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AN 


Illustrated  Flora 

OF    THE 

Northern  United  States,  Canada 

AND    THE 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS 

From  Newfoundland  to  the  Parallel  of  the  southern  Boundary  of  Virginia, 
and  from  the  atlantic  ocean  westward  to  the  10 2d  meridian 


BY 

NATHANIEL   LORD  BRITTON,  Ph.D. 

Emeritus  Professor  of  Botany  in  Columbia  University,  and  Director-in-Chief 

OF  THE  New  York  Botanical  Garden 

AND 

HON.  ADDISON   BROWN 

President  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club 


THE   DESCRIPTIVE   TEXT 

Chiefly  prepared  by  Professor  Britton,  with  the  assistance  of  Specialists  in 
several  Groups;  the  Figures  also  drawn  under  his  Supervision 


IN   THREE   VOLUMES 

Vol.  I 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE   TO   AIZOACEAE 

FERNS  TO  CARPET-WEED 


NEW  YORK 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S   SONS 

1896 


Copyright  1896 

BY 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons 


The  New  Era  Printing  House, 
Lancaster,  Pa. 


Contents  of  Volume  I. 


Introduction 


x.  ophioglossacba9  i 

2.  osmundacsab  4 

3.  Hymbnophytj,ackab  6 

4.  schizabackab  7 


I.  PiNACKAB 


1.  Typhaceab 

2.  Sparganiacbab 

3.  Naiadacbab 

4.  schbuchzbriacbab 

5.  Alismacbab 

6.  Valusnbriacbab 

7.  Graminbab 

8.  Cypbracbab 

9.  Aracbab 
la  Lbmnacbab 


62 

63 
65 

82 

84 

92 

94 

234 

360 

365 


1.  Saururacbae 

2.  juglandacbab 

3.  Myricacbab 

4.  Leitnbriacbab 

5.  sai4cacbab 

6.  Bbtui^cbab 

7.  Fagacbab 


482 

483 
487 
489 

490 
506 

513 


PTERIDOPHYTA  i 

5.  poi,ypodiacbab  8 

6.  Marsii«bacbab  33 

7.  Salviniacbab  34 

8.  EaUISBTACBAB  35 

SPERMATOPHYTA 
Gymnospermab 
49 

Angiospbrmab         61 


9.  Lycopodiacbae 
10.  Sbi«aginbi«i«acbab 
ii.  isobtacbab 


39 
44 
45 


49 

49 
2.  Taxacbab 


61 


Monocotyledones         62 

11.  Mayacacbab  367 

12.  Xyridacbab  368 

13.  Eriocaui^acbab  371 

14.  brombi.iacbab  374 

15.  commbi«inacbab  374 

16.  Pontbdbriacbab  379 

17.  juncacbab  ,  381 

18.  Mei«anthacbab  399 

19.  Ln^iACEAB  410 

Dicotyledones         482 
Choripetalae  482 

8.  Ui«MACBAB  523 

9.  moracbab  527 
10.  Urticacbae  530 
ii.  loranthacbab  534 

12.  Santai^acbab  536 

13.  Aristoi^ochiacbab    537 


20.  CONVAI^I^ARIACBAB     427 


21.  Smu^cbab 

22.  Habmodoracbab 

23.  Amaryi«i«idacbab 

24.  DiOSCORBACBAB 

25.  Iridacbab 

26.  Marantacbab 

27.  burmanniacbab 

28.  Orchidacbab 


14.  poi,ygonacbae 

15.  Chbnopodiacbab 

16.  Amaranth ACBAB 

17.  PhYTOI^ACC ACBAB 

18.  Nyctaginacbab 

19.  AiZO ACBAB 


438 
442 

443 
446 

447 
454 
455 
456 


541 

569 
586 

593 
594 
597 


ENGUSH   FAMILY  NAMES. 


FERNS  AND  FERN-ALLIES 


1.  Adder's  Tongue  Family  i 

2.  Royal-fern  Family  4 

3.  Filmy-fern  Family  6 

4.  Climbing-fern  Family     7 


5.  Fern  Family 

6.  Marsilea  Family 

7.  Salvinia  Family 

i  8.  Horsetail  Family 


8 

34 
35 


9.  Club-moss  Family         39 

10.  Selaginella  Family     44 

11.  Quillwort  Family        45 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


SEED-BEARING   PLANTS  49 

Seeds  naked         49 
I.  Pine  Family— Conifers  49  2.  Yew  Family 

Seeds  enclosed         61 


61 


1.  Cat-tail  Family 

2.  Bur-reed  Family 

3.  Pond  weed  Family 

4.  Arrow-grass  Family 

5.  Water-Plantain 

Family 

6.  Tape-grass  Family 

7.  Grass  Family 

8.  Sedge  Family 

9.  Arum  Family 

10.  Duck-weed  Family 


1.  Lizard's-tail  Family 

2.  Walnut  Family 

3.  Bayberry  Family 

4.  Cork-wood  Family 

5.  Willow  Family 

6.  Birch  Family 

7.  Beech  Family 


Cotyledon  one         62 

62 

11. 

Mayaca  Family 

367 

19. 

Lily  Family 

410 

(>3 

12. 

Yklix)w-eyed  Grass 

1 

20. 

Lily-of-the-Valley 

65 

Family 

368  , 

Family 

427 

82 

13. 

PipEWORT  Family 

371  ; 

21. 

Smilax  Family 

438 

14- 

Pine- APPLE  Family 

374  ' 

22. 

Blood  wort  Family 

442 

84 

15- 

Spiderwort  Family 

374  ; 

23. 

Amaryllis  Family 

443 

92 

16. 

Pickerel-weed 

1 

22. 

Yam  Family 

446 

94 

Family 

379  i 

25- 

Iris  Family 

447 

234 

17. 

Rush  Family 

381 , 

26. 

Arrow-root  Family 

454 

360 

18. 

Bunch-flower 

1 
1 

27- 

BuRMANNiA  Family 

455 

365 

Family 

399 

28. 

Orchid  Family 

459 

482 

483 
487 

489 

490 

506 

513 


Cotyledons  two         482 
Petals  distinct,  or  none         482 

8.  Elm  Family  523  | 

9.  Mulberry  Family        527  ' 

10.  Nettle  Family  530 

11.  MiSLETOE  Family         534 

12.  Sandalwood  Family  536 

13.  Birthwort  Family      537 


14.  Buckwheat  Family     541 

15.  Goosefoot  Family       569 

16.  Amaranth  Family       586 

17.  Poke-weed  Family      593 

18.  Four-o'clock  Family  594 

19.  Carpet-weed  Family  597 


Latin  Index  of  Names 
English  Index  of  Names 


599 
608 


Introduction. 


THE  iiresent  work  is  the  first  complete  Illustrated  Flora  published  in  this  country.  Its 
aim  is  to  illustrate  and  describe  every  species,  from  the  Ferns  upward,  recognized  as 
distinct  by  botanists  and  growing  wild  within  the  area  adopted,  and  to  complete  the 
work  within  such  moderate  limits  of  size  and  cost  as  shall  make  it  accessible  to  the  public 
generally,  so  that  it  may  serve  as  an  independent  handbook  of  our  Northern  Flora  and  as  a 
work  of  general  reference,  or  as  an  adjunct  and  supplement  to  the  manuals  of  systematic 
botany  in  current  use. 

To  all  botanical  students,  a  complete  illustrated  manual  is  of  the  greatest  service;  always 
useful,  often  indispensable.  The  doubts  and  difficulties  that  are  apt  to  attend  the  best  writ- 
ten descriptions  will  often  be  instantly  solved  by  figures  addressed  to  the  eye.  The  greatest 
stimulus,  moreover,  to  observation  and  study,  is  a  clear  and  intelligible  guide;  and  among 
the  aids  to  botanical  enquiry,  a  complete  illustrated  handbook  is  one  of  the  chief.  Thou- 
sands of  the  lovers  of  plants,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are  not  botanists  and  are  not  familiar 
with  botanical  terms  or  the  methods  of  botanical  analysis,  will  find  in  the  illustrations  of  a 
complete  work  the  readiest  means  of  comparison  and  identification  of  the  plants  that  grow 
around  them;  and  through  the  accompanying  descriptions  they  will  at  the  same  time  acquire 
a  familiarity  with  botanical  language.  By  these  facilities,  not  only  will  the  study  of  our  na- 
tive plants  be  stimulated  and  widened  among  all  classes,  but  the  enjoyment,  the  knowledge 
and  the  scientific  progress  derivable  from  these  studies  will  be  proportionately  increased. 

Though  most  European  countries  have  complete  illustrations  of  the  flora  of  their  own 
territory,  no  similar  work  has  hitherto  been  attempted  here.  Our  illustrated  works,  some  of 
them  of  great  value,  have  been  either  sumptuous  and  costly  monographs,  accessible  to  com- 
paratively  few,  or  confined  to  special  groups  of  plants,  or  have  been  works  of  a  minor  and 
miscellaneous  character,  embracing  at  most  but  a  few  hundred  selected  species,  and  from  in- 
completmess,  therefore,  unsuited  for  general  reference.  Scarcely  one-quarter  of  the  species 
illustrated  in  the  present  work  have  ever  been  figured  before.  That  no  such  general  work 
has  been  previously  attempted  is  to  be  ascribed  partly,  perhaps,  to  the  imperfect  exploration 
of  our  territory,  and  the  insuflficiency  of  the  collections  to  enable  such  a  work  to  be  made 
approximately  complete;  partly  to  the  great  number  of  species  required  to  be  figured  and 
the  consequent  difiiculty  and  cost  of  the  undertaking,  and  partly  to  the  lack  of  any  apparent 
demand  for  such  a  work  sufficient  to  warrant  the  expense  of  the  enterprise. 

The  increased  accumulations  of  material  in  our  largest  herbaria,  the  result  of  multiplied 
explorations,  and  the  widely  extended  interest  in  the  study  of  our  native  plants,  seem  now 
to  justify  the  endeavor  to  supply  a  complete  illustrated  work  adapted  to  general  use. 

The  enterprise,  projected  by  Judge  Brown,  and  maintained  and  supervised  by  him 
throughout,  has  been  diligently  prosecuted  for  the  past  six  years.  Its  execution  has  been 
mainly  the  work  of  Dr.  Britton.  The  text,  founded  upon  a  careful  examination  of  living  or 
herbarium  specimens,  has  been  chiefly  prepared  by  him,  with  the  assistance,  however,  of 
specialists  in  a  few  groups  who  have  contributed  the  descriptions  for  certain  families  as 
stated  in  the  footnotes.  The  figures  also  have  been  drawn  by  artists  under  his  immediate 
supervision;  except  those  of  most  of  the  grasses,  drawn  by  Mr.  Holm,  under  the  eye  of  Prof. 
Scribner;  while  the  work  in  all  its  parts  has  been  carefully  revised  by  both  authors.  The 
keys  to  the  genera  and  species,  based  upon  a  few  distinctive  characters,  will,  it  is  believed, 
greatly  facilitate  the  determinations. 

In  preparing  a  new  work  of  this  character,  the  authors  have  felt  that  there  should  be  no 
hesitation  in  adopting  the  matured  results  of  the  botanical  studies  of  the  last  half  century 
here  and  in  Europe,  so  as  to  bring  the  work  fully  abreast  of  the  knowledge  and  scientific 
conceptions  of  the  time,  and  make  it  answer  present  needs.  Although  this  involves  changes 
in  systematic  order,  in  nomenclature,  and  in  the  division  of  families  and  genera,  such  as  may 

(5) 


VI  INTRODUCTION. 

seem  to  some  to  be  too  radical,  no  doubt  is  entertained  that  time  will  fully  justify  these 
changes  in  the  judgment  of  all,  and  demonstrate  that  the  permanent  advantages  to  Botanical 
Science  will  far  outweigh  any  temporary  inconveniences,  as  has  been  already  so  fully  shown 
in  Ornithology  and  other  zoological  sciences. 

The  work  will  be  completed  in  three  volumes  and  will  be  issued  as  rapidly  as  it  can  be 
printed,  the  text  being  already  written  and  the  figures  drawn. 

Area. 

The  area  of  the  work  extends  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  westward  to  the  io2d  Meridian,  a 
little  beyond  that  of  Gray's  Manual,  so  as  to  include  the  whole  of  the  State  of  Kansas;  and 
northward  from  the  parallel  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  the  north- 
em  limits  of  Labrador  and  Manitoba.  For  convenience,  the  whole  of  Nebraska  has  been  in- 
cluded, thus  permitting  the  illustration  of  practically  the  entire  Flora  of  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  Great  Plains. 

The  Flora  of  Canada  and  the  British  possessions  not  being  distinguishable  by  any  well 
marked  features  from  that  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  not  embracing 
more  than  about  300  additional  species,  it  was  deemed  best  to  include  this  more  northern  ter- 
ritory, in  order  to  present  a  manual  of  the  whole  Flora  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, with  the  exception  of  that  of  Greenland  and  the  Arctic  Circle,  which  is  much  the 
same  on  both  continents;  nearly  all  the  Arctic  plants  are,  however,  included,  as  but  very  few 
of  them  are  strictly  confined  to  the  Arctic  2k)ne. 

Figures. 

Within  the  above  area  there  are  over  4,000  recognized  species,  more  than  three  times  the 
number  in  Bentham's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  the  British  Flora.  To  illustrate  all  these  in  a 
work  of  moderate  size  and  cost,  only  parts  of  each  plant  could  usually  be  figured,  and  these 
mostly  below  life-size.  To  exhibit  full-page  illustrations  would  have  added  fourfold  to  the 
bulk  of  the  work,  and  the  consequent  more  limited  sales  would  have  necessarily  increased 
the  price  in  a  much  greater  proportion,  and  thus  have  thwarted  the  primary  object,  viz.,  to 
supply  a  work  adapted  to  general  circulation  and  use.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  found  that 
any  considerable  further  reduction  of  the  figures  in  order  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  work,  would 
be  at  the  sacrifice  of  the  clearness  and  usefulness  of  the  illustrations. 

In  the  general  plan  adopted  and  in  giving  parts  only  of  the  larger  plants,  it  has  been  the 
constant  aim  to  make  the  reduction  of  each  figure  as  little  below  life-size  as  possible,  to  select 
the  most  characteristic  parts  for  illustration  and  to  preserve  the  natiu*al  proportions.  In 
these  respects,  it  is  believed,  the  present  work  will  be  found  to  be  at  least  not  inferior  to  that 
above  named  and  often  superior. 

The  cuts  are  all  from  original  drawings  for  this  work,  either  from  life  or  from  herba- 
riimi  specimens,  though  reference  has  constantly  been  made  to  published  plates  and  figures. 
All  have  been  first  drawn  life-size  from  medium -sized  specimens,  and  afterwards  reduced  to 
the  proportion  indicated  by  the  fraction  near  the  bottom  of  each  cut,  most  of  them  being 
from  ^  to  %  of  medium  life-size.  By  this  method  the  illustrations  do  not  suffer  from  the 
use  of  a  magnifier,  but  are  improved  by  it  and  regain  their  full  expression. 

Enlargements  of  special  parts  are  added  in  most  of  the  illustrations  in  order  to  show 
more  clearly  the  floral  structure,  or  minute  organs,  or  the  smaller  flowers.  These  are  in  vari- 
ous degrees  of  enlargement,  not  deemed  necessary  to  be  stated.  The  figures  are  uncolored, 
because  coloring,  except  in  costly  work,  obscures  the  fineness  of  linear  definition  and  injures 
the  cuts  for  descriptive  and  educational  uses. 

The  Classification  of  Plants. 

The  Plant  Kingdom  is  composed  of  four  Subkingdoms,  or  primary  groups: 

1.  Thallophyta,  the  Algae,  Fungi  and  Lichens. 

2.  Bryophyta,  the  Mosses  and  Moss-allies. 

3.  Pteridophyta,  the  Ferns  and  Fern-allies. 

4.  Spermatophyta,  the  Seed-bearing  plants. 

The  subkingdoms  are  divided  into  Classes,  the  Classes  into  Orders,  the  Orders  into  Fam- 
ilies, the  Families  into  Genera,  and  the  Genera  into  Species,  a  species  being  composed  of  all 
the  individuals  of  a  kind  capable  of  continuous  successive  propagation  among  themselves, 
and  being  the  only  group  marked  out  by  nature  by  such  a  definite  and  positive  boundary. 


INTRODUCTION.  VU 

In  addition  to  these  main  ranks,  subordinate  ones  are  sometimes  employed,  when  further 
division  is  desirable:  thus  a  Class  may  be  separated  into  Subclasses,  as  the  Class  Angio- 
spermae  into  the  Subclasses  Monocotyledones  and  Dicotyledones;  Families  may  be  separated 
into  Tribes,  as  in  the  treatment  of  Gramineae  in  the  following  pages;  Genera  are  often  separ- 
ated into  Subgenera;  and  in  the  case  of  Species,  where  certain  individuals  are  found  to  ex- 
hibit features  of  structure  or  aspect  differing  more  or  less  constantly  from  the  majority  of 
the  kind,  these  are  set  off  as  Varieties  or  Subspecies.  Often  the  varieties  or  subspecies  are 
subsequently  found  to  be  distinct  species. 

The  variability  of  some  species,  caused  by  the  operation  of  the  forces  collectively  known 
as  the  factors  of  organic  evolution,  is  so  great,  and  the  variation  being  often  toward  a  re- 
lated species,  that  it  is  sometimes  very  difficult  to  determine  whether  certain  individuals  be- 
long to  one  or  to  the  other,  or  to  a  variety  of  one  or  the  other.  This  leads  to  different  opin- 
ions. The  actual  fact,  whether  of  the  same  species  or  not,  may  usually  be  ascertained  by  the 
close  examination  of  a  large  number  of  specimens,  or  by  growing  the  forms  in  question  side 
by  side,  when,  if  they  are  the  same,  their  rapid  approximation  will  be  manifest;  though  if 
their  natural  habitats  are  in  different  soils,  this  latter  experiment  may  not  be  a  satisfactory  test. 

The  grouping  of  Species  into  Genera,  and  of  Genera  into  Families,  though  based  upon 
natmril  characters  and  relationships,  is  not  governed  by  any  definite  rule  that  can  be  drawn 
from  nature  for  determining  just  what  characters  shall  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a  Genus  or 
a  Family.  These  divisions  are,  therefore,  necessarily  more  or  less  arbitrary  and  depend  upon 
the  judgment  of  scientific  experts,  in  which  natural  characters  and  affinities,  as  the  most  im- 
portant and  fundamental  factors,  do  not  necessarily  exclude  considerations  of  scientific  con- 
venience. The  practice  among  the  most  approved  authors  has  accordingly  been  various. 
Some  have  made  the  number  of  genera  and  families  as  few  as  possible.  This  results  in  as- 
sociating under  one  name  species  or  genera  that  present  marked  differences  among 
themselves.  The  present  tendency  of  expert  opinion  is  to  separate  more  freely  into 
convenient  natural  groups,  as  genera  and  families,  according  to  similarity  of  structure, 
habit,  form  or  appearance.  While  this  somewhat  increases  the  number  of  these  divisions,  it 
has  the  distinct  advantage  of  decreasing  the  size  of  the  groups,  and  thus  materially  facilitates 
their  study.  This  view  has  been  taken  in  this  work,  following  in  most  instances,  but  not  in 
all,  the  arrangement  adopted  by  Engler  and  Prantl  in  their  recent  great  work,  "Natur- 
liche  Planzenfamilien,*'  *  not  yet  quite  completed,  in  which  all  known  genera  are  described. 

Systematic  Arrangement. 

The  Nineteenth  Century  closes  with  the  almost  unanimous  scientific  judgment  that  the 
order  of  nature  is  an  order  of  evolution  and  development  from  the  more  simple  to  the  more 
complex.  In  no  department  of  Natural  Science  is  this  progressive  development  more  marked 
or  more  demonstrable  than  in  the  vegetable  life  of  the  globe.  Systematic  Arrangement 
should  logically  follow  the  natural  order;  and  by  this  method  also,  as  now  generally  recog- 
nized, the  best  results  of  study  and  arrangement  are  obtained.  The  sequence  of  Families 
adopted  50  or  75  years  ago  has  become  incong^ous  with  oiu-  present  knowledge;  and  it  has 
for  some  time  past  been  gradually  superseded  by  truer  scientific  arrangements  in  the  later 
works  of  European  authors,  f 

The  more  simple  forms  are,  in  general,  distinguished  from  the  more  complex,  ( i )  by  fewer 
organs  or  parts;  ( 2 )  by  the  less  perfect  adaptation  of  the  organs  to  the  purposes  they  sub- 
serve; (3)  by  the  relative  degree  of  development  of  the  more  important  organs;  (4)  by  the 
lesser  degree  of  differentiation  of  the  plant-body  or  of  its  organs;  (5)  by  considerations  of 
antiquity,  as  indicated  by  the  geological  record;  (6)  by  a  consideration  of  the  phenomena  of 
embryogeny.  Thus,  the  Pteridophyta,  which  do  not  produce  seeds  and  which  appeared  on 
the  earth  in  Silurian  time,  are  simpler  than  the  Spermatophyta;  the  Gymnospermae  in  which 
the  ovules  are  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  and  which  are  known  from  the  Devonian  period 
onward,  are  simpler  than  the  Angiospermae,  whose  ovules  are  borne  in  a  closed  cavity,  and 
which  are  unknown  before  the  Jurassic. 

In  the  Angiospermae  the  simpler  types  are  those  whose  floral  structure  is  nearest  the 

*  Berlin,  15  volumes,  1890-1896. 

t Engler  und  Prantl,  "Natiirliche  Pflanzenfamilien;"  Warming,  "Systematic  Botany,  1895;" 
Vines,  "Student's  Handbook  of  Botany,  1895;'  Richter,  "  Plantae  Europeae,  1890;"  Thom4,  "  Flora 
von  Deutschland,  OEsterreich  und  der  Schweiz,  1886-1889:''  Potoni^,  "lUiistrirte  Flora  von  Nord- 
und Mittel-Deutschland,  1887;"  Schlechtendahl,  Langethal  und  Schenck,  "  Flora  von  Deutschland," 
fifth  edition  by  Hallier,  1880-1885. 


{ 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION. 

structure  of  the  branch  or  stem  from  which  the  flower  has  been  metamorphosed,  that  is  to 
say,  in  which  the  parts  of  the  flower  (modified  leaves)  are  more  nearly  separate  or  distinct 
from  each  other,  the  leaves  of  any  stem  or  branch  being  normally  separated,  while  those  are 
the  most  complex  whose  floral  parts  are  most  united.  These  principles  are  applied  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  Subclasses  Monocotyledones  and  Dicotyledones  independently,  tlie 
Monocotyledones  being  the  simpler,  as  shown  by  the  less  degree  of  differentiation  of  their 
tissues,  though  their  floral  structure  is  not  so  very  different  nor  their  antiquity  much  greater, 
so  far  as  present  information  goes.  For  these  reasons  it  is  considered  that  Typhaceae,  Spar- 
ganiaceae  and  Naiadaceae  are  the  simplest  of  the  Monocotyledones,  and  Orchidaceae  the  most 
complex;  Saururaceae  the  simplest  family  of  Dicotyledones,  and  Compositae  the  most  complex. 

Inasmuch  as  evolution  has  not  always  been  progressive,  but  some  groups,  on  the  contrary, 
have  clearly  been  developed  by  degradation  from  more  highly  organized  ones,  and  other 
groups  have  been  produced  by  divergence  along  more  than  one  line  from  the  parent  stock, 
no  linear  consecutive  sequence  can,  at  all  points,  truly  represent  the  actual  lines  of  descent. 

The  sequence  of  families  adopted  by  Engler  and  Prantl,  in  "  Natiirliche  Pflanzenfam- 
ilien  *'  above  referred  to,  has  been  closely  followed  in  this  book,  in  the  belief  that  their  sys- 
tem is  the  most  complete  and  philosophical  yet  presented.  The  sequence  of  genera  adopted 
by  them  has  for  the  most  part  also  been  accepted,  though  this  sequence  \^'ithin  the  family 
does  not  attempt  to  indicate  greater  or  less  complexity  of  organization. 

It  was  originally  intended  to  present  a  conspectus  of  the  orders  and  families  included  in 
this  work  in  the  Introduction,  as  is  indicated  upon  page  62  of  this  volume.  But  as  the  printing 
proceeded  it  was  deemed  better  to  place  this  at  the  end  of  the  third  volume. 

Nomenclature. 

The  names  of  genera  and  species  used  in  this  work  are  in  accordance  with  the  Code  of 
Nomenclature  devised  by  the  Paris  Botanical  Congress  in  1867,  as  modified  by  the  rules 
adopted  by  the  Botanical  Club  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
at  the  meetings  held  at  Rochester,  New  York,  in  August,  1892,  and  at  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
in  August,  1893.  These  names  were  mostly  elaborated  in  the  "List  of  Pteridophyta  and 
Spermatophyta  growing  without  Cultivation  in  Northeastern  North  America,"  prepared  by 
the  Committee  of  that  association  and  published  in  1894  as  the  fifth  volume  of  Memoirs  of 
the  Torrey  Botanical  Club.  The  synonyms  given  under  each  species  iii  this  work  include 
the  recent  current  names,  and  thus  avoid  any  difficulty  in  identification. 

The  necessity  for  these  rules  of  nomenclature  arose  from  the  great  confusion  that  has  ex- 
isted through  the  many  different  botanical  names  for  the  same  species  or  genera.  Some 
species  have  had  from  10  to  20  different  names,  and,  worse  still,  different  plants  have  often 
had  the  same  name.  For  about  200,000  known  species  of  plants  there  are  not  fewer  than 
700,000  recorded  names.  Such  a  chaotic  condition  of  nomenclature  is  not  only  extremely 
unscientific,  burdensome  and  confusing  in  itself,  but  the  difficulty  and  uncertainty  of  identi- 
fication which  it  causes  in  the  comparative  'study  of  plants  must  make  it,  so  long  as  it  con- 
tinues, a  serious  and  constant  obstruction  in  the  path  of  botanical  inquiry. 

The  need  of  reform,  and  of  finding  some  simple  and  fixed  system  of  stable  nomenclature, 
has  long  been  recognized.  This  was  clearly  stated  in  18 13  by  A.  P.  De  Candolle  in  his  Th^orie 
El^mentaire  de  la  Botanique  (pp.  228-250),  where  he  declares  priority  to  be  the  fundamental 
law  of  nomenclature.  Most  systematists  have  acknowledged  the  validity  of  this  rule.  Dr. 
Asa  Gray,  in  his  Structural  Botany,  says  (p.  348):  "For  each  plant  or  group  there  can  be 
only  one  valid  name,  and  that  always  the  most  ancient,  if  it  is  tenable;  consequently  no  new 
name  should  be  given  to  an  old  plant  or  group,  except  for  necessity. ' ' 

This  principle  was  applied  to  Zoology  in  the  "  Stricklandian  Code,"  adopted  in  1842  as 
Rules  of  the  British  Association,  and  revised  in  i860  and  1865  by  a  committee  embracing 
the  most  eminent  English  authorities,  such  as  Darwin,  Henslow,  Wallace,  Clayton,  Balfour, 
Huxley,  Bentham  and  Hooker.  In  American  Zoology  the  same  difficulties  were  met  and 
satisfactorily  overcome  by  a  rigid  system  of  rules  analogous  to  those  here  followed  and  now 
generally  accepted  by  zoologists  and  palaeontologists. 

At  an  International  Botanical  Congress  held  at  Paris  in  1867,  in  which  unfortunately  the 
English  botanists  did  not  participate,  A.  DeCandolle  presented  a  system  of  rules  which,  with 
modifications,  were  adopted,  and,  as  above  stated,  are  the  foundation  of  the  present  rules  of 
the  botanists  of  the  American  Association.  These  rules  were  in  part  adopted  also  by  the  In- 
ternational Botanical  Congress  held  at  Genoa  in  1892,  and  by  the  Austro-German  botanists  at 


INTRODUCTION.  IX 

their  meeting  in  September,  1894;  while  in  the  9th  Edition  of  the  London  Catalogue  of  Brit- 
ish Plants  published  in  1895,  these  rules  as  respects  the  names  of  genera  are  largely  followed; 
out  of  440  genera  in  common  with  ours,  all  but  18  bear  the  same  names  as  here  given.* 

It  cannot  be  too  often  repeated  that  the  object  of  these  rules  is  not  to  introduce  new 
names,  but  to  restore  the  old  and  the  true  ones.  The  rules  of  the  botanists  of  the  American 
Association,  adopted  as  above,  are  as  follows.  A  brief  explanation  of  the  objects  attained 
by  them  is  appended: 

Rui^K  I.  Priority  of  publication  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  fundamental  principle  of  botani- 
cal nomenclature. 

This  has  been  generally  acknowledged  in  theory  as  the  guiding  principle  for  determining 
which  name  should  be  bonie  by  an  animal  or  plant  differently  named  by  different  writers. 
Various  causes  have  retarded  its  application  in  practice.  Its  adoption  is  the  only  practicable 
way  of  securing  stability  to  the  original  names.  It  has  also  been  generally  considered  that 
the  author  who  first  defines  or  describes  an  animal  or  plant  is  entitled  to  the  distinction  of 
having  his  own  name  permanently  associated  with  the  name  assigned  to  it;  and  this  is  also 
necessary  for  reasons  of  accuracy,  because  in  numerous  instances  different  plants  have  been 
called  by  the  same  name.  In  most  cases  the  synonyms  given  in  this  work,  with  the  date  of 
publication,  indicate  the  original  name  and  the  reason  for  its  restoration  under  this  rule. 

Rule  2.  The  botanical  nomenclature  of  both  genera  and  species  is  to  begin  with  the  pub- 
lication of  the  first  edition  of  Linnaeus*  *'  Species  Plantarum  "  in  1753. 

Some  past  date  must  of  necessity  be  taken,  in  order  to  fix  the  limits  within  which  prior- 
ity shall  be  reckoned.  Prior  to  the  publication  of  *' Species  Plantarum"  in  1753,  the  ab- 
sence of  any  general  binomial  nomenclature,  and  the  meagre,  uncertain  and  inadequate  de- 
scriptions by  most  prior  authors,  make  any  earlier  date  beset  with  difficulties.  The  result  of 
much  discussion  has  been  to  fix  that  work,  with  which  modern  nomenclature  substantially 
begins,  as  the  * '  point  of  departure. ' '  That  date  received  the  endorsement  of  the  International 
Botanical  Congress  at  Genoa  in  1892,  and  has  since  been  accepted  by  most  botanists  in  Amer- 
ica and  Europe.     Under  this  rule,  no  reference  is  made  to  names  used  prior  to  that  work. 

Rule  3.  In  the  transfer  of  a  species  to  a  genus  other  than  the  one  under  which  it  was 

first  published,  the  original  specific  name  is  to  be  retained. 

From  different  views  of  the  limits  of  genera,  or  from  further  knowledge  of  a  plant,  it 
often  happens  that  it  must  be  transferred  to  a  diflferent  genus  from  that  to  which  it  was  first 
assigned.     Upon  such  a  transfer.  Rule  3  requires  the  original  name  of  the  species  to  be  con- 
tinued, and  presen-es  its  stability.     Thus,  out  of  the  genus  Polypodimn  of  Linnaeus,  three 
other  groups  have  been  since  carved,  viz.,  Dryopteris  [Aspidium),  C^sippieris  SLud  Phegop- 
ttris.    The  Long  Beech  Fern  (p.  19),  called  Polypodium  Phegoptens  by  Linnaeus,  belongs 
"to  the  generic  group  named  Phegopteris  by  Fee  in  1850.     Rule  3  forbids  the  use  of  the  new 
specific  name,  polypodioides,  given  to  this  plant  by  F^e,  and  requires  the  former  specific  name 
of  Linnaeus  to  be  preserved,  and  the  plant  thus  becomes  Phegopteris  PhegopteriSy  an  acci- 
dental re-duplication  that  occurs  in  but  few  instances  in  the  whole  field  of  nomenclature. 
The  Twin-leaf  was  called  Podophyllum  diphyllum  by  Linnaeus  in  1753,  oxid  Jefferson ia  binata 
b}'  Barton  in  1793;  Persoon  in  1805  restored  the  Linnaean  specific  name,  making  the  plant 
Jfffersonia  diphylla,  the  correct  binomial  under  the  rule,  and  the  one  which  the  plant  has 
borne  for  nearly  one  hundred  years. 

Rule  4.  The  original  name  is  to  be  maintained,  whether  published  as  species,  subspecies 

or  variety. 

Plants  and  animals  are  continually  described  as  species  which  subsequent  authors  con- 
^u<ie  are  but  varieties,  and  those  first  understood  as  varieties  prove  by  subsequent  study  to 
oe  entitled  to  specific  rank.  Rule  4  maintains  the  first  designation  as  the  proper  one,  and 
avoids  much  confusion.     Examples  are  numerous:  See  Figs.  28,  38,  61  et  seq. 

^ule  5.  The  publication  of  a  generic  name  or  a  binomial  invalidates  the  use  of  the  same 
name  for  any  subsequently  published  genus  or  species,  respectively. 

Thus  in  the  case  of  the  Long  Beech  Fern,  above  cited,  though  the  specific  nzxa^  polypodi- 
oi€i^s  is  held  to  have  been  improperly  given  to  it  by  Fee,  the  binomial,  Phegopteris  polypodia 
oicf^s^  cannot  be  applied  to  any  different  plant;  for  if  the  earlier  name  should  for  any  reason 
^  lost  or  discarded,  the  name  polypodioides  must  remain  available  as  the  next  lawful  substi- 
tute, and  thus  the  principle  of  nomenclature — once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym. 

This  rule  operates  to  maintain  one  name  only  for  a  genus  or  species,  and  that,  the  first 
one  applied  to  it,  unless  this  was  properly  the  name  of  another,  in  which  case  the  next  oldest 

*For  a  fuller  discussion  of  this  subject  see  articles  by  Professor  Lester  F.  Ward,  in  "  Bulletin 
o^  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,"  22:  308-329,  from  which  the  above  summary  is  mostly  taken;  by 
^fessor  C.  E.  Bessey,  in  "American  Naturalist,"  29:  666-668;  by  Professor  W.  A.  Kellerman,  in 
'  Journal  of  the  Columbus  Horticultural  Society,"  10:  7-10,  and  in  "  Botanical  Gazette,"  20:  468-470; 
^  Professor  Conway  MacMillan,  in  "Metaspermae  of  the  Minnesota  Valley."  17;  by  Dr.  B.  L. 
Robinson,  in  "  Botanical  Gazette,"  20-  97-103,  261-263;  by  Mr.  F.  V.  Coville,  in  "  Botanical  Gazette," 
*>:  162-167,  320-322,  428,  429;  by  Dr.  F.  H.  Knowlton,  in  "  Botanical  Gazette,  21:  82-85. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

is  to  be  used.  By  mistake  or  inadvertently  the  same  ifame  has  frequently  been  ^ven  to  sev- 
eral different  genera  or  species,  and  it  has  repeatedly  occurred  that  a  name  believed  by  the 
author  to  be  a  synonym  is  shown  by  another  to  be  a  valid  designation. 

Rule  6.  Publication  of  a  genus  consists  only,  ( i )  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  descrip- 
tion of  the  genus  named;  (2)  in  the  publication  of  the  name  of  the  genus  and  the  citation 
of  one  or  more  previously  published  species  as  examples  or  types  of  the  genus,  with  or 
without  a  diagnosis. 

Rule  7.  Publication  of  a  species  consists  only,  ( i )  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  de- 
scription of  the  species  named;  (2)  in  the  publishing  of  a  binomial,  \^'ith  reference  to  a  pre- 
viously published  species  as  a  type. 

Rule  8.  Similar  generic  names  are  not  to  be  rejected  on  account  of  slight  differences, 
except  in  the  spelling  of  the  same  word. 

Thus  Epidendrutn  and  Epidendron  are  but  different  spellings  of  the  same  word;  only 
one  of  them  can  therefore  be  used;  the  same  of  Elodes  and  Elodea. 

Rule  9.  In  the  case  of  a  species  which  has  been  transferred  from  one  genus  to  another, 
the  original  author  must  always  be  cited  in  parenthesis,  followed  by  the  author  of  the  new 

binomial. 

Thus  Dryopteris  LonchiUs  (L. )  Kuntze  (Fig.  26)  is  so  cited,  because  Linnaeus  first  gave 
the  plant  the  specific  name  LonchiteSy  while  Kuntze  first  combined  that  name  with  the 
accepted  genus  Dryopteris, 

Rule  10.  In  determining  the  name  of  a  genus  or  species  to  which  two  or  more  names 
have  been  given  by  an  author  in  the  same  volume,  or  on  the  same  page  of  a  volume,  preced- 
ence shall  decide.* 

The  Latin  names  of  families  have  mostly  been  adopted  as  currently  used,  without  refer- 
ence to  priority  or  terminations,  as  no  rule  on  that  subject  has  yet  been  formally  adopted  by 
botanists.  It  seems  desirable,  however,  that  the  scientific  names  of  families  should  also  fol- 
low some  uniform  system,  and  as  a  very  large  proportion  of  botanical  family  names  have  long 
been  formed  by  the  termination  aceae  affixed  to  some  prominent  genus  of  the  group,  that 
this  rule  should  be  applied  to  the  few  remaining  families  otherwise  named.  All  would  thus 
be  brought  into  a  harmonious  system  of  nomenclature,  as  the  zoologists  have  done  by  the 
adoption  of  the  ending  idae  for  all  zoological  families.  The  English  common  names  of  fam- 
ilies are  similarly  adopted  from  some  characteristic  genus  of  the  group;  as  Pink  Family, 
Mustard  Family,  Mint  Family,  etc.  The  Carophyllaceae,  in  the  absence  of  any  genus  Gary- 
ophyllum^  might  thus  become  Alsinaceae;  the  Cruciferae,  Brassicaceae;  the  Labiatae,  Men- 
thaceae  or  Lamiaceae. 

English  Names  of  Plants. 

The  general  desire  for  some  English  name  to  the  different  plants  described  has  been  met 
so  far  as  possible.  All  names  in  common  use  have  been  inserted,  so  far  as  they  have  come  to 
the  authors'  knowledge,  except  such  as  were  merely  local,  or  where  they  were  too  numerous 
for  insertion.  An  exception  has  also  been  made  in  a  few  instances  where  a  common  name, 
from  its  false  Suggestion,  as  in  the  name  of  Dog's-tooth  Violet  (p.  420)  for  Adder 's-tongue, 
is  calculated  to  mislead  as  to  the  nature  of  the  plant.  Where  no  previous  names  in  common 
use  could  be  found,  the  names  given  are  founded  on  some  characteristic  circumstance  of  de- 
scription, habitat,  site  or  author.  Names  used  in  England  have  been  freely  availed  of,  but 
the  use  of  the  same  common  name  for  different  plants  there  and  here  has  occasionally  re- 
quired the  omission  of  one  or  the  other.  The  use  of  the  same  name  for  different  plants  has 
been  rejected,  except  where  there  is  no  such  close  affinity  or  resemblance  between  tliem  as  is 
likely  to  cause  confusion. 

