalfeld. also marble sUtues of the first four kings of Fnu-
PoMtesswn island^ an island in the S. Pacific, sia. The garrison church is large, andhas a oiar-
near the N. point of New Holland. Here captain ble pulpit, under which is the tomb of the Great
Cook hoisted the British colours, and took posses Frederick, whose remains are enclosed in a
sion of all the E. or N. £. coast of New Holland wooden coffin, covered with copper, withootanj
in the name of king George III., which he called ornament or victorious trophies, to recall the mero-
New 8. Wales. Long. 141. 39. £., lat. 10. ory of bis actions. On a hill, near the city, iitbe
33. 8 royal palace of Sans Souci, which is only one
Pasaenion Idand^ an nninhabifced island in the story high, yet remarkable for its grandeur and
S.Pacific. Long. 141.40. C, lat. 46. 30. S. magnificence. The inhabitanU of Potsdam bare
PoMsimkOf a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, manufactures of silk, velvet, cotton, linen, Ae.
10 m. N. £. of Santsrem. It was entered without oppcwition on tbe34tbof
Pott Odk, p.v. Roane Co. Ten. October, 1805, by the French, who carried awiy
PHenxaf a town of Naples, in Basilicata, seated with exultation the sword and scarf worn by me
near the sourse of the Basiento, 11 m. S. by W. immortal Frederick during the seven yean' war. i
of Acerenta. 13 m. W. 8. W. of Berlin. Long. 13. 49. £., l*t i
Potomac, a river of the United States, which 52. 52. N. t
rises in the N. W. part of Virginia, and separates Potsdam , p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. Y. 90 m. i
that state from Maiyland, almost its whole course, W. Plattsburg. Pop. 3,650.
till it enters the W. side of Chesapeak Bay. It Potter, a county of the W. District of Fenn-
is navigable nearly 300 m. for larse ships and sylvania. Pop. 1 ,265. Cowderaport is the ca|ii*
where it enters the Chesapeak is 7 1-2 m. wide, tal ; also a township of Centre Co. Pa.
Its whole length is 550 m. The passage of the Patterns HoUoto, p.v. Albany Co. N. T
Potomac, through the mountains of the Blue Pottergtown, a village of Hunterdon Co. N. J.
Ridge, at Harper's Ferry, presents the appear- PotterstiUe, p.v. Louisa Co. Va.
ance of an immense rent, three ouarters of a mile Pottenea, Thtf a district in Stafibrdshire, En|.
wide, through a stupendous wall of rocks. The extending about 10 m. in length and one and a
broken fragments or the mountain which lie scat- half in breadth. It comprises the towns and ril*
tered all around, and its craggy front, torn down lages of Burslem, Hanley, Lane £nd, Etroriii,
to the base, attest the violence of the disruption. Stoke upon Trent, Tunstall, Uongport, Sheltoo,
and forcibly remind the spectator of the period, Brownhills, &«., situated in a part of the coos*
when the mountain ridge opposed a barrier to the ty abounding in coal, and clays of f re at rarietj
stream, and when its collected waters swelled to in colour and texture, which, together a ith Um
such a mass as to tear away the mountain from great canal intercourse kept op wiUi all parts of tbe
its foundation. Washington, Alexandria and kingdom, furnish a large portion of indostiyaa^
Georgetown are situated upon this river. weuth.
Potomac and Ohio Canals called also the CAasa- Potion, a town in Bedfordahire, En£. IS m. £.
foak and Ohio Canal, is designed to unite the Po- of Bedford and 48 N. by W. of Lonooa.
tomac with the Ohio. It leaves the Potomac at . Pottagrovo, a township of Montgomery Co. Pl
Georgetown and proceeds up the north-eastern on the Schuylkill.
bank of the river through the mountains, by a Pottatotvn, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. la the
tunnel 4 miles in lenfth, and down the vallies of above township,
the Yottghiogeny ana MonongaheU to the Ohio. PeOmUs, p.v. SchoylkUl Co. Pa
Ptnighluepne, p.t. Dutches! Co. N. T. on the tie Town, which is the most ancient pari of
Hudson, 85 m. above New York. Pop. 7,223. It Prague, has broad streets, and is verir popaluus
is about a mile from the banks of the river which The Hradschin once belonged to theLittle Town
is here bold and rookj. The town is regularly bat in 1756 it was n^ade the fourth town of
laid out and makes an elegrant appearance. It ii Prague : its principal buildings are the royal pal-
a place of considerable tn3e. ace, in which is a hall, 100 paces Ion? and 4U
PouguBB, a yillag* of France, department of broad, without any pillar to support the roof;
Nievre, noted for its ferruginous mineral spring, the cathedral of St. Veit, containing the buryal-
5 m. N. W. of Nevers. place of the kings and many relics ; the cliapcl
PouUon, a town in Lancsahire, Eng. It is much of Our Lady of Tioretto ; the magnificent arcbi-
frequented in the.bathing season. SS4. N. W. of episcopal palace ; and the large palace of Tscher-
London. mn. FnigQ® ^^^ suffered frequents devastation-
Poundndge^ p.v. West Chester Co. N. Y. by war. The White Mountain, without the gate
Pavreayn, St,, a town of France, department of of Strahow, is celebrated for the victory gained in
Allier, seated on the Sioule, 19 m. S. by W. of 1620 by the Austrians over Frederic v., the elcc-
iMoulins. tor palatine, whom the Bohemians had chosen for
Potoaw River, a small stream flowing info the their king. In 1631 Prague was taken by the
Merrimack 4 m. above Newburyport, between Saxons ; and by the Swedes in 1648. It was ta-
Amesbury and Salisbury. On the bank of the ken by storm in 1741 bv the French, who were
river are several manufactories and mills. Here obliged to leave it in 1742. In 1757 it was besieg-
is a steep eminence called Powaw Hill, on which ed b^ the king of Prussia, afler a great victory,
the Indians were accustomed to celebrate their obtamed near this city^ over the Austrians; but
powaws, and which exhibits an enchanting pros- the defeat at Kollin obliged him to raise the siege,
pect from the summit. 75 m. S. E of Dresden. Long. 14. 30. £., lat. oO.
Pawelton, p.t Hancock Co. Geo. 6. N.
Powkalanf a county of the £. District of Vir* PrairUy townships in Wayne, Holmes, and
ginia. Pop. 8,517. &soUville ii the Capital. Franklin Cos. Ohio.
Poyang-hou, a lake of China, in the N. part of PrairU Creek, p.v. Vigo Co. Ind.
the province of Kiang-si, formed by the conflu- Prairie du Chun, a settlement in Crawford Co.
ence of several rivers, which meet here ftom Michigan, on the Mississippi, at the mouth of the
every point of the compass. It is 250 m. in cir- Wisconsin. It was founded many years since by
cuouezence, and surrounded by a most desolate the French traders,
region. Prairie du Roche p.t. Randolph Co. Illinois.
Poxxuolo. See PuxzuoU. Prairie Mound, p.t LUlard Co. Missouri.
Prabat, a town of the kingdom of Siam, 100 m. PraileviUe, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
N. of Siam. Lon. 101. 10. E., lat. 15. 40. N. Prasto, a small town of Greece, in the Morea,
Praeds, See Paracds. situate to the W. of the gulf of Napoli, 16 m. N
Praehaiitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of by E. of Misitra.
Prachin, 23 m. S. by W. of Pisek. Prato, a town of Tuscany, with a citadel, 10. m
Praehin, a mountain of Bohemia, on which N. W. of Florence,
formerly stood a castle of the same name. It Prattsville, p.v. AUeg^hany Co. Md.
Sives name to a circle on the W. side of the Mul* Prats de Molo, a forafied town of France, de*
au, of which Pisek is the capital. partment of Eastern Pyrenees, on the Tet, 29 m.
Prades, a town of France, department of Eastern S. W. of Perpignan.
Pyrenees, seated in a fine plain on the river Tet, Prausnitt, a town and castle ofPrussian Silesia.
24 m. W. S. W. of Perpignan. It has a fine church, containing the tombs of the
Prades, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near counta of Hatzfbld, and is 18 m. N. of Breslau.
which is a magnificent abbey, where the ancient PreUs, a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,255. Eaton
kings of Arragon were interred. It is 39 m. N. is the capital ; p.t Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,435.
W. of Barcelona. Praya, See Porto Praya.
Praga, a town of Poland, on the Vistula, op- Preeop, or Pereeop, a town and fi>rtress of Rus-
positeWarsaw, of which it is considered as a su- ria, in tne government of Catharinenslaf, and pro-
burbl yince of Taurida, seated on the isthmus that joins
Pragpjos, a town of the Sardinian states in Pied- the Crimea to the continent. A deep trench, four
mont/V m. W. of Turin. m. in length, is cut across the isthmus, over whioh
Prague, the capital of Bohemia, and formerly is a bridge, and upon that a vaulted gate, called
an archiepiscopal see. It comprehends four towns, the Golden Gate of the Tartan. Long. 35. 34.
the Old, New, and Little Town, and the Hrads- E., lat. 46. 8. N.
chin. It is 15 m. in circumference, is built up- Precovia, a town of Servia, on the river Mora ve,
on seven hills, and contains 85,000 inhabitanta. 20 m. W. of Nissa.
The Muldan runs through the citj, separating Pergel, a river of£. Prussia, which issues from
the Old Town from the New, and over it is a the iJke Augerbnrff, and flowing by Insterburg,
bridge of 18 arches, with a stronff tower at each Welau, and Kongsberg, enters the eastern ex*
end. The Old Town is very populous ; the hous- tremity of the Frisch aiff.
es are high and the streete narrow. In this part Prenustau, a town of Poland, with a strong c:afi-
are the remains of a palace, where the ancient tie, and a Greek and Latin bishop's see ; seated
kings resided ; but the finest ornament is the uni- on the Pana, 60 m W. by S. of Lemborg. Long,
versity, frequented b^'a great number ofstudenta ; 21. 0. E. lat. 49. 0. N.
here also is a magnificent college, formerly be- Prei»zio,atownof Brandenburg, capital of what
longing to the Jesuita, and the Jews have nine was formerly called the Ucker Mark. It contains
synagogues. The New Town contains fine struc- 6 churches, and has a brisk trade in com, tobao-
tares, handsome gardens, and large streete ; al- eo, and cattle. Seated on the lake and river Uc-
so an arsenal, and a secular foundation, whose ker, 58 m. N. N. E. of Berlin. Long. 13. 55.
abbess was % prinoess of the empire. The lAU £., lat. 53. 19. N. •
3F
PAE ei4 PRl
Prtrmt, a town of Moravia, capital of a circle PretUmpmM, a town of Scotland, in Haddinc-
of the same name. It is seated on the Becswa, tonshire» with a safe harboor, called Morrison^s
13 m. 8. £. of Olmttts. Long. 17. 29 £., lait 49. Haven, on the frith of Forth. It baa manufac-
^- N. tores m salt, stone and earthem ware, and bricks
Prtthurg, a city of Hangaiy. It ij mated on and tiles. At this place the royal army was (fe-
the DanuM, which is here Ter]^ rapid, and about feated by the Pretender's adherents in 1745. 8
250 yards in breadth. The inhabitants are esttmat- m. E. by N. of Edinburgh,
ed at 30,000. Its castle, a noble Gothic stnic- , PrtUMukmrg, p.v. Floyd Co. Ken.
ture, wss burned down in the commencement of PrestonsvUU^ p t. Rhea Co. Tenn.
the present centary. This town was declared by PruUm HoUoie, p.T. Albany Co. N. T.
a royal decree of 1836^ the capital of Hungary, Prestek^ a town of Prussian Saxony with a fine
on account of its vicinitr to Vienna, and the soy- castle, seated on the Elbe, 10 m. S. by E. ofBrit-
ereigns are still crowned in its cathedral ; bat the ten, a town of Saxony on the Elbe, 18 m. S. by E.
principal officers of ^Femment reside at fiuda, of Wittenberg.
and the diets and supreme courts of judicature PrseeM, a town of Greece, in Albania, and ^
meet at Perth. In December, 1805, a treaty of bishop's see. It stands on the ruins of the aw-
Kace was concluded here between Austria and oient Nicopolis, built by the emperor Augustus,
ance. 38 m. £. by S. of Vienna and 96 W. N. in memory of his victory over Anthony. It was ta-
W. of Bnda. Long 17. 9. E., lat 48. 9. N. ken by the Venetians in 1684, was ceded to the
Preseat^ a town of Lancashire, Eng. It is a Turks in 1718, taken by the French in 1718, and
loiiff straggling town, and may be said to be retaken the following year by the Turks in whose
built almost oVer coal pits, seyeral being worked hands it remained till the recent liberation of
close to its extremities. It u estimated Uiat 2,000 Greece. It u seated on a mountain, on the fulf
persons are emploved in the oolHeries of Piescot; of Larta, 70 m. N. W. of Lepanto. Long. 21. 5.
whence Liverpool is chiefly suppUed with Aiel. E., lat. 39. 14. N.
Here are raanufactives of wa^h movemento, pin- iVsiiiUy, a town of France t department of In
ion wire, small files, and coane earthen ware ; dre-et-Loiie. Neajr it are minee of iros ; and
and also some mannnotories of cotton, hata, Ac. it stands en the Claise, 18 m. 8. of Loches.
8 m. E. of Liverpool and 197 N. N. W. of London. Priammm, a town on the W. eoast of the island
Preteoij p.t. Hampshire Co. Biasa. 76 m. W. fios- of Sumatra, where the Dutch had formerly a fac-
ton. Pop. 158; also a village of Upper Cuiada, tory. The environs produce bat little pepper;
on the St. Ijawrence nearly oppoaito Ogdenshnig. but the air is healthy, and it stands on a small
Pressncane, a townof NapfesyinTerradi Lavo- river in which gold is found. The English E.
ro. It appears by an inscription to be the ancient India company formed a settlement here in 1686
Rufse, and ite territory has the name of Coste Ru- Long. 98. 0. £., lat. 1. a S.
fiaria. It is 28. m I^ of Naples. Priegtfard, p.v. Hartlbrd Co. Maryland.
Preaidiif Stato ddUy formerly the name of a Primkenau^ a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
small territory of Italy, on the coast of the Sien- government of Leignits, with an iron forge and a
nese. It includes 5 fortresses, which were le- manufacture of paper, 16 n. S. W. of Glo^u.
tained by Spain when the territory <^ Sienna was Prime* Edaesrd, a eounty of the E. District
ceded to the duke of Tnscany in 1557. In 1735 of Virginia. Pop. 14,107. Hampden and Syd-
it was ceded to the king of the Two Sicilies ; and ney coflege in this Co. was fonnaed in 1774. It
now belongs to the grand duchy of Tuscany. has 6 insttuctors and 54 studente.
Prfteign, a town of Wales, in Radnorshire. Prinee #V«dmci^ p.v. Calver^ Co. Maryland 40
The site of ito castle is now laid out in public m. S. Annapolis.
walks. It is seated near the source of the Lug, Prine§ Gwrgt. a county of the E. District of
in a rich valley, 23 m. N. N. W. of Hereford Virginia. Pop. 6,308. tity Point is the capiul.
and 151 N. N. W. of London. Long. 2. 58. PrinM QeorgtB^ a county of Maryland. Pop
W. lat. 52. 15. N. 20,473. Upper Marlboroi^h is the capital.
Prcfd'fna, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 11 m. Prtnes WiiUam, a county of the E. District of
N. of Coimbra. Virginia. Pop. 9,320. jfrentovUle U the ca|ri.
Prttio^ a sea-port of Denmark, in Zealand , with tal .
a good harbour in a bay of the Baltic, 42 m. 8. Prince WWiam, a township of York Co. N. B.
S. WofCopenhsgen. Long. 12. 6. £.,lat. 65. 9. N. PHmtu Mtu^ a county of the £. District of
PruUm^ a borough in Lancashire, Eng. The Virginia. Pop. 9,102.
chief manufkctures are the various branches of iVtiMS of* IFsisfCf^a, the north-western exlrem-
cotton and muslin, whioh are now carried on to a i^of America, discovered by captain Cook, in
considerable extent. Preston exhibits a nearer ap- 1/78. It is on the E. side of Bhering*a Strait
proaoh than any other town in the kingdom to Prmee qf WaUa Fort, the most northern settle-
universal suffrage, the right of voting being in mentof the Hudson Bay Company, on the west
the male inhabitanto at large. It is noted for the side of Hudson*s Bay, at the mouth of Church
defeat of the pretender's a&erante in 1715, when hill River. Long. 94. 7. W., lat. 58. 47. N.
most of them were made prisoners \ also for a Prinet of WaUa /j/ond, or Penang, an island 2
kind of public carnival, or jubilee, held every 20 m. from the W. coast of Malaooa, 18 m. lonr
years, the last of which was in 1822. It is seated and 8 broad, divided longitudinally b^ a rid^re <?
near the river nibble and the Lancaster Canal, 22 mountains. The channel to the mainland is a
m. S. S. E. of Lancaster and 217 N. N. W. of sale road for ahipa. This island was purchased of
London. Long. 2. 53. W., lat. 53. 46. N. the king of Qoeda by the Engliah E. India Com-
Fresfon, p.t. New London Co. Conn, on the pany, who formed a settlement here in 1786 ; and,
Thames 15 m. sbove New London. Pop. 1,935; m five vears after, Georgetown, ite capital, was
p.t. Chenango Co. N. Y. 106 m. W. Albany. Pop. establiahed as a sea-port. The inhabitante were
1,213. estimated in 1805 at 14,000, since which time
Pruton, a ooun W of the W. District of Virgin- they have considerably incitssed. Long. 96. 50
la. Pop. 5,009 iTingwood is the capital. E., lat 5. 36. N.
PRI et5 PRO
FHmce ffSUam Hmn^$ Island^ an uland in the but it prodveei ehemutp, and haa ezoeUent paa*
Eaataxn Ocean, lyinf W. N. W. of Tench Island, turea. AvcUino is the capital.
It is pretty high, well wooded, and about 70 m. in Pmtuia, a town of Romania, and a biabop*a
circuit The population ia estimated at 50,000. see, which waa pillaged by the Austrians in \(xQ.
It was diaeoTered by lieutenant Ball in 1790, and It is seated on the Rusca, 150 m. S. by £. of
a high mountain in the centre waa called Mount Belgrade. Long. 21. 36. £., lat. 42. 43. N.
FhiUp. Long. 149. 30. E., lat. 1. 32. S.^Also Pritxwalk, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
the name of an island in the Pactfie Ocean, dis- seated on the Domnitz, 13 m. E. N. £. of Perle-
eovered by captain Wallis in 1767. Long. 141. 6. berg.
W^ lat. 17. 0. 8. Priioaif a town of France, capitel of the de-
Prince WUliaM Sound, a gulf on the N. W. partment of Ardeche. It is seated on a hill, neai
coast of America, discovered by Cook in 1778, and the confluence of three small rivers, 68 m. S. oi
▼isited and explored by Vancouver in 1794. The Lyons. Long. 4. 36. E., lat. 44. 45.
dress of both sexes is a sort of close robe» made ProddA, a island in the gulf of Naples, near
of the skins of various animals, and commonly that of Ischia, 8 m. in circumference, and very
worn with the hairy side outward, sometimes fertile and populous. The capital, of the same
reaching only to the knees, but generally to the name, is a small fortified place, on a hifh craggv
ancles. The men often paint their faces of a rock, by the sea side. Long. 14. 8. £., lat. 40
black colour, and of a bright red^ and sometime 43. *,
of a blueish or leaden hue ; but not in regular PtaetornUUf p. v. Windsor Co. Vt. 88 m. S.
figure. The women puncture or stain the chin Montpelier.
with black, that comes U» a point on each of their ProdanOf an island in the Mediterranean, near
cheeks. Their canoes are or two sorte ; the one the W. coast of the Morea, formerly called Sphac-
large and open, the other small and covered : the teria. It as 36 m. 8. 8. E. of Zalite. Long. 21.
framing eonsiste of slendei pieces of wood, and 24. E., lat. 37. 15. N.
the outeide is composed of the skins of seals, or Prame, a city of Birmah, province of Ava. It
other sea animals stretched over the wood. Their waa formerly more considerable than at present,
weapons, and implemente for hunting and fishing, having been greatly reduced by frequent wars,
resemble those used by the Esquimaux. The Much teak timber is sent hence to lUmgoon. It
principal animals are bears, common and pine mar- is seated on the Irrawaddy, 120 m. N. W. of Pe-
tens, sea otters, seals, racoons, small ermines, fox* gu. Long. 95. 0. £., lat 18. 50. N.
es, and the whitiah cat or lynx. The birds found Prospeet.p.L Waldo Co. Me., on the Penob-
hero are the &lcon, the great king-fisher, the scot, 8 m. N. £. Belfaat Pop. 2,381 ; p.t. Prince
white-headed eagle, and the humming bird. Edward Co. Va. 105 m. 8. W. Richmond.
Long. 147. 21. VT, lat. 50. 33. N. Prospect HiU, p. v. Rensselaer Co. N. T. ; p. v.
Prince's liland, an island near the W. ooaat Fairfax Co. Va. ; p. v. Caswell Co. N. C.
of Guinea, 90 m. in circumference, discovered ProavermUjtk villsge of Ireland, in the county
by the Portuguese in 1471. It is elevated and of Kilaare, lo m. 8. W. of Dublin. It haa aeon-
fertile, and has a town on the N. part, with a aiderable manufiustore of cotton,
good turbour. Long. 7. 40. £., lat. 1. 40. N. Prosniix, a town of Moravia, in the circle of
Prinee*$ Idand, a email island in the Indian Olmutx, 8 m. 8. 8. W. of Olmutz.
Ocean, near the W. entrance of the strait of Sun- Provence, a former province of France, which
da. It is visited by European ships for wood and now forma the department of Var, Lower Alps,
water. Long. 104. 30. £., lat. 6. 15. 8. and Mouiha of the Rhone.
Prince' 8 ulandt, four email islands, in the sea Protidenee, one of the Bahama Islands, and the
of Marmora, near the strait of Constantinople, best of those planted by the English. It was
called Prinkipo, Prote, Kalke, and Antigone, taken by the Spaniarda, m 1782, but retaken the
The first ia the largest, and haa a town contain- next year. A light-house waa erected, in 1804,
ing above 2,000 tnhabitante. Long. 28. 56. £., on an eminence overlooking Nassau, the chief
lat. 40. 51. N. town. Long. 77. 20. W., lat. 25. 3. N.
Princeton^ p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 52 m. W. Promdsnce, an island in the Atlantic, which the
Boston. Pop. 1,345. It waa called WackueeU Buccaniera fortified, but afterwards abandoned,
by the Indians, and within iU limite atands the It is 150 m. E. of the coast of Nicaragua. Long,
mountein of that name, which See. 60. 44. W., lat. 13. 25. N.
Princeton, p.t. Somerset and Middlesex Cos. Protidenee river, a stream of Rhode Island
N. J. 40 m. N. £. Philadelphia. The college of formed by the union of two rivers just above the
New Jersey, or Nassau Hall, ia established at thia city of rrovidence. It flows into Narrannset
place. It was founded in 1746 ; it has 10 instruct- Bay, and is navigable from Providence to tne sea
ors and 105 stodente; the libraries have I2fi00 for ahips of 900 tons.
volumes. It has two vacationa in kpring^ and Prevtifsiies, city, chief of a county of the same
autumn of 12 weeks. Commencement is in name in Rhode tsland, is the largest place in the
fkptember. Here is also a Theological Seminary, atate and the second city in New England for
Princeton, p.v. Caldwell Co. Ken.; p.v. Butler population, wealth, and business. It standa at
Co. Ohio ; p.t. Oibaou Co. Indiana. the head of Narraganaet Bay, which at this ex*
Princetown, p.t Schenectady Co. N. T. Pop. tremity becomes narrowed to the width of a riv-
819. er. It is built on both sides of the river, the two
Prindpoiq, a province of Naples, divided into parte being connected bv a bridge. The new
Principato Citra and Ultra, that is, the Further town on the W. of the nver haa all the bustle
and Hither Prineipality. The former is 60 m. and livelineas, and displays the flourishing ap
long and 30 broad ; the soil fertile in wine, com, pearanoe of a commercial citv. The hill on tie
oil, and saflfton ; and it has a great deal cdT silk, opposite side, or fiaat Provioence, is chiefly oe
and several mineral springe. Salerno is the cap- cupied by private mansions, beaotifnlly aituated,
ital. Prineipato Ultra is 37 m. long and jO and adorned with gardens and court yards. Ob
kroad; uid ue aoU not fertile in corn or winei the summit of a ateep eminence staans tne eol-
jege, oTsrlooking the city. Ths bItmU tie ir-
reeulu', but then ue many beautiful ■ttuationa
and fine edifices io the citj. Here ii a hand-
■ome arcade three itoriei oi^, with 38 tdoid*
en each Soor. Each ft-ant coniiati of an Ionic
poiiica, with granite pitlan. Praridence ha* 13
chiircOei, a ttuatre, a public libtarj, man; eol-
ton and wooUn msaufaclorin, paper milU, dye-
hcuse*, &c. Ita diitance from the aea ia 35
inilei, but merchant (hip* of the largeal lize can
"0 the wharrei. Steam-boata pau be-
IS PRU
(tad bailt on piln driren into the nad with
■pace* between them for the land to dritl throii|^,
otherwiae Ihey would ba completely buried. "Ae
inhabitant* lire by fuhing, a* the cape prodaeei
nothing bnl a icanty vegetation of coane craa*
■uSoient for the paatunge of a few cowa. Pop.
1,710.
Provm*, a tovm orFraiioe,de^artii>eiitaf Seiiie-
et-Matna, celebrated for it* mineral water*. It
ha* a conaiderabls trade in com, and Knne wooira
■nann&ctnrea, and ia seated on the Vooile, OD m.
B. E. ofPari*.
Pnuk. BeeBmdt.
Pnua, or Pnaia. Bee Bvrw.
Fnuria, a tarn countir of Europe, occapyinf
a neat part of toe H. of Germany, Bodeitendintf
with little iaierraplian from Ihe confine* of
Lithuania to Ihoae of the Netherland*. It ii a
Tery fertile country, prodncing a gml deal of
flax, hemp, and corn. There are a great nnmbrr
of domeetic animaia : and the aea, the riTera, and
lahe*, aupptyabundanceof fiah. Game ibouiHla ;
and elk*, wild aaaea, and nri, are found in the
foreil* ; thew laal are of a huge *iie, and hare
I reaemblance to beevea; their bide* are ez-
twcen Providence and New York, throngh Lonj
tremely thick and atrong, and tbey are
foreigner* at a great price. One of the a
BoBlnn to the b. paaiea by tbi* route. Providence
wu founded by Rogi-i WilliamB in 1636. It re-
tained the denominaUon and gorenuueni of
a town until 1831, when a city charter waa
Drown Univenity al thi* place waa founded
in 1764, and wu firat establiabed at Wanen : it
wai removed to ProTidence in 1770. It bai been
■uppoited (olely by individual patronan, and
ita tunda are not large. The college edifice* are
two brick building*, conlaining lOOroomi foratn-
denla, and olhera for public purpoae*. The col-
, a yellow
amber, which ii found along the aea-coaat.
There are two larnjake*, heeide* the riven Vis-
tula and Pregei. The inhabitanu ate generally
of a good conilitution, lahorioni, and robuit.
There are a peat number of mechanics ; but the
principal basineas ia buibaudry, with the feeding
of cattle. The pteaent monarchy of Pimaia
eonnaU of two diitinct paita separated bj the
German State*, and conlama 105,770 iq- m. ortet-
ritory, and a pop. of 12,562,878. TTie arrof
amount* to 165,000 men. The revenue is 40,
000,000 dollar*: the public debt 120,000,000.
The government ia an ahaolnte monarchy. Tbt
lelif[i»n of the royal family ia proteatant, bat all
creed* are tolerated.
aocielis*. The officer* ar« a Pre*rdent and a Pro-
(eaois. The board of truatee* i* compond r^ 36
member*, of whom 2S mn*t be BBpti*t«, 6 Qua-
ker*, 5 Episcopalian* and four Congregalionaliata.
The Fellow*, or Learned Faculty, are 13 of
wbom 8, including the President, muit be Bap-
tiaU. The number of studenU in ie31, was 96.
There are 3 vaoationa in May, September and
December, amounting to 13 week*. Ci)mmeDce-
ment is in September.
Providence i* a port of entry, and in 1828
owned 00,252 ton* of ahippiDg. Il ia in lat. 41.
Bl. N., long. 71. 10, W. , 30 m. N. by W. Newport,
40 9. 8. W. Boston, 74 E. Hartford. Pop.
10,832.
ProvidtttM, p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 25 ra. N.
Albany. Pop. t,S79i ■••o townahip* in E*sex
Co. N. J.; Luzerne, Bedford, Delaware and
Montgomery Cos. Pa.; p. v. Mecklenburg Co.
Fiwidaux hm, p.v. Chesterfield Co. Va.
FroeidtKa, • county qf Rhode Island. Pop.
47,0H. Providence city ia the eapiUl.
ProBtKHUnm, p.t. Barnstable Co. Masa, on
Cape Cod, at the extremity of (he peninsula. Il ia
eo m. B. E. of Boston in a straight line and 116
Vj land. It has an excellent harbour but there
are no wharve*. The house* are of one story
since denominated Poliah, or W. Pmsaia, rerolt-
ed to Caaimir IV. king of Poland, and was incor-
porated into the dommions of the republic. At
the same time the knight* were conatrained to
hold the remaining part, called Ducal or E. Prus-
sia, as a lief of the crown of Poland. Inl525AI-
bert, the grand muter, betrayed the interests of
his fraternity, and eouclnded a treaty with Sigia-
mnnd, kbg of Poland, by which E. Pruaaia was
~ erected into an hereditary duohy, and given to
him u a Polish fief. Having adopted the tenets
of Lather, he married a jinnceas of Deomark,
and tranimittad thia rich tDberilancs to his de-
acendanta : one of whom, Frederic William, waa
Ihs firat duke thai threw off hi* dependence oa
Poland. The foundation of the Pruasiao moo-
archy was e*(abliabed by him, between 1640 and
1688. Hi* ion and lucoeisor, Frederic in 1701
assumed the title of King of Pnuaia, which waa
•oon siler acknowledged by all the CbriaUan
powen, except Poland, which did not acknow-
ledge it tUI 1764. In 1743 Frederic II. acquired
the dachy of Sileda &om the house of Aoslria;
and by hi* wonderfU victoriea, and tha atill mora
wonderful resources by which he repaired occa-
sional defeat*, he became the adrairation of tha
age. In 177S be compelled the Pole* to cede to
him WeMem Prua*ia, excepting the cities of
peace ai well ae war, diftinfoiahiAg himaalf aa a Prxiknm.lL town cf BolMinia, in the eiiele of
poet, philoeopher, and legiilator, and expending Beraon, wita a ailTer mine and an iron foondety,
large same in the improvement of the country, aeated near the river Moldan, 96 m. S. S. W. of
He waa auceaeded by hit nejiheir, Frederic Wu- Pracne.
liam II., in 1736, who forcibly annexed to hia AA^> or PUikof, a goyemment of Ruaaia, ly-
kingdom D&ntiic and Thorn, with aeveral coo- ing between thoae of JLivonia and Smolenako. It
biderable proyinoea, which he atvled Sonthem compriaea an area 0^28,000 aq. m. with 700,000
Prnaaia. He had alao a ahare in the general con* inhahitanta.
test against France, in the early part of the nro- PM^tfff the capital of the abore goTemmant,
lution ; bat made peace with that conntry in and an archbiahop'a aee, with a strong caatle. It
April, 1796 ; and died at Berlin in 1797. ia aealed on the nrer Welika. at its entrance into
Hia son, Frederic WilUam 111., conUnned on the Uke Tchadakoi, 80 m. 8. of Narva and 170
amicable terms with France, till the diaeolution S. by W. of Peterabnrgh. Long. 27. 52. £., .at
of the Germanic body in 1806, and the conaeqoent 57. i8, N.
•brmation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Fueadot^ a town of Bengali 40 m. N. W. of
when, thinking himself aggrieved, he decbuea Dacca.
War against Franse. Thu war waa of abort du- PuekhoU^ a town ofHindooetan, in the province
ration, bat of meet disastrous conaequenee to of Lahore, 86 m. S. W. of Cashmere and 145 N.
Pruasia. By the peace of Tibit, the whole of W. of Lahore. Long. 75. 5. E., lat. 33. 45. N.
the Polish dominions belonging to Prussia, with Pmdda. a river of Hindooetan, which rises in
a few exceptions, were translened to another the 8. W. part of Agimere. divides the provinces
prince ; and the king of Praaaia had further to of Cutch and Ouaeimti ana runs into the gulf of
renounce his right to all the Cerritoriesi without Cutoh.
•*xceptinn, situated between the Elbe and the JPn^gn, a town of Ruaaia, in the government
Rhine ; to thoae belonging to Saxony and the of Oloneta, aituate on the E. coaat of the lake of
House of Anhalt on the right bank of the Elbe; Onezkoe. 106 m. E. of Olonetx. Loiig. 36. 30.
ami, lastly, to the circle ofRCthua, in Lower Lu E., lat. 61. 36. N.
satia, which was ceded to Saxony. Thus waa PuMa, a town of Spain^Jn Galicia, aeated near
Prussia redaced to the lowest rank among the the Atlantic, 99 m. 8. 8. W. of CompoaCella.
powers of Europe. On the memorable retreat of PmMm de h» Jhigd0§, a citt of Mexico, capital
the Fieneh armies from Russia, and the arrival of a province of ita name. The atreeta are broad
of the Russians within the territories of Prussia, and atrai#ht, and the boildinga in genera] of atone,
she, however, threW off her alliance with FranoCi lofly ana elegant. In the centre of the city b a
joined Russia in the war, and made auch extraor* large aquaxe. adorned on three aidea with uniform
dinary efforts to retrieve her lost character, by porticoes, where are ahoM filled with rich com-
the magnitude of her armies and the courage moditiea, and on the otner with the cathedral,
which sue maintained in the field, that on the which has a beautiful front, and two lofty towers,
cohdasion of the war all the countriea which had Beaides the cathedral, there are aeveral other
been wreated from her by the treaty of Tilait were ohurchea and convents, well built and finely
restored. adorned. A email river runs through the town.
The kingdom ia now divided into 10 provincea, and the adjacent valley produces vines and all
namely, E. Prussia, W. Pruasia, Brandenburg, aorta of European fmita. It is 80 ra. £. S. E. of
Pomerania, Westphalia, Cleves and Berg. Sileaia, Mexico. Long. 99. S8. W., lat 19. 30. N.
Posen, Saxony, and Lower Rhine ; which are PuMa JVacotMi, a town of Mexico, in the prov-
subdivided into S8 governments. For military ince of Veragua, seated near the Pacific Ocean,
purpoees, the kingdom is divided into five great 100 m. W. of St Jago. Long. 83. 0. W., lat 8.
Sarts, via. Prussia, Brandenburg and Pomerania, 34. N.
iilesia and Prussian Poland, Saxony, and finally PuMa de Saaoiria, a town of Spain in the prov-
Westphalia with the Lower Rhine. Berlin ia the tone of Leon, 45 m. 8. W. of Aatorga.
capital of all Pruaaia. Paaale, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the
PnMfui, Proper, an extenalve diviaioo of the river Agra, 8 m. S. 8. W. of Pamplona.
Prussian states, between the northern froatter of Pwgrto BsUo, Putro Bko, Ac See Porta,
Poltnd and the Baltic. It compriaea the provin- Pnjslia, the ancient Apulia, containing the three
oes of E. and W. Prasaia, divided formerly by peovincea of Capitanata, Bari. and Otranto, on
the Vistula, and now by a line a ibw m. to the £. the fi. aide of the kingdom of Napfea.
of that river. E. Pruaaia liea between 19. 20. and PugtOomL, p.v. Cheater Co. Pa.
24. 15. of E. long, and 69. Si. and 56. 3. of N. lit., PJmM^ a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,890.
and has a superficial extent of 15,000 aq. m. with Hartfiird la the capital ; a county of X!entucky.
856,000 inhabitants. It ia divided into the gov- Pop. 9,522. Somerset ia the dajpiul; a county
ernmenU of Konigaberg and Gumhinnen. W. of Arkanaaa. Pop. 8^396. Little Rock ia the
Prussia ia a leaa exteaaive country, ha area being oaMtai ; alao a p.v. Qilea Co. Tenn«
10,OCK> sq. m. its population 560,000. It ia divided Fnflkafy, a town of Wales, in Caemarvonahire,
into the govemmenti of Oantaic and Marietta iealed on an inlet of Cardigan Bat, between two
werder. rivera, 16 m. 8. of Caernarvon ana 943 N. W« of
Pruiky a river that riaea in Marmaioeoh, ia L6ndon.
Hungary, crosses part of die palathiate of Lem* PmId Csii4ara,aee Comiort; and ao with other
burg, flows thro^h Moldavia^ and enteis the ialandetliathaveaonietimeaPulo[lBlandi prefixed.
Danube above Lent, in^ Beaaarbm. P%dUcoU, a town of Hindooetan, in the Cama-
Pfwyns, a town of the Pmaaiitt proviacv of tie, on the aea-eoaat, and at the S. end of a lar^
Lower Rhine, with a princely abbey ; aeated on lake to which it jrivea name, 23 m. N. of Madras.
the river Pruym,30 m. 8. 8. E. at Aix-la-Chapelto. i*nllsasf, p.t Steuben Co. N. T. 30 m. 8. Ca-
frteMRsUa, a town of Auatrian Poland, canital nandaigua. Pop. 1,730.
of a circle of its lunne, with a castle ; seatea on PtMmgyoilUt p.v. Wayne Co. N. T. on Lake
the river San, 54 nr. W. br 8. of Lenberg. Ontario. ' '' ^
TO 3r8
PUT 618 PUZ
Pulineyf a townihip of Belmont Co. OiiiO| on September 1813 when bt eapfcaied the Britkh
the Ohio. Squadron.
PuUatakf a town in the interior of Poland, PutlUi, a town of ProHda, in the piroTinee of
where in 1807 a battle was fought between the Brandenbarg, with an old caatle, 11 m. N. N. £
French and Ruaiians, in which both sides claim- of Perleber{;.
ed the victory. It is sealed on the Narew, 30 m. Putnam^ a county of New Tork. Pup. 12,701.
N. of Warsaw. Cannel is the capital; a county of Ohio. Pop.
PuUowa. See Poltava. 230. Sugar Grove is the capital; a countjr of
PunUf an bland in the Pacific Ocean, 35 m. Georgia. Pop. 13,653. Ilatonton is the capital,
long and 12 broad, lying at the entrance of the ' FiJiuim, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. on Lake
bay of Guayaquil. It has an Indian town of the Champlain. Pop. 718 ; p.t. Muskingum Co. Ohio.
same name, on ite S. side. 115 m. N. of Paita. PniMsy, a village in Surrey, Ens. seated on the
Pime4 HaUfh ^lage of Caroline Co. Mary- Thames^ over whieh is a wooden bridge, 4 m. W.
land. S. W. of London. On Putney heath is an obelisk,
PunhtiBf a town of Portugal^ in Estremadura, erected in 1786, in commemoration of Mr. Hart-
al the conflux of the Zezere with the Tajo, 6 m. ley*s invention of fire-plates, for securing buil<l-
N. W. of Abrantes. ings from fire ; and on ite borders are several ele-
Pvnta del Ouda, the capital of St. Michael, one gant mansions,
of the Azores, with a strong castle. It is situate Pvtnm, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Connee*
on the S. side, and contains 10,000 inhabitante. tieut. 33 m. S. Windsor. Pop. 1,510.
The streeU are regular and of convenient width, PvWm Semtuutik, or jPvltaa, a town of Hindooa-
and the ehurehes, religious houses, and public tan, nefur the southern extremity of the Goxerat
edifices may be deemed elegant. There is no Peninsula. Somnauth is one ofthe twelve images
harbour in tne vicinitj of the town, and vessels of Seeb which are said to have descended from
usually anchor at a distance fiY>m the shore in an heaven to earth ; and the great fame of ite tem-
open road. Long. 25. 42. W., lat. 37. 47. N. pie attracted the cupidity, while it stimulated the
FuRzetatony, p.v. Jefferson Co. Pa. 70 m. N. bigotry, of Sultan Mahmood, of Ghizni. Accord-
E. PitUburg. ing to Mahomedan authors, the image was de-
Purbeekfl^ of, a rough and heathy tract in stroyed, but the Hindoos assert that Die sod re-
Dursetehire, to the S. of Pool Bay. It is insulated tired into the ocean ! The symbol placed in the
by the sea and rivers, and is famous far ite stone temple is deemed peculiarly ]>ropitiou8 to those
quarries, the principal of which lie at ite eastern who desire offiipring. It is visited by pilgrims
extremity, near Swannage, whence the stone is from every qusjrter, who pay a trifling duty to
exported : it is of the calcareous kind, but die- the Nabob for permission to perform their devoliona
Unguished into numerous sorte, the finest of which at this favourite shrine. The Bombay Presidency
deserves the name of marble, and is used for is steted to have used ite influence with the Janag-
ehimney-pieces, hearths, Ac. ; while the coarser bar Stete, in 1816, to secure greater freedom of
kinds are made use of in paving. Tobacco-pipe pilgrimage to Puttan. It stancSnear the sea, 95 m.
clay is dug up in several nuiM of this island, tne S. of Noanagur. Long. 69. 40. E., lat. 21. 2. M.
finest near Corfe Castls.or which much is export- Picy, a city of France, capital of the depart-
ed, particularly for the Stafibrdshire potteries. ment of Upper Loire, and a bishop's see. The
Purekena^ a town of Spain, in the province of cathedral is famous for a prodigious quantity of
Granada, 70 m. E. of Granada. Long. 2. 25. W., relics ; and Our Lady of Puy is celebrated in the
lat. 37. 19. N. annals of superstition. Puy has manufactures of
Purfieetj a villsge in Essex. Eng. situate on the blankete, linen, laoe, silk, stuffs, and stoneware.
Thames. 4 m. W. of Grays-Tnurrock. It has ex- It is seated on the mountain Anis, near the river
tensive lime- works, and a large magazine for gun- Loire, 45 m. N. E. of Meudo and 65 S. E. of Cler-
powder. mont Long. 3. 56. E.,lat. 45. 58. N.
Putjficaeion, a town of Mexico, in the province Fny de DSme, a department of France, contain-
of Xalisco, 90 m. S. by E. of Compostella. Long, ing part ofthe former province of Auvergne. It
105. 30. W., lat. 19. &. N. has ite name ih>m a mountain, situate to the W.
Purmerend, a strong town of the Netherlands, of Clenoont, the capital of the department,
in N. Holland, 10 m. n. by E. of Amsterdam. Puy en Jh^, a town in the department of
PunMoA, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile Maine-et-Loue, 10 m. S. 8. W. of Saumur.
and populous district of ite name ; seated on the PuyV Eveqme, a town in the department of Lot,
Scraw, 125 m. N. N. W. of Moorshedabad. 16 m. W. by N. of Cahots.
Purysburgf i. Beaufort Dia. 8. C. on the Savan- Puy In Eoque, a town in the department of
nah, 20 m. above Savannah, 94 m. S. W. Tem-etpGaronne, 18 m. S. 8. E. of Cahors.
Charleston. It was established by a colony of PtoyifetMon, atown in the department of Low-
Swiss, to introduce the cultivation of silk. er Alps, 15 m. 8. of Diffne.
PusehiavOf a town of Switzerland, in the can- /Vvearda, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, c«d-
ton of Grisons, 3 m. N. from a lake to which it ital ofthe county of Cerdagna, seated at the foot
iives name. It is 17 m. W. S. W. of Bormio, and of the Pyrenees, near the source of the Segra, 47
D E. of Chiavenna. m. W.l^ 8. ofPerpignan and 78 N. byw. of
PtOala, or Pateti^ mountain of Thibet, near the Baroeloiia. It was tiuien by the French in 1794.
banks ofthe Bunamnooter, 7 m. E. of Laasa. On Long. 1. 60. £., lat 42. 36. N.
its summit is the paiaee of the grand lama, the PuyxmaremM. a town (mT France, department of
high priest of Thibet. Tsm, 28 m. 8. by W. of Alby.
Put in Bay, a harbour in Ohio at the West end PmxtnuUy or PommuoIo, a celebrated, but now
ef tiake Erie, formed by the largest of the Baas inconsiderable eity of Italy, on the bay of Na-
Islands, 14 m. N. W. Sandusky. Ithaa 2etttran- pies Here are the remains ofthe temple of
oes, and is deep enough for the largest vessels, Jupiter Serapb, an interesting monoment of an-
and sheltered from e^wj wind. Here the Amen- tiquity, being diftrent ftom the Roman and
ean fleet under Commodore Perry rendezvoosed in Greek templeai andbniltin Uie manner of the
QUA 610 max
Asiatic ; probably by the Egyptian and Aiiatie eontaxn bones, snppoaed to be hnman, which ap-
merchants settled at Puisaok, which was the peared to confirm the belief, that these stupenS.
great emporinm of Italy, till the Romans built one monnmenU, as has been asserted by Strabo
stia and Antium. It nss been conrerted into a and Oiodorus, were intended as sepulchres of the
Christian cathedral, and so much modem work kin|p of Egypt. But a thigh bone, which was
added that at present only the front of the ancient earned to London, and examined by the loyal
edifice is visible. Many other remains of temples, college of Physicians, was pronounced to belong
amphitheatres, and other public buildings in this to a cow, whence it has been infi^rred that these
city, afford conyincing proofs of its former ma|^- structures were reared in honour of this favourite
nificence. The ruins of Cicero's villa, near this object of Egyptian worship,
place, are of such extent ss to give a high idea of Pyriotcm, a town of Bavaria, capital of a lord-
the wealth of that great orator; § m. W. of Naples, ship of its name, situate on the frontier of Fran-
Pyramidtf a range of ancient and stupendous eonia, 13 m. S. £. of Nuremburg.
Egyptian monuments, extending northwards iVom PyreneeSfU ran^ of mountains which divide
Cairo, but on the opposite or west side of the France from Spain, and the most celebrated in
Nile. They are contuued almost uninterrupted- Europe, except the Alps. They reach from the
ly for about 20 leagues, upon a plain occupyiog Mediterranean to the Atlantic, about 212 m. in
tae lower slope of a ridge of hills, which runs length, and have different names, according to
parallel to the Nile. This plain is elevated about their difierent situations. The passages over
90 feet above the ground inundated by the river them are not so difficult as those of the Alps :
and consists of hara rock, forming a proper sup- one of the most frequented is that fiom Pampelu-
port for the immense weight of the structures na to St. Jean de ried de Port, by which th^
erected upon it. The pyramids are distinguished French under Soult maiched to attack theJBrit-
by their form, which the name expresses, and ish before Pampeluna, in July 1813. TBese
still more by their great dimensions. The three mountains contain iron, copper, lead, silver, gold,
largest arain the neighbourhood of the town of cobalt, and zinc ; they also furnish great quanti-
Oixeh. and are named from4heir founders. The ties of timber for ship-building, ana abundance
following are their names and dimensions. of pitch and tar. See Perdu, MomU.
Fut kM, Fi. 9q. at bow, Pyrtfu»$, Eastern, a department of Prance, con-
Cheops ^ 49b fi03 taining the provinces or Roussillon, Cerdagne,
Cephrenes " 396 666 and partof Languedoo. Its area is estimated at
Mycerinus 162 280 1,650 sq. m., and the pop. at 126,500. Although
The pyramids, at first view, present the ap- great part of the country is mountainous, yet at
pearance of solid masses ; and it seems to have is fertile in com, excellent wine, olives, oranges,
oeen the intention of the founders, that the few dec. Perpignan is the capital,
openings which they contain, should remain per- Pyrenees, Lower, a department of Fhmce, eom-
petually closed. The ingenuity of successive prehiendinj; the province of Beam and Navarre.
ages has traced the openings of tbs great pyramid, The principal products are com, wine, flax, chest
wnich were so studiously concealed. The exle- nuts, and other fraits ; the mannfiustures woolen,
rtor opening is 60 feet above the base, and leads linen, leather, and recently cotton. The prov
into a passage 66 paces long. Bejrond are sucoes- ince contains an area of about 3,000 sq. m., with
sive galleries, one 120 feet, another 170, and an- 380 ,000 inhabitanU. Pau is the capital,
other 180 feet long. The principal chamber, at Pyrenees, Upper, a department o^ France, in-
the end of the longest gallery, is 36 feet long, 16 eluding the province of Bigorre, and comprising
broad, and 18 high. At the farthest extremity is an area of 1,800 sq. m. with 200,000 inhabitanU.
the sarcophagus, for the reception of which this Here are excellent horses and good partridges,
enormous structure is supposed to have been rear- The valleys are very fertile, fnrmshing rye, mil-
ed. This pyramid is ascended on the outside by let, Spanish com, and flax. The mountains have
an uninterrupted flight of steps, from 21-2 to 4 mines of lead, iron, and copper, and quarries of
feet, diminisned in neight, as they approach the slate, marble, and jasper. Tarbes is the capi
top. The breadth is so proportioned to the height tal.
that a line stretched from the top to the bottom Pyrment, a U>wn of the N. W. part of Qermany ,
would touch the angle of every stop. The ex- capital of a small district of the same name, be
temal part is built of square stones, cut in the longing to the prince of Waldeck. Near it are
rock round along the Nile. They aro com- mineru waters, well known to all Europe, and
pacted together s<3ely by their own weight, with- finequented by persons of the highest rank. It
out lime, lead, or cramps of any metal. In the is seated in a deli|^tfhl valley, between high
body of the pyramid, however, which is frill of mountains, 38 m. 8. W. of Hanover. Long. 9
^rrogular stones, it has been necessary to «aiplp7 20. E., lat. 51. 57. N.
a mortar composed of lime, earth, and clay. The Pyrstem. a town of Bavaria, in the nrineipaUty
pyramid of Cephrenes was first opened by M. Bel- of Passau, insulated in Austria. It b 10 m. N. W
loni, in 1818. The sarcophagus was found to of Lintx and 28 E. of Pawau.
a
QUACHA, a lake of Louisiana between the QHadni and VmoMwm^s hUmd, an island on
Mississippi and Barataria Bay. the N. W. coast of America, on the 8. W. coast
Qiiadtaidnicl. a town of Hanover, in the ef which is Nootka Sound. It was so named by
principality of Osnaburg; seated on the Hase. 28 captain Vancouver in compliment to senior Qua-
n. N. of Osm mrg. dra, the Spanish ooaamandment al Nootka. it is
40S mo QUE
AkoQi aOO m. is Itng^f •mi 80 i» ito gmttest thii aa «stoii«ve inborb k bviU, styled the Lot
trradtk. er Town, which ituids «t the fiiot of a rockj im-
il^adrMoy ft town of Naples, in Terra di LsToto, cipice, aboat 48 feet in height, and it chiefly in.
^ tn. E. N. £. of Nai^es. habilea by merehants. The houses in both town
i^akgr HiU, p.T. Dntehess Co. N. T. SO m. E. ere of stone, strong, and well boilt The fertifi-
Fishkill. oatiotts are eztensiTe, but irregular. The natuil
(Quaker SpringB^ p.T. Saratoga Co. N. T. 31 m. situation of the town renders its defeoee «uj.
N. Albany. If attaeked by ships from the river, their puu
Qtioikerfoion, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. cannot injure the works of the Upper Town,
Quang-pingf a city of China, of the first rank, though the ships themselTee would Vb liable to
in the province of re-tche-li, 213 m. S. 8. B. of great injury from the cannon and bombt froo
Pekin. Long. 114. 30. E., let. 36. 47. N. these elevated ramparte. The Lower Town ii
Qtiang'si. an inland province in the S. of Chi* defended b^ a platform, flanked with two beetioni,
na. It produces pientyof rice, being watered by which, at high water aiul spring tides, are liowii
several large rivers. The southern part is a flat level vrith Sie snr&oe of the water. A tittk
country, and well cultivated ; but the northern is above the bastion, to the right, is a half baitioo,
full of mountains, covered with trees. It con* out out of the rock ; a little hioher a large Ut-
tains mines of all sorts, and particularly a gold terr, and higher still a square fort, the most n-
mine. Here is a tree called quanf-lang, the pith gufar of all the fort^catione, and in whjeii tbe
of which is made into bread ; and a small spe* governor resides. The paeesgrs which form i
cies of insect which produces white wax. Quel- oommunieation between taeserodisare eztiemelj
ling is the capital. rugged. The rodi which separates the Ujipet
^tuang-Umg^K province of China, bounded from the Lower Town estends, with a Md uq
on the £. by Kiaiup-si and Fo-kien, on the 8. b^ Steep front, a considerable dietanee W. idoog the
the ocean, and on the W. by Tonquin. It is di- river St. Lawrence. The Lower Town is well
versified by valleys and mountains, and yields two supplied with water, which is somethnet leuoe
erops of corn in a year. The northern frontier in die Upper Town. This city was erected br
consists of a range of lofty mountains, which the French in 1606 ; the English reduced it, witb
abound in gold, jewels, tin, ouick-silver. copper, all Canada, in 1629, but it was restored in 1632.
and iron. Ebony and several sorts of odoriferotie In 1711 it was besieged by the English witboot
wood are produced in this province, as well as success ; in 1759 it was again conquered, nAer i
various sorts of fruit. There is a species of lem- battle memorable for the death of general Waif«
on as large as a man's head ; and another sort in the moment of victory, and was confirmed to
which grows out at the trunk of the tree, whose tiiem by the peace of 1763* In 1775 it was tt-
rind is very hard, and contains a great number tacked by the Americans under geneial Mont-
of little cells, full of an excellent yellow pulp, gomcry, who was slain, and his amy repulsed.
A prodigious number of ducks sre bred in this Of late years great improvements have been efiec-
province, their eggs being batched in ovens. The ted. and the present population amounts tonesri;
mountains are covered with a kind of osiers^ 23,000. The chief exports are grain, floor, Urn-
which creep along the ground , and are so tough ber, lumber, dbe. The basin of Hacbec is canbls
that they rnske baskets, hnrdlee, mats, and even of contatninglOO sail of the line. 180 m. 9. £.
ropes or them. Here is also a tree the timber of Montreal. ^0 m. N. of Boeton. Long. 70. 43.
wnich is remarkably hard and heavy, and is W^ lat 46. 65. N.
thence called iron wood. Canton is toe capital, ^uetda, a kingdom of Asia, in the peninsahaf
but the viceroy resides at Chao-king. Malacca. The xing is tributary to Siam. Tiie
^uangtmig^ a town on the N. borders of Bir- principal town is of the same name, hasabaiboor,
mah, in the province of Ava^ith a fint, seat^ and is 300 m. N. of the city of Malacca. Loof.
ed on the Irrawaddy, 150 m. N. N. £. of Um- 160. 5. E., lat. 7. 5. N.
merapoora. ^luedUnUrg, a town of Prussian Saxony, in
i^jdico Miils, p.v. Somerset Co. MaryUnd. the principaGty of Anhalt, with a cattle. The
QuaritMj a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov- river Bode divides it into the Old and New Town.
ernment of Leignitz, 10 m. W. 8. W. of Qlogau. It has a trade in brandy and linen, and is 10 m.
QuaWssriUe, p.v. Brunswick C6. Va. 8. by E. of Halbeistadt. Long. 11. 10. £., ht
Quorrc, a town of France, department of Tonne, 51. w). N.
6 m. 8. of Avallon. Qvssii Aim. a eounty of Maryland, on the E. bf
Qaarto, two towns of Naples^ in Capitanata, Cheeapeak Bay. Pop. 14,396. CentrsTille u
the one 6 m. W. sad the other 19 8. W. of Salpes. the cfaoef town.
^■orten, a town of Switxerland, near Wallen- Qtum Atmj a town of Maryland, in Prisce
stadt Lake, 5 m. E. of Claris. George county, situate at the foot of a hill, on the
^ca6v Bnuj a hamfet of fiie Netherlands, which Patuxent, 13 m. 8. W. of Annapolis sad 22 £. of
was the scene of an obstinate c6nfliot between the Waehitogton.
British and French, on tlm 10th of June, 1815. Qtum CkaHoiU Idand, an island in the S. Pi-
^Ksaiix, a town of France, department of Vi- cific, 6 m. long and 1 broad, discovered bjeaptsin
enne, 21 m. 8. E. of Poitiers. WaUis in 1767. Long. 138. 4. W., Ut 19. 18 8.
QuOee, the capital of Canada, and of Britiah Queen Charlotte IdtmdM. a group of islands m
America, is situated atthe confluence of the rivers the N. Pacific, explored oy captain Carteret in
8t Lawrence and St. Charles (or the Little River), 1767. The most considerable he named Egmont,
about 390 mileo from the sea. It is built on a rock, but the Spanurds csll it Santa Crux. Itis60ffl.
which is partly of marble and partly of elate, and long and from 20 to 30 broad, woody and moos-
is ditided into Up^ and Lower. Near it ie a tatnous, with many valfeva intermixed. The in-
fine lead mine. Ai the time it was fijunded, in habitants are very nimble, vigorous, and actiTej
. 1608; the tide, it is Add, readied the foot of the and their weapons are bows and arrows pointed
roek; but since that period this liver has sunk so with flint On the N. side is a harbour nuMd
At diatarlHrg«ipeief ground istoftdry^andon Swallow Bay. Long. 164. 96. £., lat 10. 42 S.
QUL en ^m
Quum CkarlotU Smmd. a found at the H. ex- QiMr/brt, a town of Pnuaian Saxony, m the
tremity of the 8. island of New Zealand, near gOTernment of Meneberg, fonnerly the capital of
Cook Strait. Long. 174. 14. £., lat. 41. 6. 8. ajprinctpality of iU name, with a castle, 14 in.
Queenbarougk, a Dorough in Kent, £ng. in the W. of Merseberg. Long. 11. 60. E., lat. 51. 23.
Ule ofSheppev. It had once a strongcaste. re- N.
mains of wnich are still to be seen. The cnief Querimte, a cluster of small islands on the
employment of the inhabitants b fishing, and coast of Mozambique, fertile in fruits and pastures
oysiers are here in great plenty. The town is The principal one, of the same name, is in long,
seated near the mouth of the Med way, 15 m. N. 41. 90. E., lat. 11. 40. 8.
W. of Canterbury and 45 E. by 8. of London. ^uesnoy. a fortified townof France^^department
Long. 0. 49. E., lat. 15. 23. N. of Nord, with an old castle. In 1793 it was taken
Queensboroughy a town of 8. Carolina, on the by the Austrians, but retaken the next year. It
W. side of the Great Pedee River, 32 m. N. N. is seated in an extensive plain, on the rivulet
W. of Georgetown. Ronelle, 9 m. 8. E. of Valenciennes and 122 J^.
Que«M6oroi^A, a village in Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. £. of Paris. Long. 3. 40. E., lat. 50. 15. N.
Queen's County^ a county of Ireland, in the Q«i&«ron, a town in the department of Morbihan
about 134,000 inhabitants, and sends three mem- prise. It was taken by the English in 1800, but
bers to parliament. It was formerly full of woods evaeuated soon afterwards. 1/ m. 8. 8. £. of
and boffs, but is now much improved in cultiva- Port Louis,
tion. Maryborough is the capital. QuiearOf an island in the Pacific Ocean, near
Qtttefu County f a county or New York, in the the coast of Veragua, about 20 m. long and Abroad
W. part of Long Island. Pop. 22,276. N. Hemp- Long. 82. 89. wT, lat. 7. 60. N.
stead is the chief town. Quilimaney. a sea-port of Zanguebar, in the
Queensfernff a borough of 8cotland, in Linlith- kini^om of Melinda. It stands at the mouth of a
gowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is river of the same name, 26 m. 8. 8. W. of Melinda.
not more than 2 m. wide. It has a trade in aoap. Long. 41. 40. £., lat. 3. 10. 8.
and a much frequented ferry. It is 9 m. W. of QttiUan, a town of France, department of Aude,
Edinburgh. 25 m. 8. 8. W. of Careassone.
(huenstadif a town of Prussian Saxony, 5 ra. CftUUtm^ff a town of France in the department
N. £. of Halberstadt. of Eure, seated on the Seine, 37 m. W. of Rouen.
Queenstownf a town of Upper Canada, on the and 42 N. W. of Evreux.
river Niagara, 7 miles below the falls. Here all Qtn^, a sea-port of Zanguebar, capital of a
the merchandise and stores received firom King»> kinj^om of the same name, with a smul citadel,
ton for the npner part of the province are sent in This country was for some time in the possession
wsjfgons to Cnippewa, a distance of 10 m. the of the Portuffuese, fhim whom it was wrested by
falls and broken course of the river rendering the the imam of Mascat. It produces abundance of rice,
navigation impracticable for that space. It is 7 millet, (ruits,cattle, ana poultry. The inhabitants
m. aSove Fort Niagara and 20 N. by £. of Fort are Mahomedans partly black and partly tawny.
Erie. The capital is well built, and stands on an island,
Queenstawnf p. v. Queen Ann's Co. Maryland, at the mouth of the river Coava. Long. 40. 0. £.,
33 m. 8. E. Baltimore. lat. 8. 3d. 8.
Queiehf a river of Bavaria, which passes by Qtctmper, a city of France, capital of the depart-
Anweiller and Landau, and enters the Rhine near ment of Finisterre, and a bishop's see. It is seat-
Germersheim. ed at the conflax of the Oder and Benaudet, 34.
i^tei-lingf a city of China, capital of the pro- m. 8. 8. E. of Brest and 112 W. by 8. of Rennet,
vince of Qaang-si. It has its name fifom a flower Long. 4. 6. W., lat. 47. 58. N.
called quei, which grows on a tree resembling a Qtumperlt, a town of France in the department
laurel, and emits such a sweet odor that it per- of Finisterre, seated on the Isolle, 30 m. £. 8. £.
fumes the whole country. It stands on a rivers ofQuimper.
that runs into the Ta. but with such rapidity as Quimey, p.t. Norfolk Go. Mass. 9 m. 8. E. Bos«
not to be navigable. It is 180 m. N. by W. of ion. Pop. 2,192. Here is a quarry of excellent
Canton and 587 8. of Pekin. Long. 109. 51. £., granite much used for building in Boston and the
lat. 25. 12. N. neighborhood. The Quiney Radroad extends from
QuemahomiHgf a township of Somerset Co. Pa. this place to Neponset river. It is 3 m. in length
QuefUm, ST., a strong town of France, depart- with a single track. It was constructed in 1896,
ment of Aiane, with a considerable manufacture and was the first undertaking of the kind in Amer-
of lawns and cambrics; also sanze, linen, and ica. On an elevated rock at the commencement of
thread. Near this place, in 1557, Philip II. of the railroad, stands a square tower of stone with an
Spain gained a signal victory over the French, inscription commemorating the foundation of the
was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on exceedingly fine, embracing Boston Bay, its
an eminence, on the river SommCi 21 m. 8. of islands, and a wioe extent oroountry.
Cambray and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Long. 3 90. Qinnqf, p.v. Morgan Co. and Adams Co.
£., lat 49. 50. N. IlUnois. .
QiMrey, a province of France, now forming the Q*tiiigmf, a towii of France, in the department
department of Lot of Doubs, seated on the Louve, 12 m. 8. W. of
QMeretmro, a city of Mexioo, capital of a pro- Bemnoon.
vince of the same name. Pop. 35,000. 95 m. N.
W. Mexioo.
Qmn-noff or CAm-dkt, a bay on the coast of
Cochin-China, much fireouented by the Tceeela gf
the ooahtrj, beinf an excellent faaiboor. The it sitoate on both tides the eentlor, jet it lies «•
entrance u narrow, and thipt of burden can get high, and to near the tnow-clad mountains, thai
in onlj at high water. At the head of the bar- the lir is very temperate. There are no noxious
hour IS the eitr of Quin-aong. Long. 109. 16. animali ; for the tigen and terpentt are beiow in
E., lat. 13. 52. N. the foretta. The state of tocietj m this province
Quinson, a town of France, department of Low- hat undergone eonaiderable improvement since its
er Al^s, S9 m. 8. of Digne. deliverance from Spanbh domination, and the
Q*aiUm, a town in the department of Cotet du manufactures are in a flourishing state. Hats,
Nord, seated in a valley, on the Gk>y, 10 m. 8. 8. cotton stufi, and coarse wo<4en cloths, are made
W. of St. Briene. here in great quanities, and exported to other parts
Qumxiadf a chain of mountains in the kingdom of 8. America,
of Fez, 100 m. in length, extending firom the de- Quito , the capital of the above eountir, it teat-
sert of Orel to the river Nocor. ed on the skirts <^ the volcanic mountam of Pin-
QtdrpoHf an island in the Atlantic, near the N. chincha, in a pleasant valley, but on hi^ ground,
coast of Newfoundland. Long. 53. 22. W., lat. 9,510 feet above the level or the 8ea.^Having ik
61. 40. N. ^ .... . mines in jti neighbourhood, it is chiefly famous
an
1734,
bed. It is seabed on the Seccia, 15 m. S. of Mantua, with tBe whole country, to the awful calaimty of
Quito, a presidency of the republic of Colombia, earthtjuakes. Of these a verydestructive one was
tying between two chains of the high mountains expenenoed in 1766. In 1797 the fkce of the
called the Andes. The eastern governments are whole district was changed by a most dreadful
chiefly immense tracts, thinly scattered with mis- concussion, and 40,000 persons were in one mo-
sionary villages. The vegetable productions vary ment hurled into eternity. Violent shocks of
with the elevation of the nound. The champaign earthquakes have since been frequently ezperi-
country produces abuni&it crops of maise ; and enced. It is notwithstanding very populous, and
the deep ravines,where the temperature is hot,pro- inhabited byseveral families of distinguished rank .
duce suffar-cane. The elevated lands possess a 400 m. 8. W. of Bogota. Long. 77. 55. W., lat.
colder climate, and produce wheat, barley, &c. 0. 13. 8.
Immense flocks of sheep are reared in the moun- Qiatnma, a province of Africa in the 8. part of
tain plains, and their wool furnishes materials for Angola. It is mountainous and badly cnltivuted,
the manufactures of thb province. The lands are but jiroduces abundance of honey, wax, and salt,
generally well cultivated, and there are a great The inhabitants are warlike, and have never tub-
number of towns and villages inhabited aimott mitted to the Porlbuguese.
entirely by Indians. The streets are generally <>aMya, an inlancT country of AfHea, lyin^ E.
straight and in the direction of the four cardinal of Sierre Leone. It is Well cultivated, nut has
points ; and the roads are laid out in a line, crot- little commereial iatercoune.
ting eaeh other, so that the aspect of the country Qvtvddt, a town of Austrian Illyria, in btria
it that of a large garden. Although thit oountry ^iiorrt, Bee Jfigtr,
R
RAAB, a town and fortress of Hungary, capi- AoAsnjCeiii, a town of Bohemia, on the river
tal of a county of its name, and a bishop's tee. Ottava, 21 m. W. 8. W. of Rakonits.
It isa strong frontier bulwark against the Turks, JZoftwi, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,175.
and is seated at the conflux of tM Raab and Rab> Clayton is the capital.
nits, not far from the Danube, 38 m. B. 8. fi. of Raeea^ a town of Turkey, in Diarbekir, at the
Presburg. Long. 17. 7. £., lat. 47. 38. N. conflux of the Beles with the Euphrates. Near
Raajegur, a town of Hindoostan, in the Mov- it are the ruins c^Old Racca, once a magnificent
ince of Malwa, 74 m. N C of Ourein and 214 city. It is 110 m. 8. by W. of Diarbekir.
8. 8. W. of Agra. Long. 76. 56. E., lat. 24. 2. N. tUu^ore, a cit^ of Iflndooetan, in the province
Raata, one of the Hebrides of Bcotland , between of Bejapore, capital of a district of its name, tab -
the mainland of Ross-ahire and the Isle of Bkye. ject to the nizam of the Deccan. It is seated oa
It is annexed to the parish of Portree, in the the 8. bank of the Kistna,80 m. 6. W. of Hydra
county of Inverness, and is about 12 m. long bad. Long. 78. 3. K., lat. 16. 22. N.
and 4 broad, rising with a gentle ascent fh>m the AteXsefon, a village of 8t. Lawrence Co. N. Y
W side to a great height on the £. side, which is Raeomgi. a town of Piedmont, with a magnifi-
nearly perpendicular. It is fkmons for its mill- cent eastSs belonging to the prince of Carignai»» ;
stone qnarri^, and at the N. E. end stands Cat- teated in a plain, 18 m. 8. or Carignano.
^e Broichin, which is a noted sea-mark. Long. Radeberg^ a town of Saxony, near which is a
6. 0. W., lat. 57. 32. N. bath, called Augustus bath, diBeovered in 1717
Rabasteintf a town of France, department of It is seated on the Roder, 8 m. £. N. B. of Dret-
Tarn, with a castie, seated on the river Tkm, 18 m. den.
N. £. of Toulouse. JEtadeburg, a town of Baxony, with a eattte. It
Rahtti, a tea-port of Algiers, in Tremeeen. with it celebrated fbr earthen ware, and teated on the
a cattle. It baa fine motquet and handtome Roder, 14 m. N. of Dresden,
palaces, and is seated at the mouth of the Burigrig, EadieqfanLtL town of Tnteiny, In the fbfmtr
between Fez aiid Ttosrier. Long. 5. 28. W., lat. province of Bienna, seated on a tfeep hiQ, 49 m.
90.40.N. 8. E. of Sienna.
UU AMI AAM
JgtA'wpmry, w Wn^tmpou^f a town of Hindoot- moonUiiif of the interior. Long. 151. 38. W.
tan. in tM pro¥iiM)« of Agimarei aitnatt ob Uio kt 16. 45u S.
Paddar, 175 m. N. of Borai and 250 S. W. nf Aom, a fortified town of Bavaria, leated on thr
Agimere. Long. 71. 48. £.» kt 931 58. N. Acha, 12 m. W. f Nenberg.
KadnaTf ^t»f a borough of Waloa« in RAdaor* Jtom, or Old R in, a town of Scotland, in Ab-
•hira. New Radoor iaaeated near tiie aource of erdeenshire, near the river Viy, 23 m. N. W.
the Sonergily at the Ihot of a hill, oa which a earn- of Abardeea.
tie formerly eftood, 24 m. N. W. of Hereford and Rain Lakef a la^ce of N. America, lying E. of
159 W. N. W.of LQiHh>Q. Laka of the Woods, and W. of Lake Superior
BMdnar$kir$f a eoaaty of Wiiee, 30 m. long It ia nearly 100 m. long, but in no part more than
and 25 broad. The nvniber of inhabitaato ia 1821 20 wide.
was 22,459. Its principal rivors are the Wye Aewm, a river of Michigan Territory flowing
and Tend, the fMrmer divided it from Bieoknoek- into Lake Erie. 20 m. S. W. of Detroit river,
ahire, and the latter iWmi Shropahire. The £. JUisin Mmrket, a town in Lincolnshire, Eng.
and 8. parte are telerahly level and prodactive of near the eonrce of the Ancholm, 10 m. N. E. of
corn. The ether palle are r^de and monntainoas Lincoln and 147 N. of London,
devoted ehiefly to the rearing of cattle and Rajamundryf a town of Hindooetan, capital of
sheep. an extenaive and fertile district of its name, in the
iZeiaer, atowasbipof Delaware Co. Pa. province of the Circars. The principal riches
Kadeiw, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of consist in teak timber. It is the residence of the
Sandomir, 60 m. N. N. W. of Sandorair. British civil establishment, and is seated on the
Rmiomsk^ a town of Poland, in the palatinate Godavery, 35 m. from its month and 170 8. W.
of Siradia. 60 m. 8. £. of Siradia. of Cicacole. Long. 81. 57. E., lat 17. 0. N.
Radstaatj a town of Bavaria, near the source of Bajavofur^ a town of Hindoostan, in the prov«
the Eas, 36 |a. E. 8. £. of Salsborg. Long. 13. ince or Bejapore, seated at the month of a river of
26. E., lat 47. 18. N. the same name, 6 u. N. of Geriah.
BagiwtUt a town of Anetrian Italy, in the prov- RajeuuUj a district of Bengal, separated bv a
inoe of Maata*» 19 a. 8. of Mantua. range of hilU from Bahar. It is now annezea to
RmgUndj a viUMe ia Monmoothahire, Eng. the coUectorship of Boglipore.
famous for lU oaaUe. where Charles 1. passed AriemoZ, a decayed town of Bengal, seated on
much of his tine, and lived in amaenificentstyle. the W. buik of tlie Ganges, 68 m. N. N. W.of
This castle waa the laat in OroaweU's time which Moorshedabad.
surrendered to eeaeral Fairfax. 6 m. N. £. of Rakdahtrg^ a town of the Austrian states, in
Usk and 8 C. erMftairath Stiria, with a coasiderable trade in wine and
Ragnitf a Iowa of Rossiaa LUhaaaia, with a iron. It ia a frontier fortrees towards Hungarv,
very aaeMnA4MllA> ia whioh ia a large royal nag* and ia situate oa an ialaad in the river Muer, 36
axine for provieioaa, ^. It iasitaateoathe Nie« m. S. £. of Grata. Long. 15. 58. E., lat. 46. 45.
raea,56m.£.N.fi.efKeaigaherf. XjOBg.21.30. N.
B., lat. 55. 30. N. RalumUx, a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle
hagoogur, a town of Hindoeetaa, ia the orov- of the same name. Veij good beer is brewed
inoe of Malwa, 116 m, N. E. of Ougein ana 256 here, and forms the principal article of trade. It
S. of Dehli. Loa^. 77. 30. £., Ut. 24. 23. N. is seated on the Misa, 30 m. W. of Prague.
MaguM, a distnot of Auetrian Dahnatia, ooa* Long. 14. 0. E., lat. 50. 5. N.
taining the ttfritory of the anoieat lepablio of RaUtgh. the capital of N. Carolina, in Wake
Ragnsa and sevefol islands. It has an area of eouaty. It was named after the celebrated Sir
700 sqoare milee, with 55,000 iahabitaata. The Walter Raleigh, under whose direction the first
soil is so barren that the iahabitaata veoeive the aettlement in N. America was made at Roanoke
greatest part of their neceesariee from the nei^h- Island. It stands on the Neuse, near the centre
Dooring islands and Tuihiah proviaoes. The ehief of the state. Here is a large and handsome
riven are the Driao Gliata, and Ombla ataiehonse, with several other public buildings.
Asjjpea, the eapitalef'the above district, and an The remoteness from navlntion is its greatest
archbishop's aae. It ie 2 lailea ia oireamfeienco, disadvantage. It is 95 m. W. N. W. of Nenbem,
and Btsong hy eitiiatioa) having aa inaecessible the former capital, and 145 W. S. W. of Petera*
mountain on the land side, and a strong lert on burg, in Virginia. Long* 78. 62. W., lat. 35. 40.
the golf of Veniee. It haa a oonaidenble trade N. Pop. 1,709.
with the Levant and Italy, and is 66 m. W. of AoMtgA, p.v. Union Co. Ken. on the Ohio.
Seuteii. Leaf. 17. 66. £., lai. 42. 32. N. BalphMmUe, a towaship of AshtabuU Co. Ohio.
JhgwWf a pepolene town of SioUy, ia Val di JRoiaa, or Aomii^, a decayed town of Palestine.
Note aear the civer Mattlo» 18 ra. W. N. W. of with many fine ruins of Christian churches, ana
Nota other buiUiagk whioh attest its former magaifi-
RMkwmff p.t Middleaex Go. N. J. 5 m. 8. W. cence. 20 m. W. by N. of Jerusalem.
Elixabethtown. Samada^ a town of Colombia, ia New Geanada,
Jiese^a, erfsiistse, the Ulielea of oaptaia Cook, 100 m. £. of 8t Martha. Liong. 72. 20. W., lat.
thekegeelof the SooieU Isles, ia the 8. Paeifie, 11. 10. N.
about 40 oa. In cipoamnrence. The monntains iloeMfiri. a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
are lofty, and picturesque. The lowhad is ez^ seated en the W. aide of the Arkawati, with a
tensive, and the vaUeys^ which am oapable of the atronff fint on the opposite bank, on a large rocky
highest cultivaftion, are not only epaciona, bal hill, oO m. N. £. or Seringapatam.
convoaieaUy siUnled ibr alTordHig to the inhabit- Samfk, p.v. Wilkiwoa Ca Geo. 33 m. 8. MO
ants an intercoune with other parte of the island, ledgeviye.
It is well supplied with rivers and atveasna of e» Sawuipo^ p^. Rockland Co. N. T. oa a small
celleat water. Oa the N. W. ia a amall bat verv etreaai of the same aame, mnninginto the Hnd-
aecnre harbour, called Hananiao, which is she^ ion, 35 m. N. New York. Pop. 2|837. Heio ace
tared from the atreag fi. and 8. wiada by the large VManfactane of cotton and iron.
RAM «M AAO
Bamhert, St.f atown of Fraaoey depuUnentof fine ■tone pieis, adiy doek, and t UghtfaovR.
Ain, with a linen manofaotaie and coneidezable RuMgato u a member of the port of flandinehj
iron works ; seated near the rirer Albeline, 94 and is mnch fteqaented ee a bathing plaoe. 17
m. S. S. £. of Bourg en Bresse. m. W. by N. of Centerbuir and 73 £. 8. E. of
Rambertf St., a town in the de 4rtment of Loire, London. Long. 1. 24. £., fat 51. 20. N.
12 m. 8. £. of Montbrison. EamUak, a town of Hindooetan, in Benr, hdd
RambermlUrf a town in the d partment of Voe- sacred to Ram, by the Hindoos, who ha?e t ten-
gee, 30 m. S. E. of Nancj. pie here. 18 m. K. N. £. of Nagponr.
RambauiUet, a town in the department of Seine- Ranmif one of the Sandwieh Idands, in the Pi-
et-Oise. Here was a royal palace, which was de- cific Ocean, about three leagues W. of Howee.
moUshed in 1793. 27 m. 8. W. of Paris. The 8. part is high and crafgj ; bat the other
Ramery^tL town of France, department of Anbe, parts hare a better aspect, ana are well inhabited.
seated on the river Anbe, 18 m. N. E. of Troyes. it produces Teiy few pkntainaand bread froit treti
RamUUeMf a town of the Netherlands, in 8. Bra- but abounds in yams, sweet potatoes, and tan.
bant, memorable for a signal rictory obtained by AaniaUstowfi, p.v. Baltimore Co. Muylaad.
the duke of Marlborouih oyer tlie French in RandaUsviUe, p.y. Robeson Co. N. C.
1706. It is seated at Uie source of the Geete, RoMdatstowUf a town of Ireland, in the eoostj
10 m. N. of Namur and 24 8. E. of Brussels. of Antrim, 4 m. W. N. W. of Antrim.
Azmiseram. an island in the gulf of Manara, at RandenuU^ a town of Prussia, profince of
the W. end or Adam's Bridge, and separated from Lower Rhine, seated on the River Worm, 10
Marawar, on the continent of Hindoostan by a nar- m. N. W. of Juliers.
row channel. It is 30 m. in circuit ; and contains RanderSf a town of Denmark, in N. Jathad,
some beautiful trees, a few villages, and a cela- near the mouth of the Onde, 25 m. £. of Wi-
brated temple, to which a vast concourse of pil- burg,
grims resort. Lonff. 79. 22. £., lat. 9. 18. N. Randolphf a counW of the W. DistricL of Vir-
Ramla, a town of Palestine the ancient Arima- ginia. Pop. 5,000. JBleverly is the capital ; a coon-
thea, now in a ruinous state. Here is a manufac- tv of N. Garolinia. Pop. 12w400. Athborooghii
ture of soap, which is sent into all parts of Egypt the capital ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 3^12.
18 m. N. W. of Jerusalem. Winchester is the capital ; a count? or Illinoii
Rammekensy a sea-port of Zealand, in the isle of Pop. 4,436. Kaskaskia is the cApital*
Walcheren. It was one of the towns put into (he Rttndolpkf p.t. Orange Co. Vt 35 m. N. Wind
hands of the English as a security for a loan in sor. Pop. 2,743 ; p.t Norfolk Co. Mass. 15 m. 8.
the reign of queen Elizabeth. 4 m. 8. of Middle- Boston. Pop. 2,200} and townships in MoiniCo.
burcf. Long. 3. 40. £. lat. 51. 29. N. N. J. Portage and Monttfomery Cos. Ohio.
Kammt&ergy a lofty and ezteni ive mountain of Rangamatt}/, a town of Bengal, capita! of a dis-
Germany, in that part of the Harts Forett which triet of ito name, in the eoUectorshipof Roofpore.
ties within the principality of Grubenhagen. On It has a oelebrated pagoda, and stands near the
this mountain are several silver mines \ and at the Burrampootar, on the confines of Assam, and Boo*
foot of it is the city of Goslar. tan. 170 m. N. E. of Moorshedabad. Long. 90.
Ramnad, a town of if indooston, capital of a dis- 8. E., lat. 26. 10. N.
trict of its name, in the province of Marawar. Rangoon, a sea^port of Pegu, and the principil
Long. 78. 49. £., lat. 21. 28. N. mart for teak timber in the Birman Emiuic. It
Ramoo, a town of Bengal, in the district of was founded by Alomnro, king of Birmah, in 17S5;
Chtttagong. Long. 92. 15. £., lat. 6. 26. N. and is the residence or a governor, who Urea witii-
12aini7(mr, a town of Hindoostan in Dehli, 32 m. in the fort. Here is a custom*hoiise, boilt of
8. of Cosaipour and 105 E. of Dehli. brick, but the wharfs and dweUin^-honaee in
Ramsay, a town of the isle of Man, situate on a all constructed of wood. In ite neighbooriiood
large bay. on the N. E. Coast The bay affords are numerous convente; and 2 m. N. of the tovo,
good anchorage, but the harbour will only admit on a rocky eminence, is a very grand temple,
small vessels. Near it is a lighthouse ; and the which is a splendid object at the distance of man/
entrance of the town is defended by a fort It is m. Rangoon surrendered to the British,FBbnni7
15 m. N. by £. of Douglas. Long. 4. 26. W. lat 1, 1825. It is seated on the most eastern branch ol
54. 18. N. the Irrawaddy (which hence to the sea is called
Ramsaysburg, p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. the Rangoon, or Syriam River) 18 m. N. of iti
Ramsey, a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. It mouth and 60 8. of Pegu. Long. 96. 10. E^k^
had formerly an extensive abbey, of which only 96. 48. N.
the ruins of a gateway remain. It is seated in the jRaniaoeA, Loch, a lake of Scotland, in the N.
fens, near the meres of Ramsay and Wittlesey, part of Perthshire, 11 m. in length. It receiTei
12 m. N. E. of Huntingdon and 69 N. of London, the waters of Loch Ericht from the N., and com-
Ramsey, an island on the coast of Wales, separ- municates with Loch Tumel on the £. and I^
ated from Pembrokeshire by a narrow channel, Lidoch on the W. On ite 8. side is a forest of
called Ramsey Sound. Near it is a group of dan- birch and pine.
serous rocks known by the name of the Bishop and kantampour, a town and fortress of Hindooatan,
his Clerks, firequentea in the breeding season by capital of a district of ito name, in the proTinoe tf
vast multitudes of sea-fowls. The island is 2 Agimere. 96. m. E. of Agimere. L<nig. 76. S7
m. long and one and a quarter broad. 4 m. W. £., lat 26. 36. N.
by 8. of St David. Long. 6. 20. W., lat 51. 55. Rantxow, a town of Denmaric, in the dachy «
N. Holstein, 24 m. N. by W. of Lnbec.
Ramsgate, a sea-port in Kent, Eng. in the isle RaoUonda, a town of Hindoetan, in ^i"^E^*
of Thanet, near the Downs. It was formerly an ob- near which is a rich diamond mme. 20 m. N. ri'
scure fishiiiff town, and in the reign of Queen EUz- W. of Sollapour. .
abeth contained only 25 inhabited houses. It has Roan I, Eiaipe. a town of France, department «
of late years jgreatly increased in size and popula- Meurthe, seated at the conflux of the Etapeaiw
tion. The harbour ia nearly circular, ana has 2 Meurthe, 30 m. 8. E. of Nancy.
JtapaUo, a town of the Sudiniui ttatek, in the AHmanJribrf, a town of the Auttiitn tfUitev, in
proTrace of Genoa, heated on a bay of its name, Carniola with a castle, 90 m. B. by W. of Clag-
16 m. £. B. £. of Genoa. enfurt.
Utrphttty a town of Ireland, in ^e eottnty of AsteAe, or BaUkA^ a town and fortress of Befai-
Done^, and a bishop's see. The cathedral serves vonia on the N. side of the Save, opposite the in*
■s s parish chnreh. 11 m. 8. W. of Londonderry flnx of the Drin, 30 m. 8. W. of Peterwaxadin.
and Si N. £. of Donegal. Ratten. 8ee JliuiteR.
JZapuij^nn, a river of Virginia flowing into thA R^UUfuberjr, k fortified town of the Austrian
Rappahanoc 10 te. above Fredericksbnrg. states, in Tyrol, with a citadel. In its vicinity
Rapides f a Parish of Lonisiana. Pop. 7fi69» are copper mines, which also yiefal some silver.
Alexandria is the capital. It is situate on the Inn, 26 m. B. N. £. of In-
Rapkoe^ t. Lancaster Co. Pa. spruok and 44 S.W. of Sattborg.
RapoUGf a town of Naples, in Basilieata 5 m. Raixeburg, a fortified town of Germanv. oapi-
W. of Venosa. tal of a principality, aubjeet to the duke of Meek-
Rappahamnoe^ a river of Virginia, which rises lenburg-Strelits. It is seated on an island, in
m the monntains called the Blue Ridge, and flows the midst of a lake, 90 m. in eiienmferenoe. The
br Falmonth, Fredericsborn^, Portroyal, Leeds, buildings are of brick, and almost eveiy hoase is
Tappahannoc, and Urbanna, into Chesapeak Bay. shaded with a tree. From the lake of Ratxeburg
RapperschweU. a town of Switierland, in the issues the river V^oknits, which joins the Trave
eanton of Zurich, seated on a neck of land that near Lubec. Ratcebuig is noted for its excellent
advances into the lake of Zurich, over which is beer, and is 14 m. S. by £. of Lubec and 2S8. of
a wooden bridge. 1.850 feet lonff ft ii 18 m. 8. Lauenburg. Lon. 10. S2. £.< hX S3. 4S. N.
£. of Zurich and SO N. W. of Glaris. Astttot&s, p. v. Northampton Co. Pa.
Rapps, a town of Austria, on the river Teya, 8 JZeviniiz, s town and castle of Bohemia, seated
m. N. by W. of Horn. on the £Ibe, SO m. N. of Prague.
Raritan, a river of New Jersey, which runs bv Raumo^ a town of Russia, In Ftnhnd,90 m. 8.
Brunswick and Amboy into Arthur Kull Sound, of Biomeburg and 55 N. bv W. of Abo.
and helps to form the fine harbour of Amboy. A Rausekmiheiv^ a town or Germany, in Besse-
oanal is in progress from this river to the Del* Csssel, 7 m. N. N. £, of Marburg and 92 8. 8.
aware at Lamherton. It will be 38 m. long, 75 W. of Cassel.
feet wide and 7 feet dee|>. itaiceee,'or Jtoeey, a river of Hindoostan, one of
^ ' (, the eastern division of Sclavonia, water- the five E. branches of the Indus. It rises in La-
ed by the river Rasca, which runs into the Mo- here, on the borders of Thibet, flows by the city of
lave. The inhabitants are called Roscians. Lahore to Tonlomba, in the country of Mouftan,
RasAorg^ a seaport of Bweden, capital of a can- and 88 m. below joins the Chunaub. The Rauvee
ton in Nyland. It is seated on the gulf of Fin- is the Hydraotes of Alexander.
)and, 37 m. 8. E. of Abo. Long. 28. 18. £., lat Aaoeuo, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra,
00. 16. N. and a bishop's see, 10 m. W. of 8alemoand 25 S.
Rartadtf a town of Germany, in Baden, with a £. of Naples,
noble castle. In 1714 a treatv was negociated llawiig^ajy, a sea-port in f/umberland, Gng. It
here between the French and Austrians ; and in stands on on inlet of the Irish 8ea, between the
1796 the former defisated the latter near this place. Mite and Esk, which, with the Irt, run into this
It is seated on the Merg, near the Rhine, 5. m. N. inlet, and form a good harbour ; but, the adjacent
E. of Baden and 24 8. W. of Philipsburg. country furnishing tittle for exportation, its chief
Aoftefi&urg, a fortified town of E. Prussia, with trade is in oysters. 2 m. flrom the town, on the
a castle, seated on the small river Guber, 50 m. 8. side of the Esk, are ruins of 3 m- in circumfer-
8. £. or Konigsberg. enoe, called the city of Bumscar, of which no
RatenaUf a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, historical documents appeal^ to exbt. Raven-
seated on the Havel, 15 m. N. by W. of Branden- glass is 16 m. 8. 8. E. of Whitehaven, and 879
burg. N. N. W. London. Lon. 3. 30. W., lat. 64.
Ratibort a town of Prussian Bilesia, formerly 22. N.
the capital of a principality of the same name, llavenfia, a city of Italy, hi the states oft>e
with a castle. The cathedral and town-house church, and an archbishop's see, with severs!
are worthy of notice. It is seated in the Oder, colleges, a great number of religious houses, and
15 m. N. E. of Troppau and 85 8. 8. E. of Breslau. a ruinous citadel. It hsa k celebrated harbour,
Ralisbon. a strong cit? of Bavaria, and the see but the sea has gndudty withdrawn 4 m. OrotH
»f an orchmshop, transferred ftom Mentz to this the town. Tbeodoric, king of the Goths, resid-
place in 1798. The abbey of 8t. Emmeran con- ed here, and afterwards the exarchs of the
tains the relics of 8t. Denvs, a valuable library, Greek emperors. The toausoleum of Tbeodoric
and a fine collection of matnematical instruments, is still to be seen, and Is covered by a single
The town-house is magnificent, and in its hall stone, 21 feet in diameter and 15 thick. Ra-
the general diets of the empire used to meet, venna is seated on the river Mantone, 37 m. 8. £.
Ratiabon has a great trade in salt, for which it is of Ferrora and 162 N. of Rome. Long. 12. 5
a depot, and sends largequantities of com and E., lat. 44. 25. N.
wood to Vienna. In 1809 a battle was fought in Aiesmui, p.t. Portage Co. Ohio 135 m. N. C
the vicinity between the Austrians and French, in Columbus. Pop. 806.
which the latter were victorious. It has an an- Ravmu^erg^ a town of Prussian Westphalia,
dent bridge of 15 archos over the Danube, and capital of a county of its name, now included in
stands on the 8. side of that river, at the influx the government of Minden. 36 m. 8. W. of
of the Regen, 6 m. N. by E. of Munich and 195 Minden.
W. by N. of Vienna. Lon. 12. 6. E., lat. 48. 58. N. Raven^urgf a town of Germany, in WlrteM-
Ratoatkj a town of Ireland, in the county of burg, with a considerable trade, particularly in pa-
Meath, 12 m. fi. of Trim and 18 N. W. of Otfb- per; seated on the Chens, 18 nk .V. of Llndau.
tin Ravenststii, a town of the NotherUhds, in N.
79 3G
KBC . OM RED
BnlNuit. with a oMtle ; ■Mtsd on the MteM, 8 JiMterjCMm, p.t. Ftoaiiier Co. Pa.
m. W. 8. W. of Nimcmen. ReettbHir^ a yillage in Kent, Eng. at the month
BanUz^ a town of Pruaaian Poland, near the of a imall bnmch of the Stoor, 8 m. N. £. of
confinea of SUeaia, with a oonaiderable mannfae- Canteiboiy. U ia the Regnlbinm of the Romans
tare of cloth, 66 m. S. of Poaen. and ita ancient church hu two apirea, which are
Aiioa, a town of Poland, with a atrong eaatle, called by marineia the Two Siatera.
aeated in a moraaa, and almoat anrroondeid bj the tUd Audi, a townahip of Annatxong Co. Pa. ;
river Rawa, 56 m. 8. W. of Waraaw. Long. 19. p.v. Colleton Die. 8. C.
55. £., lat. 61. 61. N. Red Ridg$, p.T. Hawkina Co. Ten.
Rawting^urff, p.T. Rockingham Co. N. C. Red Creek^ p.v. Wayne Co. N. T.
130 m. N. W. Raleigh. Red Head, a cape of Scotland, in Aogoaahive,
Raymandj^.t, Camberland Co. Me. 26 m. N. the 8. point of Lunan Bay. Here are toe mina
Portland ; p.t Rockingham Co. N. H. 21 m. W. of a eaatle. almoat aurrounded by the lea.
Portamonth. Pop. 1,000. Red Laktf a lake of N. America, Ijing S. of
AtynAam, p.t. Briatol Co. Maaa. on Taunton Lake of the Wooda. It ia 60 m. long and 15
riyer 3 m. £. Taunton 32 m. 8. Boaton. Pop. broad, and on the N. aide ia led by aeyeral amall
1,209. Iron ore abounds here, and in the town riyen. Ita outlet at the 8. £. extremity, in lat.
are nunnfketoriea of bar iron, hollow ware, nailii, 47. 20., ia called Red Riyer, and flows into the
dbc. The firat forge in America was aet up here Miflsiaaippi, a little aboye 8t. Anthony Falla.
in lfi52by Jamea and Henry Leonard. Red Sea, a aea celebrated in holy writ. It ex-
Raypour, a town of Hindooatan, in Oriam, 60 tenda 1,300 m. from N. to 8., diyidmg Africa from
m. 8. of Ruttunpour and 80 W. of Bumbulpour. Arabia, and ia 200 broad in the wideat part. It ia
Re, an iiland in Franoe, 16 m. long and 4 broad aepanted from the Mediterranean 8ea on the N.,
aepanted from the coaat of Lower Uharente by by the isthmua of 8aei, and communicalea on
the atrait of Breton, aboye 7 m. wide. The pro- tne 8. by the atrait of Babelmandel with the In-
ducta are bitter wine, aalt. brandy, and the liquor dian Ocean.
called aniaeed. 8t. Martm ia the capital. Redbridge, a yillaae in Hampahire. Eng. at the
AeAMaM, p.t Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,834. mouth of the Teat, 3 m. W. of Southampton. It
' Read floicaa, p.y. Charlotte Co. Va. haa a considerable trade in coal, timber, corn, dkc.
Readings a borough and the capital of Berk* Ret^d, p.y. Oneida Co. S. Y.
ahire, Eng. The principal manufaotnrea are can- Aea HiU, p.y. Kerahaw Die.. 8. C.
yaa. blanieta, gauze, rilMmda. and pins ; it has a Red Hook, p-t Dutchees Co. N. T. on the
trade in malt, flour, and timoer. Here are the Hudaon, 50 m. 8. Albany. Pop. 2,963.
ruina of a rick abbey, in which Henry I was in- Red Houee, p.y. Caswell Co. N. C.
terred. It ia aeated on the Kennet, near ita con- Redon, a town of France, department of lUe-et-
lluence with the Thamea, 26 m. 8. 8. E. of Ox- Vilaine. It seryei as a mart tot the commerce of
ford and 37 W. of London. Rennes, and ia seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. £.
Reading, p.v. Middleaez Co. Maas. 14 m. N. of Vannea and 62 8. 8. W. of Rennea. Long. 2.
Boaton. Pop. 1^06 ; p.t Fairfield Co. Conn. 10. W. lat 47. 48. N.
Pop. 1,709 ; p.t Steuben Co. N. T. Poo. 1,566. Redtmdela, a town of Spain, in Galicia, with a
Jteo^i^, p.t Berka Co. Pa. on the Scnuylkill atrong eaatle. It atanda on Vigo Bay, 8 m. N.
54 m. N. W. Philad. It ia a flourishing and reg- £. ofVigo.
ularly built town inhabited principally by Ger- Redrnida^ a town of Portugal, in Beire, with a
mana. Here are large manufacturea of hats, oastle, seated on the Mondego, 17 m. W. of Co-
The Union canal commences in the neighbour- imbra.
hood. Pop. &^50. Also a townahip orAdama Redondo, a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, 23
Co. Pa; p.y. Hamilton Co. Ohio, and a town- m. 8. W. of Elyaa.
ahip of Perry Co. Ohio. Redruth, a town in Cornwall, Eng. It ia aeated
ReadingUmf a township of Hunterdon Co. in the yery heart of the mining country, 12 m.
N. J. N. by £. of Helatone and 263 W. by 8. of Lon-
ReadifviUe, p.y. Rutiierford Co. Ten. don.
ReaUjo, a aea-port of Mexico, in the proyince Red River, one of the weatem bnnchea of the
of Nicaragua, with three churchea. Tne chief Miaaiasippi, rising in New Mexico, and flowing
^trade ia in piteh, tar, and cordage. It ia aituate Southeaaterly into the Mississippi 840 m. aboye
among swampa, near the mouth of a riyer of ita New Orleans. It is 1^600 m. long and haa a yery
name, 20 m. W. N. W. of Leon, to which it serpentine course with a narrow channel ; 100 m
aeryea aa a harbour. Long. 87. 46. W.,lat. 12. aboye Natehitochea it apreada out into a gie^
43. N. number of channela which intersect a awampy
Realmlle, a town of France, department of tract A great maas of trees floated down Uie
Tarn-et-Oaronne, 8 m. N. £. of Montauban and atream haye collected here and formed what ip
90 8. of Cahora. called the Great Rufi which ia 60 or 70 m. in ex
Reamatown, p.y. Laneaator Co. Pa. tent and coyen the riyer ao that it may be c:
Reeeanati^ a town of Italy, in the papal atatea, on horseback ; in many parte the raft is oyer^growr
and delegation of Ancona. It haa a great (air in with treea Aboye and below thia place tht
September, which oontinuea 15 daya ; and is seat- riyer is nayigable for ateamboate except in th*
ed on a mountain, near the riyer Munsone, 14 rainy aeaaon.
m. 8. of Ancona. Red River, a atream of Lake Winnipeg, rising
Reekem, a town of the Netherlanda, near the near the aourcea of the Miaaisaippi, and flowing
Meuae, 5 m. N. of Maeatricht. northerly and northeasterly 170 m. into the aoutn
RecklingkoMuen, a town of Pruaaian Weatpha- end of the lake. The Assiniboin is one of ite
lia, capiUu of a county belonging to the duke of branchea. At the junction of the two atreams is
Aremberg. It baa a atrongcitaael, and ia aeated a trading eatobliahment found by Lord Selkirk,
on the Lippe, 20 m. 8. 8. W. of Miinater. Long. Red Rmmt ia also the name of a branch of the
7.36. £., lat 51. 38. N (Jtawaa in Canada; a branch of the Camberland
REO tOf REW
in TsnneHee, a bnneh of tli« Kentocky in Ken tents were the first Italians that renounced alle-
and of White ri?er in Arkansas. fiance to their sovereign, and solicited the pro-
Red Eiver, a town of Pulaski Co. Arkansas. taction of the French. Ileggio is the birtliplace
Red Shwd, p.v. Stokes Co. N. C. of the poet Ariosto. It is seated in a fertile coun-
Red Stone, a township of Fayette Co. Pa. try. on the river Tessone, 13 m. N. W. of Modena
Reedsbarough, t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 662. and 80. S. £. of Milan. Long. 11. 5. E., lat. 44.
Resdu UUmdf in the iMkware 50 m. below 43. N.
Philadelphia, it is 3 m. long ; the principal chui- R^MU, a town of Negroland, in Wansara,
nei is on the £. side. situate on a lake at the influx of a branch of the
JZsspAain, a town in Norfolk, Eng. with a trade' Niger, 240 m. £. by S. of Chanara. Long. 19.
in msit; situate on the Eyre, over which it has a' 10. E.. lat. 13. 20. N.
ford, 11 m. N. E. of Dereham and 112 N. by E. Rwna, a town of Naples^in Calabria Citra, 14
of London. m. ^^. of Cosensa.
Jtssf, a town of Westphalia, in the duchy of Regis, St,, a town of Lower Canada, situate on
Cleve. seated on the Rnine, 10 m. N. W; of the boundary line that separates Canaoa from the
Wesel. United Stales, and on a river of its name^t its
Reeg, or Rms, a town of the Prussian states, in junction with the St. Lawrence, 50 m. S. W. of
the province of Lower Rhine. Hard by it, on the Montreal. Long. 74. 10. W., lat. 45. 0. N.
Rhine, is the KonigshM, or TVeniu Rtgalis, a Regnano, a town of the papal states, seated
remarkable piece of antiquity, consisting of a near the Tiber, 17 m. N. of iCome.
round vault, built of freestone, and resting on Rekohath, p.t Bristol Co. Mass. 37 m. S. W.
nine stone pillars, one of which stands in the Boston. Pop. 2,468, also a hundred of Buesez
middle. The vault is 80 feet in circumference, Co. Del.
and has two stout doors, the ascent to which is RdcheHOUfWik island in the Zeller Zee, or lower
by 28 stone steps. It is furnished with seven lake of Constance, 3 m. long and 1 broad, aboun-
seate, agreeably to the number of electors at that ding with vines and other fruitr trees. 4 m. W.
time ; and on tnis regal chair the electora of Ger- of Uonstance.
many formerly held consultations relative to the Reiehenau, a town of Bohemia, with a castle,
election of a king and emperor, and other weighty 18 m. E. N. E. of KonigingraU.
matters of the empire. Rees is seated near the Reicketihaek, one of the four govemmente into
Rhine, 5 m. 8. by £. of Coblenta. which Prussian Silesia was divided in 1815. It
JZecmUs, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. comprises the county of Glata, the principalities
Reetx, a town of Brandenburg, 18 m. E. S. E. of launsterberg, Briee, and SchweidniU, and a
of New Star|;ard. considerable part of Uiat of Jauer ; and has an
Regen, a circle of Bavaria, adjacent to Bohemia, area of 2,500 sq. m. with 470,000 inhabitante.
with the circle of Upper Maine on the N. W. and Rdekmbach, the capital of the foregoing gov-
that of Lower Danuoe on the S. W. Ratisbon ernment, has considerable manufactures or linen,
and Alenburg are the chief towns. canvas, and fustian^ and is seated on the rivulet
Regen^ a town of Bavaria, on a river of the Peil, 10 m. S. E. of SchweidniU.
same name, 12 m. N. N. E. of Deckendorf and 49 Reidunhach, a town of Saxony, in Vnigtland.
E. of Ratubon. The inhabitante are principally clothiers ; and
Regensherg, a town of Switaerland, in the can- their method of dyeing, particularly scarlet, is
ton of Zurich, capital \>f a bailiwic of the same brought to great perfection. 10 m. S. S. W. of
name, with a strong castle. It is seated on a ZoriSkau.
rock called the Lagerberg. 9 m. N. W. of Zurich. ReicKenbtarg, a town of Bohemia, m the circle
Regmuharg. See Raiinon. of Buntzlau, with a considerable manufacture of
Rweiuimttf, a town of Bavaria, in the principal- cloth. 28 m. N. of Jung Buntzlau.
it7 of Neuburg, on the river Regen, 8 m. N. by RdcheitfeU, a town of the Austrian states in
E, of Ratisbon. Carinthia, 24 m. N. E. of Clagenfurt.
Regeiutun, a town of Germany, in Saxony, 6 RdekeiukaU, a town of Bavaria, with a rich salt
m. S. of Halberstadt. spring. Some salt is made here ; but, for want
RegenstBolde, a town of Prussian Pomerania, of fuel, most of the brine is carried over the hills
with a castle, seated on the Rega, 24 m. E. S. E. to Trannstein. a distance of 14 m. by engines and
of Camin. pipes. Seated on the Sala, 9 m. S. WT of Salz'
Rtggio, a sea-port of Naplea, in Calabria Ultra, burg,
and an archbishop's see. The churches, convente, Raeluhafen, a town of France, department of
and many houses, are built of stones from ancient of Lower Khine,with a ca8tle,9 m. N. of Haguenau.
edifices, and numerous inscriptions are to be met Reifferscheid, a town of the Prussian states,
with on the walls. The environs produce the formerly the capital of a county in the duchy of
best silk in Calabria; and on the coast is found Juliers. It is seated on the Enel, 30 ni. S. S. W.
a species of muscle, that yields a kind of wool, of of Cologne and 52 N. by W. of Treves.^
which gloves and stockings are made. Renno Rein, a town of the Austrian states, in Styria
was nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 17B3. on the River Save, 25 m. S. S. E. of Ciflv.
It is seated on the strait of Messina, 12 m. E. S. Reiner, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the gov
E. of Messina and 95 S. by W. of Cosensa. Long, ernment of Reichenbach. with a mineral •?nng,
16. 50. £., lat 38. 4. N. and manufactures of cloth and paper, 11 m. W.
Reggio, a ciktf of Italy, capital of a duchy of of GlaU.
the same name, included in that of Modena, and Reisenburg, a town of E. Prussia, 78. m. S. W.
a bishop's see, with a strong citadel. In the of Konigsberg.
cathedral are paintings, by the greatest masters: ReietersUnon, p.v. Baltimore Co. Maryland. 15
and in the square is ttie statue of Brennus, chief m. N. W. Baltimore,
of the Gauls. The principal trade is in silk. It Rembertetown, p.v. Sumter Dis. S. C.
was taken by prince Eugene in 1706, and by the Renuen, p.t. Uneida Co. N. T. 35 m. N. Rome
king of Sardinia in 17&. In 1796 the inhabi- Pop. 1,400.
RXM m nm
RtmbenailUr, a town of France, department of JlenlSf) a town of Franof , dapaftnaoi of Fa^db
Voagea, 17 m. N. N. E. of Eptnal. Calaia, seated on the Aa, 18 m. ». W. of Aim, dA
Remich, a town of the Ne&erlands on the Mo- N. W. of Artas.
■elle, 20 m. S. B.of Luzembarg. ReoUf a town in the depailneiii oC QiroikU
RemirenunU, a town of France, department of eeated on the Garonne, 8&m. 8L fi. of Bovdaavz.
^ Voegei, 11 m. S. E. of Epinal. RepaOh, a town of the Bazdinia» aUtM, ia 8a-
RemOf St.f a town of this Sardinian t tatei, in the Toy, ftmone for the veticat of Amadens, dnka of
territory of Genoa, sitaate in a frattfnl ralley, SaToy, in 1440, when he want to eigoy the nhea-
with a good harbour, in the Mediteranean, 7 m. inres of a country life; seated on a nret wnicb
£. by N. of Vintimiglia and G6 S. £. of Genoa. ram into the lake of Geneva, 90 m. N. E. of
. Rems and FUSf one of the 12 departments of Geneva.
the iLingdom of Wurtembergr, situate G. of that Repptu^ a town of Brandenburg, 10 m. 8. 8. £.
of Rothenburg. Goppingen is the capital. of Cnstrin.
taste of Uie Augustan a^e ; tbe former is not en- antiquities. Here is a noled freo'^ehool, which
tire, but the latter is in Uie best state of preserve- appears to have been the refectory of a prioix
tion. 10 m. N. E. of Aries. Requemaf a town of Spain, in New Castile, witk
Rendesburg, a fortiiied town of Denmark, in the a castle, and a considerable mannfaetnre of silks,
duchy of Holstein, on the frontiers of Sleswick, It was taken by the English in 1706 and leUkeB
and on the river Gyder. It is composed of three by the French the next year. It ia seated on a
parte, the Old Town, the Skleusskule, and the hill, on the borders of Vafenoia, 64 m. £. S. E. of
New Town ; the former of which stands on an Cuenia. Long. 1. 9. W., lat 39.44. N.
island formed by the river. The prmcipal mana- Retkif a city of Persia, capital of Ghilan. It
factures are porcelain, earthenware, ana gold and has a considerable trade, particularly in sUk ; mad
silver lace ; and the trade in timber, by means dt much rice jrows in the environs. It ia seated
the £yder Omal, is considerable 15 m. W. of on a river, 6 m. from the Caspian Sea and 100 N.
Kiel, and 16 S. S. E. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 53. of Cashin. Long. 49. 60. S.. lat. 37. 28. £1.
£., lat. 54. 20. N. Retoltiiien Itiand, an island in the N. Atlaatie,
iZsi^reto,a borough of Scotland, and the countv 50 m. long and 20 oroad, on the N. aide of the
town of RenfrewsLire. The principal branch entrance mto Hudson Strait. Long. 65. 0. W.,
manufacture is that of thread, but many looms lat. 61. 40. N.
are employed in the silk and muslin. Robert 11. Resotutum Isle, a small island i» the S. Pacific,
had a palace here. It is seated near the Clyde, to 160 leagues E. of Otaheiie, so called horn the
which there is a canal, 9 m. W. by N. of Glasgow, ship in which Cook made his aeoond Yoyajge.
and 13 £. by S. of Greenock Long. 4. 26 W., Long. 141. 15. W., lat. 17. 83. S.
lat. 55. 54. N. Retd, a town of Fraaee, departnmii of Aj^
Ra^twshiref a county of Scotland, 30 m. long dennes, seated on a hill, near toe Aiaae, 26 m
and from 10 to 20 broad ; bounded on the W. and N. E. of Rheims. Long. 4. 24. £., lat 49. 32. N.
N. by the frith of Clyde. E. by Lanarkshire, and Retford^ £asf, a borough in Nottinghamshire,
S. by Ayrshire. It is divided into 20 parishes, Eng. It is in general well burh, and ooneials of
and the namberof inhabitante in 1821 was 112, three principal streete, disposed nearly in the
175. In the N. part, towards the borders of the ibrm of a Roman T. The cmief trade ia in malt,
Clyde, the soil is fertile, but tbe S. part is monn- and it has manufiictnres of hata. It is seated on
tainous and rather barren. Besides the Clyde, the Idle, 29 m. N. by E. of NotUnghaaa aaA 144
it is watered by the Gryfe, and the White and N. bv W. of London. West Retford ia sitoated
Black Cart The largest town is Paisley. on the opposite side of the river.
Rmif a town of European Turkey, in Bessar- Rethem, a town of Hanover, aeated oalhe AUer,
abia, seated on the Danube 135 m. S. w. of Ben- 95 m. N. N. W. of Hanover,
der. ReHmo, a sea-port of Can^a, and a biabop'a
HenneSf a city of France, capital of the de- see, with a citadel. It waa taken by the TanEi
partment onUe-et-Vilaine, and a bishop's see. It in 1645. The silk, wool, honev, wax, landanoni>
contains eight parish churches, besides the cath- and oil, are preferred to all others. It is aeated
edral, seveml convente, and a small universi^. on the N. coast of the island, 49 m. W. of Caadia.
The atreete are broad and strait, but they were Long. 24. 36. £., lat. 35. 20. N.
narrow before the fire in 1720, which lasted sev^ Ae/a, a town of Bavaria, on the Schwa, 28
en days, and consumed 850 houses. In thejrreat m. E. 8. E. of Araberg.
square are the Palace of Justice and tbe Hotel Reus, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, with maa-
de Ville. It is seated on the Vilaine, which di- nfactures of silk, cotton, leather, and hate, and a
videa it into two parte. 190 m. W. S. W. of considerable trade in wine, brandy, Ac, ; seated
Paris. Long. 1. 42. W., lat 48. 7. N. in the middle of a most fruitAil plain, 17 ». 8. W.
Rtnsadaer^ a county of New York, on the East of Tarragona,
bank of the Hudson. Pop. 49,472. Troy is the Reust^ a principality of Saxony, lying beU
canital. Also a village in this coanty. 12 m. E. the Prussian and'Bavarian territbiies, oompiiaiaf
Albany, with a manufkcture of window glass, an area of 600 sq. m. with 85/M)0 inhabilanta, Ji
RenssdaervUU^ p.t. Albany Co. N. T. 24 m. S. whom the greater part are Lutherans. Geva ia
W. Albany. Pop 3,689. the chief town.
Reniownf a village of Scotland, near which is Rems, a river of Switaeriaad, whioh rieaa ia
one of the most considerable nrintfields in Scot- the lake of Loceudro, on the N. W. of St. Gothevd,
land ; also the old mansion of Dalquhum, where flows through the lake of Lueem aad the towa
Or. Smollett was bom, and the lofty column erect- of that name, and joina Uie Aar below Bmek.
ed to his memory, on the bank of the Leven, 4 jRettf/N^en, a town of Germany, in Vfnxk
m. N. W. of Dumbarton burg. In the town-honae is preaetaed an
lUtt $» KOI
bftttering-nutt ; and in the Ticinity are many pa- Fraaea have been aiieoMnyelj erowaed at
per and powder milli. Itieaeated on the Eehetx. Rheima ; probably beoanae Cloyit, the founder
near the Neokar, 17 m. 8. of Statgard. of the FVench monarofay^ when converted from
R£9df a town of Fiance, deparUnent of Upper paganiam, waa baptiied in the cathedral here, in
Garonne, near the canal of Langoedoe, 27 m. S. the year 496. The remains of an amphitheatie^
E. of Toulonae. a caatle, and a triumphal arch, are among the
Retdf a gorernment of Ruaia. See Estkema, ancient monomenta of the Romana. Rheima ia
Jlrael, a eea-port of Rnaaia, capital of the goT- long and narrow, and the honaea are low. Here
emment of Esthonia, and a bianop'a aee. It ia are mannfactnrea of flannel, coverlets, and other
aurroonded by high walla and deep ditohea, and woolen atnfi. The ei^ waa taken and retaken
defended by a castle and good iiaationa. The leveral timea, by the French and allied armiea,
honaea are well bnilt, and have fine gardena. It in 1814. It ia aeated in a plain, anrrounded by
ia become a place of great trade^ aince the Roa- hilla that prpdnoe excellent wine, on the river
aiana obtained poaaeasion of it in 1710; and Veaae, G8m. N. of Troye8and75N. E. of Paria.
there are two great fairs, injtfay and September, Long. 4. 2. £., lat. 49. 15. N.
frequented by English and Dutch merchanta. It iZaeut, a town of Pruaaia, with a large fortified
is seated on the golf of Finland, partly in a caatle, aeated on a lake, 75 m. 8. £. ot Koniga-
pleaaant plain and partly on a monntam, 160 m. berg. Long. 21. 38. E., lat. 63. 48. N.
N. by E. of Riffa and SoO W. by S. of Peters- jKeuuni, a town of Switzerland, in the canton
burgii. Long. 24. 17. E., lat 59. 18. N. of Thurgan, with an abbey, on an island formed
Revdlo, a town of the Sardinian statea, in Pied- by the Rhine, 5 m. S. S. "w. of Schaffhauaen.
mont, seated near the Po, on the top of a moun- RkeMaehf or Rk^nUiek, a town of the Prussian
tain, fortified by nature and art, 8 m. N. W. of states, in the provmce of Clevea and Berg, 20
Saluzzo. m. S. of Cologne.
RoMTo, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Man* RkeMerg, a town of the Pruasian atates in the
tuan, seated on the Po, oppoaite Ostiglia, 20 m. government of Cleves. aeated near the Rhine,
S. E. of Mantua. 13 m. £. of Geldera, and 4 N. by W of Cologne.
Rem, a town of France, department of Ar- Rheine. a town of Pruaatan Weatphalia, seat-
dennes, seated on the river Meuse, 6 m. £. of ed on the Ems, 18 m. W. N. W. of Osnaburg.
Roeroy. iUsmaeft, a town of Germany, aeated on the
RtDolutum Ide, a group of islands in the Pacific Rhine^ 16 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
Ocean, to the N. W. of the Marc|ueaas^f which Rkaneekf a town of Franconia, capital of a
d a continuation. Thei
they may be deemed a continuation. Thev were county of the same name, with a caatle on the
discovered in 1791. The most consideraole are river Sinn, 25 m. N. by W. of Wurtsburg.
Bauz and Marehand. The latter is about 15 m. Rheinuk, a town of Switzerland, capital of the
in circuit, and waa taken poaaession of, in the RheinthaJ. in the canton of St. Oall, with a caa-
name of the French nation, by captain Marehand. tie, aeatea on the Rhine, 25 m. 8. E. of Con-
Long. 140. 5. W., lat. 0. 21. 8. atance.
Rewah, a town of Hindooatan, in the province RkehMden, a town of Germany, in Baden, the
of Allahabad, the residence of a Hindoo chief, best or the four Foiest-towns ; seated on the
tributary to the British, 57 m. 8.^8. W. of Alia- Rhine, over which is a bridge, 8 m. E. of Baael.
habad. * Rkehtfds, a strong fortress of Germany, in the
Rewari, a town of Hindooatan, capital of a dis- Prussian atates. It is one of the most important
trict in the province of DehU. It ia the reaidence places on the Rhine, and stands on a stupendous
of a chief, tributary to the British, and is seated craggy rock, at the foot of which ia the fottified
on the Sadi, 56 m. 8. W. of Dehli. Long. 76. town of St. Gear. It waa taken by the French
52. E., lat. 28. 13. N. in 1794. 16 m. 8. of CoblenU.
Reynoldtbwgk, p.v. Humphreys Co. Ten. on the Rkanmagen, a town of the Prussian atates, in
Tennessee^ 83 m. W. Naahville. the government of Coblentz, situate on the Rhine
AAamoius, a town and fort of Egypt, on the 19 m. N. W. of Coblentz.
W. branch of the Nile, where the canal of Alex- AAstiiMa/, a district of Switzerland, in the can-
andria entera that river. It is 25 m. above Ro- ton of St. Gall, lying along the Rhine. It is a
aetta and 58 E. S. £. of Alexandria. fertile valley, 30 m. long and fh>m 3 to 8 broad,
Rkayadergwyy a town of Wales, in Radnor- and producea excellent wine. Rheineck ia the '
shire. It is situate on the Wye, where there waa capital.
formerly a cataract, which ia now destroyed, and RhamiiaJlmrn, a town of France, department of
a neat bridge erected ; and an eminence near it Lower ^iiine, seated on the Erlbach, 10 m. 8. E.
IS the site of an ancient castle, of which no ruins of Landau.
remain. In the neighbourhood are lead and cop- Rktna, a town of Germany, in Uie duchy of
per mines. 19 m. W. N. W. of New Radnor and Mecklenburg, on the river Radegast, 14 m. £. 8.
178 of London. £. of Lubec.
Rhta, a county of E. Tenneesee. Pop. 8,182. JUensM, a town of the Netherlands, in the pro^*
Washington is the capital. inee of Utrecht, seated on the Rhine, 20 m. S .£.
Rheatown, p.v. Green Co. Ten. of Utrecht
Rheda a town of Pruaaian Weatphalia, 10 m. N. Rhine, a great and remarkable river of Europe,
of Lipstadt. which riaes m Switzerland, in the canton of Gri-
RheinUf a city of France^jlepartment of Mame, sons. It is formed of three streama, the Further
and an archbiabop's see. The inhabitanta are es- Rhine firom the head of the valley of Diaentis ; the
timated at 40,000. The principal church, built Middle Rhine fh>m the valley Medelo, and ap-
before the year 406, ia a very beantifVil atructure j pondage of St. Gothard ; and the Hither or Up-
and that of St. Nicaise is remarkable for ita fine per Rhine fh>mUie mount Avicula. Thefirattwo
architecture. Behind the high altar of the church torrenta united take the name of Lower Rhine
of St. Remy, the eorpae of that archbiahop is pre- which receives the Upper Rhine at Richenau ; an«
served in a magnifioant ahriaa. The kiagi of the height is hare about 6,180 feet above the wt% .
3e2 *"•
n«w]
Rliiiu _ _
■oou aftei tha boundu^ betvacn tbe KheinUid
uid > leiritaiy of Aiutrii, Kod puMi Utroufh the
L«k« of CoiuUnce from E. to W. L«KTUig UiU
lake, it flowi W. by SdnffluutMB, b«low whicli
it foTDU t celebrated uUiaet. It coalinnc* in a
nwtH-lr ccuru ta B>k, wh4ii it tuciutii the N. ind
«alen Uw Netheiluuia, in trhicb uiane it witera
mkoj MMuidenible citiu tad towDi, Mid leceivea
•ome Urge ri*ei«. Below Emnieiick, in the
duchf of Clavs, it diTidea into two itnuni, tjie
right, which retain* iti unu, paHe* oo to
Utreoht, when it diTidea onet more into two
■trrtini : the imaller oDe i* cajlad tb* Vecbt,
which noM N. Ulu ths Zuider Zaa &t Marden ;
and the other, the nnuio* of the noble Rhine,
flowi W. bj Wociden to L^den, where it di-
Tide* into Mvenl cbuiaeb, and aJUrwudi
I, Cvd* (/, k prorince of BaTuii, wtanle
to the W. of Iha Rhine, between Weiaaemborg
and Woimi. It wai ceded to BavarLa in 1814;
It ooDtaina an iraa of l^OOaqiure m. with 308,000
inhabiluilB.
AUm, iMttr, a nand dnchj of the Fruaaian
alalM, compoaed ofteiTitoriea bakea from rnnoe
and the gnai dochy of Barg in 1314, and aaiifn-
ed to Piuaaia bj the coofreaa of Vienna. It ta
bonnded N. bj the proiiocc of Ciena and Beic,
B. bj Naaian and HMaa-Dannatadt, B. b; the
French and W. Iw the Dutch frontier. It hu an
area of 6,700 aqnaiem. with 950,W0 inhabitanta.
Aii-la-Qiapelto ia the capital.
Jttiiu. Lnetr and fjv^, two diTiaion* of G«r-
inanT, aholiahed in 180o.
SJmu, LoKcr, a depoiinient of France, con-
taioinff the late prorinee of Lower Alaaee. It has
an ana of 1 ,900 ioaare m. wilb 440,000 inhabi-
tanta. Stnaboig ia the capital.
Rkiif, VpptT, a department of Fianee, conilst-
ing of the lata province of Upper Alaaoe, and
containiDff an area of about 1,700 aqaare m. with
3^,000 inbabilaota. Colmai ia the capital.
■,p.ir. Dutcheaa Co. N. Y. 2Gm. S.
thtHudaoa. Pop. 9,938.
in IheaUteoftbei
Iludaon, <
to 8. W. wiUl a mean breadth o
but it w daatitnleof tiea«,tlia wboIeiaUndfaariBC
bean laid waate by the Briliah in the leioIatioBa-
rj wajT. It aSbrda excellent paatnia^, and main
taina BOfe than 30,000 aheap. Tbe town of New-
port ia in the B. pait.
Rkodt hlMtd, one of the New England Stales
bonnded N. and E. by Maaaachoaetta i S. by the
ocean and W. bj Conoaeticnl. It extend* from
41. 1&. to 4?. N. lat. and tiom 71. a to 71. 58. W.
Ions. 48 m. in average length and 29 in breadth
ana containing \^£& aq. m- inclndinff Nrragvuet
Bay which inteiaecla it from N, to 8. and cmbo-
Bonu Hhode, Connecticat, Prudence, and atTcr-
ai otbei amall iilanda. Block laland which lies c^
the coast also belonn to this alala. The riveit
are the Fawtncket, rswtuet and PawoaUck
which flow into Namganaet Bay. Tbetc are no
monntaina in the state, ooT any hilly trade, yet the
^neral ILcs of the coontrv ia aomewhat rough and
rocky. There are aonie level diatriote npon the
boideta of Nanaganaet Bay, and aoina flats on the
Atlantic akorea. The a^ect of tbe counliy on
the whole ia piclnraugDe, the highMt eBii>ei>ccs,
are Mount Rope, in Brialol; noons' Hill, ig
W. Greaowichi and Woan*aDketUiII,inSmiih-
fistd but they are not rcBarkabla fol eleva-
tion. The whole alate enioys a aalobriooa cli-
mate ; th« winter in the majiltme parts ia aenaably
milder, and the aeaeona there are more uniibrm
than in the real of New England ; the heat of
aoinnieT ia much sUevialea by le&eehinif aes
bieeaea. In other leapecta the climate reaiinblea
that of Connecticut and Haaaachoaetta. Tlie
Boil ia pretty uniform ; on the oontinent it ia gen-
erally a Kiavelly loam, which ia toleiably iertile
hut difficult of cultivation. Upon the ialands, the
Boil ia light and productive. There are a &w
Ce plaiDB in the alate, but very little •llDTial
d. Conaiderable quantittea ot anthracite ooal
etiatin theatatebut the minea are little worked at
preaanL lion ore occara in the northern paria,
and there ia a mine wmoght at Cianitton. There
an quarriaa of liiaeatone at Smilhfield, and the
aame place aflbrda eicellant msrtile. Bedaofaer-
peoljne, are found at Nrvpoil. The mineral
Ireaaore* of thia atale sa &r aa ^et discovered, are
not on the whole either eitenuve or valnablp.
Rhode laland ia divided into 5 counliea, Provi-
dence, Kent. Wajhington, Newport and Bristol.
ThaFop.U97,3l2. Foiuteen of which are aUve*.
Therf ■ no seat oTgovemmeul i the legialalnr*
meet alternately at Providence, Newport, Fj^
Greenwich and South Kiueaton. The other large
lowna are Briitol, Warwick and North Providener
The Blackatone canal, K'hich Stt, lica partly in 'I-™
atate, and a railroad ig projected from Providence Ic
BiHton. Agricultural indualiy i* chiefly confineil
to jrraxtng uid tbe dairy.
The iaUnda and ahorea of Nirraganaet bay arc
oelebraled lor their fine oaltle, their nnmeriHia
flocks of sheep, and the eicellencaandabatidano*
of their butter and cheese. Of the diflarent kinds
of grain, maiie, barley, aate and rye, are the most
generally cultivated.
The eonunerce is ohieSy conGned to the ports
of Newport and Providence. The forein imporla,
iniaatkamonnted to I,iae,2KdolUra. The ex
ports of domestio prodace to &4] ,675 doUan, and
the sfaiKung to 40,666 tons. -
Pkwtiicket bss tbe Urge*! manohctoriea in tbe
slate- Tbe mannfactnrea of Ibia place are cliieAy
of cotlon. The mill* are seated upon three &lb
in Pawtoeket river, and ton 45,000 qiindtes. They
evploji newlj 901) loania.
PmU«Me bMakalHf*BuiBfcetam«f«H- itatM vhkh udeded to Mm D>iaa. IW twA
Mk, voolan, eoMk**, ipMnwwU, *o. Wwwidt pket ki ITBO.
Iwi MTcnl eotloB sMsaftetorin, ud at N«vp«it UodH, la iiland sf tk* OimUb AickipaUfO,
it & DuiuJkclaM at Imb. At 8kl«nnll*, in Hit Utiom eDliuM oTthe nJf of Mami, 40 ra. long
lowD of Smithfield, Me ezteDUTc muafcoUtei mnd 16 biMd. TboMnkprMtr ftrtUabntbuDj'
of coHoft. EhDde blud h kfanoat exehiBTcIj oohiTitod. Tkia iiluid ii mMh oelsbtalod in
BlftckMooArifcriSbidiUiiiuiMiiMwataTHiw- thadonHDianofdifbranlinuten. Hm Sanceu^
M foi BUMi&atoriM. Upon WooDMSkat FtJli, b»o«att y nwencraof it in 6fi5 ; md, in 1309, it wm
uid in tbe ncl^tbourbood, mi* tboat 20 diAnnt taken lioin them b* the knights of Bt. John of
MttbUilunaDta, umI olhei* «• beynn. TImm tl- Jarnukm, who ^teiwudi took the nune of
readj prodnce tODiullr 3,3004M0 juit ofihte*- Knifhu of Rhodoi. The; letUJud it till 1633
iltf, ouieo, *hirting, driiUns, iclmet. At. At wlwaitwM taken bjtfaeTQik>,afteruialMtia&la
tlu« plnoo u* abo an iron fMuidrf and nwaii- miitanee ; and theimall nnmberorkDiffhU that
GMtiitM of maohinaij- mnaina wan aAerwardi TOOMTod to MaUa. Llfco
Rho^ labnd ia Iha only atata in tbe Unioa the naighlMBiing ialutda, it lua b«en ledoced by
that i« witliDDt a written oooatitntioB, tka gar- the iijuiiiiMiiini of the forte lo a itale of gnM
erament bsinc to tfaia da; founded an Hie pi»- porerty and wntcbedneia.
TJiiona of the efaarlar, grantad M tba ook»T bjr BluHu, tho capital of the abora ialaad, and an
Charleall. in 1663. Tbe oUifatiiaaof thkobar- anhbialwp'B nc ; waa aooientlj 9 milea in oir-
ler aa a DooatitatioM of oiril nvantment, boMiM enmfcrnioe, and »aa rewded bj Ataxander.
annulled by the daclantioa S indapeadtMa, bst who depoeited hia laat will liera, aa Um fiial eitj
hj tha ooBUMtt oooMnt of the people, tba foiin of in the woild ; bnt the pment town oooopiea onlr
(OTenunent waa pieaerved withont any twential a quarter of tbe extent of tbo ancient oily. It
TartaUoa. Tbe katalatnia iaoalltd tbe fiawMl haa a good harboni, with a nuiow enlraooe be-
. " I, ud eoHBla of a Senate and HotMe of twean two rooka, on whiofc amlwo tawen to de-
itatiTea ; the aanatora are 10. Tb* lep- fmi tba paaaage. Hon, in all probabili^, alood
itaantaliTea an two from aaeh town faol Pton- Um ftmooa CoToaaua, a itatue of toonae, 7U oubita
denee, Poiiaaiaath and Warwick aend e*cb bmi, high leekoaad one of the aaren wondeia of tbe
and Newport, Knda 6. The lapraaentatirea am world : h waa thrown down by an earthquake ;
eboaea twiea a year. The eaeootiTe oonaiala of and, when tbe Sancena became maalan of tb«
a Goranor, wkoae powota ai« very limited, and ialaM, tb«y knocked it to piece*, and aold the
a LL OoTernoc, botb of whom baTC teale in tba frumenU to a Jew of EdMaa, near BOO yean
Beoaba ; IhcM, aa w^ as tbe Btals Treaaoier, aJtei ila fkll. Rbodaa waa deeoMd an imprcgna-
SeorctBiT, and AUoiB^ Geneial are eboean an* ble flulceaa,beiaa anrronnded by triple walk and
nnaltj. Safflrage ia nniveiaal. Tba lagialatMe doable ditebea, Aicb baye Iwi> been Id a alate
bare 9 atalad aeaaiona annually, and meet con* tH dUaudation. Long. !U. BD. E., laL 36. ST. N.
monly Gnu liniea a year. Conmon achoola am Kiodf. Bee Rodn.
aappolad by an annual paynentoflO.OOOdolIaN JUmu, a laiga rirer that riaaa in SwiHarisnd,
from (be alMo; aadthateii an uniTeiait; atProv< jn Mount Fnrea, and aoon jtdna a mora ocaaidc-
idanoe. Tba aioet nnmarooa religiose aect aie rable smam from an exl*DsiTe glaoiar called that
tbaBaptiata, whohavolSminiaten; tbeCongf*- of the Rhone. After paaaing throogh tbe Tak of
ntiooaliata have 10, and tbe Epaoonliana, & Valaia, itrana throorii the Lake arGen*n,aBd
There ia a remnant of the Namgaoaet Indiana at lapaiating Bavoy nam Bnaae, it flowa W. to
ChariMtown in tbk atata, anonnling h> about I^ona, £en 8. lo VienDa, Tonrnoo, Valenee,
OO, and poaacaring 3^000 acres of land. They Vivien, Foot 8t. Eaprit, Avifrnon, Beaacairc,
are Basliiia, and anpport a niiaaionaiy. Taraacou, and Aries, and oBteta the MeditanaaB-
Rboda laland was Battled by Roger WiUiana, » by Bevnal moutha.
who WW expelled Aom Masaaohnaetta far avow ' RhmM, a department cf Fiance, ao named IVom
mg hiBaalf a friand to religiona freedom. With tbe river Rhone, whtoh flowa on ila E. border.
alow (Ulowera be journeyed beyond tbe limit* it includea tbe late proviDoea of Bea^aloia and
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^ I Lyenoia, and oonlaina an ana of lOGO aqnare
^^•^^^^^^^*^^^^^^^^^" Dulea, with 330,000 inhabitaata. LyooB ia tba
fuoiu, jnauuii qf Uit, a
on tba ooaat of tbo Maditc
tbe Rhone, eoataiiiing the W. part of tb* kle
EUWDC, ODVWiiuiif uifl >r . |Mn ui UH khv
rinae oi Provence. It eoouiriaaean ana of
0 aquu* milea, wHh 300,000 inhabitants.
oeillea i* tba oaptal.
SkvHkout*. a villaga of Beotland, in Ki;ko«d>
br^htBblN, 8 D. N. N. W. irf Newt<m Dongas,
BOUd Av a great annual Ur, and a weakly oat<
ite maikel fiea October to Jannary.
iUadan, a town of Prolan Woatphalia,
^^ _^ Hotine, U m. B. 8. B. of LipatadL
of the Btate and fonndrd a aettlement in im Stjnikvf, or ttUnMttrg, a town <f
which ha called Providetioe. Two jeara aRer- bwg, with a bandaome paiaec.baUt by Frederu
ward their naober had increaaed ao ftu that a II., when bendUatr prince. It ia aaatad on lb*
aeltlenwDtwaa mad* on tbe island of JfMflHl,cr Rbyll, lOm.N. af H^pin.
Rhodebland. A covemmaot was organraed and ab)»ii» fc* JlMBacf .
■ code of Uwa eitabliahed in 16«7. ReKgiena Wjwair, « town of fcandenbtng, ai tb* eorf«
tolnatlon wHh a trifling «ioepti» haa tUnj* of tba Mya with the BM«1, 0 n. 8. K. «■ Bavaf.
prevukd in this aUte. h waa the laal of tbe bMg-
Ric en RID
jRousdi, a gorenunent of RqhU, fennerlj a ue open to tbo pnblie ; and in tbeM » « neUe
province of the ffovernment of Moscow. It oom- obaerVatory. Heie is an extensiTS royal park, eall-
prisM an area of 13,000 square m. with l^OOOyOOO sd Richmond, or the New Park ; smiouaded by
of inhabitants, and had anciently its own princes, a brick wall bnilt by Charles I. 9 m. W. 8. W. of
The soil is fertile in com, hemp, and flax. London.
an
for
by the Tartars in 1568. It is seated at the con- SUekford, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt 44 m. N.
flux of the Trabesh with the Occa, 100 m. 8. £. Burlington. Pop. 704 ; p.y. Tioga Co. N. T.
of Moscow. Long. 40. 37. E., lat 64. 55. N. Rick Bill, townships in Green Co. Pa. and
Riba de Sdla, a small sea-port of Spain, in As- Muskingum Co. Ohio,
turias, on the Bay of Biscay, 29 m. £. by 8. of RUklund, a county of Ohio. Pop. ^fiOT,
Oijon. Mans6eld is the capital. A distriet of 8. OarDlina>
fUbadama^ a town of Spain, in Galtcia, seated Pop. 11,465. Columbia is the capital; p.t. Oo
at the conflux of the A via with the Minho, in the wego Co. N. T. on Lake Ontario. P<m. 9,733
territory that produces the best wine in Spain, 15 p.t Venan^ Co. Pa.; p.y. Onslow Co. N. C. ani
m. W. 8. W. of Orense. townships m Belmont, Ouemsey, Clinton, Jaek-
RibadMy a sea-port of Spain, in Oalicia, with son and Fairfield Cos. Ohio,
a good harbour, defended by two castles. It is Riekland Creekf p.v. Giles Co. Ten. 70 m. 8.
seated on a rock, at the mouth of the Rio de Mi- W. Mnrfireesborough, on a stream of the aam^
rando, 45 m. N. by E. of Lugo. Long. 6. 47. W., name fidling into £ik River,
lat. 43. 38. N. JUdUond fltU, p.v. FeUciana Parish, Looiaiaaa
Riba> a town of Spain, in New Castile, on the 96 m. N. W. New Orleans,
river Aarama, 8 m. E. of Madrid. Riekmondf a county of N. T. consisting oC Sta^
RiUU, a river which rises in W. Yorkshire, ten Island. Pop. 7,064. Richmond is the eafiita].
Eng. runs across Lancashire, and enters the Irish a county of the E. District of Yirginia. Pop.
Sea below Preston. 6,056. a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,326. Rock-
Ribemtmtf a town of France, department of Ingham is the capital. A county oTGeoigia. Pop.
Aisne, seated on an eminence near the Oise, 10 11,644. Augusta is the capital.
m. 8. of St. Quentin. Aidbnefid, p.t Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,313 ; p.t
Ittftsfee, a town in the department of Dor- Chittenden Co. Vt 13 m. 8. E. Burlington. Pop.
done, 17 m. E. of Perigueux. 1,109 ; p.t Cheshire Co. N. H. 47 m. 8. W. Coo-
Ribnikf a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin- cord. rop. 1,301 ; p.t Berkshire Co. Mass. 130
cipality of Ratibor. 20 m. E. by N. of Ratibor. m. W. Boston. 6. W. Lenox. Pop. 844 ; p.t
RibmkfOT Amatifc, a town of European Turkey, Washington Co. R. L 30 m. 8. W. Providence,
in Wallaehia, and abbhop's see. Here, in 17&, Pop. l,3ai; p.t Ontario Co. N. T. 15 ra. 8. W
the Austrians and Russians gained a |[reat vioto- Canandaigua. Pop. 1,876; p.y. Richmond Co
ry over the Turk^ It is seated on a nver of the N. T. on Staten Island ; p.v. Northampton Co.
same name, 68 m. E. N. E. of Tergovist — ^Anoth- Pa. 16 m. from Easton ; p.y. Ross, Jefimoo Cos.
er of the Alth, 50 m. W. by 8. of Tergovist Ohio; p. v. Wayne Co. Ind. ; p.v. Madison Co.
RUmkt, a town of GermanjTf in tM grand Ken. Richmond Co. Va. Richmond Co. N. C.
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, seated on a and Henry Co. Alab.
bay of the Baltic, near the influx of the Recken- Riekm&nd city, the capital of Virnnia, in Hen-
its, 13 m. N. £. of Rostock. rieo Co. stands on the north side of jsmes*s river,
Riuboroughf piv. Liberty Co. Geo. 34 m. 8» W. at its lower &lls, and at the head of tide water.
Savannah, at the head of Newport River. The town rises gradually from the water, and has
RiekardnUUj p.v. Edgefield Dis. 8. C. 74 m. a fine, picturesque ap|>earance. The western di-
W. Columbia. vision occupies an eminence called Shockoe Hill,
RkkdUUf a county of Lower Canada, or a river overlooking the lower town. The oapitol is bn^
of the same name flowing into the St. Lawrence, upon the highest summit, and has a delightfiil and
RjektUeu^ a town of France, department of Indre- commanding prospect. Two bridges cross the
et-Loire, founded by cardinal Richelieu in 1637 ; river to Manchester, on the oppositeoank. Most
seated on the Amaole and Vide, 33 m. 8. 8. W. of the houses are of brick, and many are elegant
of Tours. The public buildings, beside the capitoI, which ii
RUhnurndf a borough in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It an elegant structure, are a court house, a stale
was formerly surrounded by a wall, with three prison, 8 churches, an almshouse, a museum, an
gates, and mid a strong castle (now in a ruinous academy of fine arts, 3 banks, and the state ar-
condition^, on an inaccessible mount It is the mory, m which are manu&ctured 4 or SfiQO
capital of a district called Richmondshire (now in- muskets and rifles annually. One of the James
eluded in the duchy of Lancaster) which abounds river canals here empties into a basin containing
in lead mines, and was formerly a county of itself, a surface of two acres. There is a boat navigation
Richmond has a manu&cture of woolen stocking, for 220 m. on the river above the city. RichnKMid
caps, Ac. It is seated on the Swale, over which has a very flourishing trade, both mland and by
ifc a bridge, 40 m. N. W. of York and 230 N. N. sea, and enjoys extraordinary advantages by com-
W. of I^ndon. Lon^. 1. 35. W^ lat. 54. 28. N. mnnication with a rich and well cultivated back
Riekmondy a village in Surrey, Eng. with an ele- country, abounding in tobacco, grain, hemp, ooal,
gant stone bridge over the Thames. It was anci- Ac, It is in lat 37. 31. N. Ion. 77. 31. W. 123
ently called Shieen; but Henry VII. called it m. 8. Washington. 21 m. N. Petenbnrg. Pop.
Richmond, on account of his having been earl of 16,060.
Richmond in Yorkshire. Here was a palace, in Rt^mondsvUUj n.v. Schoharie Ca N. T
which Edward III.^ Henry VII.^ and <^ueen Kli- iticAiooodff, p.v. Moigan Co. Va.
xabeth expired. Richmond is still distinguished JZideaai, a nver of Upper Canada, fallhiif mts
by its beautiful royal gardens, which in summer the Ottawas. The Ridiau CmuU passes along the
B|0 93 «0
valley of tliii river ftom thtt Ottewu to tlit eatt Big^t F-t. Mooroo Co. N. T. 15 m. S. W. Ro-
end of Ltke OaUrio. cheater. Pop. 1,906.
Riig; a remarkablo elevation in the weatem Buumi, a aeigaoiy of To/k Co. L. Q. 96 m.
ELrt of N. Y. extendina parallel to the ahoce of W. Montreal,
ake OnUrio moat of tLe dUtanoe from Rooheater RigoUUf a atrait of Louiaiana wutins Lakee
to Lewiaton, 70 m. It is about 30 feet in height Pontohartrain and Borgne, 9 m. in lengtE.
and alopea away gentlj on each aide. A road RLgoUu da B<m PUu, a atream of Louiaiana
«^ .L «. . « J 1 — ?. :* flowing into Red River from the North, 35 m.
above Alexandria*
RiUwt a township of Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 57.
Columbia.' ^ iKimtnt , a town of Italy, in the papal atatea,
RidsFebury, p.v. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W. with an old caatle, a atrong tower, and many re-
New Haven, p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. and Bradford maina of anliqaity. The aea having receded
Co. Pa. firom this oity for some centoriea, ita harbodr will
Ridgtfidd^ p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 35 m. W. now admit only small veaaela. it is seated in a
New Haven. Pop. S,332. Also a townahip of fertile plain, at the mouth of the Marreohia, on
Huron Co. Ohio. the guff of Venice, iK m. 8. £. of Ravenna and
RidveviUe, p.t. Lorain Co. Ohio ; p.v. Warren 145 N. by E. of Rome. Long. 13. 34. £., lat. 44.
Ca. Ohio. 4. N.
Ridgeway^ p.t. Geneaee Co. N. Y. iltflienifo', a aeignory of Cornwall Co. L. C
R'vSey, a township of Delaware Co. Pa. Am^gf, p.t. Cheshire Cq. N. H. 39. m. 8. W.
Riekmanswarthf a town in Hrrtfordahire, fing. ; Coneo^. Fop. 1,969.
seated on the Coin, 8 m. 3. W. of St Albana, and Rmgkioping, a sea-port of Denmark, in N. Jut*
18 W. N. W. of London. land. H haa a conaiderable trade with Holland
Rida, a town of Spain, in Arragon,on the Xalon, and Norway, and is seated on a golf of the Ger-
98 m. W. 8. W. of Soragossa. man Ocean, 43 m. S. W. of Wiborg and 55 N. N.
Ride, a town in Hampshire, £ng. on the N. E. W. of Ripen. Long. 8. 15. £., lat 66. 8. N.
coast of the Isle of Wight It haa a daily inter- RinMhm, a town of Germany, belonging to
course hy packet-boats with Portsmouth, and sends Saze- Weimar, 6 m. N. of £rfurt and 06 bT NT E
to that place abundance of butter, eggs, and poul- of Eisenach.
Uy. 5 m. 8. 8. W. of Portmouth and 6 E. N. £. Ringo*9, p.v. Hnnlerdon Co. N. J.
of Newport Rit^ed^ a town of Denmark, in the ide ofZet*
Ritdkmgen^ a town of Germany, in Wnrtem- land. It was formerly a city ; and in the great
berg, seated on the Danube, 35 m. 8. W. of church are interred several kings, and other per*
Ulm. aons of distinction. 30 m. 8» W. of Copenha
Rietbergf a town of the Prusaian atates, in the gen.
government of Minden, capital of a county of the Ringwood, a town in Bamnahiie, Eng. It ha*
same name, with a castle, situate on the £me, a mani:^twe of woolen clothe and stookinga,
\7 m. W. by N. of Paderbom. and is famous for its strong beer and ale. It is
RieH, a town of Italy, in the papal sUtea, eapi- sealed on the Avon. 30 m. 8. W. of Wincheeter
tal of a delegation of ita name, and a biahop*« and 91 W. by 8. of^ London.
see. Besides the cathedral, it oontains three Rmidm, a strong town of Germany, capital of
eollegiate and aix parish churches, and 18 con* the district of Schauenburg. with a nmveraity.
vents. It is seated on the river Velino, near the It is seated on the Weser, li m. 8. £. of Minde*
lake RieU, 37 m. N. £. of Rome. Long. 13. 5. and 35 W. 8. W. of Hanover. Long. 9. 10. E^
E , lat 42. 23. N. lat Sa 12L N.
RieuZf a town of France, department of Upper Rio d» la fliscAa, a seaport of Colombta, in Vei^
Garonne, seated on the Reae, 95 m. 8. 8. W. eauela, at themouth ofariver of the aame naaie»
of Toufeuse. 100 m. E. of St Martha. Long. 73. 34. W., UL
Riex, a town in the dejpartmeal of Lower Alpe» 11. 30. N.
aeated in a plain abounding with wine and Droits, iZja de la Platm. See Plata.
90 m. 8. 8. W.of Digw. iZiade Jlliraaio, ariver of Spainwhiehrieeata
/^fo, a government of Russia. See Xieeaia. the mountain of Asturiaa, Mparates that prov*
Riga^ a strong town of Russia, capital of the ince from Galieia, and enters the bay of Biaoay
Stvemment ofLivonia, and next to Pelenburgh, at Ribadeo.
e moat commeieial plaoa in the empire. Il JRio ^ JV'erf«,aoonstderahleriver of N. Amer^
stands on the river Dwina, 5 m. from ita month ka, the eouroe of which is unknown, hot it flown
in a gnlf of the Baltic called the gulf of Riga or fVom N. to 8. through the whole oonntiy of New-
Livonia. The trade ia chiefly carried on by the Mexico, andentera the gnlf^>f Mezioo, on the N.
foreign merchants resident here ; thooe belonging! border of New Leon.
to an Engliah fkotory enjoy the greatest shara of Rio Orenis, a nroviaee in the N. part of Bsatil*
the commerce. The principal export are eom, between thoae of^ Pelagnel and Paraiba. It ia
hemp, flax, iron, timber, maala, leather, and tal* watered by a river of the same name, which
low. The pop. of Riea is eatimated at 36,000. mns W. into the Parana, of which it is the prin-
Here ia a floating woocten brtdge, ever the Dwina oipal branch.
2,600 feet long and 40 broad; m winUr, when Rio GrvnuU, a river which rieeaiBthe Biem
the ice seta in, it m removed; and ha apring Leone mountaina, and flowathroagh the kintf*
it ia replaced. In 1819, on the aMioaob of the dom of Bianba into the Atlantic. It ia navigabla
French army under marshal Macdonald, te Ibrboala 400 m.
beseige this place, the aovemor of the Iowa Aw Jlaasire, a river af Brasil, which enters the
set fire to the subnrbe^ wluch ooasnaiied aniwards Atlantic Ocean at St Sebaatian, the capital of
of 2,000 houaee. Riga ia 290 m. N. K. of Koniga- Brasil. At ita mouth ara aeveral amall ialaade»
berg and 310 8. W. of Peteraburgh. Long. 94. IS. which render the entrance difficult and dangerone^
£., lat 56. 50. N. 89 On the £. aide of it ia the fort of SanU Gn»
RIP 04 AOA
lad o& tiM W. thai of 8t Jago, together with J^^nf t , a ihoal at the moath of Jam«a*s nwtr
the o&pitftl. at its entnnoe into tha Chenp«ak. An i^Bod
Rio Janeiro^ one of the rieheat proyinoea of has been fonned here by linking etonee in the
Brazil, lying near the tropic of Cupricom, on a water, and a strong fort erected apon it which
river of the same name. It proouoes cotton commands the entrance of the river,
sugar, coi&e, cocoa, oepper, indiffOi and tobacco, At^tiier, St, a town of France, department of
with abundance of fruit and garaen-stoff, but no Somme, seated on the Cardon, 24 m. N. W. of
bread-corn ; so that the people here have no Amiens.
wheat-flour but what is brought from Portugal. JUsbnnur, a town in Bockinfffaamahire, Eng.
As a soccedaneum for bread, there are yams and 20 m.S. of Aylesbnrr and 37 W. N. W. <^ London
cassada in plenty. The riches of the country Rinng Am, p.y. Uecil Co. Maryl. 18 m. S.
consist in its mines of^ld, and in precious stones. W. Washinffton; p.v. Dearborn Co. Ind. on the
The latter are found in such plenty that a cer- Ohio, 13 m. below the Great Miami,
tain quantity only is allowed to be collected in RisonvUU, p.y. Notts way Co. Va. 76 m. B. W.
a year, whicn is sometimes obtained in less than Richmond.
a month. St Sebastian is the capital. Ristigoudke^tk riyer of New Bmnswick, falling
Riobamba, a proyince of Quito, 9 m. long and into Chaleur Bay, in the gulf of St Lawrence.
4 broad, adjoimng that of Latacunga, on Uie N. RiUenhouse, p.y. Lancaster Co. Pa.
It proauces abundance of sugar-cane, wheat, HiCzeneitf^^e, the chief place of a baitiwic of the
maize, birley, and yarious fruits. Cattle are nu- same name belonging to the city of Hambor|[,
merous, and from the wool of the lama the in- with a castle ; seated naif a mile 8. crif Cnzhayen
habitants manufacture stockings, cloth. &c. and 54 m. W. N. W. of Hamburg.
Riobambaf the capital of the foregoing proyince, iStea, a town of Germany, in the principality
is situate at the extremity of an eztenstye ysUey. of Trent, on the riyer Riya, at its entrance into
The productions and manufactures of its district the lake Garda, 17 m. 8. W. of Tkent.
are superior to any other in Quito ; and in some Riva, a town of Austrian Italy, in the Valte-
parti of it are yery rich mines of gold and silyer. line, seated on the N. end of the lake Como, 8 m.
It is 96 m. S. by W. of Quito. Long. 77. 20. W., 8. of Chiayenna.
lat. 1. 38. 8. RivallAt a town of Piedmont, situate on the
Riamf a town of France, department of Puy de San^n, 8 m. N. N. E. of Turin.
Dome, seated on a hill, 8 m. N. £. of Clermont and Rivalta, a town of Austrian Italy, aitnate on
115 S. of Paris. the lake of Mantua, 5 m. W. of Mantmu
Riani, or Pkasis, a considerable riyer of Asia AtMuina, a riyer of Virginia flowing into Jamer
which rises in Georgia, forms the S. boundary of Riyer near Columbia.
Mingrelia, and enters tne Black Sea. , Jtinerefo, a town of Piedmont, aitaate on the
Rwns, a town of France department of Gironde, Oreo, 15 m. N. of Turin,
seated on the Garonne, 18 m. S. E. of Bourdeaux. River Bank, p.y. Orange Co. Va. 100 m. N.
Ripa TVantotUt a town of Italy, in the papal Richmond,
states, 8 m. S. of Fermo. River Head, p.y. New London Co. Conn, also
Ai|Mii, a sea^port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, a township of Suilblk Co. N. T. on Long Islaad.
capital of a diocese of the same name, with a cas- Pop. 2,016.
tie, two colleges, and a public library. The tombs RiveetdteSf a town of France, department of
of seyeral kings of Denmark are in the cathedral, Eastern Pyrenees, seated on the Egly, 8 m. N. of
which is a very handsome structure. The harbour Perpignan.
is at a small <ustance, at the month of the Gram, Atee/t, a town of Piedmont, with a magaifi-
in a country which supplies the best beeyes in cent castle, 9 m. W. of Turin.
Denmark. It is 65 m. N. W. of Sleswick and 78 RivoU, a small town of Austrian Italy, near
S. by W. of Wiburg. Long. 8. 40. E.,lat.55.23k which Bonaparte obtained one of the most re-
N. markable of nis yictories in January, 1797. Itii
note<
fkmily, ,
of Tork and 211 N. by W. of London. RixeytUU, p.y. Culpeper Co. Va.
A^Iey, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,957. Ver- W.Washington,
sailles is the capital. Am, a town of Spain in the proyince of Barm
Ripley, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 644 ; p.t with a castle, and a splendid mansion belonging
Chatauque Co. N. T. Pop. 1,647; p.t Brown to the counts of Sixnela. It is ntoate on tbt
Co. Ohio on the Ohio, 50 m. above Cincinnati; Duero, 25 m. N. by E. of Segovia,
p.t. Bond Co. Illinois, 20 m £. Edwardsville. Amus, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop. 7,89P
Riowm,K borough in W. Yorkshire, Eoj^. In its Kingston is the capital.
neiffODourhood is the celebrated park orStudley, Aoonns, a town of France, department of Loirr.
including the venerable remains of Fountain Ad- seated on the Loire^ where it begins to be nari
bey. luppou was once ikmons for its religious gable for barks. Hence the merchandise of Ly-
houses ; it has a ooUegiate church, a new church ons is conveyed to Paris, Orleans, Nantes, Ac
erected in 1827, four meetinff-booses, a free school 45 m. W. N. W. of Lyons and 210 S. 8. E.ol
and several other excellent charitable institutions. Paris. Lon. 3. 68. £., lat. 46. 4. N.
Its noted manufacture of spurs has long since de- Jloanoike, an island of N. Carolina, oa the S.
dined, and at present the principal manuftctnres side of Albermarle Sound, fkmous ss the ^ue
are linens snd saddle-trees, and a considemble var- where Sir Walter Raleigh made the first srit-
nish manufiusture. The market-place is one of the ish settlement in N. America,
finest squares of the kind in En^^and. It is seated Roamekt, a river of the United States, formed
near the Ure, over which is a handsome bridge of by the junction of the Staunton and Dan. in tbe
17 arehes, 28 m. N. N. W. of York and 209 N. N. 8. part of Virginia. It is subject to inaBdatisBi,
W. of London. ano on account of the iUls, is navigable for amll
ROC e» ROC
craft onlr, tbout 60 or 70 m. It enten, by wevet- RoelU Bernard, a town of Pnnoe, in the de-
al months, into the S. W. part of Albermarle partment of Morbihan, on the Vilaine, SS m. 8.
Bound. E. ofVannet.
RoanaHu, p.v. MecUenborg Co. Va. 150 m. 8. Roeh^ Guyon, a town of France, department of
W. Richmond. Seine-et-Oiee, on the river Seine, 91 m. W. of
Robbtn Idandf tometimeB called Penguin Island Pontoise,
a barren eandy island, near the Cape of Good Roche Poeatf, a town of France, in the depart-
Hope, at the entrance into False Bay. Long. 18. ment of Vienne, with a mineral spring, eeated on
23. £.. lat. 33. 50. 8. the Crense, 32 m. E. N. E. of Poitiers.
RobbuuUnon, p.t Washington Co. Me. on Pas- Roeke sur Ycnne, a town of France, in the de-
samaqnoddyBay, opposite St. Andrews. Pop. 616. partment of Vendee, 20 m. N. W. of Lucon.
Aoeesteam, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa. RoekeektmartfB, town of France, in the depsrt-
Rebel, a town of Germany, in the dnehy of ment of Upper Vienne, with a castle on a mouu-
Mecklenbnra-Strelitz, seated on the lake Mnritz, tain, 18 m. W. of Limoges.
24 m. W. or Strelitz. Raehrfort, a sea-port of France, department of
Robert Bov, a capacious bay of the island of Lower Charente, with a commodious harbour,
Martinico, formed by two pomts called that of one of the most famous in France. The stieets
the £. part of La Riosa, ana that of the W. part are broad and straight ; and the houses low, bat
of Los Galeones. rerolar. It has a magnificent hospital, the fineiit
Robertotm, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. hul of arms in France, a noble arsenal, a foundry
13,302. Springfield is the capital. for cannon, and all the other magasines neceswi-
Robert9en*s Fork^.v. Giles Co. Ten. ry for the construction and equipment of ships of
RobertwmlUj p.v. Bennington Co. Vt. Ill m. S. war. It stands on the Charente, 15 m. from its
W. Montpelier; p.y. Beaufort Co. S. C. mouth, which is defended by eeTeral fort*. 16
Robeetm, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 9,^5. m. S. S. £. of Rochelle and 127 S. W. of Paris.
Lumberton is the capital; also townships in Lonsr. 0. 58. W. lat. 45. 56. N.
Washington and Berks Cos. Pa. Roekrfort, a town of France, in the department
Robin Hood, n.y. Philadelphia Co. Pa. of Jura, on the river Doubs, 6 m< N. E. of Dole
Hood Bay , a bay on the coast of York- and 22 W. S. W. of Besangon.
shire, Eng. between Scarborough and Whitbv, Roekrfort, a town of France, in department of
about one mile broad. Here is a Tillage of fisn* Maine^t^Loire, on the rirer Loiret, 10 m. S. S
ermen, who supply the city of York, and the W. of Angen.
adjacent country, with all sorts of fidi in their Roekrfort. a town of France in the department
season. 6 m. S. E. of Whitby. Long. 0. 10. W., of Puy de Dome, 17 m. S. W. of Clermont,
lat. 54. 25. N. RoAefoueauU, a town of France in the depart-
RokUuon, a township of Alleghany Co. Pa. meat of Charente, seated on the Tardoire, 12 m.
Roea Cape, a cape of Portugal^ tlw most west- N. £. of Angouleme.
em extremity of Europe. On its summit is a Roekelle, a fortified sea-port of France, capital
remarkable monastery, said to be 3,000 feet abote of the department of Lower Charente, and a
the sea ; and on the fi. of the mountain is a sum- bishop's see. The houses are supported by pias-
mer palace, of Moorish architecture. Here is al- las. and the haven is surrounded bv a prodigious
80 a small vineyard, that of Carcavella, yielding mole, 4,482 feet in extent. The innabitants carry
a pecuUar grape ; and the environs supply most on a considerable trade, especially in wine, bran-
ofthe fruits and greens used at Lisbon. This dy, sugar, salt paper, linen, and serges. Rochelle
cape is called generally, by the Enirlish sailora, was the birth-place of Reaumur, the celebrated
the rock of Lisbon. Long. 9. 36. W., lat. 38. naturalist. It is seated in a plain at the bottom
42. N. of a small gulf of the Atlantic, 78 m. S. by E. of
Roeamadotar, a town of Franoe, department of Nantes and 330 S. W. of Paris. Long. 1 10. W.,
Let, 23 m. N. of Cahon. lat. 46. 9. N.
Roceila, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ul- Roekemaw, a town of France m the depart
Cn, near which is a coral fishery, 10 m. N. E. ot* ment of Ardeche, seated on the Rhone, 8 m. N.
Gieraoe. N. E. of Vivien.
RoekdaU , a town in Lancashire, Enff. with Roeke Pereee, a town in Howard Co. Bfiasonri.
■sonsiderable manufeetuies 'of baixe, flannels, Roeketter, a city in Kent, Eng Its castle, now
serges, and other woolen goods ; also calicoes, in ruins, once rendered it of greaf importance ;
strong cotton goods, and bats. A canal firom and here also are some remains of a priory.
Mandiester passes hence to the Calder naviga- Rochester is a bishop s see and has, besioes the
tion, near Halifex. Tlie manor of Rochdale was cathedral, two pariao-chnrehea.
held for the last three centuries by the Bvrons, Roekester,pX Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N. W,
but in 1823 was sold by lord Bvron, the celebnt- Portsmouth. Pop. 2,155 ; p.t Windsor Co. Vt.
ed poet, to James Dearden, Esq. The town is 35 m. N. W. Windsor. Pop. Ii392 ; p.t Plymouth
seated on the river Roch, at the root of the York- Co. Mass. 48 m. S. Boston. Pop. 3^556 ; p.t Uls-
shire hills, 11 m. N. by E. of Manchester and 197 ter Co. N. Y. 84 m. 8. W. Albany. Pop. 2^440.
N. N. W. of London. Roekeeter, p.t. Monroe Co. N. Y. on the Gene-
Roeke, a town ofthe Sardinian states, in Savoy see river, is a place of great trade and opulence,
seated near a large rock on the river Borne, IS and astonishingly rapid growth. It was foundea
m. N. E. of Annecy. in 1812, and is already the firarth town in t^
Roeke, or Roekrfort en Ardennes, a town ofthe state in point of numfaien ; it is also the empori-
Netherlands, in the province of Luxemburg, ^with um of the western parts. It stands upon the
a strongcastle, seated on a rock, near the river Our- great canal, 7 m. firom Lake Ontario, witn a ship
te, 22 m. 8. of Liege and 32 N W. of Luxem- navigation by Genesee river within 2 m. of the
burg. town, communication with New York, Quebec
Roeee Beaueonr, a town of France, department and the great lakes. Rochester oontains 2,000
of Dofdogne, 22 m. N. W. of Periguoox. buildangs, and the streets are handsomo and toga-
JU)C tIB ROO
Ur. It htm 11 olnirehety 9 buikf , a muieaaii an Jfddk Ltmdimgf p.y. H«Ufcz Co N. C. •& tht
«ro«de. tn atheneam, and seTeral literaiy inatito- Roanoke, 12 m. aw>Te Halifax,
tions, a dail^ and leYeral weekly newapapen. Rock Mills, p.T. Pendleton Dii. 8. C.
Within the limits of the viUmge, for ■neh is the ti- Rodmort, p.T. Cajahoffa Co. Ohio, on Lake
tie of this flottrishing city, are 13 large floor mills, £rie. rop. 961; p.T. Spencer Co. lad. on tbe
built of stone, which ffrind 342,000 barrels of floor tlhio.
annaally. Some of imese mills are on a scale of Rock Sjtringf p.T. Nelson Go. Va. 118 m. W.
magnitude not equalled elsewhere in the world. Richmond ; p.T. Pendleton Dis. 8. C.
One of them coTers more than 4 acres, and all are Rock River, a branch of the Mississippi in lUi
considered unriTalled in the perfection of ther ma- nois, it is 900 m. in length,
chinery. Here are also cotton and woolen mann- Rock Strmm, p.T. Steuben Co. N. T.
factories, and saw-mills which turn out 9,000^000, RockviiU, p.T. Bucks Co. Pa.andParice Co.
feet of lumber in a year. The Gtenesee fidls are Ind.
in the northern part of the town, and the water Rocky Hill, p.T. Hartford Go. Conn. ; p.T. Bar-
power which the riTer affords here, is immense, ren Co. Ken.
There are three bridges across the Genesee at R^cky Mount, p.T. Franklin Co. Va. 210 m.
this place ; the canal aqueduct deserres psrticu- S. W. Richmond ; p.T. Nssh Co. N. C. and
lar notice. The canal strikes the riTer in the S. Fairfield Dis. 8. C.
part of Rochester, and after following the eastern Rocky Mountains, an immense chain in tho
Dank for half a mile, crosses the ri^er in the cen- western part of North America which may be re-
tre of the town in an aqueduct built upon 1 1 arch- yarded as a continuation of the Cordilfetas of
es of hewn stone 804 feet in length ; the structure Mexico. They extend Northwesterly nearly to
is no less worthy of admiration tor its strength than the Froxen Ocean, and form the ridge which se-
its architectural beauty. From the obserTatoij parates the waters of the great basin of the Mia-
at the summit of the arcade may be seen in a clear sisnppi from those which fall into the Faoiflc
day the waters of Lake Ontario like a strip of Ocean.
blue cloud on the Terge of the horison. Roches- In extent, in elcTation, and in breadth^ the
ter is 236 m. W. Albany. 396 N. Washington. Rocky mountains far exceed the AHeghanien of
Pop. 10,885. the eastern states. Their mean bkcadth b 800
Rod^ard, a town in Essex, Eng. 16 m. 8. E. of miles, and where broadest, 300. Their height
Chelmsford and 40 E. bv N. of London. must be Tery great, since, when first seen b^ cap-
Rockliiz, a town of Saxony, with a cssUe on a tain Lewis, they were at least 160 milea distant
rock, and a han<isome bridge oTor the Mulda, 24 On a nearer approach, the sublimity of the pros-
m. 8. G. of Leipzig. pect is inoieasea, by the appearance of range rining
Rock, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio 190 N. behind range, each yieldmg in height to its sac-
E. Columbia. Pop. 708. ce8M>r, till the most distant is mingled with the
Rockatoav, p.T. Queens Co. N. Y. on Long Is- clouds. In this lofty re^on the rangea are cot>
land ; d.t. Morris Co. N. J. 36 m. N. W. Newaift. ered with snow in the middle of June. From this
Rockateay VaUsy, p.T. Morris Co. N. J. 75 m. l8stcircumstance,theaemountaiBshaTebeensoaM-
N. Trenton. times denominated the Shining monntains — an
Roekkri dgt, a county of the W. District of Vir- appellation much more appropriate than that of the
ffinia. Pop. 144M4. Lexington is the capital. Jtedfcy or Stomymonmtains, a property pnsi ssiiil by
This county takes its name from the celebrated all mountains, but peculiar to none. The longi-
natural bridge which is situated within its limits, tndinal extent of tnis great chain is immense.
This remarkule work ofnatore has been ftrmed by ninning asfbr N. W. as60 N. lat., and perhaps
the bursting of the waters of a stream called Ce- to the Frozen Ocean itself. The snows aiM fonn-
dar creek Arough a wall of rock more than 900 tains of this enormous range, from the 38th to the
feet in heighk The bridge is 60 ieet in width 48th degree of northern laUtude, feed, with nerer-
and the sides for the great part of their height are failing supplies, the Missouri and its power •
nearly perpendicular. A road passes oTer the fill auxiliaiy streams.
top. The scenery it afibrds is exceedingly grand A great number of lateral ranges projeet to the
and romantic. 8. E., £., and N. £. of the main range. Where
Rock Csjtfe, a eonnty of Kentuoky . Pop. 9^875 the Missouri enters the plains, is the moat east-
Mount Vernon is the capital. em projection ; and from where the Tellow Stone
RoekdoU, p.T. Cra#fbrd Go. Pa. leaTes the snowy range^ there n a range, ran*
Rodtford, p.T. Surry Go. N. C. ; p.T. Tuscara- ning more than 2(]0 miles south<east,whichb inter-
was Co. Ohio. sected by the Bighorn riTer. As these mountains
Rack Hall, p.v. Kent Co. Maryland on the E. haTe not jret been explored by the eye of geolo-
slde of theChesapeak opposite the Patapsoo. gical science, it is impossible to say any thing
RoekkiU, p.t. Bocks Co. Pa. respecting their component parts ; but, fimn any
Jlsdk HUl MiUs,p.y, Fauonier Co. Va. thing that we can learn from Pike and Claike,
Rockinghmn. a county or N. Hampshire in the they seem to be chiefly granitic. No Toleanoes
8. E. Pop. 44,469. Portsmouth is the capital ; haTO yet been discoTcred amongst them ; but
a coonty of the W. District of Virginia. Pop. strange unusual noises were heard ttom the moon-
90,6d3. Harrisonburg is the capital ; a county m tains, by the American party, when atalaoned
N. Carolinia. Pop. 19,990. Wentworth is the aboTe the fidls of the Missouri. These aonndi
capital, seemed to come from the northwest *' Since our
Roekmgkam, p.t. Windham Co. Vt. on the Con- airiTal at the falls," says the narratiTe, << we liaT«
nectieut. 93 m. N. BrattIeborou|^. Pop. 9,979 ; repeatedly heard a strange noise coming from the
p.T. Richmond Cb. N. O. mountains, a little to the north of west. It n
Roeklmnd, a eonnty of New Toik, in the 8. heard at diflerent periods of the day and night:
Pop. 9,888; Clarkstown is the capital ; a town- sometimes when tne air is perfectly still and on*
iidp in SulliTan Co. N. T. Pop. 647 ; a township clouded, and consists of one stroke only , or of £▼«
«f mUkm Go. Pa. or six diseharges in quick succession. It in looi
BOC «SS
nnd iFiemblaB pneiMlj thoaoiMl of 1 (iijMiiBder
>I tin; diiUnoa of tliraa milM. Tbe Indwiu had
before mFDtiaDed Ihia Doiaa lika thunder, bat we
hul pud no ttlentioTi tn it. The wtlfnnen alan
■if the pwtj Mf, that the Pawoeee aod Ricaren
gire the aaone aeeoaut of & uiiuUr noiie made ia
ihe Bl*ek Moantaina, to the weitirard of them."
Again, neai the aame place, it ii afterwaida aaid :
'* The; hrard, ahotit ■aneet, tiro dieehargn of tha
tremcDdooi DraaDtain-aTtillerf ."
ThebaM of thaae moaotaini t« betweeo threa
and foutthoDiaod faet above the na. The hifh-
pit point ia lapoted to be ■ peak called Uie
Great White moimtain, between the Arkaam
and Plalle rirera, which according to the meaaQte-
ment of Pike i> 18,581 feet xbove the wa and
10,581 abore the level of the meadow at iU
« irilh theii lunba to the moat iiuooeaabie
tain coat Their manner* ir* Mid to rewmble
sreat^ thoM of the domeitia goat. Tha exact
Umita of the range of Ihii animil have not been
ascertained, but it probabij extendi from the 4l>th
to tho 64tl) or 65lh degtee of Utilnde. It ia cran-
had ■eldom prnelrated, he found no difficulty in
approicliing Ihe Rorky MnunUin Sheep, which
there exhibited the eimplicitj of character to re-
markable in the dan>ealic ipecie* ; but that where
the* hid been oflen fired at, \hej were exceed-
ingly wild, alarmed their companioni on the ap-
proach of danger bj a hining naiae, and scaled
tbe tocki with a apeed and amlity that baffled
pannit. He lost leven] that ne had mortally
wounded, by their retiring to die amonnt the >e-
doded precipice!. Their iBTonrite &«ling pla-
oei are gnaay knolli, ikirted by cregvy rdcki to
which they can retreat, when pnrtued by dogi or
wolvea. They are acciulomed to pay daily Tiiila
>payil
tbatai
of which they D
moo on the elerated part of the range that givei
MJgin to (ho Haekeniie, Oregon, Nelson, and
MisMOri riven. The fine wool which the ani-
, gii>wi principally an the back
and hipi, and
{'rem the
Dtenniied, with long coane
wool, it hai ooeaaionallj been termed
by the voyagen and even by natnraltiti ; imnE jii-
tfe confimon bai therefbre crept into the aceoonU
of ita haUla. whioh have been pnbllahed f>om the
reporta of Indaia. Iti flnh ii hard and dry, and
little esteemed. The Indian! make oapa and
•addlea of it! ikin. The Hndian'i Bay company
have lalalj praieDted a perfeot ipecinwn of the
ffoatto the Zoologieal Society. Tfaia animal ii
Mihe nie of the domeitic ihrrn, and ii totally
white, eioept the horai, hooli, lipi, and marffina
wi >he noitnli : the homi are black and ifaiiung.
Aaothet remarkable race of animali are the
■toey MoDnlain Sheep, which are found in thia
■levated region from iti northern termination in
latitode 68 to about latitude 40, and mm* likely
Hill fuHber xnitb. They al«i frequent the ele-
vated and enggy lidgei with which the country
between the great mountain range and tha Pa-
eiGe ii intarMCted ; but theyfdo not appear Lo have
advanced fhrther to the eaatward than lo the de-
clivity of the Rocky Maoataini, nor are the;
fbnnd in any of tha hilly tracta nearer to Hud-
■on'i Bay, Tlwy collect in floeki conaiiting of
from threi to thirty, the yoong nuna and fe-
milei herding together dnring Ihe winter and
nring, while tbe old lami form aepaikte flocka.
Tb* cwee bring foith in Juih or July, and than
nthe
ed with a saline eSi
fbnd. These
Dmmmond i
forwards and downwi
It! fleah is nid by Ihoee who have fed oi
qaite delicious when it ii in season, far superior
to thai of any of the deer ipeciei which frequent
the same quarter, and even exceeding in flavour
the fineit English mutton.
Racky Ridgt, p.v. Trigg Co. Kin. SI7 m. S.
W. Frankfort.
RaeJai Sprittgt. p.v. Rockingham Co. H. C.
MSm.'N.W. Raleigh 1 p.T. George Co. Ten ^
D.T. Claiboma Co. Hiwisaip|H.
Rotrey, a town of France, department of Atden-
French o'
in a plain, nirrauDded by fbresti, 36 m. If . of
Rethel.
Bodadt, a town of Gennany, in the principal-
ity of Bais-Coburg, on a river of its name, 9
in. N. W. Cobnrg.
Aediy, s sea-pott of Denmark, in the island of
Laland. Tha pMSOge hence to Heiligenfaaren,
in Holstein and to the island of remem, is much
Ireqnented. It is 10 m. N. E. of Naikow. Long.
11.46. E., lat. 54. 45. N.
RodtritBg, a town and castle of Germany, in
the district of Schauenbnrg, near which is a min-
eral spring. 11 m. W. by S. of Hanover.
Raia, a town of France, capital of tha depart'
nunt of Aveiron, and a bishop's see. Here are
four great snnual faira^and some manulkctnrei of
grey cloths and sargea. The lofty steeple of ita
cathedral is admired for ita architecture. It is
seated in the midst of mcuntain*, on a hill, at
the foot of which flows Ihe Aveiron 30 m. W. by
S. of Hende.
Kadtngs, a diatriet of Esasi, Eng. compriaing
3H
•iffbt pariikett eaob »f whioh u eaHed Ro^iaf , davM, and a Uafaop't ■•• ; watad an Ae Sisei,
tat tiiey are dutingoifhed bv tbe tdditioMl •p- tfO m. W. B. W. of jMqr.
peUatioB of Boanehamp, Eytaorp, High, Leadaa, JgaaywiB, a nrofiiiM or dtTiaioa of Tmisey,
White, Abbot's, Beniw^a, and Maigaiet*a. about 900 a. long and 190 bnad : boaaded ob
Rodman, p.t. JefiaraoB Co. N, Y. 160 m. N. W. the N. by Bolgaha, £. bj the blaok Ses, 8. hw
Ibany. Pop. 1,901 . tlw aeft of Mamoim and tko Anshipalago, and W.
Mbany . Pop. 1 ,901 . tlw aeft of Mamoim and tko Anshipolago,
Rodoky a town of Htndooatan, in the proTinca by Macedonia. The whole of thia fine ooontry,
of Dehli, 50 m. £. of Hiaaar and GO W. N W. of compriaing Thnoe, Maeedon, and aneieBt Gieeoe,
Dehli. is at present in a Tsiy baekwani state, onriag to
Aodojto, a sea port of Romania, and a bishop's the oppression and aibitiacj esaelioos of tiie
see, seated on the side of a hill, on the sea of Turks. The inhabitants have, boveTer, at length
Murmora, 03 m. W. of Constantinople. Long, been liberated from the galling yoke wkieh ther
27. 37. £., lat. 41. 1. N. long maintained an ardnons strno^ to throw off
Rodriguett ui island in the Indian Ocean, 30 See Qruee.
m. long and 12 broad, lying 100 leagues E. of Jtom—o. a town of Austrian Italy, on a rifer
Maaritios. The country u mountainous, and in that rana oetween the OgUo and Seno, 96 m. £.
Inany parts rocky, though in some places the soil of Milan.
is excellent; but the bMt production of the island JZohmm, a town of Fraaoe, depaitmeiit of
is the land turtle, which are in great abundanoe. Drome, on the Isere, S9 m. 8. W. of Grenohie and
On the N. aide is a bay that affms secure shelter 30 8. of Vienne.
for ships, and ample supplies of wood and water iiesia, a celebrated city of Italy, the capital of
Long. 63. 0. £., lat. 19. 30. 8. . the pope's dominiona. It is aitnateon the Tiber,
RlUT^ a river of the Prussian states, which rises over which it haa lour bridgea. The walls aae of
in Westphalia, flows by Arepsberg, Bchwerte, briek, in whioh are 15 eates ; and its whole or-
Werden, and Duyaburg, and entera the Rhine at cumference, including that part beyond the Ti-
Roerort. ber and all oelonging to the Vatican, is upwards
Rnirmrty a town of the Prussian states, in the of 16 m. It has 144,541 inhihitanta, which,
ducfar of Cleve, at the conflux of tbe Roer with though greatly inferior to what it ooold boast in
the Rhine, 17 m. 8. by £. of Weiel. the days of ita ancient power, is eonsidbrahU
Jtoittlx, a town of the NetherUnds, in Hainault, mors than it could number at iooie foiver perieu
8 m. N. £. of Mens. since the lall of the empire. Boom of the pnn
RogtTMlioium^ p.T. Franklin Co. Missouri. cipal streets are of considerable length, and per-
Rog9rsmUBy p.v. Person Co. N. C. Pendleton feetly straight. That called the Coreo is the
Dis. 8. C. aqd Hawkins Co. Ten. on the HolslDn, meat firequented. The shops on each side are
70 m. above Knomrille. three or four feet higher than the street, and there
Aegsnsidk, or Part BaUie, a sea-port of Russia, is a path for foot passengers on a level with the
in the province of Revel, seated on a fine bey at shops. The palaces, of which there aie several, is
the entrance of the gulf of Finland, 40 m. W. N. this street, range in a line with the houses, hav-
W. of Revel. X^ng. 23. 90. £., lat. 59. 10. N. ing no courU before them. The Stiada Felice
^gefis^pe«r,a town of Bengal, capital of the and the Strada di Porta Pia, are also Teiy long
distrrot of Pachete. 196 m. N. W. of Calcutta, and noUe streeU. Rome exhibita a stmaiga mix-
Long. 86. 47. £., lat 23. SS. N. tare of magnificent and intarsstiag, and ef oasi-
JIms, or Btmak. 8ee Oi/a. mon and beggarly objeeta ; the formsr eoasist ef
IZoAam, a town of Franoe, department of Mor- palaces, churches, fountains, and the renaains «f
biham, on the Aoust, 20 m. N. of Vannes. antiquity ; the latter eomprehend all tbe rest «f
RtMlamd, or jRoAt/2a, a territory ofHindoostaa, the city. The chureh of 8t Peter, in tlie opjn-
inhabited by the Rohillaa, and formerly belong- ion of many, surpasaee, in aiae and magaifieenee,
ing to the province of Dehli, but now included the finest monumenta of aneient arehilsetine. It
in the district of Bareillv. It was conquered by waa begun in 1506, finiahed in 162ly and is en>
the nabob of Oade. with the assistance of the tirely covered both within and without with mar-
British, in in4. But in 1801 it was ceded to the ble. Ita leagth is 730 feat, the ^icadlh fiUl smI
British, and is now governed by a eivil establish- the hei|4it, mm the pavement to the tow of the
ment. oross wnieh crowns the cupola, 460. Toe high
RolatxaHf a town of Bohemia, with good cloth altar under the cupola ia 90 foot in beicht»and el
manufteturas and a taade in iron, 7 m. £. by N. of extmoidinaTy magnifioenee. A complete dcacrip-
Pilaen. tionof this ehureh, and of ita statuest hMss-n-
RotdHCf a town of the NetherUnda. in the lato lievoay columa, and varioua other itiwamrnla.
duoby of lamburg, 10 m. 8. W. of Julian. would fill volumea. Tbe calhedral of 84. Jelm
Ram. an island of Denmark, on tlie coast of 8. Lateran, the Romana my, ia the most frmnt m
Jutlana. It is 7 m. long and nearly 3 broad, and all the churchea of Rome, and the mother ef all
oontaina a few villages. the churehea ra Cfariatendom. It inrntnina tha
Ramagnaf tlie former name of a province 9€ 8cala Santa, of 28 white marble ateps^ hsu^|ht
Italy, in the papal statea, bounded on the N. by from Jerusalem, by whioh Chriat is aaid %a haw
the Ferrareae,£. by the gulf of Venice, 8. by asoeaded te the palace of Caiafhas. To this
Tuscany and Urbino, ana W. by Bologna and church every new |>ope oenatantly goes firat, in a
Tuscany. It is fertile in corn, wine, oil, and magnificent prooeeaion, to take fnmftaaicsi of tbe
firuita ; and has alao mines, mineral waters, and holy aee. The Pantheon, whioh fi^m ita cir-
salt-worka, which makes ita principal revenue, eular fofm has obtained the name of the IL^timitei
Ravenna ia the capital. ia the most perfect of the Roman trmplrs which
Romammatier, a town of 8witserland, in the now remain, and notwithstanding the depaeda-
Pays de Vaud, capital of a bailiwic, with a caatla ; tiona it has aaatained firom Goths, Vandals, and
aeated in a narrow valleyi through which flows popee, ia atiU a beautifiil monument ef Boom
the river Dies, 11 m. 8. W. of Tverdun. taste. The pavilion of the great altar of 8t. Peter,
Reaiant, a town of European Turkey, in Mol- and the finir wreathed pillm of Corintiyaa biMP
whieh rapport it. ware Uamtd out of Um ipoili of uated half a mile from the Erie Canal ip.T. Afh
the PaatheoD. wiiiob, afler Dearly 3/)00 yean, has tabula, Lawrence and Athene Cos. OBld; p.T.
still a probability of oatliTinff its prood andc^a- Perry Co. Ind.
cious rival. Its ^Mtirb^ i> iSO feet, and its width RomemaVf a town of France, department of
nearly the same. "Aeie are no pillars to support Saone-et- Loire, 15 m. N. N. E, of Magon.
the roof, which is constructed in the manner of a Romtrttadty a town of Moravia, in the neigh-
cupola; neither has it any windows, a sufficiency bonrhood of which are some iron mines. 20 ro.
of light being adoutted tittougha central opening N. N. £. of Olmntz.
in toe dome. As the Pantheon is the most entire, Rmnhildf a town of Germany, in the duch v of
the amphitheatre of Vespasian is the most stu- Saze-Meinungen, with a castle, 13 m. 8. of Mei-
pendous monoment of antiquity in Rome. About nnngen.
one-half of the external circuit still remains, from Romkala, a town of Syria, with the lemains of
which a pretty exact idea may be formed of the an ancient and strong castle, and two churches,
original structure, and by computation it coald It is seated on the Euphrates, at the inflax of the
contain 85,000 spectators. But the antiquities of Simeren, and is used by the Turks as a PJAce of
Rome are too numerous to be minutely deiscribed ; banishment for great men in disgrace. o5 m. N.
so that the ancient Forum^ now a cow-market, N. E. of Aleppo.
the beautiful column of Tra)an,&c., must be pass- Romnaf a town of Russia, in the government of
ed over. The Campidogho, built by Michel Tchemigof, 88 m. E. S. £. of Tchemigof.
Angelo, is a beanttful structure, standmg on the Romney, p. v. Hampshire Co. Va. on the Poto-
site of the aaeient CapitoLeo long the centre of mac 50 m. w. Winchester; t. Kent. Co. U. C.
the empire of the world. Thb bony of this pal- Rmnn^, JVeio, a borough in Kent, £ng. It is
aoe is toe residence ofthe Senators of Rome, and one of the cinque-ports, and once contamed five
the wings are mhabited by the conservators of churches and a priory ; but, since the sea has re-
the city. The pope hae three superb palaces, of tired, it is much reduced. About a mile to the
which the prinouMl is the Vatican, near St. Pe- W. is Old Romney, the original port, which is
ter's church. The library of this palace is the now a small place. 22 m. o. W. of Dover and
lar|[est and most complete m the world ; rich, es- 71 S. £. of Xjondon.
pecially inMSS.,ioalllangusAeB9andofallages. Romney Marshy a tract in the most southern
in Rome the connoisseur wiU meet with innu* partof Kent, Eng. between Dungeness and Rye-
merable paintings by the greatest masters, and naven, defended nrom the sea by a strong embank-
with the finest works of sculpture, &c. Besides ment, called Dymchurch Wall. It is 80 m. long
the university, which consists of several noble and eight broad, containing about 50,000 acres of
colleges, there are numerous academies and lite- firm land, and aome of the richest pastures in
rary soeietiea. The castle of St Angelo serves England. Vast flocks of sheep and herds of cat-
more to keep the city in awe than to repel any tie are fattened here for the London market
foreign attack. RovunUf a town of Switxerland, in the canton
Rome was formerly the metropolis of one of the of Friburg, seated on a mountain, 10 m. N. W. of
oreatest empire* that have ever existed, and may Friburg.
be regarded as the parent of all the cities, tfaie Annorenfm, a town of France, in the depart-
arts, and states of modern Europe. The ancient ment of Loire-et-Cher, with a castle, and manu-
Romaos were governed by seven kings, for about factores of serges and cloths ; seated on the Sau-
230 years. Daring the next 488 years, they were dre, 26 m. S. £. of Blois and 40 8. by W. of
governed by consuls, tribunes, decemvirs, and Orleans.
dictators, in their tarns. They were afterwards Romsdal^ a town of Norway, capital of a prov-
govemed by 60 emperors, for the space of 518 ince in Uie government of Drontheim, 100 m. 8.
yean. Their wars with the Carthaginians, Span- W. of Drontheim. Long. 7. 54. £., lat 62.
lards, Qauls, Blithridates of Pontus, Parthians, 28. N.
and Jews, were the most noted. The Roman JZomfey, a town in Hampshire, Eng. It has a
empire was afterwards much distracted by various manufacture of shaUoons, and several paper mills ;
commotions, and in 410 Rome was taken and and u seated on the Andover canal and the river
burnt In Bfay, 1537, Rome was invested by the Test, 8 m. N. W. of Southampton and 73 W. by
army of the emperor Charles V. ; and the general, S. of London.
to prevent a mutiny, promised to enricL them Aomti/i&ff, p.t. Seneca Co. N. T. 204 m. W. Al-
witn the spoils of this opulent city. The general, bany on Seneca Lake. Pop. 2,069.
however, was himself killed, as he was planting RamaldthayfJforth and SknithfAwo small islands
a scaling ladder against the walls; but his sof of the Orkneys.
diers, not discouraged by his death, mounted to Aenoy, one of the Hebrides, situate between
the assault with the utmost valor^ and, entering tho Ue of Sky and the mainland,
the city, exercised all those brutaltties that may RoneewalUSf a town of Spain, in Navarre,
be expected fiom ferocity aggravated by resist- situate in a valley to which it gives name, 14 m.
ance. In the wars which attended the French N. N. E. of Pamplona.
revolution, Rome was again a considerable su^ Raneiglionet a town of Italy, in the states of the
forer. Large contributions, and severs military church, with a fortified castle. It is seated on the
exactions, were drawn from the inhabitants ; and Tereia, near a lake of the same name, 26 m. N.
a great number of the most valuable statues and N. W. of Rome. Long. 12. 32. E., lat 42. 18. N.
paintings were sent off to Paris. The pope was Ronda, a strong town of Spain, in Granada,
finally restored in 1814. See Papidam, Rome with a castle ; situate on a craggy rock, near the
is 110 m. N. W. of Naples, 410 S. S. W. of Vien- river Guadiaro, 43 m. N. by £. of Gibr^tar.
na, and 600 8. £. of Paris. Long. 12. 29. £., lat Raney's Pointy p.v. Ohio Co. Va.
41. 54. N. BofUM, a sea-port of Denmark, in the island of
Anne, a township of Kennebec Co. Me. 22 m. Bomholm, and the residence of the governor.
iH. Augusta. Pop. 883 ; p.t Oneida Co. N. T. Ill The harbour is fortified, but not deep. Long 14.
m. W Albany. Pop. 4,360. It is pleasanUy sit^ 55. E., lat. 55. 10. N.
ROt 640 RO0
RnmAurg^ a town and cattle of Genoanv, in RotAmrg^ p.v. Annatronff Co. Pa.
Jie principality of Altenbnre, beloning to Baxa- BoB^idi^ p.y. Prinea WiUiam Co. Va.
Gotha, 14 m. S. W. of Altenbur^^. Rogthm, p.v. Lee Co. Va.
JZoopot, an bland in the straita of Malacca, Ro$eUind, p.T. Cambria Co. Pa.
■eparated from Sumatxa by a narrow nhannel. RatnuOSf p.T. Ambent Co. Va. 118 m. W.
fx>n|[. 101. 9. £., lat 3. 0. N. Richmond.
Rootf p.t Montffomerj Co. N. T. 46 m. N. W. Rogewun'kU. See FortrvM,
Albany. Pop. 2,750. EoMiiherg, a town of the Promaa etatee, in the
Rootttownfp.Y, Portage Co. Ohio. 134 m. N. E. nrincipality of Oppeln, with a nnan caatle, 25 m
Columbia. Pop. 063. N. E. of Oppeln.
RoqtUf St., a town of Spain, in Andaloaia, at Ro»e$Ukeimf a town of Bavaria, leated at the coo
the entrance of the bthmas which separatee (rib- flux of the Mangnald with the Inn, 34 m. S. £
raltar from the continent. It stands on the top of of Munich.
a hill, overlookinff the bay, 17 m. N. E. of Tanfia, Rosetf a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia, with a
and 58 S. E. of Cadiz. citadel. It wae taken by the French in 16^,
Roqutfort, a town of France, department of and again in 1793. It is sealed on a tny of thn
Landes, seated on the Douese, 15 m. £. N. E. of same name, in the Mediterranean, 87 m. 19. E. rt
Mont de Marsan. Oerona. Long. 3. 7. £., lat 42. 17. N.
Roquemauref a town in the department of Gard. Roses Bluff , p.y. Dallas Co. Alab.
22 m. N. E. of Nismes. Rosetta, a town of Egypt, one of the pleaaantest
RoquetaSf a town of Spain, in Granada, on the in the conntrv. It has a great mannfactnre ci
coast of the Mediterranean, 10 m. S. W. of Alme- striped and other coarse linens; bnt ita chief bnsi
ria, 52 S. E. of Granada. ness is the carriage of roods to Cairo; for all En-
Roras^ town of Norway, m Drontheim, noted for ropean merehanoiie is Drought hither from Alex-
important mines of copper, 68 m . S. of Drontheim. andria by Ka. The rice grown in ita vicinity, cal-
Rosa, a singular mountain of the Pennine Alps, led snitani, is chiefly sent to Conitantinople, and
at the N. £. boundary of Piedmont, little inferior its exportation to any other place ia prohibitiKL
m height to Mont fAanc. It forms as it were, a Rosetta was taken by the French in 1796, and
a circus of gigantic peaks, round the village of here the Engliah were defeated by the Tnrka ia
Macugnaga ; and ita appearance is supposed to 1807. It stands on an island, formed by the W.
impart the name from some resemblance to an branch of the Nile, 2& m. E. If. E. of Alexandria
expanded rose. and 100 N. N. W. of Cairo. Long. 30. 23 E.,
RosamarinOf a town of Sicily, in Val di Demona, lat. 31. 23. N.
at the mouth of a river of ita name, 22 m. W. by RosemlU^ p.y. Loudon Co. Va. 35 m. N. W.
S. of Pata. Waafain^n ; p.t. Mnakinran Co. Ohio. G2 m £.
J2o#ana, a town of Russian Lithuania, in the Columbia ; p.v. Park Co. Indiana; p.v. Ddawaie
government of Grodno, seated near the Zolva, 56 Co. N. T.
m. S. W. of Novogrodec. JZosiemia, town of Rnasia, in the government of
Roskackf a vilhtjge of Prussian Saxony, famous Wilna, formerly the capital of Samogitia. It is
for a victory obtained by Prussia over tne French seated on the Dubisae, 70 m. S. of Bfittan Locg.
ana Austrians in 1757. 10 m. S . E. of Mersebur^. 23. 45. £., lat. 65. 30. N.
Rosehad, a town of Switzerland, with a castie RosUrs aux Salines, a town of Franca, depart*
on a mountain ; seated on the lake of Constance, ment of Meurthe, formerly celebrated for ita aalt-
7 m. E. N. E. of St. Gall. works ; seated on the Meurthe 10 m. 8. of Nancy.
RosekUd, a town of Denmark, in the isle of Zea- Rosoy, a town in the department of Seine-et-
land, and a bishop's see. It is now a poor place, Marne, with a magnificent cotle, 16 m. £. N.
b'lt was the residence of the kings or Denmark E. of Melun and 30 S. E. of Paris,
for several centuries before Couenhi^n was ^'^'j^ ^ town in Herefbrdahire, Eng. It owes
founded ; and the cathedral haa Ions been the most of ita improvements and charitable iaatita-
place of their sepulture. A treaty of peace was tions to John Kyrle, commonly called the Ifaa
concluded here in 1658. It is seated at the end of Ross, whoee benevolent character ia no inter-
of a deep gulf, 16 m. W. of Copenhagen. estingly delineated by Pope. 4 miles to the S.
Roseae, p.t Coshocton Co. Ohio, 68 m. N. E. W. are the maasive remaina of Goodrich Castle ;
Columbia. and near it are the mine of Flaneaferd Prioty'
Roscommon, a county of Ireland, in the pro- the chapel of whioh is eonverted into a bam!
vince of Connaufbt, 60 ni. lone and 37 broad ; Ross is seated on an elevated rock, on the Wye
bounded on the N. by Slifo and Leitrim, £. by 12 miles S. E. of Hereford and 120 W. Hy N. of
Longford and W. Meatb, ST by Galway, and W. by London.
Gal way andMa^o. It contains about 209,000 in- Ross,n. sea-port of Ireland, in the county of
habitants, is divided into 56 parishes, and sends Cork, and united to Cork aa an epiaoopal see
three members to parliament. It is a tolerably level The harbour was formerly famona, but haa bees
country, producing excellent corn and pasturage, gradually filled up with sand, ao that the town ia
yet there are some extensive bogs. sunk from ita former splendonr. It is seated oo
Roscommon, a town of Ireland, capital of the a bay of the Atlantic, 20 m. 8. W. of Kinsale
above country, 80 m. W. by N. of Dublin. Long. Long. 8. 58. W., lat. 51. 32. N.
ti. 42. W., lat. 55. 34. N. Ross, a county of Ohio. Pop. 24,063 ChiUeo.
Roscommon, p.v. Steuben Co. N. T. the is the Capital. r i • ^^
boff. It is 20 m. W. 8. W. of Maryborough and Ohjo.
"IN. of"*
32 N. of Cashel. Rossie, p.t. St. Lawrence Co. N. T. Pop 650
Rust, a township of Stark Co. Ohio. Pop. 978 Ross, JVeio, a borough of Ireland, in the ooaoty
Rostau. See CharloUe'town of Wexford, situate on the Barrow, which ia nan-
ROT Ml ROT
Ebfo lor Ufg€ TeMels op to tlw qoay. The town Jhimtburgf a towa of Btnover, in tiM dodrf of
9 a oonnderable tn«e, umI ezporte a gtoat Voidon, on the riter Wammo, 15 m. N. by S. of
qaaiKiW of wool, butter, and beef. Uwl2m. N. Vordeft.
E. of Waterfbrd and 19 W. of Wezfbrd. Rottitiurgf a town of <3ennanj, in tiie eleetor-
Rassano, a stronff town of Naples, in Calabria ate of Hesee, with a palace ; lettted on the Fnlda
Citra and an archbishop's see. The adjacent M m. 8. 8. £. of Cassel.
f alleys yield oil, capers, sa£&on, and ezcelletti Rotatfeb^ a town of Bavaria, in the eiiole of
• _ *^ ^_ -.-^ 12 jjj^ j^^
gepper. It is seated on an eminenee, sumnnded Lower Blame ; seated on the Maine,
J rocks, 3 m. ftom the gulf of Tarento and W. of Wurtsburg.
196 S. E. of Naples. Long. 16. 38. E., lat. 39.48. N. RBih. a town and eastle of BaTaria, in the dis-
RosHoM, a town of Germany, in the principali- trict of Anmach, noted as the birthplace of the
ty of Anhalt, with a eastle ; seated at the eonflnz celebrated CTessner. It stands at the conHaz of
of the Rosslan with the Elbe, 10 m. 8. 8. E. of the Roth with the Rednits, 18 m. 8. of Nnren
Zerbst berg.
JZosj-«AtV«, a county of Scotland, 80 m. lone Rothbmry, a town in Northnmbertaad, Eng.
snd 70 broad : bounded on the N. by sutherlana- sitoate on the Coquet, in a sequestered and ro-
shire. The island of Lewis is attached to Uiis mantie ^len, shelteted from the northern blasts
county. Tain is the capital. by towenng hills : on the 8. an abrupt bank rises
RosnUUf p.T. Orange Co. N. T. Bntler Co. in a pyramidal form, the summit of which is
Ohio, York Co. Pa Ifew Madrid Co. Missouri crowned by a stately tower. The duke of Nor-
and a town in the Cherokee Country in Georgia thnmberland is lord of the manor, though he po»>
on the great bend of Tennessee river. sesses very little freehold property in the town
RoMtrand, a township of Westmoreland Co. Pa. 12 m. 8. W. of Alnwick and 303 N. by W. of
RossweiHf a town of 8azony, with a good trade London,
n wool, flannel, and cloth ', seated on the Mul- Roihathfrg, a town of Prussian mieria, on the
dao, 83 m. W. of Dresden. river Neissa, 16 m. N. of Gorlits.
Rostak, a town of Arabia, in the province of RsfAsiiittr^, a town of Bavarian Franeoniai
Oman, and the seat of a sovereign prince. It is sorroonded by moats and ramparts. It stands on
190 m. W. of Maskat. Long. 57. 30. E. lat. 23. a mountain, oy the river Tauber, from which it
30. N. is supplied with water by means of a machine.
Rostock, a fortified town of Germany, in the 15 m. W. N. W. of AnsjMch. Lmig. 10. 18. E.,
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, with a univer- lat. 49. 22. N.
sity, a good harbour, a strong citadel, an arsenal, RocAsrAam, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It
and three churches. It is divided into three parts, b flunous tn the extenrive iron-works in its vicisH
the Old, the New, and the Middle Town, ana car- ity at Masbrough. It is seated at the conflux of
ries on a large trade. It is seated on the river the Rother with the Don, 32 m. S. of Leeds and
Warne, 10 m. fiom its entrance into the Baltic 159 N. by W. of London.
and 32 E. N. E. of Wismar. Lon. 12. 20. E., Ratkerhiihe, a village in Surrey, Eng. noted for
lat. 64. 10. N. its dock yards. The church contains an Intoiest-
Rostofji a town of Russia, in the government of ing monument to Lee Boo, prince of the Pelew
Xaroslaf, and an episcopal see. U is seated on Islands, who came over to England with captain
the Lake Nero, or Rostof, which communicates Wilson, and died of small pox in 1784. Rother-
wiUi the Volga by the river Kotorost, 95 m. N. hithe is situate on the 8. bank of the Thames, 2
E. of Moscow. Lon. 40. 25. E., lat. 57. 5. N. m. £. of London.
RottretuM, a town of France, department of Raiksay, a borough of Scotland, the capital of
Cotes du Nord, near the Blavet, 35 m. 8. W. of the isle of Bute. Here is an ancient castle, once
St. Brieux. a royal palace. The inhabitants are actively en*
Rostrmor, a sea^port of Ireland, in the county gaged in the herring fishery, and several cottoi^
of Down, with a considerable saitwork and a works are also established. Rothsay joins with
pottery. It is much freouented for sea-bathing, Ayr, Irvine, CUnpbeltown, and Inverary^in send
and the peculiar beauty or its situation renders it ing one member to parliament. It is situate oa
one of the most delightful summer retreats in the the E. side of the island, and has an excellent
province. Adjoinin^g the town b Rostrevor Hill, harbour and pier. 80 m. W. by 8. of Edinburgh,
a romantic mountain of extraordinary elevation Long, 4. 53. W., lat. 55. 48. N.
and beauty. The town is seated on Carlingford RoikweU, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg ^
Bay , 9 m. 8. E. of Newry . aeated on the Neckar, near its source. 27 m. 8. S.
Rotaj a town and castle of Spain, in Andaluria, W. of Tubingen. Long. 8. 37. E., lat. 48. 8. N.
at the entrance of the bay or Cadis, 9 m. N. N. iloasmiianii, a town of the Austrian states, in
W. of Cadiz. Stiria, with a college of regular canons, 20 m. N.
Rotus, a town of Hindooetan, in the province of N. W. of Judenburg.
La) ore, 85 m. N. W. of Lahore. Lon. 71. 52. E., Roltsniani, a city of 8. HoDand, with one of the
lat 32. 4. N. finest harbours in the Netherlands, Next to Am-
RfiiaSf a town of Hindoostan, in the province sterdam, it is the most considerable place in Hoi*
of Bahar, 108 m. 8. W. of Patna. land, ferthe beauty ofitabuildingsana for its trade;
Rotaihergy a town, and fortress of Bavaria, capi- and the inhabitants are computed at 00,000. There
u.) of a lordship of the same name -, situate on a are so many deep canals that ships may unload at
mountain, 18 m. N. E. of Nnrenbnrg and 27 8. the very doors or the warehouses. On the E. side
S. W. of Bayreuth. of the etty is a Isrge barin and dock, for the purpose
RaUnivrg, a town of Switierland, in the canton of building and lanncbing vessels en; ^of 4 in the
of Lncern, 4 m. N. of Lucem. service of the admiralty and the E. India Cbm-
RotmUmrgf a town of Wurtemberg, in the pany . This port is more fiequented than Amstei-
oounty of Hohenberg, with a castle. Near it is a dam, because the ice bredcs up sooner, and the
fkroous mineral spring. It stands on the Nednuty tide, in two cr thiee hours, wiu carry a ship into
6 n. W. 8. W of Tubingen. the open sea. The townhoase»thebaiilc,andt|^
81 3b2
ROV 648 nOX
intnal. are muniifioeiit. Some of the houM bridge, defended by a strong eitadel. It h/m a
aie bailt in the old Spanish etyle, with the gaUe rery oonaiderable trade in nlk, umI ajncai qpsut'
ends embattled in front; bnt then is a great nam- tity of tobecco is raised here. In 1796 the Ans-
her of modem brick hoosep, whioh are loftj and trians were defeated near this place by the French,
spacious, particularly on that magnificent qnaT who took possession of the town ', bat th^ were
called the Boom Tees. On this quay is a hand- obliged to abandon it soon afterwards, link, 8.
some Jewish synagogue. In an open place at of Trent Long. 10. 65. £.,lat. 45. 50. N.
the head of one of the canals is a bronxe statue of HaoignOj a sea-port of Austrian lUyria^oB the
Erasmus, who was bom here in 1407. This city coast of Istria, with two good barboura. Tlis in-
was in a very flourishing state previously to tfaie habitants are estimated at 10,000, who are chiefly
admission of the French troops in January 1796, employed in the pilchard fisheiy, iliip-bailding.
and the war with England, when the commerce and tlie sale of wood. Near it aie qnaniee of
of Holland was suspended, it had befun to .re- fine stone. It is seated on a peninsula in the gulf
cover in 1809, when it was again rapidhr depress- of Venice, 96 m. 8. of Capo d' Istria. Lon^. 13.
ed by the renewal of war. After the fell Cf Na- 58. E., kt 46. 11. N.
poleon its prosperity greatly increased, and it is BangOf a town of Austrian Italy, capital of a
thought that the separation of Belgium from Hoi- provinoe or delegation of its name, and the re
land will operate favourably on the commerce of sidence of the bishop of Adria, to the decline of
this town. It is seated at the influx of the Rotte which town it owes its present prosperity. It
with the Merwe (the most northem branch of the is seated on the Adige, 37 m. 8. W. of Venice
Meuse), 36 m. 8. 8. W. of Amsterdam. Long. Long. 12. 4. E., lat. &. 8. N.
4. 29. £., lat. 61. 56. N. Aneon, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 20^96.
RotterdAmf one of the Friendly Islands, in the Salisbury is the capital.
Pacific Ocean, eiscovered by T^man, in 1643. Bowe, p.t Franklin Co. Mass. 130 m. N. W
Long. 174. 30. W., lat 20. 16. 8. Boston. Pop. 716.
RoUerdoMf a village of Oneida Co. N. T. Anolondettfs, p.v. Cecil Co. Maryl.
Rotttnurtn^ a town of Bavaria, in the circle of RmoUit^ p.v. Potter Co. Pa.
Lower Maine, situate on the Tauber, 17 m. 8. of JKotsIey, p.t Essex Co. Mass. 28 m. N. Boston.
WurUberg. 6 8. Newburyport. Pop. 2,044.
AetioA, or Roiha, See Orfa, RmAurgMkirtyt, county of Scotland, sometimes
Roman^ a city of France, capital of the depart- called Teviotdale ; bounded N. by Berwickshire,
raent of Lower Seine, and an archbishop's see. E. and 8. by Northumberland and Cumberland,
It is 7 m. in circuity and stands on the N. side of and W. by the shires of Dumfries and Selkirk. It
the Seine, over which is an elegant stone bridge is of an irregular figure, and the greatest extent
of recent erection. The streets are narrow and in every direction is about 30 m. It is divided
crooked, and many of the houses are of wood; into 31 parishes, and the number of inhabitants ia
notwithstanding which it is one of the most opu- 18S1 was 4t),892. The principal riven are the
lent and commercial places in France. Among Tweed, Teviot, and Liddel. The face of the
the public buildings, the most distinguished are country exhibits a rough appearance of moaees,
the great hall of the palace, in which the parlia- hills, and mountains, intenpersed with a narrow
ment of Rouen met, tne Oid castle, and the prin- valley, well watered, and fertile in corn. The
cipal church, ornamented with three towera. if ear hills feed great number of sheep and cattle. Some
this church, which is not the only remarkable on e remains are still visible of the Catrail, or Picis-
is the public Ubrery. In the market-place is a work ditch, a stupendous British work, prohably
statue of the eelebrated Maid of Orleans, who constructed in the fifth century, as a line of de-
was burnt here by the English as a witch. The fence against the Saxons. It appean to have
inhabitants have manufactures of woolen, linen, been a vast fosse, 26 feet broad, with a rampart
cotton, iron wara, paper, and pottery ; also sugar 8 or 10 feet' high on either side. In many perti
refineries and saltpworks. Rouen is the birth- of the county there are sepulchral tomuli, ia
Flace of the two Comeilles, and of Fontenelle which coffins and urns have been found. There
t is 50 m. 8. W. of Amiens and 70 N. W. of are also Draidical circles and other antiijuitief.
Paris. Long. 1. 2. E., lat^ 49. 26. N. The country had its name from the once noagnifi-
Rouergwtf a former province of France, which cent cit^ and castle of Roxburff, situate betweea
now forms the department o€Avetnmj which see. the Tiviot and the Tweed, nearly opposite Kelso ;
Rmmd Uekf p.v. Smith Co. Ten. oO m. N. £. of the city of few traces are now evident; and
Murfreesborough. the castle, near the mouth of the Teviot, is en-
Rmuavt one of the Orkneys, lying N. W. of tirely a ruin. At this cotle, in 1460, James IL
the mainland. It is about 9 m. long and 4 broad, of Scotland lost his life, bv the bursting of a oor-
and contains 800 inhabitants. non. About 2 m. firom tne castle, on the faanU
Roust's Poinif p.v. Clinton Co. N. T. on the of the Teviot, is a village called Roxburg. 7^
western point of the outlet of Lake Champlain present capital of the conntv is Jedburg.
186 m. N. Albany. A large castle of hewn stone Roxbonmgkf p.v. Person Co. N. C. 80. m. N. W
with 3 tiers of embrasures has been erected at Raleigh.
this spot by the United Stales, and was claimed iZosmry, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. adjoining Boe>
Oy the British as within the boundarv of Canada, ton. It is properlv a suburb of the city, and ii
RmiMsdartt a town of the Netherlands, in W. connected with it by the neck and the westers
Flanders, seated on the Mandel, 10 m. N. E. of causeway. The compact part of the town Im^
Vpres. ders on the neck. The whole surface is excetl-
RnusiUaHf a former proving of France, now ingly picturesque and abounds with lofty hilh,
included in the department or |^tern Pyrenees, covered with gardens, cultivated fields and ek-
See Pyrenees, Eastern. gant villas, delightfully situated. Manv of the
Raveredo, a town of the Austrian states, in hills are crowned with the remains of the ferti6>
Tyrol, seated near the Adige, at the foot of a cations thrown up hers during the revolatioB.
mountain, on the river Lent, over which ie a Pop. 5,249
AUD 643 RUn
Roxhwry, a township of Onmge Co. Vl. 45 m. Rue, a town of Fraiioo, department of Bonune,
N. Windfor, a township of Cheshire Co. M . H. 37 17 m. N. W. of Abheyille.
ro. S. W Concord. Pop. 322; p.t. Litehfield Co. Ruffnek^ a town in the department of Upper
Conn. 35 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 1,122 ; p.t. Rhine. 7 m. 8. of Colmar.
Delaware Co. N. T. Pop. 3i2l4, and townships RuffeCf a town in the department of Charente,
in Morris Co. N. J. Philaaelphia Co. Pa. and 24 m. N. of Angouheme.
Washington Co. Ohio. R^fia, a river of Gieeoe, in the Morea, which
Royal, a villaffe of Sampson Co. N. C. fiiUs into the gnlf of Areadla, opposite the island
Ranfol, ide, the largest island in Lake Snperior of Zante.
40 m. long and 13 wide. It belongs to the Unit- ^<^^> * towa in Warwickshire, Eng. oele-
ed States. brated for its well endowed grammar school. It
Royal Oakf p.y. Oakland Co. Mich. has a commodious church • and' two meeting-
RoyaUUm, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m W houses, and is seated on the Avon, 13 m. S. E. of
Boston. Pop. 1,494. Coventry and 85 N. N. W. of London.
KoyaltoH, p.v. Windsor Co. Vt.26 m. N. Wind- Rugdy, or Rudgley, a town in Staffordshire,
sor. Pop. 1,893; p.t. Nisgara Co. N. T. Pop. Eng. with manufkctnres of felts and hats, sheet
3,138 ; townships in Cuyahoga and Fairfield Cos. iron, and of verdigris. It is seated on the Trent,
Ohio. 9 m. E. 8. E. of Stafford and 126 N. W. of London.
Royaa, a town of France, department of Lower Rm^^, an island in the Baltic, on the coast of
Charente. It was fortified by the Hu|nienots, Pomerania, opposite Stralsund, the channel be-
and vigorously defended against Louis XlII. in tween which (own and the island is not above a
1622. It is seated at the mouth of the Garonne, mile in breadth. Including the indentatioos of the
18 m. S. W. of Saintes. sea, which are considerable, the island is 23 m.
IZoytf. a town in the department of Somme, S{6 long and 18 broad. It abounds in com and eattle,
«n. S. £. of Amiens. and contains numerous gardens and plantations.
Royston, a town in Hertfbrdshire, Eng. Part This island became subiect to Prussia, with the
ol the town extends into Cambridgeshire. Un- rest of Pomerania, in 1814. The chief town is
der the market-place b a kind or subterranean Bergen.
crypt, dug out of the solid chalk, supposed to be Rugentoald, a town of Prussian Pomerania, in
or Saxon construction. 14 m. 8. or Cambridge the government of Coslin, with a castle. Here is a
and 37 N. of London. gooo salmon fishery and a trade in linen. It la
RiuUan, an island in the bay of Honduras, 30 seated on the Wipper, 3 m. firom the Baltic and
m. long and 9 broad, with a fine harbour. Long. 35. N. E. to Colberg. Long. 16. 17. E., lat. 54.
86. 457w., lat 16. 23. N. 25. N.
RuAieoa, the ancient name of a small river of RuggUg, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio.
Italy, which runs into the gulf of Venice, to the RMand, a town of Prussia, in Upper Lusatia,
northward of Rimini, celebrated in history as Uie with a trade in fish and beer ; seated on the El-
limit prescribed to CiBsar by the Roman senate, ster 25 m. E. faj N. of Dresden,
when the ambitious views of that commander be- Rum, one of the Hebrides, 7 m. W. of the S.
came suspected. extremity of Skye. It is 9 m. long and 6 broad,
RuektrniXU, p. v. IHbert Co. Geo. the surface hilly and rocky ; but it feeds a con-
Ruddngen, a town of Gkrmanv, in Hesse-Cas- siderable number of small aheep, whose flesh and
sel, which was the scene of an obsdnate engage- wool are valuable. The only harbour is Loch
ment between the French and Bavarians in isls. Scresort, on the E. coast Long. 6. 20. W., Ut
It is seated on the Kinsig, 5 m. E. of Ranau. 57. 10. N.
Rudiow, a town of E. Prussia, formerly fi>rtified Rmd^d, p.t Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1 ,127 ; p. v.
wiUi a castle, now in ruins. It is remarkable for King William Co. Va.
the victory obtained by the Teutonic knighta over Rumigny, a town of France, department of
Kinstud, great duke of Lithuania, in 1370 ; in Ardennes, 12 m. 8. W. of Rocrojr.
memory of which a stone pillar was erected which Rum^ly, a town of the Sardinian states in Sa-
ie still remaining. 12 m. N. N. W. of Konigs- voy. situate on an elevated plain, at the conflux
berg. of the Seram and Nepha, 7 m. W. 8. W. of An-
RudeUtadt, or Radolstadt, a town of Germanv, neev.
capital of the county of Stehwartzburg-Rudolstaot, Rummd^urg, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania,
with a fine castle on a mountain. It has manu- with manufiietures of cloth, seateii on the Wip-
ikotures of flannel and stufib, and is seated on the per, 14 m. N. of New Stettin.
8aale, over which is a stone bridge, 22 m. 8. £. Rumney, or Rhyney, a river of Wales, which
of Erfurt. Long. 11. 50. E., lat 50. 44. N. rises in BrecknocKshire. and*, separating the coun-
RadeUtadi, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the ties of Glamorgan ana Monmouth, enters the
principality of Schweidnita, with a mine-ofllce, Bristol Channel, to the 8. E. of Cardiff,
and copper- works ; seated on the Bober, 18 m. Ruwmey, p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. 993i
W. of Schweidnita. Jbiiig;pinir, a town of Bengal, capital of a fertile
Rudesheim, a town of Germany, in the duchy district governed by a Judge, collector, dbc., and
of Nassau, celebrated for ito wine. 3 m. N. of subservient to the court of circuit and appeal of
Bingen. Dacca. The chief produce of the district is rice,
Ruduio, See Rodotto. but there is ako much tobaooo and some indi^.
Rudkioping, a sea-port of Denmark, in the isl- The inhabitanta carry oo eonsideraUe trade with
and of Langeland. It has a considerable trade Assam, Bbotan, and' Calcutta. 194 m. N. N. E. of
in com and provisions. Long. II. 0. E., lat 55. MoorsheddMul. Long. 89. 4. E., lat 95. 44.
1. N. N.
lhido^nMrd,a town of Austrian Illyria, in Car^ Rankd, a town of Germanr. in the duchy ot
nolia. with a large collegiate church ; seated on Nassau, with a citadel on a high hill, fomerij
the Gurck, in a country fertile in wine, 45 m. 8. the residence of the oount of Wied RunkeL It la
E of Laubaeh. seatedon the Lahn 14 m. £ N. E of NaaiMi.
BtBtimtmH; % town of Umb NetberkndB, in E. Me to mpply thtir adghbom with eoni. Tht
Flindsn, 8 m. 8. W. of Aatworp. N. part is Dot only colder, but very nuuvhjy aad
Jbiperl, a river of New BrUiui, wbioh ieaiee OTermn wilh forests, iahalnled chielly by wiU
from the lake Mistassia. and flowa W. into tbe beasto. Tbr eoantry affords a varietr of oora
S. E. part of Jannes Qay. la its oonrae it forms lev- modities, which, being of great «ae to forelgnea,
era! small lakes ; and at its mouth is the remains produce a oonsiaeraMe annual balance of trade in
of Fort Rupert, formerly a settlement of the Hud- ibTor of Russia. The home commodities aie
son Bay Company. Long. 76. 68. W., lat. 51. chiefly sables, black furs^tbe skins of black and
3. N. while Ibxes, enBinea^ hyttnaa. lynxes, bean, pan-
Rupert, p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 1,318* then, wolvea, martins^ white hares, &c., red and
Ruppin, a town of rrussia, in Brandenburg. It black jucbte or Russian leather (which or oofeur,
stands on the *W. side of a lake, formed by the smell, and softness, is not equalled in the world),
river Rhin ; and on the opposite side of the lake copper, iron, talc, taUcw, wax, honey, potash, tar,
is Old Ruppin, with an ancient castle, the nai* linseed and train-oil, castor, Isiniriaas, nemp, flax,
dence of its former counts, whose burial place is threaiL sail-cloth, caUmanoo, Siberian mnsk,
at New Ruppin. This town was entirely con- soap, feathers, timber, 4ce. To these eomniodi-
sumed by fire in 1767, but is rebuilt in a hand- ties may also be added almost all the merchan
some manner, and greatly augmented. It has a dise of China, India, Persia, Turkey, and aone
eonsiderable trade, a manufacture of doth, and European countries.
noted breweries. 33 m. N. N. W. of Berlin. This extensive empire is divided into 51 yt^
Long. 13. 0. E., lat. 55. 6. N. vinoes. The principal towns are Petecsbum,
Sweuunde^ or /Zo«nnende,a strong town of Che Moscow, Riga, Odessa, Tula, Wilna, At. "Ae
Netherlands, in the provinceof Linwurg| seated relij^ion is that of the Ureek or Eastern Chuich,
at the conflux of the Roer with the flense, 9S whtoh is governed by a patriarch, under whea
m. N N. W. of MaeatrichL Long. 6. 4. £., lat« are the arehbishops and bishops. Every peieaft is
51. 11. N. called apMa or pope, and m these there wvre
ihtfceft, a town of Buk(ana, defended by a can- fiwmerly 4.000 in Moecow alone. They have
tie, with manufactures orsilk, cotton, linen, wool- images w tneir churches ; and the priests giv<e a
en, tobacco, &c. It was taken by the Russians oassport to those that are dying, adoressed to St.
in 1810, and a Turkish army was defeated near it rfichoks, whc^ is desired to entreat St Peter lo
in 1611. It is sealed on tlie Danube, 136 m. N. open the gates of heaven, as they have certified
l^ E. of Adrianople. Long. 26. 50. £., lat 44 that the bearer is a good Christian. A considrr-
IS. N. able nnrober of the llnssians profess the Mahnm-
Aics4, a county of Indiana. Pop. 9,918. Rush* etan religion, and man^ are still pagans. The
ville is the capital ; also townships in Centre, inhabitants or the Swedish provinces are Lnther-
Dauphin, SuscfuebaJana, Schuylkill and North- ana; and Protestanta, as well aa Papista, enjoy
umberland Cos. Pa. fbU libertv of conscience. There are many enn«
RuM^fordf p.t. Alleghany Co. N. T. Pop. 1,119, vents for Doth sexes, but it has been wisely or*
RmgkvUUf p.v. Fairfield Co. Ohio. Ontario Co. dained that no male can enter into a monastic
N. T. and Rush Co. Ind. life before he is 30 years of age ; and that no &-
RmuMy a county of the W. Dbtrict of Virginia, male can take the veil till she is 50, and even
Pop. 6,717. LebaiMHi is the capital. then not without the licence of the holy sjnad.
Mtfrefk p.t. Hampden Cok Mass. 106 m.S. W. The inhabitants in general axe robiiit, well.
Boston. Pop. 509; p.v. St Lawrence Co. N. T. shaped, and of pretty good complexions. They
Pop. 669. are great eaters, and very fimd of brandv. They
KiutdoUU, p*v. Chester Co. Pa. Logan Co. Ken. use oathlnff, but smoke no tobacco, lest the mnoke
Brown Co. Ohio and Franklin Co. Alab. should dishonour the images of the saints, which
Aiisr, a town of E. Prussia, on the Nlemen,S8. they keep in great veneration; howevex, they
m. S. by E. of MemeL take a great deal of snuff, made of the tobacco
Rnsfosietm, a town of Germany, in Hesse- brought from the Ukraine. The Russians were
Darmstadt^tnate on the Maine, 6 m. £. of Menta formerly wholly employed in agriculture, fisading
and 13 N. W. of Darmstadt. of cattle, hunting and fishing; and he was
itasf «y, a town of France, department of Doubs, thought a learned man who oould read and write.
34 m. E. by 8. of Basangon. Peter the Great undertook to introduce arta
iluMia, a vast empire, partly in Aaia and part- and scienceS| and in 17S4, the first university
ly in Europe ; bounded on the N. by the Frosen was founded that ever was in Russia : them is
Oeean, B. by the Paolfie, S. by Grant Tartary, also an academy of sciences at Petersburg, anp
the CasiMBn Sea, P^nia, Turkey in Asia, and the plied with eminent professors. With reqMKt to
Black Sea, and W. by Turkey in Europe, Poland, dress, a long beard is in high estimation with the
the Baltic Sea, and Sweden. There wem three people of Russia, notwithstanding the elibrls of
countries that had the name of Russia .— 4iamelv, their monarchs to root it out ; and it is only these
Bed Rnsma, which fiiwnied the S. part of Poland; depending upon government, in the armj and
White Russia, whieh comnrshended Uie E. part navy, who have yet complied with the custom
of Lithuania; and Black Rnsais which ineluded and wish of the court Tlioee who retain their
thegovemmentsofKabigav Moeoow, Tula, Re- beards, retain likewise the ancient dress; the
sen, voladimir, and Yamslnf; and henee his im- long swaddling coat, either of skins, or of ooane
Mnal nujestv taken the title of eraperer of all the ck>3i lined wiui skins, in winter, and in summer
RuflBas. This ampifCv eselnsive of the acquisip of cloth only. About their middle they liave a
tions.flfDm the Turns and &am Poland (see Pe» sash of any colour ; but what they most afiect is
land), forms a square, whose sides are 2,000 nu green or yellow. Their shirts are fkshioned aa
asck A aonnlry of saeh naat extent must lie in women's ; and their necks, being expoeed to the
dWemnt clinntnajiand the soil and. products must . cold, become very hard and impenetrable from
be as (fiflhrant. TIm* mos^ fertile pact ia near the this practice. Government continue to exert
^ontisanefBoltiid^ th* inhnbitwM* ^ which, am every nerve to coiflpel the subfects to adopt the
RUT 646 RTE
can proeme tinr place, or fkyoar, from court, up- and Adrian's Talliim mtrnw about the ''Ittflnrff
on other conditions than banishing the Asiatic of a chain to ths B. of tt.
sheep-skin robes. The worn-out veteran retires Rutketford, a tsonnty of N. Oarolinia. Pop.
with a pension, upon the express terms of never 17£&7, Rntherfordton is the capital ; a conntT
again asauminff the habit or his fathers. But so of W. Tennessee. Pop. 26,133. Marfteesborougn
jealooslj attached are the multitude to former is the capital.
manners, and so honorable do they esteem them, HutkerfordUm, p.t. Rutherford Co. N. C.'216 m.
that a Russian, dressed in his beard and gown, 8. W. Raleigh.
acquires the greatest respect. The dress of the RuXhtrgUn^ a borough of Scotland, in Lanark
women is the reverse of that of the men, both in shire, once a place of considerable note, but now
ftshion and colour, every part of it being as short reduced to one principal street and a few lanes. It
and tight as decency will allow, and very gaudy, is seated near the Clvde, 3 m. 8. £. of Glasgow.
It resembles that of the Highland women in Scot- Ruthin, a town of Wales, in Denbighshire. It
land. The Russian women are, however, far had a strong castle, now in ruins , and is seated
more rich in their attire ; nor is gold lace want* on an eminence, by the river Clwyd, 15 nu 8. W.
ing, any more than the art of painting, to com- of Holywell, 205 N. W. of London,
plete the Russian belle. The rising generation Ruturtiano, a town of Naples, in Terra di Bari,
are modernizing their antic vestments : the stiff 12 m. 8. £. of Ban.
embroidered napkin is supplanted by one of flow- RuttoMf a town of Hindoostan, in the province
ing silk ; the jacket and petticoat are of muslin, of Malwa, 48 m. W. of Ougein, 136 E. of Ameda-
or other fine stufis; and the plaid is exchanged bad. ^
for a silk or satin cloak, in the cold season lined Rutland, a county of Vermont on L. Champlain
with fur. The richer class of females wear vel- Pop. 31,295. Rutland is the capital,
vet boots. The dress of the higher ranks is af- RtUUndf the capital of the above Co. stands on
ter the French and English fashion ; and all must Otter creek, 57 m. N. Bennington. Pop. 2,753 ; p.t.
have a covering of for six months of the year. Worcester Co. Mass. 56 m. W. Boston. Pop.
Thus e<]uipped, the prince and the peasant are 1^276 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N. T. on Black river,
drawn in their chaises and sledges through the Pop. 2,339 ; p.t. Meigs Co. Ohio 90 m. S. E. Co-
dreary Scythian winter. The principal rivers lumbus. Pop. 971.
are the Dnieper, Volga, Don, Duna or Dwina, Rutlandshire , the smallest county in England,
and Oby. The sovereigns of Russia are absolute. 18 m. long and 14 broad. The number of inhabi-
They were formerly caOed Grand Dukes, which tants in 1821 was 16,487. The soil varies much ;
is still the title of tne heir apparent. They after- but, in general, is fertile, particularly the rich vale
wards assumed the title of ezor, and, in the se- of Uatmose, which runs trom the W. side to the
anel, that of emperor. The first who bore the ti- centre of the county. The principal rivers are
le of CMor was Basil, son of John Basilides, who the Welland and the Quash or Wash. Oakham
freed his country from its suMection to the Tar- is the county town.
tars, about the year 1470. The title of smpsrer RuttunpomTf a city of Hindooetan, in Orissa,
was first assumed by Peter I., who, by his illus- and the capital of a small district of its name. 210.
trious actions, justly acquired the surname of m. S. by W. of Benares and 360 W. of Calcutta.
Great. He died in 1725, and perhaps no country Long. 82. 36. £., lat. 22. 16. N.
ever exhibited, in so short a time, the wonders Rutten, a town of Prqssian Silesia, principality
that may be emcted by the genius and exertions of Wolau, 20 m. N. of Wolau.
of one man. Peter the Oreat, at his accession to Ruvo, a town of Naples, in Terra di Barri, 16
the throne, found his subjects of aJU ranks involv- m. W. of Barri.
ed in the grossest ignorance and barbarism ; his Roxa, a town of Russia^ in the government of
numerous armies ferocious and undisciplined ; Moscow, 48 m. W. N. W. of Moscow,
and he had neither merchant ships nor men of iZyoeotta.a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
war; which, added to the remoteness of the situ- Mysore. It waa taken in 1791 by the British, to
ation, rendered the influence of Russia in the wnom it was afterwards ceded by Tippoo Sultan,
politics of Europe of little consideration. Peter 85 m. £. of Seringapatam and 9o W. S. W. of
civilized his barbarous subjects, disciplined his Arcot- Long. 78. 6. E^ lat 12. 26. N.
armies, built cities and fortresses, and created a Ajm, jCocA, a bay of Scotland, in the N. W. an-
navy. These national improvements have been gle of Wigtonshire. The sea flows into it through
mencement of the 18th century, could have form- it and falls into the Swale^near Richmond.
* ed no conception. ^ Rydal-vaUrf a lake in Westmoreland, Eng. a
The population of European Russia is 45,633, little to the W. of Ambleside. It is one mile in
203, and of the whole empire 69,263,700. The length, spotted with little, islands and oommuni*
revenue is 52,000,000 d jAars and the national oates by a narrow channel with Grasmere-water
debt 200,000.000. The military force in time of to the W., and by the river Rothay with Winder-
peace is 600,000 men and in war above 1,000,000. mere-water, to tne 8.
retersbui^ is the capital of the whole empire. Rydroog, a town and fortress of Hindoostan, in
Auma, p.t. Herkimer Co. N. T. 95 m. N. W. Mysore, on the river Hindennv, 60 m. N. N. E.
Albany. Pop. 2,458. Also atownship of Lorraine of Chitteldroog. Long. 76. 52. E., lat. 14.
Co. Ohio. 40. N.
Rustgaden, a town of Sweden, in the govern* Aye, a borough and sea-port in Sussex, Eng.
roent of Fahlun, 23 m. S. 8. W. of Fahlan. It is an appendage to the cinque ports. On the
RuUheMttr. a village in Northumberland, Eng. edge of tne clin is a small battery, and behind it
the Vindobaia ofthe Romans, containing some ro- Ipres tower, a square building, now a jail. The
markable ruins of its onee considerable fort. Se- oid port is so choked up with sand that it can
veras*s wall runs on the middle ^rf* the E. rampart admit on^ snu^l vessiela. In 1726 a new harbouf
SAB Me SAB
wai opmed, in which TeMob of 360 tout borden JlyiMii, a town of the NethtriottAi, in Ovom-
mair wely ride. 63 8. £. of London. iel, on the rivor Bcgfe, 16 m. £. N. £. of De-
Aye, a township of Rockingham Go. N. H. on fonter.
the oout, 4 m. S. Portemontli. Pop. 1479 i p.t. Ry§wkkt a town of 8. Holland, remaxkahle ftr
Westchester Co. N. T. on Long Island Sound, a tieaty oonelnded in 1097 between Enghnd,
18 m. N. E. N. T. Pop. 1,602. Townships of Peiry Oennany, HoUsad, Fkanoe, and Spain, ft ■
and Comberland Cos. Pa. sealed between Hague and Delft. 80 m. 8. W.
Jttfi^;ts/«2p.t, Caledonia Co. Vt. on the Con- of Amsterdam,
necticnt, 2S m. £. Montpelier. Pop. 1,119. jRzMuoe, a town of Bohemk, 62 m. 8. £. ot
RyepUBf a borongh in Sorrej, Eoff. I^io wse Pragne.
irmetly aesstle built in the time of i'
formetly a esstle built in the time of the Saxons, Jtsssitsn^ a town of Poland, in tfce pehtinite of
and oalled Holms Castle ; some ruins of it are to be Sandomir, 36 m. 8. S. W. of Ssadomir.
seen, particularly a long yault, with a room at the Jts^M, a town of the Rossiaa en^nie, and cam-
end, where, it is said, the barons, who took up tal ofa province of the same nasM, sitoale on the
arms aninst king John, held their private meet- V<4ga, near ite source.
ings. The market-house was formerly a chapel, Axeseow, a well built town of Austrian Poboid,
dedicated to Thomas a Becket. 91 8. W. of oapital of a circle of its nanm, with a brisk trade
London. in com and peltrfjsituate on the Wieloka, 80 n.
thfrnmsHt, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra- £. of Creeow, 70 W. of Lembeig.
bant, on the Dyle, 6 m. £. of Mechlin.
S
8AABA, a kingdom of Negroland, with a cap- the Drave, 99 m. 8. of Peterwaidein and 3B W
ital of the sameinme, W. or Tombnctoo, on the of Belgrade,
river Senegal. SaH. See Xseisr.
SaadA^ or Saade, a strong town of Arabia, in SaHHf a kingdom on the E. ooaet of Africb,
Yemen, and the residence of a sheik. It has a bounded on the N. by Sofrla, £. by the Mosaia-
custom-house, which brings in a considerable bique Channel, 8. by unknown regiooa, and W.
revenue ; and manufkctnrers of Turkey leather, by If anion. The eountnr is fertile and popalooi,
140 m. W. N. W of Sanaa. Long. 44, 56. £., is crossed, bv a river of the same name, hae mines
lat 17. 50. N of ^Id, and many elephants. Manbooa is the
Safolfild, a town of Germany, in the duchy of capital.
Saze-Coburg, with a mint, a mine office, and SaHe, a sea-port of Denmark, on the E. eoest
mannfactures of cloth, and of gold and silk stufli. of N. Jutland, at the mouth of a river of the esme
On an. eminence near the town stands the once name, 83 m. N. N. E. of Albu^. Long. 10. IS
celebrated and princely abbey of Bt Peter. In B , lat 57. 90. N.
1806 prince Louis Ferdinand, of Prussia, was SMna, a province of Italy, in the Pope's de-
killed here in a skirmish with the Frencn. It minions, 98 m. long and 90 broad ; bounded hj
stands on the Saale, 34 m. N. N. E. of Coburg, 46 the Tiber, the Tevetone, the duchy of Spoleto,
8. W. of Altenburg. Long. 11. 39. £., lat. 50. and the Neapolitan fiontier. It is watered bj
41. N. several small rivers, and abounds in oil and wins.
Saalfddf a town, of E. Prussia, on the lake Sabima, p.v. Richland Co. Ohio.
Bfebing, SQ m. 8. E. of Marienburg. Sahmef% river of N. America rising in the pro-
StuuTf a town of Monvia, in the circle of Bruno, vinoe of Texas in lat. 39. 40. N. and flowing S. E.
on the confines of Bohemia, 49 m. N. W. of into the Gulf of Mexico. It ibrms the boundsxr
Bruna. between Texas and Louisiana. It is 390 m. is
Saar-LtmUj a town of Prussia, province of length ; near its mouth it expands into a lake, 3C
Lower Rhine, ceded by France in 1815. It is m. long and 8 in breath.
situate on a peninsula formed by the Sure, 34 SabtomeUmf a town of Austrian Dalroatia, sics-
m. E. of Thionville ated on the extremity of a oeninsiila, to whieh it
Saarmund, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, gives name. This ^ninsma runs a conaidermbk
6 m 8. of Potsdam. way into the Atlantic, having the island of Leais
SaatSy a town of Bohemia, capital of a circle of on the N. and thoee of CurMa and Melida on the
the same name, which contains some of the best 8., all senarated by a narrow channel. Hm Iowa
eom-land in Bohemia, and yields hops of the best is 45 m. N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 40. £., Ist
quality. The town is seated on the Eger, 48 m. 43. 90. N.
W. S, W. of Prague. Ssftionstte, a town of Austrian Italy, ftemerij
SabOf a fertile island of the W. Indies, 19 m. in capital of a principality of its name, with ae(rai#
circumference, inhabited bv a few Dutch families, oltadel. 90 m. E. of Ciemona.
almost all shoemakers, lie island was taken by Sake, a town of France, department of Sorts,
the English in 1781. in 1801, and in 1810. It has near which are some quarries of black marWe. U
no port! and lies a little to the W. of St. Christo- is seated on the Sarto, 95 m. N. E. of Aagen.
pher. Long. 63. 17. W., lat. 17. 30. N. SakU^ C&p*, the meet eoutheriy pc^ of Nem
Sttanjaf a town of Natolia. Here all the roads Scotia, near which is a fine ood fishery. Vom
from Asia to Constentinople meet. It is situate 65. 39. W., lat. 43. 93. N.
on a lake which abounds m fish, 60 m. E. N. E. SahUy a river of N. T. falling into L. Cbsa-
of Bursa, 69 E. 8. E. of Constantinople. Long, jdain. There is a ftO of 80 ftet upon tfaie river
29. 40. E., lat 40. 30. N. at Chesterfield.
SabatXf or AiAoos, a town and fortress of Servia, SabU, an ishuld hi tibe Atltntie 90 m. 8. E
taken by the Austrians in 1719. It is rituate on Cape Breton. Lat. 44. 5. N. Loiy. 60 W. It n
ao m. in length and ii little meM than * hsey of 8. of Cepe Centin. Loi^. 8. 68 W., Itt
lend. 88. M.
SsUtf ^OfeMM, a town of FWnce» departnettt Sa^an, a town of Pniauan SUeeia, Oftpital of a
of Vendee, widiaDoct oapableof oonCaininf vea- piineipality of the aame name. It hae double
•ela of 150 tone. It is eealed on the Bay of Bie- walla, a fine palace, a priory of the Augnetino or-
eay. 40 m. W. of Fontenay le Compe. ijong. 1. der, a Lutheran achoof, and cood cloth manofiic-
50. W., lat 49. 96. 8. tuiee; and ia aeated on the Sober, 80 m. N. W
SeWaiCen, a monntaSnona prorinee of Penia, of Brealau. Long. 15. 28. £., lat. 51. 48. N.
little known to Enropeana. Boat ia the capital. Sv^'t • town of Hindooetan, in Myaoie, with
SlBMreppn, p.v. Cvaaberland Co. Ble. 4 m. N. a ooneiderable trade in pepper, betolnot, and
Portland. eandal wood. It atanda on tre Vanda, near ita
Smemi, a city and een-port of Japan, in the ial- aoaioe, 85 m. N. of Nagara.
and of Niphon, with aeveral caatiea, templea, and Sagiana, a eefebrated mountain of Greede (the
palaeea, and a monntain on one aide, which aervea ancient Helicon), a few m. N. of the gulf of
aa a rampart. 43 m. 8. by W. of Bleaoo. Long. Oorinth. It haa a Wllage of its name, tormerly
186. 5. £., lat. 34. 58. N. called Aacraa, noted aa the Inrth-place of Heaiod.
SaekMmb§rgf a town of Germany, county of From ito summit ma.y be eeen mreat part of
Waldeek, 10 m. 8. W. of Waldeck. Greece. e r-
SacAesidbyan, a town of Germany, in the prin- Sagg Hmrbour^ a aea-port of Sew York, in Buf-
cipality of Sohaoenburg, 13 m. W. of Hanover, folk county, at the E. end of liong Island. The
Saekgmkmunn, a town of Germany, making whale fiabery from thia place produces 1,000 bar*
part of Fnnkfort on the Maine. It ia aitoato sn lels of oil annually. 18 m. M. W. of Southamp-
the 8. aide of the river, and communicates with ton, 67 £. of New York,
the rest of the city by a atone bridge. SagudaMoc, a rivet of Maine &Uing into the
8aA§tmkau9€n.^ town of Germanyi county of Androscoggin at Rumford. This name waa an-
Waldeck, 0 m. N. W. of Waldeck. nienUjr applied to the eaatorn part of Maine.
Saehnrnhmm, a town in the kingdom of Wurtem- Saginaw Bay, an arm of Lake Huron in Mich
berg, 18 m. N. N. W. of Stutgard. inn Territory ; it reoeivea the waters of a river
Sockets Harbimrf a town orNew York, in Jef- <M the aame name,
ftrson county, with one of the best harbours in SagimaWf a town of Michigan Territory on the
the state. It has a dock-yard, with large atore- above river.
houses, and ia ationgly defbnded by forte and bat- SaghmUen, or JinunWf a river of Chinese Tartary
teriee. It ia aeated at the mouth orlUaok River, which rises near the Yablonoi mountaina, whene
on Hungry Bay. at the E. end of Lake Ontario, it ia first known by the namea of Kerlon and Ar-
176 m. N. W. of Albany. It was the chief naval gun, and forms part of the boundary between
atetion on the lake dunnc the war of 1818. Siberia and Eastern Tartary, where it receives
SaeOf a rirer rising in Ue Notoh of the White the Bohilka, and takes ite present name. It then
Mountains in New Hampahire and flowing 8. £. takes a cireuitoua eaatern courae of 1,850 m dur-'
throm^ Maine into the aen. It has fkUs near ito ing which it receives many other riven, and en-
mouth, tera the sea of Okotsk, opposite the N. part of
Ssco„p.t. York Co. Me. at the nloulh of the the island of Saghalien.
above river. It ia a port of entry and haa aeveral SaghaluHf or Tekoka. a large ialand in the aea
nanufiustories and a large trade m lumber. Pop. of Okotsk. aeparated from the continent by the
3,81 9. channel of Tartary on the W., and from the island
Sscon^f^, a river of N. Y. flowing into the Jessoby Perouse Strait on the 8. It extends from
Hadsoc at Jessup's Fallfi. lat 46. to 54., or not leas than 550 m. in length,
Sacremeiit, &.,m townof S. America, in Buenoe by about 90 of medial breadth. Tlie centre is
Ayres, settled by tlie Portoguese, but taken in mountainoua, and well wooded with pine, willow
ifn by the Spaniarda. It atonds on the river oak, and birch ; bat the shores are level, and well
Plate, nearly opposite Buenoe Ayres, 100 m. W. adapted to agricuUnre. The natives reeemble the
by N. of Monte Video. Tartara in form, and the upper lip is commonly
Saertfatmjt, a town of Hindooaten, in Myaore, tattooed U^a. The dress is a looee robe of skins,
on the Cavery, 73 m. N. W. of Seringapatam. or quilted nankpen, with a girdle. Their hut*'
Long. 75. 58. £., lat 13. 6. N. are of timber, thatehed with graaa, with a fire-
StMUhadtf a mountain in Cumberland. Eng. piaoe in the middle. In the 8. are fiNind aome
ao called from ite form. It is upwards of 3,00(1 Japaneae articles ', and there ia a litUe trade with
feet above the level of the aea ; and on one aide the Mandahurs and Ruaaians.
is an immenae eayity, once the crater of a vele^ Saghaiitmomla Hotun, a city of Eastern Tartary,
no, at the bottom of which ia a lake about SO in the province of Tcitoicar. It ia rioh and pep-
acres in dimension. 5 m. E. N. E. of Keswick, ulcus, and very important on account of ite aiton*
Saddle Jfomitotn. an eminence in WiMiamstown tion, aa ii aecuies to the Mandahor Tartars the
and Adams, Berkshire Co. Mass. It is 4,0001^ possession of extensive deserte eovend with
in elevation, and ia the highest meuaitein in woods, in which a great number of aablea are
Masiachusette It consisto of a ridge, 6 ro. in fbnad. It ia aeated on the river Saghaliea, 200
length with 8 summtte. m. N. N. £. of Teiteiear. Long 137: 95. £., 1st.
&kir«, a town of Hindooaten, in the Camatic, oO. 6.N.
on the coast, near the mouth of the Paliar. A Sagres, a strong town of Portugal, in Algawa.
little to the If . are aeveo pagodaa, hollowed out with n harbour and a fort; aeatedon a tongue or
of a soliti rock. 38 ra. 8. of Madias. land at the 8. W. extremity of the pro^riMe. 90
Sadsbury, townships in Chester, Crawford and m. W. 8. W. of Lagoa. Long. 9. 0. W., lat 399. N.
Lancaster Cos. Pa. dk^fur, a tovna of Hindooaten, capital ef a die-
Safij a strong sea-port of Moioeeo, with a castle, triet m the proYinee of Malwa, aitoote near the
It was long the centre of the commerce carried Bunnass, 87 m. N. W^^G«rfah»ll28 of Agia
on with Europe, but now haa Utile - - ' -^ ~ .
trade. 16 «. Long. 78. 53. £., Ut 83. 4». SI
aiQ MB 8AI
alJ^|rlll»,atownof SiMun,mLMm, wttharieh Sl BdmM, Sea Bfllow.
abbey ; seated in a ferttk puin, on the rber Gea, 9t. bugoet^ p.v. St. Maiy'a Co. Ifd. 98 m.
3S m. 8. E. of Leon. 8. £. Waahingtoa.
SalUur, 8ee Skakmr. 8t, Jomei , a Paxiah of Loaieiana. Pop. 7,672.
Sahara, See Zakara. Brin|per*s is the capital.
Saheigw^f or Jt999ny a town of Bengal, capi- St. John's, a river of Florida ftUIng into the
tal of the district of Jeisore, eeated on the Beixah, Atlantic in lat 30.
nearly 80 m. £. N. £. of Calcutta. St, John Baptiat, a Pariah of lioriaiana Pop.
Satdf or Sahid, a province of Upper Egypt, 5,700. Bonnet Cut6 le the capital,
bordering on Nubia and the Red Sea, anciently St. Johmtharg, p.t Caledonia Co. Vt. 31 m. N.
called Tnebaid, celebrated for having been the £. Mon^ielier. Pop. 1^592.
retreat of a great number of Christian!, who lived St. JohntmlUf p.v. Montgomery Co. N. T. 64
here in a solitary manner. It is the least fertile m. N. W. Albany,
and populous part of Egypt, being full of deserts. St, Landry ^ a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 12,
SMdUf a town of Syria, on iSa coast of the 568. Opelousas is the coital.
Mediterranean, the remains of the ancient Sidon. SIf. Lawrence^ great river of North Ameriet,
with a fort and castle. The name of Sidon still beinf the outlet to the chain of lakes aeparatiB^
subsists in a small village, about 2 m. from Saida. the United States from Csnada. It bean this
To the W. of the castle is a shoal 200 paces long, name only fVom the sea to Lake Ontario. It is
and the space between them is a road for vessels, navigable for ships of the line to Quebec and for
but not n£e in bad weather. The shoal, which ships of 600 tons to Montreal. At its mouth it
extends along the town, has a basin, enclosed bv expands into a broad gulf called the gulf of St.
a decayed pier ; this was the ancient port, but it Lawrence.
is now so cnoked up by sands that boats only can St, Latoronee, a county of New York, on the
enter its mouth, near the castle. Saida is a tra- above river. Pop. 36,351. Potidam is the capiuL
dingtown, and the chief emporium of Damascus. Sr. Leonord'f, p.t. Calvert Co. Afaryl. on the
andthe interior country. The manu&cture of W. side of the Uhesapeak, 58 m. from Waahing-
cotton is the principal employment of its inhabi- ton.
tanU. 45 m. W. 8. W. of Damascus. Long. 35. St, Umu, See Umu St,
SO. £., lat. 33. 30. N. St, Martin's, p.v. Worcester Co. Md. 117 m. 8.
St. Alban's, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. 30. m. N. W. £. Anm^polia
Bangor. Pop. dll : a village of Licking Co. Ohio. St, Martin'o, a Pariah of Louisiana. Pop. 7,204.
^.tfenuiri, a Parish or Louisiana. Pop. 3,^. St. MartinsvUle, the capital is situated on the
St. Chariot^ a county of Missouri. Pop. 4,332. Teche.
St. Charles is the capital. A Parish of Louisia- St Mary's^ a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 6,542
ua. Pop. 5,107. Franklin is the capital.
St. Clair ^ a lake of N. America, between lake St. ilsrv'«,acountyofMd. Fop. 13,455. Leoo-
Huron and Erie, communicating with both. It ardtown is the capital. A river of the U. States
ts 90 m. in circumference. It recives a small between Creorgia and Florida fallinsr into the
stream of the same name. Atlantic. A river of Ohio and Indiana nlling int»
St. Ctair, townships in Alleghany and Bedford the Miami.
Cos. Pa ; a village in Butler Co. Ohio. St. ifory*#, p.v. Camden Co. Geo. on St. Mazyf
St. CUuTf a county of Illinois. Pop. 7,092. river, 20 m. sliove its mouth. It waa fornierly a
Belleville is the capital; a county -of Alabama, place of some importance from its frontier positioa.
Pop. 5,975. Ashville is the capitaJ ; a county of out since the acquisitton of Florida by the United
Michigan. Pop. 1,115. St. Clair is the capital. Stetes it hss declined. Lat. 30. 43. N. Long. 81.
St CUurtmUe, p.v. ChaUuque Co. N. T ; p.v. 43. W.
Belmont Co. Ohio. 1 1 m. W. Wheeling ; v. St. St Mary's Etver, or Strait, forms the connectioa
Clair Co. Alab. between Lakes Superior and Huron. It has a faJ]
St. CUment's Bay, p.v. St. Mary's Co. Mary- or violent rapid called the SauU^ three quarters of
land. 74 m. 8. Annapolis. a mile in extent : it is passable for boats.
St. CroiXf or SehoodiCf a stieam forming the St, Michael's p.t. Talbot Co. Md. 25 m. S. E
eastern boundary of Maine and falling into Pas- Annapolis ; p.v. Madison Co. Missouri. 35 m. S.
■amaquoddy Bay. W. St. Genevieve.
St' Fronds f a river rising in. Vermont and flow- St, Siaum'Sf an island of Oeorgia, at the moutk
ing throttffh Canada into the -St. Lawrence. A of the Alatamaha.
river of Missouri and Arkansas, flowing into the St. Stophen's, p.t. Washington Co. Alab. on the
Mississippi. 107 m. above the Arkansas. Tombigbee, at tne head of schooner navigatioo.
St, Francois, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,385. The houses are mostly built of stone. The neigfa-
Farmington is the capital. bonring country is highly fertile.
St. Franeisvitte, p.v. West Feliciana Parish Loo. St. Ikmmany, a Parish of Louisiana. Fop.
on the Mississippi. 170 m. above New Orleana. 2^864. Covington b the capital ; p.t. MecUen-
St, (TeiievisM, a county of Missouri. Pop. 2,182, burg Co. Va.
St. Genevieve the capital of this county, stands St. Thomas, p.t Franklin Co. Pa.
on the Mississippi. 82 m. below St. Louis. It con- \* Other names beffinning with fit. will be
tains a catholic church and the inhabitants are found under the second initial.
principally French. SahUss, three of the Leeward Carribee Island*
St. Oeorge, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1|652. in the W. Indies, between Guadaloope and Do-
fit. Ocor^c's p.v. Newcastle Co. Del. 12 m. 8. minica. The middle one seems nothing moie
W. Wilmington. than a large barren rock, but contributes to fona
St. Bdena, a Parish of Louisiana. Pop. 4,067. a good haAour. Long. 61. 45. W.. lat. 15. 58. N.
St. Helena the capital is 35 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. fistiiCes, a town of france, capital of the depart
St. Hdena, an island on the Coast of 8. Caro- ment of Lower Charente. Here are aevenl
Una, in Beaufort District. monnmenta of antiquity , of which the moat famous
8AL «
•re the amphitheatre, Um aquedaota, and t«M
triumphal arch on the bridge orer the Charente
The caatle, bailt on a rock, is deemed imprenia-
bl« ; and the ancient eatnedral haa one orthe
largest steeples in France. It is seated oo the
Charente, 40 m. S. 8. E. of Rochelle, 76 S. W<
of Poiders. Lon^^. 0. 38. W., lat. 45. 45. N.
SainlongBf a former province of France, which
now forms the greater part of the department of
Lower Charente, and part of that of Charente.
StUfine of the Cape Verde Islands, 49 m. in cir-
cumference, Iring to the E. of St. Nicholaa It
ha« its name from the number of salt ponds that
from time to time are filled by the sea, where the
water crystallizes into a beautiful lalt^ the chief
production of the island. Long. 22. 56. W., lat.
16. 38. N.
SaUf or Salbttrfff a town of Sweden, in the
government of Wesieraa, near which is a silver
mine ] seated on a river, 30 m. W. of Upeal, 50
N. W. of Stockholm.
SaladOf a river of S. America, which rises in
Tucuman. about 60 m. W. of Salta, and flows S.
S. £. to the Parana at Sante Fe.
Salamancaj a citj of Spain^ in Leon, and a
bishop*s see, with a famous university, consisting
of 24 colleges. The structure called the Schools,
where the sciences are taught, ia very large and
curious. There were formerly 7,0d0 students,
when the Spanish monarchy was in a flourishing
condition ; out at present the number does not
exceed 400, who are all clothed like priests. Here
are magnificent churches, a large public square,
fine fountains, and every thing that can contri-
bute to the beauty and commodiousness of the
city. The cathedral ia one of the handsomest in
Spain ; and there are several fine convents, with
churches belonging to them, adorned with images,
and some with curioua pictures. The town is
seated partiv in a plain and jMurtly on hilla, and is
surrounded Dy a wall. The river Thormes, which
washes its walls, has a bridge over it 300 pacea
long, built by the Romans. 120 m. N. W. of Mad-
rid. Long. 5. 48. W. lat. 41. 24. N.
Salamanca de Balealar.u. town of Mexico, in
Yucatan, 140 m. S. E. or Campeachy. Long. 89.
58. W., lat. 17. 56. N.
Salanek€f a town of Sardinia, in Savoy with a
considerable trade in horses, cattle, cheese, wool-
en stttfi[s. iron tools, dbc. It is situate in a moun-
tainous oiatrict, on the river Arve, 30 m. S. E. of
Geneva.
Salankemenf a town of Sclavonia, where a vic-
tory was obtained by the prince of Baden over
the Turks, in 1691. It is seated on the Danube,
opoosite the influx of the Teiase, 80 m. N. W. of
Belgrade, 25 S. E. of Peterwaradin.
Salberg. Bee Sa!a.
SalbMf a town of Norw«v, in Drontheim, with
a copper mine. 45 m. S. E. of Drontheim.
Saldana, a town of Spain, in the province of
Leon, 37 m. N. W. of Palencia.
Salteto, a town of the kingdom of Tunis near
which are the remains of a large castle. It is seat-
ed near the Mediterranean, 22 m. S. 8. B. of
Mooastcr. Long. 11. 3. E., lat. 35. 13. N.
Salemf a town of Hindooetan, in the Carnatio,
capital of a district of its name, included in that
of Barramaul. It is the residence of the judge,
collector, dr«., and is seated on a rrver that flows
into th« Cavery, 120 m. S. B. of Seringapatam.
Long. 78. 15. E., lat. II. 37. N.
Sal&Mf a countv of New Jersey. Pop. 14, 166.
Salon ia iVn capital.
82
SAli
SaUm^ p.t. Essex Co. Maaa Thia la the second
town in the state for population, wealth and
trade. It is irregularly built on a peninsula, and
haa a secure harbour, but withotit a sufficient
depth of water near the shores to allow largo
«hips to approach the wharves, without bcin^
ligntened. The commerce of the place is very
flourishing, and it was one of the first towns of
the United Slates^tbat entered into the East In-
dia trade. In 1828 the shipping owned here
amounted to 48,210 tons. The streets of^the town
are narrow, and the houses generally of wood,
yet there are manv elegant private manaions^
and in the centre orthe town is an enclosed com-
mon planted with trees. Salem has an athene-
um with a library of 5,000 volumes ; a valuable
Museum belonging to the East India Marine So-
ciety, 3 banks and 11 churches. It is connected
on the north with Beverly by a bridge, and on
the south it is separated by the harbour from Mar-
blehead. It is 14 m. N. £. Boston. 24 S. New-
burvport. Lat. 42. 34. N. Long. 70,54 W. Pop
13,836.
SaUm^pX Roftkingham Ce. N. H. 30 m S. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 1,310; p.L Orleans Co. Vt 50 m.
N. Montpelier. Pop. 230; p.t. New London Co.
Conn. 30 m. S. £. Hartford. Pod. 974 ; p.v. N.
Haven Co. Con. 16 m..N. W. N. Haven; p.t.
Washington Co. N. T. Pop. 2,972 ; pjt. Salem Co.
N. J. 34 m. S. E. Philad. Towns in Wayne, Luz^
erne, Westmoreland, Mercer, Cos. Pa. Botetourt
Co. Va. Fauquier Co. Va. Stokes Co. N. C. Sum-
ter Dis. S. C. Baldwin and Clark Coa. 6e<i. Liv-
ingston Co. Ken. AshtabolajJeflerson, Tuscara-
was, Muskingum, Monroe, Waahington, Meigs,
Champaign. Columbiana, Warren and Randohyh
Cos. Ohio. Washington Co. Ind. Marion Co. ill.
and Franklin Co. l^n.
SaUm Cenlrey p.v. Westchester Co. N. T.
SaUm Crags Roadi, p.v. Westmoreland Co. Pa.
SalemOf a fortified sespport of Naples, capital
of Principato Citra, and an archbishop^s see,
with a caatle and a imlversity. principally for
medicine. It is seated on a bay or tne same name,
27 m. S. E. of Naples. Long. 14. 53. E., lat. 40
35. N.
6taZ«rs, a town of France, department of Cen-
tal, seated among mountains, 9 miles N. of Au-
riUao.
Satfard Low^r and Vfftr^ two townships in
Montj^mery Co. Pa.
Solus, a town in the department of Lower Pj^-
renees, where are springs from whteh fine salt is
made. 7 m. W. of Orthes.
SalignaCf a town in the department of Upper
Vienne, 10 m. 8. of Limoges.
SsZtna, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. Y. on Ononda-
ga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. Pop. 6,999. Here
are large estsblishments ror manufacturin|f salt.
The aaU water is obtained by sinking wells and
boring; it ia raised by Ime metulic pumps,
moved by the surplus water or the Erie canal, or
by steam conveyed into reservoira, and passed
through pipes to the manufactories. The works
principally used in the manufactory of the salt
are denominated Blocks, Solar works and Steam
works. The Blocks are oonstructed with boilers
containing from 80 to 120 gallons each, and plac-
ed in masonry in two parallel lines, having 8 to
90 in each line.
The Salina salt is beautifully white, and fine
rrained ; the whole quantity made in 1830 was
1 ,430,000 bushels ; the average price at the worca
exolttrfive ef the staU duty, was 12 1-2 eesti
31
SAL «0 SAL
per boahel of 66 pounds. It is commonlj packed Saim, « town of the NetherUndi, in the piov
for sale in barrels of 5 boshelsi and is mspeoted inee of Laxembaig,on the borders of Liege, with
and branded before removal. an aneient ca^e on a mountain. 30 nu S. S.
Saline, a township of Colombiana Co. Ohio. £. of Liege and 45 N. of Luzembnrg.
Pop. 664, and villages in Randolph and Gallatin Salm, a town of France, department of Menrte,
Cos. 111. with a castle, seated at the source of the Sane,
Saline River .n. branch of the Ouachitta In Ar- 26 m. E. of LuneviUe.
Kansas, of the Little river of the North in Arkan- SsZnum Cyes^,two streams of New Totk,flowittg
sas, and of Black Lake river in Louisiana. into L. Ontario and the St. Lawrence.
SaUne, a branch of the Ohio in Illinois. On Salmon Falls river, the head stream of the Pi&-
the banks of this stream , about 20 m. from the cataoua, dividing Maine from New Hampehtre.
Ohio are extensive salt works owned by the Unit* SaJmunster, a town of Germanjr, in the district
ed' States Government. of Fulda, on the river Kinz, 19 m. 8. S. W of
SaiifuUf a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated on Fulda.
the Deva, at the foot of a mountain, 16 m. N. N. SalOf a town of Austrian Italy, in the Breecfan
E. of Vittoria, 28 S. S. E. of Bilbao. near the lake Garda, 17 m. N. E. of Brescia.
Salines^ village of St Grenevieve Co. Missouri. Salobrenaj a town of Spain, in Granada, with a
SaUns, a town of France, department of Jura, castle. It carries on a great trade in sugar and
with a strong fort and famous salt works. In fish, and is seated on a rock, near the mouth of
the neighbournood are quarries of jasper, alabas- a river of the same name, 12 m. E. of Aimnne-
ter, and black marble. It is seateo in a fertile car, 36 S. of Granada,
vallev, 29 m. S. of Basancon. Salon^ a town of France, department of Mouths
Seuwfrury, or Jfeie Sarumt a city and the capital of the Rhone, seated on the canal of Craponne,
of WilUhire, Eng. and a bishop's see. It is situ- 20 m. VV. N. W. of Aiz.
ate in a chalky soil, almost surrounded by the iSoZona, a town of Austrian Dalmatia, seated oa
Avon, Willey, Nadder, and Bourn ; and is ren- a bay of the gulf of Venice. It was formerly aa
dered particularly clean by a small stream flow- important place, and its ruins show that it was
ing through everv street. It has a fine cathedra], 10 m. in circumference. 7 m. N. of Spalatro.
the spire of which is the loftiest in the kingdom. Salane, a town of Greece, in Livadia, and a
The town-hall is a handsome building, and stands bishop's see, seated at the foot of a mountain, on
in a spacious market-place. Salisbury has man- the top of which is a citadel. 10 m. N. £. of Le
ufactures of flannels, linseys, hard ware, and cut- panto,
lery. 38 m. S. E. of Bath, 81 W. bv S. of London. Salaniea, the ancient Thessaloniea, a city of
SaUabury Craig f a hill in Scotland on the E. Greece, capital of Macedonia, and an archbisnop't
side of Edmburgn, remarkable for a neat preci- see. It is 10 m. in circumference, and is a place
pice of solid rock, about one mile lon^, and in of great trade. The Greeks have 30 ehnrchea,
some parts 100 feet high, whisfa passes with some and the Jews nearly as many svnaeogoes. The
regularity along its brow. inhabitants are computed at oO,oSo. It ie ear
SiUigbury PUtin, an open tract in England, rounded by walls, and defended on the land side
which extends from -the city of Salisbury, 25 m. by a citadel, and near the harbour by three finis
£. to Winchester and 25 W. to Shaftsbury, and It is seated at the head of a nohle gulf of the
is in some places, from 35 to 40 m. in breadth. Archipelago, 310 m. W. of CoDstaotinople. Loo^
There were so many cross roads on it, and so few 23. 5. E., fat. 40. 53. N.
houses to take directions from, that Thomas, earl Salve, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, near
of Pembroke, planted a tree at each mile-stone which are some saltpworks. It is situate on a
from Salisbury to Shaftsbury, as a guide for trav- lake, near the sea, 23 m. S. of Manfredonia and
ellers. That part of it about the city is a 92 E. N. E. of Naples.
chalky down ; tne other parts are noted for feeding Salse, a town and fortress of France, depart-
numerous and large flocks of sheep. In this plain, ment of Eastern Pyrenees^ seated on the lake cf
besides the famous Stonehengre, are traces of ma- Leucate, 10 m. N. of Perpiffuan.
ny Roman and British antiquities. SaUette, an island of Uindoostan, lying oflT the
Salisbury, P'i Merrimack Co. N. H. on the coastof Concan, to the N. of Bombay, from whick
Merrimeck 64 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,379; it is separated by a narrow channel, acroas whick
^t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 907 ; p.t. Essex Co. a causeway was carried in 1805, which has muck
lass, on the Merrimeck 4 m. N. Newburvport, benefited the island. This island is about 15 m
and 46 N. E. Boston. Pop. 2,519; p.t. Litch- sq., and is fertile in rice, firuits, and suffar-caaes
field Co. Conn. 19 m. N. W. Litchfield. Pop. It has subterraneous temples cut out of the rock,
2,580. This town nroduces excellent iron ore, in the manner of those of Elephanta. In 1773 the
and has many forges and manufactures ; p.t. English conquered it from the Mahrattas ; and it
Herkimer Co. N. T. Pop. 1,999. also towns and has proved a valuable acquisition to Bombay,
villages in Orange Co. N. T. Lancaster, Lehigh which formerly de|>ended on foreign supplies for
and Somerset Uos. Pa. Somerset Co. Maryl. its subsistence. Chief town Tanna.
Rov/an Co. N. C. Meigs Co. Ohio, and Wayne Salt Creek, townships in Muskingum Hock-
Co. Ind. ing and Pickaway Cos., Ohio.
Sallee, a seapport of the kingdom of Fez, with Salt River, a stream of Kentucky, flowing into
several forts. The harbour is one of the best in the Ohio, 24 m. below Louisville ; a river of
the country ; but 6n account of a bar, ships of Missouri flowing into the Missisaippi,100 m. above
200 tons are forced to lighten their burden before St Louis.
they can enter. There are docks to build ships, Satla, a town of Tucuman, of great resort on
but they are seldom used, for want of skill and account of the large quantitiea of corn, meal, wine
materials. It is divided into the Old and New salt, cattle, and other commodities, which are
Town, by the river Guero, and was formerly not^ sent hence to most parte of Peru. 390 m. N. N.
ed for its pirates. 100 m. W. of Fez and 150 S. W. of St. Jago del Estoro. Long. 66. 30. .,W lat.
ofOibraltar. Long. 6. 31. W., lat. 34 '^ N. 24. 40. 8.
8AL 061 SAM
SmUmsk, « borooffa in Cornwall, Enff. on the Salzburg , a province of the Aoatriaa empire,
aide of a steep liiU, near the mouth of tSe Tamar bounded on the N. by Bavaria, E. by Stiria, S.
6 m. N. W. of Plymouth, 220 W. by S of London, and W. by Tyrol and Bavaria. It ik a moun-
SaiteoaU, a aea-port of Scotland, in Ayrshire, tainous country, but pretty fertile, and contains
with a considerable trade in salt and coal, and mines of copper, silver, ana iron. It was formerly
also in ship-buildiuff. it is situate on the frith subject to an archbishopi who was a prince of Uie
of Clyde, 5 m. W. by N. of Irvine, 28 8. W. of empire and primate of G(ermany. In 1802 it was
Glas^w. Long. 4. 45. W., lat. 55. 40. N. made an electorate and fiven to the grand duke
Saljfut, a town in Lincolnshire. Eng. on a creek of Tuscany ; incorporatecTwith the AujOrian states
of the German Ocean, 33 m. E. N. E. of Lincoln, in 1806 ; and transferred in 1309 to Bavaria. On
158 N. by E. of London. the fall of Napoleon it was restored, with the ex
Saluj p.v. Madison Co. Illinois. oeption of a part of its territory, to Austria. It
Saluda, a river of S. Carolina joining the Con- now comprises an area of 2,800 square miles, witli
garee at Columbia. 142,000 inhabitants.
SaluxxOf a town of Piedmont, capital of a dis* Salxburgf the capital of the above province, has
trict of its name, with a castle. The cathedral is a strong castle on a mountain and two noble jpal
•nagnificent and rich. It is seated on an emi- aces. The inhabitants are estimated at 13,000
nence near the Po. 24 m. S. by W. of Turin. The cathedral of St Rupert is very fine, and
Salvadar, St., one of the Banama islands. See contains five organs. The university founded in
Ouanakmm, 1623 was converted in 1810 into a lyceum, with
SalvadoTf St., the capital of Congo^ stands on a a theological and surgical school. Near Sals-
large mountain, the summit of which forms a bmrg are some very productive salt-works. The
plain, 10 m. in circuit, which is well cultivated. French became masters of this city in 1800 and
The city has 12 churches besides the cathedral ; again in 1805. In 1818 upwards of 100 houses
also a large palace, in which the king and a Por- were destroyed by fire. It is situate between three
tuguAse bishop reside. 230 m. E. S. E*. of Loango. mountains, on both sides the river Salza, 46 m.
Long. 14. 20. E., lat. 5. 40. S. S. by W. of Passau, 155 W. by S. of Vienna.
Salvador f ST., a city of Braiil, capital of a prov- Long. 13. 4. E., lat. 47. 46. N.
ince of Bahia, and an archbishop's see, with sev- SalxkoteH, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with
eral forts. The cathedral is large ; but the most a good salt-mine, 7 m. S. W of Paderborn.
superb structure in the city is Uie grand church Salzusten, a town of Germany, in the county
of the ez-lesutts, built of European marble, and of Lippe-Oetmold, with a salt |nine, 12 m. N.
the internal part exceedingly rich. The houses W. or Detmold.
are two or three stories high, and built of stone. Salxungmiy a town of Germany, in the duchy of
The principal streets are good, but the generality Meiningen, with a castle called Schnepfenburg,
are narrow and dirty. In the royal square are the on an eminence, and several salt-works. It is
governor's house, the mint, and tne public offices ; seated on the Werra, 10 m. S. of Eisenach,
and along the beach are the custom-house, dock- Salzweddy a town of Prussian Saxony, in the
gar, tobacco, cofl^, gums, wood, hides, tallow, the Jeetze, 72 m. E. of Hamburgh,
and train oil. The inhabitants are estimated at Ssmona, an island of the W.' Indies, on the N.
upwards of 100,000. It is seated on an eminence, E. side of that of St. Domingo, from which it is
in the bay of All-Saints, 120 m. S. W. of Sergip- separated on the W. by a narrow channel. It is
pe. Long. 39. 30. W., lat. 1 3. 30. S. 33 miles long and 8 broad, and has a town and bay
Sahoador deMuij Si., a city of Tucuman, situ- of the same name on the coast. It was taken by
ate at the foot of a high mountain, on a river of the British in 1806. Long. 69. 20. E.; lat. 19. 10.
its name, which flows E. to the Vermejo. 280 N.
m. N. N. £. of St. Jagodel Estero. Long. 66. 20. Samaiidrakij or Samondraehi, an island of the
W., lat. 24. 5. S. Grecian Archipelago, between Stalimeni and the
Salvaget, sm^l uninhabited islands, lying be- coast of Romania, and to the N. of the isle of Im-
tween tne Canaries and Madeira, 27 leagues N. of bro. It is 17 m. in circumference^ and has a
Point Nago in Tenerifie. Long. 15. o4. W., lat. town of the same name, with a spacious harbour.
30. 0. N. Long. 25. 17. E.. lat 40. 34. N.
StdvaUrra^ a town of Portugal, in Estremadura, Samar^ or Tmiay, one of the Philippine islands,
with a roysi palace, seated on the Tajo, 35. m. N. 8. E. of that of Luconia, firom which it is separat-
E. of Lisbon. ed by a strait. It is 3S20 miles in circumference,
SalvaUmiy a strongtown of Portugal in Beira. and is full of craggy mountains, among which are
Itwastak<>n by the French in 1704, and by the fertile valleys.
allies in 1705. It stands on the frontiers of ^pain. Samara^ a town of Russia, in the government
12 m. N . N. W. of Alcantara and 37. £. by S. of of Simbirsk, seated on the Volga, 95 m. S. S. E.
Castel Branco. of Simbirsk.
StdvaiUTraj a town of Spain, in Galicia, seat- Samarang, a fortified town in the N. E. part
ad on the Minho 7 m. N. E. of Tuy. of the island of Java, and next to Batavia, the
Ssfsoflfarrg, a town of Spain, in Leon, seated most considerable settlement in the island. It
on the Tormes, 23 m. S. of Salamanca. stands at the mouth of a river of the same name,
SalToturra, a town of Spain, in Biscay, seated 290 m. E. by S. of Bataviv Long. 110. 38. E.,
at the foot of Mount St. Adrian, 18 m £. N. E. lat. 6. 54. S.
of Vittoria. SamMrcand. an ancient city of Asia, formerly
Mza, a town of Prussian Saxony, in the gov- the capital or Usbec Tartary , in Bokharia, with a
emment of Magdeburg, famous for its nlt-works. castle and a university. It was the birtbplaco
It is seated near the Elbe, 12 m. S. S. E of and seat of Tamerlane the Great, and afterwsrds
Magdeburg. the residence of a Tartar prince. The city falls
SAM GSt SAM
■hort of ita andent splendoTi yet is atill v«ry hare a Isrge head, a flat Ikea, higrk ohe^k
large, and fbrtified with stronff bulwarks of earth, amall eyea, a wide month, a yetlow isomplanoa,
The hontea are mostly of hardened clav, but straight black hair, and a little or no beard : they
some are of stone, from qnarrieain the neighbour- still preserve the manners of a paotofal p*o|ik,
hood. The silk -paper made here is in great re- and retain the use of moToable habitations, witfa
Jiaest, and it has a considerable trade in excellent which they wander firom place to plaee. Tbej
raits. It is seated on the Sogd, 138 m. E. by N. neither have, nor appear ever to have bad, any
of Bokhara. Long. 65. 15. E., lat. 39. 40. N. kind of a regular government. Their traditional
Samaroft a town of Siberia, in theeovemment songs mention only certain heroes, who in bettn
of Tobolsk, seated on the Irtysh 135 m. N. of times, led their ancestors to battle. These womp
Tobolsk. form their principal amasemeata : but the exploiti
SamtUoMf a town of France, department of Oers, they celebrate, are never likelv to be renewed.
with a castle on a mountain ; seated on the Save, Sampioum^ a villgage of Miadlesez Co. N. J. 13
6 m. N. by £. of Lombez. m. S. Yf. Elizabethtown.
Jbm^a, a sea-port of Terra Firma. in the prov- SamptoUf a county of N. Cardinia. Pop.
ince Carthagena, 33 m. N. £. or Carthagena. 11,768. Ointon i« the capital.
Long. 75. 16. W., lat. 10. 45. N. Sam** Creek, p.v. Frederick Co. Manrlaad.
SamhaUaSy a multitude of small uninhabited is- Ahmsm, an island of Denmark, on the E. ceast
lands, on the N. shore of the isthmus of Darien. of N. Jutland, 12 m. long and 3 broad, and veiy
Moat of them are low, flat, and sandy, covered fertile. It has a town of the same name, and iii
with a variety of trees, and abound with several inhabitants cany on some commerce in amall tea-
kinds of shell fish ; some ftw afford springs of lels. Long. 10." 33. B., lat. 56. 2. N.
fresh water. Long. 78. 25. W., lat. 9. 96. N. Smmmmf St.,t, town of France, department iA
SambaSf a town of Borneo, near the W. coast, Enre, on the Rille, 5 m. N. of Font Andemer.
inhabited by pirates, against whom a British force Saauon, St., a town in the departmentof Mune-
was sent out in 1818 and 1813, which proved et-Loire, 4 m. N. E. of Aneers.
completly successful. In its vicinity diamond San, a river of Auatrian roland, which rises ia
mines are found. Long. 109. 0. E., lat. 2. 20. N. the Carpathian Mountains, in Hangazy, and frik
SamhoTf a town of Austrian Poland, capital of a into the Vistula near Sandomir. It flviiis part of
circle of its name, seated on a large plain, on the the boundary between Austrian Galicia and Ras-
Dniester, 46 m. S. W. of Lemberg. sian Poland.
Sambre, a river which rises in Pioardy, flows Sana, a city of Arabia, capital of Yemen, witfa
by Landrecy, Maubeuffe, Thun, and Cbarleroy, a castle on a nill, in which are two palaces. Tb»
and joins the Meuse at Namur. city, properly so called, is not very popokma ; ftr
Sanurif a town of Asiatic, Turkey, in Irac Arm- gardens occupy a part of the space within the
hi, on the Tigris, 70 m. N. N. W. of Bagdad. walls, which are 4 m. in circuit, and contain seves
Samisatf a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the san- gates. Here are a number or moaqnes, soma sf
giacate of Marasch, on the Euphrates, 30 m. E. tnem built by Turicish pachas.; also several paii-
of Marasch. ces, 12 public baths, ana soma lai^ oaraTanseraa
SamogiUa, a county in the N. W. of Prussian Fruits are very plenteous, particularly ffrapcs ;
Lithuania, bounded on the N. by Courland,S. by and the exportation of raisins is considerable, oat
Russia proper, and W. by the Baltic. It is full of kind of which is without stones. The city standf
forests ana hiffh mountains, which feed a great near the source of a river, which flows S. into t^
number of cattle, and produce abundance ofnon- Arabian Sea, and at the foot of Mount Nikkasi
ey. Here are also very active horses, in high es- on which are to be seen the ruins of a eaatle, wi
teem. The inhabitants are clownish, but honest ; to have been built by Shem. It is 250 m. N. N. £
and thev will not allow a youn^ woman to go of Mocha, 490 S. £. of Mecca. Long. 45. 10. £.,
out in the nicrht without a candle m her hand and lat. 15. 24. N.
two bells at her girdle. Sans, or 2!anii, a town of Pern, capital of a
SamoSf an island of the Grecian Archipelago, province of its name. It is situate in a valley,
on the coast of Natolia, about 32 m. lon^ and 22 fertile in fruit and com, and adorned with the
broad, and extremely fertile. It contains two most beautifnl flowers, whence it has been sosse-
ranges of lofly mountains, between which are times, called Mirofloris. 90 m. N. c^ TmxiQn
rich and well cultivated plains, producing abnn- Long. 78. 30. W., lat. 40. 35. N.
dance of grain, melons, lentils, kidney beans, and Stauuhygottat a flourishing town of Beanl;
excellent muscadine grapes ', also white figs, four seated on Uie Mahanuddy, 165 m. N. of MeonM-
times as big as the common sort, but not so well abad.
tasted. T%e silk is very fine, and the honey and San Bfae, a city and sea-port of Mexico, on ths,
wax admirable. The island abounds with par- Pacific Ocean, at the mouth of the river Saaliaga.
tridges, woodcocks, snipes, thrushes, wood pi- Lat. 21. 9&, N.
geons, turtle doves, wheatears, and excellent Simbemlownj p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. 25 m. N.
poultry. It has emery, stone, and iron mines, W. Portsmouth. Pop. 2,666.
and most of the soil is of a rusty colour. All the Saneerra, a town of France, department of Cher,
mountains are of white marble. Their bishop seated on a mountain, near the Loire, 22 m. If!
resides at Corea. The principal harbour is that W. of Nevers, 110 N. of Paris,
of Vati. Sandan, an iaiand of China, on the coast of
* SamouedeSf once a numerous and powerfiil tta« Quang-tong, 40 m. in circumferenoe, Ihmoaa ftr
tion of Tartary. Tney are now dispersed : some being the burying place of Francis Xavier^ whose
of them are found in small detached bodies among tomb is to be seen on a nnall hilL
the mountains to the W. of Lake Baikal ; others Saneoiiu, a town of France, department of Cher,
are supposed to be within the Chinese firontiers : seated on the Argent, 15 m. 6. W. of Nevers.
others are scattered among the deseru which ex- Arnda, or SsaMy, one of the OAney islaadi,
tend alone the Frozen Ocean *, and some nearly about 12 m. in length, but of an irrM^oJar fbns,
as far to ue W. as Archangel. The Samoyedes and seldom above a m. in breadth. It Jisa K 7
06S SAN
tbat of Stronnj, from which it is aepanted bj a Detroit, by iteam-boatt. Bhip building is carried
narrow channel. Much kelp i« made here in on to a considerable extent, and the town has
summer, and it feeds many sheep and beeves, already become a place of active trade. A turn-
On the Start Point is a light*hottse. Long. 2. 15. pike is in progress to Columbus.
W., lat. 59. 21. N. SanduMk^, a township of Richland Co. Ohio
Sanda, a small island on the W. coast of Scot- Pop. 588.
land, near the MuU of Cantyre, famed for haying SandvlUty a town of Belgium in the province of
been the rendezvous of the Danish fleets during Antwerp, seated on the &heldt, 12 m. M. W. of
their expeditions to the western coasts. On it Antwerp.
are the remains of a chapel, dedicated to St. Co- Sandmehf a town in Kent, Enff. It is one of
lumba. the cinque-ports, and walled round ; but the walls
Saatdhaekf a town in Cheshire, with a manufae- are greatly decayed, and only one of the gates is
tnre of silk. 162 N. N. W. of London. standing. Its trade is' much diminished, the
Sandecj JV*eio, a town of Austrian Galicia, capi- river Stonr, on which it is seated, being so choked
tal of a circle of its name which is covered with up with sand as to admit only small vessels. 66
extensive forests. 44 m. S. W. of Cracow. — 6. m. E. by S. of London.
m. farther N. is Old Sandec, which is now a small Sanmoiek, p.t. Strafford Co. N. H. near Lake
place. Winipisiogee. Pop. 2,743 ; p.t. Barnstable Co.
Sanders, p.v. Grant Co. Ken. 50 m. N. £. Mass. on Cape Cod. 54 m. S. E. Boston. Pop.
Frankfort ; p.v. Limestone Co. Alab. 3,367.
SandtrtiiUe, p.v. Washington Co. Geo. 30 m. Sandwuh islandf an island in the Pacific
8. £. Milledgeville. Pop. 2,327. Ocean, near the W. coast of New Ireland. Long
SamUord, p.v. Broome Co. N. T. Pop. 931. 149. 17. £., lat. 2. 53. 8.
SsMdjrafs, a township of Bennington Co. Vt. Sandufieh Islandf one of the New Hebrides, m
Pop. 936, the Pacific Ocean. Long. 168. 33. E., lat. 17.
SandisfiM, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 112 m. 41. S.
S. W. B^ton. Pop. 1,655. Stmiwieh IsUinds, a ffronp of islands in the N.
Sandhsm, a sea-port of Sweden, in the prov- Pacific, discovered by Cook in 1778. They are 11
ince of Upland, where all veisels to and from in number, extendmg from 18. 54. to 22. 15. N.
Stockholm aie examined. 10. m. £. of Stock- lat., and from 150. 54. to 160. 24. W. long. They
holm. are called by the natives, Owhyee, Mowee. Ranat,
Sandistonf a township of Sussex Co. N. T. Morotoi, Tahoorowa, Woahoo, Atooi, Neeneehou
Sando, an islsnd of Janan, 87 m. in circum- Oneehona, Morotinnee, and Takoora ; all inhab>
ference, on the N. coast or Niphon ; with a town ited except the last two. The climate differs lit-
of the same name. Long. 139. 30, E., lat. 38. tie from tnat of Uie W. Indies in the same lati-
35. N. tude ; but there are no traces of those violent
fisiu^oimr, a strong town of Poland, capital of a winds which render the stormy months in the
palatinate of the same name, with a castle on a W. Indies so dreadful. There is also more rain
steep rock, and several eoHeses. It is seated on at the Sandwich isles. The vegetable produc-
a hiU, pn the Vistula, 75 m. L. by N. of Cracow tions are nearly the same as those of the other
and 112 S. by E. of Warsaw. Long. 22. 0. £., islands in this ocean ; but the taro root is here of
lat 50. 21. N. a superior quality. The breadfruit trees are not
SandemiTy a palatinate of Poland, bounded on in such abundance as in the jilains of Otaheite,
one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilioa but produce double the quantity of fruit. The
and the palatinate of Cracow. It contains, ae- sugar canes are of a very unusual size, some of
cording to the territonal division of 1815, 4,700 them measuring eleven inches in circumference,
square m. with 448,000 inhabitants. and having fourteen feet eatable. There is also
Sandomiry the capital of the above palatinate, a root of a brown colour, shaped like a yam, and
is seated on the Vistula, 108 m. 8. by E. of War- from 6 to 10 pounds in weight, the juice of which
is an excellent substitute tor sugar. The quad-
Sandown, a village in the Isle of Wight, 2 m. rupeds are hogs, dogs, and rata. The fowls arr.
S. of Brading. It stands on a bay of ita name, of the common sort ; Ine birds beautiful and nu
and has a fort erected by Henry VIII., which merous, though not various. Goata, P*g*> uid
maintains a small garrison. European seeds were left by captain Cook, but
Sandmly a town of Portugal, in Beira, seated the possession of the goata soon gave rise to a
on the Coa 12 m. 8. S. £. of Guarda. contest between two districto, in which the breed
Sandaver, p.v. Abbeville Dis. 8. C. 90 m. W. was destroyed. The inhabitanta are of the same
Columbia. race with tnoee of the islands S. of the equator ;
SMuUfwsr, a township of Rockingham Co. N. H. and in their person^, langnage, and manners, ap
23 m. W. Portomouth. Pop. 553. proach nearer to the New Zealanders than to thei/
SandtKfwnf p.v. Kershaw Dis. 8. C. less distant neighbours, either of the Society or
Sandusky, a county of Ohio. Pop. 2,881. Low- Friendly Islanas. They are in general above
er Sandusky is the capital. the middle sixe, and well made ; they walk grace-
Sandusky riosr, a stream of Ohio flowing into fully, run nimblv* and are capable of bearing
the west end of Lake Erie. At ita mouth it ex- great fatigue. Many of both sexes have fine
nds into a bay 20 m. in length and 3 to 4 broad, open countenances ; and the women, in particu-
las a rapid current and is navigable. lar, have good eyes and teeth, with an engaging
Sandusky cUy, p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on Sandns- sweetness and sensibility of look. There is one
ky Bay. Pop. o91. This is one of the chief peculiarity characteristic of every cart of the na-
pointa of communicataon between the state of New tion, that even in the handsomest races there is a
York and the towns on the Ohio and Bliasissippi ftilness of the nostril, without any flatness or
by the way of Lake Erie. It has the best bar- spreading of the nose. The dress of both men
boar on the American side of the lake, and main- and women nearly resembles those of New Zea
tains a constant interoonrse with Bnffiilo and land, and both sexes wear necklaces of small vtr
w rf tlw wupui wen vutj null/
tDiwiM. ~ Tli*7 lired bi *U-
ia|n, cuuLuuing uuiii IW ta SOO boiMM, buill
clmelj together, withoDl maj order, sod barinx
l«|ei, eoDUining ftom 1
wa, oa which weoant i
. _-iaof SoatlwraTbol*.
Sumdy, a lawnahip of Stuk Co. Ohio. Po^
<K». A lowBihip in Tiacumww Co. Ohio Pgp.
765.
&a^ Bay, f-r. Enaz Co. Bfav. wlJiwHnf
OloKoeitM OB Capo Abu.
3a»dv Crttk, > towuhip of H««Er Co. P>-
&imI« fffi, p.T. H«kWbarg Co. Va.
teidy IGU, r-v. WwhiBffton Co. N. T. bmt
the juikction of the Chunpuin Cuul wilh tha
Samlf Gt«M, p.*. Chathun Co. H. C.
Bamdg H*ak, a peuniaU, on the ea—t of Ntv
JtnsT, ia Monmoath Co. On the N. poiol ia ■
lifhthoiua, 100 ftrt hifb. 7 m. 8. oT tfaa W.
^ofLeaa lik»d. Lobk.74.3. W. 111. 40.30.
N.
ftuiiy Hoafc, p.v. Cnlpapn Co. Va.
Sni<^£ai*,alakeafK. Aoetioa, ahoBl K ai
in clieoit, not fiu fi«m the Morea ci tba Mi^i
■ippi. Lat. 46. 9. N.
SaaA/l-'-
t wiBdiDf path iMtweaa them. Towarda Ih* aei
they irore geuerallr Quifced irilh delaabed wall*
intended both for ilwlter and defeaca. 8an» of
the hoQHa were froiD 40 to 50 &et bmg, and from
BO to 30 broad; othan wen m«ie hoTela. Th«
food of the lover cU*i slil) oooHsti principally of
G^ and Tegeliblei, to vbioh the people of hwh-
er nnk add tbe fleib of hon aod dogi. The
niakioB of cuioac, oiata, Ae., toratsd the oocopi-
tiooa of the mea ; tte women were trnplajtMi in
nuiiu&Gtaring ololh, and the •ervut* priadpal-
I; engaged in the plutatinna and flitiiag. Tbe;
lutd rartnua amuaamenta, aDoh aa dancinf , boiinr,
wreetling, ic., all of which hare now enlitrry
ceaaed. The bottom* of their oanoea are of a «□-
{k pieoeof wood, hollowed oat to the IhiokneM
of an inch, and bronght to ■ poiot at eaoh end ;
tbe tide* ooniiit of uiree boards, eich about ma
inch thick, neallj fitlcd and Uibtd to the bot-
tom part Borne of Iheir donbie oanoaa meoaare
70 feet in length, three lod a half In depth, and
IS in breadth. The goremment ia monarehica]
and hereditary. The aaine afrtem of iobordina*
tion prevail! beta aa at the other iaiand* ; abao-
lule aotborit; on the part of tbe chiela, and Dore-
■iiting inbnuiaion on the part of the people. So
long ai idolatry preTailid hen, huDuo aacrifiBa*
were frequent ; not onljr the oomntenoament of a
war, or lignal enterpnaa, bnt the death of any
coniiderable chief wiled Ibr a i«petition of Iheae
horrid rite*. From their intercoane with Chria-
tiani they had rcnonnead idolatry before any mia-
■ionariea were leUled among Oiaa; a>d of lata
yean they have made great adTancea InoiTiliaa-
tien. Tmt live in tbe utmoat harmony with each
olb«t, and in hoapitality to itraogerB they are
not exceeded eren by the inhabitanli of the
Friendly Iilandi. Their natural capacity leemi
in no reapect below theooaaumataadafd of man-
kind.
SnubBtekJUatd, a doaolBtecvantry is theaontb-
ern ocean, to the B. E. of the ialaad of Oaorgia.
The mountain! are of a Taat heifhl, their aaw-
mit* wrapped in elooda, and their baaea a«*»i*d
with enow to the wntar*! edn. Tbola, Iha
Boathere eitremty of Sandwich Land, leaa by
Cook in 1775, Ilea In 97. 46. W, k»ff. and EO. H.
P lat. ThiawBalb«|t«ataaia kLaflaadlkM
IjJte, a townahip of Haoer Co, Pa.
Jl*m, p.r. Bakimoia Ca. Hd. : ^*-
GcecDT'Ellc Co. Va.
Saadt PmX, a aeapart of SL Chiialnkn, aa
(he N. W. ride of liie iiland, in Figtrea Bay, de-
fended by two forta. Lon. 63. Sa W., laL 17. 90.
N.
Saatfy Keer, a river iit the itato rf Maine,
which mm into the Kennebeck, 6 m. above
Nornd||e«rock.
SandM tttccr. Big, a river whiah liae* in tbe
Lanrcl HonntaiD*, and forma part of tha bovmda-
K between Virginia and Kentucky. It &Ua iota
e Ohio, 40 m. above the Scioto.
8vtdf Spriiig, p.v. Montgomery Osl Md. ,
i.v. Adama Co. Ohio.
SaitduatiM, p.v. Sniaa
SminUinUM,B.v. ToKsa
jbaea, or Oufouy, a
tie of tbe itataaad Sowing
r if^
, 8. ColBHibw.
I Co. N. J.
'. ToKsarawaa Co. Ohio.
_. ...Mttay, a town of Switaariaad, i
1 of Bern, with a caitle, liliiate on
-ivar ofthe nme name, 90 m. S. W. of Thm.
SairfoTti, p.l. York Co. He. Pop. 9,327.
„_ ._ - -— roflUinoia, liMBff in Iheoat
Sowing iato the nKnaia.
SoHgaai^ii, a county of
river. Pop. 1" " -■
Utica. Pm^'s'^TS.
jio^irailla, p.t. Peoobaoot Co. Me. Pop. 776.
Saa^trAaatm, a town of Pmaaiu Saxony, '~
Tbonogia, with a caatle, eealpd orar tbi
mauntuQ!, 14 m. E. S. E. of StolbeTg.
Sangium, a town of Spain, in Navaiiv, 3S m.
8. E. of Pamplaaa.
Anly, a mage in Lanoaahire, Eng. 9 m. W.,
of Warrington. It i< i place of traffic, baiBgaeat-
ed near the Heraey, frora which it haa a canal la
the varioD! work* in the vieinity of Bt. Halana.
Saw Jfartna, a email ivpnblio of Italy. It ia en-
oloaed in the atalei of the Church, aaion|r the Ap-
enninea, and containi 33 *^. m. uid 7,000 iabab-
itanta. The aoil prodnec* wiae and eera. Tbe
aaaital ia Ban Marino, a amall town OD tbe aoaa-
mil, of a awantain. Hiia npablic ia under (ba
protection of the Pope. It h*! axirted for 1,300
yean. Tin goveraiaant ia a mixtuie of ariatec-
taef and dsBMeracy .
amm-t, a diatriet of Hindooatan, lying ta tbt 8.
ofViaiaMKirBitdN. af HvMre. It wm M4ad la
the Bfahnttaa ia 1702.
aaB«»*,alawnaBdfbHRMofH: ~
tal of Iba abovB diatriot, at
tb* l^om, 15 m. bcRx* it* jonction with the Ni-
Cita to t6na tbc Ta>(^lMidi«. On the o^poaile
k b uiotber torn OKlled BinMi Buioipour,
It U im D. N bj W. ChiU«ldr<»( And 130 S. b;
E. ofV'fMpaat.
SanfJiar, ft borough of Bootlutd, In OumfVie*-
■hiie, with ft miawl outle, ono« th* nMidenoe of
tbn Criehtoft ikmilj. It hu > trade in eoftl tod
muiaAatuiM of cafpMi snd oottoM. It ii iMled
on the Nllh, S7 m. N. W. of DamftiM ud 53. S.
W. of EdinborglL
3mHmtlU, ft tawn otBpnia, In AodAlaiia, M id.
Stmtm Ft, tlw M*€ town oTNew Hexieo, letled
00 tlM Rio del Norte. It wae firauded in the be-
S'oiiiDf of the 17 oeatorj. It ie lamraitded bj a
rtile terrlloTj, ud bu Utelr beoome ■ neat
mart Ibr the trade brtwevn the Meiioan proriooee
ud tbe United Statea. Thi* traffic i* oarrtad ob
b/ euarua of mnlei aad horea mgoiu wbiofa pro-
■pjnti, Ae. and receire ipecie and bnillon _ . .
tnra. Santa Fe i* 1,090 m. W. New Orieani.
1,131 N. N. W. Heiieo. Lat. 30. 12. N. Lonf.
IM. Sa. W. Pop. 4,000.
Sanlandtr, a atronv lem-port of Spun, in Aetn-
riM, eapital of a imul diatrict oTita name, and a
biabop'a fee. Tbe hartnnr ia good, and large
enongh to oonlaia ■ aameroua Seel, defrnded 67
two eaatlea, and a nmie that adrancea into tha aea.
Itiall in.N. E. of BaolilUna. Long. 3.37. W.,
■at. 43. 97. N.
SaNtema, a town of Portugal, in Eatreraadnra,
with ■ eitadJel on a monntain ; aeited an tbe rirer
Tajo, in a eoantiy fertile in wheat, wine, and oil,
66 n. N. E. of Liabon. LongS.SO.W., Ut. 39.
18. N.
SaMf, a river of S. Carolini, the largeat and
loageat in that atale. It enten the ocean by two
month*, a little S. of Georgetown. Abont ISO ra.
from ita nnnth it branche* into the Congaree and
Wal«ne> the latter, which lathe N. braacb.beara
nanM of the CaUwba River, from thr* aettlenient
toitaeowve.
SiiMeii, a town of Gemanj, in tha duohj of
Clen ; aeatad on the Rbine, IS m. 8. E. of Clave.
.JawttOTW, a town of Spain, in Aatnriaa, 17 m.
B. B. W. of Oviedo.
SmUiilMttm, a town of Spain, aeated In a IVnitfU
*alle*,near tbe Bav of Biacav, 98 m. E. of Orledo
and 900 N. of MaJrid. Long. 3. SB. W., lat 43.
93. N.
Saalern, the anoient Tlwra, an laUnd of the
OtMian Archipelago, to the S. of Nlo. It U in
tbe Ibm of a cmoeni, lOm. ftotn H. to B, and
ftom o>e to fear ia breadth. Between it* two
polDta, *° >°<"?1*t* tio ni'^i ■'^ t^ '■"^"■'"ida
«f Tberaaift, and Aaprasid ; and within Ihaea are
three other iilanda. between which and Banton'ii
lea road for ahipa; bnt itaffordj noancfaorage.on
aecoant of ita depth in aome placet, and rocky
bottom in otbert. All Iheae tiland are of volcanic
origin, bnl the three inlerior one* are evidendj
of much laUr date. Santorin, in proportion lo ilii
extent, ia the ricbeat and moat popoloiia iiland of
the Archipelago. There are two biahopa j tha one
Latin, wlloae are ia Seaaro, and the other Greek,
whoee reaidence t* at Pirgoa, near the middle ol
the ialand. Tbe ioil ia verj drr, and far from fer-
tile ; but it prodncet plenty of barley, cotton, and
wine, in which, and the cotton manufaclnrea, ita
trade conaiata. Fmit ia acarce, except Egi, and it
ha* only ciatem water. The inhabitant*, abont
IS,000 in nnmber, are atmoal all Orecki. Scaoro
la the capital.
StaOot, a aaa-port of Braiil, on an ialand, called
Amiu,on the Wjideof tbe entrance into Santo*
Bay. It i* defended by 1 lampirt and two cas-
tle*. The tovm of Si. Vincent etanda •la the
■ama iiland, which ia 18 m. in circait. 10 m.
fh>m the aea and 190 S. W. of St. Sebaatiui.
Long. 46.30. W., lat. 24. 15. S.
Sanu, a large navigahle river of France, wbieb
riaea in the Vnage* Hoonlain*, and, after a courae
of abont 900 m. falls into tha Rhone at Lyons.
Saaiu, Vpptr, a depailuient of France, including
part of the fomer province of Franche Comte ;
bounded N. by the department of Voagea, and B.
by that of Upper Rhine. It eonipiiaea an area of
9,600 njatn m. with 313,000 inhabitaal*. The
capital la Veaonl.
Same-et-Lairt, a department ofnance, inclnd-
ing part of tha fermer province of Borgundyi
bouMed by the department* of Jnrn, Rhone, and
Allier, and compriaing an area aT3fiO0 agaaie m.
with <n,000 inhabitanta. It i* named from two
riven, whicb flow Ihroagh it in difirent direc-
tiona. Maoon ia tbe capital.
3aorgio, a town of the Sardinian MatPa, in the
connly of Niee,aitnateon the top of a rock, whicb
ia nearly eneloaed by the Rflia and Ihe Bendola.
On the opposite aide of the Ruia i* a ahirp rock,
completely inaulated, with an ancient foitress on
tlw Bummil, and near the town ii a strong fort.
Saorgio waa Uken by the French in 1794. 19 m.
N. ETofMiee.
SafUiu», three email ialand*, and a cape, in the
Mediterranean, near the S. coast of the Horea.
The largest island waa fermeiiy called Spbacletia,
and i* famona in ancient history Ibr a Tietory ob-
tained by the Athenian* over the Lacedemonians.
Long. Sl. 35. E., 1st. 36. 50. N.
Sorocntr, a people celebrated aome eentoriea
ago. who came from the deaerta of Arabia : sorra
in their tangnage siniifying a desert. Hey wets
the flnt disciples ofHahaniet, ud,wilhin 40 yean
after his death, conquered a great part of Asia,
AfVica, and Eiiinpe. They Eept possession of
Elpain till IB11, when they were expelled. Fora
hmg time they maintained a war in the Holy Land
against the Weatem ChriiCana, and at length
drove them onl of it. There are now no people
known by thia name ; for the descendants of those
who conquered Spam are called Moors.
Saragma, a ci^ of Spain, capital of Arragon,
and an archbisfaop^s see, with a anivenily. It ia
said to h«ve been bnilt by the Phtsnicians, and tha
RoDtana sent a colony bither in tha reign of An
g«lttiB, whence it had the name of Cnaiea Au-
ruta, which by corruption faaa been changed into
Barago***. fiefbra thia uty was taken by the
neneh, in WM. then were many magnifieent
BAR 056 8AA
1)ai.dingt, 17 lug6 chnrches, and 14 handsom* been made in the grounds adjoining tlia fimntain,
convents, besioet others less considerable. The and the purity in which its wattrs ave preeerrsd.
Ebro runs throuffb the citj, dividing it into two This spring was first diseoTered about 30 jcecs
parts ; and on its hanks is a handsome quay, which since^ issuing from a cievice in the roek, a few
serves for a public walk. The Holy Street is the feet from its present location. Here it flowed fir
largest, and so broad that it may oe taken for a a nnmber or years, until an attempt to improie
square. The cathedral is a spacious Gk)thic build- the surface around it produced an accidental ch-
in^ ; but the finest church is that of l^uestra Sen- struction of its waters, which afterwards made
ora del Pilar, and a place of the greatest devotion their appearance at the place where th^ now
in Spain. They tell us that the virgin, while yet flow. It is enclosed by a tube sunk into the
living, appeared to St. James, who was preaching earth to the distance of 13 or 14 feet, whick
the gospel, and left him her image, with a hanf secures it from the water of the stream, adjoining
some pillar of jasper. This ima^ stands on a to which it b situated. Besides a faaaaaoiiie ea-
marble pillar, with a little Jesus iYi her arms, or- closure and platform for promenading, the pro-
namented with a profusion of gold and jewels, prietor has thrown an awning over the ipriiig for
and illuminated by a multitude m lamps and wax the convenience of visitants,
lights. The town-house is a sumptuous struc- The High Rock is situated on the west side
tare ; and in the hall are the pictures of all the of the valfey, skirting the east side of tlie viihjie,
kings of Arragon. Saragossa has no manufactures, about half a mile north of the Congreea. Tne
and but little trade. It is seated in a large plain rock enclosing this spring is in the ahape of a
(where the Ebro receives two other rivers), which cone, 9 feet in diameter at its base, and 5 feet ia
produces all kinds of fruit in great abundance, height. It seems to have been formed by a. con-
A victorv was obtained here over the French and cretion of particles thrown up by the water, which
Spaniaros in 1710, but it was abandoned by the formerly flowed over its summit through an apcr*
allies soon afler. Saragossa is also celebrated for tare of about 12 inches in diameter, reralatiydi-
the brave defence it made under general Palafoz, verging from the top of the cone to its base. This
when besieged by the French m 1806-9. 180 sprmg was visited in the year 1767 by Sir Wil-
m. N. E. ofH^iiadnd. Pop. ilfiOO. liam Johnson, but was known long before by the
SaranaCf a small river of n. T. flowing into Indians, who were first led to it, either by acet-
Lake Champlain at Plattsburg. dent or by the frequent haunts of beasts, attiaeied
Saratoff a government of Russia, lying along thither by the saline properties of the water. A
both sides of^the Wolga, and having on one side building was erected near the spot previoaa to tha
the countrv of Astracan and on the other that of revolutionary war ; aflerwards abandoned, and
the Don Cossacks. The extent is estimated at again resumed ; since which the usefulneiB of tbe
91,000 sq. m. with a pop. not exceeding 1,000,000. water has, from time to time, occasioned frequent
it is divided into 12 districts, of which that of the settlements within its vicinity,
same name is the principal. Between the Red Spring in the upper village.
Saratoff the capital or the above government, and the Washington in the south part of the lower
is surrounded bjT a wall and is neatly built, chiefly village, are situated most of the other mineial
of wood. The inhabitants ^about 5,000) have a springs in which this piece alxMinds, At three
brisk trade in fish, caviar, salt, Ac, It is seated of the principal springs, the Hamilton, Monroe
on the side of a mountain near the Wolga, 374 and Washington, large and convenient faathim
m. N. bv W. of Astracan. Liong. 46. 1. E., lat. houses have been erected, which are the consttat
51. 32. N. resort for pleasure as well as health, during the
Saratoga^ a countv of N. T. Pop. 36,616. Balls- warm season,
ton is the capital. Also a p.t. in the same Co. 35 The mineral waters both at Ballston %iid San-
m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,461. Here General Bur- toga are supposed to be the product of tbe same
ffoyne surrendered his army to Gen. Gates. Oct. great laboratory, and they all posseea oeariy tbe
17, 1777. same properties, varying only as to the qiiantiij
Saratoga Springs^ p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 39 of the difierent articles held in solution. Tbej
m. N. Albany. Pop. 2,204. In uiis town and the are denominated acidulous saline and actduloai
neighbourhood are situated those mineral springs chalybeate. Of the former are the Congresi,
which draw to this quarter in summer, crowds of (which holds the first rank), the HamiltonTlliek
visitors fVora all quarters of tbe country. The Rock and President, at aaratoga ; and of tbe
village is located on an elevated spot of ground, latter are the Columbian, Flat Rock and Wssfc-
surrounded by a productive plain country, and ington, at Saratoga, and ^e Old Spring aad
enjoys the advantage of a salubrious air and cli- United States, at Ballston. The waters contaia
mate, contributing much to the health and benefit muriate of soda, hydriodate of soda, carbonate of
of its numerous visitants. The springs, so jusUy soda, carbonate of*^ lime, carbonate of magnesia,
celebrated for their medicinal virtaes,are situated oxide of iron, and, some of them a minute qoaa-
on the margin of >a vale, bordering the village on tity of siHca and alumina. t«arge quantities of
the^ east, and are a continuation of a chain of carbonic acid gas are also contained in tbe waters,
springs discovering themselves about 12 m. to the CjinfT ^ them a sparkling and lively appearance.
south, in the town of Ballston, and extending The CJongress, in particular, the moment it it
easterly, in the form of a crescent, to the Quaker dipped, contains nearly one half more than its
village. In the immediate vicinity are 10 or 12 bulk of gas; a quantity unprecedented in any na-
sprinffs, the principal of which are the Congress, tnral waters elsewhere discovered,
tne Hamilton, the High Rock, the Columbian, the The Congress Hall is situated within a few
Flat Rock, the Washington and the President rods of the Ck>ngress spring, to which a handsome
About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral walk, shaded with trees, baa been comstmeted for
springs which go by the name of the Ten Springs, the convenience of guests. The space in froai
The Congress Spring is owned by Doct. Jonn of the building is occupied by thfee apartmeals,
Clarke ; to whose liberality the public are much each of which is enclosed by a railing, tennina-
Indebted for the recent improvementi that have ting at the flront entrances of'^the piasay and cas^
uwd M ft flower {■nien. Tha cdiflek ii 900 feet
ID length, 2 1-S itoriM high, irith two winga ci-
te odiDsbftck, on* 60, and the other abmit 100
fret. The billiu-d roomi belonjring to the eitob-
liihment un conloiiwd in a bailding adjoining^ the
north wing. In Tront or the Hall U ■ ipaeioa*
piana, eilending the whole length of the build-
ing, 20 feet in width, with a canopj from the
imiDg tha oommand, th*
allied fbrcea wen ipeediljr overthrown .all the
continental domlnioiia of the kiiu of Banlinia
wi£ the French
terrilorj, and afterwanli nacoeUed oot ai
deparbnenti oTthe French empire. The ihanges
of 1814 reiosUted the king of Sardinia in allTiia
I alio a back piu
_ i| afibtding
Kance and ahade to their loitering giniti. The
.ongreri Hall can aceomodate nearly 800 rin-
lanti, and i> juatt; ranked among the moat ele
ganl eatibliihoienta in the nnion.
The United Sutei Hotel, with iU gardene and
out bailding*. occnpie* a ipacr in the centre of
the village of aboat Are acm. The main build-
ing ia compoaed of brick, ISS fret long and 34
wide.
Tha hotel if altiuted eqaatl; diatinl between
the Congreia and Flat Elock ipiinga, and com-
mand! ■ Tiew of the whole Tillage, and ftom lla
ronrlli alory a diatinct view it had of the aar-
routiding coantrj for a number of milea- Thii
eitabltah meet can accomodate nearl; 200 viaitanta,
and ia one of the largeat and moat aplendid edifi-
ce ■ in the United Stalua.
The Pavilion i> aitusled in a pleaaant part of
the TiUBge,i"»nediatelj in fVont of the Flat Roek
■pring. The bailding ia conalrtiGled of wood,
IXt^t in length, with a wing extending bank
fhim the centre of the main building, 80 feat. It
ii 2 1-2 Btoriea high, with the addition of an at-
tick atory, which, with the handaome portloo in
front, auataiaed bj delicate coIaonadM.renderail,
in beiulj and proportion, one of diefineit modeta
of architeetare.
Tliere are manj other Sne hotela it thi> place.
The town of Beaton Bpa in the neiphbonrhood
haa tlao aeveral ■pringa which are much vliited.
^rataga Lakt, a lake in the neighbonrhaod of
the above iprtnsi, 9 m. long and 3bn>ad. It af-
fbrda excellent &>K and game.
Sarbrtuk, a town of^Oermanj, oapitkl of a
coDCtj of ita name, with a bandaome palace, and
a munificent Lntheran church. It ia aeated on
the W. aide of the Sarre, 14 m. W. of Denz Ponta.
I.«ng. 7, 5, E.,lftt.49. 16. N.
SarluTg, a town of France, depaitment of
Meunhe, 40 m. E. by S. of Nancy.
3ar4am, ■ town of the Netherlandi, in N. HoL
land, where there are vait magaiinea of tim'^ir
far ■hipa and naval atorea, and a great Damber of
ahipwnghta. In thia town Peter the Great mid-
ed for aome time, and worked aa « ahipwnght.
It ia amtad on the Wye, 7 m. N. W. of Anutcr-
SanUnia, an inaular and continental kingdom
of Southern Europe, contaiiting, beaidea tha ial-
and of Sardinia, Piedmont, Savoy, the caunly of
Nice, the duchy of Moatferrat, part of that of
Hitan, and the territory of Oenoa. The govera-
nient ia monarchical, with few definite limita,
except the privitegea guranleed to particular
atatea. Popery ia the religion of the myal fkmily
and the lUte. The reigning family ia deicend^
iona bmame pro^aaively eilended by pnrchaK,
coDqueat, and don«tian. In the war of the
French Revolution, in 1799, the Baidinlana were
aided by Anatriao Iroopa and a Britiah aubaidy.
continental dominiona, except the duchy of Ba-
TOy ; aad in 1615 thla alao waa reatored, and the
Genoeae territory added to the kingdom.
Sirrfiaia,an ialaod in the Meditemoean.lGO m.
from N. to B. and 70 from E. to W., aeparated
fVom Cornea on the N. by the atrail of Bonifacio.
Thia ialand haa been neglmled by the govern-
ment ; for, eicliiaive of the mountaina, the chief
Eart of the country may be redded aa waate,
at when cultivated it ia fertile in com, wine, or-
augea, citrona, and olives. Here are minaa of
ailier, lead, aulphur, and alum, and qnantitiea of
cbeeae and aolt are made. There are manv pea-
lilenl manhea here. The frequent waatee abound
%lthwi]d dncka; but the cattle and ebeep aie
not nnmeroua. The Mouflon or Argali ia very
among the moonuini of thia iaiana
ral. Thia ialand haa ondergone
tiona : in 1708 it waa taken from the Spaniarda
by the Engliafa, and allolted to tha emperor of
Oernuny at the peace of Utrecht. The Span-
iarda recovered it in 1717, bnt were obliged to
abandon it two yeara after ; and, in IT20, it waa
ceded to (be duke of Savoy, aa an eqnivalant l<w
Sicily. In 1794 the iuhabitanta, rose againattbeir
Piedmonteaa rulers, and oanaed the viceroy and
other* to be aent out of the ialand ; bnt be waa at-
terwarda received, on the king pledging himrtlf
to aaaemble the Cortes every 10 yeara^ and ooo
firming all the ancient lawa and privileges of
the inhabitants. Tlie ialand eontinnea to M gov
erned aa a province of th« kingdom lo which it
Ssrdntu, p.v. Niagan Co. N. T. ; p.t Erie Co.
N. r. Fop. 1,114.
Sarteto, p.v. Dublin Co. N. C. fiO in. II. Wd-
Sartpta, aaeltlement of Horavlana, in the gov-
ernment of Saratov m Riuaia in Europe, (bunded
in 1765. e m. S. Tiuitiin.
SoTgaitt, a town of Switnrland, m the canton
of St. Gall, with a castl* on a rock. Near the
town are mineral aprings and a produetiv* iron
mine. It alanda on the aummit of a hill, near
the Rhine, 14 m N. of Coite and 47 B. E. of Zu-
rich.
Sbrgal, a aea-port of Algiera, in the provinoe
of Maacara, with ■ caatle. Near thia town An-
drew Doria waa defeated by Barbaroass. 9G m. 8.
6. W. of Algiers. Long. 9. IG. E.,lat. 36. 30. N.
5ari,a town of Peraia, inMsiandetkO, the rM-
idenc* of onsof tba Psraian ponces ; siliulciB •
BAR tea 8AU
vountrj aboundingrin rice, onuig«s, cotton, sugar, Stu van Qktni^ town and fortresf of Belgiimua
and liUc, 25 m. S. W. of Ferabad. Flandcn, lituate on the Canal from Ghent to the
Stark, a imall bland in the English Channel, river Scheldt, and fortified with slaices, by meaai
near the coast of France, and about two lea^rnes of which the country can be laid under water.
E. from the island of Guernsey, on which it is It was built by the inhabitants of Ghent, as &
dependant. bulwark to that city, but was taken in 1G64, by
Sark, a aiver of Scotland, which rises in the the Dutch, irom wnom the French look it in
central part of Dumfries^shire, and flows S. into 1747 and again in 1794. 10 m. N. of Ghent.
Solway Frith. Its mouth forms a good 4iarbour, Sojcram, a town of Hindoostan, in Bahai,
at the Tillage of Sarkfoot, E. by S. of Annan. seated at the foot of a mountain, near a lake, €4
SarUu, a town of France, department of Dor- m. 8. E. of Benares and 88 8. w. of Patna.
dogne, 27 m. 8. £. of Ferigueuz. Satkatekawan, a river of N. America, rising ia
I Sarnen, a town of Switzerland, capita] of the two large head streams on the E. side of the
canton of Underwalden, near a lake to which it Rocky mountains and flowing easterly into Lake
S'ves name. 9 m. 8. of Lucerne. Long. 8. 14. Winnipeg. It is 800 m. long.
., lat. 46. 52. N. Satsafras,^. village of Kent Co. Maryland on a
Sarno, a town of Naples, in Frincipato Citra, stream of the same name, falling into the Chesa-
seated near the source of a river of its name, 12 peak.
m. N. N. W. of Salerno, and 20 E. S. E. of Na- &iMar»,a city of the island of Sardinia, and aa
pies. archbishop's see, with a castle and a univeraitj.
Soros f a strong castle of Hungary, in a county Here is a fountain called Rossel, said to be more
' of the same name, seated on the Tariza, at the magnificent than the best at Rome ; and in the
foot of Mount Krapach, 5 m. N. N. W. of Epe- neighbourhood are mines of sold and silver. It
ries. is seated on the river Torres, 7 m. fit>na the »a.
Sarp, or Sarp^ a town of Norway, in the and 64 N. of Oristagni. Long. 8. 45. E., lat. 40.
province of Christiansand. Near it is a great 48. N.
cataract, the noise of which may be heard at the Sassuolo, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mode-
distance of 20 m. 10 m. W. S. W. of Frederick- na, with a castle, seated on the Secchia, 10 m. S.
stadt. W. ofModena.
Sarrealf a town of Spain, in Catalonia, near Sataliay or JhUaUa. a strong sea-port of Aua Ht-
which are quarries of alabaster, so transparent nor, in Caramania. It is divided into three toims.
that it is used for windows. It is seated on the and is so situate that from the harbour the streeti
Francoli, II m. N. Tarrarona. appear to rise behind each other like an ajnphitbe-
Sarsanaf a town of the Sardinian states, in Ge- atre. The country around is very fertile ; a^
noa, with a fortress; near it is a fort in the the citrons and oranges are extremely fine. The
mountains called Sarsanello. It stands on the riv- chief trade is in wool, cotton, goats* hair, agaric
er Magra, 5 m. from its mouth, and 45. £. S. E. tragacanth, opium, and bees* wax. It is seated
of Genoa. Long. 9. 58. £., lat. 44. 9. N. on a gulf of the Mediterranean, to which it gifei
SarsmUf a town, of Italy, in Romagna, on the name, 150 m. 8. W. of Cognl. Long. 31. 21. E.
river Savio, 21 m W. 8. W. of Rimini. lat. 37. 1. N.
Sort , a town of Asia Minor. It was the an- SaimUtet, p.v. Sufiblk Co. N. T.
cient Sardis, capital of Lydia ; and under the Ro- Satgon^, or SaUigon^, a village of Bengal, funs-
mans was a larf e city, but was almost destroyed erly an important citv, in which the Europe-
by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius. Here an traders in Bengal had their factories. It is
are many remains of massive buildings, a mosque seated on a creek of Hoogly River, 4 m. N. W.oT
(which was formerly a Christian church), ana a Hoogly.
large carvansera. The inhabitants are chiefly S&mangalamy h, town of Hindooetan, in the
iheperds, who feed their flocks in the adjacent province of Coimbetore, with a large stone ibft
plains. 35 m. E. N. E. of Smyrna. and a considerable temple. It has manuftctnns
SarUf a department of France, including part of cotton cloths, and a great trade to Seringapa-
of the ancient province of Maine, and containing tarn. In its vicinity the troops of Tippoo Snitu
an area of 2,400 square miles, with 410,000 inhab- maintained a severe conflict with the Brittdi. It
itants. The climate is mild and salubrious, and is 30 m. W. of Bhawanikudal and 75 S. S. E. <^
the soil in general fertile. The manufactures are Seringapatam.
hardware, woolens, paper, leather, &c. It takes Safnano, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, S
ita name from a river which flows by Mans to m. 8. of Squillace.
An^rs, where it joins the Mayenne. The capi- SaUarah, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in thp
tal IS Mans province of Visiapour, the residence of the Mah-
SoTTory a town and fortress of Hungary, at the ratta prince, who was restored by the British i&
confluxoftheGuntz with the Raad,40 m. 8. 8. 1818. It is situate near the source of the Kist
£. of Presburg. nah. 50 m. 8. of Poonah and 77 W. of Visiapour.
Ssncm, Old, a borough in Wiltshire, Eng. SaUea^ln, a town of Hindoostan, in the pro? -
which is now reduced to a single house, and ince of Coimbetore, with a fort of considerable
scarcely any thing remains to indicate its former size. It stands near the Cavery, which 3 m. be-
importance, except that it still sends two mem- low forms and island 9 m. in length, with noble
hers to parliament. 2 m. N. of New Sarum, or cataracts on each side. 36 m. 8. £. of Seringapa-
Salisbniy. tam.
Sarwn, an extensive district of Hindoostan, in Saiueda, a town of Mexico, in New Biscay, <»
the province of Bahar, and one of the most pros- a rivec of the same name, which joins the Kassas
perous in the British territories. It is situate on to form the Palmas. 100 m. N. N. W. of Duraa
the N. side of the Ganges, in lat. 26. N. go. Long. 106. 36. W., lat. 25. 18. N.
&noerdem, a town of France, department of Ssitcon, Vpper, a township in Lehigh Co. Pa.
Moselle, seated on the Sarre, 33 m. W. N. W of Samcon, linoer, a township in Northampton Cs
ilagvenau and 45 E. N. £. of Nancy. Pa
8A? 659 8AV
Situg^iitekt t river of Cbniieeticat,flowiDg S. in- em bank of the river of that name, 17 m. front the
to Long laland Sound near Fairfield. eea, with a ffood ship navigation for that distance.
Samgerties,p,i. Ulster Co. N. Y. on the Hadson, The site or Savannah is elevated and pleasant
49 m. S. Aloanj. Pop. 3,750. The streets are wide and regular, with spacious
Saugur fslandf an island of Hindoostan, well squares and many handsome edifices. It con-
known as a place of pilgrimage. The temple of tains 10 churches, a theatre, an exchange, a hos-
Kapila Muni, on the S. coast of Gunga Saugur. pital and .a public library. It is an unhealthy
is under the alternate charge of a Byragee and place in summer, yet enjoys considerable com-
Sunysee, who levy a tax of 4 annas on each per- merce. and is the great mart, for the cotton plan-
son visiting the temple, the amount of which is di- ters or the whole state. It is 118 m. S. W.
vided among 5 different establishments of Raman- Charleston: 123 S. £. Augusta: ICO E. S. £.
audi Byragees in the vicinity of Calcutta. In Milledgeville and 658 S. W. Washington. Lat.
1802. during the administration of the marquis 32. 8. N., long. 81. 10. W. Pop. 7,308.
Wellesley, the horrid practice of infanticide was Savanna la Mar, a town or Jamaica, in Corn-
abolished on this island. It is seated at the mouth wallis county, wiUi a good anchorage for large
of the Hoogly River, 100 m. from Calcutta. vessels. In 1780 great part of the town was des-
Satij^itf, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 7 m. N. S. Boston, troyed by a dreadful hurricane and inundation of
adjoinmg Lynn. Pop. 960. the sea ; but it has since been rebuilt. It is seat*
Saugtn^QX Savlgflu^ a town of Germany, in ed on the S. side of the island. Long. 7b. C. VV.,
Wurtemberg, 5 m. S. W. ofBuchau. lat. 18. 12. N.
SavUeu^ a town of France, department Cote d' Savatopoli. See Sehattopclis.
Or, noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Vau- 5aM, a river of the Austrian empire, which
ban. Here was anciently a college of the Druids ; has its source on the N. W. confines of Carniola,
and in a wood, where the^ performed their sacri- runs E. through that country, separates Scia*
fices, the ruins of a druidical temple are still visi- vonia from Croatia, Bosnia, and Servia and joins
ble. It is seated on an eminence, 38 m. W. of the Danube near fiielgrade.
Dijon and 46 S. £. of Auzerre. Savenay^ a town of France, department of Low*
Ssiimiir, a town, of France in the department er Loire, 18 m. N. W. of Nantes.
of Maine-et-Loire, with an ancient castle, and Savendroog^ a strong fortress of Hindoostan, in
manufactures of woolen, linen, and leather, and Mysore, situate on the top of a vast rock, rising
some trade in wine and brandy. Here is a fa- half a mile in perpendicular height, from a base
mous bridge over the Loire, consisting of 12 el- of above 8 m in circumference, and divided at
liptical arches, each 60 feet in diameter. 27 m. the summit by a chasm that forms it into two
S. £. of Angers and 38 W. S. W. of Tours. hills : these having each its particular defences,
Sounder' $ Idand^ one of the Society Islands, in serve as two citadels, capable of beinff maintained
the S. Pacific, called by the natives Tapooamanoo. independently of the lower works, which are also
It is about 6 m. long, and has in the centre a wonderfully strong. Notwithstanding thi^, it
mountain of consi<ferable height. Long. 150. was taken ny a the English, in 1791, after a siege
40. W., lat. 17. 30. S. of seven days. 85 m. N. E. of Seringapatam.
SauquMtf p.v. Oneida Co. N. Y. Savtrdun^ a town of France, department of Ar-
Sawryngwmr^ a town of Hindoostan, in the tiege, with a castle, seated on the Arrieg<», i5 m.
province of Malwa, 42 m. N. N. E. of Indore and 8. 8. E. of Toulouse.
43 N. £. of Ougein. Saverntf a town in the department of Lower
Ssttve, a town of Fhine, department of Gard,on Rhine, seated at the foot of Mount Vosges, in a
the Vidoure, 12 m. S. W. of Alais. country which produces plenty of wine, 20 m.
Sauvttar^^ a town in the department of Lower W. N. W. of Strasburg.
Pyrenees, with an old ruined castle, seated on Savigliano^ a town of the Sardinian states, in
the Gave d'Oleron 20 m. W. N. W. of Pau. Piedmont, with a rich Benedictine abbey. Here
Sauntterre^ a town in the department of Aveiron the French were repulsed in 1799 by the Aus-
15 m. S. W. Rodez. trians. It is seated in a fertile plain, on the river
SauvtUrrty a town in the department of Gironde, MaJra, 30 m. S. of Turin.
26 m. S. E. of Bordeaux. SavolaZy a district of the Russian empire, in the
Sava^ a town of Persia, in Irak, surrounded by province of Finland, 200 m. long and 100 broad,
walls of earth. The environs produce exquisite consisting mostly of woods, lakes, rivers, and
fruit, particularly pomegranates and almonds, and morasses, and abounding in elks and reindeers,
a considerable quantity of rice and cotton. 60 m. The inhabitants are thioly dispersed, and subsist
S. of Casbin and 110 E. of Amadan. Long. 52. by cultivating buck-wheat, breeding cattle, hunt-
15. E., lat. 34. 30. N. ing, fishing, and making wooden ware. Kuopia
Savage IsUf an island in the S. Pacific, about is the capital.
35 m. in circumference, discovered by Cook in Savona^ a strong town of the Sardinian states,
1774. It received this name from the rude and in the territory of Genoa, with a citadel on a
inhospitable behaviour of the inhabitants, who rock, and several fine churches. The Genoese,
were stout well made men, naked except round fearing that it would hurt their trade, ruined the
the waists ; some of them had their face, breast, harbour, and rendered it unfit for large vessels,
and thighs painted. Itisof aroundform,andcov- It was taken by the king of Sardinia in 1746.
ered with trees, shrubs, 6lc. Long. 109. 30. W., restored to the republic of Genoa in 1748, ana
lat. 19. 2. S. taken in 1795 by tne French, who surrendered
Savannah, a river of the United States, which to the Austrians in 1800, through fiunine. In
separates Georgia from S. Carolinia. It is navi- 1800 and 1801 it was the residence of the pope,
Saole for boats of 100 feet keel from Augusta to during his dispute with Bonaparte. By the con-
avannah, and thence for large vessels to its en- gress of Vienna it was ceded, with the whole Ge-
trance into the Atlantic Ocean, at Tybee Island, noese territory, to the king of Sardinia. It is
Savannah f city, in Chatham Co. Georgia, the seated on the Mediterranean, 24 m. W. 8. W of
largest city in the state, is situated on the west^ Genoa. Xiong. 8. 20. E., lat 44. 18. N.
gAX 600 BkX
SavamUrSf & town of Fnnee departoMnt of of ciidet wm finally •bolkhedy and tho
Indre-et^ Loire, new which are caTenu famous of Upper and Lower Saxony are now of use onlj
for their petriiaetioni. 8 m. S. W. of Toon. for tAe elucidation of history.
Savoy f a duchy of Eorope. heloofinff to the Saxaiuf, a modem kingdom of Eorooe, situated
kingdom of Sardinia, 86 m. loof and 67 broad ; towards the N. £. of Grermanr, and ooonded S.
bounded on the N. by the lake of GeneTa, which by Bohemia and N. hy the Prassian sUtes. It
separates it from Switaerland ; E. b^ the Alps, comprises an area of 7,188 sooaie m. with 1 fSSS^
which divide it from Vallaisand Piedmont; S. inhabitants; but, previously to 1614, it was of
by the latter and Frai^oe ; and W. by France, much greater extent, having been greatly redoeed
The air is cold on account of hif h mountains, by the congress of Vienna. No part of Europe,
which are almost always covered with snow; in the same latitude, enjoys a milder climatfe.
but the valleys are fertile in com and wine, and The mountainous districts m the S. contain ex-
many of the mountains abound with pastures tensive forests, which are kept up with ease, ■■
that feed a great number of cattle. The princi- the chief supply of fuel for the mines. In she
Sil rivers are the Isese, Arc, and Arve. The southem and mountainous parts of Saxony the
avoyards, from the nature <^ their countrv, axe valleys only are well cultivated ; but in the lerel
generally very poor; and great numbers ot them districts in the N., particularly the circles of
seek a hvelihooa in France, England, and other Meissen and Leipzig, tillage is general : the peo
countries, in quality of showmen, dbo. The ducts are wheat, barlev, oats, and other grain ;
French subdued this country in 1792, and made also some tobacco and bops. Hogs and sheep an
it a department of France, by the name of Mont Tory numerous, and the greatest care has been
Blanc, which was confirmed to them by the treaty bestowed on the Merino rams, first imported aboat
ofParisin 1814; but in 1815 it was restored to 1768. Few countries equal Saxony in minexal
Sardinia, with the exception of a small district riches, and in none has this department of natuil
(the commune of St Juluin) oeded to the Swiss historv been more folly described. The psincipal
canton of Greneva. Charaberry is the capital. are silver, iron, copper, lead, limestone, coal, w-
Ssooy, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 190 N. W. senicj cobalt, antimony, zinc, alnm, dtc Tbt
Boston. Pop. 938. principal rivers are the Elbe, the two EIsAers, the
SatUy an island in the Indian Ocean, to which two Muldas, and the Quiess. The manufictarts
the Dutch have a bind of exclusive trade, having are of considerable extent, and consist prineipaUj
entered into an agreement with the raishs that of linen, cotton, silk, and leather. Tlie machmerj
their subieots shall trade with no other snips. It is used, though inferior to the English, has of hie
26 m. in lemrth, and very fertile. Long. 122. 30. years been much improved. The position of Su-
fi., lat. 10. §5. S. ony is not ftvorable for commercial intercowia
SawpU^ p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. The export' consist of wool (which has long bsea
Sax, a town of Spain, in Murcia, near which is oonsidereo tne best in Germany), minerals, fines
an ancient citadel on the summit of a rock. It is jun, woolens, and lace. The imports are sOk
seated on the Elda, on the borders of Valencia, nax, cotton, coffee, sugar, wine, and, in cerCaii
25 m. W. N. W. of Alicant and 42 ^, M. £. ot seasons, com. A great majority of the ii
Murcia. tants are Lutherans, but the reigning famfly haw
Ssx,a town and district of Switaerland, in the been Catholics since 1697. if e institations Ibi
canton of St Gall, with a castle, 14 m. S. of Rhei- education are numerous and well condacted, aai
neck. the lower classes are generallv taught to read lad
Sazenburg, a town of the Austrian states, in writs. In no country of equal extent is the naiB'
Carinthia^ near which are three forts and a stronir her of printing and book establishments so greet
Mss. It IS situate on the Drove, 38 m. W. or Of the imiversities, Halle now belongs to Pmsn,
Clagenfurt. Long. 13. 12. E., lat. 46. 44. N. but Leipzig remains to Saxony^and retains aHiti
SoxifiKJidAaiii, a town of Suffolk, Eng. seated on former reputation,
a hill, 20 m. N. £. of Ipswich and 89 of London. Saxony was for many centuries an electoiate,
Saxony, in its comprehensive sense, denotes a but in consequence of the occupancy cf PmsHi
vast tract of country in the N. of Germany, ex- by Bonaparte, in 1806, it was formed into a kiag-
tending from tho Weser on the W. to the frontier dom. This change of title was not, liowevcr
of Poland on the E. ; but in consequence of the accompanied by any extension of prert]^tive,tk
territorial changes to which it has been sub- sovereign continuing to share the legisIatiTe ftsc
iect, the name has been used with great latitude tions with the states, and imposing no tax with-
of signification. The division of Ckrmany into out their concurrence. The states are divided
cireles took plaoe towards the close of the 15th into two houses, via. the prelates and noble m
century, ana the large tract of country known one, and the country gentry and deputies of tks
vaguely by the name of Saxony was formed in- towns in the other. The higher offioes of ad-
to three cireles, Westphalia, Upper Saxony, and ministration are entrasted to a cabinet council, i
Lower Saxony. Upper Saxony comprised the board of finance, a military board, a high cesit
electoretes of Saxony and mandenoarff, the of appeal fer judicial questions, and an upper osa-
dnch^ of Pomerania, wd a number of ^afl prin- aistoiy for ecclesiastical. The country is divkM
eipalities, forming an extent of about 43,000 sq. into the cireles of Meissen, Leipzig, Eruebiig ,
m. with nearly 4^)00,000 of inhahitanU. It was and Vogtland, with part of Mersebur|^» andUpper
bounded E. b^ Poland, Silesia, and Lusatia, and Lusatia. Each cireie has a court ofjjnstioe, sad
8.- by Bohemia and Franoonia. Lower Saxony offices for the transaction of provincial b '
was hounded N. by the duchy of Sleswick and and the peasantry are here in the enjoyment ef
the Baltic, and W. by Westphalia and the Rhine, complete personal freedom. The king, as a mem-
It oomprised the eleelorate of Hanover, the duoh- ber of the Germanic confederation, has the femfk
iea of Brunswick Mecklenburg, and Holstein, rank in the smaller, and four votes at the larger
lihe firee towns of Hamburgh, Bremen, and La- assembly. The army amounts to 12^)00 mea;
beck, with a number of small states, forming an Uie revenue exceeds iDl,000,000 sterling: and tbt
extent of 26,000 sq. m. In 1806 the distinetion national debt is £3,700,000.
SAX «61 8CA
The Saxons are fini meattoned in hiatorj *by Bat these aoquisitlenB, disproportioned to the in-
Ptolemy, who describes them about the year Iw herent strength of Saxony, led, as formerly, to
aa a rude tribe, inhabiting Holstein and nart of disastrons results. The Russians re-occupied
Jutland'. Soon after they appear to have aavaneed Poland in the beginning of 1813, and, joined by
to the S. and W., acquiring an extension of ter- the Prussians, made Saxony the scene of the
ritory. In the 5Ui century, on the migration of gfeat continental struggle against Bonaparte,
a part of the Franks into Gaul, the Saxons ac- The battles of Lutsen and Bautien, the attacks
quired a farther extension of territory, vix. the on Dresden, and the decisiTe engagements at
country now forming the grand duchy of Olden- Leipzig, were followed by the retreat of Bonaparte
burg, with part of Hanover and Prussian West* to the Rhine; and his too faithful ally, the king of
phalia. Wnen the Britons were forsaken by their Saxony, was deprived of the government of his
Roman defendera, they applied and obtained as- territories. Bv tne decision of the congress of Vi
sistance firom the Saxons, against the Soots and enna the northern and eastern part, containing no
Picts. Afler maintaining, during many years a fewer than 850,000 inhabitants, wa$ separated from
firm resistance to the arms of Cnarlemagne, the the kingdom, and transferred to Prussia. The king
Saxons were at last obliged to submit to nis con- of Saxony protested against this dismemberment,
ditions, which involved the payment of an annual, but, dreadiujg insurrection and bloodshed, he at
tribute and their converaion to Christianity. The length acquiesced. Dresden is the capital,
title of duke of Saxon jl was conferred on Witti- Saxony, a provine of the Prussian states, corn-
kind, their chief, whose family, af\er ruling some prising almost the whole of the cessions made by
time, was succeeded by that of Billung, and af- the king of Saxonv at the connress of Vienna, and
terwards by a branch of that of Goelf, which the principalities lying to the N. of the duchy of
ruled in Bavaria. The electoral dignity was sub- Anhalt, and to the W. of the riven Elbe and Ua-
sequently conferred on the Wittemburg line of vel. It contains an area of 9,830 square
the house of Asoania, and, on its extinction, on miles, with more than 1,000,000 of inhabitants,
the margraves of Meissen, with the title of elector, and is divided into the governments of Magde-
The first elector, sumamed Frederick the War* burg, Merseburg, and Erfurt The surface is in
like, began his reign in 1422; he was the founder general level, but the soil varies greatly, being
of the university of Leipzig. in some places dry and sandy, and in othera a
The next memorable event in the history of heavy loam. The principal productions are com,
Saxony was the reformation, in the beginning of hemp, flax, and chicory. The inhabitants, except
establishment of his- doctrines. His successor Saxton^s River, tL river in tiie state of Vermont,
John Frederick, Styled * the magnanimous,' being which joins the Connecticut at Westminster,
defeated by Charles v., was stnpped of his states Sm^rookj p.t. Middlesex Co. Conn, at the
and dignity, which the emperer conferred on mouth of Connecticut River. It is one of the
Maurice, margrave of Meissen, the cousin of the oldest towns in the state and was settled in 1639
elector, and the ancestor of the present house of by Lord Brooks. It is 34 m. E. New Haven.
Saxony. Maorice, putting himself at the head 45 S. E. Hartford. Pop. 4,980.
of the Protestant interest, proved a full match for Sayeock, one of the islands of Japan, divided
the artful Charles, who in 1552 had almost fallen from Niphon by a narrow channel. The Dutch
into his hands, and was compelled to sign the eon- Ikcton are premitted to reside in the little island
vention of Passau, since considered the bulwark of Disnia, which is on the W. side of this. Long,
of tbe religious fi»edora of Germany. The Saxons 1 32. 28. E. , lat. 34. 0. N.
took an aotive part in the thirty years* war, which Sayn^ a town and castle of the Prussian states,
terminated m the petee of Westphalia in 1648. «tn the duchy of Nassau, which gives name to a
In 1(397 the temptation of the crown of Poland, small county. 6 m. N. of Cobfentx and 50 N.
vacant by the death of Sobieski, induced the W. of Frankfort.
reigning eleetor, Augustus I., to profess himself Sajfpaii,the pleasantest and most fertile of the
a Catholic, a change which, however, did not Ladrene islanas, 40 miles in eireuit, with a sale
prosper. The Swedes under Charles XII. not port called Cantanhitda on the W. side. Long,
only canquered Poland, but invaded Saxony, 146. 10. E., lat. 15. 29. N.
bringing great distress upon the country until Seagen, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland,
1708, when relief was obtained bj the mareh of on a promontory of the same name, at the en-
Charles into Russia, and its disotrous issue ; trance of the passage from the ocean into the
after which the crown of Poland was resumed by Categat. Long. 10. 0. E., lal. 57. 38. N.
Augustus. SaUanaoaf a sea-port of Asia Minor, near the
In the war of 1740, between Prussia and Aus- rite of the ancient Ephesus, with a castle. The
tria, Saxony remained neutral. In that of 1756 trade consists chieflv in wine, raisins, com, and
the eleetor was temnted to take a part by the leather. 40 m. S. S. £. of Smyrna. Long. 27.
flattering promises or Austria; but, instead of an 31. E., lat. 37. 54. N.
accession of territory , his dominions were ravaged, Sco/ea, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citn,
and many of his subjects ruined in this dreadful formerly a large city, but now greatly decayed,
contest. In the war against France no decided It is seated on the W. coast, 25 m. S. E. of PoU
part was taken by Saxony until 1806, when the castro. Long. 15. 54. E.,lat. 40. 0. N.
elector sent all his troops to the field, in anpport Seanderwm, See jiltxandreUa.
of the king of Prussia, whose subsequent over- Scania. See Sclumen.
throw enabled Bonaparte to attach the Saxons to Scarborough^ a sea-port and borougn in York-
hia cause. The title of elector was changed to shire, Eng. It is seated on the d^livity oi a
that of king. Prussian Poland was afterwards high rock, which has such scraggy sides that it
added to the Saxon dominions, and in 18i>9 was is almost inaccessible. On the top of this rock is .
riy doabM by «MiiiHit obtainbd fSrom Aoatria .* Iar<vc ereett plain, with a little well uf fresh wii-
3K
8CH eO 8CH
er, KAd the remains of a ea«Ue, built bj Henry tween two moontaini, 91 m. W. of the Ca^iao
II. ThiB town if greatlj frequented on account Sea, and 250 N. E. of TVnria. Long. 51. 5. K ,
of its mineral waters, and also for sea-bathinff. lat. 40 50. N.
Here is an elegant iron bridge over the wide Sekarding, a town of Bayaria, with a Ibrtified
chasm through which the stream called the Mill- castle, seated on the Inn, 7 m. 8. of Paasaa.
beck flows, and connecting two loftjr disseTCred AeAomitz, a fortified town of CSermany, in T/-
eliiis. The harbour is one of the best in the king- rol, which defends a pass orer the mountains ai
dom, with a commodious quay, seyeral ship-yaros. considerable importance. It surrendered to the
and a strong battery. 40 m. N. E. of York ana French and BaTarians in 1806. It stands on the
21b A. of I^ndon. Long. 0. 10. W., lat. 54. 18. confines of Bavaria, 12 m. N.of Inepruc.
N. Sekamernkmrg. a principality of Germany, in
Searbcrtnurkf a town and fort on the 8. E. side Westphalia. It is mountainous and woody, but
of the island of Tobago. It was taken by the contains much fertile land, quarries of limestoae
English in 1793. Long. 00. 30. W., lat. 11. 6. and freestone, and mines of alum, coal, copper,
N. and iron. The line of its ancient counts was ex-
Searhorvu^hf p.y. Cumberland Co. Me. 11m. tinct in 1640, and in 1647 it became the nropertj
W. Portland. of the land(^Te of Hesse-Caasel, of whom the
Sear dona f a town of Austrian Dalmatia, and a count of Lippe holds a part as a fiefl Rintel ii
bishop's see ; seated on the ChercaJB m. N. of the capital.
Scbenioo. Long. 17. 1. E., lat. 44. 29. N. Sdumenstan, a town of Bavaria, in the prinei-
SearlinOf a town of Tuscany, with a castle, seat- pality of Bayreuth, 18 m. N. E. at Cnlmbaca
ed on the sea coast, 7 m. 8. of Maasa. Sekammbergf a town and castle of C^cmanj,
ScarpantOf an island in the Mediterranean, 18 which gives name to a lordship in the doeby of
m. long and 6 broad, lying 8. W. of Rhodes. It Nassau, 25 m. W. 8. W. of Wetslar.
is mountainous and rocky, abounds in cattle and Schur, a town and castle of Wurtembez|r, cu^
game, and has quarries of marble. The princi- ital of a lordship of its name; aeated on the
KI town on the W. coast has a good harbour. Danube, 36 m. 8. W. of Ulm. Lonir. 9. 21. £.,
»ng. 27. 40. E., lat 35. 45. N. Ut. 48. 5. N. -i» r
Searpef a river of France, which rises near Scheibenhergj a town of Saxony, near wfaieh aie
Aubigny , in the department of Pas de Calais, mines of silver and iron. 22 m. 8. of Chemnitz,
passes by Arras, Douay, and 8t Amand, and en* Scheldt, a river which rises in France, in the
ters the Scheldt atMortagne.« department of Aiane, naases by Cambray. Boa-
^orperio. a town of Tvucany , celebrated for its chain, Valenciennes, Conde, Toumay, OnoeaaH,
sleel manufactures, seated at the foot of the Ap- Ghent, Dendermond, Antwerp, and Fort Lilk,
ennines, 13 m. N. of Florence. below which it divides into two branches. Oac
SeaurOf the capital of the Island of Santorin, of these called the Eastern Scheldt, flow* by Ber-
and the see of a Latin bishop. It stands on a lofty gen op-Zoom ; the other, the Weetem SeheML
volcanic rock, which projects into the roadsteaa, proceeds to Flushing, and both foiming aevrni
on the W. coast of the island. Long. 25. 26. £., islands enter the German Ocean.
lat. 16.28. N. ScheUHai, or Sekleitiatf a fbrtified town of
Sehafhausen, a canton of Switzerland, 15 m- France, department of Lower Rhine, on the riicr
long and 10 broad with 32,000 inhabitants. The re- Ille, 20 m. 8. W. of Strasburg.
formation was introduced here in 1529 and the re- Schella, a town of Hungazj, aeated on th»
ligion is Calvinism. The principal article of trade Waag, 25 m. N. E. of Presbnrg.
is wine, and the mannfacturea are inconsider- SdeUsn^erf, a town of Sajrony, fiequently call-
able, ed Angustuwurg, firom a castle of that naae
Seht^fhrnuen, a town of Switaerland, capital of standing on the mountain of Schellenbeiy, dote
the above canton, is seated on the Rhine, and by the town. It is seated on theZsohopa, 8 b. £.
owes its origin to the interruption of the naviga- of Chemnits.
tion of that river by the cataract at Lauffen ; huts SckdU/nburg, a town of Bavaria, where a vkt»>
being at first constructed for the conveniencv of rv was obtained by the allies, over the French a^
unloading the merchandise from the boats, which Bavarians, in 1704. 12 m. W. of Nenbnr^.
by degrees increased to a lar^ town. Though a SehdUng\ an island i^ the Netherlands, 12 m
frontier town, it has no ffamson, and the forttfi. long and S broad, lying at the entimnoe ^ \ht
cations are weak. The Rhine, which is here near- Zuyder Zee. It was taken by the British in 1799
ly 400 feet wide, is crossed by a kind of hanging Long. 5. 0. E., lat. 53. 20. N.
bridge ; the road not passing over the arch, but SdkeUsbvrg, p.v. Bedford Co. Pa.
being suspended firom it, and almost level. It ScAsmmlz, a town of Hungary, one of the sera
was burnt bv the French, when they evacuated mountain-towns, with three castke. It is &-
the town, after being defeated by the Austrians, mous for mines of silver and other metals ; si
in 1799 ; but has since been rebuilt, nearly in the also for its hot baths. Near it is a hi^ toek of
same state as before. 22 m. N. by E. of Zurich shining blue stone, mixed with green and some
and 39 E. of Basel. Long. 3. 41. E., lat. 47. 39. spoU of yellow. 80 m. E. N. £. of Preabwr
N. Lonff. 18. 56. E., lat. 48. 30. N.
SealkoUf a town of Iceland, and a bishop's see, SMnck, a fortress of the Netherlands, in OneM-
with a college. Long. 22. 20. W., lat. 64. 40. N. erland, seated in the angle where the Rhine di-
dekaghticMtef p.t. lUnsselaer Co. N. T. on the vides into two branches, Uie Rhine and Wafaal. It
Hudson, 11 m. above Troy. Pop. 3,002. is now in ruins. 13 m. E. of Nimgnen.
SehamaekUfti town of Persia, capital of Sshir- Scluiuetady, a county of NewYork boideri^ff
van. It was fi>rmerly very large, but is now de- on the Moliawk. Pop. 12,^. Schenectady ■
eayed, above 6,000 houses having been thrown the capital.
down by an earthquake. It has manufactures SeheneUady, dty, capital of the above ooont?,
of silks and cottons, and is supplied with most stands on the Mohawk, 15 m. N. W. Albany, aaj
ftusaian commoditiet. It stanos in a valley, be- was.formerly a flourishing pboe, bat tha opouag
BOB I
^tlta grtal Erie Cuul hu diverted the tnde in
uioUiar direction. Here U a bridge acrou the
Mohawk. Union Collere al thii place waa fbuDtt-
ed in 17%. It baa ill iiutnicloTa aud SOa atu-
deata. The libreriei hare 13,600 toIhhmb. It
baa 3 racationa in April, Jalj and Decem-
iMr of 13 weeki. Comnwneeiiwnt ii to July.
The BpM wheta thii town atandi waa on t£e
head qiurlera of the Mohawk tribe of Indiana,
Scheneclady wu aettkd et an earl/ period, and
in 1600 a bod/ of French and Indiana from Cana-
da eaptnrsd and burnt Ibe town, and alanghtered
_ itoTthe inhabitanta. The Mohawk and Hud-
■on tUilmd ia deai^ned (o eitend from tbia
place to Albany, it waa began in 1830. Pop. of
Scbeoactad/, 4X8
Sckaung, a town oTSweden, in E. Gothland,
•eated in a fertil* oountrj, 10 m. S. E. of Waa-
. , a town of Oeminj, in the doeh/
of Bntnawick, near which ia a Lnlheraii eooTent,
..J . _i. _:_. la n,, E. of Wolfcnbottel.
as 8CH
lieea. Here are xaat qnantitiea of wild fowl*,
particularly pbeaaanta ; alto harea in abandanoe.
Schamachia ii Lhe capital,
SehlaciaitBctd, a town of Bohemia, with a food
Un mine & m. 8, of Carlabad.
%U«A«MMrtA, a town of Bohemia, with a
&ae caatte, aealed on the WeiaaeriU, 7 m. N. N. E.
of Carlabad.
ScMaden, a town of Hanorer in the proTinea
of Hildraheim, 38 m. E. 8. E, of Hildeaheim.
ScAUm, a town of Baheiniai in the circle of
Rakonita, with a caatie. It la anrToanded Jij
walla and Tinejarda, and if 16 m. N. E. oTRa-
ScUmea, a town of the Praoaian Btalea in the
princioalitj of Ologau, 18 m. N. of Glogaa.
SqUu«, a lawn of rruaaian Pomeraiua, on the
riTcr Wipper, 10 m, W. 8, W. of Stolpe.
SeUeiuiiigtm, ^ town and caatla of 8uatiji, in
the coant* of Heimebarg; aeatedon the Bc&leoa,
IS m. S. E. of Snalkald and 19 N. N. E. of
Bchwainfiut
ScUiti, a town of Gemwnf , in the ptinoipalitj
of Fulda, on a email rirer that mna into the Fol-
da,7m, N, N. W,ofFDldL
SMitt, a. town of Germonr, in Voigtland, with
■ caatte, 13 m. N, W,Df Planan,
SeUtunitmrg, a town and fortreaa of Rnaaia,
ailoate on the .Neva, near Lake Ladoga, The
Cirtreaa itanda on on ialand in the rirer, and haa
lentljr been uaed aa a atale priaon. 34 m. E.
eteraba^h. Long. 39. 66. E. , lat. 6S. 5S.
ackmaOuUdai. See amalialdem.
SckwiMlaitarg, * tovb of Weatphalia, On th«
river Lenne, A m. £. of Altendotn.
Sdimied^irg, a town of Pnuaian Sileaia, in the
principalil/ of Janer. The vicinit/ abonnda in
freqoentljr bi
of Peterabai
It
1- N, E.
SdiUdam, a town i
noted for Ita namerona diatilleriea of gin (Hul-
landa). It ia aeated on a canal, called the Schie,
which oommanicatei with the Heuae, 6 m. W.
bj B. of Rotterdam.
SckitrUng, a Tillage of Bavaria, noted aa the
■cene of an obatiDale eonaiet, in iao9, between
Bonaparte and the archdnka Cborlra, generall/
calledtbabaltleefAbeiiaberg.il m.S.ofRaiia-
SeJtinMtin, a town of Pniaaian Pomeiania,
with a eaatle; aeated on the Rega, 17 m, N. of
Drambnrg.
StiiUaA^ town of German/ in the kingdom of
Wnrtemberg, on the river Bchiltaoh, 14 m. N. N.
W. of Rotbweil.
ScloHla, a town of Hongarr, on the river
Woag, SB m, £. of Preabnrg,
SMiOBtatk, a town of Switicrland, in the can-
ton of Aargan. Here are aome tepid mineral wa-
tera; and near It, on a loflj eminence, are the
min* of the funona coatle of Hapaburg. It ia
aealed on the Aar, 10 m. W. of Baden and 90, 8.
E. ofBaael.
Sdara*. SeeSUru.
jUUresM, a provinoe of Peraia, IGO m. long
and BO broad , bounded on Ibe N..b/ Dagbeataa,
E. and, 8. E. b/ the Catpian Sea, S. W, bv Ert-
van and W. b/ Georgia, The ooil i* verv ftrtUe,
prodooingabnndaDoe of rice, wbe^ ana hsrle/ ;
and the paalaiea feed nnnMrona eattk. Vinea are
planted along the hedgaa, and &atened to the
Bcbwi
•, and almoetall theinhobitonlai
■ aeated al the foot of a mo
of the Baaber, S6 m.
k W. of
Sekniitdtlnirg, a town of Pmaaian Saxon/, 14
m, 8, of Dreaden.
Sclimeliai, a town of tOennan/, in the princi-
Slit/ of Altenborg, on the river 8protla, 7 m. 8.
. of Allenbnrg.
"■-'---* •-- ^
and in the neigbboarhood are nlnr minea. It
ia sitaate on on emineiue near the Hnlda, 9 m.
8. 8. E. of Zwiokan.
SekadacA, p,t. Renaeelaer Co. N. Y. on the £.
bank of the Hodaon, 9 m.'below Alban/. Pop.
3,796.
&loiarM,aooDnl/ofNewYaTk. Pop. 37^10.
Bchohaiia ia the capital.
ScIicAmtU, p.t. the capital of tbe above oonnt/,
"" m. W. Albon/, on a etream of the aa
Sthanitck, a town and caatie of Pruaeian Saxo-
ny, in the ducb/ of Mudaborg, with aonie aalt-
workai aeated on the i3be, 9 m. 8. 8. E. oTMaf
Sckfiuti, a town of Soion/, in Voigtlond, U
ni. S. £. of Planes.
Sckontckm, a town of German/, in the letrito-
SofTrevea, aealed on the N/ma, SS m. N. bj
. of Ttevea.
aiAeiun, or Smkk, a province of Sweden, in
Gothland, olmoat aairannded by the 8oand and
tbe Baltic. It ii 70 m, long and 60 htoed, to*
SCH 9H 9Ca
the moet level, pleaeant, and fertile epot in the Anstriani in 1800. It is leated on the Afcr, 95
kin({dom, prodneing^ all the neoeaeariei of life in m. S. W. of Lints.
abundance. Lund la the capital. SckwartMkmrgf an ancient castle of Gtrmmy,
SehcngaUf a town of BaTariajSurronnded by a which gives name to a district beIon£iii|P to tne
plain wall and some towers. The ffieat square house of Sazonj. The district ie £vi3ed into
IS adorned with three fountains of a kind of mar- two parts, the upper and lower, each hearing the
ble, the product of the country. It stands on the name of county. Rudolstadt and Sondershansen
side of an eminence, by the river Lech, 14 m. 8. are the chief towns. The eastle is seated on the
of Lansbnrg and 40 S. W. of Munich. Schwartx, 7 m. & W. of RudcOstadt
ScftenAcesn, a town of the Netherlands^ in S. 5cAi0arfs«ii6«rg, a town of Bavarian Franeeoia,
Holland, with a commodious haven. It is cele- in a princinality of the same name, with a eastle,
brated for its gardens and its salmon fishery , and seated on the Leo, 34 m. E. S. £. of Wiirtri»iti]^.
is seated on the Leek, 14 m. £. by N. of Rot- Sckwartxenhergf a town of Saxony, with wise
terdam. and lace manufactures. In the vicinity axe inn
8ekooley*» Monntam^ an eminence in Morris Co. forges, and mines of tin and lead. It is 10 ni.