Pronunciation. 

In  botanical  names  derived  from  Greek  or  Latin  words,  their  compounds,  or  derivatives, 
the  accent,  according  to  the  ordinary  rule,  is  placed  upon  the  penultimate  syllable,  if  it  is  long 
in  Latin  quantity;  otherwise,  upon  the  antepenult.  Many  names,  however,  have  been  given  to 

*  The  rules  have  been  closely  followed  in  the  publications  of  The  United  States  National  Mu- 
seum; the  Divisions  of  Botany  and  Forestry  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agrriculture:  The 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden;  The  Torrey  Botanical  Club;  The  l.'niversity  of  Nebraska;  The  Botan- 
ical Survey  of  Nebraska;  The  Department  of  Botany  of  Columbia  University;  The  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota;  The  Botanical  Sur\'ey  of  Indiana,  and  many  other  societies 
and  institutions.  Also  in  Professor  Sargent's  "Silvaof  North  America;"  Professor  Underwood's 
"Native  Ferns  and  their  Allies;"  Professor  Kellerman's  **  Plants  of  Ohio;"  Mr.  Newhall's  "  Shrubs 
of  Northeastern  America;"  and  by  a  large  number  of  other  authors  in  less  extensive  writings. 


INTRODUCTION.  XI 

plants  in  honor  of  individuals,  which,  having  nothing  Latin  about  them  except  the  terminal 
form,  and  the  pronunciation  given  to  them  by  botanical  authors  being  diverse,  are  here  ac- 
cented like  the  names  of  the  persons,  so  far  as  euphony  will  permit.  This  rule  is  followed 
because  it  is  believed  to  agree  with  the  prevailing  usage  among  botanists  in  ordinary  speech; 
because  it  is  in  accord  with  the  commemorative  object  of  such  names,  which  ought  not  to  be 
obscured  by  a  forced  and  unnatural  pronunciation;  and  because  the  test  applied  to  words 
properly  Latin,  viz.,  the  usage  of  the  Latin  poets,  cannot  be  applied  to  words  of  this  class. 
We  therefore  give  T6rreyi,  Vdseyi,  Cdreyi,  Jimesii,  Alleni,  rather  than  Torr^yi,  Vasdyi, 
Car^yi,  Jam^sii,  AU^ni. 

The  acute  accent  is  used  to  denote  the  short  English  sound  only;  as  in  bdt,  b^t,  bid,  n6t, 
nM;  the  grave  accent,  to  denote  either  of  the  other  English  sounds,  whether  long,  broad  or 
open;  as  a  in  b^le,  bill,  b^,  bdre,  \k\xd;  e  in  ^ve,  th^re;  i  in  pine,  pique,  machine;  o  in  ndte, 
mdve;  u  in  pdre,  riide.  The  accent  for  the  short  or  longer  English  sound  is  based  upon  cur- 
rent English  usage,  as  given  in  the  chief  English  dictionaries  from  Walker's  to  the  most  re- 
cent, and  without  reference  to  the  supposed  ancient  pronunciation. 

Much  diversity  has  been  found  in  botanical  works  in  the  accented  syllable  of  many  mod- 
ern Latin  adjectiv«s  ending  in  -inus,  -ina,  -inum,  derived  from  Latin  words.  As  these 
adjectives  are  derived  from  Latin  roots  and  are  regularly  formed,  their  pronunciation  should 
properly  follow  classical  analogies.  When  signifying,  or  referring  to,  time,  material,  or  in- 
animate substances,  they  should,  therefore,  according  to  Andrews  &  Stoddard's  rule,  have  the 
penult  usually  short,  and  the  accent  on  the  antepenult;  as  in  gossipina,  canndbina,  secdlina, 
salicina,  amygddlina,  and  other  adjectives  derived  from  plant  names,  like  the  classic  ndrd- 
inus,  cyprinus,  fdginus.  When  these  adjectives  have  other  significations  than  those  above 
referred  to,  the  penult  under  the  ordinary  Latin  rule  is  usually  long  and  accented;  as  in 
lupulina,  leporina,  hystricina,  like  the  classic  lu^ina,  canina. 

The  Use  of  Capital  Letters. 

In  accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  the  Committee  on  Nomenclature  of  the 
Botanical  Clnb  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  specific  or  var- 
ietal names  derived  from  persons  or  places,  or  used  as  the  genitive  of  generic  names  or  as 
substantives,  are  printed  with  an  initial  capital  letter.  There  is  much  difference  of  opinion 
^  to  the  desirability  of  this  practice,  many  botanists,  and  almost  all  zoologists,  following 
the  principle  of  writing  all  specific  names  with  a  small  initial  letter.  Should  this  custom  pre- 
vail, much  information  concerning  the  history  and  significance  of  the  specific  names  would 
^lost  Thus  in  the  Tulip-tree,  Liriodendron  Tulipifera^  the  specific  name  Tulipifera  was 
the  ancient  generic  name;  and  the  same  with  Ly thrum  Salicaria^  L.  Hyssopifolia,  L,  Vul- 
fffraf^Qy  and  many  other  species.  In  all  other  forms  of  writing,  personal  adjectives  such  as 
^uilallii,  Engelmanni  or  Torreyi  are  printed|With  capitals.  We  adhere  to  the  ordinary 
literary  usage. 

Varieties 

*rc  printed  as  trinomials,  e.  g.,  Rynchospora  glomerata  paniculatay  the  contraction  var.  or 
the  Oreek  letters  a  or  /3  commonly  inserted  between  the  specific  and  varietal  name  being 
dispensed  with.  The  comma  sometimes  placed  between  the  specific  or  varietal  name  and 
the  name  of  the  author  is  omitted,  in  accordance  with  the  opinions  of  the  same  committee. 

Assistance. 

Cordial  acknowledgment  for  assistance  and  advice  is  hereby  tendered  to  Professor  Thomas 
^-  I*orter,  who  has  continuously,  from  the  inception  of  the  enterprise,  cooperated  in  its  exe- 
cution by  suggestion,  information  and  the  contribution  of  specimens,  and  who  has  read  all 
the  proofs;  to  Mr.  Eugene  P.  Bicknell,  who  has  supplied  many  specimens  and  read  the  proof- 
sheets;  to  Professor  Lucien  M.  Underwood,  for  the  text  of  the  Pteridophyta;  to  Mr.  Frederick 
^-  Coville,  for  the  text  of  the  Juncaceae;  to  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  for  the  text  of  Polygonaceae 
and  Euphorbiaceae,  and  for  assistance  and  critical  notes  on  many  other  families;  to  Mr.  Geo. 
^  •  Nash,  for  the  text  of  the  Gramineae;  to  Professor  F.  Lamson-Scribner,  for  supervising  the 
Swings  of  Gramineae,  and  for  manuscript  notes  on  many  genera  and  species  of  that  family; 
to  Mr.  Arthur  Rollick,  for  supervision  of  the  drawings;    to   Mr.   Edmund  P.   Sheldon, 
forthetext  of  Lemnaceae;  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Smith,  for  critical  examination  of  the  final 
pnxrf-sheets,  and  to  many  others  who  by  the  contribution  of  specimens  or  notes  have  facili- 
tated the  production  of  the  work. 


XU  INTRODUCTION. 

The  text  for  the  families  Typhaceae,  Sparganiaceae,  Naiadaceae,  Scheuchzeriaceae,  Ara- 
ceae,  Eriocaulaceae,  Pontederiaceae,  Sniilaceae  and  Orchidaceae,  was  prepared  by  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Morong,  and  has  been  printed  with  very  little  change  from  his  manuscript. 

Draughtsmen. 

Most  of  the  drawings  have  been  executed  by  Mr.  F.  Emil;  he  has  made  all  the  figures  of 
the  Pteridophyta,  Gymnospermae,  and  nearly  all  of  the  Monocotyledones,  with  the  exception 
of  those  of  Gramineae,  Melanthaceae,  Liliaceae  and  Convallariaceae;  also  nearly  all  of  the 
apetalous  Choripetalae,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Sympetalae.  Miss  Millie  Timnier- 
man  ( now  Mrs.  Heinrich  Ries )  drew  the  bulk  of  the  polypetalous  Choripetalae,  the  enlarged 
parts  being  mostly  inserted  by  Mr.  Arthur  HoUick;  she  also  did  some  work  on  several  of  the 
sympetalous  families.  Mr.  Joseph  Bridgham  drew  the  Melanthaceae,  Liliaceae  and  Conval- 
lariaceae; also  the  Ericaceae,  Primulaceae  and  several  related  families.  Mr.  Theodor  Holm 
drew  most  of  the  Gramineae.  Mr.  Hollick  has  made  some  drawings  and  numerous  enlarge- 
ments of  special  parts  throughout  the  work.  Miss  Marj-  Knight  and  Mr.  Rudolph  Weber 
have  also  contributed  drawings. 

Symbols  Used. 

°   is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  feet. 

''    is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  inches. 

'^  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  lines,  or  twelfths  of  an  inch. 

r  over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  short  English  sound  of  the  vowel. 

N  over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  long,  broad,  open  or  close  English  sound. 

New  York,  August  15th,  1896. 


ILLUSTRATED  FLORA. 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA .♦ 

FERNS   AND   FERN-ALLIES. 


Plants  cxjntaining  woody  and  vascular  tissues  in  the  stem  and  producing 
•spores  asexually,  which,  on  germination,  develop  small  flat  mostly  green  struc- 
tures called  prothallia  (gametophyte).  On  these  are  borne  the  sexual  repro- 
ductive organs,  the  female  known  as  archegones,  the  male  as  antherids.  From 
the  fertilization  of  the  oosphere  of  the  archegone  by  spermatozoids  produced  in 
the  antherids,  the  asexual  phase  (sporophyte)  of  the  plants  is  developed ;  this 
phase  is  represented  by  an  ordinary  fern,  lycopod  or  horsetail. 

This  subkingdom  comprises  about  4000  living  species,  of  which  more  than  three-fourths 
are  confined  to  tropical  regions.  The  number  of  extinct  species  known  probably  exceeds 
those  living.  They  appeared  on  the  earth  in  the  early  part  of  the  Palaeozoic  Era,  reached 
their  greatest  abundance  in  Carboniferous  Time,  but  have  since  been  mainly  replaced  by 
plants  of  higher  organization,  so  that  at  present  they  form  only  about  one-fiftieth  of  the 
total  flora.  The  time  of  year  noted  under  each  species  indicates  the  season  at  which  the 
■spores  are  mature. 

Family  i.     OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl,  Pterid.  6.      1836. 

Adder's-tongue  Family. 

More  or  less  succulent  plants  consisting  of  a  stem  and  leaf  growing  from  a 
fleshy  root.  Sporanges  formed  of  the  interior  tissues,  naked,  borne  in  a  spike 
or  panicle  and  opening  at  maturity  by  a  transverse  slit.  Spores  copious,  yellow. 
Prothallium  subterranean,  devoid  of  chlorophyll. 

Three  genera,  the  following  represented  on  both  continents  ;  the  third,  Helmi nthosiachys  is 
tiative  of  southern  Asia. 

Veins  reticulate  ;  sporanges  cohering  in  a  distichous  spike.  i.  Ophioglossum. 

Veins  free  ;  sporanges  distinct,  borne  in  spikes  or  panicles.  2.  Botrychium. 

I.    OPHIOGLOSSUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.      1753. 

I^w  plants  from  a  small  fleshy  rootstock,  with  slender  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for  the 
following  year  formed  at  the  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem.  Leaves  solitary,  borne  on  the 
*teni,  simple  in  our  species.  Spike  terminal,  formed  of  the  two  rows  of  large  coalescent 
sporanges.  Veins  of  the  leaf  reticulate.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-yellow.  [Name  from 
^e  Greek,  signifying  the  tongue  of  a  snake,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  spike  of  sporanges.] 

About  10  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  three  others  are 
lound  in  the  southern  United  States,  one  of  them  extending  to  California. 

*Text  contributed  by  Professor  LuciEN  M.  Underwood. 

I 


OPHIOGUDSSACEAE. 

I.  Ophioglossum  vulgiLtum  L.     Adder's- 
tongue.     (Fig.  i.) 


Ophioglosi 


■iilKOlum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1 


Rootstoclc  abort,  oblique ;  stem  slender,  erect,  sin 
pie,  glabrous,  2'-ia'  high,  bearing  the  sessile  thi) 
ovate  or  elliptic-oblong  leaf  (sterile  segment)  near  it 
middle;  sterile  segment  i'-3'  long,  %'-\%'  wid« 
rather  firm  in  texture,  distinctly  reticulated;  spiki 
solitary,  }i'-\'  long,  erect,  the  asis  eatending  beyoni 
the  sporanges  into  a  point. 


In  moist  meadows  and  thickets, 
hillsides,  Prince  Edward  Island  to  Alai 
Jersey,  tCcntucby  and   Arizona.    Also 
Africa  and  .\ustralta.    May-Aug, 


sometimes  on 
ska.  south  to 


2.    BOTRYCHIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  a  :  8.      i8oo. 

Flesh;  plants  with  short  erect  rootstocks,  and  clustered  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for  the 
•occeeding  year  imbedded  in  the  base  of  the  stem.  Sterile  portion  (leaO  pinnately  orler- 
nately  divided  or  compound,  the  fertile  portion  pinnate  or  tripinnate  with  sessile  distinct 
sporaages  in  rows  on  either  side  of  its  branches,  forming  latge  panicles  in  some  spedes. 
Veins  free.  Spores  of  various  shades  of  yellow.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  grape-like 
clusters  of  sporanges.] 


Bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the  base  i 
Vernation  wholly  straight ;  sterile  portion  si 
Vernation  partly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portiuus. 

Buds  glabrous  ;  sterile  portion  pinnate  ;  small  plants,  mature  in  early  si 
Sterile  portion  alone  bent  in  vernation,  its  segments  fan -shaped. 


Both  portions  bent 

Bud  pilose  ;  sterile  portion 

Vernation  wholly  inclined,  reci 


segments  of  sterile  portion  narroi 

,1.  B.   K 

long-stalked  ;  larger  plants,  niature 

the  fertile  portion  ; 


le  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem 


portion  triangular,  sessile. 

5.  B.  lancfolalum. 
rtion  temate  and  eomponna , 

6.  B.    l^irgininHWn- 


I.  Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchcock. 
Little  Grape-fern.     (Fig.  2.) 
Bo/nrliiuHi  simplex  E.  Hitchcock,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  0 : 

Plant  2'-7'  high,  slender,  very  variable.  Sterile  por- 
tion ovate,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  lobed  or  pinnately 
parted,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem  or  higher,  some- 
times above  the  middle;  fertile  portion  a  simple  or 
slightly  compound  spike,  sometimes  reduced  to  only  a 
few  sporanges ;  spores  large  for  the  genus,  minutely 
tuberculatc;  bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  the  stem  ;  apex  of  both  fertile  and  sterile  portions 
erect  in  vernation. 

In  moist  woods  meadows  or  swamps.  Prince  Edward 
Island  to  Maryl-ind.  w;st  to  Wyoming  and  California.  Wsa 
in  northern  Europe.    May-June. 


OPHIOGU)SSACEAE. 
,  Botrychium  lanceoUtum  ( S.  G.  Gmel. )  Angs. 
(Fig.  b.) 


Lance -leaved  Grape- fen  i. 


Osmunda  lanceiilata  S.  G.  V,rM\.  N'uv.  CommttiL 

Acad,  Petrop.  la-  516.     176M. 
Bulrvchinm  lancenlalum  Angx.  Bot.  Niitiser,  1854 : 

68:      1854- 

Plant  3'-9'  high,  somewhat  flesh)-.  Sterile 
portion  closely  sessile  at  the  sumniit  of  the 
stem,  i'  or  more  wide,  3-lobed  or  broadly  trian- 
gular and  J-pinnatilid,  the  ultimate  aegmenta 
lanceolate,  acute,  oblique,  entire  or  dentate ; 
midvein  continuous,  with  forking  veinlets ;  fer- 
tile portion  slightly  overtopping  the  sterile, 
short-stalked,  2-3-pinnate ;  bu<l  for  the  follow- 
ing year  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the 
stem ;  fertile  portion  recurved  lis  whole  length 
with  the  shorter  sterile  portion  reclined  upon  it 


In  meadows,  woodx  and  swamps.  Nova  Scotia  to 
AUalta,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Ohio  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.    June-July, 


6.    Botrychium  Virginiinum  (L,)  Sw.     Virginia  Grape-feni.     {Fig.  7.) 


Plant  4'-2°  high,  the  stem  slender.  Sterile 
portion  nearly  or  quite  sessile  above  the 
middle  of  the  stem,  spreading,  thin,  temate 
with  the  primary  divisions  pinnate  to  3-ptn- 
nate  and  the  segments  i-i-pinnatifid  ;  ulti- 
mate segments  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed 
near  the  apex ;  epidermal  cells  flexnous ; 
fertile  portion  loug-stalked,  2-3-pinnate ; 
bnd  for  the  following  year  pilose,  enclosed 
in  a  glabrous  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  fertile  portion  recurved  its 
whole  length,  the  sterile  reclined  upon  it  in 
vernation. 


In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotii 
to  British  Columbia  and  Ariii 
rope  and  Asia.    June-July. 


to  Florida,  west 


Family  2.  OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1 :  161.  1810. 
Royal  Fern  Family. 
Large  ferns  with  stout  often  erect  rootstock.s,  1-2  pinnate  leaves  coiled  in 
lernation,  the  veins  free,  mostly  forked,  running  to  the  margins  of  the  pin- 
nules or  lobes.  Sporanges  large,  globose,  with  mere  traces  of  an  elastic  ring  of 
cells  or  none,  borne  on  modified  contracted  pinnae  in  the  typical  genus ;  in 
Todea,  a  genus  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  sur- 
faces of  the  pinnules. 


Two  living  gi 


I  iida  and  Todea. 


ROYAL   FERN   FAMILY. 


I.    OSMUNDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1063. 


1753- 


Tall  swamp  ferns,  growing  in  large  crowns,  with  the  fertile  (spore-bearing)  portions 
very  much  contracted,  the  short- pedicel  led  nated  sporanges  on  the  margins  of  their  rachis- 
like  divisions,  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll.  Veins  forked,  very  regular  and  prom- 
ioent.  Sporanges  tbio.  reticulated,  opening  bf  a  longitudinal  cleft  into  two  halves,  a  few 
parallel  thickening  cells  near  the  apex  representing  tbe  rudimentary  transverse  ring.  Spores 
copious,  green.     [Prom  Osmunder.  a  name  for  the  god  Thor.1 


Six  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate  z( 
Leaves  bi pinnate,  fertile  at  the  apex. 
Sterile  leaves  bipinnatifid. 

Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  with  a  tuft  of  tomentu 


Only  the  following  occur  in  North  Am* 
I.  O.  rcgalis. 
it  base  ;  fertile  leaf  distinct  from  sterile. 


I.  Osmunda  regdlis  L.     Royal  F 

(Fig.  8.) 

Osmunda  regalts  L.  Sp.  PI.  1065.       I753. 

Rootstock  stout,  bearing  a  cluster  of  si 
tall  bipinaate  leaves.  3°-6°  high,  and  i°or  more 
wide.  Sterile  pinnae  d'-ii'  long,  2'-4'  wide 
the  pinnules  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate- oblong 
fleaaile  or  slightly  stalked,  glabrous,  finely  ser 
mlate,  eapecially  near  the  apex  and  occasionally 
creuate  towards  the  base  wbicb  b  truncate 
oblique  or  even  cordate ;  fertile  pinnules  linear 
cylindric,  panicled  at  the  summit,  withering 
and  shrivelling  with  age,  greenbh  before  ma 
turity,  but  becoming  dark  brown  after  the 
spores  have  fallen. 

In  swamps  and  marshes.  New  Brunswick  to 
Florida,  west  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  M  s 
riasippi.  Aliw  in  Mexico,  Europe  and  Asia.  As 
ceads  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 


2.    Osmunda  cinnamdmea  L.     Cinnamon  Fern.     (Fig.  9.) 


Osmunda  CI 


a  L.  Sp.  PI.  1066.     1753. 


Rootstock  very  large,  widely  creeping,  bear- 
ing a  circular  cluster  of  sterile  leaves  with  one 
or  more  fertile  ones  within.  Stipes  1°  or  more 
long,  clothed  with  ferruginous  tomcntum  when 
young,  glabrous  when  old;  sterile  leaves  1"-^° 
long,  glabrous  when  mature,  except  a  small  tufl 
of  tomenlum  at  the  base  of  each  pinna  ;  pinnae 
lia ear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  oblong 
obtuse  segments  ;  fertile  leaf  contracted,  bipin- 
nate,  soon  withering ;  sporanges  cinnamon-col- 
ored after  the  copious  green  spores  have  been 
discharged. 

In  wet  places.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Fomis  occur  with  leaves 
variously  intermediate  between  the  fertile  and  ster- 
ile; some  being  sterile  at  the  apex,  others  in  the 
middle,  others  on  one  side  only.  Ascends  to  5600  ft 
in  Virginia.     May-June. 


OSMUNDACEAE. 


3.  Osmunda  Claytoni&na  L.   Clayton's 

Fern.     (Fig.  10.) 
Osmunda  Clayloniana  I,.  Sp.  PI,  1066,     175,1, 
Osmunda  inlertupia  Hichi.   Fl.  Hot.  Am,  a :  173. 

Rootstoclc  stout,  beariDg-  a  circle  of  a-pinnat- 
ifid  Ieaves2''-6''high,  6'-io'wide;  sterile  pinnae 
without  tufts  of  tomentum  at  the  base,  linear* 
lanceolate,  deeply  cleft  into  oblong  obtuse  seg- 
ments some  of  the  leaves  contracted  in  the 
mi  Idle  and  beating  3-5  pairs  of  fertile  pinnate 
pinnae  with  dense  cyhndnc  divisions  wbicb  are 
greenish  at  first  afterwards  dark  brown  finally 
wtthcnng  leaveaciothed  with  tomentum  when 
}Oun|^  glabrous  «hen  mature  the  fertile  onea 
taller  than  the  stenle  and  finally  widely  re 
curving 

In  snampsand  mo  st  sq  1  Newfoundland  to  M  o 
netota  <(outh  to  Nurth  Carolina  and  MisKoun  As- 
cends to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.     Also  in  India,     May- 

luly. 


Family  3.     HYMENOPHYLLACEAE  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  262.       1826. 
FiLMV-FKRN  Family, 
Membranaceous,  mostly  small  ferns  with  filiform  or  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks.     Leaves  usually  mucfi  divided.     Sporanges  sessile  on  a  filiform,  usually 
elongated  receptacle,  siurounded  by  a  transverse  ring  which  opens  vertically. 


I.   TRICHdMANES  L.  Sp.  PI.  1097.       1753, 

Delicate  filmy  ferns,  the  leaves  usually  much  divided.     Sporanges  flattened,  surrounded 

by  a  broad  entire  transverse  ring  opening  vertically,  sessile  on  the  lower  part  of  the  slender 

filiform  receptacle.     Receptacle  surrounded  by  a  tubular  or  funnel-shaped  indusium  which 

is  trnncate  or  slightly  a.ltpped,     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  thin  hair-like  segments  of  some 

About  100  species,  mostly  of  tropica!  regions.    Besides  the  following,  another  occu 


I.    Trichomanes  radlcans  Sw. 

Bristle-fern.     (Fig.  11.) 

Trichomanes  raduatis?.v.: -pl.lTiA.  Opc.  3   i  36 
1806, 

Rootstock  filiform,  wiry,  tomentose,  creep 
ing.  Stipes  (petioles)  ascending,  1  j 
long,  naked  or  nearly  so ;  leaves  a'-8'  lon^ 
i"-i%'  wide,  membranaceous,  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  1-3-pinnatifid ;  pinnae 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the  cuneate 
base  parallel  with  or  appressed  to  the  nar 
rowly  winged  rachis ;  scKments  toothed  or 
cut  into  hnear  divisions  ;  indusia  terminal 
on  short  lobes,  1-4  on  a  pinnule,  the  mouth 
slightly  slipped ;  receptacle  more  or  less 
ekserted,  bristle- like,  bearing  the  sessile 
sporanges  mostly  near  the  base. 

On  wet  rocks,  Kentucky  to  Florida  and  4la 
bama.  Also  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico  trop 
ical  America,  Uurope,  Asia  and  Africa.  Summer 


CLIMBING   FERN   FAMILY.  7 

Family  4.     SCHIZAEACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  39.      1828. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Sporanges  borne 
in  spikes  or  panicles,  ovoid,  eessile,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  ^-erti- 
cally  by  a  longitudinal  slit. 

Five  genera  and  about  75  species,  the  following  genera  represented  in  the  north  temperate 
zone,  the  others  tropical  in  distribution. 

Sporanges  in  close  3-ranked  spikes  ;  leaves  filirorm.  1,  Schi:ara, 

Sporanges  in  ample  panicles  -  pinnules  palmate.  3.  Lygodium. 

I.  SCHIZAEA  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5  :  419.  pi.  19.  f.  p.  1793. 
Small  slender  ferns  with  filiform  or  linear  leaves,  the  fertile  distinct  from  the  sterile, 
Sporanges  sessile  in  close  distichous  spikes  along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow  divisions  of 
the  fertile  leaves,  provided  with  a  complete  apical  ring.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  cleft 
leaves  of  some  species.] 


I.  Schizaea  pusilla  Pursh.     Curly-grass. 
(Fig.  12.) 

Schizitra  pusilla  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept  657.     1814- 

Sterile  leaves  linear,  very  slender  and  tortuous. 
Fertile  leaves  longer,  3'-5'  high,  the  fertile  por- 
tion terminal,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of 
crowded  pinnae,  forming  a  distichous  spike; 
sporanges  ovoid  or  pyriform,  sessile  in  two  rows 
along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow  incurved  linear 
divinons  of  the  fertile  leaf,  partially  concealed  by 
its  incurred  margins  which  are  hooded  at  the  apex 
and  ciliate ;  ring  apical,  the  sporanges  opening  by 
a  vertical  slit. 


2.    LYGODIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Joum.  Bot.  2  : 

Twining  or  climbing  ferns,  the  lower  divisions  sterile,  variously  stalked  and  lobed,  the 
fertile  terminal,  panicled.  Sporanges  ovoid,  solitary  or  two  together  in  the  axils  of  imbri- 
cated scale-like  indnaia,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  vertically.  In^usia  fixed  by 
their  broad  bases  to  short  oblique  veinlels.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  flexible  stipes.] 

Sixteen  species,  raoatly  of  tropical  distribution, 

I.   Lygodium  palmitum  {Bernh.)Sw, 

Climbing  Fern.     Hartford  Fern, 

(Fig-  13- ) 

Ciiopteris  palmata  Bemh.  Schrad.  Joum.  Bot.  a:  119. 
180a. 

Lygodium  palmalum  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  154.     1806. 

Rootatock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
flexible  and  twining ;  leaves  i°-3°  long,  their  short 
altemste  branches  2-forkedi  each  fork  bearing  a 
nearly  orbicular  4-7-lobed  pinnule  which  is  more 
or  less  cordate  at  the  base  with  a  narrow  sinus ; 
surfaces  naked ;  fertile  pinnules  contracted,  sev- 
eral times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle ; 
sporanges  solitary,  borne  on  the  alternate  veins 
which  spring  from  the  flexuous  midvein  of  the 
segments,  each  covered  by  a  scale-like  indusium. 

In  moist  thickets  and  open  woods,  Massachusetts  to 
Pennsylvania,  south  to  Florida  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  zioo  ft.  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.     Summer. 


8  POLYPODIACEAE. 

Family  5.    POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i :  145.     1810. 

Fern  Family. 

Fenis  of  various  habit,  the  rootstocks  horizontal,  often  elongated,  or  short 
and  erect,  the  leaves  simple,  pinnate,  pinnatifid  or  decompound,  coiled  in  ver- 
nation. Sporanges  borne  in  clusters  (sori )  on  the  lower  side  or  margins  of  the 
leaves  or  their  segments,  stalked,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  of  cells,  open- 
ing transversely.  Sori  with  or  without  a  membranaceous  covering  (indusium). 
Prothallium  green. 

About  70  grenera  and  yxx)  si)ecie8  of  very  wide  g^eogjaphic  distribution.  The  family  includes 
by  far  the  greater  number  of  living^  ferns. 

Spore -bearing^  leaves  closely  rolled  together,  with  necklace -like  segments. 

I.  OnocUa. 
leaves  all  flat  or  their  edges  only  slightly  revolute. 

Sori  dorsal  or  marginal,  provided  with  special  indusia. 
Sori  roundish,  indusia  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Indusium  wholly  inferior. 

Indusium  roundish  or  stellate.  2.    IVoodsia. 

Indusium  cup-shaped  or  somewhat  2-valved.  3.  Dicksonia. 

Indusium  partly  inferior,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  and  enclosing  the  sori  like  a  hood. 

4.  Cystopieris, 
Indusium  superior,  fixed  by  its  centre  or  sinus.  5.  uryopieris. 

Sori  linear  or  oblong  ;  indusia  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Sori  in  chain-like  rows  parallel  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  7.    Woodwardia. 

Sori  all  oblique  to  the  midrib  or  rachises  ;  veins  free. 

Sori  confluent  in  pairs  with  an  apparently  double  indusium  opening  in  the  middle  ;; 

leaf  simple.  8.  Scolopendrium. 

Sori  single  on  the  upper  side  of  a  veinlet  or  rarely  crossing  it. 

10.  AspUnium. 
Sori  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  oblique;  veins  united.    9.  Campiosorus. 

Sori  with  marginal  indusia  formed  of  the  more  o\  less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  at  the  ends  of  veins,  borne  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  leaf. 

11.  Adiantum. 
Sporanges  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  apices  of  the-^  '" 

veins.  12.  Pier  is. 

Sporanges  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins. 

Leaves  of  two  forms  ;  stipes  pale.  13.  Cryptogramma. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  stipes  usually  dark  colored. 

Sori  mostly  forming  a  continuous  indusium  around  the  segment 

I  A.  Pellaea. 
Sori  minute  ;  indusium  usually  interrupted,  if  continuous  the  segments  small  and 
bead-like.  15.  Cheilanlhes. 

Sori  without  indusia. 

Sori  linear  and  marginal.  16.  Notholaena. 

Sori  roundish  or  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  pinnatifid. 

17.  Poly  podium. 
Stipes  not  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  2--3-pinnatifid  or  temate. 

a  Phegopieris. 


I.    ONOCLrEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.       1753. 

Coarse  ferns  with  the  fertile  leaves  closely  rolled  up  into  necklace4ike  or  berry  like 
segments,  and  entirely  unlike  the  broad  pinnatifid  sterile  ones.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the 
back  of  the  veins.  Indusium  very  thin  and  membranous,  hemispheric  or  hood-shaped,  fixed 
at  the  inferior  side  of  the  sorus.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  dorsal  ring,  burst- 
ing transversely.  Fertile  leaves  unrolling  at  maturity,  allowing  the  spores  to  escape,  and 
remaining  long  after  the  sterile  leaves  have  been  killed  by  frost.  [Name  ancient,  not 
originally  applied  to  these  plants.] 

Three  species,  natives  of  cold  and  temperate  regions.  Only  the  following  are  known  to  occur 
in  North  America. 

Fertile  leaf  bi pinnate  ;  veins  anastomosing.  i.  O.  sensihilis. 

Fertile  leaf  simply  pinnate  ;  veins  free.  2.  O.  Struihiopteris. 


On, 


FERN  FAMILY. 
Onoclea  senslbilia  L.     Sensitive  Fern. 

(Fig-  M.) 

w/<M  scnsibilis  L,  Sp.  PI.  1063.      1753. 


Rootstock  rather  slender,  copiously  rootiaj; ;  fer- 
tile leaves  i°-i^°  high,  peraistent  over  winter, 
much  contracted,  aad  with  short  pinnules  rolled 
np  into  berry-like  closed  involucres  forming  a  nar- 
row panicle ;  sterile  leaves  I°-4J3°  high,  broadty 
triangular,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late-oblong, entire,  undulate,  or  the  tower  pairs 
sinnate-pinnatifid ;  veins  freely  anastomosing ;  low- 
est segments  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle ; 
veins  forming  a  somewhat  regular  series  of  semi- 
elliptic  areoles  next  the  midvein  and  numerous 
smaller  areoles  between  this  series  and  the  margin. 

In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Ontario  to  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Florida,  Lonisiana  and 
Kansas.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Various  in- 
termediate [onns  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  leaves 
occur.    Sensitive  to  early  frosts.    Aug. -Nov. 


2   Onoclea  Struthi6pteris  (If.) HofFm. 

Ostrich  Fern.     (Fig.  15.) 
Osmunda  SIrathiopleris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1066.      175J. 
Onoclea  SlralhiopUris  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  J  :  ii, 

1795 

Rootstocic  stout,  ascending,  bearing  a  circle 
of  stenle  leaves  with  one  or  more  fertile  ones 
withm  Fertile  leaves  i°-i^°high,  simply 
pinnate  with  necklace-shaped  pinnae  which  are 
formed  of  the  closely  revolute  margins ;  sori 
crowded  and  confluent;  sterile  leaves  z''-f 
h  gh  6  15'  wide,  broadly  lanceolate,  pin- 
nate much,  the  broadest  above  the  middle  and 
gradually  tapering  below,  the  lower  pinnae 
be  ng  gradually  much  reduced ;  veins  pin- 
nate, free  and  simple  ;  texture  firm  ;  rootstocks 
stoloniferous. 

In  moist  thickets,  especially  alon)t  streams.  Nova 
Scotia  10  New  Jersey,  west  to  British  Columbia  and 
Illinois.  Ascends  to  1000  Ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.    July-Oct. 


2.  WOODSIA  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 


170. 


Small  or  medittm-sized  ferns,  growing  in  rocky  places,  with  i-s-pinnateor  pinnatiiid 
leaves  and  round  sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  simply  forked  free  veins.  Indusia  inferior, 
Uun  and  often  evanescent,  roundish  or  st*llate,  either  smalt  and  open  or  early  bursting  at 
the  top  into  irregular  lobes  or  segments.  Stipes  often  jointed  above  the  base  and  separating 
atthe  joint.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joseph  Woods,  1776-1864,  English  architect  and  botanist.] 
About  15  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  oc- 
flns  in  the  southwesteni  United  States, 

Indnsium  minute  or  evanescent,  flat,  concealed  beneath  the  soms,  its  margin  cleft  into  slender 
hair-like  segmentB. 
Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base;  cilia  of  the  indusium  inflexed  over  the  sporanees. 
reaves  with  more  or  less  rusty  chaff  andemeatb.  1.  W.  Ilz-ensi!. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaf  lanceolate,  not  tapering  below;  pinnae  cordate -ovate,  j-y-lobed.     7.  IV.  alpina. 
I*af  linear  or  linear-oblong,  often  tapering  both  ways;  pinnae  deltoid.  3.  IC.  glabella. 
Stipes  Dot  jointed;  cilia  of  the  indusium  very  short,  hidden  by  the  sporanges. 

Puberulent;  indusium  deeply  cleft,  ending  in  hairs  with  cvHndric  cells.      4.  iV.  stoiiilina. 

UavesandE.-^ ■->- f-j.-:— j:..rj_..  -         -  - -    ..- 

ladtuium  distinct,  e 


POLYPODIACEAE. 
I.  Woodsia  Ilvinsis  (L.)  R.  Br.     Rusty  Woodsia.     <Fig.  i6.) 


i8i>. 

Rootstock  &hort,  caespitose.  Leaves  lanceolate,  4'' 
>'  long,  pinnate,  glahroas  above,  more  or  leM  covered 
^  wilb  maty  chair  beneath,  as  are  also  the  slender  stipes; 
pinnae  crowded,  sessile,  pinnately  parted,  the  crowded 
segments  oblong,  obscurely  crenate ;  stipes  jointed 
near  the  base ;  sori  borne  near  the  mirfpns  of  the 
segments,  somewhat  confluent  when  old ;  indusiani 
minute,  concealed  beneath  the  sotus,  its  margin  cleft 
into  filiform  segments  which  are  inlleied  over  the 
sporanges  and  inconspicuous,  especially  when  tbe 
latter  have  scattered  their  spores. 

On  exposed   rocks,   Labrador  and   Greenland   to   the 
Northwest  Terrilory,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Ken- 
.V\     tucky.    Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.     Also  in 
'^^      Europe  and  Asia.    ]une-Aug. 


2.  Woodsia  alpina  (Bolton)  S.  F.  Gray. 
Alpine  Woodsia.     (Fig.  17.) 


JVnodsia  Aj'fierborea  R.  Br,  Trans,  Linn,  Soc,  11:  17,1, 
H-oodsia  alpina  S,  F,  Gray,  Nat,  Art,  Brit.  PI,  a:  17, 

Rootstock  short,  caespitose.  Leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long-lanceolale,  3'-6'  long,  8"-i3"  wide,  scarcely 
narrower  below  the  middle ;  pinnae  cordate-ovate 
or  triangular-ovate,  pinnatety  5-7-lobed,  glabrous 
or  very  nearly  soon  both  auifaces;  stipes  jointed 
Dear  the  base;  sori  somewhat  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusium  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

On  moist  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine. 
northern  New  York  and  western  Ontario.  Ascends  to 
4200  ft.  in  Vermont,     July-AuR, 


3.    Woodsia  glabella  R.   Br.      Smooth 

Woodsia.     (Fig.  18). 
H'ondsia  glabella  R,  Br,  App,  Franklin's  Joum,  754, 

RootstQck  small,  caespitose.  Stipes  obscurely 
jointed  at  the  base  ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, a'-s'  long,  4"  8"  wide  ;  pinnae  deltoid  to 
ovate,  the  lower  remote,  obtuse,  crenately  lobed, 
olten  somewhat  smaller  than  the  middle  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  sori  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusinm  minute,  membranous,  with  6-10 
radiating  segments,  covered  by  the  sporanges,  its 
filamentous  segments  only  in  flexed  over  them 
when  young  as  in  the  two  preceding  species- 

On  moist  rocks.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  northern  New  York  and  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Also  in  arctic  and 
alpine  Europe  and  Asia. 


FBRN   FAMir,Y. 