N. J. much visited in summer for its a^rreeable W. 8. W. of Annaberg.
scenery and the mineral springs in its neighbour- SekwartMenburg^ a town of Switzerland, coital
hood. of a bailiwic, in the canton of Bern. 10 m. 8. £.
Schamdorff a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- of Friburg, and 17 S. S. W. of Bern,
berg, with a strong castle, and productive salt Sekwati, a town of Austria, in Tyrol, with a sil
rarinj^s. It is seatM on the^Rems, 17 m. 8. 8. ver and copper mine ; seated on the river Inn, 14
E. ofStutgard. m. N. £. of Inspruc.
Sehtmien Itland, an island in the Pacific Ocean, Sehwedt, a town of Prussia, in Bnndenbarr,
near the N. E. coast of New Guinea, 60 m. long with a magaificient castle, seated on the Oder, 94
and 20 broad , discovered by William Schouten, m. 8. £. of Prensio.
a Dutchman, in 1616. Long. 136. 50. £., lat. 0. SektoeidmtXf a strong city of Prussia, in the gov-
40. S. emment of Reichenbaeh, capital of a prmcipani^
Sehtnoenf an bluid of the Netherlands, forming of the same name, with a castle. Half or tlie
the N. part of Zealand, at the mouth of the magistrates are Catholics, but most of the inhaln*
Scheldt. It is 15 m. long and 6 broad. Zirictee tants are Protestants, who have a ehorch witfaont
is the capital. the town, as also a public school. All kinds of
SekraUmthdlj a town and castle of Austria, 9 leather, particularly cordovan, are mann&etared
m. 8. 8. W. of Znaim. here. In 1716 the greatest part of this city was
Sehrobenhauseuy a town of Bavaria, on the riv* burnt down, but it was rebuilt in an elegant man-
er Par, 16 m. 8. 8. W. of IngolsUdt. ner. The Anstrians took it, in 1757, froas the
Schutj an island of Hungary, formed by the Prussians, who retook it the next year. In
Danube, immediately below Presbur^. It is 40 1807 it surrendered to the French. It in sealed
m. long and 13 broad, abounds in fruit and her^ on an eminence on the river Weistrits, SS m. S.
bage, and has plentv of game, wood, and fish. W. of Breslau. Long. 16. 3S. £., lat. 50. 44. N.
Tiw chief town is CJomom. Sekweit^urtf a town of Bavarian Franconia, with
SekuyleTf Fort, Old and New, both in the state a paUee. The inhabitants carry on a lai^ trade
of New York, on Mohawk River ; the Old 4 m. in wine, woollen and linen doth, gooee qntUs, aad
below, and the New 7 above Whiiesiown. The feathers. This town was taken by the Freneh in
latter is more usually called Fort Stsnwiz. 1796, and was given to Bavaria in 1802. It ii
SehuyUTf a lake in Otsego Co. N. T. 5 m. in seated on the Maine, 21 m. N. £• of Wnrtxheif.
length and 1 in breadth. Long. 10. 35. £., lat. 50. 6. N.
Siku^eTf p.t. Herkimer Co. N. T. oi^ ^^e Mo- &At0euit<z, a town of Saxony, en the river He-
hawk, 84 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2,074 ter, 14 m. 8. £. of Wittenberg.
SekuyUrnilU, p. v. Saratoga Co. N. If. I m. Sektoeinsbergt a town of C^rraany, in Kan*
N. Albany. Cassel, on the river Ohm, 7 m. 8. £. of Maihorg.
Seku^bU, aeountr of the E. District ol Tenn* Sekwekt, a canton of Switserland, bounded on
sylvama. Pop. 20,783. Orwigsburg is the capi- the W. by the Waldstadter See, 8. by the canloa
tal. of Uri, £. by that of Glaraa, and N. bv those of
Sekut^kiUf a river of Pennsylvania, which rises Zurich and Zug. This canton, with that of Uri
N. TV. of the Kittatinny mountains, and is navi- and Underwaloen, threw off the yoke of Austria
fable from above Reading^ to its entrance into the in J 306, and formed a perpetual alliance in 1S15,
Delaware, 5 m. below Philadelphia. which was thejprand fonndatnn of the Helvetic
Schitabaeh , a town of Bavaria, in the principal- 'xmfederacy. The name of Schweitaerland, 8wis-
Ity of Anspaeb, with numerous manufactures, serland, or Switzerland, originidly comprehended
It stands on a river of tlie same name, which only these three cantons, but was allerwards ez-
flows into the Rednitz, 12 iii. E. by N. of Anspach. tended to all Helvetia. The whole country, behig
Sehwatbaehy a town of Germany, in the dnchy rugged and mountainous, consists chiefly of p^
of Nassau, frequented for its mineral waters ; ture, raises little com, snd has no wine ; but this
seated on the river Aa, 32 m. W. of Frankfort. soil, naturally barren, has been improved by the
Schfoaimthurgf a town of Westphalia, in the natives to a great degree of fbrtility. The iahai^
county of Lippe, 18 m. N. E. of Paderborn. itants made a spirited but nnavailing reeistanoe
Sekwan, a town of Germany, in the duchy of to the French in 1796, and they suffisred sevnely
Mecklenburg, on the river Warnow, 10 m. 2f. of in 1799, when Switaerland became the seene ot
Onstrow. military operations. The Roman Catholic is the
Sehwtmdotf, a town of Bavaria, in the princi* established religion,
pality of Neuburg, on the river Nab, 21 m. N. of Sckwekz^ Uie capital of the alxyve eanfesn, n
Ratisbon. seated near the Waldstadter See, on the slope id
Siihwanenstadi, a town of Austria, near which a hill, at the bottom of two high and ragged
the Frerch gained a decisive victory over the rocks, called the Schweitaer Haken. Tbs einBdi
8G1 665 BCk
it a lvg« magiiUfeeiit bnildiiiff. 18 m. E. bj ScSiv, a group of bias or ■hoab. in the S. Pa-
8 of Lncem. JLong. 8. 81. £.,Tai. 46. 56. N. eifie, disooTered bj captain WalUs in 1767, and
SekwfiiXf Laif pf. See IfaldHMdter 8m. deicribed as extremely dangeroui. Long. 165
Sekwtlm. a town of PruMuan Weatpbalia, in the 30. W., laL 16. 90. 8.
eounty of Mark, near which are kome medicuMl Seio, anciently called Chioa. an island of the
springs. 26 m. £. of Dnsseldorf. Arehijpelago. near the coast of Natolia, 36 m. long
Sefismn, a town of Qeroian?, capital of the and 13 brMui. It is a noontainons country ; but
grand doehy of Mecklenbnrg-8cnwenn. It is di* firoita of yarioos kinds grow in the fields, such as
vided into four parts ; namely, 8ohwerin, the New oranges, citrons, olives, mulberries, and pomegra-
Town, the island of Schelf, and the Moor, which nates, interspersed with myrtles and jasmines,
are all nearly encircled by a bsautiiul lake. The The wine of Scio, so celebrated by the ancients,
principal church is a fine Gothic pile, with a lofty is still in great esteem ; but the island is now
spire. The ducal palace and gardens are on an principall? distinguished by the profit^ile culture
island in the lake, and have a communication with of masticn : it has also some trade in silk, cotton,
the town by a drawbridge. This town was taken and fi|[s. Besides the town of the same name, it
b^ the Prussians in 1759, and in 1806 it was occu- oontams 68 Tillues, all inhabited by Greeks;
pied by the French. It is 35 m. W. 8. W. of and those which furnish mastich are the most rich
Gustrow. Long. 11. 33. £., lat. 53. 56. N. and populous. In 1823 this island became the
Sekwert0, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in the scene of unparalleled barbarity, in consequence of
county of Mark, on the river Roer, 7 m. 8. of the Greek population havinff joined their eonn*
Dortmund. trymen in their struggle for nbertT. The Turks
Sekto€tx, a town and castle of Prussia, on the haded several thousand men, ana massacred all
Vistula^ 7 m. N. of Culm. the men, and the male children above 12 yean of
SekwttkmsMnj a town of Prussia, in the princi- age ; the women and youns children were sent
palitv of Glogau. It has a castle, a Catholic par* into captivity, and the mafe children were cir-
ish cnureh, a Protestant churoh, sood cloth menu* cumcised in token of oonveraion to Mahomedism.
ftctures. and fertile gardens and vineyards. 13 From the 11th of April to the 10th of May the
m. N. of ZuUichau. Long. 15.47. E.lat. 52. 21. N. number of slain amounted to 25,000, and that of
5e4f0tii^icr^,atownofDenmark.onthe8. coast captives to 30,000. 8cio is still held by the
of the island of Funen, with the best harbour in Turks.
the island, and manuftctures of woolen and linen. Sete, the capital of the above island, and a bish-
28. m. 8. 8. E. of Odensee. Long. 10. 30. E., lat. op*s see. It is the best built town in the Arehi-
K. 10. N. pelago ; the houses beinff commodious, some of
Seiati, an island of the Grecian Arohipelsgo, 14 them terraced, and otnen covered with tilee.
m. N. N. E. of Negropont, and almost at tm en- The castle, an old citadel built by the Genoese, is
trance of the gulf of salonichi. It is 10 m. long now in ruins. The harbour is a readesvous for
and 4 broad. Xong. 23. 40. £., lat. 39. 24. N. ships that go to, or come from Constantinople : it
SdmeevUUf p.v. Greene Co. N. T. 59 m. W. will contain 80 vessels, is protected by alow mole,
Albany. and has two light-houses. It stantu on the £.
SdgUot * to^n of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, on side of the islandjj67 m. W. of 8myma. Long,
the sme of a rocky promontory, called 8cylla. or 26. 2. £., lat. 38. 28. N.
Cape 8ciglio. In the terrible earthquake of 1^83 Sctslo, a river of Ohio rising in the central part
the sea was thrown furiously 3 m. inland, and on of the 8tate and flowing soirtberly into the Ohio
its return swept off about 2p00 of the inhabitants, at Portamouth. The Omo canal passes along its
with the prince of 8cigUo, who hoping to find banks.
security, were then on the 8cylla Strand, or in &idlo,a connty'of Ohio lying on the above.
boats near the shore. It is 10 m. N. by E. cf Reg^ river. Pop. 8,730. Portsmonth^is the capital.
gio. SnsCs, townships in Ross, Delaware, Pioksp
ScUlff, a duster of numerous isles and rooks, at way, Jackson and Madison Cos. Ohio.
the entrance of the English and Bristol chuinels, Seioio Sail Works f a tract <^ land reserved bv
lying almost 10 leagues W. of the Lands-end, in the United States in Jackson Co. Ohio. 28 m. 8.
Cornwall. Of these only five or six are inhabited. E. Chillioothe. Considerable salt is made here.
They are a resort for sea-fi>wl,and feed many sheep Se^pto, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. T. on Cayuga Lake,
and rabbits. The Inhabitants principally subsist 174 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,691. a township of
bv fishing^ burning kelp, ana acting as pilots. Mei^ Co. Ohio.
The chief isle is that of St. Mary, nearly 3 m. louff 8aro, or Sciros^an ialand of the Grecian Ar-
and 2 broad, which has a good port, is well forti- ehipelaco, to the W. of Metelin, 15 ip. long and
fied, and contains more inhabitants than all the 8 broau. The country is mountainous, but has
rest put together. In this ble, and in two or throe no mines. The vines make the beauty of the isl*
otben, are various antiquities, partieiUarl^ the re- and, and the wine is excellent *, nor do the natives
mains of a temple of the Druids, and ancient sep- want corn or wood. It contains onlv the villages
ulehres. Ota tnat of St. Affnes is a lighthouse, and convent of St George, both built on a coni*
which, with the gallery, is ol feet high, and is a cal rock, 10 m. from the narbour of St. George,
ver^ fine column. At the outermost extremity of Long. 24. 38. £.. lat 38. 54. N.
the isle of St Martin is a seamark, built with rock- SeUuaU, p.t Plymouth Co. Mass. 17 m. 8. Bos
stone, and as conspicuous by dav as the light- ton, on Massachusetts Bay. Pop. 3,740 ; a towr
house on St Agnes, but not so nigh and IsTge. ship of Providence Co. R. 1. 12 m. 8. W. Provi
The Scilly rocks hsve been fktal to nnmben of deuce. Pop. 6,853.
ships entering the English channel. One of the SeUwnua^ a province of Austria,situate between
most disastrous events of this kind happened in the riven Drave and I>anube cm the N. and the
1707. when three men of war periahed, with ad- Save on the 8. ; bounded on the W. by Croatia^
rotral sir Cloudesley Shovel and all their crew, irom which to the eonflux of the Save with tne
St. Agnes light-house b in Long. 6. 19. W., lat Danube it is 160 m. in lemrth, and firom 45 to 26
49,54. N. in brsadtk. A ahatn ef lofty monntains, aovered
M 3x2
lintile level coontiy, piodiiBiBg vhaet, hailaj,
nuiie, flu, hemp, mudrr, wad > viiMtT of *— '*-
Imiiti Bmiciiin. Thne tbnn ■. patici
nd era of the Ofvk ehunh. Tke u
vnoe BODMinrd BBny lut(e ciitriei : woam
have edended it Inm the Adtiaiio U tba Eosiin
Sob, and n? tlut it had ila ammt hum tb* Selavi,
a Bejrthieii natien, who tonqoafed Oreeoe and
thia eoDDltj in the nrign of rmpnw Jnrtiaian.
The Unfoeffa of Solatenia b tfca mother of fbttr
otbni ; namrlr, tboae ot Hangarj, Bohemia, Po-
land, B^ Raaia.
&nn, or acom, a Tillafv of Beotlend, in Perth-
■hin, noted far uBBeient palaee where the kinga
of Bootlaod need to be crowned. It n •itnala on
Iha B. aide of the river Taj, a mile N. of Perth.
Scuptle, an bland of ihe Grecian ArcUpelago,
10 m. loBf. and 5 broad. It ia Terjr fertile, ]>r»-
dnoea plenlj of good wine, and contain* 19,000
inhabitanli^ S m. 8. of Sciati. Long. 93. 60.
B., htt 30. M. H.
As^M, a town of HaoedoDia, and an arohbiah-
op'l aee ; watwl on the Vatdar, aver wbieh ■• a
Mdn of 19 arohei, 150 m. N, N. W. of Salonioa.
Leag. 91. 46. E., lat. 49. 40. N.
aaUck PUau, p.T. Emez Co. N. T. 43 m. N.
B. TtenUm.
SBMMadoa, p.T Oneida Co. N. T. 119 m. W.
AltaoT.
iSmtlawf. tbe notthem of the two kiogdoma
into wUeh tb* iaiand of Great Britain waa fbr-
merly divided. It i* bounded on the W. bj Iho
Adanlie Oeean, H. by the North Bea, E. by Ihe
German Oeean, S. E. br Encl>»i| '"''-•
Irish Bea. To Seotlandalao appen
on ill weelim eoart called Ihe Hebridea, _
im lalanda, and thoae to the N. E. called the
Orknev and Shetland lalanda. From N. to S. it
eitsnJ* S70 milea, and its grealeit breadtb ia 150,
bat in aoma plaoea not bIioto 30, and no put ii
dietant abova M tniirs ftom the uiaa:. It eon-
tiina abont 18,000,000 of aerei, and tbe nnmber
of inkaUMnU ia 18U wa* 9t,0M/156. Sootland i*
divided into two diabioli, the Highlanda and
lb* Lowlands; Um IWner eampciriBf the mowi-
}. Svihe
« ialanda i
H 800
a^ af UoO, in a fl. W. .
and, or middle division, is bounded on the
B. bj the Mthi of Forth and Cljde, and the
gMBt canal br which thsr sn onitcd ; and
on Uu S. dde of tbk boandarv ia tW ihied,
or 8. dirinon. The K. diTiuin is chieHj an aa-
mmblan of vast drearv monalacna ; mit, bsw-
erar, withaM aeaia fertile vallef* on the nwth
em and eaitem shore*. The middle diviaiaa is
tnvened in di&nat direetiens, b* ■eninl ISBC'
ea of menntains ; and tbongh eollivation here is
■Jsc fonnd ehiefi j en the eastern shore, jol «f
this division, as wril as r'"— ' *' — — "■'-
land hesre a small props
M»d banen tracts. The
resemblsnc* to England, and, with mpcclbotbta
the general aspect of tbe countrj aad to the p*
greis of cultivation, exhibits ever; hind of rnral
variety. The civil divisiosor tbe ooantrjr isinte
33 counties. Tbe principal riveia aie the Spe^,
Don, Tay, Tweed, Clyde, Forth, Nortkein Dsa
£«h, Annan, Nith, and Soatbera Drr. TV
loclut, or lakrs, are nnmetons , and so^w of ibea
cztensiT*. The sliniate is vrrj varioas. The
nertheni eitremity, which is in the ssme tstitasde
with ■om* parts of Norway, is eitremel/ cold ;
hot, fh>m its insnlar sitnation, the front* are fu
fitnn being ar> intense as in parti of the cootinral
eqaall/ as far to the N. It* W. coast ia aabyct
to freqnent nini in the mauncr, and to soddrs
changes of weather. In manj ptaeea on the east*
em shore, and in the whole S. division, tbe cIumW
ia not inferior to the N. part of England. The
istidocts of Ihe coonUy are grain, flax, woods <J
oak and Gr, coal, lead, iron, freestone, limntanc,
riate.the most beantifal narblc, fine rack -crjatab,
pearls, variented pebbles, Ac. It feeds vaat herds
of csUle and flocVs of ilwcp, which are morb
valued for Ihe delicacy of tbeir flesh ; a>d tbt
fleece of the tatter emntates Ibe^ inest Spaniil
wool. On the high grounds Ike ealUe are very
dimiantive; bnt lo many parts of eosMry tht
bones and cows are not excelled in ain and
beaaly by thoae of Ihe English breed. Tbe asag,
or red iMer which has diwppeired (rtm abow
every other part nf Earope is sIlU fcmiid in this
country. Among tbe other wild anioalt arc lb*
Ibi, badger, otier, hedge-hog, rabbit, weasel,
I, and oAer small qoadrnneda. Adsobif the
..Mnd rwe are the capereailiie, or tha eoek af
the wood^tbe eagle, fUcon, parliidce, qnnil, snipe,
pbfvr, blacfc fame, Ao. BeoUsnd was govtiMd
Of a king beforo the Ramans viailed England, and
conbaMtd an independent kingdom tiut^ dnib
of tb English qoeeo Elisabeth, when Jar
of BmlkS!, the n-- ■ = ^■-— ^-■-
N. n , and Ihe latter
I diatriet on the E. and 8. E. Bnl
natnre seem* to have poioled out ihrae grand
divisions in Bcotland. Tbe Grsl, or N. division,
is formed bf a chain of lakes, wbiok «rosa lb*
envatrr. from tb* Aitfa of Hnrray lo tb« isl-
salvss kings of England and Scotland, and each
coBDlf^ having a aeparale paitiamaat, till the rear
1707, in the reign of qoeea Anne, when hoU
kingdoms were onilcd oodrr the general name U'
Qreat Britain. Tbe coaiilies lead one wiembn
each to parliament, eicept Bole and Caitliiieis,
Cremwty and Nairn, Kinrom aikd Clsckmannas,
wUeh nnd members in eoDJnnction ; ao iJial the
tonnlies send W members, which, with ISaeat
by Ih* Bilies and borough*, make tb* 45 e««
moners sent by Snotland ; and 16 peer* «re decl-
ed to repiaaent Iho nobility. The esUbliidaed re-
ligion is ths presbylaHan, which ia nxMlellad pria-
eipally afker the Calvinistioal plan settled at Ge-
neva, and on a goneial prineiple of an •qmJiQ
of ecclesisslical authority among ita pmbylna
MA iV MB
There eve lew RonMa Cetholiee, Init die Proiee- SeerjeiOc, p.T., SolUvaii Co. N. T. lOS m. SI
lent DieMDters era nemeioee. Witli eeepect to W. Albeoy.
the trade and mtnufactarei, they are notieed Bieflwi, a town cf 8coUand, ia Haddiagteaaliife.
ander the leepeotiTe oitiee and towne. Ediabiirgh Here ia a minoiie palace, in whioh Mary qaeen of
is the capital. Seeto eeeeeionally kept her ooait, aAei lier re*
Seodand Jittek, p.T. Halifkx Co. N. C. torn from France. It naa a eoneiderable trade in
Scotland Soeiu^^ p.y. .Windham Co. Conn. 34 aah and ceel, and ia aitnate on the frith of Forth,
Ri. B. Hartftrd. 9 m. E. of Edinborr.
Seoa, a ooonty of the W. Dietriot of Virginia. ^^^^ Pond, in Cumberland Co. Me. 18 m
Pop. 5,709. EatillTille ia the eapital ; a county N. W. Portland. It ia 19 m. lonf and ia connect-
of Kentoeky. Pop. 14,877. Georgetown ia the ed with the tea at Portland by a canal.
eapital ; a eonnty of Indiana. Pop. 9,007. New Mojcte, a town of Paleetiae, the remaine of
Lexington b the capital. the ancient city of Samaria, 34 m. N. N. E. of
ScoUf p.t. Cortland Co. N. T. on Skeneatelea Jemealem.
Lake. 170 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,459; p.T. StAejftan, ST., a aea-port of Sj^n, in Biacajr.
Adarai Co. Ohio. eeated at the foot of a mountain, on the top of
SeoiUhtrg, p.v. Halifkz Co. Va. which ia a atrong eitadel. The harbonr is eecored
StoiUvUUf p.y. Geneeee Co. N. T. 959 m. W. by two molee, and a narrow entrance for the shipe.
Albany ; p.y. Powhatan Co. Va. 30 m. W. Rich- The town te surrounded by a doable well, and
roond; p.y.Anen Co. Ken. 160 8. W. Frankfort, foitiiied towarda the eea. It carriee on a great
Seriiaf p.t. Oawego Co. N. T. on L. Ontario at trade, particularly in iron, steel, and wool. St.
the mouth of Oswego riyer. Pop. 9,073. Sebeetian waa taken by tne French in 1719, in
Swteen, a oounty of Georgia. Pop. 4,776. 1794, and again in 1808. On the 31st of Angnsty
Jackeooborough ie the capita]. 1613, it waa taken by atorm, by the allied foreee,
Seroon, a riyer of New York flowing thfough a under general Graham, after a short sieee, during
lake of the same name into the Hudson. which it sustained a most heayy bombardment,
SeuU Camp, p.y. Surry Co. N. C. which laid nearly the whole town in mine. It
Seutt Skoabf p.y. Greene Co. Geo. haa einee been rebuilt. 60 m. E. of Bilbao and
Seuiw, a strong town of AIbania,and a biahop'e 90 N. W. of Pamplona. Long. 1. 56. W., lat 43.
see, seated on the lake Zeta, near its outlet, tae 94. N.
river Boiana, 70 m. N. by W. of Duraato. Liong. Sebastian^ Si,, the capita] of the preynice of
19. 16. E., lat. 49. 33. N. Rio Janeiro, an<iof ail Bnail, with a citadel on a
i, a town of Asiatic Ttorkey, in Natalia, hill, and numeroua forts. The city ataade 4 m.
which may be eoneidered aa a sueufb of Con- W. of the harbour, and behind it are high hUle
staotinople. It stands on the atrait opposite that crowned with woods, oonyeata, hooaee, and
city ; and preeents itself in the form maa amphi- charchea. It ia 3 m. in ciroumfoieiice ; the etreete
theatre, affording a yery pictureaque ytew from are straight and most of them oarrow,interBecting
the mixture of treee, houaee, raosquee, and mine- each other at right anglea; and the houaes, ia
rets. This town aeryet ae an emporium and a general, are of stoae, and two atoriea high. The
rendeayoua to the earayaaa of Aaia, and has aome churches are yery fine, and there ie more religioae
maauflieturee of ailk and cotton atuffii. Here are parade in thio eity than in almoet any other town
extenaiye burying grounds, shaded with lofty ey- in Europe. The harbonr ia yery commodiousy
{ireaaes. The rienTurks of Constantinople pre- with a narrow entrance defended by two forte,
br being interred here ; for they conaider Aaia aa Here are manufacturee of su^, rum, and cochi*
a land belonging to the true belieyere, and beUeye neal. The different mechanica carry on their
that the land ofBurope will one day foil into the bustnesa in distinct parts of the town ; particular
hands of Chriatians, and be trodden on by infidele. streets being set apart for particular tradea. On
Scutari is 1 m. E. of Conatantinople. the S. aide of a apacioas aquare is a palace ; aad
Sofia, a rock near the entrance of the strait of there are aeyeral other squares, ia which are
Meeaina, on the coast of Calabria, oppoeite the fountains, supplied with water by an aqueduct,
celebrated Chary bdis. It forms a small promon- of eoneiderable length, brought oyer a yalley by
tory in the narroweet part of the strait, and is the a doublo tier of archee. The mint la one of the
famoua Scylla of the ancient poete. It does not fineat buildings existing, and fiimiahed with all
come up to the formidable deiMription fiyen by the conyeniences necesnry for coining with the
Homer, nor is the passage so narrow ancidiffieuit greateet expedition. A Benedictine coayeat aad
aa he repreeenta it ; but it ia probable that ita a fort are on the extreme point, Jutting into the
breadth is greatly increased since his time. The harbour, opposite which ie Serpent (slimd, where
rock ie nearly 900 foet nigh ; and on the side of there axe a dock-yard, magaxiaee and nanJ store*
it standa the town of Scigno, wheoce the promon- housee. In another part of the harbour, at a plaea
tory ia aometimes called Cape Seiglio. called Val Longo, are warehoueee, formerly ap-
Seakrook, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H. on the propriated for the reception, and preparation for
coaat, 7 m. N. Newbufyport Pop. 1,096. aale, of elayee importea from Africa. St. Sebea*
Seafbrd, a borough in Sussex, Eng. and one of tian is a biahop'a see, and seated near the mouth
the Cinque Ports. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Rio Janeiro, in the Atlantic. Long. 49. 44.
employea in fishing, but of late it haa been much W., lat. 99. 54. S.
reeorted to aa a bathing place. It is aeated near Sthattimm, Cape ft., a cape at the N. W. ex
the English Channel, 10 m. S. S. E. of Lewie tremity of Madi^aaoar. Long. 46. 95. E., lat 19.
and 61 8. by E. of London. 30. S.
Seaford, p.y. Suseex Co. N. J. SohaoHoook, a riyer of Maine, flowing iaio the
Sail, a township of Pike Co. Ohio. Pop. 1 ,178. Kennebec from the eaet
Saarslefeagil, a township of Bennington Co. MaiCapel, a eeapport of Raieia, aad the firat
Vt. Pop. 40. maritime town of the Crimea. It haa one of tha
5ear#Mieiil,atownehipofWaldo,Co. Me. pop. finest aad meet eeeuie harfaoure in the wtifld|
1,151. enable of eoataiaiag all the Roariaa fleets; mi
it IS tha chief 9UU0B of the BUek Sea fleet The Smihwrg, ft town of Rmett, in the fOTetmnaa
city is built on the tide of a hill, which diTidee of Conrhmd, on the river Dwina, 58 m. 8. K. of
two of its fine baeini. The old Tartar honeea are Rin.
■mall and Ul^bnilt; bat alon|r the quay are eome Sseleie, a town of Brandettbaigy 10 m. 8. W. of
new baildinn in a good taate. It etandeon part Gastrin.
of the site of the ancient Greek city of Cherson, Skthubugk. p.?. Gattaraagns Go. N. T. 310. m.
where was the &moas temple of Diana Taorica ; W. Albany.
and considerable rains of them are yet disoover- Seer, a seaport of Arabia, capital of a prineiMB.
erable. 40 m. 8. S. W. of Sympheropol and 350 ty in the province of Oman. It haa a good aar-
N. E. of Gonstantinople. Long. ^. 98. £., lat. lioar, ana the navy of the prioee is oneef tlw
44. 25. N. most considerable in the golf of Penia. 106 bl
Mee, a township of Penobscot Go. Me. Pop. W. S. W. of Jalftr. Long. 54. 58. £., laL 25. 10.
9on. N.
566«fuM, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, Saefea,atown of Grermanv, ia the doehy of
and a bishop's see, with four citadels. The cathe- Branswick, 14 m. 8. W. of Ooslar.
dral is a magnificent fabric, and its roof is com- Seet. a town of France, depsrtment of One,
posed of large flat pieces of marble. The Turks and a bishop's see. It is seatM in a fine country,'
nave often attempted in vein to take this town, near the source of the Ome, 14 m. N. of Aleneos
It is seated near the mouth of the Gherca, in the and 120 W. by 8. of Paris. Long. 0. 11. £., hi.
fttlf of Venice, 30 m. S. £. of Zara. Long. 16. 48. 36. N.
6. E., lat 44. 17. N. Segeherg, a town of Denmark, in the datehy of
Sebaurg, a town of France, department of Nord, Holirtein, with a castle on a high mountain, eea-
5 m. E. of Valenciennes. siating of Lime-stone, large quantitiee of which
8ehu, 8ee Zthu, are carried to Hamburgh and Lubec. It ia seat-
Seekura, a town of Pera, inhabited by Indians, ed on the Trave, 15 m. W. N. W. of Labee.
who are cniefly employed in fishing or ariving or Segedin, a strong town of Htugary, with a eas-
mules* Here commences a landy desert, which tie, tsken from the Turks in 16ft. It ia sealed
extends southward about 80 m. The town stands near the Teisse, opposite the influx of the Maros,
on a river of the same name, 3 m. from the ocean 105 m. 8. 8. E. or PesL Long. 20. 35. £., lat. 46.
and 180 N. N. W. of Truxillo. Long. 81. 10. £.» 18. N.
lat. 5, 55. 8. Segtstoar, a town of Transylvania, capital of 1
SeekaUf a town of the Austrian states, in Sty- county of the same name. It is built in the Ibra
ria, seated on the Gayle, 9 m. N. of Judenbnrg. of an amphitheatre, on the side of a hill, near the
SeehmgeUf a town of Baden, the smallest of Die river Kodel, 47 m. N. of Hermanstadt Lon. 21.
Four Forest Towns. Here is a convent of Noble 55. E., lat. 47. 4. N.
nuns, whose abbess was a princes of the empire. S^gna, a seafMirt of Morlachia. capital of Hna-
It is seated on an isle, finrmed b^ the Rhine, over gariaa Dalmatia, with a fint. It was declared a
which is a bridge, 11 m. W. or Basel. free port, and erected into a bishopric, In ITS.
SeekiHgtanf a village in Warwickshire, Eng. fa- It ia sealed on the gulf of Venice, 100 m. N. W.
mous for a battle, in 757, between Guthred, king of Spoleto. Long. 15, 21. £., lat 45. 22 N.
of the W. Saxons, and Ethelbald, king of the Segni, a town of the papal states, in Gampacaa
Mercians. On the N. side 1^ its church are the di Roma, and a bishop's see. ^ Organa are aaia Is
ruins of a fort, and near it an artificial hill, 45 have been invented here. It is seated on a mooa-
feet high. 3 m. N. £. of Tamworth. tain, 30 m. 8. £. of Rome.
Second Motm, a township of Beaver Go. Pa. Sego^ city of Negroland, the capital of Baai-
Sedan^ a strong town or France, capital of the barra* It consists of four walled towns, two oa
department of Ardennes, and formerly the seat of each side the river Nicer, which contain aboat
a Protestant university. It is deemed one of the 30,000 inhabitants ; and, as the Moors form a eon-
keys of the country and has a strong castle, an siderable proportion, their moeques appear ia ev-
arsenal, a canal foundry, and a manufacture of ery quarter. The houses are built of clay, of a
fine cloth. The fomous marshall Turenne was square form, with flat roofs ; some of tlieni iiave
born in the castle. Sedan is seated on the Mouse, two stories, and many of them are white-waahed
30 m. 8. £. of Gharlemont. Long, 4. 58. £., lat. The curreut money consists of cowries. 990 m
49. 42. N. W. 8. W. of Tombuctoo. Long. 2. 46. W., ht
Sedanvagur^ a town of Hindoostao, the most 14. 15. N.
nothera on the coast of Ganara. It is seated on Segcfhe^ a town of Spain, in Valencia, and a
the N. side of the estuary of a liver, which enters bishop's see. It is seated on the side of a hill, by
into a deep bav, sheltered by three islands, one of the nver Morvedro, 35 m. N. by W. of Valeneia.
them fortified, and the entrance defended by a Segmsia^ a ciu oi Spain, in C5ld GasUle, capital
fort on a lofty nill. 3 m. up the river, on tlie op- of a province ofits name, and a bishop'a see, with
posite bank, are the remaina of Garwar, formerly a castle. It stands on two hills, and the valley
a noted place of European commerce, but totally by which they are separated, on the S. W. side
ruined during the reign of Tippo Sultan. 50 of the Erasma; and is surrounded by a strong
m. F. of Goa and 95 N. N. W. of Kundapu* wall, flanked with towers and ramparta. It is
ra. Long. 74. 15. E. lat. 14, 51. N. supplied with water by a Roman aqueduct, 3,0M
Sedhergkf a town in W. Torkshire^ £ng. with paces in length, supported by 177 archea of a pra-
a manofacture of cotton. 10 m. £. or kendal, 269 digioas hei^^t, in two rows, one above the other.
N. W. of London. Here the best cloth in Spain is made. The other
Sedgvfiek, p.t Hancock Go. Me. Pop. 1,606 branches of industry are dyeing, and the mana
Seekausen. a town of Prussia, in the Old Mark faeture of paper, pottery, and lead. The cathe-
of Brandenburg, neariy surrounded by the river dral stands on one side of the great square, and if
Aaland, 12 m. W . of Havelberg. one of the handsomest Gothic structures in Spain ;
Seelumkf p.t Bristol Go. Mass. 38. m. 8. W. besides which there are 27 other churches. Ths
Hcaton, on rrovideace River. Pop. 2,134. castle b seated in the highest part of the town
\
and hu 16 roonM rielilT idomad with tapaftnri in eertain ngiu and eenjnoniM; bnt, onlike tlie
and ornamanU of marble and porphyry. Toe Hindooa, tbev admit proaelytet, although thofe
royal chapel ie magnificently gilded^ and embel- from Among the Mahometans are not much es»
liHhed with Tery fine paintings. The mint, for tsemed. 'Aieir capital is Lahore,
some /ears the only one in Spain, is surrounded Seilf an island ofScotland, one of the Hebrides,
by the river, on which are mills, employed in 3 m. long and 2 broad, separated from the main-
coining. Segovia was occupied by the French land by a narrow strait, over which is a bridge,
in 180», but was evacuated in 1813. 43 m. N. N. Seme, a river of France, which rises in the
W. of Madrid. Xxm. 4. 12. W., lat 41. 3. N. deputment of Cote d'Or, flows by Troves, Melun
Segovia, JVWe, a town of Mexico, in Nicaragua, Paris, and Rouen , and enters the English Chan-
sealed near the source of a river of its njme, net at Havre de Grace.
which flows into the Cambean Sea, 90 m. N. by Mie, a department of France, the smallest, but
t. of Leon. Long. 87. 5. W., lat. 13. 45. N. by no means the least important, in the kingdom.
Stg»via^ ^eto^K town in the isle of Lueonia and a It has an area of about 260 so. m. with 7c0,000
bishop's see, with a fort. It is seated at the N. inhabitants. The suHace is level, and the soil
end of the island, near the mouth of the Cagayan, ^rtile in eom and wine ; also fruits and vege-
245 m. N. of Manilla. Long. 120. 66. £., lat. 18. tables for the supply of Paris, which is the capi*
31). N. tol.
Segra, a river of Spain, which . rises in the Semt FjOtoeTf a department of France, ineludinff
Pyrenees, and runs S. W. through Catalonia, the N. E. part of Normandy. It has an area of
pasuRg by Puicerda, Urgel, Belaguer, and Leri- SL500 su. m. with 660,000 inhabiUnts. Rouen is
da, to Meqninensa, whei^ it joins the Ebro. the capital.
Segre^ a town of France, department of Maine- . Sdne'et'Mame, a department of France, includ-
et- Loire, 20 m. N. W. of Angers. the western part of Champagne. It has an area
Segwraj a river of Sprain, which rises in the of 2,300 sq. m., with 310,000 mhabitants. Melun
mountains of Seguraf in Mureia, crosses that is the capital.
province and the 8. part of Valencia, and enters S^ne-ef-Oisc, a department of France, comjpris-
the Mediterranean at Guardaman. ing the district of Paris, under the name or de-
S^gura, a town of Spain, in Muroia, seated partment of the Seine. Exclusive of that distret
among mountains, 34 m. N. E. of Ubeda and 96 it contains 2,200 sq. ra., with AiOfiOO inhabitants.
W. N. W. of Mureia. Veraatlles is the eapital.
Segwraf a town of Spain, in Arragon, 35 m. S. Seinsheimf a town of Bavarian Franeonia, in a
E. of Calatajud and 38 N. of Teruel. lordship of the same name, with a castle, 19 m.
SegwUf a town of Portogal, in Beira, with a 8. E.of Wurtzburg.
fort on a mountain. It stands on the fhmtien^if Seutenf a town of Fnmee, department of Gers,
Spain, 15 m. W. N. W. of Alcantara and 35 B. S. 9 m. S. of Aueh.
E. of Caslel Branoo. Seistan, an extensive and independent pror-
SAtmranpaur, a town of Hindoestan, in Dehli, inoe of Persia, bounded on the N. by Korasan,
capital of a district of the same name, between and Baick, E. by Candahar, and Sablestan, S. by*
the Jumna and the Ganges. 86 m. N. by W. of Maekeran, S. W. by Kerman, and W. by Covhes-
Debit. Long. 77. 15. E., lat. 30. 4. N. tan and Farsistan. The country is in general moun-
Seidenbergf a town of the Pnissian States, in tainous. The vallevs are the only huitable narts ;
Upper Lusatia, with manufactures of cloth and fbr the plains are barren, and covered with fine
stockings 8 m. S. S. E. of Gorliti. sand, which is sometimes raised by whirlwinds
Setifcs, a powerful nation In the N. W. part of to such a degree as to overwhelm whole caravans.
Mindoostan, eonsisting of several smsll inoepend- Dooshak is tne eapital.
ent sUCes, that have formed a kind of ftderal Selam, a town of Mexico, in Yucatan, near the
union. The founder of their sect was Nanoek, sea-eoast, 45 m. N. W. of Merida.
who lived in the beginning of the 16th century ; Sdbotoe, a town of Norway, in the province of
and they are the descendants of his disciples ; Diontheim, 18 m. S. E. of Drontheim.
the word seiks, in the Sanscrit language, signify- Selhy, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. It is the
ing disciples. They are in general strong and birth-place of Henry I., whose father, William
well maaej accustomed fWrni their infancy to the the Conqueror built an abbey here : a eanal
most laborious life, and hardest fhre. A pair of passes fVom this place to Leeds, and large shipa
long blue drawers, and a kind of ehequered plad. are built here. It is seated on the Ouse, over
a part of which is fastened round the waist, ana which is one of the completest timber bridges in
the other thrown over the shoulder, form their the kingdom. 14 m. S. of York and 177 I9. by
clothing and equipage. . The chiefs are distin- W. of London.
guisbed by wearing some heavy gold bracelets SeUnginsk, a forUfied town of Russia, in the
on their wrists, and sometimes a chain of the government of Irkutsk, with a fort and 3,000 in-
same metal round their turbans ; and by being habitants. The adjacent country is mountainous,
mounted on better horses; otherwise no distinc- but yields a great quantity of rhubarb. It stands
tion appears among them. The government of on the Selenm, at the influx of the Chilok, IfO
the Seiks is a military aristocracy. Theur army m. S. E. of fikutsk. Long. 107. 28. E., lat. 51.
consists almost entirely of horse, of which a 16. N.
Seik win boast they can bring 300,000 into the Sdrnd^ a town of Asia Minor, in Caramania,
field ; and it is supposed they might bring 200, at the mouth of a river of the same name, 50 m
000» They httve oommonly two, some of them W. S. W. of Selesk.
three horses each. They indeed consider this Ssletik, ancientlT Seleucia. a town of Carama
animal as necessary to their existenoe ; and while nia, seated on a nver, 5 m. from the sea and 80
It is customary with them to make merry on the S. S. E. of Cogni. Long. 34. 36. E., lat 36. 40
demise of one of the breChnn, they mourn for N.
the deaUi of a horse. The Seiks are tolerant in Seligenstadt, a town of Germany, in Hesse
matters of fkith, aad require only a eonformity Durmstadt, with a Benedictine abbey, seated at
lb« conSux of the Oernspenli with tba Miine,
U m. E. of Pnnkfart.
Selibria, t town of Rominia, i
n the m <^ Mumora, 3G m.
Conslsntinople.
Selimgnne, p. v. NoTthumberUnd Co. V«.
Selkirk, a boroush of ScotluMl, the capital at
SetldiUiire. It ii aeated on the Elbick, 30 m.
6. 8. E. of Edinburgh.
SeOarJuhirt, a count; of Scotland, bounded on
SbIUm, a town of France, in tlie department of
Lolre-et-Clier, on the river Chn, 10 m. S. W.of
Eomorentin,
Sdma, p.T. Dallai Co. Alab.
SiUt, a town in the department of Lower
Rhine, aeated on the Rhine, 3& m. N. N. E. of
SeltMT, or X«iMr StUar, a town of Oermany,
in the duchj of Naaaan. eelebtated br a ipring
of minera] water, which ii exported in grsat
quautitiea. It ia liinata on the Enubach, 3) m.
E, ofCablenti.
Satumial, a town of Aiiatio Turkj, Irao Arabi,
aeated on the Enphratea, where a toll ia collect-
ed. 130 m. N. W. of Baatora. Long. 46. 15.
E., lat. 33. 3. N.
SemioB-gkant, a town of Rinnah, fiam which
u the principil road through [he weitern hilli in-
to Artacan. To this place all Bengal article* of
merohaDdiae impoiled br waj of Arracan am
broQght, and liera embarked on the Irrawa'UT
It Btandi 3 m. W. ol that rinr, and 30 S. bj W.
of Pagahm.
" nd .
annia, le&tecl ._ _, _
branch oTthe Nile, 330 m. 8. S. W. ol Boraou.
Long. 31. 3D. £., l&t 14. 68. N.
Samuadria, a loo n of Eoropean Tnrkej, in
Scrria, with a ciUd>], aeated on the Danube, 30
m. S. £. of Belgrade.
Sanaumd, a Iowa of Egrpl, on the E. btanch
of the Nile, 8 m. S. S. W. orMaoaonn and 53 N,
of Cairo.
Stminlut, a dnehv ofEaropnu Roaaia, about
100 m. loDK and 20 broad, forming the E. partof
nt of Coarland. Mittau ia (he euihal,
. a town of Naplea, in CalabriaUIIni,
with an abbey belonging la the united Greek church.
It lufiered eeirerely from an earthqnaka in JT89,
but now conlaini 3,000 inhabitanta. S3 m. N. E,
<rf R^gio.
Seminotee, a tribe of Indian* in Florida, about
S,000 In number. They were formerly mudl more
numorouB, but hating commilled honilitiea upon
the American lettlementa in their neighbouihood in
IBIB, they were atUcbeJ by the United Statca
troope, and complftelf aubdued: aince which they
iatf never been formidable.
Semkn, a town of SdavonU, on the S. ode of
the Danube, the principal place for rsrrying on the
traiuit trade between Turkey and Sdavonia. 4 m.
W.of Belgrade.
Sonpaeh, a town of Switurtaitd, in the canton of
Lucerne, eelebnled for the bottle in I38S, which
eetabliriied the liberty of the Sniaa, and in which
Leopold, duke of AuMria, wai defeated and dain.
It ia sealed on a amall lake of the aame name, 7 a,
JV. W. Lucerne.
Bempnmiut, p. t. Cayuga Ca N. Y. 1S9 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 5,7<».
0 SEN
Stmurtn Aaxoii, a tewn of Fnnce, departmai
of Cou d'or, with a caitle on a rock. It bat
a nunufacture of cloth, and U aealed on the Ai-
mancon, 34 m. W. by N. of Dij<m and 135 & &
Scmur en BriainoU, a tmm to the
of Baon»«C-Loin!, 33 m. W. by 8. of M
8. oTAutun.
Sena, or JUn^afi, a
llTer Zambeu, where the Pcrt^neae bsre ■ hOaj.
Ltmg 36. 3. G„ laL 7. 40. 8,
Stiuea, a lake and rirer of N. T., in Ononi^
county. The lake ia 30 m. lonr and 2 bvud,
and Ilea N. and S. between thoae at Canandaigw
and Cayuga. At the N. end if the town irf Gea-
en , and on the E. aide, between it and Caygp
Lake, ai« the miLtair townahipa of Ronnla^
Ovid, Hector, and Ufjoea. Tbe rtct rw* ta
the VV, of Geneva, panea by that town, iW
rcocive* the waten of the lake. It aflerwanli r-
ceivei the waLeta of Cayuga I^e, Oanakdaiga
Creek, and Salt Lake, and then flowa iaU
Onondago River.
5nucB,acottaty of N.T. bounded br Lakea Oa-
tario, Seneca and Caynga. Pop. 21,031. Ohi
ia the capital; a county oT Ohio. Pc^. 5,148
Tiffin if tlie capital.
Sauai, a townaliip of Ontario Co. N. T. P^
6,161 ; townahipa in Morgan and Monrue C«a
Ohio.
SaueavUU, p,T. Guemaey Co. Ohio.
S«e^,a town of the NetAerlanda, in tbe prev-
irroe <H Hainault, noted {br a baUle guned 1^ Oi
French over tbe prince of Orangs in 1674. A. a
S. NiveUe.
Snwo/, a large river which riaea in tbe mma-
toina of Kong, in Nearolaad, and Bowa W. tm\it
Southern oonfinea oT Zahaia, into the At^intie
Ooeau, 130 m. N. E. of Cape Verd. lUeoaraea
fleinoui, till it arrivea within 6 m. of the «a,
when it lake* a audden tt ■ ~
m. ii aeparated
■and. Ita mouth, not uhub u»ii
nver, ia incommoded by a ahifting bi
den the pawage difficult and danmoiia. WiU
along it* baoza^ particular
I within 6 m. of the an, :
n turn to the S., and 6u 7i J
Lha aea only by ■ ridge a 1
t more than half ■ IngH 1
ly a ahifting bar, which m- '
Senegal, a country on the W. «owt qf Aflka,
lying on « river of Ibe aame name. See JWl.
The French have a fort and a ftetotr in an >-
land at the month of the river, and aie BnaKn
of tlie gum trade, ll ii ealled Fort Loma, ww
taken by the Engltah in 1768, conGnnad t« lha*
by the peace of 1763, but reatored in lOSS Lav
10.31. W.,latl6.63.N. ^
8ER 671 8£R
SauZf a town of France, department of Low on a conatderable inland commerce. The whole
er Alps, Mated in a roogh barren coi ntrj, 15 m of the cloth made here is used in the neighbonr-
8. S.£. of Digne. hood. Since the restoration of the rajah, in 1799,
SeirfUnbergf a town of Prussia, in Lower Lu- the fort has been garrisoned by British troops
•atia, with a castle, 35 m. N. N. E. of Meissen. 46 m. S. E. of Chitteldroog, 48 N. of Serringapa
SenlU, a town of France, department of Oise, tam. Long. 76. 53. £., lat. 13. 36. N.
seated on the river Donette, and almost surroun- Serai, a town of European Turkey, capital of
ed br a forest, 90 m. N. W. of Meanz and 27 Bosnia, and the see of a Catholic bishop, appoint*
N. E. of Farts. ed by the king of Hungary. U is a large com-
SennaoTf a kingdom of Eastern AfHea, bound- mercial place, and is seated on the ri?er Bosna
ed E. and S. by Abyssinia, W. by Darfur, and N. 130 m. W. S. W. of Belgrade. Long. 19. 15. £.,
by Dongola and the independent districts of Nu- lat. 44. 14. N.
bia. The Nile flows through this immense plain Serampore, a town of Bengal, belonging to the
above a mile broad, full to we very brim, but nev- Danes. The houses are of brick, plastered with
er overflowinff. For several miles from the banks mortar, and have flat roofs, with balconies and
of this river, we soil is of veij remarkable fertili- Venetian windows. The inhabitants carry on
tv ; and at the time of the rains, about the end of some trade with Europe, China, &c. But the
August and beginning of September, the country town is principally distinguished as the early seat
assumes a most delightful appearance, resembling of the Baptist mission in India, and as the resi-
the pleasantest parts of Hrmand. Soon aflter the dence of British subjects who take refuge here
rains cease, the dhourra ripens, the leaves turn from their creditors. It is seated on uie W.
yellow and rot, the lakes putrefy, smell, and are bank of the Hooghly. 12 m. N. of Calcutta,
full of vermin ; all the beauty disappears, and bare Serdobol, a town of Russia, in the government
•corehed Nubia returns, with all Its terrors of poi- of Wiburg, on the lake Ladoga, 60 m. N. N. E.
■onoQS winds and moving sands, glowing and of Wiburg.
ventilated with sultry blasts. The trade consists Sered^ or Stsered, a town of Hungary, on the
chiefly in exchanging the various productions of river Waag, ^ m. E. N. E. of Presburg.
interior AfHca witn those of Egypt and Arabia. Smfot or SerfanU, an island of the Grecian
The kingdom of Sennaar was founded by a body Archipelago, 8 m. long and 5 brc»ad, and full ot
of Shilliu negroes in 1504. The government is mountains and rocks, in which are mines of iron
despotic, but the king may lawfully be put to and loadstone. The inhabitants are ail Greeks,
death whenever the chief officers decide that his and have but one town, called St. Nicholo,
reign is no longer a public benefit. which is a poor place. 50" m. N. W. of Nazaia.
SemtaaTf a citjr of Nubia, and eaoital of the Long. 25. 10. E., lat. 37. 19. N.
above kingdom, is 5 m. in circumference, and Sergag, a town of Russia, in the government
very populous. The houses are chiefly of one of Nisnei Novogorod, 48 m. S. E. of Niznei No-
story, with flat roofs; but the suburbs contain vogorod.
only cottages covered with reeds. The palace Sergippe, a province on the coast of Brazil
is surronnoed by high walls, and is a confused to the S. of remambuco. It produces sugar
heap of buildings. The heats are almost insup- and tobacco in considerable quantities and has
portable in the da^-time, except in the rainy some silver mines.
season, at which time the air is unwholesome. Sergippe, a sea-port of Brazil, capital of the
The commodities are elephants' teeth, tamarinds, above province, seated at the mouth of the Ser-
civet, tobacco, and gold dust. Thereis a market gippe, 120 m. N. E. of St. Salvador. Long. 37.
near the palace, where slaves are sold ; the fe- 44. W., lat. 12L 10. S.
males sit on one side, and the males on another ; Strignan^ a town of France, department of He-
the Egyptians buy great numbers of them every rault, at the mouth of the Ombre, in the gulf of
year. The merchandise required here consists of Lions, 8 m. S. E. of Beziers.
spices, paper, brass, hardware, glass beads, and Ssrm^giir, or Gictoa/, a province of Hindoostan,
a black drug which is used to colour the eye- situated chiefly between 30. and 32. of N. lat. and
brows. The wo nan of q&ality have slight gar- between 77. and 79. of E. long. It is estimated at
ments of silk, and weajr rings of various metals on 140 m. in length by 60 in breadth ; and is govern-
their hair, arms, legs, ears, and fincers. Women ed by a rajah, under the protection or the British,
of a low rank, and girls, have cloths wrapped Strinajgur, the capital of the above province, is
round them from the waist to the knees. The about three quarters of a mile long, the houses
men go almost naked. Sennaar is seated on an built of rough stone and mud, and covered with
eminence, near the river Nile. Long. 33. 0. E., slate, but seldom more than\wo stories high. The
lat. 13. 4. N. streets are narrow and dirty, but there are some
Ssfify a town of France, department of Tonne, ffood shops. It is situate in a valley on the river
and an archbishop's see, with a handsome Gothic Aloanauoa, which is crossed by a bridge of ropes,
cathedral. Several ecclesiastical councils have On the opposite side of the river, at the village of
been held here ; in that of 1140 the well Ranihut, is a temple sacred to Rsja Ishwara,
known Abelard was oondemned. Sens was ta- principally inhid>ited by dancing women, whose
ken by the allies in 1814, but soon afler evacna- lives are devoted to prostitution as a rel^ous
ted. It is seated in a fertile country, at the con- service ! Serinagnr is 38 m. from Harowar.
flux of the Vanne with the Tonne, 25 m. N. of Long. 79. 18. E., Ut. 30. 11. N.
Auxerre and 80 S. E. of Pais. Long. 3. 17. E., Seringaptaam, a city of Hindoostan, the modem
lat. 48. 12 N. capitd of Mysore, is situate in an island, 3 m.
Sepulveda, a town of Spain, in Old Castile, long, and 1 broad, formed by the Cavery^ which
30 m. N. E. of Segovia. is here a large and rapid river, with a wide and
Sera, or Sira, a town of Hindoostan, in Mv- roekv channel. The streets are narrow and
sore, with a stone fort of a good size. It is the confused, and Uie generalitv of the houses mean,
principal place in the central division of the T^ city is strongly fortined; notwithstanding
f^'e dominions N. of the Cavery, and carries which, lord Corawallie, in 1792, here oompelM
BESL tni
Tippoo to liffn a tawaty, by whioh he oeeded hilf boondazy ; partly to the Bomber of foeele, laJ
of niB domiiuciii, and agreed to oay a Tastsiim of the genial ne^ect of onlttfatkin in ila ialenar.
money to the English and their uliei ; and, anew The aoil is in general fertile, bat a small pr^gv*
war takinff plaoe in 1799. the British troopa car- tion of the country ia aa yet vnder tillage. The
ried the fort by an aaeault, in which Tippoo waa prodneta axe wheaL barley, oats, riee, hemp, flu,
killed. The city and the island haTo since been and tobaoco ; also TUies, and fruit of TazMMsa kiadt;
retained by the English, towards the support of the and in the Talleys and other warm spots eotton is
late sultan's fkmily. The palace is my large, raised. Mines of iron hays been dissoveied ia
and surrounded by a massy wall of stone and several parts ; but they are almost entirely o^
mud : it is now the residence of a surgeon. The looted. The only manuftetnres are of weokHf
seraglio of Hyder has been converted into aa eotton, and hardware, for hottie oenssmptioB.
European hospital, that of Tippoo into a banaok Berria waa formerly an independent kingdoa.
for artilleiT ; tne private apartments of the latter but yielded to the TWks in 1365. In 1801 u
are occupied by the resident, and the public ones insurrection took place against their antboritT,
by European troops. Without the walls of the under the standard of Caemi Georses, previoojlj
city are two gardens and palaces ; and near to one known as the heed of a band of roobers, but aov
of them is the mausoleum of Hyder, where rests honored with the name of avenger of his eonn^j.
all that was mortal of this Mahometan dynasty, In 1614 he Judged proper to withdraw into Ros-
consisting of Hyder and his wife, and Tippoo,wno sia ; and by a convention concluded between kif
lie under tombs covered with rich cloths, at the country and the Porte, in 1815, the Servians ao-
expense of the British government; and the es- knowledged the sovereignty of the mUan, brf
tablishment of priests to offer up prayers, and of preserved the free exercise of their veligioa, ti
musicians to perform the nobut, is retained aa well as their civil rights. Belgrade ia the eapitd
Ibrmerly. In tne space between the city and the 8e9$lmtk, a town and castle of Ba^ndan raa-
two ganlens is the suburb called Shahar Ganjam, oonia, 16 m. 29. of Bamberg,
which is rapidly increasing on a regular plan. fisits, a town of Austrianltaly , in the Milinw,
Seringapatam is 10 m. N. ofMysore, and 290 W. seated on the Ticino, where it issaes from tJb
by 8. Madras. Long. 76. 50. £., laL 12. SM. N. lake Maggioie, 25 m. W. N. W. of Milan.
Seringham, an island in the S. of India, in the Segtrs^ urmndf or Great Pmru, a town of Gai^
district of Trichinopoly, celebrated for its Hindoo ca, on the Orain Coast; near whieh is Petit Sea-
temple, to which pilgrims from all parts of Hin- tre. It is one of the largest and most ^mbiwiw-
doostan, resort for absolution ; and here, as in all eial towns in the country. LiOttg. 7. 0. W., ht
great pagodas, the Brahmans live in a tubordina* 4. 60. N.
tion tnal knows no resistance, and slumber in Sutri di LevmU§, a town of the Sardinian state,
voluptuousness that feels no want. At present in the territory of Genoa, 3D m. £. S. £. of Ge-
the allowance made by the British government noa.
for the aupport of the temple and its establish- Se-iehmm, a city of China, of the first rank, ii
ment, amounts to about £6,240 sterling. the province of lioei-teheou. It ia sitvate amesf
Strong f a town of Hindoostan, in Muwa, cele- mountains, which yield cinnabar and quickatifer,
brated for its manufacture of painted cottons and 960 m. S. 8. W. of Pekin. Long. ife. 25. l^
chintzes. It is situate in the river Cavery, half lat. 27. 10. N.
a mile N. of the fortress of Trichinopoly and 140 . 6Se-ldbieM, a province of China, boonded on tke
m. E. N. E. of Ottgein. Long. 78. 4. £., lat 24. N. by Chen-si, £. by Houqnang, 8. by Ksei-
5. N. teheou, and W. by Tibet. It is watered by tbe
Serpa^ a town of Portugal, in Alemtejo, with a Kian-ku ; and is nch, not only on aooonnt <» tk
castle ; seated on a rueged eminence, near the g^Mt ipiantity of silk it produces, bat also ia iroa,
Guadiana, 38 m. 8. by E. of Evora. tin, lead, amber, sugar-canes, lapis lasoli, mank,
SerravtdU^ a town of Austrian Italy, in the rhubarb, &c. Tching-tou is the capital.
government of Venice with a castle. It has cloth, SeUrf, a town of Algiers, in the proviaae «f
woolen, and silk manufactures, and a trade ia Constantina. It was the ancient Sitipha, capital
com, wine, and honey. The cathedral contains of a pirt of Mauritania; but soaroely a flagaBest
some fine paintings, and the church of St. A u- is left of ite former greatness, except tne Ibuataisa
gusto b a noble edifice. It is situate between two 60 m. 8. W. of Constantina. Long. 5. 36. E ,]aL
monnteins, and at the souroe of the Maschio 22 36. 68. N.
m. N. of Treviso. SeHmOf a town of the Bardinian atatea, in Paed-
SarreSf a town of France, department of Upper mont, seated on the Po, 8 m. N.-of Turin.
Alps, 23 m. 8. W. of Gap. Sednfn, a river of Hindoostan, the moat sMliriy
Serran, St., a town of France, department of of the five eastern branches of the Indus. Absat
nie-et-Vilaine, with considerable manufrustures of midway from ite source, it receives the Beyak,at
linen, sail-cloui, soap, and tobacco, and 9,000 in- Firosepour, and joins the Indus at Veh.
habitante. It is seated at the mouth of the river Sette, a town of W. Africa, in a distriot of iti
Ranee, about a mile 8. of St. Male, from which name, lying between Loango and Benin. It htf
it is separated by a narrow arm of the sea, dry at a great traoe in logwood, aent in vessels to May-
low water. amba; and stands on a river of the aaae aasK,
Sertia, a province of European Turkey, 190 m. 60 m. from ite mouth, and 110 N. N. £. of May
long and 95 broad ; bounded N. bv the Danube amba. Long. 10. 20. E., lat. 2. 0. 8.
ana Save, which separate it from Hungary, E. by SetttnU, a town of Spain, in Granada, 6 m. K
Bulgaria, 8. by Macedonia and Albania, and W. of Ronda and 38 N. W. of Malaga,
by Bosnia, tne climate is lees mild thin might SettU, a town of the ialand m Candia, and t
be excepted in 43. and 44. of N. lat.^ the winter Greek bishop's see, 48 m. £. 8. £. of Candia-
being or considerable length, and sprmg not be- Long. 26. 2. £., lat 35. 3. N.
innnTng till April. This is owing partly to the SettZs, a town in W. Torkshire, £i^. Aboot
BughtofthegttsatridgeoftheArgentaroor Glu- 2 m. to the E. is Attermire Cave, contaiaiof
botm Mountains, sztending along ite southern nnmberisM chinks and recesses, flntcid pillars aas
8EV 673 S£W
hanfing petriftetioni. At the like dwtinoe to fruit trees. Agriculture is in a very backward
the N. is Oigij^leflwick Well, a reciprocating state, and the manuftctures are all on a smaL
spring, which will sometimes rise and fall nearly scale. The chief towns are Seville (the capital},
a foot, in a stone trough about a yard square, Cadis, Ecija, Xeres, Onuna, and St. Mary's, near
every 10 or 15 minutes. Settle is seated on the Cadiz.
Kibble, 38 m. N. N. W. of Halifiur and 235 of SeviUe, a city of Spain, capital of the above pro-
London, vinoe, and an archbishop's see, seated on the Qua-
Setuekit, p.v. Suffolk Co. N. T. dalouiTir. It is forti6ed by strong walls flanked
Setuval. See UbeSf St, with high towers, and takes up more ground than
Seven Islands^ a cluster of islands in the Frozen Madrid, although it now has not above 100,000 in-
Ocean, lyin^r in long. 18. 48. E., lat. 80. 31. N habitants. The Phenicians called it Hi8palis,and
Here captain Phipps, with two ships, was sur- it is the Julia of the Romans, who embdlished it
rounded oy the ice, from the let to the 10th of with many magnificent buildings. The Moors
August. 1773, when a brisk wind at N. N. E. ef built an aqueduct, still to be seen, 6 m. in length,
fected their deliverance. The cathedral is by some supposed to be the
Seven hlaniU, islands near the coast of Canada, largest church in the world next to St. Peter's at
on the N. side of the mouth of the St. Lawrence, Rome ; the steeple is of curious workmanship, and
at the entrance of a small bay. Long. 66. 5 W., extremely high, consisting of three towers, one
lat. 50. 10. N. above another, with galleries and balconies. The
Sevenbergen, a town of the Netherlands in Bra churches and convents are opulent and beautifril ;
bant, 8 m. W. N. W. of Breda. of the latter, that of St Francis is adorned with a
Sevenoakip a town in Kent, Eng. In 1450 Jack handsome public ajpare, in the midst of which Is
Cade defeated the royal armv near this town. 6 a fine fountain. Tne university consists of many
ra. N. W. of Maidstone and fa S. S. E. of London, colleges ; and the professors enjoy rich pensions.
Sever, St., a town of France, department of Lan- The royal palace, called Alcazar, was partly built
des, seated on the Adour, 20 m« £. of Oax and afler the antique by the Moors, and partly in the
69 D. by E. of Bordeaux. modern taste by king Pedro ; it is a mile in extent,
Severae^ a town in the department of Aveiron, and. flanked by larse square towers, built with
on the river Aveiron^ 23 m. E. of Rodez. stones taken from the ancient temple of Hercules.
Ssesrin, a town of European Turkey, in Wal* Here is a foundery, and one of the largest depots
achia, on the Danube, 6 m. W. of Czemets. for artillery in the kingdom.
Seoerina, St»y a fortified town of Naples, in Ca- The principal manufactures are silk ; and be-
labria Ultra, and an archbishop's see. It is seated hind the Alcazar is a roval snuff manufiieture,
•n a craggy rock, on the river Neto, 8 m. from the which is strictly examined and guarded. The ex-
sea and 45. 8. £. of Rossano. Long. 17. 14. E., change is a square building of the Tuscan order,
lat. 39. 15. N each fitmt 100 feet in length, and three stories
St0srtna,S^, a town of Italy, in the papal states, high. The town house is adorned with a great
13 m. W. 8. W. of Macerata. number of statues, and there is a larjK square be-
Severimo, A., a town of Naples, in Prindpato fore it, with a fine fountain in the middle. There
Citra, on the river Samo, 10 m. W. S. W. of Poli- are l!^ hospitals richly endowed. The suburb
castro. of Triano stands on the other side of the river,
SeverUf a river of England, which has its rise over which is a long bridge of boats. In this
in the mountain of Plynlimmon, in Wales, its suburb stood the house of the Inquisition; and
mouth is called the Bristol Channel. This river there are public walks, where most of the inhabi-
has a communication with the Thames, the Trent, tants go to take the air. The situation of Seville
the Dee, and the Mersey, by different canals. renders it one of the most commercial towns of
SeterHf a river of Md. which waters Annapolis, Spain. All the trade of that kingdom with the
and enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeak New World, centered originally, in its port ; but,
Bay. that of Cadis being found more commodious, the
Sevemdroogf a small island of Hindoostan, on galleons sailed fi^m that place after the year 1790
the coast of Uoncan. Here was a strong fort, be- Such vast employment did the American trade
longing to Angria the pirate, which was taken by give, at one period, that in Seville alone there
commodore James in 1756. 68 m. 8. by E. of Bom- were no fewer than 16,000 looms in silk or wool-
bay, en work ; but, before the end of the reign of Phil-
SeverOf St., a town of Naples, in Capitanata, ip III., they were reduced to 400. The country
seated in a plain,26 m. W. by N. ofManfredonia around is extremely fertile in com, wine, Ac.,
and 75 N. £. of Naples. and there is abundance of oil; to the W. of
Sevenu*M WaUf commonly called Graham's the river is a grove of olive-trees, 30 m. in length.
Dike, in the W. of Scotland. It is a work of the Seville was taken by the French in 1810, but they
Romans, supposed to be done by the emperor, evacuated it after the battle of Salamanca in 1812.
whose name it bears, to prevent the incursions of 45 m. from the Atlantic and 212 8. 8. W. of Ma-
the Picts and Scots. It began at Abercom, on the drid. Lon. 5. 59. W., lat. 37. 14. N.
frith of Forth, 4 m. N. E. of Linlithgow, and ran Sevres^ Deux, a department of France, including
W. to the fritn of Clyde, ending at Kirkpatrick, part of the ancient province of Poitou. It is so
near Dumbarton. named from two rivers that rise here ; one, called
Semer, a county of E.Tennessee. Pop. 5,1 17. Sevre Niortois, flowing W. by St. Maixent, Niort
SevierviUe, the capital is 5 m. S. E. Knoxville. and Marans, into the &y of Biscay, opposite the
Sengnjif a town of France, department of Ar Isle of Re ; and the other named sevre Nantois,
dennes, 12 m. N. W. of Bethel. which takes a N. W. direction, passes by Clisson,
SeeiUtf a province of Spain, forming the western and enters the river Loire, opposite Nantes. The
half of Anofdusia, and still retaining the title ot department comprises an area of 2p00 sq. m.,
kin^om. It has an area of 9,500 sq m. with 750, with 260,000 inhabiUnU, about one eighth of
000 inhabitants. The surface is diirersified with whom are Protestants. Niort is the capiul.
beautiful plains ^d hills, covered with vines and Sewaiiekt a chain of mountains in Hindoostan
3L
AHA e74
r
U»rderiii^ on the eoontiy of Serinagar and the Ska^tiknarg, p.v. Waahingtim Co. MaiykBi
proTinee of Dehli. p. v. Hamilton Uo. Ohio ; p.T. Bath Co. Ken.
Seunekly^ JiTortk and JVeie, two townahipa in Skarpstmenf p.T. Salem Co. N.' J. 96 m. 8. £
Beaver Ca Pa. on the Ohio. Philadephia.
SevMself a town of France, departmenr of Ain, SharronviUt, p.T. Hamilton Co. Ohio.
divi(u$d into two parts by the Rhone, which here Shawan^unk MfnaUtanSj a branch of the Apah
begins to be naTigable. 14 m. N. by £. of Bel- chian chain in N. T
ley. Skawangvnk^ p.t. Ulster Co. N. T. Pep
otizaiuie, a town in the department of Mame, 2,681.
27 m. N. W. of Trojes and 65 S. E. of Paris. SkawwtUmiit p.T. Gallatin Co< minois on tk
Sexm^ town of Naples, in Terra di LaToro, 14 Ohio,
m. N. W. of of Capaa. Shawskeen Aber, a braneh of the Bfeiraaaek u
Skahur. a town of Egypt, on the W. branch Mass,
of the Nile,48 m. 8. E. of Alexandria and 50 N. Skumad^ ariTer of Maine flowing into the wok
N. W. of Cairo. near the month of the Kennebec.
ShackUfordf p. v. King and Queen's Co. Va. S%cemej«,a maritime town in Kent,Eng. en the
Shade MautUam Gapt p.T. Huntingdon Co. Pa. noiot of the Isle of Sheppey, at the roovthof tlir
Shade Workg, p.T. Somerset Co. Pa. Med way, 3 m. N. of Queenborongh. A fiirt vai
Shady Grave, p.T. Franklin Co. Va. 228 m. 8. W. built here by Charles II., after the inanlt of ife
Hi chmond. Dutch, who burnt the men of war at Chatfaan ia
. ShaffersUniM, p.T. Lebanon Co. Pa. 32 m. £. Har- 1667 ; and it has since been consi^nhly aav
risburff. mented and strengUiened. There are aJM> an on
Sh^fidmry^f.i, Bennington Co. Vt Pop. 2,143. nance office, a dock -yard, and a chapel.
Shaft^ry, a borough in Dorsetshire, £ng. Sheffield, a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng., lita
It stands on a hill where water is so scarce that ate onan eminence surrounded by a beantifal wtl-
the poor get a liTing bv fetching it from a great lcy> with a range of romantic hiln in the peispea-
distance. 100 m. W. oy 8. of London. Uts. The houses are well bnilt, nikl manyaf
Skahar, or Sahar, a sea-port of Arabia, in Had- them elegant ; and few places ean boast of mom
ramaat, 110 m. 8. 8. W. of 8hibam. Long. 48. handsome or regular streets. This town haskaf
40 m. £.. lat. 13. 50. N. been celebratea for its Tarious hardware raurafic-
ShahJeKoHpore, a town of Hindoostan, capital of tures which consist particularly of entlciy waie.
a district of its name, in the proTince of Malwa, plated goods, buttons, &xi., inmienae qiMatitiesflf
20 m. fi. £. of Ougein and 196 8. of Agimere. which are now exported to all parts or the habiii-
ShahjekamporeitL town in the proTince of Dehlii ble globe. In the town and neigfaboarhood aie
distriot of BareiUv.' seated on the Grurrah. Long, founderies for iron, brass, and white metal ; aai
79. 50. £., lat. 27*. 62. N. numerous works are established on the hai^«
Shakertown, a Tillage of Knox Co. Indiana. the riTers for the purpoee of preparing the m
ShaUrmlUf p.t. Portage Co. Ohio. and ateel for the manufactures. Here ara ahi !
Skamokie, a township of Northumberland Co. lead worka, a considerable carpet manufacture aai J
Pa. a cotton mill; and the neighbourhood aboondpii
^oaiiaAwr, p.t Ulater Co. N.Y. Pop. 966. coal. Sheffield is seated at the conflnz oftk
ShanesvilUt p.T. Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 8heaf with the Don, which is now rendned atr-
^ftoimoa, the larffest river of Ireland, which is- igable up to the town. 53 m. 8. 8. W. of Tak
sues from Lough Allan, in the county of Lei trim, and 163 N. N. W. of London. Long. 1. 29. W.
and running 8. diTides the proTinces of Leinster lat. 53. 20. N.
and Connaught ; it then turns 8. W., passes by Sheffield, p.t. Berkshire Co. Maas. 125 m. W
the citT of Limerick, and enters the Athmtic Boston. Pop. 2,392 ; p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt 3^
Ocean Setween the counties of Clare and Limer- m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 720 ; p.T. LotaiB Ce
ick. Ohio, 155 m. N. £. Columbus. Pop. 215.
ShafuumsmlUf p.T. Montgomery Pa. Sh^ord, a town of Bedfordshire, Eng. aeatsi!
Shapf a Tillage in Westmoreland, £ng. at the on the Ivel, 9 m. 8. E, of Bedford and41 N. bf
source of the IxMlor, between Orton and Penrith. W. of London.
It had once a famous abbey, which stood a^ut a SheOmme, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pon. 312; pi
mile W. from the church, of which little remains, Chittenden Co. Vt. on L. Chamj^ain, 7 m. S.
except the tower of ita church, and the ruins ot a Burlington. Pop. 1,123 ; p.t Franklin Co.
* ' ' " 100 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 985.
Shelburne, a town of NoTa Scotia, at 'the beat
'a bay called Port Rose way. It extends tve
immense weight that carriages now in use could miles on the water side, and one mile backwaid.
not support them. with wide streets crossing each other at i%te
Shimnshaf one of the Orkney Islands, lying angles. The harbour is de«>, capacious, and se-
3 m. from the N. £• PU't of Pomona. It is 7 m. cure. About a mile from Shelbume. and sepa-
long and 5 broad. The coasts are IstcI and pro- rated from it by a small riTer, is the Biacdi Towa,
f duce grass and com, but the middle part is high peopled by about 1,200 free blacks, who aenred oa
and 6t only for sheep pasture. the royal side during the American war. Shel>
ShapUigh, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,480. burne is 100 m. 8. W. of Halifax. Long. 65. &
Sharon, a township of Hillsborough Co. N. H. W., lat. 43. 46. N.
Pop. 271 ; p.t. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 1,459; p.t. Shelby, a county of Kentucky. P<m. 19,039.
Norfolk Co. Mass. 16 m. 8. Boston, with a manu- 8helbyTille is the capital ; a county of ^¥. 1^
factory of cotton. Pop. 1024 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. nessee. Pop. 5,652. Memphis is the capitdl ; •
Conn. Pop. 2,613; p.t. 8choharie Co. N. T. county of Alabama. Pop. 5,521. Shelby Tille is tae
Pop. 4,247 ; towns and Tillages in Mercer Co. Pa. capital; a connty of Ohio. Pop. 3,671, Sidn^ii
Ashtabula, Franklin, Richland and Hamilton Cos. the capiUl ; a county of Indiana. Pop. 6;iM
Ohio. ShelbyTille is the capital.
I
\
eTS 8HI
Sftidy, p.t Geneaee Co. N. T. 246 m. W. Al- distao, the residence o^ a oaaha. IGO m. N. by
bany. E. of Bagdad.
skelkyoilU, p.T. Shelby Co. Ind. 25 m. S. E. Sheriff-muir, a heath of Seotlano, in Perthahire
Indianapolis ; p. v. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. E. Lou- near Duaiblane ; famous for a bloodjr, ontindeoi
isTille ; p.T. Shelby Co. Al&b. 93 m. N. Cahawba; sive battle in 1715, between the roval army u-
p.t. Bedford Co. Ten. der the duke of Argyle, and the rebel forces under
Sheila, a decayed town of Morocco, which none the duke of Mar.
but Mahometans are allowed to enter. 4 m. E. of Sherman, a township of Fairfield Co. Conn.
Salle. Pop. 947.
Shetlif, the largest river of Algiers, which Shersd, a town of Algiers, in the prorinee of
takes its rise in the desert, flows N. through the Mascara, formerly of great importance. It has
lake Titeri, then turns to the W., and enters the said to have been anciently destroyed by an
Mediterranean to the N. of Mustagam. In its earthquake, when the arsenal and Laany other
course it reoeives the Midroe, Harbeene, Toddah buildings were precipitated into the harbour, the
or Silver River, the Archew, Mina, Wariasa, and ruins beinff still visible at low water. It is built
Fagia. after the Moorish manner ; and is famous for its
Skddim, p.t. Franklin Co. Vt. 32 m. N. Bur- pottery, and steel and iron manufketures. 60
linffton. Pop. 1,427 ; p.t. Genesee Co. N. Y. 30 m. W. by. S. of Algiers. Long. 2. 48. E., lat.
m.%. £. Mofialo. Pop. 1,731. 32. 42. N.
SkdUr hland^ux island and township in Suffolk Sheske^n, p. v. Bradford Co. Pa.
Co. N. T. at the E. end of longlsland. Pop. 330. Shetland, the several names of about 40 islands
Shdtanbaraugh, a village in Pittsylvania Co. Pa. besides a number of small holms or rooky islets
Shnumdoah^ a branch of the Potomac in Vir- used only for pasturage, lying 100 m. N. N. E.
Sinia, joining that river at Harper's Ferry where of Caithness-shire, In Scotland, between 59. 66.
le Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge. See and 61. 11. N. lat. The names of the principal
Potomac. are Mainland, Tell, Unst, Bressay, and Fnla.
Sktmandoah, £. a county of the W. District of The description given of the largest, or Mainland
Virginia. Pop. 8,327. will give an idea of the others ; and the particu-
Sieiumdoak, W. a county adjoining the above, lars of the climate, inhabitants, dkc., are much
Pop. 11,4^. Woodstock IS the capital of both. the same as in the Orkneys. Shetland unites
Skanango, townships in Beaver, Crawford and with Orkney in forming one of the counties of
Meieer CSw. Pa. Scotland.
Sk^^ktrdstaiipn, p.v. Cumberland Co. Pa. 4 m. Shevt^taif a, tk town of Hindoostan, in Mysore,
from Harrisburg; p.t Jefferson Co. Va. 16 m. 25 m. K. W. of Brangalore.
N. W. Harper'aTeny. A village in Belmont Co. Shibam, a city of Arabia, capital of the prov-
Ohio. ince of Hadramaut, and the residence of a pow-
SkaphardsvUle, p.v. Bullitt Co. Ken. erful sheik. 300 m. £ of Sana. Long. 49. 40.
Skaterd's Idu, a duster of islands, part of E., lat. 15. 25k N.
the New Hebriides, in the S. Pacific, to the S. of Shields, Mbrtk, a sea-port of Northumberland,
Malicollo. hon^. 268< 41. Ej lat. 26. 58. S. Eng. with considerable trade in coal and salt.
Skeppey, an uland in Kent, Eng. at the The town extends to Tynemouth on the E., and
mouth of the Thames, separated from the main- many elegant detached mansions are erected in
land bj a branch of the Medway, called the E. the neighTOurhood. [t has wide and airy streets
Swale. It yields plenty of com, and feeds nu- in everv direction, well paved, and lighted with
merous flocks of sneep. it contains the borough eas. This town, together with S. Shields, may
of Queenboroujgh, ana the fort of Sheemess. be deemed the port of Newcastle ; for the larg-
Sk^Um AfoMsC. a town in Somersetshire, Eng. est vessels are stationed here to take in their la-
with a considerable manufacture of woolen doth, ding, which 'ts brought down in barges and light-
The town is seated under the Mendip Hills, 17 ers. It is seated on the N. bank of the Tyne,
m. S. W. of Bath and 116 W. of London. near its mouth, 6 m. E. by N. of Newcastle and
Skerbom, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with 279 N. by W. of London. Long. 1. 4. W., lat.
manoftistures of linen and silk. It was formerly 54. 58. N.
a bishop's see, and the parish church, which was Skidds,Soutk, a town in the county of Durham,
the catnedral, and in which are interred the Sax- seated on the river Tyne, opposite N. Shields.
on kinffs Ethelbald and Ethelbert, is a magnifi- with which place it enjoys all the advantages of
eent pue of building. Formerly here were two trade and commerce in common with Newcastle,
other churehes, a castle, and an abbey^f which It consists principally of one narrow street^ two
scarcely a vestige remains. 116 m. W. by. S. m. in lenfftn, witn an open si^uare in the middle,
of London. Many trading vessels are built here, and it has
Skerknt, a fort of Guinea, seated at the mouth several salt-works and glass-works. 22 m. N. N.
of Sherbro River, which separates the country of W. of Durham and 281 N. by W. of London.
Sierra Leone firom the Gram Coast. U belongs Skiddsboraugk, p.v. Hancock Co. Mississippi,
to the English, and is 100 m. S. £. of the mouth Skiloak, p.v. Camden Co. N. C.
of the river Sietra Leone. Long. 11. 0. W., lat. Skykall, a town in Shropshire, Eng. It has a
7. 0. N. handsome church, two meeting-houses, a gram-
Sksrkmm^ a small town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. mar school, a national school, and a suoscnption
seated in a well enltivated and fertile district, library. 136 N. W. of London.
fSunoQs for its fine orehards. 164 m. N. by W. of^ Skm^ Lock, a lake of Scotland, In the S. part of
London. Sutherlandshire^ 15 m. long and 2 broad. At its
Skerheme, p.t Middlesex Co. Mass. 21 m. S. S. E. extremity issues the npid river Shin, which
W. Boston. Pop. 900 > p.t. Chenango Co. N. T. flows into the head of the frith of Dornoch.
Pop. 2,574. a township of Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. Skmntoten, p.v. Harrison Co. Va.
462; p.v. Beaufort Dis. 8. C. Skip Island^ an island in the Gulf of Mexico on
AsTMSMr, a town of Europeaii Turkey in Kur- the coast of Missisappi opposite Bilozi Bay.
BHR 676 81A
Shippenaourg, p.t. Cumberland Co. Pa. 21 m. ^retMhiryy p.t. Ratland Co. Tt. 10. S. E. Ret-
8 W. Carlisle. land. Pop. i;289; p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 6.
SMppingportf p.t Jefferaon Co. Ken. on the N. £. Worcester. Pop. 1|386; p.t. Monmoath
Ohio. 8 m. below Louisville. Co. N. J. 47 m. N. E. Trenton ; p.t. Toric Co. Pa.
Shipstonf a town in a detached part of Worces- a township of Lycoming Co. Pa ; p.T. Kenhan
tershire, Eng. surrounded by Warwickshire. 83 Co Va. 306 m. N. W. Richmond,
N. W. of London. SkropshirCf a county of England, 46 m. km^
ShiraSf or ShtrauZf a city of Persia, capital of and forty broad ; bounded N, by Cheshire and a
Farsbtan, seated at the end of a spacious plain, detached part of Flintshire, E. by 8ta£rordahiie.S.
bounded on all sides by lofly mountains. It is E. by Worcestershire, S. by Herefbrdsfaire, S. W
surrounded by a wall, 5 m. in circuit, with round by Radnorshire, and W. by the conntriee of Most-
towers at the distance of 80 paces. The city is ^ornery and Denbigh. It contains 850,000 scm,
built of brick, and adorned with many fine mos- is divided into 15 hundreds and 230 paiialies. ka>
qnes and noble edifices. Here are many good 17 market towns, and sends 12 members to pcrik
bazaars and caravanseras ; also a manufacture of ment. The number of inhabitants in 1821 vti
swords. This city was the seat of government 206,153. The soil is generallv fruitful, eraeciaii/ i
under Kerim Khan, who erected many of the fine in the N. and E. parts, whicn prodaee ptenty of I
buildings in and near this place. In its vicinity wheat and barley; the 8. and W., bein^ mooii-
are numerous summer-houses, with gardens ; and tainous, are less fertile, but j^ield eoffieient pis-
the rich wines of Shiras are deemed the best in tore for sheep and cattle. This coantT abonads
all Persia. The tomb of the celebrated poet Hafix with lead, copper, iron, limestone, iree-stoDe.
is in a large garden on the N. £. side of the city, pipe-clay, bitumen, and coal ; it has aJao sone
about 2 m. from the wall ; and at the foot of the salt-springs, numerous iron-works, and maau&e-
mountains, in Ihe same direction, is the tomb of tures of porcelain and flannel. The piuicipsl
8adi. 175 m. 8. by £. of Ispahan. Long. 52. rivers are the 8evem and the Teme The cspi-
40. E., lat. 29. 37. N. tal is Shrewsbury.
ShirUy, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 38 ro. N. W. ShunUa, a strong town of Earopean Tniker,
Boston, rop. 991. . in Bulgaria. It commands the pass over t£e
ShMTvaUf a province of Persia, forming the lar- mountains, and is 120 m. N. N. W. of CoostaBti-
sest and most important division of the southern nople.
Caucasus, bounded N. and E. by Georgia and Skusa, a town of European Russia, captital of
purhestan^ and 8. by the Kur, which separates the province of Karabegh, with 2,000 inhamtsBU,
it from Ghilan and Aderbijan. The soil in gen- 500 of whom are Armenians, and the remain^
eral is fertile, producing corn, saffron, cotton, &c. Tartars. 225 m. 8. £. of Tiflis.
8chamachi and Baku are the chief towns. Skuster, a city of Persia, capital of Kosistaik,
Shoals f hUa of. 8ee hU» of'ShodU, with a considerable manufacture of woolen stnfli
Skoghf a town of Syria, with an excellent cara- which are exported to Bassorah in retnm for la-
vansera, seated on the Asi, 16 m. 8. by E. of An- dian commodities. The streets are narrow sad
tioch and 45 8. W. of Aleppo. <lurty, but the houses are good, and it oootaiw
Shoomtkaf one of the Kurile islands, three ruins which testify it to have been formerly of
leases 8. of Cape Lopatka, iu Kamtschatka. mat extent and magnificence. Its present pops-
Its inhabitants consist of a mixture of natives and fadon is estimated at 15,000, Persians and A-
Kamtschadales. rabs. It is situate at the foot of a range of \
^ooter*s HUl, a village in Kent, Eng. situate mountains, on an eminence which overlooks thr '
on a hill so called, whidi afibrds a very extensive rapid source of the Karoon. Long. 49, 2, £.. lit.
and delightful prospect. On the W. part of the 32. 5. N.
hill is a triangular tower, erected to commemorate Skutesbunff p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 83 m. W.
the reduction, in 1756, of Severndroog, a strong Boston. Pop. 967.
fort in Hindoostan : it is called Severndroog 5tam, a kingdom of Asia, bounded on the N. £
Castle, and contains some of the arms, ornaments, bv ths| of Laos, E. by Cocfain-China and Cam^
Ac., taken firom the enemy. 8 m. E. S. E. of dia, 8. by a gulf of its name, and W. by the btj
London. of Bengal. It is 560 miles in length and 250 is
Shorehom, a borough in Sussex, Eng. It is breadth, though in some places not above 50,
eommonly called New Sboreham, to distinguish and is divided into the Higher and Lower. The
it from the Old, which lies near it, and is now of country is level, and in the rainy season is over-
little account. It stands on an^ arm of the sea. flowed ; for which reason most of the houses sie
into which vessels can enter with the tide ; ana built on pillars, and they have no oommuntcataoi
many small vessels are built here. 19 m. W. N. for some months but by boats. The soil prodocef
W. ef Newhaven and 56 8. by W. of Lon- plenty of rice, cotton, and a variety of iruila dif-
don . rerent from those of Europe. Many authors havs
Shorehamt p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pop. 2,317. extalled it as the finest and richest country in the
Short Creek, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio, world. There are mines of gold, silver, tin, and
Pop. 2,185. copper; and plenty of pepper, aloes, benaoia,
Shrewsbury.tihoTOfxgh and the capital of Shrop- and musk. Wild animals roam in the woods, as
shire, Eng. It is seated on a peninsula formed elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tTgers. —
by the Severn, over which are two bridges; and The inhabitants have large n>reheads,litde noses,
is surrounded by a wall, in which are three gates, plump lips, and black sparkling eyes. The mea
Here were formerlv a castle and abbey, both now are of an oUve complexion, with little beards;
in nuns. Shrewsbury is the chief mart for a but the women are of a straw complexion, and
coarse kind of woolen cloth, made in Montgom- some have their cheeks a little red. Both sexes
emhire, called Welsh Webs ; and for all sorts go bare headed, and almost naked, except the
of Welsh commodities, which are generally wealthy, who wear rich jrarments for ostentatioo.
bought in a roujh state at Welshpool, and finish- The king shows himself but once a year to ths
•d here. 154 N. W. of London. people. He is the proprietor of all the landa is
■It
thi oannlijr, uti no epe mo buf any nerohui-
diie till he lui Gnt lud tha eliaiae of Ibran. lie
geatnlty keejM a BuseroiM irmj, tHidn 3,000
i^lepIiuU, and caa take 35,000 mao iolo the fieM.
Tlie mandarlDi, that ti, the prinoipal man wha
dmlf attend the pdace, are 3,000 in nanbet, and
are whippod nrf aeTeTelr with q>lit rattaaa Sit
the leait fault. The temple* aod pmata an rety
nuiDtroui; the laltei Ue dUtinfuiihad fram the
liit; bj an orange-coloured nnneot, and bj
keepiac their lieaa, beardi, and ejv-brom doaa
■hived. They bare achoali for the adacation of
their children, and acarcely anr are Kiand asiong
*heai who cannot read and write. Thia aoiintr;
haa been mnoh oppiMaed by the Birmana, to
wbont the kins of Biaa, alter a long and fcatrne-
ti\t war, eaded tha W. BaritiMia towna on the
Bay of Bengal,
riehei of tUJ cwnatiy eoniiat of fine ■Ci"« mi
tea. Hem i« fbond the Sabia a anvil amnal
eepper, and aeNTal ktnda of preeiona atonea, par-
tieolariy topaaeaof abeaatiflUlDatie, magsetaoT
an eatnordinajy iiie, and eTon whole monnlalni
... ^^ . . ..
Una, and RnMians. Tha ftnner dwell in foTMta
in Aa wintw. and in the nuniner on the ti^-k.
of ri*er*. Their ganneala are the lUna afwfld
beaata. All their riobei aie ooo^aad in tbfir
bow*, arrowa, a knift, and a kattle. Tb^ tmka
nae of reindeer and do«, tnilead of heeae^ I*
draw their dedgei ; and lire in hnta, wUeh thay
renoT* Gram plaoe to place. Tbooa in tl" — >■■-
hare boraea w
ciTiiind. TiMy
thej go a hantiog, and
lor, are not abifted ftoB
mnoh tba lame aa in their nalire oonntrr. It
tbrongb thia vaat traat of land Ibrt the KtaM
The Caaaowan, o«ie of the larjieat biida in tbe
world, ia Ibana here. Tbeir tame cattle are
oeerea, bo&loea, and hoga, of which they bare
tnty about tbeir &rma. There are large and
i^roQi crooodile*, and aeipenti 90 fret long.
Sum, or JiitJaa, a city, the capital of the above
kingdom. It contain* a great number of tem-
ple*, conrenta, chapela, colDinnB and other deoo-
rationa, Tbe king'* palace, and aome othera,
diSbr ftom tlie common babiuiioui by ocGopyinr
a mora exlen*i*e apace, being belter ooutmctedj
and of a greater height, bat they nerer eioeed
one floor. Tbe Datch bare a Aetory here, and
mercbantafrom difl^rent countries come hereto
trade. In I70S thia city waa taken by the Hit-
man*. It is ritoata on an iaiand in the rirer
Menan, 50 m. N. of ila moatb in the gnlph of
Siam and 300 B. G. oT Pen. Loag.loo. 50.
£., lat. 14. 18. N.
Sis^g-ymmg, a city of China, of the tint olaaa,
in the prorinee of Hou-qnang, oo the river Han,
530 m. a. S. yr. of Pekln. Long. 111. 4(1. S.,
,it. 3S. S. N.
Sara, a prorinoe of Brazil, tWng between thoM
of Haragnon and Petagoel, The capital, of the
aams DamB, ha* a fort on a monntain, near tha
montb of the rlrer Siata. Long. 39. 35. W., lat.
3. 30. S,
Sia^m, a town of Rna^a, in the voTeinnent of
Peteraborg, near the lake I.«doga,34 m. N. E. of
New Ladoga. Long. 30. 47. E., lat. 60. 16. N.
SUtrui, a lam country, comprehending the
northern part of tbe Rnaaian empire in Aaia. It
u bounded on the 5. by the Paeifio Oomd, B. bv
Great Tarlary, W. by Enropein Rnsaia, and H.
by tbe FroMn Ocean. It aitenda 3,500 m. in
length (Vom G. to W. and 1,900 in breadth fnwi
N. to B. Tbe 8. part, piodnoea alt Um neeeaaa-
rieaoriife,battbaII. m axttemaljr oold, alaoH
aanvan* tiarel every year, when they tury theu
BWrchandiie to China- The priaeipal riv*ta ar*
the Oby, Lena, Iitkk, Yenisei, and Okota. 1^
waatem part of Siberia i* tsompriaed in tin Roa-
rian gorannient of Tobolak, and ia diridad into
the circles of Tobolsk Proper, TonMk, Tenloayak,
and Kolyran ; all the eiatem part is contained in
Um govemnwnt of Irkotak, and divided into tha
eirck* ofriknlsk Proper, Nettachink, ~ '
d Okhotak, which last inclndsa Ki
ifrikDlskPra^, Nettachink, Takontak,
and tbe islands. Sibaiia ia tbe plaoi
criminBls, as well as peesoaannderUlaaupieaanie
of the court, are ooounonly baniahed ftom Rnaia.
Christianity has at preaeol mads little progieaa
in thi* mnnlry, Ihongh conuderabla eflbne have
of late jaara been made bj the Rnaaian gof«(n>
aunt as well aa by the Britisb Misaionair Soi^
tiea. Tobolik i* the capaal and tbe iMidHHa of
tbe vioeroy.
Sical, a town of Mexico, on the N. eoaatof Td
oatan.TOnN. W.nfMerida. Lmw.90.30. W,,
lat. 30. 90. N.
StobM, a town ot tbe Nettarrland*. in 8. Bra
bant, to IImS. of which ii a celebrated monaatery
It U seated on tbe Demer, 13 m. B. of Mechlin.
SitHf, an iaiand of the Hediterranean Bea, about
165 m. long and 113 broad. Ita form i* thMt of a
triangle, tenninating in three canea. Siaily la
aapanted fVomthe kingdoniaf Naples by a narrow
■trait, called the Faro; but, aa Meadna i* •itontrd
an it, it is oalled the Fsra of Mnsina. Tb* two
kingdoms of Naples and Sicily hav* nearly the
aam* climate, and the productions are much the
■anw, but Sicily abound* much more in oom, par>
ticnlirlv in tbe valleys of Noto and Hajnra.
The valley of Demons has more fbreata and fruit
tree* than the two olbeia. Tbe three great dl-
viaiona of Sicily are named from these rUUys ;
but ainoe 1616 it has baen divided into seven in-
tandanoiaai via., Palermo, Meenns, Catania
Oirgenii, Syrunae, Trapani, and Calataniaetts.
Tbe ohief town* in the Vsl di Maaara are, Paler-
mo, MaiaaU, Tiapani, Termini, and Msaan; in
3lS
»1D G78
tlM Val di Noto, Modiea, Ragnita, Noto, 87i»oaie, up. It is' teated on the Engliih Chaniwl, ISB
sad Outro Giovaiim; in 3ie Va] di iJemona, W. by 8. of London.
MoMina, Catania, and Nieoaia. This oouatiy Sumev, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken-
produces corn, wine, oil, sUk, excellent fruits, nebec, 8 m. above Aufusta. Pop. 2,191 yP-t- Del-
and almost every necessary of life in wonderfm aware Co. N. Y. Pop. f ,410 ; p.t. Shelby Co. Ohio,
ahnndance. The only manu&eturing establbh* 80 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 348.
ments of extent are Palermo, Messina, and Cata- Suira, a spacious giilf of the Mediterranean, ea
nia; they consist of silk, cotton, and linen, and the coast of Tripoli, anciently called Syrtis.
some woolens, though the wool of the island is of Siedrniberg^ a town of Hanover, in the covaly
indifferent quality : to which we may add a few of Hoya, 9 m. 8. W. of Hoya.
articles, such as hats, cutlery, harness, oarria^. Sughergy a town of Prussian WestphaEa, a
and household furniture, made at the principal the duchy of Betg, on the river Sei^. la m. 8. E
towns. The commerce of Sicily is ooropaiatively of Cologne.
trifling^, thoug^h from the varietv of its products, SUgen^ a town and castle of Prussian Wea^poa-
the exttellence of several of its harbours, and the lia, formerlv the capital of a principality belone*
general safety of its coast for navigation, it might, ing to the house or Nassau. In tne neighboor-
finder an enlightened government, become very hood are iron mines, fbiges and fbunderies. It is
extensive. In the darkness of their complexion, seated on the Sieg, 94 m. N. W. of Wetslsr
and the indolence of their habits, the Hieilians Long. 8. 12. E., hit 50. 47. N.
resemble the Italians and Spaniards ; and educa- fiksmia, or Siamutt a province of the giaad
tion is in a verv backward state, but the new plan duchy of Tuscany, bounded by the Florentxne and
of teaching (or Bell and Lancaster) is beginning the territory of Pisa. The soil is pretty frrdk,
to be employed with some success. The religion especially in mulberry trees, which fe^ a gnat
is the Catholic ; and the number of ecclesiastics number of silk worms, and there are several ibib-
is said to amount to 70,000, exclusive of the eral springs. It is 68 m. long and nearly the
monks and nuns. The assembly long dignified same broad^ and has an area of 3,000 square m.
with the name of partiament was, until 1810, with 190,000 inhabiUnU.
merely a feudal institution, possessing hardly any Siama^ a city of Tuscany, capital of the feicg^
marksof the elective franenise. ing province, and an archbishop's see, with a
^ Sicily was successively occupied by the Pheni* nmversity snd a citadel. It is 8urronn«led bv a
etans, the Carthaginisju, and Romans. In the wall, above 4 m. in circumference. The Gothic
8th and 9th centuries it was conijuered by the Sa* metropolitan church is built with black and white
lacens, who retained possession of the island marble, auad the pavement is of Mosaic wort,
about 200 years. They gave wajr to the Nor* Sienna is not very populous ; but is adorned witk
nana who, attracted to Bicfly on their promss to a great number of palaces, fountains, and snpn^
the crusades, made the conquest of the island in churches. The great area is round, and the
the 11th century. It pused snooessively into the houses about it are of the same height, supportf^
possession of France, Germanjr, and Spain. By by piassas, under which people may walk in all
the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, it was given to the weathers. The Italian language is spoken in Si-
duke of SavojjT, with the title of king; but in enna in its greatest purity. It is seated on thrpe
1720 the Austrians prevailed on the new possessor eminences,26 m. S. of Florence and 120 N. N. W.
of Sicily to exohan^^e it for Sardinia, and added of Rome. Long. U. II. E., ht 43. 24. N.
the former to the kingdom of Naples. The war Sierk, a town of France, department of Moselk,
carried on by France and Spain sgainst Austria, near the river IMLoselle, 10 m. N. N. E. of Thioa-
in 1734, transfered other orowns of Naples to a ville.
branch of the royal family of Spain, in whose Sy«rra L«m«, a country of Africa, in the W. part
hands it remained until the progress of the fVench of Guinea, so named from being mountainous, and
revolutionists, in 1799, led to the expulsion the mountains abouodinff in lions. It is situated
of the rojral femily from Naplea. Thej took on the Atlantic, and is oistingnished for the eoio-
refuge in Sicily, woere they remained till 1815, ny formed there by the British nation, from aoo-
when the 5verthrow of Murat, by the Avs- tives of generosity and philanthropy. This cooa-
trians, led to the restoration of the former family try is traversed by a considerable river, derived
to the throne of Naples, which thev continue to from an unknown source in the interior, caalled the
possess. In 1620 tne Sicilians made an attempt Mitomba or Sierra Leone^ Its limits are from the
to establish a free government, but the country Grain coast on the S. £., to Cape Verga on the
was invaded by the Austrians, and the king re- N. W. ; that is, between 7. and 10. N. laU In Uw
established in all hie former absolute authority, open and plain district8,on the banks of the river,
Palermo is the capital. the heat of the sun, before anv breese ariaes, ts a]>
Sidtm, a town of Hungary, with a castle on a most in tolerable; but a refreshing gale constantlv
mountain, in nhich the epperor Sigismund was springs up about noon, which renders the coonixy
imprisoned. 12 m. S. of Funfkirehen. aupportable. The wet season, from May to Oe-
Sidcye, a strouff town on the N. coast of the ia- tober, is ushered in and terminated by stormy
land of Java with a harbour. Long* 113. 15. E. weather. The whole tract, on each side the river,
fat. 6. 40. 8. is rich in rice and millet, which ia the chief sns>
Siddoiuburg p.v. York Co. Pa. 32. m. fiomHar- tenance of the inhabitanU ; and, upon the whole,
risburg. it is one of the best countries on the coast. The
Sidming HiU», a range of eminences in Bedford native^ are in general of mild external manners,
Co. Pa. extending from N. W. to S. £. and noted for their hospitality ; but they possess
SideroeapaQf a town of Macedonia, femous for a a gteat share of pride, and are easily aifected by
gold mine in its neighbourhood. 5 m. from the an insult. Of all the tribes, those who have en-
gulf of Contetsa, and 40. E. S. £. of Saloniehi. braced Mahomedism are the meet civilised and
SidmmUkj a town, in Devonshire. Eng. It is respectable ; and those on the coast, from their
much frequented in the bathing season, and was intercourse with the European slave-factors, sis
ihrmerly a sea-port, but its harbour is now choked much inferior in evcy thing, except the ait of
8IL 079 8IL
»
making a bargain, to those who retide higher up had its name from a mine of lead and diver, the
the coantry. In 1791 an act of partiament was working of which has been diicontinaed, 11 m
obtained, incorporating a company, called the N. N. £. of Glatx.
Sierra X/eone Company, for the purpose of culti- SUehuUr^ a ▼iUjJge in Hampshire, £ng. once a
vating W. India and other tropical productions on celebrated city. Tnere are considerable remains
the banks of the river. The first settlers amounted of its walls and ditches, enclosing an area of 811
to 200 white persons, besides a number of free acres ; and two military roads firom the S. gate,
blacks from Nova Scotia. In 1793 the colonists one to Winchester, and the other to Old Sarum
were all pu( into ponession of sm^l lots of land, 6 m. N. of Basin|r8toke.
and a new town, on a regular and extended scale, St/ana, a province of the Prossian states, for-
was begun to be built. The next year a French merlv belonging to the kingdom of Bohemia. It
squadron destroyed the settlement, and captured is SOU m. long and 170 broad ; bounded on the N.
several ofthe company's ships: from this disaster by Brandenburg, E. bv Poland, S. by Moravia,
thev recovered ; and a factory was established and W. by Bohemia, m>m which it is separated
in Uie Rio Fongos, in 1796. The colony, how- by a long chain of mountains : the highest, called
ever, sl^ll continued to languish, and, in 1806, it Zotenburg, is in the principality of Schweidnitx.
was transferred from the company to his majesty. There are mines of coal, lead, copper, and iron,
mpidly
advancing in prosperity, and the population is are the Oder, Bober,^Neisse, Queis, and Oppa.
continually augmenting by the capture of negroes, The chief manufacture is linen cloth, the annual
on their way to the W. Indies, by vessels em- value of which has been estimated at upwards of
ployed to put a stop to the slave trade. The num- i&l ,500,000 sterling *, there are also some woolen
ner landed in 1824 was 1 ,530, in IdS^, 2,337, in 1896 manufactures, potteries, iron foundries, and glass-
2,727, and in 1827, 2,857. The whole population houses. In this country are a great number of
of the liberated Africans in the villages in 1828 cattle, large stoda of horses, and plenty of gsme
(exclusive of 2,5^ persons resident in Freetown, in the woods ; also a few lynxes, bears, foxes
or employed at the timber factories) was 15,004. otters, and beavers. There are many lakes, full
IndepenaenUv of Freetown but including the Isles of pike, carp, and other good fish ; also plenty of
de Los and freetown, the number of settlemento bees, which produce much honey and wax
now amounto to 14, ofwhich Regent and Welling- Wheat, maize, barley, oate, millet, and in some
ton are the richest and most populous. The in- places saffron, are cultivated ; but ito wine is bad,
habitanto are by no means wanting in industnr. and chiefly used for vinegar. Silesia was for*
TLe markets or Freetown are supplied with fruite merly divided into Upper and Lower. The former
and vegetables, almost exclusively by the moun- comprising the S. part, where the inhabitanto are
tain villages, and from 80 to 100 persons are to be generally Roman UathoUca, and speak- the Polish
seen daily on the hill leading to Gloucester language : in the latter, they are almost all Pro-
Town witn the produce of their own fiirms and testante, and speak their mother tongue. The
gardens. The Church and Wesleyan Missionaiy county of Glatx, and a portion of Lusatia, are now
Societies are aiding by their effbrte in promoting annexed to this province, which forms a military
the happiness and prosperity of the colony; educa- division along with Pooen, and is divided into the
tion is rapidly extending, and numbers of degraded govemmente of 3re8lau, Liegnitz, Oppeln, and
negroes are rising into respectability and even Keichenbach. This country was ceded to the
wealth. Freetown is the capital. kiuff of Prussia, in 1742, by the treaty of Breslau.
&erra Morena, mountains of Spain, diving An- In 1807 it was overrun by the French, but was re-
dalusia fVom Estremadura and New Castile, ren- stored to Prussia at the peace of Tilsit. Breslau
dered famous by the wars of the Christians and is the capital.
Biahometans, and for being the scene where Cer- SUhety a town of Bengal, capital of a district of
vantes has placed the most entertaining adven- the same name, seated on the Soorma, 120 m. N
tures of his nero. £. of Dacca.
Siphiutm, See SitgulmcMm. SUigtriayOX Drittra, a town of European Tur-
Sigmaringen^ a town of Germany, with a castle, key, in Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see, with a
which gives name to a branch of the house of Ho- citadel. It is seated on the Danube, at the influx
henxollem. It is seated on the Danube, 18 m. of the Missovo, 155 m. N. N. E. of Adrianople.
£. S. E. of Hohensollern. Long. 27. 6. E., lat. 44. 15. M.
Signau, a town of Switserland, in the canton of SSEMurgf a town of Denmark, in M. Jutland,
Bern, 12 m. S. E. of Bern. with a castle, 18 m. W. of Arhusen.
^ifduna, a town of Sweden, in Upland, 10 m. SiUa, a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, on
H. of Stockholm. the right bank of the Ifiger, remarkable as the
S^giiciiza, a town of Spain, in Guadalaxara, and place where Park was obliged to terminate his
a bishop's see, with a castle, in which is an ar- first journey, after having penetrated 1,090 m. in
senal. It had formerly a university, consisting of a direct line £. from Cape Verd. It is 75 m. N .
several colleges. The most considerable structure E. of Sego.
is the cathedral. It is seated on a hill, at the foot SUlaiar, a sea-port on the W. coast of Sumatra,
of Mount Atienca, 65 ro. N. E. of Madrid. Long, with a good and safe harbour, 30 m. S. S. E. of^
2. 51. W., lat. 40. 58. N. Bencoolen. Long. 102. 10. E., Ut. 4. 0. S.
SUumf a river. See Sirr. SiUe U OittUinims, a town of France, depart
SUagiataf a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, ment of Sarthe, 19 m. N. W. of Mans,
celebrated, for ite kitehen-gardens. Coarse cot- Siffss, a town of Bengal, seated on the Suban-
ten cloths are made herejjuid some tobacco grows recka, 173 m. W. N. W. of Calcutta,
in the neighbourhood. 20 m. N. W. of Colar, and SUver Cruk^ a township of Green Co. Ohio.
82 N. E. of Bangalore. aUver Uke, p.v. Genesee Co. N. T. ; p.t. Bnm
aUhmUrgf a strong town of Prussian Silssia. It quehaiina Co. ra.
0IN 6ao
8il9it, a towA of PoKtogal, ia AJfirv«, on a boudod on the W. by Pexoia, N. by tho tari-
river ^the Mune naiiio, 25 m, W. N. W. of T«r torieo of the king of Kondahu, N. E. by thow of
▼in. the Seika, E. by a pandy deeext, and S. £. by
Smmneaff a town of Spain, in ValladoUd, with a Cutch. It extends alone the conne of the lif-
strong castle, in which Philip II. ordered the dus, from its month to the frontieia of Moolten,
archives of the kingdom to be kept. It is situate 300 m. ; and its breadth, in the widest part, is
on the Oonro, 10 m. S. W. of Vslladolid and 60 160. In soil, and climate, and the
N. £.- of Salamanca. pearance of the surface, it resembles
Simbrisky a government of Russia, formerly a country being an extended valley, ccoifined on
province of the kingdom of Kasan. It has an one sioe by a ridge of mountains, and on the
area of 30,000 eq. m., with 650,000 inhabitants, other by a desert; and the Indus, e^ual at east
the greater pari of whom profess the religion of to the Nile, winding throu|^h the nudst of this
the Ureek enurch. The capital, of the same name level valley, and enriching xi by its annual inna-
is seated on the Voln, 100 m. S. by. W. of Kar dations. During great part of the S. W. man-
■an. Long. 48. 34. £., lat. 54. 22. N. soon, or at least in July, August, and part of
Simeoe, a lake of Upper Canada, commnnica^ Sentember (the rainy season ia moat other pans
ing with Lake Huron. of India) the atmosphere is here generally doad-
Simif the ancient Syme, an island in the Med- ed ; but no rain faUs, except near the sen. Ow-
iterranean, between the island of Rhodes and the ing to this, and the neighbourhood of the aaady
continent, in a bay of its name. It has a town, deserts on the £. and on the N. W., the faeati
cantaininff about S^OOO houses, built near the sum- are so violent, and the winds from thoee qoarten
mit of a nigh rocky mountain, 12 m. N. W. of so pernicious, that the houaes axe contrived so
Rhodes. Long. 27. 23. £., lat. 36. 35. N. as to be ocoasionally ventilated by apertmes en
Simmemt a town of Prussia, in the province of the top,resemhlin^the funnels of small chimneys.
Lower Rhine ; seated on a river of the same namo. When the hot wmds prevail, the windowa sfe
95 m. S. of Coblentz. closely shut, excluding the hottest ennent of air,
SimnumniUef p.v. Coshocton Co. Ohio. 100 m. and a cooler part descends into the hooae tfaroogh
N. E. Columbus. the funnels. By this means are also ezclnded
SimogWf a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, vast clouds of dust, the entrance of which would
district or Bednore, with a manufacture of coarse alone hfi su£Bicient to render the houaea nninfaeb-
coUon cloth. Tippo Sultan was defeated near itable. The roofs are composed of thick layer
this place by the Mahrattas, aided by a detach* of earth instead of terraces. Few coontriea av
roent of British, in 1790. It is seated on the Tun- more unwholesome to European conatitntions,
ga, 34 £. by N. of Nagara. particalarly the lower part called the Delta. The
Simantkum^ or SiffunUormfaf a town of Hunga- Uindooo, who were the original inhabitants of
ry, with a strong castle, taken from the Turks in Sindy, have been treated with great rigor by
1*6R6. It is seated on the Sarvita, 32 m. S. S. W. the Mahometan governors, and vaat nnmbeia
of Buda. Long. 18. 52. £., lat. 46. 45. N. have in consequence retired into other countries.
StrnpUm, a mountain of the Alps between Swit- The inland parts of Sindy produce saltpetre, sal-
xerland and Italy, through which a road was cut ammoniac, borax, bezoar, lapis-lazuli, and raw
by Najkoleon. This stupendous and magnificent silk. Here are manufactures of cotton and silk
works is 36 m. in length, and was completed in of various kinds; and also of fine cabinets, inlaid
1806 ; it cottsiats in many places of galleries or with ivory, and finely lacquered. Great qnanli- %
tunnels, cut though the solid rock of the moun- ties of butter are exported, which is clarified and \
tain. There are 22 bridges thrown over rivers wrapt op in duppas, made of the hides of cattle,
and torrents. The ascent of the road is so easy Here are large beeves, fine sheep, and amall bar-
that carriages may pass its whole extent without dy horses. The wild irame are deer, harea, an-
locking the wheels. The highest part of the telopes, and foxes, which are hunted with doas ;
road is about 6,000 feet. abo leopards, and a small fierce creature caflsd
5imM9a, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 6,099. a siahgosh. This province is now goyerned by
Franklin is the capital. three chiefs, called ameers, tributary to the mi-
^mffsofuBilU, p.v. Shelby Co. Ken.; p.v. tan of Kandahar. The Bombay government sent
Montgomery Co. Maryl. an embassy to the chielb in 18Ci6 ; and the £. la-
Simsbmnff p.t Hartford Co. Conn. 14 m. N. dia Company have now a native agent, or chaigd'
W. Hartford. Pop. 2,221 . affaires, residing at the fort of Hvdrabad.
SimsonmUef p.v. Laurens Dis. S. C. Shut a town of Portugal, in Aiemteio, on a cape
Scnoi, a mountain of Arabia Petrea, ia penin- to whicn it. jgives name, 74 m. S. W. of Evera.
sula formed by the two arms of the Red Sea. Long. 8. 467 W., lat. 37. 58. N.
The Mahometans hold it in great veneration; Sutgj a strong town of Austrian Dalmatia, bniK
and here the Greek Christians nave a monastery, by the Turks in opposition to Clissa, and takWi
surrounded by a high wail, and those who gotn by the Venetians in 1686. 8 m. N. of Cliasa, and
and out are drawn upand let down in bauiets. 14 of Sp^atro.
Long. 34. 15. £., lat. 29. 2. N. Sinrgan, a city of China, in the prorinoe of
SineapmiTf an island at the southern extremity Chen-si, and one the lareest and most beantilul
of the peninsula of Malaya, from which it is sepa- in the empire. Tlie walls are 12 m. in circnit,
rated by a narrow channel, and to the S. it gives nearly a square, and surrounded by a deep ditch ;
name to the narrow sea, caDed the strait of Sin- they are well fortified with towers and aome of
capour. It has a town of the same name. Long, the gates are very loffy and magnificent. It has
103. 15. E., lat 1. 10. N. a 8!^^^ trade, especially in mules, which are hied
3ind»f a river of Asia. See Indui. up in great numbers and sent to Pekin. Here is
Shu^fingeiif a town of Germany, in the king- a strong garrison of Tartars in a separate qnaiter
dom of Wurtemberg, 10 m. S. S. W. of Stut- oftheciUr,from which it is parted by a strong wall
gud 540 m. S. W. oC Pekin. Long. 108. 4. E., lat.
3indy, or SkuU^ a provinea of Hindooatan 35. 16, N
810 m
SingilUf, a town of RuMia, in the flfoverntBent ^pkmUOf the ancient Siphnosi one the best eal
ofStmblrik, situate on the Volga, 34 m. S. of Sim- tivated islands of the Grecian Archipelago, sita
birsk. ate W. of Pares. It is 36 m. in circumference,
SingoTf a town in the peninsula of Malacca, and, though covered with marble and granite,
seated at the mouth of a small river, in the bay of produces corn sufficient for its inhabitants , also
Patani. Long. 101. 25. £., lat 6. 40. N. olives, vines, fi^, cotton, and excellent silk, but
Sirii^ Singf p.v. Westchester Co. N. Y. on the not in any considerable quantity. The chief ar-
If udsbn, 33 m. above New York. Here is the new tides of commerce are calicoes, straw hats, figs.
State Prison, a large edifice built of hewn granite, onions, honey, wai, oil, and capers. Long. S5.
" Sinigaflia. a strong seaport of Italy, in the 15. £., lat. 37. 9. N.
duchy of Uroino, with a castle and two harbours. Sir Charles Hardy's Island, an islahd in the Pa-
It is the see of a bishop, and contains several cific Ocean, discovered by Captain Carteret in
^ne churches and convents, and a mint. An an- 1767. It is low, level, and covered with wood,
nual fair is held here from the middle to the end Long. 154. 20. E., lat. 4. 41. S. »
of July, frequented by merchants from distant Sir Charles Saunders's Island, an island in the
parts. ' It stands at the month of Nigola, in the S. Pacific, about 6 m. in extent from'E. to W.,
fulf of Venice, 17 m. S. £. of Pesaro. Long. 13. discovered by captain Wallis in 1767. The na-
5. E., lat. 43. 43. N. tives then appeared to live in a wretched manner,
5i-miig, a city of China, of the second rank, in but the introduction of Christianity has since
the western extremity of the province of Chen-si. produced the most surprising improvementa.
It has a considerable trade with the Tibetians, See Soetcfy fj/es. Long. 151.4. W., lat 17. 38. S.
particularly in tea. 450 m. W. N. W. of Sin*gan. Simdia, a town of Prussian Poland, with a
Long. 101. 35. E., lat. 36. 45. N. strong castle. It is surrounded by a wall, and
Sinking Spring, p.v. Highland Co. Ohio. seated in a plain, on the river Waxta, 62 m. N.
Sinob, or Sinope, a sea-port of Asiatic Turkey, E. of Breslau, and 105 N. W. of Cracow. Long,
in Natolia, surrounded by walls and double ram- 18. 55. £., lat. 51. 32. N.
parts ; but the castle is mudi neglected. Dioge- Siraf, a town of Persia, in the province of La-
nes the cynic philosopher was £>m here. It is rtstan, situate on the Persian 2Qt(>30 m. S. W
seated on the isthmus of a ^ninsula,in the Black of Lar. Long. 43. 33. £., lat. S5. 20. K.
Sea. 280 m. E. of Constantinople. Long. 33. 55. Siravan, a town of Persia, in Kusistan, 48 m
£., lat. 41. 5. N. N. N. E. of Snster.
Siaux, Indians, the most powerful tribe in N. Sire, a town of Abyssinia, in Tigre, &mou8 ibr
America. They consist of seven independent a manufiictore of coarse cotton cloUis. 40 m. W.
bands, each under its own chief; but they are of Axum and 100 W. N. W. of Auzen.
united in a confederacy for the protection of their Sirhind, a city of Hindoostan, capital of a coun«
territories, and send deputies to a general council try of the same name, in the province of Dehli.
of chiefs and warriors, whenever the concerns of Pfocopius takes notice that in the time of Justin-
the nation require it. They inhabit with trifling ian (toe sixth century) silk was brought from
exceptions all the country kletween the Mississipi Serinda, a country in India. 175 m. N. W. of
and Missouri rivers, south of N. Ut. 46. Their Dehh. Long. 75. 35. E., lat. 30. 15. N.
country includes also large tracts south of the Mis- Sfrian, a sea-port of Pegu, frequented by th»
souri and east of the Mississippi.' They are brave^ French, English, and Dutch. It is seated on Pe-
spirited^ and generous, witn proud notions or gu River, 30 m. from its mouth, and 80 S. of Pe-
their origin as a tribe, and their superiority as bun- gu. Long. 96. 13. £., lat. 16. 32. N.
tors and warriors, snd with a predominant passion Sirius, an island in the S. Pacific^bout 18 m.
fbr war. Their number is stated by Pike at 21, in circuit, discovered by lieutenant Ball in 1790.
675, of whom 3,800 were warriors. Lon^^. 162. 30. £., lat. 10. 52 S.
ifintzheim, a town of Baden, seated in a mo- Sirmich, or Simdum, a town of Sclavonta, and
rass, 12 m. S. S. E. of Hiedelberg. a bishop's see ; seated on the Bosworth, near the
Sion. a mountain of Palestine, on the S. side of Save, 42 m. S. £. of Essek. Long. 20. 19. £.,
Jerusalem, of great celebrity in sacred history. lat. 45. 13. N.
Sion, or Sitten, a town of Switserland, capital of Siraury, a town of Hindooetan, in a district of
Valais, and an episcopal see. It is situate on the the same name, in Agimere ; seated near the
river Sitten, near the Rhone, at the foot of three Puddar, 70 m. S. W. or Agimere. Long. 74. 27.
insulated rooks, which rise immediately from the E., lat. 26. 1. N.
plain. On the highest, called Tonrbillon, is Sirpy, a town and fort of Hindoostan, in My-
the old deserted episcopal palace ; on the see- sore, 14 m. N. of Sera and 37 S. E. of Chittel-
ond, denominated Valeria, are the remains of the droog.
cathedral, and a few houses belonging to the can- Sirr, or SUkam, a river of Independent Tartary
ons ; on Maioria, the third rock, stands the pres- (the ancient Jaxartes), which issues from the
ent episeopsJ palace. Sion was formerly the cap- mountains of Imaus, or Belur, on the confines of
ital or the Seauni, and some Roman inscriptionfl Cashgur, and, taking a N. W. course of about
still remain. 50 m. E. of Geneva. Long. 7. 22. 550 m. enters the N. E. part of the lake Aral. It
£., lat. 46 9. N. formerly flowed to the Caspian Sea, but the Tar-
5unc< or Onbe, a town of Egypt, which has seve tars, to free themselves from pirates turned its
eral mosques, and is the see or a Coptic bishop, oourse.
It is surrounded by fine gardens, anci palm-trees SisiMon, a sea-port on the E. coast of Luconia,
that bear the best dates in Egypt. Here are the one of the Philippine islands. It is situate almost
ruins of an amphitheatre ana some sepulchres of opposite Manilla and in the vicinity of very high
the Romans. This place is the rendesvous of those mountains, which render the air extremely moist,
who go in the caravan to Sennaar, in Nubia. It Long. 183. 45. £., lat. 14. 30. N.
stands on an artificial mount, 2 m. from the Nil^, Sinae, a town of Switzerland, in the eanton ol
and one 85 S. of Cairo. Long. 31. 84 £., lat. 27. Basel, 17 m. 8. E. of Basel.
N. SiM$skf or Sist^ a strong town of the Aastma
itatM, in CroAtia, rituate on the 8«tc, at tlit m- Oaj^ofa and Cortland Coa. It ia 15 m. loog and
flux of the Kolpa, 40 m. E. of Carlatadt Long. 1 1-8 wide: it diacharfes ita waten into L. Ontario.
]6. 56. £., lat. 45. 33. N. SkaneateUt, p.v. Onondaga Co. N. T. on the
Si$9apoU, a town of Romania, and an aiehbiah- above lahe. 152 m. W. Alhsnir.
op*i eee ; leaied on a peninanU of the Black Sea, SkaauAoraugk, See Whilekmi.
3d m. S. of Meeambria. Long. 98. 9. B., Ut 43. Skiddaw, a monntain in Cumberland, Eng. near
30 N. Keswick, above 3,000 leet in nerpendicalar height
SUtero^f a town of France, department of Lower from the surftee of the Uke Derwentwater, to the
Alps, with a citadel on the top of a rock, which N. of which it is situate. It is not difficult ofac-
was the prispn of Casimir V., King of Poland. It oeas, and isalmost covered with gran, which gnd-
is seated on the Durance, 45 m. N . E. of Aix and nallj grows coarser in the ascent, liie whoie top
407 S. E. of Paris. Long. 5. 56. £., lat 44. 12. N. is covered with a loose brown ala^ atone.
SiatervUUy p.v. Tjrler Co. Va. on the Ohio. SkiUkugr a town of Denmark, m the iaiand of
SUeUm^ a village in Glonoesteiabire, Eng. It Zealand, situate on a baj of the Great Belt, 52 m.
has manu&etures of brass and saltpetre. 7 m. E. 8. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 11. 27 £., laL 55.
of Bristol. 16. N.
SUtova. a town of Bulgaria, where a peace was Sk^paek, p.t. Montgomery Co. Pa.
eondndea between the Austrians and Turka in S/ajicnf a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. Tbe
1791. It is seated on the Danube, 25 m. £. of river Aire and the Leeda and Liverpool canal pas
NieopoU. through the town, and near it aro some oottoa
JEitoa, a town on the N. ooast of the iaie of Can- worka. It ia seated in the midst of a rough mooa-
dia, on a bay of the same name, 58 m. E. 8. E. of taiaoua district, called Craven, well adabted totbe
Candia. Long. 26. 89. E., lat. 35. 0. N. grazing and feeding of cattle. 311 m. N. N. W.
Sdford, a town of Belgium in the province of of London.
Limburg, seated near the Mense, 13 m. N. of Shfe^ an island of Scotland, one of the lazfcst
Maestricht of the Hebrides, being 54 m. long and from 3 to A
SiitiAfhumf a corporate town in Kent, Eng. 40 broad. The S. £. end is separated from Inver-
m. E. £ E. of London. ness-shire (to which it belongs) by a channel caO-
SiUivaeeaf a village of Ceylon, the chief place ed the Inner Sound ; in the narroweat part of
of intercourse between the Candiana and their which, named the Kyle, cattle are made to smm
European neighbours, 28 m. E. of Colombo. across. This side or the island awella graduaDf
SivaSf a city of Asia Minor, and the see of a from the shore, in a verdant alope, OTer which m
bishop, with a castle. It is noted as the theatre seen the naked hills of Strath ; and above theee
of the great contest between Timur and Bajaaet, rises the rugged top of CuUin or CuehnUin. To-
* - - - ••- ■ eS. W.
in which the latter waa finally defeated and taken wards the S. W. are rude monntaina, blstek _
prisoner, 180 m. W. S. W. of Enerum and 310 rod, as if discolored by firo; and on the E. a lose
m. E. N. £. of Cogni. Long. 38. 40. £., lat 38. extent of lofty hilla. Thero ia, notwithataadiag,!
55. N. great portion of level ground, wiUi ezeellent pM-
Swray, or Cteroy, a town of FVanoe, department tnrage ; and it has numbers of deer aiul diffem!
of Vienne, seated on the Charonte, 27 m. S. of kinds of ffame. It abounds with limesfame, bb^
Poitiers. ble, &c., but the basaltic colunma,reaemhIiBgtW
Siory^ a town of Belgium, in Hainault, with Giants's Causeway in Ireland, are its greatest c&-
3,500 inhibttants, 18 m. 8. W. of Charleroi. P^lf' A cave in thia island aflfordedan aaylosL
SAwakf a territory of Africa, on the confines ot' in 1^46, to the disappointed Pretender and hk
Egypt and Barea, mentioned bv the ancients un- faithful guide, for two nights. Many ♦hmtaiiih
der the name of the Oasis of Ammon. The fer^ of beeves and sheep are annually exported Imm^t
tile part is about 20 m. in ciroumference, contain- Some small horses are bred, and a great quanity ti
ing several villages, besides the capital. It af- kelp is manufactured here. Portree ia tne ptiaei-
foras abundance of vegetable productions, with pal town. The S. extremity is a peninsula, ter-
corn and oil ; and is well supplied with water minating in a rugged promontory called the Poisi
from small streams, but none of them flow be- of Slate. Long. 6. 12. W., lat 57. 13. N.
yond its territory, being either evaporated before Slagtlse^ a town of Denmark, in the mI«-.«* «f
they reach the surroundine desert or lost in the Zealand, 45. m. W. S. W. of Copenhagen,
sterile sand. The capitu, of the same name, SZogasn, a town of Prussian Pomerania, aeated
contains the ruins of the celebrated temple of Jn- on the Wipper, 10 m. £. by S. of RttgenwaM.
piter Ammon ; and in the neighbournood are StaiihvtuU a village in W. Torksk&o, Eng! m
many catacombs, whieh were the burying places the Huddersfield canal, with mannfactoiea of tht
of the ancient inhabitants. It is the theatre of various Mancheeier goods. 5 m. S. W. of Ila4-
considerable trade, being situate on the great ca- dersfield.
ravan route, 220 m. E. of Angila and 2So W. by SUUenmlUf p.v. Providence Co. R. I. 12 m. It
S. of Cairo. Long. 27. 10. E., lat. 29. 12. N. W. Providence. Here are large manufactuies ^
Shara, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, a ootton.
bishop's see, and formerly the capital of the king- SUUtnUU, p.v. Tompkins Co. N. T.
dom of Gothland. It was totally destroyed by fire SZaa'iia, a town of European Turkey ia Wal-
in 1719. The ruins of several cburohes and eon- aehia, on the river Alaut, 50 m. W. of linchaieflt
vents are still to be seen, and it has a college, a Slaeeeeasf, a name ^ven to a maritime tract rf
botanical warden, a medical school, and a large cap Guinea, between the uold coast and Benin tttm
thedral. It is seated on the Lida,on a moraaB,77 prehending the kingdoms of Ardnu Pooo' mmd
ra. N. £. of Oothebuig. Long. 14. 0. E., lat. 58. Whidah. -» Yi«, ■»
16. N. aims Uke, a Uke of N. America, 250, m. Ia
SX^mh, a town of Norwav, in the government ef length from E. to W., and 60 to 100 in width. It
A;grerhuys, noted for its mines of i»or and copper ; la full of wooded ialaada, and its outlet at iIm W
seated near a lake, 26 m. 8. W. of Rengsburg. extremitTf m long. 119. 30. W., lat. 61 30 K.
. SkmiuaUUff a lake of ffewyorfc m OneoAiga, flows N. W. into the Arotic Ocean.
8LD en AMQ
SUafordt ^fete^^ town in Lincolnthire,£nff. with 1794. 10 miles N. of Bruges. Long. 3. 96. C,
m market on Mondaj. It is a well bailt and flour- lat 51. 19. N.
ishing town, and dontains a handsome Gothic Snmlmui, a provinoe of Sweden, in Gothland,
charch, 113 m. N. of London. The hamlet of Old lying between the Baltic and the province ol
Sleaford is about a mile distant. Halhnd. Its area, is 7,750 square miles : its po|^
SUitoiekf a duchy of the Danish dominions, ulation 315,000. It is well watered, both by riv-
boundedN. by Jutland, S. by Holstein, and E. ana ers and lakes, but great part of it consists of
W. by the sea. It is about 72 m. loiig and firom marshes, heaths, and barren rocks. In some
30 to 56 broad. HaTing no mountains, and few parts are immense forests of pine and fir ; and
elevations entitled to the name of hills, most parts the approach to the Tillages is announced by
of it are fit for tiUace. The products are wheat| groves of oak, beech, and birch^ and numen/us
barley, oala, rye, nemp, flax, dbo. It has good pkits of arable. Oalmar is the capital,
pasture, on which are bred horses and homed eat- SnuUkaldm^ a town of Germany, in a district
tie. Woolen and linen are the chief mann&e« of its name, belonging to Hssse-Cassel. It it
tures, which are carried on, not in collective es- frmous for the league entered into by the Luther-
tablishments, but in the cottars of the manufa^ aos, against the emperor, in 1531, to defend their
turers. Fishing forms a considerable occupation religion and liberties. It has a fine castle on a
on the coast m well as in the arms of the sea. mountain, and in the vicinity are salt-pits and
SUnriek, the capital of the foregoing duchy, minet of iron. It * stands on a river of the same
is a long irregular town. The houses are name, which flows into the Werra, 25 miles S. W
chiefly or wood, and few are more than one sto* of £rfurt and 56 of Hesse-Cassel. Long. 10. 47.
ry high, but very neat. The inhabitants dress £., lat 50 45. N.
like the Dutch ; and manv of them speak their Sh^ikpartf p.T. McKean Co. Pa. 204 ro. N. W.
tongue, though the usual lan^foages are the Oer^ Harridburg.
man and Danish. The buiMings most worthy of Smithy a obunty of W. Tennessee. Pop. 21,492.
notice are the cathodal, with ita altar and tha Carthage is the capital. A township of Washing-
monuments of the princeS| the five chnrehes^ the ion Co. Pa. and Belmoot Co. Ohio,
town-house, the orphan-house, and the nunnerr Smidifidd, p.t. Providence Co. R. I. 9 m. N.
of I9t. John. Near the city is the old ducal pal* W. Providence. Pop. 3,994. Here are manu-
ace of ChUorp. Sleswick has manufactures orie- fkctnres of cotton, P^por, muskets, sithes, &c.
fined sugar, earthenware, leather, and sail-cloth, Within the limits of tne town are quarries of
and is situate on the N. side of an arm of the limestone and whetstone; p.t. Madison Co. N. Y.
Baltic,calledthe81ey,60 ra. N. W. ofLubec, Pop. 2,636. Towns and villages in Bradford
and 125 S. W. of Copenhagen. Long. 9. 40. £., Somerset, Fayette. Northampton and Pike Cos.
lat. 54. 35. N. Pa. Isle of Wight Co. Va. Johnson Co. N.
SligOf a county of Ireland, in the province of C. Jefferson Co. Ohio and Hopkins and Leving-
Connaught, 89 miles loufp and nearly as ston Co. Ken.
broad ; bounded on the £. oy Leitrim, 8. £. by Smith Grove, p. v. Warren Co Ken.
Roscommon,8. W. and W. by Mayo,attd N. by the Savukhorougk, p. v. Tioga Co. N. T.
Atlantic. It is divided into 39 parishes, con- Smitktown, p.t Snfibrk Co. N. Y. on Long
tains about 269 square miles with 146,20 inhabi- Island. Pop.], 666.
tants, and sends three members to pariiament. SmiikvUlSf a township of Chenango Co. N. 1 .
The soil is in general fertile, but rather boggy Pop. 1,829 ; p.v. Jefferson Co. N. Y. 10. m.
towards the coast. from Sacketts Harbour ; p.v. Brunswick Co. N
SHigo, a borough of Ireland, capital of the pre- C. near the mouth of Cape Fear River. «
cedinff county, and a place of considerable trade, BmotkmUtf p.v. Je^rson Co. Indiana,
seated near the mouth of a fiver which flows Smofowik. a government of Russia, on the fron-
from Lough Oill into the bay of Sligo, 42 miles tiers of Lithuania. After having bMn an olject
N. by W. of Roscommon and 100 N. W. of Dub- of contention, and reciprocally possessed by Po-
lin. Long. 9. 18. W., lat 54. 15. N. land and Russia, it was conquered by Alexay
Slippery Roekf a township of Butler Co. Pa. A Michalovitch in 1654, and ceded to Russia by
townsnip of Mercer Co. Pa. both on a creek of the peace of Moscow in 1666. It contains an
the same name. area of 21,400 square miles with 1,050,000 inhab-
SoojtetUe, p.T. Schoharie Co. N. Y. 48 m. W. itants ; and is fertile in com, hemp« and flax.
Albany. Horses, black cattle, and sheep, are numerous.
Sloatm, a town of Rusian Lithuania, in the The principal rivers are the Duna, Dnieper,
government of Grodno, with a castle, seated on Desna, Sosna, Kasplia, and Viasma.
the Sexraa, 40 miles 8. W. of Novogrodeck and SwufUnskf a city of Russia, capital of the
60S. E. of Grodno. Long. 24. 57rE., lat 53. foregoing government, is situate on the Dnieper,
0. N. and extends over two mountains and the valley
Slotefif a fortified town of the Netherlands, in between them. It is surrounded by walls 30 fiset
Friesland, seated on the riTulet Ee, which flows high and 15 thick ; the lower part of stone, the
into the Zuider Zee, 6 miles £. of Staveren, and upper of brick, and their ciicumlereiMe 4 m. and
90 S. 8. W. of Le warden. three quarters. The houses are mostly of wood
Siuekf a town of Russian Lithuania, in the gov- and only one story high, except a few, ooattersd
ernment of Minsk, with three Greek churches ; here and there, which are dignified with the title
seated on the river Sluck, 52 miles 8. of Minsk, of pidaces. The city is divided, through its whole
Long. 27. 54. £., lat. 52. 30. N. length, by one straight paved street ; the othen
Sluye, a town of Belgium in Flanders, oppo- are oireular, and floored with planks. The cath-
Mte tlie island of Cadsand, with a good harbour, edral stands on an eminence, where there is a
It has its name firom its fine sluices, by which view of the whole city. Notwithstanding its ex-
the whole country may be laid under water. It tent, it contains only about 13,000 inhabitant«,aad
was taken by the Spaniards in 1567, retaken by has no oonsiderable manufiietures, but caniea on
the Dutch m 1604, and taken by the FkMch in with Dantiio, Riga, and the IThiaint, a tnflb ii
8NO m 80C
liMn hemp, honej, wax, leather, flin, Ac. la of entnr and has eooaiderable conunetec
uaan oerap, nonej, wax, jeatner, nin, Ac. la of entir and baa eoonderabie conunetec ; p.v
16I2 several severe enmemeats were fonghi in Green Co. N. C. 96 m. 8. E. Raleigli ; p.T CU^
the Deifhboorhood or this city between the ton Co. Ohio.
French and Rossiaa armies, in one of which it &M«e, a river of Hindoostun, which isnacaftan
sustained a bombardment, which destroyed most a lake, on the S. confines of Allahahad, the ssne
of the buildingv, 197 m. N. £. of Novo-gorodeek that is the source of the Neibndda, and, flowinf
and 235 W. 8 W. of Moscow. Long. & U. £., in an (Opposite direction to thU river, eaten the
lat. G4. 50. Ganges, above Patna.
Smunkntent a town of Denmark, in the doehy SosemAcMt, a town of Prussia, in the jiiufiaM
of Holstein, 16 m. W. of Rendsbnrg. of Lower Rhine ; seated on the Nafae, 11 m. W.
Smyrna, a sea-port of Asia Minor, and one of by S. of Creutxnach.
the largest and richest cities of the Levant The SiHsdau, a town of Bohemia, in the cireie d
goodness of the harbour has caused it to be rebuilt Bechin, with good cloth mannftctore, 12 m. K.
several times after having been destroyed by 8. E. of Bechia.
earthquakes. It is the rendeivous of merchants SsAot&s, a town of Bohemia, in the drele W
from almost all parts of the world, and the mag- Buntadau, 8 m. E. by N. of Jung Bontxlaa.
azine of their merchandise. The population is Sodety JmUs, islands in the B. Paoifie Oeess,
computed at l20fiQ0 perMns. The streets are discovered by Cook in 1769, situate between 130.
more open, better paved, and the houses better 57. and 158. 0. W. long., and 16. 10. and 16. 55.
built than in any other towns on the continent 8. lat. They are seven in number ; namely Ha-
The street of the Franks is the finest in Smyrna, aine, Raiatea, Tahaa, Borabora, Manrua, Tubti,
and lies all along the harbour. The imports from and Sir C. Saunder's Island. The aoil, prodoe-
England consist of woolen cloths, camlets, lead, tions, &c., are nearly the same aa at Otaheite.
tin, and hardware ; these are exchanged for cot- Nature has been equafly bbuntiini in nneahrnled
ton, co^e, mohair, drugs, gall, raisins, figs. See. plenty, and the inhabitants are as Itucorions sad
The English and Dutch ftetors have protestant as indolent They are generallv above the oidr
chapels, and taverns are as open here as in Eu- die stature ; but their limbs are less mnacnlar tad
rope. The fortifications consist of a fort, a castle, firm than those of the Sandwich ialandera, whan
a mountain, and an old citadel. Smyrna is eight in many respects they resemble. Tbouf^ more
days' journey from Constantinople by land, 25 robust than the Marquesans, they axe inferior ia
days firom Ateppo by the caravans, six from Cog- sixe and physical power to the New Zealandeit.
ni, seven from CaUva, and six from Satalia ; and In penon they resemble the Friendlr iaianden u
is seated at the head of a large bay, 190 m. S. 8. much as any others in the Pacific. Tneir limbs an
W. of Constantinople. Long. 27. 7. E., lat 28. well formed, and thev are generally active in their
28. N. movements, graceful and stately in their gait, ui
Smynmfp.i. Chenango Co. N. T. 105 m. W. perfectly nnembarassed in their addreaa. They is
Albany. Pop. 1,897 ; p. v. Kent Co. Del.12 m. 8. remarkably curious and inquisitive, and compind
Dover. '^ith other Polynesian nations, m^ be said I*
Smytkiield, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa. possess considerable ingenuitjr ana mecfaanieal
Sluuthy a town in W. Yorkshire, Eng. 176 m skill. Totally unacquainted, till recently, witk
N. by W. of London. the use of letten, their minds could not be unprsr-
SnapsvilU, p.v, Chesterfield Co. Va. ed by any regulsjr or continued culture ; yet ^
Stuck or Smtz, a fortified town of Holland, in distinguishing features of their civil polity— 4iK
Friesland, seated on a lake of the same name, in imposing nature, numerous obeervanees, and £
marshy land, 12 m. 8. S. W. of Lewarden. versified ramifications of their mvthology— ik
Sneedsb&rougk, p.t Anson Co. N. C. 100 m. 8. legends of their gods— the historical songs ofthnr
W. Raleigh. bards — the beauUful, figurative, and impaasioak
Sneimef a town of Prussia in the province of eloquence sometimes msplayed in their nataooi]
Irac, 57 m.W. N. W. of Amadan. assemblies— and, above all, the copionsneas, vi-
SniatiHf a town of Austrian Galicia, on the rietv, precision, and purity of their language, to-
river Pruth, 28 m. W. of Cxemowitz. Long. 22. gether with their extensive use of nnmbera— wu^
50. E.y lat. 48. 33. N. ranted the conclusion thai th^ posscaaed no
SnowdeHf a mountain of Wales, in the centre of temptible mentid compacitiea. Thia concl
Caernarvonshire, and the most noted in the whole has been abundantly confirmed since the <
region of the Welsh hills. It haa several craggy liahment of schools and the introduction of Irtlen.
summits, deep dells, moors, and chasms; auo Multitudes, who were upwards of 30 or 40 yean
two lakes that abound with fish, particularly of age when they commenced with the alpliabet,
the char and the guiniard. The height of this have in 12 months learned to read distinctly is
mountain, from the quav of Caernarvon, to its the New Testament, large portiona of wluch.
highest peak, is 3,6o8 met. It waa held sacred someof them have in a abort period committed ts
bv the ancient Britons ss Parnassus was by the memory. The inissionaries, who for a long timr
Greeks. Pieces of lava, and groups of columnar laboured in tliese islanda amidst discouiagemeai
stones of vast size, have been found lying in all and disappointment, Iwve at length witnessed the
directions on the summit of this mountain, which complete abandonment of idolatry. CliristiaBi>
commands a delightful and extensive view. In ty is now universally professed, and the monl
a clear day, and when the mountain is free fiom onaracter of the people has been raised by it u
clouds, a part of Ireland, and of Scotland, the Isle a lugh degree of excellence. It it stated that is
ofMan.tne mountains or Westmoreland and Cum- 18^ not rawer than 10,000 persons had learned
oerlan<Lparts of Lancashire and Cheshire, and to read the Scriptures.
alliN. Wales, the Irish and British seas, and a Sod^ Lamd^ a township of HiUsborough Co
vast number of lakes, may be seen from its sum- N. H. 25 m. 8. W. Concord. Pop. 164.
mits. Soeimmf, p.v. Pendleton Dis. 8. C
Snow Hili, p.t Woreester Co. Maryland, on Soemmsco, a province of Gruatemala, 88 ra. louf
PoooBioka Rifer. 190 m. 8. Philad. It is a port and neariy as many broad ; bounded on the N. b^
Mm eft BOli
Chimi, E. bj Oii»leflMaa,S. by the Pacifie Ocean, Soho, a Tillage in Staffordshira. Kng. 2 m. N
and W. bv unaxaca. Tlie aoU ia not totj far- W. of Birmingham. It waa founded by Mr. Boul-
tile, and, being abeltarad from the N. winda by ton, for the manufiustnre of every article oommon
hiffh roountainB} the air ia exceedingly hot and to tbe Birmingham trade, the plated ware asually
unhealthy. made at Shemeld, and or elegant piecea of silver
SoeonMseo, or ChteveUan, the capital of the fore- both light and maaaive. Here also are made the
£»ing province, ia aeapled on a email river, near improved ateam engines now adopted in nume
e racifio Ocean, 460 m. S. E. of Mexico. roua eoncema throughout the kingdom. In 17!>7
Soeoiaraj or Soeotra, an island in the Indian an apparatua for the coinage of c6pper was em-
Ocean, lying about 45 leagues from cape Gardefan ployed here by government; and the Bank of
on the coaat of Afdca. It ia 80 ra. long and 22 £ngland dollara were also stam^d at thia mint,
broad, abounda in fruit and cattle, and ia particu- Soigpits, a town of Belgium in Hainault, near
larlv noted for ita fine aloea, known by the name a foreat of ita name, on the river Senne, 8 m. N.
of Socotr'me aloea. The nativea are chiefly Ma- N. £. of Mona.
hometana, and are governed by a king who de- SoisstmnoiSf a territory of France, in the Isle of
• penda on Arabia. Tamara is the capital. France, which, with that of Vermandois, now
Sodbury, or Chipping Sodhury. a town in Olou- forma the department of Aiane. It abounds in
cesterahire, Eng. 110m. W. or London. com, wood, and pastures.
SMior, a village in the celebrated island of Icolm- Slo»«»on«, a city of France, in the department
kill, one of tM Hebrides of Scotland. It waa of Aisne, anciently the capita] of a kingdom of
formerly a biahop'a aee, which comprehended all its name. U is a oishop^s see ; and the cathedrni
the islands, together with the Isle of Man : the has one of the most considerable chapters in the
bishop of Man la atill called biabop of Sodor and kingdom. Here St. Louis, Philip the bold, Sjid
Man. Louis XIV., were crowned. The castle, though
Sodus, p.i. in Ontario Co. N. Y. situate on the ancient, is not that in which the kings of the fir^t
S. side of Lake Ontario, on a bay 7 m. long and race resided. The inhabitants carrv on manufac-
3 broad, which forma an excellent harbour when tures of coarse linen, stocking, tnread, leather,
thereat of the lake ia agitated by a storm. It is 80 ropes, &c., and aome trade in com. Soissons
m. E. of Niagara. Long. 77.5. W.,]at.43. 10. N. waa repeatedly taken and retaken by the allied
Soebarg, a town of Denmark, in the ialand of and FVench armiea in 1814, when the town sus-
Zealand, situate on an ialand in a fieah* water lake, tained considerable injury. It is seated in a fer-
15 m. W. N. W. of £lainore. tile valley, on the river Aisne, 90 m. W. by N. of
8oesi, a large town of Pruaeian WeetphaHa, in Rheima and 60 N. £. of Paris. Long. 3, 19. £.,
the government of Arenaberg, with a good trade lat. 49. 23. N.
in com, 19 m. W. S. W. of Lipetadt, and 30 S. Solanto, a town of Sicily, in Val di Mazara,
E. of Mnneler. which ffives name to a cape and bay on the N.
SofaUtt a kingdom on the E. coaat of Africe, coast, 10 m. £. of Palermo,
bonnded on the W. and N. by the atatea of Mo- SoZdm, a town of Pruasia, in the ^ew Mark of
caranga, E. bjr the Mosambique Channel, and S. Brandenburg, of which it waa formerly the capi-
by Sabia. It ia iboat 150 m. along the coaat, and tal. It haa cloth and woolen manufactures, and
950 ap the country. The country ia wild and a trade in bona ; and stands on a lake of the same
thinly iahabifted, but eontaine rich minee of fine name, 26 m. M. by E. of Cuatiin. Long. 15. 7.
gold. £.,lat. 53. 2. N.
Skfala^ the enpital of the above kingdom, with SoUnoff a aalt-water lake of Independent Tar-
a fort built bv the Portugueee, which ia of great tary, 80 m. long and 20 broad, lying midway be-
hnportanee lor their tra£ to the E. Indies. It ia tween the Caspian Sea and Lake Aral.
seated on a small ialand, near the mouth of the SoU^ry, a township of Bucks Co. Pa.
Cuaraa. Long. 35.40. £., lat. 20. 22. S. Soteure, or Solotkum, a canton of Switzerland,
Sofim^ or Sophia, a city of European Turkey, which atretchea partly through the plain and
capital of Bulgaria, and an archbishop's see. The partlyalong the chains of the Jura, 36 m. in length
trade ia oonBiderable,and the inhabikanis are com* and x5 in oreadth, and is very populous. The
rated at 70,000, bat the houaes are meanly built, soil, for the most part, is fertile in com ; and the
t ia arated at the foot of the monntaina of Argen- districts within the Jura abound in excellent pas-
taro^ on the river BcHraaa, 160 m. W. N. W. of turea. In the mountainoua parta are iron, lead,
Adrtanople< Long. SO. 69. £., lat. 43. 0. N. alabaster, marble, and coal. The inhabitants arc
Sqfroy^ a town of the kingdom of Fex, noted nearly all Roman CathoHca.
for a very handeome moaque. It ia aeated on a Seintre, the capital of the above canton, la sur-
hill, at the foot of a nooatain of the aame name, rounded by regular fortifications. The church of
part of Meant Atka, and between two rivera, 19 8t. Ura ia a noble edifice of a whitish-gray stone,
m. E. of Fei. drawn from the neighbouring quarries, which is
Sogno, a town of Africa, capital of a province a species of rude marble. The arsenal, and the
of the aame name, in the kingdom or Congo, town house (which has two towers) make a good
The inhabitaata aae aaid to he Chriatians, con- appearance. Soleure etanda in a delightful plain,
verted by the PortQgneae,and the Capuchina have on the river Aar, 18 m. N. of Bern and 30 S. S
a church here. It w aeated on the Zaire, near ita W. of Baael. Long. 7. 30. £., lat. 47. 9. N.
month, 160 m. W. S. W. of St. Salvador. Long. Si^atara, or Logo di Bojrni, a lake of luly, in
II. 55. £., lat. 6. 0. S. , - Campagna di Roma, near Tivoli, formerly called
SohmgtpouTf a town of Hindooatan, capital of a Lacaa Albulua. In thia lake are several floating
district m the province of Allahabad. 130 m. S. ialandstformed of matted sedge and herbage, with
of Allahabad. Long. 81. 52. £., lat. 23. 30. N. a aoil of doat and sand blown from the adjacent
StaAai, a town in Cambridgeahire, Eng. aeated ground, and glued together by the bitumen and
on a fim of the aame name, near Soham-mere, sulphur with which its waters are impregnated
whieli takea uo 1,009 acres of land. 5 m. S. E. Some of these islands are 15 yards long, and will
•f BAf wad 70 N. by. fi. of Ijoadon. bear five or six people, who, by means of a pol«
3M
80L 0BC
4
majr mofe to dillbrent parts of the lake. From was a lerel tract, abore 3 m. kmf aad 1 btoad ,
this lake issues a whitish stream, which emits but. in 1771, beinif swoln by rains, it boisft oat
vapor of a salphureoos smell, till it reaches the at toe eastern extremity, and apiead orer & neigh-
Teverone. The water of Uiis rivulet has a petri- bonring Taller; bv this means the sorftoe of the
fyinff qnality, which increases in strength the moss was reduced 24 feet, and sunk into its pces-
rarther it has flowed fh>m the lake. Ash are ent hollow form.
found in the Teverone, both above and below Sombrerej one of the Nieobar Islands, in the Id-
Tivoli, till it receives this lake ; after which, dur- dian Ocean, 90 m. N. of Nieobar. It givea naae
ing the rest of its course to the Tiber, there are to a channel nearly in the middle of tboee is
none. lands.
Solfatara, a mountain of Naples, in Terra di Samkrero, a cluster of uninhabited ialaiida hi
Lavoro, surrounded by other mountains, in the the W. Indies, belonging to the English. Tbe
form of an amphitheatre. It has a kind of cavity, most remarkable of them is a league long, and
above a m. in diameter, which was no doubt the consists of an eminence, to which the Spaaieh
crater of a volcano now extinct. The earth here discoverers, finding some resemblance to a bet,
is warm and white ; and if opened to some depth gave the name of Sombrero, It is 80 m. N. W!
is insupportable from the heat and exhalations, of St. Christopher. Lon. 63. 37. W., let. 18. Sij.
The ground is almost every where hollow, and is N.
supposed to have a subterraneous communication SomerSf p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 25 m. N. E
with Mount Vesuvius. Here are manufactures, Hartford. Pop. 1,439; p.t. Westchester Co. N.
of sulphur, vitriol, and alum. T. Pop. 1997. A township of Bnckingliam Co.
Soliman, a sea-port of AfVica, in Tunis, 20 m. L. C.
£. S. E. of Tunis. Somerset, a county of Maine. Pop. ^,779
SMngenfh town of Prussian Westphalia, in the Norridgewock is the capital. A covnty of Stw
county of Berg, with manufactures of cutlery and Jersey, Pop 17,689. Somersville is the capitil
all kinds of iron work; seated near the Wipper, A county of the W. District of Pensyhwaia.
15 m. E. S. E. of Dusseldorf. Pop. 17,441. A county of Maryland. Pop. 2D.
Solkamsk, a town of Russia, in the government 156. Princess Anne is the capital,
of Perin, fkmous for its salt-pits and good horses ; Somerseif a township of windhmm Go. Vl
seatedontheUssolka, which flows into tbe Kama, Pop. 245; p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 42 m. S. Bm-
430. m. N. E. of Kasan. Long. 57. 26. £., lat. ton. Pop. 1,024; p.v. Somerset and Wthingtxm
59. 16. N. Cos. Pa. Perry, Belmont and Franklin Coe. Ohio
SoUapotar^ a town of Hindoostan, in Tisiapoor, and Pulaski do. Ken.
capital of a district celebrated for mines or dia- Semersetskire, a county of England, 66 m. loof
monds. It u seated near the Kistna, 130 m. S. and 45 broad ; bounded on the N. W. fay the
£. of Visiapour. Long. 77. 10. £.,lat. 16. 23. N. 'Bristol Channel. The chief mannftctnres arc
SolmSf or StdmSf a county of Grermany, in Wet- those of woolen, coarse linen, stockings, 4bc
teravia, formerly a principality, but deprived of Ilchester is usually considered the coimtj trtwn,
that rank in 1815. It is subject in part to Hesse- Someritm, a town in Somersetshire, Cng, 13 ai.
Darmstadt and in part to Prussia. The decayed 8. of Wells and 123 W. bv S. of London.
castle of Solms, the seat of the ancient counts, is Somerswortk, p.t. Strarord Co. N. H. on tbe
seated on a hilL I m. E. of Braunfels, the present Piscataqua 12 m. above Portsmouth. Pop. 3/190.
capital. Here are larse manu&ctures of cotton and wool-
Solomon IsUmds. . See Danger, ides of. en cloth ancT carpeting, emplojring & capital of
SolamoK Tmon, an Indian settlement in Ohio, above 1,000,000 dollars,
near the head of the Great Miami, 17 m. S. Fort Somarton, p.v. Nansemond Co. Va. 194 m. S.
Mc Arthur. £. Richmona.
Solon, p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kennebec, SomerviUe, p.v. Somerset Co. N. J. on the Rar-
18 m. above Norridgewock. Pop.768; p.t Cort- itan, 16 m. above N. Brunswick ; p.T. Faaquitf
Und Co. N. T. 132 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,033; Co. Va. 13 m. N. Richmond ; p.v. Fayette Ce.
a township in Cuvahoga Co. Ohio. . Pa ; p.v. Morgan Co. Alab. 50 m. S. HantwiUs.
Solor, an island of the £. Indies, 70 m. in cir- Sffrnma, a town of Naples, in Terra di Laven»,
cuit, to the S. of Celebes and W. of Flores. Long, with a castle. The vicini^ annually fnodneet
123. 53. £., lat 9. 0. S. above 7,000 pounds of silk of'^the best quality. It
id at the foot of Mount Vesovinsy 10 na. E
Solre U Chateau, ti town of France, department is jeatec ..
ofNord, 7. m. S. £. of Maubeuge. of Naples.
Solserina, a town of Italy, in the province of Somme, a department of France, including part
Mantua, 17 m. N. W of Mantua. of the ancient province of Picardy. Its extent ■•
Sidsona, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, and a aboat 2,400 square miles ; its population 500,000,
bishop's see ; seated at the foot of a mountain, 51 nearly all Cslholics. It takes its name mm a
m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. river which rises in the department of AJane,
5obiNi, a town of Hanover, on the river Bohme, flows by St. Quentin, Peronne, Amiens, Abbe-
98 m. N. N. W. of Zell. ville, and St. Valery, and enters the En^ali
SoUeamp, a town of the Netherlands, in Gron- Channel. Amiens is the capital,
ingen, with a large fort, at the mouth Of the river SommeUdyek, a town of the Netherlands, in S.
Hunse which is called Groningen Deep, 17 m. Holland, chief place of the island of Overflackea,
N. W. of Groningen. 5 m. E. S. E. of'Helvoetsluys.
Solwa^ Frith, an arm of the sea, between Cum* Sommerfeld, a town of Prussia, in Luaatia. with
beiiand in England and Dumfriesshire and Kirk- manufactures of fine cloths ; seated on the Lopa.
cudbrigbishire in Scotland. It is navigable for 15 m. S. 8. W. of Crossen.
vessels of 100 tons within 6 m. of its extremity ; Sommieres, a town of France, department of
and the fisheries, especially of salmon, are very Gard, with a manufacture of thick seme ; seat*
considerable. At its head on the Cumberland ed on the Vidourle, 14 m. W. by S. of Nismee.
^d«, near the river Esk, is Solway Moss. This Somorrostro, a town of Spain, on the ooasi ot
0UJf 687 SOU
BiMi^y with a fiunous iron mine. 14 m. N. W. with « roja] ptlace, near the eoMt of the Sound,
Bilbeo. 13 m. N. of Copenhagen.
Somdm9f a town of Aoetriao Italy, in the Cre- Soraf a town of Napleg, in Terra di Lahore,
mona. with a castle, seated on the Gariffliano, 46 m. E
Sanderiarft a seapport of Denmark, in the island by S. of Rome. Long. 14.4. E . , Tat. 41 . 54. N.
of Alsen, with one of the best harbours in Den- Sorau, a town of Prussian Silesia, 21 m. E. of
mark, and a royal palace, in which Christian II. Ratibor.
was confined as a prisoner for 13 years. It is 16 Sorow, a town of Prussia, in Lnsatia, with man-
m. E. N. E. of Flendsborff. Long. 9. 49. E., lat n&ctures of cloth, and a trade in yarn and linen,
54. 57. N. 8 m. W. of Sagan.
StmderskmuMmif a town of Germany, capital of Sarhan, or Sorbonne, a village of France, in the
the lower ooonty of Schwartsburg, with a fine department of Ardennes, 6 m. N. of Rethel ; &-
castle on a moantain. It is situate on the Wip- mous for being the birth-place of Robert Sorbou^
per, 84 m. N. of Erfurt confessor to St Louis, who founded the celebral
S4mdno, a town of Switzerland, capital of a ed college at Paris, c^ed aller his name,
district in the Valleline. It stands in a romantic Sorel, a river of Lower Canada, which issues
situation, at the extremity of a narrow valley, from Lake Champlain, and flows N. to the St
and occupies both sides of the Maleneo, a furious Lawrence, which it enters at the town cf Wil-
torrent, which runs, into the Adda. 10 m. N. E. liam Henry.
of Morbegnoand 14 S. W.ofTirano. _ SormUo, a sea-port of Naples, in Prindjiato
Citra, ana an arcnbishop's see. It is the birth-
SonepauTt a town of Uindoostan, in
seated on the Mahanudda, 45 m. S. of Sumbul- place of Torquato Tasso, and stands on a penin-
pour. sula, in the bay of Naples, at the foot of a moun-
Samg'kiom^, a city of China, of the first rank, tain of its name, 17 m. S. oy £. of Naples, Long,
in the province or Kian^-nan. It has a large 14. 24. E., lat 40. 36. N.
trade in cotton cloth, which is sent to different Soria. a province of Spain, in Old Castile,
parts of the empire, and is situate amid several bounded on the E. by Navarre and Arra^n. Its
canals, near the sea, 560 m. 8. of Pekin. Long, extent is about 4,300 so. m.; its population SOO,-
120. 45. E.,lat 31. 0. N. 000. The breeding or sheep forms the princioal
Somubergf a town of Oermanj, in Saxe-Mein- object of attention, and there are a few manufae«
ingen, with a great trade in looking-glasses, nails, tures of linen, woolen, oaper, and leather,
whet-stones, dec. 11 m. N. N. £. of Cobunr. Soria, the capital of the foregoing province,
Sonntbirgf or Stnmenittrff a town of Prussia, stands on the site of the ancient Nnmantia, near
in the New Mark of Branmnburg, with a castle, the source of the Duero, 74 m. E. S. £. of Bur-
It sUnds on the Lense, 9 m. E. of Custrin. gos. Long. 2. 18. W. lat 41. 50. N.
SonnMeaU, a town of Prussia^ in Lnsatia, on Smsno. a town of Naples, in Calabria, Ultra,
the river Dober, 12 m. B. W. of Lockau. 17 m. E. N. E. of Nicotera.
Sonora, a province of Mexico, on the E. side of •Ssroe, a town of Denmark, in the island of
the gulf of California. It comprises an area of Zealand, with a royal college, endowed with the
19,143 square leagues, with about 123,000 inhab- revenues of a once rich convent 37 m. W. S. W.
tants, and is divided into the district of Sonora, of Copenhagen.
CinaJoa, and Ostimury. Rich mines of ^Id were SutUa. a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with
discovered by the Spaniards, in 1771, in an ex- a large tort, 25 m. S. E. of Serin^patam.
pedition against some tribes of Indians. Arispe is StSpeUo, a town of the Sardinian states, in the
the capitaL county of Nice, with a trade in dried fruits, jiar-
Sooufo, a chain of islands in the Eastern Indian ticularl^ figs ; seated at the foot of three high
Ocean, lying S. W. of Mindanao, almost midway mountains, on the river Bevera, 13 m. N. E. of
between that bland and Borneo. They are said Nice.
to be 60 in number, and are named from the prin- StrnKse, a town of France, department of Low-
cipal island, which is 36 m. long, and 12 broad, er Cbarente, 23 m. W. N. W. of Saintes.
and contains about 60,000 inhabitants, who are Soudak, a town of the Crimea^ with the re-
Mahometans. . It is governed by a sultan, but mains of an old fort on a monutain close by the
the legislative power resides in an assembly com- shore. It was formerly a considerable sea-port.
posed of the sultan and 16 nobles, the former and stands at the end of a valley, which pradn-
naving two votes. The situation of Sooloo ren- ces the best fJ^P^ ^^^^ wine in Uie indole pen-
ders it a great mart, particulfrly for pearls, eago, insula, 26 m. S. W. of Cafl^.
and edible birds'-nests. The chief town is Be- Soudan. See Jfegroland.
war, on the N. W. part of the island, where the StndUae, a town of France, department of Lot,
English E. India Company have a resident Long, sesied on the Borese, 32 m. N. of Cahors.
121. 15. E., lat. 5. 57. N. Sound, a strait between Sweden and Denmark,
Soondn. or Sudka, a town of Hindoostan, in Ca- through which ships usually sail from the Categat
nara, capital of a district of its name. It was into the Baltic. It is about 4 m. broad, and tns
formerly an extensive and populous place. The Danes take a toll of all merchant ships that pass
space within the inner wall was 3 m. sq. and through the channel. See EUinore,
fully occupied by houses. When Hyder took Smtr, a river of the Netherlands, which flows
possession, there still remained lOfliQO houses ; from N. to S.^ through Luxemburg, and enters
out the subsequent wars have reduced them un- the Moselle a little above Treves,
der 100. It is seated above the Ghauts, on the Sourabaya, a town of Java, capital of a district
Gaiwawali, 60 m. N. by W. of Nagara and 75 N. of the same name, on the N. E. coast It is sit-
by sT of Kundapura. uate within the narrow strait formed by the islands
SbpAss, See. Stfim, of Java and Madura, and is defended oy batteries
fllofAisitts, a town of Persia, in Aderbeitsan, The houses are good, and some* are elegant, par-
seated in a valley, 25 m. N. W. of Tanris. ticularljr the country seats of private indivianals
Stpkimkttff a town o# Dsnnaik, in Zealand There is a fine arsenal, with other extensive
MO
worki, oalcolated for e<]aipmenU on * very \tige
•0>1«. Vcwela klao, iritli tbeir vu-ioua iDiioint-
menLi, ire buitt aad equipped *X Sounb
I. ItiiM
( likewi
I at work I
■ ilTF
■nd Clipper coinage. The Tiench, when in po*-
xeuion of the island of Java, inUnded to bave
eircted Sounbaja iDto a port of conseqaencej
irorks for the dgfeoce of the harbour, lad General
Daendoli waa praceedius in hia plana when the
iiland waa taken by the British. It ia seated on
■ river wbich aeparates the European part of the
town from the Cbineae and the nativa qaarter.
Loag. 113. 55. B., laU 7. 14. S.
Soiiri, ■ town of Peraii, in Lariatan, litaate on
the Fenian rulf, 115 m B. W. of Ormiu. Long.
55 30, E,, I«t, 36, 18. S.
Sou-lcheoii, ■ cit^ of China, of the first i«nk, in
the province of Kiang-nui, It is ao intersected
bj canals of fresh water that Enropeana nompara
..... ^jjg lyiuotr^ roond it is idmort nn-
equalled in point
. ~je Chinese call this clt; the paradise of
the world. The brocadea and eTnbroideriea made
X
iteemed throughoat the whole
The population is prodtgoua, and ths commercial
inteicauraa with sbangers so great that the (lad*
of all the provincaa might be supposed to centra
here, tt is seated on the grand canal, and on a
river which communicalea with the take Tai, 660
m. a. bj E. of Fekln, Long. ISO. 0. E., lat. 31.
82. N.
SeuUrrmiiu, a town of France, department of
Creaae, 34 m. N. of Limogei.
S»ulk Sta. Bee PaMc OcOHt.
Smalum. a town in Waiwickahire, Eng. 83 m.
N. W. of Londoa,
SmOkampUm, a boroogh aod county of itself,
and the connty-tova of Hampshire, Eng. It
standa between the ttchen and Test, which here
flow into an inlet of the sea, called Trisaanlcn
Bay, or Southampton Water. The inlet ia nnvi-
Sble almoat lo the head for venela of conaidera-
' buiden, and the two riven admit amall craft
same way op the country. It was formerly a
pari of great commerce, and atill posavaaes con-
siderable trade, particularly with Gaemaey and
Jeisay. 74 m. W. 9. W, of London.
SmUkatd, a village in Easxx, Eng. at the mouth
of the Thames, nearly oppoaile Sheerneas, much
raaorled to for seabathing, and uontaitiing hand-
some accomodation for the company, 4A m. E.
of Loudon,
SQutkfittt, > Tillage in Kent, Eng. H m. S. W.
mn. It is
Is bay is named 8i .
bay. In this bay wa* the rmt aaa^ghl, ia 1671,
between the Dnlch admiral ,De Rnjtir, at
James, dake of York, in which the vietKj aia
undecided. 306 m. S. E.ofLaDdoB.
SmA Amltn, a townihip of Hiddlesei O.
Jl. J.
SoiUkAmtnU, p.t. DatehMaCo. N.T. BSb.
8. Albany.
SntfJUmptm, p.t. Hampdiire Co. Han llAa.
" " ■ Pop. 1,253; p.t. BnBblk H.T.«
** ' "''"; towDahiBa In Baeka,
d Bradfonl Cos. Pa.
D theE. I>irtrictllfVI^
« capital.
BmiA BaittiTidge, p.t. Cbenanro Co. l). Y.O
the SiUquehaDiid 142 m. W. Albany^
Simth 0encridl,p.t. TorkCo, Ha. Pep. 1,517.
SmMonxirk, p.t. Worcealer Co. Hsa.aOn.
W Boston. Pop. 1,080.
aaalk Branrk, p.Y. Hardy Co. Va.
SmtcA^ri^a.p.t. Worceater Co. Mats. S D, S.
W.Boslon. Pop. 1,444. Her* are large maaak-
tme* of woolen.
. New Haven Co. Cona. oa 1^
Quuton r 40 m H
w
Hutfoid Fop.]^T
^21!^
fe.
=P*-=---
^
W
^-..
I^s^jlr2
im*
^Tif-WH'
^H
1
HH
-***■"■._■-'#
H
^■^xJ^aJS^^aXfj
of Graveaend. Soma
have bean dug ap here, since the commencement
of the present century, which erinee it to have
been a Roman station ; proliably the Vagniacea
SottlkiBark, a borough in Surrey, Eng. which
may be conaidared an [wrt of the melropoTia, being
aeated on the opposite side of the Thames, and
under the juriadioUon of the corporation of Lon-
don. It is called the Borough, by way of dia-
tinclion.
SouAueU, a town in Nottingb amah ire, Eng. It
ia an ancient place, enjoying several privileges dif-
ferent from the county, and has a collegiate
ohuich. Here are the ruins of a grand palace,
demolished in the civil ware of the iVth cenlaiy.
The principal trade ia in malt and hopa. 133 m.
N.N.W. of London.
Sovlk CantaiM, tme of lh> Uwtad SUtca.
bounded N. by N. Carolina, E. by the Atkatic
B. and W. by Georgia, extending Iran 39. lo 56.
N. lat. andfromTS. 34. tooJ. 3D. W.lo^. M
m. in length and 1S5 in breadth and cootuaiat
30,080 sq. m. It haa no monntaius except ia Ue
northn-eatem eitiemity. It is travenM by the
great Pedee, Baritee anH Edtsto rivers with thtir
nnnieroua branehes ; the Savannah wadwa Ika
Southweatem limit of the State. The coaal fa
100 m. flrom ths oeeao, is covered with foRilaiif
ine, with awamp* tracts here and tbera
_.^__Jthia, iiBparallel beltafterTitary, lalM
the Middle Conntry, oonaisting of low asnd bills,
resembling the waves of an agitated sea This
tract occasionally presents aa oasis of verdue, M
a few straggling pine tree*, and aonielimeia m
of mail* or potatoes, Tbe middle conatrj ia
bounded by another belt of land called tbe Ridge,
where the conntry rioea by a Maep and soddea A-
evatioD, and afterwards coo tinnes gradually bi as-
cend. Beyond, the snrfhoe«zhibita a beantifial al-
ternation of hill and dale inlgraperaad with eiM-
nre fbieats, and watered by pleaaaat ilreaBa
Tbe whole aeacoait is low and level, and aflbtdi
hardly any good harbour*. Toward* tbe aoath it
is (kirted by a range of islaada, aepBraled frM
the main land bv narrow chaaoeb, which aAcd
• steamboat navigation, TbaM nbiid*. liks thi
neighbouring continent ars low ud Sat, bat an
oorered with iiirMU of Evao^, pin* aad palMt-
sou <
loM. BeRm tb* aollintion of ootton, nuaj of
Ihcm wereUwl>auiitiaf>lIij(itiira,uid their uuek
wood* uid nnk wMcb niulsrad Uwa impeoetn-
bla to raiD. At preMtit, tba; ue undci cultin
tion, and well mh>bit«l ud u the TOjkger (tidoi
bj their thmt in ■ ateuabwO, ta* ii enchutrd
nith tlie proapMt of theit Livelj verdiu* intei-
(parted with thiok clumpi of palmeltoei, and Qaw-
•rinffTOTea of orange UCM. The lite oak which
ia 10 oallad on aeooaot of ita being an evergreen,
i< a nobla U«e villi a trank •oawtiniea IS feet sirthi
■ta long branohea ara apr«ad boriiontallj , and faa-
toooa of moaa hang from them almoat (weeping
the groond. The laurel i< here aeeii covered with
large white bkiMoma, ahaped like a UIt, and a
foot in oircomlbieoce. The long aandy beaehei,
wliich border thaae iahmdi toward the «p«, are coi-
rred with Ihonaanda of water fowl. Among the
Tariona tribea of bird* wbicb abound in thiaaUte
may be menlioDed the turtle dore, or Carolina
M SPA
Cuttoa aad rie* ooonpj the ohiaf attention at
the plantar*. Bom* tobaoeo ia raiaed, and indigo
waa oDce an important article of collivatian.
Wheat, maiie and other grain* thriva well, bot
are *o macb n eglected that anpplie* are aoaght in
the neighbonriiif italea. The export* of ootton
from thia itata Torm an imputant item in lb«
national commerce, and amonot to 300,000 or 350,
000 balea jearlj. The export of nee ia alao
great. The cummeroe i* carried on to a great
extent bj northern veaaela. The shipping of
South CaroUna amoDntad in 1S38 to 33^ lona,
The importa for 1629 were 1 ,139,618 dollar* ) the
export* of doaie*tic produce were 6,134,616 dol-
lar., total export* 8,17^,586.
Ttie le^ialature ia called the General Aaaembly,
and coniiata of a Senate andHooae ofRnpreaent-
ra are choaan tot four jean,
dinjr to the population and wealth of the dia-
, The repraaantatiTC* are oboaan for two
according to popnlation. The Goranuir
i* ehoaen bj the lagialatnra for two jean.
The qailiGcationa for voting amooat nearlj; to
uoiveraat anSnga- The clergj are ineligible
to anv civil o^e. The expenae* of the aUU
for 1^, vtn 315,370 doUai*. ThapnbUo debt
WM 1,G70,000 dollar*.
The BaptiaUbare 131 miniMara; the Hetho-
diit* 54 i the Frcibfterian* 46; the Epiaeopa-
liana 34. There are oolite* at Charleaton and
Columbia.
South Carolina wa* SrM aettled at Fort Kojal
in 1670, and waa oripnallf connected with North
Carolina. The two aUlea were aeparated in 1739.
The colonial foim of government wa* preserved
aAer the revolution. The present conatitutioa
wa* formi^d in 17SW but ha* bean twioa amended
since that period.
W(
Tl.ec
In
Co. N. T. IB m. E. of
>inl'. ' Pop. 3,043.
SoKlk Fanu, p.T. Lilnhfield Co. Conn.
mmer the beat of the da; contir
abatement through the night, and a eomrnrtabla
sleep ia a ble**ing not alwaya to be enjoyed. Fe-
ver*, gelieratad bjr the influence of a hot air upon
a moSt *oil, are commoa. The aummer con-
tinue* fVom 7 to 8 months, or from Hareh to No-
vember. In winter there era often froala which
kill the tender plants, and even the orange tree*;
but thej •eldam continue longer than tbr«e or
four daj*. nor penetrate the earth deeper than two
inches. In the lower pari* of the state there i*
seldom anjanow. [n the northwestern part, the
land ia mourttainous, and the climate genersjlj
salubriooa, with a drier air, and a colder winter.
The aoil along the bank* of the riven i* fertile,
and in the north weatem put* the land i* gene-
rallj pTodnetiv*. In the nei^bourbood of the
•en are estennve *wamp*. The only minenl
liusitata iadividedinto99Di*triat*. Tlw pop-
ulation ii 681,466. of whom 315,665 are alave*.
Colnmbla ia tbe aaatof government, and Cbarlea-
lon i* the oolj large town in the Bt»te. There
ts one lam canal called the Santee cantl, con-
MMting cfia Santee and Cooper riven, U m. in
length 35 feat wide, and 4 fiwt deep, oompleled
in 1803; and aeveral emaller eanab npcm tbe
Wateree Broad and Salnda riven. A railroad
ba* been commenced to extend irom Charleaton
loHamborg.oD the Savannah, oppoaila AngoBta.
Saul^fieU, a township of Richmond Co- N. T.
on Stoten Iiland. Pop. ST5.
Souii Gatt, p.T. Campbell Co. Kan. 61 m. H.
E. Frankfort.
SoatA Badltf, p.L Hampahire Co. MaM. Fop.
1,185.
Soutk lien, p.t. Grand Isle Co. VL 13 m. S
W. Borlington. Pop. 717.
SnKi HOI, p.v. Muhlenberg Co. Va.
KmlUngtim, p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. S
W. Hsrtlord. Pop. 1,844. A tovnahip oTTrnn
bull Co. Ohio.
Smlii KiudoH, p t. Washington Co. R. I. oa
Narragan*elBa;,90 m. S. Providenea. Pop. 3,663.
The wgislatara of Rhode Island meal avaij
second jear at this place.