4.    ^^oodsia   scopuUna   D.    C.    Eaton. 
Rocky  Mountain  Woodsia.     (Fig.  19.) 

if'oodsia  scopulina    D.    C.    Eaton,    Can,    Nat.    3:    90. 
iS6s. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
3'-4'  long,  not  jointed,  puberalent  like  the  ractais 
^Dd  lower  sarface  of  the  leaf  with  minute  fattened 
liairs  and  stalked  glands ;  leaves  lanceolate,  6'-i3' 
long,  tapering  from  about  the  middle  to  both  ends ; 
pinnae  numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnatiSd  into 
lo-ifi  oblong  toolbcd  segments;  indusium  hidden 
beneath  the  sporanges,  very  deeply  cleft  into  short 
cilia  with  cylindric  cells 

of  rocks,  northern  Minnesota  and  west- 
Oreffon,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
d  in  the  Siena  Nevada  to  Cahfomia. 


nOntai 


5.  Woodsia  Oregina  D.  C.  Eaton.     Oregon  Woodsia.     (Fig.  20.) 

H'oodsia  Oregana  D.  C,  Eaton,  Can.  Nat.  i ;  90.      1865. 

li-'oodiia  oblusa  var.  Lyallii  Hook.  Syn.  Fil.  48.  1868. 
Rootstock  short.  Stipes  and  leaves  glabrous 
throughout;  stipes  not  jointed,  brownish  belov; 
leaves  a'-io'  long,  elliptic-lanceolate,  the  sterile 
shorter  than  the  fertile  ;  pinnae  triangular-oblong, 
obtuse,  pinnaliGd ;  lower  pinnae  reduced  in  size 
and  somewhat  remote  from  the  others;  rachis 
straw-colored  ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate 
or  crenate,  the  teeth  often  refleied  and  covering 
the  submarginal  sari ;  indusia  minute,  concealed 
by  the  sporanges,  divided  almost  to  the  centre  into 
a  few  beaded  hairs 


rocks,  northern 


July-Aug. 


hiffan  and  Minnesota  and 
mbia,  south  in  the  Rockv 
n  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Cal- 


e.  Woodsia  obtiisa  (Spreng.)  Torr.     Blunt-lobed  Woodsia.     (Fig.  21.) 

Polj-Podium  nblHirim  Spreng.  Anleit.  ga.      1804. 
Kypopfllis  obtusa  Ton.  Corap.  380.      1824. 
K  'otidsia  oblusa  Tort.  Cat.  PI.  in  Geol.  Rep.  N.  Y.  195. 

Rootstock   short,  creeping.     Stipes  not  jointed, 

P"le  green,  3'-6'  long ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 

^'-■S'  long,  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  nearly 

i-IHanate  ;  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular-ovate, 

or  oblong,  pinnately   parted   into   obtuse  oblong 

crenate-dentatc  segments ;  veins  forked  and  bear- 
ing the  sori  on  or  near  the  minutely  toothed  lobes;   ^^   -^Uoi 
wdnsium  conspicuous,  at  first  enclosing  the  spor-      ^  f  j^^ 
*^&^  at  length  splitting  into  several  jagged  lobes, 
•hich  ate  much  wider  than  those  in  any  of  the  pre-  ^~y~ 

«ding  species.  .^ 

On  rocks,  Nova  Scotia  (according  to  Macoun)  and 
™ine  w  northern  New  York,  Wisconsin  and  British 
Colnnbia,  south  to  Geo^a,  Alabama,  the  Indian  Ter- 
nlory  and  Arizona.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia. 
July- Aug, 


12  POLYPODIACEAE. 

3.   DICKSONIA  L'Her.  Sertum  Angl.  30.       1788. 

Large  feras  with  2-3-piaaatifid  leaves,  and  creepinK  or  erect  rootstocks,  manjr  tropical 
species  Brtmrcscent.  Sori  Bmalt,  globular,  marginal  or  lubmarginal.  Sporanges  boroe  in 
an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  the  membranous  cup-shaped  inferior  indusiunt 
which  is  open  at  the  top  and  on  the  outer  side  adherent  to  a  reflcxed  toothlet  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  (ran  aversely.  Veins  always 
free.     [Name  in  honor  of  James  Dickson,  English  nurseryman  and  botanist,  173S-1832.] 

About  50  species,  of  wide  distribution,  the  (freater  number  in  tropical  America  and  Polynesia, 

I.  Dicksonia  punctil6bula  (Michx. )  A.  Gray    Hay  scented  Fern     (Fig  22  ) 

Iftf'hrodiiim  /lunclilobuliim  Michx.  Kl.  Bor.  Am   a 


ii'4fl. 

Rootstock  slender,  eztensivetj  creeping,  not 
chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  chaffless,  pale  green  and 
sweet-scented;  leaves  i''-3''  long,  s'-g'wide,  ova  e 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  frequently  long 
attenuate,  usually  3  pinnatifid,  thin  and  delica  e 
rachis  and  under  surface  minutely  glandular  and 
pubescent ;  sori  miaute,  each  on  a  recurved  too  b 
let,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe 
sporanges  few;  indusium  cup-shaped  with  adelica  e 
membranous  irregular  margin. 

In  various  situations,  most  abundant  on  open  hill- 
sides, New  Bmnswicli  and  Ontario  to  Indiana  and  Min- 
nesota (according:  to  Upham).  south  to  Alabama  and 
Tennessee.     Ascends  to  5600  ft.  in  Vi^inia.     Aug. 


4.  CYSTOPTERIS  Bemh.  Schrad.  Neues  Joum.  Bot.  i:  Part  2,  26.       1806. 

Delicate  rock  ferns  with  slender  stipes,  2-4-pinn8te  leaves,  and  roundish  sori  borne  on 
the  backs  of  the  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  hood-like,  attached  by  a  broad  base  od 
its  inner  side  and  partly  under  the  sorus,  early  opening  and  somewhat  evanescent.  Veins 
free,  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  transversely  bursting  vertical  ring.  [Greek, 
signifying  Bladder-fern,  in  alluuon  to  the  inflated  indusium.] 

Five  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Leaves  ovate -lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  3-3-pinnate. 

Leaves  tmradest  at  base,  lone-taperinB,  bearing:  bulblcts  l)eneath. 

Leaves  scarcely  broader  at  base,  short -pointed;  no  bulblets. 
Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  ,V4-pinnate. 


following  known  in  North  America. 


:,  C.  bulbiftra. 
2.  C-fragUU. 


I.    Cystopteris   bulbifera    (L.)   Bemh. 
Bulblet  Cystopteris.     (Fig.  23.) 

Polypodium  butbiferum  L.  Sp.  PI,  1091,       1753- 
Cyitopitris   bulbifera    Bemh.    Schrad.    Neues  Joum- 
Bot.  i:  Parts,  26.      1806. 

Rootstock  short,  copiously  rooting.  Stipes  4'-6' 
long,  light  colored;  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  i"-!!^"  long,  2-3-piiinatifid  or 
pinnate ;  pinnules  crowded,  toothed  or  pinnatifid ; 
rachis  wingless,  commonly  bearing  underneath  in 
the  axils  of  the  pinnae  and  segments,  large  fleshy 
bulblets  which  fall  away  and  propagate  the  plant; 
indusia  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side,  early 
thrown  back  and  withering  so  that  the  sori  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 

On  wet  rocks  and  in  ravines,  especially  on  limestone, 
Quebec  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 
Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Viipnia.     Ju'.y-Aug. 


(Fig.  24.) 


FERN   FAMILY, 
a.  Cystoptcris  frfigilis  (L.)  Bemh.     Brittle  Fern, 

J^lypodium  fragile  1,.  Sp.  PI.  1091.      1753. 
^ystopieris    fragilis     Bemh.     Schrad.     Neues 
Joiun.  Bot.  I :  Part  S,  a?-       1S06. 

Rootstoclc  short.  Stipca  \'-W  long ;  leaves 
thiD,  oblong- lanceolate,  odI;  sligfatty  taper- 
ing below,  4'-io'  loag,  3-3-pitinati6d  or  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  lanceolate- ovate,  irregularly 
pinnatifid,  with  a  broad  central  space  and 
bluntly  or  sharply  toothed  segments  decur- 
rent  along  the  margined  or  winged  rachis, 
without  bulblets ;  indusia  nsirow  or  acute 
at  the  free  end,  early  withering  and  exposing 
the  son  which  finally  appear  naked ;  texture 
membranous. 

On  rocks  and  in  moist  frrassy  woods,  New- 
foundland to  Alaska,  south  to  Geoqna  and  Ari- 
zona. Also  in  South  and  Central  America, 
Europe,  Asia  and  New  Zealand  :  almost  cosmo- 
politan in  distribution.  Ascends  to  jooo  ft.  in 
New  Hampshire.    May-July, 


.  Cystoptcris  montAna  (Lam.)  Berah.     Mountain  Cj-stopteris.     (Fig.  25.) 
PolyPodium  monlanam   Lam.  Fl.  France,  i  : 


Jov 


I.  Bot,  I :  Part  a. 


Bemh.   Schrad.    Neut 


Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Stipes 
6'-^'  long,  slender ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4- 
pinnate,  about  6'  long  and  broad,  the  lowest 
pinnae  deltoid -lanceolate  and  much  larger 
than  the  upper,  their  inferior  pinuules 
I'-iJi'long;  segments  deeply  divided  into 
oblong  lobes,  deeply  toothed  ;  son  numer- 
ous ;  indusia  acute,  soon  withering,  expos' 
ing  the  son  and  causing  tbeni  to  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 


On  rocks,  Labrador  and  Quebec  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 
Also  in  northem  Europe  and  Asia.    Aug. 


S.    DRYOPTERIS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  a;  20. 


1763. 


[ASPIDIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ,  Bot.  a  :  4.  i3oo.] 
Perns  with  i-jpinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually  borne  on  the  backs  of 
the  Teins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  similar  in  outline.  Indusium  flat  or  Sattish,  orbicular 
and  peltate  or  cordate- re ni form,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus  or  depressed  centre.  Stipe  con- 
tmnous,  not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Sporanges  abundant,  pcdicelled,  the  vertical  ring 
Panting  transversely.  Veins  free  in  the  northern  species,  uniting  occasionally  or  even  freely 
'»  Wine  of  the  southern.  [Greek,  signifying  Oak-fern,  in  allusion  to  the  forest  habitat  of 
most  species.] 

About  350  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
««utinlhe»outhemand  westem  parts  of  North  America. 
^patated  as  a  distinct  genus.    {PtHyilichum  Koth,  1797.) 


Leave 


orbicular,  e 


POLYPODIACEAE. 
:,  peltate,  fixed  by  the  depresned  cen 


Lower  pinnae  li 


Stipes  short ;  lower  pinnae  much  reduced. 
Stipes  lot^irer  ;  lower  pinnae  usually  little  reduced, 
leaves  bi pinnate. 
Indusium  cordate -reni form  or  orbicular,  fixed  by  the  ninun. 

Texture  thin-membranous  :  veins  simple  or  once  forked  ;  leaves 
very  much  reduced, 
little  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 
i-Corked  ;  sort  crowded,  lo  1 2  to  a  sc([tncnt. 
Veins  simple  ;  sori  larger,  distinct.  4-10  to  a  seinnent. 
Texture  firmer,  sometimes  subcoriaceous  :  veins  forking  freely. 
I,eaves  2-pitinatifid  or  2- pinnate  ;  segments  not  spinuioHc. 
Uaves  small,  narrowly  lanceolate. 
Leaves  larger,  mostly  i  W-j"  high. 
Indusia  large,  thinnish  and  flat. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  base. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  middle. 
Indusia  convex,  without  marginal  glands. 


I.  ft.  Ijtitchitis. 

7.  D.  acroslichoides. 

S.  O.  Braunii. 


5.  n.   Thelypier 


Sorini 


rthem 
ir  the  midvei 


.  D.  Filix-mas. 
s  usually  w 


leaves  i-pinnate  or  3-pinnatifid  ;  segments  spinulose -toothed 

Leaves  ovale -lanceolate,  usually  not  narrowed  below ;   scales  of  stipes  usually 

dark  centre.  11.  D.  spinulosa 

Leaves  elongated -lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base  ;   scales  of  the  stipes  pale 

brown.  13.  D.  Boollii. 


I.   Dryopteris  Lonchltis  (L.)  Kuntze. 

Polvtiodium  Lonchilis  L.  Sp.  PI,  1088.  1753. 
As/ndium  LonihilisSvi.StiiTaA.iovTn.  Bot.  J:  jo.  1800. 
Dryopteris  Loiickilii  Kunue,Re\.  Gen.  PI.  813.  1891. 
Rootstock  short,  stout,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
I'-S'  long,  bearing  large  dark  brown  scales  with  ' 
some  smaller  ones ;  leaves  rigid,  coriaceous,  ever- 
green, narrowly  lanceolate  in  outliue,  once  pinnate; 
piaaae  broadly  lanceolate-falcate,  I'-j'long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  auricled  on  the 
upper  side  at  the  base  and  obliquely  truncate  on 
the  lower,  densely  spinulose-dentate,  the  lowest 
commonly  triangiilar  and  shorter;  sori  lar^e,  at 
length  contiguous,  borne  nearer  the  margin  than 
the  midrib,  commonly  quite  close  to  the  margin  ; 
indusium  orbicular,  entire,  fiicd  by  its  depressed 


Holly-fern.     fFig.  26.) 


On  rocks,  t.,abradoT  to  .\laska,  south  to  Ontario  a 
British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
Utah.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.     Aug. 


,  Dryopteris  acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Kuntze.    Christmas  Fern.    (Fig.  27.) 

Nephrodium  acrostichoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  3  :  ^67. 


Rootstock  stout,  creeping.  Stipes  5'-?'  long, 
densely  chaffy;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  fi'-i^long, 
3'-5'wide,  rigid,  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  once  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  falcate,  I'-j' 
long,  acutish  at  the  apex,  half  halberd-shaped  at  the 
base,  bristly  with  appresscd  teeth,  the  lower  little 
smaller,  sometimes  defiexed ;  feriile  fronds  contracted 
at  the  summit,  bearing  the  large  contiguous  sori  near 
the  middle,  which  soon  cover  the  whole  lower  sur- 
face ;  indnsium  orbicular,  entire,  fixed  by  its  depressed 
centre,  persistent. 

In  woods  and  on  hillsides,  most  abundant  in  rocky 
places.  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west 
to  Ontario,  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi.  Ascends  to  ^700 
ft.  in  Maryland.    July-Aug. 

Foruis  with  cut-lobed  or  incised  pinnae  are  known  as 
var.  SchweiHilzii  ,■  occasional  forms  are  2-pinnatifid. 


FERN  FAMILV. 


3.    Dryopteris  Braiinii  (Spenner)  Underw.     Braun's  Holly-fern.     (Fig.  28.) 


DryopUris  aculeata  var.   Braunii   Undern 


Fern 


'ft93- 


RootstOflE  stout.  Stipes  4'-5'  long  chaffy  with 
both  bro&d  and  narrow  brown  scales  leaves  ob- 
long-htnceolate,  not  coriaceous,  1  pinnate  tbe 
rachis  chaffy,  at  least  below  ;  pinnae  numerous 
close  together,  lanceolate  or  linear  lanceolate 
broadest  at  the  base,  cut  to  the  midvein  into  ovate 
or  oblong  pinnules;  middle  pinnae  1%  4  long 
the  lower  gradually  shorter ;  pinnules  truncate  and 
nearly  rectangular  at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse 
sharply  toothed  and  beset  with  long  soft  hairs  and 
scales;  son  small,  mostly  nearer  the  midvein  than 
the  margin ;  indusium  orbicular,   peltate   entire 

Alaska,  south  to  Maine 


In  rocky  woods.  Quebec 
the  ii)ounIa.ins  of  PennayU 
British  Columbia.  Ascends 


15000  ft 


4.  Dryopteris  Noveboracinsis  (L  )  A  Gra\ 


New  York  Fern 
L.  Sp.  PI.  ic 


(Fig.  29.) 


sweet-scented 

5.  Dryopteris  Thelifpteris  (L.)  A.  Gray. 

AiTDstichum  Tkflypieris  h-  Sp.  PI.  1071.      17S3. 
■^i^irfiainJUc/vfi/fnjSw.Schrad,  Joum.Bol.a:40.  1800. 
"ryopitris  Thelypieris  A.  Gray.  Man.  630.      1848. 

Rmtstock  slender,  creeping.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely  narrower  at  the  base 
U>U  at  the  middle,  I'-aJi"  long,  4'-6' wide,  short- 
'C'liiiiaate  at  the  apex,  membranous,  once  pin- 
"(te;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or 
*°»ile,  mostly  horizontal,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
■WMly  truncate  at  the  base,  lyi'-i'  long,  slightly 
Pubescent  beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  segments  ob- 
'""gi  obtuse  or  appearing  acute  fratn  the  strongly 
leiolate  margins ;  veins  regularly  once  or  twice 
forked;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  each  segment; 
uidiiiia  reniform,  slightly  glandular  or  glabrous. 

hi  marshes  and  wet  woods,  rarely  in  dry  soil.  New 
"WBwick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana 
Ud  Kansas.  Ascends  to  looo  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Dlrope  and  Asia.    Summer. 


Jhly^dium  Novebora 
Aipidiam  Noveboract 
Dryopteris  Noveboracensis  A.  Gray,  Man.  630.      i8jS. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle, 
i°-2°  long,  4'-6'  wide,  membranous,  long-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  once  pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate, 
sessile,  long-acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  ciliale 
and  finely  puhesceot  beneath,  i}i'-i'  long,  the 
two  or  more  lower  pairs  gradually  shorter  and  de- 
flexed,  commonly  diataut ;  segments  fiat,  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  basal  ones  often  enlarged  ;  veins  simple 
or  those  of  the  basal  lobes  forked  ;  sori  not  con- 
fluent, borne  near  the  margin  ;  indusium  minute, 
reniform,  delicate,  gland-beating,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario   and    Minnesota,    south  to   North  Carolina    and 
Arkansas.    Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.    Sometimes 
'  *      '      ■  July-Sept. 


Marsh  Shield-fern.      (Fig.  30.) 


i6  POLYPODIACBAE. 

6.    Dryopteris  simuUta  Davenp.     Massachasetts  Shield-fem.     (Fig.  31.) 

Aspidiiim  simulalum  Davenp,  Bot,  Gaz.19  :  495.     1894- 
Dryopierii  simulala  Davenp.  Bot.  Om,  19  :  497.     1894. 
As  synonym. 

Rootatock  wide-crecptDg,  slender,  brownUli ; 
stipes  6'-ao'  long,  straw-colored,  dark  brown  at 
base,  with  deciduous  scales;  leaves  %'-x/  long, 
a'-7'  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  (o  fto  acn- 
miiiale  apei  (abruptly  tapering  in  the  fertile  1e*0. 
Utile  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  base;  pinnae  la- 
10  paiiB,  lanceolate,  pinnatilid,  the  segments  ob- 
liquely oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  slightly  revolate  in 
the  fertile  leaf;  snrfaces  finely  pubescent,  especi- 
ally near  the  midribs;  teiture  rather  thin;  veins 
simple,  nearly  straight ;  son  rather  targe,  aomewfaat 
distant,  4-10  to  each  segment  ;  indusia  finely  glan- 
dular at  the  margins,  withering-persistent. 


Dryopteris  frUgrans   (L.)  Schott. 
Fragrant  Shield-fem.     (Fig.  32.) 


Polypodium  fragrans  L.  Sp.  PI.  Io8r 
Asfndium  fragrans  Sw,  Schrad,  Jot 
Dryopteris  fragrans  Schott.  Gen.  F 


I.  Bot.  1: 
1S34. 


Rootstock  stout,  chaffy  with  brown  shining  scales 
Stipes  3'-4'  long,  chaffy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm,  glan 
duler  and  aromalic,  pinnate  or  nearly  ^.pinnate 
acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  3'-i3'  long 
pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid,  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute 
yi'-l%'  long;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  by  the  large  sori ;  in 
dusium  thin,  nearly  orbicular,  persistent  long  after 
the  sporanges  have  matured,  its  margin  ragged  and 
sparingly  gland- bearing,  the  sinus  narrow. 

On  rocks.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Vermont 
the  Adirondack  Mountains  and  Wisconsin.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  Vcnnont,    Also  in  Greenland,  Europe  and  Asia. 

Q,^ipv^vfJ'^A\|  8.  Dryopteris  cristdta  (L. )  A.  Gray. 

^^^^~viJ[ffV/V>v--j  Crested  Shield-fem.     (Eig.  33.) 

As'ptdiun- 
Dryopier. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
of  the  sterile  leaves  2'-5'  long,  those  of  the  fertile 
6'-io'  long ;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  and  slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  base,  rather  firm,  l''-aJ4°  long,  4'-6' 
wide,  pinnate ;  pinaae  lanceolate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnali&d  or  the  lower 
pinnate,  the  segments  6-10  pairs,  serrate  or  iucised; 
sori  eboal  midway  between  the  margin  and  midrib; 
indusium  thin,  orbicular-reniform,  glabrous. 

In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Kentuok;^  and  Arkaniias.    Ascends  to  3700 
ft.  in  Maryland.    Also  in  Kurope  and  Asia.    ]uly-Ang. 
Dryopteris  ciistlta  ClintonUuia  ID.  C.  Eaton)  I'nderw.  Native  Ferns.  Hd,  4,  115.      1S9]. 
AspidiuM  crislaliim  var.  Clinlonianuni  D,  C.  Eaton  in  A.  Gray,  Man,  Ed.  5.  665.      1K67. 

Leaves  iV,  "-4°  long,  with  oblonE-laiiceolate  pinnae,  which  ate  broadest  at  the  base  and  4' -6' 
lonK ;  sefrnient*  8-16  pairs,  linear-oblonjt.  olHicurely  serrate  :  veins  pinnately  forking:,  bearing  the 
sori  near  llic  midvein.     Maine  and  OnUrio  to  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin. 


•  Ill  L.  Sp.  PI.  1090.      175, 
;  crisia/um  Sw,  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot. ; 
-     A.  Gray,  Man.  631.      184 


FERN   FAMILY. 
9.    Dryopteris  Goldie&na  (Hook.)  A.  Gray. 

As/iidiuni  Goldieanum  Hook.  Edinb.  Philos.  Joum.  6: 
Dryopteris  Goldtana  A.  Gray,  Man,  631.      184S. 

Rootstock  stout,  widely  creeping,  cliB&y.  Stipes 
io'-i8'  long,  chaffy  at  least  below ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  rather  finn,  1°-^"  long,  usually  1°  or  more 
wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dark  green  above,  pin- 
nate or  nearly  a-pinnate;  lower  pinnae  broadly 
lanceolate,  widest  at  about  the  middle,  6'-9' 
long,  I'-a'  wide,  pinnalely  parted  into  about  ao 
pairs  of  oblong-linear  subfalcate  segments  which 
are  serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  sori  very  near 
the  midrib,  close  together  but  distinct,  large ;  in-  _._- 
dusium  orbicular,  fixed  by  its  narrow  sinus,  glab-     ^^ 


Goldie's  Fern      (Fig.  34.) 


Its,  persistent. 

In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  ti: 
a  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
n  Virginia  and  to  2500  ft.  in  Vcrmo: 


Minnenota,  south 
1.    July-Aug. 


10.  Dryopteris  margindlis  (L. )  A.  Gray.    Evergreen  Wood-fern.     (Fig.  35. ) 

Polyfiodium  marvinaleL.  Sp.  PI.  1091.  1753. 
Aspidium  marginale  Sw.  Syn,  Fil.  50,  1806, 
Dryopteris  marginalis  A.  Gray,  Man,  633.      1848. 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  densely  chaffy  with  dark 
brown  shiningacales.  Stipes  3 '-S' long,  chaify  below; 
leaves  borne  in  a  crown,  ovate-obloug  or  ovate-lanceo- 
tate  in  outline,  subcoriaceous,  6'-3}j°  long,  pinnate  or 
a-pinnate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  base ;  pinnae  numerous,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile, 
glabrous,  a'-5'  long,  the  lower  broader  and  shorter 
than  the  middle  ones,  the  upper  pinnatifid,  the  lower 
pinnately  parted  into  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  fal- 
cate obtuse  entire  dentate  or  pinnately  lobed  pinnules; 
sori  distinct,  close  to  the  margin,  covered  by  the  glab- 
rous indusium  which  is  fixed  by  its  ainns. 

In  rocky  woods  and  on  banks.  Prince  Edward  Island  to 
the  Northwest  Territory-,  <touth  to  Alabama  and  Arkansas. 
Ascends  to  jooo  ft.  in  Vireinia,  A  hybrid  with  D.  crislala 
is  described.    Leaves  evergreen,    July-Aug. 

Dryopteris  Filix-Mis  (L,)  Schott.     Male  Fern.     (Fig.  36.) 


1834. 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending  or  erect,  cbaffy.  Stipes 
A'-V  long,  very  chaffy  below ;  leaves  broadly  oblong 
luceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly 
"•Trowed  to  the  ttase,  i°-3°  long,  rather  firm  half 
^Tetgreen,  pinnate  or  partly  i-pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
''te,  broadest  at  the  base,  gradually  acuminate  to  the 
'F**i  3'-6'  long,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  rach  s  or 
pinsBtely  divided  into  oblong  glabrous  lobes  or  p  n 
inlet;  pinnules  slightly  dentate,  incised  or  nearly  en 
"K^  lotilarge,  borne  near  the  midvein,  more  numerous 
-on  the  lower  halves  of  the  segments ;  indusium  firm 
soBvei,  glabrous,  orbicular-teniform,  fixed  byits sinus. 

In  rocky  woods.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  northern 
Michigan  and  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rockj  Moun 
tuns  to  Arizona,  Also  in  Greenland,  Europe  and  As  a 
uid  in  the  Andes  of  South  America.  Aug.  The  rootstock 
«f  Ibis  and  the  preceding  species  furnish  the  drug  Filix- 
■ui,  used  as  a  vermifug^e. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


13.  Dryopteris  spinuldsa  (Retz)  Kuntze,     Spiiiulose  Shield-fern.    (Fig.  37.) 


Polyfrndium  sfiiaulosum  Retz,  Fl.  Scand,  TA.  2,  2, 
Aspidium  sfiina/osum  Sv/,  Scbrad.  Jouni.  Bat.  1: 
DtyopUris  ifiiHulosa  Kontze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  813. 

Rootstock  atont,  chaffy.  Stipes  6'-i8'  Iod^.  bearing 
s  few  pale  brown  deciduous  tcalea;  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, i-pinnate,  the  pinnae  oblique  to  the  racbia, 
elongated-triaugular,  rather  thin,  the  lower  pairs 
broadly  triangular,  slightly  shorter  than  the  middle 
ones  i  pinnules  obliqae  to  the  midrib,  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  incised  or  pinnatifid  with 
spinnlose-toothed  lobes;  indnsium glabrous, orbicnlar- 
reniibim,  fixed  by  its  ainna. 

In  rich  woods,  Newfaundtaad  to  Alaska  and  WaahinK- 
ton,  south  to  Kentucky  and  MichiKan.  Ascends  to  5000 
ft.  in  Virginia.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     July-Auff. 

I>r7apteri(  •plnulisa  iateimtdla  (Muhl.)  Underw. 
Native  Ferns,  Ed,  4.  116(1893). 
Aspidium  inlerntediutn  Muhl, ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5:  J6». 
Dryopteris  iHUrmedia  A.  Gray,  Man.  630.     iRfS. 
Aspidiam  ipinulosum  var,  in/ermedium  D.  C.  Bator 

Scales  of  the  stipes  (ew.  brown  with  a  darker  centre  ;  leaves  oblong^^vatc.  1-3-pinnBte,  the 
pinnae  oblonK-lanceotate.  spreading,  the  lowest  unequally  triangulBr-ovate  ;  pinnules  crowded,  pin- 
nateljr  divided  ;  indusium  delicate,  beset  with  stalked  glands.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  North. 
Carolina  and  Missouri. (?)    We  have  chosen  this  commonest  American  form  for  illustration. 

Diyopteils  ipinoUsa  dilatAta  (Hoffm.)  Underw.  Native  Perns,  Ed.  4.  116.      1693. 
Patypodium  dilalalum  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  a:  7.       1795. 
Aspidium  spinalosiim  var.  dilalalum  Hook.  Brit.  PI.  444.      iSjo. 
Dryopltris  dilalala  A.  Gray,  Man.  631.      1848. 

Scales  ot  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  darker  centre;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangrular-ovate, 
commonly  3.pinnate  ;  pinnules  lance olate-oblonB,  the  lowest  often  much  elongated  ;  indusium  glab- 
rous. Newfoundland  to  Washington  and  Alaska,  south  along  the  Alleghenjes  to  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  and  to  Ohio  and  Nebraska.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Dryopteris  Bodttii  (Tuckerm  )  Underw.  Boott's Shield-fern.  (Fig.  38.) 
.,4j/tjrfiuinfloo//iiTuckenn.  Hoi'ey's  Mag.  g:  145.  1843. 
Aspidium  spinulosum  var.  Bootlii  D.  C.  Eaton  in  A. 

Gray  Man.  Ed.  s,  665.      1867. 
Dt~toplerts  Bootlii  Underw,  Native  Ferns,  Ed.  4,  117. 

■893 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending.  Stipes  8'-ii'  long, 
covered  at  least  below,  with  thin  pale-brow  ti 
scales  leaves  elongated-obloug  or  elongated- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  or  quite 
1  pinnate  i°-3>i°  long,  3'-5'  wide  ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
late long  acuminate,  broadest  at  the  nearly  sessile 
base  pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the 
lower  pinnatifid  ;  sori  distinct,  borne  about  half 
way  between  the  tnidvein  and  margin  ;  indusium 
orbicular  reniform,  minutely  glandular. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  south- 
Maryland.  Ascends  to 
northern   Europe   and 


[hs^^g^S^P^^^^^^ 


em  New  York,  Delaware 
2000  ft.  in  Vermont.    Also 
Asia.    July-Sept. 


6.  PHEGOPTERIS  F^e,  Gen.  Fil.  242.       1850-52. 

Medium  sized  or  small  ferns  with  i~3-pinnatifid  or  temate  leavesand  small  round  sori  borne 
on  the  backs  of  the  veins  below  the  apex.  Stipe  not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Indusium 
none.  Fertile  (spore-bearingj  and  sterile  leaves  simitar.  Sporangespedicelled,  provided  with 
a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.     [Greek,  signifying  Beech-fern.] 

About  lOD  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.    Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in 
western  North  .\nieiica. 
Leaves  triangular,  i-pinnatiiid  ;  pinnae  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  racbis. 

Leaves  longer  than  broad,  usually  dark  green.  1.  P.  Phegopteris. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  long,  or  broader,  usually  light  (treen.  t.  P.  ktxagoaopiera. 

Leaves  temate,  with  the  three  divisions  petioled  ;  rachis  wingless.  3,  P.  Dryopterts. 


FERN  FAMILY.  19 

I.    Phegopteris  Pheg6pteris  (L.)  Underw.     Long  Beech-fern.     (Fig.  39.) 
Polypodium  Pkegopieris  I,,  Sp.  PI.  [089.      1753. 
f*tgopitrh  Potypodioidei'Fie.  Gen.  Fit.  143.     1850-51. 
Phegopteris  Phegoplerii  Underw. ;  Small,  Bull.  Torr. 

Clnb,  30  :  463.      1S9J. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  someirhat  chaffy  at 
least  when  young.  Stipes  b'-^  long ;  leaves  Iriaa- 
gnlar,  thin,  mostly  longer  than  wide,  ^'-c,'  long,  3'- 
6'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubesceul,  especi- 
ally on  the  veins  beneath ;  pinnae  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
broadest  above  the  base,  pinnately  parted  very 
nearly  to  the  racfais  into  oblong  obtuse  eatiie  seg- 
ments, the  lower  pair  deflexed  and  standing  for- 
ward ;  basal  segments,  at  least  those  of  the  upper 
pinnae,  decnrrent  and  adnate  to  the  winged  rachis  \ 
sori  small,  borne  near  the  margin. 

In  moist  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Newfoundland  to 
Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Virsrinia,  and  to 
Michigan  and  Washington.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Vermont.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Aug. 

a,  Phegopteris  hexagondptera  (Michx.) 
F4e.    Broad  Beech-fern.    (Fig.  40.) 

Polypodium  liexagonopierum  Michi,  PI.  Bor.  Am. 

a-  rjt       1803. 
Ple^oplerts   bexagonopiera    FSe,    Gen.   Fil.   ajj. 

1850-53 

Rootstock  Blender,  creeping,  chafi^,  some- 
what fleshy  Stipes  8'-i8'  long,  straw-colored, 
naked  leaves  triangtilar,  as  broad  as  or  broader 
than  long  7  -11'  wide,  slightly  pubescent  and 
often  slightly  glandular  beneath,  acaminate  at 
the  apex  uppermost  pinnae  oblong,  obtuse, 
dentate  or  entire,  small,  the  middle  ones  lance-  . 
olate  acuminate,  the  very  large  lowest  pair 
broadest  near  the  middle,  pinnately  parted 
nearly  to  the  midvein  into  linear-oblong  obtuse 
segments    sori  mostly  near  the  margin. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Quebec  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    Leaves  froenuiL    Aug. 

3-  Phegopteris  Drydpteris  (L.)  F^. 
Oak-fern.     (Fig.  41.) 

hlypodium  Dryopieris  I.,  Sp.  PI.  1093.       1753. 
negaplerii  Dryopieris  F*e,  Gen.  FH,  243,       1850-51. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
V-ii'  long,  chaffy  at  least  near  the  base ;  leaves 
Uiin,  broadly  triangular,  almost  glabrous,  4'-S' 
*)&,  teniate,  the  three  primary  divisions  stalked, 
pWnate  or  partly  a-pinnate,  the  terminal  one 
■lightly  larger,  all  spreading  more  or  less  at  right 
■oglea  to  the  stipe ;  pinnnles  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
luceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  sessile ;  segments 
oHong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crcnate,  close  together. 

In  moist  woods,  thickets  and  awamps,  Newfound- 
hud  lo  Alaska,  south  to  Virginia,  Minnesota,  Oreeon, 
till  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Ascends  to 
i4«>fLiDtheCatskillB.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug. 
ntioptdis  I>iy6pt«rit  Robertlina   (HoSm.)   Davenp. 

Cat.  Davenp.  Herb.  Suppl.  47-       1883. 
^y/vdium  Roberlianum  HofFm.  Deutsch.  Fl.      1795. 
"fgopleris  calcarea  Fte,  Gen.  Fil.  343.     1850-51. 

Stipes  e'-lo"  long,  straw-colored  when  diy ;  leaves  6' -8'  loiur,  mostly  erect,  s'-t'  wide,  deltold- 
vnlt,  3.pinnate,  the  lowest  pinnae  much  the  largest,  pinnatiud  or  again  pinnate  ;  upper  pinnae 
■nallet,  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  entire ;  sori  numerous.     Labrador  to  Iowa  and  Idaho.    Also  in  Europe. 


20 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


7.  WOODWARDIA  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5:  411.       1793. 

Lartrc  aod  rather  coarse  ferns  of  svamps  or  wet  woods,  with  piaoate  or  nearly  a-pinnate 
leaves  and  oblong  or  linear  sori.  sunk  in  cavities  of  the  leaf  and  arrHnged  in  chain-like 
rows,  parallel  to  the  marginB  of  the  pinnae.  Leaves  all  alike  or  the  pinnae  of  the  fertile 
ones  much  narrower  than  those  of  the  sterile.  Indusia  subcoriaceous,  fixed  by  their  outer 
margins  to  a  veinlet  and  coi'ering  the  cavity  like  a  tid.  Veins  more  or  lew  reticulated. 
Sporanges  pedicelUd,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Name  in 
honor  ofThotnasJeiikinson  Woodward,  1745-1810,  English  botanist] 

Six  speoies,  mostly  of  tlie  north  temperate  zonr.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  veins  free  between  the  sori  and  the  marf[in.  i.  W.  fireiiiira. 

Leaves  of  two  kinds  ;  veins  everywhere  anostomosing.  i.   (C  areolata. 

I.  'Woodwardia  Virginica  (L.)  J.  E.Smith.  Virginia  Chain-fern.     (Fig.  42.) 

n  L.  ManL  l 


Blechnupt  I'hgini^ 
Woodu-ardia    I  'irx'iiii 


<   ].    B.   Smith, 

(93- 


Rootstock  long,  stout,  horizontal,  subterra- 
nean or  creeping,  chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  la'-iS' 
long,  nearly  or  quite  naked,  dark-colored  be- 
low :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  baae,  I'-a"  long,  6'-9' 
wide,  pinnate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  nsu- 
ally  alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ses- 
sile, 3'-6'  long,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  ovate 
or  oblong  obtuse  segments,  their  margins 
minutely  serrulate ;  veins  forming  a  single 
aeries  of  areolae  on  either  side  of  the  mid- 
vein,  the  sori  borne  on  the  outer  curving 
veinlets ;  sterile  and  fertile  leaves  Hmilar  in 
outline. 

In  swamps,  often  in  deep  water,  Nova  Scotia 
to  Ontario  and  MichiKsn.  south  to  Florida. 
Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  1300  ft  in 
Pennsylvania.    Also  in  Bermuda.    June-July. 

3.  Woodwardia  areol&ta  (L.)  Moore.     Net-veined  Chain-fern.      (Fig.  43.) 

Acroslichum  areolaliim  L.  Sp.  PI.  1069.      1753. 
iVoodu-ardia  aitguslijolia  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem. 

Acad.  Tor.  5;  411.      1793. 
Woodu-ardia  areolala  Moore,  Index  Pilicum, 

xlv.      1857. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping, 
chafiy.  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile  and  borne  on  longer 
stipes,  i°-3°  high,  their  pinnae  much  con- 
tracted, narrowly  linear,  j'-s'  long,  i"-i" 
wide,  distant,  their  bases  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing  to  the  rachis  or  quite  dis- 
tinct ;  sterile  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  membran- 
ous, broadest  at  the  base,  or  sometimes 
with  one  or  two  small  pinnae  below,  the 
apex  acuminate,  the  segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
minutely  serrulate,  sometimes  undulate, 
their  bases  connected  by  a  rather  broad 
rachis-wing ;  veins  forming  numerous 
areolae. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Florida, 
Tennessee,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas:  also  in 
Michigan .  Ascends  to  3000  ft  in  North  Caro- 
lina.   Aug. -Oct. 


PERN  FAMILY. 
8.  SCOLOPENDRIUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  1: 


■763. 


haigc  fenis  with  oblong  or  strap-ahaped  mostly  eatire  leaves,  and  linear  elongated  son 
which  are  almost  it  right  angles  to  the  midrib  and  contiguous  in  pairs,  one  on  the  upper 
ride  of  a  vetolet,  the  other  on  the  lower  side  of  the  next  contiguous  veinlct,  thus  appearing 
to  have  a  double  indtisium  opening  longitudinally  along  its  middle.  Sporanges  pedicelled, 
the  ring  Tcrtical,  bunting  transversely.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  centipede,  Scolopendra.^ 


ily  of  temperate  rcg:ions.    Only  the  following  is 


in  North 


1.    Scolopendrium    Scolop^ndrium 

(Iv.)Karst.    Hart's- tongue.  (Fig.  44.) 

A spUaium  Scolopendrium  L.  Sp,  PI.  1079.   1753. 
ScoloPfHdHum    vulgare    J.    E,    Smitli,    Mem, 

Acad.  Tor.  5:421.      [791. 
Scolopendrium  Seolo/ieadrium  Karat,  Deutsch, 

Fl,  178,       1880-8.V 

Rootstock  short,  erect  or  ascending,  cha^ 
with  light  brown  scales.  Stipes  3'-6'  long, 
fibrillose-chalTj  below  or  sometimes  np  to 
the  base  of  the  leaf;  leaves  simple,  bright 
green,  firm,  7'-i8'  long,  i'-aj4'  wide.^cor- 
date  at  the  base,  the  maigjna  entire  or  un- 
dulate, the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib  some- 
times chaffy;  pairs  of  sori  distinct,  j"-?" 
long  ;  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface,  the 
sporangcs  dark  brown  at  maturity ;  veins 
free,  usually  once  forked  near  the  midrib. 

On  shaded  cliffs  of  the  comiferous  limestone, 
Chittcnango  Falls  and  Jamesvilk,  N,  Y,;  near 
South  Pittsbuifr,  Tenn.;  Owen  Sound.  Ont,, 
New  Brunswick  and  Mexico.  Widely  distrib- 
uted in  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  Very  variable 
in  form  in  the  Old  World. 

9.  CAMPTOSORUS  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  2:  69.  1833, 
Slender  ferns  with  tapering  simple  entire  or  undulate  leaves,  bearing  linear  or  oblong 
■ori  several  times  longer  than  broad,  irregularly  scattered  on  either  side  of  the  reticulate 
veins  or  sometimes  crossing  them,  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib  and  partly  oblique  to  it,  the 
outer  ones  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs.  Indusium  membranous.  Sporanges  pedi- 
celled, provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  opens  transversely,  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
bent  or  curved  son.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  of  northern  Asia. 
I.    Camptosorus     rhizoph^llus    (L. ) 
Link,     Walking-fern.     (Fig.  45.) 

Aipleaiam  rhisobhyUa  L-  Sp.  PI.  1078.      17S3. 
Camptosorus  rhtiophyllus   Link,   Hort   Berol.  i ; 

69-      1833. 

Kootstock  short,  usually  creeping,  somewhat 
chaSy,  Stipes  light  green,  i'-6'  long,  tafled, 
ipreoding ;  leaves  rather  thin,  lanceolate,  sim- 
ple, long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate,  has- 
tile  or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  4'-9'  long, 
(■metimes  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  pair 
of  basal  auricles ;  tip  of  the  leaf  and  sometimes 
"t  tip  of  one  or  both  of  the  basal  auricles  root- 
ing and  forming  a  new  plant  by  the  ultimate 
withering  away  of  its  tissue,  bnt  commonly 
two  or  sometimes  as  many  as  four  plants  are 
'*XUid  connected ;  sori  usually  numerous,  very 
"Kgnlarly  scattered  on  the  lower  surface. 

"n  dry  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  Quebec 
"~         1  Minnesota,  south  to  No-"-   " — '■ 

Ang.-Oct 


22  POLYPODIACEAE. 

10.  ASPLENIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1078.       1753. 

Large  or  small  Icms  with  simple  lobed  pinnate  3-3-piiitiate  or  pitmatifid  leaves,  and 
linear  or  oblong  son  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  Leare*  noiform,  or  the  fer- 
tile somctiniefl  different  from  the  sterile.  Veins  fne  in  our  spede*.  Indnsia  straight  or 
curved,  opening  towards  the  midribs  when  single.  Sporange*  pediccUed,  prorided  with  an 
elastic  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Ancient  Greek  name ;  some  species  were  snpposed  to 
be  remedies  for  diseases  of  the  spleen.] 


isofsf 


.a  and  thre 


)ri  stiaight  ot  larely  slightly  curved,  attached  to  the  uppei  side  of  ■.  vein;  leaves  mostly  sm 
(except  in  No.  7I. 
Leaves  pinnati&d  or  pinnate  below,  tapering  to  a  point. 

Stipes  blackish  below;  lobes  ronnded  or  the  lowest  acuminate.  i.  A.  pitinalifidtit 

Stipes  blacVish  throughout ;  lobes  acute  or  acuminate.  3.  A.  ebenoidei. 

Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Pinnae  j   -u"  long,  mostly  blunt. 

Rachis  chestnut-brown  or  blacliish. 

Pinnae  auricled  at  the  upper  side  ot  the  base. 

Pinnae  opposite,  oblonft :  rachis  dark  brown  or  black.        3.  A.  parvulvm. 
Pinnae  partly  alternate,  lanceolate  ;  rachis  chestnut  .brown. 

4.  A.  ptalyneuron 

■Pinnae  not  auricled,  partly  alternate,  partly  opposite.  5.  A.  THchotnane. 

Rachis  green  ;  pinnae  not  anncled.  .---..- 

Pinnae  2' -5'  long,  acute  or  acuminate. 

Leaves  i-3.pinnatifid. 

Stipes  green  ;  leaves  ovate.deltoid  ;  pinnules  fan-shaped,  veins  flabelh 

8 
Stipes  dark  at  the  base,  green  above. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  broadest  near  the  ba-w.  c 

Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  above  the  middle.  id 

brown  throughout,  as  also  the  lower  part  of  the  rachis. 


7.  A.  anguslifolititit. 


croslichoides. 


13.  A.  Filix-foem 


Asplenium  pinnatifiduin  Null.     Pinnatifid  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  46.) 

.W         Asplenium    pinnatifidum    NutL    Gen.  3  :    35. 


Rootstock  short,  creeping,  branched, 
chaffy.  Stipes  tufted,  polished,  blackish  be- 
low, green  above,  a'-s'  long,  somewhat 
chaffy  below,  at  least  when  young  1  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  3'-io'  long, 
firm,  tapering  upward  to  a  long  narrow 
point,  pinnatifid  or  the  lower  parts  pinnate ; 
lowest  pinnae  or  occasionally  several  pairs 
sometimes  tapering  to  a  point  like  that  of 
the  apex  of  the  leaf;  lobes  or  pinnae  rounded 
or  the  lowest  acuminate;  sori  commonly 
straight  or  sligbtly  curved. 


On  rocks.  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to 

''    jis,  south  to  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Arkan- 

Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    The 

■nd  of  the  long  tip  ot  the  leaf  tioraelimes  takes 

in  the  Walking-fern.    July-Oct. 


FERN  FAMILY.  2, 

2.   Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scolt.     Scott's  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  47.) 

Astlenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott,   louni.  Roy.  Hort. 

Soc.  87.      1866. 

Rootatock  short,  cbafij.  Stipes  blackish  through- 
out, tuRed,  iJi'-4'  long;  leases  laaceolale  in  out- 
line, variable  in  size  and  length,  3'-9'  long,  I'-s' 
wide  at  the  base,  fiim,  tapering  into  a  very  long 
narrow  acuminate  apex,  pinnatifid,  or  commonly 
pinnate  belov,  the  segments  or  pinnae  lanceolate 
irom  a  brood  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregular  in 
length,  the  lower. sometimes  shorter  than  those 
just  above ;  aori  several  on  each  segment,  straight 
orslightly  curved;  indnsinm  narrow,  reflexed  when 
the  sporanges  are  mature. 

On  limestone,  Connecticut  1 
"bama.  Rare  and  local  except 
ity.    Ascends  to  :4oo  ft.  in  Vii^in 


Indiana,  south  to  Ala- 

the  last  named  local- 

The  plant  usually 


<n  and  is  suspected  of  being  a  hybrid  betwec 


3.  Asplenium  p^rvulum  Mart.  &  Gal.     Smal 
Spleenwort.     (Fig.  48.) 

Asplenium  pan'iilum  Mart.  &  Gal.  Hem.  Acad.  Brux.  15: 
[reprint  6a.]      1S43, 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  chaffy  with  black  stiff  scales. 
Stipes  tufted,  blackish  and  shioiag,  I'-i'  long;  leaves 
rather  firm,  linear-oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate,  s'-io' 
long,  $"-13"  wide,  once  pinnate;  pinnae  2"-6"  long, 
mostly  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crennlate, 
auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  sessile,  Ihe  middle  ' 
ones  the  longest,  the  lower  gradually  shorter  and  re- 
flexed  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black ;  sori  oblong,  short, 
borne  about  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  mat^gin 
of  the  pinnae,  nearly  or  quite  straight. 

On  limestone.  Vireinia  to  Florida,  west  to  Missouri,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.  Ascends  to  j+00  ft,  in  Virginia,  Also  in 
Mexico,    June-Oct. 


4.  Asplenium  platyneOron  (I,.)  Oakes. 


s  h.  Sp,  PI,   1069.      1753, 
Hoit,  Kew.  3:  462,      1789, 
Oakes  ;  D,  C,  Eaton,  Ferns  N, 


Aeroitii:hi 

AspJenium  plalyi 
A.  I:  34.      1879, 

Rootstock  short  Stipes  densely  tnl\ed,  pur- 
plbh-brown  and  shining,  t'-4'  long;  leaves  lin- 
ear, 8'-i5'  long,  }i'-iyi'  wide,  firm,  once  pinnate, 
the  rachis  chestnut-brown ;  pinnae  30-40  pairs, 
lanceolate,  subfalcaCe,  alternate  or  partly  so,  ses- 
sile, crenate,  serrate  or  incised,  auricled  on  the  up- 
per side  at  the  base  and  occasionally  also  on  the 
lower ;  lower  pinnae  gradually  smaller  and  oblong 
or  triangular ;  sori  8-13  on  each  side  of  the  midrib 
of  the  pinnae,  becoming  crowded  at  maturity. 


Ebony  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  49,) 


On  rocks  and  banks,  prefeni 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Florida,  wesl 
dian  Territory,  Louisiana  and  Texi 
ft  in  North  Carolina.    July-Sept, 


ig  limestone  soil, 
to  Colotado.  the  lu- 
),      Ascends  to  4300 


POLVPODIACEAE. 


5.    Asplenium   TrichdmaneB   L.      Maiden- 
hair Spleenwort.     (Fig.  50.) 
AspUniHin  Tricbomanei  I,.  Sp.  PI.  lotto.      173,1. 

RootBtock  short,  Dearly  erect,  chafly  with  blackish 
scale*.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  commonly  tmmeroiu, 
i'~5' long,  purplish-brown  and  shining;  leavea  linear 
in  outline,  3'-8'  long,  6"-io"  wide,  rather  rigid,  ooce 
pianate,  evergreen ;  pinnae  oval  or  roundiih -oblong, 
inequilateral,  partly  opposite,  partly  alternate,  or 
nearly  all  opposite,  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  point  of 
attachment  to  the  dark  brown  rachia  narrow,  their 
margins  slightly  crenate  ;  sori  3-6  on  each  side  of  the 
forking  and  evanescent  midrib,  short,  narrowed  at 
either  end  ;  sporanges  dark  brown  when  mature. 


the  whole  of  North  Amfrica 


South  Africa  and  the  Pacific  Isli 


one.    throug'hout     nearly 
ncept  the  exlreme  north. 

.,    Also  in  Europe,  Asia, 
nds.     July-Sept, 


6.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.     Green  Spleen- 
wort.     (Fig.  51.) 


Asplen 


ride  Huds.  Fl.  AnRl,  385. 


Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy  with  brown  nerve- 
less scales.  Stipes  numerous,  densely  tufted,  brown- 
ish below,  green  above ;  leaves  linear- lantxolate, 
a'-8'  long,  4"-io"  wide,  once  pinnate,  pale  green, 
soft,  herbaceous  or  almost  membranous ;  rachis 
green  ;  pinnae  ii-ao  pairs,  ovate  or  rhomboid,  deeply 
crenate,  obtuse,  unequal  sided,  their  upper  edges  nar- 
rowed suddenly  at  the  base,  the  lower  obliquely  trun- 
cate; sori  oblongand  numerous  or  scattered  and  fewer. 

On  rocks,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


7.  Asplenium  angustifdlium  Michx.    Narrow-leaved  Spleenwort.    (Fig.  52.) 

Asftleniiim  angusli/olium  Michi.  F!.  Bor.  Am.  J:»6s. 

1S03. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  rootingalong  its  whole 
length.  Stipes  growing  in  a  crown,  brownish  or 
green  above,  chaSess,  8'-t2'  long,  sometimes 
slightly  scaly  toward  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  in 
outline,  i°-3°  long,  once  pinnate,  glabrous ;  pinnae 
ao-30  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  or  those  of  the  sterile 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  trtincate  at  the  base,  a'-s'  long,  flaccid,  the  mar- 
gins entire  or  slightly  crenul ate ;  fertile  leaves  com- 
monly taller  than  the  sterile,  narrower',  their  pinnae 
generally  much  narrower,  often  falcate  \  sori  30-30 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  linear,  close  together, 
the  indusia  at  length  concealed  by  the  mature 
sporanges. 


Qoist  woods  and  shaded  ravines,  Quebec  to  Wis- 
1,  south  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky,    Ascends  to 
'      -^ .....  .^.Htskills.  Aug. 


1700  ft,  in  the  Adirondacks.tc 


FERN  FAMILY. 
8.  Asplenium  Rikta-muritria  L.     Wall  Rue 
Spleenwort.     (Fig.  53.) 

Asplenium  Rula-muraria  L.  Sp.  PI.  io8i.      1753. 

Rootstock  short,  ascending.  Stipes  tufted,  naked, 
■lender,  green,  *'-3'  long ;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid- 
ovate  in  outline,  i'-5'  long,  glabrous,  evergreen,  2-3- 
pinnate  or  pinaatiGd  above ;  pinnae  aud  pinnnles 
■talked;  pinnnles  rhombic  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
dentate  or  incised,  cnneate  at  the  base  ;  veins  flabel- 
late ;  son  few,  linear- oblong,  confluent  when  mature 
and  covering  nearly  the  whole  pinnule,  the  indusinm 
membranaceous  and  delicate. 


On  I; 


tone,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south  to  Alabama 

ri.      .Ascends  to  aioo  tt.  in  Virginia,     Also  in 
a  and  northern  Africa.    July-Sept. 


g.  Asplenium  montdnum  Willd.    Mountain 

Spleenwort.     (Fig.  54.) 
Asfileaiiim  tuoalanuM  Willd,  Sp.  PI.  s  -  34i-      '8ia 

Rootstock  abort,  chaffy  at  the  summit.  Stipes 
tufted,  naked,  slender,  blackish  at  the  base,  green 
above,  2'-3'  long;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather  firm,  1-2-pinnate;  lower 
pinnae  longest,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments ovate  or  oblong;  upper  pinnae  leas  divided, 
merely  toothed  or  incised;  veins  obscnre ;  tori  linear- 
oblong,  short,  the  lower  ones  somctimea  double,  usu- 
ally abundant,  often  confluent  at  maturity  and  con- 
cealing the  narrow  membranous  indusia. 

On  dry  and  moist  rocks.  Connecticut  and  New  York  to 
Georgia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Arkansas,  Ascends  lo  4500  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.    June-Aug. 


10.  Asplenium   font&num  (L.)  Bernh. 
Rock  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  55,) 


3'!-      1799- 

Rootstock  short,  ascending,  clothed  with  narrow 
di^  Kales  at  the  apex.  Stipes  tufted,  i'-3'  long, 
■oQewhat  blackish  at  the  base  especially  on  the 
■oner  side,  usually  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
'xMdest  above  the  middle,  thin,  3-3-pinnate,  3'-6' 
^%,  6"-i}ii'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
^■>*ed  to  the  base ;  pinnae  10-15  pairs,  the  seg- 
^^ta  deeply  dentate  with  spinulose  teeth;  sori 
"^^j  I  to  4  on  each  segment,  covered  with  a  mem- 
bnnoQs  subentire  indusinm,  rarely  conflnent. 

Oni 
Hun 


POLYPODIACEAE. 

ti.  Asplenium  Br&dleyi  D.  C.  Eaton.    Brad- 
ley's Spleenwort.     (Fig.  56. J 

AiPltnium  Bradleyi  D.  C.  Eaton,  Bull.  TolT.  Club,  4 :  II- 
■S73- 

Rootstock  short,  chaiFy  with  brown  scales.  Stipe* 
tufted,  steoder,  3'-3'loDg,  cheitnnt-hrown throughout; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  pinnate  with  8-i3 
pairs  or  ihort-stalked  or  sessile,  oblong-ovate  pinnae, 
the  lower  again  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  with  oblocg 
obtuse  lobes  or  pinnules,  which  are  toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  upper  pinnatifid  with  dentate  or  aearlj 
entire  lobes ;  racbis  brown  ;  sori  short,  borne  near  the 
midrib,  covered  with  the  narrow  indusinm  until  ma- 


12.  Asplenium  acrosticholdes  Sw.     Silver>- 
Spleenwort.     (Fig.  57.) 

Asplenium  acros/u'ioides  Sw.   Schrad.  Joum.  Bot.  1 :  54. 

1800. 
Asplfninni   Ihclypieroides  Michi.   Fl.   Bor.   Am.  a  ;   365. 

1S03. 

Rootstock  slender,  dnuous,  creeping.  Stipes  8'-ii' 
long,  straw- colored,  somewhat  chaffy  below  at  least 
when  young ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  i"-}"  long, 
6'-ll'  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  base,  pinnate-pi nnatifid  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  numer- 
ous oblong  obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  crenate  seg- 
ments ;  sori  crowded,  slightly  curved  or  straight,  the 
lower  ones  often  double;  in dusium  light-colored  and 
somewhat  shining  when  young. 


In  rich  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  ti 
to  Alabama  and  Kentucky.  Ascends  to 
Also  in  eastern  Asia.    Aug, -Oct. 


Miu 


_. south 

lofl.  in  Virginia. 


13.  Asplenium  Filix-foimina  (L.)  Berah.    Lady-fern. 

'I  Filix-.fo 

AspUnium    Filix-fo 

Joum.  Bot.  1;  Part  a 


Bemh.    Schrad.    Neues 


Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender  for  the  size  of 
the  plant.  Stipes  tufted,  6'-io'  long,  straw-colored, 
brownish  or  reddish  ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-ovate 
or  oblong- lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  i°-3° 
long,  i-pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
short-stalked  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  4'-8'  long; 
pinnules  oblong-tanceolatc,  incised  or  serrate,  their 
lobes  or  teeth  often  again  toothed,  those  toward 
the  ends  of  the  pinnae  confluent  by  a  vei;  narrow 
margin  to  the  secondary  rachis ;  sori  short,  the 
indnsia  straight  or  variously  curved,  sometimes 
borsesboe-sheped. 

In  woods,  thickets,  and  by  n-alls  and  fences.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Florida.  Louisiana  and  Ari- 
zona, thus  throughout  nearly  all  of  North  America. 
Ascends  to  6ooo  ft.  iuNoTlh  Carolina,  and  to  9000  ft.  in 
Vermont.      Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    June-Aug. 


FERN  FAMILY. 


27 


II.  ADIANTUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1094.      1753. 

Gracefal  fen»  of  rotk.y  hillsides,  woods  and  ravines,  with  macta  divided  leaves  and  short 
marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  ude  of  the  reflexed  and  alteied  portion  of  the  pinnnle 
which  serves  as  an  indusium.  Stipes  and  branches  of  the  leaves  very  slender  or  filiform, 
polished  and  shining.  Sporanges  borne  at  the  ends  of  free  forking  veins,  provided  with  a 
vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.     [Name  ancient] 

A  ^nua  of  So  or  90  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America,      Besides  the  foUowinR  another  OCCUTi 


I.  Adiantum  Capillus- Veneris  L.     Venus-hair  Fern.     (Fig.  59.) 

Adiantam   Capitlus-l'encris  L.  Sp.  PI.   1096. 
1:53- 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender,  chaffy 
with  light-brown  scales.  Stipes  very  slender, 
black,  or  nearly  so  and  shining,  3'-9'  long  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  1  pinnate 
below,  simply  pinnate  above,  membranous, 
commonly  drooping,  6'-i°  long,  4'-ia'  wide 
at  the  baae ;  pinnules  and  upper  pinnae 
wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  rather  long- 
stalked,  glabrous,  the  upper  margin  rounded 
and  more  or  less  incised,  crenate  or  dentate- 
serrate,  except  where  it  is  recurved  to  form 
the  indusia  \  main  and  secondary  rachises 
and  stalks  of  the  pinnules  black  or  dark 
brown  like  the  stipe. 

In  ravines.  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Mis- 
souri, Utah  and  California.     Ascends  to  [300  ft. 
1   Kentucky.    Also  in  tropical  America,  and 


2.  Adiantum  ped&tum  L.     Maiden-hair  Fern.     (Fig.  60.) 


Adianlutn  ptdatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1095. 


Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  chaffy,  root- 
ing along  its  whole  length.  Stipes  9'-i8' 
long,  dark  chestnnt.brown,  polished  and 
shining,  dichotomouslj  forked  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  obliquely  orbicular  in  outline, 
8'- 1 8'  broad,  membranous,  the  pinnae 
arising  from  the  upper  sides  of  the  two 
branches  of  tlie  stipe,  somewhat  radiately 
arranged,  the  larger  ones  5'-io'  long,  I'-a' 
wide  \  pinnules  oblong,  triangular-oblong, 
or  the  terminal  one  fan-shaped,  short- stalked, 
the  lower  margin  entire  and  slightly  curved, 
the  upper  mai^n  cleft,  lobcd  or  dentate, 
bearing  the  linear-oblong,  often  short  sori. 


In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  GeorKia  and  .\rkan»a<i,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Ttah  and  to  Califomia.  Ascends 
to  5000  ft.  in  Vireinia.  Also  in  Alaska  and  west- 
ern Asia.     July-Sept. 


38 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


13.    PTERIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1073.       1753. 

tfarge,  mostly  coarse  feraa,  our  species  growing  ia  Bunny  places,  with  varioasly  divided 
or  in  some  tropical  apecies  simpte  leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  son  which  occupy 
a  slender  or  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusitim  membranousi 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bants  transversely.  Stipes  continuous  with  the  rootstoclc.  [Greek  name  for 
fema,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  wings  of  birds.] 

About  ICO  species  of  very  wide  Keograpbic  distribution,  mostly  of  o-snn  and  tropical  r^ons. 
Besides  the  following,  three  others  occur  in  the  soulheaslcm  l.'nited  States, 

I.   Pterts  aquiUna  L.     Brake.     Bracken. 

(Fig.  61.) 

PIff-iiaqiiiliiia  L.  Sp.  PI.  lors.      '753. 

Rootstock  stout,  woody,  horizontal,  subterranean. 
Stipes  i''-2''  long,  strew  colored  or  brownish; 
[eaves  a°-4°  long,  i°-3°  wide,  usually  glabrous,  ter- 
uate,  the  three  branches  each  a-pinnate ;  upper  pin- 
nules undivided,  the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid. 

In  dry  or  moist  sunny  places,  distributed  over  nearly 
the  whole  of  North  Amcnca,  eitccpt  the  eiltemc  north, 
snd  over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Old  World.  Ascends 
to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Fonns  with  pubescent 
lower  leaf  surfaces  occur  in  southern  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.    July-Sept. 

PteilBWiuUhi«c«aiUU(I..)Hook.  Sp.  Fit.  1:196.    1S58. 
Ptcris  caiidala  I„  Sp.  PI.  1075.       1753. 

Pinnules  sometimes  linear  and  entire,  or  with  the 
segments  less  crowded  and  the  terminsl  lobe  attenuate, 
narrow  and  entire.  In  sandy  soil,  New  York  lo  Florida 
and  Texas,  and  in  tropical  Amenca. 

13.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.  App.  Franklin's  Joura.  767.       1823. 

Light  green,  alpine  and  arctic  ferns  with  leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  segments  of  the  sterile 
much  broader  than  those  of  the  fertile,  the  sporauges  in  oblong  or  roundish  son,  which  are 
at  length  confluent  and  cover  the  backs  of  the  fertile  pinnules.  Indusium  formed  of  the 
somewhat  altered  margin  of  the  pinnule,  at  first  reflexed  to  the  midrib,  so  that  the  segments 
appear  pod-like,  at  length  opening  out  flat,  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  trousversely,  borne  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  copious, 
light  brown.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hidden  sporanges.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  northern  North  America,  the  otherof  boreal  regions  of  Old  World. 

I.  Cryptogramma  acrosticholdes  R.  Br.    American  Rock-brake.     (Fig.  62.) 

Cryptoeramnia     acrostichoides     R.     Br.    App. 

Franklin's  Joum.  767.      iSjj. 
Allosorus  acroslichoidts  Spreng.     Syst,  4  :  66. 

1837. 

Rootstock  rather  stout,  short,  chafij. 
Stipes  densely  lufted,  straw- colored,  a'-6' 
long,  chaffy  below,  very  slender ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate  in  outline,  thin, 
glabrous,  2-3-pinnate,  the  sterile  shorter. 
than  the  fertile,  their  ultimate  segments  and 
pinnules  crowded,  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  crenate  or  slightly  incised  ;  fertile 
leaves  with  linear  or  linear-oblong  segments 
3"-6"  long,  i"  or  less  wide,  the  margins 
involute  lo  the  midrib  at  first,  at  maturity 
expanded  and  exposing  the  light  brown 
sporanges. 

Fanning  dense  patches  among  rocks,  Labra- 
dor and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  sooth  to  U^cs 
Huron  and  Superior,  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  ' 
Colorado  and  to  California.    " 


FERN  FAMILY. 


29 


14.   PELLAEA  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.  59.       1841. 

Rack-lopiag  small  or  medium-sized  fema  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  iatra- 
marginal  son  borne  on  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  at  length  confluent  and  forming  a 
marginal  line,  Indusium  commonly  broad  and  membranons,  formed  of  the  reflexed  mar- 
gins of  fertile  segments  which  are  more  or  less  modified  and  membranous.  Fertile  and 
sterile  leaves  similar.  Stipes  usually  dark-colored.  Sporanges  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  boista  transversely,  pedicelled,  copious,  usually  dark  brown.  [Greek,  in  allusion 
to  the  dark-colored  stipes.  ] 

About  55  species,  of  wide  gcoKraphic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  12  others  oc- 
cur in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  North  Ametiea. 

Texture  of  the  leaves  thin;  veins  plainly  visible.  1.  P.  SteUert. 

Teature  coriaceous  :  leaves  evergreen;  veins  obscure. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  a-pinnate  with  large  pinnules,  *.  P.  atropurpurca. 

Leaves  small,  3-pinnate,  the  pinnules  narrow.  3.  P.  densa. 


I.  Pellaca  Stilleri  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Watt.     Slender  Cliff-brake.     (Fig.  63.) 


I  Stelleri  S.  G.   Gmel.  Nov.  Cora.  Acad. 
Petrop.  II :  .sig.  pt.  12.  /.  i.     1768. 
Pteris  gracilis    Miehx,    Fl,    Bor.    Am.    J:  362. 


2.  Pellaea  atropurpilrea  (L.)  Link. 

Purple-stemmed  CI  iff -brake. 

(Fig.  64.) 

Pteris  alropurpurea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1076.       1753. 
Prliata  atropurparia  Link,    Fil.  Hort.    Berol. 

59.       1841. 

Rootatock  abort,  densely  clothed  with 
msty  slender  hair-like  scales.  Stipes  tufted, 
a'-fr"  long,  dark  pnrple  or  nearly  black ; 
leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  4'-i3'  long,  3'-6'  wide, 
simply  pinnate  or  3-pinnate  below ;  rachis 
dark-brown  or  pnrple,  glabrons  or  pubes- 
cent; pinnules  and  upper  pinnae  I'-s'  long, 
glabrous,  3"  or  leas  wide,  short-stalked  or 
sesBile ;  indnsinm  formed  of  the  slightly  al- 
tered incurved  margin  of  the  pinnules  ;  veins 
obocnre,  commonly  twice  forked. 

On  rocks,  preferring  limestotie,  Ontario  to 
the  Northwest  Territory  and  British  Columbia, 
Bonth  to  New  Jeraey,  Georgia,  the  Indian  Teiri- 
tory,  Arizona  and  uoithem  Mexico.  Ascends  to 
33D0  ft'  in  Vitsinia.    Jnne-Sept. 


I,  No,  3.      1869^. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  thread-like, 
somewhat  scaly.  Stipes  scattered,  a'-j' 
long,  straw-colored  or  pale  brown,  slightly 
chaffy  bplow  ;  leaves  thin- membra  nous,  ovate 
in  outline,  a'-s'  long,  i'-2'  wide,  a-j-pinnate 
or  pinnati&d  above,  the  fertile  taller  than  the 
stertle  and  with  narrower  pinnulea  and  seg- 
ments pinnae  lanceolate- deltoid,  cut  to  the 
rachis  into  a  few  blunt  or  subacute  slightly 
lobed  or  entire  segments ;  indusium  broad, 
continuous  veins  of  the  fertile  leaves  mostly 
only  one  forked,  everywhere  apparent  *nd 
conspicuous 

On  rocks,  prefe 
British  Columbia, 
sylvania,  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in 
Vermont.    Also  in  Asia    Aug, -Sept, 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


.    Pellaea  d£nsa  (Brack.)  Hook. 
Oregon  Cliff-brake.     (Fig.  65.) 


^^p- 

"^ 

1854. 

Brack. 

Pil 

U. 

S.  Expl 

Pellaea 

densa  Hoot 

Sp.  Fil 

a: 

50. 

.858. 

Rootstock  rather  aleader,  cbaffy  with 
blaclcish  scales.  Stipes  densely  tufted, 
wiry,  slender,  light  brown,  s'-g'  long ; 
leaves  ovate  or  triangnlar-oblong  in  out- 
line, i'-3' long,  densely  3-pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments 3"-6"  long,  linear,  nearly  sessile, 
acuminate  or  mucronate,  those  of  the  fer- 
tile leaves  tapering  at  each  end,  with 
narrowly  recurved  margins ;  apices  of  the 
rare  sterile  leaves  sharply  serrate,  these 
otherwise  simitar  to  the  fertile  ones. 


15.  CHEILANTHES  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  126.  1806. 
Mostly  pubescent  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns  with  much  divided  leaves, 
the  sori  terminal  on  the  veins,  at  first  small,  ultimately  more  or  leas  i::onfluenL  Indnsium 
formed  of  the  reflezed  margin  of  the  leaf,  roundish  and  diatjuct  or  more  or  less  conflu- 
ent Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  an  elastic  ring  which  bursts  transversely,  often 
much  concealed  in  the  scales  or  tomentum  which  covers  the  segments  in  many  species. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  lipped  indusia  of  some  species.] 


Leaves  nearly  glabrous,  i-pinnate. 

I,eaves  hirsute  and  i^Undular,  not  tomentose  ;  indnsie 

Leaves  more  or  leas  tomentose  ;  indusia  moHlly  continuous. 

Leaves  a' -5'  long  ;  stipes  slender,  at  length  nearly  glabi 

Leaves  (>'-i^  long  ;  stipes  stout,  densely  brown -tome  nt< 


I.  Cheilanthes  Alabamfen8is(Buckl.)  Kunze.    Alabama Up-fera.    (Fig.  66.) 


Cheilaiilhes  Alabamensis  Kunie,  Linnaea,  m  : 
4-      1847- 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  stout  and 
short,  clothed  with  slender  brown  scales. 
Stipes  black,  3'-?'  long,  slender,  wiry, 
villous  at  least  towards  the  base  with  msly 
wool ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  glab- 
rous, 2'-io' long,  a-pinnate ;  pinnae  numer- 
ous, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  very 
short-stalked,  the  lowest  usually  smaller 
than  those  above ;  pinnules  oblong  or  tri- 
angular-oblong, mostly  acuta,  often  anricu- 
late  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base,  more  or 
less  toothed  or  incised  ;  indusia  pale,  mem- 
branous, interrupted  by  the  incising  of  the 


Onn 


onii- 


FERN   FAMILY. 


2.   Cheilanthes  landsa  (Michx.)  Watt.     Hairy  Lip-fern.     (Fig.  67.) 


(  lanosum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  l :  37a 


1874. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  covered  with  pale 
rusty-brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  chestnnt- 
brown,  3'-4'  long,  hirsute ;  leaves  herbaceous, 
oblong- lanceolate  in  ontline,  Y-9'  long,  i'-2'  wide, 
gradually  attennate  to  the  apez,  a-pinnate ;  pin- 
nules somewhat  distant,  lanceolate-deltoid,  acute, 
deeply  pinnatiGd  or  incised,  more  or  less  covered 
ivith  almost  bristly  hairs  aad  usually  somewhat 
glandular,  obtuse  orsubacnlc ;  sori  autnerous,  cov- 
ered by  the  infolded  ends  of  the  rounded  or  oblong 


North  Carolina.    Juty-Sept. 

3.  Cheilanthes  gr&cilis  (F^e)  Mett.     Slender  Lip-fem.     (Fig.  68.) 

iVyriopleris  gracilis  ¥it.  Gen.  Fil.  150.       1850-51. 
Cheilanlhts lanuginosa  Nutt.;  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  1:99. 

■858, 
Chtilanthii  gracilis  Mett.  Abh.  Senck.  Nat  GeselL 

3^  [reprint  36].      1859. 

Rootstock  short,  covered  with  narrow  brown 
scales  lined  with  black.  Stipes  densely  tnfted, 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  at  first  cov- 
ered with  woolly  hain,  at  length  nearly  glab- 
rous ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  a'-4' 
long,  I'-i'  wide,  3-pinnate  or  3-piuuate  with  the 
pinnules  pinnatifid,  the  upper  surface  slightly 
tomentose,  the  lower  densely  matted  with  whit- 
ish-brown woolly  hairs;  upper  pinnae  oblong- 
ovate,  the  lower  deltoid,  the  lowest  dbtant ;  ul- 
timate segments  or  lobes  minute,  the  terminal 
ones  slightly  larger  than  the  others,  all  roundish 
or  obovate  and  much  crowded ;  indusium  nar- 
row, formed  of  the  inrolled  unchanged  margin 
of  the  segments. 

On  rocks,  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Teiaa  and  Arizona.    July-Oct 


,  Cheilanthes  tomentdsa  Link.    Woolly 
Lip-fern.     (Fig.  69.) 


'833. 


Cheilanthes 


Link,  Hort.  Berol.  l 


Rootstock  stout,  short,  densely  chaffy  with  slen- 
der light  brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  4'-8'  long, 
rather  stout,  densely  brown-tomentose  even  when 
matore ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  3-pin- 
nate,  6'-i8'  long,  densely  tomenCose,  especially  be- 
neath, with  slender  brownish -white  obscurely  artic- 
nlated  hairs  ;  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovate-oblong  or 
obloag- lanceolate,  the  nltimate  pinnules  about  %" 
long,  the  terminal  ones  sometimes  twice  as  large  as 
Uie  others;  indosia  pale,  membranous,  continuous. 

On  rocks,  Virgrinia  to   Geoisia,   west  lo   Missouri. 
Texas,  Arizona  and  Mexico.    Ascends  to  1900  ft. 
North  Carolina.     July-Oct. 


32 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


i6.    NOTHOLAENA  R.  Br.  Prbdr.  Fl.  Nov.  Hotl.  i:  145.       1810. 

Mostly  small  rock-loviug  ferns,  with  t-3-piDnBte  or  pinnatifid  leave*  and  marguul 
ronndiab  or  oblong  Bori,  which  are  at  fitst  distinct  bat  soon  confluent  into  a  narrow  baud. 
Indosinm  none,  but  the  sporanges  are  sometimes  at  first  covered  by  the  inflezed  mar^n  of 
the  leaf.  Veins  free.  Sporangea  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  tranRrcnely  buntiDg 
ring.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  often  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder,  or  in 
some  species  with  a  dense  tomentum,     [Greek,  in  allnsion  to  the  woolly  lower  surfaces.] 

About  40  Hpecies,  of  wide  distribution,  most  numerous  in  America.  Resides  the  followinf, 
some  ij  other?  are  found  in  the  mountainoua  portions  of  the  itouthwestem  t'niled  States. 

I.    Notholaena    nivea    dealbftta 

(Pursh)    Daveiip.      Powdery- 

Notholaena.     i  Fig.  70. ) 

Cheilantlifs  dralbala   Purah,   Fl.   Am.   Sept. 

6;i.      1814. 
Xolholafiia  dralhala  Kunze,  Amer.  Joam.  Sci. 


I II.  I 


■  -.ii.      if^**- 


Kolhi'laena  nivea  var.  dealhala  Davenp.  Cat 
Dovenp,  Herb.  Suppl.  44.  il**,V 
RootBtock  abort,  chaffy  with  narrow 
brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  very 
slender,  shining,  dark  brown,  I'-^'long; 
leaves  triangnlar-ovate  in  outline,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  i'-4'  long,  3-4-pinnate, 
the  rachis  black  and  shining ;  pinnae 
ovate,  the  lower  slender- stalked ;  nltimate 
pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed, 
crcnate  or  entire,  small,  scarcely  1"  long, 
white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface. 

On  oalcRreous  rocks,,  Missouri  and  Kansas 
to  Arizona  and  Texas,  June-Sept.  The  typ- 
ical foim  of  the  species  occurs  in  the  South- 
westem  States  and  in  Centia)  America. 

17.  POLYPODIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1082.       1753. 

Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks,  Sori  circular, 
dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs.  Indusium  none.  Sporanges  pedi- 
celled, provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  Veins  variously  arranged. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  branched  rootstocks  of  some  species.  ] 

About  350  species,  of  very  wide  ge<^Taphic  distribution,  mostly  of  tropical  remans.    Besides 
the  following,  5  occur  in  Flonda,  i  in  Arizona  and  3  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  Klabrous;  plant  irreen. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  densely  scaly;  plant  grayish. 

I.    Polypodium  vulg^re   L.      Com- 
mon Polypody.     (Fig.  71.) 
Polypodium  vulgare  L.  Sp.  PI.  1085.      i;53. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping,  dense- 
ly covered  with  cinnamon -colored  scales. 
Stipes  light  colored,  glabrous,  a'-6'  long; 
leaves  ovate-oblong  or  narrowly  oblong  in 
outline,  subcoriaceoua,  evergrecD,  glabrous 
on  both  surfaces,  a'-io'  long,  I'-j'  wide,  cat 
nearly  to  the  rachis  into  entire  or  slightly 
toothed,  obtuse  or  subacute,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  segments ;  sori  large,  borne  about 
midway  between  the  midrib  and  margins  of 
the  segments  \  veins  free. 