SnUJuiU, p.L Sufiolk Co. N. T. on Long Island.
Pop. 8,900.
WMM <2K*yt P'V. Naosemond Co. Va.
Saiak RtiSimg, p.t. Middlesex Co. Maas. W
m. N. E. Boston. Pop. 1,.110.
SeatknIU, p.v. Su Lawrence Co. H. T.
.t. Hampden Co. Haaa. 110 m. S.
, p.t. Hampden
fop. l,85d.
iteraeatadontheQneuie.lUm. w . tijr B. Monlina.
Soeaao, a town of ItaU, in tbe gnnd dneb; of
Toaeaaj, 4S m. N. N. W. of (Lome.
^, a town of the Netberlanda, in tbe ptovinea
of Liage, &mouB for ita mineral waten. llut
aallad Iha Old Spa oonaiit* of aiaeraUa oottagaa
3m9
SPA «• SPA
Biid is pfroBerljT nothing bat ih» tabntb to the oth- ftmall ind tiender. JmIinmj m w» loafer fkt
er. The nooeee of tbe New Spa are moetly of eharaeterietie of a Spanish hosbaad : the married
wo-nI and plaster ; bnt the more modem one§ are ladies liave here their eoftejo, or nale attendant,
of briok and stone. The ehnreh of the Capoehins, in the same manner as tlie Italisno have their
and the parish cbnreh, are both seated npon emi- eieisbeo. The established lelLpon is popery,
nenees. The names of the 5 principal wells are There are eight archbishopries, 46 episcopal secs»
Pouhon, Geronflerd, Saviniere, Watpotz, and snd S4 nniTersitieSy or rather aeaoemies. Tbe
Tane)et. Tbe inhabitants are employed in mak> Spanish language sprinss firom the Reman, bnt
ing tovs for strangers. Spa was taken bj tbe many of the words are derived from the Aiafaie
French in 1794, and aflerwyds annexed to need by the Moors, who for seven oentnries hcM
Franee ; bnt in 1814 thev delivered it up to the al- dominion in the eonntrv : the speech is grave,
lies. It ia seated in a valley, snrroundeo by monn- sonorous, and very melodions. The govemnwnt
tains, 17 m. S. E. of Liese. of Spain, once the most free, is now one of ths
Spaiitf a kingdom of Europe, 640 m. long and most despotic monarchies in Europe. It bad lee-
500 broiid ; bounded on tbe N. by the Bay of Bis- merlv its eortes or parliaments, wnieh had great
oay, N. E. by the Pyrenees, which separate it privileges; bnt now, though not abeolntelj abol-
fro;n France, '£. and 8. bv the Mediterranean. S. lahed, they have no part in the govemmear.
\V. by the Atlantic, and W. by Portugal and the They, are assembled, indeed, oeeaaionallv, ss st
Atlantic. It contains the provinoea of Old and the accession of the monarch, bnt metely as an
New Castile, Andalusia, Arragon, Estrcmadura, appendage to the royal state, without power, er
Galioia, lieon, Catalonia, Oranada, Valencia, Bis* any other consequenee than what remta fom
cay, Astnrias, Murcia, and Navarre, some of which their individual rank.
have been separate kingdoms and still retain tbe The present population of Spain is estinaated at
title. The air is dry and serene, except during 13,650,172, and ito territtoral extent at 183/100 ai(.
the equinoctial rains, but excessively hot in the m. The revenue of the kingdom ia fiSySSQjOOO
southern provinces in June, July, and Auguat. dollars ; the debt 230,443,068 dollars. Tbe army
The vast mountains, however, that run through consists of 46,000 men : the navy is insigiitficant
Spain are beneficial to the inhabitants br the re- The colonies of Spain are the ialands of Cuba
freshing breexea that come from them in the S. and Porto Rico with the city of St. Dominvo in the
parte; though those in the N. and N. E. are in W. Indies; the Philippine, Caroline, and LAdniac
the winter very cold. The soil is very fertile ; Islands in the E. Indies ; the Canary Islands ia
bnt there are urge traete of uncultivated ground : the Atlantic and a few settlements on the coast cf
and the superior attention paid to the large flocks Africa. The Population of the colonies is eatimat-
of aheep greatly impedes tne progress of asrricul- ed at 4,068,000. The capital of the kingdom ii
tare. The produce of the country consiste in Madrid.
wheat, barlev, safiVon, honey, silk, salt, salt-petre, Spain was cononered by the Caithncininiis an4
hemp, barilla, and even sugar-canes, with the Romans. The Visigoths founded tEeir esapiie
richest and moat delicious fruiU that are to be here in 419. The Saracens and Moors invaded
found in France and Italy; and ite wines are in and conquered the Southern part of the kingdem
high esteem. Wolves are the chief beaate of in the 8th century. The Moore eatabliahed a
prey that infest Spain. The wild bulls have so kingdom in the Mediterranean provinces c^TSpaia,
much ferocity that bull fighte were the moat maff< anatheir sovereigns reigned in great spteadar at
nificent spectacle, the court of Spain could exhib- Oranada. Tbe Spaniards were ronaeo to leavi*
it. The genet, an animal prodocing a perfume ance by Don Pelayo, and maintained a struggle
similar to that of the civet, is found in Una conn- against the Moors, which the Spanish hintanaas
try. The domestic animals are horses (which are dignify with the name of a continual war of 701
remarkably swifl), mules, asses, beeves, and yeara. The territories gained from the eneoj
sheep. Spain abounds in minerals and meUls. were formed into several distinct ktii|^doaB
Cornelian, agate, jacinth, loadstone, turquois These were gradually^ amalgamated, and m 1469
stones, qnieksilver, iron, copper, lead, sulphur, the marriage of Ferdinand, lung of Amgon with
ffvpsnm,' calamine, crystal, marbles of several Isabella, queen of Castile, nnited the whole cf
kinds, porphyry , the finest jasper, and even dia- Christian Spain into one kingdom. These sever
monds, emeralas, and amethysU are found here, eigne conquered Granada, and completed the total
Anciently it was celebrated for gold and silver suDiogationoftbe Moorish power in the penhunh,
mines; but since the discovery of Americano at- at tne same time that Columbus onder their aas-
tention has been paid to them. The principal pices discovered America and gave them a new
rivers are the Dnero, Tagus, Guadiana Guaoal- world in the west
quivir, and Ebro. Spain, formerly the most pop- In the IfSth century, under Charles V., who ww
ulons kingdom in Europe, is now very thinly in- king of this country and Emperor of Geimany,
habited ; to which various caoses have contribu- Spam, was the most powerful monarchj in Ea-
ted, as the expulsion of the Moois, the emigration rope. Philip II. the successor of this ooaaxch
to the colonies, the vast numbers and celimiey of expelled all the Moriseoes, or descendaato of ths
the dergv, the indolence of the natives, and the Moors who remained in the conntiy, which eaaaed
late desMiating war. Here are some considerable an immense loss to the kingdom in wealth and
mannfiictures, especially of silk and woolen, bnt population. The war of the Sueoession in the
^se are fhr short of that flourishing condition early part of the Idth century, eomideted the im
which they might attain, being checked by the povenshment of thecountir, and sjpain haa heea
royal monopolies, which extend to broad cloth only a aeeond rate power since that time.
china, glass, pottery, paper, salt-petre, salt, suf in 1806, Napoleon seized the kingdona asl
phnr, tMiaeco, and some others. placed his brother Joseph upbn the throne, hot tba
The Spaniards in ^neral are tall, their com- lesistenoe of the people who were aaristed hj tha
i^xions swarthv, their eountenances expressive, armies of Britian,and bis reverses in Rasala ftiBi*
The beantv of the ladies reigns chiefly in their trated the design. This event caused the levoft
novels and romai|ees : in their persons they are of nearly all l^Nmish America. In IBSO, an ia-
SPA
en
8PI
««irrN;ti9ii of the troops and the people a^^nst the
tjrant Ferdiaand produced a liberal constitation
which was eworn to by the king in the ancient
aaaembly of the Cortea. But the Holy Alliance
(xpresaed their disapprobation. France interfer-
ed ; the constitution was put down by the bay-
onet and despotism restored.
^mitif Jfew, See Mexico.
SpmUa^ a town of Barbary, in the kingdom of
Tunis, near which are eztensire and magnificent
ruins. It is situate on a rising ground, shaded
all over with juniper-trees, 90 m. S. W. of Tunis
and 100 S. 8. K. of Bona. Long. P. 15. £., lat.
33. 40. N.
Spalairo^ or Spalatto, a strong sea-port of Aus-
trian Dalmatia, and an archbishop s see. The
harbour is large and deep, and well frequented.
Without the walls is a sulphureous spring, of
great benefit in chronical diseases. Here are the
ruins of the palace of Dioclesian, and of a mag-
nificent aqueduct. In 1784 Spalatro was nearly
depopulated by the plague. It is seated on a
Sminsulainthegulfof Venice, 70 m. 8. E. of
ara and 102 N. W. of Ragusa. Liong. 17. 31.
£., lat. 44. 4. N.
Spalding f a town in Lincolnshire, Eng. It is
seated on the Welland, and from its neatness, and
the canals in its streets, resembles a Dutch town.
The inhabitants are not employed in manufac-
tures, but derive their cliief support from a^cnl-
ture, and the extensive grazing carried on in the
neighbourhood. Much nerop and flax is grown
in uie vicinity and there is a good carrvrng trade
in com and coal. 14 m. 8. by W. of Boston and
103 N. of London.
SvaUf a town and castle of Bavarian Franoonia,
in the district of Anspach. The vicinity produces
excellent hops. It is seated on the Retsat, 16 m.
fi. S. E. of Anspach.
SMndau, a town of Prussia, in the Middle Mark
of Brandenburg, with a fine fortress. The arsenal
is in subterranean vaults, and there is a prison for
state criminals. Bavonets, ramrods, sword-blades,
and sabres, are made here : also musket barrels,
which are sent hence to Potsdam to be finished.
It is seated on the Havel, opposite the influx of
the Spree, 8 m. W. N. W. of Beriin and 12 N. £.
of Potsdam.
Spangenhergf a town and castle of Germanv in
Hesse-Cassel, seated on a mountain 28 m. 8. E.
of Cassel.
^poHtMhtownf or Ja^ de ta Vega^ a town of Ja-
maica, where the Legislative assembly and the
grand courts of justice are held. It is seated in a
pheasant valley, on the river Cobre, 16 m. W. N.
W. of Kingston.
Sfurta^ an ancient city of Greece, in the Pelo-
ponnesus^ of which a fbw ruins may still be seen
in the neighbonrhood of the village of Misitra.
fljpofta, p.t Liringston Co. N. T. 254 m. W.
Albany. Pop. 3,777; p.v. Sussex Co. N. J. 92 m. N.
Trenton ; p.v. Washington Co. Pa. ; p.v. Hancock
Co. Geo. !& m. N. E. ^lleda;eville; p.v. White Co
Ten. 75 m. 8. E. Nashville ; p.v. Conecuh Co
Alab. 90 m. N. £. Mobile.
Sfartankurg^ a District of 8. Carolina. Pop.
2t,i48; p.T. the capital of the same name ie 100
m. N. Augusta.
SparUt, Cmp€^ a promontory on the coast of Bar-
bary, al tiie entrance of the strait of Gibraltar.
Long. 5. 56. W., ht. 35. 50. N.
JJpMtweata, (Uq^^ a promontory of Naplee, at
the 8. E. extremity of Calabria ITltra. Long. 16.
10. £.» Ut 37. 50. N.
SpeedstiUe ] p.v. Tioga Co. N. T. 7 m. 8. B
Ithaca.
SueedweU, p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 200 m. II.
E. Murfreesborough.
Speights Toton,a sea-port of Barbadoes, former-
Iv much frequented by the Bristol traders, and
tlience called UttU Bristol. It is situate on the
N. W. coast of the island, and defended by two
forts. Long. 58. 31. W., lat. 13. 15. N.
SpellOy a town of Italy, in the Duchy ot Spoleto.
Here are the ruins of a theatre and other remains of
antiquity. It is seated on a hill,] 3 m. N. of Spoleto.
^€n«:er, a county of Indiana. Pop. 3,187. Rock-
port is the capital.
Spencer f p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 51 m. W. Boo-
ton. Pop. 1,618 ; p.t. Tioga Co. N. Y. 190 m. W,
Albany. Pop. 1,253-, p.v. Owen Cu. Ind. 50 m.
W. Indianapolis.
^encertoion, p.t. Columbia Co. N. T. 30 m S
E. Albany.
Spetff a rapid river of Scotland, which Isanea
from a small lake in the centre of Inverness-shire,
flows N. E. into Murraj-shtre, then diWdes that
county from Banfshire for more than 20 m. and en-
ters tne German Ocean at Oarmonth.
Soezziaf or Spetia^ a town of the Sardinian states,
in tne territory of Grenoa, with a good harbonr.
It is seated at the foot of a hill, on a rnlf of tho
same name, 47 m. 8. E. of Genoa. Long. 9. 37.
E., lat. 44. 10. N.
Spezzia, an island of Greece, 6 miles long and
2 broad. It has a town of the same name, oon-
taining 3,000 inhabitants, and is sitnate about 20
miles from Napoli di Romania.
Spiee tsUmds, See Molueeas,
Spidbergt a town of Germany, in the principal-
ity of Oettingrn, 8 m. N. E. of Oettingen and 13
8. 8. E. of Anspach.
Spietx, a town of Switaerland, in the oantoa of
Bern, seated on the W. side of the lake Thnn, 40
m. 8. 8. E. of Bern.
Spjgelburg^ a town and castle of Hanover, ca|n-
tal of a county of the same name, l^ng within
the principality of Calenberg, belonging as a fief
to the king of the Netherlands. 12 m. £. by 8.
of Halem.
SpignOf a town of Sardmia, in the duchy of
Montferrat, with a castle, seated xm the Belbo, II
m. S. S. W. of Aqui and 40 8. E. <^Tiirin.
SpUemhergOy a town of Austrian Italy, in Frinli,
seated on tM Tagliamento, 14 m. W. of Udina.
^ilshy^ a town m Lincolnshire, Eng. 31 m. E.
of Lincoln and 133 N. by E. of London.
^nalonga. a seaport of the island of Candia,
with a good harbour and a citadel. It is situate
near a cape of the same name, 30 m. E. of Can-
dia. Lo^. 25. 48. E., lat. 35. 20. N.
Sptre, a city of Bavaria, capital of the pvoviaee
of R bine, and fbrmerly of a bbhoprio of ili name.
In ancient times the emperors held maay diets al
Spire, and it was the seat of tbo imperial ehain-
ber till 1689, when the city was burnt by tba
French, and it was not rebmlt till after the peaea
of Ryswick in 1697. Most of the ehiaena are L«-
therans ; but there are 15 Cathdie ehvrohes and
convents, among which the college formerly h^
longing to the Jesuits elaims the fini place.
Bpire was taken by the French in 1734 ; and in
1792 it smrendered to the republiean tvoopa of
Franee, who evacuated it the next year, b«l m-
enteted it in 1794. In 1814 H was oe<M to Bnv»'
ria. It is seated on the W. side of tba Miiw .at
the iniinz of the SMiebeeb, 54 m. 8. bj E ef,
Menu. Lob. a 22. £., ht 49 10. N
8PO 602 8QU
SfMtu Smto, a pravinee of Bnunl» between in contradtetineUoii to the Cydiilee, wliieh
tliat of Porto Se^ro and Rio Janeiro. The eoil grouped eircnlarlj aronnd jfehm,
is fortile and watered bj a river of the lame name, SpoUtooodf p.T. Middleaez Co. N. J. 8 m 8.
which flows into a large bay of the Atlantic. The New Braoswick.
capital, of the eaaie name, has a castle, and its SpoUij^vaniat a coont/ of the E. district of VIr-
Krt is a small bay about 10 m. from the ocean, ginia. Top. 11,990. Frederickbnrg m the caai-
»n|[. 41. 10. W., lat 20. 10. 8. tal.
Smrku Anite, a town of Cuba, near the middle Spru, a riTer which rises in the mimntains of
of tne island. 155 m. E. S. E. of Havana. Long. Bohemia, passes through Lusatia into Bcanden
79. 37. E., lat. 22. 15. N. burg, flows by Berlin, and joins the Havel oppo
^jpttai, a town of Austrian Illyria, in Carinthia, site Spandau.
seated on the Liser, near the Drave, 15 m.W. N. Spretmherg^ a town of the Pmasian states, ia
W. of Villach. Lusatia, situate on an island ibrmed bj the rrrrv
SpUalj a vil]>^ in Lincolnshire, Eng. 12 m. Spree, 14 m. S. by E. of Cotbus.
N. of Lincoln, on the Roman causeway, leading Syrmg Bank. p. v. Wayne Co. N. C. _
to the Hnmber. Here are two sprinzs, one calC ^f^gf P*^- Adams Co. Ohio. Pop. 1,739.
ed Julian's Well and the other Castfeton Well. %^Mgf •■ township of Centre Co. Pa.
Great number of Roman coins have been dug up Spr^kgiarougk, p.v. Warren Co. Ohio, 77 m. 8.
ia this villsge. W. Columbus. Pop. 370.
SpUkead, a famous road in the English Chan* Spring Creek, a township of Miami Co. Obio;
nel, between Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight, p.v. Madison Co. Ten.
where the royal navy frequently rendesvous. SpringfUU, p.t Hampden Co. Mass. 97 m. 8.
Spitxhergenf a group of dreary islands, lying be- W. Boston. Pop. 6,784. It stands on the £.
tween 9. uid 20. k. long., and 76. 46. and 80. 30. bank of the Connecticut, and occupies a level sle
N. lat, having Greenland to the W. end Nova at the foot of a hill. The town is handsomely
Zambia to the E. The Mainland, or prinei|wl built, principally upon a single street two mikt
island, is 300 m. in laugth- It was discovered in in length. There is a United States Armory
1533 by Sir Hugh Willoughby, who called it compnsing an arsenal, barracks, forges, and work-
Greenland, supposing it to be a part of the west- shops for Uie mannfiustoring of muskets, of whick
em continent In 1595 it was visited by Barents above 16,000 are made vearly. On Chickapce
and Cornelias, two Dutchmen, who pretended river within the limiu or the town is SprimgjUd
to be the original discoverera, and caUea it Spitz- Factory Village^ where the cotton msnnfartofc
bergen, or sharp mountains, from the manv is carried on to a large account Here are also
shsxp-pointed and rocky mountains with which considerable manufactures of paper,
it abounds. The glaciera on the N. E. pres- Springfiddy p.t Sullivan Uo. N. H. 90. m. If.
eat a singular appearance, being high diflb W. Concord, rop. 1,203; p.t Windsor Co. Vt
winter it is continual night for four months. The ware, Huntingdon, Mercer, and Bradford Cos.
animals are deer, bean, and foxes. The Russians Pa., Hampshire, and Loudon Cos. Vs., Effingham
from Arehangel maintain a kind of colony here. Co. Geo., St. Helena Parish Lou. Washingtoa
To the N. £. of this group are small isles called Co. Ken., Rochester Co. Ten,. Portage, Colomk-
the Seven Sisten, the most aretic land yet dis- ana, Richland, Jefferson, Gallia, Ross, Clark,
covered. Montgomery, Muskingum and Hamilton Coa
Spit Rockfp.r, Essex Co. N. T. 80 m. N. Albany. Ohio.
Splmgen^ a town of Switierland, in the Grisons, Spring Chwdcn, p.v. Pittsylvania Co. Pa.
seated near the source of the Rhine, 16 m. 14. W. &nring Chrote, d.v. Iredell Co. N. C.
of Chiavenna. Spring HiU, viilsges in Fauquier and Louisa
Spolet0, a duchy of Italv, in the Ecclesisstical Cos. Va. and Lenoir Co. N. C.
states, 55 m. long and 40 broad ; bounded on the Spring Place, p.v. a Monvian settlena nt on the
N. by Ancona and Urbino, £. bv Naples, S . bv Cherokee Lands in Georgia.
Sablua, and W. by. Orvieto and Perunno. It Springtawnf p. v. Bucks Co. Pa.
comprises the greatest part of the ancient iJmbria, ^tringviUe, p.v. Niagara Co. N. T. Snsqne-
and contains 105,000 inhabitants. hanna Co. Pa., and Dariington Dis. S. C.
SpoUlo, the capital of the foregoing duchy, and 4^rti^ IFofer, p.t Livingston Co. N. T. Pop
a bishop's see. The houses are in general well S^Bro.
built, but the only edifices that have any claim to Sprattau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin
distinction are the castle, which stands on a hill cipality of Glogau, on a river of the same nam^,
and is connected with the town by a bridge, and at its confluence with the Bober, 21 m. W. S. W.
the cathedral, which is certainly a fine structure, of Glogau.
Spoleto suffered greatly from earthquakes in 1703 ^mm Head, a promontory on the S. £. coast of
and 1767. Hera are the ruina of an amphithea- Yorkshire, Eng. at the mouth of the Humber, oa
tre, a triumphal areh^ and sn aqueduct. It is which is a lighthouse. Long. 0. 15. £., lat 53
seated in a oonntry noted for good wine, near the 38. N.
river Tessino, 40 m. E. of Orvieto and 60 N. by Agnssi. a village in Gloucester, Essex Co Mass.
2. of Rome. Long. 13. 6. £., lat 43. 45. N. on the N. aide of Cape Ann, with a good har^
Spamkdm, a town of Germany, and the capital hour.
jt a county of its name. It is seated among hills Squam Lake, a beautiful lake of N. Hampshire
eovered with vineyards, S7 m. W. by S. of Mentf . near L. Winipissiotfee. It is 10 m. long ai.d 6
Long. 7. 3& £., lat 49. 54. N. broad ; surrounded by mountains and sprinkled
Sporadat, the ancient name of those islands of with islands,
the Grecian Archipelago which are scattered ir- Samankum, p.v. Monmouth Co N J. 66. m. If
Mgularly along the shons of Koiopa and Asia, E. Philadelphia.
nA en bta
S^fwiiilM*, a loeky promontory •ztending into Stafdattin^ a town of Bararia, situate on tlia
fiofton Bay, on the aoath aide or Neponaei river, Laater, 16 m. N. N. E. of Bamberg.
5 m. from Booton. It wae named from an Indian Staford, a boroui^h and the county town of
female who was tlie last of the aborigines that Staffordshire, Eng. The principal trade consists
resided in this neighbourhood. The Featt (^ in the manofscture of boots and shoes, which at
9qtuMtum is annnafiy held at this spot, and is one time was Tery considerable, but has greatly
usually sAoompaaied with a traTestie of the In* declined. Hats and cutlery are also manufac-
dian customs and language. tured here, and a considerable tanning business
S^att/sM, a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, is carried on. It is seated on the river Sow, 144
which was mneh injured by the earthquake or m. N. W. of London.
1783. It is seated on the Favelone, near a gulf StajfcrdMrtt a county of England, 55 m. long
of its name, 35 m. S. W. of St Severino. Long, and 35 broad ; bounded on the w. by Shropshire,
16 40. E., lat 39. 3. N N. W. by Cheshire, N. E. and £. by Derbyshire,
Staatglmrg, a village of Dutchess Co. N. T. on 8. £. by Warwickshire, and S. by Worcestershire
the Hudson, 12 m. aoove Poufhkeepeie. It oontains 780,800 acres, is divided into five hun*
SiPaMo, a town of the Netherlands, in the prov- dreds and 181 parishes, nas one city and 19 mar-
inoe of Liege, with a celebrated Benedictine ab- ket towns, and sends 10 members to parliament
bey. Here is a manufacture of leather, and a The number of inhabitants in 1821 was 34].,040.
trade in cloths and stnfis. It is seated on the Rect, The soil in the S. part is good and rich, though
12 m. S. of Limbourg. not without heaths, which take up a large tract
Slabroeck. or Geor^etoiofi, a sea-port of Dome- of ground : it abounds in coal and iron. The
rarain S. America, and the capital of the prov- middle is level and plain, the N. hilly and barren,
ince. It is seated on the river Uemerara, and haa being fbll of heaths and moors. There are good
considerable tiade. Pop. 8,000. stone quarries, plenty of alabaster, and limestone.
Stads, a town of Hanover, in the duchy of Bre» Tin and brass are among the productions in Staf^
men, with a fortress, a college and three churches, fordshire, and there are several smelting and brass
It is the seat of Uie regency, and chief conrta of works near the copper mines. Within the last
iustioe of the dutches of Bremen and Verden, and luilf oentur<^ material improvements have been
has manufactures of lace jflannels^ stockings, hats, introduced into the sgriculture of this county;
and spirituous liquora. The foreign trade is now whilst on the rich lands bordering the Trent tne
chiefly confined to the transit business, and a ve^ dairy has become a source of oontiderable profit.
lat 55. 36. N. but with the Severn, the Mersey, and the Hum-
HUutt am Hqfj a town of Bavaria, on the N. aide ber, and the three corresponding ports of Bristol,
of the Danube, connected by a bridge with the Liverpool, and Hull. The iron foundries, blast
city of Ratisbon. furnaces, slitting mills, and other branches of the
Stadlharj^f a town of Pmssia, in the proyinee of iron trade, employ great numbers of people. The
Westphalia, on the frontiers of the county of Wal- cotton manu&ctures are very considerable, and
deck. Part of it, called Marsberff, stands on the the silk trade is carried on to some extent. The
site of the fkmous Saxon fort of Eimesburg, which southern parts of the county are distinguiahed for
was taken by Charlemagne, who built a chnroh the manufactures of loess, buckles, steel toys
here in honor of St. Peter and St Paul. Stadtberg (particularly watch chains) , and a variety of jplated,
is situate on the Dumel, 16 m. S. of Paderborn. lacquered, japanned, and enamelled goods. In
Stadtkagaty a strong town of Prussian West- the vicinity of Stourbridge the manufacture of
phAlia,in the principality of Schauenberg, with a glass is considerable. Then are also manufac-
paUce, belonging to the prince of Sehauenbergw tures of tobacco and snuff boxes, sboea, hats, &€.
Lippe, in the gardenof wniohisa mineral spring. JBut the chief manufacture of the county is that
It is R m. B. of Minden. of earthenware, for which it has been long and
Stafarda^ a town of Sardinia, in Piedmont, with deservedly celebrated, and which may now be
a rich abbey. In 1690 a victory was gained nesr ranked among the most important manu&ctures
this place by the French over tne duke of Savoy, of the kingdom.
It is seated on the Po, 3 m. N. of Saluiso. SMfford, p.t Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E.
Ste^a, a small island of Scotland, one of the Hartmrd. Pop. 2,514. Here is a mineral epring
Hebrides, on the W. side of that of Mull. It is and several manufaotores ; p.t Genesee Uo. N.
trie greatest natural curiosity in Europe, if not in T. 30 m. S. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,367 ; a town-
the world. The whole S. W. end is supported by ship of Monmouth Co. N. J; p.v. Stsffbrd Co.
mnges of basaltic pillars, mostly above 50 feet Va. 47 m. S. W. Washington,
high, and four (bet in thickness. Here is also a SUiJford. a county in the £. District of Virginia
ttnignificent eavem ealled Fin-ma-coul, or Fingal's Pop. '9,36».
Cave, which extends 250 feet in length. Its en- Slagira, a town of European Turkey, in Maoe-
innce is a natural aroh, 53 feet wide vid 117 hiffh, donia, celebrated for being the birth-place of
from which the cavern is lighted, so that its far- Aristotle, whence he is called the Stagijite. It is
thest extremity may be seen ; it is supported on now called Stavros, and is seated on the gulf (^
each side by ranges of oolnms, snd roofed by Contessa, 16 m. W. N. W. of Contesia.
the fragments of oUiere that have been broken off Sta^gne, a searport of Austrian Dalmatia, and a
in forming it The bottom of the cave is filled bishop's see, seated on a peninsula, in the gulf of
by the sea, reaohing to the extremity, and in very Venice, 30 m. .N. W. of Ragusa. Long. 17. 50.
calm weather a boat may sail into it This sin- £., lat 43. 12. N.
gular island is every where supported by basaltk SUgnUU, p.y. Orange Co. N. T.
rocks and pillara, and so much nolloweo hj yaii- Amuss, a town in Middlesex, Eng. seated on
ons caves that its whole surfkoe is ahafien in the Thames, over which is an iron bri^e. At
stormy weather. mom diatanoeaboye tbs bridge, at Cola lSitAh» it
^
8TA «M
tiie I^Ddon Mtak Stone, whieh is the mneient eonndenUe trade. In 1756 it wm fakea by tM
boandary to the jnriadiction of the citj of London Rnwiane. It stands on the river Ihna, 90 m. B
on the Thames, and bears the date of 1280. 16 of Stettin. Long. 15. 13. E., lat. 63. 96. N.
rn. W. by S. of London. Stmrk, a ooonty of Ohio. Pop. 96^784. CsbIm
StalhntUn, a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with a is the capital.
eonsideraCie manofiuslore of stockings. Hers is SUtrluai^Mrg, one <^ the three greet diTisioBB of
an ancient cross of one stbne, 21 feet high, on a Hease-Dannstadt, sitnate between the Rhine an^
base of eight feet. 112 m. W. bj S. of London, the Maine, and forming the southern put of the
StaUfff a Yillage in Lancashire, 9 m. E. of Man- grand duchy. Its extent is 1J06O aqnsie m ; ib
Chester, Eng. It is noted for wearers, dyers, and popnlaticm dOO,000. Darmstaat is the capital
pressers of woolen cloth, and has some share in SiarkSf p.t. Somerset Co. Me. on the Kenae-
the cotton trade. bee. 7 m. W Morridgewock. Pop. l^fTl.
Stati^ordf a borough in Lincolnshire, Eng. Star/aioroMgk, p.t. Addison Co. Vt. Pep^
One of its parishes, St. Martin's, is situate m 1,342.
Northamptonshire, but the greater part is built StarVf a township of Hocking Co. Ohio.
on the side of a hill in Lincolnshire, and, when Stmrt Painty a promontory on &e coast of Deroe-
approached from the S., presents an interesting shire, 14 m. S. by W. of Dartmoath. Long. 3.
and picturesque appearance. The notidile custom 48. W., lat. 50. 13. N.
of Borough Englisn prevails here, by which the SUufitrt^ a town of Prussian Sazooy, in the
younger sons inherit the lands and tenements of duchy of Magdeburg, with some good eatt-wocka,
the Ikther dying intestate. 89 m. N. by W. of 21 m. 8. 8. W. of Magdeburg.
London. StMtm IsUmd, an island c7 New York, 18 &
Stamford, a township of Bennington Co. Vt. long and 6 broad, which forms the oonnty ef
10 m. 8. E. Bennington. Pop. 563; p.t Fairfield Richmond. On the S. side is a tract of tefd
Co. Conn. 20 m. 8. W. Fairfield. Pop. 3.795 ; p.T. land ; but the island in general is rough and tbe
Delaware Co. N. T. hilb are high. Richmond is the chief town.
Stampaliaf an island of the Grecian Arcbipela^ Staieti Land, See Ztaland, Alno.
, 12 m. long and 5 broad. It is destitute of StaUtkanugk, p.t. Bullock Co. G«o. 45 m. K.
«h water, and almost without inhabitants, 30 W. Savannah.
m. W. of SUnohio. SUdahurg, p.t. Sumier Dia. 8. C. 30 m. &
StoncAto, a fertile island of the Orecian Arehip- Camden,
elago, near the coast of Natolia. It is the ancient SuAuvUjU, p.t. Iredell Co. N. C. 130 m. W
Cos, the birth place of Hippocrates and Apelles, Raleigh.
and is 25 m. long and 10 broad. It abounds with Slm^en^ a town of Germany, in Baden, aitasn
cypress and turpentine trees, and a great yariety on the Mehlbach, 8 m. 8. of FTibur;g.
of medicinal plants. The capital, of the same Sumffmhurgf a town and castle of Germa^,
name, is a bishop's see ; seatea at the foot pf a in Hesse-Darntstadt, situate on the Lohn, 5 n
mountain, at the bottom of a bay, and has agood N. N. E. of Giessen.
harbour defended by a casUe. 40 m. N. W. of Siamnttm, p.y. Newcastle Co. Del. 6 m. S. W
Rhodes. Long. 26. 54. E., lat. 36 45. N. Wilmington ; p.y. AugusU Co. Va., 120 ra. 5.
SUmdaHf a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 27 m. W. Richmond ; a township of Miami Co. Ohio.
N. by E. of London. SUmamgeryB sea-port of Norway, in the gor.
Suudeiff a town in C<oucestershire, Sng. 105 emment of Bergen. Near it is a forireee, caJM
W. of London. Deswick. It is seated on a peninsula, 95 ra. S.
SUnmardsnlUf p.y. Orange Co. Va. 70 m. W. of Bergen. Long. 5. 55. £., lat. 58. 68. N.
Fredericksburg. SUanrtn, a town of the Holland in Frieab^
Standiskfp.i, Cumberland Co. Me. on the Saco. formerly a rich city and sea-port^ but now Buck
25 m. N. W. Portland. decayed, and the harbour cooked up. The ■»■
Standard, p.t. Dutchess Co. N. T. 18 m. N. cient kings of Friesland made it their ordiaarj
£. Poughkeepsie. Pop. 2,511. residence, and there remains enoi]^ of its la^
SUnfirdf p.y. Lincoln Co. Ken. mer splendour to make it a consi&rahle tors.
SMkopef p.y. Sussex Co. N. J. 50 m. N. Tren- It has still some trade, especially in fishing, a^
ton. in passage-boats oyer the pools and lakee of tbe
SUuUaiuhMrgj p.y. Edgecumbe Co. N. C. 70 m. neighbourhood. It is sealed on the Zoyder Zes,
fi. Raleigh. 6 m. W. of Sloten and 17 N. E. of Enckuyaea.
Stanx, a town of Swilserland, in the canton of Long. 5. 13. E., lat. 52. 54. N.
Underwalden. Near this place, in 1796, the 5faeiifr«r;g0ii, a town of Holland in N. Brabaot.
troops of the canton were totally defeated by the formerly a strong place, with a copyenient hsr-
French, who afterwards burnt the town and put hour ; but the sea has retired from it about 3 <■ ,
the inhabitants to the sword. It is seated in a which, with the calamities it has sufiered bj war,
rlain, at the foot of the Stanzberg, 8 m. 8. E. of has reduced it to a poor town. It has a ocMnma-
lucem and 38 E. of Bern. nication with the Meuse, and is 7 m. N. of Ber-
SUtra Rusa^ a town of Russia, in the goyem- gen op Zoom,
ment of Noyogorod, on the riyer Polista, near the SUenkeer, a town of Norway, in the provinee of
lake Ilmen, 40 m. 8. of Noyogorod. Long. 33. 2. Drontheim, 36 miles N. E. or Drontheim.
E., lat. 57. 40. N. SUemkkk, a yiUage of Belnum, in Hainaolt, fr-
Siariaiiberg, a town and casUe of Bayaria, near mous for the yictory obtained by the French oyer
the N. end of the lake Wnrmsee, 14 m. 8. W. of William III. of England in 168S. It is 15 na. N.
Munich. of Mons.
Stargard, a town of Germany, in the grand SUg§^ a sea-port of Denmark, on the N. eoast
duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelits, with a castle be- of the isle of Mona, almost surrounded by a lake,
longing to the prince, 10 m. N. b^ E. of Strelitz. 42 m. 8. by W. of Copenhagen. Long. 19. 15.
Sargard, ftnOf a town of Prussian Pomerania, E., lat. 55. 4. N.
wHh a college, fine mannlkotsres of wool, and a SUgthtrg, a sea-port of Sweden, in £. Goth
tmd Mttpd <m the Baltic, 9 m . N. of Oalmar and rol , celebrated for Ita mannfacture of aword-bladef ,
82 8. W. of Sioekliolm. Long. 16. 40. £., lat. 68. and for the aiWer minea in iu Ticinity. it ia neat-
IB. N. ed at the foot of a mountain, on tlie Ejsoch, 19
Sum, a email independent town of Bwitierland, m. N. W, of Brizen.
in the canton of Zorieh, seated on the N. aide Stectiftya ffovernment of Pmasia, comprising the
of the Rhine, where it iaeaes from the lake of middle of romerania, and containing an erea uf
Conatanoe. Near it ia the ancient castle of Ho> 6,625 Mjuare miles, with 300,000 inhabitant*,
henklingen, now conTerted into a watch-tower. Stettin, a fortified sea-port of Prussia, capital of
The ehoreh is on the opposite side of the Rhine, Pomerania. It is a handsome town > contains
m a place called Burf , which is connected to the aboat 21,000 inhabitants, exclusive of the ewrri-
town by a bridge. iS m. W. by N. of Constance son ; has numerous manufactures, particularly uf
and 'ir» N. E. of Zurich. cloths, stufis, hats, stockings, yarn, cotton, rib-
5f«m, a town of Austria, on the N. side of the ands, paper, and canvas ; and carries on a cou-
Danube, over which is a long wooden bridge to siderable trade to all parts of r<«irope. TiinbiT
Mantem. Between Stein and Krems is a mili- and corn are the principal articles of ezporta-
tary mannfacture, in which metal articles, sabres, tion ; and ship-building, is a very profitable branch
elotb, tad clothes are made and kept 2 m. W. of employment. In lt05 a fire consumed a ^real
of Krems and 12 N. by W. of St. Polten. number of houses. In 1806 this place, furnished
Stein, a town and castle of Austrian Illyria, in with 160 pieces of cannon and a garrison of 6,000
Camiola, on the Freistrits, 11 m. N. of Laubach. men, surrendered to the French. It was garri-
Aeift, a town and castle of the Auitrian states, soned by them afler the disastrous retreat from
m Carinthia, on the Drave, 12 m. S. of Clagen- Russia in 1812, but in 1813 was obliged to capitu-
iUrt. late, when the Dutch troopa belonging to the gar-
SteauM, a town of Prussian Silesia, formerly rison hoisted the Orange cockade. It is seated
the capital of a circle, in the principality of Wo* on the Oder, 80 m. N. N. £. of Berlin. Long,
lau. It has manufactures of doth, and is seated 14. 44. E., lat. 53. 30. N.
near the Oder, 16 m. N. N. £. of Ligniti. Stettin, JVeie, a town of Pomerania, in the gov-
Steif^urt, a town of Pruasia, in the province of emment of Coslin, with a castle, situate on the
Westphalia, capital of a county of its name, with Willem, 41 miles £. of Coslin ; and 62 £. N. £.
a Calvinist academy ; seated on the Aa, 10 m. 8. ' of I^ew Stargard.
8. E. of Bentheim and 33 N. W. of Munster. Steuben, a county of New York. Pop. 33,975.
i, a town of Germany, in Heese-Darm- Bath is the capital ; p.t. Washtngtou Co. Me.
stadt, with a castle, near the nver Maine, 4 m. Pop 6d5 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. 20 m. N. Utica ,
8. £. of Hasau. the township was granted to Baron Steuben for
Steinkude, a town of Germany, in the county his military services, and here lie his remains.
of Schauenburg-Lippe, on the S. side of Stein- Pop. 2.094.
huder-mere, in which is the strong fortress of StetihenvilU, p.t. Jefferson Co. Ohio, on the
Wilhemstein. 15 m N. W. of Hanover. Ohio. 147 m. N. £. Columbus. Pop. 3,152. It
Steinkunt, a town of Denmark, in Holstein, is regularly built, and is a very flourishing place ;
with a castle, 14 m. S. S. W. of Lubec. it has many manufactures, 2 banks and 2 news-
Stellenbaeek and Drakenteein, a district of the papers ; the neighbouring country is fertile and
Cape of Good Hope, 380 m. long and 150 broad, populous.
bounded 8. bv Cape Agulhas and N. by the river Steveneburg, a village of Frederick Co. Va. ;
Koussie. It is mountainous, but contains some p.v. Culpeper Co. Va.
ol the finest land in the colony. The extent is Stevenston, a town of Scotland, in Ayrahire, fa-
estimated at 55,000 sq. m. ; the pop. at 23,000. mous for the coal strata in its vicinity. It is sit-
' Stenav, a town of France, department of Meuse, uate on a hill, 5 m. N. W. of Irvine.
on the river Manse, SK2 m. N. N. W. of Verdun. StcvenaviUe, p.v. Kinf and Queen Cos. Va.
Stendal, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, Stewart, a county of E. Tennessee. Pop 6^898.
formerly capital of the Old Mark. Here is a Dover is the capital.
colony of French Calvinists, who carry on man- Stewart lelande, five islands in the S. Pacific,
ufaetuies of wool, leather, <&c. It stands on the discovered by captain Hunter in 1791, and named
rivulet Ucht. 5 m. W. of the Elbe, and 36 N. by by him in honor of admiral Keith Stewart. Long.
E. of Magdeburg. Long. 11. 58. £., lat. 52. 35. 163. 18. £., lat. 8. 26. S.
N. Stewarton, a town of Scotland, in Ayiahiie, with
Stephentifwm, p.t. Rensselaer Co. N. Y. 20 m. a noted manufiu^ture of bonnets, 6 m. N. of Ir-
8. E. Albany. Pop 2,716. vine.
Stepnw, p.T. Fairfield Co. Conn. 50 m. 8. E. Stewarton, a town of Ireland, in the county of
HartfonT Tyrone, 5 m. N. N. E. of Dungannon.
Sterling, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 46 m. W. Stewartetown, p.t. Coos Co. 71. H. 140 m. N
Boston Pop. 1,789; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Pop. Concord. Pop. 529.
1^; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. 44 m. E. Hart- StewartMmUe,p.7. Susses Co. N. J., and West
ford with manufactures of cotton. Pop. 1,240; moreland Co. Pa.
p.v. Wayne Co. Pa. Steuning, a borough in Susses, Eng. 50 m. 8.
Sterlingmtle, a village of Granville Co. N. C. W. or London?
Sternberg, a town in the Prussian states, in the Steyr, a towa of Austria, which has a great
New Msrk of Brandenbnrff, with a great trade in trade in articlra of iron ana steel. The French
cattle, 20 m. E. N. £. of Frankfort. entered it in 1800, and concluded an armistioe fiir
Sternberg, a town of Germany, in the grand a peace with the Auatrians. It is seated at the
duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwenn, situate on a conflux of the Stoyr with the Ens, 20 m. S. £. of
lake, 16 m. S. E. of Wismar. LinU.
Sternberg, a town and castle of the Aaetrian Steffreg, a town and castle of Austria, situate
states, in Moravia, 10 m. N. E. of Olmutz. on a mountain, on the N. side of tbe Danube, 8
Stwangm a town of the Aastrian states, in Ty • m E. of T
no 6M BtO
Slkkhauun, a town and eaatle of Hanorw. in ritorj of Liege, teated on tbft Mwms, 11 b. R ^
Jie principality of E. Friealind, 28 ul fi. S. E. of Maeatricht.
Emden. Aod(e«raic, a town of Aoatria, ntmte ne« tb
StiglUno, a town of Naplea, in Baaillcata, &• Danabe, U m. N. N. W. of Vianna.
mooa for its batiia ; aeated near the Salandmlla, Sioekertommf p.T. Noriiaampton Co. Pa.
86 m. S. S. E. of Aeerenza. Sioekkolmf a prorince of Sweden, eoBpntu
StiUwUer, p.t. Saratojra Ck>. N. Y. on the W. the eastern parte of Ujrfand and SodenouMl
bank of the Hudeon. Si m. N. Albany. Pop. the di«triet«of Roelafra and Sodaiton. Itb
9,601. This spot is eelebarted for the battles an aiea of 8,736 sqnara miles, with M^n-
fought between the armies of Gates and Burgoyne habitants,
in September and October 1777. Staekkotm^ the capital of Swedeea Im in i sti-
StiawtUetf p.y. Sussex Co. N. J. and Miami Co. ation remarkable for its romantic ■eraery. ht
Ohio. Tory long, irregular, and oeeopiei, beiidei ti^
SiUhodlstUU^ p.t. Montgomery Co. N. Y. peninsolas, three rocky islaniu, siUutB ii U
StUiOHf a town in Huntingdonshire, Eng. cele- Maelar, in the streams which iMoe fiofB tk
brated for a rich kind of cheese, sometimes called lake, and in a bay of the fialtic. Tfane mbe
EngUsk Parmesan. 75 m. N. by B. of London. smaller islands, or rather islsts, on vhieh aresl-
StinehaTf a river of Scotland, in the S. part of nate forts or buildings fat naval poipowi. Ai»
Ayrshire, which has a rapid course of 86 m. and riety of contrasted and beantifhl TieviaR bnti
enters the ocean below Ballantrae. hj nomerons rocks of granite, runag boUly fin
Stirling f a borough of Scotland, capital of Stir- tiie sorfiuse of the water, partly ban sod m^j,
lin^hire, seated on the river Forth, on a hill, and partiy dotted with houses, or feathfied nti
which terminates abruptly in a steep basaltio rock. wood. The harbour is an inlet of the fialtk ; la
On this rock is an ancient castle, once a place of water is of such depth that ships of tht higHt
great strength, and often the scene of bloody eon* burden can appioaoh the ^oay. At tfas eztRii
tention. The palace, erected by James V., is a ty of the haroonr, several streets rise oneibn
stately building ; the outside curiously omamen- another in the form of an amphitiuatze, ud fti
ted with grotesque figures. Here are two church- palao^, a magnificent boiidinc, crowiM tiie na
es and a famous mmmar school. In the town mit. Except m the sabmrbs, wlieia sersnl baas
and its neighbourhood are manufkctures <^ ear- . are of wood, painted red, the geaeiilitj rftk
pets, shalloons, and other woollen stnfis ; and the buildings are of stone or of brick whiiMM wi
cotton trade is flourishing. A salmon fishery, stnooo. There is a royij academy of leuia^
belonging to the town, is let to a company, who stitnded by the celebrated Tjnnatns^d tfeviiii
tfend the fish chiefly to the London and Edin* er learned men, in 1741 ; and alsoaioyilMid«t
bargh markets. Stirling has undergDue consad- of arta. The arsenal contains an ifflmenvoafr
erable improvement within the last S years ; se- her of trophies and standards takea ftom dife
veral new streets have been boilt on a modem ent nations. Stockholm, with a smill teniun
and improved plan on the N. side of the town, surrounding it, forms a separate go?enmeat,b
and, in the old part of the town, numbers of bou- its own ms^istratesi and coutsiai newly W^
ses have been rebuilt. From its commodious inhabitants, who mannfocture glsss, chua, io.
situation, Stirling commands the pass between woolen, dko. It is 320 m. N. E. of Coptohaea
the N. and S. part of Scotland. It is 30 m. N. 1,000 N. E. of Paris, and 900 N. £. of Uk
W. of Edinburgh. Long. 3. 45. W., lat 66. Long. 18. 9 £., lat. 59. 20. N.
6.N. SioekhUm, p.t St. Lawrence Co. N. T. 30 s
Sid'rimirayrs, a county of Scotland, 35 m. long E. Ogdenborg. Pop. 1,944; p.v. Monis C«
and 10 broad ', bounded on the N. by Perthshire, N. N. J.
E. by Clackmsnnanshire, and the frith of Forth, S. Si^ekpart a town in Cheshire, Eng. wiUi tav
E. by Linlithgowshire, S. by Lanarkshire and ket, mnd considerable manulactaret of e*
DumbBrtonshire,andW. by Dumbartonshire. It ton, printed goods, and hata. From its cootigi!;
u divided into 24 parishes, and contains 65,376 in- ty to Mancl^ter, and the facilUei of id on
Itabitants. The principal rivers are the Forth, Car- navigation, Stockport partakes of the pnapen^
ron,.and Avon; and the great canal crosses it of that town. Thenumoerof inhabituu ia IS
ftom the mouth of the Carron. The S. part of the waa 81,726. It is seated on the Mener, 7 aj
county is mountainous, but the part near the 0. E. of Manchester and 179 N. N. W.a
Fortii is fertile. It aboands in coal, bonatone, London,
limestone. AsdbMrf. p. v. Wavne Co. Pa. on the Ddtfvt
Atrvm, a town of Prussia in the grand doehy 160 m. If. Philadelphia,
of Lower Rhine, seated on the Roer, 12 m. N. Sledtoe%a borough in the ooantvofDviia
of Dusseldorp. Eng. Here are two docks for ship boiaof.
SteeAe, a township of Harrison Co. Ohio. mannfaetares of canvass and ropes to a coosm
SHockaeh, a town ofGermany, in Baden and near able extent, also of diapere, hockabacke, cfam
which the Aostrians gained a victory over the &c. It is seated on the river Tees not &r m
French in 1799. and m 1800 the latter defoafted its mouth. 243 m. N. by W. of Loadoo.
Che former, and took possession of the town. It SCodUon, p.t Chatanque Co. N. T. 60ib. S. V
is seated on a river of the same name, 17 m. N. BnfiUo. Pop. 1^604.
E. of Constance. SidtUardf p.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. Pop.l,iw
Sloeklhridgef a borough in Hampshira, Eng. 66 SMdmrdmrilUf p.v Luxerne Co. Pa.
m. W. by S. of London. StaksB, a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 16^^^
- ' -■ - '- — Salem is the capital. AtownahipofM«diii»t'»
StoekMdge, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.
W. Boston, with manulacUues of cotton, woolen Ohio,
and chain, and quarries of marble. Pop. 1,580; Slokesburyf p.v. Stokes Co. N. C.
n.t. Windsor Co. Vt Fop. 1 ,338 ; p.t Biadison aiokisl§9, a small but neat town in N. i»
&r. H. Y. shire, En^, 238 m. N. by W. of London.
Aec4e»,atownofth«lietherlaikb^iiith«tar- . 3Mif|(»atewa«l FroisiaaSaxoiiT.otpi''^
B eoiwt¥ of tli« Mine imim, With a Mslle. It it barded by tlM British aqaadroft in 1614* W witli
seated in a valley between two monntaina, in out effect. Pop. 3,401.
which an minea of copper and iron, 12 m. I^. E. Siony Patsil,a fortreu of New Torkytaken oy the
of Noi4hauaen and 65 W. N. W. of Leipiig. firitish in 1779, bat recovered loon after by the
Long. 11. 5. £., hit. 51. 36. N. Amerioana, and the Britiah garriaon made prison
Swbtrgf a town of Saxony, where great qnan- era of war. It ia aeated on the Hadaon, opposite
titles of eloth are made. 9 m. 8. W. of Chemnita. Verplank'a Point.
Stolkqfsn, a town or Germany, in the grand StorkaUf a town of Pmasia, in the Ucker Mark
dochy of Baden, 8 m. 8. W. of Baden. of Brsndenbnrg, 27 m. 8. £. of Berlin.
Stolpef a town of Prnaaian Pomerania, with a SUmnaway, a sea-port of Scotland, on Che E
castle, three churches, and a Lutheran nunnery, side of the isle of Lewis, at the head of Loch
The inhabitants, estimated at 5,000, carry on a Stornaway, which is a good harbour for ships ol
considerable trade in linen and wood, and here any burden. It is a port of the custom-house,
is alao a fine- salmon fishery. It ia seated on the and haa a post-office and a regular packet weekly.
Stolpa, 10 m. from its mouth, in the Baltic, and Long. 6. ^. W., lat 58. 18. N.
56 E. N. E. of Colbarg. Long. 16. 48. £., Ut. 64. StonofilU, p.T. Dutchess Co. N. T.
27. N. Stafford, or Bishop's Stortford, a town in Hert-
SuipemurndSf a town of Pomerania, on the Bal- fordshire,Eng. with a market on Thnraday On the
tie Sea, with a harbour, at the month of the Stol- E. side are the ruins of a castle, on an artificial
pa, 10 m. N. W. of Stolps. mount. It is seated on the side of i bill, on the
Stolptn^ a town of Saxony, with a castle on a river Stort, which is navigable hence to the Lea,
mountain, 15 m. E. i^ Dresden. 10 m. E. M. £. of Hertford and 30 N. N. £. of
StolUMm^ a town of Hanover, in the ooontv ef London.
^ Hoya; seated on the Weser, 14 m. S. 8. W. of Stosssn, a town of Saxony, 6 m. 8. of Weis-
^ Nienbnrg. senfels.
StoUeAmrgf a town of W. Prussia, formerly a SUm^htont p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 17 m. 8. Boa-
suburb of the city of Dantzic, but with the adja- ton with manu&etures of cotton and woolen,
cent suburbs of Old Scotland, St. Albert, and Pop. 1,591.
Schidliti, was formed into a separate town, having stovr, a river which rises on the moat northerly
lis own magistrates and municipal rights in ITTx. point of Dorsetshire, passes by Stourminster,
Aoiie,a town in Staffordshire, Eng. a consider- Blandford, and Winborn then enters Hampshire,
able manufacture of shoes ; 140 N. W. of London, and flows into the Avon, opposite Chrlstchurch.
Sione Arm^, p. v. Montgomery Co. N. T. 50 Stovr, a river in Kent, fing. which flowa bjF
m. N. W. Albany. Sa^ndwich into Hope Bay.
Same Crsekf a township of Somerset Co. Pa. SUmr, a river of Eng. which forms the entire
Stonekamt p.t Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. boundary between Essex and Suffolk.
Boston. Pop. 738. 5toKr,a river whtch rises in the 8. part of Staf-
StonehavsHf or Stoneib'ee, a sea-port of Seotland, fordshire, Eng. enters Worcestershire at 8our-
and the oountry town of Kincardineshire. The bridge, and ^ flows by Kidderminster into the Se-
harbour is secured by a high rock and stone pier, vern, opposite Stnurport.
Near it ate the ruins of the castle of Donnotyre, Stmtnridgtfn. corporate town in Woroester-
on a lofty perpendicular rock, almost surrounded shiie, Eng. with manufactures of glass, iron, and
oy the sea. The town has a manu&cture of brown earthen ware. 126 m. N. W. of Ix>ndon.
linen, and some trade in dried fish and oil. 20 SConrminiter. a town in Dorsetshire, Eng. with a
m. N. N. E. of Montrose. Long. 2. 6. W., lat manufacture of white baize. Near it are the ru-
56. 55. N. ins of a castle, which was the seat of the W.
StoasAcitfe, a remarkable monument of antiquity Saxon kings. 108 m. W. by 8. of London,
in Wiltshire, on Salisbury Plain, consisting of SUmrpartt a handsome town in Worcestershire,
several very large atones, some placed upright Eng. 4 m. 8. ol Kidderminster,
and others horixontally across them. Most anti- Stato Market, a thriving town in SufiTolk, Eng.
quaries suppose this work to have been a temple with a manufacture of sacking, ropes, dtc., ami
of tike Druids, because it is in a circular form, and a considerable malting business. 70 m. N. N. £.
seems to have been much more regular than it of London.
appears to be at present It has puzxled many SUno on the Wold, a town in Gloueestershlre,
diligent enquirers to account for the bringing and Eng. 80 m. W. by N. of London,
placinffc^tnose enormous stones; for it is thought S<oie, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 90 m. N. W.
no meuod now known is sufficient to have raised Boston. Pop. 1^221 ; p.t Waahington Co. Vt
those that lie across to that height. 6 m. N. of 24 m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,570; p.t. Portage
Salisbury. Co. Ohio. 126 ro. N. £. Columbus. Pop. 790.
StonehotisB, a town in Devonshire, Eng. It 5toio CrM^, a township of Cumberland Co. N. J.
contains a national school, very extensive bar- SCotem^fl, p.y. Lincoln Co. N. C. 185 m. W.
racks, a royal naval hospital, Ac. ; and ia situate Raleigh.
about half^ wi*^ between Plymouth and Devon- Stowet,, a small town in Somersetshire, Eng.
port. 147 m. W. by 8. of London.
Stondeighj a town in Warwickshire, Eng. 6 Stoyatown, p.v. Somerset Co. Pa.
m. S. W. of Coventry. StrabonSj a town of Ireland, in the county of
StonesboTough, a village of Greene Co. Ken. Tyrone, situate on the Moume, near the Foyle,
SumesviUe, p.v. Greenville Die. 8. C. 11 m. 8. 8. W. of Londonderry.
Stomey Povnt, p.v. Albemark Co. Va. Irsdall Arokhia, a township of Watfiington Co. Pa.
Co. N. C. Abbeville Dis. S. C. ArsiMla, a strong town of the Sardinian atates^
SUminrton, p.t New London Co. Gona. oa is the Milanese, with a eaatle. The French be-
Long Island Sound 15 m. E. N. London. It hM cane masters of it in 1800. It is seated on tht
manofitetures of cotton and woolen and is enga- Veisa, near the Po, 10 m. 8 E. of Pa via.
ged in the whale fishery. This town warn b<M»- $iiri4f^^% * oouaty of N. Hampshire. Poji
W 3N
flTR eo6
S8,916. Dorer 10 the capital ; p.t. BtnlRird Oi. elawM dsrinc the *Fmidi rerolatioB, «•■ k-
N. H. ^ m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 2;200; p.t. placed on iu former footing m 1809. The tova
Orange Co. Vt Pop. 1;935. Here is ■ mine of le entered by eis gate*, la the cathednl m a
oopperaf . clock, which shows the motioiia of the eonrteOa-
irakonitz, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of tions, the reTolations of the ean and moon, the
Praehtn, with a castle ; seated on the Wotawa, days of the week, the hoars, &e. Another le-
11 m. S. W. of Piseck. markable circumstance in this cathedral is its
StraUundy a government of the Prussian states, pyramidieal tower, which is 549 feet high, la
comprising the part of Pomerania formerly belong- the charch of St. Thomas is the magnifioeot tonih
ing to Sweden, along with Rngen and other isl- of the famous marshal Saze. 66 m. N. of Rasil
ands on the N. coast. It has an area of 1,400 and 75 £. of Nancy. Long. 7. 45. £., laL 48
sqaare m. with 115,000 inhabitants. 36. N.
Stralsundj a sea-port of Prussia, formerly the Stratburgj, a town of W. Prussia, in the cucfe
capital of Swedish romerania. It contains about of Culm, with a castle; seated on the Drigenti,
11,000 inhabitants; and its trade and commerce 30 m. E. N. E. of Thorn.
are considerable. The churches and other public Striuibwrg, a town of Prussia, in Brandeaboif ,
buildings are handsome ; and the library belong- 15 m. N. by W. of Prenslo.
ing to the college has a capital collection of coins. Stnuhurgy a town of Austrian Illjria, in Carin-
Charles XII., in 1714, came hither aAer his re- thia, seated on the river Gurk, 13 m N. of Qa-
turn from Turkey, and ennobled the magistracy, genfurt.
Stralsund was forced to submit to the allies in 1715, Stnuburg^ p.t. Lancaster Co. ; p.t. FranUin Co
was restored in 1790, surrendered to the French Pa. ; p.v. Shenandoah Co. Va.
in 1807, and was finally ceded to Prussia in 1613. StragnitXy a town of the Austrian stateB, in llo
It is almost surrounded by the Baltic and the lake ravia, with a castle and a eoUege^ on tlie rnei
Francen, and has a harbour separated from the Marsch, 12 m. S. S. W. of Hradisch.
isleof Rugen by a narrow channel. The manu- Stratf&rd^n. village in Suffolk, Eng. 12 m. 8.
laetures are various, but most of them on a small W. of Ipswich.
scale, and the trade is considerable, particularly Stralford, a village in Essex, Gng., neparalied
in com. 40 m. £. N. E. of Rostock, and 85 N. from Bow in Middlesex, by the river Lea, over
W. of Slettip. Long. 13. 16. E., lat. 54. 20. N. which is a bridge, said to be the moat aneieat
Sirammd, a town of the Prussian states, in stone arch in England. 3 m. E. N. E. of Loe-
Pomerania, on the river Rega, 21 m. N. E. of New don.
Stargard. Aro^/brd, Fenny, a town in Buckinghnmahiie.
Strongfcrdy a small town of Ireland, in the Eng., with a manufacture of thread laoe ; aeafed
county of Down, seated on a bav of iti name, at on the Lyssel, and the Roman highway calM
the narrow part which connects Strangford Loug4i Watling-street, 45 m. N. W. of London,
with the Insh Sea, 7 m. E. of Down. Long. a. Stratford Stony, a town in Buckinghamshire
30. W., lat. 54. 31. N. Eng. The inhabitanU are principally Uce-na-
Strangford Lough, a large bay,- or inlet of the kers. It is seated on the Ouse, 52. m. N. W.
■ea, in ^e couiity of Down, on the E. coast of of London.
Ireland, about 17 m. long and 5 broad, aboundinir StrattfordHm'Jhom, a town in
with excellent fish, particularly smelts ; and off Env. It is memorable as the birth-plaoe o*
the bar, about August, is a periodical herring Shakspeare, who was buried here in 1616. Her«
fishery. It contains a great many small islands ; ii a manufacture of silk buttons, and some trade
and tne burning of kelp profitably employs a great in corn and malt. The town is situate on the
number of hands iii them. The bar or entrance Avon, over which is a long bridge, 8 m. S. W
into it from the Irish Sea is 3 m. below Strang- of Warwick and 95 N. W. of London.
ford and not a m. in breadth. SiraHord, p.t. Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 443 ; p.t
Stranrotoer, a borough and sea-port of Scotland, Fairfield Co. Conn., 14 m 8. W. New Haven
in Wigtonshire, with considerable manufactures Pop. 1,807. A township of Montgomery Co. N.
of cotton and linen. Vessels employed in the T. Pop. 552.
coasting trade and herring fishery frequent this Stratham, p.t. Rockingham Co. N. H., 8 m. S.
place ; and some ships sail hence to the Baltic W. Portsmouth. Pop. 838.
and Ireland with com. It is situate at the head Stratkaven, a town of Scotland, in Lanarkahiiv,
of Loch Ryan, 26 m. W. by N. of Wigton. Long, with a manufacture of cotton, seated on the Avon,
4. 57. W., lat. 55. 0. N. 8 m. S. of Hamilton and 12 W. of Lanark.
StroikuTg, a city of France, capital of the de- Straikmort, a river of Scotland, in Sutherland-
partment of Lower Rhine, and a bishop's see. It shire, which flows into a bay of the North Sea,
IS situate near the Rhine ; and tibe River 111 runs called Loch Hope.
through it, and forms many canals, over which Straihy, a river of Scotland, in Sutherlandahir^,
there are several bridges to connect the different which issues from a small lake, and flows into a
quarters of the city. It is a place of considerable bay of the N. Sea, sheltered to the W. by a large
commerce, and has manufactures of tobacco, por- promontory, to which it gives name,
eelain, steel, lace, carpets, cloth, leather, &c. STnUtoa, a town in Cornwall, Eng., 282 na. W.
The inhabitants are computed at 60,000. The by 8. of London.
principal structures are built of a red stone, dug Straubing, a town of Bavaria, capital of a tern-
from the quarries which are along the Rhine, tory of the same name, with a castln. It kta
This town, formerly imperial, was tuen by Louis broad streets, handsome churches, a flonriaiimg
XIV. in 1681. The citadel and fortifications, academy, and a convent of UrsuUne nnna. la
which he constructed, have been so much aug 1743 it was taken h^ the Anstrians, who demol-
mented that Strasburg may be considered one ot ished the fortifications, but it was restored in
the strongest places in Europe. It was confirm 1745. It is seated on the Danube, 22 m 8. E
<id to France by the peace of Ryswiok in 1697. of Ratisbon and 68 N. B. of Monioh. Lonff. 22
The uiversitr, which had bean eortailed of its 28. E., lat 48. 50. H
Snt 009 8T&
Shmubergf a town of Pratua, in the Middlo of Aggerhayi, 18 m. 8. W. of ChriitUnin. 8m
Mark of Brandenbarg, with an old castle on a Drammm,
moontain. It has manafactures of baise and Str<nn*tadt, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland
cloth, and standi on the lake Strauss, 21 m. £. celebrated for its shell fish. It stands on the
N. E. of Berlin. coast of the N. Sea. 43 m. N. N. W. of Uddevalle.
Strawnioum, p.t. Bucks Co. Pa. Lon|;. 11. 4. E., lat. 59. 4. N.
StrtUaf a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near Strangf p.t. Somerset Co. Me. Pop. 965.
which the Prussians were dewated by the Au»> SKrotiJwmUe, p.t. Cnraho^ Co. Ohio. 125 m. N.
trians in 1760. It is seated on the Elbe, 14 m. £. Columbas. Pop 6,311.
N. W. of Meissen. StrongoHf a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra,
StrehleUf a town of Prussian Silesia, with man* seated on a high rock, 3 m. firom the sea, and 7 N.
ufactures of woolens, stockings, and leather ; seat- of St. Severino.
ed on the Ohla, 22 m. S. of Sreslau. Sltronja, one of the Orkney Islands, situate N.
SirelitXf /few, a town of Lower Saxony , capital E. of Uiat called Pomona. It is 7 m. from N. to
of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelits. It owes S. and nearly the same in breadth, but so indent*
its origin to the destruction en the ducal palace, ed by bays that no part of it is abore a mile and a
in OldStrelitx : in consequence of which, in 1713. half from the sea. It produces much kelp, and
the duke began to erect a magnificent palace. 2 feeds many sheep and cattle,
m. from the site of the old one, at a place called StronUan, a village of Scotland, in Arglyeshire
Glienke. .which was before his hunting seat ; and and in the district of Ardnamurchan, noted for its
in 1733 ne founded a town adjoining to the palace, lead mines, in which a new kind of mineral was
and ordered it to be called ffew Strelits. The discovered in 1790, and named StronHUs.
centre is a spacious market<place, and thence a Stroudf a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. It b
number of streets branch out in straight lines; seated on a brook, the waters of which ate pecn-
the chief street leads to the palace, and the next liarly adapted to the dyeing of scarlet, and its
to a pleasant lake. It is seated among lakes 55 banks are consequently crowded with the houses
m. S. £. of Gustrow and 56 N. by W. of Berlin, of clothiers: a nayigaole canal accompanies its
Long. 13. 18. £., lat. 53. 21. N. progress to the Severn, and is now extended to
Strditx Old, a small town of the duchy of Meek- loin the Thames at Lechlade. Stroud is 11 m. S.
lenburg, the residence of the younger branch of by E. of Gloucester and 100 W. by N. of London
that house, till the castle was burnt down in 1712. Strmndy a considerable village in Kent, Eng
See the preceding article. Stroudahirg^ p.y. Northampton Co. Pa.
59. 20. N. rows.
SCricAsrmtte, p.y. Chester Co. Pa. StukUngen^ a town of Baden, in a lordship, of
Striegau, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the the same name, with a castle on a mountain, 9 m.
principality of Schweidnitx, seated on a river, at 8. of Furstenburg.
the foot of a mountain, 11 m. N. of Schweid- Stuhlwdssenburg, a town of Hungary, capital of
nits. a county of its niune, and the see of a bishop, sit-
Stroemskolmf a town of Sweden, in Westmania uate in marshy ground, occasioned by the river
situate on the lake Mealer, 45 m. S. W. of Upsal. Sarwits. It was formerly the place for the cor-
Long. 16. 24. E. , lat. 59. 30. N. onation of the kings, and generally also of their
Aroma, a small island of Scotland, on the coast interment; but it is much decayed, since its
of Caithness-shire, in Pentland Frith. Its ca- works were dismantled in 1702. The number of
verns were once used by the inhabitants of the inhabitants is estimated at 13,000. 36 m. S. W. of
neighbouring island as places of interment. Near Bnda, and 80 S. E. of Presburg. Long. 18. 28. E.
its N. end is a dangerous whirlpool. lat. 47. 18. N.
Stramberg, a town of Prussian Westphalia, in Sturhridge, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 70 m. S.
the geverhment of Munster, 20 m. £. N. £. of W. Boston, with manufactures of woolen and cot-
Munster and 20 N. W. of Paderborn. ton. Pop. 1,688.
Stromin^f the most northern of the Lipari Isl- Stutgard, a city of Germany, capital of the
ands. It is a volcano, which rises in a conical kingdom of Wurtenfiberg. It is surounded by
form to the height of 3,000 feet; and on the E. walls and ditches, and has an ancient casUe, witn
side are tliree or four little craters ranged near a rich cabinet of curiosities, a magnificent palace,
each other, nearly at two-thirds of its height. Not- an orphan house, a college, a ducal academy,
withstanding its fires, it is inhabited, and pro- and observatory, a military academy one of
duces a great deal of cotton. Of all the volca- the largest libraries in Germany. It has man-
noes recorded in history, Stromboli seems to be ufactures of silks, stockings, rioands, &a. and
the only one that burns without ceasin^r ; and it around it are innumerable vineyards and gardens,
has long been looked upon as the great lighthouse The streets are narrow in the city, and the houses
of the Mediterranean, the fiames being seen by generally of wood ; but ther«are fine houses, and
night at a great distance. Long. 15. 40. £., lat. straight streets, in one d* the suburbs. Stutgard
36. 40. N. was repeatedly entered by the armies on both sides
^ Shromness, a town of Scotland, on the S. W. between 1796, and 1815. It is seated in a plain
side of the bland of Pomona, with a good harbour, among mountains, near the river Neckar, 3d m.
9 m. W. of Kirkwall. £. of Baden and 52 N. E. of Strasburg. Long. 9.
Stromoe, the principal of the Feroe Islands, in 21. £., lat 48. 44. N.
the Northern Ocean, 30 m. in length and 10 in Styria, a province of Austria, 125 m. long and
breadth. It has a town called Thorsnaven, which 17 broad ; bounded on the £. by Hungary, 8. by
is the capital of all the islands and the common Carniola, and W. by Carinthia and Salzburg, ft
market. Long. 7. 0. W., lat. 62. 10. N. is divided into Upper and Lower Styria ; the for-
SCresMps, a town of Norway, in the province mer containing tna oiroles of Jndenbwg and
K^i
mo foo stri
Braekf and Ae Utter those of Gratz, Marchlrarg, 9itdoreef one of the fVroe Iitands, in the Ndnli-
and Cilley. Thoiiffh a mountainous country em Ocean, remarkable fbr a dangerous whtrlpoo.
there is much land nt for tillage, and the soil is near it, which is occasioned by a crater, 61 &tboiiis
fertile. The mountains are clothed with oak, deep in the centre. The danger, evpeeia}!/ b
beech, and pine; every kind of grain is well cul- storms, is very great; bat at uie refloxj sad in
tivated, ana the white wine is very pleasant. It very still weather, tfatf inhabitants TentoKe m boats,
contains mines of excellent iron, whence the arms fbr the sake of fisniog.
made here are in great esteem ; also mines of lead Suat-koa, a city of China, of the first rank, ia
and coal. The principal rivers are the Enns, the province of Pe-tche-Ii, seated amid moontami^
Mahr, Drave, and Save. The inhabitants ar6 for near the great wall, 77 m. N. N. W. of Pekia.
the most part Catholics, but Protestants are tol- Long. 114. 39. E., lat. 40. 38. N.
erated, and Jews in a limited degree. Gratz and Acez, a sea-port of Eeypt, with a caatle, seated
Judenburg are the chief towns. at the N. end of the W. arm of the Red Sea, cal-
Sudbia, the former name of one of the ten cir- led the gulf of Suez. This gulf is separated fiom
cles of Germany, bounded on the N. by Franconia the Mediterranean by an isthmus, 125 m. over,
and the circle of Lower Rhine, W. by that circle which joins Asia to Africa. The town is snr-
and Alsace, S. by Switzerland, and £. by Bava- roundea by a sandy country, and is without water,
ria. It comprised the greater part of the kingdom Several vessels are emploved in the navigatiso
of Wortemberg, the grand duchy of Baden and between this port and Jidda, where the comnas-
some other territories. dities are bartered fbr Indian goods and the coffee
5ua/eem, or Suoffuum, a sea-port and the capital of Arabia. The commerce of Cairo with Suez is
of the country of Abez, seated on a small island of carried on bv caravans, which wait the airiTal, and
he same name, in the Red Sea. It is the resi- set out on the departure of the Tessels, that is,
.ence of a Turkish governor under the bashaw of about the end of April, and in the course of July
Cairo, and was once a very flourishingplace, but and August. The merchandise consists in etna,
la now gone to decay. Long. 37. 55. E., lat. 19. wood, iron, lead, wool, cloth, cordage, dkc. €oa
66 N. E. of Cairo. Long. 32. 51. E., lat. 30. 2. N.
SubiaeeOt a town of the papal states, in Cam- Si/^pM^ p.t. Hartford Co. Conn. 18 m. N. Hart-
gna di Roma, seated on tne T^verone, 33 m. E. fbrd. Pop. 2,696. A township of Portage Co.
ly N. of Rome. Omo. Pop. 397.
Suceadana^ a town on the S. W. coast of Bor- Suffolk, a county of England, 5d m. long and 29
neo, capital of a kingdom of the same name. The broad ; bounded on the S. by Essex, W. by Caai-
chief products of the country are camphor and bridgeshire, N. by Norfolk, and E. by the Uermu
diamonds. It is seated at the mouth of a river. Ocean. The number of inhabitants in 1821 vu
Long. 110. 15. E., lat. 1. 10. S. 270,542. The soil is of various quaUties, but the
Success, a township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 14. country, in general, is level. Near the shore itii
Success BaUftL bay on the S. K. koOPwi of Terra sand^ and full of heaths, but abound in rye, neis,
del Fueffo. The S. promontory, at its entrance, turnips, carrots and hemp, with numeroas io6k§
is called Cape Success. Long. 65. 27. W. lat. 55 of sheep. High Suffolk or the woodlands, whick
1. S. is in the inland part, yield6j«)od pasture, whieb
Suekasunny p.v. Morris Co. N. J. feeds abundance of cattle. That part on the eoii-
^ Suezavaf a town of European Turkey ,in Molda- fines of Essex and Cambridgeshire aflbids also €X-
via, formerly a flourishing city, bat now much cellent pasture; and to the N. and N. W. it a
declined. It is seated on a river of the same name, fruitful in com. Its chief produce is batter asd
70 m. N. W. of Jassy. Long. 25. 52. E., lat. 47. cheese ; but the latter has gained almost prover-
97. N. bially the character of the worst in England. Ip-
SueUif a strong fort of the Isle of Candia, situate swich is the principal town,
on an islet, in Kj^nlf of its name, which is one of Suffolkf a county of Massachusetts, eomprisiBf
the finest and safest harbours in the Levant. This Boston and Chelsea. Pop. 62,162. Boston is the
fort was constructed by the Venetians, who pre- Capital. A county of New York, consisting of
served it a great while after Candia was no long- the £. part of Loufflsland. Pop. 26,960; p.v.
er in their possession. It is 8 m. E. of Canea. Nansemond Co. Va.% m. S. W. Norfolk.
Sudbury f a borough in Suffolk, Eng. 54 m. N. Sugar Creek, townships in Stark. Tosearawis
£. of London. Green and Wayne Cos. Ohio.
Sudbury, ja.r, Rutland Co. Vt. 43 m. W. Wind- Sugar l/af,e, township of Luaeme Co. Fa.
sor. Pop. 812, p.t. Middlesex. Co. Mass. 20 m. Sugar drove, o.v. Warren Co. Pa.
W. Boston. Pop. 1,424. SuggsviUe, p.v. Clark Co. Alab.
Suderkamn, a t'^wn of Sweden, in the govern- Sugulmessa,oT SigUmessa,9. town of the kingdoa
ment of Qefleborg, with a considerable trade in of Tafilet, the capiul of a district, which mbofaaAt
linen, butter, timber, and flax ; situate at the in corn, dates, and other fruits, and has mines of
month of a river, near the gulf of Bothnia, ^ m. irfm, lead, and antimony. It is seated on the Zif,
N. of Gefle. Long. 17. 5. E. , lat. 63. 20. N. 140 m. N. N. E. of Tafilet. Long. 5. 5. W., lit
Suderkoping, a town of Sweden, in E. Goth- 29. 40. N.
land, seated on a navigable river, 10 m. S. S. £. Suhla, a town of Prussian Saxony, capatal of
of Nordkoping Henneburg, with manufactures of fustian, linen,
Aufsrimutia, a province of Sweaen Proper^ m. leather, and steel. It is seated on the Hsxel, 7
long and 42 broad; bounded by Upland, West- m. N. ofSchlensingen.
mania, Nericta, and the Baltic. It is the most SuhUngen, a town of Hanover, in the eonntr
populous part of Sweden, and abounds in corn, of Hoya, on a river of its name, 22 m. W. bj K.
and mines of divers metals. Nykoping is the cap- of Nieburg.
ital. Suire, a river of Ireland, which rises in Tme-
Suderielge, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, rarv flows by Clonmel and C^rrick to Watermd,
with a manufacture of worsted and silk stockings, and meets the Barrow at *Jie head «^ Watsrfoii
16 m W. S. W. of Stockhokn. Haven.
m mm
A coanij of Indiana. Pop. 4,696. Merom is the the Sumalrans. They are rather below the mia
capital. A eoanty of E. Tenneeaee. Pop. 10/)73 ; die atatare ; their balk in proportion ; their limba.
Blountaville ia the capital. for the jnoet part, alight, but well shaped, anq
SuUiwMfn.i. Hancock Co. Me. 35 m. E. Caa- particalarlj[ amall at the wriat and anclea.
tine. Pop. »38.j^.t. Cheshire Co. N. H. 38 m. 8. Their hair ia strong and of a shining black. The
W. Concord, top. 655. p.t. Madison Co. N. T. men are beardless, great pains being taken to
Pop. 4,077; p.T. Tioga Co. Pa. a townahip of render them ao, when boys, byrubbing their china
Lorain Co. Ohio. Pop. 206. with a kind of quick lime. Their complexion ia
SuUivttM*a island, a low island at the entrance properly yeUow, wanting the red tinse that con-
of Charleston harbour, S. C. atitutes a copper or tawny colour. Those of the
SuU^, a town of France, department of Loiret, anperior class, who are not exposed to the rays of
seated on the Loire, 20 m. S. £. of Orleans. the snn, and particularly the women of rank, ap
Sulmona, a town of Naples, in Abmzzo Citra. proach to a considerable degree of fairness ; but
and a bishop's see. it contains ii churches ano the major part of the females are ugly. The rites
12 oonventa, and was the birthplace of the poet of marriage amonf the Sumatrans conaist simply
Ovid. It is seated on the Sora. 26 m. S. W. of in joining the handa of the parties, and pronounc-
Civita di Shieti. Long. 14. 55. E., lat. 42. 0. N. ing them man and wife, without muon ceremo-
5i((<aiile, a decayed town of Persia, in Irak, ny, excepting the entertainment which is given
with a magnificent mosque, which contains the upon the occaaion. But little apparent courtship
tomb of sultan Chodabend, or Hodabunda. 50 precedes their marriages. Their manners do not
milea N. W. of Caabin. XiOng. 51. 53. E., lat 36. admit of it, the youns people of each sex being
16. N. carefully kept aaun&r, and the girls being sef
SultamtCTB^ a town of Hindoostan, in the pror- dom trusted from their mothers. The opportuni-
ince of Lahore, 62 m. 8. E. of Lahore. ties which the young people have of seeing and
SuUoMoref a town of Hindoostan, in the pro« conversing with each other are at the public festi*
▼ince or Oude, the station of a British detach* yala, where the persons who are unmarried tneet
meat. 32 miles 8. of Fyiabad aad 50 N. of Alia* together, and dance and sing in company. A man,
habaa. when determined in his choice, general^ employs
SyJUtf a town of Germany, in Mecklenburg, an old women as his agent, by whom he sends a
with a salt mine, seated on the Rekenitz, 18 m. present. The parents then interfere, and. the
G. 8. E. of Rostock. . preliminaries being settled, a (east takes place.
SmitZf a town of France, department of Upper At these festivals, a goat, a buf&lo, or several,
Ahine, with a medicinal spring, 13 m. 8. 8. W. according to the rank of the parties, are killed,
ofColmar. to entertain, not only the relations and invited
StUXf a town of Germanv, in the kingdom of guests, but for all the inhabitants of the neigh-
Wurtemberg, with some salt-works ; seated near Souring country who chose to repair td them,
the Neckar, 12 m. N. of Rothweil. The greater the concourse, the more is the credit
SulxAf a town in the grand duchy of 8axe- Wei* of the host, who ia generally, on these occaaions,
mar, with a salt mine, aeated on the lime, 13 m. the father of the girl. Polygamy is allowed ; but
E. N. E. of Weimar. it is extremely rare that an instance occurs of a
Sidxbmekf a town and castle of Bavaria, in a man having more than one wife, and that only
duchy of its name, the re|^ncy of which is unit* among a few of the chiefs. This continence they
ed to Amberg. It stands in a mountainous coun* owe, in some measure, to their poverty. Moth-
try, fertile in liope,6 miles N. W. of Amberg. ers carry their children straddling on their hip,
SulMburgj a town of Germany in Baden, with and usually supported by a cloth tied in a knot
a fine palMC seated in a territory fertile in good on the opposite snoulder. The children are nursed
wine, o m. S. W. of Fribnrg. but little, and are not confined by any swathing or
Sunuiirm, the most western of the Sunda Is* bandages. The original natives of Sumatra are
lands, in the Indian Ocean. Its general direction pagtuis ; but it is to be observed that when the
Is nearly N. W. and 8. £. The equator divides Sumartrans, or any of the natives of the eastern
it into almoet eoual parts ; the one extremity be* islands, learn to read the Arabic character, and
ing in 5. 53. N., the other in 5. 56. 8. lat. and submit to circumcision, thev sre said to become
Acneen Head, its N. extremity, is in Lonf . 95. Malays, the term Malay being understood to
34. N. It is 950 m. in length, and from 150 to mean Mussulman. The wild beasts of 8umatr»
SsuO in breadth; and is separated from Malacca by are tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, beara, and
the strait of that name, and Irom Java by monkeys. The tigers prove to the inhabitants,
the strait of 8unda. A chain of mountains runs both in their journeys and even their domeatie
through its whole extent ; the ranges in many occupations, most destructive enemies ; yet, from
parts, being doable and treble ; yet their altitudle a superstitious predjudice, it is with difficulty they
IS not sulSeient to oceasion tlieir being covered are prevailed upon to use methods for destroying
with snow during any part of the year. Between them^ till they nave sustained some particular in*
these ridges are extensive plains, considerably el- jury in their "own family or kindred. Alligators
evated above the surface of the maritime lands, likewise occasion the loss of man^ inhabitants ;
In these the air is cool ; and, from this advantage and yet a superstitious idea of their aanctity als;»
they are esteemed the most eligible portion of toe preserves them from molestation. The other aa*
sountrv, aro the best inhabited, aad the most imals of Sumatra are buboes, a small kind of
ileared iW>m woods, which elsewhero, in general, horses, goats, hogs, deer, bullocks, and hog-deer
cover both hills aad valleys with aa etemu ahade. This last is an animal somewhat larger than a rtb
Here too an fiwad aiaay lakes aad rivers which bit, the head resembling that of a hog, and itj
fiusilitate the communication between the dil&r* shanks and feet those of a deer ; the beioarstoae
•at parts. The iwhihitante eeaaasl of WUiikjMf fooad oa this aaimal has been valued at lea timst
lira
Ai weight SB ffold. Ofbittiillwn it a greater ▼»- fSkmrnktmlit, p.r. gnniTanOa. W. Y .
rietj thao of Maata. The eoo^w, or Samatima Smmmgr, a coont^f af W. Tenneaaee. Pop
pbeaaant, ia a hird of aiieoainiion beautj. Haie 90,606, Gallatin ta the capital ; pjw. Oxibid Co
ar« atorka ef a prodigioaa aiaa, panola, dung-hill Me. Pnp. 1,C99.
fowia, duoka, the laigeatcoeka in the woiid, wood Aunier, a diatriet of 8. Carolina. Pop. 98/09
pigeona, dovea, and a great yarictj of email birda, BumterTilie the capital ia 100 m. N. W. Ckuka-
remarkable for the beauty of their coloare. The fean.
feptilea are lixarda flying linrda, and cameliona. StmaipeSj a lake ef New Hannahife 11 miks
The ialanda awarma with tnaccta, and their varie- in length, in Hiliiaboaoogh and Oieahira Coa. Ito
tiea are no leaa extraordinafy than their nnmbere. waters paaa throagh Sagar RiTer into the Coo-
Rio» ia the only grain that grewa ia the country, necticut.
Here are augav-canee, beana, peaa, radishes, yaaia, Amivry, p.t. NerthumberlaadCo Pa ; p.t. liber
potato«a, puinpkina, and tevwal kinda of poUierba tr Co. Geo. 45 m. S. E. SaTanaah, oa Newut
unknown to Kurope ; and also most of the fruits river which here forma a tolerable harboar. It a
to be met with in other parte of the £. Indies, m a port of entry ; p.t Gates Co. N. C ; p^L Del*
the greateat perfection. Indigo, aaltpetre, sulphur, aware and Berkshire Coa. Ohio.
arsenie,braaU* wood, two species of the bread-fruit SummrtfLoek, an inlet of the aea, on tiae W.
tree, pepper, eaaaia, camphire, fceojamin, oo^e, eoaat of Scotland, which exlenda 90 Builea E. inu
and cotton, are likewise the produce of this island, the county of Aigyk, from the M. end of tha
Mere alao are the cabbage-tree and atlk eottoa island of Mull.
tree : aod the fbreata contain a great variety of Smida iskmdtj ialanda in the S. £. part of tbr
▼aJuable speoiea of wood, aa ebony pine, sandal, Indian Ocean. The diief of them are Boraee,
eagle or uoea, teak, maehineel, and iron wood, Sumatra, and Java ; the two latter aepantcd by
aal also the banjan tree. Bees' wax is a com- a channel called the Strait of Son^a.
modit^ of great importance here ; and there are SunderbundB, a tract of country in Bengal
likewise tto edible birds' neata. Gold, tin, iron, eonsieting of that part of the delta of tbe Ga;i^
copper, and lead, are found in the country; and which borden on the aea. in extent it iae^il
the fint ia aa plentiful here aa in any partof Aaia. to the principality of Walee. It ia eompletelr
Sumatra ia divided into many petty kingdoms, enveloped in wood, infested with tigera, aad
the chief of which are Acheen, Indrepore, ralim* eompoeed of labyrinth of riven and cs«eka,afi
ban, and Jambi. The English and Dutch have of which are of salt, except thoee that immpdt-
fhctories on this island ; the principal one of the ately cnmmunioate with toe piincipnl atm of
former being fort Marlborough, at Bencoolen, the Ganges. Here aah, in quaatitieB e^al to tht
where, as also at the Dutch aettlement of Pedang, whole consaraption of Bengal and its deaendaa
Christian miaeionariea have been for some time cies, is made and tnnsported with efml taoiiity:
eatablisbed. and here also is fbund an inexhanatihie aiaee d
Snmkowa^ an iaiand in the Eastern seas, about timber for boat-building.
900 m. lon^ and 40 broad. It is divided into the Sunderkur^, a town oi Denaaik, in die islsa^
districts orBeema, Dompoo, Tambora, Sangur, of Alsea, with a caatle. It ia aeated oa a sliait
Pekat, and Sumbawa, all governed by their re- called Sunderbarg 8<Nind, 12 milea £. nf Fbaa-
spective chiefb. The island furnishes sappan burg. Long. 10.0. E., laL 54. 61. N.
wood, rice, horses, saltpetre, aulphur. wax, birds' Sunderda^^ a fbrtified island and aen-peit «f
■eaCa, tobacco, dbc., though but little trade is at Hindoostan, in Concan, reduced br oomoiodeie
present carried on. In the W., part of the island James in 1756. It is 36 miles N. H, W. ef Gea
IS a town of the same name, with a good Long. 73.90. E., lat. 16. 3. N.
harbour. Sunderland^ a aea-port in the eoan^ of l>ai>
Bmnbkoonantf a town of Hindooatan, in the ham, Eng. For the expoitationof eoaJ, it tanexl
province ofNepaul, with a celebrated temple, in conaequenoe^ to Newcastle. Its port, at the
allv
which 18 annually visited by an immenae num- mouth of the Wear, will admit Tmmeh of 409
berof pilgrimafirom Bootan and Thibet Long, tons; the entrance is defended by a battery, wmd
86. 38. E., lat. 97. 33. N. a pier, on which is a lighthouse. Here are aever-
Humhni, a town of Hindooatan, in a territory of al small dockyards, manufootnrea of eali, ghM>>
ita name, lying E. of Dehli, subject to the nabob copperas, and earthenware, and a trade in fime,
of Oude. 69 m. W. N. W. of Bereilly and 75 E. grindatooe, and other articlea. Sunderinad ia amch
of Dehli. frequented during the bathing aeaaona, and tht
AnnMneitr or Aiaisfpevr, a town of Hindoos- neighbourhood for aeveval milea tonnd u •nrich-
tan, in a oistrict of its name, in the province of ed by many elegant aeala and nnnaiona. The
Orrissa, 144 milea W. N. W. of Cattack and 980 peatilentisl cholere aret appeared in England st
W. of Caicutto. Long. 83. 40. E., Ut. 91. 95. this place at the Utter part of 1831. It u aitaaie
N. on tne river Wear, over which ia a naagmfiecal
AimeA, a town of Aaiatie Turkey, in Natolia, iron bridge of one immenae aieh, whieh will ad
14. m. E. of Pergamo. mit ships of 900 tons burden|lo sail mader it, 13
Afmerstn, a town of Hungary, in the island of milea ff . E. of Durham anl 969 na. N. by W. sf
Schut, 16 milea S. 8. E. of Presburg. London.
Summmivt&wn, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. 35 m. SttndtHmnd, p.t. FrenkKn Co. Msiia. 9d m. W.
N. W. PhOad. Boaton, with manufocturea of eotton. Pop. 666
Acmmst-Atottm, a town of Birmah, the inhabi- p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. 15 a. N. fi. " ^
tants of which are chiefly employed in the man* Pm. 403.
uftcturea of aaltpetre and gunpowder. It ia Anuii, a provinee of CSongn) which liea
seated on the Irrawaddy, 08 miles 8. by W. of the river Zaire. Ha riven wndeta it
Ummerepoora. fortile, and ia the raouataias ars
Sumer/iddy p.v. Guilford Co. II. C. al metahi. The eapilal ia of the
Sttmrna^ p.t. Schoharie Co. N. T. 33 m. 8. W. 17. 56. K., lat. 4. 60. N.
Albany. Vof, 1,783. JbiidbisaW, a ani^povi of Swudifcy aaA tha
iul of HedelpwBt. IT* ehwf trad* m in tar,
biceh-bark, daua, h(Hia,Baz, ui<tliR<n. Itiiieit-
ti near i1k> nirof Bothnia, 910 milaa N. ttj W.
of StoekhDlm. Ixmx. 17. SO. E.,]al. 69. 96.
N.
Smurgimf, or Jhaiur/Mnii, » Inirn of Hin-
dooatui, in Bea^, onM a large oitf , and faiDMM
Ibr a maan&ctim of ffaw eoUna clolh. It n
Mated between the Bnrrampooter aod a teaBcb
at the Qtngf, 16 m. B. E. of Daoca.
SmtdM, B.J. Ho»M Co. Ohia ; a towa^p of
Pike Co. Ohio.
Statriar, Lata, a lake of H. AiBerioa hetwecB
Ju United Blatca and Cviada. 49(1 mile* ia knglh
1,700 mitM in circnrnfeTmee, aod the largeat
body of ftMh water on the globe. It eontaina
Diaa* iikndi 1 two of them rerj targe, emooisJlj
lile Hojale, which U 100 milei long, and in nu-
DT place*, 40 broad. The Indiani anppote thna
iaiandi to be the retidenoe of Iha Oraat BpiliH
Upward* of X riren enter thu bke, wnno of
which are of conriitanble aite, lodiU watniara-
mukable for ptuitj and traaaparenej. U aboBoda
with fiahe*, particularlir treat and ttargeao.
Slomn are CTcn more dreadfU on thia take than
nn the ooeau. It diaoharge* ita water froB Ike
8. E. comer, tfarongh the itrait of St. Vltrj, la-
ta lake Unroa ; but the quantilf doe* not appear
to be oae-tenth pert of what ia eearejad into it
bj the rireni.
Aqniio, a town of Naplei, In the H<4iie, witk
a caitle, aeated at the loaroe of the Taman, 17
m. a. bj. W. of Benevento.
^MTor Anr, a towDof Bjrria, in Paleatlne, on
the oout of the Hediterranean, where ilood tin
tkmmu city of Tjrm, deatroyed by Alriander tbo
OreaL It ia now no more than a Tillage, aitn-
ate on a penlnrala wbieh prajeete fton the aboM
JBla ibe aea, in tiie form of a mallet with an oral
held. The village oonaiatB of abont 60 bailie*,
who tire obacnre^ on the produce oT their Ihlla
gronnda and a tnHing fliherr, 18 milaa B, B. W.
of S^da and 60 m. B. W, of DanHacsa.
$Kra, ■ town of Sweden, in Weitminland, IS
m. N. of StToemahoIni .
Sural, a eity of Hindooatan, in OoK.-St, with
a alrong citadel. The •qnarei are large, and the
atieete ipaciooa, bat not paied, eo Uiit the doat
ia troableaOTiie, Each atreet haa gale* of iti own,
with which it ii *h«t np in timei ef turhuUaoe.
Tbe larger hooae* are Sat roofed, with court* be-
fiire them ; and thoae of the oommon people are
high roofed. Itianid tohire 3ED,0O0inhal>itinli ;
and ita trade ia eoaaideiable, natwithilandini the
aandbanki that obetmcl the entrance of the Tap-
ly, which oanaei large Teaaela to load and unload
at Bwally, IS mile* to tbe W. of Bunt. In thie
city are Btahometeni of eeretal aeot*, many
aortj of Gentooe, and Jew* and Chrislian* it
Tariona denomination*. Itiaoneofths ■lation*
of the London Hinionary Society. Tbe Ma-
hometan* at Sural are not. by fkr, » atriet aa
they ate in Arabia, or in other Tarkieh enqnlriea;
nor are the diatinction* of tribe* among the Hin-
doo* who reeide heie *trielly obaerred. The lat-
ter arc almoat all of (be ca*t of (be Bvniani ; and
their akill and dexterity in matter* nf mlenlstio*
and economy often rain them to place* of son-
ridarable tmat. Some of (hem are rery lieli,
bnl aH Kre in a atyle nf modeiate limplieily, aad
' only a plain robe of while cotton. AX
taofdiat' -
banage need, llii* oily waa longtbe
oTUiemoet "
fcr hither v
an iaiaMOie qnintily of g( . . .._
cbanUearried in their *hip* to the Red Bm, the
Peraiu Golf, the eoaaU of Malabar and Cwo-
m«iidel,and even to China. Since the riaa ol
BoMbey, however the traffic of thie place haa
gteatly dcdincd, and new oouaial* ebi*By of raw
cotton and a Sfw of ite own maanfactarra. One
thing aingnlar in Saral ii, that, tbongh there ia
no hoapital for hnmaa being*, there i* an citaD
aive eaablithment of tbii nature fnr aiek o<
maiated animala. When the European* lora
eat an old hone, or any other dooeatio aninuJ,
la peri*h *■ ueelrea, the Hiadoo* Kolunlari-
ly a**«me tbe care of it, and alaca it in thi*
KHiae, which i* fall of iafirin and decrepit oowa,
ah*ep,rabbiM, hem, pigeon*, Ac. The coontry
rauBd Barat i* fertile, azcapt teward* the •*■,
where H i* aandy and barren. Amongthe animala
may benMn(iaiiedthaNjlOhaa,acr-'*
what befweea a cow and a deer and of an aibjt
grev colour. Before the Engliah E. India (Company
eblaiaed poeaenian of Bombay, Sunt wa* the
■eat of Iheir preaidency, and the centre of their
eaalern Irade. It i* lituale 20 mile* up the river
T.plv and 147 m. N, of Bombay. Long- W.
48, fi. Uu 21.11. N.
Surgoojn, ■ town of Hiodooetan, capiUl of a
pf tb* aam name, in the province of Ori**a.
75m
S. E. of RattuT
Patna. Long. 83. 33.
"If?!
"of
'Xlending TS
Surfut, a town of Aajatic Rufaia, in tbecov-
emment of Tobobk, *urrnDndad by pitiiadoei,
■nd Kated on the Oky, 2t6 m. H. N.
Tobol.k. LMig. 73. 30, E., lat. 61. 30. M.
3<iriiiam, a country of Gull
mil** along a river of the lam* _.
wilh game, and aingnlar anjnial* of difi^nt hind*;
the toad, in particular, being reaiarkable fbr ite
enormoa* (lie and agly form. The prodnote
are fl-uile, indigo, aogar, tobacco, rami, and
wood for dyeing. The wood* are fall of Bon-
kcyi, and tt U laid th^n are aerpenta 30 fttt
people
>)e of diatinction in Snrat, a&d throvgh the
of Indiai ipeak and write the Pereian lu-
|e; bnt u trade, oorrtipt Portagveee la Ike
Wlftl 1M Bllfn
Thifl eotutrj was ceded bj the Englaah to tbe gmmwMtt, a TiUitfe of CknwNit Co. Cliio.
Datoh, for tlie province of New York, in 1774 Audef, a town of Ruana, in the goT«iiicKot«(
It iraa taken bjr the Britiah in 1799« and again Volodimtr, and a biahop'a aee. It it built of wood
in 1804 ; bat restored in 1814. The capital ia and ta aeated on theNerl, 90 m. N. E. ofMoseov.
Paramaribo. Long. 40. 25. E., lat. 56. 26. N.
Suri^ia, a aea-port of Japan, in the ialand o^ Aijyafcanna, a rirer of the United Stateii which
Niphon, capital of a province of the aame name iaaoea from the lake Otaego. It crgaei thm
with a ea8tle,where the emperora formerly reaided. timea the line that divides the state of Nev York
170 m. E. of Meaco. Lon. 139. 5. E., lat 39. 30. N. from PennsjWania, after which it flows S. E. ti
Surrey t a county of England, 37 m. long and 27 WilVesbane, and then S. W. to Sanboxy, vben
broad, bonnded on the N. by Middleaex, £. by it meeta the W. branch of the Soaqaehuuu. It
Kent, 8. by Snasex, and W. by Hampshire and then flows by Harrisborg to Havre de Gnee,
Berkshire. In 1821 the namwr of inhabitants where it entora the head of Chesapeak Bar. To-
was 398,658. The soil is very difierent in the ex- ward ita mouth ita coorae is mach impeded b^ &I!i,
treme parts from that in the middle, whence it has and several caaala have been formed to unsti iti
been compared to a coarse doth with a fine bor- navigation. Vast qoantitiea of salmon ud abt
der ; for tne edge of the country on all aides has are taken in ita waten.
a rich soil, extremely fruitful in com, and graaa, Susfuekaimoj a county of the W. Outrict d
particularly on the N. and W. towards the Pennsylvania. Pop. 16 J77 Montrose ii the eap-
Thames ; but it is ^otherwise in the heart of the ital ; p.y. Broome Co. N. T ; t Daaphin Co. Pi.
county, where are wide tracta of sandy ground and Siuuz, a town of France, department of Upper
barren heath, and in some places long ridges of Vienne, 15 m. 8. £. of Limoges,
hills. It produces corn, boxwood, wuiuts, hops, ■ SusteXf a county of EneUod, 70 m. long tad
and fullers'-earth. Medicinal heros are ralMd to 28 where broadest ; bounifed on the N. bj Samj,
a considerable extent, and about 3,500 acres of N. E. and E. by Kent,S. by the English Chanatl,
land consist of gardens for the supply of the Lon- and W. by Hampshire. The nnmoer of inhibit-
don market. The principal riven, besides the anto in l&l was 233,019. The soil n Tsriosi,
Thames (which is tne boundary or this country that of the downa, and thence to the oet, u fer-
on the N.), are the Mole, Wey, and Waadle. tile in com and grass, the latter feeding ibeep
The spring aaaiies are held at Kingston, and the whose wool is remarkably fine ; the miSt
summer at Guilford and Croydon aUemately. abounda with meadows and rich arable grwud,
Acrrv, a county of the E. Diatrict of Virginia, and the N. aide is shaded with ezteQilre voodf.
Pop. 7,106. A county of N. Carolina. Pop. that used to supply fuel for the iron works vhei
14^01. Rockford is the capital; p.t Hancock they were in a nourishing atate. The chief coe-
Co. Me. Pop. 561 ; p.t. Cheshire tk>. N. H. 40 modities are com, malt, cattle, wool^ wofld,iraB.
m. 8. W. Concord. Pop. 539. chalk, and glasa. Sussex is not distinginidied&c
Surgu, a town of Bwitzerland, in the canton of any manufacture but that of gunpowder it B&ttrL
Lucerne, seated on the river Sur, near the lake and of needles at Chichester. Chicbester utk
of Sempach, 12 m. N. W. of Lucerne. eapitid.
Sugf a river of Morocco, which rises in Mount SmsMex, a county of New Jersey. Pep. 20<3@
Atlas, flows through the kingdom of Sus, and en- Newton ia the capital ; a county of DeUvu
ten the Atlantic at Messa. Its annual inunda^ Pop. 27,118. Georgetown is the capital; tcoaB-
tions enrich the country. ty of the E. District of Virginia, rop. 12,730.
SiUf or SusBf a kingdom or province of the em- ^kstsreit, a town of the Netberlaodf, in tb
pire pf Morocco, bounded on the W. by the At- province of Limburg,2 m. from the rirer Mew
lantic, N. by Morocco Proper, E. by Tafilet, and and 10 8. of Ruremonde.
8. by Darab. It is a flat country, abounding in Sutherlandskiref a county of Scotland, viti
corn, sugar-canes, and dates. The inhabiUnte, about 24,000 inhabitonts. Some parts ofthii
who are chiefly Berebera, or ancient natives, are county, called foreata are trackless deserts, dn-
distinguished by their industry, and many of them, titute of trees; or bleak mouniaini, aboQadisi
who live in towne, become opulent, and are much with wild roea. In theae parts there an few in-
more polite than the nativea of Fex and Morocco, habitante, and no villagea, but along the frith of
In the mountunoua part they are entirely free, Dornoch. The country is populous and veil col-
and are governed by their own chiefs. The prin- tivated. It haa abundance of ironstone, liinestooe,
cipal town is Tarudant. and slate, and many veins of lead ore. Dornodi
Susa. or Sousa, a sea-port of Tunis, the chief is the county town,
mart or the kingdom for oil and linen, and fof- Aitri, a town of the Papal Stetes, io tbe^bi-
merly a place of some repute : near it are con- mony of 8t. Peter, seated on the PaxxoU,»a
aiderable remains of ancient buildings. It standa N. W. of Rome.
on the E. coast, 75 m. 8. E. of Tunia. Long. 11., 5ti<foit Col^M^ a corporate town in Wtrvick-
15. £., lat. 35. 40. N. shire, Eng. Hardware forma the principil iiticle
Susa^ a province of the Sardinian etetes, in of trade. 110 N. W. of London.
Piedmont, consistinff of a broad valley intenpersed SutUm atpen TVen/, a amall town in Nottio^buB-
with ateep rocka. It haa an area of 700 aquare ahire, Eng. ^
m. with 65,000 inhabitante. SMton, p.t. Merrimack Co. N. H. 20 m. 5. W
Aim, a town of Piedmont^ with a atrong fort. Concord. Pop. 1,424 ; p.t. Woroester Co Miff
called Brunette. Here are four churehea and sev- 46 m. 8. W. Boston, with manufactures of cottos
eral religious houses, and near it ia a triumphal The Blackatone canal passes through this town
arch to the honor of Augustus Cesar. It is seat- Pop. 2,186; p.v. Caledonia Co. Vt 38 m. N. £
ed on the Doria, among pleasant mountuns, and Montpelier. Pop. 1,005. A township of Meifi
is the principal paasage out of France into Italy. Co. Ohio.
Ii waa taken by the French in 1799, but reatored Atfoiiiie, St.. a town of France, in the deput-
in 1814. 23 m. W.N.W. of Turin. Long. 7. 16. ment of Mayenne, with a considerable pepper
B., lai. 45. 10. N. manufacture, 24 m W. of Mans.
i^
Sn^trg, a •tmnf fbrtrai of Bwadiii, hault m
WTFnl roak; iilvta in the gulf of Fialtad. In
ISOb it (amndtred lo the RoMiun. 3 m. S. uf
HeMiwfon.
SpniTg, t wa-port of Denmark, in the iiUad
or Fnneo, with tb* beM Wboar in the ialand.
Here ace aianuAotani i>f woolen and Ifnen. S9
III S orOden*:«. Long. 10.37 E., UtE6.». N.
SicaffJmm, a l«wn in HorTolk, Eng. noted for
bultcr. 93 m, N. E, of London.
SwonuttfreuA, p.T. £maiiael Co. Geo. 80 m
S. E. Hill^ganlU.
SifnUt. a nter in Torkihire, Eng. Thii rirei
waj held uorcd by the Suoiu from the cinnm-
■tvice of upward* of 10,000 penooi haTingbeen
bapliied in it by PaulioeH, ■rebbiihop ofTork,
Dpnn their eoDTeniun lo ChrtfliaDitr.
SvoUy, a town of HindwieUD, in Quiarat, with
■ iiubour, irbece ihtpi receive and deliver their
eartfon for the nierotuuitB of Buimt. It ■■ watod
Beat the gulf of Cambav, 15 m. W. of aorat.
Long. Ti. 33. E.. Ut. 31. 10. N.
S^mlwtU, a village in the connt; of Durham,
Edk
Sammp Ckiavkes, p.v. Hantgomerr Co. Pa.
6'Hiaa, ■ lownahip ofHoiJting Co. Ohio.
Siean A'wr, a river of If. America, which riaea
in lake EtowwomaliaMb, pmea throogb Pwaa
Lake J and &11| into the Miaiaaippi about 40 m,
from iti ■onree. All the eonnUv in Ibc neigh-
bourhood of thia and Red Deer River aboonda in
beavera.moan deer, (bUow de«r, elki, baara.lnii^
faloei, &o. The Mil ia good, and uomiaea to re-
ward the indnitriou oultivator. A great nomber
dT pennna hare lecentlj emigrated lo thii eaun-
trj from Great Britain and Ireland.
StBOKvilU, a lownahip cf Waldo Co. Me. 16 m.
S. Vr. CaatiDF. Pop. 633.
HaiotMgt, a villaga in Donetahiie, Eng. aealcd
on a bar of the aame name, in Iha Engliah Chan-
ml, 4 in. £. B. E. of Corfe Caatle.
r. Bnncombe Co. N. C.
p.v. Oulaw Co. !*. C. 40 d. 8.
W. Newbem."
Siraiucami, a Tillage in Kent, Eng. 9 m. W.
hjS. of Oiaveeend.
SiBtuma, a aea-port and bumngh nT Walea, ''
Glamor "--— ""' ' — — ' " '-
^mund
The gTMUr part of Finland, however, vaa
oeaea to Rnwa in laOB, but in iai4, on ceding
(he imall province of Swediah Poioerania, it ic-
quired Noiwaj, including which, and Nurwcgiao
Inland, the total extent of aorfacc maj be com-
patcd at 343,000 aq. m. with a pop. icBrcely e
eaediag 3£OOjOOO. The Pop. of Bwt '- '-
B,T90/I}
Coal, iron, and limnatoae
UTjd in iti neighbourhood, and great qoantitiea
exported It haa a eondilerable traM to Bri>-
lol, and exleniive wurka for the mielting of cop-
per and lead on. 306 m. W. of London.
■^ >-•- - towniifaweden,in W. aothland,
.ofLindk
wnahipof
Champlaiii 30 m. N. Burlington. Pop. 3.158.
SiMiKDini, a town in Kent Co. Md.
fivanuy, p.t. Cheahire Co. N. H. 44 m. 8. W.
Cnncord. Pap. l,St6 ; p^ Biiatol Co. Haia. 47
m. 8. Beaton. Pop, 1,077. Her* an mannfto-
tarea of paper and other article*.
SnarliitTg, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
ISm.N. W, ofUddevalla.
SiBortMliafM, a town and lortret* of the Netbar-
landi, in Over;B*e1, leited on the Veoht, 4 at,
fniin lU mouth and 6 N. of Zwoll.
9iMMra, a river of Pennajlvania Bowing into
tbe Snaquebanua at Middletown. Aiao
■hip i^^nphin Co. Pa.
SkMujMciUs, a township of Adam Co lli«-
Aiwdaia, a kingdom ofEnKipe, aztcnding 1,000
m. Itom N. to B. and 300 fron B. to W., bonndad
go the N. bj Horwegiaa I^pland, E. bj ftnmw,
The whole
emmenta, Un ,
StiKikboIm, Weatnaa, Njkoping, Orebro, ^lora
Kupparberg or Fahlun, Carliladt, XJndkopiog,
Jonkoping, Kronoborg or Wexio, Calmor
Carlacrona^ Scaraborg, El&borg, Gotten burg
Halnuladt, Chriatianslutt, Malmohu*, and Wia-
by. Though encloaed by nwuntaio* on the Vf.
and H., it la in general a very flat oounlry ; and
it ia remarkable that along the wbbta road, from
Gottenburg in the W, to Stockhaim in the E.,
there ■* not a iingle acclivity of conaaijuence, Lll
within a few mile* oflhe latter. It i* well watered
by riven (though not a aingle navigable one
worth menliooingj, numeroo* Ukei, and inland
piscea of water, on the banka of which tha oalacea
and villa* are uaually built. At Slockboloi,
■pring and autumn are acarcely lo be perceivedi
for winlei oontinuea nine montha, and Bumuwr
during the remaining three. In winter Ihe cold
i* exeeaaive, and llw heat in aommer ia oooaider-
flowen, and tbe gardena luTe plenty of fruita.
The tree* are early in bloasoming, the aoil being
fiit and «ulpboraoa* ; but the frnit* have not ao
good a laale a* in mon aouthern connlnBa. The
animal* an horae*, aotra, bop, goata, aheep, elk*.
RindMr, bear*, wolvei, foiaa, wild cat*, and
sqoirrela. The horM* are ao little and feeUe
that icTen are put to a trarelliDg carriage, four a
breaat in the Gnt line, and three in the mcaoi ;
bat a lame or fonndervd horae i* aeldom to bo
seen, which i* atlribnted, in a great degree, to
tha manner of alsbling Ibem on perforated boarda
without litlet. In aome partaare rich ailver, oop
per, and iron mine*, and vaat foreala of timbei
licea. The article* of export, an board*, gun-
powder, laalher, iron, coppef, tallow, akin*, pitch,
roain, and maal* ; and ibc importa aalt, brandy,
wia*, lineB elotb, atofi, tobaoao, ingar, apiu«j
8WB IIS SWft
uid paper. The inhabtUnts are of & robnat eon- HoQattd. abont 8 m. in lennth, Btoite^attheW
•titution, and able to sustain the hardest laboor. lorn of the ffolf of Carpentaria. Loag. 139. ft
They are,, however, more polished than formerly, £., lat. 11. 8. 8.
and hare severd public schoob and coUem, Sweet Springs. n.T.Mtmne Co. Yk.\9im.^
where the arts and sciences are taught. Their W. Staunton. Here are some mtnenl tprisn
houses are generally of wood, with very little art SweeUmllej p.T. Marion Ois. 8. C.
in their construction. The roofs in many places Sweet Water VmlUtf^ p.T. Maria Co. Tea 1£b
are covered with turf, on which their goats often 8. E. Mnrfreesborongh.
feed. Swimdion, a town in Wiltshire, 83 m. W. of
The form of the Swedish goTemment has fre- XiOndon.
quently varied. Before the accession of Gusta- 5ieiiMiiiaiiii2s, a town of tbe Pmsnan itaks, is
vos 1. it was an elective monarchy. Bv the Pomerania, in the isle of Usedom; litiiatetttiK
union of Calmer, in 1397, it was stipulated that month of the river Swine, 13 m. £. brN.ofCR^
the saioe monarch should rule over Denmark, dom. Long. 14. 12. E., lat. 53. 56. N.
Sweden, and Norway ; and hence Sweden be- Swinesheady a town in LineoloihiR, Eog., >.
came a merely tributary kingdom to Denmark, m. £. of Boston and 110 N. of LondoD.
From this state of subjection to a tyrannical for- Swmna^ a small island of Scotknd, one of u
eif o yoke, it was rescued by Gustavus Vasa, on Orkneys, situate near the middle of die PeailiM
wnom the Swedes, in 1523, conferred the sove- frith. Here are two whirl-pools, that ir du-
reignty, and made the crown hereditary in his gerous to mariners, particularly in a calm.
male issue. He was entrusted with ffreat pre- Aoifzer/anif, a country of Europe, botadedoi
rogatives ; and these were augmented by Gusta- the N. and £. by Germany, S. by Italj, lad W
▼us Adolphus, the ri^ht of succession being ez- by France. It is 220 m. long and 140 WMio^
tended, at the same time, to the female line. In is separated from the adjacent countrin bj bifk
the minority of his daughter Christina, the regal mountains, called the Alps. Switzerlufi b
Kwers were greatly circumscribed, and the no- been divided, since 1815, into 22 cantou, vast
w acquirecf such an exorbitant authority as Iv, Lucerne, Uri, Schweitz, UnderwaMen, Tm
gave great umbrage to the clergy, citizens, and l^riburr, Soleure, Tesino, VaUis, Bern, Bed
oeasants. This proved a favourable opportunity Schaffoausen, Zurich, Vaod, Meofcfaatel, Ges*
ror Charles XI. to obtain from the states a formal va, Appenzel, Glaris, Grisons, St Gall,Tii!ii|u
cession of absolute sovereignty, which quietly and Aargau. The first nine are Catholici, \at
devolved upqn his son, Charles XII. Upon the next seven are Calvinists, and the othcn craUa
death of tiie latter, tbe Swedes conferred the both religions. Each canton has its diitioet »
crown upon Ulrica Eleonora, his youngest sister, ternal government. The geoeial gorenuaeg
stipulating, at the same time, ffreat limits to the of the country is by a diet, compoied of i ma
p^rogative. Ulrica resignea the crown to her her from each canton, which assemblet anDaSj
consort Frederic I. From this period the Swe- in June at Friburg, Bern, Soleure, Basil, Zuid
dish monarch was the most limited one in Europe, or Lucerne, in rotation ; and the preiuieot i
till 1772, when Gustavus III. effected a revolu- styled Landamman of Switzerland. Tbedetv
tion, by which he regained the most essential royal dares war, concludes peace, makes aUJaoceifiti
prerogatives, without, however, beingan absolute foreign states, and also decides on all treatia a
inonarch. Ho wm ■■■■■■inated in 1792, leaving commerce. There am four paaiases ora^
his son Gustavus Adolphus, a minor, who attain- Alps into Italy from Switzerland ; t£e tint s k
ed his majority in 1796. This prince was de- yond the lake of Geneva, over Monnt Ceu
Sosed on toe 1st of May, 1809, and his uncle, the which leads to Savoy ; the aecood begin in tk
uke of Sudermania, was called to the throne, country of the Grisons, crosses Mount Sl Be-
But soon after his aocesaion, in consequence of nard, and leada to the valley of Aosta io ha
the sudden death of his son, the crown prince, mont; the third begins in the countrjoftk
he assembled the diet of Uie kingdom, in order Grisons, crosses Mount Simplon,aiMlIeadft0lli
to choose a auccessor to the throne. The Swe- duchy of Milan ; the fourth crosses Mount &
disn diet met for this purpose at Orebro, on the Gothard, and the bailiwics oi Italy, and tmi-
6th of August 1810, ana, after a short speech nates in the Milanese. The principal laknan
from the king, they elected the French marahal, those of Constance, Geneva, Lucerne, Zoni
prince of Ponto Corvo, to the dignity of crown and Neufchatel. The most consiiderabk rinn
prince of Sweden. This person, though a French- are the Rhine, Rhone, Aar, Arve, Reiut,ia^
man and raised to rank and erainenee under Bon- Limmat Switzerland exceeds every eouoliy ii
aparte greatly distinguished himself in the ser- the world in diversity of appearance : tbe iv
vice of the allies in 1813, at the head of the chain of Alps, wiUi enormous precipicea, eites*
Swedish army, and in 1814 secured Norway to si ve regions of perpetual snow, and ffiacien tbi
Siveden by the treaty of Kiel. The established resemble seas of ice, are contrasted By the vat
religion is the Lutheran, and they have one arch- yard and cultivated field, the richly wooded bn*
bishop anu 13 bishops. Stockholm is the capital, and the verdant valley with its eryital itiMiiL
The annual revenue is 4,500,000 dollars : the pub Agriculture, cannot, of course, be carried togntf
lie debt 17,264,812 dollars. The army amounts extent, but the grain produced is saffieinitfo
to 45,000 men. domestic consumption. The chief riebeicoostt
Sweden, p.t. Oxford Co. Me. 52 m. N. W. of excellent pastures, in which raany cattle iR
Portland rop. 487; p.t. Monroe Co. N. T., 15 bred and fattened, and the goats and chaflioiife«4
TO. W. Rochester. Pop. 2,938. on the mountains and in 8ie woods. Tbe neo
Swedesborougkf p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J., 16 are strong and robust. The women iie toieiiUj
in. S. W. Philadelphia handsome, and are in general very indoatrion
Sweiny, a town of the kingdom of Darfoor, and The peasants retain their old manner of dies,
a place of general resort for merchants trading to and are content to live upon miJk, buttefi u^
Egypt. 45 m. N. of Cobbe. cheese ; and there are some of the moantaioMii
Jhseer'e leUmd^ an island on the toast of New who never have any bread. In 1797, the p^^
•TR
ve ofC]
uirip, a iiHuis ui wiEiie, about Ute yfl
The remuni of ths anoient towD ue
on ui eroinence to Ihe 8. uherc columoi tad pl-
Un orp-anite icattared hen ind then diDoCc iU
■ituatiou Near it on a naall ialiod in the Nib
•ncenllf calk-d Elephintini, ue the ruiai of a
temple ofCnupbi*. 41)0 m. S. of Cairo. Lod^-
SvU an itlandol
Jotlud or an irrej
cumlerencr but h
il quanti
mark, on the W. coaat of
,0 part aboTe S ■:
. from Um
, Long. e. 36. E , lat
■nd, after defeating the troop* and tiie peaaanta,
who oppoMd them in KTetal battle*, thcry abol-
iabed tbe conatitatioDi of the priacipal cantona,
ereclcd what waa Urnud (he HpItbUo Republic
and veated (he soTeinment in (wo councila and
a director;. Thi* conititaljon waa aboliihed,
ia IB09, bj the Gntcontulof France, and another
wa* preaented for their acceptance, but rejecled ;
he offered them a new one in 1803, which thei
conaentMl to accept. In December, IB13, the al-
lied armie* tiaTened the conntr;, for the pnr-
po*e of invading France, when loaie partial
change* affain took place in the idminiatration
of SwitierTand, which wa* the cauae of Tiolent
eommotioni amongit aeTerBl of the cantooi ; but,
in 1814, on the meeting of Ihe diet, these dialarh-
•ttc«i were appealed, and on the 8(h of Septem-
ber a ftdaTal compact waa ligned al ZuKch. The
popnlation orSwitnrland in IRZ7 waa 9,037,030.
The rerenue is about 2,500,000 doUar*. The
arm; amonnU to 15,000 men.
Swffurtimd, a coanly of Indiana. Pop. 7,111.
VeTayiBthe — -■-■
Asotaidnm
Sua, atown ofBwei
B. W. of lindkoping.
Sfcanart, a townahip nf Hamilton Co. Ohio.
Pop. 3,779. A townihip of Crawfard Co. Ohio.
^M«y Bay, a ba; on the S aide of Norfolk 1*1-
and, in the S. Pacific, formed hj Fnint HonUr
and Point Ro**, which are nearlr 9 m. ainnder.
Long. 168. 19. E., lat. ad. 4. B.
Afifauy, a town of New S. Walea, fbanded bj
foTemoT Phillip*, on a core of Fort Jackaon, in
788, ai a BKliah ■ettleroentfor theoolnnjofaon-
Tic*! nriginall; intended for Botanj Baj. It i*
Dow~Jie pfincipal aaat of tbegoTemment, and ha*
a I landaoioe church, an orphan Bchool,a commodi
CIS gaol, a militar/ hotpilat, a naval ;ard,
market, Ac. The governor'a honae i* 1
■tone, and ha* a vtTy goo'l appearance ; the li _
lenanl-goiernor'a ia of brick aa are alaothoae be-
longing to the judge and the comniiaaarj. The
generality of (he honaei areboilt of log* and plaa-
tered, and all the rooTi are covered either with
ahingle* or thatch. It i* aitoate on the B. aide
ofthe.'iarbonrofFortJacluon. Long. IS1.33.,E,
lat. 33.18. B.
Svene, or .4naii, a town of Egjpt, with a amall
fort-on the right bank nf tbe Nile. It wa* an-
ctenti; a cilj, and celebrated for the firat Bllvmpt
to aM«ttun tb* «iiennf*rana« of iha euth bj
o the E. of the
Tchatirdagh, the bigheat in
Hon*, Beromi of Qie ancii
aitnate on the Balair, the
proTince, CS m. WT by S. o
E. of Preeob. Long. 34. 0.
SyraniM, a lea-port of Si
* ". biahop'a ace, with * ""
S^ K
The chief to
54 67 N
SyliMtaa p.v. Bradford Co. Fa.
Si/lva a town of Forlugal, in Algarro, aituata
on « nver of the aame name, 16 m. E. ». E. of
Lacoi and 43 W. of INiTira.
Sfimmtt townahipa in Lawrence and HainilloD
Co* Ohio
St/m^tropnl, the capital of the Crimea, or Rua-
nan province of Tanrida. The hotue* are built
of atone, and roofed in the ancient Greek ityle,
with Lie*. There are likevLse numeront modern
handanme huildinga, for the reaidence of the gov-
ernor, jadgea, and other civil oScen. The old
Tartar part of the town, called Achmelahet, ia
dirt; and III built. The environa are beautifbl;
__jn_ ._ .L_ n .<■.!._ jiy, i, y,g mountain
the Crimea, and Iha
nt*. SrmpberOH.) i*
' CaKi, and 90 S. bj
E., lat. 44. 53. N.
Iv, in Val di Data
harbour, defended
caatle.' It waa once tbe melropoH* of all
^cily ; war, tyranny, and earlbquakea have reduc-
ed it to leM than one-fourth ofita former aiie, when
it waa deemed one of the moat famon* ciliei in
the world and S3ni. inconipaaa. Near thia place
in 1718, lliere waa a aea-Gght between tbe Span-
tarda and EngUah, in which (be latter were victo-
riooi. It ia*eated near the sea, 73. m. S. b; W. of
Meawnaand 110 8. E. of Palermo. Long. IS. ID.
E.. lat. 37.5. N.
St/racuae, p V. Onondaga Co. N. Y. 155 m. W.
Albany, on the Erie Canal , at (he point where a
branch alrikea off to Lake Ontario along Oawego
river. Great quantitiea of salt are manufactured
here from the niter of a ipring, a mile and a half
from the town. Tbe water ia brooght from tbe
apring hj aqueduct* and ia svaporaled in tbe
aun. The vaU cover 160 acrei.
SurU, or3iirtMiM,aprovinoeof Turkey in Aait,
bounded on (he N. by Natalia and DiaiWk, B.
bv the latter and the (Waerta of Arabia, 9. by Arabia
Petrsa, and W. by the Mediterranean. Under
the general name of Syria wa* included the an-
-- — ""^unicia, lying 8. of Syria Proper. Thi*
abound* in oil, corn, and aeveral aorta of
well aa peaa. beana, and ^I kinda it
pnlae'and nrden-atoff; hut it would i>roduia
much more than it doe*, if it went well cnltivalel;
for there are the fineat valleyi in the world, tt-
tween mountaiaa whoae aide* are proper for the
cnlUvation of (obacco, olivea, and vine*. The
Jerboa, a pretty little animal aomewhat like ■
mouae ia eommon'bere. The inhabitanta bar*
a trade in ailk, cainleU, and nit. Syria wa* pn
■eiwd by a anceeHion of foreign nationa, bafot*
the time of Ptolemy, when it became a provjnea
uiaeied to the •
tinned till the jtn fSS, yrhen the Anbiui tribM,
nnder the bannen of Mihomct, aeiipd or nther
Uid it n*t«. Since tlut perinl it hu bc«n torn
to piecei bj the civil *' - ■
" ■ ■ eiledf^
nged W TWerUne tod Ini ^An; itU,a
leo|th, into the huide of tltt OtioiDU Tinli, lb
Imtb been itB miuten neulj thcM etatmin i
ii divided iato fite pushabea, or giiwiiimiii;
Aleppo, Tripoli, Duuecu, Acn, ud tik^.
Aleppo ia the upital.
Smam, a •cB-part of
tbeVidofariTerofth- _
moDth of Prga Rirer, S m. to the 8. ii <^ pi
pifods of Sjiiam. 8 m. E. bj H. of iam
tni eo B.a Pen. Loog.W. lT.E-,lul(
60. N.
Syrk, « towa (^Fnnce, deputoeiit ofKaO,
14 m. B. E. of Luemboif.
3a«Uy, BtownofHnngirj, lSa.E.B.1^
&JaM, a diftrict of Autria, inCnlii, oe
if the FBtemitaa and priung an areaofSSO aq. ra., villiU^iibik
iSi by their [«■ anta. It baa a imiU town of tbc nDtnu(,a
■n from ihemb; the Turk- the Crona, 84 m. S. br E, of CWrlHaA
bellioQi
"•"•ol* , ,- - - ,
—retaken b/ the HamelukM of Kg; pt— and ra- VUtoIa, IS m. S. bj W. of Calm.
liooi povei
n aoltuaii — invaded by the Enrapeui cmudei
TAAIF, a town of Arabia, in lh« prorUtM of
HecljaB, with a coMiderttble trade in raiaint and
alnrandi, and other fruita. It ia aitaata on a lof-
trnMoDlain, 60 m. S. E. of Mecca. Looi- 41-
». B., UlSI.K. N,
Tku, a Btrons city of Arabia, in the province
of TeiDen, with a fortreai. Here ia the tomb
of a aaint, who, aocordiog lo tradition, iraa kinf
oTtheoauntry. The city ia aealed at tbe foot of
a fertiU hill, 48 m. E. N. E. of Mocha. Leu.
44. 10. B., lat. 13. 46. 8.
Tiaaaiui, aa iaiand of Denmark, between thoae
of Langeland and Funen, 8 m. long and 4 broad
Long. 10. ^7. £., lat. 64. 48. N.
Tkata, a town of Upper Egypt, 1. m. fhim the
Nile. It ia the reaidence of a gaveraor, baa ma-
ny enrion* remaina ofantqnity, and ia SOO m. 8.
('Cairo. Long. 31. SS. E., )aL 26. 56. N.
T»imgm, an ulaod in the bay of Panama, 4 m.
long and 3 broad. It ia moantainoae, bat abonnda
with euit-tieep. Long. 90. 16. W., lat. 7. 60.
Tmbarea, an iihnd on the eoaal of Barbary, at
the month of theZune. It waa fortified, and Kad
a pOTioloua city of tbe aame name, whan nndei.
the dominiaa of tbe OranPuB, wJio had a eoral
Sahery here. Bat in 1767, on the Oenoeaa at>
temping to tranafer the ialand to Ptuwe, the T«-
bueaoaaarrandered their city toTnnla;and they
weracmellydeoeivedbytheber.fin he
Rutificationa, and took away moat of tht
Unia a* alavm 50 m. W. if. W. of Tnnia. Long.
B. 16. E., lat. 3G. 50. N.
T^ttrUi, the ancient Tiberiaa, a town of Palee-
tiae, aitnala on the W. aide of a laka, formerly
called the aeaof Tiberiaa, 60 m. R N. E. of Je-
niialam and 70 8. S. W. of Damaaona. Long. 36.
49. E., lat. 33. 40. N.
TUoace, a proitace of Meileo, booaded on tbe
f.W thebayof Caiapeaoby,-E. by Jncalan, 8.
b^ Cbiapa, and W. by Onaiaca. It ia 100 m.
Ungand 50 brea^, and ita chief riobea coaaiat in
oBeoornnla. There an ahowwa every day ior
HIM moBtha in the year.
W— i(, th« atf^Ml arth* aW** prvvisM, caM-
«d by the Bpaniarda Noeatra Benna4t hTj |
tnria.&oma great victcoy obtaincdfaeRbjCm ,
on hia firat arrival. It ia ntoale on uiAn
ofthcMmename, SOm. longaDdlObni*i.te j
ed by tbe river Talwaco and ihilafSt. Futtu: ^
Paul, and on the bar erf Campeachi, £70 B ii
of Chiana. Long. £0. MO. W., Ut IB a. «-
Taberg, a lawn of Sweden, oolul Ibtilrnu
minea of iron, 10 m. 8. orjauko[Nni.
Ttitrg, p.T. Oneida Co- N. T. 118 m, H.ff*
Albany.
TMi Bay, Bee Cape of Good Bne.
lUIaUod, one of the New Hehhdmiiv
8. Pacific. Long. 167.7. E. kt.t5.3aS.
7U», a town ofCaaaina,tlie caDiUlortso
try lying to the E. of Zahara. ItiaSM a.N-h>
ofAgadea. Long. IS. 10. E., laT «. O.N.
lUer^ town of S('-—- '- "■- "--^ ''
name. The Huaaitea
eral Ziaca, liirtifiad it
pal relieat. It ia aeated on a mounUiii'W
aame name, by the river Lnachnib, lis.]'
E. ofBeehin.
7Uor,a mountain of Paleatine. vbn <*
manda a view of the Jordan, the tiic Cnn
rMh, andth* Uedilerranean. em.BofHu
nth.
Ttbrit. See Tharii.
Totruta* I a province of Penia, on ttx S. iv
jnhabi- E. and Chnai
Tluwia, a river which riaea in AbyaaJH;'"'
N. W. into Nnbia, and joina tbe Mile »l IW
na««, alownof Bohemia, m lbs emi"'
Pilaen, on the rivar Miea, 28 m. W. of Pilw
TatMU, a town of tike republic of Wtm^.i''
diitriot ti ita name. 6 m W. S. W. (^H"
7Woa»<«r, a town m W. Torkabiif, Eif;
market on Wedneaday, on the river Wbrt""
which ia one of the Gneal bridgn is ^<^^
built with the materiali which occe forms"*
aaatla that atood on the 8. bank of tb* ""''J;
m. 8. W. ofTorkandiaeN. by W. ofU""
AiitMJi, or Tkdman, a town of P«nra, io Tar- 1km, % boiongli of SeoUaad, id RoM^hire ,irith
MUn, aittute in a fraitfol valley, GO m. S. of a lam aquaie tower adorned with five apires, and
Shiran an elegant church, formerly coUegiata It ie eeat-
Tadmor. See Palmyra. ed near the frith of Domooh, 10 m. N. of Cromar-
Tadougae, a town of Lower Canada, which ia of ij. Long. 3. 61 . W., lat. 57. 46. N.
rreat renort for trading with the Indians who bring 7ht<oiHni, a eitj and aea-port, capital of the iii-
nilher fori to exchange for cloth and other Ba- land of Formoaa. The atreeta are nearly etraight
ropean goods. It ie situate at the mouth of the from 30 to 40 feet in breadth, and some of
Saguenay, on the river St Lawrence 18 m. N. £. them above 2 m. in length. They are oovere*i
of Quebec. Long. 09. 35. W.^ lat. 48. 5. N. aeven months in the year with awnings, to defend,
TafaUa^ a town of Spain^ m Navarre, with a them from the heat of the sun. The harbour is
university. Charles II., king ofNavaire, built sheltered from every wind. It is seated on the
a palace here, which he made his ordinary resi- W. side of the island. Long. 190. 30. £., lat S3,
dence ; and Philip IV. honoured the town with 95. N.
the title of city. It is seated on the Cidasio, in Tai^fing, a city of China, of the firat rank^ in
a country prooucing good wine, 18 m. 8. of Pam- the province of Kiang-nan, seated on the Kian-
plona. Long. 1 . 36. W., lat. 4Q. 39. N. . ku, 95 m. 8. 8. W. ofNan-king. liOQg. 118. 15.
TaJUetj a kingdom of Barbary, on the E. side of E., lat. 33. 26. N.
Mount Atlas, tributary, to Morocco. It is bound- Tn-pinff a strong oity of China, of the first
ed on the N. by Algiers, E. by the Beriberes, 8. rank, in the province of Quang»si, seated on a
by Zahara, and W. by Darah and Morocco. The point of land, almoat surroonded by a river, 3(j()
country is sandy ana mountainous, but produces m. W. by S. of Canton. Long 107. 0. £., lat. 33.
wheat and oarley by the sides of the rivers. The 36. N.
inhabitants live upon camels* flesh and dates, and Tai^ekeou, a city of China, of the first rank, in
they breed horses to sell to foreigners. The Arabs the province of Tche-kiaog, seated on the bank
live in tents and the Beriberes, uxe ancient inhab- of s river, in a mountainoua oountry, 720 m. S. S.
itanU, dwell in viUages. E.ofPekin. Long 131.3. E., lat. 28.55. N.
Tt^etf the capital of the above kingdom, with Tiu^ong, a strong city of China, of the fiiat
a castle. It is a trading place, and seated on a rank, in the province of Chanosi, seated near the
river of its name, 275 m. 8. E. or Morocco. Long. Great Wall, in a mountainous oountry, 155 m
4. 20. W.,ht.30.40. N. W. ofPekin. Long. 113. 0. £., lat 40. 5. li.
Taganrogjn. sea-port and fort of Russia, situate Tai-yutn, a city of China, capital of the province
on the N. W. extremity of the sea of Asoph. It of Chan -ai. It ia 6 m. in circumference, but
is the largest and best port on this sea; carries on much decayed since it was the residence of the
a cousiderable trade with Constantinople and princes of the last imperial family of Taj-ming-
the Archipelago, particularly in com and but- tchao. 230. 8. W ofrekin. X^ng. HI. 56. E;,
ter ; and is employed in ship-building. 33 m. lat. 37. 54. N.
W. N. W. of Asoph. Long. 18.40. E., lat. 47. TUircda, atowaof Hindooatan, in Mysore, with
14. N. acelebrated temple. It is 24 m. £. 8. E. of
TagkannMc MountainMf a branch of the Green- Myaore.
Mountain chain, extending ftom Vermont through To^orera, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
the western part of Massachusetts into Connect!- a ibrt. It has manufactures of ailk« and a potte-
cut. The highest summit is Saddle Mountain, ry. A very obstinate battle was fought in its vi-
which 5m. cinity between the British and French armies in
TagliaeoxzatjL town of Naples, in Abruzzo Ul- 1809. It is seatad on the Tagus, in a valley
tra, 18 m. 8. W. of Aquilla and 33 E. N. E. of abounding in com, fruits, and excellent wine, 58
Rome. m. 8. W of Madrid. Long. 4. 1. W., lat. 30
Tarliamento^ a river of Austrian Italy, which 41. N.
rises m the Alps, on the frontiers of Germany, TtUbotf a county of Maryland. Pop. 12,947.
and runs 8. through Friuli and Trevisano, into Easton is the capital.
the gulf of Venice. TaUmamA, a sea^port of Chile, on the 8. E.
Tagoattf or Tb^avost, a town of Weatern Africa, ahore of the bay of CoBeepcioB,and near the ruins
in the province of Sus, by some said to have been of the old city of Conoepcion. It is now the only
the birtnplaoe of St. Augustin. A great many Jewa Spanish aetdeowat in the bay. 9 m. from the
live here, who carry on considerable trade. It ia new city of Concepcion. Long. 73. 0. W., lat 36.
aoated in a fertile plain, 37 m. S. of Tarudant. 12. 8.
Tagumaderif a town of the kingdom of Darah, Tb-Zt, a city of China, of the first rank, in the
fvith a strong castle on a mountain, seated on the province of Ynn-nan. Here are made curious tn-
river Darah, 20 m. 8. of Tattah. bks and ornanenta of fine marble, which is oat*
TuguSf or Tajo, a river which haa its source on urally beautifhl with difierent colors, representing
the confines of Arragon, in Spain, runs through mountaina, flowers, trees and rivers 160 m. \V.
New Caatile, by Aranjues, Toledo, and TaUvera, N. W. of Tun-nan. Long. 100. 6. £., lat 24. 54.
whence it pro^eds by Alcantara, in Estremadura, ft.
when entering Portugal, it flows bv Abrantes IW^oAojms, p.t the seat of government for the
and Santarem, below which it forms the harbour territory of Florida, in Leon Co. stands on Wa-
of Lisbon, and then enters the Atlantic Ocean. kulla river, 25 m. from the gulf of Mexico. It has
Toi, a lake of China, in the provinces of Kiang- a healthy situation and the country around it is
nnn and Tche-kiang, nearly 50 leagues in oiroum- fertile, but the place is yet in its infancy ', it has
feience, and 75 m.S. E. of Nan-kmg. been incorporated as a city. Lat 30. 27. N. 220
Taiefy a town of Arabia Deserts, in Hedslaa, m. £. Penaaodla,2J 3 N. W.Bt Augustine. Pop.
witli a castle on < mountain, 60 m. S. £. of Mec- 2^633.
ca. TVittMo, a aea*Mirt of Corsica, nlua*e on the
TaitUborgjtL town of France, department of gulf of Tallano, 24 m. N.N. W. of Bonifacio, and
Lower Chaientc, SO m; 8. E. of RocheUe. 398. 8. W.of Corte. Long. 9. 18. C. lat. 15^20 N
SO
TAir no TAf
TaUapoam, the eatteni bntiehoTAlabtiiia riirer Tammffowm^ p.r. fVedexiek Ce. Md. 40 m. R.
TaUerdf a town of Fruiee, depBrtment of Upper W. Bammore.
Alps, seated on the Daranee. 9 m. S of Gap. Tuigermimde, a town of Pnuna, m Bneden-
TMvMdgtT, p^. Portage Co. Ohio, with a coal burg, with a caatle, 84 m. W. N. W of finnda.
mine. Pop. ifOSi. ^"![f>'
Talmont, a town of France, in the department Tmngier^ a learport of the kingdom of F«, wiili
of. Lower Charente, with a harbonr, near the acaetle,andflurronndedbyawaIl. Thetn^eo-
month of the Gironde, 20 m. 8. W. of Saintea. eista in euppljrinff the oppoaite coasts with proTj.
TWners, a celebrated town and fortreas of Hin- aion. It was taaen hj the Portngueae to H71:
dooetan, in the proTinee of Khandeish, taken br and ceded to Charlea ll. of Enj^land, od bb m-
the British in 1818. Long. 75. 9. E., lat. 21. l9. riage with the princess Catherine : but Ik did n
N. think it worth the expense of keepbg, and, a
Tamahmta^f a town of Terra Firma, in the pro- 1683, caused the work to be blown np. It ami*
▼ince of' St. Martha, seated on the Magdalenay ed on the strait of Gibraltar, 940 m. n. W. of Fs.
140 m. B. of St Martha. Long. 74. 15. W., lat. Long. 5. 48. W., lat. 35. 46.N.
9. 6. N. 7*«i|^ore, a provmce of Hindoostaa, <kb the cogt
Tamtmak^ a town ofHindoostan, in the prorince of Coromandel, 95 m. long and 90 broti It ii u
of Concan, 24 m. S. by E. of Gheriah. appendage of the Camatic. bat subject to hii ota
Tdmara^ the capital of' the island of Socotera, rajah, wno pays an annual subsidy to the Esf-
with a good harbour. The trade consists chiefly lish £. India Companjr. The Mahometuu um
in aloes, frankincense, ambergris, and dragons - haying actually occupied this territorj, or afitt-
Mood. It is seated on a bay, on'the N. coast of the ed any permanent establishment in it The Hiodm
island. Long. 53. 45. E., lat. 11 . 56. N. religion has been preseryed in coniidenble iplea-
Tamariea^ or Itamairim^ a proyinoe of Brazil, te- dor. and the ancient temples, with their Tuten-
tween Paraiba on the N., and Pemambuco on the dowments, remained untouched. In almost eTm
S. On the coast is an island ot the same name, yillage there is a temple, with a lofty gatenjif
24 m. in length, which has a harbour, and good maasiye but not inelegant architecture, where i
fresh water. Long. 35. 5. W., lat. 7. 56. N. great many B*ahmins are maintained, either br
Tambat^ a goyemment of European Russia, to the reyenues formerly attached to them, or bjag
the W. of those of Penna, and Saratoy. It b di- allowance from goyemment The Br&hmiiuin
▼ided into 12 circles, and contains an area of here the chief holders of land, and peiformahDoi}
21,000 sq. m. with 1,140,000 inhabitants. The eyery office of husbandry , excepting boldioi: tiif
soil in the 8. part is yery fertile ; in the N. it is plough. They are all extremely loyal, on k-
sandy, and in many parts woody and fertile. It count of the protection they receiTe, sod tkotk
js watered by a number of lakes and riyers. allowance granted by the British eoTemme&ta
Tbmftoe, a town of Russia, capital of the aboye 45,000 pagodas (about j&l 8,000 sterlW) aanoiHj,
goyemment, and a bishop's see, with manufac* which is aistributed for the support of the pooin
tures of woolen, linen, canyas and alum. It is temples !
seated on the Tsna, which flows into the Moka- Toiyere, a city of Hindoostan, camtil of tie
cha, 228 m. S. E. of Moecow. Long. 41.45. E., foregomg proyince. Here is one or the bioii
lat. 52. 44. N. someat temples in the S. of India ; alio the iniks
Tlsmieft, a town of Egypt, on a canal which com- palace, which b a grand square, surroanded br t
municates with the Nile, 12 m. N. E. of Fayoum. wall and a wet ditch. It is seated onabiuclfit
TampUoj a sea-port of Mexico, on the gulf of the Cayero. 205 m. 8. by W. of Madns. Lov
Mexico, with a tolerable harbour, «hich howeyer 79. 12. E., lat. 10. 46. NT
only admita small yessels. It has a considerable Tbnikia, a town and fortress of Thibet, tttk
commerce with the United States and Europe, foot of a mountain, 275 m. W. S. W. of Laat
Lat. 22. 40. N. Long. 98. 36. W. 30 m. 8. E. Long. 87. 22. E. lat. 29. 5. N.
Panuco. Toniui, a fertile island in the S. Pacific, wti
TamwoTtk^ borough in Staffordshire, Eng. with the New Hebrides, on which are a yoIcuo ud
manufactures of carpets and narrow cloths. In some hot springs. It is 22 m. long and 10 broad:
the neighbourhood are many streams of water, and waa discoyered in 1774, by Cook, who najiri
upon which are com and cotton mills, and near the harbour where belay PortKesolution/romtlK
it are seyeral coal mindb.« 111 m. N. W. of Lon- name of his ship. The inhabitants are hrtTeu^
don. hospitable; their arms are bows and arron
rami0or<ik, p. t. Strafford Co. N. H. on Oa- alinga, spears, and duba. Long. 169. 41. £., hi
sipee Riyer Pop. L554. 19. &. 8.
Tanaro, a riyer of the Sardinian states, which Taniic, a town of Hindoostan, in the isbsdst
rises in Piedmont, flows by Cherasco, Alba, Asti, Salaette, on the E. coast, 15 m. N. £. of Boobaj
and Alexandria, and joins the Po below Valensa. Tanore^ a sea-port of Hindoostan, in the ptot-
Tdneos^ town of Portugal, in Estremadura, 12 inoe of Malabar, belonging to the British, ^ a
m. 8. 8. £. of Tomar. 8. 8. E. of Calicut. Long. 75, 50. £., Ut. 19
Taneroioal. a town of AfHca, seated on the Gam- 55. N.
bia, where the Engliah haye a fort. Long. 14. Taermina, the ancient Tannomeniom, a R>-
87. W. lat. 13. 10. N. port of Sicily, in Val dl Demona, aeated on arockj
Tanda^ or Tanrai, a town in Bengal, of which eminence, on the £. coast 34 m. S. S. W. «
it waa the capital in the 17th century. It is seat- Messina.
ed on the Ganges, 120 m.N.W. of Dacca. Long. roou^, a small island in the S. Pacific, 6
87. 66. E., lat. 53. 25. N. leagues N. E. of Otaheite. Long. 145. 9. W., bt
Tandtra^, a town of Ireland, in the county of 14,B0. 8.
Armagh, with an extensiye linen manufacture and Tkpeor, a town of Hindoostan, in MjsoKi ^
a considerable trade. It stands near the Newry ca- m. E. 8. £. of Seringapatam.
nal, 11 m. £. N. E. of Armagh and 13 m. N . N. TKnahtamoek p.t. Eaaex Co. Va. on the ^
W. of Newry. side of Rappahannock riyer 57 m. N. E. w
TUt ^ 711 TAE
moikL Its atnatioii is low and nnliMlthj but it a stnit of Gibraltai , 58 m. S. K. of Oadii. hong,
plaeo of cooaiderable trade. 6. 36. W.^ lat. 36. 5. N.
Tkppan, d.t Rockland Co. on the Hudson 35 TMjfvUU^ p.v. Hutford Co. Conn. Here afe
m. above New York. ^^Sp manofactares of cotton and carpeting.
Ttutpan Sea, a wide ezpannon of the Hudson, Tarija, or Si. Bernardo de Tar^af a town of
a little above the preceding village. -It is 10 m. Tucaman, capital of the juritdictton of Torija,
long and 4 wide. which abounds in pastures thai feed a vast num-
TappoHoolyf n, sea-port on the W. side of the ber of cattle and sheep. It stands near the source
island of Sumatra, situate on a small island call- of the Tarija, which flows into the Vermejo, lYi6
ed Punchongkecheel. The bsy is very deep, and m. N. N. E. of tit. Salvador de Jujui. Long. 64.
capable of oontaininr the united navies of £u- 50. W., lat. 21. 40. 8.
rope. The English E. India Companjr have a Tarku, the capital of the province of Dagbes*
factory here, it was taken by the French, but tan, seated on tne W. coast of the Caspian Sea,
restored at the peace in 17G3. Long. 96. 50. £., 52 m. 8. 8. £. of Terki and 300 N. N. £. of Tao.
lat. I. 40. N. ris. Long. 47. 5. £., lat 45. 50. N.
Taptiff a river of Hindoostan, which rises at TarUon^ p.v. Pickaway Co. Ohio.
Mai toy, in the country of Beret, and runs into TbrsM, a town of Peru, capital of a province of
vhegulf of Cambay, 20 m. below Soret. its name, which has many mines ef silver, and
7ttr,or PandUo^ a river of N. Carolina, which feeds abundance of cattle. 120 m. N. E. of Lima,
flows bv Louisburg, Tarborough, Greenville, and 7bm, a department of France, including part
enten Pamlico Sound, 40 m.SrE. of Washinjnon. of Languedoc. It takes its name from a river.
Taranaat one of the Western islands of Scot- which rises in the department of Lozere, ana
land, 4 m. in length and 2 where broadest Long, flows by Mtthoud, Alby, Guillac, Montauban,
8. 55. W.,lat 58. 2. N. and Moissac into the Garonne. The superficial
Twrantaise, a province of Sardinia, in Savoy be- extent is estimated at 2^00 sq. m. with 300j00Q
tween Proper Aosta, Faucigny , and Maurienne. It inhabitants, of whom upwards of 40,000 are Pro-
has an area of 780 square miles, with 40,000 inhab- testants. Castres is the capital,
itants. The surface is rugged and mountainous. Tbrn-ef-GanmiM, a department of France.
Tarwe, a town of Fraiace, department of formed of portions of the departments of Lot ana
Rhone, situate at the foot of a mountain, 20 m. Upper Garonne, in 1808. It has an area of 1,500
W N. W. of Lyons. so. m. with 250,000 inhaliitants, of whom about
Tarasamf a town in the department of Mouths 30,000 are Protestants. Montauban is the capital,
of the^ Rhone, with a castle, seated on the Rhone, Tamaaol, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital
opposite Beaucaire, with which it communicates of a cirele of its name, with a brisk trade ', seated
by a bridge of boats. It has a trade in oil, brandv. on the Sereth. 84 m. £. of Lember^.
stareh, and silk stuffii. 10 m. N. of Aries and 14 Tamow, a town of Austrian Galicia, capital of
£.by. S. ofNismes. a cirele of the same name, and a bishop's see,
TDroseen, a town in the department of Arriege, seated on the Danajee, 47 m. £. of Cracow.
7 m. S. Q. £. of Foiz. Tamowiti, a town of Prussian Silesia, with a
Il>rs6, a city of Western Tartaiy, and the cap- valuable iron mine. It stands near the frontiers
itai of Turkestan. It is seated on a river, which of Poland, 38 m. £. S. £. of Oppeln.
flows into the Sarr. 350 m. N. by E. of Samareand. Toro, a town of Italy, in the grand duchy ot
Long. 66. 30. E., lat 44. 20. N. Parma, on the river Tare, 28 m. 8. W. of Parma.
Tmrrabomaf a strong' town of Spain, in Arragon, Tarporley, a town In Cheshire, with a market
and a buhop*s see. it is seated parUy on a rock on Thursday, 11 m. E. S. S. of Chester and 173
and partly m a fertile plain, 60 m. W. N. W. of N. W. of London.
Sarsfossa, and 180 N. Ef. of Madrid. Long. 1. 36. Jkrragona, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonia,
W., lat. 42. 2. N. and a bishop s see. It was very powerful in the
Tarbatf a town of Scotland, in the county of time of the Romans, and has many noble monu-
Cromarty, 6 m. E. ofTain. ments of antiquity. The cathedral is worthy of
7ar6s<, Etui, a town of Scotland, in the county notice for its vast dimensions, the elegance of its
of.fl
ment
an ancient dastle,'^and a college, and manufactures dangerous, and not much frequented. This town
tif linen, P^pcTt ^nd leather. It is seated on the was taken by storm, by the French, in 1810, when
Adour, 42 m. S. W. of Auch and 11;^ S. by E. of it was nearly reduced to ashes. It is seated on a
Bordeaux. Long. 0. 4. £., lat. 43. 14. N. hill, at the mouth of the Francoli, in the Medi-
Tarbonmgkf p.v. Edgecombe Co. N. C. on Pa- terranean, 54 m. W. S. W. of Baroelona and 260
milico River. 83 m. N. W. Newbem. It has a E. by N. of Madrid. Long. 1. 16. E. lat 41. 10.
considerable inland trade. N.
TartmtOf a sea- port of Naples, in Terra d'Otren- Tmrrega, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, situata
to, and an arohbishop's see. It is seated on a on a hill, on the river Cervera, 33 m. N. by W.
peninsula, and defended by a strong castle; but of Tarragona
the harbour is become shallow, and its trade is TWsics. See Terasso.
consequently diminished. 75 m. N. W. of Otranto, Tkrtanf, a country of Asia, which, taken in its
and laO. m. E. by S. of Naples. Long. 17. 5i9. utmost limits, reaches from the eastern ocean to
E., lat. 40. 35. N. the Caspian Sea, and from Corea, China, Thibet,
Targa, a town of the kingdom of Fex, on the Hindoostan, and Penia, to Russia and Siberia.
Mediterranean, with a castle on a rock, 90 m. 8. It lies between 55. and 135. E. *ong., and between
E. of Tangier. 35. and 55. N., lat, being 3,600 m. in length and
71iri/a ^he Julia Traducta of the Romans), a 960 in extreme breadth, out not above 330 in the
fortified sea-port of Spain, in Andalusia, with a narrowest part. It may be considered under two
castle. It is seated on an emiaenoe, and on the grand divisions; namely. Eastern and Western
TlkT fB TA?
'Hittry. Tlhe grM.teit jwtft of the former beloagi Tlrflal, a tmra oa tht
to the emperor of China, is tribotarr to bira, or Moroeeo, Darah, aod TaMtHf mmd ia th«
is under his protection. It is dirlded into thiee Iron Moroeeo to Timboeloo. 170 m. 8. faj £. of
piorinces, Tcitcicar, Kirin, and Leao-tong. A Moroeeo. Lonf. 6. 15. W., lal. 9B.25. N.
considerable part of Western Tartary his been ThirtrwkaH, a towB in f Jwwtnshiie, Eatg^ 193
conquered by the Russians; and that part of it m. N. B. of Loadoa.
£. from the mountains of Imans, or Beiur, to the TVmdeel, a town of Proasia, in Pnairrrliaj eea^
Caspian Sea, has for many atfes been attached to ed on the Verd, 90 m. N. W. of Cnlm.
Persia, and is called Indeoendent Tularj. These DimmmnL a town of Eafopna Turkey , in the
rast countries include all the central part of Asia, prorineo of Jaana, 18 m. N. W. c€ZeHom._
and are inhabited by Taztars of diflerent denomi- Tkmmmg^, a fertile ialaad in tiw Pacific
nations and difierent manneri. For Tarioos par- 21 m. in eireoit, diseorered by Qnirao in 16RC.
ticulars concerning them, seo the articles Cirem^ hoog. 170. 45. W., lat 13. 0. 8.
sia, Crinua, Commocs^ Oeergia, hmeritia, Iga/nmcr, Totmfoa, a river of Maaachaaetta llovinr S.
Mandtkars, MingreUa, Mongetta, (hsetim, Sssioy- W. into Namganset Bar. It ta narigabla 90 m.
edet, and Usbees. to'HRintonfor TesneboirSOtoBs.
TartAB^ a town of France, department of Landes. Tatmien, p.t Bristol Co. Mass, oa tbe abcwe
The Midouse runs through it; and on one side river, 32 m. 8. Boston. Pc^. 6^045. Hette are
of this river it rises in the form of an amphitheap large and thriving manuftetniea 6i eettoa, iraa,
tre. It is 12 m. N. K. of Dax. copper, lead, and Britaaaia ware. 7jSMfiObjwa^
Thrudani, a town of W. Africa, capital of the of odieo are made here jTMrW .
province of Sua, and the residence of a governor, Tasnleit, a borough in Someinetriiire, Eag.
or some sheriff related to the emperor of Morocco. The silk trade fVimishes the principal empky-
120 m. S. W. of Morocco. Long. 8. 35. W., lat. mentofthe inhabitanta, the maaofactvie of eoane
29. 58. N. woolen goods, whieh was fonnerly earned oa
Tartdis, a town of Austrian niyria, in Carin- here to considerable extent, having been ttans-
thia, seated on the rivulet called Oailitx. 28 m forred to Wellington and other neigkboariav
W. S. W. of Clagenfurt. towns. 141 m. W. W 8. of Londoa.
Tuhkundf a city of Independent Tartary, eapi- Tonresic, an isle or France, department off\n-
tal of a part of the province of Turkestan. It is isteire, at the mouth of the river Morlaix, with a
seated on the Sihon, 210 m. N. of Samareand. fort to defend the port of Morlaiz.
Long. 64. 49. E., lat. 42. 40. N. Tkarida. See Crimea.
'numan*s Landf a peninsula, connected with Tlniris, or TakriB, a city of Penia, capital of
Van Diemen's Land by an isthmus 1 ,800 ieet long Aderbeitnn, and formeriy the capital <n Persia
and 600 broad. It is of an irregular firp>«r ^n^ hu neitlan' wails
T<Mja«orM, a town of the isle of Palma, one of nor fortifications. The river 8pingt«».|ia llovi
the Canaries. It lies S. W. of St. Cruz, and be- through it^and the Agi passes on the N. ads of
ing exposed to westeriy winds is little Sequent- the city. The boxaars, from their largeness, the
e^ but by boats. Long. 17.58. W., lat. 98. 38. beautiful domes with which they ate covnv4
N. and the merchandise with which they are filM,
TofjosiidoR, the capital of Bootan, a feudatory make as fine an appeaimnoe as may in Asia.
country of Thibet. The castle, or palace, is an Here were formeriy 300 caravanseras so spaciom
extensive quadrangular building or stone, with that 300 persons might lodge in each ; and the
accommodation for the raja, or lama, all the offi- mosques and baths were grand and magnifieeat
cers of state, a very numerous establishment of atructures. In 1724 it was terribly shaken by aa
Gy longs, and a temple of the great idol Maha- earthquake, and nearly 100,000 persons perisked.
moonie. It is seatea on the Tchtntchieu, in a Soon afler this calamity the Turks laid aiege ta
well-cultivated valley, surrounded by mountains, it, and they were driven away with great loss
280 m. S. S. W. of Lassa. Long. 89. 40. E.^ lat. but they took it the next year after a bloody con-
27. 49. N. test, in which Uie Persians lost 30,000 men and
TiuWn^, an island of Denmark, between Fuen the Turks 20,000. Of 250 mosques, nsenttoaed
and Langeland, separated from the former by a by Chardin, the ruins of three only are visibk.
s^it. It is 18 ra. in circuit, and has a town of The inhabitants carry on a good trade in cotton,
the same name. Lom. 10. 47. E., lat. 55. 7. N. cloth, silks, gold and silver brocades, fine tarbaas,
Tefe, a township of^Clermont Co. Ohio. and shagreen leather. It is seated in a Iritile
Tatnall, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,039. plain, at the foot of a mountain, 95 m. 8. £. of
Tatta, a city of Hindoostan, capital cf an ex- Naksivan and 320 N. W. of Ispahan. Loo^. 48.
tensive district of its name, in the prorinoe of 0. E. lat. 38. 28. N
Sindy. It is seated on a branch of the river Tbancf, or ISanm, a chain of Dionntains ia
Sinde or Indus, called the Richtel River. In the Asia, which begins near the shores of the Arehi-
17th century it was very extensive and populous, pelsff^ i^nd extends 600 m. to the river Bophtatea
possessing manufiictureB of silk, wool, and cot- The Taurian chain was formerly eoaaidetvd as
ton ; and it was celebrated for its cabinet ware, extending to the sources of the Ganges, aad t^
Little of these now remain, and the limits of the ertremities of Asia, so far as discovered by the
city are very circumscribed. The Indus, and its ancients ; but various parts of it were ki
branches, admit of an uninterrupted navigation diflerent names.
firom Tatta to Moultan, Lahore, and Cashmere, TVius, a town of Bohemia, in the eirde of P2.
for vessels of nearly 200 fbns ; and a very exten- sen, 31 m. 8. S. W. of Pilsen.
sive trade was earned on between those places, Tantuttandj a district of European Raaaaa. in
in the time of Aurungrxebe ; but this trade is now the middle of Finland, 160 m. long and lOO broad.
much diminished, owing to a bad government in The N. part is mountainous and woody, but ths
Sindy, and to a hostile disposition of the Seiks. greater part consists of fertile plains, watered by
280 m. W. N. W. of Ameaabad and 390 S. S. W. numerous rivers and lakes. Notwitbstandiag tht
df Moultan. Long. 67. 37 B., lat. 24. 50. N. goodness of the soil, in whieh it iasaareeiy
TGB 71S TCH
ted hf anj prorinoe in Sweden, it ia ftr ftom b« tingaklied. New it is a moantiin eo steep ana
ing well omtiysled ; and the ]>esssnts are gener- inaccessible that in the time of war it affurds a
al^ poor The chief traffic is in com. flaz,hemp, sale asylom to the inhabitants. It is 2b5 m. S. S.
dried fish, cattle, leather, tallow, and lime. W. of Pekin. Long. 111. 5. E., lat. 89. 2. N.
Tavtutus, or Tnasiborgf a town of finland, T\ckao-king, a city of China, of the first rank,
formerly capital of the district of Tavastland. in Qnang-tong, seated on the river Si, 70 m. W.
It has a s^ng castle, and is seated on a rirer of Canton.
which flows into the lake Wane, 110 m. £. X TBhao-tektoUf a city of China, of the first rank,
fi. of Abo. in Qnang-tong, seated on the reikiang, 86 m. E.
Tavema. a town of Naples, in Calabria Ultra, of Canton.
90 m. £. N. E. of Nicastro. Tck&-kuuigf a province of China, one of the
gam
m tl
seated
Cadis, 96 m. N. W. of Cadis and 196 S. E.^bf Lis- ed with dwarf nialberry trees, purposely checked
bon. Xionff. 7. 36. W., lat. 37. 8. N. in their growth ; ana prodigions quantities of
Tamttoekf a borough in Deronshire, Eng. with silk-worms are bred. The principal branch of
A manufacture of serges. In its vicinity was bom trade consists in silk stuffii; and thoae in which
the famous sir Francis Drake. It is seated on gold and silver are intermixed are the most bean-
the river Tavy, 3S m. W. by S. of Exeter and 207 tiful in China. The tallow tree grows here, and.
of London. a species of mushrooms, which are transported to
Tavofff a sea^port on the W. ooast of Siam, in a all the provinces of the empire ; and here also are
district of ite name, which was wrested from the found tne small gold fish with which ponds are
Siamese by the Bimians, and subsequently ceded commonly stocked. In Tche-kiang are reckoned
to the British in 1834-5. The town is 150 ro. W. 11 cities of the first rank, 73 of the third, and 18
N. W. of Siam. Long. 96. 20. E., lat. 14. 45. N. fortresses, which in Europe would be deemed
TaxakaWf p.v. Lancaster Dis. S. C. large cities. Hang^toheou is the capital.
Jkjff % river of Scotland, which rises on the Tekeou'dumj an island near the W. coast of
W. borders of Perthshire, flows through Loch China, belonging to the province of Tehe kiang.
Ta^ to Dunkeld, Perth, and Newburg, below It is about 24 m. Ung nnd from 5 to 10 broad,
which to the sea (above 20 miles) it mav be deem- TVAern^ef', a government of Russia, formerly
ed a continued harbour, and is called the Frith of a part of the Uxraine. Ite capital, of the same
Tay , having Fifeshire on one side and the coun- name, is seated on the Desne, 345 miles S. S. W.
ties of Perth and Angus on the other. of Moscow. Long. 66. 45. E., lat. 51. 24. N.
7by, Loekf a Uke (S* Scotland, in Perthshire, 15 Tekemt^ a town on the W. coast of Natolia,
m. long and In most parte above one broad, form* with a ciUdeL It stands almost oppoeito Scio,
ed by several streams and the river Tay, which at the head of a spacious road, which is fiunous
flows through ite whole length. for the destraction of the Turkish fleet^ bv the
TayUrtmU, p. v. Hanover Co. Va. 30 m from Russians, in 1770. It is 48 miles W. of Smyr*
Richmond; p.v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 18 m. from Co- na. Lonf . 26. 26. E., lat. 38. 26. N.
lumbia; p.t. Shelby Co. Ken. 30 m. S. E. Louis- TehtntF-kiangt a city of China, of the first rank,
ville. in Se-tobuen, 910 miles S. W. of Pekin. Long.
TaxewtU, a county of the W. District of Virgin- 104. 26. £., lat. 27. 18. N.
ia. Pop. 4,104 ; p.v. the capital of this Co. 302 TcAui^-Aiai^; a strong city of China, of the
m. W. Richmond ; p.v. Claiborne Co. Ten. 50 first ranic, in Kiang-nan, and the key of the em-
m. N. E. Knoxvilie. pire towards the sea. Ite situation and trade,
Tacwtkaia, a bay of Siberia, in Obskaia Gulf, and the beauty of ite walls, give it a pre-emi-
about 140 miles long and 3 broad. nence over the other cities of the province. It
Tckiul, a lake of Central Afirica, in the king- is seated on the S. side of the Kian-ku, 470 miles
dom of Bornou, in lat. 13. N. lonff. 15. W. It was S. S. E. of Pekin. Long. 18. 55. E. lat. 32.
first seen by Doctor Oudeney ana his companions, 14. N.
and afterwards visited bv Clapperton and Denham. IkJUng-kiangf a city of China, of the first rank.
It is 200 m. long and 150 broad. It receives the in the province of Tun-nan, 36 miles S. by E.
rivers Teou firom the W. and Shary from the S. of Tun-nan. Long. 1^. 40. E., lat 24. 44.
It abounds in fish, and ite borders exhibit all the N.
splendour of tropical vegetetion. Ite water is Tdung-tekMUj a city of China, of the first
fresh. Major Denham travelled along the great- rank, in Hou-quang, seated on an angle formed
er part of the shore, but was oblised to leave by two rivers. Under it are Bv€ cities of the
144 m. of it unexplored. He was informed that it third class, in which a kind of plain earthenware
had no outlet. is prepared, which the Chinese prefiir to the most
7eA«^-<<^»*«>ty of China, capital of the S. elegant porcelain. It is 765 miles S.S. W. of
part of iloa-qnang. It is seated on the river Pe£n. Long. 109 40. E., lat. 28. 23. N.
Heng, which has a communication with an ex- Tehmg-Hng^ a city of China, of the first rank,
tensive lake, called Tong-ting-hou, 740 m. S. by in the province of Fe-tehe-li, 136 miles S. S. W.
W. of Pekin. Long. 112. 25. E., Ut 26. 11. N. of Pekin. Long. 114. 21. E., lat. 38. 9. N.
Ihkmn^-iekmuj a city of China, of the first rank, Tohmg-Um, a city of China of the first rank, in
in Fo'kien. It has a considerable trade with the province of Se-tohuen. It was formerly the
Emony, Pong-hoa, and Formosa ; and is 950 m. residenee of the emperors, and one of the largest
S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 35. E., lat. 84. 32. N. and most beautiful cities in the empire ; but in
7U«Y-Cs, a eity of China, of the first rank, 1646, during the civil ware that preceded the
in Ho-nan. It is remarkable for a fish, like a last invasion of the Tartars, it was almost entire-
efocodile, the fat of which is of such a singular ly destroyed. Ite temples, and the rains of an-
Datnvt thai when onoe ignilsd it oanBol he ex- eient palaces are objeote of admiration to stran
M 3o9
14. E
m> 914
1810 a. S. W. «f FMm, Losf. MS. tWrfiM t«wa«f AlgiMi,Mih»coM|il ib
1. E., hi. 30. 40. N. BfoMemnMa, wilh 4 «ulte^ 4&» £. rf Ai-
TVAm-N^n, a city of CftSn*, of tiM Unit fMik, fkm«
in Qunnff-ri, i;KO ra. S. 8. W of Pokiik. TWfMif, stoira of MoRieoo,iiitlieprafiMrf
Long. 106. 0. £., 1at.S9L 21. If. Ho*, almooC sarroaaded bf i liwr. It vati-
Tcki-teketm, acity of China, of Hie fini rank, Imi by the PortOfiieoo in 1517, hiit tlwv im
in Kiang-naa j aeated on the river Ktanc, S7D drii^n aw^ aooo after. 46 b. N. £. of lufrfor.
m. S. of Pekin. Long. 117. 0. £.. let. 30. lo. N. TeM, a town of Moroceo, in the fntaot if
Teki'inumf a otty of China, of toe fint rank, in Stis. seated in a plain aiK>onding in con, % a.
Koei-tcheou, 960 m. 8. 8. W. of Pekia. Long. 8. E. of Taradant.
107. 51. £., hit. S7. 1. N. TVenOo^a eity of Cential Aftioa, euHal of tfe
Tekaka. See SagkaUen. kingdom of FooU Jalkw. The mhabiluito ati.
Tehmg'lang, a city of China, of the first rank, mated at 8^000, carrying on anaaiktBni iT
in 8e-tcnaea. It it seated on a moantatn, rio- cloth, iron, silrer, woo(^ Inther, As. Itt a.
ing in the form of an amphitheatre, at the oon- £. of Sierim Leone.
flux of the Kineha with tne Kian-ko, 750 m. 8. TVes, a river which riaee oa the erafinna
W. of Pekin. Long. 106. 90. £., lat. 2D. 42. N. Cumberland, £ng. separatee the eofloties</D»
7b4oM>4ioi^, a city of China, of the first rank, ham and Toik, and enters the Gennu Onttbe>
in the provifiee of Yon-nan, 75 m. W. of Yao- low 8toekton.
aan. Lonff. 101. 20. £., lat. 23. 0. N. Ti^sfsad, a town of Algiers, with nimiof im
Tckukatsldf the most eastern part of Siberia, in its neighbourhood, 32 m. 8. W of Alnen.
in the province of Okotsk. The attention of Te/Ua^ a city of Asia, the capital oTQcwib,
the natives is confined chiefly to their deer, with oalled by the inhabitants Thilie-Cabt (Wim
which the country aiK>unds. They are a well- Town), from the warm baths in its adfttoa-
made, courageous, warlike raee, and are for- hood. It contans 20,000 Inhabitanti, oi vka
midable neighbours to the Koriaos, who often more than one-half are Armenians. The ibvii
experience their depredations. seldom exceed seven Ibet in breadth, lad tk
TckMkotshoiy a cape of Siberia, on the eastern houses are of stone with flat tools, wlnek am
extremity of Asia, and the 8. W. limit of Beer- as walks for the women. Here is afooBdiyfir
ing strait. Long. 172. 30. W.,lat. 64. 15. N. cannon, mortars, and balls; also a puUie rImI
Tthu-tekmu^ a city of China, of the first rank, founded by emoeror Alexander. He aoit
in Tche-kiang, 730 m. 8. 8. £. of Pekin. Long, flourishing manufactures are these sf lilb ui
120. 33. E.,lat. 28. 36. N. printed linens; but the diief trade is in fn
Tbiloear, the largest of the three provinces of sent to Turkey and the 8. of Persia. In ITSSitn
Chinese Tartary, bounded on the N. by Siberia, taken by the Turks, and ia 1734 retaken by Kod
N. E.bythesea of Okotsk, 8. fi. by the prov- Khan. Itisseated on the Kar, at the loot oT i
tnce of Kirin, and W. bv Western Tartary and hill, 300 m. 8. 8. W. of Aatraeaa. Losg 45.1
Siberia. It is a mountauious country, watered £., lat. 42. 20. N.
by the river Saghalien, which receives many Te/b, a strong town of Moeocoo, espitdofi
others in its course. district of the same name, aeatad on the adr tf i
IHCetosr, a city of Chinese Tartary, capital of mountain, 70 m. N. N. E. of Morocco. Lnf.S
the foregoing province, and the residence of a 55. W., lat. 32. 0. N.
Mandshur general. This city was built by the 7V/zra, a town of Algiers, in the prorisaif
Emperor or China, to secure his frontiers against Mascara, 55 m. 8. 8. W. of Oran.
the incursions of the Russians. It is seated on the TV^ata, a town of Zahaim, capital of a teniiey
Nonni, 355 m. N. N. £. of Pekiu. Long. 123. of that name, remarkable for mountuas of nk.
30. £., lat. 47. 25. N. Long. 6. 30. W., lat 21. 40. N.
TAuta or TYasa, a town of Tunis in Africa, on TdigerAy, a town of the kingdom of IWii, ^
the borders of Algien, with a castle, and several m. 8. W. of Monrtook.
remains of antiquity. It is seated at the foot of a Tagem,, a town of Bavaria, with a celthited ik>
mountain, 130 m. 8. E. of Tunis. bey, seated on a lake called the Tegen See 9
Tieuit, a town of Morocco, in the province of m. 8. 8. E. of Munich.
Sua, seated in a country abounding ia grain, 7\tflte, a town Austrian Italy, ia the Vall^
dates, and sogar-canes, 4 m. £. of Meesa. Hae.!^ m. 8. W. of Tiraao.
Teekienhurjtt a town of Prussian Westphalia, TVAenm, a city of Perna, and lately the leaiwt
capital of a fertile county of the same name. It of the Shah, it stands oa the aite of the isdnt
has manufactures of linen cloth, and is 22 m. N. by city of Rai, and is 4 m. in circuit, snmNmdedkfi
£. of Monster. Long. 7. 47. £., lat. 52. 14. N. strong wall flanked with towan. The hoaiam
Teeaaniepee, a sea-port of Mexico, in Guaxaca, built of ttnbumt brink. During the sofflsarhii
with a fi>rtificd abbey and several handeome anhealthy. Lat 35. 40. N. loi^. 50. 62. E. Ma
churches. It is seated on a large bay of the N. Ispahan. Pop. 15,000.
same name, in the Pacific Ocean. Long. 05. 55 Ttignmamikf a sea-port ia I>evoaihire^Ei;
W., lat. 16. 28. N. ieaiedat the mouth of the Teiga, 187 ■. W. kf
TBcnif a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the gov- 8. of London,
emment of Mosul, seated on a roca, near the W. Taiattt, a town of Bohemia, la the circle oTFS*
side of the Tigre, 130 m. 8. of Mosul. sen, with a castle and a oonvent *, sealed oi ikt
TeeuUi, a town of Morocco, with an old cas- Radbuta, 30 m. W. 8. W. of Pilsea.
tie, seated at the month of a river of the same TVissailBrf, a town of Anenfa, in the pnmt»
name, 09 ra. W. of Morocco. Lotog. 9. 45. W., ofSalsbarg, 12 m. N. W. of Sahdnaf.
lat. 31. 5. N. TWaee, a district of BiaaU about M n. kf
Teemiudk, a villare in Lenawee Co. Miohi- and 24 brood, partiealarly noted fu its yndec-
gan. 64 m. 8. W. Detroit. tUm of diamonds.
tbddla^een, a village of Middleeex, Bug. seat- f^^^aao, the capital of thaabova dislriel, i><d
•d oa the Thames, 12 m. W. S. W. of London, vato on tha tide of a hiH, i«d is vary attfalaif
laif ns nil
baUt TheeiraulMioaafproMftyciMtodky tiM InMtod^ tlmott whollj bj Qi«ehs» and ite »i
diamond works rendered it a floorialiiBff town. dkM wine it Um beal in all the Lavank On the
TdeMf a town of Naples, in Terra m LaToro, K. side is the town, at the foot of a moQBtai% with
18 m. E. N. £. of Capna. a harboar defended by a castle. Loiur. 26. 0. £.,
TMtir, a eoant^ of Oeergia. Pop. 2,196. iaoh- ht 39. 5a N.
sonTiHeisthe capital. Ibnsrtfs, one of the Canary Islands, and the
Tdgem, or Ttlga, a town of Sweden, in Bo/dow- meet considerable of them for riches, trade, and
mania, on the laEe Maeler, 19 m. 8. W. of Stock- pepnlation. It lies W. of the Gfand Canary, is
holm. 70 m. leng and 22 bfoad, and abonnds in wine,
Tdgtl, a town of Prassian Westphaiia, & m. B. diflbrsnt sorts of fhriu, cattle, and ^a«e. One
N. B. of Mnnster. part of this island is sarronnded by innccessible
Ts^f, a township of Huntingdon Co. Pa. monntains, of which one in partioiilar, called the
TkiUtf a town of the kingdom of Pes, with a P^ak of TVneriflb, is 12,078 ftet above ths level of
small harbour, on the Mediterranean, 100 m. E. the sea, and the distance to the Peak from the port
8. 6. of Tetnan. of OrataTia, at the base of the moantnin, isabove 11
Tdliekenyf a town of Hindoostan , in Malabar, ra. This island is snbjeot to Totoanic ermtions
It has a considerable trade, and i§ seated at the and in 1704 one destroyed seteral towns aiul many
month of a river, 4im. N. N. W. of Calient, thoosand People. The laborions^woriu inthisi»>
Long. 75. 38. E.,lat 11. 48. N. land are cnietly performed by eaen and mnle^
2WIk», p.T. Monroe Co. Ten. horses being scares and rsserved lor the use or
JYiiaWf a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, on the officers. Hawks and panots are natives
a lake of the same name, 7 m. S. S. W. of Berlin, of the island, as areewallows, ssa-gulls, partridg>-
7WlseA,atown of Austria, in Moravia, 16 m. &, ts, canarv birds, and blackbirds. There are al*
of Ifflau. so lizardsyloeusts, and draffon-flies. St. Christojphe
Hmmdefiuif a town of the kingdom of Algier*, de Laguna is the capital, nut the governor lesides
10 m. E. of Algiers. at St. Cms.