On  rocks  or  rocky  banks,  almost  throughout 
North  America,  Asia  and  Europe.  Ascends  to 
5600  ft.  in  Virginia.  The  leaf  varies  much  in 
serration.  Forms  with  the  ends  of  the  segments 
enlarged,  somewhat  palmately  lobed,  and  the 


FERN   FAMILY. 


PolypodiuRi  polyp odio ides  (L.) 
A.  S.  Hitchcock. 
Gray  Polypody.      (Fig,  72.) 


Polypodium  polypodioidfs  A.  S.  Hitchcock, 
Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  4:  156.  1893. 
Rootstock  widely  creeping,  woody,  cov- 
ered with  small  brown  scales.  Stipes  dease- 
ly  scaly,  I'-y  long;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  acute,  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
I'-fi*  long,  I'-iJi'  wide,  cut  very  nearly  or 
quite  td  the  rachis  into  entire  oblong  or  Xva- 
ear-oblong  obtuse  segments,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  on  the  upper  snrface,  the  lower 
densely  covered  with  gray  peltate  scales 
with  darker  centres,  as  are  also  the  rachises; 
veins  indistinct,  unconnected  and  usually 
once  forked. 


On  trees  or  rarely  on  rocks,  ViiEini 
da,  west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Ti 


As- 


Pamily  6.     MAHSILEACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  HoU.  i :  r66.      1810. 

Perennial  herbaceous  plants  rooting  in  mud,  with  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks  and  4-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves.  Asexual  propagation  consisting  of 
sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the  rootslock  near  the  leaf-stalk 
or  are  consolidated  with  it,  containing  both  macrospores  and  microspore.s.  The 
macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia  which  bear  mostly  archegoiiia,  while  the 
microspores  grow  into  prothallia  beariug  the  antheridia. 

Two  Kenera  and  some  45  species  of  wide  Ecographic  distribution. 

I.  MARSILEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1099.  1753. 
Maiah  or  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow  water, 
■lender-petioled,  4-foliotate,  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  arising  from  their  bases 
or  more  or  leas  adnate  to  them.  Sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-sbaped,  composed  of  two  vertical 
Tilves  with  several  transveise  cdmpartments  (sori)  in  each  valve.  [Name  in  honor  of  Gio- 
Tanni  Marsigli,  an  Italian  botanist,  who  died  about  1S04.] 

About  40  species,  widely  distributed.     Besides  the  following  i  or  3  others  occur  in  Teias, 
Sporocarps  glabrous  and  purple  when  mature.  i.  Af.  quadri/otia 

Spotocarps  densely  covered  with  hair-like  scales.  .      — 

I.  Marsilea  quadrifdlia  L. 
European  Marsilea.      {Fig.  73.) 
Mtnitta  quadri/olia  L.  Sp.  PI,  1099.      1753. 

Rootslock  slender,  buried  in  the  muddy  bot- 
toDia  of  shallow  lakes  or  streams.  Petioles  us- 
ually slender,  a'-s'  bigh,  or  when  submerged 
wmetimes  elongated  to  1°  or  a".  Leaflets  mostly 
tuMpilar-obovate,  variable  in  outline,  3"-8" 
long,  i"-f/'  wide,  glabrous  or  rarely  with  scat- 
tered hairs  when  young,  the  margins  entire ; 
^rocarps  3  or  rarely  3  on  a  branching  peduncle 
"faich  is  attached  to  the  petiole  at  its  base, 
<^'cred  with  short  yellowish -brown  hairs  when 


Along  the  shores  of  Bantam  Iske.  Litchfield  Co., 
Conn,,  whence  it  has  been  introduced  into  i-arious 
pam  of  the  country,  notably  into  eastern  Massacliu- 
»«ll3.   Nali\-e  of  Europe  and  .\sia. 


MARSILEACEAE. 

2.  Marailea  vestlta  Hook.  &  Grev. 

Hairy  Marsilea.     (Fig.  74.) 
Marsilca  zrslila  Hook.  &  Crev.  Ic.  Fil.  pi.  ijf. 

Afarsilra  mucronala  .K.  Br.  Amer.  Joum.  Sci. 
(n.)3;ss.      1847. 

Rootatock  alender,  creeping.  Petiole* 
■leoder,  a'-j'  high ;  leaflets  aimilar  to  those 
□f  the  preceding  apecies,  entire  or  toothed : 
sporocarpa  3"-\"  long,  a"-3"  wide,  with  a 
short  raphe,  a  abort  and  blunt  lower  tooth 
and  an  acute  and  sometimes  cttrved  upper 
one,  densely  covered  with  soft  spreading 
narrow  hair-like  scales  or  (in  the  forms 
known  as  M.  mucronala)  these  short  and 
apprcssed  or  almost  wanting;  sori  6-ti  in 
each  valve. 

In  wet  sand  or  in  shallow  ditches,  Florida 
to  Kannas,  Anions  and  Mexico,  north  to  British 
Columbia. 

Family  7.  SALVINIACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  30.  1828. 
Salvinia  Family. 
Small  floating  plants  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  and  sometimes  branching 
axis  bearing  apparently  2-ranked  leaves.  Sporocarps  soft,  thin-walled,  borne 
2  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  1  -celled,  with  a  central  often  branched  receptacle, 
which  bears  macrosporanges  containing  a  single  macrospore  or  microsporanges 
containing  numerous  microspores.  The  macrospores  germinate  into  prothaUia 
which  bcM-  archegones,  the  microspores  into  prothallia  which  bear  antherids. 

The  family  consists  of  two  Kcnera. 
Lea\'es6"-9"  long,  a-ranked.  on  mostly  simple  stems,  i.  Salfinia. 


Leaves  minute,  closely  ir 


n  pinnatelir  branching  st 


I.    SALVINIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  15.       1763. 

Floating  annual  plants  with  slender  stems  bearing  rather  broad  3-ranked  leaves- 
Sporocarps  globose,  depressed.  9'14-sulcatc,  membranous,  arranged  in  clusters,  i  or  3  of 
each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  sessile  macrosporangea,  each  containing  few  macrospores. 
the  others  containing  numerous  smaller  globose  pedicelled  microsporanges  with  very 
numerous  microspores.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  finely  papillose  on  the  upper  anrfacc- 
[Name  in  honor  of  Antonio  Maria  Salvini,  1633-17J9,  Italian  scientist.] 

Abont  13  species  of  wide  distribution. 
J.   Salvinia  niltans  (L. )  Hoffm. 
(Fig-  75-) 

AfarsiUa  nalans  L,  Sp,  PI.  1099.      1753. 
Salvinia  nalans  Hoflm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  Jt  1, 

Leaves  oblong,  rather  thick,  obtuse  <; 
ate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  a 
entire,  spreading,  6'-i2'  long,  pinnately  veined, 
bright  green  and  papillose  above,  the  lower  surface 
densely  matted  with  brown  pellucid  hairs  ;  sporo- 
carps 4-8  iu  a  cluster,  the  upper  ones  containing 
about  10  macrosporanges.  each  containing  a  few 
macrospores,  the  remainder  containing  numerous 
microsporanges  each  with  numerous  microspores; 
Diacrosi>ores  marked  with  3  obtuse  lobes  which 
meet  at  the  apex. 

Bois  BruU  Bottoms.  Peny  Co.;  Missouri  and  near 
Minneapolis.  Minn.  Introduced  into  ponds  on  Staten 
Island.  N.  Y.  Reported  by  Pursh  in  1814  from  central 
New  York,  but  his  exact  sution  is  unknown.  Widely 
n  Europe  and  Asia, 


distribnteii  ii 


SALVINIA  FAMILY. 


35 


a.    AZOLLA  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  343.      1783. 

Minute  moss-like  reddish  or  green  floatliig  plants,  with  pinnatelj  branched  stems  covered 
with  minute  imbricated  3-lobed  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  beneath.  Sporocarps  of  two 
kinds  borne  in  the  axils  of  tbe  leaves,  the  smaller  ovoid  or  acorn-shaped,  containing  a  single 
macrospore  at  the  base  and  a  few  corpuscles  above  it  whose  character  is  not  fully  known, 
the  larger  globose,  producing  many  pedicelled  sporanges,  each  containing  several  masses  of 
microspores  which  are  often  beset  with  a  series  of  anchor-like  processes  of  unknown  func- 
tion.    [Greek,  signifying  killed  by  drought.] 

Aboutj  species  of  wide  fteographicdiEtribution. 

I.  Azolla  Carolinidna  Willd.    Carolina 

AzoUa.       (Fig.  76.) 
Azolta  Caroliaiana  Willd.  Sp.  PI,  5:  54'.      'Sio. 

Plants  greenish  or  reddish,  deltoid  or  triangu- 
lar-ovate in  outline,  pionately  branching,  some- 
times covering  large  surfaces  of  water.  Macro- 
spores  minutely  granulate,  with  three  accessory 
corpuscles;  masses  of  microspores  armed  with 
rigid  septate  processes ;  leaves  with  ovate  lobes, 
their  color  varying  somewhat  with  the  amount 
of  direct  sunlight,  the  lowernsnally  reddish,  the 
upper  green  with  a  reddish  border. 

Floating  on  still  water,  Ontario  and  western  New 
York  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Ariiona 
md  Mexico.  Also  in  South  America.  Naturalized 
in  takes  on  SUten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Family  8.     EQUISETACEAE  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2 :  281.      1803. 
Horsetail  Family. 

Rush-like  perennial  plants,  with  mostly  hollow  jointed  simple  or  often  much- 
branched  grooved  stems,  provided  with  a  double  series  of  ca\-ities  and  usually 
with  a  large  central  one,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  nodes  provided  with  dia- 
phragms. Rootstocks  subterranean.  Leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  joints, 
the  sheaths  toothed.  Sporanges  i -celled,  clustered  underneath  the  scales  of  ter- 
minal cone-like  spikes.  Spores  all  of  the  same  size  and  shape,  furnished  with  2 
narrow  strap-like  appendages  attached  at  the  midtlle,  coiling  around  the  spore 
when  moist  and  spreading,  when  dr>' and  mature,  in  the  form  of  across  (elaters). 
Epidermis  impregnated  with  silica,  rough.  ProthalliunI  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

1.  EQUISETUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Name  ancient, signifying  horse-tail,  in  allusion  to  the  copious 
branching  of  several  species.] 

About  15  species,  of  veiy  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Stems  annual ;  stomata  scattered. 

Stems  of  two  Icindi,  the  fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile. 

Fertile  stems  simple,  soon  withering;  sheaths  of  branches  of  sterile  stems  i^toothcd. 


Fertile  stems 

Branches  compound. 
I  all  alike;  spores  m  ' 


3.  E.  syifaliciim. 
,    .  ■;  branches  simple  or  none. 

Sheaths  rather  loose  ;  branches  usually  long  ;  stems  bushy  below,  attenuate  upwards. 
Cential  cavity  very  small ;  spilis  long,  4.  £.  fialuslre. 

Centra!  cavity  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  stem;  spike  short.         j.  E.  iiilorali. 
Sheaths  appressed  ;  branches  usually  short.  6.  B.  flux-iatitt, 

cms  perennial,  evergreen  ;  spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid  point ;  stomata  in  regular  rows. 
Stems  tall,  usually  many-grooved. 

Stems  rough  and  tuberculate,  prominently  ridged. 

Ridges  with  i  line  of  tuberdes;  ridges  of  sheath  Iricarinate ;  stem  stont. 

7,  E.  robust um. 
Ridges  of  the  stem  with  2  indistinct  lines  of  tubercles;  ridges  of  sheath  obscurely 
4^3mnate;  stem  slender.  8.  B.  hyemale. 

Stems  not  tuberculate ;  sheaths  enlarged  upward.  9.  E.  laevigalum. 

Stems  low,  slender,  tufted,  usually  5-10-gTooved. 

Centt^  cavity  small ;  sheaths  5- 10- toothed.  10,  E.  variegalum. 

Central  cavi^  none  ;  sheaths  j-toothed.  11.  E.  sctrfiotdes. 


EQUISETACBAE. 
Equisetum  arvinse  I,.     Field  Horsetail.     (Fig.  77.) 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.      1753. 

Stems  anonal,  provided  with  acatteicd  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  early  apring  before  the  sterik. 
Fertile  stems  4'-io'  high,  not  branched,  soon  wither- 
ing. Hgbt  brown,  thrir  loose  scarions  sheaths  miMtl]' 
distant,  whitish,  ending  in  about  13  brown  acuminate 
teeth ;  sterile  stems  green,  rather  slender,  i'-t"  high, 
6-i9-furTowed,  with  numerous  long  mostly  »mple 
verticillate  4-angled  or  rarely  3-angled  solid  branches, 
the  sheaths  of  the  branches  4-toothed,  the  stomata  in  a 
rows  in  the  furrows ;  central  cavity  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  the  diameter  of  the  stem. 

Tn  sandy  soil,  especially  along  roadsides  and  railways. 
Newfoundland  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  ViiKinii 
and  California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Ascends  to  ai 
least  1500  ft  in  Virginia.  An  occasional  form  in  which  Iht 
sterile  stem  bears  a  terminal  spike  is  known  as  var.  iera 
linuM.  Sterile  stems  sometimes  very  short  and  with  Ion; 
irostrate  or  ascending  branches.    May. 


a.  Equisetum  pratinse  Ehrh.    Thicket  Horse- 
tail.    (Fig.  78.) 

Equisetum  pratense  WMi.  Hanov.  M^.  138.      1784. 

Stems  annual,  8'-i6'  high,  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  spring  before  the  sterile,  branched 
when  old,  only  its  apex  withering,  the  two  becoming 
similar  in  age ;  stems  rough,  8-10  ridged  with  narrow 
furrows  and  cylindric  or  cup-sbaped~  sheaths ;  braaches 
straight,  rather  abort,  simple,  densely  whorled,  3-angled 
or  rarely  4-5-angled,  solid ;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with 
about  1 1  sbori  ovate-lanceolate  teeth,  those  of  the  branches 
3-tootfaed ;  rootstocks  solid,  acutely  angled. 


In'sandy  places.  Nova  Scotia  and  Rupert  River  to  Minne. 
sota,  and  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia,     July-Sepl. 


3.   Equisetum   sylv&ticum   L.     Wood   Horse 

tail.     (Fig.  79.) 


iVH- 


II  sylvalkiim  L.  Sp.  PI,  1061.    1753- 


Stems  Bonuat,  provided  with  scattered  stomata,  tb 
fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile,  at  fin 
simple,  at  length  much  branched  and  reaembting  th 
sterile,  only  its  naked  apex  withering.  Stems  nsuall 
la-furrowed,  producing  verticillate  componnd  branche: 
the  branchlets  curved  downward  ;  sheaths  loose,  cylii 
dric  or  campanulate,  those  of  the  stem  with  8-14  blun 
ish  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  with  4  or  5  teeth,  those  1 
the  branchlets  with  3  divergent  teeth ;  central  cavil 
nearly  oue  half  the  diameter  of  the  stem ;  branches  an 
branchlets  solid. 

In  moist  sandy  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  >i 
Greenland  to  .Alaska,  nouth  to  Viisinia  and  Michigan.  All 
iti  Europe  and  Asia,     May. 


HORSETAIL  FAMILY 
Equisetum  palustre  L,     Marsh  Horsetail. 
(Fig.  80.) 


n  paliit 


),  PI.  1061. 


[  Strnis  anuual,  slender,  all  alike,  10'- 1»' long,  very 
*ply  5-9  gfi'o'sd,  the  grooves  sepanitcd  by  uumaw 
>«gtiish  wing-like  ridges,  tlie  centra!  canal  very 
;  sbeaths  rather  loose,  bearing  about  8  subu' 
late- Ian ceolale  wbilish-margined  teeth  ;  branches  sim- 
ple, lew  in  the  whorls,  4-7-angled.  always  hollow, 
barely  sulcate,  more  abundant  below  than  above,  their 
^{beaths  mostly  s-toothed ;  spike  ratbcr  loo^; 
nindant  in  the  funows. 


5.    Equisetum  littorslle  Kuehl.      Shore  Horsetail.       ( Fig. 


Eiuinflum  tilloralf   Kuehl.    Uchr.   PHaiii.   Rusa. 
Rtichs.4:9r.      iS«, 

Steins  annual,  very  slender,  all  alike.  8'-i8' 
high,  slightly  roughened,  6-19-grooved,  the 
ridges  rounded,  the  central  canal  one-half  to  two- 
Ihirds  the  diameter ;  sheaths  sensibly  dilated 
above,  the  uppermost  inversely  cflmpaniiluie. 
their  teeth  herbaceous,  membranous  at  the  mar- 
gins, narrow,  lanceolate :  brandies  of  (wo  kinds, 
simple,  some  4-angled  and  hollow,  some  3'ttngled 
and  solid,  the  first  joint  shorter  or  a  trifle  longer 
than  the  sheath  of  the  stem  ;  spike  short  with 
aborlivespores,  these  commonly  with  noelaters. 


Un  sandjr  river  and  lake  nborea,  Maine  and  On- 
tario tn  New  Jersev  and  Pennsylvania.  we<,t  to  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Afsoin  Kurope.  Supposed  ti>  bi;  a 
hybrid.    Aug. -Sept. 


6.  Equisetum  fluviatile  L.     Swamp  Horsetail,       (Fijj 

^viitlum_fittvi<xliU  L.  Sp.  PI.  loSj.      1753, 
I..  Sp.  PI.  1063.      I75i, 

atiDual.  all  alike,  2"^^"  high,  slightly 

IK^o-furrowed,  very   smooth,   usually  producing 

irigbt  branches  alter  the  spores  are  Turmed,  the 

lata  scaltered.     Sheaths  apprcssed  with  about 

|B  dark  brown  short  acute  rigid  teeth,  air  cavities 

inling    nudcr  -the    grooves,    small    under    the 

;   central  cavity  very  large ;   branches  hol- 

iw,  slender,  smaller  hot  otherwise  much  like  the 

I,  short  or  elongated ;  rootstocks  hollow. 

borders  at  pond:*,  Novn 
Vtrarinia.    Nebraska   ami 


EQUISETACEAE. 
,  Equisetum  robOstum  A.  Br.     Stout  Scouring-rusb.       (Fig.  83.) 


"SSI, 


stems  percDDial,  stout,  tall,  evergreen,  3''-ii° 
li^h,  sometimea  nearly  i' in  diameter,  zo-4S-fiir- 
rowed,  simple  or  little  branched.  Ridge*  of  the 
stem  roDghened  with  a  single  series  of  transveiselj' 
obloDg  siliceous  tnberclea ;  sheaths  short,  cylin- 
dric,  appresaed,  marked  with  black  girdles  at  the 
base,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  dark  cadncous 
teeth ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  j-carinate ;  branches 
whan  present  occasionally  fertile;  spikes  tipped  with 
■  rigid  point. 

In  wet  plBcea.  Ohio  to  I/tuisiana  and  Mexico  west 
to  British  Columbia  and  California.  Also  in  Asia 
May-June, 


8.   Equisetum  hyem&te  L.      Common 
Scouring-rush.     (Fig.  84,) 


Equis, 


m  hyemale  L.  Sp.  PI-  io6s. 


Stems  slender,  ratherstiff,  evergreen,  i°-4°  high, 
with  the  stomata  arranged  in  regular  rows,  rough, 
8-34  furrowed,  the  ndges  with  two  indistinct  tines 
of  tubercles,  the  central  cavity  large,  from  one-half 
to  two-thirds  the  diameter  \  sheaths  rather  long, 
cylindnc,  marked  with  one  or  two  black  girdles, 
their  ndges  obscurely  4-Garinate ;  teeth  brown, 
membranous,  soon  deciduous ;  spikes  pointed ; 
stem  rarely  producing  branches  which  are  nsnally 
short  and  occasionally  fertile ;  forms  are  sometime* 
found  with  longer  sterile  branches. 

In  wet  places  and  on  banks,  especially  alone  rivers 
and  lakes,  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  North 
America,  Kurope  and  Asia.  The  rough  stems  of  this 
and  related  species  are  used  for  scouriug  floors,     May- 


,  Equisetum  laevigdtum  A.  Br.   Smooth 
Scouring-rush.     (Fig.  85.) 

.;  Engelm.  Araer.  Joum. 

Stems  i^-s"  high,  simple  or  little  branched,  pale 
green,  persistent,  '14-30-furrawed,  the  ridges  al- 
most smooth.  Sheaths  elongated  and  enlarged 
upward,  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of 
the  mostly  deciduous,  white- margined  teeth  and 
rarely  also  at  their  bases ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  with 
a  faint  central  carina  and  sometimes  with  faint 
short  lateral  ones ;  stomata  arranged  in  single 
series;  central  cavity  very  large,  the  wall  of  the 
stem  very  thin ;  spikes  pointed. 

Along  streams  and  rivers,  especially  in  clay  soil, 
valley  of  the  Delaware  River  in  New  Jersey  and  tastem 
Pennsylvania  to  Nortli  Carulina  and  Louisiana,  west  to 
British  Colunibia  and  the  Mexican  border.      May-June. 


HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 


10.     Equisetum     variegdtum     Schleich. 
Variegated  Equisetum.     (Fig.  86.) 

Eqaiielunt  variegalum  Schleich.  Cat.  PI.  Helvet.  27. 
1807. 

Sterna  slender,  perennial,  evergreen,  6'-i8'  long, 
roDgh,  tuttally  simple  from  a  branched  base,  com- 
monly tnfted,  5-10-forrowed,  the  stomata  borne  in 
regular  rows.  Sheaths  campanulate,  distinctly 
4.carinate,  green,  variegated  with  black  above,  the 
median  fnrrow  deep  and  excurxent  to  the  teeth  and 
downward  to  the  ridges  of  the  stem,  the  teeth  5-10, 
each  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle;  central  cav* 
ity  small,  rarelj  wanting. 

Labrador  and  Greenland  to  Ihe  Northwest  Territory, 
soath  to  New  Hampshire.  «-esteni  New  York,  Nebraska 
and  Nevada.    .^Iso  in  Europe  and  Asia.    May-June. 


II.    Equisetum  scirpoldes  Michx,     Sedge- 
like Equisetum.     (Fig.  87.) 

Eqaiselum  scirpoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  J :  i8i.      1803. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen,  very  slender  or  filiform, 
3'-6'  long,  somewhat  rough,  flexnous  and  cnrving, 
growing  in  slender  tufts,  mostly  6-furrowed  with  acute 
ridges,  simple  or  branching  from  near  the  base. 
Sheaths  3-tDathed,  distinctly  4-carinate,  the  central 
furrow  broad,  the  lateral  narrow,  the  bristly  teeth 
father  persistent ;   central  cavity  entirely  wanting. 

On  moist  or  wet  wooded  banks.  Labrador  to  Alaska, 
south  to  PennsyU-ania.  Illinois  and  British  Columbia. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    May-June. 


Family  9.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  3 :  281.      1803. 
Cldb-moss  Family. 

Somewhat  moss-like,  erect  or  trailing  terrestrial  herbs  with  numerous  small 
lanceolate  or  subulate  simple  leaves,  sometimes  oblong  or  roundish,  arranged  in 
2-many  ranks,  the  stems  often  elongated,  usually  freely  branching.  Sporanges 
i-j-celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  on  their  upper  surfaces.  Spores 
uniform,  minute.  Prothallia  (as  far  as  known),  mostly  subterranean,  with  or 
without  chlorophyll,  monoecious. 

Four  genera  and  about  no  species.  Besides  the  following,  Psilotum  occurs  in  Florida,  the  two 
flllief  genera  only  in  Australia, 


I.  LYCOPODIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  iioo.  1753. 
Perennial  plants  with  evergreen  i-uerved  leaves  arranged  in  4-16  ranks.  Sporanges 
^■"iaeeoas,  flattened,  reaiform,  i-celled,  situated  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves  or  iu  those 
fif  tbc  upper  modified,  bract-like  ones,  which  are  imbricated  in  sessile  or  peduncled 
spkes,  opening  transversely  into  1  valves,  usually  by  a  line  around  the  margin.  Spores  all 
of  one  kind,  copious,  sulphur-yellow,  readily  inflammable  from  the  abundant  oil  they  contain. 
[Gieek,  meaning  woirs-foot,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  branching  roots  of  some  species.] 

distribution,  the  largest  occurring  in  the  Andes  of  South 


LYCOPODIACEAE. 

cs  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  stem. 

:  axils  oF  the  upper,  mostly  S-ranked  leaves. 
iigiu;  icuvcs  unifotm,  BBCending;.  i,  L.  Setago. 

what  lax.  spreading;  leaves  spreading  or  deflexed,   alternately  Innaier  and 
^  L.luc-    ■ 


ixils  of  the  upper  leaves  fonninfc  terminal  spikes;  leaves  many-ranked. 
riani  irniaii;  leaves  acute,  soft,  mostly  entire.  3,  L.  iaundatum. 

Plant  stoat;  leaves  narrow,  spinulose-pointed,  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle. 

4,  /,.  a/oftruroides. 
Sporanges  twine  in  the  axils  of  yellowish  ovate  or  cordate  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  very  nnlike- 
those  of  the  sterile  stems. 
Stems  leafy  up  to  the  base  of  the  spike  or  nearly  so. 
Spikes  erect,  closely  sessile. 

Sterna  erect,  tree-like,  5-  i.  obscuram. 

Stems  creeping;  with  ascending  branches. 


-Oitorm,  spreading,  s-iankcd. 

Leaves  of  3  forms,  erect- imbncate.  4-ranked. 

short-peduncled;  leaves  small,  apprcssed,  4-t8 


6.  /,.  0 
7-  /-  ' 


Spik. ... 

Fertile  branches  with  minute  leaves  so  that  the  spikes  appear  long-pedunded. 

Leaves  uniform,  many-ranked;  stems  terete.  9.  L.  clavalum 

Leaves  of  i  foims,  few-ianked;  stems  flattened. 

Sterile  stems  entirely  creeping;  spikes  solitary.  10.  L,  Carolinii 

Sterile  stems  with  tan-like  ascending  branches;  spikes  clustered. 


I.   Lycopodium  SelJkgo  L.     Fir  Club-moss.     (Fig.  88.) 


Lycopodium  Selago  L.  S 


-PI,  t 


1753- 


Stem8'3'-6'  high,  thick,  rigid,  erect,  a-s  times- 
forked,  the  branches  fasttgiate.  forming  a  level- 
topped  cluster.  Leaves  crowded,  niiiform,  ascend- 
ing elongated-lanceolate,  mucronulste,  entire  or 
sptnulose-denticulate,  nerved  below,  convex  above, 
the  upper  mostlj  S-ranked,  sterile,  those  below 
beanng  the  small  sporanges  in  their  axils,  those  of 
the  lower  half  of  the  stem  again  sterile ;  plant 
propagated  also  by  bud-like  organs  which  hav« 
a  lower  pointed  bract  and  3  or  3  upper  flesh]'  and 
obovate  ones. 


and  nofthem  New  York,  on  the  summits  of  the  b^her 
Alleghenies  to  Noith  Carolina,  and  to  Michigan  and 
Washington.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Autumn. 


Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx      Shining 

Club  moss      (Fig   89  ) 


Lycopodit  HI  I     tdulum  Michx 


I  Bor  Am  3 


Stems  somewhat  lax  ascending  or  spreading  thick 
3-3  times  forked  the  branches  6-13  high  Leases 
widely  spreading  or  reflexed  dark  green  shining  i 
nerved  acute  mmutelv  toothed  a  senea  of  longer  ones 
alternating  with  a  series  of  shorter  the  latter  more  frc 
qnently  beanng  the  sporanges  at  a  short  distance  below 
the  summit  of  the  stem  sporanges  of  preceding  years 
ofleti  persistent  plant  also  propagated  like  the  preced 
ing  species  by  gemmae,  which  fall  to  the  ground  and 
become  new  plants. 

In  cold,  damp  woods.  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia. 
south  to  Xoith  Carolina  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  nearly  5700  ft. 
in  Virginia.    Aug. -Oct, 


CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.  4' 

/^    3.  Lycopodium  inundlktuin  L.    Bog  Club-moss, 

O'r'  (Fig.  90.) 

'-^       Lycofiodiuminundaium  l..Sp.TUiiai.     1753. 

Plants  sma]],  I'-s'Iong,  with  creeping  flaccid  forking 
brittle  sterile  sterna  cloaelj  appreased  to  the  earth.  Fer- 
tile stems  erect,  solitary,  i'-6'  high,  terminated  bj  a  short 
thick  spike ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lauceolate-anbolate  with 
hyaline  margins,  those  of  the  spike  similar  to  those  below, 
acute,  soft,  spreading,  mostly  entire,  those  of  the  sterile 
stems  curved  npward;  spikes  rarely  two  together,  9"-i8" 
long,  yellowish ;  sporanges  tranversely  oval,  splitting 
nearly  to  the  base ;  spores  large,  reticulated. 

In  sandy  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario  and  Mich- 
igan, south  to  Florida.  AEtcenda  to  3Q00  ft.  in  easlem  Pennsyl. 
vania.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Larger  forms  with  fertile 
stems  5' -7'  high  and  more  pointed  serrate  leaves  have  been 
separated  as  vat.  Bigelovii.     Aug.-Oct. 


4.  Lycopodium  alopecuroldes  L      Fox  tail 
Club-moss.      (Fig   91  ) 

Lycopodium  aloptcuroides  \,  Sp  PI      07        753 

Plant  stout,  densely  leafy  the  ster  le  branches 
fioccid,  recDrved  and  creep  ng  sometimes  10  long 
Fertile  stems  stout,  rigid,  erect,  6  ao'  b  gh  term  u 
Btedbyaspike9'''--i|j''long  and  mclnding  ts  leaves 
4"-5"  thick ;  leaves  narrowly  I  near  subulate  those  of 
the  spike  similar  to  those  below  spinulose  pointed 
spreading,  conspicuously  bnstle  toothed  below  the 
middle,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  setaceous  tips , 
sporanges  transversely  oval,  splitting  to  near  the  base. 

In  pine-tiarren  swamps.  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  near  the 
co«st,  west  to  Mississippi.    Aug.-Oct. 


J.    Lycopodium  obscOrum  L.     Ground  Pine.     {Fig.  92.) 

I.ycopodiu 

Lycopodiu 


1803- 

Stems  erect,  b'^\2'  high,  bushy -branched,  the 
branches  fan-like,  the  rootatocks  subterranean, 
nearly  horizontal.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute, 
entire,  8-ranked  on  the  main  stem,  those  of  the 
branches  6-ranked,  with  the  two  upper  and  the  two 
lower  ranks  shorter  and  appressed,  or  all  alike  and 
equally  incurved-spreading,  densely  clothing  the 
stems  up  to  the  bases  of  the  spikes ;  spikes  i-io  on 
each  plant,  yi'-i%'  loag,  composed  of  many- 
ranked  ovate  scarious- margined  bracts  (scale-like 
leaves),  each  with  a  transversely  oval  aporange  in 
its  axil. 

In  moist  woods,  Newfoundland  and  labrador  to 
Alaska,  sonth  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and 
to  Indiana.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in 
Asia,    July-Sept. 


43  LYCOPODIACEAE. 

6.  Lycopodium  anndtinum  h.    Stiff 
Ctub-moss,     (Fig.  93.) 

Lycopodium  annolinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1103.     1753. 

Stems  much  branched,  slender,  prostrate  and 
creeping,  rather  stiff,  i°-4°  long,  the  branches  sim- 
ilar, ascending,  5'-S'  high,  sparingly  forked. 
Leaves  uniform,  spreading,  s-ranked,  rigid,  linear- 
lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  nerved  below;  spikes 
solitary  or  several  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  i'-^^'  long,  composed  of  ovate  or 
ovate -cordate,  short-acuminate  and  denticulate 
bracts,  each  with  a  sporange  in  its  axil;  spores 
smooth  or  spinulose-reticulated  on  the  basal  surface. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  commonly  in  dry  soil.  I^b- 
tadoT  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virf[inia, 
Michigan.  Colorado  and  Washington.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia,  Mountain  forms  with  more  rigid  painted 
leaves  hai'e  been  separated  as  var,  pungen 


Lycopodium  alplnum  L.     Alpine  Club- 
moss.     (Fig.  94.) 


I.ycopoditt 


alpin 


»  L.  Sp.  I 


11(4.       1733. 


Stems  elongated,  creeping,  with  ascending  densely 
clustered  crowded  dicbotomous  branches.  Leaves 
4-ranked,  erect- imbricate,  adnate-decurrent,  of  two 
forms ;  those  of  the  lateral  rows  lanceolate,  falcate, 
acute,  carinate,  concave  within,  those  of  the  interme- 
diate rows  scarcely  one- third  as  large,  lanceolate- sub- 
ulate, the  upper  and  lower  rows  alike ;  spikes  solitary 
at  the  apices  of  slightly  elongated  branches,  erect, 
closely  sessile,  the  stems  leafy  to  their  bases ;  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate ;  spores  reticulated. 


8.  Lycopodium  sabinaefdlium  Willd. 
Cedar-like  Club-moss.     (Fig.  95.) 

Lycopodium labinac/olium  Willd.  Sp.  PI,  5  ■■  «>     1810. 

Stems  elongated,  creeping,  or  more  usually  sub- 
terraneau  vrith  short  erect  dicbotomous  clnstered 
ascending  branches,  3'-^'  long.  Leaves  4-ranked, 
small,  appressed  or  slightly  curved  outward,  lan- 
ceolate, mucronate,  entire,  apparently  terete ; 
spikes  short-peduncled,  solitary,  cylindric,  with 
cordate  acuminate  e rose-denticulate  or  entire 
bracts;  sporanges  transversely  oval  or  somewhat 
renifonn,  deeply  splitting. 

D  New  Jersey  and  British 


/ 


■J 

i 


CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.  43 

9.    Lycopodium  claviLtuin  L.     Running  Pine.     Club-moss.     (Fig,  96.) 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  iioi.      1753. 

Stems  eitenaively  creeping,  i''-4°  long  with  aim!- 
lar  short  irregular  ascending  or  decumbent  denaely 
leaf)'  braacbea.  Leaves  much  crowded,  manjr-ranked, 
iDCurved,  linear-aubulate,  bristle-tipped,  the  lower 
denticalate,  the  upper  nearly  eatire  and  slightly  de- 
current  on  either  side  ;  spikes  1-4  on  long  S-striate 
peduncles ;  bracts  membranous,  roundish,  erose- 
denticulate  below,  bearing  in  the  axil  a  transversely 
oval  sporange  which  splits  nearly  to  the  base  ;  spores 
narrowly  reticulate. 

In  woods.  LBbiador  Co  Alaska,  south  to  North  CaroHni^ 
Michigan  and  WashJngfton.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and 
Central  America.  The  spores  of  this  species,  and  those 
of  L.  comJilaHalum,  furnish  the  inflammable  powder 
known  as  I.ycopodium  pou'derorvegelable  sulphur,  used 
in  atage  effects,    Aug. -Oct. 


10.   Lycopodium    Carolini&num    L-     Caro- 
lina Club-moss.     (Fig.  97,) 

Lycopodium  Carolinianum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1104.      1733. 

Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches  entirely 
creeping,  closely  appressed  to  the  earth,  i'  -y  long, 
emitting  numerous  roots  on  the  lower  side.  Leaves 
of  fertile  stems  of  two  forms,  the  lateral  ones  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  and  somewhat  oblique,  i-nerved, 
widely  spreading,  in  3  ranks  with  a  shorter,  interme- 
diate row  appressed  on  the  upper  side ;  peduncles 
simple,  slender,  i'-6^  high,  clothed  with  small  bract- 
like  leaves  and  bearing  a  single  cyliudric  spike  ;  bracts 
cordate,  short-acuminate,  mostly  entire  with  trans- 
versely oval  aporangea  in  the  upper  axils. 


Lycopodium  complanatum  L.     Trail- 
ing Christmas-green.     (Fig.  98.) 


I.ycopudiii 


mplanaliim  L.  Sp.  PI,  1104. 


1753- 


Stems  extensively  creeping,  with  erect  or  ascend- 
ing renifonn  or  fan-shaped  branches  several  times 
forked  above,  with  crowded  flattened  branchlets. 
Leaves  minute,  imbricate-appressed.  4-ranked,  the 
lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  the  in- 
termediate smaller,  narrovi'er  aud  wholly  appressed, 
forming  a  flat  aurface  ;  peduncle  slender,  2'-6'  high, 
dichotonious,  bearing  2-4  linear-cylindric  spikes ; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  the  margins  pale  and 
crose;  sporanges  transversely  oval,  deeply  splitting. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south 

to  North  Carolina.  Michteanand  British  Columbia.    Also 

'n  Europe  and  Asia.     Forms  with  less  distinctly  dimor- 

ihouK  leaves  and  narrower,  more  erect  and  bushy  branches 

been  separated  as  var.  Chamatxvpaiissus. 


44  SELAGtNELLACEAE. 

Family  lo.  SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw.  Native  Ferns  103.  i88r. 
Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial,  moss-like  plants  with  branching  stems  and 
scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform,  or  4-ranked  and  of  two 
types  spreading  in  two  planes.  Sporanges  1 -celled,  solitarj'  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  more  or  less  quadrangular  spikes,  some 
containing  4  macrospores  (macrosporangesi,  others  containing  numerous  mi- 
crospores (microsporanges),  which  develop  into  small  prothallia,  those  from 
the  macrospores  bearing  archegones,  those  from  the  microspores  antherids. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

1.  SELAGINELL.A  Beauv.  Prodr.  Aetheog.  loi.       1805. 
Characters  of  family.   [Name  diminutive  of  Selago.  an  ancient  name  of  aorat  LycopotIiufit.'\ 
About  335  species  of  very  wide  (ceoffraphic  distribution,  most  abundant  and  laiKest  in  ttDpicat 

Stem-leaves  all  alike,  many-ranked. 

Stems  compact  with  rigid  leaves-  spikes  quadrangulBT.  i.  S.  mjitslris. 

Stems  slender;  leaves  lax.  spreading;  spikesenlarged,  scarcely  quadrangular.  I.  5.  sffagtHoidcs, 
Stem-leaves  of  3  kinds,  4-ranketl,  spreading  in  1  planes,  3.  5.  a(ius. 

I.  Selaginellarupistris  (L.)  Spring. 

Rock  Selaginella.       (Fig.  99.) 


Stems  deasely  tufted,  with  occooional 
sterile  mnnen  and  sub-pinnate  branches, 
i'-3'  high,  commonly  curved  when  dry. 
Leaves  rigid,  appresscd- imbricated,  l"  or 
lesa  long,  linear  or  lit) ear-lanceolate,  convex 
on  the  back, more  or  less  cilialcmany-ranked, 
tipped  with  a  distinct  transparent  awn  ; 
spikes  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  strongly  quadrangular,  fi"-ii" 
long,  about  i"tbick;  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acumioale,  broader  than  the- 
leavesof  tbe  stem  ;  macrosporangesand  mic- 
rosporanges borne  in  the  same  spikes,  the 
former  mote  abundant. 

On  dry  rocks,  Ihioughout  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, and  in  Africa.  Ascends  In  at  least 
"  'n  Virifinia,    Aug. -Oct. 


3.     Selaginella    sclaginoides    (L.) 
Link.  Low  Selaginella.   (Fig.  100.) 

Lycopodiitm  selagiiioides  L.  Sp.  PI.  iioi.     1753. 
Selaginella  spiiiasa  Beauv.  Prodr.  Aetheog.  113, 


180s. 


Stlag 


nella  j, 


aginiiidei  ] 


nk,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol. 


Sterile  branches  prostrate-creepiag,  slen- 
der, }4'-a'  long,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, thicker,  i'-3'  bigh,  simple ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  lax  and  spreading,  sparsely 
spinulosc-ciliate,  \"-i"  long ;  spilces  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  fertile  branches,  enlarged, 
oblong-linear,  subacute,  i'  or  less  long, 
^"-2%"  thick  ;  bracts  of  the  spike  lax,  as- 
cending, lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
■trongly  ciliate. 

On  wet  rocks,  Ijibradoi  to  Alaska,  south  to 
New  Hampshire,  Michigan  and  Colorado.  Also 
in  northern  Europe  and  Asia,     Summer, 


SELAGINELLA   FAMILY.  45 

Selaginella  kpxxs  (L.)  Spring.     Creeping  Selagiaella.     (Fig.  loi.) 

Lyco/todium  afiodum  L.  Sp.  PI.  i  loj.      1753. 
Selaginella  apus  Spring  in  Mart.  PI.  Bras,  i : 

Annual,  light  green,  stems  prostrate- 
creeping,  i'-4'  long,  much  branched,  flac- 
cid, angled  on  the  face.  Leaves  minute, 
membranous,  of  1  kinds,  4- ranked,  spread- 
ing in  a  planes ;  upper  leaves  of  the  loner 
plane  spreading,  the  lower  refiexed,  ovate, 
acute,  serrulate,  not  distinctly  ciliate ; 
leaves  of  the  upper  plane  ovate,  short-cus- 
pidate :  spikes  3"-S"  long,  obscurely  quad- 
rangular ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  sometimes 
serrulate,  acutely  keeled  in  the  upper  half ; 
macrosporanges  more  abundant  toward 
the  base  of  the  spike. 

In  moist  shaded  places,  often  among  grass, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Teias. 
Ascends  to  aaoo  ft.  in  Vii^nia.    July-Sept. 


Family  11.     ISOETACEAE.     Underw.  Native  Ferns,  104.      1881. 
Quill  WORT  Fauily. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  rooting  in  the  mnd,  with  a  short  buried  2-Iobed  or 
3-lobed  trunk  (stem)  sending  out  abundant  roots  and  sending  up  a  compact  tuft 
of  rush-like  leaves.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  some  containing 
macrospores  (macrosporanges),  others  microspores  (microsporanges);  the  for- 
mer germinate  into  prothallia  bearing  only  archegones,  the  latter  into  prothallia 
l>earing  usually  only  a  single  antherid. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  only. 

I.  1s6eTES  L.  Sp.  PI.  MOO.       1753. 

Submerged,  amphibious  or  uliginous  plants  with  a  cluster  of  elongated  awl-shaped  leaves 
rising  from  a  more  or  less  1-3-lobed  fleshy  short  stem,  the  leaves  with  or  without  peripheral 
bast-bundles,  with  or  without  atomata,  bearing  a  small  membranous  organ  (ligule)  above 
the  base.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  excavated  bases  of  the  leaves,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  the 
sides  more  or  less  covered  with  a  fold  of  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf-base  (velum).  The 
■spormnges  of  the  outer  leaves  usually  contain  spherical,  mostly  sculptured  macrospores, 
tbose  of  the  inner  ones  contain  minute  powdery  usually  oblong  microspores.  [Name 
Greek,  taken  from  Pliny,  apparently  referring  to  the  persistent  grteu  leaves.] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following  i  are  known  from  the  southern 
United  States,  7  from  the  Pacific  Coast  and  2  from  Mexico.  On-ing  to  their  aquatic  habitat  and  ap- 
parently local  distribution,  these  plants  are  popularly  little  known.     The  spores  mature  in  summer 

Submerged  or  rarely  emersed  in  very  dry  seasons  ;  leaves  quadrangular,  without  peripheral  bast- 
bundles. 
Stomata  wanting :  macrospores  crested. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  scarcely  tapering.  1.  f.  lacusliis. 

Leaves  slender,  tapering.  i.  /.  Tiictermani. 

Stomata  present ;  macrospores  echinate.  3.  /.  echinosfiora. 

Amphibious  or  submerged  only  in  earlier  stages ;  stomata  always  present  on  the  quadrangular 

Peripheral  t>aBt-bundles  wanting;  velum  partial. 

Leaves  a'-V  long  ;  macrospores  with  minute  warts.  4.  /.  saccharata. 

Leaves  4'^'  long  ;  macrospores  with  jagged  crests.  5.  /.  riparia. 
Peripheral  bast-bundles  present ;  macrospores  honeycombed -reticulate.         6,  /.  Engelmanni. 
Terrestnal ;  stomata  abundant  on  the  triangular  leaven. 

Leaves  ij^fo.  usually  black  at  the  ba-sc.  7.  /.  melanoboda. 

Leaves  8-13,  bright  green,  paler  at  the  base.  8.  /,  Butlen. 


46  ISOETACEAB. 

I.  Isoetes  lactistris  L.    Lake  Quillwort.     (Fig. 

Isoeles  lacuslris  L.  Sp.  PI.  lioo.      1753. 

Isoelet  maerospora  Durieu,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot  Pranc«   II 
,01.      1864. 

Submergied  or  rarely  above  water  ia  dry  Masons , 
leaves  10-25,  nsi^>  rather  thick,  scarcely  tapeniig, 
dark  or  olive  green,  obtasely  quadrangular,  j'-6' 
long ;  stomata  none ;  peripheral  bast-btmdles  want- 
ing ;  sporange  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptic,  un 
spotted  ;  velutn  rather  narrow  ;  ligute  triangular 
short  or  somewhat  elongated  ;  macrospores  500- 
Soo/i  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with  distinct  or 
somewhat  confluent  crests,  and  bearing  three  con- 
verging ridgea  ;  microspores  35-46  ^  long,  smooth 

Tn  i°-5°  of  water,  Labradot  to  the  Northwest  Tern 
tory,  south  to  eastern  MassachDiwtts  and  New  Jersey 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.    Isoetes  Tuckerm&ni  A.  Br.     Tuckerman's  Quillwort.     (Fig.  103.) 

Isoelfs    Tuciermani  A.  Br.  in   A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 

676.      1867. 

Submerged  or  rarely  partly  or  wholly  emerged 
during  very  dry  seasons;  leaves  10-30,  very  slen- 
der, tapering,  olive-green,  quadrangular,  a'-y 
long,  without  peripheral  bast-bundles,  the  onter 
recurved  ;  sporange  oblong,  mostly  white,  its  upper 
one-third  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macro«pores  440- 
560  /I  in  diameter,  with  wavy  somewhat  parallel 
and  branching  ridges  on  the  upper  half,  separated 
by  the  three  converging  ridges,  the  lower  covered 
with  an  irregular  network  ;  microspores  36-33  /i 
long,  nearly  smooth. 


3.   Isoetes  echin6spora  BraOnii  (Diirieu)  Engelm.     Braun  s  Quillwort. 
(Fig.  104.) 

Isoetes  Braunii  Durien,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  11:  101. 


Submerged  or  in  dry  seasons  emersed,  leaves  13- 
95,  tapering,  soft,  reddish-green,  3'-6'  long,  with- 
out peripheral  bast-bundles,  bearing  stomata  only 
toward  the  tip ;  sporange  orbicular  or  broadly 
elliptic,  spotted,  one-half  to  three-fourths  covered 
with  the  velum;  macrospores  400-500^  in  diameter, 
covered  with  broad  spinules  which  are  often 
slightly  confluent  and  incised  at  the  tips ;  micro- 
spores 36-30  /I  long,  smooth. 


QUILLWORT  FAMILY. 
Isoatea  echindipon  robnata  Bngeltn.  Trans.  St.  L^uis  Acad.  4 


laoataa  echindapora  Bi>6ttij  Bngelm. 


)'  lonKi  with  abundant  si 


L.  Gray,  Man,  Ed.  5,  676.      1867. 


Ltaves  11-20,  soft,  erect,  bright  green,  4'-s'  'ong.  with  s.  few  atomata  near  their  tips;  sponmge 
nearly  orbicular,  with  pale  spots,  two-thirda  or  more  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  390-500/' 
in  diameter,  with  longer  and  more  slender  simple  apinulea  ;  microspores  16-30^  long.  In  ponds, 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  usually  submeiged. 


laoetsi  echlndapoia  mmjcita  (Durieu)  Bng«li 
Isorles  muricala  Durieu,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  11:  i 


I.  Gray,  Man.  Ed,  5,  676.     1867. 


flaccid,  bright  gieen,  e'-iV  long,  bearing  fewstomata  ;  sporange  broadly  oval,  with 
paie-spois,  aooui:  one-half  covered  by  the  velum ;  macrospores  400-580/'  in  diameter,  with  shorter 
and  more  confluent,  almost  crest-like  spinules  ;  microspores  18-31",  slightly  rough  on  the  edges. 
Sobmeiged  in  running  water  in  tributaries  of  Mystic  Pond,  Middlesex  county,  Mass. 


4.  Isoetes   saccharikta    Sngelm.     Sugary 
Quillwort.       (Fig-  105.) 

ItoeUs  saccharata  Erwelm,  in  A.  Gray,  Man  Ed.  5, 676. 
.867. 

Amphibious  or  uliginous  with  a  flat  depressed 
trunk.  Leaves  io-a>,  olive-green,  pale  at  the  base, 
spreading,  2'-3'  long,  quadrangular,  beariug  au- 
merousstomata;  sporange oblong,  unspotted,  witha 
narrow  velum  covering  only  one-fourth  or  one- 
third  of  its  surface ;  peripheral  bast  bundles  want- 
ing; ligule  triangular,  rather  short',  macrospores 
400-470  f  in  diameter,  with  very  minute  distinct 
or  rarely  conflnent  warts  as  if  sprinkled  with  grains 
of  sugar;  microspores  papillose,  34-38/'  long. 


g.  Isoetes    rip&ria    Engelm.     River- 
bank  Quillwort.     (Fig.  106.) 


Amphibiona  or  uliginous,  usually  emersed 
when  mature;  leaves  15-30,  deep  green,  rather 
rigid,  4'-8'  long,  quadrangular,  bearing  numer- 
ous stomata  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting ; 
ligule  rather  short,  triangular ;  sporange  mostly 
oblong,  distinctly  spotted  with  groups  ofbrown 
cells,  one-fourth  or  rarely  one-half  covered  with 
the  velum  ;  macrospores  450-650  ft  in  diameter, 
marked  with  distinct  or  anastomosing  jagged 
crests  or  somewhat  Rticnlate  on  the  lower  side; 
microspores  36-33  /i  long,  more  or  less  tubercu- 
late. 

Borders  of  the  lower  Delaware  Kiver  to  Maine. 


48 


ISOETACEAE. 


6.  Isoetes  Engclminni  A.  Br.     Engelmann's  Quillwort.     fFig.  107.  > 
Isoelt!  Engelmanni  A.  Br.  Flora,  39:  178.      1446. 

Amphibious,  usually  partly  cmeraed  when  ma- 
ture. Leaves  15-100,  light  green,  quadraugutar, 
tapering,  9'-io'  long,  bearing  abundant  stomata ; 
peripheral  bast-bundlea  present ;  sporaage  obloDg 
or  linear-oblong,  unspotted ;  vclnm  narrow  ;  ma- 
crospores  400-510  f  in  diameter,  covered  with 
honeycomb-like  reticulations ;  microspores  34-3S  ii 
long,  mostly  smooth. 


In  ponds  and  ditches,  rooting  ii 


oDel- 


iMWtM  EBgelninni  *illda  EnKeln).  in  A,  Cray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  677.  1867. 
Leaves  50-200,  keeled  on  the  upper  side,  18' -35'  long  ; 
sporanfce  linear-oblong,  <"-9"  long,  one-third  to  two- 
thiids  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  320-480/'  in 
diameter;  microspores  2\-'Z]j'  long,  apinuiose.  War- 
riorstnaili,  Cornwall  and  SmithviUe,  Fa.,  and  Wilming- 
ton, Del. 

Uoetel  EngelnUnni  gitclUa  Engelin.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5.  677.      1867. 
leaves  8-13,  slender,  g'-ia"  long  :  bast-bundlea  often  quite  small  or  only  two  present :  spores  as 
in  the  typical  form.    SonUiem  New  England  to  New  Jersey. 

7.  Isoetes  melan6poda  J.  Gay.    Black-based 
Quillwort.       (Fig.  ro8.) 

lioftfs  vtelanoboda  J.  Gay,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  tl :  103. 

1864. 

Terrestrial  with  a  subgloboee  deeply  3-Iobed  trunk. 
Leaves  15-60,  slender,  erect,  bright  green,  with  a 
blackish  shining  base,  5'-i8'  long,  triangular,  bear- 
ing stomata  throughout,  well  developed  periphery! 
bast-bundles,  thick  dissepiments  and  small  air  cavities 
within;  ligule triangular,  awt-shapedisporange  mostly 
oblong,  spotted,  with  a  narrow  velum ;  polygamous ; 
macrospores  250-400/1  in  diameter,  with  low  more  or 
less  confluent  tubercles,  often  united  into  worm- 
like wrinkles,  or  almost  smooth  ;  microspores  33-3EI/1 
long,  spinutose. 


8.  Isoetes  Biitleri  Engelm.     Butler's  Quill- 
wort.    (Fig.  109.) 

lioetts  Bulleri  Engelm.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  3  :  1,       1878. 

Terrestrial  from  a  subglobose  trunk.  Leaves  8-15, 
bright  green,  paler  at  the  base,  triangular,  3'-?'  long, 
bearing  numerous  stomata,  and  with  well  developed 
peripheral  bast-bundles,  thick  dissepiments  and  "small 
air  cavities  within;  sporange  usually  oblong,  spotted; 
velum  very  narrow  or  none ;  ligule  small,  triangular ; 
dioecious;  macrospores  500-630/1  in  diameter,  with 
distinct  or  confluent  tubercles;  "microspores  18-34/1 
long,  dark  brown,  papillose." 


and  o 


PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS.  49 

Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

SEED-BEARING   PLANTS. 


Plants  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  formed  of  one  or  more 

:xmdimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  (hypocotyl,  radicle),  and  a  terminal 

t>ud  (plumule),  or  these  parts  sometimes  undifferentiated  before  germination. 

^Microspores  (poUen-grains)  are  borne  in  microsporanges  (anther-sacs)  on  the 

-SLpex  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf  (filament).     The  macrosporanges  (ovules)  are 

l3ome  on  the  face  of  a  flat  or  inroUed  much  modified  leaf  (carpel)  and  contain 

one  macrospore  (embryo-sac);  this  develops  the  minute  female  prothallium, 

a.n  archegone  of  which  is  fertilized  by  means  of  a  tube  (pollen- tube),  a  portion 

of  the  male  prothallium  sprouting  from  the  pollen-grain. 

The  Seed-bearing  plants  form  the  most  numerous  group  in  existence,  not  less  than  120,- 
<ooo  species  being  known.  The  subkingdom  was  formerly  known  as  Phanerogamia,  or  Phae- 
zio^punia  and  more  recently  as  Anthophyta,  this  term  signifying  the  presence  of  flowers, 
^which  characterizes  most  or  the  g^up.  But  the  consideration  that  the  spore-bearing  organs 
of  the  Pine  Family  cannot  well  be  regarded  as  flowers,  and  the  fact  that  the  production  of 
^eeds  is  the  most  cnmracteristic  diflerence  between  these  plants  and  the  Ptendophyta,  are 
reasons  'WfaiOh  haye  IM  to  the  acceptance  of  the  term  here  adopted. 

There  are  two  classes  in  the  subkingdom,  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows: 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale;  stigmas  none.  Class  i.  Gymnospermae. 

Omles  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary).  Class  2.  Angiospermab. 

Class  I.     GYMNOSPkRMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  this  represented 

"by  a  scale  or  apparently  wanting.     Pollen-grains  (microspores)  dividing  at 

maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of  which  gives  rise  to  the  pollen-tube  (male 

prothallium),  which  directly  fertilizes  an  archegone  of  the  nutritive  endosperm 

(female  prothallium)  in  the  ovule. 

The  G^mnosperms  are  an  ancient  group,  first  known  in  Silurian  time.  They  became  most 
numerous  in  the  Triassic  age.  They  are  now  represented  by  not  more  than  450  species  of  trees 
and  shrubs. 

There  are  three  orders,  Coniferales,  Cycadales  and  Gnetales,  the  first  of  which  is  represented  in 
our  area  by  the  Pine  and  Yew  Families. 

Family  i.     PINACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  Ed.  2,  313.       1836. 

Pine  Famii^y.    Conifers. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  scale-like 
leaves,  the  wood  uniform  in  texture,  without  tracheae,  the  tracheids  marked  by 
large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  spikes 
(aments).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together,  subtended  by  a  scale;  fila- 
ments more  or  less  united  ;  pollen-sacs  (anthers)  2-several-celled,  variously  de- 
Wscent ;  pollen-grains  often  provided  with  two  lateral  inflated  sacs.  Ovules 
^th  two  integuments,  orthotropous  or  amphitropous,  borne  solitary  or  several 
together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale,  which  is  subtended  by  a  bract  in  most  gen- 
era. Fruit  a  cone  with  numerous,  several  or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fleshy 
scales;  sometimes  berry-like.  Seeds  wingless  or  winged.  Endosperm  fleshy  or 
starchy,  copious.    Embryo  straight,  slender.     Cotyledons  2  or  several. 

About  25  genera  and  240  species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regrions. 

Scales  of  the  cone  numerous  (except  in  Larix)\  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Cone-acalea  woody;  leaves  needle-shaped,  2-5  in  a  sheath.  i.  Pinus. 
Cone-scales  thin;  leaves  linear-filiform,  scattered  or  fascicled,  not  in  sheaths. 

leaves  fascicled  on  very  short  branchlets,  deciduous.  2.  Larix. 
I^eaves  scattered,  persistent. 

Cones  pendulous;  leaves  jointed  to  short  persistent  sterigmata. 

I^eaves  tetragonal,  sessile.  3.  Picea. 

I^eaves  flat,  short-petioled.  4.   Tsuga. 

Cones  erect;  sterigmata  inconspicuous  or  none.  5.  Abies. 
Scales  of  the  cone  few  (3-12);  leaf -buds  naked. 

Cone-scales  spiral,  thick;  leaves  deciduous.  6.   Taxodium. 
Cone-scales  opposite;  leaves  persistent. 

Cone  oblong,  its  scales  not  peltate.  7.   Thuja. 

Cone  globose,  its  scales  peltate.  8.  Chamaecy Paris. 

Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like,  a  modified  cone.  9.  Juniperus. 


1.  PINUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  looo.      1753. 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kiads  of  leaves,  the  primary  ones  linear  or  scale-like,  dectdu- 
oni,  tbe  secondar]r  ones  forming  the  ordinarj  foliage,  narrowly  linear,  arising  from  the  axils 
of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  3-5  (rarely  solitary  in  some  western  species),  subtended  by  the 
bnd-scBles,  some  of  which  are  united  to  form  a  sheatb.  Staminate  aments  borne  at  tbe 
bases  of  sboots  of  the  season,  tbe  clastera  of  stamens  spirally  arranged,  each  in  the  axil  of 
a  minute  scale;  filaments  very  short ;  anthera  3-celled,  tbe  sacs  longitudinally  dehiacenL 
Ovule-bearing  aments  solitary  or  clustered,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  aeason.  com- 
posed of  numerous  imbricated  minute  bracts,  each  with  an  ovule-beiuing  scale  in  its  axil, 
ripening  into  a  large  cone,  which  matures  tbe  following  autumn,  its  scales  elongating  and 
becoming  woody.  Seeds  i  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  winged  above,  tbe  testa  crustaceoua. 
[Name  Celtic] 


Leaves  5  in  a  sheath;  cone-scales  little  thickened  at  the  tip. 
Leaves  a-j  in  a  aheath;  eone-seales  much  tbickened  at  the  tip. 
Cones  terminal  or  subterminal. 

Leaves  3  in  a  sheath;  cones  iM'-iW  long,  their  scales  pointless. 
Leaves  3  in  a  sheath;  cones  4' -10'  long;,  their  scales  prickle-tipped. 
Cones  light.  6'-ro'  long;  leaves  10  -16'  long. 
Cones  very  heavy  and  woody,  4' -6'  long;  leaves  5' -10'  long. 
Cones  lateral. 

Cone-scales  with  neither  spine  nor  prickle;  leaves  in  a's. 
Cone-scales  tipped  with  a  spine  or  pdckle. 
I.eaves  some  or  all  of  them  in  I's. 

Cones  lii'-lH'  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  prickles. 

Leaves  slender,  3' -5'  long. 


'.  ponderosa. 
'.  divaricata. 


Cones  3M'-S'  1' 


nB.tl 


■s  tipped  with  very  Stout  short  spines, 
oi_j's). 


1.  Pinus  Strdbus  I,.     White  Pine.     Weymouth  Pine,     (Fig.  no.) 
Pinus  Strobus  L.  Sp.  PI.  looi.      1753. 

A  large  forest  tree,  reaching  a 
height  of  175°  and  a  tmnk  diameter  of  10%", 
tbe  bark  nearly  smooth  except  when  old,  the 
branches  horizontal,  verticillate.  Leaves  5 
in  a  sheath,  very  slender,  pale  green  and  glau- 
cous, 3'-5'  long,  with  a  single  fibro-vascniar 
bundle,  the  dorsal  side  devoid  of  stomata  ;  sheath 
loose,  deciduous;  ovule-bearing  aments  ter- 
minal, peduDcled ;  cones  subterminal,  droop- 
ing, cylindric,  often  slightly  curved,  4'-6'  long, 
about  1'  tbick  when  the  scales  are  closed,  re- 
sinous ;  scales  but  slightly  thickened  at  tbe 
apes,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  nearly  truncate, 
without  a  terminal  spine  or  prickle. 

In  woods,  often  forming  dense  forests,  Newfound- 
land to  Manitoba,  south  along  the  AUeghenies  to 
Georgia  and  to  Illinois  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  4300 
ft.  in  North  Carolina  and  to  3500  ft.  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  Wood  light  brown  01  nearly  white,  soft, 
compact,  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  timbers; 
weight  per  cubic  foot,  84  lbs.    June. 


PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS. 


2.     Pinus  resindsa  Ait.     Canadian 
Pine.  Red  Pine.     (Fig.  in.) 

Pittus  reiinosa  .KiV  Hort.  Kew,  3:  367,      1789. 

A  tall  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height 
of  abont  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  the 
the  bark  reddiah,  rather  smooth,  flaky  when 
old.  Leaves  2  in  each  sheath,  slender,  dark 
green,  4'-6'  long,  with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles ; 
sheaths  6"-t3'"  long  when  joung;  staminate 
sments  6"-9"  long ;  cones  subterminal,  spread- 
ing, oval-conic,  i)i'-a}i'\ong,  usually  less  than 
1'  thick  vhile  the  scales  are  closed ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex  obtuse  ronoded  and 
detod  of  spine  or  pnckle 

In  nooda  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
UaBsaehnsetts  Pennsj  Ivan  Hand  Minnesota.  Wood 
compact  not  strong  1  grht  red  weight  per  cubic 
(oo(  ID  lbs     May  June 


3    Pinus  palustns  Mill      Long-leaved  Pine.     Georgia  Pine. 


4    Pinus  ponderdsa  Dougl 

low  Pine      (Fig    113.) 

Pinas  fionderosa  Dougl.  lAWSOn's  Man.  354.      1S36. 

One  of  the  largest  North  American  trees,  attaining 
■  mudmnm  height  of  nearly  300°  and  a  trunk  diam 
tcr  of  15°,  bat  commonly  much  smaller.  Branches 
widely  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping ;  bark  light 
red,  icaly ;  leaves  in  3*3  (rately  some  of  them  in  2  s) 
Mthw  stout,  s'-io'  long,  slightly  scabrous ;  cones 
•obtetminal,  very  dense  and  heavy,  o void-conic 
4'-*'  long,  I  ^'-3}4'  thick  ;  scales  much  thickened  at 
^^t  ipex,  the  transverse  ridge  prominent,  with  a 
tiiugntsr  subulate  short  stout  recurved  prickle. 

Montana  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  western  Ne 
maiU,  Texas,  Mexico  and  CHlifomia;  the  shorter. leaved 
Ostein  form  which  reaches  our  area  has  been  distin 
Piiibed  from  the  western  aavar,TCQ;>u/o™m.  Wood  hard 
*iDiit[,  light  red;  weight  per  cubic  foot  39  lbs.  One  of  the 
Dox  important  lumber-trees  of  the  west.    April-May 


A  large  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  100° 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  the  bark  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  in  3'a,  slender,  dark  green,  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  much  elongated  (ity-ie'  Itwg), 
with  a  fibro-vascular  bundles;  sheaths  I'-iX'  long; 
buds  lonj ;  staminate  amenta  rose-pnrple,  a'-jji'  long, 
very  couspicuoui ;  cones  terminal,  spreading  or  erect, 
conic-cylindric,  6'-io'  long,  I'-y  thick  before  the 
scales  open  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  which  is 
provided  with  a  transverse  ridge  bearing  a  short  cen- 
tral recurved  prickle. 

In  sandy,  mostly  dry  soil,  often  forming  eilensive  for- 
ests, southern  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Wood  hard,  strot^,  compact,  lighl  red  or 
orange;  weight  per  cubic  foot  44  lbs.  This  tree  is  the 
chief  source  of  our  turpentine,  tar,  rosin,  and  their  deriva- 
tives. Also  known  as  Sonthem  Pine,  Yellow  Pine,  Hard 
Pine  and  Virginia  Pine.    March-April. 

Western  Yel 


PINACEAE. 


5.    Pinus  divaric&ta   (Ait.)  Sudw.     Labra- 
dor Pine.  Gray  Pine.     (Fig.  114.) 


Pinui 


:.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  366L 


1893- 


A  ilender  tree,  uanally  40° -60°  high,  but  aometime* 
reacbiog  100°,  and  a  Iraok  diameter  of  3}i°,  the 
brmnchesBpTcading,  the  bark  bccomingflaky.  Leaves 
in  a'a,  stout,  stiff,  more  or  lew  curved,  tprcodiag  or 
oblique,  light  green,  crowded  along  the  branches,  ael- 
dotn  over  i'  long;  fibro-vascnlar  bundles  i;  coiio 
cotumoDly  verj  numeroua.  lateral,  oblong-conic,  usu- 
ally upwardly  curved,  I'-a'  long,  9"-i5"  thick  when 
mature ;  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  tfae  transverse 
ridge  a  mere  line  with  a  miaote  central  point  in  place 
of  spine  or  prickle  at  maturity;  young  scales  spiajr- 
tipped. 

In  sandv  soil,  sametimes  forming  extensive  fnreBts.  New  Brunswick  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the 
Northwest  Territor;.  south  to  Maine,  nonhem  New  York,  northern  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Wood 
soft,  weak,  compact,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  17  lbs.  Also  called  Hudson  Bay  Pine  and 
Northern  Scrub  Pine.    May-June, 

6.  Pinus  Virginiana    Mill.     Jersey   Pine. 
Scrub  Pine.     (Fig.  115.) 

Pinai  Virginiana  Mill,  Card.  Diet,  Ed,  8,  No,  9,  1768. 
Pinus  inops  Ait.  Hort,  Kew,  3:  367.      1789. 

A  slender  tree,  usually  small,  but  sometimes  at- 
taining a  height  of  110°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°, 
the  old  bark  dark  colored,  fiaky,  the  branches 
spreading  or  drooping.  I.eavesin  I'e,  dark  green, 
rather  stout  and  stiff,  spreading  when  old,  \%*~i%' 
long,  with  3  fibto-vascular  bundles ;  young  sheaths 
rarely  more  than  a^"long;  cones  commonly  few, 
lateral,  recurved  when  young,  spreading  when  old, 
oblong-conic,  iji'-aji'  long,  their  scales  somewhat 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  low  transverse  ridge 
with  a  short  central  more  or  less  recurved  prickle. 

In  sandy  so  1  Lone  Island  New  York  to  South  Caro- 
lina west  to  southern  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  some- 
times formiog  forests  Ascends  to  jjoo  ft  in  Virginia, 
Wood  soft  weak  bnttle  light  orange;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  33  lbs     Apnl  May 

7    Pinus  echinilta  Mill,     Yellow  Pine.      Spruce  Pine.     (Fig.  ii6.) 

Finns  rfhinala  Mill,  Gard,  Diet,  Ed.  8,  No,  11,      1768, 
Pinus  tnilis  Michx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am,  3:  204,      1803. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  atrunk  diameter  of  4fi'',  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  old  bark  rough  in  plates.  Leaves  some  in 
3's,  some  in  3's,  slender,  not  stiff,  dark  green,  3'-s' 
long,  spreading  when  mature ;  fibro-vascular  bundles 
a ;  young  sheaths  5"-8"  loug ;  cones  lateral,  oblong- 
conic,  about  a'  long,  usually  less  than  i'  thick  when 
the  scales  are  closed ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex, 
marked  with  a  prominent  transverse  ridge  and  armed 
with  a  slender  small  nearly  straight  early  deciduous 
prickle. 

In  sandy  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Florida,  west  to 
Illinois.  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  orange; 
one  of  the  most  valuable  timbent;  weight  per  mtiic  foot 
38  lbs.  Also  called  Short-leaved  Pine  and  Bull  Pine, 
May-June, 


PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS.  53 

8.  Pinuspilngens  Michx.  f.    Table-Mountain  Pine.  Hickory  Pine.  (Fig.  117.) 

Finns  pungens  Michi.  f.  Hist,  Arb.  Am.  1:  61.    pt.  5. 

1810. 

A  tree  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  60°  and 
trunk  diameter  of  aJi",  the  branches  spreadiitg,  the 
old  rough  bark  in  flakes.  Leaves  mostly  in  s's, 
some  in  3's,  stout  and  stiff,  light  green,  tyi'-^' 
long,  crowded  on  the  twigs ;  fibro-vascular  bundles 
1;  young  sheaths  5 "-8"  long;  conea  lateral,  usu- 
ally clustered,  long-persistent  on  the  branches, 
ovoid,  3ji'-5'  long,  a'-3'  thick  while  the  scales  are 
closed,  nearly  globular  when  these  are  expanded ; 
scales  very  thick  and  -wixAj,  their  ends  with  a  large 
elevated  transverse  ridge,  centrally  tipped  by  a  slont 
leflexed  or  spreading  spine  2"-af^"  long. 

In  woods,  aometimes  forming  forests,  western  New 
leraey  and  central  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina  and 

Wood  soft,  weak,   brittle,   light    brown  ;  weight   per 
cabic  foot  31  llw.    May. 

0.  Pinus  Tadda  L. 


I/)bIolly  Pine.     Old  field  Pine      (Fig    118.) 
PiBus  Taeda  L.  Sp  PI    000         53 

A  targe  forest  tree,  reaching  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, a  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
5°,  the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  thick  and 
rugged,  flaky  in  age.  Leaves  in  3's  (rarely  some 
of  them  in  I's),  slender,  not  stiff,  light  green,  as- 
cending or  at  length  spreading,  6'-io'  long ;  fibro- 
vascnlar  bundles  a;  sheaths  8"-ia"  long  when 
young;  cones  lateral,  spreading,  oblong-conic,  3'-5' 
long,  I'-IJi'  thick  before  the  scales  open  ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  promi- 
nent, acute,  tipped  with  a  central  short  triangular 
reflexed -spreading  spine. 

Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly  near  the  coast, 
north  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Arkansas. 
Wood  not  strong.  Imttle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown; 
weight  ^r  cubic  foot  34  lbs.  Springs  up  in  old 
fields  or  in  clearings.  Also  called  Frankincense  Pine. 
April-May. 


10.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.     Pitch  Pine.     Torch  Pine 

ftnui  rigida  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  S,  No.  10.      1768. 

A  forest  tree  reaching  a  toaximnm  height  of  about 
So°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  old  bark  rough,  furrowed,  flaky  in  strips, 
leaves  in  3's  (very  rarely  some  in  4's),  stout  and  stiff, 
rather  dark  green.  3'-5'  long,  spreading  when  mature ; 
Ebro'vascular  bundles  2  ;  sheaths.  4"-6'''  long  when 
Toung;  cones  lateral,  ovoid,  I'/i'-j,'  long,  becoming 
ntatly  globular  when  the  scales  open,  commonly 
Domerons  and  clustered  ;  scales  thickened  at  tbe  apex, 
Ihe  transverse  ridge  acute,  provided  with  a  stout  cen- 
M  triangular  recarved-spreading  prickle. 

In  dry.  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  New  Brunswiclt  to  Georgia. 
WM  to  southern  Onlano.  We.st  Viieinia  and  Kentucky. 
*»™nda  to  3000  ft.  in  Vit^nia.  This  forms  most  of  the 
'  pine  barrens  "  of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey.  Wood 
•oft.  brittle,  coarse-gTained,  light  red  dish -brown;  weight 
po  cubic  foot  33  lbs.  Also  called  Sap  Pine  and  Candte- 
*ood  Pine;  produces  numerous  shoots  from  cut  stumps. 
April-May. 


54 


PINACEAE. 


2.  LARIX  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  3:  480.  1763.  ■ 
Tall  tree*  with  borizontal  or  asceading  branches  and  small  narrowly  linear  decidnons 
leavM,  without  iheatba,  in  fascicleB  on  abort  lateral  scaly  bud-like  branchlets.  Ameats 
abort,  lateral,  monoeciouB,  the  slaminate  from  leafless  buds;  the  ovule-bearine  bnds  com- 
monly leafy  at  the  base  and  the  amenta  red.  Anther  saca  a-celled,  tbe  sacs  transversely  or 
obliquely  dehiscent.  Pollen-grains  simple.  Cones  ovoid  or  cylindric,  small,  erect,  their 
scales  thin,  spirally  arranged,  obtuse,  persistent.  Ovules  3  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  ripen- 
ing into  3  reOexed  aomewbat  winged  seeds.     [Name  ancient,  probably  Celtic] 

A1>out  9  upecies,  nativca  of  the  north  temperate  and  subarctic  lones.    Besides  the  following  I 
iithers  occur  In  tbe  western  parts  of  North  America, 

I.  Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.    Ameri- 
can Larch.     Tamarack      (Fig.  120,) 

Pinus  laricina  Dn  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  49.      1771- 
Pinns  pendula  Ait.  Hoft.  Kew.  3:  309-      1789- 
ImHx  Americana  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  Joj.      1803. 
Larix  laricina  Koch,  Dendrol.  1:  Part  a,  163.      1873. 

A  slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  100"  anda  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  branches 
spreading,  the  bark  close  or  at  length  slightly  scaly. 
Leaves  pale  green,  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  5"- 
13"  long,  about  X"  wide,  deciduous  in  late  autumn; 
fascicles  borne  on  short  lateral  branchlets  about  1" 
long ;  cones  short-peduncled  at  the  ends  of  similar 
branchlets,  ovoid,  obtuse,  6"-8"  long,  composed  of 
about  13  suborbicular  thin  scales,  their  margins 
entire  or  slightly  lacerate. 

In  Bwampj-  woods  and  about  marfpus  of  lakes.  New- 
foundland to  the  NorthweslTcmtoij".  south  to  New  Jer- 
sev,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana  and  Minnesota.  Wood  hard, 
strouK.  '"erv  durable,  resinous,  liglit  brown:  weight  per 
cubic  ft.  J9  lbs.    CalledalsuHackmatack    March-.^pril. 

3.  PICEA  Link,  Abh.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1827  :  179.  1827-1830. 
Evergreen  conical  trees,  with  linear  short  4-sided  leaves  spreading  in  all  directions, 
j^oted  at  the  base  to  short  persistent  sterigmata,  on  which  they  are  sessile,  falling  away  in 
drying,  the  bare  twigs  appearing  c«^•e^ed  with  low  truncate  projections.  Leaf-bads  scaly. 
Stamiuate  antents  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  antheis  3-cetlcd,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent, 
the  connective  prolonged  into  an  appendage;  pall  en -grains  compound:  ovule-bearing  aments, 
terminal,  o\-oid  or  oblong:  o\-ules  t  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  reflexed.  ripening  into  3  more  of 
leu  wiogeil  seevU,  Concso\-aidor  oblong,  obtuse,  pendulous,  their  s< 
•rranKetl.  thin,  obtuse,  jiersistent.    [Name  ancienL] 

.\N»ul  14  s)t>s."ie*,  natives  .if  the  ni*ith  trmprrate  and  subarctic  »l>n^^s, 
,»  i>Ihc«  iKviit  in  the  niirthwi;»ten>  pans  of  N.irth  America. 
T«'i^  anil  sterigmata  prlabi\iu».  iclaacvins:  cvncs  obli<n|;,ov'ltnUric. 
Twigs  j-uhcM-eot.  hnmn;  vxaies  uvoid  m  oval. 

TwiRs  sli'ut^  Icavicj  mucT\>natei  cvnes  persistent. 

TVitts  slender;  Icmits  \-cry  atule;  ivncs  i]ecidui>us. 

I.  Picea   Canadensis    Mill."*   B.S.P. 
Wltite  Sj^nKV,     vFij;,  i;i.' 

A^t.i  I'.-vjj.^j.-.i  Will.  ti«nl   l>icl.  K.l  S.  X,<,  4      i>^* 


A  slender  tTt«.  attaining  *  maximum  height  of 
•Smjj  i5v>"  act  i  trunk  diameter  of  ,^-.  bot  osiul'.y 
much  sanatter.  TVii^s  and  $teris°>ata  jilabn-ias. 
pa'.e  and  s-au-^-''^;  '.ein**  "ishi  jrreen,  slender,  t-  - 
S  "  '.otxR.  very  aonO' :  I'v'oe*  cy'.indriv'  it  obtiOTj;- 
c^'.-.tslrW,  p»:e.  ;••  -;  loag,  e  -S  ihkk  beA^e  the 
*,'-a'.es  opca ,  »,-a'.<s  a'.aKvt  Baem^raa*.'e*.»os,  Ibeir 
aaatxift*  lessial'.T  ^wite  eoute:  hcacw  incised. 