Ttmeswar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of JVtunfe, a town of the republic of Colomhiny
a territory called the Banoat of Temeswar. It in the Ibrmer vioe>royalty of Ifew Ckanada, seat-
stands on the river Bega, which forms a morass ed on the Madalena, 100 m. S. S. W. of 8|.
round it, and tAe fortress requires a garrison of Martha.
14,000 men. This place formeriy passed for im-
T^nsf. or Tenis, a town of Alters, in the proT*
Ince of Mascara, capital of a district of its name,
pregnable; but it was taken by pnnce Butene, , ^ -
m a dry season, in 1716. 80. m. N. N. B. of Bel- with a fort. It has a considerable trade in com
grade and 160. S. W. of Buda. and is seated on a river, 4 m. fW>m the sea and 86
(, a town of Feisan, where the oaravane W. S. W. of Algiers.
fVom Tombttctoo, Bomon, Ac., which travel by TViyon, a city of China, of the firrt rank, in
the way of Cairo to Mecca, usually provide tlie Hou<^oangf 550 m. S. by W.of Pekin. Long. 118
stores of com, dates, dried meat, and other re<)ui- 21. E., lat 31. 20. N.
sites for their dreary journey. 120 m. B. N. B. T«jiiMS0S0,a riTerof theUniled States, thelaif^
of Mounook. est of all those which flow into the Ohio. n$
T&mpeUorgf a town of the Prussian states, in commencement is formed in the state to whioh it
f omerania, on the S. side of a lake and on the fron- gives name, bv the junction of the Clinch with
tiers of Poland, 43 m. £. by N. of New Stargard. tiie Holston, 35 m. below Knozville. It flows 8.
TnrnpUf a township of ^nnebec Co. Me. Pop. W., on the E. side of Cumberland Mountains, in*
798; p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 30 m. 8. Con- to Georgia, where it makes a circuit to the W. of
cord. Pop. 647. called the Great Bend ; it then r»> enters the state
TVmpfsfen, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. Pop. of Tennesse, which it passes qmte throuffh into
1^1. that of Kentucky , where it enters the Onio, 60
Tem^n, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, m. above the conflux of that river with the Mis*
with a great trade in timber. It was totally con- sistippi. The Tennessee is 600 yards broad at
sumed hj Are in 1735, but has been rebuilt in a its mouth, and is thence navinble by vessels of
beantifhl manner. It stands between the Boden- great burden fbr 260 m., to the Muecle Shoals,
see and Dolgensee, 18 m. 8. W. of Prenslo and in the Great Bend : hers the river widens to be*
42 N. by E. of Beriin. tween 2 and 3 m. for nearly 30 m. ; and these
Tbnaafirim, a town of Birmah, capital of a dis- shoals can onl^ be passed in small Iwats ; hence
trict of its name, situate on a large river, 47 m. it may be naTigatea, by boats of 40 tone bunfen,
8. E. of Mergui. Long. 98. 50. W., lat. II. 35. 400 m. fbrther to its commencement.
N. TVimsifes, one of the United States, boonded
Tbn^nry, a town in Worcestershire, Bng. 133 N. by Kentucky ; E. bv North Carolina ; 8. by
m. W. N. W. of London. Georgia, Alabama, ana Mississippi ; and W. bjp
7>n^y. a sea- port of Wales, in Pembrokeehire, the river Mississippi, separating itfW>m Misseti
963 m.W. of London. Long. 4. 40. W., lat. 51. and Arkansas. lu length is about 430 m. ; its
44. N. bi«adthl04ra. It lies between 36. and 36. 36. N.
Tfuk Mmndf an island in the 8. Pacific, 2 m. lat, and between 81. 30. and 90. 10. W. long^ and
in circumference, discovered by lieutenant Ball, contains 40,000 sq. m. The weetern part of the
in 1790. It is low, but entirely covered with oo- State is comparatively level. The eastern portaoa
eoa-out and other trees. Long. 151. 31. £., lal. ie mouotalnons.
1. 39. 8. The Cumberland Mountains extend through the
Tmd^ a town ef the Sardinian sUtss, in Pfed- etete fkom N. fi. to 9. W., dividing it imU two eec-
UMnt, with a fortified castle on a rock. It stands on tions. In Baet Tennessee are manT nasaliil
the Roia, 65 m. 8. of Turin. ridgee, the saoet lolly of which, are the LaoMly
Tbnsdse, an island of the Gieeian Archipelage, Stone, TeHow, Iron, Bald, and Uoaka Moantahw.
on the coast of Asia Minor, 14 m. 8. of the strait AH these are peaks of a eontinued d^in. Wel-
•f GaBipoU. It is 11 n. long and 7 broad, is in* Hnge' and Capper RI4g«i Md Chnwhy F^we^
TEH n« TAR
aad BcT'iMoantiinr^mrein theN. E. Thesom- inf made profitable. Nitrous earth aboondi is
mito ofaom^ of theee moanUins exhibit plateaaa the ialtpetie cavei.
of considerable extent, which admit of good roads. The gold tegion elsewhere described in the south*
and are inhabited and oaltivated. The heights em states, extends into the sontheastem part of
subside as they approach the Mississippi and Ohio. Tenneseee. The spot affording the metal, is sita-
The mountains eontain a great number of caverns, ated about 12 miles south of the TelUco plalas,
which are unong the most remarkable featuzes of near the Unika mountain, which separates th«
the country. They are of so frequent occurrence state from North Carolina. The gold occurs ia
that very lew have been explored ; and little more small grains, and appears to have been prodneed
is known of them, than that they abound in nitrous by the disintegiation of the rocks which compoee
earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet the mountain. The gold is found in the small
below the sur&ce, and found to consist of a smooth rivulets and brooks, and also on the declJTities
limestone rock, with a stream of pure water at of the mountains, and very near their sommita.
the bottom, sufficient to turn a mill. A cave on a It is contained in a stratum of the soil of JO or 12
high peak of the Cumberland Mountain has a per- inches in depth, and is separated from the earth
pendicular depth that has never been fathomed, by washing.
The enchanted Mountains, which are portions of Tennessee also contains an ore of xinc of as
the Cumberland ridge, exhibit some very singular excellent quality. The Cumberland monntaim
footprints of men, horses, and other animals dis- are rich in coal. Manganese, roofing slate, aad
tinctly marked in a solid rock of limestone. In magnetic iron ore, may oe also numbered amooit
many cases they appear as if the feet which the mineral productions.
' marked them baa slidoen while the stone was in a This state is politically divided into 2 Distrieta.
soft state. One of the tracks is 16 inches long East and West The former has 82 counties and
and 13 inches wide. the latter 40. The population is 684,388 of
The whole state is well watered. The largest whom 142,382 are slaves. Nashville is the capitaL
riyers are the Cumberland and Tennessee, wmch The other considerable towns are KnoxyiUe and
foil into the Ohio The Obian, Forkeo Deer, Mnrfreesborough. Agriculture is in a great
Big Hatchee and Wolf rivers intersect the western measure confined to the raising of coUon : but the
part of the State, and foil into the Mississippi. soil is well adapted to maise, wheat, rye, faariey
The valleys of the small rivers are extremely and oato, which are all more or lem coltivatad.
beautiful, and rich beyond any of the same de- There are some manufactures of iron ,liemp,oottD«
seription in the western states. The valleys of and corda^.
the great streams of the Tennessee and Cumber- ^ The le|pslature is called the General Assembly
lano, difier little from the alluvions of the oth- and coninsta of a Senate and House of B«preeentp
er great rivers of the West. On the small yal- atives. The members of both and the Groveraor
leys are many fine plantations, and yet so lone- are chosen for 2 years. Suffrage is uniyeiaal ; and
ly that they seem lost among the mountains. the clergy are excluded from office. Hie Baptisto
The climate is delightful, being milder than are the most numerous religious sect; tfaey have
in Kentucky, and free fiom the intense heat 141 ministers ; the Methodista 125,the Preebyteri
which prevails in the southern portion of the ans 80 and the Lutherans 10. There are ooUeges
Mississippi valley. Snows of some depth are at Greenville, Knoxville, and Nashville. Tennes-
freauent m the winter, but the summers, espe- see was settled by emigrante from Virginia and
eially in the higher regions, are mild. In these North Carolina : the first settlementa were made
parte, the salubrity of the climate is thought between 1765 and 1770. In 1796 a constitution
to equal that of any part of the United States ; was formed, and the territory was admitted into
but the low valleys where stagnant waters the union as a state.
sbound. and the alluvions of the great rivers Tennis^ a town of Egypt, situate on an island
are unhealthy. Maixe is planted in the central in a lake of the same name, sometimes called
parte of the state early in April. Lake Menxaleh, 28 m. S. E. of Damietta,
^ The soil in East Tennessee is remarkably for- 7<nu»io, a river of Alabama^ flowing into Mo
tile, containing great proportions of lime. In bile Bay, and formed by the union of the Alabama
West Tennessee the soil is various, and the stra- and Tombigbee rivers. A river of faontsiana
ta decend from the mountains in the following joining with the Washitau to form Black River.
order ; first, loamy soil, or mixtures of day and TnuoWf p.v. Baldwin Co. Alabama.
sand ; next, yellow clay ; thirdly, a mixture of red Tenstadtf a town of Prussian Saxony, 10 m. N.
sand and red clay ; lastly, white sand. In the E. of Langensalza.
southern parte, are immense beds of oyster shells, Tm-tekZu^ a city of China, of the fint tank, in
oo high table land, at a distance from the Missis- Chang- ton^, with a good port and a strong gar
■ippi, or any other stream S ■ome of these shells risen. It is seated on the N. side of a peninsu-
•M of an enormous sise. The soil of the valleys la of the Yellow Sea, 250 m. S. E. of Pekin.
aud alluvions is extremely fertile. Long. 120. 50. E., lat. 37. 20. N.
Nearly all the forest trees of the western coun- TWtdsrdsa, a town of KenL 57 m. £. by S. of
try are found in this state, but the laurel tribes London.
are not oommoa Juniper, red cedar, and savia T^niugml, a town of Portugal, in Beira, 8 m. W.
cover the mountains. Apples, pears, and plums, N. W. <3'Coimbra.
which are properly northern firuito, are raised in Tsmaio, a town of Naples, in Abruixo Ultra, 25
great perfection The sugar maple is yery abun- m. N. E.of Aquila.
dant. Throsse, a sea-port of Asia Minor, on the coast
Inexhaustible quarries of gypsum of the finest of Caramania, and an archbishop's see. It was
quality abound in Bast Tennessee. Marble in formerly called Tarsus, and was the eanital of
many beautiful varieties is abundant. Iron ore is Cilicia, the literary rival of Athens and Alexaa-
found in plenty, and some lead mines have been dria, and the birthplace of the apostle Paul. It is
worked. Salt springs am numerous, but the wa- seated on the Mediterranean, 100 m. W. by N. of
ter is not saffioienay strong to admit of their be- Akzandrttta. Long. 35. 15. £., lat 37. 4. N.
m 7Xf
L'Mtamet near BdgotetB QdUm* nft pboM thrliilb rist tdirectl/ fhm th»tMt Bk
bfo, oaoMA by a bnneh of the Migdaleoft faUiiif eipt tin eHfii «ad brmnoJie*, tvwy part ito»T«fff4
into a iiARuw. chum ancNig Uw rooki. The wnh.woodfOr laid oat in plaataUoMi. Be«klM
cataract coMiata«f 3 pitchea and tliD wkole &Uig tbe bay of St. PfaiUpiad St. J%^, oa tbe li aido
807 feet. oili, the ialea whieh lit alosf tbe S. and £. coaat
7Vrc«tra, ona M the Atowmf of a cireBlarftam from aeveral good baya aod harboura. Uimg. IGT
about 55 -%' im^iflCBBiftreiioe, and ▼eiy fertile^ B., Jat 16. 8»
It cootaina- aareral towna and villageai with a Jhrra Finma^ a ooDntrr of S. Amariea, bottivM
number of forU. Angra ia the ca|iiti3. on the N. by the Canribbean Sea. It ia now in-
TerrJbiMy or Tershn, a town of Peraia in the proT- ohided in the RepohUe of Colomlna.
ince of Choraaan, aitaate on the bordera of the Tana dd Fmeg9^ a large ialasd, aeparaled ftom
Great Salt Daaart, 160 m. W. N. W. of Herat the aootheni extremttT of America by the atrait
Long. 57. 35. B., lai. 35. 5. N. of Mafltllan, and ao oalkd from the Tolcanoea cb-
TWia, a town of Morooeo, aeated on the Omir* aerred on it. The aea interaecta it into aevera]
abi, 90 m. N^ of Mocoeco. iaianda, ail .of them barren and roonntaanoua ; bnt
Tergomst. or Ttrvis, a town of European Tor^ on the lower grounda are fonnd aereral aorta of
key, in Waiachia. Here ia a fine palace, belong* tieea and planta, and a variety of birda. The na*
in^ to the boabodar, or reigning prince ; but be Uvea arft anort in atature, not exceeding fire feel
chiefiy residea at Bucfaoreat. It atanda on the aiz inchea; their heada large, their facea broad,
Jalonitz, 35 m. N. N. W. of Bnohoieat. Long. 25. their cheeh-bonea prominent, and their noaea flat.
''jS. B., lat. 46. 2&. N. Thejr have little brown eyea, without life; their
Terkit a town nf Aaiatio Rnaaia, in the gorem* hair ia Uaok and lank, hanging about tlicir neada
roent of Caucaaua, formerly a frontier plaee in diaorder, and baameared witn train oil. Thev
againat Peraia. It ii aeated on a river or the wear no other clothing than a amall piece of aeaft
aamename, near the Caapian Sea, 180 m. S. of akin, hangings from tMir ahoaMera to the middle
Astracan. Long. 47. 30. E., lat. 43. 22. N. of the back, being fiutened round tbe neck with a
Ttrmedj a town of Uabee Tartary, capital of a atring.' Thev live chiefly on aeala* fleab, of which
diatrict in Bokharia ; aeated in an angle formed they prefer the oily part. There ia no appear-
by the union of two rivers, 150 m. 8. of Samar- ance of any aabordiiiation among them, ano their
caad. Long. 66. 35 £., lat. 37. 15. N. whole character ia a atran|^ compound of atapid-
TVrnu'ju, a town on the N. coaat of Sieily, in ity, indifference, and inactivity.
Val di Masara, with a atrong caatle. Ita miner* TiBrraaiM, a decayed town of the eocleaiaatical
ai waters are much celebrated, and it has a con* atatea^ in Campagna di lUuna, with a caatle on a
aiderable trade. It ia aituaie on a rocky eminence, rook. Formeriv it waa called Anznr, and waa
near tbe mouth of a river of the aame name, 5w the capital of the Volaei, and ita cathedral waa
m. 8. E. of Palermo. oaiginrily a temple of Jupiter. It ia aeated near
TermoU^ a town of Naplea, in Capitanata, the aea, on the nontiera of Naplea, 54 m. S. 8»
aeated near the aea. 32 m. S. B. of Laneiano. B. of Rome. Long. IS. 16. B.. lat. 4L 34. Ni'
TWmUej one of the Molucca ialanda, lyiog to Tarrmmtwtt, a aea*port of Sieily, in Val di Nol«)
the W. of Gilolo,formerly theieatof aoveraignty. aeated near the mouth of a nver of the
it aboonda in ooooa-nuta, bananaa, citrona, oran* name, 20 m. B. 8. E. of Alieata. Long. 14. 10.
ges, almonda, and other froita proper to the cli* B., lat. 37. 9. N.
mate. There are alao a grreat number of hirda of TbrraiMraa. a aea-port of Sardinia, aeated at the
paradiae. It is a mountainoua country, and eon* bottom of a bay on the N. B. coaat, 62 m. B. N.
tains a great number of wooda, which lumiah B. of Saaaari. Long. 9. 36. B., lat. 41. 3. ft.
abundance of game. It ia In the poaaeaaion of Ihrrmaaw, a town of France, department of
tbe Dutch, from whom it waa taken by the Brit* Dordogne, aeated on the Veaere, 28 m. B. of
ish in 1810, but reatored, with their otJier Indian Perigueux.
possessions, in 1814. The inhabitants are Ma- Terre HatOe, p.v. Vigo Co. Ind. on the Wuhaab
noroetans and very indolent. 100 m. B. of Celebea. 91 m. 8. W. Indianapolia.
Long. 127. 4. B., lat. 0. 50. N. 2\MT»don, Loeh^ an inlet of the aea, on the W.
TVnimss, a town and fort of the Netherlanda^ coaat of Scotland, in Roaa-ahire, between CSair-
m Flanders, on the W. branch of the Scheldt, loch and Appleoroaa. It haa many creeka and
called the Hondt. It is 8 m. N. of Saa van Ghent baya.
and 25 W. N. W. of Antwerp. Terriers, a atrott|^ town and fortreaa ef Hindooa*^
Temt, a town of the eocleaiaatical' atatea, in the tan, in the Camatic, 26 m. N. of Triohinopolyi
)ochy of Spoleto, seated on the Nera, near the TtrrynUe, p.v. Mecklenburgh Go. Va.
^nflna of the Vellno, whieh haa a fiunoua cataract TVmaf, a town of Spain, in Arragon, and a
a mile from the town. Terni waa the birtfa-placa biahop*a aee, with a citadel. It ia 80 m. 8. W*. of
of Tacttua the hiatorian. It ia 15 m. 8. 8. W. of Sarra^roaaa and 112 B. of Madrid. Long. 1. 0.
Spoleto and 46 N. of Rome. W., lat 40. 26. N.
7>maea,atownofBulgaria,and anarehbiabop'a Ttrvere^ or Feera. a fortified aea-port of the
aee. It waa formeriy the seat of the prinoea of Netherlanda^n Zealand on the N. a. ooaat of
Bulgaria, and a atrong place, but the fortificatioiia the iale of Walchei^n. It haa a flood harbour,
are ruined. It is seated on a mountain, near the and a fine araanal. 4 m. N. by B. of Middleburg,
Jenera, 88 m. IV. W. of Adrianople and 67 N. B. with which it oommuincatea oy a canal. I<oBg.
of Sofia. Long. 20. 2. E., Ut. 43. 1. IT. 3. 42. E., lat. 51. 36. N.
7Vroiiejm0,a town of Pmnoe, department of Paa Jkaekm^ a town of Auatrian Sileaia, oapital of
de Calaia, seated on the Lis, 6 m. 8. of St. a eirale of the aame name. It ia aorronnded by a
Omer. wall^ and ata little diatance, on an eminence, ia the
Terra dd EtpiritH Amfa, the largeat and' moat old castle where the ancient dukea reaided. The
western island of the New Hebridea, in tbe 8. inhabitanta carry on a trade in leather, woolen
Pacific, being 40 leagues in cirauit. Th» land atufifii, and wine ; and make exoellent fire^arma.
ia exceedingly high and moontainoaa, and in ma- Thia.tofRn waa taken by the Praaaiana in V" .
TKW 718
bat icflored IB 1763. In 1779 » tmtj of mam Hereisoiieof thenobfefltptrishehiiRlfeimfk
W9M eoneladed here between tbe emperor of Ger- kingdom, whicb is alraoit.the oolj remiH ^
manj ind the king of PmMim. It it leeted in a the celebrated monantery to which it&rBdjb
moran, near the nver Eln. 36 m. £. S. E. of loncod. 103 m. W. N. W. of London.
TVroppan and 60 E. by N. m Olmnts. Long. 18. TetiJsuhwry, p.t MiddleMX Ck>. Mm « h
3S. E., lat. 49. 43. N. Merrimack, adioming Lowell, 94 m. N. W. B»
Tesegdeltt a town of Morocco, wated on a crag- ton. Pop. 1^587. Within the linuliaf theWn^
gj rock, said to be impregnable, at the month of ahip is toe YillaM of fieUerille, with Duik.
tne Tecnnbit, 140 m. W.N. W. of Morocco. tnre of cotton and woolen.
T^tkoo LoomboOf the capital of Thibet, or of Tewkeahmnf^ a township of Himterdoa U
that part which is immediately rabiect to the N. J.
Teahoo Lama, who ia aoTereign of toe eonntry Texatf a proyinoe of Mcziao, and tbc frectic
during the minority of the grand lama, ita tem- district toward the United SUtea : boandd H
plea and manaoleama, with Uieir namerons gilded by MiMonri Tenitory and E. bjr LoBiaui,6ac
canoptea and turrets, and the palace of the lama, which it ia aeparated by the 8aMne,awI tbe Guff
render it a magnificent place. It atands at the of Mexico on the S. Onr knowledge of tiiiiei
N. end of a plain, npon a rocky eminence, S220 tensiTe prorince — containing, accordiag to Hoa-
tai. S. W. of Lassa and 470 N. by E. of Calcutta, bolt'a Uble, a surface of e4,<XK) aipiare miiea, ud
Long. 89. 7. E., lat. 29. 4. N. aecocding to othera 100,000— ia atill mj mpe.
TuinOf a town of the Auatrian atates, in T^rol, feet, and almoat solely derived from Piu'i pts-
S5 m. E. N. E. of Trent. nal of hia haaty return from Chihnahva, gouM
Tesseif a town of Zahara, capital of a district of all the way by Spanish dragoons to prerent Ida
the same name. It ia 3S0 m. 8. 8. W. of Tafilet. from taking notes. But its rismg political ami na-
Long. 5. 43. W., lat. 25. 54. N. mercial rehOions with the United Stalei villieag
Tethury^ a town in Gloucestershire, Eng. 99 m. disperse this i^orance. By an act of tbe M^ii-
W. of London. can congreaa it has been united to the pfofiatt
TetsekaHf or Telzen, a town of Bohemia, in the of Coahuila, under the name of CoaMa-y-Iasi
circle of Leutmeritz, with a caatle on a rock, on Thia prorinoe ia exceedingly well watered, is
the river Elbe, 29 m. 8. fi. of Dreaden. is the most fertile of all the Mexican lUlef. fVt
Tettnang. a town of Germany, ia the kingdom laree and beautifulaavannaha, waring with im
of Wurtemberg, 8 m. N. of Lindlau. feed vast numbers of wild horaea and mnlei, whid
TehuMftL city of the kingdom of Fes, with a are exported in great numbers to oUief piiti d
castle. The houses have only small holes to- Mexico, and to the United States, tad foa i
warda the streets, which are very narrow, and present a chief article of conmieroe. ImnHi^
the windows are on the other side, facing a court* ly to the W. of the Sabine, the aoil ii rich wi-
yard, which ia surrounded by galleries, and in out being low, and for a space of 12 neetsm
the middle is generally a fountain. Tbe houses miles, is eoYered with magnificent mnn. W
are two stories high, flit at the top ; and the wo- of this again is one of the richest aod nosl fa-
men visit each other from the tope of them. The tile tracks in nature, diversified by hilb ud iiki
shops are very small, and without any door ; the and divided, aait were, into natural meadonn
master aitts croaa-legged on a counter, with the shrubberies, in such admind>le order, is to ki
goods disposed in drawers round him, and all the the work not of nature, but of art; tluawiliiiiet
euatomers atand in the street. Several European friable, and contains much iron. It ii u fer&
consuls ibrmerlv resided in this city ; the Engliah on the hilla aa on the plains, and the cliiBite s
are still allowed to touch here, and considerable delightful, being neither too warm norezeeam-
eommunication ia kept up with Gibraltar. It ia ly cold. The tract between theSBbiBeuidBi»
aeated on the river Cuz, near the Mediterranean, aos rivers is occupied by 2,500 Americaa ftoilia,
110 m. N. N. W. of Fez. Long. 5. 23. W., lat emigranU from the Umted Statea, who ni«e<i^
35. 37. N. ton, maize, tobacco, rice^ and sugar-cuei. »
Teveronet a river of Italy, the ancient Anio, aidea theae emigrant lamiliea, about 600 Spuai
which riaea in the Appennines^ 50 miles, above families are congregated in the ricinity of ^
Tlvoli, glides through a plain till it comes near cogdoches, and rahabit the Ranchoa, whmt tkj
that town, when it is connned for a short apace rear cattle.
between two hilla, covered with grovea. Tneae The principal American establiahment to tbi
were jrapposed to be the residence of the sibyl Al- W. of the band of pines above mentioned, ii the
bunea, to whom an elegant temple waa herededi- JHk Bayou, entirely inhabited by Anienca]»,vb
cated. The river movmff with augmented rapid- have already erected 7 or 8 cotton mills, tad the
ity, aa its channel is confined, at last rushes over products are exported to Nachitochet 6w*
a lofty precipice, and the noiae of ita fella re- duty, aa the conaumption eomea entirelj N
sounds through the hills and groves of Tlvoli. that place. The second American eatablisbiBHi
Having gained the plain, it aoon afterwarda re- is on the Brasses a Dice river, 150 miles frn
eeives the waters of the lake Solfatara, and then Nacogdoches. As this stream fieqoentlr oi»
joins the Tibet, near Rome. flows ito banks, its vicinity is sooieirhii »
TVmof, a river of Scotland, which rises in the health/. These emigranU have boiltttovi
mountains in the 8. W. of Rozburgshire, and, ^lamed San Felipe de Austin, from thtt of w
pasaing N. W, through the county, unites with founder, General Anstin, an Amerieao, wv
the Tweed a little above Kelso. promised to the federal govemment to look
TnpitZf a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, from 500 to 600 famiiiea on thebankaoftlieB»
with a caatle on a lake, 25 m. S. by E . of Berlin, sos river. At Nacogdoches another gnat »
TetuekniiZf a town and castle of Bavarian Fran- been made to an American of the nam« of ^
eonia, 17 m. N. of Colmbaeh. wards, who resided at Mexico. Thii gnat mt-
TViMMur, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of ders on that of Austin, and contaiiu meie m
filsen, :» m. N. W. of Pilaen. S,000 aquare miles. N. of this, another gnotbi
Tsioftef^Kry, a borough in Glouotaterahire, Eng. been made to a Mr. "Hiom, son-in-law of E^
THA * 719 THA
wardi ; and on tlie other Me a similar grant baa the mouth of a river of the aame name, ISO m. 8
been made to general Wearil. The cofonT call- of Tunis. Long. 10. 15. £., lat. 34. 50. .N.
ed Fredonia, in this province, was established in Thamef or Tame, a river which rises near Tring
1834 by Mr. Aostin, who has offered to every in Hertfordshire, crosses Buckinffhamshire to the
colonist a lot of 640 acres, or an English square N. of Aylesbury, enters Oxforduiire at the town
mile, with a house. The constitution of this gor- of Thame, whence it is navigable for barges to
ernment is that of a federal republic, and has Dorchester, where it joins the Thames. Tiiis
been literally copied from that of the United river has been erroneously supposed to give name
States, but the Catholic religion was alone to be to the Tharuw
tolerated. But such an absurd intolerant clause 7%«me, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. seated on
as this in any of the new independent states of the river Thame, 12 m. E. of Oxford and 44 W
Mexico, cannot long be in force in the vicinity by N. of London.
of such a ftee government as that of the United TkameSj the finest river in Great Britain,
States, as such an act would exclude all but Ro- which takes its rise from a copious spring, calied
man Catholic emigrants, — whereas all are made Thames Head, 2 m. 8. IV. of Cirencester, in
equally welcome to the United States. In 1825 Gloucestershire. About a m. below the source
captain Sedge wick, of Russelville in Kentucky, of the river, it is not more than nine feet wide in
obtained a grant from the Mexican government the summer, yet, in the winter, becomes such a
of from 6 to 8 millions of acres, in this province, torrent as to overflow the meadows for many
alonff the borders of Louisiana. One principal miles. The stream proceeds to Lechlade ; and
condition was inserted in this grant, that a cer- being there joined by the Coin and Le^h, at the
tain number of the colonists should be free from distance of 138 m. from London, it becomes nar-
all taxes for five years. The capital of Texas liable for vessels of 90 tons. At Oxford it is
under the old government was San Antonio de joined by the Charwell, and, proceeding by
Bejar, on a small stream of the same name, and Abingdon to Dorchester, it receives the Thame,
contained, aceordin^f to Pike, about 2,000 souls ; Passing by Wallingford to Reading, and forming
but the present capital, Saltillo, on the confines a boundary to Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Sur-
of Coahuila and New Leon, is said to contain re^f and Middlesex, it waters I»nley, Marlow,
8,000 souls. Its site is bad, being surrounded Maidenhead, Windsor, Staines, Chert8ey,Kings-
with arid plains, where the traveller suffers much ton, and Brentford, in its course to London,
fl^om want of water. The western part of Texas From London the river proceeds to Greenwich,
is inhabited entirely by Spaniards. The soil is Woolwich, Grays-Thurrock, Gravesend, and
excellent, and all the habitations are watered by Leigh, into the German Ocean. The tide flows
artificial canals, which cause tbe waters of the up Uie Thames as high as Kingston, which, fol-
Rio de Nueces and neighbouring springs to irri- lowing the winding of the river, is 70 miles from
gate the gardens and fields. the ocean — a greater distance than the tide is car-
Texel, an island of the Netherlands, separated ried by any other river in Europe. Though the
from N. Holland by a narrow channel of the same Thames is said to be navigable 138 miles above
name, defended by a strong fort on the mainland, London Bridge, there are so many flats that in
called the Helder. This channel is the best and summer the navigation westward would be stop-
most southern entrance into the Zuyder Zee, ped, were it not lor a number of locks ; but the
and through it most of the ships pass that are nrst lock is 52 miles above that bridge. The
bound to Amsterdam. In 1799 the fort was taken plan of new cuts has been adopted, in some places,
by the English, and the whole of the Dutch fleet, to shorten the navigation ; there is one near Lech-
lyingr within the channel, surrendered to them ; lade, and another a mile from Abinsdon. A still
but tne English abandoned the fort soon after- more important undertaking was effected in 1789
wards. Long. 4. 59. E., lat. 53. 10. N. — the iunction of this river witii the Severn. A
Tena, or Tneya^jk river of the Austrian states, canal nad been made from the Severn to Stroud,
which rises near Teltsch, in Moravia, flows £., which canal was aflerwards continued to Lech-
by Znaim, on the borders of Austria, and enters lade, where it joins the Thames, a distance of
toe Moraw, on the confines of Hungary. above 30 miles. A communication between this
Tern, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of river and the Trent and Mersey has likewise been
Bechm, seated on the Muldan, 10 m. S. £. of effected, by a canal from Oxford to Coventry ;
Piseck. and another canal extends from this, at Brauna*
Texoff a town of Fei, cspital of the province ton, to the Thames at Brentford, called the Grand
of Cuzi, containing a mosque half a mile in cir- Junction Canal.
cumference. It is seated on a small river, 45 m. Thamegj a river of Connecticut, formed of two
£. of Fez. Long. 4. 15. W., lat. 33. 40. N. principal branches, the Shetncket and the Nor-
Teteueo, a town of Mexico, once the capita] of wich, or Little River, which have their junction
a rich kingdom. Here Cortez caused a canal to at Norwich. From this place the Thames is nav*
oe dug, and built 18 brigantines, to carry on the igable 15 m. to Long Island Sound, which it en-
siege of Mexico. It is seated near the lake of tera below New London,
Mexico, 20 m. E. of Mexico. Thamet, a river of Upper Canada, flowing into
Tezday a town of Algiers, in the province of Lake St. Clair above Detroit.
Mascara, with a castle, 15 ra. S. W. of Oran. Tkanet^^ an island comprising the E. angle of
TexmUj a town of the kingdom of Fez, seated Kent, being separated from the mainland by the
on the point of a rock, 15 m. S. of Melilla. two branches of the Stonr. It produces much
TexxotUty an ancient town of Algiers, in the com, and the S. part is a richtractof marah land,
province of Constantia., Its ruins extend 10 m. It contains the towns of Margate, Ramsgate, and
in circumference, among which are magnificent Broadstairs, and several viUages.
remains of citv gates, an amphitheatre, a temple ThMtkauBtn, a town of Bavaria, on the river
dedicated to Escutapius, and other elegant struc- Mindel, 14 m. N. of Mindelheim.
tares. 90 m. S. 8. W. of Constantia. Tkiuoa, an island of the Grecian Archipelago,
notnes, a town of the kingdom of Tmia, near oo the ooaft of Maoedonia, at the entfaooo of 9m
TBI
^lU
^If of Contena. It is 12 m. long md 8 brottd,
and abound! in all the necessaries of lUe. The
fhiits and wine are very delieate ; and thete are
some (juarriesof fine marble. The chief town of
the same name, has a harbour, frequented by
merehanta. Long. 24. 33. £-, lat. 40. 59. N.
Tknxiedf a town in Essex , Zng. 44 m. N. N. E.
of London.
T%eaki, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, 24
m. long and 7 broad, wparated from the N. E.jpart
of that of Cefakraia, by a narrow channel. It is
the ancient Ithaca, celebrated as the binhplaoe
and kingdom of Ulysses. The chief town is Vel-
thi, whidi has a spacious harbour. Long. 20. 40.
E., lat. 38. 25. N.
Tkebaid, a country of Upper Egypt, now called
Saidy which see.
Tk^etf the ancient name of a city of Upper
Egypt. It was celebrated for having 100 gates ;
and there are many tombs and magnificent re-
Tnains of antiquity. One of the tombs has been
brought oyer to this country by M. fielzoni. Three
villages, named Carnack, Luxor, and Gonroou.
are seated among its ruins, which are hence callsa
the antiquities of Camask and Luxor.
TkeheSf in Greece. See Tkiva.
Theisstt a river of Hungary, which rises in the
Carpathian Mountains, m>ws above 100 m. in a
western direction to Tokay, when it turns to the
S., passes by Tsongrand and Segeden, and, sAer
receiving a great number of rivers, falls into the
Danube helow Titul.
TketnaVf a town of Germaxiy, in the duchv of
Saxe-Cobnrg, near the river Werra, 10 m. S. £.
ofMeinungln.
7%erefa, p. v. Jefferson Co. N. T. 25 m. N. E.
Sacketts Harbour.
J%ermia, an island of the Grecian Arohipela|p,
S. of the island of Zia, and near the gulf of Engiaj
12 m. lonff and 5 broad. The soil is good and well
cultivated, and it has a great deal of silk. The
principal town, of the same name, is the residence
of a Greek bishop. Long. 24. 59. £., Ut. 37. 31. N.
Tkerm&pyfiB, a narrow passage in the N. E. of
Greece, with nigh cliffs on one side and an im-
passable marsh on the other. It is noted in his-
tory for the brave stand made by Leonidas with
900 Spartans, against the army of Xerxes.
7%e93aly. See Janhs.
Tketfordf a borough in Norfolk, Eng. with a
mannlaeture of woolen doth and paper. 80. m.
N. E. of London.
Tketfirrdf p.t. Orange Co. Vt. on the Connec*
ticttt. Pop. 1,183.
Tkibety a county of Aaia, bounded on the N.
W. and N. by the Desert of Kobi, in Tartary, £.
by China, 8. by Assam and Birmah, and S. W.
and W. by Hindoostan and Bootan. This coun-
try is one of the bi^iest in Asia, being a part
or that elevated tract which gives rise not only to
the rivers of India and China, but also to those of
Siberia and Tartary. Its length fh>m E. to W.
cannot be less than 1,400 m ; its breadth about
500, but very unecual. It is divided into three
barto, Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet The
Upper, lies towards the sources of the G^ges
>and Bonrampooter; the Middle is that in which
Lassa, the capital, is seated : and the Lower that
'Which borders on China. Little Thibet is situ-
ate between Upper Thibet and Casheur. Not-
^^tthstanding the very rough and sterile state of
Thibet, and the severity <? its climate, from its
"Wonderful elevation, its inhabiUnts are in a high
«t«le ^ eltiHiMion i their hovses ace lolfy «m1
hsilt •£ atoce ; mdvefiil naDuftetsniiam
degree of improvement. The principal tm
are gold-dnst', diaaonds, peans, kob a^
shawls, woolen cloths, rock-salt, miiik,a]id trnt
or oruoB borax. The natare of the nil pn^
the progress of agrieulturs ; but wheat, peu^nd
barley are cultivated. Here axe muj basbtf
prey, and great abundance and Tiriety of tk
row! and game ; with numerous floeki of i^
and goats, and herds of catUe of a diiuiidnt
sise, as vrell as small hofsss. Tht ibex, or liM
goat is a aatave of this connliy. TbnThMm
sie governed by the grand lanu, vhoii Botciii
submitted to and adored by then) but ii aktit
great object of adoration for the various tribn a
pagan Tartars, who walk throagh the niltnat
continent which stretches firon the riier Ye^k
Cores. He is not only the seveteiga ^aam,'^
vicegerent of the deity on earth, bat by the se
remote Tartan is absolutely regarded utkkr
ty himself. Even the emporor of Chin, fk
is of a Tartar race, does not &il to ackoovMp
the lama, in his religious capacity, iltboofb^si
temporal sovereign, the lama himself sbibift
ry to that emperor. The opinion of tbe as
orthodox Thibetians is, that when tbe giuiilt
ma seems to die, either of old ageorinfimitj>
soul, in realitv only quits a craxy htbilatioa e
animate another younger or better : and it i
discovered again m the body of someciiili^^
certain tokens known only to the lamai or prieA
in which order he always appears. The Iibk
who forvi the greatest and most powerful bodiQ
the state, have the priesthood entirelj is tk
hands. At the head of their hienrchv an ^
lamas, the Dalai lama, who reside at Lun «
Teshoo lama, who lives at Teshoo Loombooiitf
the Taranat lama, whose seat is Kharci,iBtt
N. The priesta constitute man^r mooastk ordn
which are held in great veneration amoDf va^
The most numerous sect are called Gjloogi, w
are exempt firom labor, enjoined tefflpenBee,iM
interdiction all intercourse with the feosie ex
they abound over all Thibet and Bootu, aot
withstanding the severity of discipliae ; ^
every family consisting of more than fonrMs
IS obli^ to contribute one of themto thb ortRi
and it is also encouraged by ambitioD, u tw d^
oers of sUteare usually selecUd from Uuii»
Besides the religious influence aodaatbontM
the grand lama, he is possessed of db^
power throughout his dominions. His ^^*
at a vast palace on the mountain Potala, 7 Buie!
from Lhshl The religion of Thibet, ^f/
nanyrespeets it differs from that of the lo<iiu
twith «U the bfuthen of a famUy, frithoatiiT 9-
^^
THO 921 THU
fltriotion of age or number ; the choice of « wife beit colored stiiffl in India. 8 m. 8. of Ma
is the privilege of the elder brother. This extra drae.
ordinary cactom, and the celibacy of prieata, may IfumuuUnon^ a borough of Ireland, in the
have been intended to gard againat too numerous county of Kilkenny, on the river Noire, 10 m. S.
a population in an unfertile country. The Thi- S. £. of Kilkenny.
betians preserve entire the mortal remains of Tkamastownf p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. on Penob-
thcir sovereign lamas only : every other corpse aeot Baj. 37 m. E. Wtscasset. Pop. 4,221. Gr<>at
IS either consumed by fire or exposed to be thepro- quantities of lime are burnt here and exported to
niiscuous food of beasts and birds of prev. Tney all parts of the country. The uuarries of limestone
have a great veneration ibr the cow, and highly also produce fine white and black marble,
reanect the waters of the Gangea, the source of Tnompson, p.t. Windham Co. Conn, in the N.
which they believe to be in heaven. The sun- E. angle of the state. Pop. 3,388 ; a townabip oi
nlasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visit Thibet as Sullivan Co. N. T. 34 m. N. W. Newburg, Pop.
a holv place; and the grand lama always maintaina 2,459 ; townships in Sandusky, Delaware, and
m body of nearly 300 of them in his pay. See PalU, Oeanga Cos. Ohio.
Tkidf or Tul, a strong town of the Nether- ThompfonUnoHf p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa.
lands, in Guelderland, aeated on the Waal, 18 m. TkompsonmU^f p.v. Culpeper Co. Va. and
W. of Nimeguen. Chesterfield Dis. S. C.
Thidei, a town of the Netherlands, in W. Flan- Tkonon, a town of the Sardinian atates, in 8a-
ders,]0 m. N. of Courtray. voy, with a palace and several convents; seated
TkiengeHf a town of Baden, on the river Wut* on the lake of Geneva at the influx of the river
tach. 13 m. W. of Schaffhanaen. Drama, 16 m. N. £. of Geneva.
TkUrMf a town of France, department of Put Uufm, a city of W. Pmasia, formerly « Han-
de Dome, with manufactures of paper, threao, aeatic town. In the Church of St. John is tlie
leather, and ontlerv. It is seated on the side of epitaph of the celebrated Nicholas Copernicus,
a hill, 31 m. E. by N. of Clermont. who waa bom here. It is divided into the Old
ThioKoilUy a strong town of France, in the de- and New town, and has a celebrated protestant
partment of Moaelle. The Austrians bombarded academy. In 1703 it was taken by the Swedes,
It in 1792, but were obliged to raise theseige. It n who demolished the fortifications; and in 17U3
seated on the Moselle, over which ia a bridge it was seized by the king of Prussia and annex-
defended by a homwork, 14 m. N. of Mentz and ed to his dominions. It was taken by the French
33 S. W. of Treves. in 1806, and remained in their hands till 1812. It
Thirskf a borough in N. Yorkshire, Enff. with ia seated oo the Viatula, over which is a long wood
manufactures of coarse linens, sacking, dEc. 214 en bridge, 67 m. S. of Dantzic and 105. N. W. of
m. N. by W. of London. Warsaw. Long. 18. 42. £., lat. 53. 6. N.
7%<8a, or TUh€i , a celebrated city of Greece, 7V;ra, a small but thriving town in W. York-
and a bishop*ssee 1 he ancient city was 4 m. in shire, Eng. 165 m. N. by W. London,
circumference, but only thatnart or it ia now in- 1%omimry, a borough in Gloucestershire, Eng.
habited which waa originally the castle, called 122 m. W. of London.
Cadmsa, from Cadmua the founder. In the vi- J%omviUey p.t. Perry Co. Ohio,
cinity ia a fine sort of white clay, of which bowla Tkornbury, a townsnip of Delaware Co. Pa.
for pipes are made, that dry naturally and become TkortUkUl, a town of^ Scotland, in Dumfries-
aa hard as stone. It ia seated between two riv- shire, with manufactures of coarse linen and
en, 28 m. N. W. of Athena. woolen cloth, aeated near the river Nith, 15 m.
JfUmergytL tomm of France, department of Dor- N. N. W. of Dumfriea.
dogne, 18 m. N. N. E. of Perigueux. Tkarnsburg, p.v. Spotaylvania Co. 18 m. E.
Tkoienf a town of the Netherlands, in an island Frederickabarg.
of ita name belonging to the province of Zealand, 4 Thomlanf p.t. Graflon Co. N. H. 48 m. N. Con-
m. N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. cord. Pop. 1,049.
TkoMOs, A., an island in the Atlantic, Ijing TkouarSf a town of France department of
under the equator, near the W. coast of Gninea, Deux Sevres. The caatle of ita ancient dukes
discovered in 1640 by the Portuguese. It is al- is on a rock, aurrounded b^ walla, 120 feet high,
moat round, is about 30 m. in diameter, and con- built of white atone. It is seatea on a hill, by
sista chiefly of hilla, intermixed with valleys, the river Thone, 32 m. S. E. of Angers and 1^
which are often filled with a thick fog. The aoil m. S. W. of Paria.
is fertile, and produces plenty of sugar-canes, rice. Thunder Bay^ a bav in the N. W. part of
and millet. On the same vine are blossoms and Lake Huron, so nameu from the frequent thunder
green and ripe grapee, all the year round. The cli- heard there.
mate is unwholesome to the Portuguese, but it Tkrapstonf a town in Northamptonshire, Eng.
agrees well with the original natives, and also 73 m. N. N. W. of London,
with the cattle, which are larger and finer here than Tkru Hills hland, one of the New Hebrides,
on the coast ofGoinea. In 1641 this island waa ta- in the 8. Pacific, 12 m. in circumference, lying
ken by the Dutch ; but they soon relinquished it to the S. of MaaicoUo.
in consequence of the inclemency of the climate. Three Rivers^ or Trots RiviereSj a town of Low-
Pavoasan is the capital. er Canada, situate on a river of the same name,
ThomaSf St.^ one of the Virgin islands, in the which before its conjunction with the St. Law
W. Indies, with a harbour, a town, and a fort, rence, is divided by two islands into three branch
It is 15 m. in circumference, and the trade is con- es. It has two churches, a convent, and, an
siderable,partieularly in timea of peace. It aurren- hospital. 0 m. up the river is a considerable iron
dered to the English in 1807Jbut waa reatored to foundry. 70 m. W. 8. W. of Quebec,
the Danes in 1814. Long. 65.86. W., lat. 11.22. N. Thtun, a town of the Netherlands, in the teri
Tlunnagf Si., a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- toiy of Liege : aeated on the Sambre, 8 m. S. W.
natic, formerly a powerful city. It is inhabited Charleroy and 15 S. E. of Mens,
by weavers and dyers, and noted for making the Thun^ a town of Switzerland, capital of a baili
91 3P
TIO
79B
me, tntbe einlan of Bern, with aewtk. It u
tested on s lake of the Nunc nune, 14 m. long
uid three brou), where ths riTor Au uanei iioni
It, ISm.S. by£. of Bern.
Tlunuattd IiUaidi, s group of anull iiUndi in
the river St. Lawrenoe JDit below Ikke Onlario.
KXwD K groop of Idand* in the Str&ita ofSunda.
TAur*, ■ lirer of Switzsrlaad, which riaei in
the 8. put of the coaDi; of TorgeiibDrg, and
flowi into the Rhine, 7 m. B. S. W. of Schaff-
TAiirriui, a canton of SwilierUnd, which liea
alons the river Thar ; bounded on the B. br the
canton of BL Gall, W. by that of ZuHch, and
N.andE. bj the lake and territory of Coaitance.
It i( extremely popaloui, and the moat pleaiant
and fertile pail of 'Switzerland, Ihoagh aome-
what mouotaiaoa* tuwardi the S. !(■ area ia
computed at350aqaaremilea,wilh77,000 inhih-
itanta, one-third of whom are Catholici, and the
other two-thinU Calriniata. Frauenfeld ii the
Tkitringia, the former name of a province of
O^rmanv, in Saxony ; bonnded on Ihe E. by
MeitMn, B. by FranconiaW. by Heaaeand Eich-
feld, and N. by tbe dachy of Bmoawick and tbe
principality of Anhalt. lit* 73 m. in length, and
Dearly aa mnch in breadth, abounding jn corn,
fruiti, and wood.
TIano, a town of Scotland, in Caithneu-ahire,
at the mouth of tbe river Tfaurao, on tlie S. W,
■itie of a apacioua bay. Il hai a conaiderable
trade in corn and fiah, and manufacturea of wool-
en and lineu cloth, as m. ». W. of Wick and
56 m. N. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 3. Ig. W.,
• ■ "i. 30. N.
IT, a town of Hindooetan, in tbe Carnatic,
. _ i'.S. W.ofPondicberryand 75S.DfArcot.
Tiano. a town of Naplea, in Terra di Lavoro,
with a famoui nunnery and a mineral ipring, 15
m. N. W. of Capua.
TUitr, a river of llalv, which riaea in the Ap-
eoninei, flow* through the Pope 'a Oominiona by
Borgo, St. Sepulchro, CitU di Caatella, Orto,
and Rime, 10 m. below which it enter* the
Mrdiierranean Saa, between Uatia and Porio.
Ti^urvit, a cape at the moat weatem extremi-
ty of the iiland of Si. Domingo, with a town
and fort, on an open road, oppoaile Port Antonio
in Jamaica. Lanff.74. 33. W., lal. 18. 25. N.
Tiamfderoga, a fort of the itate of New Tork,
built by thcTiench in 1756, on the narrow paa-
aage between the lakei Georgn and Champlain.
It waa taken in 1769 by general Ambent, and in
Eaaei Co. 93 m. N. Albany, ■
treaj. Pop. 1,996.
Tidne, a canton of Switntlaad, to tb I> i
the canton of Griaont, and almost eiKoiM ki
Italy. It ia rich in pMtnrc* and cattle, ud bin
area of J,I3C aquaiv miles, with M^WO itR.
lanta. Bellioianai* th* ca[Htal.
Ttemo, or Taai, a river which hu it) hob
in Switxerland, on lh« 8. aide of St. GMhri
flow* through the canton of Tieino tad tbi Ui
Maggiore ; than paaaea to Ptvia, in Ibe Milun
■nd^a little afler joina the Po.
TidAm, a town in W. TorUuR, Eu iv
m.N. by W. of London. ^
TidaictU, a town in Derbyshire, En*. « iW
B. confinea of the Peak. Hera ii tnlLdKiri
wonden ofthe Peak, which lAniw
I two o
IWar, 1
JOraTW.E
1777 by general Burgoyne, but evacuated aoon
after the anrrender at Saratoga. It had all the
advantage* that art or nature could give it : but
i* now a heap of ruin*, and fomu an appendage
hour, the water* guihing from aeveni otiuiii
ones, for the apace of hVB minole* : Iht iti ■
three feet deep and broad, and the «alci nn u
&ll*twofeet. SSm. N. W.ofDnbTuilSt'!
N, W. of London.
Molucca*. It ia 2U m. in circnndeKM(,iiid)n
ducea clovea and flai. The woodt ud tbe nb
that aurround it render it a plaee of itSna. i
il governed bj aaullan, who poaniMi iIn lb !
part of Gilalo,andclainia tiibat* froaHnl U
m. S. ofTemale. Loog. 126. 40. E.,hL LU)
Tinriim, a eilv of China, in P*4ck(Ji, iki
hat a great trade m aalt. It itaealedoa iSit'
ho, at tbe infloi of the En-bo, 90 b. ban
mouth, and 90 9. E. of Pekin.
Tifi», p.v. Beneea Co. Ohia 100 m. S. Ct
Inmbua; a townahip of Adam.< Co. OUo.
n^t, a province m tbe N. E ptrlof AbfaK
SOO m. long and 120 broad, throogb sliicli fm
all Ihe merchandiae of the kii^doai dMiiri a
cton the Red Sea for Arabia. Adon a ii
TigriM, a river of Alia, which hu lU Hon >
the mounUin of Tchllder, iu Diarbek. It Im
by DIarbekir.Geiira. Mosul, and Tecnt,iDiU
courie it aeparatea Diarbekfrom CnnUitu: ua
enter* Irac Arab!, whete it paaae* by Bifdidu'
Corna, and aoon after Joint the Enpbnls;£i
Tilhiry, £iut, a village in E<«ii,Eo|.i>(ui>
month of the Thamea, E. of Tilboir F«l li
thi* pariah ia a field, called Cave rtld.lovba
ia a faoriiontal pauage to one of the ■paciwo'^
emein the neiglibouring pariah ofCbulvttl. I>i
Derbam meaaured thn* of tbe moatwmJ"^
of them, and found tbe depth of cnf Vi tr i'
another 70, and the third 80 feel. Tbfir cfip
TUturv Fart, a fortrea* in Baaei, Enr. n™-
on the Thamea, oppoiite Gwveienif. 1( '■"
double moal, (he innermoet of wbicb li \S'r*
broadt and iiichieralrengthonlheluidiid"^
■lata in iti being able to lay tbe wbolt hrrl iW'
water. On the aide next [he river ia • "■*
cnrlain, witha platform before ili on both oF*'"!
and the batlione, are planted a gieilnM^'''
gnn*. Itii28m. E. by S. ofLoadoe.
TiUieri.t lownof Prance, departiKDtoitin
6ro. M-E. of Verneuil,
TiUU, a town of Pruaaian Litbwniii, mil '
cattle and a conaiderable trade in coni,liw«
butter, cheeae, and other proviuoua. It 'n^'
waa taken by the French ; toon after ■)»>■ '^
treatiea of peace wei« made, bctweea Fnnn"
Pnuiii, and Fmtce uid RoniB, th« three u
h ii
a the
n^wSidl
() m. N. E. of KoninbcTsud 96 B. S.
W. of HitUu. Long. 22. B. £., Ul 5&. B. N.
nataiM, 1 towD of Tern Firmi
capital of a tcrritorj of the aame
abound! in f^uit* and pailiire*. It
river 130 m. E. 8. E. of PopavaD. Loiiff.74. 55.
W., lat. 1. 35. N.
T^mtrycatta, ■ towa and fortim of Hindooatan,
in the Carnatie, chief place in the diatrict of Pal-
naud. T3m.S. E..orMydrahadand83W.by8.
ofCandapilly. Lonff. 79. QC. E., lat. IG. aO. N.
Timan, or Timomii, an ialand on the £. eoaal of
the peniiuula of Malaya, 30 m. in circumference.
Ilia mounlainoiu and woody, and piodnce* plen-
ty of cocoa-nuta and rice. Lona. 104. 25. E,, lat.
i. 0. H.
' T%auiT, an island in the Indian Ocean, to the
W. of the N. W. point of New Holland. Ilia
200 m, long and GO broad, and aboundi inaandal-
wood, wai, and honey. The Dalch hare a fart
here, &am which they expelled the Portufurae in
1513. It i> (iluale at Cupan, the principal town,
in the S. W. point of the iiland. Long. 124. D. £.,
Ut. 10. S3. 9.
Timorlmut, an ialand in tha Indian Ocean, be-
tween Timor and Kew Guinea It ia GO m. in
circumfereDoe, and the fl. point ia in long. 131.
54. E., lai. 8. 15. S.
TtiuteUu, a town of Hiudooalan, capital of a
diatrict of ila name, at the S. eiliemity of the
Carnalic. It ia aealed on a river which flowi in-
to the gulf of Manaia. tiSm.S. B. W.afMobar*.
Long. 71. 46, E., Ut. S. 49. N.
TWicAeoB, a city of China, of the fint rank,
in Fo kien, OeO m. S. of Fskin. Long. 116. 30. E.,
lat ST., 48. N.
Tiniam, an ialand in the N. PaciBe, one oflh*
Ladronti, 12 m. long and 6 broad. Tha aoil ia
dry, and aomewhat aandy, hut prodacei abundance
orcocoanuta, paupaua, guavai, limea, aonr oian-
gfi, and bread-fruit ; alao much cotton and indigo.
There are no atreama ; and the water of a well
aupposed to b« the lame at which oonunodora
Anton filled hii caika in 1742, wa« found by com-
modore Byron, in 17GS, to be brackiah and full
of worma. Both theae officer! apeak of the fiah
caught here aa unwholesome. Moachetoea and
other kinda of fliei are nomeroua ; and there are
likewise many venomnDi insecla, centipedea,Mul
acorpiona. The road la dangerona, fur the bot-
tom conaiati of hard sand and large coral rocka.
Liraj[. 146.0. £.,lat. 15. O.N.
iTnieiim, p.t. Bucka Co. Pa. and a town^ip in
Delaware Co. Pa. both on the Delaware.
TmmmUh, p t. Rutland Co. Vl. 2G m. N. Ben-
mnjrloa. Pop. 1,049.
7liia,the ancient Tence, an ialand of thoGre-
eiaa Archipelago, to the S. of Androa, from
which it ia separated by a cliannel of a mile in
width. It ia 15 m. long and 8 broad, and pradn-
cea 16,000 pounds of aHk every year. The for-
trraa itands on a rock ; and here la a biahop'a see
of tlM Latin churah, though the Qneka have 200
papaa or prieata. The capital ia SL Nicholo.
Long. 35. to. E.,Ut. 37.40. N.
TiiiUgtl,t village in Cornwall, Enff. noted for
the splendid remains of ■ caallc, on a bold pram-
ontorjr in the Bristol Channel, laid to have been
the birth-place of king Arthur, and the seat of
the ancient dnkea of Cornwall. 1 mile W. of
noted for the venerable remains of an abbey, wfajch
ia a beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. It
ii seated on ths river Wye, 5 m, N. by E. of
Chepstow.
TWo, a river of Spain, which riaea in the prov-
incB of Seville, and has tla nsine from the waler
being tinged of a yellow colour. Near its springs
it has a petrifyiuE quality, no fiih will live in it
nor any pluila grow on ita banks ; theae proper-
tiea continue till other lirulela enter and alter iU
nature ; for when il paaaea by Niebla it is not
different from other river*, and IS m. below it
eaters the bay of Cadiz, at Hoelva.
Tlnzada, a town of Bubary, in the eounly of
Darah, on the river Draa. Ung. 6. 13. W., Iat.27.
30. N.
Ticgtt, or CAcnuMf , a river of Nsw Tork and
Pennsylvania, forming the N. W. branch of the
Susquehanna.
Tlagn, ■ county of N. T. Pop. 27,704. Elmira
la the capital. A county of the W. Dis. of Penn-
■ylvania. Pop. 9,063. Wellsborough ia the capiul i
p.l. Tioga Co. N. r. Pop. 1,413 ; p.l. Tioga Co.
TWn, an iiland on the W. coast of Sweden, X
m. in circumference, and abounding in eicellent
paaturea. Lon^ 11. 29. E.,Ut. 58. {T N.
Tiptra, or Tl^s. a district of Bengal, on the
botdcn orBirmah. The chief town is Comiliah,
which is the residence of the rajah, and the seat
of the Brillah civil eatabtiihment.
Tlppttanae, a branch of the river Wabaah from
the north, famoua for a battle with the Indiana
fought upon ill banka in November IBll. A cel-
ebrated Indian chief called the Shawaneae Proph-
UnMra, a villap in Mooinoatbtliire^ Eng.
et had ancoeeded in atirring up ths aavagea against
the Americans, and oollealed a body of 600 war-
rion who were supplied with arms by the Driliah
and committed Treat dataatationa upon the fron-
tier*. Geneial Harrison waa diapatched against
them, and a severe battle waa fought here in
savages were totally defeated.
Tifipicttiioe, a coantv of Indiana. Pop. 7,167.
Lafayette ia the capital.
T^^ierary, a county of Ireland in the province
of Munster. It is divided inlo 147 parishes, oon-
laina about 346,000 inhabitants and aends four
memben to parliament. The 8. pari ia fertile ;
but the N. is rather barren, and terminates iti a
range of twelve mountains, the highest in Ire-
land, called Phelem-dhe-Madina. Ths rivor
Suire ruoa through it from N. to S. Clonmell is
the capital.
TTnerory, atown of Ireland, in the county of
the same name, 9 m. W. S. W. ef Caahel and 30
N.W. of Clonmell.
Tana, a Lawn of Aualrian Italy, capital of a
district of in tha Valteline. Il contains aeveni
TIV 7M TOB
handsome bniMin^, bat from the n&rrownese of Nam^aneet Bay 14 m. ftom Htwporl Fm.
the streets, and many roinons houses, its general 2,905.
appearance is desolate. Its staple commerce con- Tivolif a town of the papal states, in Ciopini
sists in the exportation of wine and silk. Near di Roma, and a bishop's see. llioiif h bov pw
the town is the magnificent chnrch of the Mo- it boasts of jneater antiquity tbta Rome, Wkf
dona, much visited by catholic pilgrims. The the ancient Tibor, which was founded by t Gs-
massacre of the Protestants of the y alteline, in oian colony. It was the fiiTOurite eoontiT mi-
1620, began in this town. It is seated on the denoe of the ancient Romans, as Frantti is af the
Adda, 15 m. E. of Londris. Long. 9. 58. B., lat. modems. The cathedral is built on tlie niai af
46. 20. N. a temple of Hercules. In the msrket jihee n
Jlptonf a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 5,317. two images of oriental granite, repreientifig the
CoTinffton is the capital. Egyptian deity Isis. The adjacent eoontry j'v^
"HrSi, a town of Asia Minor, in Natolia, situate excellent oil. Near Tivoll are the raiaioftlie
on the Meinder, 32 m. S. S. E. of Smyrna. magnificent villa built by emperor AdritD,aa!
TYrey, an island of Scotland, one of the Hebri- ebrated cascade, a temple of Vesta, nd uothh
des, lymg to the W. of Mull. It is 16 m. 4ong and of the Sybil Albnnea, a famous villa Eite]w,as4
3 broad. The surface in general is even, and it the remarkable lake of the Sol&tsn. Trroli it
is noted for its marble quarry and a handsome seated on an eminence, on the met Itntw.
breed of little horses. 16 m. fi. N. E. of Rome.
TireUrnumtf a town of the Netherlands, in S. Tizzano, a town of Italy ,in the dochjofPini,
Brabant, formerly one of the most considerable 13 m. S. of Parma.
cities in that ducuy, but ruined by the wars, and Tlascaiay^, province of Mexico bounded oa the 5.
b^ a great fire in 1701. Near this place the Aus- by Panuco £. by the gulf of Mexico S.byGoana
trians were defeated in 1792 by the French, who and the Pacific Oceanj and W. by Mt lieo Pre^
the year following were routed by the former. It On the W. side there is a chain of mountiiosii?
is seated on the river Gteete, 10 m. E. S. E. of the space of 55 m., well cultivated; udoDthe
Louvain. N. is a great ridge of mountains, the aeighboQ!
TimaUy a town of Hungary, in the country of hood of which exposes it to violent teopestiiB^
Neitra, seated on the Tirna, 26 m. N. E. of rres- frequent inundation. Yet this is allowed to be tii*
bun;. most populous county in all America; iodic
Ttrsehtnreidf a town of Bavaria, seated on a produoes so much maize, that hence it bad thr
lake, 10 m. S. of Egra. name of Tlascala, the Land of Bread. Poefah^
7Vf6ttry, a township of Dukes Co. Mass. on los Angelos is the capital.
Martha's Vineyard. Pop. 1 ,31 8. TloM^i, a town or Mexico, formerly the ci]k]l
Titan, or Caharos, an island of France, the larg- of the province of the same name; seated «i
est and most eastern of the Hieres, i# the Mediler- river, 15 m. N. by E. of Puebla de loa Angekn
raneau. TJbagOj the most southern of the iaiiiidi is ^
Titeri, the middle or southern province of the W. Indies, and the most eastern exee]>t Birb
kingdom of Algiers, in which is a lake of the does. It is 30 m. lonff and 10 broad : aad mi
same name, formed by the river Shellif, near its its N. E. extremity is Xtittle Tobago, an jthitd 'i
source Towards the N. the country is mountain- m. long and 1 broad. The climate is not m tsc
ous and narrow, and to the S. it extends far into as might be expected from its situation w vee
the desert. It contains some of the highest moun- the equator ; nor is it visited by such dmMi
tains in the kingdom, part of which are inhabited hurricanes as frequently desolate toe otheruiiadi
by the Cabyls, an independent tribe, who have It is diversified with hills and vales, and if e^
never been subdued by the Algerines. The prin- in richness of produce to any island in theit tm
cipal town of this province is Belida. In 1748 it was declared a neutral island, int i:
TUieaeaf a lake of S. America,between Peru and 1763 was ceded to the Eng^lish. It was taken bf
Bolivar. It is of an oval figure, with an inclination the FVench in 1781, and confirmed to them ia
from N. W. to S. E., and 240 ro. in circumference. 1783; but it was taken by the English in 17S3,
Many streams enter into it, but its waters are so and restored in 1803. It was again taken \rj tht
muddy and nauseous as to be unfit for drinking. English in 1803, and confirmed to them bj the
One of the most splendid temples in the empire treaty of Paris in 1814. The princijial place ii
was erected on an island in this lake, by the Scarborough.
Incas. Tobenmary^ a town of Scotland, in the tskail d
TUUsberg^f one of the highest mountains in Mull, with a good harbour, and a custom-boss.
Switzerland, in the canton of Uri, 11 m. S. S. W. seated on a fine bay, near the N. W. end «f the
of Altorff. sound of Mull. Long. 5. 58. W., lat 56. 46. M.
TttschdHf A*eto, a well built town of the Austrian Tobolsk, a government of the Rosnan eopiie.
states, in Moravia, defended by walls, 28 m. £. which comprehends the greatest part of Westero
by N. of Prerau. Siberia. It is divided into the two pcoriBoei d
TUtmaning, a town of Bavaria, in the duchy of Tobolsk and Tomsk.
Salzburg, seated on the Salza, 30 m. N. N. W. of Tobolsk, a considerable and popaloas eitj d
Salzburg. Russia, formerly capital of Siberia, and at ueisit
TUul, a town of Hungary, seated on the Theis- of the government of Tobolsk. It is divided inti
se, 23 m. E. S. E. of Peterwardein and 24 N. N. the Upper and Lower Town : the fermer is prop-
W. of Belgrade. erly the city, and stands very high, with a fort
Tiumen, a town of Siberia, in the province of built with stone, in which are the goTerowi
Tobolsk, on the river Tura at the influx of the court, the governor's house, the arcbbisbof i
Pischma, 170 m. S. W. of Tobolsk. palace, the exchange, and two of the pnacipil
Tiverton, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. noted churches, all built of stone, but the bousM a
for its woolen manufactures, particularly kerseys, general are of wood,%od are very losr. Tb« Ttf-
161 m. W. by S. of London. tars that live round this town, for sereral m. «
Tiverton, a township of Newport Co. R. I. on all Mahometans, and their mufti is an Atahu
TOL im TUM
In genenl th»y h%hM,r% very quletlj^and eiryon flanked with 100 toiren. There ere a great
■ome oommerce, but practice no meehanie traidee. nnmber of tuperb atructores, betides 17 public
There are also a great number of Calmno Tartan, squares, where the markets are kept It is an
who serve as slaves. All the Chinese caravans archbishop's see ; and the cathedral is the richest
pass through this town, and all the furs furnished in Spain : the Segrario, or principal cluipel, con-
by Siberia are brought here, and hence forwarded tains 15 large cabinets led mto tne wall, full of
to Moscow. The Russians commonly send their gold and suver vessels, and other works. Here
stale prisoners to this city. It is seated at the are numerous religious houses and churches, with
confluence of the rivers Tobol and Irtisch, 11,00 some hospitsls ; and formerly it had a university,
m. £. by N. of Moscow and 1,200 E. bv S. of which was suppressed in 1807. The inhabitants,
Petersburgh. Long. 68. 35. E., lat. 58. 12. N. once esUmated at 200,000, are now reduced to
Toby, a township of Armstrong Co. Pa. on AI- 25,000. Without the town are the remains of an
leghany river. amphitheatre and other antiquities. It has a roy-
jbeamimf the largest river of Brazil, which al castle, and several manu&ctures of arms, silk,
rises in lat. 18. S., and flows N. E. at the foot of and wool. Toledo was occupied by the French
a ridge of mountains for above 700 m. then enters in 1808. 37 m. S. of Madrid. Long. 3. 20. W.
a more open country, and pursues its course 400 lat. 39. 50. N.
m. further to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters ToUn^ a fortifled town of the Netherlands, in
by a large estuary, below the city of Para. The Zealand, in an island of the same name, separated
estuary of this nver has a communication with by a narrow channel (rem Brabant. On the Bra-
that of the Amason to the W. ; and the space bant side it has a fert called Schlyekenburg, 5 m.
included by them and the ocean is an island, 150 N. W. of Bergen-op-Zoom. Long. 4. 20. £., lat.
m. in diameter, called Maraso or Joanes. 51. 30.^. n
Toealf a city of Asia Minor, in Sivas. The Tb^sntine, a town of the ecclesiastical states, in
houses are handsomely built, and the^ streets Ancona, where the relics of St. Nicholas are kept,
paved, which is an uncommon thins in these A treaty of peace was concluded here between
parts ; but the town makes a very odd appear- Bonanarte and the papal court in 1797. It is
ance, being built on uneven ground. There are seated on the Chiento, 6 m. S. E. of St. Severino.
two rugged perpendicular rocks of marble, with ToUthur^, a sea-port of Russia, in the govem-
an old castle upon each ; and so many streams, ment of Riga, seated on the gulf of Finland, 60
that each house has a fountain. The inhabitants m. W. of Narva. Long. 26. 4. E., lat. 59. 38. N.
are computed at 60,000. The chief trade is in 7e{/a, a town ofltaly, in the states of the church,
copper veisels, but much yellow leather and silk In the environs are warm baths, mines of alum
is manufactured. It is seated in a district which and iron, and quarries of ijabaster and lapis lasnli
abounds in fruit and excellent wine. 45 m. W. 6 m. N. E. of Civita Vecchia.
N. W. of Sivas and 150 N. of Marash. Long. TaUan^, a county of Connecticut. Pop. 18,700.
36. 35. E., lat. 39. 10. N. ToUand, p.t. the capital of the above Co. 17 m.
Thcama, a town of Colombia, in a country N. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,698.
abounding in fruit and sucar-canes. Here are Tolland, p.i. Hampden Co. Mass. 125 m. S. W.
hot baths between two cold springs; and near Boston. Pop. 724.
the town is a volcano. It b seated on the Pati. TUnuzo, a town of Austrian Italy, in Frinli,
near its entrance into the Madalena. 34 m. W. or with a castle. Near it is an extensive linen man
St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 74. 58. W., lat. 4. 5. N. ufaeture. It stands on the Tagliamento, 16 m.
2^dkoa, or 7\ie«Ni Falb, a cascade on a small N. W. of Udina.
stream in Franklin Co. Geo. running into the Tolmino, a town of the Austrian states, in Car-
Jugaloo. The descent is 187 feet, and the water niola, 12 m. N. of Gorits.
is dashed into a fine rain before it reaches the To^jm, a town of Hungary, formerly the capi-
bottom. tal of a county of the same name, producing ez-
Tbenir, a kingdom of Negroland, lying to the cellent wine. It is seated on the Danube, 6 m.
E. of Tombuctoo, on both sides the Niger. The S. of Buda. Long, 19. 15. E., lat. 46. 30. N.
capital is of the same name, seated on the S. side Tolnani, a town of Hindoostan, in the counter
of the Niger, 320 m. S. of Tombuctoo. Long. 6. of Baglana, 70 m. W. of Burhampour and 124 E
18. W.. lat. 16. 38. N. of Surat. Long. 75. 3. E., lat 21. 15. N.
Todd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 8,801. TWometo, a sea-port of Barb^, in Barca, an-
Elkton is the capital. ciently called Ptolemais. It is seated on the
I\hU, a town of the papal states, in the duchy Mediterranean, 100 m. W. of Dema. Long. 20.
ofSpoleto, seatad on a hill, near the Tiber, 22 m. 30. £., lat. 32. 44. N.
S. ofSpoleto. Tolooa^ a town of Spain, in Biscay, capital of
Toissey, a town of France, department of Ain, the district of Quipuscoa ; celebrated for its steel
with a college ; seated near the conflux of the manufoctures, particularly of sword-blades. It
Saone and Cnalarone, 15 m. N. of Trevoux. was taken by the French in 1794, and again in
Tokay, a town of Hungary, with a castle. It 1808. It is seated in a valley, between the Arazie
is celebrated for its wine, which is preferred to all and Oria, 36 m. E. of Bilboa. Long. 2, 6. W
others in Hungary ; and near it are large salt- Ut 43. 12. N.
works. It stands at the conflux of the Bodrog To^, a sea-port of Terra Firma, in Carthagena ;
with the Theisse, 105 m. £. N. E. of Buda. famous for its balsam, produced from a tree like
Long. 21. 15. E., lat. 48. 8. N. a pine. It is seated on a bay, 70 m. 8. of Cartha-
Tolaga Bay, a bay on the N. £. coast of the gena. Long. 75. 16. W., laf . 9. 30 N.
northern island of New Zealand. Long. 178. 34. Tom, Momni, an eminence of Massachusetts, on
£., Ut. 38. 21. S. the W. bank of the Connecticut, near Northamp-
ToUdo, a city of Spain, in New Castile, of whic^ ton. It is about 1 ,200 feet above the level of the
it was formerly the camtal. It is seated on a river.
conical hiU on the river Tagus, which nearly sur- Teinar, a town of Portugal, in Estmnadura, on
rounds it, and on the land side is an ancient wsil, the river Naboan, at the foot of the monotaiiiii
9p2
rm TOM
whero there is a oietle belonffinj^ to the kmrhts gold ornaments abont their neekt, anA imteid of
of Christ. 40 m. S. by E. or Ccunbra and dS N. wearing ear-rings, as in the enyirons of the Sen
£ of Lisbon. egal, thev have utile plates in the form of a nebk
TomlnutoOf a ciUr of Central AiHea, and the lace. The interior of the dwelliai^ in Tombne-
^reat emporium or the interior trade of that con- too, as well as the dress of the inhabitants, is ei*
tinent. It is situated in an immense plain of ceedtngly neat. Their domestic articles couut
white sand, haying no yegetation bat stanted of calabashes and wooden platterB: knim ind
trees and sluiibs, such as the mimosa ferruginea, forks are unknown hefe, ana the natives imagine
which grows no higher than three or four feet, that like them, all people in the world est with
The ei^ is not closed by any barrier, and may be their fingers. Their fhmiture consists merely of
entered on any side. It forms a sort of triangle, mats for sitting on ; and their beds axe made by
about three miles in circuit. The houses are fixing four stakes in the ground at one end of the
laYge but not hiffh^ consisting entirely of a ground room, and stretching over them some mats or a
floor ; they are mult of bricks of a ronnd form, cow hide. The rich have cotton mattnsoes ud
rolled in the hands and baked in the sun. The coverlets, which the neighbouring Moon muia-
streets are clean and sufficiently wide for three fiusture firam camera hur and sheep's wool. The
horsemen to pass abreast. Both within and with- people are well fed. Their meals, of which they
out the town there are many straw huts, which take two in a day, consist of rice, and cooshmh
serve as dwellings for the poor and for the slaves made of small millet, dressed with meat or dried
who sell merchandise for their masters. The ci- fish. Those negroes who are in essy eircnnstu-
ty contains seven mosques, two of which are ces breakfast on wheaten bread, tea, and battn
large. The number of inhabitants is stated not made from cows* milk : those of inferior circosi-
to exceed 12,000, who are all engaged in trade ; stances use vegetable butter. Generallv tpetk-
but the population is sometimes augmented by ing, Uie negroes are not so well iodgea as the
the Arabsj who arrive with the caravans and re- Moors ; the latter have great influence over them,
nsain a while in the city. In the plain several and ind^d consider themselves ikr their nineri*
speoies of j^frass and thistle afibrd food for the ors. Cloth and other European merchandise,
camels. Fire«wood is very scarce, being all and salt, are brought to Tombactoo by eariTaiii
brought from the neighbourhood of Cabra, and from Barbery ; these are ^xehan^ for ivory;
oamel dung forms the only fuel of the poorer slaves, senna, gold-dust, dates, ostriches' ftalhen,
classes. The soil being totally unfit for cultiva^ dko., brought from the interior and more mari-
tion, the inhabitants are obliged to procure fVom time parts of Afirica. This city is snbiect to a
Jenne everything requisite for the supply of well-regulated police, and many of the inAabittBti
their wants, such as millet, rice, vegetable outter, are very rich. Cabra its port, 3 m. N., is a oar*
honey, cotton, doudan cloth, preserved provisions, row town of mud hots, containiii|[ aboot 1^
candles, soap, allspice, onions, dried fish, pietachi- inhabitants, who are all employed either in land-
os, dco. ; and to prevent immediate famine, in case ing the merchandise brougnt from Jenne, or is
the vessels from Cabra should chance to be stop- conveying it to Tombuctoo ; it has a niall
eed by the Tooariks, the inhabitanta take care to mosque with a minaret, but is a £rty and miier-
avo their warehouses amply stored with every able-looking pUuse. Long, 3. 40. W. lat 17. 50.
kind of provision. 'Water is also scarce, an(( is N. Such is the diecriptioo of the celebrated eito
sold in the market place^ where a measure con- of Tombuctoo, accoraing to the relation of n.
taining about half a pint is procured for a cowrie. ' Caillie a Frenchman, who visited this city in 1827,
To the W. 8. W. of the town there are large ex- and is the only European who ever returned from
cavmtions, from 30 to 40 feet deep, for preserving it. The veracity of his relation however, ia
the rain-water. These reservoirs have no cover- doubted by many.
ing ; and the water, being consequently exposed Tomhigiee, river, a branch of the Alabana,
to the sun and the hot wind, though tolerably rising in the northern part of Mississippi and
dear, has a disagreeable taste, and is very hot, flowing 6. Easterly till it unites with the Black
Near the reservoirs are some small plantations of Warrior in Alabama. It is navigable by sdiooa-
tobacooj the only plant which is here cultivated, era to St. Stephen's,
and whioh grows no higher than five or six in- Tamhmmaek, p.y. Renseelaer Co. N. Y.
ches, and that only by dint of watering. All the Tompkins, acounty of New York, Pop. ^BjU^
native inhabitants of Tombuctoo are sealons Ma- Ithaca is the capital ; p.t. Delaware O). N. Y
oometans. Their dress is similar to that of the Pop. 1,774.
Moors. They are represented as gentle and com- Thmplemntie, p.v. Monroe Co. Ken.
plaisant to strangers, industrious in their habita, Thmna, a province of Buenos Ayies, » m.
and not wuiting in intelligence. The men are long and 210 in circuit. The surfaoe is moon-
ot tne ordinary size, generally well made, up- tainous, but the valleys are fertile,
n^ht, and walk with a .^ceful step. Their col- Tbmini, a town on the E. coast of the islaad of
or IS a fin<rdeim black. Their noses are a little Celebes, on a bay to which it gives name. Lob|.
^^,1T'^!!^ ^r^ ^^ **^ t^« Mandingocs, and 119. 0. E., lat. 0. 46. 8.
-^1!S!™ Jh«y have thm lipe end large eyes. The Tbm^Jfc, a town of Asiatic Riwia, capital of a
!^^!!?-!m!5 ,.? ^1?™**^*° ®°c"P»^o««- Th«y province of its name, in Ae government of To.
we not veiled, like those, of Morocco, and are al- bolsk. On the highest part stands a wooden
twr^iiS. 1 ^ ^u ^ "^^H^ ^^^y P^«we- Those of castle, defended by 14 pieces of cannon ; and in
irW^!^ u Mr. *'''*y* « «^»* number of it are a cathedral built of wood, die chancery,
TJW^fk °**?T necks and in their ears, and an arsenal. The inhaWtattto oany on a gre^
i«5 tS pJ!?T" ?^ ^^^^ ^^^y '^W' nose-rings ; trade, this town lying on the great road thwogh
^^J^^T'^'' ".''^* "^'^ *^n^««** to procure all the E. and N, parts of Siblria. fleie aie aU
wTa^'-nSC K "**', * P***1 ^^ ^^ «**^ f«' 't ; they kinds of artifieers wd tradeemen, bet they «•
Bta^l th? lir^*'?^' f?l '"*^'^ "n|r» of plated extremely Indolent and ^thAil. It ooilainf
trT Tfcl ri^Ii"^ T^'""^ **'* "■'«'« '" **>« ^^o^n- »hove 2,000 houses, with UfiK inhabljBto,
y- 1 He female slaves of rich masters have and Is seated on the rivet Tbm, 600 m, B. by
TON nr TOR
8. of tV^lflk. Lonf. 84. 19. E., lat. 57. 4. Toimerrtj a town in the depixtnMfMt of YoBli»«
N. ikmoui for its good wines. It ie seated on the
Tondem, a weU-built town of Denmark, capital Armancon, 27 m. S. of Troyet and 103 B. of Parie.
of m distriet of its name, in the duchy of Sleswick, Tonnetoanto^ small riTer of New York flowing
-with a considerable trade in com, cattle, silk, and into Niagara nver opposite Grand Isle,
fine lace. It is seated on the river Widaw, and Tonm'ii^M, a sea-port of Denmark, in the duchy
on a bay of the German Ocean^ 28 m. S. by E. of of Sleswick. The harbour is eommodions and
Ripen and 40 N. W. of Sleswick. Long. 9. 40. defended by three batteries. It is seated on a
£., )at. 64. 58. N. peninsnla formed by the river Eyder, 25 m. W.
Tangatahoo, one of the Friendly Islands, 20 S. W. of Sleswick and 70 N. N. W. of Ham-
leagaes in circuit. It was discovered by Tasman. ^Ig- t«ong. 9. 10. E., lat. 51. 38. N.
who called it New Amsterdam, and was visited lOfi^n, a country of Asia, bounded on the N
in 1773 and 1777 by Cook, who lay at anchor on by China, E. by Chma and the ffolf of Tonqain
the W. part It has the best harbour, or anchor- S. by Cochin-China, and W. by Laos. It is 1903
ing-place, to be fonnd among these islands. The miles in length and 500 in breadth, and oK.e of
land is low, with maujr gentle risings, and very the finest countries of the £. for pcoulatioDi
fertile, being wholly laid out in plantations, witn riches, and trade. It contains about lo.000,000
roads or lanes for travelling. It is the seat of of inhabitants. The commodities are golo, mask,
Sovemment for all the other islands, and the or- silks, calicoes, drugs of many sorts, woods for
inary residence of all the principal chiefs. Long, dyeing, lackered and earthen wares, salt, aniseed,
174. 46. W., lat. 21. 9. S. and worm-ieed. T^e lackerad wave is not info-
Tdn^troHf or TongreSj a town of the Nether- rior to that of Japan, which is accounted the best
lands, in the territory of Liege, formerly one of in the world. The natives in general are of a
the most flourishing cities in the Roman province middHn|^ stature, and clean limbed, with a tawny
of Gallia fielffica. It is seated on the Jeckar, 13 complexion ; their faces oval and flattiah ; and
ra. N. W. of Liege. their hair black, lon^, and coarse, hanging down
ToHf'ginf ^ city of China, of the fitat* rank, in their shoulders. The^ dye their teeth black.
Koei-tcheou. 850 m. S. 8. W. of Pekin.' Long. They are dexterous, active, and ingenious in me*
108. 37. E., (at. 27. 40. N. cfaanic arts. Their garments are made either of
T&nghOf a city of Birmah, capital of a province silk or cotton; but the poor people and eoldiem
of the same name, noted for producing the best wear only cotton of a dark tawny eolonr. Their
betel-nut. It has a fort, deemed the stronffest in houses are small and low, and tlie walls either of
the Birman empire, and ii seated near t£e Se- mud, or hurdles daubed over with clay. They
tan^, 90 m. N. of Pegu. Long. 96. 45. E., lat. have only a ground-floor, with two er three par-
18. 45. N. titions, and each room has a square hole to let in
Tong-tekangf a city of China, of the first rank, the light. They have stools, benches, and chairs ',
in Chang-toiur, seated near the N. end of the and on the side of a table in every house is a lit^
mnd canal, 210 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. 12. tie altar, on which are two incense pots. The
£., lat. 36. 30. N. country abounds with villages, which consist of
Tm^fdktfv, a small city of China, in Petche-li, 30 or 40 houses, surrounded by trees; and in
seated on the Pei-ho, 170 m. from its mouth and some places are banks to keep the water ftom
12 E. by S. of Pekin. overfiowing their ffardens, where they have
T^^g-tdUtsn, a fortified city of China, of the oranffes,betels,pumpkins, melons, and salad herbs,
first rank, in the province of Se-tchuen. The in the rainy season they cannot pass from one
iuhabitante- are dl soldiers, who have followed house to another without wading through the
the profeasion of arms from father to son. 1,000 m. water, but sometimes they have boate. Tm Ton-
S.w. of Pekin. Long. 102. 30. £., lat 23.56. N. quinese in general are courteous to stran^rs;
Tan^usuaUf or Tan^ustSf a people who inhab- out the great men are haughty and ambitious,
it the E. part of Siberia, and are subject to the the soldiers insolent, and the poor thievish. They
Rutsians. They are all pagans, and subsist buy all their wives, of which the great men have
chiefly by graxinff and hunting of sables. They several. The men are so addicted to g^aming,
live in huto, which they take down and remove that, when every thing else is lost, thev wul
with them from place to place. These hats are stake their wives and children ; and in hard times
composed of wooden poles, covered all over with they will sell them to buy rice for themselves,
hair and rubbish, except a hole left at the top to When a man dies, he is buried in his own ground,
let out the smoke. Their fire is made in the mid- and, if he was a master of a family, they make a
die, and they all sit round it upon turfs. Both great feast. The first new moon that happens
sexes are verv strong, and broad faced, and they after the middle of January is a great fostivel,
all ride on norsebaok, not excepting the girls, when they rejoice for 10 days together ; and tfaey
Both men and woman dress alike in a sort of have another great feast in Mayor Jane, when
frock, with boote of skins on their legs, and their their first harvest is got in. Their religion is
common drink is water. paganism, but they own a Supreme Beinff . Their
Totma, a town of (Germany, in Saxe-Gotha, principal idols have human shapes ; but they
6 m. N. of Gtotha. have likewise some resembling elephanto and
Tmnay BauUmne, a town of France, depart- horses, placed in small low temples built of tim-
ment of Lower Charente, on the river Boutonne^ her. The language is very guttural, and some of
17 m. N. of Saintes. the words are pronounced uirongh the teeth : it
Tonnay CAorsnts, a town in the department of has a great resemblance to the Chinese. Ton-
Lower Cfharente, with a castle ; seated on the quin became an independent kingdom in 1368,
Charente, 3 m. £. of Rochefort and 15 N. W. of but it has been entirely subdued bt Oeohin-CfiiBa,
Saintes. so that, with Camboma, and all the ooontries be-
Ibimetiu, a town in the department of Lot-et- tween Siam and China, it is now nnHed aider
Oironne seated on the Garonne, 7 m. C. of one empire. Cachao is the capital.
Marmande. TbtuUrg, a sea*^evtof Nortvay, in tl» prOfittot
TOR m TOR
of Atfgerhojt. It has lome commeroe in timber ; itrdb in 1604. It ii seated near tbe moofth «f the
andnear it is Walloe, the moet considerable salt- Ter, 19 m. £. by S. of Oitonna, and 60 N. £. ol
woiJi in the kingdom. 46 m. S. of Christiania. Barcelona.
Long. 10. 14. E., lat. 58. 50. N. Torgau, a strong town of Pnmsian Saxm,
mei
rains . , .. . _
good preservation; and near it is an immense the king of Prussia obtained a great Tictonro^c;
tank, or resevoirof water, between two rocky the Aostrians in 1760. The town wna takoibyty
hills. It is 10 m. N. of Seringapatam. allies in 1814. It is seated amonf groret aad
J\}oboanai, an island in the 8. Pacific Ocean, lakes on the river £lbe. 96 m. N. N. W. ai
discovered by Cook. It is not, in anjr direction, Meissen and 46. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 13.
above 6 m. over, but there are hills in it of a con- 3. E., lat. 51. 32. N*.
siderable elevation, covered with herbage, except Torigny, a town of France, depaiiineBt af
a few rocky cliffs, with patches of trees inter- Manche, with a castle, 7 m. S. £. of 8L Lo.
spersed to their sommita. It is plentifully stock- Tarma, a river of Spain, which riaea ia the
ed with hogs and fowls, and produces several mountains of Avilla, in Castile, pa sees by Aln,
kinds of Ormts and roots. See Society ldand$, Tormes, and Salamanca, and joina the Daera.
Long. 210. 23. W., Ut 23. 25. S. below Mirande de Duero. The battle of Saiet^
Topd, or Topl^9L town of Bohemia, in the circle naca, July 1812, was fought on its banks,
of Piben at the source of a rivulet of the same Tama^ a town of Hungary, capital of a diatnet
name, 25 m. N. W. of Pilsen. of the same, name, with a castle ; sealed on a
repetiii, a town of Mexico, in the province of eminence, on the river Sayo22 m. W. of Caswta.
Mechoacan, at the mouth of a river, near the Pa* Long. 80. 43. £., lat. 48. o9. N.
cific Ocean, 55 m. N. W. of Zacatula. Tonua. a river of Sweden, which liaes eo tfe
Toplitx, a town in Bohemia, in the circle of borders or Norwajr, forms a lake of tl«e aamensBe,
LeutmeriU, celebrated for its warm baths. Near and flows S. £. into the golf of Bothnia, bebr
this place the Austrians defeated the Prussians Tornea.
in 1762 ; and here the allied soveieigns had their Tornea, a sea-port of European Roaaia, m the
head-miarters a considerable time, in 1813 . It is government of Finland, with a £Ood faarboor. It
16 m. N. W. of Lentmeritz. is a place of some trade ; for ue l^aplanderB m
TenoUxanf a town of Hungary, 60 m. N. £. of those parts come and exchange their akins »mi
PresDurg. other articles for what they want. The hooa
repsAam, a sea-port ofDevonshire,£ng. 5 m.S. are low, and the cold so severe that aometiaa
E. or Exeter, and 170 S. W. of London. people lose their fingers and toes. In its viesi-
Top^field, p.t. Essex Co. Mass. 21 m. N. £. ty is an entire mountain of iron ore. It is sesv
Boston. Pop. 1,011. ed on the river Tornea, at the N. extrcmitv ec
Tmfsham, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,564 the gulf of Bothnia, 165 m. N. E. of Umea. Lo^.
p.t. Orange Co. Vt. Pop. 1,384. 24. 12. £., lat. 63. 51. N.
ToTf a sea-port of Arabia, with a good harbour, ^ Toro, a town of Spain, in Leon, r4i|»ifal of a<&f-
defended by a castle. Here is a Greek convent, trict of its name, and a bishop's see. It ia seated
in the garden of which are fountiuns of bitter on a hill, on the river Duero, over which iii
water, pretended to be those which Moees ren- bridge 20 m. £. N. £. of Zamora and 30 N. X. £
derod sweet by throwing in a piece of wood. It of Salamanca.
stands on the W. side of the peninsula formed 7or0R,a town of Macedonia, sitaate on a oeck
by the two arms of the Red Sea, 150 m. S. S. £. of land between the gulfii of Monte 3anto and €»-
<^ Suez. Long. 33. 40. E., lat. 28. 10. N. sandra, 90 m. S. £. <?Salonica. Long. S4. 10. L,
Torhay, a bay of the English Channel, on the lat. 39. 58. N.
coast of Devonshire, to the E. of Dartmouth. Torquay ,a village in Devonshire, Rag. near ^
formed by two canals, called Berry Head and N. side of Torbay.
Bob*s Nose. The S. point. Berry head, is in Torre de la$ Salinas, a town of Spain, in Vi-
Long. 3. 28. W., lat. 50. 24. N. lencia, with a great trade in salt, procored from a
Torbla, a town of the Sardinian states, in Pied- small lake formed by saline si>rinira. This is the
mont, 7 m. E. of Nice. most considerable salt-work in ul Spain. The
Toibolef a town of Austrian Italy, in the circle town is situate near the coast of the Mediterraneiii.
of Treut, 14 m. S. E. of Trent. 20 m. S. £. of Orihuela and 37 N. N. £. of Cartha-
ToreeUo, a town of Austrian Italy, in a small is* gena.^
land of the same name, in the gulf of Venice. It is a Torre del Greco, a town of Naples, in Terra ^I
bishop's sec, and has several churches and an Lavoro, destroyed by an eruption of Vesnvias is
eleffant nunnery. 7 m. N. of Venice. 1631, and by another in 1794. The pivaesi
Torda, or Torrenbur£, a town of Transylvania, town is built on the lava that covers the former
famous for its salt-works. The Hungarian Ian- habitations, and stands on tlie bay of Naples, 5 is.
guage is said to be spoken with the greatest puri- S. £. of that city.
ty in this town. 15 m.W. N. W. otClausenburg Torre de Moncorvo, a town of Portugal, in Tna
and 48 N. W. of Hermanstadt. os Montes, surrounded by a wall, and defended
TordeMiUaBf a fortified town of Spain, in LeoiK by a bastion, and a castle. It is 27 m. S. £. «1
with a palace, where queen Joan, mother of Mirandela and 42 S. S. W. of Braganza.
Charles V., ended her melancholy days. It is Torrpo, a town of Spain, in New Caatle, 15 n,
seated on the Duero, 15 m. S. W. of Vallado- S. of Madrid,
fid and 75 S. E. of Leon. Torres, a town of Spain, in Granada, seated on
Toree, a town of Bengal. 235 m. W. N. W. of the' Mediterranean, 45 m. S. W. of Granada.
CalcutU. Long. 84. 55. £., lat. 23. 38. N. Tbrre* Jfovas, a town of Portugal, in Estieai-
Tordlo, a town of Spain, in Catalonia, famous dura, with a castle ; seated in a fertite plain, 58 bl
fhr a battle gained by the rtench over the Span- N. by E. of Saatarem
T06 7» TOU
7«fT«f V^iras, « town of PortngaJ, m Estrema- which forms a food harbour. It it built iNUtly
iara, noted for the lines erected in ita vicinity by on a plain and partly on a steep hill, which pro-
Lord Wellington in 1810. it has a castle, four jeots into the sea. On the top of the bill is a
churohes, &c., and is seated near the Atlantic, 27 strongoitadel, with other fortifications. It is 57
nt. N. of Lisbon. m. N. E. of Barcelona. Long. 3. 54. E.,Iat. 41. 49. N.
Torriglia^ a town of the territory of Genoa, 14 ToseaneUa^ a town of Austrian Italy, 5 m. £. N.
ni. N. £. of Genoa. £. of Salo.
TorringtOHf p.t. Litohfield Co. Conn. 23 m. N. TbMna, a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland,
1 lartford. Pop. 1 ,654. Here is a manufactory of 90 m. W. N. W. of Udde valla,
woolen. Toiso. a town of Sweden, in W. Gothland, 43
Tarringionj a town in Deronshire, £ng. 194 m. m. N. N. E. of Uddevalla.
\y. by 3. of London. Tost, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the princi-
ThrfUia, a town of Sweden, in Sudermania, 43 pality of Oppeln, with a castle, 25 m. £. S. E of
m. W. of Stockholm. Oppeln.
Tortola, the principal of the Virgin Islands, in Tostar^ or Sustar^ a town of Persia, capital of
the W. Indies, 18 m. long and 7 oroad. It for- Kusistan, on the river Sable. It was once a eel
merly belonged to the Duteh, who built a strnog ebrated city, where the kings of Persia had a
fort, from which they were expelled by the Eng- magnificent palace, in which they deposited their
lish in 16G6. The town and narbour are at the archives and part of their treasure, in Scrip-
£. end of the island. In 1802 it was made a free ture it is called Shushan, and the river is nam>
port, since which period the island has undergone ed Ulai. At present here are manufactures
great improvements : it produces excellent cotton, of silks, stufis, and rich cloth. It is 1 70 m. / W.
su^r, and rum. Long. 63. 0. W., lat. 18. 33. N. S. W. of Ispahan. Long. 49. 2. E.,lat. 31. 30. N.
TorUma, a town of the Sardinian states, in a Totnesf, a borough in Devonshire, Eng. 196 m.
province of its name, with a good citadel on an W.by S. of London.
eminence. It was formerly deemed a considerable Tottenham^ a village in Middlesex, Eng. 5 m
frontier place : was taken bv the allies in 1744, by N. of Liondon.
the Spaniards in 1745, by the French in 1796, by TViiii, a fortified town of France, department of
tht* Russians and Austrians in 1799, regained by Meurthe. The cathedral and episcopal palace are
the French the same year, and by them delivered handsome structures. It is seated on the Mo-
up to the Austrians in 1814. It is seated on the selle, in a plain, almost surrounded by moun*.
Scrivia, 27 m. S. W. of Milan. Long. 8. 58. £. tains, 13 m. W. by S. of Nancy, and 34 W. S
lat. 44. 54. N. W. of MeU.
Tortorelia^ a town of Naples, in Principato Ci- Tbuiow, a fortified city and sea-port of France.
tra, 5 m. N. E. of Policastro. capital of the department of Var. It is divided
Tmtota, a town of Spain, in Catalonia and a into the old and new quarter : the former, which
bishop's see, with aeitadel. It is divided into the is ill built, has nothing remarkable in it out the
Old and New Town, boUi surrounded by fortifica- town-house, and a long street, shaded with
tions. The entrance is over a large hridge of trees, called the Rue aux Arbres ; the other con-
boats, on the river Ebro. The cathedral, the ror* tains the magnificent works constructed by Louis
al college of Dominicans, and the convent of tne XIV. many fine houses, and a grand oblong square
Carmelites are the most remarkable edifices, lined with trees, and serving aa a parade. The
Here is a great deal of silk and oil, and very fine old and new harbour communicate with each other
pottersware, which resembles porcelain. Tortosa by means of a canal. The old haven has a noble
was taken by the f^nch in 1810, aAer a short quay, and is protected by two moles, begun by
siege ; but restored in 1814. It is seated partlv on Hen^ IV. The new haven was constructed by
a plain and partly on a hill, in a country fertile in Louis XIV., as were the fortifications ; it con-
corn and fruite, and abounding with quarries and tains an arsenal, a rope-walk, a park of artillery,
mines of silver, iron, alabaster, jasper of divert dock-yards, basins, and every thmg to be expect-
colors, and stones with veins of gold. 48 m. S. ed in the second port for men of war in this ooun-
W. of Tarragona and 96 S.E. of Saragoisa. Long. try. The galleys, transferred from Marseilles
0. 35. R., lat. 40. 48. N. some years ago, occupy a basin in the new port.
TortnaUf the ancient Orthosia a town of Syria, Many of the galley-slaves are artisans, and some
with a castle. Itissurroundedby lofty walb, and mercnante ; tney no longer sleep on board the
stends near the Meditorranean,% m. N. N. £. of galleys, but are provided with accommodations on
Tripoli. shore, in a vast building, erected for that purpose.
TorlUBf or TbrtugUt an island of the W. Indiesi Both the old and new port have an outlet into
near the N. coast of St.Domingo, so named ftom the outer road or harbour, which is 10 m. in eir*
the great number of tortoises found on and near it, ouit, surrounded by hills, and the entrance de-'
Here the French bnccaniers used to fortify them- fended, on both sides, by a fort and batteries.
selves. It is about 20 ro. loug and 4 broad, and Toulon is the only mart in the Mediterranean for
has a safe harbour, but diffiouit ef aoeess. Long, the re-exportation of the producte of the £. In-
73. 10. W., lat. 20. 10. N. dies. In 1706 it was bombarded by the allies,
Tttrtyga, or Sal Jbrhura, an uninhabited island both by land and sea, by which almost the whole
near the coast of Terra rirma,60 m. W. of the isl* town was reduced to a neap of ruins, and several
andof Margaretto,andabout36inoircnmferenoe. ships burned; but they were at last obliged to
There are a few goate on it, and the tortoisas raise the siege. In 1721 it experienced the dread-
come upon the sandy banks to lay their eggs At ful favages of a pestilenoe. In 1793 it canitulat-
the E. end is a large salt-pond, where the salt be* ed, in the name of Louis XVII., to the British,
gins to kern in April ; and for some months after who not finding the place tenable, evacuated it the
ships oome here to lade aalt. At the W. end is a same year, after having destroyed the arsenal,
small harbour with fresh water. Long. 64. 46. &o. Toulon is seated on a bay of the Mediterra^
W^ lat. 11. 16. N. nean, 37 m. S. E. of Marseilles and.517 8. 8. E
2W, a sea-port of Spain, in Catalonla,eB abay of Paris» Long. 5. 55. £., lat. 43. 7. N.
tOU 790 TRA
Totdamse, a city of Ftmnee, eapilal of the de- with a 6xMt eoDe^ge, tmd a ciatle ; Ktled n, tk
purtment of Upper Garonne, and an arehbbhop** mde of a mountain, on the riTer Rhone, 38 n 5
■ee. It contains 60,000 inhabitants, and is the of Viirien and^ S. of Lyons,
most considerable city in France, next to Paris Tmnms, a town in the depsitment of 8io»
and Lyons, afthoogh its popnbition bears no pro- et-Loire, 15 m. S. of Chalons,
portion to its extent It was the eapittl of the Tbnrr, a city of France, capitad of tbe denn-
Tectossges, who made so mant conquests in Asia ment of Indre-et-Loire, and an arehiepiseopilier
and Greece. It was next a Roman colony, and It is seated on the Loire, and nmr the Ci»
wss saccessi¥ely the eapittl of the Visigoths Over the former is one of the finest biidga a
(who destroyed the superb amphitheatre, of which Enrope, consisting of 15 elliptic arches, each T.
there are still some remains, the capital, and other feet m diameter. The principsl chBrehar^
Roman monoments), and that of Aqoitaine. The markable for the delicacy of its stractnre, conn
wails of the city, is well as the booses, are bnilt clock, mosaic psTement, and rich lihraij of cbe<
with bricks. St. Stephen's, the metropolitan nscripts. Under the ministry of eaidiiial Rkb«
chorch, wonld be incomparable if the nave were Itea, 27,000 persons were here emidojed ia 'j^
eqaal to the choir, and the archbishop's palace is silk mannfactnre ; and now the wbue munWrc'
magnificent. The town-faonse forms a perfect inhabitants is about 23,000. The red wiaet i
square, 324 feet long and 66 high : the pnncipal Tours are much esteemied. Inone of thenboik
front occnpies an entire side of the grand square it the abbey of Marmontier, reputed the ooit la-
called the Place Royale. In the great hall called cient in the W. Near the city is Pleau^b.
the Hall of lUustrious Men, is t& statue of the Tours, a pabce built by the proflipte aad lapn-
ChcTalier Isanre, with the busts of all the g^cat stitious Louis XL, who died here in 1483. Twr
men to whom Toulouse has given birth. Com- is 52 m. N. N. E. of Poitiers and 127 S. W.oi
mnnicating with the Atlantis on one side by the Paris. Long. 0. 42. £., lat. 47. 21. N.
river Garonne, and with the Mediterranean on the 7\noameiumg, p.y. N<»thampton Co. ?l
other by the canal of Languedoc, Toulouse might Tnoanda, p.t Bradford Co. Pa.
have been a very commercial citj; but the taste Tnoe ester, a town in NorthamptoiMhiie, Es;
of the inhabitants has been prmcipaily for the with manufi^tures of lace and silk. It vu oaf-
sciences and belles-lettres. Tiie little commerce strongly fortified, and the Roman Wttlioi-sL'ef.
they have consists in leather, wool, drapery, passes through the town. 60 m. N. W. of Li&
blankets, mignionets, oil, iron, mercury, nard- don.
ware, and books. The bridge over the Garonne, Tnauemdj p.t. Middlesex Co. Mam. 45 a, ^
equal to that of Tours, forms a communication W. Boston. Pop. 1^506 ; p.t. Windhsm Co. V:
with the suburb of St. Cyprian. The allied army Pop. 1,386 ; p. v. Cape Mvr Co. N. T. tovoihi-
entered this city on the 18th of April, 1814 after of Huron and Sandusky Cos. Ohio,
a severe action with the French army the pre- Towbm, a village in W. Tozkifaiie, £o|r. &•
ceeding day. Toulouse is 145 m. S. £. of Bor- mous for that bloody battle between the foftei o^
deaux and 400 S. by W. of Paris. Long. 1. 26. the bouses of York and Lancaster so fatal to (!k
E.,lat. 43.36. N. latter, on Pahn Sunday, 1461. 3 m. S. i:
Tour, a town of France, department of Puy de Tadcaster.
Dome, 22 m. S. of Clermont. IVaekeMber^, a town of Prussian Si]esia,ctpil
Tour de RausntUm, a town in the department of a principality of the same name, abottwliDgi.
of Eastern P]^renees 3 m. E. of Perpignan. com, cattle, uiSi timber. It has a fine castle, a:^^
Tour du Pm, a town in the department of Itere, is seated on the Bartch, 26 m. N. N. W. of fi»
seated on the Bourbre, 24 m. S. of Vienne. lau. Long. 16. 56. E., lat. 51. 27. N.
Tour la Blaneke, a town in the department of Trafalgar^ a promontory of Spain, in ko^^
Dordogne, 15 m. N. W. of Perigueux. sia, at the entrance of the strait of Gilnitv
Tour la Ville, a town in the department of La This cape is 30 m. S. S. E. of Cadis. Loag i
Manche, celebrated for its manufacture of glass. 2. W., lat. 36. 11. N.
It is separated fix>m Cherburg bv a river. TVo^onam, a town of Naples, in CifMtuA
TouraiiUf a late province of France, which now 90 m. N. W. of Lucera.
forms the department of Indre-et* Loire. TVoin, a town of Bavaria, on the rivei Ask
Iburaneourchyf a town of Hindoostan, in the 5 m. S. of Abensperg and 20 £. of loffolstadt
Carnatie, 35 m. S. S. W. of Tritchinopoly. TVotnn, a town of^icily, in Tal di Dtmm,^
TVmnuin. a town of Fran'se, department of m. N. W. of Catania.
Seine-et-M!ame, 20 m. E. S. E. of Paris. TVaJamopoU, a town of Romania, ud iGteA
Toumay, a city of Belgium, in Flander*, and a archbishop's see. It is seated on the Marim,^
bishop's see. It has several fine manufacturesi m. S. of Adrianople and 135 W. by N. of Cor
and is particularlv &mous for good stockings, stantinopte.
The cathedral, and the abbev of St. Martin, are TVajetto, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoo,
▼ery magnificent It was taken by the allies in built on the site of the ancient Bfintiiriia,25a..^
1709, and ceded to the house of Austrift by the W. of Capua. Long. 14. 4. E., lat 41. 20. N.
treaty of Utrecht ; but the Dutch were allowed TVo^, a borough of Irafamd, capitil oi
to place a garrison in it. as one of the barrier the * county of Kerry, near which is a chiiV
towns. In 1792 it was taken hythe French, who beats spring. It stands on a small river, vltie^
were obliged to abandon it in 1793, but re-entered flows into a shallow bay of its name, 50 m. S. W
again on the conquest of Flanden in 1794 ; and of Limerick. Long. 10. 0. W., lat. 58.4. N.
retained it till 1814. It is seated on both sides TVmwssn^ a town of Portugal, in Trai oa Moo^
the Scheldt, over which is a bridge, 14 m. E. 8. tes, with a castle, 9 m. W. by S. of Pinhel.
E. of Lisle and 30. S. S. W. of^Ohent. Long. TWrnoK, a town of Scotland, in HaddiDftoB^
3. 24. E., lat. 50. 33. N. shire, 8 m. E. of Edinburgh and 10 W. of lii^
TbumeAem, a town of France, department of dington.
Pas de Calais, 9 m. N . W. of St. Omer . TVonf , a city of Naples, in Tenra di Bari, the «
Tourmm^ \ town in the department of Ardeche, of an archbishop, and the usual lesidenet of tu
TRA 731 TRE
g)T«rnor of the province, whrch is lometimes from Cape Comorin to the prorince of Cochin,
called Terra di ' Trafti. Since the harbour has 140 m. in length by 70 in breadth at the N. ex-
been choked up, the town ha» fallen (i^r^Atly to tremity, and contracting gradually to the S. point,
decay. It stands on the golf of Venice, 2o ro. It is subject to a rajah, who is under firitish protec
W. by N. of Bari and l^li. by £. of Naples. Uon.
Long. 16. 36. E., lat. 41. 18. N. TVavancore, the ancient capital of the above
^ Tran^uebaff a sea-port of Hindoostan, iu the province, is surrounded by strong and extenjiivp
district of Tanjore, with a fort and factory, be- fines, bat is much decayed. 110 m. S. S. W. of
longing to the Danes, who pay an annual rent to Madura and 230. S. S. £. of Calicut. Lung. 77.
the rajah. The town is surrounded by a wall and 15. E., lat. d. 25. N.
bastions ; and contains three Christian churches, TVave, a river of Denmark, in the dnchy of llul-
a large mosque for the Mahometans, and several stein, which flows by Segeber^ OrdeIso,and Lu-
£»agoaas for the Gentoos. In 1807 it was taken beck; and enters the Baltic at Travemunde
ly the English. It is seated at the mouth of Travemunde. a strong town of Germany, seat
the Cavery, 165 m. S. of Madras. Long. 79. 53. ed on the Baltic, at the mouth of the Trave. It
£., lat. 11. 1. N. is the port of Lubec, to which it belongs, and is
TVanm^vaniaf a country of Europe, formerly 12 m. N. E. of that city.
annexed to Hnnsary ; bounded on the S. by Hun- Traverse, a^town of Switzerland, in the district
gary, E. by Moldavia, S. by Walachia, and W. of its name, in the canton of Neufchatel, 11 m.
by Hungary. It is 160 m. lon^ and 150 broad, W. of Neufchatel.
and surrounded by high mountains, which, how- TVayFuera, a town of Spain, in Valencia, 30
ever, are not barren. It produces as much com m. S. W. of Tortosa.
and wine ai is wanted, and there are rich mines 7Ve&^n,a town of Prussia, in Braddenburir, 22
of gold, silver, lead, copper, quicksilver, and alum. m. S. S. W. of Berlin .
The mannfiustures, which are in an extremely 7Ve6ta, a river in Italy which rises in the ter-
backward state, consists of woolen, cotton, glass, ritory of Genoa, flows by Bobio, in the Milanese
&4i. It has undergone varioin revolutions, and and joins the Po above Placentia.
now belongs to the house of Austria. The in- Trebignay a town of Turkish Dalmatia, and a
habitants are of various religions, as Roman bishop's see ; seated on the gulf of Venice, at the
Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Socinians Ar- moutn of the Trebenska, 14 m. JN. of Ra^usa.
menians, Greeks, and Mahometans. The gov- TVeUsoceta, a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra,
emment is aristocratioal ; and, since the year on the ^f of Tareoto,'10m. E. N. E. of Cassanu.
1722, rendered hereditary to the princes and prin- TVehsondy a sea- port of Asia Minor, in Natulia,
cesaesof the house of Austria. and a Greek archbishop's see. The walls are
Transyhania, a village of Jefl^rson Co. Ken. s<^uare and high, with battlements ; and are built
on the Ohio. 8 m. above Louisville. with the ruins of ancient structures, on which are
Trap, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. a village of inscriptions not legible. The town is not popu-
Somerset Co. Md. p.v. Talbot Co. Md. lous ; for there are many gardens in it, and the
TVspms, a sea-port on the N. V^. coast of Sicily, houses are but one story hiffh. The castle is
in Val di Maxara, with a fort, and an excellent seated on a flat rock, with ditcues cut in it. The
harbour in the form of a sickle, whence its an- harbour is at the E. end of the town, and the mole
cient name, Drepanum. It is a trading place, built by the Grenoese is slmost destroyed. It
famous for its salt-works, and fisheries of tunnies, stands at the foot of a very steep hill, on the Black
and coral. It stands on a small peninsula, 30 m. Sea, 104. m. N.N. W. of Erzerum and 440 £.
N. of Mazara and 45. W. of Palermo. Long. 12. Constantinople. Long. 40. 25. £.,lat. 39. 45. N.
20. E., lat. 38. 10. N. Trebitz, a town of the Austrian sUtes, in Mo-
TrtLS OS MonltSy a province of Portugal, beyond ravia, wiUi manufactures of cloth, iron, and glass :
the mountains with regard to the other provinces seated on the Igla, 21 m. S. E. of Iglau.
of this kingdom, whence it has its name. It is TrdndlZy a town of Prussian Silesia, in the
ooanded on the N. by Gallica, W. by Entre Dou- principality of Oels, with a Cistercian nunnery,
roe Minho, S. W. and S. bv Beira, and £. by 12 m. N. of Breslau.
Leon ; and contains an area ot5,500 square miles, Trthsen, a town of Saxony, on the Mulda, 14
srith 350,000 inhabitants. The valleys are fer^ m. £. by S. of Leipzig.
tile in corn, wine, and oil, and are numerous. TVe^rl, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a
The Duero divides it into two parts, and Miran- castle, seated on an eminence, 30 m. S. £. of Got-
da is the capital. tinjonen.
TrasnuMTy a town and castle of Austria, seated Tregony, a borough in Cernwall, Eng. 253
on the Trasen, 12 m. W. of Toln. m. VT. by S. of Loncbn.
Trau, a strong sea-port of Austrian Dalmatia, 7Ve^iu«r, a sea-port of France, department of
and a bishop's see. It is seated on the gulf of Cotes du Nord ; seated on a peninsula, near the
Venice, in a small island, joined to the mainland English Channel, 22 m. N. W. of St. Brieux.
by a long bridge of wood, to the isle of Bua by Long. 3. 13. W., lat. 48. 47. N.
another of stone, 22 m. S. £. of Sebentco. Long. Trelleborg, a town of Sweden, in Schonen,
17. 52. £., lat. 44. 0. N. seated on the Baltic, 26 m. S. of Lund.
TVaunsletii, a town and castle of Bavaria. Trtmesatiy or TXemaan^ a city of Algiers, capital
Great quantities of salt are made here, from water of a district of its name, in the province of Mas-
brought above 14 m. over mountains, bv means cara. It is surrounded by strong walls, and in-
of engines and pipes, from Reichenhall. It is . habited by poor Arabs, Moors, and Jews. In the
seated on the river Traun, 16 m. W. N. W. of time of the Arabs, it was the residence of power-
Salzburg, ful princes ; but is now dwindled to scarcely a
TrmtnttMou, a town of Bohemia, in the eircto fifth part of the ancient city. Its once flourisliing
of Konigingiatz, 21 m. N. of Konigingratz. manufacture of carpets and woolen doverlets an
Tratancors, a province of the peninsula of Hin- in a state of decay, and the former masterpieeea
duostan, extending along the coast of Malabar of architecture have disappeared; for there u not
6 Im (Mil. p.t. Oaeid* C
Treniti, three Liluid* of Ntplei, in the eulf of
Venice, 15 m. rram Uie N. cMit of Camtuutk.
Thej itre called Tremiti, or St. Nicolo, Bl. Domino
and Ci|Kiris. The Gnt, which ii the priDcipd
of Iham, bii ■ Benedictine cooTeat and m cwUe.
Long. 15. 30. E., lU. 42. 10. N.
TVtnunii/^, x tovn of Franoe, departineiit of
Vendee, M&led on the Benuaile, 35 ni. E. b; 8.
oT PoiUen.
Trtmp, t. Iowa of Sp»ia,iuC^tMloniM,SO a. S.
of Bal4guer,
TVoucjUit, « town of H anpuy, opita] of* •
\Su
uthe
1. N. N. E.of Pr
E., la. ta. 5A. N.
7r«l, I. circFe of the Anitriu empire, in tha
S. piit of Tjrol, aaiong the AIpi, bounded bj
Tjrol Proper and the lemtodei of Venice. It
ptoducea eierllent wine.
TrtiU,^ fortified city, capital of the above circle,
and formerly of a prindpaJitj, iamoui in church
hialorj far ■ celebrated cooncil which was held
ftooi 1545 to 15G3. It hai a handHHne caatle, a
cathedral, three pniah churcbea, a coUeoe, and
•ome eooventj. In 1706 it wu taken Tiy the
French, under Maaaena, with 6,000 priaonen and
30 cannon. ' It m situate between two mounUina,
onU)eri«erAdige,67m.N. W.afVeniea. Long.
10. 55 E.,lat, «. 2. N.
Trent, a ri»er which riwi io Slaffordahire, Rag.
meeta the Onte on the borden of Yorkafaire,
where there united atrcam forms the Homber.
This riTer ii of itself navigable from Burbin, in
SuSbrdshire ; and, bj oanda, it baa a commnni-
1 with tbe Heisej, the Severn, and the
Fop. 3,231. TVaMM fUb, aiB 01.
Cn>ek,afeedcirofllwHotuwk,14m.N.ofl]iia;
tlie; eonaial of acTeial naad aitd beaatilnl ca*-
cadei Boise of them 40 faet is dasocBt. Tk
river here paaaec throofh a nek; chuo 4 n. m
- ._ „ . UUCI, V UK
moutfaoftheBreale. It ia tha port for liie Ion
of En, oearlj two m. diaUot, and is IT m. K. E.
of Dieppe.
TVfpta, a town and caatle of Prtiaaia, in Poaia-
lania, aeated on the river ToUensee. and froalien
of Mecklenburg, 25 m. N. of Hew StnlUi.
rr^lD-JVn, a town of Pomennia, wiLb Baa-
afactures of alockinga and woolen (toSh anted
on the Ren, near its mouth in the Baltic, 16 It.
£. N. £. ofCamin.
TVeilumuk Id—, foor fertik idanda oo Ihc W.
coast of Scotlaod, between the island of Cdl nJ
that of Mult.
Trnu, a govmunenl of Prusiia, compiiiiaf
the old electorate of Treves, a amall iwrtiaa or
the duchy of Luxemburg, wilhaome otbarpnihr
diatiiets, and containing an area of sboiit i^
square miles, with 300,000 inhabit! nta- Thm
ate many mountains and fonata ; but nsaRr ih
Rhine and Hcaelle the aoil ia Initfid, aboaDdiiif
Thame
Trent, a river ofN. Carolina, joining IbrNeoae
at Newbem. It is navigable 13 m.
Traaan, pi. Hunterdon Co. N. J. on tbe Dela-
ware 30 m.N. E. Philad. Itisthe capital of New
Jersey, and stands at the limit of aloop and ateam-
boat navigation upon the rirei, 'which is here
crossed bj' a bridge 1,100 fret long. The town
has considerable trade, cotton manufacturea, a
sUtehoose, 9 banks and 6 churches. It haa been
incorporated with city privileges. Pop. 3,925.
At thu place Wasbington crossed the Delaware
on the night of tbe KDocember 1776, and falling
Opon the enemy's poata OL^ _. „,
??*"°*' "^'^ '"''' ""^ anoceasftil achievement
•ad a wonderful elfcct in retrieving the daaperate
oandition of the Americana.
Ty«ateM,p.t. Hanooek Co. Ma. Pop. 7fl6; p.v.
**aa» Co. K. C. Tedd Co., Kern., Butlar Co. Ohio ;
tal of an electorate and aichhiahopric of th
same name, and now of tba preceding gDKri
menL It haa acaatle, a univeraity, (now teraini
agymnsaium) nomerona remains of antiqnilin.
and many fine churchea and palsoes; bal ba
greasy suficred by war, and ia now neither lam
nor popnlons. It was taken by Ibe Freacli Bsds
Jonrdan in 1794, and retained till 1B14. It a
aealed on the Moselle , over which is a hsndsunc
bridge, between two moantains, covered wilt
vineyards. 20 m. N. £. Laxembnrgssd % S
bv E. of Cologne. Long. 6. 43. E, laL 49. 47
IVMii, a town of Italy, in thedochv of SaoleU,
IS m. N. by W. of Spoleto.
TVoMB, a town of ;4aplea. In Friacipato UlM,
S5 m. E. of Benevento.
TVcnaridB Cottrta, St.,% town ofFrsnee.ds-
nartment of Ain, 26 m. N. N. W. of Bon^ aa
Trnitrt* DomUt, St., • town in lbs dtpatt-
mentof Ain, 18 m. B. Vf. of Boorg aaBfoie.
TVcRu, atownof Spain, in Biaeaj, «ilh acil
■del, 10 m. 8. of Vittoria.
IVcnMwe, a province of Austrian Italy, in Uw .
government of Venice ; bounded on tbe W. hf
Vicentino, M. by Fellrino and the Bolognew, t
b; Friuli, aad 8. b^ Ihe gulf of Venice, D<i(»^
ArvKHu, ui iTBvtgtQ, a jorunen ciij
capital of Treviaano, and a bishop's i
the residence of many noble familiaa, and is aal-
body of 900 ed on the SUe, at the influx of Ifae Piavaselta, 18
"■-■- * m. N. N. W. of Venice. Long, 18 18. t, lat
4G. 44. N.
TVcwKZ, a town of France depaitmeat cf Aia
and fmiMily the oapitaJ of the phnoipalitr *
Oombca. The moi' nnwknbla bnildi^pM
mi 198 TAI
the mndetit mint, iinB ptrlitoMOt hoiiit, the gov* Freoeh th« Mane year, rattoied to the Datoh bj
ernor'8 hoiue, and the printing office. The last the peaoo of 1783, ana again taken by the Eng-
is celebrated for the Literary JoAmab competed liih in 1793. It stands on a spacious bay of the
bv the Jesuits of the ooUege of Loots le Grand, same name, 100 m. N. N. E. of Candy. Long.
Trevouz is seated on the side of a hill, on the 81. 25. E., lat. 8. 32. N.
river Saone, 12 m. N. of Lyons and 188 S. by E. TrinaniuUe, a town of Hindoostan, in the Car-
of Parb. Long. 4. 51. £., lat. 54. N. natic, near which the troops of Uyder Ali were
TrexUraUwn, p.T. Lehigh Co. Pa. defeated by the British in 1768. It is 45 m. S.
Treyaa, a town of Germany, in HesM-Cassel, 8. W. of A root and 52 W. N. W. of Pondicherry.
16 m. E. N. E. of Marbnrg. Trinidad^ an island on the N. E. coast of Terra
TVieiM, p.T. Madison Co. Alab. 18 m. 8. W. Firma, separated from Paria on the S. by a chan-
Hunteville. nel abont 10 m. over, and from Cumana on the
TriadelpkiMf p.v. Montgomery Co. Md. Here W. by the gulf of Paria, the N. entrance into
are manonctures of cotton. which is called Boca del Drago (Dragon's Mouth),
Tribuaf a town of the Austrian states, in Mo- on account of the adverse currente and tempes-
ravia, 30 m. N. W.of Olmutz. tuous waves encountered here, when this island,
DrihsMt, a town of Prussia, in Pomerania with the neighbouring continent, was discovered
with a castle ; seated on the Trebel, 22 m. 8. S. by Columbus, in 1496. It is 90 m. long and 50
W. of Stralsund and 26 m. E. S. E. of Rostock. broad ; produces sugar, cotton, maize, fine tobae-
Tribstadt, a town of Bavaria, in the province of co, indigo, and fruit; but the air is unhealthy,
the Rhine, 16 m. £. N. E. of Deux Ponte. It was Uken in 1595 by Sir Walter Raleigh, and
TVtco^a, a town of Maeedonia, on the Strimoni in 1676 by the French, who plundered and lefl it.
50 m. £. N. E. of Salonica. In 1797 it was captured by the English, and af-
TrieaneOj^ a town of Naples, in BasilieaU, 13 terwards ceded to them by the treaty of Amiens,
m. 8. £. or Acerensa and 21 m. 8. W. of Ma- The capital is Port d*Espagne, on the gulf of Pa-
tera, ria, near the Boca. Long. 61. 30. W., lat. 10. 0.
Trieeto^ a town of Naples, in Calabria Citra, N.
14 ro. 8. E. of Sealea. Trinidadf a sea-port of Guatemala, on a bay of
TVieo^ers, a town of Hindoosten, in theCarnatic, the Pacific Ocean. It is a place of great trade,
where Ttppoo 8ulUn was defeated by the Brit- the harbour being the nearest landing to Guate-
ish in 1790. It is 44 m. W. of Pondicherry. mala for all merdiandise that comes from Mexico
TWcjea, a government of the Austrian empire, and Peru. The town is nine m. from the bar-
bounded by the government of Lambach, the hour, and 110 E. 8. £. of Guatemala. Long. 90
Adriatic, and Croatia. It comprises the southern 40. W., lat. 14. 0. N.
part of IHyria, is divided into fi>ur circles, and Trimdad, a sea-port of Cuba, in a^ bay on the
contains an area of about 5,000 square miles, 8. part of the island, 40 m. 8. W. of Spiritu 8an-
with 550,000 tnhabitente. to. Long. 80. 3. W , lat. 21. 58. N.
TrieiU, a seapport of Austrian Illyria, capital of THnidad, a town of Colombia, seated on the
a circle of ite naote, in the foregoing (pvem- Madalena, 53 m. N. W. of St. Fe de Bogote.
ment, and a bishop*s see. The hwbour ts spa^ Trinidada, three rocky islete in the Atlantic
cious, screened by a wall, fortified with a bastion. Ocean, 200 leagues E. ofSpiritu Santo, in Brazil.
In the old town the houses stand on the side of a Long. 29. 35. W., lat. 20. 30. 8.
mountain, extending themselves ^uite to the sea ; TWnily, a sea-port on the N. side of Martinique,
and on the top of the mountain is a castle. On with a spacious and safe harbour and a considera-
the N. W. side of the old town, where formerly ble trade. Long. 61. 8. W., lat. 14. 53. N.
were salt-piU, a beautiful suburb, or new town, TVtfto, a town of the Sardinian stetes, in Pied-
oas been built. The fixed inhabitante, estimated moot, 8 m- N. W. of Casal and 35 N. £. of Turin,
at 40,000, have a good trade in salt, oil, almonds, TVtpators, a town of Hindoostan, in Mara war,
iron, copper, ^., brought from Lubsch \ and 36 m. E. N. E. of Madura and 58 8. W. of Tan-
they make good white wines. Trieste was taken jore.
by the French in 1797, but evacuted in the same Tripoli^ a country of Barbery, bounded on the
N. E. of Venice. Long. 14. 3. £., lat 45. 51. N. various. It is governed by a dey, under the pro-
TfUtff a county of Kentncky. Pop. 5,889. Ca- tection of the Turks.
M% is tne capitel. Tripoli, a city and searporl of Barbery, capiUl
TVim, a town of Ireland, capital of the connty of the foregoing country, with a castle and a fort
of Meath *, seated on the Boyne, 23, m. N. W. The inhabitante are noted pirates. It was taken
of DoUin. Long. 6. 48. W., lat 53. 32. N. by emperor Charles V., who settled the knighte
TrineomaUf a sea-port on the E. coast of Cey- of Rhodes here ', but they were expelled by the
Ion, with a harbour reckoned the finest in the £. Turks in 1551. The Americans made an attempt
Indies, but situate in the most barren part of npon the town in 1804, but without success. It
the island. The nearest farm villajges, from was formerly very flourishing, and has now some
which the inhabitante are supplied with previa- trade in ashes, ostriches' feaUiers, and skins -, but
ions, are upwards of 12 m. distant The harbour they gain more by the Christians taJien at sea ;
is defended by two forte, Trincomale and Osten- for they either set high ransoms on them, or sell
burg, the hitter built upon a cliff, projectinff 1,500 them for slaves. Tripoli is seated on the Medi-
paces into the sea. Ite circumference within the terranean, surroundeu by a w^l, 275 m. 8. E. of
walls is about 3 m. but in this space is included a Tunis and 570 E. 8. £. of Algiers. Long. 13. 5
rising point, immediately over the sea, covered £., lat 32. 54. N.
with thick jnnt^le. Trioeomale was taken from 7Vtpo/i,a town of Syria, on the Mediterranean
the Dttteh by the English, inl782, retaken by the defended by a citadel. There is one handsome
3Q
TRO V3I TKO
mosque, and all the hooMs haTe fbaiiUiiifl belong' Tent of the Hoi j Triaitjr," a ooB'vCB.t of
«ng to them. Before it ia a sand-bank, which in- strongly fortified, 40 m. nom Moaeow.
creases so much that it is expected to choke ap TVoiCsik, a town of Rosata, ia Penza, 75 aa. W
the harbour, which is 2 m. W. of the town, and N. W. Penxa. Long. 43. 34. £., 1st. 54. K.
formed by a round piece of land, united to the main- TYoiUkoe, a town of Russia, in Unha, 900 m. £
land by an isthmus. On each side is a bulwark to Upha. Long. 61. 44 £., lat 54. N.
defend the entrance. It is the residence of a TVottx&ot, a town of Russia, in Tobolsk, tm tht
bashaw, who also goyems the territory about it, Oby, 304 m. N. Tobolsk. Long. 42. 50. £ , kt
where there are great numbers of mulberry-trees 61. 24. N.
and other fruits. The commerce of Tripoli con- 7Vo4t, or TVodU, a town of Rosna, ia Wjiea.
sists almost wholly in coarse silk, which is made formerly the residence of the ereat dnkca ai L>
ise of for laces. It is 90 m. N. W. of Damascus thuania, 16 m. W. Wilna, 150 E. KoBMher; .
and 120 S. of Scanderoon. Long. 36. 20. £., lat. Long. 24. 44. £., lat. 54. 33. N. Pop. 5/MKI.
34. 50. N. Trambaj a small iaknd near the coaal
7W;mra, a town of Hindoostan, in the proyince Long. 13. 52. E., lat 45. 3. N.
of Coimbetore, with a fort at a little distance, Tramne; a small island in tbe North
called Palar. It is seated on the Noyelar, 27 m. the coast of Lapland. Long. 15. 26. £., lat fe
N. N. W. of Daraporam. 5. N.
Trisif an island of Mexico, on the coast of Ta- Tromoe, an island near the coast of Korvsr
b^sco, in the bay of Campeachy, separated by a Long. 9. 10. £., lat. 58. 27. M.
narrow channel, on the £., from the isle of Port Trompenmek, Gic{f of,bay ofthe fialtiCyOntfeS
Royal. It is 18 m. in circuit. Long. 92. 45. W., £. coast of the island of Usedom. Ldmg, 13. ^j.
lat. 18. 15. N. £., lat. 54. 40. N.
TristOH Da Cunha^ an island in the Atlantic Tronio, a river of Italy, which nms into ike
Ocean, 15 m. in circuit. The land is extremely Adriatic, in long. 13.59. E. lat. 42. 52. N.
high, and rises gradually towards the centre of TrorzaH, a town of Piedmont^ 7 nu N. W. Ta-
the island (where there is a lofty conical moun- rin. Pop. 2,540.
tain) in rtdges, covered with trees of a moderate TVooa Pointy cape on the W. coast of Scotkal
size and height. The coast is frequented by ses- Lrf>ng. 4. 36. W., lat. 55. 36. N.
lions, seals, penguins, and albatrosses. Long. 15. Trvpeay a town of Naples, in Calabiia Uhn.
30. W., lat. 37. 9. 8. on a rock near the sea coast, 37 m. N. N . £
TVUckinopoly, a town of Hindoostan, in the ^gg'^o. Long. 16. 13. £., lat. 38. 40. N. Pop.3^
Carnatic, surrounded by a double wall, flanked Tro^ Keys, small islands or rocka aiK»f
with towers, and encompassed by a ditch. It was the Virgin Islands, in the West Indies^ betveea
taken by the firiiish in 1751. 30 m. W. of Tan- Great Passage island and Porto Rico.
tore and 208 S. S. W. of Madras. Long. 78. 46. Tronpau or Onpau^ city, in Austrian Silesia, ud
£., lat. 10. 49. N. capital of a circle so caUed, is in a fruitlal eoaa-
Trivadiy a town of Hindoostan, in the Carnatic, try, on the riyer Opapa, walled, and containxo;
with a large pagoda, which forms a citadel. It an ancient palace of the princes, with 3 parocQK
is 26 m. S. W. of Pondicherry. al churches, a college, 3 convents of monks, tac
TrivaUo, a town of Naples, in the Molise, the a nunnery. 45 m. S. Oppein, 8(1 8. S. £. hm-
see of a bishop, 18 m. N. Molise. lau. Long. 18. 30. E. lat. 49. 50. N. Fop. ll,SfO.
Triumpho as la CruZy cape, on the coast of TroffptotoiiXy a town of Silesia, 70 m. 2i. N.
Honduras. Long. 88. 25. W: lat. 15. 56. N. W. Troppau. Long. 17. 31. E. lat. 50. I. N.
Trocadie, a small island in the golf of St. Trosa, a sea-port of Sweden, in Sundermtt*
Lawrence, near the N. coast of St. John's Island, land, on the Baltic, 18 m. S. W. Stockholm.
Trochtdfigtrif a town of Hohenzollem-Sigma TrosaehSy mountains of Scotland, in Perthshire,
ringen, 16 m. N. W. Buchau, 29 S. Stut^rd. 10 m. W. Callander..
Long. 9. 18. £. lat. 48. 16. N. Tratbyy a river of England, rulia into the Wve.
TVoctotf, a small island in the £. Indian sea, near at Monmouth,
the coast of Queda. Long. 99. 33. £., lat. 6. 30. TrolMa, a river of Russia, which nma into t^
N. Kama, 16 m. N. Kosa, in Viatka.
Trogeriy a town of Switzerland chief place of Tnmp Heady a cape of Scotland, on the 5
the Protestant part of the canton of Am>enzell, coast of Banff, 10 m. W. Kinnwd's Poim.
noted for its'manufacture of cloth. 7 m. S. £. St Long. 2. 11. W. lat. 57. 39. N.
Call, 7 N. Appenzell. Long. 9. 33. £., lat. 47. Troupsburgy a town of Steuben Co. N.T. 20 ■-
14. N. Pop. 2,250. S. W. Bath. Pop. 666.
TVota, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, on the Troutbeeky %,nYer of England in Weatmoreisad,
Chilare, the see of a bishop. It contains 6 church- which runs into the Eden. 3 m. below Appleby,
es, and 6 convents. 33 m. S. W. Manfredonia, Trout IZtver, a river in the N. W. Territaiy
60 m. N. E. Naples. Long. 15. 18. £., lat. 41. which runs into the Mississippi, above the ootid
24. N. of Sandy lake.
7Ve;a, a small island in the Mediterranean, near TVoto^rui^e, a town of Wiltshire, £ng.
the coast of Italy. Long. 11. 5. £., lat. 42. 43. TVoy, p.t. ChoHhire Co. N. H. 69 m. S. W.
I N. Concord. Pop. 676; p.t. Orleans Co. Vt. 50 m. 19.
^ Trots Maries, Les, a town of France, in Mouths- Mont[)elier. Pop. 608 ; p.v. Bradford Co. Pa. ; p.L
of-the-Rhone, 15 m. S. Aries. Miamia Co. Ohio and townships in Cnynbim,
Trois Rivieres. See Three Rivers. Geauga, Delaware, Athens, Richland Cos. Ohio.
Trois Rivieres, a bay on the E. coast of the isl- p.v. Perry Co. Ind. Lincoln Co. Missouri aa^
and of St. John, in the gulf of St. Lawrence. Obian Co. Ten.
Drois Rivieres, a river of St. Domin£o,run8 into Troy, p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 48 m. 8. Boston,
the sea, on the N. coast of the islano, near Port Pop. 4,159. Within the limits of this towa is fill
Paix. River VilUge,with a pop. of 31 ,438. and verf lofe
Troitt, or Treitskoe Monastr, that is, '< the con- manufactures of cotton ; which run 3,431 8|Adki
Tft0 "« TST
H«n AM dso manafaetorM of ntinet, Ueachiog m. N. £. of BwUjoi and 90 S. W. of Toledo,
and printing worka, and manufactaieB of iron. Long. 5. 43. W., lat. 39. 26. N.
The town contains 7 churches, and a bank, it TnaaUOf a city and sea-port of Pern, capital of a
stands on Taunton RiTcr which is navigabla to province of its name, and the see of a bishop. It
this place for small Teasels. was built by Francis Pisarro in 1553. In its ter-
Troy, city in Renseelaer Co. N. T. stands on ritory are aboTe 50,000 native Americans. It is-
the £. bank of the Hudson 5 m. above Albany at surrounded bv a wall, and seated in a fertile coun-
the head of ^oop navigation. It haa a very flour- try, on a email river, near the 'Pacific Ocean. 300
ishing trade, and manufactures of cotton, woolen, m. N W. of Lima. Long. 70. 5. W., lat. 8. t.
Kper, iron oe. in the neighbourhood. Pop. 1 1 ,405. S.
point of location and beautiful natural see- TVvxiUo, a sea-port of S.America, in Honduras,
nery, Trov is exceeded by few, if any, of the on the gulf of that name. It stands 3 m. from
towns and villages on the liudson. The streets, the sea, between two rivers, the mouths of which,
running north and south, converge together at and some islands before them, form the harbour,
the north end of the city, and are crossed at rUfht It is 150 m. N. £. of Valladolid. Long. 86. 30.
angles by those running east and west. The W., lat. 15. 46. N.
buildinffs are principally built of brick, and are TnaaUo, or Jfuutra Stnora de la Patf a town
shaded by rows of trees on each side of streets, of Venezuela. 150 m. S. £. of Maracaybo. tiong.
which are preserved remarkably clean, by addi- 70. 15. W., lat 8. 15. N.
tions of alate and gravel, instead of pavements. TVicxCon, p.t Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,888
The city contains uree banks, seven churches, a JVydr^en^ a township of Chester Co. Pa.
court house, jail and market. The £piscopal TVyons, a township of Adams Co. Pa.
church is a superb specimen of Gothic architec- Tsanadf a town of Hungary, on the river Meroe
ture, probably not exceeded in the United States. 23 m. £. by S. of Segedin.
A large three story brick building has also been Tsciurkaskf a city of £uropean Russia, capital
erected at the expense of the corporation^ for the of the countiy of the Don Cossacs, founded in
accommodation of the female seminary incorpo- 1814, the old capital of the same name,* about 5
rated at this place. m. distant, being considered unhealthy. The
Jtfiimji^ Ida, in the rear of Troy, is a romantic streets are wide and straight, but the houses are all
spot, affording a very extensive prospect of the built of wood. It is situate at the confluence of
Hudson river and the adiacent country. the Aksai and Turloo, 40 m. N. £. of Aaoph.
About a mile above tie city, a dam has been Long. 40. 2. £., lat. 47. 14. N.
thrown across the river, and a lock constructed, Tsekernakoray a town of the Austrian atates,in
affording a sloop navigation to the village of Wa- Moravia, with a castle on a mountain, 13 m. N.
terford. N. W. of Brin.
One mile and a half from Troy is the Rensse- Tsclumemtf a town of Austria, in Carniola,
laer school, which was established, and is under with a castle, and a commandery of the Teutonic
the patronage of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer order. 33 m. S. £. of Laubach.
It is a va]uu>le and flourishmg institution. TVeAime, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the prin-
Troyes, a city of France, capital of the deoart- cip^tv of Glogau, with a castle, and good cloth
rnentof Aube, and a bishop's see, with a castle in manu/actures. 22 m. £. N. £. of Glogau.
which the ancient counts of Champagne resided. Tschopau^ a town of Saxonv, celebrated for its
It is surrounded by good walls ; but almost all the blue manufacture. It stancui on a river of the
houses are of wood, and good water is wanting same name, 7 m. S. E. of Chemnita.
Its commerce,once very flourishing, now consist Tsiampa, See Ciampa,
only «n some linen, dimities, fustians, wax-chan- Tsi-naUf a city of China, capital of Chang-tong.
dlery, candles, and wine. Troyes was captured It is much respected by the Chinese, on account
and recaptured several times by the allied and of its having been formerly the residence of a
French armies, in 1814. It is seated on the long series of kings, whose tombs, rising on the
Seine, 28 m. £. by N. of Sens and 105 S. £. of neighbouring mountains, afford a beautiful pros-
Paris. Lohg. 4. 5. £., lat. 48. 18 N. pect. It is seated on the river Tsi or Tsing-ho,
TVuekniiUy p. v. Richland Co. Ohio. 230 m. S. by £. of Pekin. Long. 117. 25. £., lat.
Trumaiuhurg, a townahip of Tompkins Co. N. 36. 46. N.
T. on Cayuga Lake. Tti'tungy a city of China, of the second rank,
TrufobuU, a county of Ohio. Pop. 26,154. in Chang-tong, situate on the grand canal, 275
Warren is the capital, p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 65 m. S. ofPekin. Long. 116. ». £., lat 35. 24.
m. S W. Hartford. Pop. 1,238. N. -• >
Truns, a town of SwiUerland, in the canton of rnii tduau, a city of China, of the first rank.
Orisons, seated on the Rhine, 7 m. W. of Hants, in Chang-tong, 250 m. E. S. El. of Pekin. Long.
Trwro, a borough in Cornwall, £n^., it is a 119. 2. £., lat 36. 40. N.
stannary town, and the chief business is in ship- Tsong-mingf an island of China, 50 m. long and
ping tin and copper ore, found in abundance in the 10 broad, lying at the mouth of the Kiang-ku, and
nnifhbourhood. 257 m. W. hj S. of London. separated from the'province of Kiang-nanby two
Tntro, a town of Nova Scotia, in Halifax coun- cliannels, 13 m. broad. Ita principal revenue
tv, at the head of a narrow gulf in the bay of Fun- arises from nit, which is made in sucn abundance
iff 40 m. N. bv W. of Halimx. on the N. side of the island, that it can supply most
Truro, p.t. Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape Cod, of the neighbouring countries. It contains only
adjoining Providence. Pop. 1 «549, a township of one city, but villages are very numerous. The
Franklin Co. Ohio, on Big Walnut and Black country is deliffhtful, and intersected by many
Lick Creeks. Pop. 683. canals. The city of the same name, is of the
TruziUo, a town of Spain, in £stieroadura third class, and is situate at ita S. £. end. Long,
with a citadel on the top of a hill. It was the birth- 121 . 55. £., lat. 30. 15. N.
place of the noted Erancis Pizarro, and is situate TMongrad, a town of Hungary, capital of a
on the side of a hill, near the river Magaaca, 70 county of the same name; seated on the Theisse,
TVs m ttm
opposite the influx of the Koroe, 26 m. N. of re^ alar end beantiftU plan. The goiemor'f
Seffedin. hoaae, the btehop*« pdaee, the eoortf of jwtiee,
Tsor. Sor, SuTf or 8oor, a town on the E. coast thenewezchanffeytheprison^ftndseTenloClierpub^
of Arabia, in Oman, 22 m. S. £. Kalhat. Lat lie edifices wexebaUt at the expense of the empmi.
22. 36. N. There is an ecclesiastical seminarr at Tver, whiek
TVia, a riyer of Portugal, which runs into the is under the inspection of a bisnop, and admili
Duero, 15 m. N. W. St. Joao, de Pesqueira. 600 students. Tver is a place or oonsidenbk
7\£«^,atownof Africa, in Jaen, on the Senegal, commerce, which it owes principally to iti ad'
Long. 10. 28. W., lat. 14. 56. N. vantafieous situation. 72 m. N. N. W. Moscow,
Tuaky a small island in the Red Sea, 12 m. from 560 N. E. Warsaw, 272 S. E. Petenboig. Loos .
the coast of Anbia. Long. 41. 58. E., lat. 5. 58. 36. 14. E., lat. 56. 51. N. Pop. 20,000.
N. Tverskoef a government or Runia, boonded N.
TWm, a city of Ireland, in Gklway, the see of by Novgorod, E. by Jaroslavl and Vladimir. S. bj
an archbishop, 17 m. N. N. E. Cralway. Moskovekaia, and Smolenskoe, and W. by Psko?;
TuarikMf a people of Africa,inhabiting a country 180 m. long, and 100 broad. Long. 33. to 38. E.
bordering S. W. on Bornou, S. on Bornou, Son- Lat. 55. 36. to 58. 30. N. Pop. 77S;30O.
dan, and Tombuetoo, £. on the country of the '^^'^* ^ ^^>^ ^^ Africar, on the dave cout, 40
Tibboo and Fezzan, N. on Feztan and the country m. W. Assom.
of the Arabs who live behind Tripoli, Tunis, and Tuftonborough, a town of Stratford Co. N. H.
Algiers, and* W. on the great empire of Fez and on fake Winnipiseogee, 50 m. N. W. Concoid
Morocco. They are divided into many nations Pop. 1,375.
and tribes, who all speak the same language. l\igdoOj a river of Georgia, which is formed
TSuUj or Twatf fertile oasts of the Sahara, Afri- by the union of the Tallulah and Cbaloogt, tod
oa. Long. 1. to 6. £. lat. 23. N. flowing S. E. between Georgia and S. Ctraiiiia.
T^c&A, a river of Russia, which runs into the joins the Kiowee, to form Savannah river.
Enisei, 16 m. 6. W. Abakansk, in Kolivan. TuggstiUtf p. v. Clarke Co. Alabama.
Tuhtd. one of the small Society Islands, 12 m. Tuggvrt, a town of Africa, in Nigritia, 360 d.
from Bolabola. Long. 151. 44. W. kt. 16. 12 S. N. £. Tombuetoo. Long. 6. £.. lat. 20. 30. N.
TuHngtn, a town of Wurtemberg, in a valley Taggurt. or Toeortj a town or Algien,2IO m.
on the Neckar, between two hills. An university 8. S. £. Algiers. Long. 5. 50. £., lat. 38. 40. N.
was founded here in 1477, and restored in 1770. 7Va, a river of S. America, which runs mto Uie
It contains 300 students ; here is also a college Caribbean sea. Long. 67. 20. W., lat 10. 36. R.
ibr the nobility. 16 m. S. S. W. Stuttgart, 23 Ttds, a town of Italy, in Friuli, 10 m. W.
£. FreudenstaU. Long. 9. 10. £., lat. 48. 33. N. Udina.
Pop. 5,765. Tuldaktak^ an ialand in the North sea, near tbe
Ttthnat » town of Algiers, (an. Tkvbana), 110 coast of E. Greenland. Long. 46. 20. W., hi
m. S. S. W. Constantina, laO S. S. E. Algiers. 61. N.
Long. 5. £., lat. 35. 8. N. Tula, a city of Russia, and capital of a eoTem-
Tvb-ttTha, (an. TuburbtanY a town of Tunis, on ment of 11,^ sq. m. and 960,000 inhabituti.
the Mejerdah. 16 m. W. N. W. Tunis. It is on the Upha and is the Birmingham of lUu-
Tuchd^ a town of West Prussia, 44 m. S. W. sia. The imperial fiibric of fire arms employed in
Dantzic. 1800, 6,000 workmen. Pop. at the same period,
Tuckahot^ a river of Md. which runs into Chop- estimated at 30,000. Near it are some iron minn,
tank river. 112 m. S. Moscow, 452 8. S. E. Petenbai{.
Tucker* 8 Island,, z. small island in the Pacific Long. 37. £., lat. 54. 11. N.
ocean. Long. 122. 5. E., lat. 7. 22. N. Tuldrros, a town of Spain, in Navarre, BtoaK
Tiukgr's Island, a small island near the coast on the Quels, 7 m. W. of TSidel.
of S. Carolina. Long. 80. 16. W., lat. 32. 36. N. TuUamort. a town of Ireland, in King's eoonty,
TuekarsmUSf p.t. Wayne Co. Geo., p.v. Crawford on a river or the same name, and near tbe gnat
Co. Ind. canal, 10 m. W. by S. of Philipstown.
Tuekerton, p.t. and port of entry, Burlington Tulle, a town or France, capital of the deptrt-
Co. N. J. on Little Egg harbour. ment of Coireze. The cathedral is famous for ilf
Tuckuskf a small island in the Mediterranean steeple, which is very high and curioos. It ii
near the coast of Algiers, 12 m. E. Cape of Iron, seated at the conflux of the Correze and SolaB«,
T\teopiaf an island in the Pacific. Long. 157. in a country surrounded by mountains ind md-
E., lat. 12. S. pices, 37 m. S. S. E. of Lunoees and (3 8. W. of
Tucuman, a province of the old viceroyaltv of Clermont. Long. 1. 42. £., lat. 45. 16. N.
Buenos Ayres, lying between the province of Sal- TuUoto, a town of Ireland, in the coun^ of Car-
ta on the north, and Santiago and Catamarea on low, 8 m. £. S. £. of Carlow and 38 S. S. W. of
the S. Area, 50,000 square miles. Pop. 45,000. Dublin.
The name is frequendy applied to a much more Tully, p.t. Onondaga Co. N. T. Pop. 1,640.
extensive country. Chief town, St. Miguel de Tullytown, p.v. Greenville Dis. S. C.
Tucuraan. TVZn, a town of Austria, and a bishop** ste;
Tusuyo, a river of Venezuela, which runs into seated near the Danube, 16 m. W. N. W. of
the sea, in long. 69. 22. W. lat. 10. 38. N. Vienna.
Tuddin^nm, a town of Eng. in Bedford, 16 m. Tulpehocken, a township of Berks O). Pa.
S. Bedford, 37 N. London. Tubk, a hamlet of Ireland, in the ooiinly of
Tudela, a town of Spain, in Navarre, on the Roscommon, containing the ruins of towen,cif-
Ebro, 4 m. S. Pamplona, 45 N. W. Saragossa. ties, &c., which sufficiently attest its fonoaer im-
Long. 1. 40. W., lat. 42. 11. N.. Pop. 7,^ portance. 9 m. N. of Roscommon.
7V>«r,atown of Russia, and capital of a govern- Tumbez, a town of Peru, noted u the pla«
ment at the conflux of the Tvertza and Volga, where the Spaniards first landed in these puis
It IS the see of an archbishop. It was burnt in under Pizarro. It is seated onariverof theotna
tbe year 1763, but has since been rebuilt on a name, which flows into the bay of Onaya^I
TUN Tar Tl/R
270 m^. by W. of Quito. Long. 79. 51. W., kt mon people. It is 10 a. from tiie fea, S7G M. W
3. 40. S. ofTnpoU,uid380E. of Algion. Long. 10. 16.
TSimcwru, a town of Hindooctui, in Mywuv, £., kt. 36. 45. N.
with a well-built fort, 32 m. S. E. of Sera. Tunja, a town of New Granada, capital of a
Tktmen, a town of Rnasia, in the proTince of diitrict of the game name. Near it are mines of
Tobolsk, 150 m. W. S. W. of Tobolsk. Long, gold and emeralds. It is seated in a fertUe Tallej
150. 15. E., lat. 57. 3. N. 90 m. N. bv £. of St. Fe de Bogota. Long. 73. 8
] Wnfrrulgtf, p.t.-Orange Co., Vt. Pop. 1 ,930. W., lat 5. 20.N.
TStnkri^e, a town in jCent, Eng. 30. m. E. S. E. TVmAut, a town of Western Tartaxj., in Tarkes- .
of London. tan, seated in a large plain, on the river Ilak, ICO
Tvniridge Wetis, a town in Kant, Eng. moeh m. S. E. of Taraz.
resorted to on account of its chalybeate waters, Turbatf a township of Northumberland Co. Pa.
discovered in 1606, by Dudley lord North, who TWeota, a town or France, department of Nord
recovered from a deep consumption by drinking where the allies, under the auke of York, were
them. It is seateu at the bottom of three hills, defeated by the French in 1794. It is 6 m. N. N.
called Mount Stnai, Mount Ephraim, and Mount W. of LiAe.
Pleasant, on which are seated some good houses, T^treomania, a province of Turkey, in Asia,
orchards, and gardens; and, as the country is now called ^micnta, which see.
naturally wild, the effect of the whole is romantic TVireniM, a town of France department of Cor-
and picturesque. The wells are 5 m. S. of Tun- reze, with a castle, 16 m. S. S. W. of Tulle.
nridge and 35 S. S. E. of London. Titrmf a fortified city of Piedmont, capital of
Tungmtkoif a town of Russia, situate on the Ir- the dommion of the king of Sardinia, and an arch
kut, 80 m. S. W. of Irkutsk. Long. 103. 15. E., bishop's see, with a university founded in 1405
lat. 51. 18. N. by Amedeo, duke of Savov. There are many
7\nuf , a county of Barbary , bounded on the N. large squares, among which that of St. Charles
and £. by the Mediterranean, S. by Tripoli and is ue most spacious ; the buildings are handsome
^ Biledulgerid, and W. by Algiers. It extends and it has extensive arcades on each side Most
SOO m. from N. to S. ana 120 ra. from E. to W. of the streets are well built, uniform, and straight,
This country was formerly a monarchy, but in and terminate on some agreeable object ; the
1574 it became a republic, under the protection Strada di Po, the finest and laij^t, leads to the
^ of the Turks, and pays a certain tribute to the royal palace, and is adorned with piaxzas, filled
bashaw that resides at Tunis. The soil in the E. with shops, as are various others of the best
i part is but indifferent, for want of water. To- streets ; all of which are kept clean by means of
wards the middle, the mountains and valleys a canal from the Doria. with slucies that flow
I abound in fruits ; but the W. part is the most through them into the Po. The inhabitants are
I fertile, being watered by rivers. The environs computed at 112,000. The palace consists of two
of Tunis are very dry, and com is generally magnificent structures, joined together by a gal-
I dear; but there are plenty of citrons, lemons, lery, in which are several pictures, statutes, and
I oranges, dates, grapes, and other fruits ; also antiquities of great value. The citadel, which
I olive trees, roses, and odoriferous plants. In the was demolished by the French after the battle of
t woods and mountains are lions, bisons, ostriches, Marengo was a regular pentagon, comprehend-
monkeys, roebucks^ hares, pheasants, partridges, ing an extensive and well-furnished arsenal, a
I andother sorts of birds and beasts. Tlie principal cannon-foundry, a chemical laboratory, Ac
rivers are the Ouadilcarbar, Magrida, Magerada, There are fine walks on the ramparts and walls of
and Caps. The form of government i> by a divan, the city ; fine gardens on the siae of the river Po ;
I orcouneil, whose president is the bey. The mem- and a charming public place called the Corso,
bers of the divan are chosen by the bey. The where many people assemble in an evening to ex-
inhabitants are a mixture of Moors, Turks, hibit themselves and their equipage. Near this
I Arabs, Jews, and Christians, merchants and city, on the banks of the Po, is the beautiful ess-
slaves ; and they carry on a mat trade in linen tie of Valentin, the garden of which is applied to
and woolen clotn, Morocco leather, |^ld dust, botanical studies. In 1796 the French republican
, leather, lead, horses, oil, soap, and ostriches' effffs army took possession of this city, seized all the
and feathen. The established religion is %- strong places and arsenals of Piedmont, and oblig-
I homedism. All public instruments are written ed the king and his family to remove to the is-
m the Arabic ttmgue, but commerce is usually land of Sardinia^ In 1799 the French were driven
earned on by that of the Lingua Franca. out by the Austrians and Russians ; but shortly
Tkms, the capital of the am>ve country, stands afterwards the city and all Piedmont suirenderad
on a point of the gulf of Goletta, surrounded by to the French. In 1814 it was delivered up to the
hkes and marahes. It is in the fi>rm of an oblong allies, when they restored it to the king of Sar-
■qaare, 5 miles in circumference, with a lofty dinia. It is seated in a fertile plain, at the con-
wall, five gates, and 35 mosques. The houses are flnence of the Doria with the Po, 68 m. N. W! of
all built of stone, though but one story high ; and Genoa and 80 S. W. of Milan. Long. 7. 40. £.,
it has a citadel on an eminence, on tne W. side lat 45. 4. N.
of the city. Without the walls are two suburbs, 7\«rm, p.t. Lewis Co. N. T. 145 m. N. W. Al-
whieh contain upwards of 100 houses. Within bany. Pop. 1,561.
the walls are 10,700 femilies and above 3,000 fWrti^e, a town of Sweden, in the province
tradesmen's shops. The divan, or council of ofSudermanland,84 m. W. S. W. of Stockholm,
itate, assembles tn an old palace, where the bey TWinsIc, a town of Russia, in the jeovemment
reiides. The harbour has a very narrow en- of Tobolsk, with a fort, 190 m. W. by S. of
tnnee, which is well fortified. The Mahome- Tobolsk.
tans here have nine colleges for students, and a TWtjMuory, a town-of Hindoostan, In Mysore,
great number of smaller schools. Tunis is a consisting of an outer and inner fort, strongly
plaoe of great trade, and has maanftctnres of vel defended by a ditch and^ mud walla, and an
rets, «Iks« linen, and rad eapa worn by tlw oon open aubuib at a little *diitance. Hen act
98 3«8
TVR 1
twa ninll MmplM of «urlo« woriunuwkip.
34 m. 8. of 8em ut4 U N. of BeriBgipatun.
TarkaUitj^caaairfol Wealera Attaiy, boun-
^d on tbe fl. «□(< E. by the counirr of tb« Kal-
muca, B. by Bokhttria, ud W. by the lake Arel.
Th« ehtefof thilcomitij li generally called tbe
khan of the Kankalpiba, Tbe capital ia Tarai.
Turkey. 1 large empire, eileudinft over patt of
Europe, Aeia, and Africa, Eoropean Tnikej for-
merlf comprebeDded Moldam, Benarbia, Wil-
achi*, Bulguia, Seivia, Bosnia, part of CToatik
and- Dalmatia, Roiaania, Macedonia, Albania,
Janna, Ltvadra, and tbe Morea. Beaaambia and
part urMoldaria were, however, ceded to Roaaia
in 1S13, and in 1330, tbe independence of Greece
being eatabliabed by tbe allied powen, the terrj'
tor]' of the laltan in Enrope became greatly oon-
tracted. See Ortta. Aaiatic Tnrkev ii bond-
ed on tbe N. bv the Black Sea and CircaMia, E.
by Penia, B. by Arabia, and W. by the Mediler^
raneanandtlie Sea of Marmon. It liei between
97. and 46. E. long., and 98. and 46. N. lit., and
oontaim the eountnea of Irac-Arabi, Uiarbek,
Cnrdiilan, Armenia, Caiamania, Natolia, and Sy-
ria, with Paleitine. In Africa the Tarki have
EffTpt, part of Nnbia, and Baroa ; and tbe itale*
oflVipoli and Tunia an DBder their orotactioa.
Of tbeee ooontriei (which aee leapeotirely) the
~" ' "[inat mannera, &c., moat be nti
an generally robiut, well-ihap
•dvea. The T'>Atbeli«w in «
■ G(>d,^lte
lecani lal
hia neat prophet ia Hahomet ; the j appradue
to tfienuelTea the Bam* of HoslCBiun. whidi im
been cotmpted inlA Itnaanlaun, ngDiljiog mtt'
>feaaiDg the docnioe of MalMHDCt, na
lalaoi. Drinting wine ■• proluhiled ^
>phet in the Koran, yet the Tnita nki
uae of It occarionaUy, withont any aenifk:
though inatead of it tluy pDereUy dee abrkFt.
a liqaor made of hooey, apieea and the jniee e!
frniu. lliaf expend gnat aDina on f™— >-— -
not only in the towiu, bat in the cottnUr, ui
other (olitary placet, for the reftMhitient of lia>
ellera and labomvra. Tbe p*^ nnior ii alia»
lute maater of the good* and Uvea of hia aalueea,
inaomncb that they are bttle better thaM auvn
Tbe eiaad viiier ii the chief officer nnda tk
grand aignior; beaideadiaoluagiDg tbe fimdiiBi
of piime miniatcr, he ia commaiider of all (he fi<
oea of the en^iire. The diran orcabtueteaaBca,
Cflniiataof the vitier, the mufti, and the ki^
faey. The otl>er miniiteia ate, the tei* i IfiBi'i
(wboae office cormpondi in part (o that of eha»
cellor, and in ^art to that of aecretaij (or dre^
aflura in Britain) ; the teflerdai, <v iiii"ittiT sf
finance ; the tacbelebi, or maater of tha ordaaacE ,
tlie teiroiena emini, or oiiniater of marine ; aai
the tachiauB baccha, nr aecietaiy of state. Tm
pachaa or goTernora of proTincea act alaa aa &ib-
era ^neiJ of the reTenne for theb
ptOTineea. Tbe sangiac beya ore the
of diatriota nnder the pacha*, anil in'
them, with both ci*il and militaij Aw
ire anomerouibody, wboie (hncUooi coa-
!Splaintn( the ksian and in apvlfiM at
ininnaiiiina to the cirennMaDoea af On bu
They thut combine the ohataclerof elei^ aaj
lawyer*, hiTing at their head the grand mo&
The imana, or piieaU, are a body altogether d»
tinct from the nlema, their datj being laeielj H
perform pnbtic worship in tlK oioeqiiea.
The public revenue of Tark^ ia d«nte«
partly from a capitation tax on Cbriatiaa* tat
Jewa, partly irom dulire ou tobaooo asd otk'
ed, and of a good mien. They ahaTe their beada
bat wear long bearda, except Ihoee in the aeragUo,
br palaoe, and military men. who wear only
wbisken. Tbe turban worn by the men i* white,
and coniislB of long pieoet of thin linen made no
together in aeveraf ftilda. No one hat a Tori
muit prerame to wear a white tnrban. llieir
clothe* are long and fhll. They ait, eat, and
ileep on the floor, on cushiona, maliaaaei. and
earpeta. In general they are vety moderate in
•atiug, and their meala are deimlcbed with
rreal harte. Their nrinoipal food ia rice ; and
the frugal repaat i* followed by thiit and cold w»-
ter, which are aucceeded by hot coffee, and pipe*
with tobacco. With opiam Ihey procure what
tbcT coll a laef, or placid intoxication. Chea*
and dnoghti ore favnrile gamea ; and the co&ee-
hoDtee and hatha famiBh other loorcea of amnae-
ment. Polygamy it allowed among them; but
Uieir wivea, properly to called, are no more than
(bur in nnmber. The fair aei here are k^ un-
der a rigorona confinement ; the Ar^ic word
Haram, , which ngniSet a lacred or prohibited
thing, it in ita fUleat teiM* wed both of the hab-
Ittlion of the womMt and of Um w«aM> thea-
whole it Bud to be leaa than XfiOOJO&Q d
The army, which it composed of a variety af
troopt, aeidom amounts to 100,000 mea, ami tb
nary it ioconaiderable. The foreign oonuDaire if
Turkey ia ineansiderabie. Tbe cfaief Tniklth
•ea-porta in tlie Lerant an CoBttantinople '-^
Smyrna. There it Ultle trade -with the tarmn.
Smyrna baa oommerce with Enrope and Anois
in the exportation of fruit, partienlaily figB,wfakk
grow lo great peifectionin thia part of tbe eoaatrr
TVrin, a townahip of Eiaei Co. N. J. 14 s
H. W. ^laabethtown.
TWitm, a lawn of Rnstia, in the gavemaeat tl
Caneatia, titnate on the Capian Sw, 140 m. 8
ofAtlnoan. Long. 47. 15. B.,lat. 44. 15. N.
■" ~ " y>e on the E. aide of tl_
Sealind. Long. 176. 56.
nnoa, a town of Bohemia, ia the cirele of
Buntilau, on the
Jn^ BantalaiL
E. of
Oxford Co. He. 18 m. B. Pam.
, town of the NalbetlaMb, in Br*.
bant, near whioh, In 1596, priMe Maurica of Km-
— with only SOO horae, trtally defeated ik
.__,_ ____._.=__ ^ g^ WblN. Erf
Thtnny a Mmpoiti of Coehm-Chimi, ritatlB on a Me. It it ranoiiiMlecl by wtlli add lampirti, and
bay of the same ttame, which afibrda a aafe retreat well fnmished with arttUerr. being a ftontier town
for the Urgeet ehipe in the moot tbmpeetaoiii aea- towards Portugal. It ■tanof on a monntain near
eon. In the vioinity are plantations of sagar-eanes the riyer Minho. 60 ro. S. of Compostelia and 280
and tobaeco. Tnron it 40 m. S. £. of Hue. Long W. N. W. of Madrid. Long, a 38. W , lat. 42. 4. N.
107. 40. E., lat. 16. 9. N. Tuzla a town of Asiatic Turkey » in Caramanla,
Twrtif a town of Naplea, in Baeilicatai on the situate at the wettern extremity ojpa lake to which
river Sino, 8 m. W. of the gulf of Toronto and it gives name, 28 m. N. of Co^ni.
30 S. of Malera. TVer, a goremment of Russia, formerly a pro
TurtU Crsdky townth^ In Shelby and Warren rince in the govemment of Movop[orod. It was
Co. Ohio. the first province modelled according to the code
T\aeaU&m, a eonnty of Alabama. Pop. 13,045, of laws of Catharine II., and comprises an area of
Tuscaloosa is the capital. 24,000 sq. m. with 1 ,000,000 of inhabitants. The
TWsetlooMy the capital of Alabama and of the country produces abundantly all kinds of com and
above county, on the Black Warrior River, near vegetables. Its forests yield the most valuable
the centre of the state 900 m. N. Mobile. 900 m. timber. The quadrupeds and the feathered race
8. W. Washington. Pop. 1,600. The university are the same as in all the N. of Europe. Besidea
of Alabama at this plaee was founded in 1820. It has the fishes common to most lakes and rivers, there
6 instructors and & students, the library has 1,000 is one peculiar to the waters of these northern re
vols. It has one vacation of two months in August gions, called the sterlet : it is the acipenser mth
and September. Commencement is inDecember. onus of Linne, and is a species of sturgeon, high-
TWeony, a sovereign state of Italy, with the ti- ly esteemed for the flavor of its flesh, and for its
tie of a giand duchy, belonging to the house of roe, of which the finest caviar is made.
Austria. It it bounded on the fl. by Modena, on TVsr, the capital of the foregoing government,
the £. and S. by the pope's territories, on the W. «nd an archbishop's see, with a fortress. It is a
by the Mediterranean. It is about 150 m. in place of considerable commerce, being seated at
length, and 100 in breadth; and is watered by sev- the conflux of the Tyerxa, and Volga, along which
enu rivers of which the Arno is the chief. There is conveyed all the merchandise sent by water
are several mountains, in which are found mines ol from Siberia and the S. provinces towards Peters-
iron, alum, and vitrei. There are also quarries ol burg, ft is divided into the Old and New Town ;
marble, alibaster, andporphyry, besides hot baths theibrmer, situate on the opposite side of the Voi-
and mineral waters. Many parts of it are ftnitful ga, consists almost entirely of wooden cottages ;
in com and wine, and produce plenty of citrons, tne latter has risen with Instre from the ashes of
oranges, pomegnaates, and other firuts. The in- the conflagration of 1763. Catharine II., at her
habitants apply themsrives to trade ; they chiefly own expense, raised the gojremor's house, the
mannfiMstnre silks, stufis, fine earthen wure, and episcopal palace, the courts of justice, the ex-
gilt leather. They are much visited by foreign- cnange, the prison, and some other public edifices ;
ers, on account of their politenecs, and because and, to every person who engaged to build a
the Tuscan language is accounted the purest in house of brick, she oftred a loan of iS300 for 12
aU Italy. This duony is divided into three prov- years without interest. The streets are broad and
inces, Tlorence, Pisano, and Sienna, to which long, extending in straight lines, firom an octagon
tome add the Islands. Upon the flight of the in the centre ; the houses of tliis octagon, and of
grand duke, in 1799. it was erected by the FVench the principal streets, are of brick stuccoed white,
into the kingdom of Etruria ; but was soon after- and make a magnificent appearance. Here is an
wards transformed into an apendage to the ecclesiastical seminary, which admits 600 stn-
crown of Italy. In 1814 however, the duchy was dents. In 1776 the empress founded a school for
' " '* '~ DO burgher's children; and in
restored to the Austrians, when Ferdinand, the the instruction of 200
grand duke, letumed to his dominions. Florence 1779 an academy for the education of 120 of the
It the capital. young nobility of the province. Tver is 99 m. N.
2Wearaioa«, a county of Ohio, on a stream of N. w. of Moscow. Long. 36. 5. E., lat. 66. 7. N.
the same name, flowing into the Muskingum. TVeeed, a river of Scouand, which rises flom
Pop. 14^896. New Philadelphia is the capital ; numerous springs in the 8. part of Peebles-shire,
also a village in the same Co. and a township in called Tweedsmuir. It divides that country al-
Bttrk Co. Ohio. most into two e<raal parts, crosses the N. part of
TWearora, p.t Mifllin Co. Pa. Selkirkshire and Roxborgshire, then forms the
TtucumHa, p.v. Franklin Co. Alab. boundary between Berwickshire and England,
Twit, a town of Switierbnd, in the canton of iLnd enters the German Ocean at Berwick.
Orisons, seated near the torrent NoUa, 16 m. 8. by TVeidteaAam, a yillage in Middlesex, Eng.
W. of Uoire. adorned with many handsome yillas, of which
TWiccerm. a town of Hindoostan, in the Car- two are particularly celebrated u that which was
natic, seated on the gulf of Manara, 29 m. E. by the ftyonte residence of Pope,and Strawberrv Hill,
N. of Palamcotta, and 67 S. of Madura. the elegant Gothic retreat of the celebrated Hor-
JSaUngeMf a town of Germany, with a cattle on ace Walpole, earl of Orford. It is seated on the
a mountun, belonging to the kingdom of Wurtem- Thames, 3 m. 8. S. W. of Brentford,
berg. Near it it the celebrated foundry of Lud- iW^^jv, a county of Georgia. Pop. 8,029
wigsthal. It is seated on the Danube, over which Marion is the caplul.
ts a Imdge, 58 m. 8. S. W. of Stuttgard. Long. 8. HsCh, townships in Darke, Ross and FMble Cot.
48. E., lat. 48. 2. N. Ohio.
IVliifa, a town of Rnstia, in the govemment ol iMilkiyy, p.t. Portage Co. Ohm.
Irknttk, situate on the Lena. 160 m. N. of Irkutsk. Tyss, an island of Georgia at tisue ineilth eT tka
Lrag. 106. 40. E., lat. 54. 40. N. river Savannah, on which Is a lighthouse.
Tk^brdta town in NoCtingbaathire, Eng. 137 ^VMkM, a township of Perry Co. Pa.
B. N. by W. of London. TVeMtien, a town of Pokad, on the Nmw
Tkgf a town of Spam, in Galicia, and a bithop't m. n. W. of Bieltk.
lyrfor*. on* of the Molutea Iilui^ thrat it wu cedtd to Italy, botwu ratotedkoAubu
iMtfUes S. of Ternale. in 1814. Iiuprack is the capital.
Zyl«r, a county of the W. Die. of Virginia. Tyroiu, a county of Iieland, in Uie pronaeed
Pop. 5|750. Middlebourne ia the capital. Ulster, 46 m. long and 37 broad ; bounded on tke
iVn<} ■•river. in Northumberland, fing. formed N. by Londonderry, £. by Armagh twl Lod
of a branch from the E. part of Cumberland, and Naeh, S. W. by Fermanaeh, and W. by fhatpL
another from the hilli on the borders of Scotland. It is divided into 35 pariahea, contains abimtS,
These, uniting litUe abore Hexham, form a large 700 inhabitants, and sends three members topuiii.
river, which flows by Newcastle, and enters the ament. It is a rough conntiy, but tolezaUj Cy.
German Ocean at Tjrnemouth. tile. The capital is Danisannon.
TVne, a river of Scotland, in Haddingtonshire, Tyrone, p.L Steuben (^. N. T. 240 m. W. At
which rises on the borders of £dinburgshlre, flows bany. Pop. 1^880; townships in Peny, Fajcdt
by Haddington, and enters the German Ocean to and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. .
the W. of Dunbar. TyrrtU, a county of N. Carolina. Pop.4,m
TytununUk, a village in Northumberland, Eng. Columbia is the capital,
near the month of the Tyne, 9 m. £. N. E. of New- TyaUd, a town of Deninark, in N. JaOaoi vitb
castle. a citadel, seated on the gnlf of Lymfoid, 46 a
Tyngsbaraugh, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. on the W. of Alburg. Long. 8. 25. E., lat 56. 54. N.
MerHmack. 30 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 822. TtfrnfyOr Tafe, a river of Wales in CanUffusiu»,
Ture. See Sur. which issues from a lake on the £. tioeof the
TWu^Aiisi, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 116 m. 8. county, and flows by TregaBnon,Llanbeder,!Ief
W. Boston. Pod. 1,351. castle and Cargan, into C^digan Bay.
Tyrol, a princely county of the Austrian empire, TVon^zya, a town of Russia ia the goferamett
bounded on the n. by Savaria, £. by Salzburg of Sarato^ seated on the Volga, 120 m. H. W.cf
tnd Carinthia, S. by Austria Italy, and W. by Astracan. Long. 45. 25. £., lat 48. 0. N.
Switzerland. Though a mountainous country, its TzenUix, a town of £aropean Turkej^in Ra-
▼alleys are fertile in corn and wine, and it baa mania near the river Taenia, 32 m. M. ^. £. of
a^ excellent breed of cattle. It likewise yields Adrianople.
salt,' all kinds of ores, and veious sorts of precious Tzuntskf a town of Russia in the goTetnont
stones. Its copper contains not only silver but of Kasan, 56 m. W. of Kasan. Long. 47 2. 1
also some gold. The principal rivers are the Inn, lat. 55. 40. N.
Adige, and £y8ach. The country is divided into TxuruduUu, 5l(sm,a town of Roasia.in ttf
seven districts or circles. It was overrun by government of Irkutsk, *seatod on the Amiik
the French and Bavarians in 1805; and by the on the borders of China, 160 m. S. E of ^€^
treaty of Presburg was ceded to Bavaria. In 1809 tohinsk. Long. 119. 32. £., lat. 49. 18. S.
U
•
UBEOA, a town of Spain, in Andalusia^ with Ucker, a river which issues from a like of tte
a strong castle ; seated in a fertile country, near same name, near Prenzlo, in Braadenbarf, im
the river Guadalquivir, 22 m. N. E. of Jaen. N. into Pomerania, and being joined by the Bas-
UberUngen, a town of Baden, in the district of do, enters the Frisch Haff at UckenDonde.
Furstenburg. The principal trade is in corn to Ueker Mark, the former 'name of thtl put or
Switzerland; and near it are fruuous baths. It is Brandenburff which bordered on Pomennii>-
•eated on a high rock, 7 m. N. of Constance. tween Mecklenburg and the Oder. It now mbs
UberakOf a town of Bohemia, in the ciicle of part of the Prussian government of PoUdim.
Chrudin, 10 m. £. N. £. of Chrudin. UckermuniUf a town of Prussia, m foaam,
Ubes, St., or SetumU, a fortified sea-port of Port- seated on the Frisch Haff, at the tnflax of «
ngal, in £stremadura, with a strong citadel, and a Ucker, 32 m. N. W. of Stettin,
good harbour, defended by three forte. It is built UddevaUa, a sea-port of Sweden, is the pm-
on the ruins of the ancient Setebriga, at the head ince of Babus. The streete are spackxii, twi
of a bav, near the influx of the Cadaon, and has the houses are built of wood, and tbetownm
a good^ trade, particuUrly in salt, of which a therefore almost entirely destroyed in tiie&r««
ffreat quantitv is sent to the colonies in America. 1806. The chief trade is in iron, pUniLS, uw ^'
It stands at the end of a plain, 5 m. in length, ez- rings. It is situate on a bay of the ^'^^y
txemely fertile i^ com, wine, and fruits; the N. m/N. by W. of Grotheburg. Long. H- ^-^
end bounded by mountains, covered with pines lat 58. SM. N.
and other trees, and containing quarries of jasper Udina, or Udine, a city of Austrian Itu;; ^P"
of several colours. 20 m. 8. E. of Lisbon. Long, ital of a delegation of ite name which eooipraa
8. 54. W., lat. 38. 22. N. almost the whole of the former Veoetiu FnoA,
Vhigau, a town of Saxony, seated on the £1- with a citadel. It is the see of an aichbiibop, v»
ster, & m. S. E. of Wittenbniff. contains 18,000 inhabitanto. A H«^y,tl^^°
Oby, an island on the £. sioiB of the entrance the Anstrians and French was sigMO bere »
of the gulf of Siam, 20 m. in circumferance. It 1797. It is seated in a large plain, on the nm
yields good water and plenty of wood. Long. 104. and canal called La Roia, 20 m. N. W. of Aqox'*'
46. B., lat 8. 66. N. "^ and 65. N. £. of Venice. . ^
UeaytU, Q^Avurimae. C^^dtiMftot, a town of Siberia, in the fOteroAt^
Ueedo, or Uxeda, a town of Spain, in New of Irkutek, seated on the Seligna, 150 mCn"
CasUle, with a casUe ; seated on ths Xarama, 32 Irkntek. Long. 108. 20. £., lat. 58. a R
m. N.N. £. of Madrid.