MiSBX  &,-rtiKrB  N<«  ^^^A.  Mk-hiru  the  BUck  Hdi*. 
M.wtxuaail  l&^t»i  C••^i^a^i*.  W«v«l  Sk-A.  ■Peak.  l>«»t 
w;:v*    wvi«!::  7«t  v-al*.-  S,x«  JJ  «>*.     A|«Q-Ma5. 


les 

oeroits,  spirally 

Be 

side 

s  the  following. 

:. 

P 

Canademsis. 

p. 
f 

.Vari^na. 

PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS.  55 

Picea  Mariana  (Mill.)  B.S.P.     Black  Spruce.     (Fig.  122.) 

Abies  Mariana  Mill.  Gard.  Diet  Ed.  8,  No.  5, 

1768. 
Pinui  nigra  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  370.      1789. 
Abies  nigra  Desf,  Hisl.  Arb.  a;  580.      1809. 
Pieea  nigra  Link.  Linnaea,  15:  530.      1841. 
Picea  Mariana  B.S.P.  Prel.    Cat.    N.    Y.    71. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  90°  high,  the 
trunk  reaching  a  diameter  of  i°-3°,  the 
branches  spreading,  the  bark  onlj  slightly 
Toughened.  Twigs  stout,  pubescent ;  ater- 
igtnata  pubescent;  leaves  thickly  covering 
the  twigs,  deep  green,  stont,  straight  or 
curved,  rarely  more  than  %'  long,  obtuse  or 
merely  mucroaate  at  the  apex ;  cones  oval  or 
ovoid,  \'-\yi'  long,  persistent  on  the  twigs 
for  two  or  more  seasons,  their  scales  with  en- 
tire or  merely  erose  margins. 

Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
alouK  the  higher  AUeghenies  to  North  Caro- 
lina and  to  Mit^higan  aud  Minnesota.  Wood 
soft,  weak,  pale  red  or  nearly  white ;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  38  lbs.    May-June. 


^.  Picea  riibra  (Lamb.)  Link.     Red 
Sprace.     (Fig.  123.) 

PiKUS  riibra  Lamb.  Pinus,  1;  43.   pi.  iS.     1803. 

Picea  rubra  Link,  Linnaea,  15:  5»I,       1841, 
-PUea  nigra  var.  rubra  Engelm.  Gard.  Chron. 
(II,)JI:334-      1879. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  reaching  a 
height  of  100°  and  a  tmnli  diameter  of  4°, 
the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  reddish, 
nearly  smooth.  Twigs  slender,  sparingly 
pubescent;  sterigmata  glabrate  ;  leaves  light 
green,   slender,   straight   or   sometimes  in- 

-corved,  very  acute  at  the  apex,  5"-8"  long; 
cones  ovoid  or  oval,  seldom  more  than 
i'  long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  first 
season  or  during  the  winter,  their  scales  un- 

-dulate,  lacerate,  or  a-lobed. 


higher  Alleghi 
Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.    Wood 
similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species.    May- 


4.  TSUGA  Can-.  Trait.  Conif.  185.       1855. 

Evergreen  trees  with  slender  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  flat  narrowly  linear 
scattered  short-petioled  leaves,  spreading  and  appearing  2-ranked,  jointed  to  very  short 
sterigmata  and  falling  anay  in  drying.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  Staminale  amenta  axillary,  short 
or  snbglobose;  anthers  a-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehiscent,  the  connective  slightly  pro- 
duced beyond  them ;  pollen-grains  simple.  Ovule-bearing  amenta  terminal,  the  scales 
about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  each  bearing  2  reflexed  ovales  on  its  base.  Cones  small,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  pendulous,  their  scales  scarcely  woody,  obtuse,  persistent  Seeds  somewhat 
winged.     [Name  Japanese.] 

About  7  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  3  in  nunhwestem  North  America,  1  or 


PINACEAE. 


I.  Tsuga   Canadensis  (L.)  Carr. 
Hemlock.     (Fig.  124.) 

Pinus  CanadtTtsis  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  I.  1421.     I763. 
Abiei  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl,  Bor,  Am,  J:  Mb. 

1803. 
Tsuga  Canadensis  Carr.  Trait.  Conif,  189.     1855. 

A  tall  forest  tree,  sometimes  ito°  bigh, 
tbe  trunk  reacbiog  4°  in  diameter,  the  lower 
braucbes  somewbat  drooping,  the  old  bark 
flaky  in  scales.  Foliagt  dense ;  leaves  ob- 
tuse, flat,  6"-9"  long,  less  than  1"  wide, 
dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  petiole 
less  than  one-balf  aa  long  as  tbe  width  of 
the  blade ;  cones  oblong,  obtuse,  as  loog  as 
or  slightly  longer  than  the  leaves,  tbeir 
scalesEuborbicular.obttiae,  minutely  lacerate 
or  entire,  not  widely  spreading  at  maturitj. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  sonth  to  Delaware, 
along  the  Allegheniea  to  Alabama  and  to  Michi- 
gan and  Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  3000  ft,  in  the 
Adirondscks.  One  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
eve  [greens  when  youn^.  Wood  soft,  weak, 
brittle,  coarse -grained,  light  brown  or  nearly 
white;  weightpercubicfootae  lbs.  Bark  much 
nsed  in  tanning.     April-May. 


3.    Tsuga  Carolini&na  Engelm. 
Carolina  Hemlock.     (Fig.  125,) 

Tsuga  Caro/iniana  Bngelm.  Coult  Bot.  Gaz.  0: 

113.      1881, 
Aiies  Caroliniana  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  »ates,  Ed.  3. 

6so.      1883. 

of  about  80° 
lower  branches  drooping.  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  obtus^.  rather  tight  green  above, 
nearly  white  beneath,  7"-io"  long,  the  peti- 
ole nearly  as  long  as  the  width  of  tbe  blade ; 
cones  i'-t%'  long,  the  scales  finn  but 
scarcely  woody,  oblong,  obtuse,  widely 
spreading  at  maturity. 

Southwestern  Virginia  to  South  Carolina  in 
the  Allegheniea,  Wood  soft.  weak,  brittle,  light 
brown  ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  about  27  lbs.  A 
more  graceful  and  beautiful  tree  than  the  pre- 


S-  ABIES  Juss.  Gen.  414.  1789. 
Evergreen  trees  with  linear  Sat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear 
3-ranked,  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged,  not  jointed  to  sterigmata,  and  commonly  quite 
persistent  in  drying,  the  naked  twigs  marked  by  the  flat  scars  of  their  bases.  Stam- 
inate  aments  axillary;  anthers  3-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehiscent,  the  connective  pro- 
longed into  a  short  knob  or  point ;  pollen-grains  compound.  Ovule-bearing  aments  lateral, 
erect ;  ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  reflexed,  the  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
thin  or  papery,  mucronate  or  aristete  bract  Cones  erect,  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  tbeir  scales 
deciduous  from  the  persistent  axis,  orbicular  or  broader,  obtuse.  [Ancient  name  of  the 
firs.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  tbe  north  temperate  zone,  chieHy  in  boreal  and  mountainons- 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America  and  I 
in  Mexico. 

I.  A.  balsatnea. 

3.  A.  Fraseri. 


PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS. 
I.  Abies  balsimea  (L.)  Mill.     Balsam  Fir.     (Fig.  126.) 


».   Abies  Frftseri   (Pursh)  Lindl. 
Fraser's  Balsam  Fir.     (Fig.  127.) 

i8u. 
■83,1. 

A  foreat   tree,  reaching   a  tnaximum  size 
abont  that   of   the   preceding    species,   the 
imooth  bark  bearing  similar  resin  "blisten." 
IrfCaves,   especially  the   younger,    conspicu- 
ovialy  whitened  beneath,  5"-io"  long,  nearly 
i'''  wide,  emargitiate  or  some  of  them  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex ;  cones  oblong-cylindric  or 
ovoid-cylindric,  a'-j'  high,  about  i'  thick, 
their  scales  rhomboid,  much   broader  tban 
high,  ronnded   at  the   apex,  much   shorter 
than  the  papery  bracts,  which  are  reflexed, 
their  summits   emargtnate,    serrulate    and 

On  the  high  AUcghenies  of  southwestern  Vir- 
PBu,  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Wood 
■inilar  to  that  of  the  northern  species,  but 
WHiU)'  lighter  in  weight.    May. 


J.N0.3. 

.768. 

A  slender  forest  tree  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
3°,  usually  much  smaller  and  on  mountain 
tops  and  in  high  arctic  regions  reduced  to  » 
low  shrub.  Bark  smooth,  warty  with  reMn 
"blisters."  Leaves  fragrant  in  drying,  less 
than  i"  wide,  6"-io"  long,  obtuse,  dark 
green  above,  paler  beneath  or  the  youngest 
conspicuously  whitened  on  the  lower  surface  i 
cones  cylindric,  j'-4'  long,  9"-is"  thick, 
upright,  arranged  in  rows  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  branches,  violet  or  purplish  when 
yonng ;  bracts  obovate.  serrulate,  mucronate, 
shorter  than  the  broad  rounded  scales. 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Hndson  Bay 
and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Massa- 
chusetts, Pennsylvania,  along  the  Alleghenies  to 
Viisinia  and  to  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  As- 
cends to  50D0  tt.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Wood 
soft  and  weak,  light  brown:  weight  pet  cubic 
toot  n  lbs,  Canada  balsam  is  denved  from  the 
_._! tudationa  of  the  trunk.    May-June. 


6.   TAXODIUM  L.  C.  Rich.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  161  298.       rSio. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  and  alternate  spirally  arranged  sessile 
lumr  or  scale-like  leaves,  deciduous  in  our  species,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  3-ranked, 
'ome  of  the  twigs  comiuonly  deciduous  in  autumn.  I^eaf-buds  naked.  Staminate  aments 
^^fj  Dumerous,  globose,  in  long  terminal  drooping  panicled  spikes,  appearing  before  the 
'(■m;  anthers  2-5-celled,  the  sacs  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid,  in  small  terminal 
'loalets,  their  scales  few,  bractless,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  globose 
M  aetrly  so.  the  scales  thick  and  woody,  rhomboid,  fitting  closely  together  by  their  mai- 
Eiu,  each  marked  with  a  triangular  scar  at  its  base.  Seeds  large,  sharply  triangular- 
FTtvnidal,     [Name  Greek,  referring  to  the  yew-like  leaves.] 


Three  known  species,  the  foil 


1  North  America,  01 


■Meii 


e  Chine 


Taxodium  distichum  (L.)  h. 


PIS 

C. 

EAE- 
Rich. 

Bald  C; 

ypreas. 

fFig- 

128,1 

r. 

'IHW   <//j 

rVAa  I 

-Jt: 

PI.   IIWJ, 

C,  Rich. 

AnnrMu..pwii 

,  K: 

A  large  forest  tree,  attaioing  a  tnaximum  h«iglti 
of  about  150°  and  a  trutik  diameter  of  14°.  llic  olJ 
bark  flaky  in  thin  strips.     T^^aves  imrroirly  linear. 
flat,  thin,  s"-io"  long,    'A"  or   less  wiilt.  rjllieT 
light  green,  acute,  those  on  some  of  tlie  floweritig 
branches    smaller,    scale-like ;    cones    globose   ot 
slightly  longer  than  thick,  pendent  al  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  very  compact,  about  ('  in  di«iiietc«- ; 
surfaces  of  the  scales  irregularly  rugose  itbovc  Itn 
inversely  triangular  scar ;  seeds  4"-5"  long. 

In  swamjjsand  along  rivers,  Delaware  f]j.«tiWj  »" 
siiutheni  New  Jcrsty  |  lo  Florida,  west  to  Tf  la*  n"*"*" 
In  the  MiB»issippi  VBllej'  re^on  tu  southrru  IndiiO*' 
Missouri  and  Arkansas,  Woodsnfl,  nntstronfr,  tii'>%*'^^' 
very  duiable;  wtiglit  per  cubic  fool  srllw,  Thtro«=»'', 
dtvelop  upriKbt  cimic  "knees  "  aomelinies  4"  liigh  »-*' 
1°  thick-    Maich-April, 


Besides  tin; 


7.    THUJA   L.  Sp,  PI.    1002. 
E\-crgrecti  trees  or  shrubs  with  frond-like  foliage,  the  leaves  small  or  minute,  scale- 
«]iprcssed,  inilirjcated,  opposite,  4-ranked,  those  of  the  ultimste  brattchlets  mostly  obi 
those  uf  Bume  of  the  larger  twigs  acute  or  subulate.     Aments  monoecious,  both  kinds 
niiiial,   the  stainiiiate  globose ;  anthers   opposite,   3-j-:cIled,  the  sacs  globose. 
Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  small,  their  scales  opposite,  each  bearing  a  (1 
t'i)   erect  ovules.     Cones  ovoid   or  oblong,   mostly  spreatljag  or  tecurved,  their 
4-IO,  coriaceous,  opposite,  not  peltate,  dry,  spreading  when  mature.    Seeds  oblong, 
or  narrowly  winged  or  wingless,     [Name  ancient.^ 

.\bont  1.-5  species,  natives  of  Nutlh  America  and  e 
occurs  fconi  tdshu  find  GreKun  lo  Alaska. 

I.  Thuja  occidentitlis  L.    \\'hite  Cedar. 
Arlwr  Vitac.     (  Fir.  1 J9. ) 

7Sm/iI  oaiaenltilis  U.  Sp.  V\.  looj,       i-;^y 

A  conical  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  65°  and  a 
Irtiiik  diameter  of  5°,  the  old  l>ark  deciduous  in 
ragged  strips.  Scale-like  leaves  of  the  ulliuiate 
hraocbMs  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse,  i"-iji" 
brvod,  the  two  lateral  rows  keeled,  the  two  other 
r«wa  flat,  causing  the  twigs  lo  n]>pear  much 
DalteDcil ;  lea^'«sof  the  older  twigs  natrowcr  and 
lon}i«r.  acute  or  acuminate;  mature  conesa"-*" 
long,  their  scales  olilnsc ;  seeds  brooiUy  winged. 

\iag   ■bncut  inipeUHt  1  li,    Nrw 

k  Brunim-iek  to  Jkrii-^  .-uth  to 

■Om  and  to  tlUn"i~  n.U   i.. 

a  (I   in  tlie   Adh.  v  \  .     l.iiitk', 

rualaolb>     Stay  inn.'"  '      '   ""     '"■  '    '"^' *^" 

8.  CHAMAECYPARIS  SpiKh.  Mist.  Veg.  ii:  529.     1842. 

livetSTWU  treea.  *tmltar  to  the  Tkniat.  with    mtBOie  oppmitc  appreased  4>ii 

•mlr-liki:  leaves,  ut  iliuse  of  ulder  twi|r*  subulate,  and  small  moaoedoas  icmil&al  stuei 

Stiimlii.U'  «iiieiiN...lii   7'^..,'j,1,iil  ibi-  t"iLimeiiwb.-,ii,I.;t  niil  sb^clJ-iJiai.ed.      O^-nle^ieail 
01  ■   ■      ■      "  ..   ',  ■jvules.     Cones  | 


^] 


h  .VBier 


PINE  FAMILY.     CONIFERS. 

Southern  White  Cedar. 


.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L.)  B.S.P. 

(Fig.  130.) 


Chamaecyparis  thyoides  B.S.P.   Prel.  Cat,  N.  Y,  71. 


A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of 
about  90°  and  a  tmok  diameter  of  i'A.".  Leaves  of 
the  ultimate  braochlets  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  %" 
wide,  those  of  the  lateral  tows  keeled,  those  of  the 
vertical  rows  slightly  convex,  each  with  a  minute 
round  discoid  marking  on  the  ceutre  of  the  back, 
those  of  the  older  twigs  narrower  and  longer,  subu- 
late \  cones  about  3"  in  diameter,  blue,  each  of 
their  closely  fitting  scales  with  a  small  central 
point;  seeds  narrowly  winged. 

In  swamps.  Massachusetts  to  northern  New  Jersey, 
south  to  Florida  and  Misaisaippi,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
Wood  soft,  weak,  close-frrained.  light  t>rown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  ai  lbs.    April-May. 


9.  JUNIPERUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1038.       1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  vertidllate,  subulate  or  scale-like,  sessile 
leaves,  commonly  of  a  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  small  globose  axil- 
lary or  terminal  aments.  I/:af-biids  naked.  Staminate  amenta  oblong  or  ovoid;  anthers 
a-6-celled,  each  sac  a-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  of  a  few  opposite  somewhat  fleshy 
scales,  or  these  rarely  verticillate  in  3's,  each  bearing  a  single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  1.  Cones 
globose,  berry-like  by  the  coalescence  of  the  deahy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony 
seeds.     [Name  Celtic] 


Leaves  all  subulate,  pnckly  pointed,  veTticillate;  anients  axillary. 

Small  erect  tree  or  shrub:  leaves  slender,  mostly  straight,  :. 

Low  depressed  shrub;  leaves  stouter,  mostly  curved.  2. 

Lnves  of  3  kinds,  scale-like  and  subulate,  mostly  opposite;  aments  terminal. 


I.  Juniperus  communis  L.     Juniper.     (Fig.  131.) 


hiiptrus  communis  L.  £ 


,  PI.  lalo,      17S3. 


Alow  tree  or  erect  shrub,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  35°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  lo',  usually 
•miller,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  the 
birk  shreddy.  Leaves  all  subulate,  rigid,  spreading, 
or  tome  of  the  lower  reflexed,  mostly  straight,  prickly 
poioted,  verticillate  in  3's,  often  with  smaller  ones  fas- 
deled  in  their  axils,  5"-io"  long,  leas  than  1"  wide, 
chsDoeled  and  commonly  whitened  on  the  upper  sur- 
f»«;  aments  axillary;  berry-like  cones  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  dark  blue,  3"-4"  diameter. 

On  dry  hills,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
N™  Jersey,  Pennayh-ania,  Michigan,  western  Nebraska 
*iio  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  Ascends 
Jo  w  tl.  in  Pennsylvania.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Tot  fmit  is  used  for  flavoring  gin.    April-May.    Fruit 


PINACEAE. 
3.  Juniperus  n&na  Willd.     Low  Juniper.     (Fig.  133.) 

Ju»i(Kr«s  Sibirita  BuriRid.  Anlcit.  n.  172.       17S".  ? 
JUHtbirut  nana  Willd.  Sp.  PI,  4:  8u.      1S06. 
JuHiptrus  communis  vai.  alpina  Gaud.  Fl.  Helv.  «: 
jol.      iHjo. 

A  depressed  rigid  ihnib,  seldom  over  18'  bigb, 
fonning  circular  patches  often  10°  in  diameter. 
Leaves  similar  to  tho«e  of  the  preceding  speclet, 
but  stouter,  similarly  chaatieled  and  often  vhitened 
above,  appresaed-asc ending,  rather  rigid,  spiny 
tipped,  4 "-6"  long,  mostly  incurved,  densely 
clotbing  the  twigs,  verticitlate  in  3's ;  amenta  axil- 
lary; berry-like  cones  blue,  4"-5"  io  diaveter. 

In  dry.  open  places,  Labrador  to  British  Columbia. 
south  to  Massachusetts,  New  York.  Michigran  and  in  the 
Kocky  Mountains  to  Cotoiadn  and  Utah,  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  The  characteristic  growth  in  a  de- 
prcs.sed  circular  patch  gives  the  plant  a  very  different 
aspect  from  the  true  Juniper.    Aptil-May. 

3.  Juniperus  Virgim4na  L.     Red  Cedar.     Sa\-in.     (Fig.  133,) 
Juniperus  Virginiatta  L.  Sp.  PI.  1039.      175,1. 

A  tree,  reacbing  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  conic  when  yoang, 
bnt  the  bimicbes  spreading  in  age  so  that  the  out- 
line becomes  nearly  cylindric  Leaves  mostly 
opposite,  all  those  of  yonng  plants  end  commonly 
some  of  those  on  the  older  twigs  of  older  trees 
subulate,  spiny-tipped,  i"-i,"  long,  those  of  the 
mature  foliage  scale- like,  acute  or  snbacnte,  closely 
appressed  and  imbricated,  4-ranked,  causing  the 
twigs  to  appear  quadrangular ;  aments  terminal  ; 
berry-like  cones  light  blue,  glaucous,  about  3"  in 
diameter,  borne  on  straight  peduncle-like  branch- 
lets  of  less  than  their  own  length,  i-a-seeded. 

In  dry  soil.  New   Brunswick   to   British   Columbia, 
soath  to  Florida.  Texas,  northern  Mexico  and  Arizona. 
Also  in  the  West  Indies.    Ascends  to  2100  ft  in  Vir- 
ginia.   Wood  soft,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  ( 
pact,  odorous,   red,  the   sap-wood  white;    --  =  -•-- 


4.  Juniperus  Sabina  L.     Shrubby  Red 

Cedar.     (Fig.  134.) 

Juniperus  Sabina  L.  Sp,  PI.  1039.      1753. 
Juniperus  Sabina   var.  procumbcns   Pursh,    F!.    Am. 
Sept.  &47.      1814. 

A  depressed,  usually  procumbent  shrub,  seldom 
more  than  4°  high.  Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  those  of  young  plants  and  the 
older  tHigs  of  older  plants  subulate,  spiny-dppcd, 
those  of  the  mature  foliage  scale-like,  appressed, 
4-ranked,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  aments  terminal ;. 
berry-like  cones  light  blue,  somewhat  glaucous, 
4"-5"  in  diameter,  borne  on  recurved  peduncle- 
like  branchlets  of  less  than  their  own  length, 
1-4-seeded. 

On  banks.  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  sooth  to 
Maine,  northern  New  York,  Minnesota  and  Montana. 
KXso  in  Europe  and  Asia.    April-May. 


YEW  FAMILY,  61 

Family  2.     TAXACBAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed  2,  316.       1S36. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  resin -bearing  except  Ta.xus.     Leaves  evergreen  or  decid- 

,is.  linear,  or  in  several  exotic  genera  broad  or  sometimes  fan-shaped,  the 

^eu-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  clusters  or  solitary.    Perianth  wauling. 

s  much  as  in  the  Pinaceae.     Oi'ules  with  either  one  or  two  integuments; 

hen  two,  the  outer  one  fleshy,  when  only  one,  its  outer  part  fleshy.     Fruit 

Upe-like  or  rarely  a  cone. 

i.  of  wide  KCogtDpllic  diatribulion,  most  numerou-i  in  the  southern 
""■    "       '  "  '  ."  -        3„j  Japan,  with  tan -shaped  leavea. 


About  Ks^nen  and  75  species,  of  wide  KcogtDpl.  .     .  . 
aisphcrc.     The  Mnidcn-hait  Tree,  Gin»s<'  ('Hoha,  of  Chiiu 
n  interestinE  member  of  the  smiip,  nnw  much  planted  fur 


1.   TAXUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1040. 


753. 


Evergreen  trees  or  shrnlK,  with  spirally  arrftngetl  short -pctioled  linear  flat  mucrouate 
lvc«,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  i-ranked,  aail  axilUrj-  aud  so1iIar%'.  sessile  or  subseasile 
[7  small  atneuts;  slatniaate  ametils  consisting  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  5-S  stamens,  their 
itnents  united  to  tbe  middle  ;  anthers  4-6-celled.  Ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  sub- 
ided  by  a  fleshy,  annular  disk,  which  is  bracted  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  or  the  Hcshy 
ik  which  becomes  cup-shaped,  red.  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed.     [Name  ancient.] 

Abiml  6  species,  natives  of  the  north  lemperalc  lone.  Besides  the  funowiiiB,  nnothet  occuis  in 
nido.  one  in  Mexico  and  one  on  the  I'aciiic  Coast, 

i,   Taxus  minor  (Michx.)  Britton.     American  Yew.     Grotind  Hemlock. 
(Fig.  135.) 

Itm-t batraiavai.  »ii«»r Michx,  Ft.  Bor,  -^ 
3:  MS.       l80i. 

US  Caiiadensii  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  1^56.      i> 

■ms  minor  Britton, 


r.  Club,  5:  19- 


A   low  straggling  shrub,  seldom  over  5° 

;b.     Leai'es  dark  green  on  both  sides,  nar- 

'ly  linear,  mucronate  at  the  apex,  nar- 

red  at  the  base,  6"-io"  long,  nearly   1" 

le,  persistent  on  tbe  twigs  in  drying;  tbe 

minate  aments  globose,  i"loQg,  usually 

ncrous;  ovnles  usually  few;  fruit  red  and 

pulpy.  resiDOUS.  oblong,  nearly  3''  high,  the 

top  of  tbe  seed  not  covered  by  the  fleshy 

integument. 

r  In  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south 
*        'tnKy,  in  the  Alleghenies  to  ViiKinia, 

.-  .  Jinnesota  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  15 
B  the  Adirondacks,  April-May,  Vcr>*  oi 
.-■in  from  the  European  Yew,  T.  bacraUi,  1 
bit.  tiic  latter  becomini;  a  lartte  forest  tree, . 
!>  (be  Oregon  Yew.  T.  brrvi/olia. 


ClaM  2.     ANGIOSPERMAE. 

ales  (macrosporaiiges)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  fthe  ovar\-)  formed    by  the 

oldiug  and  uniting  of  tlie  margins  of  a  modified  rudimentary  leaf  (carpel), 

iot  several  such  leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened.     The 

"eu-grains  ( niicraspores)  on  alighting  upon  the  summit  of  the  carpel  ( stigma ) 

itiinate,  sending  out  a  pollen-tube  which  penetrates  its  tissues  and  reaching 

1  otnile  enters  the  orifice  of   the   latter  nuicropyle),  and  its  tip  coming  in 


63 


TYPHACEAE. 


contact  with  a  genn-cell  in  the  embryo-sac,  fertilization  is  effected.     In  a  few 

cases  the  poUen-tube  enters  the  ovule  at  the  chalaza,  not  at  the  micropyle. 

There  are  two  sub-classes,  distinguished  as  follows: 

Cotyledon  one ;  Btem  endogenous. 

Cotyledons  two;  Btem  (with  rare  ciceptiotiB)  eiogenous 


Sub-class  i.  MosocOTri^MDONMS. 
Embryo  of  the  seed  with  but  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the 
g^enninating  plantlet  alternate.  Stem  competed  of  a  ground-mass  of  soft  tissue 
(parenchyma)  in  which  bundles  of  wood-cells  are  irregularly  imbedded ;  no 
distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark.  Leaves  usually  parallel -veined,  mostly 
alternate  and  entire,  commonly  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with 
no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole.     Flowers  mostly  3-meroiis  or  6-merous. 

MonocntyledoDous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Triasaic  time.  They  constitute  between 
one-fourth  and  one-third  of  the  living  angiospennouB  flora.  The  families  are  grouped  in  about  10 
orders  (see  Introduction). 


Family  i.     TYPHACEAE  J.  St  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  60.      1805.* 
Cat-tail  Family. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and  glabrous 
erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensiform,  striate,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  terminal  spikes,  which  are  subtended 
by  spathaceous,  usually  fugacious  bracts,  and  di^dded  at  intervals  by  smaller 
bracts,  which  are  caducous,  the  staminate  spikes  uppermost.  Perianth  of  bris- 
tles. Stamens  2-7,  the  filaments  connate.  Ovary  i,  stipitate,  1-2-celIed.  CKniles 
anatropous.  Styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Mingled  among  the 
stamens  and  pistils  are  bristly  hairs,  and  among  the  pistillate  flowers  many  sterile 
flowers  with  clavate  tips.     Fruit  nutlike.     Endosperm  copious. 

The  family  comprises  only  the  toUowing;  genus: 

I.  TYPHA  L.  Sp.  PI.  971.       >7H. 

Characters  of  the  family.     [Name  ancient.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  those  here  de- 
scribed, another  occurs  in  California, 
Spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usually  contiguous,  the  former  without 

bracllcts   at'gmas  spatalate  or  rhombo'd    pollen  4-KTained.  i.   T.  lati/olia. 

Spikes  1  ght  b  own   the  p  st    late  and  stam  nate  usually  distant,  the  former  with  bractlets;  stigtnBS 

linear   pollen  n  i  mple  gra  ns  3.   T.  anguiti/otia. 


I    Typha  latifdlia  L.     Broad-leaved  Cat- 
tail.    (Fig.  136.) 

TyPha  lali/olia  L.  Sp-  PI.  971.      1753. 

Stems  stoat,  4°-8°  high.  Leaves  3"-i2"  broad; 
sp  kes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  staminate  and 
p  stillate  portions  usually  coatiguotts,  each  3'-i2' 
long  and  often  1'  or  more  in  diameter,  the  pistil- 
late without  bractleta;  stigmas  rhomboid  or  spatu- 
late  pollen-grains  in  4's ;  fruit  furrowed,  bursting 
in  water ;  seeds  with  a  separable  outer  coat. 


n  marshes,  throughout  North  America  except  the 
reme  north.  Ascends  to  1600  ft,  in  the  Adirondacks 
to  3300  ft,  in  Virginia.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

e  July.    Fruit,  Aug.-Scpt. 


*Text  contnbnted  by  tfa«  late  Re     Thomas  Moronc. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY. 


63 
a.  Typha  angustifdlia  L.     Narrow-leaved 

Cat-tail.     (Fig.  137.) 
Typka  anstslifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  971.      1753. 

Stems  slender,  s^-io*  high.  Leaves  mostly  nar- 
rower than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  a"~-6" 
wide;  spikes  light  brown,  the  staminate  and  pistil- 
late portions  usually  distant,  the  two  together 
sometimes  i^'  long,  the  pistillate,  when  mature, 
3"-8"  in  diameter,  and  provided  with  bractlets  ; 
stigmas  linear  or  linear-ohlong ;  pollen-grains  sim- 
ple; fruit  not  furrowed,  not  bursting  in  water;  outer 
coat  of  the  seed  not  separable. 

Abundant  in  marshes  along  the  Atlantii:  Coast  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  Cuba,  but  also  occurring 
rather  rarely  inland.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia,  June- 
July.    Fruit,  Aug. -Sept. 

Family  2.  SPARGANIACEAE  Agardh,  Theor.  Syst.  PI.  13.  1858.* 
BuR-REHD  Family. 
Marsh  or  pond  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  erect  or 
floating  simple  or  branched  steins,  and  linear  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the 
t>£i£e.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  globose  heads  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  heads  tippermoat,  sessile  or  peduncled. 
Spathes  linear,  immediately  beneath  or  at  a  distance  below  the  head.  Perianth 
of  afew  irregular  chaffy  scales.  Stamens  commonly  5,  their  filaments  distinct; 
a.nthers  oblong  or  cuneate.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  i-celled.  Ovules  anatropous. 
E^ruit  mostly  i -celled,  nutlike.     Embrj'o  nearly  straight,  in  copious  endosperm. 

The  family  comprises  only  the  following  gfcnus. 

1.  SPARGANIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  971.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 
.Aboutioepeciea.oftempepteandcold  regions.    Bi 
F'tTiil  Kssile. 
Fruit  stalked. 

Inflorescence  branching.  2.  .S.  androeladum. 

Inflorescence  simple. 

Staminate  heads  4-6,  pistillate  1-6,  5"-S"  in  diameter.  3.  S.  simplex. 

n. — ; — ..  1 — j_  .  ^^  pistillate  i-j,  2"-5"  in  diameter.         4.  S.  minimum. 


Staminate  heads  1 
>•  Sparganium  euryc&rpum  Engelm. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  »,  430.      1856. 

StemsstoDt,  3°--8°  high,  branching.  Leaves 
^car,  flat,  slightly  keeled  beneath,  the  low- 
*st3°-j'>  long,  the  upper  shorter;  staminate 
heads  numerons ;  pistillate  beads  3-4  on  the 
•twnor  branch,  sessile  or  more  commonly 
pedancled,  hard,  compact  and  io"-t6"  in  di- 
■oietet  when  mature ;  style  i  ;  stigmas  i-a  ; 
nntkh  sessile,  3"-5"  long,  obtusely  4-5- 
'i'gkd,aarrowed  at  the  base,  the  top  rounded, 
*«tltiied  or  depressed,  abruptly  tipped  with 
tlxityle  ;  scales  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as 
ttiefhiitaud  as  many  as  its  angles,  often  with 
'■vjother  exterior  ones,  somewhat  spatu- 
lite,  the  apex  rounded,  denticulate  or  eroded. 
lananhesand  along  streams,  Newfoundland 
to  ^lish  Columbia,  south  to  Viixinia.  Mis- 
?™n,  Utah  and  California.  Ascends  to  2100  ft. 
■1  Virginia.     May-Aug, 


Broad-fruited  Bur-reed.     (Fig.  138.) 


SPARGANIACBAE. 


Sparganium    andrdcladum    (Engelm. ) 
Morong.    Branching  Bur-reed.    (Fig.  139.  J 

aHdntcladnm  Ennlm.  in  A. 

S6;. 

Morong,  Boll.  Torr.  Clnb,  1$: 


Sparganium  simple.v 

Gray.  Man.  Ed.  5.  481 

sparganium  aadrveladui 


Stem  Blender,  more  or  leu  branching,  it/'a"  high. 
Pistillate  heads  3-7,  sessile  or  the  lowest  peduncled, 
axillary  or  the  peduncles  and  branches  axillary;  style 
I  ;  stigma  I  (  rarely  2  )  ;    fruiting  beads  6"-i3"  in  di- 
ameter ;    nutlets  fusiform,  i"-3"  long,   ij4"  thick, 
usually  even,  often  strongly  contracted  at  the  middle, 
I  tapering  ioto  tlie  style ;  scales  oblong,  as  long  as  the 
i  nntlets  or  shorter,  the  exterior  ones  uarrower  ;  stalk 
j  of  fmit  i"  long  or  more. 

ish  Columbia,  south  tc 

SpaigSDlum  sudiAcUdnm   fluctnaoa    Muroi^,   Butt.   Toir. 

Club,  15:  7H,       ](*»■. 

sparganium  simplex  Tar.  flnitans  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray, 

Man,  Ed,  5,  481.    1867,    tirA  Sparganium fluilans  Fries. 

Floating  in  deep  water  with  long  slender  sterna,  and  thin  leaves  \"-iM"  wide:  infiorescence 

usually  sparingly  branched;  fruiting  heads  4"-6"  in  diameter.    In  cold  ponds,  New  Bnmswick  to 

Pennsylvania. 

3.  Sparganium  simplex  Huds.     Simple- 
stemmed  Bur-reed.     i'^'\%.  140.) 

sparganium  simplex  Huda.  PI.  AngI,  Ed.  i,  401.      1788. 

Stem  slender,  lyi'-i^'  high,  simple.     I,eavea  more 

or  less  triquetrous,  1"-^"  wide ;  infloieacence  io"-S' 

long ;  staminate  heads  4-6;  pistillate  a-6,  sessile  or  the 

lowest  peduncled  ;  fruiting  heads  5"-8"  in  diameter : 

nutlets  fusiform  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtusely  angled 

at  the  apex,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle, 

smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species  and  more 

tapering  at  the  summit ;  scales  denticnlate,  about 

<ine-half  as  long  as  the  nutlets;  stigma  linear,  as  long 

as  the  style  or  shorter,  rarely  a ;  stalk  of  fruit  about 

I"  long. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  Newfoundland  to  British 

Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania.  Montana  and  California. 

Ascends  to  3500  ft,  in  the  Cotskil!  Mountains.     ]une-Aug. 
Spaigaalom  aimplex  angaitifiUiimi  (Michi. )  Bngelm. 

sparganium  angusli/olium  Hichx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  180.       

Floating  in  deep  water.  Leaves  very  long,  W"-lM"  wide,  their  <iheaths  often  inflated  a.  . 
base;  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  1-4  fruiting  heads  3  -7  n, 
diameter.  In  mountain  lakes  and  •Xov.  streams  Newfoundland 
to  Oregon,  south  to  New  York  and  California 

4,  Sparganium  minimum  Fnes      Small  Bur 
reed.     (Fig   141  ) 
sparganium  minimum  Fries.  Sum.  \eg   1.  560.      1846 

Floating,  stems  very  slender,  4'-j°  long.  Leaves  thtn  ani 
lax,  }i"-3}i"  wide  ;  inflorescence  1'  or  more  long ;  stami 
oale  heads  1-3 ;  pistillate,  1-3,  sessile,  axillary,  supra 
axillary  or  the  lowest  on  an  axillary  peduncle ;  ripe  fruit 
ing  heads  i"~^"  in  diameter  ;  nutlets  ovoid,  slightly  trian 
gnlar,  tapering  abruptly  into  the  style,  i"-j"  long,  twici 
as  long  as  the  denticulate  scales ;  stigma  oval,  often  oblique 
about  as  long  as  the  style;  stalk  of  the  nutlet  %"-yi' 
long,  often  apparently  none. 

In  ponds  and  streams.  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  Ore 
gon.  south  to  New  Jersej-,  Michigan  and  Utah.  Alaoinnorth 
em  Europe.  Dwarf  forms,  growing  out 
occur  with  stems  3' -6'  high.    June-Aug, 


PONDWEED  FAMILY.  65 

Family  3.     NAIADACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  366.      1836. 

Immersed  aquatic  plants  with  slender,  often  branching,  leafy  stems,  the 
Heaves  flat  or  filiform,  and  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious  spicate  axillary 
-or  spadiceous  flowers.  Perianth  of  4  segments,  or  a  hyaline  envelope,  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  1-4  or  occasionally  more,  distinct  and  hypogynous  in  the  per- 
fect flowers,  solitar>'  or  connate  in  the  sterile.  Anthers  extrorse,  1-2 -celled. 
Ovaries  1-9,  mostly  distinct,  i -celled,  mostly  i-ovuled.  Carpels  rarely  dehis- 
cent.    Seeds  straight  or  curved.     Endosperm  none. 

About  10  genera  and  icx)  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate 
regions.    The  months  noted  in  the  descriptions  indicate  the  fruiting  period, 

^''lowers  perfect. 

Perianth  of  4  distinct  seg^ments.  i.  Potamogeton. 

Perianth  none  ;  flowers  naked.  2.  Rtippia. 

^lowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Leaves  entire. 

Leaves  i-nerved,  I'-V  long,  M"  or  less  wide.  3.  Zannicheliia. 

Leaves  many-nerve<l,  i°-$    long,  i"-4"  wide.  4.  Zoslera. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed  on  the  margins.  5.  Naias. 