Uhk 741 tfiS
Udip^ a town of Htndooiuuii in Ouafft aetr B.ude of the entnaeeoT Loch Broom, ti On
which is a small fort. Hers are three temples, moath of a ri^erof its name, with a ffood bar-
placed in a common square, and surrounded by boar and conunodions road. It is a great fishing
14 large conventa. ft stands amid rice fields, station and situate in the midst of a wool countzy,
beaotifuUj intermixed with palm gardens, 2 m. 48 m. W. by N. of TUn. Long. 5. 6. W., lat.
from the sea, and 36. N. N. W. of Mangalore. 57. 50. N.
fldskoif a town of Siberia, in the proyinoe of UUa, or C7EaW#, an extensire prorinoe to the
Okhouk, sitaate on the Ud, 900 m. 8. W., of N. of Fmland, and extending along the S. coast
Okhotsk. Long. 135. 30. £., lat. 55. 6. N. of the gulf of Bothnia. It was long subject to
UtJvarkelyy a town of Transylrania capital of a Sweden, but, since 1809. it ferms a circle of the
district of its name, with a considerable trade in Russian government or Abo. The population
honey, wax, «Se^c. 22 m. B. N. E. of SbhoBsburg, is thinly scattered, the chief part of the surfare
mid 78 S. E. of Clausenbug. bein£ covered with forests, marshes, and rocks
l/e/zen, a town of Hanover, in Luneburg, noted XJuaborgy the capital of the preceding prov
as the birthplace of Zimmerman. It is situate on ince, and the largest town in £. Bothnia, with a
an island in the river Ilmeran. 22 m. S. of Lune- castle on an island, and a commodious harbour.
burg. In 1714 this town was demolished bv the Rus-
C//a» A government of Asiatic Russia, formerly sians, to whom the Swedes surrendered it in
included m the government of Tobolsk. It is 1808. It is situate at the mouth of a river of the
divided into the two provinces of Ufa and Oren- same name 340 m. N. by E. of Abo. Long. 24.
burg. 40. £., lat. 65. 30. N.
C^a, the captUl of the above government, seat- UUtUa^ one of the Society isles, in the S. Pacific,
ed on the river Ufa, near its confluence with the See Raiatea,
Bielaia,7G0 m. E. by S. of Moscow. Long. 56. UUswaUr^ a lake of EngIand,on the borders of
0. E., lat. 54. 50. If. Westmoreland and Cumberland, 10 m. N. of Am-
Uffenhnm^ a town of Bavarian Franconia, in the bleside. It is 8 m. long, and abounds with Char
district of Anspach, with a castle ; situate on the and other fish. The report of guns, discharged
GoUace, 15 m. N. by £. of Rottenbnrg and 22 S. in certain stations on the lake, is reverberated from
R. of Wnrtxburg. rook to rock, promontorv, cavern, acd hill,
UgenlOf a town of Naples, in Terra d'Otranto, with every variety of sound. The river Eamont
and a bishop's see, 8 m. W. of Allessama and 20 flows through this lake,andby Penrith to the Eden,
S. W. of Otranto. forming that part of the boundary line between
Vglimdj a town of the Sardinan states, in the two counties.
Piedmont, 9 m. N. of Ivrea and 16 £. 8. E. of Ulm^ a citv of GermaDV, in Wurtemberff. It
Aosta. is s fortified, large, and handsome place ; in which
UgUeh, a town of Russia, in the government of the archives of the late imperial towns of Binbia
Jaroslaul, with a trade in leather and soap ; seat- were preserved, and where the diet of the circle
ed on the Volga, 45 m. W. of Jaroslaul. was generally held. The cathedral is a large
VgognAf a town of Austrian Italy, 45 m. N. W. magnmcent structure. Here is an excellent col-
of Milan. lege, with a theological seminary annexed ; and
Visty Kortk and Souik, two islands of the Heb- a convent for the daughten of the nobility and cit-
rides,on the W. coast of Scotland. N. Uist is 28 ixens, who are here educated, and aflerwards at
m. long and 17 broad, and the face of the conn- liberty to marry. Its other most remarkable build-
try corresponds with that of Lewes. S. Uist is infls are the aboey of St. Nichael, commonly called
23 m. long and 7 broad, and the trees are here \^ngen, the town-house, the arsenal, the mwi-
equallv unknown. Many cows are annually ex- zines,and the valuable town Kbituy. The inbabit-
port«a ; but the staple commodity is kelp, of ants are protestants, and estimated at 16,000 ;
which about 1,100 tons are annuallf manunc- they have a good trade in linens, fustians, paper
tnred in each. The island of Benbecnla lies be- wine, and wool. The duke of Bavaria took it in
tween them, and they are each about 16 m. to 1702, by stratagem ; but surrendered it after the
the W. of the most western point in the Isle of battle of Blenheim, in 1704. In 1796 it was U-
Skve. ken by the French, and it surrendered to them
Uktntkoif a town of Russia, in the government in 18(S5, with the flower of the Austrian army,
of Tobolsk, at the conflux of the Irtisen and Oby, under general Mack, consisting of 60,000 men.
196 m. N. of Tobolsk. Long. 69. 15. £., lat. ol. In 1810 it was transferred to Wurtemberg. It is
10. N. seated at the confluence of the Blan with the
Ukretnty a country of Europe, lying on the Danube, opposite the influx of the lUer, 38 m
borders of Poland, Russia, and Little Tartary. Ito W. by N. of Augsburg and 40. S £. of Stuttgard.
name signifies afirmuier. By a treaty between Long. 9. 66. £., lat. 48. 94. N»
Russia and Poland, in 1693, the latter remained vEatho, or VlMkow, a town of Prussian West-
in possession of the Ukraine, on the W. side of nhalia, in the county of Ravensburg, near ^Juch
the Dnieper, which constituted a nalatinate called is a medicinal spring. 6 m. 8. of Minden.
Kiev; while the E. aide was allotted to Russia, OlridUCsm, a town of Germany, in Hesse-Darm-
and called the government of Kiev, but Russia stadt, with a fortified castle, 25 m. S. £. of Mar-
havinc obtained the polish part, by the treaty of buig.
partition, in 1793, the whole belongs now to that I/irtdUUiiis, a town of Sweden, in W. Goth-
power. That part of the Ukraine on the W. aide land, formerly called Bogesund, the present name
of the Dnieper is but indifterently cultivated ; being given it in 1741, in oompliment to queen
but that on the E. side, iafaabitsd by the Cosaaos, Ulrica Eleanora. It hiaa a considerable trade in
is in mueh better eonditioB. The prinelpal town eattls, provisions, tobaeco, dko., and is 50 m. E.
it Kiov. See Cotraoes. of Golhebnrg.
UlaU, a town of Hindooelaa, in Canara, 3 n. MsCsr, a provinoe of Ireland, 116 a. long and
8. W. of Magalore. 100 broad ; bounded on the E. by the Irish Sea,
etapeoI,atown ofSeotlaad in RoM-fkim.Mtk* N. by tht Northern Oeeaa, W. Inr tht Atlaatis
8R
VHD 748 UHJ
Oeeftn, S. W. b/ the provmce of Connaught, and which eioMet the canton from N. to S. TV
8. by that of Ijeinster. It contains the counties coantry abounds in fruit and cattle, but prodnoM
QitJjontgBlj Londonderry, Antrinii Tyrone, Fer- little com and no wine. The inhabitaati aic
managh, Monaffh^n^ Armaffh, Down, and Cavan. Roman Catholics. Stanz is the capital of tbe
The principal place is Londonderry. Lower Valley, and Saznen of the Upper lad of
Ulster, a county of New York. fop. 36,551. the whole canton.
Kingston is the capital ; p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. Ungvar, a town and fort of Hunguy, capitil of
UUzenf or Veltzen, a town of the Netherlands, a palatinate of the same name. It stands in u
in N. Holland, with a trade in flour and wool, island formed by the Ung, 57 m. E. of Caaoria.
50 m. N. of Haarlem. XiOng. 22. 23. £., lat. 48. 42. N.
Ulverstonef a town in Lancaster, Eng. 261 m. Ungnia^ a small island in the N. Pacific Oceia
N. N. W. of London. near the W. coast of America, so named bj thi
Ulysses^ a township of Tompkins Co. N. T. Rosffians. Long. 198. 44. E., lat. 56. N.
Pop. 3 ,130. Unhaca, a small island in the Indian aea, at Um
Umbaffog, a lake lying between N. Hamp- entrance of the bay of Leronzo Manjoet. Lit
■hire and Maine, 18 m. long and 10 broad. Its 26. 5. N.
waters flow into the Androscogjgin. Unhost, or Ankost, a town in Bohemia, in ScLa-
UmOf or Vmea^ a province ofSweden, compri- Ian ; 8 m. S. Schalan, 9 m. W. Prague. Pop
sing W. Bothnia, Umea Lapmark, and nearly all 992.
Swedish Lapland. It has an area of 65,000 sq. Uniego, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
m. with about 80,000 inhabitants. Lenczicz, with a fine castle belongmg to the arch-
Vnuif or Unuay a sea-port of Sweden, in W. bishop of Gnesen, seated on the narta, 20 bl S.
Bothnia, capital of the above province, at the S. w. of Lenczicz.
mouth ol tlie river Uma, in the gulf of Bothnia. C/nion, a county of the W. Dis. of PennsylTiiia.
The houses are built of wood ; and it was twice Pop. 20,749. New Berlin is the capital. Acoim*
burnt by the Russians. 310 m. N. by £. of ty of Ohio. Pop. 3,192. MarysTille iathecipi-
Stockholm. Lon£. 19. 18. E., lat. 63. 58. N. tal. A countv of Kentucky. Pop. 4,435. Mor-
Uma^, a small sea-port of Austrian lUyria, raifield is tne capital. A county of litinoU.
in Istria. seated near the gulf Largona, 12 m. S. Pop. 3,239. Jonesborough is the capital. A
W. of CJapo d' Istria. county of Indiana. Pop. 7,957. Liberty is the
Umbriaf a province of Italy, now called the capital. A county of Arkansas. Pop. 640 Com
duchy of Spoleto, Fabre is the capital. A District of S. Ctfolina.
Vmbriatieo, a town of Naples, in Catabria, seat- Pop. 17,906. Union ville is the capital,
ed on theUpada, 15 m. N. by W. of St. Seve- Umattf p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 1,619; p.l
rina. Tolland Co. Conn. Pop. 711 ; p.t Brown Co.
Ummerapoaraf one of the most flourishing and N. T. Pop. 2,112 ; p.t. Essex Co. N. J ; town-
well-built cities of Asia, once the metropolis of abips in Krie, Huntingdon, Luzerne, Fayette.
Birmah, with a spacious and regular fort, com- Mifflin and Schuylkill Cos. Pa; and towna and
pletely ibrtified after the eastern manner. It was villages in Loudon and Monroe Cos. Vs., Union
founded in 1783 by the emperor Minderagree, 4 Dis.^. C. Union, Belmont, Washioj[ton, Lav-
m. to the N. E. of Ava, the ancient capital. The rence, Knox, Ross, Highland, Champaign, Lopn,
houses are raised on posts from the ground ; the Madison, Fayette, Clinton, Scioto, Wanen. Bat-
smaller supported by bamboos, the larger by strong ler, Muskingum, Clermont- Miami, Morgan, Lick-
timber The streets are all straight, many of them ing, Harrison and Brown Cos. Ohio,
wide, paved with brick, and frequently crossed by Union Society ^ p.v. Green Co. N. T.
others at right angles. The rojral palace is a Union Springs, p.v. Cayuga Co. N. Y ; p.v-
splendid edifice, within the fort, and no nobleman Fayette Co. Pa.
penditure of gilding, which is bestowed on the Pa. and Georgia Co. Ohio.
outside of the roofs, particularly on the lofty spires, United Provinces of South Ameneti, called alao
renders them objects of extraordinary splendor. Buenos Ayres, from the name of the cWrf citr,
Ummerapoora is situate on a peninsula, formed and sometimes the Argentine RepvNic, nom tte
by the Irrawaddy on the W. and a narrow chan- etymology of the river La Plata; a repablic or
nel branching E. from the river, which soon takes South America lying upon the La Pl&U and it»
a N. direction and expands to a lake on the £. tributary streams.
side of the city, 7 m. long and one and a half The present political boundaries are noli-
broad. 260 m. E. of Calcutta and 620 N. N. W. ria on the N. Para^ay, Banda Oriental and
of Siam. Long. 76. 7. E., lat. 21. 57. N. the AUantic Ocean on the E. Pat^"* /S
UnadOla, p.t. Otsego Co. N. T. on the Sus<nie- the S. and Chile on the W. It ooutaus mm^
hanna. Pop. 2,313. sq. m. and is divided into 13 provinces. TIub
UneasviUe, p.v. N. London Co. Conn. 45 m. country resembles an extensive amphitheatre,
6. E. Hartford. bounded laterally by the Andes and tbe
(TndsrioaUsn, a canton of Switzerland, bounded Brazilian moontams, and on the N. bv a <bact
on the N. by the canton of Lucem and the Lake of mountains, denominated thoee of (^mn*
of the Four Cantons, E. by high mountains which tos, which running N. W. from the Andes of U
separate it from the canton of Uri, S. by Mount Paz and Potosi, and crossing the Parana, an coih
Brunich which parti it from the canton of Bern, nected with the Brazilian chain,— leaving »*
and W. by that of Lucem. It is 24 m. long and wards the S. E. the immense opening of the nju
SO broad, contains an aiea of 300 sq. m. with de la PlaU, like a wide and magnmcent pjuw
23,000 inhabitants, and is divided into the Upper proportioned to the grandeur, importance, and ex
and Lower Valley, by a forest called Kesterwald, tent of the region to which it gives aecesi. Win
UNI 743 Vm
ifi theie limits— 40ine ■cattered and intennedtate The lake of Iberi, or Canearei, liea between
ridges excepted— the coantrj is extremely level, the Uratraay and the Parana. For 30 leagues,
the hills generally not exceeding 540 feet of ele- the nortnem boundary of this lake runs parallel
vation above their bases ; and the whole being a with the former river, and extends as far to the
vast extended plain, covered with lakes and in- south. From its S. extremity the river Mirinay
numerable rivers, mnnj of which, though equal runs into the Uraguay ; and from its W. and S
to some of the largest m Europe, flow nnregard- W. sides, three other large streams issue, namely
ed and nameless, and are viewed merely as tribu- the Sania Luda, CoriemUs, and BatUes, and fall
tary streams. Few of them, however, reach the into the Parana. None of these streams are for-
sea, being either lost in the lakes, or stopped in dable. Its greatest breadth is 46 mile*. This
the level plains, where- they are soon absorbed or lake neither receives rivers, brooks, nor springs,
insensibly evaporated. The uniform levelness but is entirely nourished by the simple filtration
of this tract is so great, that it has been calculated of the waters of the Parana, — a phenomenon of
by barometrical observation, that the great river which there is not another known instance rn the
F^raguay, in its progress to the south, does not world. This filtration alone supplies not only
fall above one foot m perpendicular height, be- the four great rivers isluing from it, but also the
tweett the parallels of 18. and 22. S. lat. or 780 vast quantity carried off by evaporation from a
miles direct distance, but much more by the surface of 6,000 square miles; which, according
course of the stream. Even when the winds from to Halle v's calculation, must be equal to 70,000
the S. C. occasion the rivers of Buenos Ayres to tons daily, allowing the mean temperature to he
rise seven feet above their usual level, this rise is the same as that of England. This watery ex
observed in the Parana, at the distance of 60 panse, however, is generally very shallow, and
leagues. In consequence of this flatness of the filled with aejaatic plants, so that its interior is
floif, the rains which fall on the Andes are stop- completelv inaccessible. The islands with which
pcd where they descend into the plains, and are it is studoed are well-stocked with deer and other
insensibly evaporated ; so that a number of rivo- game : flocks of wild fowl are always skimming
lets whicn, if collected on a different configura- on its surface , its fish are numerous, and very
tion of surface, would form a lar^ stream, are sweet and fresb, and many flourishing settle-
thus stopped and annihilated. This physical de- ments are made on its shores. This Iske over-
feet cannot be supplied by any artimsial means ; flows twice-a-year. During the intr.rva]s be-
for the same cause which prevents the superflu- tween the inundations, it has the appearance of
otts moisture from finding its way to the sea, an immense swamp, with 12 lakes dispersed at
would equallv prevent its conveyance by canals, different distances.
In Buenos Ayres, and other towns situated on There are other lakes, which stagnate in ex-
the banks of riyers, it is always found necessary tensive flats, and being shallow, cover a great
to use a pump, in order to raise the water to the surface of ground ; and which, consequently di-
'level of the town. This very circumstance, minish the quantity of arable land. Inthesonth-
which produces Uie effects above described, is ern parts of this territory, and E. of the Plata,
equally ftvourable to the formation of lakes. As a chain of salt lakes extends E. from the Andes
the superfluous waters caused by the periodical to this river. One of these lakes, in- particular,
rains, nave no outlet, from the defect or descent, 360 miles S. W. of Buenos Ayres, is remarkably
and cannot be absorbed bv the soil, they are salt. It is about 18 miles in circuit; and the
necessarily collected in the llat parts of the coun- salt found at the bottom is so hard and thick,
try, where they spread to a great extent, cover- that it is difficult to break it with iron tools,
ing an immense space, but of no depth any About 300 carts are annually loaded with it, and
where. carried to Buenos Ayres; and what is very re-
Most of the lakes are of this description ; and markable in this chain is, that a few of the lakes
among these is the celebrated lake of Xarayes, are fresh, though during the rains they are so
which is nothing else than the superfluous waters swelled as to communicate frequently with those
of the Paraguay, when swelled by the tropical that are salt. All the springs throuffhout the
rains, spread over an immense flat, and partly greater part of the flat cenntry W. of tne Parana
evaporated, and partly carried off by the river and Paraguay, are more or less salt, and few of
when it begins to retire within its banks. This the rivers can be drunk till they enter the Parana,
marsh was formerly supposed to be its source ; The soil of this region, extending about 700 m. in
and many fables were circulated concerning it, as length, and 190 m. in breadth, is saturated with
havinff a beautifUl island in its centre : which, fossil salt
from Uie salubrity of its atmosphere, its perennial The western parts of this countiTi are ^nerally
verdure, and exuoerant fertilitjr, was called ' the mountainous, comprehending witnin their limits
island of Paradise,' and was said to be inhabited some of the lofliest ridges of the Andes. From
by the Orejones, a Peruvian tribe, which had the great chain of Andes, branches diverge in dif-
taken refuge here at the time of the conquest, ferent places, extending far into the interior. Of
The number of crocodiles in this marsh is im- these, the mountains of Cordova Aduda^ in the
mense ; and in the vicinity are found pumas, province of Tucuman, and those of the still more
jaguars, stags, and monkeys of various kinds ; western province of Cuyo^ form secondary ridges ;
the country also swarms with ants, moschetoes, and anotner ridge of the same kind branches off
and innumerable noxious insects. During the in the latitude of the great river Colorado, or
inundation, the Portuguese (from their settle- Desaguadero, which, under the Indian appellation
ments on the Cuyaba) cross it in canoes and of cSnUuUi^ runs nearly across to the Atlantic.
«mail barks. When the inundation has ceased. The southern mountains are covered with thick
the whole plain is completely dr^, and covered impenetrable woods, and are little known. The
with weeds and other plants. Of'^ the same kind Brazilian range on the £. is also of seoondarf
are the lakes of Aguaoaeahf in 8. lat. 25., and elevation, mnerally covered with thick fbiesit,
Xumkvuu, in27. S. lat., and in general all those to interspersea with extensive tracts wholly desti-
thc £. of the Paraguay. tnie of vegetation. This extensiTe chain ii oon-
Tkitama
immeaK ptuni sxtcod wntwvd to tha froDlien
of Loa Clurew, uid northwird to tli« moiutuna
orCtaiqaitM. Tbeae pUina are gananU/ elerited
■nd drj, though tnmied bf snineraiu tItcm.
Thej on ikirudby titaiiuTe uu] uicienl foreaU,
which afford abellrr to ths wild animala of tba
«aanti7, and are inkabited by Oaaehoa and otha
A coontcj ao eztmaire u Buanoa Ajie*, rnnat
pMWai a great Tshetj both of climate and mU.
Wbile, on the Sioan aDmmiU of the Andea, the
cold ii intolerable eren ia aammer, in the plaini
the heata of nunmet are eitremelj oppreaaire.
The S, W. wind prenili onlj about one month
during the year. In the northern parta of the
country, and in the interior, Ibe W. «rind ii
acsroel; known, and aeldom laata three hoar* to-
gether. At BoenOB Ajrea, and on the ooaat, the
windi are more riolent ; (he wealerlj wind ii
with inconceivable Tiolence. The a. E. wind is
generally followed by raina in winter, and by dry
weather in anmmer. In (he apring and aammer
tbeae winda are often very Tiolent, raiaing clonda
of doat which obacnre the aon. and which caoae
inhabitanla, by dea-
humid, and the apartDienti which hare a aonthem
■ ' ■ loora.
•labetant litrtility and
eipoanre have alwaya
But, notwithatanding the eic
benign temperature which perradea the greater
paurt ofthia eitenain country, iti cnltiTStion haa
been neaQj neglected ; and a zoloay which hare
beenuie granary of Europe, haa hitherto produced
tittle more than what merely iuppUe* ila own
wanta. The native pride and iadolenee of the
Spaniard!, and the eitrenw ilnggiahneM of ths
Indiana, eSeoloally atop all agricmlainl improve-
menta in thia part of tbeNew World; and exlen-
■ive plaina, watered by innnmerabte ' -
. . country are
ipoaed of tbeaameclaaaeaaa tluMe of the other
liah ooloiuea, vii. : European Spaniard*,
ilea, peojde n Colour, Negroea, and Indiana.
1^ Cra^ea wiio have at prea-
te laeendenay, held an inferior opU
SMBJah
tie^nnktotheEnropeana. Thanojilaoft^,
the negroea, and Indnuu, ibU boU iIm nb id
ative ailnatiooa in lociety, — the ln£ua, u dmI,
being loweet in the acale. It ■ diffieull ti ii
the number of inhahitanta, and the rcbtin pt
portiona of the elaaea to each other.
The internal commerce of BocnMAjm, i
that cairied on with it* own prDrinen, a nsK
orabla. Of thi'a traffic, the herb afPannjfaH
the moat important branch: SflOafmU.dt
vtm annually into Pern, and IfKHtfiK U u
Chile. It iiconveyed in covered wanmidnn
by oien, fiom Santa Fe la Jojuy a*3^litndia .
and from thence ia cairried oDtbebacbi/Dils
(oPotos, U Pax, Pern, and Chile. bFinpi'.
the price of thi* article i* 4 dollart, or jb. ^e
arroba of 25 Iba. Al Potoai, haweTtr,lkpiBa
more than double, and increaaei u il pn«4
north. Immenae droves of eattte p>a imih
into Peru ; aod 60J)00 male* of two jnn lii
are annutlly purcbaaed in the (emtorr, w
tbatcountrj. ThencateslpartofEcmpniaa
moditiea conaumea in CbJe, an dnn ta
Buenoi Ayrea. A eonaiderable eooniem li i!r
carried on with the independent tribta liu m
ronnd the country, particolarly with UrFu
pa* and Paelebea. Some g<^ of a mywFK.
Joality, which i* lappoeed to be coDecled loai
le mouutaini and npland anringa on Ibebuu
of the Uiagnay, haa been lately tHeufhl te Bkod
Ayrea by the Indiana, who contrive to larlo :
with the Americana or o4her fbmgB nnctuli
■ The foieign commerce of thia cenntn ii net
aetad abiefly at Bocnea Ayrea, from ■hid) pit-
are exported fa idea, tallow, con, beaf, fbiKi
peltry, gold and eilv«r. llie govenuncDi a n
publican, bnl ha* been for aoBie time in u [ua.
tied elate. Bneno* Aym i> the cajiitil h
couotrr waa formerly a vioeroyalty aaia j!
Spaniih goverraent but revolted anddednrj
independence immediatelv after the inniui
Spain by the French in 1808. The popntoe.
above 3,900,000.
Viiittd SMtt of AtMtriea, a federalJn nfm.
ocnpying the middle diviaion of North Aism.:
and conaiating ofthe State* of Haine, Ntv Hit
ahire. Vermont, Maaaacbuaetia, RhmJt hit.
Connecticut, New York, New JeraejpPeniiijIn
nia, Delaware, Marrland, Virginii, H.ixi
Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Looiaiiu, Uiw
lippi, Tenneaace, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiuu.llit
oia,and Miseouri, all which are indepeaikDiaB
with renrd to their internal gcivemmenl, id'k
Territone* of Florida, MichigaD, Arkuuu.''
■ouri,Oiegonand the diatrict of Coliinibit,>lii
are under Uic dominion of the genaralnmiKiA
Thiarepublii^tBboanded N. by Britiik lai^
aJan America, E. by the AllanlicOocaii, S bjl
Atlantic, the Golf of Mexico, tbe Huiaii*
ritorira, and W. by the Mexican tertitorieM"']
Pacific Ocean. It exlenda &om SS. to M. ^-l
and fVom 43. 5. to abont 130. W. long- iii «
tains upwards of 2,300,000 square miris.
Thii country ia traversed by two gnU da
□fmounlain*; the Rocky mooutaini rkici «
continuation ofthe great Mexican dnia udri
through th* weatem lerritoriei of tbe U«l
Stalea in a northwealerly dtKCtion lonlit
Froien Ocean ; and the Apalachiuek^n,al)
ba* iU whole extent in thia ooontry and lUM
from the aontheaeteni mde of U« Mmi^
valley, in a northeaat direction parallel in i1m^
of tbe United Stalea nearly to the Oairif '
Lawienoe. Tbe different ridges of tbi <*
UJfl T45 upr
are known by a rarietr of names from the Com- ed bj the people for 2 yean. The exeonitve
b«rland Monntaina or Tennestee, to the White power is yeMea in a preaidient, who, together with
Moantaini of New Hamiwhire, and the highland! a yice president, ia chosen for 4 years by electors
of Maine, but they may oe considered as all eon- from all the states. The principal snbordinate
stitating one system. An inferior range of moun- officers in the executiye dei^artment, are the sec-
tains comparea with these two are the Oxark and retaries of state, of the treasury, of war. and of the
Masserne mountains, which may be regarded as nayy. The judiciary is independent of the legists-
detached branches of the Mexican chain stietch- ture. The supreme court is composed of 7indge§.
ing northwestly into Missouri and Arkansas. All power originates with the people. Tne con*
The riven which water the different parts of the ' stitution secures to the citizens the grand princi-
(Jnited States are among the largest in the world, pies of freedom, liberty of oonscience in matterw
and the Missouri from its source in the Rocky of religion, liberty of me press, trial by jury, and
Mountains to its outlet in the Gulf of Mexico, is the ri^t of choosing and being chosen to office,
the largest riyer on the globe. The rivers which Washington is the capital,
rise on Uie southesstern slope of the Apalachian These States were most of them originally col-
mountains, and flow into the Atlantic are not onie§ of Great Britain. The first settlement made
comparable to the streams of the west for length, hj the English was in Virginia in 1607 : although
yet are highly useful in navigation. The Atlantic Florida afterwards acquired by the United States
coast is indented by innumerable bays and har- from the Spaniards,was settled earlier. The oldest
hours, affording vast advantages for commerce, American town is St, Augustine which was foun-
and the internd navigation of the country is as- ded about the year 1564. ^he dates of the settle-
sisted by a great number of canals, the cnief of uient of the several states and their local histories
which are those uniting the great lakes of Canada will be found under the head of each. In 1775
with the rivers of the Atlantic and the Gulf of the attempt of the British government to tax the
Mexico. The varieties of climate, soil, natural colonies without their consent caused a revolt,and
productions and agricultural industry, will be the Independence of the American atates was de-
found minutely specified under the heads of the clared on the 4th of July 1776, a desperate war
several states. For exact statistical details the with the mother country followed, but it was
reader is referred to the tabl<is in the Appendix. found impossible by the British to bring the
The population of the United States at the Americans to submission, and in 1783 peace was
oensus of 1830 was 12,856,165, excluding the concluded, and the independence of the states ac-
Indians. Since 1790 it has increased on an average knowledged by the king of Great Britain. The
one third eyery ten years. The number of In- States enjoyed their separata independent gov-
dians is estimated at 313,000. The commerciU emments till 1786 when the present constitution
imports for 1830 were 70,876,9^ dollars; the and federal government were established,
exports of domestic produce 69,462,029 dollars ; UniUaf p. v. Blount Co. Ten.
total exports 73,849,508. The enrolled and licen- ViUtyj p.t. Waldo Co. Me. on the Kennebec,
Bed shipping at the end of the year 1828 amount- 30 m. above Augusta. Fop. 1^199 ; p.v. Sullivan
ed to 1,741,391 tons. The navy consisU of 7 ships Co. N. H. 32 m. N. W. Concord. Pop. 1,258.
of the line, 12 firigates and 13 sloops of war and A township of Westmoreland Co. Pa ; p.v. Mont-
several small vessels. There are 5 ahips of the gomery Co. Maryl. a township of Columbiana Co.
line and 6 frigates in building. The army is Ohio,
restricted by law to 6,186 men. Utma, a river of European Turkey^ which rises
Since 1810 there appears to have been no at- in Bosnia, on the frontiers of Croatia, passes by
tempt at an exact estimation of the annual value Wihitsch, and joins the Save, 16 m. above Gra-
of manufactures. At that period they were com- discs.
puted at above 170,000,000 dollars ; tneir value at Unnary, a town of Sweden, in the province of
present is doubtless quadrupled. The money coin- Smoland, 43 m. W. of Mexio.
ed at the mint of the United States in 1831 was Umst, the most northern of the Shetland Isl-
3,923,473 dollars. The public debt ia expected to ands, 10 m. long and 4 broad, and more level than
be paid off in the course of the present year, 1632. the other isles. It feeds many aheep, homed
The total expenditure of the IT. S. government cattle, and hogs ; and about 80 tons of cured fish
for 1830 was 12,729,53.^ dollars. The nett revenue are annually exported. Long. 1. 10. W., lat. 61.
for the same year was 22,697,679 dollars, lliere 10. N.
are in the U. S. 48 colleges, 21 Theological semi- UnUrtemy a town of Switierlaad, in the canton
naries, 7 medical schools, 9 law schools, and above of Bern, near which is the fiimous eavem, of St.
12,000 churches ; of which the Baptist and Meth- Pat. It is seated on the river Aar, between th«
odists have together 4,484, the Presbyterians 1,472, lakes Brients and Thun, 96 m. 8. S. £. of
the Conffregationalists 1,331, the Episcopalians Bern.
932, the CaUiolics 784, the Dutch Reformed 602, Utua, a town of Russia, in the province of the
the Quakers 562, the Uniyersalists29d, the Luthe- same name, in the government of Kostroma. It
rans 240, the Unitarians 127, the Calvinistic Bap- is situate on the river Unsa, 92 m. E. N. £. of
tists 84 , the S wedenborgians 73, the Moravians 56, Kostroma,
and the Jews 96 synagojgues. U^nd^ a province of Sweden, between Suder-
The United States form together a federal mania, Westmania, Gestricia, and the Baltic. It
republic. Each state is independent, and has is 70 m. long and 45 broad, contains an area of
a separate legislature, executive, and judiciary ; 500 sq. ro., with 250,000 inhabitanta, and is ex
but the defence of the country, the regulation of tensively covered with shapeleso stones and im-
comroeree, and the general interests of the con fed- penetrable woods, but enriched with inexhaustible
eraoy, are entrusted t^ the general government, mines of copper, iron , and diver. Stockholm is
The legislative power is vested in a congress, the capital.
composed of a senate, consisting of 2 members Upper, a township of St. Lawrence Cc. Ohio,
from each state, chosen by the state legislatures for Upper Dublin^ a township of Montgomery Co
% years ; and of a house of representatives, elect- Pa.
94 3R
•» t
U&A 746 Vfil
fjwftr Fntkdii, a towmkip of Bfonmontii Co. reeruite to he puUielj ihaTtftf ui titt (owb rf
N. J. Taitek, in 1771, Uiu wantoii i^jci ttzettidaa q.
(htper LiaUf p.y. Broome Co. N. Y. rarrection, whieh was rappreaiea fsr t time ; bn
Cfiptfr MarUlorougkj p.T. Prince George Co. in i773an impoetor,Pngatchef, whoasomedtk
Maryl. name of Peter III., appeared among them; ui
Upper 8andM$kyf p.T. Crawford Co. Ohio, on taking adirantage of thti eircnmitsoee, nnatd
Sandnskj^ River. thera onoe more into open rebellion. Thii ni
'iperwlBf p.y. Loudon Co. Va. luppreMed by the defeat and ezecotioD of tk
tpingham, a town in Rutlandshire, £ng. 89 impNoster ; and in order, to extinipitBh ill raaea-
m. N. by W. of London. branoe of this rebellion, the river Yuk ifisedU
l^salf a city of Sweden, in Upland, and an the Ural ; the Yaik Cowmss were denoouiiaM
archbishop's see, with a university. It is divid- Uralian Cossaes ; and the town of Ttitik vu
ed into two almost equal parts by the river Sala named Uralsk. These Cosncs are very ncn, ii
and the streets are drawn at right angles from a consequence of their fisheries in the Ga^iaa Sa
central kind of square. A few of the houses are Their principal fishery is for stur^jeoas and «W
built of brick, but the generality are constructed ga, whose roes supply \uxge quantities of eaTiut,
ofwood, oainted red, and the roofs are covered in and the fish, chiefly salted and dried, a^nitcQa-
with turf: Upsal was formerly the metropolis of siderable article of consumption in the Roasks
Sweden, and near it is the morasten, or stone on empire.
which the king used to be crowned. The cathe- Uralsk^ a town of Russia, capital of the coiiBtrT
dra],a large structure of brick, contains the re- of the Uralian Cossaes, was formerly called Tait^
mains of the celebrated Guetavus Vasa, and of and is seated on the river Ural, 3?^ m. N. N. L aI
Charles Linne. llie university is the most an- Astracan. Long. 50. 10. E., lat. ^. 0. N.
cient in Sweden, and the first seminary in the UranUnfrg, a once macnifioent castle, of Do-
north fo^ academical education. The royal socie> mark, in the island ofHuen, now iaraiu. h
ty here is likewise the oldest literary academy was built by Tycho Brahe, a celebrated ntni»-
in the north. Here is an observatorv, planned mer, who called it Uraniburfr, or Castle of Uk
by the celebrated Celsius, from which tne Swedish Heavens, and here made his observaiioiu.
geoffraphers compute the longitude ; also a bo- l^r6aima, p.t. Steuben Co. 19. Y. 258. m. W.
tanical garden, of which Linne was superinten- Albany. Pop. 1^288 ; p.t. Champaign Co. Oba).
dent Upsal is seated in a vast open plain, fertile Pop. 1,103
m com, & m. N. N. W. of Stocknolm. Long. 17. Urbaiuif p.v. Middlesex Co. Pa. on the Ras-
39. £., lat 59. 52. N. pahannoc. 47 m. N. fork. It has some tm
VpsoHf a county of Georgia. Pop. 7,013. merce.
C^eon, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 88 m. 8. W. Urbania, a town of Italy, in the delegatioecf
Boston. Pop. 1,157. Urbino, built by Urban VIII. ; seated on the Ma-
letolt, a town in Worcestershire, Eng. Ill m. tro, 7 m. S. S. W. of Urbino.
W. N. W. of London. Urbino^ a delegation of Italy, in thepope'idc
Urachf a town of Germany, in the kingdom of minions, comprising the greater part orthe fins-
Wurtemberg. It has a great trade in paper, da- er duchy of Urbino, with some adjoining difltridi
masks, and unen, and is 21 m. S. S. if. of Stut- The air is not deemed wholesome, nor is the ssil
gard . fertile. The chief production is silk, and gaaie is
Uragmayf a province of 8. America, so named plentiful,
from a large river, which unites with the Parana Uritfio,a city of Itely, capiUl of the foregoiu
70 m. above Buenos Ayres, and forms the fiunous dele^tion, and an archbisnop's see. The dbi-
river Plate. versity contains a noble college and 16 eoiiTeati
Uralf or Oural, a river of Russia, which rises Great quantities of fine earthenware are made hm
in Mount Caucasus, flows bv Orenburg, Uralsk and it is famous for bein^v the birth-place of the
and Gurief, and enters the Caspian Sea by three illustrious painter Raphael. It stands on a hill
months. 58 m. E. of Florence and 120 N. of Rook.
UriU Mountainif a chain of mountains extend- Long. 12. 40. £., lat.43. 46. N.
ing from the 50th to nearly the 67th degree of Ureden, a town of Prussian Westphalia, is the
N. lat., or about 1,150 m., and sometimes called government of Munster, with manufactures (/ex-
by the Russians ''the back of (he world.*' The cellent linen ; seated on the Berckel, 26 m. W.
central part of this chain abounds in metals ; and N. W. of Munster.
they oontoin fine white marble. Paoda, one of Urgd, a town of Spain in Catalonia, and a hah-
che highest mountains, is said to be 4,512 feet op*s see. It is seated on the Segra, in a iertili
above the level of the sea. This chain forms a plain, surrounded by mountains planted wHk
considerable part of the boundary between Europe vineyards, 78 m. N. N. W. of Barcelona. Loo£
and Asia. 1. S». E., lat. 42. 24. N.
Uraiian CassacSj a Tartar tribe that inhabit the XJrghenz, a town of the country of Carcasm, of
Russian province of Orenburg, on the S. side of which it was formerly the capital : seated on i
the river Ural. These Cossaes are descended small river which runs into the lake Aral, 90 a
iVom those of the Don ; and are a valiant race N. N. W. of Khiva. Long. 68. 30. £., lal
They profess the Greek religion, but they are 42[24. N.
dissenters from the esteblished religion, whom I7rt, a canton of Switzerland, 90 m. long, utd
the Russians called Roskolniki, or Separatiste, 12 broad ; bounded on the N. by the canton of
and who style themselves Staroverski, or Old SweiU and the Waldstedter Sea, E. by the eta-
Believers, lliey consider the service of the es- tons of Grisons and Glarus, 8. by the bailiwio
tablished church as profkne, and have their own of Itely, and W. by the cantons or Underwalda
prieste and ceremonies. The Uralian Cossaes and Bern. It has an area of 640 square miki
are all enthusiaste for the ancient ritual, and prize with 15,000 inhabitante. Altorf is the csj '^'
their beards almost equal to their lives. A Rus- See Sekweitx.
sian efl&cer naving ordered a number of Cossac Uriy Lake qf. See Waldtkdtar See,
VTi 747 VZM
Ur$»m, a town of SwitierUnd, in the eanton VHca^ p.y. Clarke Co. Ind. ; p.T. Licking Co.
of Uri, flitnato on the Reow 17 m. S. S. £. of Ohio.
Altorf. UtMckt, one of the Dnteh proyinoet, 30 m.
UrgitMfSi,, a town of Switaerland, in the canto a long and 20 broad ; bounded on the N. and W.
of Bern, indebted for ita origin to a hermitage, bv Holland and the Znyder Zee, £. and S. by
built in the 7th centnrj by 8t Uninins. It ia Gnelderland. The soil ii fertile, and there are
oeated on the Doube, 6 m. 8. of Porentrui. no innndationa to fear aa in the otner proTinces.
l/9b$e TttHmry, a yaat country of WeaUm Tar- Vtreekt, a fortified city of the Netherlands, cap-
tarv, bounded on the N. by the country of the tal of the foregoing proyinoe, with a famous uni-
KaJmnca and Turkeetan. £. by Thibet, S. by Hin- versity . It is of a square form, about 3 miles in
doostan and Peraia^. ana W. by the Caspian Sea. eiicumferance, exclusive of the suburbs, which
These Tartars are aiyided into seyeral tribes, goy- are considerable. The inhabitants are estimated
erned by their respeotiye khans, or nrinoea at 35.000. The most distinguished of the public
When under one soyereign, thejr were the most boildmgs is the cathedral, Uie tower of which is
powerful of all the Tartarian nations. The prin- yery lofty, and said to be one of the handsoratst
cipal khans pride themselyes in being descended in the kingdom. The town-house is also a noble
from Tamerlane, whose birth-place was the an- building, and there are a great many chnrch>s
cient city of Samarcand. The Uabecs, in their and hospitds, schools for the fine arts, a hall of
persons, are said to haye better complexionsL and paintings, several yaluable librariea. &c. The
more engaging features than the Kalmuea. Their principal manufactures are silk ana fire arms ;
religion IS Mshometbm, and they differ in general and in a palace called the Mall b an eztensiye
very little from the people of the northern prov- foundry for cannon balls. Two canals, called the
inces of Hiodooatan. New Graft and the Vaert, run through the cit^,
Uaeasda. See Scotia, and over them are 36 stone bridges. The envi-
(7«eiom, an island of the Prussian States, in rons are full of gardens, walka, and groves, which
Pomerania, in the Baltic Sea, between the mouths added to the purity of the air^ render Utrecht one
of the Peene and Swin, with two forts named af- of the most agreeable places for residence in these
ter these two rivers* it has a town of the same parts. Here the union of the Seven United
name, on the S. W. coast, 40 m. N. W, of Slet- Provinces waa begun in 1579 ; and here was con-
tin. Long. 14. 8. £., lat. 53. 58. N. eluded, in 1713, the peace which terminated the
VakMU^ an island of France, on the coast wars of queen Anne. UtrechV surrendered to
of the department of Finisterre, opposite Con* the Prussians in 1787, and to the French in 1795,
quet. It is 8 m in circumference, and contiins each time without resistance. It is seated on
several hamlets and a oaatle. Long. 5. 5. W.. the Rhine, 16 m. S. £. of Amsterdam and 35 N.
lat. 48. 28. N. N. W. of Nimeguen. Long. 5. 8. £., lat 52. 6. N.
C/niycn, a town of Germany, in the duchy Utrera, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, near
of Nassau. It has a handsome eaatle, and is seat* which is a salt-apring, 21 m. S. of Seville,
ed on the Usbach, 13 m. 8. 8. £. of Wielburg. I^EOneter, a town m Staffordahire, £ng. with a
C/aft, a town in Momnonthaittre, £ng. ,142 m. market on Wedneaday, manu&ctnrea oF cabinet-
W. by N. of London. ware, and a considerable trade in com and cheese.
Ustd. a town of France, department of Correae, The pariah church, the body of which has been re-
32 m. N. E. of Tulle and 53 £. 8. £. of Limoges, oently rebuilt, is a spacioua Gothic edifice. The
UstarUxf a town in the department of Lower other places of worship are two meeting-houses
Pyrenees, 6 m. 8. 8. E. of Bayonne. for Methodists, and one for Quakers. It is seat-
CMco. aamall island in the Mediterranean, 25 ed on a rising ground, near the river Dove, 14 m.
m. N. of^the ooaat or Sicily. It was for centuries N. £. of StsSford and 135 N. N. W. of London,
uninhabited, except by wild goats, till in the year Utxnaek^ a town of Switzerland, capital of a
1765, a citadel was built and a colony settled. The bailiwic belonging to the cantons of Schweits
island is without springs, and its only anpply of and Claris. It is 3 m. N. from the lake of Zurich
freah water consists of rain kept in ciatems. Long, and 15 N. by W. of glaria.
13. 96. £., lat 38. 42. N. Vwekland, p.v. Cheater Co. Pa.
Usimg, a town of Russia in the government of Utbridge,p.L Worcester Co. Maas. 38 m. S. W.
Vologda, capital of a large district of ita name Boston, on Blackstone Riyer, with large manu-
and an archbishop's see. Great quantities of factures of woolen. Pop. 2.086.
grain are aent henc« to different parts. It is Vxhridg^t a town in Middleaex, Eng. 15 m. W.
seated on the Dwina. 464 m. N. £. or Moecow. by N. of London.
Utiea. city, Oneida Co. N. Y. on the Mo- Uxd, a town of France, department of Cotes
hawk 96 m N. W. Albany, ia one of the largest du Nord, 17 m. 8. W of 8t Brieux.
and moat flourishing towns in this part of the C/zerdke. a town in the department of Qorrese,
state. It ia regularly built, with broad and atraight 10 m. N. N. W. of Tulle and 36 S. 8. £. of Limo-
streets, and handsome buildings. The Erie ca- ges.
nal, the great road^ and the nver unite at this C7zes, a town in the department of Gard, with
point ana secure this place a flouriahing trade ; a ^ring that anppliea the aqueduct of Nismes
the Borronnding country is fertile, Utica has 11 It is aeated in a country abounding in com, oil^
ehnrehes, 3 banks, a lyoeum and a court house, silk, and good wine, 12 m. N. of Niamea.
Pop. 8,383
TAL 74i
V
VAASTyST., a town of Franee, deptrtmeiit of of a valley 100 in. long and 90 bfoad, betvea
Manche, with a amall harbour and some nit ridgei of rery high moantaina, among which m
works, 14 m. E. 8. £. of Cherburg. the Great St. Bernard, Grimael, Fiiica,aBd otiim
VoBret, a town in the department of Ayeiron. whoae lamroits are never Iree from aaov. Tbc
It has manufaetorei of aerm, dimities, and cot- 8. chain separates it from the Milanese, PiednuM,
tons, and stands at the eonflox of two small •riy- and Savoy ; the N. divides it from the cintoo of
ers that flows into the Tarn 30 m. S. 6. £. of Bern. The country is divided into Uppa ad
Rodez and 32 E. of Alby. Lower Valaia. The former reaches from Mooot
Koe^, a town of Germany, in 8aze- Weimar, Fnrca, its E. boundar/, to thev.verMoife,belov
on the river Werra, 16 m. W. S. W. of Eisen- Sion, and the latter from that river to St Gmpni,
bach. on the lake of Geneva. A oountrv consiitiii| cf
KodU, an island of the W. Indies, of atriangu- plaina, elevated valleys, and lofty mooataun,
lar form, 24 m. in circuit. It is 12 m. fh>m the must necessarily exhibit a great varietj of cU-
8. coast of St. Dominffo, opposite St. Louis. mates and prospects. The productions oiaal nrj
Vaehelusey one of the Lipari Islands, 3 m. S. alsoaccordragtoitsaingulvdiversitf ofclhnatn;
of Stromboli. for strawberries, cherries, plums, petn, ud
Vadaf a town of Tuscany, at the mouth of the grapes, in their natural growth, may be luled ii
Cecitti, 26 m. S. 8. E. of Leghorn. 3ie same day. It has more than soffictent viae
Vadaairry or Vadagheryf a town of Hindoos- and corn for interior consumptiop, the soil in tb«
tan, in Malabar, with a neat fort on the top of a midland and lower districts being ezoetdinfl;
hill. It is a place of considerable trade, and rich and fertile ; but, in the more elevated pam,
stands on the sea coast, at the N. end of a long barley is the only grain that can be caltinted
inland navigation, 12 m. 8. 8. E. of Tellichery. with success. The ihhabitanto profess tbe Romaa
Vadin, a town of Bessarabia, situate on the Catholic religion, and the lower class tte n-
Danube, 92 m. W. of Nicopoli. tremely indoteut and dirty ; they havs aomtBO-
VadOf a town of the Sardinian States, in the fkctures of any consequence. In 1802 the Vilu
territory of Ctenoa, on a bay of the Mediterrane- was constituted an independent republic, ooda
an, 3 m. 8. of Savona and 24 8. W. of Genoa. the guarrantee of France, Switzerland, ud lUl; :
Vadesimny a town in Sweden, in E. Gothland, but in 1814 it was annexed to Switierland. Sioa
where the kings of Sweden had a palace, now in is the capital.
ruins. It is seated on the lake Wetter, near the VolduntiaT, a town of Sclavonia, seated on tbe
river Motala, 32 m. W. of Nordkioping Walpo, near its conflux with the Daaabe, 70 m.
Vaduttf a town and castle of Germany, in the W. N. W. of Belgrade,
principality of Lichtenstein,26 m. 8. of Ltndau. Valdai^ a town of Russia, in the goveronmit
Poena, a town of Spain, in Andalusia, seated of NovoTOrod, on the side of a lake of the suae
on the Castro, 23 m. S. E. of Cordova. name. The lake is 20 m. in circumfereDce, ud
Kaihendf a town of Persia, in Seirestan, on a has an island in the middle, on which ii a con-
river of the same name 40 m. E. 8. E. of Arok- vent surrounded by trees. The town eonttisi
hage. several brick buildings ; and the wooden boasH
Vaighingen, a town of Germany, in Wurtem- are more decorated than the generality of Roniia
berg, seated on the Enz, 18 m. N. N. W. of Stott cottages. It is 72 m. 8. E. of Novogorod. I/>ii2
gaid. 33. 44. E., lat. 67. 60. N.
Vautniy a town of France department of Van- FoUomst, a town of Portugal in Tn« «
dnae, noted as the birth-place of Trogus Pompe- Monies. 9 m. E. S. E. of Mirandsla.
us, the Roman Historian. It is seated on a Valdehtrmit a town of Soain, in Leon, near tbe
mountain, near the river Oreze, and the ruins of source of the Esia, 38 m. N. E. of Leon,
ancient Vaison, which was one of the largest FoMtco^ras, a town of Spain, in New Cutile,
cities of the Gkuls. 22 m. N. E. of Avignon and 10 m. N. N. E. of Cuenza.
23 8. 8. E. of Montelimar. Valdeeona, a town of Spain, in Catiloua, Id
Valf a village of the Netherlands, 3 m. W. of m. 9. by W. of Tortosa.
Maestricht, where in 1744 marshal Saxe obtained Valdimoro, a town of Spain in New Caitil'i n
a victory over the duke of Cumberland. m. 8. of Madrid. .,
Vol di Demona, a province in the N. £. angle Valdima or Batdivia, a sea-port of Chile, buU
of Sicily. It means the valley of demons, and is in 1562, by the Spanish general Valdivia, uttf be
•o called because Mount JEtna is situate in this had conquered the country. It is sairoooded bj
: u:-u ,._.. , __. . ^,. '•.arth,ar^ y. . .. if«»b
the ei
^ ^ — . pieces
IS Messina. the vicinity are many gold mines It itaBda<»
Vol di Masaray a province in the W. angle of a bay of the Pacific Ocean, 20O m. 8. of Coocef
Sicily, so called fVom the town of Mazara. It cion. Long. 73. 10. W., lat. 39. 40. S.
contains Palermo, the capital of the whole isl- ' raZeace, a city of France, capital of the de|^'
and . ment of Drome, and a bishop's see, with a citaiKi,
Vol di NotOy a province in the 8. E. angle of and a school of artillery. It is sorronnded f/
Sicily, so called firom the town of Noto, its capi- walls ; and the greatest part of the puhlie pw^t
tal. and many private houses, are adorned with tow-
Folois, a canton of Switzerland, which consists tains. Besides the handsome cathedral, tiian
VAL M9 XAL
KTO oitiij Other dmreliM, m well m oooTeDts. l^iliUM, a fortUM town of Portagtl in Antra
It is M«tM on the Rhone, 90 m. N. bj E. of Si- Dooero e Minho, eeoted on nn eminenoe, near
▼ion ud 33S 8. bj E. of Ptris. Long. 4. 52. £., the rirer Minho. opposite Tny, in Spoin, and 90
Ut 44. 56. N. m. N. N. W. of Bnn.
V^lmeef n town of Fnmee, department of Lot- VaUtU, a oity of Malta, the capital of that is-
et^Gkuronne, on the river Osronne, 13 m. 8. £. land, and wonderlhUy stiong both by nature and
«if Affen. art. It is seated on a peninsnla, between two of
Fuaiaa, a proTinee of Spain, formerly a kihg- the finest ports in the world, wmeh are defended
dom ; bounded on the N. oy Arragon,N. E. by by almost impregnable fortifications. Valette has
Catalonia. E. by the Mediterranean, 8. and 8. three gates, and the streete are all payed with flat
W. by Mureia, and W. by New Castile. It is square stones. The houses are nest, and built of
290 m. long, and from 20 to 00 broad, and the stone ; the rooms forming a flat terrace plastered
most plessant and populous country in Spain; with ponolana : and most of them haye abalco-
for here they enjoy a perpetual spring. It is ny to the street, where the inhabitante pass a great
watered by a great number of streams, and fertile part of their time. The principal buildings are
in all the necessaries of life, especially froito, oil, the palace of the grand master, the infirmary, the
and wine. In the mountains are mines of iron conseryatory, ana the magnificent church of Sl
and alum, and quarries of marble, jasper, and John. The payement of Uiis church is composed
lapis calaminaris. Here is also much silk, cot- entirely of sepulchral monumento of the finest
ton, and hemp; the manufactures of which are marbles, porpnyry, lapis laxuli, and a yariety of
the cause of a considerable population. other yaluable stones, admirably joined together,
Valemia% a city of Spain, capita] of the aboye representing the arms, insignia, Jbc, of the per-
proyince, and an archbishop's see, with a uoiyer- sons whose names they commemorate. The great
sity. The Moors were expelled firom it in the source of water that supplies Valette rises near
12th century. It was taken by the earl of Peter- Citte Vecchia, and is thence conyeyed by an aqne-
borough in 1705, and lost again in two years duet, erected at the expense of one of the jrrand
after. In J 811 it was taken by the French, under masters. Valette is situate opposite Cade Passe-
Suchet, with a garrison of 16,000 men, and iro- ro in Sicily. Long. 15. 34. c., lat. 35.54. N.
mense stores. It contains 12,(100 houses within VaUUt^ a town of France, department of Char-
the walls, besides those in the suburbs and plea- ente, 12 m. 8. by E. of Angouleme.
sure gardens around it, which amount to the same VaUtadmrg^ or Fmtqmenumi^ a town of the Neth-
numMr. The cathedral has a steeple 130 feet erlands, in Limburg. In 1072 it was taken by
high ; and one side of the choir is inerusted with the French, who demolished the fortifications. It
alabaster, and adorned with fine paintings of is seated on the Geule, 8 m. E. by N. of Maes-
Scripture history. The palace of the yicerov, tricbt. Long. 5.58. E., lat. 51.0. N.
that of Ciute. the monastery of St. Jerome, tne VaUadolid, a city of Spain, in Leon, capital of a
exehan|{e, ana the arsenal, are all worthy of no- proyince of the same name, and a bishops's see
tice. Here are manufactures of cloth and silk ; with a uniyersity. It has long and broad streete,
and seyeral remains of antiqnity. It is seated on and is adorned with handsome buildings, sonares,
the Ouadalayiar, near the Mediterranean, 130 m. and fountains. The market place, called El Cam-
E. S. E. of Madrid. Pop. 80,000. po, is 700 paces in circumference, surrounded by
VaUmdaf a town of S. America, in Veneinela, a great number of convente. There are nume-
seated on the lake Tocarifoa, 57 m. 8. W. of reus monasteries and nunneries, the finest of
Porto Cayallo. Long. 65. So. W., lat. 9. 50. N. which is tJiat of the Domnicans, remarkable for
d'jf^esiilara, a town of Spain, in Es- ite cburch, which is one of the most magnificent
tremadura, with an old castle. It is surrounded in the city. The kings formerly resided at this
by walls, and stands on a rock, near the fVontiers place ; and the royal palace, wnich still remains,
of Portura, 28 m. 8. W. of Alcantara and 45 N. is of yery large extent, though but two stories
N. W. of Badajos. high. The town-houae takes up the entire side of
FUanaeimes, a city of France, in the depart- a square. Here are some woolen manufectures,.
ment of Nord, seated on the Scheldt, which flows and many goldsmiths and jewelers. The enyi-
through it in seyeral branches, and here begins rons of tne city are coyereo with mrdens, oroh-
to be nayigable. It is large and populous ; but ards, yineyards. meadows and fielos. Valladolid
the streete are narrow ana crookea and many of was taken and reteken seyeral times, by the
the houses are of wood. The citadel and forti- French and Spaniards, during the late peninsular
fieations were constructed by order of Louis war. It is seated on the Escurya, near the Pis-
XIV. who took this town from the Spaniards , nerga, 74 m. S. S. W. of Leon and 100 N. N. W.
and it was confirmed to him by the treaty of Nim- of Madrid. Lon^. 4. 47. W., lat. 41. 42. N.
guen, in 1678. In 1798 it was taken by the allies, VaUadaUd, a proyince of the republic of Mexi-
under the duke of York, after a seyere siege. But co, bounded N. by the lUo de Lerma, 8. by the
in 1794 it again surrended to the French by ca- Pacific, W. by New Galicia, and E. by Mexico
pitulation, and was confirmed to them by the trea- Proper. It is '200 miles in circumference, and is
ties of 1814, 1815. Besides lace, this city is noted yery rich, abounding in all the necessMries of
for manunetures of woolen stufib ana cambric, life; and the climate in general is mild and sa-
lt is 28 m. 8. E. of Lisle and 120 N. N. E. of Pa- lubrious. At the period of the SpNuiish conquest
lis. Long. 3. 38. E.. lat. 50. 21. N. this proyince formed part of the kiitfdom of Me-
Koisttlui, an iilsna and harbour on the coast of dboacan, which was independant of the ancient
Ireland in the country of Kerry , 8. of Dingle Bay. Mexican empire.
KatoilMs, a town of France, department of Up- VMidoUd^ or Meekoaean, a city of Mexico, cap-
per Gaionne, 9 m. N. E. of St Bertrand. ital of theforeffoinff proyince, with a fine cathe-
Kaisasa, a town of Austrian Itely, in the goy- dral|and some handsome houses : situate on a riyer
emm^t of Milan, seated on a mountoin near the near ite source, 120 m. W. of Mexico,
nyer Po, 12 m.E.8. E. of CtMsI, and 35 8. 8. FaUadalid. or GssuiyiyM, a city of 8. Americb
W. ef Milan capital of Honduras; seated m a phun, 260 m
3i2
VAN 750 VAR
K. of GuAtMMlft. Long. 68. 90. W., kl. 14. Vmneihurjf, p.v. Lewis Co. Ken.
35 N. FaiMuUta, the capita] of lUiiiob, in Fmtte Co
yialUUmMmf a town of Naplea, in Calabria Ul- stands on the Raskaskia, S5 m N. St Louis uA
tia, 18 m. £. N. £. of Nicotara. 808. W. Washiu^n. The situation is sgneible,
VaUeneay^ a town of France, in the department bot the place is in its in&ncr. Pop. 500.
of Indre, on the Nabon, and 38 m. N. bj W. of Vandemhurg^ a county of Indiana. Pop. 8^10.
Chatoauroux. Evansville is the capital.
VaJlmginyK town of Switzerland, in a conntj Van DUmaCa Land^ an island in th B. Picifr*.,
of its name, united to the principality of Neuf- 160 ra. long and 80 broad, separat^^nm tbs 8.
chatel. It is seated on the »Byon, 3 m. N. N. W. part of New Holland by Bass Strait. It wis dis-
of Neufchatel. covered by Tasman in 1642, and till 1799 was
VaUers, a town of France, department of Indre- deemed the.S. extremity of New Holland. Cook
et-Loiie, noted for its mineral waters, 4 m. N. W. called here in 1777 for supplies of wood, water, and
of Tours. grass, and it has since been Tisited by dilEmBl
yaUary, St,, a town in the department of Som- navigators. The natives are of a eomnion atatoie,
me, at the month of the river oomme, 10 m. W. bat rather slender, the skin black, and the hair
N. W. of Abbeville and 100 N. by W. of Paris, woolly, but their lineaments more pleasinj^thu
VatUry en Cms, St., a town in the department those of Negroes. They seem to prefer birds
of Lower Seine, near the sea-coast William, to all other iood. The hovels in which they live
duke of Normandy, sailed hence when he roade> resemble those of New S. Wales; but sometimes
his descent on England. It is 15 m. W. 8. W. large trees are hollowed out by fire to the bei|rht
of Dieppe and 100 N. W. of Paris. of six or seven feet. The land is chiefly higli,
VoiUy ^orgt, p.v. Chester Co. Pa. on the diversified with hills and vallejrs, which aie weU
Sohuylkill,' 20 m. N. W. Philadelphia, with man- wooded and watered. The forest trees seem to
afecturesofiron. be all of one kind, growinff quite straight to a
VmUitr, St., a town in the department of Drome height proper for maste. The low Unds produce
near the river Rhone, 18 m. N. of Valence. flowering shrubs and odoriferous plants that pe^
Valogne, a town in the department of Manche, fume the air. S. Cape is in long. 146. 50. £., lat.
noted for cloth and leather, 10 m. S. S. £. of 43.40.S.
C/herburg and 50 W. N. W. of Caen. Vaniam Ba^, a town of Hindoostan,in Mjsoie,
VaJUma, a sea-port of Albania, and an archbish- 55 m. W. S. W. of Arcot and 130 E. of Seringsp-
op*8 see, seated at the entrance of the ffulf of Ven- atam.
ice, near the mounteins of Chimera, 50 m. S. of Vtutnes, a sea-port of France, capital of the de-
Durasso. Long. 19. 40. E,. lat. 40. 54. N. partment of Morbihan, and a bishop's see. The
VaUmia, p.v. Jackson Co. Indiana, 64 ra. S. principal trade is in corn, bariron, and fish. It is
Indianapolis. seated on the gulf of Morbihan, 56 m. 8. W. of
Falparam, a sea-port of Chile, with a well- Rennes and 5u> W. by S. of Paris. Loog. 2. 46
frequented harbour, defended by a strong fort. W., lat 47. 39. N.
Ito proximity to St. Jago has drawn hither all the VansvUU, p.t. Prince George Co. MaiyL 15 a
commerce formerly carried on between that city N. E. Washington.
and Callao, which* oonsiste principallv of wheat, Var, a department of France, which takes its
tellow, leather, cordage, and dried ftnite. It is name from a river that rises in the county of Niee
seated on a bay of the Pacific Ocean, at the foot and enters the Mediterranean. 4 m. W. of Nioe.
of a high mountain, 75 m. N. W. of St Jago. The surfiuse is rugged and the soil very farioai.
Long. 7%. 19. W., lat 33. 3. S. It contoins an area of 2,900 sq. m. with 290,000
Ko/perga, a town of the Sardinian states, in inhabitante. Toulon is the capital.
Piedmont, 16 m. N. of Turin. VaraUo, a strong town of XJae Sardinian states,
Vdlreat, a town of France, department of Vau- on the frontiers of Piedmont, 33 m. £. of Aoita
oluse, 18 m. N. E. of Orange. and 57 m. N. N. £. of T*irin.
Vti*,% town in the department of Ardeche, FaramAoii,atownofFranoe,departmentofAia,
celebrated for mineral springs ; seated on the Ar- on the river Ain,14 m. S. S. E. of Bourgen Brane.
deche, 18 m. N. W. of Vivien. Vatasim, a town of Croatia, with a csstle a«i
VaUdiiu, or VaUe-uUno, a fertile valley of Aus- a citadel ; seated near the Drave, 65 m. N. N. E.
trian Italv, 50 m. long, and from 12 to 15 broad, of Carlstadt Long. 16. 32. £., lat 46. S5. /C.
enclosed between two chaina of high mountains ; Vwrdar, a river of Greece, which rises in Momit
the N. chain separates it from the Orisons, the S. Scardns, and flows S. through Macedonia, into
from the Venetian territories; on the £. it is the gulf of Saloniea.
bounded bv the county of Bormio, and on the W. VmrdUi, a cape on the E. eoaat of the klBflden
bv that or Chiavana. The river Adda flows ofCiampa. Behind it is a mountain, rsmsiisUe
throuffh ite whole length into the lake Como ; and for having a hiffh rook, like a tower, on its son-
it is divided into three districte. Upper, Middle, mit. Long. 109. 17. £., lat 12. 50. N.
and Lower. The inhabitante are all Koman Cath- Vwrtmua, p.v. Pendleton Dis. S. C.
olios, and have no manufactures; but they ex- Farennes, a town of France, departxnent of Al-
port wine, silk, planto, cheese, butter, and cattle, lier, seated on an eminence near ue river AUiefi
on the 20th of July, 1620, there was a general 20 m. 8. of Moultns.
massacre of the protestante in this valley. Fisrennes, a town in the department of Mease,
Valva, a town of Naples in Abruxso Citra, 18 where Louis XVI., his queen, sister, and two
m. 8. S. W. of Civita di Chiete. children, were arrested, m their flight fiom the
Pom, a strong town of Curdistan, with a castle Tuileties in 1791, and conducted back to Paoi.
on a mountain, in which the Turks keepanume- 13 m. W. by N. of Verdun,
rous ffanrieon . It is governed bv a^glerbeg, and Korese, a town of Austrian Italy» in the govsn-
seated on a lake of ito name) 120 ro. in oircumfer- ment of Milan, 30 m. N. W. of Milan.
ence),80m. E. by S.ofBetlis. Long. 44. 30. £., Vwrkety, a town of Traasylvanii, 40in. 8.«
lat. 37. 10. N. Weissenburg.
VSa 7&1 VBR
FoTMly MiUs, p.y. Nelson Go. Vn. Piedmoiit, leatad on an omisenoe, nttr tho rivw
Kama, a loa-pork of Bulgaria, and an areli* 0oria, 13 m. N. W. of Turin,
biahop'i aoe ; wated near the mouth of the Varna, Fe4, a town of Hindooetan, in Monltan, seated
in the Black Sea, 28 m. N. of Mdwrnbria and 145 at the junction of the Setledge with thh Indua, 63
N. W. of ConaUntinople. Long. 9B. 2d. E. , lat m. S. B. W. of Monltan. Long. 70. 6. £., lat. 29.
43. 44. N. 8. N.
Varx/tu, a town of France, department of Nievre, VnroSy a town of Portoml, in Aiemtego, sealed
24 m. NT of Neyen. on the Anhaloura, 10 m. B. 8. W. of Portalegrs.
VtU, a town of Rossia, in the government of Vdsenburgy a town of Russia, in the goyernment
NoYogorod, situate on the Volga, 60 m. E. of N<^ of Revel, near the gulf of Finland, 56 m. £. of
TOfforod. Long. 45. 44. E., lat. 56. 16. N. Revel.
Vassalhorimghf p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Veit, St., a town of Austrian lllyria, in Carin-
Kennebec, 83 m. N. K. Portland. Pop. 2,761. thia, with an old castle, seated at the conflux of
VdBtfff a town of France, department of Upper the Olan and Wunich, 8 m. N. of Clagenftirt.
Marne, where, in 1562, a bloody persecution of the Vda, a cape on the N. coast of Terra Tirma, 160
protestanti began, by order of the duke of Ouise. m. E. N. E. of St. Martha. Long. 71. 25. W., lat.
It is seated on the Blaise,lO m. N. Vf . of Joinville. 12. 30. N.
yaiOHf a town in the department of Indre, 8 m. Vtiay, a district of France, which is full of high
N. W. of Issondnn. mountains, covered with snow the' greater part of
VaUeay a sea-port of the Morea, situate on a the year, but abounds in cattle. It forms a part of
large bay to which it gives name, 44 m. S. E. of the department of Upper Loire.
Misitra. Long. 23. 2. E., lat. 36. 38. N. VeUfurg, a town of Bavaria, in the principality
FoKcIttftf, a department of France, including the of Neuburg, with a decayed castle, 2S m. If. W.
county of Venaissin and territorv of Avignon, of Batiobon.
The superficial extent is estimateu at 1,400 so. m. VddaUz^ a town of Prussia, in the province of
with 210,000 inhabitants. It takes its name from Lower Rhine, with a castle. The environs pro-
the fountain of Vauduse, 12 m. E. of Aviffnon,cel- duce excellent Moselle wine. It Is seated on the
ebrated by Petrarch. The chief town is Avignon. Moselle, 19 m. N. E. of Treves.
Fauee«Miir«.a town of France, department of Vduri^ a town of Italy, in Campagna di Roma,
Meuse, seated on the side of a hill, on the river the residence of the bishop of Ostia, whose palace
Mense, 23 m. S. E. of Bar le Due. is magnificent ; and there are large squares adorn-
Vaud, PmfB ds. See i^ostt. ed with fine fountains. It is seated on an emi-
Vaudemani, a town of France, department of nence, 18 m. S. E. of Rome.
Menrthe, 18 m. 8. by W. of N«ncy. VeUs de G&maray a sea-port of the kingdom of
KavvtUs, a town in the department of Manohe, Fei, with a castle, seated between two high
on a bay to which ltgi\'es name, 9 m. W. of Cher- mountains, on the Mediterranean, 120 m. N. N.
borg. E. of Fez. Long. 4. 0. W., lat. 55. 10. N.
vluakaUf a Tillage in Surrey, Eng.^ seated on Vt^et Malaga, a town of Spain, in (Grenada,
the Thames, over which is an elegant uron bridge, seated in a large plain, between two rivers, near
of nine arches, 2 m. 8. W. of London. It is eel- the Mediterranean, 13 m. £. by N. of Malaga and
ebrated for its gardens, which, as a place of publio 62 S. W. of Grenada,
entertainment, are the finest in Euroj^e. VeUka, a town of Sclavonia, on the river Baka-
Vamura, a town of Hindoostan, in Malabar, wa, 10 m. E. of Cmetz and 60 N. W. of Fosega.
seated at the mouth of a fine river, down which Vdore, a town of Hindoostan, in the Cama^ic,
much teak timber is floated. 7 m. S. of Calicut with a large and beautiful fort, strongly garrison-
FseAf, a river that rises in Westphalia, near ed by English forces. The town is pretty large,
Monster, eroeses the counties of Stenfort and Ben* and well built. Above it are three amall forts on
' "^ ~ ' seated in a fine valley, on
theim. and, entering Overvssel, passes by Ommen, as many hilla. It is se
Hasselt, and SwarUlnys, below which it enters the the Paliar, 14 m. W. of Arcot
Znyder Zee. FsnoAv, a town of Naples, in Terra di Lavoro,
PeeiUf a river of Holland, which branches off 25 m. N. by W. of Capua,
from the old channel of the Rhine at Utrecht, and Venaurinf a small but fertile district of France,
enters the Zuyder Zee at Muyden. now included in the department of Vanclnse.
VechtOf a town and fortress of Germany, in the VenangOf a county or the W. Die. of Pennsyl-
principality of Oldenbnig, seated on a river of the vania. rop. 4,706. Warren is the capital,
same name, 87 m. 8. of Oldenbwg, and 85 N. N. Fenani, 8t^ a town of France^ department of
E. of Osnabnrg. Pm de Calais, on the river Lis^ 6 m. N. by W. oC
Vedtnahoif a town of Russia, in the government Betfiune and 87 8. E. of DunUik.
of Archangel, situate on the Vokseha, 200 m. E. Fauugtsey a town of Spain, in Anagoa, in a
8. E. of ArehangeL Long.46.44.E.,laL68.45. N. valley of the same name, imd on the river Essmi,
FegOy a town of S^un, in Astnrias, near die 47 m. N. N. B. of BaRwstro.
coast, 84 m. N. W. of Oviedo. Femuque, a town of France, depaitment of
Fego^ a town of Spain, in the pttmnee of Leon, Vandnse, on tfie river Nasqne, 10 m. E. 8. E. of
88 m. N. N. E. of Leon. CarpentrM and 18 E. N. E. of Avignon.
F^^ayman^ a town of Spain, in the provinee of VencatUhery, a town of Hindoostan, in tiie E.
Tison, 88 m. N. N. E. of Leon. part ti Mysore, ceded to Uie English by llie trsaCy
FtgUa, an island in the gulf of Venioe, on the af Seringapatun. Here are the remains of the
coast of Dalmatia. It is 90 m. in cireait, rocky and rajah's palace, and the ruins ci a fort Near this
badly cultivated, but produces wine and silk, and plaoe iron is mnelted from black sand. It is 67 m.
has small horNs in high esteem. The town of the w. of Arcot and 58 E. of Bangalore,
sune name has a good harbour, a strong citadel, Ftnet, a town of France, department of Var, ^
and is the see of a bishop. Long. 14. 66. £., lat m. N. of Antibee and 9 W. of Nice.
45. 88. N. Fendecy a department of France, including part
FegUmut, a town of the Sindinian stales, ia ot die foiBier proviaoe of Poitov. h is so ealied
yj» 7» YEN
ftom ft smftll nrer of the Mine nftme. The rar* Fonolo, the eity and tenrltoiy oCVcittM|)fii|«
ftee w level and the soil fertile. It contaim an the N. and W. of the riTer Adiga, was eadH ti
arei of 2,600 aq. m. with 280/)00 inhabitaata. Aoatria aa a duchy , in e^valenoe for the dou-
BourboD Vendee ia the capital. iona that houae had lost in the Netheriaadi ui
Femden, a town of Ruaaia, in the ffOYemment of the rpmainder of the territor r waa aaoexrd a
Riffa, on the river Aa, 36 m. E. N.£. of Riga. what the French then atyled the CiBalpiiiei«pib>
yimdawtef a town of France, department of lie. In 1805 eommenoed a ahoct wir betvm
Loire*et-Cber, on the nver Loize, 90 m. N. E. of Anatria and France, and, br the treaty of pew
Toiira and 95 S. W. of Paria. at Preabniig, the dudiy of^ Venice waa gtrea o^
VmdrtUy a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 85 m. and the whole territory of Venice waa annexed to
W. S. W. of Barcelona. the kingdom of Italy. The Aaatnans, hovrrer,
Vemeria^ a town of Piedmont, which took ita took poaeeaaien of this country in 1814. Top
name from a magnificent hunting-aeat built by a Venetian territoriea on the contment,eBnoirnM
duke of Savoy. It haa manufactorea of wool and above (and which, by way of dietinetioB, an low-
ailk, and ataada on the Stura, 8 m. N. N. W. of timea called the T%rra Firma) are deicribed ii
Turin. their leapeetive placea.
Vttuxnelmf one of the 12 provincea of the re- Venice waa once one of the moit poverfb!
public of Colombia, bounded E. by the province commercial and maritime atatea in Emope. For
of Cumana, W. by Maraca^bo, N. bjr the Carrib- thia it waa indebted, at first, to the mooopolj of
ean Sea, and 8. by the plams of Varinaa and the the commerce of India ; the prodacta of tbit
Orinoco. It apreada round a gulf of the aame Oountry being conveyed, in the middle iimi, if
name (which reachea 90 m. within land, and ia the gnu ofPeraia, the Euphrates, and the T^ii
80 in breadth) and the lake of Maracaybo. When far as Bagdad ; thence by land acroai the dnri,
the Soaniarda landed here in 1499 they obaerved to Palmyra; and thenoe to the Meditenueu
Bome nuta built upon pilea, in an Indian village porta; and aflerwarda the supplying of tlte en-
named Cora, in order to raiae them above the sadera with proviaiona and military atoret raa
st^:nated water that covered the plain ; and this additional aooice of opulence and power. AH
induced them to give it the name of Venesuela, thia declined, however, afler the diacoveiy ofik
or Little Venice. Near the aea coaat are high Cape of Good Hope, by the Portngueae, in 1466;
mountaina, the topa of which are barren, but the which in tti conaeouenoes, haa reducad Venice
lower parte in the valley are fertile, and gold is from a state of the niffheat splendour to coDjar-
Ibund m the aands of the rivers. The province ttve inaignificance. The VenetianaareliTeljud
ia aaid to contain 100,000 inhabitanUi, wno raiae in|penioua, extravagantly fond of ammeneBU.
great numbera of abeep, manufiusture some cotton with an uncommon reliah forliuffiour. Tke/as
stuib, and cultivate excellent tobacco, cocoa, and in general tall, well made, and of a ruddj bnvi
SUMT. Caracaa is the capital. colour, with dark eyes. The women uf of t
Veiue€f formerly a celebrated npublic of Italy, fine atyle of countenance, with expreaiive ftttiim
the government of which waa ariatocratic. u>t and a akin of rich carnation: they areofetiyid-
none could have any ahare in it but the nbolea. drees, and have no averaion to cultivate u l^
The doge waa elected by a' plurality of votea, ob- quaintanoe with atrangeri who are pro|>erljr re-
tained m a peculiar manner by meana of gold and commended. Whatever decree of lioeotioaioea
ailver balla ; and afler hie election the ducal cap may prevail amouf them, jealouav,hioiioD,ud
waa placed on hia head with great ceremony, on the atiletto have been long banianed from tbeir
k:. ....ki:^ ^..A t^t.^ at. mil-i.»_ -L u' u_ — It — * — m,. ^ 1^ ^•'plij auM
lipbeieef
, « - ntnu^oi
publfc ; to preaida in all aaaembliea of the atate ; and' gentTe in their intercourse with'eacli otkr.
to have an eve over all the membera of the mag- Vetdee, a city of Italy, and a long time theop-
iitracy ; and to nominate to all the beneficea an- ital of a territory of the aame name. Ia the4tji
nexea to the churoh of St. Mark. On the other century, when Attlla, king of the Hoof, m-
hand hia power waa ao limited that he haa been aged the N. part of Italy, many of the inhibit
juatly defined to be, in habit and state, a king; anUi abandoned their country, and retired iiii
m authority a counaeller; in the city a priaoner; the ialanda of the Adriatic Sc^ now etSM thi
and out of it a private peraon. Then were Aye gulf of Venice, Theae ialanda being netr Hcfc
councils : the firat waa called La Signoria, com- other^ they found meana to join them br wt-
poaed of the doge and aix eounaellora. The aec- ing piles oa the aidea, and forming the cEibk*
ond WBi n Conaiglio Grande^ m which all the into canala, on which thi^ built booHii ^
noblea, amounting to 2,600, had a voice. The thus the auperb dty of Venice had iti begia-
third WBi n Conaiglio dei Pregadi, oonaiating of ning. It ia the see of a patriarch, and ttuii <"
about 260 of the nobility. The Ibuith was D 78 little iahmds, about 6 m. from the miDliDi
Conaiglio Proprio, which waa united to the 8ig» in a kind of lagona or lake, aepamted firoo thi
noria ; ita memben conaiated of 28 asnsaois ; gulf of Venice by aome ialanda at a finr m. di^
thia council gave andienoe to the amheasadoiai tanoe. Theae ialanda in a great meanirebRtk the
The fifOi and laat waa n Conaigfio dei Dieci, force of the Adriatic atorma, before they rwch tbi
compoaed of ten eounaellora, who took notice of laguna. The number of the inhabitand fo '^
all criminal mattera ; and the doge himself when waa 109,927. They have a floufiihiBg tnde in
accused, was obliged to ai^>ear before them; ailk manufiudturea,bone-laoe, and aOeoitiofgb*"
there waa no appeal from thia council, which and mirron, which make their piiiic^ tm^
waa a aevere atate inquiattion. This constitution, menta. Moat of the houaea have a door opo*
however, no longer exiiti. In 1797, a tumult ing upon a canal, and another into a ib*^ ^
having hqipened at Venice, in which aome French meana of which, and of the bridges, a poaoo aqf
aoldieri were killed, the French aeiaed the dty, go to almoat any part of the city bj land •■ «"
and instituted a proviaionary democratic govern- aa by water. The atreeta in general vt nvnCt
Hcnt; but aeon afier, by the treaty of Campo and ao are the caaal^ except the Onn^ ^^
?£N 988 FEli
wkith b very broad and haa a aerpentiB* ooima aa the birUi«plaea of Horaee ; aeatad on tha rirar
tbitmgh the middle of the citj. There aie nearly OfSutto, 13 m. N. W. of AGerenxa.
500 bndgei in Venice ; but moat of them are only Vmta ds Cruz, a town of Terra nrma. in the
paltry aingle arehea thrown over the eanala. The uthmaa of Darien, aeated on the river Chagre.
Kialto conatata alao ofaeingle arch, bnt a very Here the Spaniarda need to bring the merchan-
noble one, and of marble, bniltacroM the grand ca- dize of Peru and Chile on mnlea from Panama,
nal, near the middle, where it ia the narroweat ; and embark it on the river for Porto Bello, 90 m.
thia celebrated arch ia 90 feet wide on the level of N. of Panama.
the canal, and 94 feethiffh. The beauty of it ia Venxons, a town of Auatrian Italy, in Frinli,
impaired by two rowa of bootha or ahopa, which aitnate on the Tagliamento, 16 m. N. N. W. of
divide ita upper aurfiice into three narrow atreeta. Friuli.
The view from the Rialto ia equally lively and Vera, a town of Spain, in Grenada, 94 ro. N.
magnificent, the canal being covered by boata and N. E. oif Almeria and 80 £. of Grenada,
gondolaa, and flanked on each side by magnifi- Vera Crut, a province of Mexico, compriaing a
cent palacea, churchea, and apirea. The patri* conaiderable part of the eaatem coaat. ft haa an
archaf church of 8t. Mark, one of the ricbeat and area of about 39,000 aquare milea, with 160,000
raoat expensive in the world, ia crowned by five inhabitanta. The aoil of the lower grounda ia
domes : and the treasury ia verv rich in jewela abundantly productive, but the climate ia ao vari-
and relica. In the numeroua churchea and con* oua that in the space of- one day the traveller
vents are the moat admirable paintinga ; and in- may paaa from tne regions of perpetual anow
deed Venice, highly renowned for valuable pain through all the intermediate temperaturea to the
tings, for aurpaases, in this respect, even Home suffocating heat of the plain near the aea, and
itself. The ducal palace, before the subversion within the compass of a few roilea the naturaliat
of the republic, contained the apartmenta of the may range through the scale of vegetation,
doge, haUa and chambera for the senate and the Vtra Crut, a city and sea-port ot Mexico, cap-
different councils and tribunals, and an armory, ital of the above. The harbour is defended by a
m which a great number of muskets were kept, fort, situate on a rock of the ialand of St. Juar
ready charged ithat the noblea might arm them- de Ulhua, nearly adjoining. Thia port is the
aelvea on any ^dden insurrection. Tlie araenal natural centre or the treaaure and merchandise
la a fortification of three m. in compaaa; before it of Mexico, and it receivea much E. India produce
waa poasessed by the French, it contained arms by way of Acapulco from the Philippine lalanda.
for 60,000 foot and 90,000 horse, arranged in an The city ia regularly built; its atreeta broad and
ornamental manner; and 9,800 men were daily atrait, and ita edi&ea conatructed orMateriala
employed in building ahipa, casting cannona, drawn firom the bottom of the ocean— for no rock
making cablea, aaila, anchora, &c. The hand- ia to be procured in the neighbourhood. It ia
aome structure called II FronticadiTedeachi, con- aituated in an arid plain, witnout running wa-
taining 99 ahopa and 100 rooma, ia that where ter, and on which the N. winda blow with
the German merchanta atore their commoditiea. dreadful impetaoaity from October to April, form
Tlie bank of Venice ia auppoaed to be the first ing vaat hilla of moving aand. People in eaay
of the kind in Europe, after the model of which circumatancea drink rain water collected in cia-
thoae of Amaterdam and Hamburg were eatab- terna, and it is.in contemplation to erect public
Hahed. In thia city a famoua camtvml ia held from eiatema within the precincta of the city ; but at
Chriatmaa till Aah Wedneaday, in all which time preaent the common people are obliged to uae wa-
libertiniam reigna through the city, and thouaanda ter which preoeeda from the filtration of th^
orfbreignera mqnent it horn all parts of Europe- marahea, and which having been in contact wiCii
rhe chief diviaiona are ridottoa and maaqueradea ; the roota of vegetablea, ia of verv bad quality
and St. Mark 'a Place ia the general rendezvous. The Old Town, 16 m. to the N. W ., is famous on
Venice is included in the provinces called the l>o- account of the landing of Cortes, with 600 Span-
fade, and is 195 m. N. N. E. of Florence and 140 iards, when he undertook the conqueat of Mexico.
1. of Milan. Long. 12. 93. E., lat. 45 97. N. Vera Cms ia 200 m. £. 8. E. of Mexico. Long
Venue, OuJf of, a sea orffulf of the Mediterra- 96. 60. W., lat. 19. 6. N.
nean, between Italy and Turkey in Europe. It Fera P4z, a province of S. Ameriea^nGuatema-
is the ancient ^drtoHeum Mare, and ia atill aome- la, bounded on the N. by Yucatan, £. by the bay
times called the Adriatic Sea. There are many and province of Honduraa. 8. by Guatemala Pro-
islanda in it, and many bays or small gulfii on per, and W. by Chiapa. it ia lull of monntaina
centaur, or atate barge, attended by all the nobili- native Americana. The capital, of the aame
ty and ambassadors in gondolaa, was intermitted name, ia a biahop'a aee, but ia inconaiderable. V
in 1797. for the first time for several centuriea. is 190 m. N. E. of Guatemala. Long. 90. 66. W
Venue, p.t. Cayuga Co. N. T. 174 m. W. Al- lal 16. 30. N.
bany. Pop. 2,44o ; p.t. Huron Co. Ohio, on San- Verofua, a province of Terra Firma, bonnded
dusky Bay, 110 m. N. E. Columbua. on the N. by the Caribbean Sea, E. by the prov-
Venlo, a strong town of the Netherlanda, in inoe and bay of Panama, 8. by the Pacific Ocean,
Gnelderland, and a place of trade for merohan- and W. by Coata Rica. It ia IIK m. long and 40
dize coming from the adjacent covntriea. In broad, and ia a mountainous and barren country,
1702 itanrrendered to the aUiea, and waa confirm- but abounda in gold and aiWer. St Jago ia the
ed to the Dutch by the barrier treaty in 1716. It capital.
was taken by the French in 1794, but ceded to Verherie, a town of France, department of Oiae,
the alliea in 1814. It ia aeated on the E. aide of on the river Oiae, 10 m. N. £. of Senlia.
the Mouse, oppoaite Fort St. Michael, 19 m. N. Kereattt, a citr of the Sardinian Statea, in Pied-
of Ruremonde. Lonff. 6. 6. E., lat 61. 99. N. nont. capital or a lordahip of the aame name, and
VenoBOf a town of Naplea, in Baailieala» noled a Uanop a aee. Hie townhonae. the fovvrnor**
TEE 1
MUce, uid tha hoapiUl, ueluiulaoiM MnetoiM.
The mhabituti, Mtinutad at 20^, are ebttBj
emplojed in the manufactn:* of iilk . It k Mmt-
ed at the conflaz of the Cerrm with the Ceaia, 40
m. N. £. of Tutiii. Long. 8. 91. E-, laL 45.
31. H.
□TlrkoUk. lx>ng. 106. 35. E., lat. 54. 0. N.
CercAoCiirB, a town of Rnaan, in the gorent-
ment of f eroi, and a biahop's Me. Tliii waa tbs
fiial towD tha Roaaiaiu built in Siberia. It ia ait-
aatenear theriTcrTun, laOm. N.ofCatharinen-
biag. Lonif. 60. 15. E., laL 58. 45. N.
reriU, C^, a promontorj on the W. ooaat of
Africa, 145 m, N. W. of the mouth of llw Gambia.
Long. 17. 31. W., lat. 14. 44. N.
Vtrdt liUuds, Capt, iaiuuli in tha Atlantic,
•boTe 300 m. W. of the coaat of Africa, belweeo
13. and 19. N. lat. TbcT weie diKorered in
1446, by AnthoDy Noel, a Oenoeaa in the Krvice
of Portugal, and recused tbeii geneial name from
their utnition oppotile Cape Verde ; bat they an
aaid lo haia been known lo the aacieala, under
the name of Garfjadea. Thay are tan in munber,
lying in a aamicircle. The oamei aie St, Anto-
nio, St. Vincent,St.Laci>., St. Nieholaa, Sal, BoD-
■vitla, Mayo, Si. Javo, Foego, and Bcava. Bt.
Jagp, i> tiie prineipu.
Ferdtn, a duchy of Hanover, 38 m. long ai
near]/ ai much biaad ; bounded on tbr W. u
it woa taken by the Danei, who^ in 1715. c
to the electonl booae of Brunavick, which
waa confirmed in 1718 by the Swede*. The in-
habiUola aio Lotheiaiu.
VcrdtK, the capital of the foregoing duchy, con-
taiiu four churchea, and ia aealed oo a branch of
the AUer, IB m. E. B. £. of BremeD. Long. 9.
•X. E., lat. 53. 58. H.
Vtribm, a atrong town of France, department
of Meuae, and a biahop'a aee. The citadel, which
ii a »kd1u fortification, wu oonitmctad bv Vau>
ban, who waa a native of thia place, Beiidea tlie
cathedral there are a collegiale cbnrch "~' ~-~-
' ' ' ' ]m divided into tl
M ■ Via !
oelabtated for ik lofaMca. Itiistaalaoiitdr I
oftba Atlantic, 45 m. E. of Comvu. Lw S
44. W., lat 10. 8. N.
yermMtJaiM, a lerriton of Fiance; in ha^ '
ranumtma, a town of Fmce iejlHwBii
ToDDc, 14 m. a. S. E. of Aoxane.
ytfm^,* tint which riae* inTuaiBi,a
theborderaofPem, fli>w< 8. E.lothaFuifB,
and enlera that river a Hltle abon Hm juem
with the Famia.
Ferwiin, a eonntT of DUnoia. Fop. iSt |
Danville ia the capil^. A cooDtv o( Uu
Fop. 5,706. Newport u the capital.
P«nu/£aii,p.t.Hiiron Co. Ohio, mn.5 E I
Colombui. Fop. B05 ; p.t. RicUud Cg Ok .
86 m. N. E. Columbiu. Pop. 1,431. \
VtrmoiU, one of the Mew EajliBd SUkt
boonded N. by Canada, E. br R. BuDp^n,! I
by Maaaachnaetta and W, b? N, T. fromabitii :
ia eeparaled from the wMt part by LUt Cb*
plain. It etleodi&am 43.44.1045.3. lUiii
Wq 71. 33. to 73. 2a W. long, ind oatta '
10,219 aq milea. The eaatem limit ia ■!■*« b '
the Connecticut, and the whole Slate iilnmiR i
from N. lo S. by the Green MaDiiliiai. bo
which numeraua amall ■beam* flow Em o
Weat into Lake Chunplain ud tbc CwDnu:
The chief ortfaeieitreaina aieOBionRiiK.tea I
Creek, the Miaaiaqne, the Faamnuc, Whiu Bn- I
er and WeatRiver. Lake Memphren>i(iJ(fa« i
IhenorUiera linula of the BUIe. AttmuUi
eruption of oneof the amall lakai of Ihs as
look place in 1810. Lo>f Loie, abnuliTd^ )
of water, • mile and a half in lengtli, ud Ito |
fburthaof a mils in width, waa ululcd u to j
town of Glover in the N. part of the •HI'.'*
cominunicated bv aamall atream wilhlileCkia |
plain. About 2lt0 rods from Long Like, n I i
•mailer lake on much lower level, the w^'^
which waa Barton River, flowing m as nffi* '
dinction into Lake Memphiemigng. "'^ I
aaparatins these lakes was a sleep declifitf Ik
water being low at the mills on Barliiii i"^
during the aummsr of 1810, it wu Onafb*
viiabl^to obtain a new supply by lettiu ■<>
n of the water of Long Lake iatoikltb
thePni
n 1792, bat waa retaken so
idered to
nailer.
ha detained aAer the rupture of loOS. _
ed on the Meoae, 28 m. N. by E. of Bar le Duo
and 140 £. by N. of Paris. Long. 5. !». E., lal.
49. 9. N.
FerdiM, a town in the department of Saane<«t
Loire, aeated on the Saone, at the infiiu of the
Donba 30 m. E. by. S. of Antun.
Vtrdati, ■ town in the department of Upnel
Garonne, seated on the GaroDDe,!Om.N.K. W.
ofToakmaa.
ytrta, a town of Macedonia, 48 m. W. of Sa-
Vtttria, A town of Roaaia, in tha goveminent
ofMoac»w,66'' W. S. W. of Moaoow.
Vtrgtim**, y.t. Addiaon Co. Vt. on L. Cham-
nlaln at Um mouth of Otter Creek. SI. m. 8.
Burlington. Pop. 999. Thia place haa been in-
cwporated with city privileges. Ithaa many iroD
foundriea and mills, snd mana&ctutca of woolen.
Fima, a town of Teira Firma, in Cnmana,
bj means of a tnnch down the in*"*
ingdecllvilj. Accordingly, on Iba 6llio^'';|^
the people of the neighboiirhood ajKoUN ''*
their toola, and began tha work of ■o''^''
trenoh, when on a sudden the lakabsnt '" 'f
deia, and poured with iu iriiota maw •" *
deaoant, rushing vrith meoneeitaUe '""^
an immense oolamn, three quarttis " ''7;
wida,and80feetin depth, acrosiIbtwM^
miles into Lake HemphTemagog. Thu W^
torrent ton up in it. eiic^T^ '>'"' ft
Mia, swMpiHf Bwaf honaes, naO*, f"*: *^
VER !
lOkriof like tlmnder, uid ihiklu Um earth tike
m miglity earUiqa>ke. Tba inhitutuiti of Buton
hearing tb* rotr, lookad up lowvd the lake, and
brbald the tamnt oomiag dovn upon them,
bearingfs wliola Ibmt upon iti top. The cattle
for IIUU17 milei roODd, ran bellowing to their
borne*, and all the neighbonrhoDd were thrown
iDto tlie {Tcateat larror. No Uvea were loet, but
A TBit amannt of damage naa occuioned. —
The winter begina here about the &r«t of
I>«c«inber; althoagh the fhsU appear aa eatty aa
the fintof Beptember. From the first letting in,
to tiie breaking an of tlie winter, there ii feareo'
Ir maj thaw. Tna winter continnei till April.
Snow itoroii are ftenueni, ret little mow &l]a at
■ time: Ihej come from all pointaof the eompaaa
«zcept the Eirt, and are genetallj orer in a few
koura. Tbe cold ii hern more iteady and uniform
tluB in the other New Biif land alatei. On th«
■— ie conmaalj three " ' —
Ael deep, and Itee till the end nf April. On the
low granndi, it ii from 1 tn 3 I-S leet in depth,
and continnei till aboat the 20th of March. The
aeverfBlcold never killj the ^oang treee, and the
ehillinv eaaterly wind* of ipring wldoin reach go
far in^d aa to be felt here ; weal of the Green
Moanlaina they are totally unknown, Dronghta
are uneommon ; the cropi more frequEntlr euf-
fei fVom too much moislure. During April and
May the weather ia mild with fnrquent thowera.
Tfaiough the aummei it ia fair and aerene. The
wind at thia teaaon ia moatly froni the S. W. be-
ins regulated by the direction of the mouataini,
and tlie aborei of lake ChampUin, The heat of
the day is excewire, but the nighta are ever cool
and agmeable. The aoil ia generally rich and
loamy. On the bordera of the nvera are fine tract*
of intenal land, which conaiata of a deep, black,
allBTial depoait ; these are aometiioea a mile in
width, and are Ti-ry productife in niaiie, grain,
graaa, and garden vegetablea. The uplanda are in
nianj' plaoea acarcel^ inferior to [he interrali, and
are in general lufficiently free from itonea to ad-
mitof eaay cultivation. The hilliand moantajna
which are nol arable ou account of their ateep-
nesa, or tlie rocka. afibrd the beat af paaturage
Itir aheep and cattle. There ia hardly any part of
the country better adapted to the rearing of hors-
e*, homed cattle and aheep, than the mounlainoua
paiti of thia itale. Wheat ia raiaed more abund'
antlr oa tlie weitern aide of the moanlaioa, than
DO theeaatern. The toil and climate of all parti
are vary favourable to the growth of tbe apple and
other fruita. Tbe greater part of the lUte is bet-
ter fitted for grazing, than tillage.
Iron it abundant in thia atale, and lead, linc,
copper and manganeaa ate found in many placei.
Sulphate of iron,orcopperaaii very plenliful. Tbe
baal iron i« foand at Pern in tbe lontliam part of
the (tate, tod baa the higheil reputation for ita
doclilitv and tooghnen. It ii worked into
chaini, bolla, Ac, but tbe bed of ore having been
mnch reduced of late, and the raanafaclure ofiron
increased, an inferior aort ia now mixed with the
Peru iron, by which ila quantity haa much de-
teriorated. It ii ftill, however, of high exce.-
lence. A quarry of fine marble exiatain Middle-
bury. It reata upon a bed of aigillite, and rile*
in many placea above the aDriiic«of the ground.
Tbe marbia ia of variona colon, and haa been
wrought ever unce 19D6. Ilia now in the poa-
■eaaion of an incorporated compani , and the mo-
ehiuer}' for lawing it ia driven by water. Al
Swanton on lake Cbampliin in Ibe N. ia an inei-
hauatible qoarrj, which covera an area of more
than 300 acrei. The oiarble ii of a beautiful
black, and aometimei of a bright blue clouded
color. 100 lawa are occupied at the mil la in thia
in working it into vaiioiu forma. On a
i it ia aeveral hundred &et in length, and
Bratlleboro'. The lorthce c
bigbly divanified. From the mountainoua ridge
which occa plea tlie centra of Ihe atate, the land
alopei, toward the Conneclicul and lake Cham-
Elun. Adjoining Ihe livera are extenaire plaina,
ut the elevated coostry forma tlie greater pro-
portion of Ihe iurface.
Innumerable atumpi, tbe remaina of the pria-
tiae foreata, deform the fielda. Pinea and other
Ireea, girded, dry, and blaated by aummers beat,
and winten cold, acorched and blackened by fire,
or piled in confoaion, on fielda cleared half jy
the axe, and half b^ bnnuog— tbeae with the
mde low huta of the inhabitanta, indicate a coun-
try imperfectly aabdned by man. But if we con-
fine ourrelvei to merely phyaioal obaerrationa,
and conaider tbe natural formation of hilt,
mountain, valley, lake and atream, we ihall Bnd
thia atate to be among the moat pictureaque por-
tiona of North America.
Thia auie in divided into 13 eoQutin. The
population ia 980,679. Montpalier ia the capital.
The other targe towna are Windaor, Brattlelioro,
BurlingtoD, iHiddlebaTT, Benington and Rutland,
The agricnllure reaemUea that of tbe other New-
England atatea. Wheat ia only caltivaled W.
of the mountaina. Uaiie thrivea beat on the
intervali, but ia alao raiaed abundantly on the
uplanda. Farmen who are indualrioua, leldom
lail of having their bama filled with hay and flax ;
their granariea with maiie, wheat, rya, oata, bar-
ley, peaie and beans, and their cellan with the
beat of cider, potatoea and other eacntent rooti.
The raiwng of wool baa lately mnch increaard.
Lake Champlain afibrda (kcilitieafora coniiderablo
commerce between thia alale and Canada. The
trade in thia quarter ia chiefly with Montre-
al ; the export! are pot and pearl aahes, beef,
pork,butter and cheese, flax, live cattle, &o. The
domeatio trade ia moatly with Boaton, New York
and Hartford. Except the domeatic fiibrlca of tin -
en and woolen which occupy almoatevary family,
the nunnfacturei of thia atate are not eonaidetm-
ble. There are however above 100 woolen and
oottou mannboloriei, p«pw nilla tod oil Mill*
TER 956 TE&
alio 900 tanneriM, and 150 diatiUeriif. Maple pmerf Co. Geo. ; Caintoa and TnaakmSl asd
aqgar if made in nearly eveiy town and ftmily in Scioto Coa. Ohio. ; Jenninn Co. Ind. ;
the state ; the aTen|e quantitj made by tech Co. Ten. ; Antango Co. Auh,
fitrmin^ liunily ia eatimated at 150 poanda, a- VavU, a town of Itdy, in Campn^na di.
mounting to o million pounda a year. Pot and aeated on the Coaa, 3 m. 8. of Alatn.
ptearl aahea, and iron are alao mannfactnred in t^ Ktrona, a proTince of Anatrinn I^T« ^ ^
rtoua parts. There are manufactoriea of copper^ ffovemment m Venice, 35 m. lim^. and x7 hraed
as from native sulphuiet of iron at Straffora and It ia a very fertile country, ahonndiiig in coca«
Shrewsbury. wine, fruit, and cattle.
The legiilatnre of Vermont ia compriaed in a Ksrona, a city of Italv, capital of the foregoing
house of repreaentttives called the General Aa- province, and a biahop s see. It Imn three ftrti,
sembly. There is no senate; each town haa and ia aorrounded by thick walls, deep ditches,
one representative. The executive officers are and good ramparta. The river Adi^ dirkiet h
a Governor, Lt. Grovemor, and a council of into two parte, which commnnicale by imi
1% chosen annually by general ballot : all reat- bridges. Most of the buildings are of marye,
dents in the state of one year's standing are vo- above 30 kinda of which are found in the neigk-
teri. There is also a council of ceiuor«, chosen bonrhood; but the atreeUi are neither dean but
every 7 years ; they are 13 in number, and hold straight ; the beat is that called the Cono, whk^
their office for a year ; their doty is to inouire is pretty long, aud there is a bandaoaae squsR
whether the constitution has been preservea in- calwd the Piazza d' Armi* This city in faiiMwis ^
violate during the period preceding their appoint- antiquities, the most remarkable of which is the
ment, and whether the legislative and executive Roman amphitheatre, of which aeven rows &
branches have done their duty, and to auggest al- benches of white marble are atill entire ; hot n-
terations in the conatitution. The legislature nous repairs have been made from time to tiae
meet at Montpelier in October. The Congrega- In the town house are the statues of five illiiBtiiocs
tionalists have 203 churches, and 110 ministers, nativea of Verona ; namely, Catnlliis, .£oufis9
The Baptists 105 churches, and 56 ministers. Marcus, Cornelius Nepos, the elder Pliny, a&d
Tne Methodists have 44 ministers. The Episco- Vetruvius. Besides the cathedral there are &
palians have 11 churchea. There are two Unita- great number of churches and convents, and ser-
nan churches, one at Burlington and one at Brat- era! hospitals. The palaces of Bevihioqaa sM
tleboro*. There are colleges at Burlington and Scipio Maffei contain man^ valuable paintLaf*,
Middlebnry. Academies and schools are numer- antiques, and other curiosities. The psiacipxi
>us in this state as in other parts of Mew England, trade arises from the manulactarea of silk uai
iSaoh town is obliged by law to support public woolen, and next to them are thooe of gloves vd
whools. Vermont was first explored by the leather. Near the city is a deligfatfril plnoe, caM-
French settlers of Canada, but the earliest set- ed Campo Marzo, where two annual faxrsaiefeU
tlement within the territory was made by the in May and November. Verona has been often
English of Massachusetts, who in 17^, more taken, and when Italy was invaded by the Freock.
than 100 years after the discoveries in the north- it was added to the kingdom of Ituv. In' 1814
em parts of Champlain, established themselves it was ceded to Austria, and in 1823 the merabets
at Fort Dummer, on the Connecticut. Six yeara of the Holy Alliance met here to deliberate «
after this, the Frencn advanced from Canada the affidrs of Europe. It is 20 m. N. N. E. *^
down Lake Champlain, and settled at Crown Mantua and 54 W. of Venice. Lon^r. 11. 18. £..
Point, and on the eastern shore of the lake. The lat. 45. 26. N. Pop. 60,000.
claim to the country was afterwards disputed by Verona, p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. on the Erie Canal
N. Hampshire and New York. The British Par- 120 m. W. Albany. Pop. 3,739.
liament decided in favour of the latter state, but Vtrovitta^ a strong town of Sclavonia, seated
much confusion and altercation were caused by near the Drave, 65 m. N. W. of Esaek.
the conflicting mnts of land made by the N. Verrezy a tewnof the Sardinian states, in Pied
Hampshire and N. York governments. The dis- mont, with a fortress so strong by nature aa to be
putes thus occasioned, remained unsettled during deemed impregnable. It is 15 m. S. S. £. of
the revolutionary war, after which New York Aosta and 35 N. of Turin,
compounded for her claim, and Vermont became Vtrrierts, a town of Switzerland, in the cantoa
an independent atate. She was received into the of Neufchatel. The environs are celebrated ^
Union in March 1797. excellent cheese. It is 6 m. E. N. £. of Pontar-
Vwmont, p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. lier and 20 W. S. W. of Neufchatel.
Venudf p.v. Genesee Co. N. Y. VatmHUs^ p.v. Ripley Co. Ind. 45 m. W. Cia-
Vernet, a town of France, department of Eaa- ctnnati ; p.v. Woodford Co. Ken. 12 m. W.
tern Pyrenees, 4 m. S. of Pndes. Lexington.
VemeuU, a town in the department of Euie. VerMoUUs, a town of France, capital of the de
fseated on the Aure, 22 m. S. W. of Evreux ana nartment of Seine-et-Oise, and a bishop's see.
S5 Vf. by 8. of Paria. In the reign of Louis 21 II. it waa only a email
Venumlf a town in the department of AUier, village, in a forest 30 m. in circuit ; and hers this
3 m. from the river Allier ana 15 8. of Moulins. mince built a hunting seat in 1630, which Louis
• Vernon, a town of France, in the department of AlV. enlarged into a magnificent palace, and it
Eure, with a fortress at the end of the bridge over was the uaual residence of the kings of France
the Seine, 27 m. S. E. of Rouen and 42^. W. till 1789, when Louis XVI. and his family were
of Paris. removed from it to Paris. The buildings and gar-
Vtmon, a towdahip of Windham Co. Vt on dens were adorned with a vast number of aUtoes.
the Connecticut. ,Po^. 681. p.t. Tolland Co. by the greatest masters, and the water- works were
•Conn. 12 m. N. £. Hartford. Pop. 1,164. p.t ma^ificent. The gardens, with the iMurk, area
Oneida Co. N. Y. 18 m. W. Utica with manurac- m. m circumference, and surrounded hj walls
tuxes of glass. Pop. 3,045. alao townahips and Versailles is 10 m. W. S. W. of Paria. Long. 2
Tittagea in Sumwb Co N. J i Kent Co. Del. ; Mont 7. E.. lat 48. 48. N.
tEs nr VIC
Veraetz, a town of Hangvy, In Temetwtr, and Veudr^^ a town of Franct, department of AUier,
a biihop'e see. It contain! some eztensive bar- on the river Allier, 17 m N. W. of Moulins.
racks, and near it are the mine of a eaetle. 18 Ktiwy, a town of Switzerland, capital of a bail-
m. N. of Vipalanca and 40 S. of Teweiwar. iwic in the Pay* de Vaad. The principal mana-
VerskirBf a township of Oran^ Co. Vt. Pop. facture is hats ; it has a larf^ tnule in cneeae, and
1 1260. its wine is in great estimation. It stands near the
Versoiz, a town of France, depattnent of lake of Geneva, 10 m. £. by S. of Laosanne.
Aisne. Here, in 1768, an attempt was made to Long. 7. 0. £., lat. 46. 25. h.
form a harbour, in opposition to Geneva, and Vevay, p.t. Switaerland Co. Indiana, on the
great sums were expended for that purpose ;. bnt Ohio. 45 m. S. W. Cincinnati. It was settled
It was soon after relinquished. It is seated on in 1804 bv abodyof Swiss emigrants, to whom the
the lake bf Geneva, at the influx of the river United states government made a grant of land
Versoix, 6 m. S. £. of Gex and 7 N. of Gen- in order to introduce the cultivation of the vine,
eva. The vineyards are now very flourish'mg, and are
Fertuj, a town of France, department of Mame, the largest in the United States. The iuhabitanis
seated at the foot of a mountain on which am are mostly Swiss, and carry on some manufac-
good vinevards, 17 m. S. W. of Chalons and 78 tures of straw bonnets and other articles.
rf. £. of rarts. V^y^t & town of France, department of Upper
Venriers, a town of the Netherlands, in the Alps, 12 m. W. by S. of Gap.
province of Liege, which has a considerable Vetday, a town in the «iepartmeut of Tonne,
traffic in cloth. It is seated on the Weze, 4 noted for the noble stand rjade by the Calvinists,
m. S. W. of Limbure and 17 £. 8. £. of Liege, in 1560, against Charles IX., who besieged the
FsrvtJif, a town of France, department of Aisne, town, but was obliged to retire after the loss of
famous for a treaty, in 1598, between Henry IV. 1,500 men. Theodore Besa was a native of V«-
of France and Phillip II. of Spain. It is seated zelay. It is seated on the top of a mountain, near
on the Serre, 40 m. N. £. of £k>issons. the river Cure, 26 m. £. bv S. of Auxerre
Ferz«o2e, a town of the Sardinian sutes, in Vtxdixt, a town in the department of Meurtne,
Piedmont, with a castle. It is surrounded by an seated on the Brenon, 12 m. 8. of Nancy and
ancient wall, flanked with towers, and seateo in a 14 S. £. of Toul.
very firuitful soil, near the Vratia, 3 m. S. of Vitauif a town of Portoffal in £ntre Douro e
Salusxo. Minho, at the mouth of Uie Lima, with a good
VetUy, a town of France, department of Aisne, harbour for small vessels, defended by a fort, 1^0
on the river Aisne, 10 m. £. N. £. of Soissons. ro. W. by N. of Braga.
Fesoul, a town of France, capital of the depart- Vianden. a town ofthe Netherlands, in Luxem-
ment of Upper Saone. In its vicinity is a medi- burg, divided into the Old and New Town by the
cinal sprinff. It is seated at the foot of a monn- river Uren. It has a castle, on an inaccessible
tain, near tne river Dureeon, 24 m. N. of Besan* rock, and considerable manufketures of cloth, and
con and 106 £. S. £. of Troyes. Long. 6. 8. £., leather. 22 m. N. of Luxemburg and 22 N. W. of
lat. 47. 36. N. Treves.
Vesprinf an episcopal town of Hungary, capital Viamen, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Hoi-
of a county of tne same name, with a castle. It is land, with a castle ; seated on the Leek, 7 m. S.
seated on the Sed, 19 m. W. by S. of Stuhlweis- of Utrecht.
senburg and 70 S. S. £. of Presburg. Long. 17. Viatkaf a government of Russia, which was
57. £.,lat. 47. 16. N. formerly a province of Kassan, containing an ex-
Vesuvius, a volcanic mountain of Ital^, 7 m. tent of 47,000 square miles, with not more than
E. of Naples. It is nearly 30 m. in circuit at the 1,100,000 inhabitants. It takes its name from the
base, and about 3,700 feet high. Towards the river Viatka, which flows through the country,
sea it is covered with fruit>trees and vineyards ; and joins the Kama.
but on the S. and W. sides, and on the top, Viatka^ formerly called Khlynof, a town of
nothing is to be seen but black ashes, cinders, Russia, capital of the foregoing government, and
and stones. The top of Vesuvius is divided into a bishop's lee with a castle, ft is seated on the
two points, the southernmost of which is called river Viatka, 100 m. N. of Kassan. Long. 54.
Mont de Somma. The eruption in the year 79, 16. £., lat. 57. I8(. N.
under Titus, was accompanied by an earthquake, Vtaxma^ a town of Russia, m the government
which overturned several cities, particularly Pom- of Smolensk, seated on an eminence, oO m. N. E.
peii and Herculaneum ; and this eruption proved of Smolensk.
fatal to Pliny the natnralist. Great quantities of Ftc, a town of France, department of Meurthe,
ashes and sulphureous smoke were carried not aeated en the SeiUe, 15 m. £. N. E. of Nancv.
only to RomCj but also beyond the Mediterra- Vic, or Ft^e, a town of Spain, in Catalonia,
nean, into Africa; birds were suffocated in the and a bishop's see. It is seated in a fertile plain,
nir, and fell down upon the ground ; and fishes 35 m. N. of Barcelona.
perished in the neighbouring waters, which were VU Bigorre, a town of France, department ot
made hot, and infected by it. Another very vio- Upper Pyrenees, situate on the Adour, 12 m. N.
•ent eruption, in 1631 , totally destrojred the town of^Tarbes.
of Torre del Greco. The eruption in 1767 was l^e F«zenMe, a town in the department of Gers,
the 27th from the time of Titus, since which seatd on the Douxe, 15 m. W. of Auch.
there have been 11 others, the last of which wae Vide Compfe,a town in the department of Puy
in 1819. Next to those in 79 and 1631, that of de Dome, with a palace, where formerly the
1794 was the most violent and deitructive. In counts of Auvergne resided. About a mile from
this eruption the lava flowed over 5,000 acres of it are mineral springs. It is seated near the Al-
rich vineyards and cultivated lands, and the town lier, 15 m. S. E. of Clermont,
of Torre del Greco was again destroyed ; the top Vieegrad, a town of Hungary, with a casde on
of the mountain likewise fell in, and the crater the top of n rock, in which the crown of Hungary
is now little short of 2 m. in circumference. was formerly kept. It is seated on ihe S side oftlie
3S
VIE . T66 VIE
Daimbe, 8 m. 8. £. of Grmn and 16 N. W. of of them are the imperial jpakce, Uw palfteeaoftibe
Boda. princea LitefateDstein, Eo^ne, dee., the iiDperal
VUenxa, or VicaUinOf a delegation of Anatrian chancery, the extensive imperial nnenal, the eit-
Italy, in the govern ment of Venice, 35 m. lon|f arsenal, the mint, the general hospital, the tovn
and 27 broad^ and so pleasant and fertile that it house, the cnstom-honse, the bank, the Ubsuy
is called the garden and flesh-market of Venice, and the moseom. No hoosee without the wall>
Here are also mines of silver and iron, and qoar- are allowed to be built nearer to the elaGia than
riea of stone, almost as fine as marble. 600 yards ; so that there is a circolar &Ifl of thii
Vieenxaf a city of Italv. the capital of the tore- breadth all round the city, which has a beantbiij
going province, and a brsnop's see. It is without and salntaiy effect The eight aabnrbc an &ot
walls, but is a large place, adorned with about populous in proportion to their size, for manj
20 palaces from the designs of Palladio, who was nouses have extensive gardens. The cirauaStt'
a native of this place. Tne cathedra] is embellish- ence of the city and suburbs is upward* of le hl
ed with marble, and has some good paintings ; be- Many families, who live during the winter within
sides which there are above 60 other churches, and the fortifications, spend the sumBoer in the m
in that of St. Corona, the high altar, and the burbs. The cathedral is built of freeatoney and the
painting by Paul Veronese of Uie Magni, paying steeple contains a bell of uncommon manituce,
adoration to Cbrist, attract particular notice. In cast out of the cannon takenfrom the Torka. A«i-
the fine square before the town -house are two joining to this church is the archbishop** palace
lofly colums, with St. Mark's winged lion on one the front of which is very fine. Vienna was la-
of tnem, and on the other a statue of our Saviour, effectually besieged by the Torka in 15^ u:i
The other remarkable places are the Monte della 1683. At the Utter period theaeige was raised i.t
Picta with its fine library, the Palazzo Vecchio John Sobieski, king of Poland, who totally dt-
with its admirable paintinn, the Theatrum Olyra- feated the Turkish army. The nnivervity* bxd
f>icum afler the model of Uie amphitheatre of Pal- several thousand students, who, during the spi^f
adio, and the triumphal arches in the public mounted guard, as they did also in 1741. Tbt.
promenade of Campo Marzo. The principal archducal library is much frequented by foRif :*-
manufiictures are silk, damaak, and taffeta, about era, as it contains above 1,000,000 printed bcx^.
4 m. firom the citj on a mountain, is the church and 12,000 MSS. The archducal treasury, and i
Della Madonna di Monte Berrico, which ia much cabinet of curiosities of the house of Austria, a.re
^frequented by pilgrims, and has a fine frontis- great rarities. The Danube is here very vide,
piece, with a convent close by Vicenza is seated and containa several woodv iales, one of which ii
in a fertile plain, between two hills, at the union the prater, or imperial park ; it also forms a sort
of the rivulets Bachiglione and Rerone,22m. E. of harbour, where are magazines of naval stsref.
of Veronea and 15. W. of Venice. Long. 11. 40. and ahipa have been fited out to serve on that h-
£., lat. 45. 28. N. ver against the Turks. The trade of Vienna i.
FickUf a town of France, department of Allier, in a nourishing state, and it has manufactures cf
near wnich are some mineral springs. It is seat- silk stuffs, gold and silver, lace, tarestry, lookis;-
ed on the Allier, 40 m. S. of Moulins. glasses, &c. In 1805 this city surrendered to tw
Vickslmrgt p.t. Warren Co. Mississippi, on the French, but was given up by the peace of Pm-
Mississippi, 60 m. N. E. Natchez. It has a brisk burg. In 1809 it again surrendered to the Frrncfa.
trade in theezportationof cotton to New Orleans but they again reatored it on the conclnsios <if
by steamboats. The town is very picturesquely Peace. In 1630 it experienced a severe calamitr;
built on the slopes of several high hills. afler a frost of 118 days a thaw set in on the 2C\1.
Vifio, a town of Naples, in Principato Citra, near of February, and about midnight on the 2^th
the bay of Naples, 5 m. N. E. of Sorento. the ice broke and inundated the dwellings of 56.
VieOf a town of Corsica, in which is the cathe- 000 inhabitants, many of whom were drowned,
dral of the bishop of Sagona, a town now in ruins, together with a great number of horsea, coTf
It is 15 m. S. ViN of Corte and 30 S. of Calvi. pigs, dec. In 1831 it was united by the pestilen-
VieovarOj a town in the Ecclesiastical states, in tiu cholera, and suffered severely. It as 50 nt
the district of Sabina, seated near the Teverone, W. of Presburg, 330 N. N. £. of Rome, and 579
10 m. N. E. of Tivoli. E. ofParis. Long. 16. 16. E., laL 48. 13. N. Pop
VUufr, pX Ontario Co. N. T. 218 m. W. Albany. 290,000.
Pop. 2,965. Ftemia, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 722; p.L
Ttetory, a township of Essex Co. Vt. 45 m. N. Oneida Co. N. T. Pop. 1,766; p.t. Dorchester
E. Montpelier. Pop. 53 ; p.t. Cayuga Co. N. Y. Co. Md. and a port of entry, on Nantieoke Rir-
Pop. 1,819. er;p.v. Trumbull Co. Ohio. Pop. 910; p.*
Vidaliaj p.v. Concordia Pariah, Lou. on the Johnson Co. HI. and Da vies Co. Ken. ; p.v. AUe
Mississippi opposite Natchez. ville Ois. S. C. and Clarke Co. Ind.
VielUi&rovgk, p.v. Caroline Co. Va. Fteitne, a town of France, deparboent of Iscre.
Vidshf a tovcn of Russia, in the government of and an archbiahop's see. In the Ah century tlif
Vologda, situated on the Vogado, 156 m..N. N. E. Burgundians made it the capital of their kingdoa.
of Vologda. Long. 41. 45. £., lat. 61. 40. N. The cathedral is a handsome Gothic structure, la
Vienna, a citv of Lower Austria, the capital of 1311 a general council was held here, at whicii
^ the empire, ana an archbishop's see. It stands pope Clement V. presided, and amonjg other anat*
in a fertile plain, on the right bank of the Danube ters, the suppression of the Knight Templars wu
at the influx of the little river Vien. The city determined. The commerce of Vienneoonststtia
itself is not of great extent, nor can it be enlarged wines, silk, and sword-blades. It is seated on tbr
being limited by fortiflcations ; but it is very pop- Rhone, 15 m. S. S. E. of Lyona and 38 N. W.
ulcus. Thestreets in general are narrow, and the of Grenoble. Long. 4. 56. E., lat 45. 32. N.
houses high ; but there are several fine squares, Viennej a department of France, formed of
and in tiiat called Joseph Square is a colossal part of the province of Poitou, and bounded 5
equestrian statue in bronze of Joseph II. Some by the department of Indre-et- Loire , and 8. ky
ef the public buildings are magnificent ; the chief that of Charente. It takes its name irona a rif?f
ll
VIL 760 VIL
which rites is the deperimeiit of Conese, and Villa Franea^ a town of PortHgal, in Eatrema-
flows into the Loire 5 m. above Saumur. Poitiers dara, on the eituarj of the Ta^us, 20 m. N. £. of
w the capital. Lisbon.
VtetuUf l^tper, a department of France, com- ViUa Traneaj a town on the S. coast of St.
prisinff the greater part of the province of Limo- Michael , one of the Azores, defended bj a fort
sin. Limoges is the capital. and other works. Opposite this place, half a
VUrraden^ a town or Prussia, in Brandenburg mile from the shore, ii a small island, which has
seated on the Vesle, near its conflux with the a basin with a narrow entrance, where 50 ves-
Oder, 22 m. E. S. E. of Prenslo. sels may anchor in security. It is 16 m. E. by
FiVzoitfa town of France, department of Cher, N. of Funta del Guda. Long. 25. 30. W., lat.
famous for its forges. It is seated on the Cher, 37. 50. N.
near the influx of the Tevre, 17 m. N. W. of ViUa Franca de Panadts, a town of Spain, in
Bourges. Catalonia, 18 m. W. by S. of Barcelona.
I'^Mflt, a town of Naples, in Capitanata, seated on ViUage Cfreen,p.y. Delaware Co. Pa.
the gulf of Venice, m the place called the Sptir ViUage Springs, p.v. Blount Co. Alab.
of the Boot, and at the foot of Mount Oargano, Villa HermosafO. town of Spain, in Valencia,
25 m. N. E. of Manfredonia. Long. 16. 40. E., near the river Millas, 58 m. N. of Valencia,
lat. 41. 51. N. Villa Hermosa, a town of Mexico, in tlie prov
Kief, St., or St. Vith. a town of the Netherlands, ince of Tabasco, on the river Tabasco, 60 m. S.
in Luxemburg, near tne aource of the Uren, 24 W. of Tabasco, and 70 N.E. of Chiapa. Long,
m. S. 8. E. of Limburg and 48 N. of Luxem- 94. 5. W., lat. 17. 45. N.
burg. * Villa Joiosa, or Jousa, a town of Spain, in Va
yigan. a town of France, department of Gard, lencia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, 18 m
22 m. W. S. W. of Alais and 38 W. N. W. of E. N. E. of Alicant and 24 S. of Gandia. >,
Nismes. Villa Jiata d^Atti, a fortified town of the Sar
VigtnanmrHtown of Austrian Italy, in the prov- dinian states, in Piedmont, 14 m. W. of Asti.
ince of Milan, with a strong castle on a rock ; ViUa J>tova de Cervwa, a town of Porttml, in
seated near the Tesino, 16 m. S. W. of Milan. Entre Douro e Minho, situate on the Minho,
Vignot, a town of France, department of Mouse, near its mouth, 27 m. N. W. of Braga and 45 N.
on the river Meuse, 16 m. £. of Bar le Due and of Oporto,
dt S. S. E. of Verdun. ViUa Jfwa d* Portimao, a fortified sea-jport of
VigOf a sea-port of Spain, in Galicia, situate on Portugal, in Algarva, on a river which mrms a
a bay of the Atlantic, defended by a fort on an spacious and secure harbour, defended by two
eminence and an old castle. It has a good har- forts. It is 9 m. E. N. £. of Lagos and 42 W by
hour, into which, in 1702, the English and Dutch S. of Tavari. Long. 8. 27. W., lat. 37. 12. N.
fleet forced their passage, and made themselves Villa Abea de Porto, a town of Portugal, in
masters of the Spanish plate-fleet, when just ar- Entre Douro e Minho, seated on the Douro, op-
rived from America. In 1719 the English obtain- posite Oporto (on which it depends) and defended
cd possession of Vigo, but relinquished it after By several forts.
raising contributions. Itstandainafruitftilcoun- VUlaJ^tova de Principe^ a town of Bra^I, in
try, 14 m. W. N. W. of Tuy and 47 S. of Com- Bio Janeiro, situate near the diamond mines, 130
postella. Long. 8. 40. W., lat. 42. 14. N. m. W. of Porto Segoro.
VigOy a countjr of Indiana. Pop. 5,737. Terre Wla Heal, a town of Portogal, in Tras os
Haute is the capital. Monies, seated at the conflux of the Corgo and
Vihiers, a town of France, department of Ribera, 12 m. N. by E. of Lamego and 38 S. E. of
Maine-et Loire, 20 m. S. of Angers, and 2d W. Bnuranza.
by S. of Saumur. f^Ua Real, a town of Spain, in the province of
Vilains, a ri?er of France, which rises in the Valencia, near the Manjares, 40 m. N. N. E. of
department of Mavenne, passes by Vitre and Ren- Valencia.
nes, divides the department of Morbihan from )^»2(a /{eaZ. a town of Brazil, in the province of
that of Lower Loire, and enters the Bay of Bis- Spiritu Santo, 150 m. W. b^ S. of Spiritu Santo.
cay below Roche Bernard. Villa Rica, a town of Chile, on the lake Mala-
ViUa de Ctmde, a town of Portugal, in Entra bangen, 60 m. N. E. of Valdivia.
Douro e Minho, at the mouth of the A va,90m. N. viUa Vtdosa, a town of Spain, in Asturias,
of Oporto. seated on the Bay of Biscay, 32 m. N. E. or
ViUa ds Horta, the capital of the island of Fay- Oviedo.
al, one of the Axores. It is seated on the W. Villa Vieosa, a fortified town of Portugal, in
coast, and has a harbour, landlocked on eirery Alemtejo, with an old castle, and a palace where
iide except the E. and N. E., and defended by the dukes of Bra^nza formerly resided. In the
several forts. Long. 28. 41. W., lat ZS. S2. N. suburb is an ancient temple, originally built to
ViOad^iglesiat, a town of the island of Sardin- the honour of Proserpine ; and in the neiffhbour-
ia, and a biahop's see, 35 m. W. S. W. of Cag- hood are quarries of fine green marble. It is 12
liari. m. S. W. of Elvas and 33 N. E. of Evora.
Villa ITor, a town of Portugal, in Tras os Fi22adk,atownof Austrian lily ria, in Carinthia,
MoDtes, 26 m. S. by W. of Bragansa. with a castle. Near it are medicinal baths. It is
Villa Franca, a sea-port of Sardinia, in the seated at the conflux of the Geil with the Drave,
county of Nice, with a castle and fort. The hnr- 16 m. W. by S. of Clagenfurt
bour IS capacious,, and the mountains which en- Villaine, a town of France, department of May
clote it extend into the sea like promontories. It enne, 16 m. E. by N. of Mayenne.
was taken by the French in 1705, by the French ViUamieL a town of Spain, in Leon, 48 m. S
and Spaniards in 1744, and by the French in 1792. of Ciudad Rodrigo.
Of late years it has become the resort of con- Villarino, a town of Spain, in Leon, on the
SQinptive invalids in preference to Nice It is 3 river Douero and confines of Portugal, 45 m. W
in. E. of Nice. N. W. of SaUmanca.
71N m WUL
FUUdim, a town of France, department of Loir* Frenck from Canada in the eaiif part «f Um In
et-Cher. 20 m. W. 8. W. of Yendome. eentorj, and waa fonnerlj the ant af tlK tenk.
VilUdieu, a town in the department of Manehe, rial govemment. The river ia navigable to tb
8 m. N. N. E. of Avranchei. place for ateam-boati the gveater pait of tkt yvr
Vitleforif a town in the department of Lozere, rop. 1,800.
18 m. £. of Mende and 19 Nt of Alaia- VineefU, p.t. Chester Co. Fa.
VSU^anehe, a town in the department of Rhone, f^nemUoMm, p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. M n. £
surrounded by walls, and seated on the Saone, Philad.
Id m. N. bj W. of Lyons. Vincent, Cape, S»., the 8. W. peonMBtorr d
ViUefraneke, a town in the department bf East- PortngaL95 m. W. hj 8. of Lagos. Loaf. 9. $
era Pyrenees, with a fort ; seated on the river W., lat. 37. 3. N.
Tet,25 m. W. S. W. of Perpifnan. Vincent, St., one of the Windward CuUee
VtUefranche, a town in the department of Avei- Islands, in the W. Indies, 24 m. long and Idbfoii
ron, with a great trade in linen cloth ; seated on and abont 70 m. W. of Barbadoes. ItiseitieB^
the Aveiron, 20 m. W. of Rodez. ly lertile, and well adaoted for the raiaiaf of n^
ViUefrancke, a town in the department of Upper and indifo ; and here the bread-fruit trcei bitM^
Garonne, on the canal royale, 22 m. 8. £. of from thrive Otaheite remarkably well. Tkeonfi-
Toulouse. nal inhabitants were Caribe, a warlike nee, bu-
ViUeptive, a town in the department of Paris, 4 ifestly distinguished ^m the aborigiaei of (b
m. 8. of Paris. larger island. They are conMctwcd to kw
ViUemont, p.v. Chicot Co. Arkansas. been originally a colony from n. Ameriet, lbs
ViUemMtr, a town in the department of Upper fierce manners approaching nearer to those of ik
Garonne, seated on the Taruj 12 m. N. N. £. of original natives or that continent than tbeTd«u
Toulouse. that of 8. America, and their language alio hafiw
ViUena, a town of Spain, in Murcia, with a aome affinity to that spoken in Flonda. la the
castle, fbrmeriy of great strength. In the neigh- wars they preserved tneir ancient praetioe if de-
bourhood is a morass, from woich salt is made, stroying all the males, and pteserving the voan
It is 18 m. 8. 8. £. of Almanza and 50 N. by E. either for servitude or for breeding. St V'taM
of Murcia. was long a neutral island; but, at the peace ef
rtffsiisiiM,a town of France, department of Lot- 1763, the French agreed that the right to it drnk
et-Garonne, on the river Lot, 17 m. N. of Agen. be vested in the Engliah. The latter, aoon iAt.
Vmeneme, a town in the department of (jard, engaged in a war against the Caribs, oa tbevis^
on the Rhone, opposite Avignon, with which it ward side of the island, who were oblipdtoMa-
communicates by a bridge, 21 m. £. N. E. of sent to a peace, by which they ceded alaifp teRt
Nismes. of land to the crown. The conssqoeaee of tks
VUleneuve, a town of Switzerland, in the canton was, thd' , in 1779, they greatly contriboteil totk
of Pays de Vaud, situate at the £. extremity of reduction of this islandby the French, who, bov-
the lake of Geneva, 3 m. from the influx of^ the ever, restored it in 1783. In 1796 the FmA
Rhone and 14 E. 8. E. of Lausanne. landed some troops, and again iastigaled tk
VHUneuve de Berg, a town of France, depart- Caribs to an insurrection, which wl2 not ioUm^
ment of Ardeche, 13 m. 8. of Privas. for several months. It was almost desohtds
VtUers Ccierets, a town in the department of 1812 by an eruption of the Souffrier mooDtiiB.
Aisne, 12 m. 8. W. of Soissons and 44 N. £. of which had continued quiet far nearly t neatuy
Paris. before. Kingston is the capitel.
KtUtiigen,a town of Germany, in Baden, strong Vincent, St., one of the Cape Verde IsIaBdi,!^
hy nature on account of the surrounding moun- m. long and three broad and uninhabited. Os
tains and narrow passes. Here is a Benedictine the N. W. side of it is a good bay, wfcereehfi
abbeV) and in the vicinity is a good bath. It is may wood and water, and wild goats majr be shet
20 m. £. by N. of Friburg. Long. 26. 30. W., lat. 17. 80. N.
Vilseek, a town of Bavaria Franconia, near Ftnccnf, St., a townof Spain, in Astsnif,"!'
which are several foundries. It is seated on the ed on the Bay of Biscay, 9 m. W. by B. ofSu-
Vils, 20 m. N. of Ambers. Ullana.
ViUkofen, a town of Lower Bavaria. In 1745 Vtneuard, a township of Grand lile Co. M
the Austrians took it by storm. It is situate on Pop. 459.
the Danube, at the inil*ix of the Vils, 11 m. W. Vingarla, a town of Hindooston, in Viiiapw,
by N. of Passau. belonging to the British. Abont 10 m. to tbe W.
VUvorden, a town of the Netherlands, in 8. N. W. are some rocks in the sea, called Viofwli
Brabant, with an ancient castle; seated at the Rocks. The town is situate near the oooUi of i
confluence of the Woluwe and the Senne, 7 m. river, 25 m. N. N. W. of Goa. Long. 73.S7.i,
N. N. E. of Brussels. lat 15. 61. N.
Vimieiro,A town of Portugal,in Alemtejo, 12 m. VhUimigUa, a town of the Sardinian itttei, ia
W. by N. of Estremos. the territofy of Genoa, with a small harboor, ui
l^mtsrii, a village of Portugal, in Estremadura, a strong castle on a high rock. It is seated «
30 m. N. of Lisbon. the Mediterranean, at tne mouth of tbe Rottt,9i
Vimiosa, a town of Portugal, in Tras es Mon- m. N. £. of Nice and 24 8. W. of OnegUi. Utg
tea, 15 m. W. N. W. of Miranda and 17 8. E. of 7. 37. E., lat. 43. 53. N.
Braganxa. Vipaianca, or Fjf PaUmka, a towa dBvap^h
Kmcsmiet, a town of France, in the department in Temeswar^ with a fortress. It staodi oa Iw
of Paris, remarkable for ite castle, which for three Karass, near tte entrance into the Daanbe, 420-
centuries was the country residence of the royal E. of Belgrade and 58 8. of Temeswar.
fiunily. 3 m. E. of Paris. Ftre, a town of France, department of CiIti^
Vincennee, p.v. Knox Co. Ind. on the Wabash, with several manufiictures of coane vooicn
136 m. N. W. Louisville and 150 m. above tbe cloths. It is seated on the the Viie, 90 a- 8- '
mouth of the Wabash. It was settled by the of Contances and 150 W. of Paris.
Vvta, >.l CoitJud Co. N. T. 10 m. S. Homer
ud 1M W. Anwnj. Pop. 3,919.
Firgin Cape, t e»p« of PaUfonia, at the tn-
truice oflhe ttnit of HB^ellan ; to called hj Mb-
irelltn, became be diactmred iL on the feaat
of ai. Unala. Loog. 07. 64. W., lal. 63. S3. 8.
yirm Oordc, or Smiak lavs, one of the Vir-
ria Itlaudf in the Vf. lodie*. It hai two rood
Garboora, aod ia defended by a fort. Lone. M, 0.
W., 1>L 18. IB. N.
nrm ItliBulM, aboat 30 iilanda and keri In
tb« W. Indies, between 8t. Jnan d« Puerto RJeo,
and the Leeward Carribee lalandi. Thej are
pneiBned bv tlie Engliah and Danei. In the firat
d iviaton, beloneing to the Engliih, u Tottola, to
which belong Joel Van Dike, LitUe Van Dike,
Ouana, Buel^and Thatch [lUadi. In the ■econd
dirison U Virgin Gorda, to which belong Anej^a-
da, Nicker PHckl; Fear, the Muikiloa, the Cotn-
iiianoe*, &c. Of the Diniih liluidn, the princi-
pal ve St..Thoma< aad St. John.
about 60 B. loDg, and from 10 lo 15 wide, Ilea on
the eutem aide of the Cheaapeak, and ia bordered
toward (he aea bf a atring of low, nndj lalets.
The walen of the Cheaapeak enter the aea, be-
tween Cape Charlea and Cape Henry, forming a
Btiail 15 m. in oidlh.
From the Taal extent of thia atate,and the Ta-
netiea of ila anrikce, we ahoald of couraa be led lo
cipect a great direraity of climate. In the Atlan-
tic ooantry, eaet oflhe MoDntaina, the heati of
aummer are long and o|]preaaiTa, the aprin^ abort
and Tariable, and the wintera eitrameiy mild, the
anow asldom lying more than a day alter it haa
fallen. Dronghti in anmmer and autumn are fre
quent The people baTeaallow compleriooa, from
Uie heat! of aummer, and bilioua diieaaea in au
Inmn. Onthemonntuna, theair ia coot and u
lubnoua,and the inhabilanla are tall and moacii
lar, with rohual fonna and healthy conntenancea
Flrea are here uaed during Ere montha of the
year. The heatof aummer during the day ia con
aidarable, bat the nighla are alwaya cool. On the
weatemaide of the moonlaina, the climate ia cold-
er by acme degreea than in the aame parallel of
latitade en the coait. The valleT of the Ohio ia
exceedingly hat in aummer, while in winter,
the river ia froien ao aa (ometiinet to be paaaable
for two montha together. The autumn la drj-,
temperate, and healthy, with the moat beaotllul
weather. From the Atlantic coaat to the head
oftide water on the rixera, the country ia low, flat
and marahy, or aandy ; thii meagre a'oil ia cover-
ed with pinea and cedara; but the bank a of the
riveraaie loamy and rich, and the vegetation in
thoae parte, luxuriant. Thia territory ii alluvial,
FtrgidB, one of the United Statea ; bonnded
N. by Ohio, Pennaylvknia and Marylaiid : E. by
HarrUnd and tb« Atlantic ; B. by S. Carolina
and Tenneaaee and W. by Ohio and Kentucky.
11 liea between 36. 40. and 40. 43. N. lat. and 75. SB.
and B3. 40. W. hng. It ia the largeat atate in the
anion being 370 m. in length, andSOO in breadth.
It coinpriaef 64,000 aq. ta. The Apalachaio chain
frobi FennavlTania, paaaea through the attte,
aouthwealeTly into N. Carolina and Tenneaaee.
The moat easterly ridge ia known by the name of
the Bine Ridge. On the weat, the Laurel Moan-
tainaand CheanDtRidgeeitend from Fennaylva-
nia, and terminate in thia atate. The Cumberland
Monntaina lie between Virginia aod Kentucky.
The Alleghany ridge ia continued from Pennayl-
vania ; there arc other ridgea *■ Greeobriar,
North Hoontain, Broad Mountain, Back Bone,
Jackaon River Mountain, Iron Uoantain, and
Great Flat Top. The lofUeat tummiU are the
feak* of Otier, in the Alleghany ridge, which are
3,103 feet aboT« the level of the aea. ThU aUte
ia watered by a great number of rivera, among
which in» M mentiontd the Potomac, Rappa.
hannoe, York, Janea, and Staunton, eaat of the
Moantaina ; and the Ohio and Kanawha to the
W. The outer half of Chenpeak Bay liea in
thia itate, and by ita depth and extent, and the
numeronaBne nven which il receivce, ia of the
higbeat uM foe oatigation. Moat of the large
,, Buttof the
.._ _M*mboaehni« of thia river formaaapa-
DNdabaTen, called BtMrfonRaaia. TheeatDade
weiB lenDeri^ open, bat itrang Ibrtificationa have
and eihibita
hella and bone
the aurface. From the head of tide wa-
ter to the Blue Ridgo, the landbeginato riae, and
beoomea atony and broken ) the aoil Ilea on a
atratum ofmliS, reddiahclay, and ia much auperinr
to the Lowland country. In the valley between
the Blue Ridge nud the Alleghany, we come to a
limeatone country ; here the aoil liea upon a bed
of that rock, and ia very fertile, particularly in
grain and clover. In aome parte the aoil la chalky.
The wealern part of the aUle, or that part whicii
lice between the monntaina and the Ohio, haa a
broken aurface, with occaaioniJ fertile tracta, but
the aoil is generally lean.
The moat remarkable natural cuiiositiea in thia
atate are Weier'a Cave, the Rock Bridge, or Nat-
ural Bridge over Cedar Creek, aod the paesage of
the Potomac throash the Bine Ridgsal Harper'*
Ferry, — all oi' whicli itt. la the mountainooa and
weatem parta, there ia abundance of iron ot«,
with lead and coal. Gypaum of the best quality
i* alto found in the aante region. In the eattern
part between the Potomac and Jamea rivers, gold
lua lately been diacovered near the anrfane, and
cooaiderable quai^tities hare been obtained by
waahini; the earth. Since Ihe year 1887, the
gold mine* of Virginia have attnoted attention.
The belt of country in which thay are &nnd, ei-
lenda through Spotsylvania, and aome newhbonr-
ing counliea. In 1830, about !U,000 doll&ra val-
ue of gold from Virginia, was ooined at Ibe mint
of the United Bute*. Ahnoat aver/ part of the
atate, weat of the mountains, aboonda in salt
iiain^ara also a gceM
The warren Bpnngs,
county, have a Um<
numberof mineral springs. Tfa
ncttT Oreen Valley, in Bathct
peratuie of 96. The Hot f
M an low and bt. A pcDinwla
13 countii^ eonpria-
The pnpulalioa is 1^] 1,272, of whom 469,721 ut of 1 ,510,669' dolUn
■Ikvea. Richmond i« tho capital. The other Viifpnia wu the •■rliHt nttM oT tha Brit^
large tuirna are Noiralk, Petenbuii, Fcedcilcka- AiDerican coloDiei. An eipedition vu ^ipilck-
burg, Lynch biug, Williamtbaig iad York, all ed bj the LoDdonCompviyiiiBderCapUiBHt*'
_i.;_L .L _ 1. .<■ .1 ppj^ ^jIjjj ^^ aoeompanied b* Gaamild tod thi
celebrated Captain Bmith. Tbey enUrW Ikt
of beiof pat U death by IM WTafca ww m
ehieflj dMlingnuhed for tbe culture of tobacco.
althoa|jh wheat and maiie leceiTe * ^ood share of
•ttention; theae three article! canatitutc the chief
eiporia nf the aUle. The cnlliTation uf tobacco
hai coDfiderabl; fallen off witliin a few jean, and
the land io man; oaaea, hia been neglected in
Oonaequence ofthe eihauation of the aoil. Ma-
nj traela in the eaiteru parla, formerly deroled
to tillage, are now abandoned and oiergrovn
with pine*. Anicnlture in genera], mar Iw pro-
nounced in a baokword state in Virginia. East
of tlie moootoiiia, the laboor ja almoat wholly per-
ftirmed by the ilavei, and this portion of the alate
^pmn to be declining in wealth. West of iha
moantaina, alare Ubonr is leaa relied apan, and
the country ia imprOTing in ita candilioii. The
importa into tbia aUte for 1839, amonnled to 395,-
3G9 doUan ; Ihe domeitic produce expntled, (□
3,783,493 dollara ; toUl eiporla, 3,797,431 dollars.
The enrolled and lioenaed shipping in 1838,
amoanled to 67,308 tone. Tfas manutacturei con-
aiat chieBv of iron and salt. The aall works, on
the Kanahwa, prodnce about 9,000,000 buabel*
of ealt yeuly. At Harper's Ferry, la a manalkn-
tory of muketa, employed priacipaliy for the
United States.
The legiaUtare eonaiata of a Senate and House
of Repreaantatirea. The aenaton are 3!; they
are elected by diatricta, and hold their offiee fonr
yean, ooe quartorof their numberbeing renewed
■"fTTear. The pepreaenUtiyea are choeen year-
ly. Theae elections are made dim ooce, and not
aa in olhet slate*, by ballot. The goyernor ia
elected for thrw yeara, by the two hranchea of
Iba legiatatare, and U elig.'ble but once in 6 years.
There la a Doanoa of three, ohoaen like the Ooy.
•nor, the aenioreoonaellor ia Lt. Ooyernor. The
^MofyotiDg oomea yery near to sniyeraal auf-
™i?- . ClornyMn ara ineligible aa legialaton.
Wo lefiaUtiye proviaion can be made for reliviona
wonhip., '
Hi* moal ntuoati
i^WB tha Baptiata who hale 337 "oh.
PnabylaTieBa bare ~ ~
% embarked, and n
■fiainoflbeerf-
BiUte, that til Ibewl'
under sail to leave llx
lanlry.when seyeral ahipa arriyinv irilli n|^
pliei, they were induced to remain, froaithiirt-
riod, the seltleinent began to thriye, Ihoafh mwii
barruwd by Indian ware, Charlaa 1. ocolinid
upon the im)ahiunts the right lo cleet repmot-
Bliyes : in return for which iayour Ihe Virgia'
tana adhered to the royal inlarests darrii ikt
ciyil wan which preeeeded bis oreithnnr. 1^
parriament in 16S@, aent a Sect wbich linia|U
them tu aobmiaaion, and foi 9 yeara, CroniMll
appointrd the Goiemnr of the colony. After Ibi
restoration Virginia r ' ^ r i fcij k* h
beginning of Ih
was reviaed by a Coi
Vindnag, a town of Praaaia, in tha |eT*n-
ment of Treyea-, aeated near the NaM.K >.
W N. WofCoblenti.
Vvrten, a town of tha Netherlanda, ia LutB-
bnrg.Sim. W. of Luxembnrr,
VimgaBaUm, a town of Hiidoaatao.siFilalaf
an eitensiye district in tha proyinoe of the fhalk-
em CircaTs,Bnd the reaidence of the Jad(e,(^
tor, *e., of the dislriot. It has a bartow, aal
carries on a oonaiderable Uade. 100 n. N ■- <*
Raiamundry and 460 N. B. of Hadiaa.
VuaiU, p.y, Campbell Co. Kan.
Vitehma, a town of Ruaaia, in the gutainBMl
•fTobolak. 968 m. S. W. of ToboM.
fortified town of the Nelbeilandh ■
a(ed onthalfe«e,*»
• of I^ge, seated o
- 1 104; the Epiacopahi
r— X ■ "" "ethodiat* 77. ^wTai
Mhenoa, Catholioa, and Jawe in amal
?heM*M4c.dla|a.in
Virgin- tram, a town of Portawal, in Bein. f^ ■
- -^ biahop-s>ae,89n.8.afLUMceaBl4«lf. K «
Coinibn.
VM>Ld-VUal*cl,mk, a (own of fhNak, ia ■■
goyeiwneat eTTrar. It baa a aanal, wU*K^
the Tyaraa a»d the Maata, aaaaaelt fc
•twMB Ifaa Gtaptan and **
k
VIT 7«3 VOL
BalUB ; tod it abated on the river Zua, 60 m. N. and 155 M. of Madrid . hams, 2. 38. W. Ut. 42
W ofTfer. 46. N. ^^
^ yUtanour^oi ^^opMir, ajproTince of Hindooa- Viwsrex^ a territory of France, in the N. 5.
Un, 350 n. lon|^ and about 200 broad, bounded N. part of Languedoc, on the banks of the Rhone,
and £. bj the psovinoeaof Aurunffabad axnl Beder, now forming the department of Ardeche.
S. bjr Canara and the river Toombuddra, and W. Vivmro^ a town of Spain, in Galicia, leated
by the sea. The soil is in general fertile and at the foot of a steep mountain, near the river Vi-
provisiona aie plentiful and cheap. vero or Landrova, which flows into the Bay of
yisiapowr, or B^awmr^ the capiul of the forP- Biacajr. 22 m. N. W. of Mondonedo.
going province, was formerly a great city, and m Vmers, a town of France, department of Ar-
■aid to have contained immense wealth, some of deche. seated among rocks (on one of which tiie
which has been found among the ruins. It was cathedral is built) on the river Rhone, 16 m. S.
besieged by Aurungiebe, and obliged to oapitu- by £. of Privas.
late in IGfy. It is situate in a fertile plain, 150 Vladimir, See Volodimir.
m. 8. £. of Poonah and 340 N. by W. of Bering- VlieUnd, an island of the Netherlands, about 8
apatam. Long. 75. 40. £.. lat. 17. 16. N. m. long and 3 broad, situate at the entrance of
Vi$o, a mountain of the Marintime Alps, in the Zuyder Zee, 5 m. N. of Texel.
Piedmont, noted as the source of the river ro. ^ f^iigA«ra, a province of the Sardinian states, ad-
yittidaf a river which rises in the Carpathian jacent to Austrian Italy, comprising an area of
mountains, on the confines of Moravia and Hun 100 square miles, with 110,000 mbabitanta. The
gary, flows through Poland and Prussia, by Cra- soil is fertile in com and wine, and much silk is
cow, Sandomir, Warsaw, Culm, Marienburg, and produced.
Dantzic, and enters the Baltic by three mouths. Fb^Aera, a town of Italy, capiul of the above
KtlepMc, a government of Russia, lying between province, and a bishop's see. The chief manu-
Courland and Livonia; it has an area of about facture is that of silk. It is seated on the Staffo-
20,000 aouare miles, and contains 750,000 inhab- ra, 9 m. N. £. of Tortone.
itanta. The surface is flat, and covered with ex- Voglabnuk, a town of Austria, on the river Vo-
tensive foresto. ffel, 2ii m. N. £. of Salzburg and 38 S. W. of
Vit€jMkf a city of Russia, capital of the forego- Lintz.
I ing government. It is divided into two parts oy Void, a town of France, department of Mease,
i the river Dwina, and is surrounded by a wall. In 18 m. E. S. £. of Aar le £uc.
the campaign of 1812 it was entered by the French. Voi^dand, a circle of the kingdom of Saxony,
297 m. W. of Moscow and 320 8. of St. Peters- adjoining that of £ragebirge, compriaing an area
burff. ofrOO square miles, with 100,000 inhabitants. It
l^lsrle, a town of Italy, capital of a delegation is veiy hilly, and abounds in wood; but the
of its name, in the pope's dominions, and a bish- valleys afford plenty of corn, and pastures that
op's see. Its streets are broad ana well paved, feed great numbers of excellent cattle. Plauen
and it contains 16 parish-churches, and numerous is the capital.
convents, palaces, and fountains. Near the city VouftAerg, a town and citadel of Saxeny, in
is a hot mineral spring much &e<^uented. ft is Voigtland, 5 m. S. by. E. of Plauen.
seated at the foot of a mountain, in a beautiful VoigUhorgt a town of the Austrian States m
valley, 40m. N. N. W. of Rome. Long. 12.26. G , Stiria, seated on the Kainach 18 m. E. by 8. of
Ut. 42. 25. N. Gratz.
Vibr^ a town of France, department of Ille at Volulmark,, or VoUcemmarkf a town of Austrian
Vilaine, with a trade in linen cloth, and knit lUyria, in Carintnta^ seated on the Drave, 17 m
stockings and gloves, seated on the Vilaine, 20 m. E. by S. of Clagenfnrt.
N. £. of Rennea and ^ S. £. of St. Malo. Volcano, one of the most considerable of the la-
Vitrv U Bndtj a village of France 2 m. N. £. of pari lalanas in the Mediteranean, lying 8. of the
Vitry le Francois. It was formerly a coosidera- island of Lipari, from which it is separated by a
ble town, but was burnt by Louis VII., and on deep channel, a mile and a half broad. It is 12
this account called Brule. The English and Bur- miles in circumference, and is a volcano, in the
gundians, in the war with Charles VII., sot fire form of a broken cone, but now emits smoke only,
to Vitry with 60 villages. It was a third time Volranello a small volcanic island in the
burned and ruined by the troops of the emperor Mediterranean,between that of Lipari and Volnm.
Charlea V. Vol gay a river ef Russia, whien forma pari of
VUry le FraneatM, a town of France, depart- the boundary between Eorope and Ama. It has
ment of Marne, built by Francis I. after the de- lia source in two small lakes, in the government
struction of Vitry le Brule by the emperor Charles of Pleskof, about 80 m. W. of Tver, bemns to be
V. It has a great trade in com, and is seated on navigable a few m. above that town, ana is theve
the Marne, 15 m. 8. £. of Chalons and 100 E. of augmented b^ the influx of the Tverza. It wa-
Paris. ters some of the finest provinces in the Russian
ViUeauj'., a town of France, in the department empire, passes by Taroslaf, Kosfroma, Nishae^
of Cote d*Or, seated on the river Braine, among Novogorod, Kasan, Simbirak, SaratoT Tnritain,
the mountains, where there are cniarries of mar* and Astracan, and enters the Caspian Sea. by aev
Ue, 12 m. S. £. of Semnr and 27 W. of Dijon. oral mouths. This is supposed to he the largest
iiUoria^ a town of Spain, cajiital of the prov- river in Europe ; and by means of it, the nver
incs of Alaba, in Biscay. It is surrounded by Tverza, and a eanal thence to the Nera, thaie i«
double walls, and the lar^ streets are bordered a navigable communication between the Caspian
with trees. In the principal square are the town- Sea and the Baltic.
hoQie, two convents, and a fine fountain. It has Volkmua, a government of Roasia, 220 ra. kog
a great trade in hardware, particularly in sword- and 190 broad ; bounded on the N. by Polesia,
blades, which are made here in large quantities. E. by Kiof, 8. by Podolia, and W. hr the king-
It if seated on an eminence^t the end of ajplain, dom of Poland. It consists ehieny of fertile
fcrtUe in com and grapes, 32 m. S. E. of Bilbao plains, watered by a great number of rivers.
, VOL 764 VUL
VoUenkaven^ a town of the Netherlands, in VbarkmtniUe, p.r. Montgomeiy Go. N. T.
OTenrMel, with a castle ; seated on the Znrder Vbom, an island of the Netheriands, in S. Ik)^
Z9S,h m. 8. W. of Steenwich and 12 N. W. of land, between two months of the Meiue^SD s
Zwoll. long and 5 broad. This island, with Ooiet lu
Folmar, a town of Russia, in the gOTernment Ordrslackee, ionn the tenitorj sailed Voonhii
of Riga, on the river Aa, 60 m. N. E. of Aiga. which anciently belonged to Zealand. Biid b
VoLney^ p.t. Oswego Co. N. T. 180 m. N. W. the capital.
Albany. Pop. 3,62i). Varden, a town of Hanover, in the pris^
Folo, an ancient town of Greece, in Thessalj, oality'of Osnaburg, 80 m. N. N. E. of On-
with a citadel and a fort. It was taken, and al- bnrr.
mo^t rained, in 1655, by the Venetians. It is rardtm, a town of Polaad, ou the Yaula.
seated on a gulf of the same name, where there is where a toll is collected finom ships fobc ip
a good harbonr, 30 m. S. £. of Larissa. Long. 28. and down the riTer. It is 15 m. 8. 5. W. of
55. E., lat. 39. 21 . N. Culm.
Volodimiry or Vladimir, a government of Rus- ForMgeit, a town of Germany, in the priBd
sia, formerlr a province of the government of pality of Hohenzollem, 10 m. 8. £. of Holieial-
Moscow. It contains an area of 19,500 sq. m . fern.
with about 1,000,000 of inhabitants. The soil is Voranez, a government of Russia, bordniaf
extremely fertile, and in the forests are innumer- on the Ukraine, which it resembles is climir.
able swarms of bees. soil, and productions. It comprises uizn of
Volodimvr, the capital of the foregoing govern- 31,000 sq. m. with about 800,000 inhsbttanb.
ment, seated on the KUasma, 110 m. E. by N. of VoraneZf the capital of the above gormaes}
Moscow. and an archbishop's see, is seated on the liw
Vologda, a government of Russia, divided into Voronez, near its junction with the Don,23(}a
the two provmces of Vologda and Ustiug, and S. 8. E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 14. £., lit ^I
comprising an area of 149,(X)0 sq. m. with about 36. N.
660^000 innabitante. It is a marshy country, fiiU Vosgtt, a depaitment of France, inclndinf tk
of forests, lakes, and rivers, and noted for its fine 8. E. part of the former province of Lomui,ff
wool. called from a chain of mountains, fbnnerljeofn-
Vologda, the capital of the above province and ed with wood, that separates this depaitDnt
an archbiihop,s see, has a magnificent cathedral, from those of Upper 8aone and Upper KDine. It
several churches^ a castle, and a fortress. The has an extent or 2,400 sq. m. with 340,000 inJu^
principal trade is m hemp matting, leather and, tal- tants. Epinal is the capital,
low. It is seated in a marsh, on the river Volog. Vougkine, p.v. Chicot Co. Arkanstf.
da, which flows into the Sukhona, 257 m. S. VoutUe, a Tinage of France, depsrtaieot d
bv E. of Moscow. Long. 39. 46. E., lat. 59. Vienne, where Clovis gained a battle in sffi
80. N. against Alaric, king of the Visigoths, whidi ex-
Volskf a town of Russia, in the government of tended the French empire from the Loire, totbr
Saratof, situate on the Volga, 76 m. N. £. of 8a- Pyrenees, 10 m. W. or Poitiers,
ratof. Vourla, a town of Asia Minor, in IVttoIii.S
Volia,ti river of Guinea, which separates the m. W. by 8. of 8myma.
Gold Coast firom the 81ave Coast, and enters the VoU'tekamg. a city of China, capital of tk
Atlantic Ocean .« province of Hoo-quang, and the renoeifoai, nit
VoUiapo, a town of the 8ardinian 8tete8, in were, of all the commercial people in the eaprr
the territory of Genoa, 15 m. N. by W. of Genoa. As every branch of trade is carried on ben, its
Volterra^ a walled town of Itely, in the grand port, on the Kian-ku, is always crowded vith
duchy of Tuscanv, containing several antiquities, vessels, the river being sometimes covered witi
It is the /lee of a bishop, and le seated on a moun- them to the disUnce of two leagues. The beu-
tain, 30 m. 8. 8. W. of^ Florence and 38 8. E. of tiful crystal found in ite mounUms, tbe plentiiiil
Pisa. crops of fine tea, and the prodigious tkkMiht
Voltri, a town of the 8ardinian 8Utes, in the bamboo paper made here, contribute no tesi to
territory of Genoa, near which the Austrians were make it mmous than the continual influx of iln»
defeated by the French in 1796. It is 6 m. W. of gers. It is 655 m. 8. of Pekin. Long. Hi ^
Genoa. E, lat 30. 30. N.
Voliurara,B. town of Naples, in Capitana^ FoMziers,a town of France, deptrtineot of Ar-
ta, 80 m. W. of Lucera, and 85 N. E. of Na- dennes. seated on the river Aisne,33ai. £. N C
pies. of Rheims.
Voltumo, a river of Naples, which rises in the Vriexen-Veen, a town of the Netberlaodi. in
Appennines, passes by Isemia and Capua, and Overyssel, 80 m. E. b^ 8. of Zwolle.
enters the gulr of Gaieta. Vokovar, a town of'^the Austrian ■tsieff^o Sdi-
Volitniown, p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. vonia, with a manufacture of silk, Mated on tlie
1,304. ^ Danube, at the influx of the small nter Yoko.
VolviCf a town of France department of Puy de which divides it into two parts. 81 m. 8. E. of
Dome, near which are immense quarries, wnich Essek.
furnish materials for the building of the adjacent VuUurara, a town of Naples, in prioeiptto Ul
towns, and for the stotues in the churches. It is 6 tra, 65 m. N £'. of Naples,
m. N. of Clermont.
w
, 3a«i bj Lrapoldilult,
II (he Dtnube below Cotnom.
r of the NetheriBudi, beln^ tbe B.
asTiMbl,
tmat.
f Nime|^-
) m "f lb
bnnch trom the Ehina below £i
flowa Vr. throagb GdldeTUnd, puaei by Nimt
en, Tiel, Bommel, and Gorcum, and jain*
Meuae it Briel.
Wabiuh, 1 river of the United Stalt-a, in Indiana,
which iwi neai aoiu lakea to the W. of Lake
Eria, and takins a 8. S. W. eoune of 400 m.
enlera the OhiolOO m, above the confluence of
that river with the Miwiaaippj.
Tor 340 m. and approaches wil
nble witan of Lake Erie.
loonly of Indiana. Elk Heart Plain
ia the capital. A coun'.j of Illinois. Pop. 3,100.
Mount Canne] ia the capital.
WacAnt/ieim, a town of Bavaria, in the circle
of the Rhine, 17 m. 8. S. W. of Wornia.
WachliTtiack, a town of Gerinanj, in Witlera-
via, with > caatle, in which the count of Iten-
burg-Wachteiabach reaidea. 30 m. E. N. B. of
Hanau.
Wachuiitt, a mountain of MiasBchuaetta in
Princeton, Worcaiter Co. It ii a detached emi-
nence at a dialance from anj range of mountaina
■ndia 3,000 feet in height
Wa4dingHm, p. I. St. Xjwrence Co. N. T. 350
ni.N. W. Albany.
Ifadatorougi, p.v. Anion Co, K. C. 20 m. W.
Favetteville.
ifitUitg River, p.t. Suffolk Co. N. T.
Waifteiut, A town of Sweden, in E. Gothland,
with a castle bollt b/Gaatavui Viw in 1544, and
inhabited by hig ion Magnui, who wu insane.
It ia Kated on the lake Wetter, 46 m. W. of
Nordkoping. Long. H. 53. E., lat. 56. 88.
WadgitortA, p.l. Hadinn Co. Ohio, 110 m. N.
E. Cotumboi. Pop. 965.
Wagtitingai^ a town of the NetherUnd), in
Oelderland, with a sood trade in catUe and tobac-
co. It ia aeated on Uie Rhine, 13 m. W. of Aren-
IF^rant, a town of Aaatria, U m. N. S. E.
Vienna. Here Npipoleoa gained a aplendid riclo-
ry over the Aualriana Jut/, 6, 1S09.
ITairtii, ■ town of Germany in the duchy of
Hacklcnburi;, aeated near the lake Calpin, IS m.
of Malchin and ZT W. N. W. of Hew Stra-
WaiMiwea, titowa of Germany, in the king-
dim of Warlemherg, on the river Itenia, 7 m. G.
N K, of amtigard,
Waidhmai, Batrueh, a town of Anrtria, on the
riv« Ipi, 83 01. 8. W. of 8t. Polton.
Waidlimai, BokaiscX, i town and cwtle of Atut-
tria, on the river Teya, 10 in N. N. W. of Hoin.
VaiiUboTough, p.v. Callaway Co, Ken. 2B3 m.
8. W. Ftankfirt.
Vairatz, or VaigaUi, an iiland and at
twFfn nova Zembla and Rqaaia. Lon>.
K.,lat. 60. 30. N.
(TotBlteeJ atown in Lincolniliire, Eng. 131 in.
" by E. of tondon.
IFaUten, a town of Hunnry, and a bialiop'a
■ee. Alargeannuat fair ia kepthere. Il has fre-
(laentlj been taken by the Turka, and was burnt
Sthem in 1686. It ia aituate on the Danube,
m. E. 8 E. of'Preahurg. Long. 19. 15, E.
lol. 47. 45, «. KB
ITaiUomika, p.t. Coefaoolon Co. Ohio. 60 m. N
E. Columbua,
fCaie, acounly of N. Carolina. Pnp. 20,417
Raleigh i* tlia capital.
Wak^d, a lawn in W. Torkihire, Eng, Here
am conaidersbU manufacture! of woolen cloth
and atuBa, and a hall for the aale of the goods ; ol-
ao a free grammar-ichool, which has aeveial ex-
hibitioDB lo both the universities. It is situate in
the heart of a rich and fertile diktrict, 39 m. B
W. of York and 178 N, N W, of London.
WakmScid, a township of Strafford Co. N. H
50 m, N, W, Portsmouth, Pop. 1,470
Wake Faral, p.v. Wake Co, N, C
Walndla, a small river of W, Florida, runnine
into the Gulf of MeiicQ, The WakuUa Fouu-
toin which if the source of this river, is a Inrac
basin of water like a smalt lake, and sn deep that
it has been iounded with aline of KO fathoms
without reaching the bottom, TTie water is of a
light blue color and almost as transparent aa air. It
hoa «lm<>»t the eoldoess of ice walor, even in the
hoteit of summer, and bubbles up from thcbetloin
like a cauldron of boiling water, Thia spring
is 12 m, from Tallahaseee and 30 from Ike Guff
of Mexico,
E. by Moldavia, 8. by the river Danube which
separatca it from Bulgaria, and W. by Hungary,
It is watered by numerous rivers, abounds in
good hones and cattle, has mines of several kinds,
and produces wine, oil, and all manner of Euro-
pean fruit. One of the moat remarkable able
animala of this counlrr is the StrepaioetM or
who is a vassal of the empire, and holda
Ttreignt^ by a firman of
ichareit is the capital,
iraUhtrtH, an island of the Netherlands, the
principal one of Zealand, and the roost weaterly,
grand signior.
by E. of London. principal one of Zealand, and the roost weaterly,
}faU^i, p.t. Woolungton Co. Vt. Pep. 9(iS. at Ibe mouCh of Iha Scheldt. It la 9 m. tonf and
WAL 786 WAL
8 broad, And beioff low \m i object to inandationt, WatdaUidUr See, or Lake of ikt Imr C^t^
buthaa jfood arable and pasture land*. Thia isl- one of the fineit lakes in SwitaerUad. Itea-
and was taken by the British in July 1809, with sists of three principal branches, eilkd the Ub
a view to the destruction of the ships and arsenal of Lucem, SchweilE, and Uri. Tbe apperfanao
at Antwerp ; but a number of untoward ciream- or lake of Lucem, is in the form of a eiw, ^
stances first rendered the principal object of the aides of which stretch from KoHoitcht to Dsl
expedition abortire, and then the pestilential na^ lenwal, a Tillage near Stantz. It is Uwndel i:.
ture of the island, at that particular season of the wards the town by cultivated hll]s,Blopiii|gR^;^
year, obliged the British to relinquish eTery ad- ally to the water, contrasted^on the opposhe s^-
vantsge Uiey had gained. The capital or this by an enormous mass of barren and cngsTrocb
island and of the whole province, is Middle- Mount Pilate, one of the hiffaest moQutaia _■
bui|[. Switzerland, rising boldly m>m the lake. T:
Woleowr, a town of the Netherlands, in the wards the £. of this branch, the lake eosbic.'
province of Namur, which was entirely destroyed into a narrow creek, scarcely a mile afinii. S»:
by fire in 1615; seated on the Heura, 27 m. S. after it again widens, and forms the Mcondbnad!
W. of Namur. or lake of Schweitz ; on the W. aide the cu'r.
Widdimrg, a castle of Germany, which gires of Underwalden, on the £. that of Schvea
name to a county, between the Danube and the Here the mountains are more lofty, and isBi^
Her. It stands on a mountain, 7 m. N. of Wan- ly varied ; some covered to the veij wbs:^
gen and 38 S. by W. of Ulm. with verdure, Athers perpendicular aad m^
Waldeek, a principality of Germany, SO miles Near Brumen commences the third brunch, a-
long and 24 broad ; bounded on the £. and S. by lake of Uri, which takes a S. £. directioo. It i:
Hette-Cassel, W. by the Prussian province of deep and narrow, about 9 miles long.udbo:
Westphalia, and N. by the principality of Pader- dered on both sides by rocks uncommoDlr %.j.
born. It consists of two counties, Pyrmont and and romantic, with forests of beech tni p>
Waldeck, the latter containing 424 sq. m. with growing down their sides to the veiyfdgecf*^
40,000 inhabitants, the former 31 sq. m. with water. The river Reuse flows through thiak«
10,000 inhabitants. The country is mountainous WaleSf a principality in the W. of Eo^'ur
and covered with woods : and has mines of iron, 150 m. long and 80 broad ; bounded on the .N '
copper, quicksilver, and alum. the Irish &a, W. by that sea, and St Geoti? <
Waldeek, a town of Germany, in the county of Channel, S. by the BrisU^ Channel, and £ ij
the same name, with a castle, seated on the the counties of Chester, Salop, Hereford, is.
Steinbach, 6 m. S. £. of Corbach. Monmouth. It has an area of 5^,000 k:^
Walden, or Saffron Walden, a town in £ssez, contained in 1821, 717,438 inhabiUiitf,u(]s£:
£iig. 42 m. N. by £. of London. ^ members to parliament. It ia divided into 5
Walden, p.t Caledonia Co. Vt. 74 m. N. £. and S. Wales, each containing aii coootia
Montpelier. Pop. 627. p.v. Orange Co. N. Y. namely, Anglesea, Carnarvon, Deobigh, rjni
85 m. 8. Albany. Here are large manufactures Merioneth, and Montgomery, in N. Wil«
of broad-doth, flannel and cotton. Brecknock, Cardigan, Uarmarthen, GUiatt:^
Waldenhurg, a town and castle of Saxony, sit- Pembroke, and Radnor, in S. Wales. It is i^
uate on the Muldau. The old town, on the op- country to which tbe ancient Britoiu fled, wiie:
posite side of the river, is famous for its brown Great Briton was invaded by Uie Saxons T^.;
and white earthern ware. It is 12 m. N. N. £. are now called Welsh, and continue to pmerr'
of Zwickau. their own langna^. The^ were long rorersei
Wtddenburg, a town of Wurtemberg, in the by independent kings, till in the reign of £dnr:
principality or Hohenlohe, with an ancient castle I., their last prince, LlewelUn, being miqaisbr:
on a mountain, 6 m. £. by N. of Ohringen. and slain in Uie year 1283, the couDtrr vas (&■
WaldenMmy a town of Saxony, with an ancient ted to England. The natives submitted to tk
monastery, now converted into an orphan house English dominion with extreme reluctance; as^
and house of correction, in which various mann- Edward, as a conciliatory meana, pr(aBmi c
facturea are carried on. It is situate on the give them for their prince a Welshman bj biiti
Zschopa, 30 m. 8. £. of Leipzig. and one who could speak no other lufnf
Waiimuneken, a town of Bavaria, on the river This notice being received with joy, he mTtM
Schwarza, 32 m. £. 8. G. of Ambere. in the principality his second aon, Edwaid, thn
IFuUo, aconnty ofMaine. Pop. 29,790. Bel- an infant, who had been born at CtrmnK
last is the capital. A town in Waldo Co. Me. The death of his eldest son, k\^\uKDao,\a^m
Pop.>534. soon after, young Edward became heir alio ct
Waldehoraufhf p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 22 m. £. the English monarchy, and united both natiw
Wiscasset. U has a good harbour and is a port under one government ; but some sgps '^'
of entry with a considerable coasting trade in before the animosity which had long subeiitK
lumber and lime. Pop. 3,113. between them was totally extiogaisbed. F»9
FFoUosaen, a town of Bavaria, near which is a the time of Edward II. the eldeat aon of theii^
rich Cistertian abbey, the abbot of which was of England has always been created prince of
formerly a prince of the empire. It is 44 m. N. Wales. The general aspect of the couati; a
N. £. of Amberg. bold, romantic, and mountainoaa, consistisf ^
WaldshtU, a strong town of Baden, in the circle almost continued ranges of lofty monntaiu w
of Wiesen, one of the four Forest Towns ; seated imfiending craggs, intersected by nomeroas^
on the Rhine, at the entrance of the Black Forest, ravines, with extensive valleya, and tSatm
19 m. W. S. W. of Schafihausen. endless views of wild mountain tcenery- ^
Wlaldstadtf a name ^ven to the Swiss cantons culture is in a backward state, but the soil i>f!
of Lucem, Uri, Schweits, and Underwalden. It no means barren, producing all tbe ^"^^^''^
signifies For set Towne ; these cantons containing of life; the cattle and sheep are Danieroiit> °^|
a great number of forests. For the Waldstadt of small, and it is particularly tamona for f^\h
Badeoi ee% Foretf Towns. is watered by many riven, the principaTof wu0
WAL ret WAL
and other particularty are noted in the difTerent principal ie a black a wan, its win^ edged with
conntiea. . ~ white, ita bi/I tinned with red ; aud the ostrich or
9ValeSt Aato South, a name given to the E. caaaowary, which frequently reaches the heigh*
coast of New Holland. It was first explored by of seven feet or more. Several kinda of serpents,
captain Cook, in 1770 ; and a design was formed, large spidets, and acolopendras, have also been
in consequence of his recommendation, to settle met with ; and three or four species of ants, par
a colony of convicts at Botany Bay. Captain ticularly green ants, which build their nests up-
Fhilip, being appointed govenor of the intended on trees in a very aingular manner. There are
Bettlement, Bailed from Portsmouth, in May, 1787, likewise mrny curious fishes; though the finny
with a detachment of marinea, and 778 convicts,, tribe seem not to be so plentiful here as they gen-
of whom 220 were women. He arrived at Bota- erally arein higher latitudea. Some sharks have
ny Bay in January, 1788; but, aubsequently, been seen in Port Jackaon ; and in the rivers and
finding this bay verv ineligible for a colony, he salt creeks there are alligatora.
fixed upon Port Jackaon, about 13 m. further to The Aborigines of New S. Wales are repn^
the N., and here a settlement waa begun, to which sented aa, peniaps, the most miserable and savage
he ^are the name of Sydney cove. With respect race of men existing. They go entirely naked ;
to the country, a vaat chain of lofty mountains, and, though pleaseaat first with some ornamenta
about 60 miles inland, rune nearly in a N. and S. thai were given them, they soon threw them away
direction further than the eye can reach. The aa useless. It does not appear, however, that
general face of it is diversified with gentle risings they are insensible of the benefita of clothing, or
and small winding valleys, covered, for the moat of some of the conveniences of which their new
part, with large apreading Ireea, which afiTord a neighbours are possessed. Some of them, whom
succession of leavea in an seaaona ; and a variety the coloniats parti v clothed, seemed to be pleased
of flowering ahrubs, almost all new to a European, with the eomfortaole warmth they derived from
but of little fragrance, abound in thoae places it ; and they all ezpreased a desire for iron tools,
which are free m>m trees. The climate appears The color of the natives is rather a deep choco-
not to be diaagreeable ; the heat is never excessive late than a full black; but the filth with which
in summer, nor the cold intolerable in winter : their akin is covered prevents its true color from
storms of thunder and lightning are firequent. appearing. Their hair is generally clotted with
During the summer months, December, January, a red gum, and they paint themselves with va-
and Februar^r, the mean heat ia about 80 degrees rions colors : they will also sometimes ornament
at noon, but it ia greatly mitigated by a regular themselves with beada and ahella, but make no
Seabreeze. In the inland districts, to the £. of use of the beautiful feathera of their *birds. Most
the mountains, the climate is about 5 degrees of the men want one of the fore teeth in the up-
colder. The aoil poasesses every variety, from per jaw, which ap{>ears to be a badge of honour
the sandy heath ana the cold hungry clay to the among them, and it is common for the women
fertile loam and the deep vegetable mould. In to cut off two jointa of the little finger. Of the
the interior a rich loam, resting on a substratum cultivation of the ground they have no notion,
of fat olay, several feet in depth, is found even nor can they be prevailed upon to eat our bread
on the tops of some of the highest hills, which in or dressed meat. Hence they depend entirely
general are not less fertile than the valleys. The for subsistence on the fruits and roots they can
alluvial lands on the banks of tlie Nepean and gather, and the animals and fish they catch.
Hawkesbury are of the greatest fertility, being a They frequently set fire to the grass, in order to
rich vegetable mould many feet in depth, formed drive out the opossums, and other animals, firom
by depositions from these rivers during their innn- their retreats, and they have been observed to
dations. Wheat and maize are extensively culti- set decoys for quails. As all theae resources
vated by the colony, and barley, oats. rye. 4&c., must be precarious, it \b no wonder that they are
are also raised. Every species of culinary vege- frequently distressed for provisions. Thus, in
table known in Britain is produced in New South the summer, they would eat neither the shark
Wales, and many of them attain a auperior de* nor the stingray, but, in winter, any thing was
gree of perfection, though a few also degenerate, acceptable. They sometimes bake their provi
The fruita are excellent and of great variety : or- sions, by the help of hot stones, like the inhabi-
anges, peaches, apricots, nectarines, grapes, tanta of the islands in the Southern Ocean, but
pears, plums, pomegranates, raspberries,strawber- more fre'ouently eat them raw. Among the fruits
ries, melons, dx., attain the highest degree of used by tliem is a kind of wild fig; and they eat
maturity in tiie open air ; while the pine apple also the kernela of a fruit resembling the pine-
may be produced by the aid of the common tore- apple. The principal part of their subsistence,
ing glaas. The price of provisions is however however, is fish. They sometimes strike the fish
liable to great extremes, in consequence of the from the canoes with spears, sometimes catch
inundations of the Nepean and Hawkeabury, them with hooks, and also make use of nets,
which sometimes destroy, in a moment, the which are generally made of thn fibres of the flax
brightest hopes of the farmers. The native ouad- plant, with very little preparation, and are atrong
rupeds are principally of the opossum kina, of and heavjr : the linea of wnich they are composed
which Ae most remarkable is the kangaroq. being twisted like whipcord. Some of them,
The native dogs are extremely fierce, and can- however, appear to be made of the fur of an ani-
not be brought to the same degree of familiarity mal, and othera of cotton. Their hooks are made
as those wim which we are acquainted. There of the inaide of a shell very much resembling the
are also weasels and ant-eaters, with that singu- mother-of-pearl. Their canoes are nothing more
lar animal the duck-billed platypus, in which the than large pieces of bark tied up at both ends with
jaws of a Quadruped are elongated into the com- vines ; ana, conaidering the alight texture of
plete bill or a bira. Horses and cattle have been these vessels, the dextenty with which they are
introduced, and their increase throughout the col- managed, and the boldneas with which they ven
ony has been very rapid. There are manj beau- ture out to sea in them, are wonderful. Theii
tifol birds of various kinds; among which the huts consist of pieces of bark laid together in the
Wal rm WAL
fbrm of an oven, open at one end, rttj low, bnt porimn of the trade ' between the omoIit ^
long enough for a man to lie at ftUl length ; bat tlie Gbaots and the ■ea-coeat It kioM «tfar
thej aeem to de|>end more for ahelter on the N. bank of the Paliar, nearly opponta Ami, 6?
caverna with which the rocka abound. The^ m. W. by 8. of Madraa.
poaaeaa a great power of imitation : they can imi- WiaUeihMrgf a town of Switzerland, m the en
tate the aonga and langaage of the Eoropeana ton of Baael, with a caatle on a hish rock ; md
alraoat instantaneenalyy much better than the on the Ergetz, 12 m. S. by E. of fiaeL
latter can imitate theira by long practice; and Wallmutadi.tL town or Switaeiland, intkecu-
this talent ia diacemible in their Bculpturea, eyery ton of St. Gall. It ia a great thoroagfafrn h
where to be met with on the rocka : theae repre- merchandiae paaaing from Germany, tbroofkibt
aeiit men and other animala, and/ though rude, country of the Griaona, to Italy, ttidittadsittle
are yeiy turpriaing for people who haye not the E. end of a lake of the aame name, 9 m. W. «f
knowledge of conatructing a comfortable habita- Smana and 15 N. W. of Goire.
tion, or of making clothea. In person, they are WitUautadtt a lake of Switaerland, 10 b. 1m(
actiye, yigoroua, and atout, thougn generally lean, and 2 broad, bounded by high monntiint, exoepc
The women haye aometimes been kept back with to the E. and W. Through this hke flows tiif
the most jealous sensibility, sometimes offered Mat, which aoon after joina the Lintb, udfora
with the greattfst ikmiliarity. They haye soft the riyer Limmat
and pleasing yoices ; and seem not to be destitute WaUersUinf a town of Bayaria, with t CMtb, (
of modesty. The men display great personal m. S. W. of Oettinren.
brayery on the appearance of any danger ; but, WaUersnUe^ p.y. Tayette Co. Ind.
with all their courage, they are much uraid of a WaUimgfordf a borough in Berkdiire, Es^. tf
musket They certainly bum their dead ; which m. W. London.
perhaps, haa eiyen riae to the atory of their being, fFaOingfardf t. Rutland Co. Vt. Pop. 1,740 ; ?i
cannibals. They seem yery little given to thiey- N. Hayen Co. Conn. 13 m. N. If. HsTeo. Po^
ing, in comparbon with the inhabitan ta of most of 2,4 1 9.
the islands m the Southern Ocean ; and they are WatUdll, p.t. Orange Co. N. T. on theHihke.
very honestamongthemselyes, leaving their speara 65 m. N. N. W. New York. Pop. 4,D&6.
ana other implements on the beach, in perfect ITo/ney, an ialand of £ngIana,on ibecottlif
security of their remaining untouched. They Lancashire. It ia 9 m. long and 1 brotd,iB<
are yery expert at throwing their jayeltna, and aeryes as a bulwark to the hundred of Foraea^
will hit a mark at a conaiderable distance. Their against the wayea of the Iriah Sea.
number aeema to be email, in comparison to the ffb/icitf, towns in Fairfield, Pickaway aadGtSi
extent of the country. Coa. Ohio.
The settlemenU of the British in New S. Walee Wahimt Orove, p.t Kenbawa Co. Va. ; Ciliinv
at first extended only along Port Jackson and the Co. N. C ; Spartanburg Dia. S. C. ; MeieerC«
Hawkesbury River ; but Uiey have since pene- Ken.; Montgiomery Co. Ten.
trated into Uie interior of the country. For a long IFoinitf HuL p. v. Jefferson Co. IBiaoit.
period the Blue Mountains formed an impassable Walftxk, t. Susaex Co. N. J.
boundary to the E., but a carriage road baa now Walno^ a town of Sclavonla, capital of leocg-
been constructed across these mountains, to the ty of tne same name, with a castle. li'mniH
distance of upwards of 100 m. ; and the popula- on the river Walpo, 20 m. W. of Essek and 111
tion is spreaaing in the valleys beyond them. In S. of Buda.
1817 and 1818 two expeditions were fitted out to WalpoUj p.t. Chenhire Co. N. H. miheOt
explore the course of the Lachlan and the Mac- necticut 14 m. N. W. Keene. Pop. 1^; pt
quarrie to their termination, which was found to Norfolk Co. Mass. 18 m. S. W. Boston. P'>p
be in extensive swamps. The principal settle- 1,442.
ments in this quarter, besides the town of Sydney, Walterhoro^ p.y. Colleton Dis. S. C.
which ia the capital of the colony, are Paramatta, Walsall, a town of SUffbrdshire, Eng. ^
Windsor, Bathurst, and Liverpool. There is also manufactures of hardware. In the nei^bboarhood
a small settlement in the district of Coal River, are valuable lime worka. 115 m. N. W. of Lon)(«
about 60 m. northward of Port Jackson, where WaUham, Korik, k town in Norfolk, Eng- 1^
the town of Newcastle ia aituated. This is the m. N. N. £. of London,
place of transportation fbr criminals from Botany Walsinfrfuim, a town in Noirfolk, ta^. 113 a
Bay, and contains about 500 of these incorrigible N.N. R. of London.
offenders, besides free settlers and troops. Tlie WaUrodty a town of Hanover, in the doebj i
population of the whole colony ia supposed, at Lunenburg, with a convent of nnnsofaoUen-
present, to amount to nearly 50,000. traction ; seated on the Bohme, 16 m. £. byS-cf
Wales, p.t Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 612; p.t Erie Verden.
Co. N. Y. 20 m. S. E. Buffalo. Pop. 1,500. Waltetdnu^y a town of Germany, in (^ ^
Waletf the capital of Bergoo, in Nemland. It dom of Wurtemberg, on the riyer Aieh, 10 n. 8
is 100 m. N. by W. of Sego and 270 W. by S. . by W. of Stuttgard.
of Tombuctoo. Long. 3. 0. W., lat 15. 45. N. Waltershauseti, a town of Qeimaoj, ia »
Waldheim, p.y. Caldwell Co. Ken. duchy of Saxe-Qotha, with manulactoRS of ck» <
Walkoff a town of Russia, in the government seated on the Horael, 6 m. S. W. of Gotba
of Courfand, near which the Poles were defeat- WaUhanif p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. oo ClufW
ed by OusUvosking of Sweden, in 1626. It is 34 river, 11 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,869. H«ie
tt. E. of Mittau. are aoroe of the largest cotton maaoftetnre* is *^
Walker, p.t. Centre Co. Pa. United States, they are chiefly of ihirfaj**
WalkerUnen, p.y. King and Queen Co. Va. riieeting ; between 2 and 3 millions of ytna v<
Wallaboutj a bay on Louff Island opposite New made yearly. There are also at this plv« 9»
Tork, with a Navy Yard of the United States. ufactures of machinery and bteaeheries.
Wallajapetta, B. papulous and well-built town IToUlam, a township of Addison Ce.Vt "Y
of Hindoostan, in tne Camstic, which ia the em- 390.
WAK im WAR
Wmiikam AbUy, a town in EiMz, Eng, with a gftt, 34 m. S. 8. E. of Gothbnrg. Lon|r. 11. 56.
market on Tnetday. It deriTM its namo from a £., lat. 57. 12. N.
magnificent abbe^, founded by king Harold, tome Warkwr^^ a town of Pnmian Westphalia, in
fragmentfl of which remain. 12 m. N. by £. of the principality of Paderborn, seated on the Dy*
London. mel, 17 m. S. S. £. of Paderborn.
WaUham^ Bishop, a town of Hampshire; Eng. Ward, p.t. Worcester Co. Mass. 60 m. 8. W
65 m. W. 1^ 8. of London. Boston. Pop. 690.
IfUcAaiiwfolo, aviUage in JBssez, Eng. 5 m. N. Wmrde, a town of Denmark, in N. Jutland, near
E. of London. the month of a river of the same name, 15 m. N.
IfUttf, a town of Hindoostan, in Mysore, with of Ripen,
a castle, and manufactares of cotton cloth and Ifantisn, Crreof, a strong town of Hungary, cap-
coarse blankets. It stands in a fertile countiy, 90 ital of a county of the same name, and a bishop's
m. E. by N. of Bangalore. see, with a citadel. The town itself is not large,
Wandiwask^ a town of Hindoostan in the Car but has three suburbs of ver^ considerable extent
natic, noted for a victory obtained by the British It was taken by tbe Turks in 1660, but the A as
over the French in 1760. 27 m. 8. of 8. £. Aroot trians retook it in 1692. It is seated on the Keres,
and 38 N. N. W. Pondercherry. 117 m. N. E. of Peterwardein and 150 £. 8. E. of
Wawi$woirthf a Tillsjge in Surrey, Eng. with Buda. Long. 21. 50. £., lat. 47. 5. N.
manufactures for bolting cloth, the printing of Warddn, Little^ a strong town of Croatia, eap-
ealicoes and kerseymeres, and the whitenning ital of a coung of the same name, seated on the
and pressing of stiim; also oil. iron, and white Drave, 34 m. N. by E. of Agram and 50 8. E. of
lead mills, vinegar works, ana distilleries. In Gratz. Long. 15. 55. £., lat. 46.40. N.
Garret Lane, near this place, a mock election was WardhuySf a sea-port of Norway, capital of a
formerly held, after everv general election of par- district of its name. It stands on a small island of
1 lament, of a Mayor of uarret ; to which Foot's the same name, near the continent, and has an old
dramatic piece of that name gave no small celeb- fort, where the governor resides. 120 m. £. 8. E.
rity. It is seated on the Wandle, near ito confiu- of the N. Cape. Long. 31. 7. £., lat. 70. 23. N.
ence with the Thames, 5 m. W. 8. W. of Lon- irards6oroi^A,p.t Windham Co. Vt. Pop. 1,148.
don. Ward^ridge, p.t. Orange Co. N. T.
HTm^/Wed, a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- fFors, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 70 m. W.
sel, situate on the Weml5 m. W. of Mulhausen Boston, with larse manuikctures of cotton and
and 36 8. E. of Cassel. woolen. Pop. 2,045.
Wangarnj a fertile oountiy of Negroland, Ijing Ware, a town in Hertfordshire, 21 m. N. by E.
to tbe 8. of Bomou. It is watered hy the Niger, of London.,
which here divides into several branches. Gha^ IFotm, a town of Guinea, capital of a countrv
narais the capital. of its name, in the kingdom of Benin, 70 m. 8. 8.
fVof^gen, a town of Germany, in Wurtemberg, W. of Benin. Long. 6. 0. £., lat. 5. 38.N.
with a great trade in wine, fine paper, linen, and IForeAam, a borough in Dorsetshire, Eng. 112
hardware. It is seated on the Overarg, 18 m« N. m. W. by 8. of London.
K. of Lindau and 21 W. of Kempton. ITordUm, p.t. Plymouth Co. Mass. 39 m. 8. E
Wangen, a town of 8witterland, in the canton Boston. Pop. 1,885. Here are manufactures of
of Bern, capital of a Bailiwic. It is seated on the cotton.
Aar, 10 m. E. of 8oleure and 23 N. N. E. of Bern. IForaidorf, a fortified town of Prussian, West-
Wangmf a town of France, dejpartment of Low- phalia, in the government of Munster, with good
er Rhine, seated on the side of^a hill, and sur- linen manufactures; seated on the Ems, L2m. E.
rounded bv a wall, 12 m. W. of 8trasbui]g. by 8.of Munster.
Wanhckkeadf a village of Scotland, in Dum- Warka, a town of Poland, in the palatinate,
frieahire, to the northward of Sanquhar, and near of Masovia, on the river Pisa, 45 m. 8. by E.
the lead mines. It has a considerable number of of Warsaw,
smel ting-houses. Warkworthf a town in Northumberland, Eng.
Wanattad, a village in Essez,£ng. 6 m. N. E. of 5 ra. 8. E. of Alnwick.
London. FFarmtiislsr, a town of Whiltahire, Eng. 96 m.
Wantaggy a town in Berkshire, Eng. 60 m. W. W. by 8. of London,
of London. Warminsiert p.t. Bucks Co. Pa.; p. v. Nel-
WaniagB, a township of Warren Co. N. J. son Co. Va.
WarUtetuauy a town of France, department of Warm ^fring, Buncombe Co. N. C. ; p. v.
Lower Rhine, 6 m. N. of Strasburg. Warm Spnne Co. Arkansas, on a small creek
WanUdebemf a town of Saxony, m the ffovem- Rowing into ue Washitaw. Here are some tepid
ment of Megdeburg, 12 m. W. 8. W. of Magde- springs of a medicinal quality,
burg. Warm S/tring, a countv or Arkansas, Pop. 458.
Wara, a town of Negroland, capital of the coun- Warm spring is the capital,
try of Bergoo. 320 m. 8. 8. £. ctf Bomou. Long. WamemuiSA, a town of Germany, in the grand
». 25. E., lat. 15. 30. N. duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 9 m. N. N. W.
Warangle, a ruinous town of Hindoostan, the of Rortock.
Arinkill of Ferishto, once tbe capital of Golcon- Warner^ p.v. Merrimack Co.N. H. Pop. 2,221.
da. The site of it is still evident from the old WarmernUU, p.v. Hardeman Co. Ten.
ramparts, which are amazingly extensive. A mtmUon, a town of the Netherlands, in W.
modern fortress is constructed within it, and is in Flandera, 8 m. N. W. of Lisle,
the possession of the iriiam of the Deccan. 62 fForrtfn , a county of New York. Pop. 11,795.
m. N. N. E. of Hydrabad. Long. 79. 30. £., lat Caldwell is the capital. A county of the W. Dis.
13. 6. N. of Pennsylvania. Pop. 42^. Washington is
H^iH'frerg, a sea-port of Sweden, in Holland, with the capital. A county ot N. Carolina. Pop.
a castle at the mouth of the harbour, on a rock 10,916. Warrenton is the capital. A county of
surrounded by water. It is seated near the Gate- Georgia. Pop. 10,846. Warrenton is the eapi-
97 3 T
cfil. A eonnty of Ohio. Pop. 81,493. Lebanon ever oretna thitdiiefaj ia 1813, ud taok ^
IB the capital. A county of Keatockj. Pop. 10, ePMion of the dty A Wanaw. The PoU
d47. Bowling Green » the capital. A coanty levolation of 1830 broke ont at thn place^u^
of W. Tennessee. Pop. 15,351. McMinnvilie the Roanan Qnnd Doke Coaatantiiie vudnr-
is the capital. A county of Minisaippi. Pop. en from the city: bat in 1831 Wanav miifu
7,S61. Vicksborg if the capital. A county of captaied by thiB Romhum which pat u e&4s»
Indiaaa. Pop. 2,654. Williamsport is the capi- the insurrection. The cily suffbmi sevmlj ii
tal. A county of Illinois. Pop. 307. Warren the pestilential chdera the Mme year, vbiek tu
is the capital. introduced from Asia by the HossitB vam
Warren, p.t. Lincoln Co. Me. 30 m. E. Wie- Warsaw ie 170 m. 8. of Konigsbeig and loOL
casset. Pop. 3,030. p.t. Grafton Co. N. H. Pop. N. £. of Breslan. Lon|f. 21. 0. £., lat.5i U N
702 ; p.t. Bristol Co. R. I. 12 m. S. E. ProrV Wmmtm, p.t. Genene Co. N. T. 90 m. S. fit
denoe. Pop. 1,80Q ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn, tavia. Pop. 2,474.
Pop. 985; ^.t. Herkimer Co. N. T. Pop. 2;084. WarHy a river of Poland, which riacf in tk
Towns in Somerset Co. N. J ; Wanen, Bradford palatinate of Cncow, flows by Siiadia asd P«».
an4. Franklin Cos. Pa. ; Trumbull, Jefferson, Bel- nan, pawe* by Driessen and Landsbm in fint-
mont, Tfucarawas and Washington Cos. Ohio. denburgf, and enters the Oder at Costrrn.
Warrenslmrg, p.t. Warren Co. N. T. 7 m. W. 'Waftwherg^-ti town of PmHian 8ilsiia,ciyi<ii
Cald ^k\\ . Pop . 1 ,1 91 . of a lordship of the same name, witha cMde. b
Warrtntbwgj^:^. Green *<do. Ten. 1742 it was entirely reduced to aabes, except )»
WdffimsvilU, a township of Cuyahoga Co.Ohto. old castle, wbieh hi now need aaabiewhoose. It
Warrenion, p.y. Fauquier Co. Va : Warrcfn Co. is 28 m. N. £. of Brealao.
Geo ; Warren Co. Mississippi. Wtutmkerg, a town of Prvssian SUetii, Id tk
WarrenstovDfi. a township of Somerset Co. Me. principality of Giogan, 90 m. N. W. of Ghmi.
. p.T. Jefferson Uo. Ohio. Warwiekf a borooffh and the capitil of Wa-
Warrickf a coanty of Indiana. Pop. 2,973 wickshire, Euff. H wan Ibftified with i viL
Boonville is the capital. now in rains; but has stall a neUe castle ofik
WarringtoUf a township of Bucks Co. Pa. A ancient eails nf Warwick, inhabited by tbc pit-
township of York Co. Pa. ent possessor of that title. The town miDea*
Warnngton, a town in Lancashire, Eng. with ly destroyed by five in 1694, bat was snbie^pni-
manufactures of muslins, velyeteens, canvas, cot- ly rebuilt with ereaier r^fnlarity. The itrHti
ton, checks, hardware, pins, and fflBffi) and a con- are spacious, and meet neariy in thecentRoitk
siderable traffic in malt. 18 m. E. of Liverpool town, 98 m. N. W. of Londoo.
and 182 N. N. W. of London. H^oneacft, p.t. Franklin Co. Maas.80 m. .N. V
Warriore, a town of Hindoortan, in the Car- Boston, with maAofaetaren of ^aas. Pop. \M
natic, 32 m. N. N. E. of Tanjore and 55 S. S. W. p.t. Orange Co. N. T. 70 m. N. W. New YoA
of Pondicherry. Pop. 5,0l3. Towns in Bucks and Laneaiter Col
Warsaw, the metropolis of the present kingdom Pa.; Cecil Co. Maryland, Tascarawai Co. Ob
of Poland, and formerly of the whole connty of Ifhnoidk, p.t. Kent. Co. R. I. on NamfiaK
that name. It is built partly in a plain, and part- Bay, 10 m. S. Providence. Pop. 5^. It hi
ly on a gentle rise from the Vistula; extending abarbonrfor small vessels, with some coads;
with the^^uburbs of Kraha and Praga, over a vast trade, and large manu&etares of cotton,
extent of ground, and containing above 100,000 irafie»c&, a county of the £. District of W
inhabitants. The streets are spacious, hut ill pay- ginia. Pop. 1,570.
ed ; the churches and public buildings large and Warunekf/ure, a county of England, boudec
magnificent ; the palaces of the nobility numer- on the N. by Derbyshire. The climate of tbu
oua and splendid ; but the greatest part of the county is healthy, and the air mild and pl^taut
houses, particularly in the suburbs, are mean and its salubrity is increased by the great conioiR-
ill-constructed wooden hovels. The manufac- tion of wood for the iron works, maoy oartsbe-
turea comprise woolen stuffs, carpeting, gold and ing entirely cleared and converted to tiJla^ to<^
silver wire, soap, tobacco, &.c. Here are several pasture. The N. part, called the Woodha^ a
wholesale mercantile houses, employed in the im- divided from the S., called the Feldon by thrnt-
port of articles for the supply of^the interior, and er Avon ; and the soil of both is in geoeial ivii
the export of Polish produce. Two great annual and fertile. It produces corn, flax, wood, vffsl
fairs have, since 18l7, been established here, on cheese, coal, iron, and limestone ; and iti bRedi
the plan of those of Frankfort, Leipzig, <&c. They of cattle and sheep are of a superior kiad. Tx
are held in May and November, each continuing manufactures are various and important, coBpn-
three weeks. In the beginning of 1784, the em- inng ribands, gaaies, and other sUk frbrici, bst
press of Russia put a garrison into this city, in ings and thread, and all descrtptknisof barowin
order to compel the roles to acquiesce in the The capital is Warwick, but Birminghan iitk
usurpation she had in view; but this garrison largest town.
wai« soon expelled by the citizens. The king Wksa, a searport of Sweden, in £. BothnUr ^
of Prussia besieged Warsaw in July, but was com- the gulf of Bothnia, 40 m. N. by £. of CbriitiM
polled to raise the siege in September. It was stadt.
' undertaken by the Russians, who, in November, Washin^tanf a county of Maine. Pop. Sl^
took by storm the suburb of Pra^, massacred the Machias is the capital; a coanty of Venaoot
inhabitants, and nearly reduced it to ashes. The Pop. 21,394. Montpelier is the capital ; acooatj
immediate consequence was the surrender of the of Rhode Island. Fop. lSk414. Sooth Kiapt^
city to the Russians, who in 1796, delivered it up is the capital ; a county of N. York. Fop. iS&a
to the king of Prussia. Towards the end of 1806, Salem is the capital ; a coanty of the W. Da
the Frencn occupied this place; and, by the of Pennsylvania. Pop. 9,128. Franklin ii^
WAS.
Mpitu i ■ eooBtj of N. Caroliiis. Pop. iJBtSt
Pop. 13,738. A cooatf of Georgii. Pap. 9,B20.
ScndenTille i» Ute ctpiuJ ; k couDtv of Alibuna.
Pop. 3,478. A connlf of MiHfuippi. Pop.
" Princeton u lh« OKpiUd ; k caaoly of E.
Pop. 10,906. Jonraboroogh i* the
k;
Pop. 13,073. Stlem ii the capital:
a count; of lUinoii. Pop. 1,674. NMbrille ii
tha capital 1 a countf of Minouri. Pop. 6,797.
Potosi U Iha capital ; ■ eounly ofAikuua*. Pop.
2,181. FajettsTille u the capitd ; a. coonty of
the Dii. of Columbia. Pop. 30,£»). Wuhing-
Usa city ii the capital.
IVaAington CUjf, the (eat of goveiDment of
the United Sutei, ituiiii io the^ centre of the
Diitrict of Columbia upon the notth bank of the
Potomac, 29Gm from tbe lea b; the conne of the
river and baj. It oceupiet a ipot bstween the riv-
er and one of ita tributanei, called the Eut
Branch. The city ia about a mil* and a half
above the junction of the two atretma, although
the original plan ambracei tbe whole extent be-
low. The plan of the city combine! legularitj
with variet;, anrfia idapted to the viriationa oT
the (nrface, ao that the ifucei illalled to publio
building, occupy commandinj* puaitiooa, and Iba
monotonoai Hmeiieu of a rectan^Iai dsiign ia
avoided, while all iti adruitBgas are secured.
The minor atreeti run at right aogUs, but tbe
larger avcnnea diverge fiom ■evernl centiei, in-
leraeoling the itreeta with variou* degteea of ob-
liquity, and ^ening ipoce* for eileiwive iqusrei.
The anuller atreeU ran N. and S. or E. and W.
and Bie from 90 to 110 feet wide. The grand
avenuaaareftoinirotolGO feet in width, and
are planted with trees. Several of the largeit
unilf at the hill on which the ctpitol i> ajtuated.
Theaa bear the oanKg of the leveral atatee o the
Uoioa. The general apBearane« at Waahiugton
IB that o< the mere outline, or begiooing of a
great city , ita tardy growth has diuppoiated the
eipeoutirau of 1^ original bnndera. The
buildinga of the city occupy three diatinet sronpa
like ao- many aeparalc TJllaoea, dividecT troia
each other by vacant apacei. The chief edificea
an ailuted in the ueighboarhood of the Capitol,
or at the Navj Yard, or in the Pennaylvania A»e-
BIW. The Capital la a large and magnificent
n WAA
with a eolOBDade of pUlara of breccia, bcautifiilly
poliihed 1 it ia one of the moat elegant halla in
the world. The SntaU Cliamitr i* of the ■an*
■hape, and 74 feet long. .The Romn^ ia 96 feet
in diameter, and 96 fpet high, to the top of the
dome within. It ia all of marble, and the floor ia
beautifDlly; paved ; tbe whole baa a most grand
and imposing effect. Sereral pieces of sculpture
are placed in niches in the walla, repreieuting
events ia American history. The sound of a ain-
81e voice uttered in this apaitment, is echoed
'om the dome above, with a rumbling like dis-
tant thunder. The JVaJunui ZitrarifiB contained
in the Capitol, and embraces also a aeriea of na-
tional paintings by Tnunbull. The Prendail't
Hmut ta an elegant structure of freettone, 170
feet In front, and two stories in heifht, ornament-
ed with an Ionic portico. It standi about a mile
west of the capitof. It is surrounded with the oSl-
ces of the heads of departments. At the patent
office, is kept a collection of all the models of pa-
tent inventions in the country. Tbe Navy Tard,
on the East Branch, exhibits > monnment tojhe
American officers who fell in the w
partment of State, Is a large edifice of brick, with
a portico in front, and there are twoni three oth-
ers of the aame size and construction. There are
two jtablic free schools in the city. Two bridges
oroaa the eastern branch, and one, the main stream
of the Potomac, at Washington.
Columbian College, at this place was fSunded
in 1S2I. It has 4 instructen and 50 students, th»
library hns 4,UD0 vohimes. The national library
contains 16 000 volumes. i
During thesessionof Congreastheeily is much
crowded by visitera and public officers ; but apart
&om its political consequence, the place has few
attraetione : the coant^ in the neighboorhood
has a poor soil and is thinly inhabited. A Navy
Yard of tbe United SUIes has been eatabliahed
here, and the river is navigable to the aea for
ships of tbe line. The commerce of the place is
inconsiderable. Washington is in Isl. 38. .^. N.
Long 77. S. W. Greenwich. 79.29. W, Paria.
5S. Sa. W. Ferro. 152 W. Philadelphia. 13T
m. S. W. Philad. 227 9, W. N. York. 436 8.
W. Boston and 1,260 m. N. £. New Orleans.
Pop. 18,827.
I, > township of Sullivan Co. N. H
ol" wtiil.' litcalune, 3^2 fi'ft long,
•hape of ■ erots, with Uw Represeatalivi
ana the Senate Chamber in tbe two winfs, and ■ i
■paoioDS rotunda in the centra. The R^ruenta-
tiniMa'I is semicircular, 95 feel in length, and
00 in height, lighted from the top, anil «loined i
•op^ 18,1
Washingim, > township of Sullivan Co. N. H
Pop. 1 IK; p.l. Change Co. Vt. 43 m. N. Wind-
sor. Fop. 1,374 1 p.t.^rkshite Co Mass. l!Om.
W. Boston. Pop. 701 ; p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10
m. S. Vr. Litchfield. Pop. 1,621 i p.t. Dutchess
Co. N. Y- 12 m, N. E. Pooghkeepeie. Pop.
3,036 ; a village of Albany Co. N. Y ; p.t. Morris
Co. N. J; a township of Burlington Co. N. Jj
and towns and villages in Columbia, Farette, -
Franklin, Union, Lycoming, Lancaster, York,
Westmoreland, and Indiana Cos. Pa., Cul>eper.
Co. Va., Beaufort Co, N, C, Wilkea Co. Geo.,
Columbiana, Fayette, Franklin, Darke, Clermont,
auernee]-, Licking, Richland, Miami, Montgomo
V, Pickaway. Preble. Scioto and Warren Cos.
Jhio, Davis Co. lod., .Mason Co. Ken.. Rhea Co.
Ten., Autauga Co. Alab., Adams Co. Mississippi.
WaMkiiigUm, p.t. Washington Co. Pa. 26 ni. S.
WAT
TTt
WfiA
WiuhiiaitBj. or Ouaekitta.% river of Arkaimfl and
Louislaaa, iawing into Red lU^^er.
Waghita, a Parish of Looisiana. Pop. 5440.
Monroe ie the capital.
Wassenhergf a town of Prassia, in the dochj of
Jolien; seated on the Roer, 17 m. N. W. of
Julien.
Wasserburgf a town of Bararia, with a casUe
and foor churchea. The principal trade it in salt.
In 1800 the French took it hj storm. It is seated
on the Inn, 28 m. E. of Mnnich and 38 N. W. of
Salzbnrg.
Wiustr 'tnuUnf en, Ktown of Bavarian Franeonia,
in the principahty of Anspach, 6 m. N. of Oettin-
gen.
Wastwata-f a lake in Cumberland, Eng. 7 m. N.
N. E. of Ravenglass. It is 3 m. long and above
half a m. broad, lying in Wastdale, among the
western mountains. The Screes, a very high
ridge of mountains, run alonj^ the S. £. side of
the lake. Its outlet, at the S. end, joins the river
Irt, which enters the sea at Ravenglass.
Wasm^enf a town of Germany, in the duchy
ol Saze-Meinongen, seated on the Werra, 5 m.
N. of Meinungen.
Wateket, a town in Somersetshire, Engr. seated
on the Bristol Channel, at the mouth of aliarbour.
frequented by coal ships, which are freighted
hence with kmestone, alal>aster, and kelp. 156
m. W. by S. of London.
Watehoo, an island in the S. Pacific, discovered
by captain Cook. It is six leagues in circuit,
diversified by hills and plains, and covered with
verdure. Long. 158. 15. W., lat. 21. 1. S.
WaUrharaugh, p.t. York Co. Me. Pop. 1,816.
Waterhary, p.t. Washington Co. Vt. 12 m. N.
W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,^; p.t. N. Haven Co.
Conn. 85 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. 3,070.
Wateifordy p.t Oxford Co. Me. Pop. 1,123:
p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 1,358; p.t. N. Lon-
don Co. Conn, adjoining New London. Pop.
2,475; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. T. on the Hudson.
11 m. above Albany. Pop. 1,473 ; a township of
Gloucester Co. N. J. ; p.t. Erie Co. Pa. ', p.v Mif-
flin Co. Pa. ; p.v. London Co. ya.y2 townships in
Washington Co. Ohio.
Waterford, a county of Ireland, 50 m. long and
29 broad ; bounded on the 8. by St. George's
Channel.
Watafordy a city and sea-port of Ireland, capi-
tal of a county of the same name. It has an ex-
cellent harbour, where ships of the matest bur-
den may ride at the quay. The bisoop's palace
and the Roman Catholic chapel are elegant. The
commerce with England and other countries is
considerable; and packet-boats sail regularly
hence for Milford haven. The prfncipal exports
are beef, pork, com« live stock, butter, and linen.
75 m. S. by W. of Dublin.
Waterloo, a village of the Netherlands, celebrated
•• the scene of the signal victory of the 18ih of
June, 1815, which completed the downfall of
Napoleon. 10 m. S. of Brussels.
Waterloo, p.t. Seneca Co. N. Y. 5 m. N. E.
CScneva. Pot. 1 ,837; p.v. Mifflin Co. Pa.; Anno
Arundel Co. Md ; Laurens Dis. S. C. ; Fayette.
Co. Ind ; Lauderdale Co. Alab.
WaUrUnon, p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 7 m. N.
W. Boston on Charles River. Here are manu-
factures of woolen, cotton, paper ike., and an
arsenal of the United States. Fop. 1 ,641.
WaUrtown, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. 10 m. S.
^. f^N, \field. Pop. 1,500 ; p.t. Jefferson Co. N.
b 0. 8. £. Sacketts Harbour. Pop. 4,768.
WatemXUf p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. on the Ken
nebec. 20 m. above Hallowell. Fop. 2^216.
Here are some manufaclores, and a Theolonei.
Institution ; p.v. Oneida and Delaware Co. N. T.
WaUr VUet, p.t. Albany Co. N. T. 9 m. N
Albany. It contains the Shaker village of N'n
kayuna.
'Watford, a town in Hertfordshire, Eng. 15 m.
N. WT London.
WatkvuuUU, p.v. Goochland Co. Va., Claik Cs.
Geo.
WaiUfigtoii, a town In Oxfordshire, Eng. 46 m.
W. of London.
WaUon, a town in Norfolk, Eng. 91 m. N. N
£. of London.
Wattsborougk, p.v. Lunenburg Co. Va.
Waverett, a town of the Netherlands, in S. Bn>
bant, situate on the Dyle, 12 m. S. of LouTiin.
WaverUy, p.v. Lincoln Co Missouri.
Waxkolm, a fortress on the coast of Sweden, ia
the Baltic, situate on a small island at the en*
trance of the Lake Maeler. Here all homewird-
bound ships are searched. It is 16 m. £. of Stock*
holm.
Way, or Pulo Way, an ialand near the N. point
of that of Sumatra. It is the larsest of the is*
lands that form the entrance of tne cbtDnel of
Acheen ; and is peopled by men banished from
Acheen. Long. 94. 50. E., lat 5. 35. N.
IVaytte, a county of New York. Pop. 33|^.
Lyons is the capital ; a county of the £. Dit. of
Pennsylvania. Pop. 7,663. Bethany is theca|tttal;
a county of N. Carolina. Pop. 10,902, Wajnet-
borough is the capital ; a countjr of Georgii.
Pop. 9G2. Waynesville is the capital ; a conot/
of Ohio. Pop. 23,344. Wooeter is the ctpitiJ ;
a county of Indiana Pop. 18,587. CentreriUe ii
the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop. 2^
Fairfield is the capital; a county of Missooii-
Pop. 3,254. Greenville is the capital; acoont/
of Kentucky. Pop. 8,731. Monticello ii the
capital ; a county^ of W. Tennessee. Pop.6,013.
Waynesborough is the capital ; a county of Mis*
sissippi. Pop. 2,778. Winchester is the capital,
a county of Michigan Pop. 4,565. Detroit is the
capital.
IFayiis, p.t. Kennbec Co. Me. Pop. 1,153; pL
Steuben Co. N. T. Pop. 1,172; and 17 townthips
in Ohio.
Waynesborouffk, p.v. Augusta Co. Vs., WajM
Co., N. C. Burke Co. Geo., Wayne Co. Ten.
Waynesburg, p.v. Franklin, Green and Chettn
Cos. Pa., Stark Co Ohio.
WamusvitU, p.v Wayne Co. Geo., Haywood
Co. N. C. and Warren Co. Ohio.
Weakley, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop
4,796. Dresden is tne capital.
Weare, p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. 55 m. W.
Portsmouth. Pop. 2,430.
Weatkers^,p.i. Windsor Co. Vt. Pop. 2fiZ,
p.t Trumbull Co. Ohio.
Wekster, p.t. Worcester Co. Miss. Pop
1,200.
Weier^s Cane, a remarkable Cavein in Ao^vsU
Co. Virginia, near the Shenandoah. It has ma
ny apartments and galleries, ahonndin^ in spazry
concretions, which by torch light exhibit the moit
magnificent scenes-
Weamumtk Biskop, a town in the coanty «
Purham, Eng. on the S. side of the Wear, adjoin
ing Sunderland. It has an iron bridge orttW
river, of one arch, 236 feet span, erected in 17»,
and the first ever constructed of parti so fona
ed as to unite in the manner of keystonss. It b0
m wiL
manuftetttm of oaavu, and partekei ta the com- W(ti$$$lmMmdaf a fbrtf«M of W. ProMia^ Mated
tJomwoB of SuBderiand. at tha W. moatk of the Vistula, to defend the
tVeturmmUk Momk^ a to va in the eoonty of Oiir- harboor df Dantzio.
ham, Enf . on the N. aide of the mouth of the fFewjaniAiir^, a town of France, in the de part-
Wear, oppoaite Suaderhmd. Here was an ezten- ment of Lower Rhine. Between this place and
sive monastery which was destrojed by the Scots. Lauterburf are the &mous lines from which the
it shares in the growing prosperity of Sunderland. French drove the Anstrians in 1744 ; and in 1793
i¥td$mMekw€ilj a town or Switaerland, in the the Pmaeians diove the French from the same
canton of Zurieh, 10 m. R. S. £. of Zurich. situation. It is seated on the Lauter, 10 m. S.
ITe^iiaf^ry, a town in Staffordshire, Eng. with W. of Landau and 28 N. E. of Strasburg. Long.
manufaeturea of hardware, seTerai iroalbrgea, 8. 11. E., lat. 48.53 N.
and mines of ejceellent coal. 118 m. N. wT of fVeis»emhwg^ a township of Lehigh Co.
liondon. Pa.
9¥9erL a town of the Netherlands, in the terrt* IFsiifsa^r^, a town of Bararian Franconia,
tory of Liege ; seated on the river Brey, 10 m. seated on the Rednith, 6 m. N. of Pappenheim
W. N. W. of Ruiemonde. ind 30 S. W. of Nuremburg.
WubHadt, a town of Prussia, in the ptovinoe of Wtiuenlmtg^ or Carltkiirft a city of Transyl-
the Rhine, 14 m. &. £. of Heidelbnrg. vania, capital of a county of the same name, and
WeietuMurg, a town of Austrian lUyrta, in Car* a bishop's see, with a uniyersity. It is seated on
nolia, with a castle on a mountain, and a mann« the side of a hill, near the river Maros, 43 m. W.
faoture of fine stoekings, 10 m. S. £. of Laubaeh. N. W. of Hermanstadt.
FfeicAesrAacA, atownof €krmany,inthecounty fVeUnnhurg, a town of Switaerland, in the
of Isenberg, with a castle ; seated on the Zinzig, canton of Bern, celebrated for its mineral waters,
30 m. 8. £. of Giessen and 33 N. £. of Frankfort. 20 m. S. of Bern.
fftu^rskeimf a town of Wortemberg, in the WmstttJdt^ a town of Prussian Saxony, on
district of Hohenlohe, with a fine oast&, on the the Saal, j7 m. S. W. of Leipstg. Upon a white
river Tauber, 3 m. B. of Mergentheim. rock, above the town, is a fine citadel, called
fTstda, a town of Germany, in Saxe-Weinur, Aogpstuaburg.
32 m. E. of Weimar. IroMenAom, a town and castle of Germany,
Weideny a town of Bavaria, with manufactures in a county of its name, seated on the Roth, 10
of linen, woolen stuiis, and sali-petra ; seated on m. S. E. of Ulm and 28 W. of Augsburg,
the Nab 18 m. N. E. of Amberg. IfetsseaMS, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a
WtU, or WtUtnUiadlf a town of Germany, in superintendency and oommandery of the knights
Wurtemberg, seated on the Worm, 12 m. W. of of Malta. The lake formerly in its neighbour-
Stnttgard. hood was drained, and converted into ^ble land,
HW, or JVU^ atown of Switaerland, in the can- in 1705. It was 21 m. N. £. of Langensalza.
ton of St Gall, aeated on the river Thur, 19 m. fTe^ni, a town of E. Prussia, celebrated for the
S. S. W. of Constance. treaty concluded herewith Poland, in 1657, whea
tftilfmrgy a town of Germany, in the duch^ of the elector, Frederic William, waa invested with
Nassau, seated on the Lahn, over which is a the sovereignty of Dnoal Prussia. U is seated
bridge, 18 m. S. W. of WetaUr and 85 N. N. W. on the Pregel, at the infiux of the AUa, 30 m. £.
of Frankfort. of Konigsberg.
J, a aea-port of Denmark, in N. Jutland, sit- Wtlhvy p. v. Prinne George Co. Md.
tiate on a bay in the Little Belt, 35 m.W. S. W. Wtlion^ a town in Northamptonshire, Eng. 83
of Arhusen and 38 N. E. of Ripen. Long. 9. 30. m. N. N. W. of London.
B., lat. 55. 45. N. Wddon, p.v. Halifax Co. N. C.
WMdm^ a town of Bavaria, with a caatle on fVeUand Canal, in Upper Canada unites Lake
tbe river Amber, 38 m. S. S. W. of Munich. Erie with L. Ontario. It was completed in 5
Wulkeim, a town of Wurtemberg, on the river years, and first opened in 1829. It admits the
Jjanter, 30 m. 8. E. of Stntlgard. passage of vessels of 125 tons.
ir«ifnar, Asm, a grand duchy of Germany, com* Wdfluil^ p.t Barnstable Co. Mass. on Cape
prising the duchies of Weimar, Jena, and Eisen- Cod, 97 m. 8. E. Boston. Pop. 2,044. It hss
Dach, part of the prinoipaltty of Altenburg, the manu^Uures of cotton and woolen,
chief part ef the district of Neostadt, the petty WUtukfhorimgky %, town in Northamptonshire,
districts of Alstadt, Ilmenau, and Oldisleben, and Eng. Here are manufactures of shoea and lace
some districts to the £. of the Hesse-hassel territo- ana near it is a fine chalybeate spring called Red
ry. It is divided into two great provinces, and eon- well. 67 m. N. by W. of London,
tains an area of 1^450 square miiea, with upwards flV/»ii#lea, a town in Shropshire, Eng. In
ef 300/100 inbabitaata. the neigboourhood are foundries, iron mines, and
W€mar^ tbe ca|N«al ef the foregoing duchy. In eoal works. 150 m. N. W. of London,
the duke's palace ia one of the most considerable WtUimgtim^ a town in Somersetshire, Eng. with
libraries in Germany, with a cabinet of eoine and manufactures of senres, druggets, and earthen-
medala ; and it had a gallery of paintings, which, ware. The duke of Wellington takes his title
with some other parts of the oastle, was destroyed from this place. 143 m. W. by S. of London,
by fire in 1774. It ia aeated on the Ilm, 13 m. W. WdUngUm, p.t. Bristol Co. Masa. 3 m. S.
oTErftirtaiiddO W. 8. W. of Nanmburg. Long. Taunton, with manufactures of cotton, woolen,
1 1 . 27. E , laL 51. 3. N. and paper ; p.v. Medina Co. Ohio.
IfoMAsMi, a town of Germany, in Baden sealed WtUs, a city in Sonieraetshire, Eng. It has
OB the river Welchinti, 10 m. N. of Heildberg. its name from the wells and sprin|a about it ; and
IVanakerg^ a town of Wurtemberg, with a is a bishop's see, jointly with Batn. The calhe-
rained caetie on a hill. In 1707 the grealeat part dral is a stately pile ; and the bishop's palace is
of the town was destroyed by fire. It stands like a oaa^Ie, being surrounded by walls and a
partly on the hill, and partly in a valley, fiunous meat. The city is well built and neatly paved
fm wine, 6 ra. N E. ofUeiihffoa 130 m. W. ef Loadoa.
3t8
Wrai 774
Wdls, A town in Noriblk, Eng. 116 m. V. N. ont IntMrmiMimi ; mcl naawnnu tindeti lat
E. of London. from thete lakes. The chief nwa '» the Cba
fVellsy p.t. York Co. Me. 96 m. M. £. Ports- or Stor Elbe in which is a good sBlmaQ-fiifany
mouth . rop. 2,977. It has mines of silTer, lead, copper, ud inn, m^
WeUshorougky p.y. TioffS Co. Pa. f*or(pes, foondries, dx., helonfme to thnii.
IVelUburg,p.i. Brooke Co. Va. on the Ohio. Wem, a town of Prussian Westpbiiit snM
15 m. abore Wheeling. This it a very thriring near the Lippe, 6 m. W. of Ham.
town and has large mannfactures of glass. Wentigerifde, a town of the Prmsianitatei.en'
WeUsviUej p.y. Columbiana Co. Ohio. ital of a connty of the same name, iboiiadi^a
9Vds, a town of Upper Austria, with a castle, mountains, the principal of which it tbe Giie
and a great trade in timber ; seated on the Traan, Brocken, or Bloeksberg. The prineipal basaeaa
near a lari^ forest, 15 m. 8. S. W. of Lints. the town consists in brewing} distiUinff, and on.
WdsJ^ULdj a township of Geaoga Co. Ohio. nfacutnres of cloth and stuns. It it 13 m. W.kf
fFe^^Apoof, a corporate town of Wales, in Mont< 8. of Halberstadtand 23 S. 8. £. of Wolfealtt.
gomeryshire, with a market on Monday. It is tel. Long. 10. 58. £., lat. 51.63. K.
the great mart for Welsh cottons, flannels, Ac., Werra-f a river of Germany, which risH is th
which are sent hence to Shrewsbury. Near the principality of Cobnrr, 3 m. above EiaifieM, ttm
town are the remains of Powis Castle, a l^rge by Hilburghausen, Meiningen, SohoxweD, Vic-
structure, built on an eminenue. 176 m. N. w. ha, Trefurt, Wanfiied, AUendorf, ana Wite.
of London. « hansen ; it then enters the duchy of finmcvKx.
Welwanif a town of Bohemia, in the circle of puses by Munden, and a little below Uuitm
Rakonits, 13 m. N. of Prague. joins the Fulda, where the united tCieia iam
Welxheim, a town of Wartemberg; seated on the the Weser.
Lein, 19 m. E. of Stuttgard . FfmtiUm, a town of Geroiany, in Baden,a^
fFendellf a township of Sulliyan Co. N. H. ofa county of the same name, which yieldiexeei-
Pop. 637. p.t. Franklin Co. Mass. 85 m. W. lent wine. It is seated at the conflux of the T»
Boston. Pop. 875. her with the Maine, 16 m. W. of Wurtilmr;.
FFem, a town in Shropshire, Eng.,9. m. N. of Wgnoicky a town of the Netheriandi,i]iFka-
Shrewtbury. ders seated on the Lis 8 m. S. £.of Ypaz.
WetuUingen a town of Wurtemberg, situate tVeselj a town of the Prussian ttatei, in tk
on the Neekar. 12 m. S. 8. £. of Stuttsard. duchy of Cleve, with a strong citadtL ti«e»
WendoveTf a l>orough in Buckinghamshire, Eng. two CaW inist churches, one for the Lattomad
35 m. W. by N. of London another for the Papisto. It is seated on tlie Rkae
Wenham, p.t. £ssez Co. Mass. 21 m. N. E at the influx of the Lippe, 25 m. S. E. of Cine
Boston. Fop. 612. and 50 W. 8. W. of Munster. Long, d 87. £,
IVennert the Isjgest lake of Sweden, lying in lat, 51. 38. N.
W. Gothland, to the N. W. of the lake Wetter. fTesenhurg, a fortified town of Rnuna^htb
It is 100 m. in length, and in some placet 40 in goyernment of Etthonia, seated on the Wis, 51
breadth, and contains soyeral islsnds. It receiyes m £. of Reyel.
24 riyers, and ito only outlet is the riyer Gotha. Weser, a riyer of Germany, formed by tbe »
^enner^iorg', a town of Sweden, in W. Goth- ion of the Werraand Fulcfa, in the dwhj d
land, with a cturtle. It is the steple for all the Brunswick, at Munden. It flows along tbe eae*
iron sent from the proyince of Wermeland to fines of Westphalia and Saxony by CorTt»r,His-
Gotheburg, and is seated on the Gotha, near the elin, Minden, and Hoye ; recetyesthe Ailer to
S. W. extremity of the lake Wenner, 50 m. N. Verden,and, passing by Bremen, entenlheG^-
by E. of Gotheburg. man Ocean at Carlsbure.
fVentwartht p.t. Grafton Co. N. M. Pop. 924 ; Wesley, a township of Washington Co. Otio
p.y. Rockingham Co. N. C. IVestf a township of Hnotin^on Co. P>;i
WeobUy, a borough in Herefordshire, Eng. 147 township of Columbiana Co. Ohio,
m. W. N. W. of London. Westhury, a borough in Wiltshire, Ed^ mA
Werekteren, a town of the Netherlands, in Bra* a manufacture of broad cloth. On a hiii totk
bant, 9 m. £. S. E. of Mechlin. E. of the town is Bratton Castle, the reniaiu<^>
Werden^ a town of Prussian Westphalia, seat- fortification, where the Oanes held oat 94 ^J*
ed on the Roer, 13 m. N. E. of Dusseloorf. against the English. It is 96 m. N. W. of Sii»
WerAtrherg, a fortified town of Switzerland, bu^ and 96 W. of London,
capital of a Bailiwic in the canton of Glarus with Wetteras^ s town of Sweden, capitsi of i^'
a castle on an eminence. It is tested near the emment of itt name, and a bithop*t lee, wrtki
Rhine, 10 m. 8. 8. E. df Appenxel and 26 m. E. citadel and a famous coHege. It caniei otton-
N. E. of Glarus. siderable commerce with Stockhohn, piftiei|«7
Weria^th, a town and castle of Bayaria, giy- in copper and iron from the neighboiiriiifBffl»
ng name to a county on the frontiers of Tyrol. Here are the ruins of an ancient pshee, ibniKnT
IT'iu. 8. of Weilheim and22 N. W. of Inspruck. inhabited by the kinn ofSweden. JTheetllMM
Werfen, a town and fortress of Austria, in the built of brick, is celehrated for itt tower, eitcee-
Sroyince of Salzburg, situato on the Salza, 28 m ed the highest in the kingdom. In thii o^
I. by £. of Salzburff. dral is the tomb of the unf<ntuiMae Eric In
Weii, a town of Prussian Westphalia, with a Westeras is seated on the lake Mielar, 46 d. 9
eastie, seated on the Sisek, 8 m. 8. of Ham. W. of Stockholm. Long. 17. 0. £., lit 59. 3S. R
Wermeiiind, a former proyince of Sweden, the Wuterburg, a town of Germany, in the doa;
N. part of Gothland, between Dalecarlia and the of Nassau, with a castle. iSS m. 8. W. of £(0»
lake Wenner, 100 m long and 50 broad. The burff.
country is ferule; diyersified by mountains, rocks. WttsUrham, a town in Kent,Eng. SI m. S- S. I
hills, and dales, clothed with foresto of birch, pop- of London .
lar, mountain ash, pine and fir. It also abounds fVesierh, p.t. Albany Co, N. T. Pop. 3,3^
with lakes, which succeed each other almost with- contains an area of 8,300 aq. m. with iboat *
WIQB m WES *
Ptfbffw^v, p.t. WMhinstoii Co. R. 1. 90 m. E. Onnd, though within the oitj of London, i« oa-
New London. Pop. 1,903. derthe juriioiction of Weftminiftor. See London,
Weatem, p.t. Woreeiter Co. Mum. S9 m. S. W. fFeftmtnuler, p.i. Worceeter Co. Miee. 54 m.
Worcester. Pop. 1,189; p.t. Oneida Co. N. T. N. W. Boston, top. 1,696; p.t. Windham Co.
on the Mohawk, 5 m. above Rome. Pop. 2,419. Vt. 18 m. N. Brattleboro. Pop. 1,737 ; p. ▼. Fred-
9VewUm Islandt. See Azores and Hehridet. erick Co. Maryland.
H^esttruriek, a lea-port of Sweden, in Smaland, Westnt^rdand, p.t. Cheater Co. N. H. 45 m. 8.
with a good harbour a eommodiooa quay, a cloth W. Concord. Pop. 1,647 ; p.t. Oneida Co. N. Y .
manufaeture, and a trade in ship timber and all IS m. W. Utiea. Pop. 2,303.
aorta of naval stores. It is seated on the Baltic, WeMtmordand, a county of the W. Dts. of
56 m. N. of Calmar and 120 8. W. ot Stockholm. Pennsylvania. Pop. 38,400. Greensburg is the cap-
Long. 16. 0. £., lat. 57.40. N. ital. A county of the £. Dis. of Virginia. Pop.
IFej<#WWee, a township of Orange Co. Vt 36 1,411.
m. S E. Montpelier. Pop. 841. Wuhnardand^ an inland county of England,
WestfaUf a township of Pickaway Co. Ohio. bounded on the N. and N. W. by Cumberland,
Wtifidd^ a township of Orlesns Co. v.t. Pop. E. and S. £. by Yorkshire, and S. and S. W. by
S53; p.t. Hampden Co. Mass. 105 m. 8. W. Bos^ Lancashire. The number of inhabitante in 1821
ton. Pop. 2,941 ; a township of Richmond Co. N. was 51 ,359. It is a region of lofty mountains,
T. Pop. 1,734 ; p.v. Chatauque Co. N. Y. ; p.t. naked hills, dreary foresto, and barren moors ;
Esses Co. N.; Y. p.v. Delaware Co. and a town- but is watered by numerous rivers and several
ship in Medina Co. Ohio. lakes. The soil of course is various ; that on the
iVtMifordf p.t. Middlesex Co. Bfass. 26 m. N. W. mountains being verv barren, while that in the
Boston. Pop. 1,329 ; p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 35. valleys is fertile, pro<»icing good com and grass,
m. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,290; a township especially in the meadows near the rivers. In the
of Otsego Co. N. Y. Pop. 1,645. hilly parte on the W. borders are some mines of
WeMtFrUndBkif^ p.v. Anne Arundel Co. Md. copper, but the ore lies very deep. This county
West (TrseniotcA, p.t. ^ent Co. R. 1. 18 m. S. yields abundance of limestone and the finest blue
W. Providence. Pop. 1,817. slate ; and many excellent hams are cured here.
Wut'Iiamptim, p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 ks manufactures are a coarse woolen cloth,
m. W. Bogton. Pop. 907. worsted stockings, flannels, tanned leather, and
WtH Haven f p.t. Rutland Co. Vt. 50 m. W. gunpowder. The principsl rivers are the Eden,
Windsor. Pop . 724. Lone, and Ken ; and the chief lake is Winander-
9FefCAo^en,a town of Germany, in the palatinate mere, the largest in England. Appleby is the
of the Rhine. It has three churches, and is 7 m. county town.
N. W. of Worms. We$t Atne^vry, p.t. Eswx Co. Mass. 34 m. N.
WuikefeHf a town of France, in the department E. Boston. Pop. 1,586.
of Lower Rhine, 12 m. W. of Strasborg. Westrni p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 14 ni. W. Bos-
Wetdand^ a township of Guernsey Co. Ohio. ton. Pop. 1,091 ; p.t. Fairfield Co. Conn. 7 m.
WeMtUberhf^y.y. Ohio Co. Va. Logan Co. Ohio. N. Fairfield. Pop. 2^; p.v. Lewis Co. Va.
Henry Co. uia. and Morg[an Co. Ken. Wettinm^ a township of Chester Co. Pa.
WeH LeaomUs, p.v. Lewis Co. N Y. We*tpludia, one of the former circles of Germa-
Weatmndaf a former province of Sweden, be- nv, bounded on the £. by Lower Saxonv, S. by
tween Upland, Sudermania, Nericia, Wermeland. Hesse, Wetteravia, and Treves, W. by tne Neth-
and Dalecarlia. It is 75 m. ton^ and 45 broad, and erlands, and N. by the German Ocean. The cU-
abounds in copoer and iron mines. The face of mate is cold, and there are a great many marshes,
the country is diversified like Wermeland. but the soil produces pastures and some corn. The
WeMtmtitk. See Mealk, horses are large, and the hogs in high esteem,
WeetminiMterf a city in Middlesex, the resid<*nce especially the hams, known by the name of West-
of the monarch, the sest of the parliament and of phalia hams. The principal rivers are the We-
the high courte of justice, and constituting, with esr, Ems, Lippe, ana Roer. This circle eontein-
Londonand South wark, the metropolis of the Bri- ed the bishoprics of Munster, Liege, Paderborn,
tish empire. On the dissolution of ite abbey, in and Osnaburg ; the prineipilities of Emden or
1541, Henry VIII. erected it into a bishopric, ap- East Frtesland, Meures, Minden and Verden;
pointing the whole of Middlesex (Fulham except- the duchies of Westphalia, Berg, JuUers, Cleve,
ed) for the diocese. It bad, however, only one pre- Oldenburg, and part of the territory of the princes
late; for Edward VI. soon aAer dissolved it, and of Nassau; the counties of Mark, Ravensbnrg,
the Abbey b now only a collegiate church. West- Steinfurt, Tecklenburg, Lingen, Bethnein, Diep-
minister, through courtesv, stHl bears the title of a holt, Hoya, Sehonenborg, Spigelburg, Lippe, Rit-
city, and sends two members to parliament, who berg, and other smaller ones; and sevenl lord-
are chosen bjr ite house-holders, there being no ships and abbeys. In 1800 all the perte of this
freemen nor incorporated companies. Besides the circle lyin^ on the left bank of the Rhine, bein|f
charehes of the esteblishment, Westminister con- full one-third of the whole territorv, became oni-
teins places of worship for dissenters of almost ev- ted to France ; and in 1806 the French^ empercr
erydenomination, ana a Jew's synagogue. Among erectea the remainder into a kingdom, in fiivour
the modern improvemente in this part of the me- of his brother Jerome, and added to it the eleeto-
tropolis is the erection of a wide street, or rather rates of Hesse-Cassel and Hanover. Caasel
succession of streete, from Carlton palace on the was the capitel. After the celebiated battle of
S. to Portland Place on the N. The buildings sre Leipsig, in 1813, this new kingdom was overrun
most magnificent, and it is probably without ex- bv the allies, and the government overthrown,
ception the finest street in Europe. In the city are The whole territory now belongs to Pmana, Haa
two parish churches, St. Margaret and St. John ; over, and Oldenburg.
and seven in the liberties, namely i St. Clement, St. WestpktMa, a province of the Prassiaa stntos,
Mtrj, St. Paul, St. Martin, St. Ann, St. James, bounded W. by the Netherlands, and E. by Haa
and St. George. The precinct of St. Martin-le over and Hesse-Ctasel. It is dividad into th#
diitricti of KntuAmtgi Hinden, tnd Miiii8ter» and n?tr M ottla, whioh flows £. by Novdkonr Mi
eootaiiif an area of 0,900 iq. m. with about 1,000, tbe Baltic. ^
000 of inhabitanta. The soil in general is not Wkuramm, or ireCflrai0,a name arigiulhi,
frrlilei bot iarse quantitiea of flax are railed, and plied to a district of QermMnj, Ijing on the bi^
the rearing of cattle is earned to mat extent of the river Wetter, but now to exleaded « d
There are mines of lead, iron, and coal in the denote all the country between the Lilm, t^
mountainous districts, and extensive salt works Rhine, and the Maine,
in difl*erent parts of the province. Weitin, a town of Prussian Saxony, in tbe
WtstphaiM, a duchy of Grermany, in the Pros- duchy of Magdeburg, with a castle on t nou-
sian province of Westphalia, and government of tain ; seated on the saaJ, over which ia a fern
Arensoerg 40 m. long and S5 broad ; bounded on 9 m. N. N. W. of Halle,
the N. by the principalities of Munster and Osna* Witdngtn^ a town of Switaeriand, m Uk esQ.
burg and tbe countj^ of Liope, W. by that of ^ of Baden, celebrated for its wooden bridp
Mark, S* by the Urrritories or Nassau, and E. by S40 feet long, of a single arch over the river Lia!
the oountles of Witgenstein, Hartxfeld, Waldeck, mat It is 1 m. S. of Baden,
and Hesse. It is a mountainous country, full of Wettlw^ a town of Germany, in Wetfema
wood, but moderately fertile. It formerly belong- capital of a county of the same name. It ii w
ed to the elector or Cologne, but was ceded to rounded by ditches and walls flanked with tmrm«
the prince of Hesse- Darmstadt in 1808, and made and is sested st the confluence of the Ltha^Dbic,
«iver to Prussia in 1814. and Dillen, 30 m. N. of Frankfort Loiif.8.S
fTest Point, p.t Orange Co. N. T. on the W. E., lat 50. 33. N.
oank of the Hudson, 58 m. above New York. The WmeUhtr^, a town and citadel of Wettoittfii.
OnUed SUUts Military dcademy at this place was in the principality of Paderbora^ 9 m. S. ofPife-
estaUished by Congress in 1802, for the instroe- born.
tlon of young men destined for the army. The Wexford, a county of Ireland, in the pitiiia
number of cadets is limited to 250, and in choo#> of Munster, 47 m. long and 30 brosd ; inviti
ing among the applicants, the sons of revolution- on the N. bv Wicklow, E. by St. Grorm's Cku-
arj^ oflleers are allowed the flrst claim, and the nel, S. by the Atlantic Ocean, W oy Wateifod
children of the deceased officers of the last war, and Kilkenny, and N. W. by Catherloofli. It
the second. The age of the pooils on admission contains 142 parishes, has two boroofhs, sad m^
must be between 14 and 22. The professors and fbnr members to narliaroent Tie snritM is
instructors are 90 in number ; each of the cadets mountainous, but tne soil in general Is tatk a
costs the govemment 336 dollars annually. They corn and srass. Tbe principal riven ut tk
are required to encamp 6 or 8 weeks during tlie Barrow and Slaney.
year. The course of stndy is completed in Ibur Wexford, a borough of Ireland, sad eipitiJ o<
years, and includes French, drawing, natural and the foregoing eoun^. It has a spaoioos kuivar
experimental philosoph]^, chemistry, mineralogy, at the month of the Slanej, on a bay of 9l
geo^aphy, history, ethics, nationiu law, msthe- George's Channel, but tbe water is not drep
matics and the wnole science of strategy, tactics, enough for large vessels. Much woolen dotkii
artillery and engineering. The annual expense manufactured here and in the aeiffhboaiko(rf
of the institution is 115,000 dollars. The inhabitants arb estimated at 9,000. KiiS
There are 5 large stone buildings, and 6 of m. £. N. E. of Waterford and ^ S. of DuUia.
brick. The site they occupy is veirbeautiful and Lonff . 6. 30. W., Ut. 52. 22. N.
commanding, being a level 188 feet above the J^xio, a town of Sweden, in Smalaad, tnai
river. Close to the shore stands a white marble on the lake Helga, which contains a gnuf of
monument, bearing the name of Kosciusko. In woody islands, ft is a bishop's see, though fvall,
another part is an obelisk to the memory of Col. and is 50 m. W. of Calmer.
Wood, one of the pupils who fell at Fort Erie. I^bridge, a village in Surrey, Eos. seated oa
Wekpoka, p.v. Hardin Co. Ken. the Wey, near its entrance into theT&mM,2ii.
WestBon,p.t. Bristol Co. Mass. 60 m. S. Bos- £. of Chertsey. Here ia Wobum Fans, tfar
'ton. Pop. 2,773; p.t Oldham Co. Ken. on the plantations of which were the first specimeBU
Ohio ; p.t. Essex Co. N. T. England of the ornamented farm.
Weitport, a town of Ireland, in the county of fretAnidge, a township of Addison Co. Vt
Mi^o, 8 ra. W. of Castlehar. Pop. 850.
Iresfrs, one of the Orkney Islands^ 9 m. long neyhiU, a village in Hampshire, Eojf- />•
and from 1 to 3 broad. It has a trade m kelp, and mous for an annual fair for all kinds of caUk.
a good harbour for small vessels on the N. W. leather, hops, cheese, and pedlary. Itii osei
side, 9 m. N. N. E. of Pomona. Long. 2. 52. W., the largest fairs in England, lasting 10 davi. ^
lat 69. 8. N. m. W. ofAndover.
Weal BfrUagfidd, p.t Hampden Co. Mass. 100 Weymts, a town of Scotland, in Fifeshire, vrU
m. 8. W. Boston, with considerable manufactures, a harbour, whence much coal and salt axe export'
Pop. 3,972. ed. It stands on the Frith of Forth, 4 m. NE^
We$t Sioekbrids^ p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 ef Kilkaldy and 12 S. by W. of Cupar.
ra. W. Boston. Top. 1,908. Weytnouth, a sea-port and borough ia Danrt-
Wutaile, p.v. Simpson Co. Mississippi. shire, Eng. 12 m. SI. W. London.
Weikerky, a town in W. Yorkshire. 191 m. N. WeynunUk, p.t. Norfolk Co. Mass. 10 m. S. £
by W. ef Lofidoo. Boston, noted for the manufacture of exceUent
WlOkenfidd, p.t Hartlbrd Co. Conn. 3 m. 8. cheese. Pop. 2,839. A township of Glccester Co. N.
Hartford. Pop. 3,808. This town is fiunous for J. ; p.t Medina Co. Ohio, 1 17 m. N. £. Caiainitt
Hm eultifilion of odions. WharUm, a township of Fayette Co. Pa
Wetter, a lake of Sweden, in Gothland, 8. E. KFftartoAsi^, p.v. Fauquier Co. Va.
of the lake Wenner. It is 100 m. in lenffUi, and Whatdy, p.t Franklin Co. Mass. 100 o. H^
in seme pluses 9i in bieadth. Above 40 small Boston. Pop. 1,111.
ttreams evter ibis lake, and its oaly outlet is the WkeatfUld, a township of Indiana Co. Ft
vtm
777
WHI
PPltder, p.t. Steuben Co. N. T. Pop. 1 fldd,
H^iueUwj p.t. Ohio Co. Va. on the Ohio, 95
m. below Pittabarg. It etande at the mouth of a
creek on a high ba^k, and conauta principaUy of
one large street,'parailel to the river. The great
Cnmberland road atrikee the Ohio at this place
and makea it a threat thoroughfare for emigranta
from the Atlantic statee. The town if well built
and naa a very flouriihing trade and considerable
manafatnres. Pop. 5,221.
fVkedingf townihips of Belmont and Guernaej
Coe. Ohio.
Whuloek, p.t. Caledonia Co. Vt. Pop. 834.
IVkenuidSf the highest mountain in England,
situate on the N. W. part of Yorkshire, amid
other mountains, and alx>ot 6 miles to the N. of
that called Ingleboroogh. Its summit is 4,050
feet above the level of ue sea. Near the top are
four or five tarns or small lakes. Its base con-
tains several spacious caverns, of which the prin-
cipal are Yordas, Gatekirk, and Greenside
caves.
Whidfoh, a country of Guinea, on the Slave
Coast, extending about 10 miles along the Atlan-
tic, and 12 miles inland. Europeans who have
been in this country extol it as the most beauti-
ful in the world, and assert that spring and au-
tumn reign perpetually in alternate succession.
The country is so populous that one single vil-
lage contains as many inhabttanta as some entire
kingdoms on the coast of Guinea. The people,
in their manners, have been compared to the
Chinese ; the same persevering industry, ceremo-
nious civility, jealous affection for their women,
thievish inclinations in trade, prevail in both
countries. Bows, arrows, assagays, and clubs,
are the principal weapons of the Whidanese.
They have no distinction of hours, days, weeks,
or stated periods ; and vet, without pen, ink, or
the assistance of artificial arithmetic, they calcu-
late any thing with great accuracy. They are
said to have a faint idea of a Supreme Being, to
whom they attribute omnipotence, and consider
htm as the Creator of the universe. He is, they
say, too highly exalted to have any concern about
his creatures ; and the government of the world
he leaves to the fetiches, to whom, therefore,
they iipply tLB the mediators between God and
them. These fetiches are divided into three
classes : snakes, tall trees, and the sea ; and
sometimes they add a fourth, namely, the chief
river of the kingdom, the Euphrates. The dei-
fied snakes are about a ^ard long, amazingly tame
and familiar ; and no insult or injury can be of-
fered to them by a native, under pam of death.
Here, are oxen, cows, goats, sheep, hoss, turkeys,
ducks, and hens ; also elephants, bufialoes, tigers,
several kinds of deer, ana a sort of hares. The
fruits are citrons, lemons, oranges, bananas, tam-
arinds, dec., and there are vast numbers of palm-
trees, from which much wine is made. The trade
coiMists chiefly of elephanta' teeth, wax and hon-
ev ; and the principal manufactures are cloths,
umbrellas, baskets, pitchers for pito or beer, plates
And dishes of wood, gourds finely ornimented,
white and blue paper, dec. In 1727 the king of
Dahomey reduced this country to the state of a
dependent province. Xavier, or Sabi, is the
capital.
Whitby, a sea-port in N. Yorkshire, Eng. It is
seated on the German Ocean, at the mouth of
the Esk, 48 nf. N. N. £. of York and 243 N. of
fjondon.
fVkiUkwreh, a borough m Hampshire, Eng.
9d
with manufactures of shalloons, serges, Ac. 56
m. W. by 8. of London.
Wkitckureh, a town in Shropshire, Eng. 160 m.
N. W. of London.
IVhiU, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 9,967.
Sparta is the capital ; a county of Illinois. Pop
6,091. Carmi is the capital.
fFhite Chimneys, p.v. Caroline Co. Va.
JVhiU Clay Creek, a hundred of Newcastle Co
Del.
White Creek, p.t. Washington Co. N. Y. 36 m.
N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,448.
tVhite Day, p.v. Monongahela Co. Va.
White Deer, p.v. Lycoming Co. Pa.*, a town-
ship of Union Co. Pa.
White Eves, p.t. Coshocton Co. Ohio.
WhittfUU, p t. Lincoln Co. Me. Pop. 2,020.
A township of Coos Co. N. H. Pop. 685.
Whitehall, p.t. Washington Co. W. Y. formerly
Skenesborough. It stands at the mouth of a creek
flowing into the S. end of Lake Champlain. The
Northern Canal from the Hudson here passes in-
to the lake. Sloops, steamboats and other lake
craft come up to the town, and the trade of the
place is very active. A steamboat plies regular-
ly between Whitehall and St. Johns, L. C.
70 m. N. Albany, 170 N. W. Boston. Pop.
2,888.
Whitehall, A*, and S. two townships in Lehigh
Co. Pa. on the Lehigh p.v. Columbia Co. Pa.,
Frederick Co. Va., Mecklenburg Co. N. C. and
Abbeville Dis. S. C.
White Haven, p.t. Somerset Co. Md.
White Houee, p.v. Hunterdon Co. N. J.
WhUe Lake, p.v. Sullivan Co. N. Y.
Whiteland, E. and fF. two townships in Ches-
ter Co. Pa.
Whitely, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 3,807.
Whilelysburg, p.v. Kent Co. Del. 22 m. S. E.
Dover.
Whitemarsh, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa.
While Mountains, p.v. Coos Co. N. H. 117 m.
N. N. E. Concord.
White Mountains, a range of mountains in the
norhem part of New Hampshire, nearly in the
centre of the connty of Cfoos. They are the
highest in the United States, east of the Rocky
Mountain chain, and are celebrated for their
grand and beautiful scenery. These mountains
extend about 20 m. from S. W. to N. E. being
the more elevated parts of a range extending ma-
ny miles in that direction. Their base is 8 or 10
m. broad ; and situated about 25 m S. E. from
Lancaster, 70 N.of Concord, 82 N. by W. from
Portsmouth ; and in lat. 44. 15, lonff. 71. 20. W.
Although distant more than 60. m. from the near-
est part of the coast, their snow-white summits
are distinctly visible many leagues at sea, and
along the coast of Maine. Their great elevation
has always rendered them interesting, both to
our ancestors, and to the aboriginal inhabitants
of the country. As early as 16&, they were vis-
ited by Neaf, Jocelyn and Field, who gave ro-
mantic accounts of their adventured, and of
the extent and granduer of the mountains
which they called the Crystal Hills. Since that
time, these regions have been repeatedly explor-
ed by hunters, and by men of science. Mount
Washington is 6,428 feet above the level of the
sea, 5,8S) above the river at Lancaster, and 4,781
above Crawford*s, the nearest dwelling to the
summit. This mountain is easily known by its
superior elevation, and its being tne southern of
the three highest peaks. The neighta of the otb
WHT 778 WHl
«i peaks above the ConnecUcot At Lancaster, are ed eye, and the dim Atlantic ftfHefaci hi vikn
an folio WB ; along tJbe eastern horiion. To the K. u Mtatk
Mount Adams, .... 5,383 feet, lofty sammits of Adams and Jeffnson ; ud a
** Jefferson, .... 5,281 the east a little detached from the range ftnei
** Madisou, • ... 5,039 Mount Madison. Mount Washiofton is nppv,.
** Monroe, .... 4,932 ed on the N. by a high ridge, wmeh cxteiidi b
" Franklin,- • • 4,470 Mount Jefferson ; on the N. E. by a larfe pisr
*' Pleasant, .... 4,339 plain, terminating in a vast spur eztenduf ^
Mount Adnma is known by its sharp termina- away in that direction ; £. by a pramuin.
ting peak, and being the second N. of Washing- which breaks off abruptly at St. AntlMM^'iSoir
ton. JtferBon is situated between these two. 8. and 8. E. by a grassy plain, ia niBBir. <
Madison is the eastern peak of the range. Woi^ more than 40 acres.
roe is the first to the 8. of Washington. Frank* At the southeastern extremity of thii pUu.i
Jin is the second S. and is known by its level sur- ridge comroenc«^s, which slopes gncefblljan
face. PUasfuU is known bv its conical shape, towards the vale of the Saco ; upon which ttiLr
and being the third 8. of Washington. In pas. distances from each other, arise roekf,reienb!c;
sing from the Notch to the highest summit, the in some places, towers ; in others repicKnti:;
traveller crosses the summits orMounts Pleasant, the various orders of architecture. It «<w!d ^t
Franklin and Monroe. In accomplishing this, he vain in us to attempt a description of the tuk
must pass through a forest, and cross severaj rt« wonders which here astonish and delight tbc':«
vines. ^ These are neither wide nor deep, nor are holder. To those who have visited the* mm
they discovered at a great distance; for the trees tains, our descriptions would be tame tai ocii
fit! them up exactly even with the mountain on teresting ; and he who has never utenM':-:
each side, and their branches interlock with each hoary summits, cannot realiie the extent utdoj
other in such a manner, that it is very difficult to nificence of the scene. These mouotiino
pass through them, and they are so stiff and thick decidedly of primitive formation. Nothiif e(
as almost to support a man's weight. Mount volcanic origin has ever vet been diacovrm t
Pleasant is easily ascended. Its top, to tlie er- the most diligent research. They have for ifs
tent of 5 or 6 acres, is smooth, and gradually probably, exhibited the same un varying ns^:
slopes away in every direction from its centre. No minerals are here found of much nntr :
It even has a verdant appearance, as it is every value. The rock which most abonndi, is Kbt:^
where covered with short grass, which grows in intermixed with greenstone, mica, gnnite i^
little tufls to the height of four or five inches, gneiss. The three highest peaks are eosfri
Among these tufls, mountain flowers are thinly entirely of fragments of rocks hesped togetkr^
scattered, which add life and beauty to the scene, confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in their sta-
The prospect from this summit is beautifUI : to tions.
the Iv. the ejre is dazzled with the splendour of During nine or ten months of the jw, th
Mount Washington : N. W. are seen the settle- summits of the mountains are covered witiifs:i
meots in Jefferson; W. the courses of the and ice, giving them a bright and daziliB|!"^
Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map; S. pearance. On every side are lon^ and wiaca;
W. the Mooshelock and Haystack are discovered ; gullies, deepening in tlieir descent to the pha-
8. Chocorua peak.; 8. E. the settlement and below. Here some of the finest riven of ^v
mounlaios in Bartlett; £. only dark mountains England originate. The Saco flows from tk I
and forests. side of the mountains ; the branches of Uie Az»
On descending this mountain, a smaH patch of riscoggin from the N. ; the Amoooonick u.
water it fo,uud at its base: from which the as> other tributaries of the Connectient from the W:
cent is gradual to the summit of Mount Franklin, and the Pemigewaaset from the S.,its ibvotu
Afler crossing this mountain, yon pass over the being near that of the Saco. Thestdetcftk
E. pinnacle of Mount Monroe, and soon find bills are in many parts covered with 8oii;bc
yourself on a plain of some extent, at the foot of this is very superficial in all esses, tod eier
Mount Washington. Here is a fine rpsting-place, spot, that can be reached by running witrr, a
on the margin of a beautiful sheet of water, of left destitute of every thing bnt rocks and pebbk^
an oval form, covering about 3-4 of an acre, of which likewise the river-bottoms are eidi-
The waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep, sively composed. In ttiese cold and eienird :^
Not a living creature is to be seen in the waters, gions, the period for the growth of vegetibin a
at this height on the hills ; nor do vegetables of eztremelv brief; the mountains mast be ivKP:
any kind grow in or around them, to ooscore the sterile. Moss and lichens may be fonndDetribt
clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which thev summits, but of meagre and scanty growtfa-^oci-
rest. A small spring discharges itself into this ing as if they had wandered from their ^^'
pond at its soutn-east angle. Another pond, of zone below, into these realms of banes <i«»^-
about 2-3 its size, lies N. W. of this. Directly tion.
before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washington The AWcA of the White MounteiaSt is a mc^
rises with majestic grandeur, like an immense pyr- appropriated to a very narrow defile eztrnti^'f
amid, or some vast Kremlin in this magnificent two miles in length between two hagecliff|i?-
city of mountains. The pinnacle is elevated parently rent asunder by some vast coetvii^'
abont 1,500 feet above the plain, and is composed of nature, probably that of the deloge. Tbr<^
principally of huge rocks of granite and gneiss trance of the chasm is formed by two rocks iUd^
f tiled together, presenting a variety of colors and ing perpendicular at the distance of 22 fret frt.
brmfi. In ascending, you must pass enormous each other ; one about 20 feet in height, the o'^*-
masses of loose stones ; but a walk of half an er about 12. The road from Lancaster to P>f
hour will generally carry you to the summit, land passes through this notch, fbllovin; >^
The view from this point is wonderfully grand course of the head stream of the Saco. T^
and picturesque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, scenery at this place is exceedingly beaatifolis*
ponds rivers towns and rtilages meet the delight- grand. The moontain otherwise a costiPCN
WHl T
nnp, if here eloTenquit* down to itabue, oeen-
ing a punge Tor Ihc wklen of ths Sua. The
np H to iiBiiow, that >pu« hai with diffioultj
brtn found for the load. About half « mile ftom
the entrinceor thpchaiun, i* Mm a matt brsii-
tiful CMcade, iuuing fniiD i oioanlain on Ihn
tight, iboul 800 fe»l sboVB the lubjiRfnt ulley,
>nd about 2 iqiIh diitant. The itniuii puwa
OTPr ■ wriei of rook* dm«t peipendiculii,
with a courw *o little broken u to pntene chi
appearance or a uniform currrat, ana ret to &r
diilurbfd ai to be |«rraclly white. Thii hcaati-
ful alream, which paraeadown aitupeodou* preci-
fice, i> culled b; Dwight the Sdtrr Caicad:
lia one orthe Enrut beautirut in the world. At
ihe distance of ihrea foartha of a mile from the
entrance of theehaaLn las brook, called the fluiM,
which (alia from a height of 340 or 250 feet over
Oirca precjpicea-^own the two 6rat in a ain^le
CDtreDt, and over the lut in three, which units
anin at the bottom in a amall baain formed b^
the band of natore in the rocki. The water la
DQre and tnnnparent, and it would be impoaaihle
for a brook of ita aiie to be moddled into more
diveraiSed or delightful forma.
The more elevated part* of theae moanUioa
are occaiionally aahjaet to ■valanebes, or alidea
of earth, which aweep anddenlv down their aidea
and oceaaion great dama^. A ■erioua calamitj
of thia aort occurred at the Notch in Augiul 16%.
to a Ikmily of the name of Wiiley, who occupied
a dwelling in the narraweat part of the deSJe
raanj milea from any other hnmaii babilation.
At midnight during a furiona atorm of rain, the
raoaalain broke looae abore them, and poured
down in a torrent of earth, rocke, and Ireea. Ths
bmilj, arunaed b; the aoite, immedialelj fied
Till w
e houic, bat were overtaken by the atal-
jid awept t[i deatruction. The roada and
along the Yalley were dealrojed, the
I choked up, and heapa of earth, rocka and
' ibiled a frightful picture of deaolation.
.thin a f
isited e:
■E"
a few huntei
cept by
occaBio:ia] iraveiler, and the beauiit'H ui uir^^
wild and aequeatered apola were ai Hltle known
to the world aa thoae of the Vale of Chamonni,
before the iitcoviry r\t that unrivalled apot in the
lail century. Latterly, the fame of the While
Mountain acenery haa drawn the attention of all
the lovera of the pictureaque in our country, and
IriTcllen from all parta of the Cnited Statea.
Tolerable aecommodaliona may be found at Ciaw-
ford'a. Viailora who wiah to view the aunriae
from Mount Waahington, paaa the night al the
Camp, 7 milea above, where the ateepeat aacent
of the nioantainbegina.
The ool/ places auaceptible of collivalioa in
» WIH
the heart of Ibe monntaina, are the little meadows
inhabilfil by Ihe Crawfoids, the Notch, and Wil
ley Meadows; and there the intarral of worm
weather is ao aliort in the year, that few vegela-
bka can arrive at tnaturitjr, with all the rapidity
ofgrowtli which diatinguishea auch cold regiona. '
To tho« who are fund of field sports, the foresU
and rivers afford every advantage, during the
btlefaummer which visits the valleys. Various
kinds of wild birds and game ate to be found in
the woods, beaidea beara, wild cats, and deer
The mooae and hufialo were formerly abundonl
yeara since they were killed in grrat numbers,
merely for their hides and tallow ; aa the htler
still are in the deaerts bejnnd the Miasiasip|>i.
Deer are common in the woo<U, and freqneallj
are kiUed by the banters. Sometimea Ihey come
boldly down into t)ie tittle meadow before Craw-
ford's house, and quietly graie with the cattle.
The black bears are occaaiotialty seen in the more
unfrequented places ; but they will always en-
deavonr to avoid a man. A Urge apecica of elk,
here known by the name of the Caribeo, has
made its appearance in the White Moonlains
within a few yeara : hut they are atill very scarce
in thia part of the ooUDlry.
Wkitt Oak, p.v. Rutherford Co. N. C.
Wkilt FIttuu, p.v. Weatchssler Co. N. Y. 30
m. N. New York. Pop. 759; p.v. Jackson Co.
Ten.
Wlife PoK, p V. Frederick Co Va.
H^ile Riear, a atream falling into i,he Wabaah
Inm the S. E. A rivar of Arkanaaa falling inl«
the Miasiaaippi a little above the mouth of the Ar-
fVkile Sand, p.v. Lawrence Co. Mississippi.
fmiabomugh, p.v. Oneida Co. N. T.
»ni(e»to«rB,t. Oneida Co. N. Y. Pop. 4^10.
Wluttmnt, p V. ColambuB Co. N. C.
While Water, a branch of the Great Miami in
Indiana and Ohio ; a towniMp in Hamilton Co
Ohio; p.v. lleirbonCo. Ind.
miteitig, p.L Addia'in Co. Vt. Pop. G53.
WkiUinghan, p.r Windham Co. Vt. Pep.
1,477.
Whitdey, a tnwnahip of Green Co. Pa.
H^ilepujna, a township of Montgomery Co.
Pa.
on the N. part of RDsaia, on the E. side of which
stands the town ofArohangel.
mi[ataiwB,a aea-port in Cumberland, Eng.
It ia sealed on a creek of the Irish Sea, on the
N. end of a great hill, washed by the tide on the
W. aide, where there ia a large whitish rock, and
a strong stone wall that secures the harbour.
Near it are excellent coal minea, aome of which
run I Ronsiderabtc way nnder the sea, and are
the ohiefsooree of its wealth. ltis41m.S. W.
of Carlisle and 330 N. N. W. of London. Long
3, a-i. W., lat. M.25. N.
Wkittkan. a borough of Scotland, in Wigton-
shire, near the bav of Wiston. It ia a place of
great antiquitv, hoving been a Roman atalion
and the first biahopric in Sootjand, 6 ra. W of
village 0.
Btof Kent, Eng,
Mttntntuta falawl, one of the Now Hebrides
In the S. Paoific, 30 m, long and 8 broad, diKov
end bj eaptain Wallis, on the Whitsunday, ITtJT
Long. 168. ao. E,, lat. IS. 44. 8.
WIE 7M WIH
WhMtbury ForesL a fbreit in the 8. put of Widitskm, aTiUa^orAiisCnaaPoUnd>G4
Northunptonshire, Eng. 9 m. long and 3 broad, eia, oelebnted for ita salt mmet, which eitnt
3Viburg, or Vihotg^ an extern ive district of ander the whole town^ and to a eoonderabk £}■
RuMta, in the go^emroent of Finland. It was tance on each side, in these minet aie mtx
ceded by the Swedes to the Russians, partly by small chapels, exeaTated in the nit; ud \m
the peace of Nystadt in 1721, and partly by the of the inhabitants reside chiefly in the minet. ':
treaty of Abo in 1743. Besides pastures, the m. S. E. of Cracow.
country produces rye, oats, and barley, bnt not WiestmtUig^ a town of Wurtemhere, vitii i
sufficient for the inhabitants. castle ; seated on the File, 16m. W. N. W.cf He
IVihnrg, a fortified sea-port of RoMia, capital and 25 £. S. £. of Stuttgaid.
of the fore^oin^ dit^trict, and a bishop's see, with WuMmthBdy a town of Saxony, in Meissen, tdi
a strong citadel. The houses are almost entirely manufactures of iron, steel, and fiie-vms.udi
built of'stone. The chief exports are planks, taf* considerable trade in leather. ItitBjidiODarJiH
low, pitch, and tar. The Burrounding country is let of the same name, on the frontiers of Bcbesa,
pleasant; and near it, at Imatra, is the famous 15 m. N. by E. of Carlsbad,
cataract of the Woxa. which makes a noise more Iftgwn^ a borough in Lancashire, Eog. 1
stunning thau that of the Rhine at Lauffisn. Wi* m. 8. of JLia&caster and 196 1^. li. W. of L»
burg stands on the N. E. point of the gulf of don.
Finland, ICNI m. N. N. W. of Petersburj;. Long. Wight, an island in the English CIhdq^I.ci
29. 10. E., lat. 60. 56. N. the S. coast of Hampshire, frOm which it er
fVihurgy K c\\.y of Denmark, in N. Jutland, parated by a narrow strait It is aboat 21 m ::
capital of a diocese of the same name, and the length and 13 in breadth, and is nearly dhi^
seat of the chief court of justice in the province, into two equal parts by the river Mede,orC>TtL
In 1726 4he cathedral, a church, the town-house, which, rising in the southern an^Ie,entQnt:'ir
and the bishop's palace, were destroyed by fire ; northern into the channel, opposite tfaemoQliic:
but they have all been magnificently rebuilt. It Southampton bay. The S. coast is bonieredf::
is seated on a lake, in a peninsula, 120 m. N. of very steep clifis of chalk and free-stoDcbolWi
Sleswick. Long. 9. 50. E., lat. 56. 20. N. into caverns in various parts. The W. li^e ^
fVieky a borough of Scotland, and the capital fenced with ridges of rocks, of which tbe dsh
of Caithness-shire, with a harbour on an inlet of remarkable are those called the Needks. 6r
the German Ocean, at the mouth of a river of tween the island and the main are variooiBs^
the same name. Much kelp is made here, but banks, especially off the E. part, where b ik
the fisheries are the chief object of importance, safe road of St. Helens. Across the iskndms
It is 55 m. N. E. of Dornoch. Long. 2. 51. W., E to W. runs a ridge of hills, forming a uict-n
lat. 58. 21. N. ' fine downs, with a chalky or marlr soil, viu.
Wick, a fortified town of tbe Netherlands, in feeds a great number of rabbits and fine tti^.
the duchy of Limburg, seated on the Meuse, op- sheep. To the N. of this ridge the landis diffj
posite Maestricht, with which it communicates pasture ; to the S. of it is a rich arable coun^.
by a bridge. producing great crops of corn. The Tarietr d
Wick Duerstede, a town of Prussian Weatpha- prospects which this island affords, its mik r
lia, with two castles, 12 m. N. of Jaliers. and the neat manner in which the fields ar^lt.
fViekfordf p.t. Washington Co. R. I. 24 m. S. out, render it a very delightful spot. It is dfr-
Providence. ted almost entirely to husbandry, and ins t
WicklotOy a county of Ireland, in the province manufactures of anj consequence. Amoor u
of Leinster, 36 m. long and 25 broad ; bounded products are to be reckoned a pare whilf p^;^
on the N. bv Dublin, E. by the Irish Sea, S. by clay, and a fine while crystalline sand, of u*^
Wexford, W. by Catherloagh and Kildare, and latter of which mat quantities are exported fof
N. W. by Kildare. It is divided into 58 parish- the use of the glass-works in various parts. T»
es, has about 111,000 inhabitants, and sends two other articles of export are wheat, floor. bsrW.
members to parliament. It is very mountainous malt, and salt. Its principal town is Nevpcr.
and woody, interspersed with rocks and bogs ; it likewise contains the boroughs of Newtoo tsi
but tbe va)levs are fertile and well cultivated, Yarmouth.
and watered by numerous small rivers. Wigtony a town in Cumberland, Eng. with bbs-
fViekUno, the capital of the foregoing county, is ufactures of linen and cotton -, also an extensit!
seated on the Irisn Sea, with a narrow harbour, calico-printing establishment, and a silk hit bu-
atthe mouth of the river Leitrim 26 m. S. 8. £. ufactory. 304 N. N. W. of London.
•f Dublin. Long. 6. 12. W., lat. 52. 58. N. H^ton, a borough and sea-port of ScotW,
FFteomteo, P.V.Northumberland Co. Va. capital of Wicrtonshire. Here are OBanofartcrpi
Wiekwar, a decayed town in Gloucestershire, of woolen and cotton, the former chiefly of pli»
Enff. Ill W. of London. and flannel. It is situate on a hill, which offl'
Widdin, a fortified town of Bulgaria, and an looks the bay of Wigton, 100 m. S. W. of IM-
archbishop's see. It has often been taken and burg.
retaken by the Austrians and Turks; and is seat- Wigtonskire, or JVat G^Umm, a couiU s
ed on the Danube, 100 m. N. by W. Gf Soesa and Scotland, bounded on the N. by Ayrshire, ri.^
140 E. S. E. of Belgrade. Long. 24. 27. E., lat. by Kirkcudbrightshire, and on aU other sidet^
44. 12. N. the Irish Sea. Its greatest extent, in any dim-
Wied, a county of Germany, at the conflux of tion, does not exceed 30 m. It is divided into !•
the rivers Wied and Rhine. It is composed of parishes, and contains about 34,000 inbabitaB|
two parts, the Upper County, or Wied-Runkel, fF»Z^aAam,jp.t. Hampden Go. Msas.K^m. v
and the Lower County, or Wied-Nieuwied. W* Boston, rop. 203.
WUd, a town of Germany, in the lower county Wikaci, a frontier town of European Tnnej
of Wied, 9 m. N. N. W. of Coblents. in Bosnia, seated on a lake formed by the nw.
Wielun, a town of Prussian Poland, with a good Unna, 40 m. S. E. of Carlstadt and 220 W. ::
OMtte, 16 m. S. of Siradia. Belgrade. Long. 16. 10. E., lat. 45 34 5.
WIL t8l WIL
WUeoXf a oonntj of AUbama. Pop. 9,459. Can- 171 illiam and Marj College wbtch was founded
ton is the capital. here in 16^3. It has 7 instnicters and 60 students.
ffildbad, a town of GermanT, in Wartemberg The libraries have 4,200 volanies. It has one va-
with a celebrated warm bath, seated on the Ens cation of nearly 4 months from July to Octolier.
84 ni. W. of Slutt^rd. Commencement is in July.
WUdherr^ a town of Wartemberjf, situate on WUlianutJUld^ p. v. Ashtabula Co. Ohio. 242 m.
th«> Na^old, 19 m. S W. of Stutt|;ard. N. E. Columbus.
fVUdierg, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, Willianuportf p.T. LycoroinffCo. Pa. and Wssh-
HB m. N. of Brandenburg. ington Co.- Pa., Washington Uo. Md., Pickaway
WiJdeTnt9Sy p. v. Spotsylvania Co. Va. Co. Ohio., Morgan Co. fnd.
fVUdailiausenf a town of Germany, in the fVUUamson^ a county of W. Tennessee. Pop.
duchy of Oldenburg, seated on the Hunte, 20 m. 2C,60B. Franklin is the capital.
S. W. of Bremen. Long. 8. 27. E., lat. 52. 53. WiUiamstadt, a sea-port of Holland in N. Bra-
N. bant. 13 m. N. W. Breda.
IVitdungen, a town of Germany, in the county WUUamslown^ p.t. Orange Co. Vt. 46 m. N
of Waldek, with a castle. Near it are mineral Windsor. Pop. 1,487.
springs, and mioes of copper, iron, and lead. 14 tVillianutown, p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 130 m.
m. S. S. E. oFCorbach. N. W. Boston.* Pop. 2,127. Williams College,
Wilkermstem^ a fortress of Germany, in the at this place wm founded in 1793. It has 7 in-
county of SachauenburjjT, on an island formed of structers and 115 students. The libraries have
stones sunk for the purpose, in Steinhuder-mere. 4,556 Tolumes. There are 3 vacations in May,
It was erected in 17()8 by William, count of September and December, of 18 weeks. Com
Schauenburg-Lippe, for the improvement of his mencement is in December,
new inventions in the art of war. It stands near WiUiamstown^ p.v. Oswego Co. N. Y. Pop.
the town of Steinhude, 18 m. W. N. W. of Han- 686; p.v. Lancaster Co. Pa., Martin Co. N. C.
over. Grant Co. Ken.
WUkea, a county of N. C^rolinia. Pop. 11,942. WWiamsvUU, p.v. Erie Co. N. T., Chesterfield
Wilkesborough is the capital ; a county of Geor- Co. Va., Person Co. N. C.
gta. Poor. \A^rr. Washington is the capital. WiUington, p.t. Tolland Co. Conn. 26 m. N. E.
Wilkesburre^ p t. Luzerne Co. Pa. on the Sua- Hartford. Pop. 1,305 ; p.v. Abbeville Dis. S. L.
quehannah, 120 m. N. W. Philad. WifUnk, p.v. Erie Co. N. T.
mikesboroujk, p.t. Wilkes Co. N. C. 204 m. mUiston, p.t. Chittenden Co. Vt. 10 m. S. £.
N. W. Raleigh. Burlington. Pop. 1,608.
mikesvilU, p.v. Gallia Co. Ohio. 104 m. S. E. Willutown, a township of Chester Co. Pa.
Columbus. Willow Grove, p.v. Montgomery Co. Pa. and
WUkinwn, a county of Georgia. Pop. 6,558. Sumter Dis. S. C. ^
Irwinton is the capital *, a county ef Mississippi. WW^tborough^ p.t. Essex Co. N. T. on L Cbam-
Pop 11,693. Woodville is the capital. plain. Pop. 1,316.
irUkinsonvifh, p.v. ChesterfieM Co. Va. ; v. WUUkire, p.t. Van Wert Co. Ohio. 130 m. N.
Ahnson Co. (Uinots. W. Columbus.
Witkomiert^ a town of Russia, in the govern- WUlutoten, an Indian village in the Cherokee
ment of Wilna, seated on the Sweita, 45 m. N. country of Alabama. 50 m. E. Hnntsville.
N. W. of Wilna. fVUmanstrand, a town of Prussia in f'*inland
WUliam Fort^ a fort of Scotland, in the county 100 m. N. W. St. Petersburg, famous for a battle
of Inverness, at the extremity of Loch Linne, between the Swedes and Russians in 1741.
where that arm of the sea bends to the W. and WdmingtoUy p.v. Windham Co. Vt. 17 ra. W.
forms L'^ch Eil. It is of a triangular figure, and Brattlebornugh. Pop. 1,3(>7; p.t. Essex Co. N.
is 64 m. S. W of Inverness. Y. 100 m. N. Albany, "op. 095.
IfUtiam Hrnrify a town of Lower Canada, sit- Wilmington, p.t Newcastle Co. Del. on Chris-
nateat the conflux of the Snrel with the St. Law- tiana Creek, near its entrance into the Delaware,
rence. It hi^ a Protestant and a Roman Catho- It is the largest town in the state, a port of entry,
lie church. The principil channel of intercourse and incorporated with city privileges. It is regu-
wilh this conntry and the United States is throuerh larly and handsomely bnift^niostly of brick. In the
this town. It is* 40 m. N. K. of Montreal and l20 neighbourhood are many flourishing manufactures
8. W. of Quebec. Ijong. 73. 22. W., lat. 45. 55 N. of cotton, woolen, paper, gunpowoer, and a great
ffilltdtf p.t. Cortland Co. N. Y. Pop^04. number of mills. The town has 10 churches, 3
iiiiltAmSj a county of Ohio. Pop. 377. Defi- banks, an arnenal of the United States and a pub-
ance is the capital ; t. Northampton and Mont- lie library, it has a large ttide in flour ; and ves-
gomerv Ci>s. ra. sols drawing 14 feet of water can come up the
WiUiamsborougk^ p.v. Greenville Co. N. C. creek on which the town is situated 28 m. S. W.
37 m. N. W. Halifax. Philad. Pop. 6,628.
IVilHamshfurg, p.t. Penobscot Co. Me Pop. WilmingUm, p.v. Fluvanna Co. Va. 60 ro N.
227; p.t. Hampshire Co. Mass. 100 m. W Boston W. Richmond; p.t. New Hanover Co. N. C, near
with manufactures of cotton, linen, and woolen, the mouth of Caiie Fear River 80. ni. S. E. Fay-
Pop 1.225; p V. Huntintrdon and Northumber- etteville ; it is a sea-port and has some commerce,
land Cos. Pa. Iredell Co. N. C, Mason Co. Ken. p. v. Clinton C<». Ohio ; p.v. Wayne Co. Ohio,
and Jackson and Maury Cos. Ten., Clermont Co. Willis IsU^ a rockv island at the N. end of the
Ohio. Pop. 1 ,609. Island of Southern Georgia. It was discovered
Wdlurmmrg, a District of N. Carolina. Pop. in 1775, and contains the oests of many thousands
9,015. KingHtree is the capital. in shafs. Long. 38. 30. W., lat. 54. 0. S.
WilfiamMburg.p.v. James City Co. Va. 32 m. Il^i/iuaaiyatown and Bailiwicof Switserland,iii
E. by S. Richmond. This town was once the tlie canton of Lucem, seated among the mountains
capital of the State, but is now much decayed on the river Wiger, 16 m. W. N. W. of Lncem.
ftom its fonner importance. It still sontains IFifsMiucrani ; town of Russia in the ovarm
3(J
WIL 7» WIN
ment of Finland, near whioli an obstinate battle WimVedtn, a Tillage in Snmj, En^. on aa de.
wan fought, in 1741, between 3,000 Swedes and vated heath, 7 m S. W. of London. On the 3.
16,000 Riiaaians, when the former were oblised W. anfle of the common ia a circular eiicuD>
at length to yield to tuperiority of numbers. A is ment, including seveji acres ; the trench ^
seated on the S. side of the lake Saima, 40 m. N. deep and perfect. In the villaAe aie copper rotUi,
N. W. of Wiburg and 100 N. N. W. uf Peters- a manufacture for printing calicoes, and aooibn
burg: of japan ware.
irUnAf p.Y. Jefferson Co. N. T. 176 m. N. W. iVimifam, or Wimhorn JiSMsUr, a town in Dor-
Albany. Pop. 1,602. setshire, Eng. It had a monastery, in vbiek
IVilna^ a ^vernment of Russia, comprising were interred the W. Saxon kings £theldred iM
the N. part of Lithuania, and containing an area Sigeforth, and queen Ethelbo^m. Its DoUe
of 2,100 square miles, with about 1,000,000 of church, called the Minster, was formerly coUegi.
inhabitanta. ate. lUO m. S. of London.
H^Unttf a town of Russia, capital of the foregn« Himmis, a town of ^Switzerland, in the cuobs
ing government, and a binbop's see, with a uni- of Bern, seated on the Sibnen, 18 m. S. of B^fm.
▼ersity, an ancient castle, and a royal palace. It Wimpfen^ a town of Germany, in Hetse-Dvu-
stands on several little eminences, and has two stadt, consisting properly of two towni, ctWti
considerable suburbs, called Antokollo and Rud- Wipfen on the Hill, and Wimpfen in the V«ie.
aiska. Here are upwards of 40 churches ; and the A salt work was established here in 1761. Iiii
mafuiRcentone belnnging to the castle has a very seated on the Neckar, 8 m. N. of Heilbonajid 22
rich treasury. In 1748 a dreadful conflagration E. of Heidelberg.
destroyed \a churches, and in 1749 another fire WiHcavnUm, a town in Somersetahire, Eur.
happened by lightning, which consumed six with manufactures of ticking, dowlas, ser£fs,di
churches; besides these, the Jews synagogue, the 24 ni. S. of Bath and 108 W. by S. of Lnodca.
council-house, 33 palaces, numerous stone edifi- Wintkcnmh^ a town in Gloucestershire, £bv.
oes, and other buildings were destroyed. The 99 N. N. W. of London.
churches have been rebuilt, and some of them IFiiicAt2sea,a town in Sasaez,Eng. an appendage
in a more elegant manner than before ; but the to the cinque ports, 64 m. S. S. of London,
city has not recovered its former gandeur. Wil- IVinehtndon, p.t. Worcester Co. Maas. 6 a
na was taken by the Russians in 171M, and, with N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,463.
its territory, annexed to that empire. The French H^nrAeffir, p.v. Cheshire Co. N. H. 73d.S.
took possession of it in 1812, but evacuated it W. Concord on the Connecticut, with manafK-
the same year. It is seated on the Vilia, 180 m. tures of woolen, colton, nails, and oil. Pop. 2^
E. of Konigsberg and 240 N.B. of Warsaw. Long. Winrhester^ p.t. Frederick Co. Va. 30 in.9.
25. 2H. E.,lat. 54. 41. N. W. Harper^s Ferry. It is regularly ana hiti-
WVsdttrf^ a town of Saxony, in Meissen, near sumely built in a pleasant situation and Iuisc«>d.
which the Saxons were defei\ted by the Prussians siderable trade and manufactures, a mfdioil
in 1745. It is 9 m. W. of Dresden. school and an academy. There are somemiofnl
FFiV^nocA, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, springs in the neighbourhood, and the towns
14 m. N. W. of Havelberg. much frequented in summer bj people from Uie
/n/son, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. lower country.
25,477, Lebanon is the capital. ; p.t. Niagara Winchester, p.t. Litchfield Co. Conn. Pop. I.Tfy.
Co. N T. Pop. 913. Guernsey and Ohio Co. Randolph Co. Ind.Clirke
Wilson^ p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. Pop. 1,650 ; Co. Ken., Franklin Co. Ten., and Wayne Gl
p.t. Hillsborough Co. N. H. Pop. 1,061 ; p.t. Mississippi.
Fairfield Co. Conn. 77 m. S. W. Hartford. Pop. IVinchesUr^ n city in Hampeliire, Eng. Itli
2.095; p.t. Saratoga Co. N. Y. 15 m. N. W. one mile and a half in circumference, and his S
Ballaton Spa. Pop. 1,303. churchea, besides the cathedral, in a-hieb irfFe
WittonvilU, p.v. Bath Co. Va. interred several Saxon kiiiKsand queens, whn«
WiUon Ilillt p.v. Shelby Co. Alab. bones were collected by bishop Fox, pot inlo
fVUsowitz, a town of the Austrian states, in small gilded cofEns, and placed on a wnll is ihe
Moriria, 15 m. E. N. E. of Ilradisch. S. side of the chojr. In this cathedral is the mir-
IVifUm, a borough in WilUhire 85 m. W. by S. blc coffin of William Riifus. In the viciniir is Si
of London. Mary's Collejre, founded by William of W»kf-
IVUtshire^ a county of England, 53 miles long ham ; and contiguous to it is a spacious qii3dr.<n-
and 38 broad ; bounded on the E. by Berkshire gnlar edifice for commoners or gentlemen noioi
and Hampshire. The number of inhabitants in the foundation. At the S. end of the city \9\hf
1821 was 222,157. The air is sharp on the hills hospital of St. Cross, founded by a bishop of tb>s
in winter, but is mild during that season in see, for a master, nine poor brethren, and foor
tl>e vale's. The land in the N. part is generally out-pensioners. All travellers who call «l tbli
hilly and woody, but afibrds excellent pasture hospital haVe a right to demand some bread ind
for cattle, and here is made the Wiltshire beer, which is always brought to them. tiam-W.
cheese so much esteemed. In the S. the soil is by N. of London.
rich and fertile. In the middle it chiefly consists IVintlav, a sea- port of Russia, in the ^rtn
of downs, that aflTord the best pasture for sheep; ment of Courland, with a castle. Theexpor»i
and in the vsllejrs, which divide the downs, are are pitch, tar, wax, &c., and some ships areboiK
corn-fields and rich meadows. Its principal com- here. It stands at the mouth of a river of ii>«
modities are sheep, wool, wood, and stone ; of same name, in the Baltic, 86 m, N. W. of MilUt
this last there are excellent quarries on the bsnk and 100 N. by £. of Memel. Long. 21. 50.£.,Ut
of the Nndder, where some of the stones are 23 57. 15. N.
yards in length, and four in thickness, without a Wtntlf.rmfrp^ or IVinantlervtere, the mostexiw
flaw. The chief manufactures are the different sive lake in England, lying betwe«*n Wettmor
branches of the clothing-trade. Salisbury is the land and Lancashire. It extends 15 m. fr^n A'
capital. to S., but is not more than a mile broad. U it &*
WIN • 788 WIN
nous for its fine ehar, and abundance of tront, the lower ward of the eastJe it St. George *s chap-
perch, pike, and eel. lu principal feeders are the el, ain ele^nt and highly finished structure, of
rivers Rothay and Brathay, and its outlet the ri- pointed architecture, he^an by Kdward 111, in
▼cr Leven. This lake is intersected by several 1737, in honer of the oraer of the greatt»r. On
promontories, and spotted with islands. Among the S. side of the town is the great park, which
these, the Holme, or Great Island, an oblong is 14 m. in circumference. From that part of the
tract of 30 acres, crosses the lake in an oblong castle called the round tower, the eye embraces
line, surrounded by a number of inferior isles, one of the roost noble and extensive prospttcLs irf
finely wooded. in England ; for not fewer than 12 counties may
IVind Ottp, p.v. Northampton Co. Pa. be discerned with the naked eye ; while the land*
IVtndhnm, a county of Vermont. Pop. 28,758 scape presents every combination of picturesque
Newfane is the capital \ a county of Connecticut, beauty. Windsor is 22 m. W. London.
Pop 20,077. Brooklyn, is the capital. Windsor ^k county of Vermont. Pop. 40,C32.
Windham, p.v. Cumberland Co. Me.; p.t. Rock- Windgor is the capital,
insrh". t Co. N. H. Pop. 1,006: p.v. Windham Winrfjwr, p.L Windsor Co. Vt, on the Connec-
Co. Vt. Pop. 84; p.t. Windham Co. Conn. Pop. ticut. Gl m. S. Montpelicr, and 112 N. W. Bos-
2,Ht2; p.t. Green Co. N. Y. Pop. 3,472; p.v. ton. It has a handsome thriving town with cnn*
P»rta<re Co Ohio. 148 ra. N. E. Columbus. Pop. siderable trade. Pop. 3,i34; p t. Kennt'bec Co
083 Me. Pop. 1,845; p.t. Berkshire Co. Mass. 120 m
Windlingen^ 9. town of the kinirdom of Wur- W. Boston. Pop. 1,042; p.t. Hartford Co. Conn
temberg. seated on the Lauter, 12 m. S. E. of 7 ni. N. Hartford. Pop. 3,220; p.t Browne Co
Siutt^ard N. Y. Pop. 2,175; p.t. York Co. Pa. Bertie Co.
Wlndshachf a town and castle of Germany, in N. R. and Ashtabula Co. Ohio,
the d'Strict of Anspach, on the Rednits, 10 m. S. Windsor Forest, a forest in tlie E. part of Bcrk-
£. of Anspach. ihire. 50 miles in circumference. Though the
Windskeimy a town of Germany, in Bavaria, soil is a^nerally barren and uncultivated, it is
surrounded with ramparts which serve for a prom- finely J i versified by hills and dales, woods and
enade. It is seated on the Aisch, 30 m. lawns, and delightful villas. Itcouteins several
8. E. of Wurtsburg and 32 S. S. W. of Bam- towns and villages, of which Oakingham is the
berg. principal.
Windsor, a borough in Berkshire, Eng. seated Windward Islands, such of the Caribbce islands
on an eminence, on the Thames, with a market in the W. Indies as commence at Martlnico and
on Saturdav. It has been a royal demesne ever extend to Tobago.
since the time of William the Conqueror, who Windward Passage, the strait between Point
received it from the hands of the nhboi of West- Maisi, the E. end of the island of Cuba, and Cape
minster, in exchange for lands in Essex. The St. Nicholas, the N. W. extremity of St. Uomin*
picturesque beauty of its scenery, ite noble forest, go.
and the interesting historical associations connect- Witfield, p.v. Herkimer Co. N. Y. 91 m. N. W.
ed with the vicinity, all combine to confer upon Albany. Pop. 1,778.
it peculiar attractions ; but it owes its chief cele- WindhafL p.t. Bennington Co. Vt. Pop. 571.
brity to its magnificent castle, the favorite resi- Iftnnfn^. a town and Castle of Wurtemberg, 12
denceofa lon^ line of kings. This castle stands m. P.. N. E. Stuttgard.
upon a high hill, which rises from the town by IVtnnieza, a town of Austrian Poland, with a
a gentle accent ; and iU fine terrace, faced witn castle; seated on the river Bog, 35 m. N. of
a rampart of free- stone, 1,870 feet In length, is Bracklau.
one of the noblest walks in Europe, with respect Winnipeg, s lake of Upper Canada, N. W. lake
to strength, grandenr, and prospecte. It was built Superior. It is 240 m. long and from 50 to 100
oriffinally by William the Conqueror, and enlarg- broad, and exhibits a body of water next in size to
ed by Henry I. Edwsrd HI. (who was born in Lake Superior. It receives the waters of several
it) caused the greater part of the edifice to be ta- small lakes in every direction, and contains a
ken down and rebuilt in its present form. Great number of small islands. The lands on its banks
additions were made to it by Edward IV., Henry produce vast quantities of wild rice, and the su-
VII., Henry VIII., and Elisabeth. Charles if. gar-tree in great plenty.
enlarged the windows and made them regular, Winipiseo^ett, r. N. H., which runs from lake
furnislied the royal' apartmente with paintings, Winnipiseogee into the Merrimack, S. of the San-
enlarged the terrace walk on the N. side, aiid bornton.
carried it round the E. and S. sides. Afler the Winipisiagee, a lake of N. Hampshire in Straf-
iccension of the present house of Brunswick, ford Co., surrounded by the towusnips of ^ntre
and in particular during the reign of George HI. harbour, Moultonborough,Toflonborough, Wolfs-
splendid improvemente were made; and under borough, Altim, Guilford, and Meredith. Long,
his late majesty Georsre IV., it assumed ite pres- 71. 5. to 71. 25. W., lat 43. 29. to 43. 44. N. It is
ent ^rand and magnificent appearance. The cas- about 23 m. long, from S. E. to N. W., and about
tie IS divided into two large courte, sepanted 10, where widest broad. It receives the waters
from each other by the round tower allotted for of several small streams, but is supplied chiefly
the residence pf the governor. On the N. side by subjacent Bprinfirs,and ite waters are conveyed
of the upper courts are the state apartments, on oflT by the river Winipiseogee, which joins the
the B. the private apartments of his late majesty, western branch of the Merrimack, at the S. W.
and on tlie S. the suite of rooms set apart for tlie corner of Sanbomton, opposite Salisbury, near
officers of state. In the centre of the court is an Webster's ftlls. It is 473 fi-et above the level of
equestrian stetne of Charles H. The royal apart- the ocean, and 232 above the Merrimack, at the
niente are adorned with a splendid collection of junction of their waters ; and in some places it is
paintings, chiefly formed by the late king, and unfiithomable by any means in tlie possession of
the royal chapel is embelleshed with a variety of the inhabitents. It abounds in fish, and ite wa-
tuperb carvings, by tlie celebrated Gibbons. In tera are remarkaUj port, bat little, if at all infii-
win 98C WIS
nor to thoM of lake Oeorg«, N. T. It if of a bj N. of MuUflcwich. Here b a
Ytfj irregular form ; in tlie N. W. it divides into manufactore of mU, and abundance of aaJt rock,
3 branches, or large bays, and in the S. E. is a of which great quantities are s^nl to Ltwrpoo
long arm, called Merrifmeeting Bay. Several large for exportation.
promontories intrude into the lake ; the principal WinMow^ a town in Backinghamshtre, £ng. 4S
of which are Meredith neck, Moultonboronrh m. W. N. W. of London.
neck, and Taftonbonmgh neck. It is bordered In WinsUnOf p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 45 bl H.
various parts by hills and mountains ; on the N. Wi^aimet Pop. 1,259.
W. is Red Mountain, on the N. Ossipee, on the S. WintUr, a town in Derbyshire, Eng. ntetle
Mount Major, and Gunstock mountain. The lake among rich lead-mines, 26 m. N. N. W. of Derby.
contains a great multitude of islands said to Winterhtrg^ a town of Bohemia, with a celcbn-
amount to &5 ; some of them large enough for ted glass manufactory, 77 m. S. by W. of Prm.
farms of considerable extent, and are of beautiful WitUerin^kamf a town in Lincolnakirey ^af .
appear«nce. The prospect of the lake and its en- 33 m. N. of Lincoln.
virons is enchanting. /KtnierfAvr, a town of Switzerland, in tbe eas-
The following description of tbe appearance of ton of Zurich, where thete are mineral bstbi.
the lake as seen from the summit of Rnd moun- The articles made herp by the smitlio and turDen
tain is given by Dr. Dwight. — '* Immediately at are in great estimation ; and it has manalmclBrrs
the foot of the height, on which we stood, and in of earthenware, striped camlets, and cotton. It
the bottom of the immense valley below, spread is seated in a fertile plain, on the river Alacb, J2
south-eastward the waters of the Winipiseogee m. E. N. £. of Zurich.
in complete view *, except that one or two of its tt'intrrton, a village on the E. cnast of Norfolk,
arms were partially concealed by intervening Eng. near a promontory called W^intirtonoeSf
peninsulas. A finer object of the same nature on which is a light-house, 8 m. N. bj W. of Ya^
was perhaps never seen. Tbe lakes, which I had month.
visited in my northern and western excursions, Winikrop, p.t. Kennebec Co. Me. 10 m. W.
were all of them undivided masses boriered by Augusta. Pop. 1,887.
shores comparitively straight. This was, centrally, Winton.^ p.t. Hertford Co. N. C. 153 m. N. £.
a vast column, if I may be allowed the term, 23 m. Raleigh.
in len^h and from 6 tod in breadth, shooting out IVfnUmburg^ p.v. Hartford Co. Conn.
with mimitable beauty, a succession of arms. Winya-w Say^ in S. Carolina receives tbe Pe-
some of them not inferior in length to the whole dee, Waccamaw and Winee Rivera, and joiat
breadth of the lake. These were fashioned witb the sea, 12 m. below Georgetown,
every elegance of figure, bordered with the most Winwesitr. a town of Germany, capital of t^
beautifiil winding snores, and studded with a mul* county of Falkeostein. 24 m. W. S. W. of
titude of islands. Their relative positions, also, Worms and 27 N. E. of Deux Pointa.
could scarcely be more happy. WinwUk^ a village in Lancashire, Eng. 3 b.
" Manv or the islands are large, exquisitely N. of Warrin|yton. It is deemed the riclieat xtt-
fashioned, and arranged in a manner not less sin- lory in the kin|[dom ; and on the S. aide of tbe
gular than pleasing. As they met the eye, when church U a I^tin inscription, intimating that tiie
surveyed from this summit, they were set in place was once a favourite seat of Oawald, kiag
groups on both sides of the great channel, and lefl of Northumberiand.
Uiis vast field of water unoccupied between them. IVipperfurt, a town of Prussia, in the proviBce
Their length was universally at right angles to ofCJeveaand Ber^,- seated on the Whipper, 38
that of the lake, and they appeared as if several m. E. 9. fi. of Dosseldorf.
chain of hills oriffnally crossing the country in IVippra, n town of Prussian Bazony, 10 m. W.
that direction, had by some convulsion been merg- N. W. of Eisleben.
ed in the water so low, that no part of them was fVirksfcortk, a town of Prussian Saxony 10 a.
lefl visible; except the oblong segments of their W. N. W. of Eisleben.
summits. Of those, which, by their sixe and sit- IVirksKortk^ h town in Derbyshire, Eng. 141
nation, were most conspicuous, I counlpd 45, m. N. N. W. of London.
without attempting to enumerate the smsller ones, Wisbadenj a town uf Germany, in the duebyo£
or such as were obscured. The points, which in- Nassau. It has some warm hatha, formerly' cf
trude into this lake are widely different from great repute ; 6 m. N. of Mentz and 23 W. ef
those of lake George ; bold, masculine bluffs, im- Frankfort.
pinging directly upon the water. These, in sev- Wisbaack, a town in Cambridgeshire, Eng.
eral instances, were spacious peninsulas, fitting 34 m. N. N. W. of Cambridge and O) N. of Loa-
to become rich and delightful residences of man, don.
oflen elevated into handsome hills, and sloping ^i»hy^ a sea-port of Sweden, capital of the isk
gracefully into the lake.'* of Gothland, with a cantle. It is seated on tJie
mfmUborough, p.v. Fairfield Dis. S. C. 30 m. side of a rock, on the Baltic, 129 m. S. by E.* of
yr. Columbus. Stockholm. Lonff. 18. 41. E., lat. 57. 36. N.
9P(n«£Aof«a, a fortified town of the Netherlands ffiseassetj pX. Lincoln Co. Me, on Sheepecat
in Groningen. Here, in 1568. was fought the Hiver, 55 in. N. £. Portland. It is a port of ea-
first battle between the revolted Dutch and the try and has a considerable trade in lumber and
Spaniards, who were defeated by Lewis, brother wood. Pep. 2,443.
to the prince of Orangre. It is 6 ro. S. of Dolbart WismoTf s strong sea- port of Germany, in the
Bay arid 19 E. S. £. of Groningen. duchy of Mecklenburg with a citadel. It hu
WinseHf a town oriffanover, with a castle, sett- sufiifred frequently by war; and in 1716 it vu
ed on the Lube, near its eotifluence with the II- taken by tbe northern confederates, who blew uf
menau, 15 m. N. W. of Lunenburg. — Another, and raxed its former fortifications. The three
seated on the Aller, 6 m. below Zell and 47 S. 8. principal churches, the townhouse, and the palaot
W. of Lunenburg. of Mecklenburg, are its most remarkable build-
Wmrfard, a vifiage in Cheshire, Eng. 4 m. W. ings. It is sitatAd on a bay of the Baltic, 90 m
V
WOA TBB WOL
E. by PI. of Labee and 33 W. 8. W. of Rottook. a deep Talley ; bot the wttor U bltektah for 800
Loni^. 11. 34. E., Ut. 53. 56. N. yards from the entrance. It is suppoaed to eon-
fVutom, a town of Wales, in Pembrokeshire, tain 60,000 inhabitants. Lieut. Herffist, who had
fUS m. W. N. W. of London. been sent from Engrfand, in 1791 , with a supply of
WUepsk, a strong town of European Russia, provisions for captain Vancover, then on a voyage
with a castle. The French entered it in 1812, of discovery, was here surprised and murdered Sy
bat evacuated it the same year. It is seated in a the natives, together witn Mr. Gooch, the as*
morass, at the confluence of the Dwina and Wide- tronomer. Long. 157. 51. W. lat. 91 . 43. N.
ba 65 ra. 1&. of PoloUk and 80 W. N. W. of fVoium, a town in Bedfordshire, Eng. It
Smolensk. Long. 89. 40. E., lat. 55. 43. N. had an ancient abbey, on the site of which stands
WUgtnmUj a town of Bohemia, in the circle of the magnificent building called Wobum Abbey i
Bechin, on the river LaunsniU, 14 m. £. of Bod- the seat of the duke of Bedford. 48 m. N. N. W.
weis. of London.
fVUgensUiKj a castle of Germany, which gives Wobum f p.t. Middlesex Co. Mass. 10 m. N. W.
name to a small county belonging to Hesse>Darm- Boston, on the Middlesex Canal. Pop. 1,977.
stadt It sUnds on a high rock, 13 m. N. W. of Here is a beautiful sheet of water called Hora
Marburg. Pond, environed by steep woody hills and afibrd-
lyUkam^ a town in Essex, Eng. 38 m. E. N. E. ing the most delightful scenery,
of London. H^odiuan, a town of Bohemia, seated on the
fVUUekf a town of Prussia, in the province of Bianitz, 12 m. 8. of Piseck.
Lower Rhine. It has a castle called Ottenstetn, H'oer«fen, a town of the Netherlands, in 8. HuU
and in its neighbourhood are many copper-mines, land, seated on the Rhine, 10 m. W. of Utrecht.
It is seated on the Leser, 19 m. N. N. E. of IVoketf, or OkeVf a village in Somersetshire,
Treves. En?, on the N. side of the Mendip Hills, 2 m. W .
H^nsy, a town in Oxfordshire, Eng. Here of Wells. Here is a famous cavern, called Wokey
are manufactures of the finest blankets, and other Hole.
thick woolens, called bearskins and kerseys. Ifoking a village in Surrey, Eng. on the river
65 m. W. N. W. of London. Wey, 5 m. N. N. E. of Guilford.
fVuMtoek^ a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, frorkingkam or Orkinrham, a corporate town in
with celebrated cloth manufactures: seated on Berkshire, Eng. 31 m. W. by S. of London,
the river Dosse, 17 m. N. N. W. of Ruppio. fVoUntf a sirons town of Prussia, Silesia, eapi-
WiUenhtrg^ a strong town of Prussian Saxony, tal of a principality of the same name, with a
with a famous uni? ermty and a castle. The cele- fine castle, many handsome buildings, and ajrreat
brated Martin Luther began the Reformation here, woolen manufacture. It is seated near the Oder,
in 1517, and is buried in a chapel belonging to surrounded by a morass, 80 m. N. W. of Breslan.
the castle. In 1821 a colossal sUtue was erected Long. 16. 45. E., lat. 51. 18. N.
here to his memory. Wittenberg has suflfer- WMtky a town of the Prussian states, in the gov-
ed greatly by wars, particularly in the seige emment of Munster, 7 m. S. S. W. of Monster.
Dy the AustrSans in 1760; and in 1813 it was IVoleoUj pi. rieans Co. Vt. 63 m. N. Mont-
taken by the allies afler a short sie^. It pelier. Pop. 498. ; p.t. N. Haven Co. Conn. 25
is seated on the Elbe, over which is a bridge, 65 m. N. New Haven. Pop. 844. ; p.t. Wayne Co.
m. N. W. of Dresden. Long. 13. 45. E., lat. 51. N. Y. Pop. 1,085.
54. N. froteotsvme,p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn.
WlUenktrgt a town of Prussia, in Br»tjdenborg, ITMeekf a town of Germany, in the dnchy ol
seated on the Elbe, 7 m. S. S. W. of Perleberg. Mecklenburg, 81 m. E. N. B. of Strelits.
Waunberg^ a town of Germany, in Mecklen- Weifuekt a town of Baden, on a river of tbo
burg. 15 m. %¥. 8. W. of Schwerin. same name, at ita oonfloenoe with the Kiniig 19,
friu^eiMfSM, a town of Russia, in the govern- m. N. E. of Priburg.
ment of Livonia, 40 m. 8. E. of Revel. ' Wotfltorvu^, p.t. Strallbfd Co. N. H. 45 m. N
WiUltMey-mere^ a lake in the N. E. part of E.Concord. Pop. 1,928.
Huntingdonshire, Eng. 6 m. long and 3 broad. It IFo/jfciivtitte£, a principality of Germany, which
is 4 m. 8. of Peterborongh. eonstitutes part ofthe duchy of Brunswick. It is di
WitUkurg, p.v. Erie Co. Pa. vided into two parts the principalities of I lelderheil,
WUxenhMusem,^Uiwn of Germany ,inHesse-Cas- Halberstadt : the northern borders on the duchies
sel, seated on the Werra, 18 m. E. by N. of of Lunenburg and Ma|;deburff; the sonthem lies
Cassel. between the principality of Hildesheim, the ab-
WieeUscomh, a town in Somersetshire, Eng. bey of Corvey, and the county of Wernigerode.
with a considerable manufiicture of blanketing. The N. part piijduces abundance of grass, grain,
kerseys, and other coarse cloths. 153 m. W. by fiax, hemp, silk, and various kinds of pulse end
8. of London firuit. The 8. part is hilly and has little arable
ffioeaAoe, a village in Essex. Eng. on the Coin land, but yields plenty of timber and iron, and
8 m. 8. E. of Colchester, of which it is the port, has manolPaetures of glass and fine porcelain, with
The Colchester oysters are chieliy barrelled at a very rich mine and salt works in the Halts
this place. Forest. The principal rivers are the Weser,
ir/«4<c4<M0, a town of Poland, capital of a pala- Leine, and Ocker. The established religion is
tinate of its name and of the province of Cnjavia. the Lutheran.
with a fort. It stands on the Vistula. 96 ro. W Wm^etnutuiy a strong eity of Gormany, eapi-
N. W. of Warsaw. Long. 18. 50. E., lat. 58. 54. tal of the foregoing principality. It has a castle,
N. formerly the residence of the dukes, in which is
IFoaAoo, one of the Sandwich islands, 7 leagnes an excellent library, with a cabinet of coriooitiea
N. W.ofMorotoi. From the appearance of the relating to natural history. In the prinoipa.
N. E. and N. W. parts, it is the finest island of shorch is the burial-place of the princes, which
the group. A bay is formed by the N. and W. ex- is an admirable piece of arohiteotnre. Wolfon-
trsmitics, into whieh a fine rivor fiowo, thioogh battel is seated in a marshy noil, on tbo Ooker* 7
W 3 v9
7M won
m. €. W W. of Braof wick an4 30 W. of HallMr- ITflMbfodk, p.t. Oxford Go. Me 56 m H. Port-
ilMult. Ijooff. 10. 45. E., laL 58. 10 N. land. Pop. 573; p.t. Windior Co. Vl. 79 m. &
Wo^trsdtke, a small island of the Netherlands Montpelier. Pop. 3,044 ; p.t. Wtndhain Co.
in Zealand, between N.and S. Beveland. Conn. 48 m. N. E. Hartford, with majralactiins
iro{f«6er^, a town of Aostrian Illyrta, in Carin- of cotton and woolen. Pop. 2fiQS; p.t. Ubte
thia, with a castle ; seated on the Lavant, at the Co. N. T. with mannfiictares of iron and glan.
Ibot of a mountain, S6 m. £. N. £. of Clagenfart. Pop. 1 ^6 ; p.U Shenandoah Go. Va. 100 m. W.
Wolgasif a sea- port of Prussia, in Pomerania, Washington p.t. Hjde Co. N. C.
with one of the best harbours on the Baltic. On- Woodstock, a borough in Oxfordshire, Eng. It
W the tower of its %ncient castle is now standing, is chiefly noted for Blenheim-houee, bailt at the
It is seated on the Pieene, or W. channel of the expense of the nation Tor the duke of Marlboioqgb,
Oder, 54 m. N. W. of Siettin. Long. 13. 52. £., in memory of his signal victory over the French
kt. 54. 4. N. and Bavarians in 1704. Woodstock has a maoa.
WolkauteiH, a town of Saxony, in the circle of fixture of gloves, and of steel watch chains. The
Ersgeberg, witha castle on a rock ; seated new poet Chaucer was bom, lived and died here. It
the Zscbopa. 15 m. S. 8. £. of ChemniU. is 8 m. N. W. of Oxford and 62 W. N. W. of
H^olk&miuky a town of Prussia, in the govern- London,
ment of Grodno, seated on the Aos, 23 m. 8. £. yPsorfsCmon, p.v. Salem Go. N. J. 26 m. S.
•f Grodno. PhHad.
IVolUn, a fortified town of Pomerania, capital fVoodsvUU, p.v. Jeflerson Co. N. T. 158 ra. N.
of a fertile island of the same name, between the W. Albany ; p.v. Culpeper Co. Va., Uaaorer Co.
two Eastern branches of the Oder. It is seated Va., Perquimans Co. N. C, Warren Go. Tea^
on the Diwenow, 12 m. S. W. of Camtn and 30 Decatur Co. A lab. and Wilkinson Co. MianssippL
N. of Stettin. Long. 14. 40. £., lat 53. 50. N. H^ooler, a town in Northumberland, £ng. 14
H'olmirHadlf a town of Prussian Saxony, in m. S. of Berwick and 317 N. by W. of Losidea.
Magdeburg, on the river Ohra^ 10 m. N. of *Mag« Wbolwiek^ a town in Kent, En^. It is the
deburg. most ancient military and naval arsenal in Eog-
Woutesoky a town of Russia, in the government land, and has a royal dock-yard, where men of
•f Novogorod, 100 m. S. £. of Novogoiod. Long, war were built as early as the reign of Henry
34. 20. £., lat. 57. SO. N. VIII. At the eastern part of the town is the
WoUinghmm, a town in the county of Dorhum, royal arsenal, in which are vast magnsines of
Eng. amid mines of lead and coal, 16 m. W. of great guns, mortars, bombs, balls, powder, and
Durham and 257 N. N. W. of London. other warlike stores; a foundry, with three fur-
WoherhmmpUmj a town in Staffordshire, Eng, naces, for casting ordnance ; and a lahoraiory.
Here arc manufactures of various kinds of iron, where fireworks and cartridges are made, and
brass, steel, and tin goods, japanned and paper bombs, carcases, grenades, &c^ char|red lor the
wares, &e. It is seated on a hill, nearly encom- public service. A little to the 8. of the arsenal
aassed by canals, 16 m. 8. of Stafford and ISBI N. are extensive artillery barracks, for the aeeoss-
W. of London. modation of the officera and privates : and a little
FFo/0Sv,a village in Warwickshire, Eng. 5 m. further 8. a royal military acaderojr, where the
8. E. of Nuneaton. mathematics are tauirht and cadets instructed in
Wameldorf. p.v. Berks Co. Pa. the military art.* Woolwich is seated on the
Wood, a countr of the W. Die. of Virginia. Thames, which is here so deep that large ahiM
•Pop. 6,400. Parkersburg is the capital. A c lun- mav at all times ride with safety It is 8 m. E
ty of Ohio. Pop. 1,005. Perrysburg is the cap- of London.
Hal. Woolwiek,p.i. Lincoln Co. Me. 40 m. N. E.
Wooibriig$, irtown in Sofiblk, Eng. 77 m. N. Portland. Pop. 1,484.
£. nf ^London. Wooator^ p.t. Wayne Co. Ohio. 89 m. N. E.
WMOfridg^y a township of N. Haven Co. Conn. Columbus. Pop. 1,953.
7 m. N. W. New Haven. Pop. 2,049. ; p.v. Mid- fTereefter, a central county of Massmchnaetta
dlesex Co. N. J. 10 m. N. E. New Brantwiok. Pop. 84,365. Worcester is thecapital. A eoonty
WoodkuT^^ p.v. Litchfield Co. Conn. 19 m. N. of MaryUnd. Pop. 18,271. Snowhill in the cap-
W. New Haven. Pop. 2,045 ; t. Caledonia Co. Vt ital.
Pop. 824. ; p.v. Gloucester Co. N. J ; t Bedford Woreuter, p.t Worcester Go. Mass. 40 m. W.
and Huntingdon Cos. Pa. Boston. It is one of the largest inland towns in
fFsoddkesfer, a village in Gloucestershire, Eng. the state and has a communfcation with the
2 m. 8. of Stroud. It has a broad-cloth and a watera of Narraganset Bay by the Blackstone
•ilk manufacture. A great tessellated pavement Canal. The town is handsomely built, and the
•nd other splendid Roman antiquities have been neijj^hbouring country 'is ^trj pleasant and w^
discovered nere. cultivated. Mere is the library of the Amencaa
ireo^fofd, a county of Kentucky. Pop. 12^294 ; Antiquarian Society, consisting of 6,000 TolnmesL
t Bennington Go. Vt. Pop. 395. Versailles is A SUte Insane Asylum has recent] v been esuh-
the capital. lished here. A cattle show is held here annoally
Wood tatsft, p.v. Edgefield Dis. 8. C. and the trade of the town is very flourishing
Woods, Loke ^ tAs, a lake of N. America, 90 Ptop. 4,172.
m, long, and 30 where broadei«t, but very inregu- WoreewUr, p.t. Otsego Go. N. T. 74 m. W
W in iti "iiap^- '^ Hes between Lake Winnipeg Albany. Pop. 2,093. A township of Montgnotneiy
and Lake Superior, chiefly in Upper Canada, Co. Pa.
hut the 8. part is in the territory of the United Worcotter, one of the most ancient and mpee-
flutes. The lands on its banks are eoverad with table cities of England, ths capiul of Worcester-
«aks, pines, firs, &o. shire, and a bishop's see. It contains 1 1 charchcs,
Woodoboro, p.v. Frederick Go. Md. besides the cathedral, also a number of meeting-
Woodsfioldf p.T. Monioe Co. Ohio. 120 m. £. houses for various sectaries as well as Roman
Catholics. £dgar*f Tower, a stroHf portal, is
W«1i 99 WVR
^MTt of ito uieienlt eMll« ; here ve tit* thiee wm sffatn taken by tbem in 1794. It is MatMl o«
^rammar-Mhools, weren hcMpitals, a public in- the Rhine, 27 ni.S. S. W.ofMenU. Long. 8.28
%rinary, and a well contrived quay. Worce«ter £., lat. 49. 36. N.
js ifOTeriied by a mayor, earriea on a conaidemble * WorsUyy a town in Lancashire, Eng. celebrated
trade in hops, carpels, and glorea, has a large for the iinnicnse quantity of coal in its vicinity
manufacture uf elegant china-ware, manufactures and for being the place where the duke of Bridge
of fine lace, an extensive iron foundry, distillery, water first commenced his canal navigation. It
Ac., and contains about 19,(M)0 inhabitants. Here b 6 m. N. N. W. of Manchester.
Cromwell, in 1651, obtained a victory over the ITorsfea^, a town of Norfolk, £ng. This plane
Scotch Mjtmjy which had marched into £ngland is noted for the introduction of that sort of twist
to reinstate Charles IL, who, after this defeat, ed yarn called wmstead ', and was formerly m
esciped with sreat difficulty into France. Wor^ place of considerable trade, though now reduced
cAsier is seated.on the Severn, 30 m. N. N. £. of to a mere village. It is 12 m. N. of Norwich aiid
Bristol and 111 W.N. W. of LondoA* Long. 121 N. £. of London.
fi. 0. W., lat 52. 9. N. iVartkingtom, p.t Hampshire Co. Mass. 110 m
tVbressterskire, a county of £ngland, 44 m. W.Boston. Pop. 1,178; p.r. Franklin Co. Ohia
long and 24 broad ; bonnded on the N. by Shrop- 9 m. N. Columbus.
shire and Suffordshire, E. by Warwickshire, 8. WoUan Ibipsst, a borough in Whiltahire, £nff.
C and S. by Gloneestershire, and W. by Here- 88 ro. W. of London.
fordshire. It contains 613,240 acres, is divided Ffottsn-amier-f^gs, a town m Gloucestershire,
into five hundreds and 152 parishes, has one city £ng. with extensive manufactures of cloth. It 10
and 1 1 market-towns, and sends nine members seated under a fertile eminence, 2U m. N. £. of
ti> parliament. In 1821 the number of inhabitants Bristol and 109. W. N. W. of London,
was 184,424. The soil in the vales and meadows fVraghf^ town in Lincolnshire, £ng. 143 m. N
is very rich, particularly the vale of £vesham, of London.
which is styled the granary of these parts. The WrtUk, Cmpm^ a mmontory of Bootland, im
hills have ^nenily an easy ascent, except the Sutberlandshire, which is the N. W. point of
Malvern Hills in the 8. W. part of the county. Great Britain. Against its rugged and lofty diiSi
which feed large flocks of sheep. The other hilb the rapid tides bunts with incredible fury. Lomi
are the Lickv, near Bromsgrove, towards the N. ; 4. 47. W«, lat 58. 34. N.
and the Bredon Hills, towards the 8. E. Here Wrekm, a noted hill or mountain in Bhropsbiffo^,
are plenty of iruits of most sorts, especially pears, £iig* 8 m. E. 8. E. of Bhrewsbury . It was a &
which are in many places found growing in the mous station of the Romans, and its height 10
liedges. The commerce and roanufaetures are reckoned 1,200 feet.
considerable. The chief exports are ooal, corn, IKrenlAam, p.t Norfolk Co. Mass. 24 m. 8« W.
hops, cloth, cheese, cider, peny, and salt The Boston, with manuiacturesof ootton^ woolen, and
principal rivers are the Bevern, Teme, and Avon, straw bonnets. Pop. 2,765.
It^oronn, a town of the Netherlands, in 8. Hoi- Wreduam, a town of Wales, in llenbighsbire.
land, seated on the 8. side of the Mense, Jnst be* It is a great mart fiir flannel, and a place oC coo
low the influx of the Waal, 8 m. N. N. £. of eiderabfe traffic. 180 m. N. W. of London.
Hensdan. IFrtexcit,or BruHM^ town of Prussia, in Braa
fVaremm, a town of the Netheriands, in Fries* denbnrg. aitoate on a lake formed by the inunda
land, Id m. 8. W. of Lewarden. tions of the Oder, 37 m. E. N. E. of Berlin.
fVordinghorfy a sea-port of Denmark on the 8. Wrigkt$kor^, p.v. Union Dis. 8. C ; p.v. Co
eoast of the island of Zealand, firom which there Inmbia Co. Geo. 104 m. N. E Milledfle
is s much IVeqoented passage to the island Falster Tille.
and Laland. It is 46 m. 8. 8. W. of Copenha- WrighUtwmy p.v. Burlington Co. N. J. 21
gen. liong. 11. 58. £., lat. 55. 3. N. n. 8. £. Trenton, t Belmont Co. Ohio.
Warkingtvn, a sea-port in Cumberland, Eng. WrigkUmlU, p.v. York Co. Pa. and Duplin Co
seated at the mouth of the Derwent, on the eoast N. C
of tlie Irish Sea. The river admiu vessels of 400 PTrrngfon, a town in Bomersetshire, Eng. It
tons burden, and the harbour is commodious, was the birth-place of the celebrated Locke, and
In the neighbourhood are a large iron foundry, is seated near the source of the Yeo. 10 m. S.
•onie sslt-works, and numerous collieries. The W. of Bristol and 125 W. of London,
principiil manufactures rire canvas and cordage, M^rocAsm, a decayed town in Kent, £ng.94 m.
.out tlu> nnal trade is its clnef support It is 7 m. 8. E of London.
W. by 8. of Cfickermonth and 'M2 N N. W. of WroiMer^ a village in Shropshire, Eng. said lo
London. f«r»ng. 3. 27. W., lat 54. :U. N. have been fermerly a oity boilt by the Britons.
IVorkmpfn town in Nottinghamshire, Krtg. The it ippeara to have been surrour^led by a thick
eanal fraui Chesterfield to the Trent passes Bt^ar wall and a deep trench which may he traced ui
this town. It is 32 m. K. W of Newark and 146 several places. 5 m. 8. £. of Shrewsbury
•N. by W. of London. fVunnentrerg^ a town oC Prussian Westphalia.
fKsnos, a «ity of Oormany* in Hesse- Darmstadt which received its name from a victory gaiae€
formerly the capital of a prmnrly biahoprie of the hy Charlemagne over the Saxons in 974 It is 14
same name.* It is famous <or a diet held in Llttl, m. 8. of Paderborn.
at which Luflier aaaiated in person. The eathf- Wwuiedd, a town of Bavarian Franeonia, near
dral is magnificent, and tin? principal LutlieraM which are mines «»f co(tper and iron, and onarrict
'sburch has a beaatifnl ahar md fine patntinire. •f marble. It is seated on the Roaalau, 12 m. W
In the war of 1080 it waa taken by the Fr«mh, «f Egra and U4 K. of Banreuth.
• who almost ivdooed it to ashee. In 1743 a trsaty fnmemktrgf a kingdom of Oemiany, bounded
■was concluded here between itrekt Britain, Hun* E. by Bavaria and W. by Baden, and compriaing
i|ary, and Sardiaia. In 1798 Worms snrfendefw aaaieaof 8/100 sq. m., with 1,636,000 inhabit
ed to the French, who were obliged to evaenate ante. It aa one of the most popoioos and iertilt
-It the oMt year, after IIm lam of Mania j tetit oeaatriMi in Oennanr, tlwiigh then are waamf
lAL TB8 XXV
VfHmiiUins tnd woods. It prodooes plenty of fMS- caatle, a eatlMdral, tnd two dmrchet. Hmai
tmre, eorn, fruit, and a great deal of Neckar fine bleachinff grounda for Im^n ; bat tbe pmo.
wine — an called from the river Neckar, which pal trade it in beer, of which gfeattjoaiititiefltt
mna through the kingdom. There are alsd exported. It ia situate on the Moldaa, 15 n.L
mines and salt springs, and much eame. This of Leipsir.
coantry was erected into a kingdom by Napoleon WuttermMuemj a town of Pmssia, in Bnadn.
In 1805 ; and he made considerable additions to burg, seated on the Spree, 15 m. S. 8. £. of !#;•
it by the territories taken from Austria. In 1913 lin. — Another, seated on the Dosse, 17 m. L S
the allies, having engaged to serve the king in E. of Havelbnrg and 44 N. W. of Berlia.
his various aeoutsitions, received his support In Wuatnm^ a town of Hanover, in the dixlij tf
the invasion or France. Stuttgard is the capital. Lunenberg, seated on the Dnmme, at iti e«^
Wurtxburgy a district of Bavaria, in the circle enee with the Jutso, 14 m. 8. of Danoeberr.
of Lower Maine, comprehending a great part of Wythumgf p.t. Bradford Co. Pa. 30 n. 8. V
Franconia. It is 65 m. long and 50 broad, and is Montroee.
bounded on the N. by Henneberg, E. by Bam- Wycomhtxt High ^lyeomA a borough inBoek-
berg, 8. by Anspach, Hohenlohe, and Mergen* inghamahire Eng. A Roman Icsaelated ptrrsps.
thetm, and W. by Wertheim, Ments, and Fulda. was discovered in an adjaeent meadow ia 1744.
The soil is very iertile, and produces more corn 31 m. W. N. W. of London,
and wine than the inhabitants consume. This IFm, a town in Kent, Eng. 55 m. 8. Ltf
territory was formerly a bishopric, and its sove- Lon<u>n.
reign was one of the greatest ecclesiastic princes ^f*t ^ river of Wales, which imnm fr«
of tne empire ; but it was given as a principally Plyniimmon hill, in the 8. part of Montfosim*
to the elector of Bavaria in 1803; and by the shire, very near the source of the Seven. I
treatv of Presburg, in 1805, it was ceded to, the crosses the N. E. comer of Radnonhire, fnj^
arehauke Ferdinand, whose electoral title was name to the town of Rhyadergowy (fkllaftk*
transferred from Salaburg to this place. In 1814, Wye) where it is precipitated in a cttanet
however, it was again transierred to Bavaria, in Tlien, Howing between this eonnty sod Bmi.
exchange for the Tyrol, when the archduke Fer- nockahire, it enters Herefordshire, p»m^ W
diqand was reinstated in his TuscaiT dominions. Hay to Hereford, a few m. below wbieli it »
Wurtzkwgy a fortified city of Bavaria, capital oeives the Lug ; it then flows bjr Ross asd Mn-
of the circle of Lower Maine, with a magnificent month , and, separating the counties of Monnngt^
palace, a university, an arsenal, and a handsome and Gloucester, K enters the Severn belovCVp-
noapitftl. The fortreas stands on an eminence, stow. This river is navi^ble almost to Haj.u^
and communicates with the city by a stone biidge. a canal forms a communication between it u4
Besides the cathedral, there are several collegiate the 8evem from Hereford to Gloucester,
and parish ehurches, colleges, abbeys, and con- H'^Uiuhtrgf p.v. Charlotte Co. Va. IS a. 5.
vents. Here is a cannon and bell foundry ; also W. Richmond.
cloth and stuff manufactures, establiahed in the Wffmomdkmm, a town in Norfolk, Ea;. vrik
house of correction. Wurti^urg was taken by manufoctures of bombasines, Norwiehcnpei,ic.
the French in 1796 and anin in 1800. It is 100 m. N. N. £. of London,
seated on the Maine, 40 m'. W. 8. W. of Bam- fFyoming, p.v. Lozeme Co. Pa. sitoatF^ a i
berg and 85 E. 8. £. of Frankfort Long. 10. 14. valley among the Apalaohian Mountains 1 n. ins
fi.,lat. 49. 46. N. Wilkesbarre.
WurtMek^ a town of the kingdom of Wurtem- Wumx, p.t. Bradford Co. Pa.
berg, in the county of Waldburg, with a castle ; fPyCAc, a county of the W. Dia. of Virpia
situate on the Aitrach, 17 m. N. of Wangen and Pop. 12,163. Wythe ia the capttaL 351 n. faa
tt 8. by W. of Ulm. Waahington
fFkrMn or irnrtssn, a town of Saxony, with a
X
XABB A, a aea-port of Spain, in Taleneia, near of Angeloa and 80 £. of Mexico. Long. 96. V
the coast of the Mediterranean, 44 m. N. E. of W., kt. 19. 32. N.
Alieant. • Lnttg. 0. 3. £. lat. 38. 48. N. Xmhseo, a town of Mexico in a nrorinee of k
Xscen,or S«ora, a sea-port of Sicily, in Yal di name, 14 m. N. W. of Composteila. ^
Maxara, with an old castle. Here are large Xa/ten. or St. FAtlm, atownofSpain,iBViki
granaries for the reception of com intended to be cia. Having taken tne part of Charles Ill-t a
exported, and manufactures of beautiful vases. 1707, Philip v. ordered it to be demolislie<},tB4i
It IS seated on the 8. coast at the foot of a monn- new town to be built called St. Philip. It it ml-
Uin, 20 m. 8. E. of Maxara and 41 8. 8. W. of ed on the aide of a hill, at the foot of viMci
Palermo. Long. 13. 2.'E., lat 37. 41. N. runs the Xuoar. 32 m. 8. W. of Valendt vA
Xmm, a set-port on the 8. coast of the island 60 N. W. of Alieant. Long. 0. 14. W., blS.
of Cuba, sealed on a bay, which is five leagues 4. N.
in circumforence and surrounded by mountains. Xsma, or Jchkb, a province of Peru, 36 niiH
It is one of the finest ports in the W. Indies, and long and 45 broad, bounded by the monataiiMa
ia S4 m. 8. E. of Havana Long. 80. 45. W., the Indiana, and the provinces of Tarma, flioi-
lat 22. 10. N. ta, Angaraes, Xauyoa, and Gnaroehin. Thrcb-
To/ma, a town of Mexico, in Vera Crut, and a mate ia higrhly salubrioua, and the soil ieftik a
bishop^ see. This town is said to give name to com and miits.
the purgative root ealled jalapyOr xalap. 60 m. £. Xnaa, a town of Para, eapital of lbs liici*'
\AO IW TAR
^i pro^no0, noted for its silver mines ; Mated Xtnt de la IrcmUra^ a large and well bailt
c^ a river c^ the tame name, 100 m. E. of Lima, town of Spain, in Andalnaia, famons for that ex-
XavuTy or Sabi, the capitel of the kingdom of eellent wine eormptly called Sherry. It ia seat-
Whidah, in Guinea. It la populous, and a great ed on the small river Guadalete, Id m. N. £. of
market is held everjr Wedneaday and Saturday at Cadis and 38 S. S. W. of Seville,
the diaUnoe of a mile from the town. The mar- Xere« dt la Fronitray a town of Mexico in the
ket place ia aorrounded bv sutlers* booths, which S. part of the province of Zacatecaa, 90 jn, ^-^
we only permitted to seA cerUtn sorte of meat, £. of Guadalajara. Long. 103. 35. W., lat. 28.
as beef, pork, and the flesh of goate and dogs. 38. N.
Here slaves of both sexes are aold, aa well aa ox- Xerea d^ Quaiiaaay a town of Spain, in Anda-
en, aheep, dogs, hogs, fiah, and birda; also the lusia, aeated on the Guadiana, 26 m. N. by £. of
▼arioua commodities of Whidah manufacture, Ayamonte.
and every thing of European, Aaiatic, or African Xieoco, an iatand of Japan, between Niphoa
production. Aavier ia aeated near the river En- and Ximo, 250 m. in circumference. .
Shratea, about 7 m. from the sea. Long. 2. 30. XUMopu, a town of Mexico, capital of a dia>
!., lat. 6. 40. N. trict of ite name, 60 m. N. of Mexico.
Xsvicr, a town of Spain, in Navarre, noted as Ximo, an island of Japan, the second in aixe
the blrth'plaoe of the celebrated Romish saint and and eminence, aituate to the 8. W. of Niphnn,
missionary of that name. It ia 35 m. 8. E. of from which it is divided by a narrow channel. U
Pamplona. ia 430 m. in circumference.
Xcteier, St., a town of Faraway, in the province • Xaumay a town of Spain, in Valencia, with a
of La Plate, 200 m. W. of Rio Janeiro. caatle, aeated among mounteins, in a country
Xemiay p.t. €keene Co. Ohio near the Little that producea excellent wine and the valua-
Miami, 56 m. S. W. Columbia. Pop. 4,175. ble drug called Kermea. It is 15 m. N. of Alicant.
Xicm/, a river of Spain, which riaea in the E. Xncor, a river of Soain, which riaea in the N
part of Granada, and flows by Granada, Loxa, £. part of New Castile, paaaea by Cuenza, and,
and Ecija, in the Guadalquivir. entering the province of Valencia, runa into the
XtTtM, a town of Guatemala, in Nicaragua,aeat- gulf of Valencia, at the town of Cullera.
ed on a river that flows into Fonaeca Bay, 70 m. Xudnagrod^ a town of Croatia, 17 m. N. of Se-
JH. W. of Leon. benico and 37 E. of Ksara.
Y
TACHTA, a ibrt of Rnaaia, in the govern, m. S.of Pekin. Long. 116. 40. £., lat 2P. 8
ment of Irkutek, on the borders of Chineae Tar- N.
tary 48 m. 8. 8. W. of Selenginak. Yare^ a river in Norfolk, Eng. formed by the
Vmdkm, a river riaing in North Carolina and confluence of aeveral streams that riae in the
flowing into South Carolina, where it takea the heart of the countjp-. It passes through Norwich,
name of Great Pedee. whence it ia navigable to Yarmouui, where it
Yakutsk or Jalnit»koi,M town of Rnassia, eapi- entera the German Ocean,
tal of a province of the aame name, in the gov- Yarkan, or irken, a town of Tartery, in the
ernment of Irkutek, with a wooden fort. It ia country of Caahgur, with a large palace, where
aeated on the Lena, 960 m. N. E. of Irkutek. the khan of the £luth Tartara generally reaides.
Long 129. 48. £., lat. 62. 2. N. It baa a conaiderable trade, and atenda in a fertile
Ku«, the capitel of a province of the aame name, country, on a river of the same name, 100 ro. S.
in the ialand of Ceylon, 56 m. 8. E. of Candy. £. of Caahgur. Long. 79. 4. £., lat. 38. 40. N.
Ksai^r^, town of Ruaaia, in the government yarm,a town in N. Yorkahire, Eng. 239 m. N
of Peteraburg, aituate on the Luga, 20 m. £. of by W. of London.
Narva. Yamumtk, a aea-port and borough in Norfolk,
Yamiaay a town of Negroland, in Bambarra, Eng. It ia aeated at the mouth of the Tare, and
n^ar the river Niger, 66 m. 8. W. of Sego. enjoys the export, and import trade of varioua
YmueymiU, p. v. Loniaa Co. Va. 60 m. N. W. placea in Norfolk and Suffolk. The harbour ia
Richmond. convenient for buaineaa, the veaaela lying in the
Yaag-ieksoUf a cit^ of China, of the firat rank, river along a very extenatve quay. Tta foreign
«n the province of Kiang-nan. Ite diatrict ia in- trade ia considerable, and it alao sends ships to
tersected by a number of canals ; and it carriea the Greenland fishery. A great number of her-
on a great trade, particularly in aalt, which ia ring are cured here, and under the name of red
made on the aea-ooaat of thia jurisdiction. It herrings, are either conaomed at home or export-
atenda on the left bank of the &ian-ku, where ed to foreign countries. Yarmouth conteina about
the imperial canal creases that river, 485 m. 8. 18,000 inhabitante. Off the mouth of the harbour
by E. of Pekin. Long. 118. 54. £., lat. 32. 26. N. is a bar, which prevente the entry of ahips of large
Yao-gaa, a city of China, of the firat rank, in burden : and the many aand-banks off the coaat
the province of Yun Jian. Ite territory ia inter- from the Yarmouth Roads, ao noted for frequent
mixed with mountaina, fine foreate. and fruitful shipwrecks. Yarmouth ia 23 m. E. of Norwich
valleys, and producea abundance of muak. Near and 124 N. E. of London. Long. 1. 45. £., lat. 58.
the city ia a aalt spring, which producea very 38. N.
whito aalt. It ia 100 m. W. by N. of Ynn-nan. Yarmemih,^ borough in Hampahire, Eng. on
Long. 100. 45. £., Ul 25. 12. N. the N. W. coaat of the Isle of Wight, with a for-
Kse-lcAaii, a city of China, of the flrat rank, in tified eaatle, and a convenient quay. It is 10 m.
i, on the W. aide of the lake Poyang, 700 W. of Newport
TEN 790 TOR
Tttrmauth,pX. Barnstable Co. Mem. on Cape copper, and treea that jTield an ezeelleBt Tarakki
Cod 70 m. o. E. Boston, with Urge manafae- which when once dry, ne¥«r melts aemin, and viS
turesofsalt. Pop. 2,251. bear boiling water. The paper made here is :a
Fani^,a villsjge of Peru, near a plain of the high esteem. 650 m. S. S. £. of Pekin. LoegJlS
■ame name, 12 m. N. E. of Quito. This plain 14. £., lat.29. 38. N.
was chosen for the base of the operations for YeK-tchinf^j a town of China, in Chaaf-toa^
measuring an arc of the meridian, by Ulloa and ^here a kind of glass is made, 00 delicate that :
the French mathematicians. will not endure the inclemencies of the air. fi
Yaiu, a county of New York. Pop. 19,019. m. S. E. of Tsi-nan.
Penn Tann is the capital; p. v. Genesee Co. Kcort^, a corporate town of SoiDerBetaiiife,Ei^
N. T. 122 m. W. by S. of London.
Yayman-gkeoumf a town of Birmah, celebrated Yesd, a town of Persia, in the prorioce oTItk
for the oil wells in its neighbourhood, which sop- on the road from Kerman, to Ispahaa. It has 1
ply tbe whole empire, and many parts of India, silk manufacture , and here are made the fiaesi
with petroleum. The inhabitants are employed porcelain and ciirpets. iM)Om. E. S. E. of lipalaa.
in maiciag jars to contain the oil. It stands on a Long. 56. 50. £., lat. 32. 0. N.
creek of the Irrawaddy, 23 m. S. by £. of Shil- Yto, a nea-port of Pern, in LO0 Chareos, 70 ■.
lahmew. N.N. W. of Arica. Long.7J. 13. W., Ul 17
YazoOj a river of Mississippi, 2'JO m. in length 86. 8.
flowing into the Mississippi. Yotiffuestdlle, p. v. Fairfield Dis. 8. C. 43m. ?l.
Fazao, a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,550 Ben- Colunabus.
ton is the capital. FoJiA^ers, p.t. Westchester Co. N. T. II bl X.
Yea, a town of Peni, in Lima, with a trade in New York. Pop. l,'^6l.
glass, wine, brandy, &c. It is seated in a valley Yonnef a department of France, ceotainir*
watered by a river, 50 m. £. S. £. of Pisco anil part of the former provinces of BorgQ&dr
170 S. S. £. of Lima. and Champagne, and comprising an arn
Yell, one of the Shetland Islands, to the N. of of 2,900 squnre miles, with 350,000 iBhA^'.
that called Mainland. It is 20 ni. long and 8 tants. The climate is temperate, and the »-..
broad and has several ffood harbours. fertile in com, hemp, flax, wine, and fruits, it
YeUotp River. See Jioan-ko. receives its name from a river which riaea io the
YeUow Sm, or iMUhUmg, a gulf of China, be- department of Nievre, flowa by Cbateao-Chi&oa,
tween the provinces of Pe-tche-li and Chang- Clameci, Auzerre, Joigny, and Sens, aadjcms
tong on the W., and the peninsula of Cotea on the Seine at Montereau. Auzerre is ihe capital
the B. York, a city, tbe capital of Yorkshire, Eng. asd
Fetfoi9 9;irtii^#,p.v. Chester Co. Pa; p.y.Huntp an archbishop*s see. It is the Eboracnm (S* the
ingdon Co. Pa ; p.v. Green Co. Ohio. Romans, ana many of their coffins, orns, coca*,
¥W/oiestons, a oranch of the Missouri. It rises &c., have been found here. It has always bera
in the Rocky Mountains, and joins the Missouri conbidered as the capital of the North, and. ii
afUr a course of about 1,000 m. point of rank, as the second city in the kingdoai;
Yellow UHUer, a river flowing into Pensacola Bay out is now surpassed in wealth and populousnm
la Florida, 70 m. in length. by many of the more modem trading toirns.
Fstaca, a province of Arabia Felix, comprehend- York contains about 20,000 inhabitants. The
in^ the finest and most fertile part of Arabia, and cathedral of St. Peter, generally called the Mfo-
lying on the coast of the Red Sea and Indian ster, is reckoned the largest and most maenif-
Ocean. Millet is the grain chiefly cultivated; cent Grolhic structure in the untTerse. The E,
but the principal object of cultivation is cofl^ee, window, which is said hardly to have its e^ml
which is all carried to Beit el Faki. Nearly the for traceiy, painting, and preservation, was the
whole commerce of the country is carried on by work of Joiin Thornton, a glacier, of Conventrr,
Macha, but Sana is tbe capital. in 1405. This beautiful edifice sustained con«d-
Yentkal, an important fortress of the Crimea, 8 erable injury from fire, occasioned by a frantic ia<
m. £. of Kertch. See Kertek, cendiary, in 1829, but it is expected that tbe
Yenisei, or Jenisa, a large river of Siberia, munificence of the countv will soon restore it to
which runs from S. to N., and enters the Frozen its original splendor, besides the cathedrdi,
Ocean to the £. of the bay of Oby. York contains but 20 churches in use, thoagh ia
YcMteuk, or Jeniskoi, a town of Russia, in the the reign of Henry V. it had 44 parish cfaarebn,
government of Tomsk, on the river Yenisei, 310 17 chapels, and nme religions houses. Here ire
m. N. N. £. of Tomsk. Long. 92. 35. E., lat. 58. also a number of meeting houses for disseaten
6. N. and Catholics. Tbe city is divided hy the Oase
Yenne, a town of tlie Sardinian states, in Sa- into two parts, united by a stone hriOf>e of five
voy, near the Rhone, 13 m. N. W. of Cham- arches, the centre one 81 feet wide. Tfie river if
bery. navigable to this city for vessels of 70 tons bar*
Fsn-fit^aK, a city of China, of the first rank, in den, although it is 60 miles trom the sea. Ths
Chen-si, on the river Yen, ^90 m. S. W. of Pekin. casUe is a noble structure, and was fbrmerlv a
Long. 108. .jC. E., lat. 36. 44. N. place of great strength, but is now used as a etnis-
YeH'-ping, a city of China, of the first rank, in tv prison. Near it, on an artificial mount, is Cbf
Fokien ; seated on the brow of a mountain by ford*s Tower, a round shell said by some to have
the river Minho, 820 m. S. of Pekin. Long. 116. been raised by William the Conqoeror, bnt otk*
64. £., lat. 26. 40. N. era deem it a Roman work. It was naed as a
Y&nrUkeou a city of Chma, of the first rank in garrison in the civil wars, and till the year 1^3,
Chan^-tong, situate in a well cultivated district when the magazine blowing up reduced it to
which is enclosed between two considerable rivers, its present form. York is a county of itself, got.
870 m. S. of Pekin. erned by a lord mayor ; the prefix o< lord being
Fss-ldkesv, a city of China, of the first rank, in c[iven by Richard II. ; and iti eountv ioclodes
Tehe-kiang. In the neighbourhood aro mines of Ainsty Liberty, in which are 35 TiUagea and
TOR 1
oamleU. Ths guildhall, bailt id 1466, ii a mnd
■iructure, (apported bj two towi of oak pulan,
«ach pillar a iinglE lirt. The corponljan bailt
a mintiua-bciiiK id I73B, fnr the lord nKfor ; and
■fnoni the other pnblio baildlngi are a noble
■ucmbly booie, daiign«l bf the earl of Bnilinf-
ton, an elegant court- bo dm en the right of Ilia
eaalle, a theatre rofal, a countr hoipltii], and an
■•vlom tor lunatic*. Yaik i« 70 m. 6. bj E. of
Duihim, 190 a. S. E. of Edinburgh, and 19&N.
by W. of London Long. 1. 7. W., lat. 53. 69. N.
York, a city of Upper Canada, and lbs seat of
N. W. aide of Lake OnUrio, and hai an eicellent
hirbour, riirmed bj a long peninaula, which em-
bincei a baiin of water luflicientlj large to con-
tain a coniiJrrable flpet. On the ritremity of tbe
peniniuli called Gibraltar Point are atore* and
bliickhouiea. which cominand (he entrance of the
hirboar ; and on the mainland, oppocite thii
point, ii llie garriaon. The front of the eitj ia a
mile and a hair in lenfrth, and it conlaina aereral
handsome Bquire*, pirticnlarl; one opea to the
harbour, [t ia 45 m. N. M. W, of Fort Niagara
and t4<l W. bj S. of Kingilon. Lon^. 79. 36. W.,
lat. 43,35. NT
forik, a county of Maine. Pop. 51,710. Al-
fred ii the capital. A county of the E. Die. of
PennaylTania. Pop. 43,658. York ia the capi-
Ul. Aconntyof the E. Die. of Virginia. Pop.
&^M. Yotklown i( the capital. A Diatiiet of S.
Carolina. Pop. 17,786.
For*, p.t. York Co. Me. 10 m N. E. Porta-
moulh. It ia one of the oldeat towna in the aUta
and haa aocne couting and Sahery buaiDen, Pop.
3,485 ; p.t. LiTingaton Co. N. T. Pop. 2.636 ;
p.t. York Co. Pa. Itl m. S. W. Lancaater. Towna
in Tuscaiawaa, Sanduaky, Belmont, Atbcni,
Morgan and Butler
Coa. Ohio.
hanna Ih m
^efo'w
York. Co. Pa. or
Harriaburg.
theSoaqtie-
York Hic«
,in V
rginia, formed by
ai Mattapony.
Ibe jdnction
of the Pamu
nkeya
York S»rii
gt, p.T. Adam* Co. Pa. S3 m. 8. W.
which it flo
m mi
ea abore YorktowD, below
irainto
the Cheaapeak.
rk Co. Va. on
09 m. N, W
p.t. Y
York Rirer
Norfolk. It haa an e
eellent har-
Anterieana and French under Waahingtoa od the
19lhorOolabet]7BI. Thia event totally cniab-
•d the power of the Britiah on the oontiDoal, and
led the way to tbe peaoe which eatabliabed tbo
indepeadenee of the United StalM.
Farilmni, p.l. WrolobeaUr Co. H. Y. 113 m.
a. Albuj Pop. 11,141.
YBrknOe, p.V. Totk Dia. B. C, 80 n. IT. O
Inmbia.
York Fart, a aattknieol of tbe Hadaoa Bay
Company, on tbe W. tide of Hudw>n Bay, at tho
mouth oTNelaon or York Riier. Long. 68. 44,
W., lat. 57. 15. N.
Yotlukirt, the largeat county of England,
bounded dn the N. by Weatmoreland and Durham,
E, by the German Ocean, B. by Lincolnahire,
NottiDghamafaire, and Dertnahin, 8. W. by Cha-
•hire, W. by Lancaahiie, and N. W by Weal-
moieland. It eitendi 80 m. from V- la B., and
115 from E. to W., and containa 3,847,430 aerra.
From ila great eilenl it haa been divided ml*
three parta, called tbe North, Eait, and Weit
ridingi I and aubdivided into 96 wapentakea : it
haa one city, 60 maiket-towna, and upward! of
560 pariahea, and arnda 30 membera to parliament
The air and tuil of thia eilenaiTe couutj Tary ri-
»remely. The E. riding ia leu healthy than th«
otbera ; but thia inoun*enirace decieaaea in pro-
portion aa the county medei fium the aea. On
the hilly parte of thia riding, eapeeially in what
ia called the York Wolda, the aoil ■* generally
barren, dry, and anndy ; but great Dumbera of
lean aheep are aold heie, ana- arot into iithei
parti to be fattened. Tbe W. riding, which ii
much the largeat, eujoya a abarp but healthy air,
and (he land on the wealern aide :a billy, atony,
and not very fruitful ; but the iatermedUte ral*
leys oonaial of much good anble ground, and
paatuie for the latgeat cattle. It ateo prodocea
Iron, coal, lime, jet, alum, boraea, and Eoala.
Here the clothing manofacluiea pnncipally oonr-
iah. The N. riding, in geneial, exceed* tbe other
two in the aalubrity of the air. The worat P^rti
in the irallevi, and in tbe plaina, it prodncea good
corn and rich paatarea. Ricbmondih ire, on (he
N, W. of thia riding, waa formerly a ooanty of
itaelf-, here manr lead mine* are worked to great
advantage. In Voikahire, likewiae, ate the dis-
trict* of Hnldemew, on the bordera of the Hum-
ber, Cleieland on tbe conBne* of Durham, and
Craven on the border* of Weatmoreland and Lan-
caahirc. In thi* laat diaUict are three of the
higheal bill* in England, named Whernaide, In-
gleborongb, and Pennjgant, which form a aort of
triangle Irora their topa, at the diitanc* of 5, 6,
and H m. while their monatroua baae* nearly nnite.
Yo-ldttn, a city of China, of the firat rank, in
Han.quang, and one of the richeat citiea in the
empire ; aeated on tlie rirer Kian-ku, and on the
lake Tong-ting, which ia more than 70 league* hi
circuit, 700 m, S. by W. of Pekin. Long. 113.
85. E, lat. 39. S3. N.
Ymghaii, a borough and aea-port of Ireland,
ID the county of CoA, with a commodioua har-
bour and a wall defended quay. It baa a manu-
laoture of earthen ware, and i* aeated on the aide
ofahilLonabay ofilaname, aSm. E. by N. of
Cork. Long 9,10. W,,lat,51,49.N.
Yngkui/aiy, a rirer of Peanaylrania, flowiDJl
into the MonoBgabela 16 m. above Pittaburg.
Vngk OtadtM, p.v. Alleghany Co. Harylanit
YMMMMmem, p-r. Niagara Co. N. Y, SO m. N
W, Lookport, on Niagara River ; p.v. Weatn ore
land Co. Pa. 11 m. E. Oreanaburg ; p.t, Trum-
bull Co. Ohio. 166 m, N, E. Cofumbua. Pop.
Y»t»gnaU p.v. Waircn Co. Pa. 39a m. N. W
Harriaborg.
TfTa, a fortified city of Belgium in PlaDdeia,
MAJk Ttt . ZAA
ftetaf«t of silk, llaen, lace, goIUmi, thread, Ac., oa the borden of Thibet^QO m. 9. N. W. «f Tm.
and the caoal of Boaingon, and the New Cat, nan. Long. 100. 24. £., Ut. 27. 50 N.
greatlj expedite the conveyance of fooda to Nein- Yung^, a. ci^ of China, of the firat nak, ia
port, Oatendy and Bnigea. Tprea waa taken br the proTince of x un-nan, 170 m. K. W. of Tea-
the French in 1794, and retained till the downfall nan. Long. 100. 34. £-. lat. 26. 44. N.
of Napoleon. It ia aeated on the Yperlee, 13 m. Tmng-jnmg^K city of China, of the fiial nak, it
W. of Coartray. Long. 2. 46. £., Ut. 50. 51. N. Pe-tche-fi, on a rivej that enters the eolf of L!m.
Frtez, Sit., a town of France, department of long. Near it atanda the fort Chon-nai, whkc a
Upper Vienne, 20 m. 8. by W. of Limogea. the key of the province of Leao-tonc. 115 ai. L
Ytendyk, a atrong town of the Netherlanda, in of Pekin. Long. 108. 34. £., Ut. 39. 56. N.
the isle of Calaand, 8 m. £. of Slnya and 18 N. Ymmg-ielumg, a city of Chinn^of the &st nsk,
W. of Ghent. in the province of Yon-nnn. The neighhosxii^
Ysself or Issd, a river of the Netherlanda, which eonntry producea gold, honey, wax, amber, aaj •
braachea oft' from the Rhine below Hueoaen, and vaat quantity ot 6ne ailk. 210 m. W. of Too-aaa
flowing by Doesbarff, Zatphen, De venter, and Long. 99. 2. £., lat. 25. 5. N.
Caropen, enters the Zuyder Zee by two channela. Fao^-icAeim, a city of China^ of the first naL
F«m/, or Little issdf a river of the Netherlanda, in Hon quang, 885 m. 8. S. W. of Pekia. Loa^
which flows by Ysaelatein, Montford, Ondewater, 111. 15. £., Ut. 26. 10. N.
and Gouda, and entera the Merwe above Rotter- Yum-^Ung, a city of China, of the first raak, a
dam. the province of Ho-oan. 430 m. S. of Ftksm.
Ytsel^ or Old Itself a river which rises in West- Long. 113. 52. £., Ut 33. 0. N.
phalia, in the duchy of Cleve, flows by Ysselbnrg Faia-aajt, a province of China, at the S. W. es-
Into the county of Zutphen, and entera the Yaael tremity , 300 m. long and 250 broad ; booaded oa
at Doesbarg. the N. by Thibet and 8e-lcheuen, £. by Kua-
YsselmoMf an island of the Netherlands, in 8. tcbeon and Quang-si, 8. by Tooquin and l^^
Holland, situate -between the Merwe on the N. and W. by Pegu and Birmah. Itia OBoaataiKai
and another brancli of the Meuae on the 8. It hot the aoil in general U fertile, nod it ia reckea-
baa a town of the aame name, nearly 3 m. W. of ed the richeat province in China, from its pni4ac-
Rotterdam. tive minea of gold, copper, and tin^ — ^its aa^cx,
YsseltUin^ a town of the Netherlanda, in 8. robiea, aapohires, agatea, pearU, and aaarbk,—
Holland, with a caatle on the river Yaael, 5 m. 8. ita muak, ailk, elephanU, horses, ffnins, nediaiBtl
8. W. of Utrecht. . plants, and linen. 21 citiea of the first rank, aa^
FjladC, or Ydtttd^ a town of 8weden, in the 55 of the aecond and third are indaded in ik^
province of 8chonen on a bay of the Baltic, op> province, and the number of inhabitants is cs&>
posite Stralsund,26 m. 8. £. of Lund. Long. 13. mated at vpwarda of 8,000,000.
44. E., lat. 55. 22. N. Yvn-mam a citv of China^ capitel of the fia*.
FMaa, a river of Scotland, in Aberdeenahire. going province, formerly celebrated Car itae.it£^
which croases the county in a 8. £. direction, and ita magnificent bnildinga, vaat gastlena, tosbi,
enters tlie Grerman Ocean at the village of New* triumphal arche8| and elegant sqoaiea; hot itWi
bufff, 15 m. N. N. E. of Aberdeen. auflR^red greatly from the Tartan, in their £f-
Yucatan, a peninsula of Mexico, ia the province ferent invaaiona, and the city at present coatKai
of Merida, bounded N. W. by the waters of the nothin|^ remarkable. It atanda at the N. eztrew-
Mexican guir, 8. £. by the bay of Honduraa, 8. ity of a lake, 1,260 m. 8. 8. W. of Pekia^ Laas.
W. by Vera Cruz, and 8. by Vera Pas. 102. 30. E., Ut 25. 6 N.
Yuen^kiang, a city of China, of the firat rank, Farciip, a town of Aaiatie TarheT, ia Caia>
in tile province of i un-nan, on the river Mo ti, mania, on the Kizil-ermnk, 125 m. N. £. of On.
145 m. 8. 8. W. of Yuu-nan. Long. 101. 44. £., Long. 34. 30. £., Ut 39. 40. N.
Ut. 47. 50. xwrdunf a atrong town of 8wit9erland) ia tks
Yuen-tcktoUj a city of China, of the firat rank, Paya de Vand, capiUl of a bailiwic of ita nasse,
in Kiang-si, 750 m. 8. of Pekin. iK>ng. 113. 58. with a caatle, a college, and an hospttaL Near
£., lat. 27. 50. N. the town U a aulphuroua aprin^, with a eoakias
Yuenr-yang, a citv of China, of the firat rank, dioua bathing-houae. The principal trade is ia
in Hou-quang, on ine river Han, 515 m. 8. 8. W. wine, and merchandise paaaing between Gemaaj,
of Pekin. Long. 100. 30. £., Ut. 32. 50. N. Italy, and France. It haa aome remaina of Bs-
Faaia, Long Islaad, one of the Bahama islanda. man antiquitiea, and atanda on the lake of Neof-
in the W. Indies, lying to the N. of the £. end chatel, at the influx of the Orbe and Thiale, £
of Cuba, and iu W oart under the tropic of Can- m. W. 8. W. of Bern. L6ng. 6. 50. £., laL 46.
cer. It U 70 m. in length and 10 in breadth. 44. N.
Fttflistoa, a duster of small ialanda, among the YveJot, a town of France, departmsBt of Lows
Bahamaa, lying to the 8. W. of Ynma. Seine, 7 m. N. N. W. of Caodebeo.
Ymiw-ftimg, a city of China, of the firat rank, l^vry» & town of France, department of Emt,
at the N. extremity of the province of Yun-nan, on the river £ure, 16 m. 8. of £vieiix.
Z ^
ZAAB, a diatrict of Al^riera, in the deaert be* a soil. Dates are the prioeipal artsela of find ,
hind Mount Atlaa, belonging to the province of and they have extenaive pUntatiooaof palm-tieea.
Conatantina. The people of Zaab are free, and Thev carry oa aome oommeroe ia ootriehes'
pay no tribute ; but thev are poor and indigent, feathera. The ohief pUee of th» diatiict is Bia-
«a may be ^xpested of tin inhabitants of ao baiMB can.
ZtuatKOMj t proTjiut of Mvnco, booDded od
tli« M. bj New Bi«c>7, E. by Fuae 8. by Hash-
nchsD «nd Guadklann, and W, b* ChiuiMtlui.
It kbouDit* with llTgC TlllagM, Kiia iU
(le>in«l tfai riehmt in America.
Zataltau, k city uf Mexico, rapital of tlie
■boTe pniTince, iinTonnded by rich ulrer miiiei,
960 m.N.E.of Mexico.
Zacatala, a town of Heiioo, in the pTorince of
Mechoactn, on ■ rivet of Ibe nme nuns, neu
the Pacifie L'ceu, ISn m. 8. W. of Hixico.
Long. 102. 65, W., Ut. 18, 30. N.
^__.__ , . -ro :. :, Pom«rKiim, 13
Tagara, a monntaio of Green, in Liradia.on*
of the ton of Mount Farntnui. li wat the an-
cient Helicon, ttmu which inoed the foontain
Hippocrene, and waa aacnd to the Haiei, who
had here ■ temple.
Zaghara, a town of NesroUnd, in Bornoa,
thi
F'iltree, 170 m. 8. E, of
ZaiuiTa oi the Great Dttert, a vatrt conntry of
by840 inbnadthi
AfVica, 1,900 milei in lenvth by84D in breadth i
bonndad on the N. by Batbary, B. by Feiian and
Canina, 8. by Negroland and Fooli, and W. by
the Atlantic Ocean, The aii i* very hot but not
unwhoteiome totbe natiiai. Tbe aoil ia gener-
ally andy and bairen ; bal there are verdant val-
leja in which water either apringa or atagnatea,
and it ia here and there intenperaad with ipota of
aatoDiahiuff fertility, which are crowded with in -
babitanta. Here growa the acacia, aapeein of mi-
_ . -ideaarta. lie Zahaia abound*
in aotatopea, wild boan, teoparda, apea, oalrichei,
and aerpeota. There are few hotaei and becTaa :
bnl many iheep, goata, and eaniela.
ZaAara, a town of Spain, in Andalnaia, with a
citadel i aeated an a ciaggy tock, 43 m. S. E. of
Seville.
ZaJina, a town of Pnuaiaa Baxwiy, 6 m. N. E
of Wittenberg.
ZotiM, a town of Algien, in the province of
Conalantina, rappeaed, fnun aome conaiderable
mini, to have b«en the anotant city of Zama. It
ia 38 m. 8. £. of Seteef aad 46 S. W. of Con-
2a{aE,B river of Barbary, which aeparatea the
hiaffdonu of Algiar* and Tonia, and entera tlie
Heditenanean at the ialand of Tabarea.
Zairt, a river of Congo, whioh ilaea id Iha
kingdom of Hatamba, £wa N. to the extreme
bordera of Congo, where it toma to the W.,
then aeparatea the klDgdoma of Loango and
Congn Proper, and entera the AtlaoUo Ocean
below Sogoo,
Zaiamta, a town of Bpain, in Andaluaia. 13
m. N. oT Niebla and 38 W.N. W, at Sevitle.
Zalamta, a town of Spain in Eitiemadura,
ancienllj; called lUpa. It containa many vea-
ligf of^ilB former apleador, and ia 36 m. S. E-
oi Herida.
Btrong town of Spain, in Leon,
In i
It ii
a hill,
on the ri. . ---
3S m. N. by W. of Salamanca and t4G >
of Madrid. Long. 6, 66, W., lat. 41. 60. N.
Zamera, a town of Qaito, in tha neighbour-
hood of which are rich minea of goliT It ia
aeated neu tbe Andaa, 330 m. 8, of Quito,
Long. 73. 20. W., lat. 4. 6. B.
Zanwra, a town of Mexico, io Gnadalaiara,
40 m, 8. E. of Onadalazara. Long. 103. 30.
W^ lat. aO. 52. N.
inwra, a town of
vt v;onalantinB, S50 m. •
8.aS.E.,lat.36.S0.N.
ZamoM, a town of Poland, with a citadel, a
eathedral, andaevaral other chnrchea. it ia 37
m. a. 3. W. of Chelm and 44. W, N. W. of Beta.
Theaa
moia which prodn
fertile apota in the desert
iaiaoda, l>earing Bome reaen
the lea ; and they abonnd mott in the northern
and eaatem parts ; bnt the amaller oneB are not
alwByi permaneDt ; for a fnriana wind from the
deaert, bringing aloog with it an ioinwUBe quan-
tity of aaod, lometiinea overwhelma an oaaia,
and redacei it to birrenneaa. Theae oaaea are
fotned ioto a nnmber of atatea, governed by pet-
ty princci ; and Ihoae of which aomeintelli
1 towDihip of Logan Co. Ohio. Pop.
Zaiu{)laU, p.t Logan Co. Ohio. 47 m. N. W.
I tribei, are wild and
IK tun religion ii profeaaed tbronab. _.
the coontry, nnlcai where they approach the
CDontiy of the Negroea. Thay maintain towards
each other tbe maiiraa of apparent hoalllity, bnt
a Chtiitian ii every where odiona. Their lan-
guage ia chiefly a dialect of the Arabia ; and Ibaii
only lotercoorae with other nationa ia carried
on with the carairana whioh periodically ll«-
Zantnillt, p.t Hoikingam Co. Ohio, on the
Mnakingnm. Pop. 3,056. It ia a very Sourtah-
iug town with mannfaotatei of glan, paper,
woolen, iron, oil, and aeveral milla. Tbe great
Caroberland road paaaoa directly tbrongb lh«
Z^/ora, a kingdom of Negroland, to the 8.
of Zegieg, between Canina and Bomou. The
inhabitanta are tall in atature, of very black com-
pleiioQ, with broad facaa, and lavage diipoii-
tioni. Tha capital, of llie aame name, standi
on a river Ibat fonna a lake If. of Ghana and
then flowB through that city into the Niger. It
ia 330 m. N. R. of Ghana and460 W. 8. W. of
Bomou. Long. 16, 0. E., laL IB. 30. N,
Zangatiar, a conntry on the E. coaat of Af-
rica, between 3. N. and 9. 8. lat. It inclndea
aeveral petty kingdomi, in which the Portu-
fiieaa have Kittementa, Tha inhah'taniB are all
lack), with curly wool.v hair; and, ezaept those
ZAT 74 Z£l
tmfefted by the PArtoffiieM, are either Mahome- Craoow, with a castle; aealed oa u. coHn
ians or pagans, the latter much the more ira- near the river Yistola, 90 m. S. W. if Caen
merone. The principal temtoriea are Jobo. He- awl M S. B. of Raliboa.
linda, Mombaxa, and Qailoa# The Portaroeae Zaaodb, a town of Peiaia, lathemiittrf
trade for slaTea, i^orj, gold, oatrichea' feathera, Khoraaan, aitiiate on tha Ta^a, a) bl fi«
wax, and drags. The prodaetiona are roaeh the Caapian Sea, and 80 II. or MeaelKd.
the same as in the other parte of Africa, between Zbarat, a town of Anatrian Poland, 2B b.E s(
the tropica. Zborow and 68 N. bj W of Kaminieek.
Zsnte. an iiJand in the Mediterranean, forming Zhoraw, a town of Anatrian FoltDd, ia tk
part of tile Ionian republic. It is situate near the circle of Lemburg. Here, in 1649, John dsnie,
coast of the Mores, 17 m. S. of the island of Ceph- king of Poland, with 20,000 men, via ittukf^
alonia, and is 14 m. long and 8 broad. Its prtn- by 110,000 Cossaeka and Tartan, for tlueedm
cipaJ riches consist in currants, which sre coltiva- sueoessiTely, but defended himself to bni^
ted in a large plain, under the shelter of monn- that the latter eonaented to tenasofaccoi^
tains. Here are also the finest peachea in the dation. Zborow ii 52 m. E. by 8. ofLnBhiq
world, with other choice frails, ana excellent wine Long. 25. 46. E., lat. 49. 46 N.
and oil. The natives speak both Greek and Ital- ZeaUmdf or ZJM/awd, an island of Deomuk, «f
ian, though there are a very few Roman Cath- a triangular form, 230 m. in circvmiereBee, tai
olics among them ; but they haye a bishop as well the largest of the isles belonging to the 1ms tf
as the Greeks. Pop. 50,000. Denmark. It lies at the entrance of the fiJtx
Zsnte, the capital of the foregoing island, is hsTinff the Categat on the N., the Soaod oa &
pleasantly aituated on an eminence on the £. side E., and the Great Belt on the W. Hie om
of the island, at the bottom of a email bay. The is much intersected bv large baya ; and within tk
houies are built partly of brick ,and partly of wood, country are several lakes, which as well u the m-
and seldom more than one or two stories in height, ers, abound in fiah. It ia exceedingly fertile, p
on account of the. frei^uency of earthquakes ; the ducing grain of all sorts with excellent putoie ii^
last visitation of this kmd was in 1820,when sever- in most pvts plenty of wood. It is paitieilsiT
al hundreds of houses were overthrown. The bar- famous for its breed of hoxaes. Copenhireo ii
hour is capacious and is protected by a mole. 12 the capital of this island and of the wbok tiig*
m. W. of dape Toraese^n the Mores. Pop. 20,000. dom.
ZsnziAar, an island in the Indian Sea, on the ZmIomI, a province of Holland oomprisiag tk
coast of Zan^ebar, between the ialands of Pem- ancient county of Zealand and Dnten Ffaada
ba and Monsia. It abounds in sugar canes and bounded on the N. by the ialea of Holltnd, £.h
citrons. The inhabitanti are Mahometan Araba, Brabant, 8. by Flanders, «nd W. bv the Gemu
and are governed by a aheik appointed by the Ocean. It ia compoaed of aeveral uiluids,tk
iman of Mascat. Long. 41. 0. £., lat. 6. 0. S. principal of which are Walcheren, Behoves, 9
Zaraf a city of the Austrian states, capital of a and 8. Beveland, Tolen, Duyvelaod, and We&
circle of the aame name, and of the whole of Aus- ersdike. The surface b generally level ud lau
trian Dalmatia, with a harbour. It is situated so low that the inhabitants axe obliced to deftd
in a plain, upon a small peninsula, joined to the themselves from encroachmenta of the lea br
continent bv an isthmus of about 25 paces broad, vast dykes, which are kept up at mat expent
On the side of the citadel it is very well for- The rhrer Scheldt forms the most of theee'""^
tified. Near the church, which the Greeks call- and the soil of them b fruitful. The proriict
ed St. Helia. are two handsome fluted columns carries on considerable trade in cora, madder, iu
of ^ Corinthian order, said to have been part salt meat, linen yarn, rapeseed, oil, &«. Tk
of the temple of Juno. Thia phwe was ibrmerlv greater part of the inhabiUnto are CalTiniiti>t
JhS"i„???. . ii-****° ** present, the number of ftere are also many CathoHca andLuthenni,i>d
^\^^u!!'JS!^'^?'o^'^''^^'T' ^i some Mennonite rtiptiaU. The principtl tova
rSS^feHTSitSts^^Tl^^'L^^ ?^^^ %iSff!f*5?*'^\^'?^?f-JL,
ln«m the churches, done by the'Zest maS^; . J?^:.'^"!^!f ,*^^^^^
Venice 80 m. S. W. of Jaicza, and 160 S. E. of ter he came to an anchor, he did not go t^ff
Venice. Long. 16. 6. E., lat. 44. 30. N. From the time of Taaman the whole oouiitijr ex-
JZoren^, a town of Persia, in the province of ©•P* t^** P*rt of the coast which was eeen by
Segestan. It is celebrated for its beautiful poroe- him, remained altogether unknown, and was 0t
lain, and is seated on die Hinnund, 360 m. £. of many auppoaed to make part of a aouthem costi-
lapahan. Long. 61. 10. E., lat. 32. 28. N. nent, till 1770, when it waa eircumnavigttedh
^anl, a town of Greece, in the Morea, 22 m. EL of captain Cook, who found it to consift of tvo
Mialtm. large ialands, separated by the strait abofc wa-
ZmuUe, a town in the Morea, seated on an emi- t»on«<J» which ia four leaguea broad, and to whidi
nenoc 20 m. S. W. of Misitre. he gave his own name. Along the coast tbeR
ZamawUz; a town of Prussia, in Pomeielia, on a "« ""J? T*^* "^"^« '\^^'}!: >• indented by *«
' bay of the Baltic, 38 m. N. N. W. of Dantzic. ^aya, affi>rdmg excellent ahelter for shipioiCiM
9^.i^« .. f «^, J . ^ IV • .J abundant auppliea of wood and water. There ne
Zahnar, a strong town of Hungary, capital of a feet perpendicularly. Of the two islands, tkc
2w??!Lirw"ff* °?"*o ^* " seated onaamall southeramoat, called by the naUves TtTti, cr
tSIv^ I Zi pi* Tn ^^?' ^^ S* f ; ^l ^ "^^ Tovy Poenammoo, is for the moat part mosntiii.
Todmy^and 130 E. of Buna. Long. 22. 34. fe., Ut. ^, J^d ban«n. As far inland ai the eje to
' .' * ^ ^ . Teach, nothing appeara but mountains of stapes-
^olor, a town of Poland, m the palatmata of done height, consisting of rocss that aie toulh
2BA 796 ZEL ,
naked, ezoept when they are corered with snow , In the year 1814 aereral miaeionaij etatione were
bat the Una bordering on the sea-coast is thicklv established in New Zealand, for the pnrpoee of
elothed with wood, almost down to the water's civilizing the iirnorant natives, and instractin^
edge. The northernmost island, called Eaheino- them in the Christian religion. In 1819 the set-
maawe, has a much better appearance. It is, in- tlements were visited by Mr. Marsden, when a
deed, not only hilly, but mountainous ; yet even tract of land, consisting of 13,000 acres, was
the hills and mountains are covered with wood ; purchased from one of the chiefs, and the mis
end every valley has a rivulet of excellent water, sionaries were settled on it According to the
The soil of these valleys, and the plains, of latest accounts, they still continue to struggle
which there are many overgrown with wood, is against the obstacles opposed to their progress
in general light, but fertile ; and it is supposed from the ferocity and superstition of the natives,
that every kind of European grain, plants, and Among other enterprises they have succeeded in
fruits, would flourish here with the utmost luzn- reducing the language of New Zealand to writing,
riance. The whole extent of the two islands is and have constructed a grammar for the benefit
estimated by Mr Nicholas, who visited them in of such new missionaries as may be inclined to
1814 and 1815, at 62,160 s<^. m. or 39,782,400 so. enter on this field of labor. Several New Zea-
acres. The winters are milder than in Englana, landers who were brought to New Holland, and
and the summers not hotter, though more equally had there an oppotunity of witnessing the arts
warm. There are forests of vast extent, full of and improvements of civilized life, have since
the straightest and largest timber, fit for building rendered great service to the missions,
of any kind. The only native quadrupeds are ZeUd, a city of Arabia, ih the province of Te-
dogs and rats: the former are domestic, and for men. It was once very considerable, but its
fo^ ; the latter, though not numerous, are also walls are demolished, and the present Duildings
eaten. The birds, like the vegetables, are almost scarcely occupy the half of its ancient extent,
entirely peculiar to the country. The creeks It is seated on a river, 16 m. firom the Red Sea.
swarm with fish, which are equally delicious with and 140 N. of Mocha. Long. 44ii8.E.,lat.l5. 10. N.
those of Europe. The rocks are furnished with Zebu^ or Sebm. ^^^ o^ ^^ Philippine Islands
great quantities of excellent muscles, one sort of between thoee orLeyta and Negroe. It is 149 m.
which measures above a foot in lengUi, and with long and 30 broad, and has a town of the same
great variety of other shell-fish. The men are name, on the E. coast. Long. 122. 30. E., lat. 10.
stout and fleshy, but not corpulent, and are ex- 36. N.
oeedingly vigorous and active. The women in Zedie, a town of Barbary in Tripoli, seated on
Seneral are smaller than the men, and are chiefly a bay of the Mediterranean, 120 m. S. E. of Tri-
istinguished by the softness of their voices. The poll,
bodies of both sexes are marked with black stains, Zsgedin, or Sieged, a strong town of Hungary,
oalled^ amoco, which is the same as tatooing at with a trade in salt, tobacco, wool, and com ;
Otaheite. Their dress is also the same with that situate on the Theisse, opposite tlie influx of the
of the natives of that island. Their houses are Maroe, 65 m. N. W. Temeswar and 96 8. E. of
tiiserable lodgings ; and their only furniture con- Pest. Long. 20. 25. E., lat. 46. 20. N.
bread, they eat the root of a kind of fern, which Long. 16. 0. E., lat. 20. 45. N.
they scorch over the fire, and then beat wiUi a ZehaewUk, a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg,
stick, till the bark or dry outside falls off. Be- noted for a large foundrjr, 30 m. N. of Berlin,
sides their dogs, they also contrive to kill birds ; Zeti, a town of Bavarian Franconia, seated on
and in most parts of the northern island they have the Maine,lO m. N. W. of Bamberg,
sweet potatoes, cocoas, and yams; but m the Z^a. a sea-port of the kingdom of Adel, and a
southern nothing is raised by cultivation. Their place or considerable trade ; seated on a bay of
eookerv consists whollv in roasting and baking, the Arabian Sea. Long. 44. 22. E., lat. 11. 9. N.
which last isperformea in the same manner as at ZeUaun, Cfulf of, a ray on the eastern coast of
Otaheite. The women eat in common with the Greece, opposite the northern extremitv of the
men, and but little subordination or distinction of island of Negropont. It is the boundary between
rank is observed among them. Independent Greece and Turkey.
From Cape Kidnappers, in lat 39. 43., for up- Zeiioun, a town of European Turkey situated
wards of 80 leagues to the northward, the people at the bottom of the above gulf, in Janna, and
acknowledge one sovereign, called Teratu, and an archbishop's see, with a castle. It is seated on
under him several subordinate chiefs, who proba- agulf of its name, 50 m. S. 8. E. of Larissa and
bly administer justice ; but whether his authority fiSTN. of Corinth.
to hereditary or delegated is uncertain. This Zettz, a town of Prussian Saxonv, with a mag
part of the coast is bv & the most populous ; til- nificent castle, and a collejriste cnurch. It has
lage, weaving, and the other arts or peace, being good cloth and stuff manutactures, and is seated
here best known and most practised. Tlie canoes on the the Elster, 23 m. S. S. W. of Leipzig,
are more decorated, the plantations more numer- ZeU, a town of Hanover, formerly the capital
oils, and the clothes and carving finer, Uian any of a duchy of the same name, in the principality
wiiere else. In other parts the inhabitants are of Lunenburg. It is surrounded by ditches and
scattered along the coast, in single families, or in ramparts, on which are planted chesnut and
large tribes, in a state of perpetual hostility with lime trees. The high courts of appeal for all the
each other. For such continual wars, and the in- ten^tories of the electoral house of Brunswick,
human banquet that is the consequence of victo- Lunenber^ were held here ; and also the diets foi
IT, among people in other respects mild and gen- « the principality. The castle was repaired by
tie, perhaps no better reason can be assigned tnan George II. of England, for the residence of his
that what at first originated in necessity hss been unfortunate sister, the aueen of Denmark, who
perpetuated by habit, and exasperated by revenge died here in 1775. Zell is seated on the A Her,
2iO 7W 20U
16 m. E. N. £. of Hanorer. Long. 10. 14. E. been wsrenl times besieged and taheal^ %
Ut 5S 4d. N. Turks and AnstriaDs. It stands on the Alan^W
Zellf a town of Baden, seated on the river which U is sorronnded, 48 m. S. E. of Ganiick
Kiniug^ 18 m. 8. E. of Strasburg. Lon^. 18. 16. £., lat. 46. 8. N.
Zell tn the Pinxgau, a town of Aostria, in the SMexM, a strong town of the Netberlaodi^k
proyince of Salsburf, seated on a lake, 30 m. Zealand, and capital of the isle of Sdiovea. h
w. of Radstadtand 34 S. S. W. of Salzburg. was the ancient residence of the counts of Zei-
ZeU in ZelUrtludf a town of Austria, in the land, and is 12 m. N. E.of IGddlebarg end 188.
Tj.-ol, seated on the Ziller, 24 m. £. of In- W. of Briel.
sprnck. ZiUaUf a fortified town of Saxonj, in Upper
Zellafieldf a town of Hanover, in the Upper Lnsatia, surrounded by a wall, with 4 large uj
Hartz, with a mine-oflioe and a mint. 9 m. S. 6 small gates. It has a very extensive tnde a
8 W. of Ooslar. linen, white damasks, woolen cloth, and bloepi-
the same name, seated on the Bodrog, 25 m. 8. cloisters is an excellent library, and at a uall
E. of Cassovia, and 27 N. E. of Tockay distance from it is an ophan hooae. It ii tmd
Zengan, a town of Persia, in the province of on the Neisse, 17 m. 8. W of Gorlitz and 47 S
Irac, S) m. N. N, £. «f Amandan. £. of Dresden. Long. 15. 1. £., laL 50. 3(
Zingtii^ a town of Asiatic Turkev, in the pa- N.
ehidic of Aleppo, situate on the £uphrate8, 55 2ctoi, a village of European Turkey in Albtaa
m. N. £. of Aleppo. 14 ra. N. W. of Joannina. The beauties of is
Zenta^ a town of Hungary, memorable for a sig- scenery have been celebrated in the verse of Bj-
nal victoiTffmned by prmce Eugene over the ron.
Turks in.l6^. It is seated on the Theisse, 52 Znaim^ a strong town of the Austrian itaki.
m. N. of Belgrade. in Moravia, capital of a circle of the same oan,
Zerbaty a town of Germany in the duchy of An- with a castle, m which are a sreat many ptm
halt-Dessau, with a fine castle. It is famous for antiquities. The vicinity yields exceUent wwit
good beer, and has manufactures of gold and ail- It is seated on the Teya, 35 m. S. W. of BriBii
ver. 10 m. N. N. W. of Dessau. and 42 N. N. W. of Vienna. Long. 16. 0. E., lit
Zerta^ a town and fortress of Persia, in Farsis- 48. 40. N.
Un, 18 m. N. N. E. of Shiras. Zoar, p.t Tuscarawas Co. Ohio. 110 m. N. E
ZeuUn^ a town of Bavarian Franconia, on the Columbus : also a village in Delaware Co. Oiiio
river Rosach, 21 m. N. E. of Bamberg. 21 m. N. E. Columbus > p. v. Erie Co. N. I.,31C
ZmUnroie, a town of Grermany, in the prind- m. W. Albany.
pa]itj[ of Reuss, with manufactures of stuffs and 2oara, a fortified town of Tripoli, with a ^
stockings, 14 m. N. W. of Plauen. harbour, seated on the Mediterranean, 60 ol W
Zia^ an island of the Grecian Archipelago to of Tripoli. Long. 11.53. E.,lat. 32. 45. N..
the 8. of Negropont, 15 m. long and 8 broad. It ^ ZoblitZj a town of Saxony, in Meisseo. Tht
abounds in barley, wine, and silk; also a fine inhabitants subsist princially br working the sei-
sort of oak, whose fruit, called villamf used by pent-stone, which is found in tne neighbourhood,
dyers and tanners, is the best trading commodity into pitchers, bowls^ tea and coffee-cops, Ac
in the island. The principal town, of the same The red species of this stone, which iscoosidereii
name, seated on an eminence, is a bishop's see, as the finest, belongs solely to the sovereign. It
and has a good harbour, with about 2,500 housea, is 17 m. 8. of Freyoerg.
all flat at the top. Long. 34. 24. E., lat. 37. 48. N. ZobUn^ a town of Prussian Silesia, in the mr-
ZiegenenhaU, a town of Prussia Silesia, with ernment of Reichenbach, 9 m. £. N. £.of§cb-
severu foundries, and a manufacture of excellent weidnitz.
glass. It is seated on the Biela, 10 m. S. of Zqfingen, a town of Switserland, in the cin-
Neisse. ton of Bern, with an elegant church, and a pob-
Zugenha}fn,f a fortified town of Germany, cap- lie library, containingseveral cnrious manuscnpts.
ital of a province of its name in the electorate of It is seated on the Wigger, 19 m. N. N. W. of
Hesse, with a fine castle and an arsenal. The Lucem.
suburb called Weinhansen is a handsome place, Zolnock, a town of Hungaxr, capital of a ooos-
and more extensive than the towo. In 1757 it tv of the same name. In 15o4 it was taktn bj
was tdien by the French and in 1761 it was in- tne Turks, but retaken in 1685. It is seated oi
effectually faiesieged by the allies, who reduced the Theisse, at the influx of the Sagelia, 62 o.
two thirds of the town to asliee by their cannon- N. £. of Colocza and 62 E. of Buda Long. SO.
ade It stands on a morass, surrounded by the 50. B., lat. 47. 10. N.
river Schwalm, 28.m. 8. S. E. of Cassel. ZonwoTf a town of Hungary, near the riTer
Ziegenruck, a town of Saxony, on the n ver Moszlonga, 50 m. N. W. of Neusatx.
Saal, 10 m. S. of Neustadt. Zorhig, a town of Prussian Saxony, with a dta-
ZUgeMor^ or Zieaar, a town and castle of Prus- del, 24 m. N. N. W. of Leipzig,
sia, in Brandenburg, 18 m. W. S. W. of Bran- Zomdorf^ a village of Prussia, m Brandenboiii
den burg. where the king of Prussia, aAer a dreadful coo-
Zielenzigf a town of Prussia, in Brandenburg, flict, totally defeated the Russians in 1758 ; 5 d
with manufactures of cloth, 20 m. E. 8. E. of N. of Custrin.
Custrin. Zosstn^ a town and castle of Brandenborg,ntB'
Ziermbegf a town of Germany, in Hesse Cas- ate on the Notte, 19 m. 8. of Berlin,
sel, B m. W. N. W. of Cassel. Zout-Pan^ a curious salt lake, in the country sT
Zigtt, a town of Hungary on the Theisse, near the Hottentots, lying a few m. N. of Poiat ft-
lis source, 42 m. E. by N. of Nagybanja. dron, in a plain much above the level of the wa,
SRgttk^ a stronir town of Hungary, which has and between 3 and 4 m. in circumference. Al
ZUR 797 ZWI
•ooM seMoni of the jet it it formed into an ritory and power, next to that of Bern , baring an
•ntire man of fine white aalt, with a hard emit area of 960 aq. m., with upwards of 180^000 in
reaefubling ice. habitanta. It aboonda in wine and excellent paa
ZowoMf a town of the kingdom of Tunis, fii-' tare ; but the snpplj of corn is not sufficient for
moos for the djemg scarlet caps and the bleach- interior consumption. The inhabitants aie all
in|r of linen, 36 m. 8. W. of Tunis. Calvinists; and two-thirds of them derire their
ZuekmaiUdf a town of Austrian Silesia, and a lirelihood by spinning thread and silk, and mak-
Unhop's see. It has mines of gold, silver, cop- ing linen for the manufacture of the town.
per» and iron, and is 16 m. 8. orrleisse. Zurich^ a city of Switxerland, capital of the
i&Ms2a, a town of the kingdom of Fexian, situ- finegoing canton, atands ai the northern extrem-
ate in a district of remarkabb fertility. The rem- ity of the lake of Zurich, and occupiea both sides
nants of ancient buildings, the number and siie of of the rapid and transparent Limat, which issues
the ciatems, and the construetion of the vaulted from that lake and divides the town into two on-
onvea. intended perhaps as repositories for com, equal parts, communicating by three bridges. It
exhibit wonderful vestiges of its ancient splendor, was formerly an imperial city, and is one of 4h»
It is 60 m. £. N. £. of Moonook. Long. 16. 34. best built in this country, but the streets are nar
E., lat. 27. 59. N. row and the houses hign. Zurich was the finl
i^y, a small canton of Switserland, contain- town in Switxerland that separated from the
ing an area of 190 so. m., bounded on the £. and church of Rome. Among its charitable fbunda*
N. by Zurich, W. by Liucem, and S. by Schweitx. tions are an orphan-house, an hospital for ineura-
It is rich in pasturage, has plenty of various bles, that for the sick of aU nations, which usual-
kinds of stone fruit, as well as walnuta and chest- ly contains between 600 and 700 natients, and
nuts, and wine of a very acid flavor. The inhab- the Almosen-Amt, or foundation ror the poor,
itants eatimated at 16,600, are Roman Cath- which puta out chUdren as apprentices, and dis-
olios. tributes monev, elothes, and books, to poor per-
Zugf the capital of the foregoing canton, eon- sons, not of t6e town only, but of the canton, to
tains several nandsome churcnea, a good town- the amount of upwards of £6,000 a year. The
house, &c., and is seated on a lake of its name, inhabitants carry on manufactures of muslins,
12 m. N. W. of Schweitx. Long. 8. 24. E.,lat. 47. cottons, linens, and silk handkerchieft. It is 35
4. N. m. S. W. of ConsUnce, 40 8. E. of Basil, and 56
Zmdtr Zee, a great bay of the German Ocean, N. E. of Bern. Lonff. 8. 32. E.. lat. 47. 20. N.
which extenda from N. to S. in Holland, between Zuriehf a lake of Switxerlana, 24 m. long and
the provinces of Friealand, Overyssel, Gelderland 4 broad. The adjacent country is finely cultiva-
and North Holland. ted and well peopled ; and the S. part oif the lake
ZulM^f or Shilayt a town of Prussian Sileaia, 5 appears boundea by the stupendous mountaina
m. S. W. of Militach. of Schweitx and Ularus. The scenery is pic-
ZuUiekaM^ a town of Prussia in the province of turesque, lively and diversified. The rirer Lim-
Hrandenburg, with a caatle which standa without mai runs through the whole length of this lake
the walls of the town, and has a rampart and to Zurich.
ditches. The suburbs contain more houses than Zuriia, a town of Spain, in New Castile, with
the town itself, and among them is a large orphan a castle, seated on the Tagus, 38 m. E. of Mad-
house, to which is annexed a school, an acade- rid.
my, dkc. Here are good manufactures, and the Zurz^ a town of Switxerland, in the canton of
vicinity producea much com and wine. In 1759 Grisons, seated on the Inn, 20 m. N. N. W. of
a battle was fought near this town between the Bormio.
Prussians and Russians in which the former were Zurtatk, a town of Switxerland, in the county
defeated. It is situate in a plain, near the Oder, of Baden, aeated on the Rhine, just above the in-
24 m. £. by N. of Crossen. Long. 15. 52. £., lat. flux of the Aar, 9 m. N. of Baden.
53. 9. N. Zurtmaa, a town of Mexico, in the provineo
Ztdpha, or /vfa, a town of Persia, almost dose of Mechoacan, situate on an island in a lake, 96
to Ispalian, to which it is a sort of suburb, and se- m. W. S. W. of Mechoacan.
paiated from it by the river Sanderon. It was Zutpken, a strone town of the Netherlands, in
peopled by a colony of Armenians, brought hith- Gelderland, capitalof a county of ita name. It
er by Shah Abbas, and contains several church- is seated at the conflux of the Berkel with the
es and monasteries. Tssel, 9 m. S. by E. of Oeventer and 55 E. by 8.
Zidx, a town of Austrian Silesia, in the prin- of Amsterdam. Long. 6. 13. £., lat. 52. 10. N.
dpslity of Oppeln, 14 m £. by 8. of Neisse and 2ky«£, a village of the Netherlanda which
26 S. S. W. or Opoeln. abounds in plantations and shadv walks, and is
SSvix, a town or Switxerland, in the canton of inhabited by Moravian manuncturera. It is
Grisons, on the river Inn, 25 m. 8. E. ofCoira. much frequented ic the summer months, by mer-
Ztumamfm, a town of Tocuman, on the river chants who have no country seats of their own.
Oolco, 110 m. 8. 8. £. of 8L Jago del Estero. 6 m. from Utrecht.
ZinMya, a town of Biscay, near the eoast, 51 Zoemgmvd, a town of Russia,* in the govern
m. W. by 8. of St. Sebastian. ment or Moscow, situate on the Moskva, 28 m.
ZmmpeuigQ^ a town of Mexico, 100 m. N. by E. W. of Moscow,
of Acapulco and 105 S. of Mexico. Zwenkau, a town and castle of Saxony, seated
Zuruk, a canton of Switxerland, bounded on on the Elster, 6 m. S. of Leipxig.
the N. by Schaffhausen, E. by Tburgaw and the Zweil, a town of Austria, at the conflux ot the
coontv of Tockenburff, 8. by Glaria, Schweitx^ Zwetl with the Kemp, 26 m. W. N. W. of
and Zng, and W. by Lueern and the county of Krems.
Baden. Zurich was admitted a member or the Zisidk, a town of Saxony, with a citadel, three
Helvetic confederacy in IKl, and obtained the churches, and a Latin school, in which is a good
privilege ofbeing the first canton in rank; it is library. The inhabitants have manuftotnraa of
also the moat conaadeiable in extent both of ter- eloth and leather, and a trade in eoni and beer /
3x9 /
/
zwo
zn
It 11 leated on the Mulda, 90 m. N. N. E. of
Plauen and 21 S. of Altenbn^.
Zwingenbergf a town of Ctermany, in Heaae-
Darmstadt, 8 m. 8. of Darmatadt.
ZwittaUf a town of Moraria, in the ciiele of
Olmutz, 40 m. W. N. W. of Olmntx.
ZwoUf a fortified town of the Netherlands, in
OremBel, with three handsome sahnrts. A
eanal begins near this place, and extends to the
river Tssel, which is defended bj several fints.
ZwoII is the most opulent town in the proTtnee,
and stands on an eminenDe, on the nm Kk
m. N. of Deventer and 31 8. W. of Oxm^
Long. 6. 3. £., lat 52. 31. II.
ZwoMte, a town of Saxony, UolS. 8. W «
Qiemnitx.
Ztsofmclc, a town <^ Bosnia, 60 m.E.tfSeia
and 68 8. W. <^ Belgrade.
ZjftomUrz, a town and fiiitiessof Raaii,!^
tal of the government of VoUmna, and aliA»i
, seated on UieCieeifie^ 190 m. £. of Lg4
see, seiawMi on ine vieeineff, im
Long. 99. 99. E., lat. 50. 36. N
ADDENDA.
Miimm^ a township of Gallia Co. Ohio. Pop.
Alfordf t Berkshire Co. Mass. 125 m. W. Bos-
ton. Pop. 512.
Jilackuaj a county of Florida. Pop. 2,204.
Dell's is the capital.
Alaquay t. Walton Co. Florida.
Arm Jirbor, t. Washtenaw Co. li^chigan.
Bdlrfantaine, p. t. Logaii Co. Ohio. Pop. 262.
BenUnif t. Tazoo Co. Sfississippi.
Berrien, a county of Michigan. Pop. 333.
Miles is the capital.
Mount J a county of Alabama. Pop. 4^233.
Blountsville is the capital.
Bolivar, t. Hardiman Co. Tennessee.
J^rondlon, t. Rankin Co. Mississippi.
Bucyrus, p. t. Crawford Co. Ohio. 60 m. N.
Columbus. Pop. 724.
Calhoun, a county of Illinois. Pop. 1,099.
CKlead is the capital.
CofUmriUef t. Macaupin Co. Illinois.
CsHyts, t. Clinton Co. Illinois.
Case, a county of Michigan. Pop. 928. Ed-
wardsburg is the capital.
ChapUn, p. t. Windham Co. Conn. 10 miles 8.
of Brooklyn. Pop. 1500.
Ckardon, p. t Geauga Co. Ohio, 108 m. N. E.
Columbus. Pop. 880.
Chippewa, a county of Michigsn. Pop. 625.
Bault oe St. Marie is the capital.
Chariton, a county of Missouri. Pop. 1,776.
Chariton is the capital.
Chicot, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1,165.
f illemont is the capital.
Conee6h. a county of Alabama. Pop. 7,444.
Sparta is the capital.
Conway, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 982.
flarrisburg is the capital.
Copiah^ a county of Mississippi. Pop. 7,064.
Gallatin is the capital.
Corea Fabre, t. Union Co. Arkansas.
Crittenden, a county of Arkansas. Pop. 1 ,272.
Greenock is the capital.
Cole, a county of Missouri. Pop 3^006. Jef-
•tson City is the capital.
Clay, a county of Missouri. Pop. 5,342. Lib*
Y is the capital.
OreMnsrg, t. Russell Co. Ken.
DsMlvr, t. Macon Co. llUnois
D^4inee,p.i. Williams Go. Ohio. UDmK
W. Columbos. It occupies the spot of oldlte
Defiance.
Ddphi, X, Carroll Co. Indiana.
lhaoaU, a county of E. Florida. Fop. XjBi
JacksonVuie is the camtal.
EUiemUe, t. Jones Co. MissiseipiM.
Equality, t. Gallatin Co. Illinois.
Fayette, t. Howard Co. Missouri.
Fentress, a county of W. TenneiMt. Fof
2,766. Jamestown is the capital.
Fdidana. East, a Parish of LoaiMni. iy
8,247. Jackson is the capital.
Fdidana, West, a pansh of LomMaa. hp.
8,629. St. F^ncisville is the eapital
Femandina, t, Nassau Co. Florida.
Findlay, p. t. Hancock Co. Ohio.
Fountain, a conn^ of Indiana. Pop. 7fH
Covington is the capital.
FtUton, a county of Illincria * p.t. Schohuii G^
N. T. Pop. 1,5^; t. CaUaway Co. MiMoii.
Gadsden, a county of Flonda. Pop. 4^1
Quincy is the capital.
Cfalvetton, a small island in the bay of St B»
nard j on the coast of Texas, fbrmeilf a gnil n-
sort of pirates. Also a village in Loaiiiua,S
m. 8. E. of Baton Rouge.
Oasconade, a county of Miasoori. Pop. 1^
Gasconade is the capital.
Gilead, t. Calhoun Co. lUinois.
Greenoek, t. Crittenden Co. Arkaans.
Grotan, p. t N. London Co. Couu it Ai
mouth of Thames r. Here is ftft Gmwol^
which was the scene of a massaen ooouBittedbf
the British troops, under Benedist Anold, Sept
6, 1781. A monument has been ereeled to ooe-
memorate this melancholy event. Pop. 4,950.
Hatt, a county of Oeoigia. Pop. U^
Gainesfille is the capital.
Ebmiurg, p. ▼. on Bavannak r. in S^fefc»
dis. 8. C, 81 miles 8. W. Columbia. AnilinJ
fiK>m this town to Charfeston is in a oomR «
oonipletion.
Hennepin, t. Putnam Co. Illinois.
HiMond. a county of Ohio. Pop. 16,3«7
Hillraorougn is the onntal.
Hinds, a ooun^ of Mtasissippt Pop- 9^
Jackson is the capital.
Here^immtm, p. t. Jeffetson Go. Umom. 9
m. below St. Louis.
PAR
799
WIL
HdeuMf t. Jowm Co. Michigan.
HemptUadf a coantj of Anianuui. Pop. 2,507.
Hielutpwn, t. Maduon Co. Florida.
huUwmdeneef a county of Arkanna. Pop.
2,031. BatesyiUe ia the capital.
lowaf a countj of Michigan. Pop. 1^69. Hel-
ena is the capital.
ixardf a county of Arkanaaa. Pop. I4M6.
JiulaimopoUSf t Jackaon Co. Michigan.
Jo JknuMtf a county of lllinoia. Pop. St^ll.
Gklena ia the capital.
JmM9 St^f t. Monroe Co. ArkanMi.
LafaytlU/t^ a county of MiMouri. Pop. 2,991.
Ijezinirtoin la the OHutal. A county of Arkanaaa.
PcmTAd.
i« OroMf, t Oldhaln Co. Ken.
Leakmritu, L Greene Co. Bfiananppi.
Lmii, a county of Florida. Pop. 6^93. Tallar
hiwpB la the capital.
Lmngtomf t La&yette Co. Miaiouri.
LUOeFmeyt t Crawford Co. MiMouri.
Logantportf t. Caaa Co. Indiana.
Ltnondes, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2^453.
Franklinviile ia the capital. A county of Muaia-
aippi. Pop. 3,342. Columbus is the capital.
Maeawnn, a county of lUinois. Pop. I|d69.
Carlinvilie is the papital.
MaekmaWf t. Tazewell Co. lllinoia.
MaehriUe, t Washington Co. Ken.
Mmufidd^y. t. Tolland Co. Conn. 28 m. E.
Hartford. Here ia a small silk &ctory, that em-
ploys about fiilT handa, and ia the only silk-
weaying estBablianment in the U. S. This oranch
of indoatry was introduced into Conn, about
seventy yean ago, and has been gradually in-
creasing m importance. Pop. 2,700.
Marianma^ t. Jackaon Co. Florida.
MtUtrnwaUy f, Dutchess Co. N. T. on Fishkill
Creek, with large manufactures of cotton, woollen
•ndiron. See jV)no ForJk, SUtU.
AfoiMMs, p. T. on Maumee rhrer, where the
road creases from Columbus to Detroit, by p. r.
136 milea N. N. W. Columbus.
Jlnuwumts, t. Brown Co. Michigan.
Merom^ X. SulliTan Co. Indiana.
MtriwkktT^ a county of Georgia. Pop. 4,45M.
GreeuTiUe is the capital.
MieeoUmm^ t. Hamilton Co. Fkirida.
MmtiMlo. t. Jefierson Co. Florida.
JlfoffOMeiUa, t Woodford Co. Ken.
JWtMfittCo, a countv of E. Florida. Pop. 733.
Timoka ia the capital.
JU!im£ylo», t. Delaware Co. Indiana.
Jlfaaediges, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2,508.
Golnmlms is the capital.
AksAsiUs, t Waahington Co. Illinois.
ASuMM, a county of £. Florida. Pop. 1^511.
Femandina ia the capital.
ASes, t. Berrien Co. Michigan.
OMm, a county of W. Tennessee. Pop. 2,099.
Troy is the capital.
Fmimmk, t. McCrscken Co. Kentucky.
Faradi^, t 8eT*er Co. Arkanaaa.
if, t. Edgar Co. lilimMa.
fUdur^ t Chenango Co. N. T. Pop. 1,21^1
FmofcnayoiUs, t. Perry Co. lllinoia.
Poniiaef t. Oakland Co. Michigan.
Furdy, t Mc. Nairy Co. Tenn.
^iicy, t. Gadsden Co. Florida.
Eamkinf a county of Miasuaippi. Pop. 2,091
Brandon la the capital.
St. Jilbant, p. L Franklin Co. Vt, 23 milea N.
Burlington, and 46 N. W Montpeller. Pon.
2,3957^
St, AndnWf pariah in Charleston district, B. C
It is watered by the Aahley, and liea just aboT«
Charleston.
&. J§mdrew*9 Sound, bay on the ooaat of Geor-
gia, S. of Jekyi rirer.
St.Jhidrew'Mt r. Weat Florida which maa into
a bay of the Atlantic, to which it givea name.
Long. 85. 48. W. Lat. 30. 17. N.
St. Jootfk, Co. of Miohigaa in the Valley of St.
Joseph's nver. — Co. of Indiana, area 672 a^naw
milea.^sland of Upper Canada, in the atiaiti of
St. Mary's, about 7o miles in cironniftrenoe.*— •
Bay, FloriiU, to the W. of Apalacl&cohi Bay.^
A river of Michigan territory, one of the laigert
tributariea of Lake Michigan.
St. Mark\ r. Etat Florida, which maa into
Apalachia bay , a little below the town of St Mark.
Se. Mark*9f p. y. at the head of Appalache rir-
er, at the junction of St. Mark ana Walknlly
riven, 22 m. by p. r. S. S. E. Tillahaasee, and
the port of TaUahaasee for sail vessela. Boato
can saccnd the rirer ten miles higher.
Ao/vtaa, t. Mercer Co. Ken.
Sugar Grove, t. Putnam Co. Ohio.
S^3iiey, t Shelby Co. Ohio.
Skotia, t. Pop. do. Arkansaa.
Taliaferro, a county of Georgia. Pop. 2^964.
Crewfordsville ia the capital.
ToTtcoopy, t St. Joseph Co. Indiana.
TVizeweu, a county of Illinois. Pop. 4,716
Mackinaw is the capital.
Tare Bonne, a parish of the Eaat Diatriot of
Louisiana. Pop. 2,121. Williamsburg ia the
capital.
Timoka, t. Mosquito Co. Florida.
Van Burtn, a county of Michigan. Pop. 6 ; .
Onondaga Co. N. T. Pop. 2^90.
FaneAurg, t. Lewia Co. Ken.
VenuM, tliancock Co. Illinois.
VermiUonvUle, t. Lafkyette Co. Louiriana.
Vinaikaioen, p. t. Hancock Co. Me. on Fox
Islands in Pencoocot Bay. Pop. 1,794.
ffdUon, a county of W. Florida. Alaqua ia tho
camtal.
Wapugkkomtia, p. t. Allen Co. Ohio.
fFare, a county of Georgia. Pop. 1,194
Waneaborough ia the capital.
Waterloo, t. Monroe Co. lllinoia.
fFutktenaw, a countj of Michigan. Pop. ifi4SL
Ann Arbor is the capital.
WUeox, a county of Alabama. Pop. 9^409.
Canton is the e^iital.
• •
PavrraaTtAMBa. In the description of WethersibM, an account of the penitentiary of Con-
neetieut, waa inadvertently omitted. Thia establiahiiient is on the plan of the Auburn priaon, ia
New York, and ita disoiplnie is of the same ^penerat description. The system is very complete, and
by the moral education of its inmates, great improvement m their characters and mannere is gradn
thy eliected. The Aohnm priaon haa been occupied ^ut twelve yean. Service ia performed ia
its chapel on the Sabbath, and a Sunday School is in successful operation. In the year ending Sep-
tember 1831 , the labor of the convicta more than covered the eipendituree of the eatahlianmoat
Kumber of convicts Dee. 1, 1831, 646. The priaon at Singeing ia essentially on the sane plaa.
BANKING ANDMONI£D
INSTITUTIONS.
The dank oF Amiterdam wu Mttbluhad in 1609, and ib a bank mersly of depoaft and
it neither makes, loans, nor eirculates btlls.
The 3ank of Hamburg was established in 1619. The amo^int of its deposit, vaiiea fion 10 to 15
millions of dollars.
The Bank of England is one of deposit, discount and circolation. It was established in 1694,
and its original capitsi was £1,200,000, which in 1781 had been increased to 11,642,400. The anMrnni
of loans to the government has increased with the capital of the bank. It appears hj some leccat
disonssions in Parliament, that the gross returns to the bank, from its transactions with the govera-
ment, are £1^90,896 per annum, the National debt being 860 millions.
The Bank of France was established in 1803, by the union of three private banking institntioiis
of Paris, with a capital of 4|5.000,000 francs. This like the Bank of Enghind, is a baii^ of deposit,
discount and circulation. The bank has coined, from 1820 to 1828 about 118,400,000 franes. The
amount of bullion and coin in the coffers of the bank at the same time was 240,000,000 firanes. The
number of shares was 69,000.
Of the other banks of Europe, that of Genoa was once the most considerable. Some of the
other principal banks of Europe are those of Altona, Berlin, Copenhagen, Madrid, N^lea, Gfaristi-
aniSi Rome, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Stuttgard, Vienna, and the imperial banks of Russia.
The Bank of the United SUtes, at rhiUdelphia, has 25 branches at the following places.
Portland, UUca, Norfolk, New Orleeae
Portsmouth, BufEalo, FaTetteTiUe, Nashvilie,
Burlington, PitUburg, Charleston, Lexington,
Boston^ Baltimore, Savannah, Louisville,
Providence, Washington, Mobile, Cincinnati,
Hartford, Richmond, Natchet, St. Louis.
New Tork,
The situation of the Bank on the 1st of August, 1831, was as follows :
Public debt fund, ZjSOOfiOO
Diseount on penwnal security, ......•• 41,000,000
** on funded security, ...... 800^000
« on domestic exchange, ....... HylOO/WO
Circulation, ....•••... 99^300,000
Depceits, 16,300,060
Specie, ...••... 11,600,000
Notes ofState Banks, equal to Specie, 9,100,000
Surplus profits, ........ 1,756,500
Surplus provision for bad debts, ........ 309,000
Bonus for Bank and 5 per cent, from Gov't, paid and liquidated, • 1,706,000
Increase of investments since 1822, ....... 39,250,000
NetProfit for one year, ending July 1,1822, 1,469,445
" for one year, ending July 1st, 1831, ftfiSBjOS^
Amountof Bills bought and sold, and Treasury Transfers. .... 96,000,000
In August, 1822, amount of discounts of Bank and Brancnes for domestic purpose i, 1S,700,006
Same in 1831, 53,000,000
The present charterof the bank extends to March 3d, 1636. There were besidas in 1831 in the
different SUtes, 364 banks with capitals, from #2,050,000 downwards, amounting to about 161 ,254,535
dollars, including the United States Bank. The paper currency in 1830 was estimakNl to amouut to
77,000,000 doUars.
fife
APPENDIX.
STATiariCB OF THE UNITED STATES. ■
I thnmig li^ icUa QaoMitif of t^ttd » tiote Stout atui nmtartt* M wkkk ^Mte Uad u
; Ui4 ^iiaiOityof PuiUi: IjiiidtOK^ickllu Indimtidthad bitH tzling^uitdJaiit 'M,lSBbi
^MMntity to inttot tl kad nM tun atingwlud Jmu 30, 1328,
Whulo qu4n-; QuuUl;
lllinoi*
Miohigui Tenitory, (penin
A rkknns do.
Mimouri
Florida Territory
AUbami
Territory or Haron Iring weit of Uke HiohigiiD and ei
"■^ the Miuiuippi river . . . ■
1 Weiirio Territorj', Bxtending from the Mississif
Add quantit; to which tlie Indian title is exlioguiati
Total acrCB betongine to the United States
!4 ,810,346
31 ,463,(140
35.M],9oa
34,939,870
110,01!
35,3C»,760
34,001,'™'
3,lHIO,0Oa
H,f;H,SI7
13,30S.*55
af>,.W4,l!)7
23575,300
1(1,.'»3,4'"
»i,77»,.'J
35,803,541
M!),7ae,300
i'.l,7«l^9
334,G37,486
60,804,854
750.000,1)00
49,965,t>3e
5G,804.e34
750,000,000
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES.
Num.
riaM.
Com.
in
1M>
la
Theological School,
Theolofieal Dep. Tale College,
Hamilton Lit. and Theol. In.
Theological Sem. fan. Ref. Ch.
aeminarrLaUi. Ch. U.S.
German Wonned,
ITaion Tbeoloffiul Seminuy,
Sogth. Theologies Seminarj,
Sooth. W«l. Theol. Bamirnry,
L««, Seminar;,
EU-:k Spring,
Hanorer,
An^TcV, Ha».
New Ha*en, Con.
New York, N. T.
Anbarn, do.
Hartwick, do.
N.Bran.wick, N.J.
Prineaton, do.
Getljraburg, Pa.
York, do.
Alleghanr Terri. do.
Fairfu Conntv, Va.
Prince Ed.Connty, do.
Columbia, B.C.
MaryTille, Ten.
Rock Spring, 11.
New HadbSn, lod.
dong.
Cong.
Cong. Unit
Cong.
Prat. Epte.
Preabvt.
Bawiit,
Dntch Ref.
PreabjL
E*anr. L.
G. ReT. Ch.
Prertyt.
Prat. Epi..
do.
do.
BipliH,
Preabyt.
leoe
1894
I8S&
I8S
1819
1831
laso
1816
1819
1896
1836
1828
1834
1829
1831
1639
1837
1829
138
36
16
49
SO
B8
76
9
«
134
8
«
36
89
6,000
1,500
8,000
3,550
'ffi
8,000
3,500
fiSO
1,900
143,350
I
STATISTICAL VIEW OF ALL THI
Fnm tilt Wmmar OamMUgiod, tKiMii
AUA
POPDLATION. ,
EnotMUi Br&Tu.
iij.'S
Ctlbaliei.
Greek..
Jew>.
TottL '
334
38,51(
300
3B<«l
S Aoh<-DeMii
34&
1,300
1,SOT
aOZVi
3 Anlutlt-Colheii
330
360
41S
36Sm
4 AnrtrLt-
S5S,6CO
35,660,000
3,000,00(
3,970,000
48O,60C
asAOOioi
6Bul>D
6^
730,808
343,173
16,931
1,090^
6B&fuift
31^17
8,880,383
1,0EM,633
57,574
Ajms^
T Brnniwiek
1,491
2,500
240,400
1,30C
»«*.
ff Bremen
68
1,500
60,000
5i;.»
9 Britiih Empin
117,788
6,065,300
16,197,331
16,00C
3i^M.
lOCneow
494
100,813
lajooo
7flSE
IKW
11 Denmuk
53,268
2,000
3,049,531
tjUW
2^067^,
IS Fnnklbrt on tba HUu
91
6,000
42,800
5,30(1
MX'f
ISFnuioe
213,838
31,099pie
898,947
6o:5m
38,058 4'.
UOreece
5&0»'
15 Hunburg
ISO
3,060
139,440
7,50c
1S0A>
16 Huiarar
14,735
300,000
1,370,574
12,000
IfigSI^t
17 Hmm-CukI
4.488
105,000
493,300
5,430
ms^-
18 Hn«-Dunut«ll
3,982
180,000
682,900
16,000
7lcilOii
19 HeiM-Hombaw
166
3,»31
17,683
i>5a
2IJ*"4
90 Hob. Heebingen
189
15,000
IS,**.
386
39,600
400
40ff»
23 IodUd Aluib
998
35,300
800
133,896
5,500
175A-.
3 LicbUiubrin
61
5,800
b^a
4 Lippe-DetmoM
436
1,600
76418
76J.V
KL^
413
145^
145,K6'
36LiibMk
143
400
46,703
400
46^
irSuHuiDo
aa
7,000
tSw
4,746
967
437,106
3,108
441 .]■'■!
!9 Heck. 8t»liU
766
60
78,610
'833
97 JW
SOModen.
8,093
377,500
1,600
379«X
3tNu«H.
It
157,638
184,651
5;7I7
:t4».(>k-
8,660,000
3,237,500
80,000
6,977 ,'■!•
33 Oldenbnrr
70,700
176^38
970
2t7^
34pMni.
8>3
437,400
4S},trr,'
35 Pott-™]
36,510
3,783,550
3,7Ha,T5"
36 Pru-r*
10T,ia
4.604,000
7,930,403
154,000
a,77S.K-l
37 ReoM, elder line
145
24.020
80
M,l(t<
38 Dn. jonngei do.
447
57,470
920
67.6!"
SORmii
1,414,436
5,500,000
2,658^0
33,336,500
360,000
(i^gsjcuc-
10 Stiiira
88,913
4,142,177
29,000
3,800
4|iS.3r
11 Sunn/
13 Bue-Attenbnrr
(3 Bau-Cobtug-Oothm,
575
48,000
1,350,000
8,000
Iy400>n
496
160
109,343
109,«Q
1,036
11,500
130,593
1,800
la^ss
884
400
138,939
960
JS9je^
tS Sue-Wpimar
1,416
9,512
310,911
1,231
S21£>|'
46 Sehmeiib. Lippa
47 8ch. RQdolrtiJt
ao6
iOO
35,500
SSI
404
30O
56^
160
356
300
47,906
4d.iai
(9 Bieilin (the Two)
41,364
7,418,717
2,000
10 Bute, of tbe Church
17;210
2,468,940
15,000
SI Sweden
391,163
6,000
3,969,700
im
53 SwiUerlind
14,761
817,110
iW.-m
mo
a'oKJG^
alCkey-
179,074
13,661,173
I3^i.i:^
203,566
310,000
5,878,000
315,000
SfiTiuouiy
66 Waldeeic
8,381
459
1,291,130
800
53,700
0,400
500
&4 0(l«i
!7 Wariomberg
Toul'
7,615
3,104,780
464,000
116,659,075
1,063553
49,847,496
4238,396
0,150
l,671,640t
15^,40*
iiii977.1f^
* .Aufria, Koording to .
■a the right lund column,
t The area of Belgium i
11,518 eqaw* uulei, and t
n •ddition to Iba numben inwrt^d in Ih*
■ EUROfEAN STATES FOE 1828.
eal, tuul atatiiUaU AlmamMtfer ISSO.
\\^>.
»c<,.
Lakb
FoRC«.
Ska Foncii 1
Peace.
War,
««..
1 AbBolnte Monarchr
K-«),000
240,000
370
740
1
2 1)0-
1W4,00()
200,000
529-
1,058
3 Do.
!t3,000
640,000
384
644
4 Do,
53,000,000
300,000,000
871,404
reO,504
31
31 1
5 CunslitutionsI Monarchy
3,033 .two
(),3<«,4a4
11,566
80,000
6 Do. '
12,031,547
44,402,357
53^8
71,600
1 Absolule Monarohj
■150,773
1,400,0001
8.432
4,192
8 Republic
1(M,000
1,200,000
385
770
2iB,tf49/»0
3,490,1^96.768
90,510
378,370
610
1,030
10 Republic
133548
10,000
11 AbaoluU HoDUcby
^•o^'^
40,000,000
38.510
74,000
97
120
IS Republic
304,000
3,300,000
475
946
13 Con atitti liana) Honuchy
157,7GU,000
4SO,000,000
281,000
2,580
1,050
320,000
329
3S0
50
1^ RrpobUc
CtX^rHIO
5,200,000
2,59f
16 Limited Monirehj
4,(SO,oon
12,000,000
18,940
se,iiB
|7 AbioluteMonirchy
1,800,000
760,000
9,859
11,353
|8 Conititulionol MoniLTchT
2,351 ,45(i
5,569,450
8,421
12,390
19 Abaolule Monuehy
"^JS^
180,000
200
400
90 Do.
4«,000
143
S90
21 Do.
IS0,f.00
200,000
370
740
a2 Republic
5G5,e0O
1,600
1,600
4eo,ooii
55
110
24 Abulute Monarchy
196,000
2t«,000
690
1,380
Ki ConMilulional Monarchy
288,000
000,000
800
800
3
3
SG R«piibi>a
100,000
1,200,000
406
812
37 Do.
12,000
38 Limited Monarchy
990.000
3^0,000
3,137
7,160
» Uo.
20r.,ooo
200,060
742
1,434
30 Absolute Moniirchv
r,on,ooo
400,000
1,860
1,?00
»1 LiuiiLi'd Manarcliy
7^4,000
2.000,000
8,800
6,056
32 Cnnslillitional Monarchy
12,tH)0,(KH)
17S,07rt,670
43,297
fi9,472
93
ISO 1
33 Abwiule Monarchy
t»rt,000
2,177
4,354
U Do.
fiOO,000
3,000,000
1,320
1,320
3^ Do
e.74O30O
21,000,000
40,000
70,000
33
S3
36 Do.
:i0.477,fiOO
114,*10,«0
105,000
534^128
V Do.
r.fi,ooo
8,(K)0,60n
206
412
3S Do.
100,000
4)^0,000
538
1,076
39 Do.
62,000,000
200,000,000
000.000
1,039,117
IS
in \
10 Do.
M,740,300
24,000,000
28,000
60,000
a
9 !
41 Limited Monarchy
4,400,000
12.800,000
"^
24,000
« Do.
340.000
33!) ,040
982
1,964
J3 Do-
36.1.000
1,200.000
1,366
2,732
14 Do.
300.000
1,000.000
1,150
2,300
45 Constitutional Monarchy
7hl.7S4
3.400.001
2,164
4,020
46 AbwIutE Monarchy
80,000
aio
480
47 Limited Monarchy
130,000
17o!n8!
539
1,070
i». Do.
120.000
1 BO ,000
451
902
19 Atiaolute Monarchy
ia.r,™.484
84,000,000
28,43r
60,000
13
J46
50 Do.
4,fton,ooo
08,000,000
9,100
9,100
6
6
7,noo,ono
17,264312
45,291
138509
30
378
r>a Conff derated Republica
fU Abiolute Monarc>ij
aiii'jf
33,678
S(! ,520 ,000
230,443,062
46,000
173,550
34
69
r)4 Despotism
11,200,000
36,000,000
M ,000
2110,000
BO
100
li, Absolute Monarchy
8,000
B,O00
5(1 Limiled Monarchy
4"0,™v
518
1,038
Fi7 Con«lit"lional Monarchv
'"'"'-'"'"
1,90(
B7,yi0
, Total
I.'.W.ITS
4,.'i7a,430
1.308
2,641
Iburid 150,000 ; T^riey 2,890,000, which 1
ianal monirchy. The area of Holland, the aame year, wa« estinatod at
COLLEG£S IN THE UNITED STATES.
JBowdoiB,
iWatorrille,
Oartmenth^
Univ. of Vermont,
Middlebury,
Harvard UniTenityy
WillianWi
Anuicratj
Brown Uniranityi
Yale.
Waflninffton, .
Colombia,
Union,
Hamilton,
{Geneva,
ICoUege of N. J. .
Ratfers.
Uniy. or PennsylTUiia,
Oiekinaon,
Je^rson,
Weatern Univenitj, .
Washington,
Alleghany, .
Madiaon. .
St. John a,
St. Mary*8,
Georgetown, .
Colambian,
William and Maiy, .
Hampden-Sydnejr,
Waahin^ton, .
University of Vifginia,
Univeraity of N. D., .
Charleston,
College of S.C,
Univeraity of Georgia,
Alabama Uniir^rsity, .
Jefferaon, .
Loiusiana,
Greenville,
University of Nashville,
E. Tenneasee,
Transylvania,
Centre,
Angnsta,
Cumberland,
' St. Joseph's, .
Georgetoiicn,
University of Ohio, .
Miami Univeraity,
Western Reserve,
Kenyon, .
^loomington,
Uiaois,
Bmnswiek,
Waterville,
Hanover,
Borlington,
Middlebnry,
Cambridge,
Williamatown,
Amherst,
Providence,
New Haven,
Hartford,
New York,
Schenectady,
Clinton,
Geneva,
Princeton,
N. Bmnswiek,
Philadelphia,
Carliale,
Canonsbnrg,
PitUbarg,
Washington.
Meadvilie,
Union Town,
Annapolis,
Baltimore,
IGeor^town,
Washington,
Williamaburv,
Prince Ed. Co.
Lexington,
Charlottesville,
Chapel Hill,
Charleston,
Columbia,
Athens,
Tuscaloosa,
Washington,
Jackson,
Greenvule,
Nashville,
KnozviUe,
Lexington,
Danvflle,
Augusta,
PriSceton,
Bardstown,
Georgetown,
Athens,
Oxford,
Hudson,
Gambler,
Bloomin|[ton,
Jacksonville,
Me.
do.
N. H.
Vt.
do.
do.
do.
R. L
Conn.
do.
N.Y.
do.
do.
do.
N.J.
do.
Penn.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Md.
do.
D. C.
do.
Va.
do.
do.
do.
N. C.
S.C.
do.
Ga.
Ala.
Mis.
La.<
Tenn.
do.
do.
Ken.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Ohio.
do.
do.
do.
Ind.
II.
1794
1820
1770
1791
1600
1636
1793
1821
1764
1700
1826
1754
1796
1812
1626
1746
1770
1755
1783
1602
1620
1606
1815
1629
1784
1799
1799
1821
1693
1774
1812
1819
1791
1785
1801
1785
1820
1802
1794
1806
1796
1822
1823
1625
1602
1824
1826
1828
1626
1829
138
31
137
39
86
247
90
207
106
359
74
140
227
78
29
73
6b
97
20
116
50
31
6
70
63
120
140
50
100
90
23
131
69
69
97
117
96
71
21
143
66
35
120
150
35
45
66
60
86
51
90
Vote. IB
n^
4,624
8,000
1,700
3,500
1,000
1^16
35,000
9;aoo
6^00
8^500
5,000
4,000
5^00
8^000
700
400
S^lOOO
10,000
7,000
4,000
3,000
700
8,000
1^10
3,000
7,000
2,500
3,500
2,000
340
2,350
1,258
1,500
1,000
1,000
1,000
163,764
4,aui
4JXC
9,009
1^
5,000
l,BOft
5*
601
1,500'
3,009'
1,000
500
1^500 •
106 >
550.
i;wj
70/91
' Undergraduates, not including medical, theological, and law students
COMMERCE.
Exports and Imparts during the Year
Imports
Exports of Domestic Produce.
Foreign Produce
Sept. 30, 1630.
«t
Domestic Produce exported in American vessels
" " ." Foreign vessels
Foreign Produce exported in American vessels
TvCbc Exports
44
f70^76,»U
59,469,089
14,387,479
f73jB49,508
51,106.189
8,355,740
12,386,599
IVB10,9W
RKUGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.
Deoominatlona.
!
(CalvinUtic liaplists,
Methodist Episcopal Church,
Prettbyteriant, General Assembly ^
Con^regationaliitSi Orthodox^
ProtestaDt Episcopal Church,
UnWersalists, ^
Roman Catholics, .
Lutherans,
'Christ-ians,
iGerman Reformed,
'Friends, or Quakers,
Unitarians, Congrtgatianaluta^
Associale and other MethodUtf|
Free-wiN Baptists,
Dutch Reformed,
Mennonites,
'Aeiociate Presbyterians,
Cumberland Preebyte^iant,
Tunkers, .
Free Commoiiioii Baptieto,
Serenth-day Baptists,
Six Principle Baptists,
United Brethren, or MoraTians,
Millenial Church, or Shakers,
New Jerunlem Church,
Emancipators, BaptisU^
Jews, and others not mentioned,
Mtnte'n.
Chur. or
Cong.
Couiiaunl-j
cant*. ,
1
Population.
2.914
4,364
304,rJ2:
2.74:j,0M»i
1,777
476,000
2,600,000
1,700
2,158
173,329
J .800,000
1,000
1,270
140,000
12()0,000
500
700
1
600,000
150
300
5r)0,000
500,100
205
1,900
44,000
4(H).600
900
800
95,000
275,(K)0
84
400
17,400
200,000
400
200,0(MI
150
160
176,000
350
35.000
17."».000
300
400
16,U(K>
K><»,0(»0
150
ld4
17,b6d
12o,0i.0
900
30,000
120,000
74
144
15,000
100,000
60
75
8,000
100.000
40
40
3,000
30,000
30
3,500
30.000!
30
40
2,000
20,000
95
SO
1,800
20.000
93
23
2,000
7,(K)0
45
15
6,000
30
28
5.0M)
15
600
4,000
150
50.000
The above Tabular View of the number of Ministers, Churches or Congreffations, Communicants,
and Population, belong^ing to the different Religious Denominations in the United States, is taken
chiefly from the '* Quarterly Register of the American Education Society** for Feb. 1831. The
pajfulatum is given chiefly by estimate
Europe
Asia
Africa
America
Australasia
TOTAL POPULATION OF THE EARTH.
2,793,000
12,118,800 .
8,516,000
11,046,000
3,100,000
Total
37,573,000
Inhabitaats.
227,700,000
390,000,000
60,000,000
39,000,000
20,000,000
737,000,000
INHABITANTS OF THE EARTH, DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THEIR RELIGIOUS
BELIEF.
The two following estimates are according to the geographers, Malte-Brun and Hassel.
Mslte-Bma. HssMI.
116,000,000 . 134,000,000
70,000,000 62,000,000
42,000,000 55,000,000
Catholics
Greek Church
Protestants
ToUl of Christians
Jews
Mahometans .
Pagans ....
Total of Inhabitants of the Globe
228,000,000
4,000,000
100,000,000
310,000,000
042,000,000
251,000,000
3,000,000
120,000.000
550,000,000
924,000,000
3 Y
805
1. Statkniitt ihuwing the Namks and Numbers of the oifferext Tribes of Ivoiajis bov le-
iiiamixiff within the limits of the izveilal States and Tbrkitukies. and the ^uastitt of lajkp
claimea by them ruspectitklv
TRIBB8.
{Number
of each
Tribe.
Maihe.
St. John's Indians
Passamaquoddies
Penobscot*
MAstAeautxTTs.
Marshpoe
Herrinff Pond
Martha s Vinojvd
Troy
RhOOK IlLAlTD.
Narrai^sett
COITHBCTICUT.
Mobegmn
Stonington
Groton
New Tobk.
Seneeas
Tuscaroru
Oneidas
Onondagat
Cayoffas
Stockoridge
Brotherton
St. Regis Indians
VlROIRIA.
Nottaways
South Caroliita
Catawbas
Obio.
Wyandotta
iSnawanees
Seneeas
Delawares
Otto was
MlOBlOAV TXBBITORT.
Wyandseotts
Pottawatamies
Chippewas and Ottawa*
Menomeenees
Winnebagoes
llfOIARA.
Miami and Eel Rirer
Indians
iLLiiroit.
Menomeenees
Kaskaskias
Sauks and Foxes
300
371)
277
g5<)
320
40
340
50
Number o^
AcTM daimed
by each Tribe
750
420
300
50
50
400
2;)25
253
1,096
446
90
273
360
300
5,143
47
450
542
800
551
80
377
2,350
7
1 6
18,473
3,900
5,800
28,316
1,073
270
36
6,400
6.706
100
92,160
9242GO
3.000
4,000
300
4,300
246,675
246,675
27,0()0
144,000
163,840
117,615
55,505
5,760
50,581
393,301
7,057,920
TRIBES.
7,057,920
10,104,000
\
Indiara ard Illisois.
Pottawatamies and Chip-
pewaa
GxoRoiA ARO Alabama.
Greeks
Georgia, Alabama,
and Terhesseb.
iCherukees
Mississippi aro Alabama.
Choctaws
MISSISSIPPI.
Chickasaws
Florida Txrritort.
Seminoles and Others.
LOUISIARA.
Billozie
Apolashe
Pascagoula
Addees
Yaltasae
Coehattees
Caddow
Delawares
Choctaws
Shawanees
Natchitoches
Quapawa
ofeBCk
3,900
20/H)0
A
E
Pi&nkeshaws
MlSSOVRl.
Delawares
Kickapoos
Shawanees
Weaa
Ihoways
MissoVRi dt Arkarsas
Territort.
Osaffes
PianKeshaws
Arkansas Txrritort.
Cherokees
Quapaws
iChoctaws
5,314.560
^,314/^)
9,000
9,537,980
Alabama
7,272^
Teni
21,000
3,625
5,000
55
45
111
27
36
180
450
51
178
110
25
8
27
15,706,000
4,032,540
ToUl.
1,313
1,800
1,383
327
1,100
5,810
5,200
207
5,407
6,000
700
6,700
129.266
21,120
9,600
14,086
44^06
3,491,840
3,491,840
4,000,000
8^858,560
I
12.858.560
77.402,318
806
A BRIEF COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY.
j^RMCJin a kind of hemp or flu, uuule
from the flbfout part of an Indian plan-
tala X tiM whito makaa vwr flno cloth,
but tJM graj la oaed Ibr eordaga and ca-
JShmmmsM^ a kind of coral like
Mmthem wood, whence it takeo fu
nmme, aeeordinf to Clneloa. It it foand
on roeka in the bottom of the
Jtemdajji apeclet of «mi0«s, Enyptian
ni. The flowen of this
*honi>
need, by the Chlneee, to pcodoce that
jrellow color, which we lee in their
ailka and sluflk. Onm Arabic it pro-
doeed from a apeclet of acacia.
jfcMa, a aoct of cane which growt in
the East Indies, It pickled green, and
sent to BnzoM in ttone or earthen Jart.
jfeert, or JvIm CSvml, It flahed up on
the coatt of Afllea, firom JUe-^tl-rt to
Ihe river of the GaaMroMv, where tlM
Dutch traAc for it.
jf dsMoac, an ancient name for the diar
mond. It it alto nted for a very hard
apeciet of iron, and Ibr the magnet or
loadstone.
jgrfamearfat Sfar, a stone of peenllar
baidnett, uyproaening to that of the
diamond. It will cot f^aai eatUy and
mark rock cryatal. It it found in China
and India, and, at M. Plni alleges, in
Italy.
jffdaiu, a fine Bengal mualin, 13 yards
to the piece.
df dmM, a kind of cotton, otherwise
called fltenat cotton. It comes (hxn
AleMm by the way of MaiseillM.
Jutttmrfft in geogrqihy, denotes an
arm of the eta which runt a good way
within land.
JtMomwu, or Anuu a kind of flax,
which comes ftom Egypt by way or
Martetlles and Leriiom.
JtgaUf a genus <m semi-pellneid gems,
which takes its name nom the river
Achates, on the banks of which it is
found. These aems are composed of
crystal, colored by a large quantity of
earth. Agates are arranged aoMrdlng
to the dinerent colors of their grounds :
white, reddish, yellow and green. Of
thete there axe many vaxletiet, tome of
them having natural repieaentationa of
anlmalt, ticet, letters, &c. No country
alfordt finer agates, or in neater abun-
dance, than Oennany. They are also
found in France, Great Britain, Skily,
Siberia and the East Indies. Agates
may be stained artificially by a solution
of silver in nitric acid, and afterwards
ezposlag the part to the sun.
Jlfiot A hank term in Holland, ex-
pressing the difibrence between money,
bank money, or current money and cash.
It it tynonymoot with pi emium, when
the bank money it worth more than the
tame nominal amount of the current
coin, and with dueemtt, when itt value
ttleia.
JKgritf a stone which servee instead
ef current coin, among the Ittlnals, a
latloa of Aftica, on the coast of Guinea,
where the river Asbin runs, near the
Gold Ckwst} it Is (^ a greenith blue
color, without any lustre, hard, but does
Dot take a good polish ; they give its
wel|^ in fud for It.
jflstajltr, a kind of stone resembliBg
marble, but aofter. It is of various
colon, but the white shining alabaster
II mott common ; it it used by sculptora,
hr the formation of i mall itatuee, vases,
tolumns, 4lc. It Is found In man v parts
sf Eni^and, especially in Derbyshire and
Nottinghamshire.
jflesMie, a drug uaed In dyeing, which
eemes firom Egypt and other parts of
the Levant.
dlfffJhrl, la a name applied lo highly
rectified gprit qf win§. When pure, it
is perfectly the same whether obtained
from brandy, wine, or any other fluid
which has undergone the spirituous fer-
mentation. It la a light, tnnaparent,
colorlett liquid, of a tharp, penetratmg,
agreeable smell, and of a warm, atimu-
lating tatte. It la extremely inflamma-
ble, and burnt with a pale blue flame,
tcarcely viaible In bright daylight. Al-
cohol it uted in medicine and the am
for a variety of purpoaet.
jfMcr, a tree according to the clatti-
flcatlon of botaniatt of ue birch kind.
It it common in Europe and Aaia, and
the United States of America. The
wood of the alder la in great demand for
machinery, and la peculiarly adapted
for all kinda of work which are to be
kept constantly in water. With the ad-
dition .of copperaa, the bark yielde a
black dye, iwed to a conaldeimble ex-
tent in coloring cotton.
jttt, a fermented liquor, obtained ftom
an InAiskm of malt: diflTering from
atnmg beer chiefly in oavlng a less pro-
portion of Ih^. The dutlee on beer
and ale make a principal branch of the
revenuea m England.
AUtaHsSf a dam of saline tubttancea,
poaaeteina in general the following pro-
perties : uiey nave an acrid taste ; they
change the blue juices of vegetables to
a green, and the yellow to a brown
color ; and render oil miseible with wa-
ter. They are mainly characterixed,
however, by a power of combining with
adds so aa to Impair the activlQr of the
latter and form neutral salts.
jtUuaui, a dyeing drug, which growa
naturally in the Levant. The root ini-
parta an elegant red color to oily auh-
stances, and improves the color of ma-
hogany.
Att^M, See Pmeato.
Almagnij a fine deep-red ochre, with
Bome admixture of purple, very heavy,
of a denae, yet fHable structure, and
rough dusty surflice. It Is used in paint-
ing, and in medicine as an astringent.
MmamdMf a kind of medicinal fhilt,
contained in a hard shell, which Is en-
cloeed in a tou^ cottony skin. Al-
monds are of two kinds, sweet and bit-
ter : the Jordan almond is of the first
quality ; next the Valencia (a smaller
sort of about half the price,) and the
inferior almonds are ikom Barbery,
whence principally come the bitter onee.
From the port of Malaga in Spain come
the finest almonds, both In the shell
and kernel. In medicinal caaes, the
oil from almonds is found nseftil ; and
that extracted ftom the bitter one, if
dropped into the ear. proves efl^tual
against deafness. Almonds are im-
ported in casks, boxee. and serous.
MotM, the Inspissated Juice of the plant
aio9^ produced in many of the hot di-
mates. It Is brought firom Jamaica and
Barbadoes, in both of which Islands
large quantities are prepared, and gen-
erally conveyed in the shells or skins
of large gourds. The medicinal prope^
ties of afoes have been long known.
Al0»a Woody the product of a tree
growing in China, and aome of the In-
dian islands.
AUiuifouy or J§rqmif(my a sort of leaden
ore, which, when broken, looks like an-
timony. It it uted by pottera to give a
green vambh to their workt.
jffteM, a mineral tubetance competed
of a peculiar earth termed tliuBtxe, and
tulpnuric acid; that told under the
name of common alum, contains a por-
tion of potath and ammonia. Most of
the alum to be met with It artificially
prepared. Native alum, which contains
a neater quantity of aluminoat earth
and a portion of Iron, la found at Gbtt*
wig in Auttria, in Carinthia, in the
deftt and cavemt on Stromboll, the
Solfttaia near Naples, the grotto of San
Germane, Iliteno, and other placee in
Italy. It it found in the United Btatea
in mica-date rockt. Alum It extremely
uteful for dyeing and other purpoeea
itt importance, in the arte. It very great
and itt annual conaumption la Im
mente.
wAafttr, a pellucid and very hard 1a
flammable tubetance, of a ftagian
amdl, and poetetted of a radnout lua-
tre. Its naturd cdor it a flne pale yel-
low, but it la often made white and
eometimee Mack : by fHction it becomea
ttron^y electric. It is found in mataea
lh>m the tixeof a coarse sand to that of
a man's head, and occurs in bade of
blMminous wood situated upon the
ahorea of the Adriatic aeas j dso in Po-
land, France, Itdy and Denmark. More
recently it haabeen found in the United
Statea, at Gape Sable in Maryland.
Amber frequently contdns flies and
other intecu, curiously preeerved : It Is
mannlhctured Into beads, crosses, and
other ornaments.
Amhm-grisj a substance found floating
in the sea near the coasts of varioua
tropicd oountriee, and dso taken from
the intestines of the spermaceti whale,
where it la supposed to orii^nate. Ita
cdor la a yellowish or blackish white
its odor Is very agreeable, and hence
arises its only use. In the state o( an
alcoholic adutlon, it la added to laven-
der-water, tooth-powder, frc. to which
It communicates ns fragrance. Amber-
gris is chiefly found In the Atlantic
Ocean, on the aeacoast of BrasO, of the
E. Indlea, China, Japan and the Mduc-
ca lalands ; but mucn of it comes from
the Bahama islhnds.
Jtmb9r fieed, a small odoriferous eeed
used aa a parftime. It Is sometlmea
brought from Egypt, but Is likewise Im-
ports from Martmico.
Ametkftty a gem of a punle cdor
which. In Itt purett ttate, It or the tame
hardnett and at leatt of equd vdue
with the ruby or sapphire. It Is found
in the E. and W. Indies, and in ssveral
parts (^ Iterope.
wftnaenia, an dkdine substance,
which, in a state of purity, Is in form
of a gu, of a very pungent smell, ex-
tremely volatile. It may be obtiined
firom all animd bodiee in a ttate of po-
treflitctlon, and la found native In com-
bination with muriatic acid, in cirttal-
llxed mattee. cdled talammomacy in the
ndghboriKMM of vdcanoee, in tome of
the nmuntdnt of Taitary and Thibet,
and In the wateni of tome of the lakea
In Tutcany. Thit tdt It applied to
many utefhi purpetet: a contlderable
portion of it It contumed by dyers, cop-
persmiths, tinners, dec.
jfiieta, or jSnoUOy a kind of bulT-cdor-
ed dye, which has acquired the name
of JV)miMii, from Mkm/Hting In China,
whence the cdico eo colored first came.
It li brought fttm Brazil.
Anekor. in maritime alRtirs, Is a very
large ano heavy iron Instrument, with
a doable hook at one end, and a ring at
the other, by which it Is fostened to a
cable. It Is cast Into the bottom of the
sen, or rivers, where taking its hold, h
keeps fbips from being drawn away by
the wind, tide, or current. There arc
several kinds of anchors : 1. The sheet
anchor, which Is the largest, and li
never used but in vident storms, tc
hinder the ship from being drivcL
ashore. 9. The two bowera. which art
807
BAE
tat thlpt to rld0 in ft Imibor.
a. Hw ■traam aaebor. 4. Tlie grap-
aal.
JindtnUt, the n«iB« of a nnall flth
common in ttao Meditomnean. It is
maeh uaed in Mocaa ftom tbe ezeellonce
of Ha flavor.
df mi, tlM laaat ftom wliich iadifD la
■Mda*
df ateftt, a root which growa In tlia
AntUlaa iaianda, and ia oaad for refining
BCJC!
nnnj paita of 8. Amenea, hot mora
particnlarly of Pern. Thit valaabSe
modieina waa flnt introduced into Ea>
rope by the Jeaulta, whence it waa for**
merly called Jeauit'a bark.
Bmittf a aoit of grain vary wall
known, principally naad for
i,aamaU aaod of an oMong abapa.
It la cultivated in Gannuy, out the
boat cornea fhrni Spain.
jiHtmmtg^ a bhitob-white, brittle me-
tal, of a acaly or foliated texturo. It la
need aa nn ingredient In the mannfao-
tnre of pewter, and type-metal. Thero
are minea of antimony in Germany and
many parte of Pimnca.
jSpk^fortu, nitric add in a diluted
atate. It la ihnch need by dyare, calico-
printeni, itt.
wCraaaa, a ailver ore found only In Po-
toai, and In the aingle mine tiiero of
Catamlto.
jar$k, a nominal money naad in ae-
eonnta in India, equal to Ave ahUlinge
atorling.
.4r/»l, tartar orthalaeaofwinouaad
by dyera.
jtrqmifmif a aort of lead ore, naad by
polterato give their worka a p«en var-
niah.
jfrradL a apirltuooa liquor imported
ftom the fi. Indlee, need aa a dram and
la punch.
Jbt omtvH, a kind of atarch manufoc-
tored from tiie roota of a plant which la
cultivated ia the £. and W. Indlea.
ArttmiCf a metal of very common oe-
enrrenoe, being found in combination
with nearly all of the metala In their
native wea. It la ueually eeea In white,
glaaay, tianalucent maaaea. to which
l^m it Is reduced by flision from a pow-
dery atate. It ia one of the moat viru-
lent poisoaa known, not only when
taken into the atomach, but when ^>-
plied to a wound, or even when Ita va-
por te inaplred.
iMbttoM, a kind of mineral aubatance,
of a woolly texture, endued with the
pnpaity of reaiating Are.
Jtk, a well-known tree, the timber
of which la useftil in making implo-
menta of husbandry and for other pur-
UlmiragM, an eaculent plant, the
heaoa of which are uaefril for the tahle
and the roota In medicine.
jff«<4/btMla, a resinous gnm of an ex-
tremely powerfol odor, procured from
the root of a large umbelliferous plant,
which crows in the mountains of some
parte of Petaia.
dffntom, a aort of bark which rasem-
Uea cinnamon, but is paler and thicker.
It comes (Vom the Levant, and ia an in-
gredient in the carmine dye.
BJilZRf a sort of coarse, open, wool-
len stuff, having a long nap, eometimea
ftlxzed and eometimea not. It Is man-
ufactured to a great extent in different
parts of England.
Bamboo^ a plant which mnltlplles very
much by its root, whence spclngs a re-
mous or branchy tuft, after the man-
ner of the Suropean reads. The Indian
hoMboo is the largest kind of cane that
la known.
BandmuMBf sUk handkerehtefli, gen-
arallv red spotted with white, manafoc-
tured in tbe E. Indies.
JBorva, a species of raw ellk brought
from tne E. Indies.
BarUla^ the name of a sea-plant which
8 rows very plentifhSly on the coast of
pain. It abounds with soda ; and the
impure ashes of the plant, containing
that salt In icreat abundance, form an
Important article of commerce. The
ashr^ themselves are commonly called
barilla.
Bark, Peruvian, the produce of a tree,
mhlch ia the apontaneoua growth or
, a kind of ahall-Aah In the
W. Indiee, which penetrate Into the
bottoma of veaeels, and eometimea In-
jure them ao matarlally aa to give the
aheatbing the appaamnee of a honey-
comb.
BaromiUr, a machine for
the weight m the atmoaphere.
Baimar, a place for trade among tho
aaatam nationa.
Bmoer^ an amphikooa animal, fof-
merly common in Enclaad, but now
extlipatad. It abounas in N. Ameri-
ca, where the eklna make a conalder-
abte article of exportation.
^ Bttckt ono of our handaomeat foeeat
^treea, common In almoat all the N. Eng-
land and middle atatae.
Bter, a generic term for drink extract-
ed from malt. It nwy be extneled from
moat kinda of grain after having under-
gone the proceae cfnuttbtf,
Bergmmoi, the name of a Aagrnnt aa-
aance extracted ftom a apedea of citron.
Jtsryl, a pelludd gem of a Mulah-green
color, found In the E. ladiea and about
the gold minea of Peru, and eapeclally
ia Siberia and Taitary. lu value fe
trifling compared with the ruby, topas,
frc.
Birth, a foreet tree, easily known by
the emooth appearance and aflveiy color
of Ita bark.
JBwnnitA, a conaidenble heavy metal,
of a much harder and firmer texture
than antimony. It caneee the metals
that are difllcult of Aiaion to melt with
a much amaller degree of fire than they
otherwise would do.
BUek Lead, a mineral found In great
abandance In Cumberland, England, aa
alao in manv parte of Spain, pvtleular-
ly in the neighborhood of Malaga. It la
uaed in the mannfocture of pencila, alao
for blackening the front of atovea, gnitee,
dfcc.
Haaitanae, a kind of dik atuff orlgfai-
ally manufactured at Milan, but now
extendvely in 6. Britain.
Borax, a aubatance of a greenish color,
brought ftom the E. Indies In great
maases : it is used aa a flnx for raemla.
Boaphtnu, in geography, a narrow
atnit or arm of the aea.
Box-wood, is a yellowiah, hard, and
adid wood, and tuea a good pdiw. it
la need in worka of ecalpture, and te
Inetramente of muafc, auch aa flutea,
nacdete, ft;c.
Branag, a spiritnoua and inflammabia
liquor, extracted ftom wine and other
liquon, and llkewiee from the hueks of
grapes by distillation. Brandy la pra-
Bired In many of the wine countriea of
nrope, and with peculiar excellence in
Languedoc, In Anjoo, and other parte
of the eouth of France, whence le the
Cognac brandy.
BrasM, a foctltiooa metal, made of
copper and zinc in proper proportiona.
Bravir- Wood, eo cdled becauae It came
fint from Bresil, a province In 6. Ame-
rica. It is of a red color, and very
heavy. It Is much uaed in turned work,
and takea a good pdiah ; but la chiefly
uaed in dying.
Braiihuo, ttie worat apedea of Brasll-
wood: it comes flt>m the Antilles ie-
lande.
BriatUo, the etrong hair atandint on'
the back of a hog or wild boar. They
are imported principally from Rnsda.
Bueiram, a sort of coarse cloth, made
of herop cnmroed, calendered and dyed
aeverel colors.
BiukHikr4Uy a grain which Is native of
Africa, but so hardy that It will flonnsh
In almost any counti^. It is extensive-
ly cultivated in diflerent parts of the
CHB
V. Staiea, and flnoi te flearaawd
lent artide of food le pradaccd.
Bn^o, or Bimm,, a wM ball.feBda
large herds in dtSSmai pan* sf Ann
ca. The hidaa are eapaned ia lag
qnantitiea.
Boiko, tbe note af aeviiai sam a
flowere, aa tallpa, hyactaahs, tc <
wbkb large qanfltttiea are lBipRid&«
Holland.
Baflisn, aaeotecd frid or sOm ti #
CJICBAL0T,9.\Mxm
species, from the htani
aeeei is extracted.
Gs/epst Off, the volatile ell dtesif
(han the leaves of tbe e^icpci».
which la coounoo on tbe waaskstxi
AmlKqrna, and tbe olber lloleca»
tends. It la of a green calor, wr; !»
pid, lifter than water, ef a itna(
amelt reaamMiag camphor, and ofifo^
gent taaie.
OsloAar flUn, tbe Aheriaa ipsri
skin need in vaakXnm mnflk,djppra,fct
OslaMMiico, a woollen staff pnadpA
maaufoctured in tbe Nethoii^ bit
alao in En^and.
CsliM, a eottoa doth, whkk krm
lu name fhaa Calicvt, a dty of Isfii,
ftom which it waa firat breagbL Ti»
art of calioo-printJng la auppesed oin
been practised la India nunc ttoaiiH
yean, though It waa not iatrodacri ^
England till the year 18?6.
Ctna^TM, a species of veiyllaf vl/to
linen, firat made at Cambfay,ia fmA
Planden, whence it derivee iu ippd^
tlon.
Camd, a large beaat of bwdcB,«af
thronghout alt lbs eaacem cooatria.
CamlA. a plain stuff, oonpcsd rft
warp ana woof, which la maiwfectBgi
on a loom, with two treadles, ai loes
are. Camleta are cf different kiadi, a
goata'-bair, wool, dlk camlets.
OsaipAsr, a wbHe, reaiaoas pnte
tlon, of pecuUar and nowerfk/ svi,
extracted ftom trees which growiidi
Wanda of the E. Indlea and ia CHIsl
C^aol, a kind ofarttficfd rim, Bab
for tbe convenience of water eaira^
CaatAsridof , flies of a shtaiaf ^tci
color, found adhering to ceitaia vA
of treeein Spdn, Itn^u^thesoatten
part of Prance. They are eoauRs^r
called aprndakftioM, and an of dtaaiiTC
uae in medldne.
CasM9, a verr dean vaUeicM
doth of hemp or flax, woven vny it^
larly In little aquares.
Oaf, a promontory or beaUnd, irn-
nlng oat wiUi a pdnt into the les.
a»w«, the ftill grown bods of t bv
ehrub generally growing oat of ik
Idnta of dd walla or flaeares of neb
in tbe warm dimates of Emope.
Oap»«s, a aubatance which feat kta
found to exiat In a etate of abadatep^
flty in the diamond. Itlithe bwcf
common charcoal, wblcb is an on^of
carbon.
CSsrfrsncEe, a prodoos atone of therm
kind, of a vary rich, glowing bico4^
cdor.
CoMsriOa, tbe bark of a bee gsebf
plentiftilly in the Bahama lalaada,<ft
nragrant amdl, and modeiately MDS
taste.
Oussda, a aaealy sul
ftom the root of amant cdled Mapw(|
a native of the W. Indlea. FRm lH
pare flour of caaaada la fonoad the a^
atance called tcsiacc.
Caooia, the bark of a tree, wwa
S-Dwe In the E. and W. ladles ladn
hina. It ia thicker and coaisir th0
cinnamon, but of a dmOar tailc. ft >
moatly imported ftom China.
Osrtar-Oil, an oil extracted ftw tM
eeedn of a plant which grows la tbe K
and W. indlea, and in the U. Ststck In
uses in medicine are well kaosa
Cr^or, a tree eommon in ABwnet,tM
wood of which ia of a reddlib color, ad
incorruptible.
OlesfiNU, a
COR
Brodoetng a nrwt
ftDd tolt^belled
CMmC*, • fl«« printed calico Ant man-
afkctufvd m tbe E. ladles, but Imitated
In ocber eoantriea.
CAoeolat*. a kind of paita, or cake,
prepiuvd chiefly ftom the cacao-nut, a
productioo of the W. Indlas and B.
Gfcr^MMuCir, a tlmepleea of a peeullw
constmction, at preeent much need by
BmTigaton la determining tbe loni^tude
•t aaa.
ddmr. a liquor extracted from the
Jolee or uplee. and forming a consider-
able portion or agricultural produce in
thia country.
CtmoUa, tbe name of tbe earth of
wliieli tobaceo-plpee are made. It it
MHind In dlllbrent parti of England.
Cimmmen, tbe under baric of the
bimiichea of a tree of tbe bay tribe, which
is chiefly Ibund la tbe leland of Ceylon,
bat wbfeb growf in Malabar and other
parU of the jB. Indies.
Oiirra, an agreeable frnit resembling
a lomon in color, taste and smell. It
eoinea to us preserred or candied ftom
Madeira.
OiviC, a paffyuna taken ftoD tbe civet-
Ctovs, tbe onezpaaded flower-bud of
an East Indian tree, somewhat resem-
bling tbe laurel in iu beigbt, and In tbe
ahuM of its leaves.
Coal, a combustible substance cora-
Kied chiefly of carbon and bitumen,
at which contains much bitumen is
hicbly inflammable, and bums with a
IrTght flame: tbe saiArsote. in which
the carbon predominates bums leas
▼Ivldly. Numerous varieties of coal
exist : it abounds In almost every coun-
try, and iaexbanstible mines are found
hi dlflbrent parts of tbe U. States.
CMflle. a metal found in tbe form of
on ore, in Saxony, Sweden, and some
parts of England.
OufMstsI, a drag, in many respects
approaebing to tbe nature of kanut. It
s brought to us fhun Mexleo, where it
Is eolleeted in Immense quantities, be-
ing a species of insect which aflbrds a
deep crimson dye. Cochineal is alsn
raised in Pen and several other parts
of Spanish America, and becomes every
yew aa article of greater Importaace to
tbe commerce of that country.
Ctem-Mu, a woody flruit, of an oval
sb^pe, covered with a flbrons busk, and
Hned iateraaUy with a wbtte. Arm and
flesliy kernel. It is a native of Africa,
tbe & and W. Indies, and S. America.
GmI, a well known flsb that is caught
in Immense quantitiee on the banks of
Nswfoundlaad, and tbe other send-
banks that lie ofl'tbe eoasu of Cape Bre-
toB. Nova SeoUa. and N. England.
Cof^ the berries of a shrub common
in ArabM Felix. The beet coflbe is Im-
ported from Mocha In tbe Red Sea.
That next in esteem is raised In Java
and tbe B. Indies ; and that of lowest
Briee li raised Is the W. Indies and
rsaU.
GppsI, a substaaee of great Import-
lace as a vanish, obtained from tbe
Hbu ffl^sHwMsi, a tree in N. America.
Goppir, a meCal. next to Iron in spe-
eifle gnvtty, but lifter than gold, sil-
ver or lead. It is found In N. and 8.
America, in most European eountries,
lad in AAica and Japan.
Cpppwat, a name given to tbe sul-
Ciale of man viCri<rt, used in dying
•ck.
Ctfrol, a marine mophyte that be-
comes tfter removal ftom tbe water as
hard as a atone, and of a flne red color.
It la found In the Mediterraaeaa and in
the Ethiopie Ocean, about Cape Ne-
gro.
Ctriigt^ a term need hi leneral for
all 10111 of eord, made use of in rigging
ibiM.
fytrkt the bark of a species of oak
wUab prows in Spain, PMtugid aad on
])RA
the Prsneb aide of tbe Pyrenean moun-
tainn.
Comatias, a precious stone of which
there are three kinds, red, yellow and
white. The flnest eoroeliana are those
of tbe E. Indies; but very beautiful
ones ars found in many parts of Eu-
rape,
OtttM, a soft downy substance found
on the gosayplum or cotton-tree. It is
separatmi firom tbe seeds of the plant by
a mill, and then spun and prepared for
all sorts of flne work, aa stockings,
quilu, ice. Cotton was found indigen-
ous in America. North and 8. Ameri-
ca, Egypt and India produce most of
the cotton consumed, and the greater
part is manufbaured in England and
the U. States. Tbe cotton-gin is a mar
chine Invented by Mr. Whitney, an
American, for tbe puipoee of cleansing
cotton.
Osps, a light, transparent stuff, like
gauxe, made of raw allk, gummed and
twisted on tbe mill, ana woven with-
out crossing. It is manufactured in
Prance and various parts of O. Britain.
Crtam of 7*arCor, a combination of
tartaric acid with potash. It comes to
us firom Leghorn, and other parts of
Italy.
Cryttal, tbe name of a very large class
of foealla, bard, pellucid, and naturally
coloriesa.
CwrroHtSf a amaller kind of grapee.
brought principally fttMn Zante ana
Cephalonta.
Cnraimnf a plant which la native of
India. Tbe root communicates a beau-
tiful but periabable yellow dye, with
alum.
Q/pra«f, the cypress tree is a dark
coiored evergreen, which grows abun-
dantly in the western parts of tbe U.
States. The name of this tree Is de-
rived ftom the island of Cypros, In the
Mediterranean, where It still grows in
great luxuriance.
DAMASKj an Ingenioualv manufoc-
tured stuff, the ground of which is
bright and glossy, with vines, flowers,
and flgures interwoven. It is made in
France and other countries of Europe ;
and is also brought from India and Chi-
na.
Dates, the fralt of the date palm, a
tree Inhabiting the north of Amca, and
which is also cultivated in Italy and
Spain. This fruit is an oval, aoft, fleshy
drupe, having a very hard atone, with a
longitudinal ftirrow on one nide, and
when freah, poeaeeaes a delicious per-
(bme and taste.
Diamandf a precious stone which has
been known from the remotest agea.
It is the hardest of all bodies ; tbe b^t
tempered steel makes no impression on
it. The ;lr«t rotar in diamonds means
tbe greatest purity and perfection of
their complexion, which ought to be
that of the purest water. Diamond-
mines are found chiefly In tbe E. Indies {
and in Braxil, in 8. America.
Diapor^ a sort of flne flowered linen
commonly used in table-dotba, nap*
kins. k,c
DmU]ft a speclee of croas-bamNl stuff
entirely compoeed of cotton, similar in
fobric to Aistian.
Dodk, in maritime afl\lrs, Is an artlfl-
cial basin, by the side of a harbor, made
convenient either for the building or
repairing of ships. It is of two sorts;
]. Dry dtfdk, where the water Is kept
out by great flood-gates, till the ship is
built or rspaired, when the gates are
opened, and tbe water let in to float
and launch her. 3. Wd doelUt a place
into whirh tbe ship may be baulea, out
of tbe tide's way, and so dock herself,
or sink for herself a place to lie in
Downy the flne feathers (h>m the
breasts of several birds, particulariy
that of tbe duck kind. That of the
eider duck ia tha most valuable.
Drmkj a sort of thick wooHen eloCh,
woven puipoMly for graal
FUR
DrOfon*g Blood, a giimmy resinoua
substaoce. which is bruuxht from ibe E.
Indies. / vo ution of dragon's blood
in spirit ot wine is use^ ^ir suining
marble, to which it gives a •..d tinge.
Drawhadt^ in commerce, an allow-
ance made to merchants on the reex>
portation of certain goods, which in
some cases consists of the whole, ia
others of a part, of tbe duties which had
been paid upon the importation.
Dn^, in a commercial sense. Is w^
plied to every article of a medicinal na-
ture, such aa gums, Jalap, sonna, dtc.
Dmckj a sort of strong terown doth,
usrd chiefly by sail-makers. Tbe best
oomee firom Russia.
EBOmr WOOD, is brought flom the
Indies, exceedingly hard, and heavy,
susceptible of a very flne poUsh. Tha
best IS a Jet black, free of veins and
rind, very massive, astringent, and of
an acrid, pungent taste.
Emkargo, an arrest on ships or mer-
chandise, by puMie authoritv.
Emeroii, one of tbe most beautlftal of
all tbe class of colored gems} when
perfect its color Is a pure green. Eai>
eralds are found In the E. Indies and
In many parts of America ; they are ilao
met with in Silesia, Bohemia and other
parts of Europe.
JEkasry, in natural history, a rich Iron-
ore found in large maaaes, axtremely
bard and very heavy. It is Imported
fhNn tbe ialand of Naxos, where it ex-
ists in great abundance, and is also
found In many parts of Europe.
Brmuu, a valuable Air wnich Is ob-
tained flrom a species.of weasel, abound-
ing In all tbe cold countries, especially
Russia, Norway and Lapland. The far
ia abort, aoft, and silky, and la In peat
requeat. The common weasel of the
United States is while in wlntar, and Is
the proper ermine of Europe.
flJ^r, a very volatile fluid produced
by the distiliatton of alcohol with an
acid.
FEATHERS, make a eonaldefabla
article of commerce, being principally
need for plumes, ornaments, fllllng U
beds, writing-pens, dte. Elder down la
insported from Denmark; tha dacka
that supply it being Inhabitanta of Hud-
son's Bay. Greenland, Iceland, Nor-
wav and N. America.
Polwua, a little vessel with oaia, fta-
quent in the Mediterranean.
FS^«, the best are thoee which come
from Turkey, packed in cases. Many
are brouabt from Faro of a small and
inferior bind, also (h>m tbe south of
France. Vast (mantitiee are exportad
from Spain and Portugal.
Fluind, a kind of alight, loose, wool-
len atuff, compoaed of a woof and warp,
and woven on a loom with two treadles,
after the manner of baixe. The flan-
nels of England and of Walaa are aoM
esteemed.
FIat, a plant which Is cultivated prin-
cipally for tbe fibres yielded by tha
bark, of which linen cloth Is made.
The seeds yield an oil well known hi
commerce, under tbe name of Unseed
oil. Flax IS now eitensively cultivated
in tbe U. States, and its various pro-
ducts have become with ua Impottant
artirles of commerce.
/tovr, the meal of wbeat-eom, finely
ground and sifted.
#b«m{, in chemistry, denotes, in gen-
eral, all things dug out of the earth, ei-
ther native or extraneous.
F'az-Sfctiu, an article of considerable
export ftom N. America, employed In
tbe making of rouflh, tippets, k^
FulUrU Earth, a species of clay, ot a
giayisb aab- colored brown, In ail de-
grees ftom very pale to almost black,
and it has generally aometiiing of a
greenish cast. It is used by AiHers to
take grease outof tbeir cloth before they
apply tbe soap.
For, tlie skins of quadrapeda, which
are dressed ^th alum witnoiit deprir-
3t2 809
OON
INB
Ing them of their hair ; the skins chiefly
affpd are those of the bnble, ermine, bear,
beaVrr, hare, k.c. They »ire principally
ez[<orte(l trufn N. America and Russia.
Ftuxtian, R kind uf cotton sluflT, which
ee«?m9 hh if it w, is waled or ribbed on
one side ; tlie principal mannfnctnre of
tills article is carried on at Manchester,
in England, and its neighborhood.
Fustic f a yellow wood, used in dying.
Erlncipally brought from the islands of
arhadoes, Tobago. Sec. The color it
yields is a flne golaen yellow.
QAUUfQAI^ a root which is brought
from China It is au excellent stom-
achic.
Oa/A<Mitfli, a gum Issuing from the
stem of an umbelliferous plant, growing
iu Persia and many parts of Africa.
Oaleony a sort of ship employed in
fipain, in the commerce of the W. In-
dies.
OaUoomy a narrow, thick kind of fer-
ret or lace, used to edge or border
clothes, sometimes made of wool or
thread, and at others of gold or silver,
but commonly of mohair or silk^i
CfaUsf are tumors, produced by the
punctures of insects 'on several species
of the oak tree. Other trees are liable
to the same accidents, and produce galls
of various forms and sites, but those of
the oak only are used in medicine, and
fbr the purposes of dying and making
Ink. The galls which come from Alep-
po are the most valuable.
Oamboge^ a gum-resin, of a deep yel-
low m orange color, brought cKiefly
from Cambodia in the B. Indies.
OamAj a very beautiful gem of a red
color, with an admixture of blue.
Oatf among chemists, a term made
use of to denote all the aerial and per-
manently elastic fluids, except the at-
mospheric air.
€^e«i«, a very slight, thin, open kind
of stuflT, made of silk, sometimes of
thread , there are also figured gauzes,
and some with gold or silver flowers on
a silk ground ; the latter come to us
principally firom China.
Osaevo, or Ota, an ordinary malt spirit,
distilled a second time, with the addi-
tion of Juniper berries. Holland is noted
for distilling the finest Geneva.
OentJoH, a plant of the mountainous
parts of Germany, the roots of which
are used in medicine.
OiHgeVj a knotty, flattiah root, of a
fibrous substance and of a p^le or yel-
lowish color. It ETows in moist placet
in various parts of tropical Asia and the
E. Indies, and has been cultivated to
some extent In the W. Indlea, paitlou-
larly in Jamaica.
OiHsmg, a plant, the root of which
has long been celebrated among the
Chinese, entering into the composition
of almost every medicine used by the
higher classes. It was formerly sup-
posed to i;row exclusively in Chinese
Tartary : but it has now been long
known that this plant is also a native of
N America, in the vicinity of the Alle-
ghany mountains.
l?Zfu«, a transparent, brittle, fkctitiotis
body , produced by the action of fire upon
a fl>sd salt and sand, or stone, that
readily melts. It is manufkctured In
almost every country.
Ooidj a metal of a yellow color, in
specific gravity next to platina, possess-
ing great lustre, malleability, and due-
ttlitv. Europe is mostly supplied with
gold from Chili and Peru in 8. America;
though a small qnantity is likewise im-
ported A-om China and the coast of Af-
rica. In the U. States, gold mines
•Ixmnd In Virgin hi, N. Carolina, Geor-
gia, and other southern states, and have
been worked to a considerable extent.
Ooltsckutf a sort of money, or rather a
email ingot of gold which comae from
i^hina
Grsia, sipnifiea the fruit or seed grow-
ing in a spike or ear, in which sense it
comprehends eveiy species of com, as
wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c.
QramptUy a fish of the whale kind.
Orapest a well known fruit produced
from tbe vine. It is of various colors
when ripe, but the principal are the
green and purple. We import vast quan-
tities of green grapes IVom Malaga and
other parts of Spain.
Guaiacum^ a medicinal wood, extreme-
ly hard 'and solid, of a dense, compact
texture and a yellowish color. The
bark is also used in medicine ; and there
is a substance sold under the name of
Sum guaiacum, which is used for asim-
ar purpoee. We obtain guaiacum prin-
cipally from the W. Indies and S. Ame-
rica.
OuM AnMcy a substance which ex-
udes fh>m the Egyptian acacia, and Is
brought chiefly from the Levant.
Chtm EiastiCt or Cawlchouc. Thia
substance, usually termed India rubber,
is prepared from the juice of a tree grow-
ing in Cayenne, and other parts of S.
America.
Ghmpoicder, a composition of nitre,
sulphur, and charcoal, mixed together
ana granulated.
Oyptnm^ or PUuter- Stone, native sul-
phate of lime. It is found in dliferent
parts of Europe and America.
HARTSHORJif, the entire horns of
the male deer as separated from the
head. The chemical analysis of harts-
horn yields a water highly impregnated
with a volatile salt, which is called
spirit of hartshorn.
HdUbore, a genus of plants allied to
and resembling the ranunculns. There
are ten species. By distillation a poi-
sonous OH may be obtained from the
root.
Hamp^ a plant which grows wild in
the E. Indies and some parts of Ameri-
oa, and is valuable for the various uses
of its seed and the fibres of its bark ;
— the latter bfing made into cordage,
ropes, cables and cloth of every quality.
Though cultivated to some extent in the
U. States, it still forms a large article of
import from Europe, and particularly
from Russia.
.ffiistf, the skins of beasts ; partieu-
larlv applied to those of large cattle, as
bullocks, cows, &c. Those from 8
America are in best repute.
Hoeky a German wine of exquisite fla-
vor when old. The beet comes from
Fnnkfort on the Maine.
HopSy a plant which is a native of Eu-
rope, Siberia, and N. America. It is
used principally in the manufacture of
beer, and Is raised extensively both in
England and the U. States.
Hordumndy a labiate plant, with whit-
ish, cottony leaves and stem, now na-
turalized in the U. States, and growing
on the banks of ponds, dte. Its Juice
imparts a permanent dye to wool, silk
and linen, and is of use in pulmonary
complaints.
Hungary WaUr, so called iVom a
queen of Hungary, is made by distil-
ling in balneo, fresh-iathered flowers of
rosemary, two pounds, rectified spirits
of wine, two quarts.
HyuexHtky a pellucid gem of a red co-
lor with a mixture of yellow.
BydromA, a fermented liquor, made
of honey and water.
Hydrometer^ an instrument used for
determining the specific gravities of
liquids.
iCELJJfS MOSSf a species of lichen
growing in the arctic regions of Europe,
and also abundant in the Alpine region
of the White mountains of N. Hamp-
shire. It is an article of commerce, and
often employed in pharmacy, in the
composition of pectoral lozenses, svruue
*c.
t
/a^o, adye piepand frnm ttelsaw
and small branches of the ittd»g9/er%
UMeteria. It is cnltivaied ii» N. and S
America and both the Indies. A tes.
tard sort of indi^ may be oHainod fnm
the isatls tinctoria or woad.
Jngotf a mass of gold or sIIvct
the mines, melted and east into a
of mould, but neither coined
wrought.
lodaUf a substance whieta nay be o^
tained from a variety ot se»-weeds aad
fungi, and in great abontanee from kelp
It is a deadly poieoa.
fyetnemmk*, a drug broagfat from 8
America, and much used in medieiae.
/n^wH, a metal discovered la theoi*
of platina, by U. Teanant. It la of a
white color, hrxtOe, acd dificolt of Ai-
sion.
Iron, the most valuable of all meiaia.
It is common to all parts of the Uaitad
Sutes and moat of the conatries of tke
,lobe. We import much iron from Eoc
and and Sweaea.
Iran iTMd, a qiecies of wood of a red-
dish cast, so called on a^oonl of ice
oornxling as that metal does, aad itt
being remarkably hard and poaderooa.
The tree whlch^iodncea It growa prta-
cipally in the w. Indies, 8. America
and some parts of Asia.
Iginglassy aaelatinous sabstanee
from certain fish found in the Da
and the rivers of Muscovy. It ie btoo^
chiefly from Russia.
Ivory, the subatanoe of the tusk of tte
elephant. It is usually brought ham
the coasts of Africa. The ivoiy of In-
dia Is apt to lose its color, and lara yc4-
low ; that of Achem aad C^loa Is tto
most esteemed.
JADE, a speciea of Jasper.
Jalap, a root so called from beiat
principally brought (rnm the eaviioaa
of Xalapa. It Is much employed la me>
dicine.
Japaaaung, the art of vantWiiBg aad
painting ornaments oa wood, aietala,
^bc., in the same manner as Is done by
the natives of Japan.
Janor, a stone found in the E. ImOm
and China, and an ingredient in tlia
composition of many moantaias. Uoc
curs usually In large amoipbons i
and its colors are varioos. It Is i
the formation of seals, and
ished is very beautitXal.
JateL a precious stone of a fine blae
color, found in the E. Indies.
Jtty a Mack, ioflamaiable, Mtamiacsm
substance, soseepcible of a good poUah,
and beeoming electrical by rnbbiag. It
occurs In difl^Brent nana ot Eorope, and
is found at South Hadley, Mass., la the
coal formation.
JujmJbes, the finlt of a tree whkh
grows in Laagiiedoc, Prorence, tbe is-
lands of Hieres, la several parts of Ita-
ly, and in India and Persia. It ischier-
ly used In medicine, neariv for the ssbm
purposes as the common flg: apasto Is
prepared from it, which is of cfllcacy in
polmooaiy complaints*
KAU, a genus of marine plrata,
which are hnrnt to procure alkali.
Keei, the lowest piece of timbsr in a
ship, ruaning her whole lea^b, ftoai
the lower part of her stem to the lower
part of her stem-poet.
Keh, the calcined ashes of a plaat
called by the saoie name. The
ration of kelp Is carried oa to a
extent in Scotland and Ireland.
Kermee, an insett of the genns eaUsd,
in natural history, coccus. It Is prin-
cipally used in dying, on aecoant of Its
imparting a flne seartet or erirooon color.
It is found in abundance in Fiance and
Spain, and large quantities are broogiil
from the Ijevanl.
ICtTgfy, a species of coarse wool*»a
Muir, usually woven in ribs.
810
UM
Loa
jmrl hi iMfal treliiltfctnre, a TMpal
with two miuu, usually ipplied to une
eanylng bombs, or mther uiortAr«,
Kiffdkl, n mineral dug np nenr Konie
In Natoiia, and employed In fonuiug the
dowls of Turklsli tobacco-pipea.
Kn^trmdul^ a lulphate oi nickel, and
fenerally eompounaed of nickel, ar
•enle, and sulphate of iron.
UtBHADOR STOYE, a beautlAil
tton« l>rou|^t fh>m the coast of Labra-
dor. Its color is commonly of a li^t
or of a deep grav, frequently blackish ;
but when held In certain positions to
the light. It exhlUta varieties of beauti-
ful internal colors, chiefly green and
blue.
Zdttt or Own Lae, the product of the
coecui lacca. an inaect, which deposits
Ha egp on the branches of a tree called
Bihar in Aaaam. Lac poesesses the
properties of a resin, and Is the basis of
many ▼amlshea, and of the Anest kinds
of ■Mllng-waz. The best Is amber-co-
lored ana transparent.
Lace, a species of net-work, made of
■ilk, thread, or cotton. The beat laces
come from Holland.
Ituh&r, a varnish applied to brass,
tin, and other metala, to improve their
color.
LatmaUf a plant which yields a yellow
dyo-stulT; It is a species of moss, and
eomes from Prance. Holland and the is-
lands of Candia and Teneriflb.
Laait JLaziili, a sort of stone from
which that celebrated color, n^amarwe.
Is made. It is found in many parts, but
that of Aaia and Africa is superior.
Ltrbpardf among seamen, the left^
hand side of the ship, when you stand
with your fkce towards the head.
Tmhlm4§, the distance of any place
from the equator, measured upon the
meridian in degrees, minutes, and sec-
onds : all places lying under toe equator
are said to have no latitude ; and all
others to have nmth or south latitude,
neeording to their sitoation with respect
to the equator. The complement of latl-
tade is the dillbrence between the lati-
tude itself and 90*, or as much as the
place Itself la distant from the pole ; and
this complement is always eqdal to the
elevation of the equator above the horl-
aon of the place. The elevation of the
pole of any place Is equal to the latitude
loM. the ftieed stony sabetance which
liaoes from volcanoes.
LoMNder. a ftagmnt plant, native of
the 8. of Enrope, and now commonly
Cttltivaied In our gardens. The water
drawn from the Ifowers by distillation
Is an agreeable perftame.
Leva, a sort of clear or open worked
cambric manuftctured in France and
Flanden. also in Scotland and the N.
of Ireland.
», a jraUic bnilding, hospital
erpest-hoQse, nr the reception of tboee
aJBlcted with contaidotts disorders. The
Laiaietto of Maraeilies Is the finest in
the worid.
£«sd, one of the perfrct metals. It is
•fa dan white, inclining to a blue color ;
and although the least ductile and sono-
vouf, it Is the heaviest of metallic bo-
dies, excepting mercury, gold and pla-
tina. It la found abundantly in dlflbr-
ent parts of Europe and in N. and 8.
America. The lead mines of Missouri
are very productive.
Lu^ an epithet to distinguish that
half of the horizon, to which the wind
is directed from the other part whence
it arises, which latter is called to wind-
ward.
Lmmtia* Korlkf a clay of a pale red
color, which has its name from the is-
land of I<emnoe, where it in dug. When
Sttttine, It is a good medicine in some
■eases.
£esioiM. the fruit of the lemon tree,
Kwrag In great abundance in Sicily,
lin and Portugal. The ports of Lis-
bon and Malaga are the principal ship-
ping-plares ef temona ; tho shtpping of
fruit from liicM places ronunenceo aborit
the middle of September, and continues
until the February following, after whicta
time the article becomes scarce and
dear. The lemons of the Bermuda Is-
lands are large and of a delicious flavor.
Tfa« iflland of Zante abounds in lemons
of a great size. lemons are invariably
shipped while their color is green, and
they generally become quite yellow ere
they reach this country.
l^Htisk. the tree which prodnces the
resin called maatich. It grows in the
Sr of £urope.
Liehemf or Z^irerwfrt, a species of moss
found in different parts of France, and
In the Canary and Cape de Vera ia-
land*. It is useful in dying, and also as
a food or medicine.
Ugkt- House f a tower on an eminence
upon the seacoast, or at the entrance of
some port or river, for the direction of
ships in dark nights, by means of an
illumination.
Lignum FUm^ a species of wood of great
utility both for tuniery and in pharma-
cy. The tree which produces it grows
in roost of the W. Inula islands, but ee-
pecially In Uavti and Mnt Croix.
lAme, one of those earthy substances,
which exist In every part of the world.
It is found purest in limestone, marble
and chalk. None of these substances
are lime, but are capable of becoming so
by burning In a while heat. Lime may
also be obtained by bnrning calcareous
spars, or by dissofving oyster shells in
muriatic acid.
Lmu. a speclea of lemon, which
grows plentiAilly In the W. Indies, and
Is also to be met with in the 8. or Eu*
rope.
Zinea, a cloth of verv extensive use
made of flax. The chief countries la
which it is manufactured are Rucsia,
Germany, Bwltserland, Flanders, Hol-
land, Scotland and Ireland. The flax-
seed is chiefly procured from America.
LuutffwooLttyf a coarse cloth made of
flax, or hemp, and wool mixed, and
much worn by the peasantry of Scot-
land, Wales. &c.
Liquid Amhtf a resinous Juice, flow-
ing from a large tree, which grows In
Virginia, Mexico, and other parts of
America.
Uquoricay a root which grows wild in
many parts of France, Itaiy^ ^6^^**? ^^
Germany, and is cultivated m England.
Bayonne and Saragoesa in Spain sup-
ply the best. The inspissated Juice of
the liquorice-root is exported in rolls,
or cakes, usnally covered with bay
leaves from Spain and Holland.
tUbon. WiM, a white wine, of a fine
sweet flavor, which usually comes from
tlie city of that name.
£Ukarff6f an oxide of lead.
licAtna, an alkali in the mineral call-
ed petalite.
LUMegrapkff thf art of printing from
stone.
Lffod^ or £«dt, in mining, a word used
especially in the tin-mines, for any reg-
ular vein or course, whether metallic or
not, but most commonly load means a
metallic vein.
Loadstone^ a hard mineral body of a
dark gray color with a metallic lustre,
and possessed of the property of attract-
ing iron. This singular eubstance haa
likewise the wnnderfUl iwoperty of torn-
ing to the pole when suipended, and
left at liberty to move freely. Upon this
remarkable circumstance the mariner's
compara depends, an instrument which
gives us »iich advantages over the an-
cientn. The natural loadstone haa tho
quality of communicating its properties
to iron and steel. It is found in con-
siderable masses in the N. of Europe,
China, Slam, and the PhiUippine isles.
Logit9»d^ a hud and compact wood
of a flne grain and so heavy as to sink
in water. Its prodominant color is red,
tinged with orange, yellow, and black.
fu sMef nsa Is fiv dying. TMa wood
is likewise called India, Jamaica and
Campeachy wood, from the irtacea where
it Krows must plentifully.
Lon^itH4»t in navigation, the distance
of a ship or place, east or west, from
another, reckoned in degrees fitNn the
equator. It haa become a conveBtlonal
usage to reckon longitude from Green-
wicb, near London.
iMfgtr^ a sort of vessel usually heavi*
ly built, and rigged with a square sail.
Immbtr^ in the coasting trade, meant
■towago-wood and amdl timbev; at
spars. Joists, boards, planks, shingles,
hoops, stavea. 4lc. Maine exports vast
quantities of lumber
Luatriug. or Imtstirimg, a ipedaa cf
light, shining silk.
Ziycayerfiiiw, the fine dnst of lycopo*
dium or club-mees, is sometimes caltod
on account of its great laflammabittty,
vegetable sulphur. It is common In
mountainous places and in forests of
fir-trees ; and when strewed in the air
takes fire from a candle and boms Ilka
a flash of lightning. It Is used hi thea-
tres.
MACE^ one of the exterior covorlaga
of the nutmeg. It is a warm aiomatie,
and usually eomes ttom the E. . ndies,
in glass or porcelain vessels.
MmtkfTtl. a fish, native of the Eufo-
pean and American ssas, generally ap>
pearing at stated seasons, and swarm-
ing in vast shoals round particular
coasts.
Madder f the root of the robia ttncto-
runi, a snbeianee oxteosivoly employod
in dying. It grows most abundantf^ to
Holland.
Mad/^ra^ a well known white wine,
deriving its name from the Utand wheN
It is made.
MagTUmoy a white and aponay sub-
stance usually obtainad by tha decom-
position of the sulphate of magnaaia. It
is much used in mediclna.
Makoram/.tht timtier of a tree, whiall
is a native of the warmeet parte of Amo-
rica, and grows In many of the W. In*
dia Islands. It is hard, takes a fine
polish, and anawars better than any
other sort of wood, in all kinda of cab(>
net ware.
JIfaizs, a kind of Indian eom, exten-
sively cultivated In the U. Statea, and
used for making bread, Ibe.
JfoZodUts, a grean caibonata of cop*
per.
Jtfoft, a term applied to grain prepared
after a particular manner, for brewing
the various kinds of beer.
JWisnMiMM, a brilliant metal, of »
darkish white color, venr brittle, of con-
siderable hardness, and diflleult of fti-
sion. It is found in America and vari-
ous
IS parts of Europe.
Mamia. a
Bubstance obtained flun
several vegetaMes: but the aata, the
larch, and the alhagl alRard H In tha
largest quantltiea. The beat manna
comes from Sicily.
JMarkls, a kind of atone of varioon
colcfa, compoeed chiefly of Hnw, Ibond
in great masses, and dugoutof |NCa and
quarries. It abounds in Haaa and other
parts of the U. States, and in all tha
countries of Europe.
JMorle, an earthy anbstanea of aeva-
nl varieties, useftri as a manure.
JWvBiete, likewise called Alpine mica,
are rather bigger than the rabbit, and
are valuable on account of their skins.
They abound in Euiopa, Kamtschatka
and America.
JMortsm, an animal of n dark tawny
color, with a white throat and a bushy
tall. Its general length la about a fool
and a half, and it is prized for its skin.
The flnest maiten-skins are obtained In
N. America, Ruaala, Norway, and tha
Levant.
Masgieou white lead calctaed over a
moderate nrs.
JMoscie, a reain ohCalaad from the lea-
Bar turnenitaia tree and the li
811
MON
WVB
H eoBM ftom Tnrluf and the W« of
Chio.
Mmi, ftD Acreeable bevermge made
chiefly of honey and water.
Mtclmatm, a root of a plant of the
eonvolTulng kind, brought from the pro*
vlnee of Meehoacan in 8. America.
MmrtwTTfy a netallk subetance, fluid
at the common temperature, havlni the
appearance and brilliancy of melted ril«
ver. It to found in Spain, Germany,
China and 6. America.
Mntanmif, a kind of craTing eo nam-
ed, as nearly leeerabUng paint, the
word importing half-painted.
Afiee, a atone which forma the eaten-
ti^ part of many moontaina. and con-
atota of a great number of thin lamina
adhering to each other, aometimea of a
very laife also. It haa long been em-
ployed aa a anbatitnte for glaaa.
Jniiniai, in the aita, red lead or oxide
of lead.
.WreMBaa, a email purgative fruit of
•onaidemble utility in poannacy, and
brooi^t ftom India.
M0kmr, the eoft and allvery haiia of
the Mohahr goat, which la a native of
Angora. It m woven into camleu and
other manuAeturee.
JIfelaafw, the graea fluid matter that
ramalna of angar after cryatallizlng.
JMnuy, the following table embracea
an account of the principal forlegn mo-
idea, with their valuea In Brltiah iter-
linB.
N. B. That c atanda for Copper : « for
BUver ; a for Gold ; and thoae maraed *.
■re imagtaaiy, aa the Pound aterllng or
Bnglaao.
GREAT BRITAIN.
£. a.
AFkrthlng o
fi qra. make a Halfkwa-
ao
Atence. a Fanny o
6d.,a&aif-Bhllling •
19d., a Shilling •
9k M., a HairCrowB •
St., a Crown ■
7a. Piece, 1-3 of a Gui-
nea o
10a.
lOi.
neao
SOi., a Sovereign o
Mi., a Pound aterling •
91b., a Guinea o
PRANCE.
Pmitf Ltomtf Bordeamx, 4«.
OLO Moirias.
A Denier c 0
3 Deniera make a Uard c 0
0
0
flORiale,aPietoleefB]:-
rhan^ o
78 Riala, a Piatole o
9048 Maravediee, a Pia-
tole of Exchange *
PORTUGAL.
A Ree or Rea * 0
10 Rex make a Half Vln-
tem c
90 Res, a Vinton c
S Vintemi, a Teatoon •
4 Teato*of , a Cruaade
of Exchange s
94 Vintema, a New Cru-
aade •
10 Teatooni, or 1000 Rea,
a Mllre • 0
48 Teatooaa, a Moidore o 1
64 Teatoooa, a Joannee o I
14
10
4
0
0 10 0
0 0 97-400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 97-^
1 7-90
63^
0 9 3
0 9 694
S
7
16
7
0
0
1-9
0 0
4,
0 M
I., a Half-Sovereign o
k 6d., a Half-Gui-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
9
5
7
10
10
0
0
1
0
1
6
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
1-9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1-94
1-8
1-4
1-9
MO
1-9
1-9
9 Llarda, a Dardene c 0
19 Deniera, a Bona c 0
90 Bona, a Livre of Ex-
change* 0 0 10
00 dbua, an Ecu of Ex-
change s 0 9 0
0 Livrae, an Ecu • 0 5 0
10 Uvrea, a Piatole • 0 8 4
94Liviea,aLooM*Oro 1 0 0
RBW Moatat.
A Centime e 0 0 0
5 Centime Piece o 0 0 0
A Declme Piece e 0 0 1
A Tnnt • 0 0 10
9 Franc Piece a 0 18
15 Sol Piece • 0 0 7
30BolPieoef 0 13
5 Franc Piece a 0 4 9
10 Fnne Piece o 0 8 4
90 Franc Piece o 0 16 8
ALooiad'Oro 10 0
SPAIN.
At JMBltyo, Oibrait^, Amte, ^
BIAU VBLOIff.
A Maiavedi * 0 0 0 33-979
9 Maravediee make an
Octavo c 0 0 0 93-136
4 Maiavediea, a Ouartil o 0 0 0 93-68
94 Mamvediee, a Rial
Velon * 0 0 9 7-6
519 Maravediee, a Ptea-
tret 0 3 7
15 Rtola, a Plaatre of Sz>
•haage* 0 3 7
DEN M Ark and norwat.
, Saimd, Bergttij
A Bkllling c 0 0 0 9-16
6 Skilllogi make a Drug-
gen • 0 0 3 3 8
16 Bkillingi, a Blel
Marc* 0 0 9
90 SkiUinge, a Rix Mare 1 0 0 11 1-4
94 Skilllngi, a Rix Ort • 0 1 1 1-9
4 Marea, a Crown • 0 3 0
6 Marea, a Rix Dollar • 0 4 6
11 Marca, a Ducat o 0 8 3
SWEDEN AND FINLAND.
StaeUelai, XJ^mI, 4«.
ARvnatic* 0 0 0 7-30
3 Runatica make a Sti-
ver c
6 Runatica, a Copier
Marco
3 Copper Blarca, a Silver
Marct
4 Ditto, a Copper Dot-
larc 0 0 699
9 Ditto, a Caroline s 0 19
3 Copper DoUaia, a Sil-
ver Dollars 0 1 694
3 Silver DoUara, a Rix
Dollars 0 4 8
9 Rix Dollari, a Ducat o 0 0 4
RUSSIA.
Pettnhmrff JireMoMgd, Motttm, dv.
0 0 7 7-18
0 0 15-9
0 0 494
A Poluaca •
9 Poluscaa make a De-
nuicac
9 Denuicaa, a Copec *
3 Copeca, an Altia c
10 Copeca, a Orivener s
95 Copeca, a P<4potin a
SO Copeca, a Poltiu s
100 Copeca, a Ruble s
9 1-4 Rublea, a Czarvo-
nitch o
5 Rublea, an Imperial o
10 Rublea, a Double Im-
perial o
0 0 OS9.906
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
9
4
10
9
0
0
1
5
1
3
6
1
6
97-100
97-50
31-50
94
1-9
1-9
HOLLAND.
9 5 0
A Pening • 0
8 Peninga make a GroCe c 0
0
0
0
0
0
1
6
9 Grotea, a Btlver s 0
6 Stivera, a Schelling s 0
90 Stivera, a Guilder, or
Florins 0 10
98 Stivera, a Golden
Florin
50 Stivera, a Rix Dol-
lar s
60 Stivera, a Diy Guil-
der s
3 Fiorina and 3 Stiven,
a Ducatoon o 0
105 Stivera, a Ducat o 0
6 Guildera, a Pound
Flemlah * 0
7 Fiorina, a Half-Reyer o 0
14 Fiorina, a Rever o 1
ITALY.
Lefhtm, rUrmUf fa.
91-390
91-40
1-90
3-10
0 9 5 1-10
0 4 4 1-10
0 5 3
7
9
10
19
4
6
3
6
3
6
A Denari c
4 Denari make a Qua-
trinic
19 Denari. a Soldi c
5 Qoatrinl, a Craca c
B Cracaa, a Qoilo s
90 Soldi, a Lfara «
0 Liraa, a Plaatre ef Ex-
change o
0 0 0 5-144
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
8
5-36
5-19
95-36
5-9
1-3
7 19 Liraa, a Dnrnt o • 5 9 1-6
•29 Liraa, a Pimole « 0 15 •
SWITZERLAHD.
A Denier « 0 0 9 1^
9 Deniera make a De-
niere Conent c 0 0 9 I-IB
19 Denfteia, a BbsO
Bole 0 0 I
19 Denlen Currant, n
Sol Current c 0 0 1
19SttiaU8oia,aF1ofia*0 O 4 1-0
19 Sola Current, a lAnm
Current* 0 13
10 1-9 Fiorina, a Paia-
con s 9 S 11 1-4
15 3-4 Fiorina, a Cvoi-
aades 0 ft 10 7^
94 Fiorina, a Ducat s 0 0 0
GERMANY.
0 O
0
9 344
A Tryiing •
9 Trylingi make a Bex-
ling* 0 0
9 Sexlinga, a Feninf c 0 0
19 Feninga, a SbellBg
Lubes 0 0 I 1-6
16 Shelinga, a Marc • 0 10
9 Marca, a Slet Dollar ■ 0 3 0
3 Marca, a Rix Dollar • 0 4 0
6 1-4 Marca, a Ducat q 0 9 4 1-9
190 Shelinga, a Pound
Fleraiah • 0 11 0
TURKEY.
C!BiuCaitfnu!p{«, Saifnia,
A Mangar c 0
4 Mangaia make an Aa-
par* 0 0
3 Aapera, a Para s 0 0
5 Aapera, a Beatic s 0 0
10 Aipera, an Oatic a 0 0
90 Aapera, a Solota s 0 1
80 Aqma, a Plaatre •04
100 Aapera, a Cam-
grouch s 0 5
10 Solotaa, a Xeritf o 0 10
INDIA.
CaZmtta, CkticMt, Oc
A Pice c 0 0
4 Pieea make a Fanam c 0 0
6Plcee,aVizc 0 O
19 Picee, an Ana s 0 0
10 Anaa, a Fiano « 0 1
16 Anaa, a Rapee s 0 9
9 Rupeea, an En^lih
Crown s 0 5 0
9 Rupeee, a French
Crown s 0 5
56 Anaa, a Pagoda o 0 8
CHINA.
Pektk, J^kmU*^ Cmimm,
A Caxa, Cachea, or
Caya*
10 Caxa make a Canda-
reen c 0 0
10 Candareena, a Mace s 0 0
35 Candareena, a Ru-
pee s 0 9
9 Rupeee, a Dollar • 0 4
70 Candareena, a Rix
Dollar s 0 4
a French
0 341
034
1 44
3
6
0
0
0
0
0541
054
0 1516
1 74
03-ft
6
0
9
0 9 0O9S
7 Macea,
Crown s 0 4
9 Rupeee, an Engliib
Crown s 0 5
10 Macea, a Tale * 0 6
044
0
3
0
4 14
8
0
8
0 4 9
Jforesca, a kind of carvlnx, painting.
Itc, done in the manner of the Moen.
MoneeOf a fine kind of leather pn-
pared of the akin of an anbaal «f ihs
goat kind, and imported ftom the La>
vant. Barbery, dec.
JVottAmc, an alkali aalt obtained (hw
epium.
M0*mc, an aaramblace of little pieefli
of tf aas, marble, prectooa atonea, ke*,
of variouB colora, cut aqnare, aiM ce-
mented on a ground of stucco.
Mother 4if Pearly the ahell of a maacla,
dwelling in the ocean of either Indln.
MMseaHaUy a rich wine of the potrth
of Provence, Laaguedoc and eCherpnti
of France.
JIftrjft, n subataace found in a bi^ ill*
uated in the umbilical legien ef the
moachui moclferotta, and vmd u i
819
OKA
ISO
Fnt
ywAiat. It i0 tiM oMalatd from tiM
civet or mnik cat.
Miut-^etd^ tbe Mcd of a plant whieh
Crowa in tbe W. Indies, and jrlelda an
odor preciaeiy like feal miuk.
JimMlin^ a Una, thin aort of cotton
eloth, whleli beara a downy nap on Ita
aurlbca. Tbe beit cornea from India.
Mutt^ tbe Juice of the grape previoiia
to fermentation.
Myrrh, a gum ra«ln, broiigbt fWun tbe
B. Indiea and fmm amyrna and Alep>
po.
J^MfKEEir, ot.^fkfiknfy a ipeciea of
cotton dotb cloaely woven. It takea ita
nama tirom a city in China, where the
reddiab thread of which the atalT la
made la apan.
^foftka, an oil, which laauea ont of
white, yellow, or Mack daya, In Perala
nnd Media*
JWa TidUf tboae tldea which hap-
pen when the moon la In the tint and
taat quarters, being low, when eomnared
to aprlng tidea.
Jiftpkritie W^od, a wood of a veiy
denae and compact texture, brought
fh>m New Bpain. It la a diuretic.
MitafMgm Woody a dye-wood of a very
bright red cokv, brought from Nica»-
gua.
Aldkat, a aeml-metal, found eommon*
ly In mineo of cobalt.
Afaim, a root of a pale brown color,
and of an acrid, aatringent taste. It Is
collected on the mountains of Corea.
JVWhuv, the kernel of a large fruU not
unlike tne peach. The best nutmegs
are brooi ht from the E. Indies in stone
Jars. The round nutmeg Is preferred to
that which la oblong.
JVks Fmuco, the seed of the officinal
atrychnoa, a native of the E. Indiea. It
la among the moat powerful polaona of
the narqotic kind.
OJtKUM. old ropes nntwlstad. and
Clled out Into loose hemp, In order to
used in caulking the seama of ahlpa,
Ace.
OcApsff, eombinathm of earths with
the oxide of Iron ; they are of various
eolon, and are principally employed aa
pigments.
Qfinr, that part of the aea a good dis-
tance uom shore, where there is deep
water, and no need of a pilot to conduct
tbe ship.
OUes, a fruit which yields a large
quantity of oil, the produce of tbe •2m,
olive-tree. It la a native of the aoutb-
em parts of Europe, and la cultivated In
great quantities in the 6. of France, It-
aly and PoTtogal. Olives have an acrid,
bitter and disagreeable taste: pleklea
thqr prove more palatable. Tbe Lucca
olives, which are smaller than the
others, have tbe weakest taste; the
Spanish, or larger, the strongest ; tbe
mvsnce, which are of a middling also,
are generally the most esteemed.
OMyx, one of tbe semi-pellucid gems,
with varloualy c<dored zones, but none
red. It is found in tbe E. Indies and
dlflbrent parts of America.
Of^ a stone of the quarts ibmily,
Amad in many parts of Europe, eape-
cially In Hungary. When first dug out
of tbe earth it is soft, but it hardens and
diminishea in bulk by exposure to the air.
OfiuMj Is obtained from the white
poppy, a plant which Is extensively cul-
tivated in Turkey and India. It Is a
MwerAil narcotic.
PpoMmrmm, tbe Juice of a tree called
Celpasl. It resembles myrrh, and is
»oison taken Internally.
OpoiMocy a solution of soap In aleo-
lol, with the addition of camphor and
folatiie oils. «
Opofowu. a resin obtained from a
plant growing in tbe Levant.
Oraii#e«, the fruit of the orange-tree,
which flourishes in the 0. <>f Europe and
the IT. States, and In both the Indiea.
Great quantities of omnites are imported
from Seville. Tbe island of Malta ftir-
UUMi orangsa of a flna flavor ; and they
alao came to great paiftctioB iaibaW
Indies and the Axvea.
OrdkiUa fVtod, a wl^itlsb moea, yield-
Ing a rich purple tincture, used for dy-
ing. It Is found In tbe wands of the
Archipelago, and alao in tboae near tbe
African coast.
Ordamcs, a general name Ibr all sorta
of neat guns used In war.
OHignrntai, oil obtained from the leavea
of the wild maijoram. It Is a core for
the chilblaine.
Orpimnt, a aemi- metal, usually found
la copper minea.
Orruy a eweet acented powder, pro-
duced by pulverising a root of the eame
name. The root Is white, and is brou^t
from Florence, In the neighborhood of
which city it ^ws spontaneously.
OrUom Iren, a particular sort of bars
of iron, made for the manulbcture of
wire.
Oi ■iMsi, a metal of a dark blue color,
which exists in platina.
Omuhurfkf a coarse linen cloth man-
ttlbctured u the city irf'that name.
Ottriek FoaUmo, the flne feathers of
tbe ostrich. They are brought from Af-
rica, particularly the coast of Barbery.
OOa, or OUar qf Room, the essential
oil of rosea. It eomeo to us under this
name from Bengal.
Qzy^en, a simple substance, which
can only be obtained in combination
with other bodiea or In a state of gas.
PALEJiTDuaRyB kind of coasting ves-
sel.
Pedadnan, a metal of a white color,
which exists In tbe ores of platina.
Palm OUf an oil obtained from the
nuts of a tree, which grows in most
parta of Asia, Africa and America, more
eepeclally on the coast of Guinea, In the
Cape de verd ialanda, and In Jamaica
and Baibadoea.
PmgomUy a speciea of crystal.
Parmtkimo, a stone of a variety of
colore, found In Norway.
Pardkaicnt, the akin of sheep or goats
prepared ao aa to render It proper for
wrttlng upon, Ifce. The best parchment
is made in France.
Fareira Bravo, a root of a dark color,
which comes from Biasil, and la uaea
in medicine.
Pargatiu, a mineral of a green color
and transparent, lately found near Abo.
PoTMa JVerMe, the white marble from
the Island of Faroe, used to this day for
carving statues, Slc.
Peat, the Indian flax.
Pearl Atku, a kind of flxed alkaline
aalt, prepared by mixing the ashea of
burnt wood with water, evaporating the
clear ley, and calcinlni them in an oven
moderately hot. Fearl aahee are cbief-
Sprapared la N. AwMtrira, Ruaala and
nngary.
Peorb, hard, white, ahlning bodies,
usually round, found in various kinds
ofteataceouanalies. The flsh, in which
tbe largest and Aneet pearis are pro-
duced, u the £. India peari-ovster. The
most remarkable pearl fisbmiee of Ame-
rica are in the Gulf of Mexico and along
the coast of Granada.
P«dkes, a speciea of Bohea tea.
P«Viitii, a fruit very common In the
W. Indiea, of a ahaip, acid flavor.
Piawaali, or PomdnU, tboae stream-
era of a ship, which are split or divided
Into two parta, onding In polnta.
P^por. an aromatw berry, of a hot,
dry quality, chiefly uaed In seasoning
articleaoffood. Tbe pepper plant flour-
ishes in the islands of Java, Sumatra
and Ceylon, and more particularly on
the Malabar coast.
Perry, a beverapa made flrom pean.
Pttrol, a mineral oil, or species of bit-
umen, supposed to Issue from the clefts
of rocks, and found floating on the wa-
terv of certain springs. It Is obtained
In hot eountriea, and is uaed externally
la paralytic caaee, Ifce.
PMotsr, a fkctitioua metal, the baala
of which la tia.
Pkottkarwt^ a simple aubatanee, nick
retembling wax in consistence, of a
fklnt straw color, and highly combmti-
ble. It was discovered by a Germaa
chemist, named Brandt, about 160 yean
aince, and the preparation was long
kept a secret.
Picfd, the Cbineae quintal of 100
pounds.
PUckudoy a speciea of fish, sloiiltr to
the herring.
PtsisKto, the berriea of a trae, whkh
grows spontaneouslv and in great abun-
dance in tbe Island of Jamaica. It la
usually imported in bags and casks, and
is similar in smell and taste to cloves.
Juniper-berries, cinnamon, and .pepper,
or rather a peculiar mixtura somewhat
akin to them, whence its name of all-
spice.
PinMock a name given to one of the
many imitations of gold. It \» made by
melung yellow copper in varioua pro-
portions with red copper.
Pine Jtpplef the fruit of a plant which
grows spontaneously in 8. America, Af-
rica and the Indies.
PiMkj a venel used at aea, masted and
rirged tike other ships, only that it la
built with a round stern.
Pmnaeey a small vessel used at aea,
with a square stern, chiefly employed aa
a scout for intelligence, and for landing
of men, ftc.
Putaekio, the fruit of the plstachla
terebinthus, a kind of turpentine tree.
It pows naturally in Arabia, Perala and
Syria ; also in Sicily, whence the nnta
ara usually brought.
Piedk, a tenacious oily aubataace
drawn chiefly from pines and firs ; or it
Is more properly tar, Inapiaaated by boil-
ing it over a slow fire.
Ptaid, a striped or variegated atuff,
Biannflictured principally in^cotland.
Planks, thick strong boaros, cut from
varioua kinda of wood, eapeclaUy pine,
oak and fir.
PlaaUr tfParia, the sulphate of liaM,
after being calcined.
PUuina, the heaviest of all metala i It
is met with in some abundance la S.
America and in Russia, where it haa
been coined into money. Ita color la that
of the purest silver.
Piuai^^o, black lead.
Plusk, a kind of stnfif composed chief*
ly of wool and goaU> or camels' hair.
PamugramaUf a medicinal fruit. Ilka
an apple or quince, frill of aeeds, enclos-
ed within a reddish pulp. It vows In
Spain, Italy and France. and 8. America.
Peppy, a well known plant of several
species. That which produces opiura
la the white officinal pwy.
I, a flne kind of earthenware
chiefly manufkctured in China, and
theace called China wara.
PerpAyry. Includes those stones which
contain either feltspar, schoerl. quarts,
mica, or crvstala of any kind. It la
found of different colors, and occun in
nearly every countir.
Port, the name of a red wine,ao call-
ed from Oporto. wh«iee immeaae quaa-
tities of the article are exported.
Petaak, an alkaline salt, chiefly pro-
cured by llxiviatlon from tbe aahee of
burnt wood, and other vegetable sub-
Btancea.
Potmu, gum-aaaderach, pounded and
sifted very fine.
Proa, in navigation. Is a name given
to a veasel used in the South Seaa. In
ita construction, the head and stem ara
alike, but the sides ara diflbrant ; the
aide intended to be alwaya tbe lee side
being flat, a* -* ''*'e wiadward-aide made
rounding.
Prmaa, plume dried in the eiinshlna
or In an oven. Tbe beat come ikun
France
Paaues-atoas. a light, mnpn and pOi>
rous stone, which Is found in ihe owt-
ast abundance In the island ol I ^Mui.
Pfriito, a genaa of inflammable sab-
ataacea, composed cf sulphnr. whiah
813
TAF
Jtat dlMOlved, or ntorttcd MMlf with
■MtSll.
PfToftt a mineral found In Bohemia,
ei a deep red color, which pasaet to
omnia, when ezpoaed to the tun.
Pfnfkomgf an aitlficlal product, pie-
pared firom alum by calcination, with
the addition of Tarknu inflammable eah-
■taneei.
Fyrvudbiief, the art of making flie-
woret.
Q,UADRMfT^ a mathematical in-
strument, of great uae in navlfation,
lot taking the altitodea of the ran, itara,
ftc.
OnoreatiiM, a detention which ahtpa
undergo, when auapected of having on
board peraoui or goods infected with
contagion. The uaual quarantine li 40
daya.
Qwarity a mineral of the flint genus,
which is divided into Ave subspecies.
Qiuune, a tree growing In S. Ameri-
ca and the W. Indies, the root, bark
and wood of which are used In medi-
cine, and by brewers to give a bitter
taste to their beer. It received its name
fh>m duassi, a negro of Surinam, who
discovered its virtues. <
QasrctCrvn Aorik, the bark of a speeies
of oak growing In atoss. and other parts
of N. America. It is used for dying
yellow.
RAOWORT, a native perennial plant
growing by roadsides, and flowering
nom July to August. It imparts a fine
green color to wool. »
JteuMS, grapes prepared bv suflbring
them to remain on the vine till they are
perfectly ripe, and then drying them in
the sun or by the heat of an oven. Tlie
names by which rehrlns are distinguish-
ed among traders, are the following,
and the oraer in which they are placM
denotes their relative value, the flrst
being the most esteemed ; viz. Musca-
tels, sun or soils, bloom or Jar, Belve-
dere, Denia or Blalaga, Bultana, Llpari,
and Smyrna, black and red. The best
of theee kinas are imported in boxes and
Jan, and the inferior in mau. Spain
aupplies great quantities of this article ;
and Malaga Is ttie port whence they are
chiefly exported. Calabria flimishes the
flnest of any put of Italy.
Raf'8—d^ the seed or the napus sta-
liva, from which a usefhl oil Is extract-
ed.
JZotqffs, a flue spirituous liquor, pre-
pared In France from the kernels of
cherries, apricots, Ace.
Aoleem, a thick woollen stuff, mano-
Actured chiefly In France, Holland and
Italy.
Arilaiw, the small shoots or branches
of the snmur-caae, brought from the E.
nd W. ladles.
Jtsddb. an ore of Iron la tbe state of
red oxioie, commonly used as a plg-
JKsfte, a viscid Juice ooxing from sev-
eral veipstabie productions, as tbe pine,
the flr, dec That of flr Is known by the
name of rosin.
m^salic, a medicinal root reeembllng
rhubarb. It comes from Smyrna.
JtAodhuM, or RMt FTood, a wood or
root broutht from tbe Canary islands.
JUuterft, a |riant of which there are
seven species. The yellowish root
which Is used *Ji medicine comes prin-
cipally from China.
Jttes, a plant very much rewmbiing
wheat in shape, color and leaves. It is
cultivated to great extent In Asia as
well as in ihe southern parts of the U.
Sutes.
Jtms-J7«mp, the best sort of hemp,
cleaned from all impurities.
Jtenj^s, a red color obtained from the
plant caithamus, a native of Egypt and
the Levant.
JIm^, a genus of precious stimeii of
various colore, found In the E. Indies
and In Brazil.
JtiMk a well known spirituous liquor,
■adenoathe
JIm, a laeAi] species of grain prodae-
ed from aplant which is a native of the
island of Candia.
SjtBLEf an anhnal vaSued fer iu frir.
The best skins come from Siberia, Bud-
son's bay and Canada.
SagmtJise, a slight woollen stalT, some-
times mixed with a little silk.
8a£0, the produce of an oriental tree,
which grows in great abundance in tlie
Moluccas and the coast of Malabar. It
is also brought from the W. Indiee. It
forms an agreeable Jelly, and Is a useAU
article of diet.
&Uf, a mineral body, readily soluble
In water, and tasting sharp or punifent
on the tongue The salt obtained from
the waters of the sea Is called bay salt :
so named frvtm being flrst made in the
bay of St. Ubes, In Portotal. We ex-
port much salt from tbe West Indies.
Rock salt Is obtained In great abundance
from the mines In Poland and Hungary.
Sandtn, an odoriferous wood, brought
from the Indies.
SsMH, a species of wood, similar to
the Brazil wood, and used for the same
purposes. The tree which produces It
Is found In S. America, Japsji, and Co-
chin-China.
Smkirtj a genus of precious stones,
of a Dlue color, and the hardest of all
except the ruby and diamond.
SsiTMMt, a kind of fine, thin woven,
plain silk.
8ardme$t a speeies of flsh of the her-
ring kind ; anchovies.
Sardowffx, a precious stone, consisting
of a mixture of the ciialcedony and cor-
nelian.
Sttrwpanttaf the root of a plant grow-
hku in most parts of America. The flower
Is yellow, mixed with red.
Sast^fimt. the root of a tree, which is
a native of N. America, and grows plen-
tlfhlly in Florida.
SslM, a soft, cloeely-woven silk, with
a glossy surfeoe. The chief seats of
this manufecture are Lyons, Genoa and
Florence.
ScwHpeK, a plant employed by dyen
to Impart a yellow color.
Seammanf, the produce of a species of
convolvulus, or creeper plant; which
grows wild in the vales between Naza-
reth and Mount Carmel. It is used In
medicine as a purgative.
Sandiu. a mineral of a pearl color,
found in Norway.
SorteeBM, the small elephaiOs* teeth,
or pieces of them, which are not sold
singly but In parcels.
Sena, or Semia, tlie leaf of a shrub-
by plant cultivated in Penia, SHnte and
Arebin, and much used In medicine as
a usefhl cathartic.
Strge, a woollen stuff manuAkctured
In a loom.
Seroa, of almonds, Is the quantity of
900 weight ; of Indigo, the same.
Skagf a woollen Mw smooth on one
side and velvety on the other.
SkagriHf a kmd of mined leather,
prepared, as la supposed, of the skin of a
species of squalus, or homed fidi, called
toe shagree, or ahagrain, and used In
covering books, &c It is imported
from Constantinople and some parts of
Poland.
SleUtfoa, a slight woollen stuff, which
derives Its name from the town of Cha-
lons, where It was flrst manuihetured.
9iammi. a kind of leather, soft and
pliant. The real shammy Is prepared
of the skin of the chamois-goat, whence
its name.
SkawUf a species of flne wotdlen band-
kerchief^ormlng an article of female
drees. The finest shawls come fh>m
the E. Indies. The province of Cache-
rolre Is the grand seat of the manufric-
tnre of the beautlfril shawls which bear
its name.
StuOae^ a kind of lac, which has un-
dergone a purification in a particular
manner.
fiwiy, a Bpaalah wiaa, inade Ja the
vielnky of
Tlie Slieny wines are
frosD Cadis.
Silk, a very soft, fine,
the work of an Ium
byz, or the ailk-wc
ported into tills coantiy ia chaeflv mt
produce of Italy, Fimnce, Turkey sM
the E. Indies. Attesition has renecf
been directed to tbe eolian* ef aU s
tlie U. States, and tt will
time becoaM an Impottai
mannftcture in tbe oouMiy.
Sibm', a metal of a flae
without either taaie
eonsideral^ silver aaiiias aa« at
in 8. America, Kiuieber(Jka Ncrvv,
Annaberg in Austria, the
SEofP, a sort of soiall
usually with one maat.
Smack, a small it— il, fiawanv i
Sng a single maat, and esaplflred ia flaw-
ing.
^maU, a speelea of glaas, ef a teft
blue color.
8mak§-Rp^ a osedlcliial root i
principally in Virgjinim and ite
priacipaBjc^
ef
la
Soda, an alkaline salt,
tained from tlie ashea of
S»y, an extract frtioa
growing In China. It is
ulant sauce.
SptrwuioetL a fet
from tbe brains of a speciea of vbDe.
Sponge, a plant of a poroas tmiBT,
common in tlie Meditei
seas, where It adherea ia
to rocks, stones, aheUs. Slc It ,
chiefly from Aleppo and Soiynia.
SfMfl, a plant with
root, growing spontaneoasly ea tte
sanay shores of Spain and the LevaM.
It is used In medicine.
SUel, Iron refined In the fire with tm-
tain Ingredients, that render it wk:«
and Impart to it a harder and
than that of the ocifiaal naetaL
Stores, tlie most flnapant of the mbi
resins. It is obtained from a tree, whu-h
grows most plenllftilly In Cfliela, 9jniu
and Pamphilfai ; and la alao met wnh k
America.
Shuco, a generic term, eoaapiahead-
ing all the dUIbrent kinds ofeoveris^
dnwinga, or ooatingB for
Aifisr. a solid,
lined from the
tained from the susar-eane. It k ex-
tenslvely manuflKtared in the E.
W. Indies, Louisiana and 8.
Sm^luar, or Brimutane, a hard, hrttir,
inflammable sufaotanoe, of aa opeqat
yellow color.
Smmaek, a shrub which groiws aataraS-
1y In the 17. S., Syria, Spain and Ports-
gal ; In the two last It Is coltlvated wiita
greM care : and great quantities are ate
exported from Sicily. Ita afaoots are iv>
duced to powder, and prepared tor tbe
purpoees of dying, tanning, dec
flviesl, a small cannon, much ared oa
board merehant-ahipe aa a waapsa «f
defence.
TABB7, a kind of rwa allk.
- a aolid
stance, used In pharmacy, bronght from
New Spain and the iatand of Sfadafsi-
car.
TXMr, a flne, amoocliy ailkea siai;
remarkable for Its gloss.
Ttic, a species of mineral, of whiti
there are three varletlee. It aiionndsn
the mountains of IVrol and tSalsban.
TIeneriKdf, the fruit of tbe taiaacm-
dus indlca. It is a pod rssBoibtiag a
beancod. Including several hard aeedR,
with a dark colored viacid palp, of a
pleasant acid ta«te : the E. India taa»-
rinds are longer than the W. India ; the
former containing aix or
each, the bitter mreiy
four.
Tnmrf, a species of woollen
manufactured In England.
Taonbac, or Tvmhagna, a mixture ft
gold and copper.
a naiM given to waita aaai
814
TBA
7W, tht dried leavM of (he tet-plant,
• commodtty in general use iu Europe,
Amra-lea and Aak. The tea-plant i« a
laalKfp of Japan. China and Tonqutn.
It Mialna the areateM perfection in the
teglona of Nankin. In commeree. eight
pruiclpal aocta of tea are diatinguUbed,
three of green and Ave of bohea. The
three aorta of green tea are, 1. The Im-
perial or Bloom tea. S. The Haisven
or Hjraon, ao called from the name of an
Indian merchantjWho first brou^t it
Into Europe. 3. The Slnglo, or Songlo.
Tbe Ave aorta of Bohea tea are, 1. The
Boacliong. 3. The flumlo, Camho or
Campol. 3. Tbe Congou. 4. TbePeko.
5. The Bohea.
The first gathering eonmettcet at tbe
and of February, or beginning of March.
Tbe leavee are then amall, tender, and
unfolded, and not above three or four
daye old ; theae are called MMrUiaa or
« tea in powder,'* because it Is pulver-
ised \ it 18 also called aometimea bloom
tea. It is sold in China at 90d. or St.
per pound. Tbe laborers employed in
collecting it, do not pull the leavea by
handfUa, but pick them up one by one,
and take erery prseantlon that they may
not break them. However long and
tedidbs this labor may appear, they gath-
er fhMtt four, to ten, or fifteen, poonda
per day.
The aeeoad crop la gathered about the
end of March, or beginning of April.
At this aeaaon part of their leavea have
attained their ftill nowth, and the rest
are not above half their aixe. Thia
diflRirence doee not, however, prevent
them from being all gathered inoiaerim-
Inately. They are afterwarda picked,
and aorted into dlfl!brent parcela, ac-
cording to tbelr age and alze. The
youngest, which are careftilly aeparated
from tbe test, are often sold for leaves
of the firat eropa. Tea gathered at this
aeaaon Is called fse-Cnca, or " Chinese
Tea," beeauae the people of Japan in-
ftise It, and drink It after the Chineae
manner.
The third crop la gathered at the end
of May, or In the month of June. The
leavee are then very numerous and
thick, and have acquired their ftill
growth. Thia kind of tea, which ia
called »ca-tfftaa. Is the coaraest of all,
and ia reaerved for the common people.
Some of the Japanese collect their tea
only at two seaaona of the year, which
correspond to the aecond, and third, al-
ready mentioned ; others confine them-
aelvea to one general gathering of their
crop, towarda the month of June: how-
e?er, they always form afterwards dif-
ftrent aaaortmenta of their leaves.
The finest and moat celebrated tea of
Japan, la that which grows near Ud-si,
a small villajn altuated cloee to the aea,
and not flur diatant from Meaco. In the
district of this village Is a mountain,
extremely well adapted for the culture
of fine tea. It is enclosed by hedges
and ditches, to prsveat all acceaa to it.
"^Iie tea-ahruba that grow on this moun-
tain, are planted In regular order, and
am divided by diffisrent avenues and
alleys. Tbe care of this place ia in-
tnisted to people, who are ordered to
guard the leavea from dust, and to de-
fend tbemjfrom the Inclemency of the
weather. Before collecting tbe tea, It
ii said, thev abstain ftom every kind
of groas fbod for aome weeka, that their
brMth and perspintion may not Injure
the leavee, which tbey do not touch but
with very fine i^ovea.
TMfc, or Tseft- Wood^ the produce of a
tree growlnt In Ava and Pegu and on
the coast of Malabar, la employed in the
rnnslniction of tbe vessels fitted out at
1 nnbay, Madras, and Calcutta. Thelm-
^ rtaaceoftbetrafflc to which this wood
r^es rise, may readily be conceived,
when it la aaaeited, that the total bur-
den of the veasela belonging to Calcutu,
which are ft»rmed of It. amounta to 40,000
IMI. Thlals theoalyapeeleeofwood
\TE1 .
which can be advanugeously employed
in the conMructiun of the lari^ Bengal-
e!ie ve90el:i j ftir it has been ascertained,
that the indispenous wood of Bea^nl ia
scarcely serviceable at all in the Indian
seas.
Ttmty a strong, sweet-flavored red
wine, made in the province of Andalu -
sia.
T^l^v, a sort of transparent gauxe,
atiflenea with gum and preased.
Tin, a metal of a fine white color, a
slight disagreeable taste, and emitting a
peculiar smell when nibbed. There are
consideraMe tin-mtneaon the Malabar
coast, in the island of Banda, In Spain,
and in the Spanish West Indies. The
tin-mines of Cornwall, Bug., are the
moat productive.
Tobaeeoi a plant, the leaves of which
form an extensive branch of commerce.
It is cultivated in the E. Indies and Af-
rica, though little la exported thence.
In the Levant, Salonica Is the grand
market for thia commodity. Tbe to-
bacco of Dalmatia and Croatia ia of a
flood quality ; and the iriant is success-
fully raiaed In other parts of Europe. N.
America indubitably yields the finest
tobacco in the world ; Virginia and
Maryland producing it in the greatest
abuttdanee and of the beat quality.
Tartms0-8kdl, the shell of the testa-
ceous animal called a tortoise.
TVsdi mn4», certain wlnda which
regulariy blow in ascertained directions
for i^ven periods, in diffbrent parts of
the wortd ; and are taken advantage of
in tbe course of commeree and naviga-
tion. They prevail eapedally in ue
Indian aeas.
TVom Oily a general name ibr dilTer-
ent aorta of fiah oil.
TWsMTM, a root need In dying yel-
low. It cornea from the E. Inaiea.
TWumI, a valuable dying drag, pre-
pared near Montpeller.
TWpsnCMs, a resinoua juice extracted
from aeveral apeciea of trees.
TWfMsue, a mineral of a pale aky-blue
color.
ULTRJUiJIRrXRy a very fine blue
Kwder, made from the blue parte of
.>is laxuli.
t7«<ni«&aii|rA. a strong compound liquor,
chiefly taken by way of dram ; It la made
in the bigheat perfection at Drogtaeda in
Ireland, and la similar to whiaky.
VALOHlBy a |riant brought from Ita-
ly and the Levant, and ubm aa a dying
ingredient.
vamttA. a plant whoee aromatic poda
aro need in tbe roanulkcture of choco-
late. It comae from S. America and
the Indiea.
FUvst, a rich kind of ailk atuff cover-
ed on tbe outside with a cloae, abort,
fine and aoft nap. Florence and Genoa
are moat noted for the manufticture of
this article.
VBrHgruy an acetat of c<q>per need aa
a pigment.
FsnausiK, an Italian preparation of
flour, used in soups, broths, 4lc.
ridemo, a white wine, the produce
of the island of Teneriflb.
WEtOHTa AlfD MEASURES, are
uaed to aacertain the quantities or any
article or commodity, according to in
nature.
Wei^t, in a commercial sense, de-
notes a body, legally defined, appointed
to be put In the balance againat other
bodiea, whoee momentum ia requir-
ed.
rbe word Msafure, taken in a similar
aenae, can require no definition. Tbe
original atandards appear to have been
pointed out by tbe also and proportloaa
of tbe human frame ; and theae natural
meaaurea are still used when artificial
onee cannot be conveniently resorted to :
thus tbe fiakom of a well-proportioned
man la supposed equal to bia height or
stature i the pecs, one half of bia atature ;
tbe caNe, one fourth : the /mC one sixth,
and Hw ipea, one f#tb. ^he kmd is
WEI
reckoned one third of tbe foot, and the
breadth of the thumb one twelfth.
Standards of weights and measuree
were held sacred by the ancients, and
a uniformity waa strictly ebserved in
many countriea of Asia. Among the
Romana there waa but one weight and
one measure; every town and city
throughout their vast empire having a
standard, which waa aa exact copy of
the archetype kept in tbe capkol, and
therefore called eapiMma,
In latter tintes, from vaHoua abusee
and a divenity of ueages, a variety of
weighta and measures have crirtalaed,
and do at present prevail, in the varioua
countries of Europe and the other parte
of the worid. There is, however, with
few exceptions, a aimllaritv in the sys-
tems of all countries, which seesns to
indicate a common origin. Thua the
/mC, which ia the general unit for mea-
sures, is duodecimally divided ; and the
Mirnd, which is tbe unit for wei|^ts, is
divided either into twelve or sixteen
ounces, 4tc. In almost everv nation,
there are two descriptions of weighra,
one At the preeioua metala, and tbe
other for common articles i such are the
Troy and Avoirdupois weighta in Eng-
land.
Standards generally aigniiy any mea-
sure or weight of acknowledged author-
ity, by which othen of tbe same de-
nomination are to be ecmiparsd and ad-
Justed. They are diatingulabed Into
arbitrary standards and invariable
atandarda from nature. Tbe former are
universally adopted except in Fiance ;
and the latter are Intended to coneet or
to restore them, if loet.
Tbe origin of the old standards oi
weight or capacity is not aertainly
known ; but tboee of linear measuree
may be Inferred, from their namee, to
have been taken from some part of the
human frame, aa noticed above. Hence
the/MC, tbe kmd, the tpam^ the aeO, the
caAtf or elbow, the viae, aune, or arm,
tbe fhthom, tbe pace, Itc Tbe inch, in
aome places, ia determined by barley-
corna ; but in olben, It is called the
tkmmh. Tbe Jfaysr, too, is reckoned as
two4blrds of an inch.
The foot is the meet general unit for
measures aa cbe pound la for weighle ;
and both are moatly divided Into the
aame number of eqiwl paita. and their
divisions were anciently called bv the
same name, aaeia, which algnifiea a
twelfth part of tbe whole. Hence tbe
inch waa called the anda r^dUy and the*
ounce tbe aaeie Kbrm.
Aa meaaurea derived in the manner
deacribed, muat vary with tbe diflbrent
aixee of men, tbe atandarda. fonned of
some durable substance, have been
taken from tbe foot, or arm, of aome
diatlngulahed peraon. Tbua the Saxon
jyrd, or girth, the modem yard, la aald
to have been adinated by the arm of,
kfangHeniyl. It la anppoeed, that, froni
a similar reason, the old French foot
has been called jnad ds ret.
Tbe fbllowing liet embiacea aone of
tbe principal Atelgn weights and nea-
surss.
EsK iwdiit, OUaa, Pirsis, ^.
In TmHttfy at ftayrna, Ifcc., they use
tbe batman, or battemaa, oontalnlnf
alx occoa, tbe oeco weighing three
pounda foar-fiftha Englieb. They have
another batman much leea, conaistlng,
aa the former, of alx ooeoa ; but the oeco
only containing 15 ouncee English j M
occoe of the firat kind make the Turk-
ish quintal.
At Osare, .^Icamdrstte, Mtffo^ and
ddlsraadrie, tbey use tbe racto, ration, or
rottoll; at Cahro. and other parte of
T^vpL, it ia 144 dnchma. being abova
an Engllab pound wc|^r
At Aleppo there tre tbrse enita ef rot*
toe; tbe fii« "ao diacuna maktaf
ahem aeven pounas Eiii hi and oaai
la welgUag :oitoi»t aula, and achat
wu
tke wooiHl it AM
incbins, uied for all lilka but while
MiM, wbii'h are weighed by the third
nCto of 700 dcachmfl.
At Sefda the rotto is 600 drwbnM.
*ihc other porU of the Levant, not
iMre named, uee tome of ibeee weight*,
particularljr the eceo or ocqua, the rot^
toli, and rotto.
The OkMM* weights are the piece, for
tarfB comiaoditie« : ll le divided into
100 catis, or cattle, though aome sa^ 198 ;
the catl into 16 taele. or tales, eaen tale
equivalent to 1 1 3 or an ounce English,
or the weight vi one rial and one
twelfth, and eontalning 19 mas. or maa-
■ee ; 'and each mas 10 condrlns. So
Chat the Chinese piece amonnu to 137
pounds English avoirdupola, and the
«ndl to one pound, eight ounces. The
Ucul for silk contains 66 catis and three
xarths} the bahar, bakaire, or barr,
contains 336 catis.
7MfHm has also the sane weights,
measures, &e., as China.
Jmpmm has only one weight, vis., the
eati, which, however, is different Rom
that of China, as containing 90 uels.
At fiarwt, JIgrm, and throughout the
States which composed the kingdom of
the Great Mogul, tbey use the man, or
Bunmd, whereof thev have two kinds :
the king's man^or king's weight, and
the man simply ; the first used for the
weighing of commim provisions, con-
tahuag 40 seers or seiee^ and each oeer
Just a rarls pound.
The eommon man, need in the weiih-
teg of merebandise, eonalsta Ukewlee
of 40 seeis : but each seer la only eeti-
mated at 19 Paris ounces, or thrae-
foartht of the other seer.
The man may be lonked on as the
cammon weight of the East Indiee,
though under some diflbrence of name,
or rather o€ pronunciation, it being caU*
ed mas at Cambaya ^and in other plaoes,
metn and maun. The seer Is properly
the Indian pound, and of universal use ;
the like may be said of the bahar, taei,
and eatti ^ove-mentlofted.
At aiam the weights are the piece eon*
talaing two shans, or catlis : but the
Siamese caui is only half the Japanese,
the latter containing 90 taels, and the
former only 10 ; though some make the
Chinese eatti only 16 taels, and tlie SI-
tmeee 8. The tael contains foar baata,
rtlcala, each about a Paris ounce ; the
wm% fbttj* sellngs, or mayons : the mayoB
wo fooangs ; the fooang fonr P^yMj
lie p^e two dams $ the aompnye iiali
a fbuang. It Is to be obeerved. that
thsao are the namee of their eoms as
also the vakla, which exceeds t little
oar ounce ; the sah-clwray, etinal to the
1170th part of the derfaam ; and tha to-
man, used to wel^ out lane payments
of money without telling ; tts wel^ Is
thatof nfty abassle.
4firiam WMu,
As to the weights of AMca, there are
few places that have any. except Egypt,
and the eonntries bordering on tne
Mediterranean, whoee wel^u havs
been already enumerated among thore
of the ports of the Levant. The Uand
cX MadagaacaTi indeed, has welgbtt,
but none that exceed the drachm, nor
are they osed for any thing but gold and
silver.
wnll as weights ; silver and gold being
eomSMMlltiee then add, ae other things,
hflhair weights.
la the Isle of Jtoee and paitimlaily at
Bantam, they use the gantan, eqoal to
naaity three Dutch pounds.
In Ostorade, at Fls^penr, and Ose,
they have the foratalfe, eoalalBlpg on*
ponad, 14 ounces, English: the man-
galls, or mangrihi, for weighing diar
meado and precious stones, weigliui| at
Goa live natns, at Golemida, £e., Ave
and a half grains. They have also the
raCdIo, containing fourteen and a quar-
ter ounces English } tlie mecricol, eon-
talataig the sixth part of an omce : the
waH for piastrea and ducats, conminlng
tbaTSdpartnfaflal.
In Psrvie tbey use two kinds of bat«
BUBS, or mans ; the one called eahl, or
elmray, which is the king's walsiit ; and
the other batmaa of Taaria. The llrat
walaha thirteen poonds, ten oonees.
BngUsh i the second six and a hair
IMWBds \ its dlvialoBs an the ratel, or
a ilxleeiith : the deihem, or drachm,
which is the fiftieth; the meschal,
whkh Is half the derhem ; the dung,
which is the sixth part of tiie meeehal,
hataf aqatvaleat to six carat-gralna;
•adlasHiy, the giala. which Is tlie oae
fotdli p«t ofiho dMif. TlMsr hftrt
7ks staadsrd •» ^oilead, JTendhrs, Wminard,
nssMn, e ftotfun ^f Osnneny. laenw
^ tk$ Mmue Tvwns, cs AmtMC, mm
Hmmhufk^ end at Omeva, FtoMltfort^
4%., Is tne ell ; but the ell in all these
eacee diflbrs from the Paris ell. In
olland it contains one Paris foot,
eleven lines, or four-sevenths of the
Paris ell. The Flanden ell contains
two foot, one inch, five and a half lines,
or seven- twelfths of the Paris ell. The
ell of Germany, Brabant, Itc, is equal
to that of Flanden.
Tke itmUmm sMSfars is the Inaechio,
brace, or fothom. This obtains In the
states of Medena, Venice. Florence,
Lucca, Milan, Mantna, Bologna, dec.,
but Is of dillwent lengths. At Venice
it contfins one Paris twt, eleven Inches,
three Unee, or elAt^fteenths of the
Paris ell. At Bowgna, Modena, and
Mantua, the brace Is the same as at
Venice. At Lucca It contains one Paris
foot, nine inches, ten lines, or half a
Paris ell. At Florence It contains one
foot, nine inches, four Unee, or 49-hun-
dredths of a Paris ell. At BUlaa, the
brace for measuring silks is one Paris
foot, seven Inches, four lines, or four-
ninths of a Paris ell ; that for woollen
cloths is the same with the ell of Hol-
land. At Bm-gama, the brace Is one
foot, seven Inches, six Unee, or five-
ninUis of a Paris elL The usnal mea-
sure at Na|rtes, however, is the eanna,
containing six feet, ten Inches, and two
lines, or one Puis ell and flfteen-eeven-
teenths.
Tkt Sfoniak mmnrt Is the vara, or
ywrd, in some places called the barn :
containing seventeen-twenty-ftmrths of
the Paris ^1. But the measure in Om-
tlle and Valencia is the pan, span, or
palm { which Is naed, togeuier with the
canna, at Genoa. In Arragon. the vara
le equal to a Paris ell and a half, or five
feet, five inches, six lines.
7ns Pertufusis wssfurv Is the cave-
doe, containing two feet, eleven lines,
or four-sevenths of a Paris ell { and the
vara, 106 whereof make 100 Paris ells.
T%t PitimonUM mmtmrt is tiie ras,
containing one Paris foot, nine Inches,
ten Unee, or half a Paris ell.
In SieOy, their measure Is the caana,
the same with that of Naples.
Tkt JIfHsesettt mmtmm are the cubit,
equal to one Paris foot, four inches, two
Unee ; and the arcin, two whereof are
equal to three coblta.
Tk* T\trkM end Lmmt suasarss ar«
the picq, containing two fhet. two tneh-
es, and two Unee, or three-fifths of the
Paris eU.
71« GMmm sissiwi-g Is the cobre, ten
whereof are equal to three Paris ells.
In Pwwo, and soose narta of the In-
diee, the guece, of which there are
two kinds ; the roval gnese, called also
the guece manketser, containing two
Paris feet, ten inches, eleven lines, or
four-fifths of the Parts ell ; and the
shorter gueae, called simply cuom,
onlv two-thirds of the former. At Ooa
and Ormus. the measare is the van,
^e same with that of the Portuguese.
In Peg%f and some other parts of the
Indlas, the caado or caadl, eqoal to the
eU of Venice. At Goa and otker yen
they use a large caado, equal lo Ki«t
teen Dutch ella, exceeding ilai cf b»
bel and Balsora by seven-eqMJM >>
centum, and the van by six aad « ^a:
In Slam they one the ken, ^xt */
three Paris foot by one inch. Tbe ki
contains two aoka, the aok eve tnX
the keub, twelve bIoob, or tacfan, tk
nioos to be equal to eight graias tt oo.
«. s. to about nine Unee.
At Camk^dia tbey nee the h8«n; a
Japan the latamj and thespaa oss*
of the coasts of Guinea.
Ifafd. a plant oaed in dying yelk*
irUdky, a sptiii oMahied \j iuu
latioa fkom com. sopr, or anhna
thoorii generally from the fanaa.
Wminardy in sea tangoace dcsfS#
any thing towarde that pouit bob v:jc»
the wind blows in respect of a ifaipL
Woil, a plant, wboee leaves an mi
for dying blue.
Wo9L, a lon^, noil and caih \ci,
which covers the skins of seTenldiU
ruminating animals, but is eipKa:?
shorn from that erf* tbe sbeep.
Worm Seed, a hot, hitler seed, taa|fc
from Aleppo.
Wtmudy a thread apaa of wool Ua
has been combed, and which, a ^
spinnlag, is twismd harder thu oa
narily.
jrrLO RaLSJSMVM^ the vwd d
the tree which bean the hslBof Gik-
*d.
TMtSy the edible roots cf a atrpn
plant common in Africa, the lB4iei.iai
the southern states.
Fans wool or flax spaa laio (best
of which they weave cloth
ZEAj Hdiaak Cam, Tbeoalyiptca,
the mays, or maize. The ladtn? a
New England, and many other pw$ x
America, bad no other vegetabk te
malxe or Indian com for ma^t ^^
bread : they call it weoeAia,' u4 iithe
United Bmtes o^f America tberr if m%^
of the bread of the coantiy made tf as
Klin, not of European con. Is Iti^
tmany, Spain, and Portugal, an
constitutee a great part of iheAnf^
the poor inhabitants. The car of tic
maize yields a much greater qsasur »
grain than any English can-can. Tbm
are commonly about eixht rowtofp^
in the ear, often more if the pma^ u
good. Each of theae rowseoaaina
feast 30 pains, and each of tbeK pm
much more flout than a gninofaaf of-
Ilshcorn. Thegreinaareusaany^
white or yellow ; bat sometiDes thcf
are red. bluish, greenish, or etin-coiai
ed, and sometimes atriped asd rvt-
gated. This sort of gnla, tkoofh k
essentially neceonry to the aattn* ef
the place, Is yet Uahle to mmj ac^
dentt. It does not ripen untte«ad«(
September: so that the nhii oftea aB
heavily upon It whUe on the iiaik, uj
the birds in nneial peckit wl« «
and unripe, rfatnra has, to dc6al <(
fttim these accidents, coveied u v«h t
thick husk, which keeps off ififbt n»
very weU ; bat the birds, ff boi NM;
ened away, often eat tbioogfeft,iK
devour a great quantity of com-
2sdoafy , a medicinal root bnnpa
ns flroro China. It ahoold be eban
fVesh, sound, and hard, bi larfe ptMU,
It matten not whether long n na"
In its form ; of a smooth wu^j^
of the briskest smeU posaiUe; ntf «
Is friable, dusty, and wonn^tea, »»
be fleeted. Zedoary. dhtitbd *»
common water, alfords a thkiu*
dense essential oil. on whkh iu vnon
principally depend, which tooa oa
crates into a kind of campbire. uui
sudorific, and is used as a eordW m«>
cine. ,. ^
Ztne, a metal of a brfltlast wW»
lor, with a shade of Uoe, and cmv*^
of a number of thin platm idbeiiBCtt
Zte^ a alone bro««bt ftm O^n ^
816
I:
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FIZS 6 1367
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