I.  POTAMOGETON  L.  Sp.  PI.  126.      1753. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  2  kinds,  submerged  and  floating, 
^he  submerged  mostly  linear,  the  floating  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval.     Spathes 
-stipular,  often  ligulate,  free  or  connate  with  the  base  of  the  leaf  or  petiole,  enclosing  the 
young  buds  and   usually  soon  perishing  after  expanding.     Peduncles  axillary,  usually 
emersed.    Flowerssmall,  spicate,  green  or  red.    Perianth-segments  4,  short-clawed  (Fig.  154), 
concave,  valvate.     Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth-segments.     Anthers 
sessile.    Ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  i -celled,   i-ovuled,  attenuated  into  a  short  erect  or 
recurved  style,  or  with  a  sessile  stigma.     Fruit  of  4  ovoid  or  subglobose  drupelets,  the  peri- 
carp usually  thin  and  hard  or  spong}'.     Seeds  crustaceous,  campylotropous,  with  an  unci- 
nate embryo  thickened  at  the  radicular  end.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  aquatic  habitat.] 

About  65  well-defined  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.    Besides  the  following,  3  others 
•occur  in  the  southern  parts  of  North  America. 

-Stipules  axillary  and  free  from  the  leaf. 
With  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 
Submerged  leaves  bladeless. 

Nutlets  more  or  less  pitted.  i.  P.  natans. 

Nutlets  not  pitted.  2.  P.  Oakesianus. 

Submerged  leaves  with  a  proper  blade. 

Submerged  leaves  of  2  kinds,  lanceolate  and  oval  or  oblong. 

Uppermost  broadly  oval  or  elliptical,  lowest  lanceolate.         3.  P.  ampli/olins. 
Uppermost  lanceolate  and  pellucid,  lowest  oblong  and  opaque. 

4.  P.  pulcher. 
Submei^ed  leaves  all  alike,  capillar^'  or  linear-setaceous. 

I -nerved  or  nerveless.  25.  P.   Vaseyi. 

3-nerved.  26.  P.  lateralis. 

Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  linear. 

Nearly  the  same  breadth  throughout,  obtusely  pointed,  coarsely  cellular-reticulated 

in  the  middle.  5.  P.  Nnttallii. 

Broader  at  base,  acute,  without  cellular-reticulation.  9.  P.  heterophyllus. 

Submei^ed  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate. 

Uppermost  leaves  petioled,  lowest  sessile.  6.  P.  alpinus. 

All  the  leaves  petioled. 

Floating  leaves  large,  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base. 

II.  P.  Ulinoensis. 
Floating  leaves  narrowly  elliptical,  tapering  at  base.        7.  P.  lonchites. 
Floating  leaves  mostly'  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  at  base. 

8.  P.  Faxoni. 
All  the  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Fruit  only  i  line  long,  obscurely  3-keeled.  10.  P.  spathulae/ormis. 

Fruit  I J^  lines  long,  distinctly  3-keeled.  12.  P.  Zizii. 

With  submeiiged  leaves  only. 

Without  propagating  buds  and  without  glands. 

Leaves  with  broad  blades,  mostly  lanceolate  or  ovate,  many-ner\'ed. 
Leaves  subsessile  or  short-petioled,  mostlj'  acute  or  cuspidate. 

13.  P.  lucens. 
Leaves  semi-amplexicaul,  obtuse  and  cucullate  at  the  apex.    14.  P.  praelongus. 
Leaves  meeting  around  the  stem,  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  cucullate. 

15.  P.  perfoliatus. 
leaves  w^ith  narrow  blades,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  several-nerved. 

Leaves  oblong-linear,  5-7-nerved,  obtuse  at  the  apex.  16.  P.  Mysticus. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-ner\'ed,  acute  at  the  apex.  21.  P.  foliosus. 

Leaves  with  narrow  blades,  capillar>'  or  setaceous,  i-nen-ed  or  ner\'eless. 

17.  P.  confcrvoides. 

Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong. 


>  NAIADACEAE. 

With  propMgiting  buds  or  glands,  or  both, 
with  budR,  but  sHthout  glands. 

Leaves  serrulate,  i-7-nerved. 

Leaves  entire,  with  i  principal  and  many  fine  n< 
Commonly  with  gtandH.  out  no  buds. 

Stems  long:-branching  from  the  base;  leaves 
cuspidate. 

Stems  simple;  leaves  strict,  revolute,  i-s-nerved 
With  both  buds  and  glands. 

Glands  laiye  and  translucent;  buds  rare. 

Glands  small,  often  dull;  buds  common. 


:,  flat,  3-nerved. 


I-eave 


r,  S-7-I 


r^'ed, 
d. 
r^'ed  oi 


With  iMith  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

Submerged  pedunclesaalongasthespikes,cl»\-ate,  often  re( 
Submerged  peduncles  none,  or  at  most  hardly  a  line  long. 
With  submerged  leaves  only. 
Stigma  broad  and  sessile. 
Style  Hjjparent;  stigma  capitate. 

Fruit  without  keels  or  obscurely  keeled. 
"     '■,  strongly  j-keeled. 


Leave 


r^ed. 


Leaves  minutely  serrulate,  finely  many-nervei 


»1.  P.  Frifsii. 
17.  P.  pusillus. 
aa.  /'.  gemmiparus. 

.  19.  P.  dix'tni/olius. 
JO.  P.  Spirillus. 

3..  Pfili/oymis. 
i%  p.  inUrrnpiHS. 


,  Potamogeton  niitans  L.     Common  Floating  Pondweed.     (Fig.  142.) 

Pulamogeloii  nalans  1..  Sp.  PI.  IJ6.     175,!. 

Stema  3°-4°  loDg,  simple  or  sparingly  braocbed. 
Floating  leaves  thick,  the  blade  ovate,  oval  or  ellip- 
tic, 3'-4'  long,  I'-i'  wide,  usually  tipped  with  a 
short  abrupt  point,  rounded  or  Bubcordete  at  the 
base,  manj-ncrved;  submerged  leaves  reduced  to 
pbyllodes  or  bladeless  petioles  which  commotily 
perish  early  and  are  seldom  seen  at  the  fruidng 
period;  stipules  sometimes  4' long,  acute,  2-keeled; 
pednaelca  as  thick  as  the  stem,  i'-4'  long;  spikes 
cylindric,  very  dense,  about  2'  long;  fruit  turgid, 
t"-i%"  long,  about  i^"  thick,  scarcely  keeled, 
narrowly  obo%'oid,  slightly  cur\'ed  on  the  face; 
style  broad  and  facial;  outlet  hard,  more  or  less 
pitted  or  impressed  on  the  sides,  2-grooved  on  the 
back;  embryo  forming  an  incomplete  circle,  the 
apex  pointing  toward  the  base. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  throughout  North  America  ex- 


1  Oakesiltnus  Robbins. 

I.  Gray,  Man. 


Stems  very  slender,  often  much  branched  from 
below.  Floating  leaves  elliptic,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  slightly  subcordate  at  the 
base,  I'-j'  long,  s"-9"  wide,  u-ao-nerved; 
petioles  3'-£'  long;  submerged  leaves  mere  cap- 
illary phyllodes,  often  persistent  through  the 
flowering  season:  peduncles  i'-3'  long,  com- 
monly much  thicker  than  the  stem,  mostly  soli- 
tary; spikes  cylindric,  .I^'-i'long;  stipules  acute, 
hardly  keeled;  fruit  obo void,  about  i^"  long,  i" 
thick,  nearly  straight  00  the  face,  3-keeled,  the 
middle  keel  sharp;  style  apical  or  subapical;  sides 
of  the  nutlet  not  pitted,  but  sometimes  slightly 
impressed;  embryo  circle  incomplete,  the  apex 
potDtiag  toward  the  base. 

In  still  water,  Anticosti  to  northern  Pennsylva- 
nia and  New  Jersey.     Summer, 


FONDWEED  FAMILY.  67 

3.  Potamogeton  amplifdlius  Tuckerm.    Large-leaved  Pondweed,    (Fig,  144. ) 

Polamogelon  ampli/oliusTac^tTm.  Am.  Joum.  Sci. 
(II.)  6;  225.       1848. 

Stems  loDg,  simple  or  occasionally  branched. 
Floating  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at 
the  apex,  Tonnded  at  the  base,  a'-4'  long,  i^'-'' 
wide,  many-nerved  ;  petioles  3'-s'  long ;  sub- 
merged leaves  mostly  petioled,  large,  the  upper- 
most often  elliptic  or  oval,  3'-6'  long,  i'-2>i' 
wide,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  often  8'  long,  with 
about  35  nerves,  often  with  the  sides  of  the  blade 
closed  and  assuming  a  falcate  shape  ;  stipules 
tapering  to  a  long  sharp  point,  sometimes  4' 
long :  peduncles  thickened  upward.  2'-^'  long ; 
spikes cyl in dric,  I'-i'  long;  fmit  3"-2j^"long, 
\)i"  thick,  turgid,  the  pericarp  hard,  obliquely 
obovoid,  3-keeled;  face  more  or  less  angled; 
style  subapical  ;  embryo  slightly  incurved. 

In  lakes.  Ontario  to  Biitish  Columbia,  south  to 
Connecticut,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska.     July-Sept. 


,  Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.     Spotted  Pondweed.     (Fig, 

Polamo^eloa  [talclier  Tuckerm.  Am. 


145- ) 
Joum.  S 


5    Potamogeton  Nuttfilhi  Cham   &  Sch 
I  Cham  &  Sch    Lmnaea  1 
fin      Am     Joum 


Polamogelou    \ullalli. 

rApl  6/  25      r"- 
Poanogrt  n     Uajl 

Sc  45  38        1843. 

Stems  slender  compressed  mostly  simple 
'°-4°  long  Floating  lea  es  opposite  elliptic 
"Wctimes  obovate  obtuse  at  the  apex  short 
pttioled  i}i  3/i  long  4  1 2  wide  man 
neired  submerged  leaves  linear  2  ranked  2  7 
looE  I  3  wide  5  nened  the  2  outer  nerves 
xcuIt  marginal  the  space  between  the  2  inner 
ud  the  midnb  coarsely  reticulated  stipules 
otilQse,  hyaline  not  keeled  peduncles  i  5 
long  spikes  }4  1  long  fruit  round-obovoid 
'X  2  long  1  lyi  thick  3  keeled  thesides 
lit  and  indistinctly  impressed  style  short 
■piol ;  embryo  coiled  one  and  one-third  times. 

In  ponds  and  streams.  Nova  Scotia  to  Pennsyl- 
nnia  and  South  Carolina.    June-Aug. 


Stems  simple,  terete,  black-spotted,  i°-a° 
long.  Floating  leaves  asnally  massed  at  the 
top  on  short  lateral  branches,  alternate,  ovate 
or  ronnd-ovate,  subcordate,  a'-4>i'  long,'-g"- 
i'X'  wide,  many-nerved ;  peduncles  about  as 
thick  as  the  stem,  2'-4'  long,  spotted ;  sub- 
merged leaves  of  2  kinds,  the  uppermost  pellu- 
cid, lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  undulate,  3'-S' 
long,  6"-iS"  wide,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a 
short  petiole,  io-3o.nerved ;  the  lowest  ranch 
thicker,  opaque,  spatulate,  oblong  or  ovate,  on 
petioles  V-4'  long  ;  stipules  obtuse  or  acumi- 
nate, 3-carinate;  fruit  2"~2jf  "long,  rj^"thick, 
turgid,  tapering  into  a  stout  apical  style,  the 
back  sharply  3-keeled ;  face  angled  near  the 
middle,  with  a  sinus  below  ;  embryo  coiled. 

In  ponds  and  pools,  Maine  to  Geoixia  and  Mis- 
i     July 

Nuttall  s  Pondweed      (Fig   146  ) 


NAIADACEAE. 

6.  Potamogeton  alplnus  Balbis  Northern  Pondweed.  (Fig.  147.) 
Ihilamogflon  alpinus  Balbiit,  Misc.  Bnt.  13.  lEk 
Polamogelon    ru/escftis   Sclirad.;   Chani.   Adn. 


Fl. 


Plant  ofa  ruddy  tinge,  stenn  simple  or  branch- 
ed somewhat  compressed.  Floetiug  leavesspat- 
ulnte  or  ablanceolate,  obtuse,  many-nerved,  taper- 
ing into  petioles  I'-s'  long;  subnier;ged  leaves 
semi  pellucid,  the  lowest  sessile,  the  uppermost 
petioled,  obloDg-Iioear  or  linear-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse or  rarely  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3'- 
12'  long,  2"-9"  wide,  7-17-nerved;  stipules 
broad  faintly  2-caTinate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute; 
peduncles  a'-S'  long ;  spikes  \'-\%'  long ;  fmit 
obo\oid,  lenticular,  reddish,  iV'long.i"  thick, 

0\l  ll  (/)'  ^  \  1  I  3  keeled,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  arched, 
ft  \il\W/  \llW  beaked  by  the  short  recurved  style;  apex  of 
\>ll//«'  wl  *        "**  embrj'o  pointing  directly  to  the  basal  end. 

nIIT       -5"  Ml  In  ponds.  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia.  New 

yf  ¥         Jersej  and  California.    Also  in  Kurope.    ]uly-Ang. 

7.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.     Long-leaved  Pondweed.     (Fig.  148.) 

PolamogetonJluUaas  Hoth,  Fl.  Germ,  i:  71.      1788? 
Polamagclon  lonchiirs  Tuckerm.  Am,  Joum,  Sci.  (II.) 

6:  326.      184S. 

Stem  terete,  much  branched,  3°-6°  long.  Float- 
ing leaves  rather  thin,  elliptic,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  2'-6'  long,  6"-i4"  wide,  many-nerved,  on 
petioles  2'-8'  in  length;  submerged  leaves  pellucid, 
4'- 1 3' long,  a"-i2"wide,  rounded  at  the  base  or 
tapering  into  a  petiole  I'-a,'  long;  stipules  i'-4' 
long,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse,  strongly  or 
faintly  2-carinate ;  peduncles  thickening  upward, 
2 '-3' long;  spikes  cylindric,  i '-2' long;  fruit  about 
2"  long,  I  "-1)4"  thick,  obliquely  obovoid,  the  face 
nearly  straight,  the  back  3-kecled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded  or  often  with  a  projecting  wing  under  the 
style,  not  impressed  on  the  sides;  embryo  slightly 
incurved,  apex  pointing  slightly  inside  of  the  base. 

In  pondaand  slow  streams  Ne«  Brunsmckto  Wash 
ingtoii  south  to  Florida  and  CBlifomia.    Julj-Oct 

Potamogeton  lonchites  floreboracinsis  MoronK  Mtm  Torr.  Club.  3:  Part  2.  3a.      tS93. 
Floitinc  leases  thicker  3   5-^   long  about  2  m  de  20-24  nerved,  abruptly  pointed  or  obtuse  at 

J __j _  .    J .....      ,  _, --tral  New  York. 


peduncli 


4   5  and  spikes  ; 


ULes  of  i 
8    Potamogeton    Pdxoni   Morong. 

Faxon  s  Pondweed.     (Fig.  149.) 

P  l>      I,  la  I  raxoiii  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3: 
Part  ,  1,         Sgj, 

Float  n^  leaves  numerous,  mostly  obovate  or 
oblanceolate  blunt-pointed  or  obtuse  at  the 
ape-ii  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  strikingly 
like  those  of  P.  spathulafformis,  1'-^%'  long, 
8  12  wide  13-17-nerved,  on  petioles  2'-6' 
long  submerged  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  sometimes  obtuse,  3'-5'  long,  6"-i2"  wdde, 
5  13  nerved  often  with  an  irregular  areolation 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  borne  on  petioles 
%  2  in  length;  peduncles  slightly  thicker  than 
tbestem  2  5  long;  spikes  dense,  I'-a'  long; 
fruit  not  collected. 

a,  Ferris- 


PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

g.  Potamogeton  hetcroph^llus  Schreb,     Various-leaved  Pondweed. 
(Fig.  150.) 


Polamogeloa  heUrophyllus  Schreb.  Spicil.  Fl. 
Lips.  *[.     :;7i. 

FolainogelOH  hfltrophyllns  \-i 

~      T.   Club.  3:  P 


Potamoeetoii  hetirophytlas 
/a/BiMorong,  Mem.  Tort.  Club,  3;  Part  2,  24. 
■893. 

Stems  slender,  compressed,  much  brsuch- 
ed,  sometimes  13°  long.  Floating  leaves 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate 
st  the  base,  8"-4'  long,  4"-i4"  wide,  10-18- 
nerved,  on  petioles  i'-4'  lonx;  aubmerged 
leaves  pellucid,  sessile,  linear-la  a  ceo  late, 
icuminate  or  cuspidate,  rather  stiff,  i'-6,'^' 
long,  I "-8"  wide,  3-9-nerved,  the  uppermost 
often  petioled  ;  peduncles  often  thickened 
upward,  I'-y'  long,  sometimes  clustered, 
stipules  spreading,  obtuse,  8"-ia"  long; 
(pikes  9"-i,'i'  long;  fruit  roundish  or 
obliquely  obovoid,  \"-\%"  long.  fi"-i" 
Ihiclt,  indistinctly  3-keeled;  style  short,  ob- 
tuse, apical;  apex  of  the  embryo  nearly  touch- 
ing the  base,  pointing  slightly  inside  of  it. 

K  very  variable  species,  occurring  in  dilTerent  forms  througrtiout  almost  all  North  America  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.     Also  in  Europe,     July-Sept. 

Potamogeton  heteraph^Uus  gramlnifAliuB  (Fries)  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2.  24.    1S93. 
Fulamostlon  pramineus  var.  gramini/oliiis  Fries.  Novit.  Ed.  2,  ^.      [S18. 

SubroeTBcd  leaves  delicate,  flaccid,  linear,  2'-g'  long.  i"-3"  wide.    With  the  type. 
PDtunog«tonheterophylIusmyriopli^llna(Robbtns)  Morone,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  24.     1S93. 
R'lami'geloii  gramiiieus  var.  myiiof-bylliis  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  S,  487-      1867. 

Stems  dichotoraoualy  btanching,  very  leafy;  submei^ed  leaves  delicate,  atmut  1'  long  and  a" 
•ride,  3-5-nervetl,  linear  or  the  upper  oblanceolate;  floatinK  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate -oblong; 
rootstock  tuberous,     Massacliusetla,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllua  minimus  Kliirong,  Mem.  Tory.  Club.  3;  Part  2.  25.      1S93, 
Stems  long  and  almost  capillary,  the  inlemodea  3' -4'  long;  submeised  leaves  densely  clustered 
on  short  lateral  branches.  !i'-i'  lone,  scarcely  W"  wide,  acuminate,  i-nerved;  floatii^  leaves  K'- 
iK'lonK.  3"-9"  wide,  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate,  usually  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.    Massa- 
cliasetts  and  New  Hampshire. 

10.  Potamogeton  spathulaef6rmis  (Robbins)  Morong.     Spatulate-leaved 
Pondweed.     (Fig.  151.) 

Ftilamogttou  gramiiieus  var.  1?)  spalhulaffurmis 

Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  s,  487.      1867. 
Polamogelou  sfialhittar/ormis  Morong,  Mem,  Torr. 

Club,  3:  Part  2,  26.      1893. 

Stems  many,  branched,  2°-3°  long.  Floating 
leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  abrnptly  acute  at  the 
apex,  rather  thin,  13-23-nerved,  I'-iJi'  long, 
6"-i3"  wide,  borne  on  Blender  petioles ;  sub- 
merged leaves  pellucid,  spatula te-oblong  or 
linear-lanceolate,  2'-^'  long,  3"-9"  wide,  5-13' 
nerved,  cuspidate  or  spinescent,  sessile  or  sub- 
sessile,  often  reduced  to  phyllodes  with  a  very 
narrow  blade  and  a  long  acumination  at  the 
base  and  apex ;  peduncles  often  thickening  up- 
ward, I'-i'long;  stipules  obtuse,  faintly  keeled, 
the  apex  slightly  hooded  ;  spikes  large  ;  fruit 
about  1"  long,  roundish  or  obliquely  ovoid,  ob- 
scurely 3-keeled,  with  a  curved  or  slightly 
angled  face ;  embryo  with  the  apex  pointing 
slightly  inside  of  the  base. 

In  Mystic  Pond,  Medford,  Mass.    Also  in  Europe. 


NAIADACEAE, 

II.  Potamogeton  Illinoinsis  Morong. 

Illinois  Pondweed.     (Fig.  152.  J 
Pnlamogelnn  lUinoensis  Morong,  CoalL  Bot.  Gai. 

Stem  stout,  much  branched  above.    Floating 
leaves  opposite,  nntneroua,  thick,  i'sH'  'ongi 
a'-3>i'«''^ep'ns'>y-iierved.  oval  or  broadly  ellip- 
tic, short -pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded,  subcor- 
date  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  l'-4'  long; 
submerged  leaves  numerous,  4'-8'  long,  I'-i' 
wide,  13-19-nerved,  acuminate  or  the  uppermost 
acute,  mostly  tapering  at  the  liase  into  a  short 
broad  flat  petiole,  rarely  reduced  to  phyllodes; 
stipules  2'-3'  long,  obtuse,  strongly  i-carinate; 
peduncles  i'-4'  long;   spikes  I'-a'  long;   fruit 
roundish  or  obovoid,   iJi"-2"   long,    i"-i^" 
thick,  dorsally  3-kecled  :  style  short,  blaiiL 
In  ponda,  Illinois  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota.     Aug. 
:.  Potamogeton  Zizii  Roth.      Ziz's  Pondweed.     (Fig.  153.) 
a  angusli/i'lius  Berch.  &  Presi,  Rest. 
ig.       102..      Not  DC.      1S05, 
Polamogtion  ZizH  Roth,  Enuni.  i:  Sji        Il:'i7 

Stems  slender,  branching.  Floating  1ea\es 
elliptic,  iX'-4'  longi  6"-i2"  mde  many 
nerved ;  petioles  mostly  short  submerged 
leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  oblanceotate  thtn 
acute  ot  cuspidate,  a'-6'  long,  3'  -15  '  mde 
7-i7-aer\-ed;  stipules  f>"-\9."  long  obtuse 
2-keeled ;  peduncles  thicker  than  the  stem 
aJi'-6' long;  spikes  I'-a'long;  fruit  obliquely 
obovoid,  iy'"-2"long,  about  1"  thick,  the  face 
dorsally  3-keeled;  style  short,  blunt,  facial;  apex 
of  the  embryo  pointing  directly  to  the  base. 

In  lakes  and  streams,  Quebec  to  Montana,  south  to 
Floridaand  Wyoming.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 
Potamogeton  Ziili  Hetbyensis  (A    Benn  I  Morong. 


Polataogelt 


mogelon 


ingiisli/olius 


MflllM 


i,  Ben- 


1,  Britten's  Joum.  I         ,     „  , 

Middle  leaves  narrow;  upper  leaies oval,  stipules 
long;  fruit  small.     Methy  I^ke,  Canada. 

13.  Potamogeton  Weens  L.     Shining 
Pondweed.     (Fig.  154.) 

Polamogeloii  liicens  L.  Sp.  PI.  ia6.      1753, 

Stem  thick,  branching  1>elow  and  often  with 
masses  of  short  leafy  branches  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  elliptic,  lanceolate  ortlie 
uppermost  oval,  shining,  acute  or  acuminate  and 
cuspidate,  or  rounded  at  both  ends  and  merely 
mucronnlate.  sessile  or  short-petioled,  a>i'-8' 
long,  8"-2o"  wide,  the  tips  often  serrulate ; 
stipules  ['-3'  long.  2-carinate.  sometimes  very 
broad  ;  peduncles  3'-6'  long ;  spikes  l'— aj^' 
long,  cylindric,  very  thick;  fniit  about  ifi" 
long  and  i  V  thick,  roundish,  the  face  usoallj 
with  a  slight  inward  cur\-e  at  the  base ;  apex 
of  the  embryo  pointing  transversely  inward. 

In  pnnds.  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west  to  Califor- 
niaand  Mexico.   Local.   Aliio  in  Europe.  Sept-Oct. 
Potamogeton  liicans  ConnscticatinBis  Robbins  in  A.  Gray.  Man.  Ed,  s.  488,      1867, 
Stems  flexuous;  leaves  acuminate;  trait  larger  than  that  of  the  type  (about  a"  lone),  distinctly 
...._._  d  Whftt  Plains,  N.  Y. 


a  facial  style. 


Olid,  Conn.,  , 


PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

14.  Potamogeton  prael6ngus  Wulf.    White  stemmed  Pondw eed     (Fig 
Pntaninzelon  praelongus  Wulf.  in  Roem,  Arch.  3 

ill.      180S. 

Stems  white,  flexuous,  flattened,  much 
branched,  growEng  in  deep  water,  Eometimea  8° 
long.  Leaves  all  submei^ed,  oblong  or  oblong 
lanceolate,  seuii-amplesticaul,  bright  green,  a'- 
i2'lotiK,  %'-\yi'  wide,  with  3-5  main  nerves, 
stipules  nhite,  scarious,  obtuse  and  commonly 
closely  embracing  the  stem  ;  peduncles  3'-3cr' 
long,  erect,  straight,  about  as  thick  as  the  stem, 
spikes  i'-3'  long,  thick,  cylindric  ;  fruit  dark 
green,  obliquely  obovoid,  2"-iJ^"  long,  \yi"- 
1"  thick,  the  back  much  rounded,  often  with  the 
upper  curv-e  nearly  as  high  as  the  style  ;  the 
middle  keel  sharp ;  style  short,  obtuse,  facial. 


55-) 


Nova  Scotia 


o  British  Columbia,  south  toNew  Jei 
i  and  California.  Also  in  Europt 
and  July,  and  usually  withdn 


IS  beneath  tlie  water  as  soon  as  the  fiuit  is 

15.  Potamogeton  perfoliEttus  L      Clasp- 
ing leaved  Pondweed      CFig    156  ) 

Po/amogelon  per/ohaliisl.  Sp  PI   126       17^3 

Stems  slender,  much  branched.     Leaves  all  sub- 
merged, orbicular  or  ovate,  sometimes  lanceolate, 
I   usually  obtuse  and  minutely  serrulate  at  the  apex, 
cordate-perfoliate  at  the  base,  5'-i5'  long,  3"-ii" 
,    wide   peduncles  il(' long,  usually  erect  or  slightly 
spreading;   spikes  8"-ia"   long,   often   flowering 
and  fruiting  under  water ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
-l}i"  long,  l"  thick,  obscurely  3-carinate  on 
'  the  back,  the  face  slightly  curved   outwardly  to- 
ward the  top,  the  sides  with  a  shallow  indentation 
which  runs  into  the  face;  style  nearly  facial;  em- 
bryo slightly  incurved  or  with  its  apex  pointiag 
directly  toward  the  base. 

In    ponds  and    streams,   Newfoundland    to    British 
r  lumbia.  south  to  Florida  and  California.     Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.    July-Sept. 
.   Bennett,  Britten's  Joum.  Bot.  *;;  25.      1889. 
a  ge/o    b  rf  I  al  s   ax  la  ce  lat  j  Robb  nsin  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  488,    1867.    Not  Blytt  1861 . 
i,5aves  \-\'V  long,  4"-8"  wide         -■•■■■ 
atlhe  apex,  it-33-nerved.    Fruit  son 
thick.    Lake  Champlain  to  Oregon,  s 

16.  Potamogeton   M^sticus    Morong.     Mystic 
Pond  Pondweed.     (Fig.  157.) 

P^lami^e/o/i  .Vysliius  Morojig;,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  5:  50.  1880 
Whole  plant  very  slender  and  delicate,  stems  irregu 
liriy  branching  above,  nearly  filiforni,  terete,  t°-i°  long 
I*ave»  all  submerged,  scattered,  oblong-Iiccar,  I'-i^ 
long,  ("-3"  wide,  5-7-nerved,  obtuse  and  rarely  with 
ainiite  sermlations  near  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at 
the  base  and  sessile  or  partly  clasping:  stipules  obtuse 
•bont  6"  long,  hyaline  and  with  many  fine  nerves,  mostly 
accidaous,  but  sometimes  persistent  and  closely  sheathing 
the  stem  ;  spikes  few,  capitate,  4-6-(lowered,  borne  on 
erect  peduncles  I'-i'  long;  immature  fruit  obovoid,  less 
than  i"  long,  about  J4"  wide,  obscurely  3-keeled  on  the 
tack,  slightly  beaked  by  the  slender,  recurved  style. 

I   Miacount  Pond,  Nantucket, 


peifoliAtus  Rlchatds&Qii  \ 

Robb  ns  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5 
the  bro:idened  amplexicaul  b 


i 


./ 


.-  -    -  ^  » 


M     •v-.'.t.y 

—  r.i'.e  or 
•  ■..:c.-.v::h 


::.;!>  scan- 


■  _  ■  • 

.i  -:'*.  :".-.=  lateral 

*viJi. '.   wi:h    a 

-:-rv^:.     The 

.if-  u:>.  which 


-*    .•«  k«.  •i  • 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 


20.  Potamogeton  Hillii  Morong.     Hill's 

Pondweed.     (Fig.  161.) 

F»tamngfloii  Hillii  Morong,  CouH.  Bot.  Gai.  6:  ago.    1881. 

Stems  sliglitlj  compressed,  slender,  widely  branch- 
ing, I'-j"  long.  Leaves  linear,  acute  or  cnapidate,  or 
often  almost  aristate,  I'-aJi'  long,  >4"-iJi"  wide, 
3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  delicate  and  nearer  the 
margins  than  the  midrib;  stipules  whitish,  many- 
nerved,  obtuse.  3"-5"  long;  peduncles  about  ^'  long, 
erect  or  slightly  recurved,  more  or  less  clavate;  spikes 
capitate.  3-6-fruited;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  oblnse 
at  the  base,  about  a"  long,  i"-i^"  thick,  3-carinate 
on  the  back.,  the  middle  keel  sharp  and  more  or  less 
undulate,  flat  on  the  sides,  face  slightly  arched ;  style 
nearly  facial,  short;  embryo  coiled. 


0  forms  of  the  species,  the  01 


Michigan.  There  are 
t-elandular  at  the  base 
July-Sepl. 


r  gland  lei 

21.  Potamogeton  folidsus  Raf. 


Leafy  Pondweed.     (Fig.  162.) 

Pulamogelon /olioSHS  tiai.  TAei.  Rep.  (II. )S: 

354.       1808. 

Fniamogtlon  p 

131.      181 4. 

Sterna  flattened,  much  branched,  i°-3 
long.  Leaves  I'-a'  long,  %"-i"  wide, 
acute,  3-nerved,  not  glandular  at  the  base; 
stipules  white,  hyaline,  obtuse  or  some- 
times acute,  6"-io"  long;  peduncles  more 
or  less  clavate.  erect,  about  %'  long;  spikes 
about  4-flowered;  fruit  lenticular  or  nearly 
orbicular,  about  1"  in  diameter,  3-keeled 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged,  sin- 
uate-dentate, often  with  projecting  shoul- 
ders or  teeth  at  each  end,  the  face  strongly 
angled  or  arcbed,  sharp,  often  with  a  pro- 
jecting tooth  at  the  base;   style  apical. 

In  ponds  and    streams.  New  Brunswick  to 
Biitisii   Columbia,    south    to    Florida,    Xew 
■o  and  California.    July-.4ug. 
Potamogeton  foliisua  Niagaitosls  (Tuckerm. )  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  i,  39.      1893. 
Polamogdoii  .V I  fl^az-ffi  SI  J  Tuckerm.  Am.  Joutn.  Sci.  (ll.)7:3M-      '849- 

Uiger.    Stems  a^-s"  long,  leaves  sometimes  over  V  in  length  and  i  '  wide,  3-5-nerved;  stipules 
laipr  and  occasionally  acute;  spikes  S-i2-flowered.    liiagara  Falls  to  Michigan  and  California. 

33.  Potamogeton  obtusifdlius  Mert.  & 
Koch.    Blunt-leaved  Pondweed.  (Fig.  163.) 

Iblaniogelon  comftressus  Wahl,  Fl,  Suee.  i:  107.      1814. 

Not  L.  1753. 
Msmugelon  obliisi/olius  -Mert,  Sc  Koch,  Deutsch.  Fl. 

i:8s5.      iSsj. 

Slems  usually  slender,  compressed,  widely 
linnching,  especially  above.  Leaves  linear,  3'-3' 
long,  ^"-2"  wide,  obtuse,  often  mucroaate,  usually 
3-nervedwithabroad  midrib,  sometimes  5-7. nerved, 
i-£landular  at  the  base,  the  glands  large  and  trans- 
loMnt;  stipules  white  or  acarious.  mauy-ner\-ed,  ob- 
tUM.  6"-9"  long,  oftenaslongasor  longer  than  the 
intemodes;  peduncles  numerous,  I'-i^'long,  slen- 
der, erect;  spikes  3"-4"  long,  ovoid,  5-8-flowered; 
hiit  obliquely  obovoid,  about  iji"  long  and  1" 
tbick,  3-keeled  ;  style  short,  blunt,  nearly  facial. 

Id  still  water.  Quebec  to  Pennsylvania,  west  to  Min- 
BOotaand  Wyoming.    Also  in  Europe.    July-Aug, 


NAIADACEAE. 


Polamogeton   .      ,      -  -    -, 

fil.  41S.      i™.    Not  r, 
PolamagftoH  pustllHS  var. 


23.  Potamogeton  Friisu  Ruprecht.     Fries'  Pondweed.     (Fig.  164.) 

I  J.   E.  Smith,  Kngl.   Bot.   3: 

r  Fried,  No\Ht.  Ed,  3, 

I\>tamogrlntt  /^riViri  Ruprecht.  Beitr.  Pfl.  Rum.  Rrichs, 

FMamogrloH  major  Morong,  SIctii.  Tiht.  Club.  3;  Part 
i.X\.    :89.V    Hot/'. /tuiO/usvai  majhrM.ltK     ifjj. 

Sterna ctmipresscd,  a°-4''  long,  branching.  Lcavea 
i}4'-3)i'  long,  about  i"  wide,  acute,  obtuse  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  mostly  j-Qerved.rarclj  7-Derv«d. 
i-glandular  at  the  baH,  the  ){1apds  small ;  stipnies 
white,  hyaline,  finely  nerved,  obtnae  or  acute,  6"- 
11"  long:  peduncles  i'-i,'j'  lonj;,  often  thicker 
than  the  stem  and  sometimes  thickening  upwaid; 
spikes,  when  developed,  interrupted;  fruit  quite  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  P.  pusillus,  but  with  a  recurved  style, 
usually  with  a  Bhatlow  pit  on  tbc  sides,  and  with  the 
apex  of  the  embryo  painting  toward  the  basal  end. 


^^    ff  '^^-~^^  \S' — ]  British  Colu  HI  bis.    Alsoin  Europe,    PropsKating  buds 

^■^  ''  "-^  occasional.     July-Augr. 

34-  Potamogeton  riitilus  Wolfg.     Slender  Pondweed.     (Fig.  165.) 

FolamogclOH  ru/ilusV/olfg.  :R.  IkS.  Mant,  3: 361,     [817, 

Stems  very  slender,  8'-j4'  long,  compressed,  sim- 
ple or  nearly  so.  Leaves  I'-iJi'  long,  %"-%" 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  strict,  nearly  erect,  3-5- 
nerved,  revolute,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath, 
often  i-glandu1ar  at  base  and  bright  green ;  stipnies 
«cnte,6"-io"  long,  often  longer  than  the  internodes 
and  hiding  the  bases  of  the  leaves  above,  persistent, 
becoming  white  and  fibrous  with  age ;  peduncles 
6"-i8"  long;  spikes  3"-s"  long,  usually  dense,  but 
sometimes  interrupted;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
about  1"  long  and  %"  thick,  obscurely  keeled  or 
die  back  showing  only  3  small  grooves;  apex  of 
the  drupelet  tapering  into  a  short  facial  nearly 
straight  recurved  style  ;  embryo  circle  not  com- 
plete, the  apex  pointing  a  little  inside  of  the  base. 

Anticosti  and  James  Bay  to  Michigan  and  Minnesota, 
Also  in  Europe,     PropsKaling  buds  usiuHy  wanting, 

35.  Potamogeton  Viseyi  Robbins.     Vasey's  Pondweed.     (Fig,  166.) 

f^i/aniojrrli'ii   I'asej'i  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man,  Ed,  5, 


■,   /a/i/nliHs  Morong,   Slem, 


485- 
Polamns^eltin    J 'asm 

Ton.  Club.  3:  Part  3, 

Stems  filiform,  widely  branching  below,  and  with 
many  short  lateral  branches  above,  I'-i;^"  long,  the 
emersed  fertile  forms  iu  shallow  water,  and  the  more 
common  sterile  submerged  forms  in  water  from 6"- 
8°  in  depth.  Floating  leaves  on  the  fertile  stems 
only,  coriaceous,  in  [-4  opposite  pair?,  oval  oblong 
or  obovate,  4"-5"  long,  3"-^"  wide,  with  5-9 
nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  tapering  at  the 
base  into  petioles  3"-4"  long;  submerged  leaves 
capillary,  i'-i|i'  long;  stipules  white,  delicate, 
many-nerved,  acute  or  obtuse,  a"-3"  long ;  pedun- 
cles 3"-6"  long,  thickening  in  fruit;  spikes  3"~y 
long,  a-6-fruited  ;  fruit  roundish- obovoid,  about  i" 
long  and  nearly  as  thick,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded,  tipped  with  a  straight  or  recurved  style. 

Eastern  Ma-ssacliusctts  to  soullicm  Ontario  and  Ohio. 
The  plantisfumishedwithpri'pagative  buds.  July-.\ug, 


PONDWEED   FAMILY.  75 

36.  Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong.    Opposite-leaved  Pondweed.    {Fig.  167-) 
I^ilamo^elon  laleralis  Morong.  Coull.  Bot.  Gaz.  5: 

51.  1880, 

Stems  filiform,  much  branched.  Floating 
leaves  on  sterile  shoots  only,  coriaceous,  ellip- 
tic, obtuse,  4"-5"  long,  i"-a"  wide,  5-7- 
nerved,  the  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath, 
usually  in  1-3  opposite  pairs  which  stand  at 
right  angles  to  the  stem,  on  petioles  3"-io" 
long;  submerged  leaves  linear,  acute,  i'-3'  long, 
)i"-^"  wide,  i-3-neiTed,  J-glandular  at  the 
base,  but  the  glands  small  and  often  obsolete; 
stipules  small,  hyaline,  many-nerved,  obtuse, 
deciduous  ;  peduncles  and  floating  leaves  lateral, 
with  a  peculiar  appearance,  widely  spreading 
at  maturity,  sometimes  recurved,  thickening  in 
fruit,  4"-i5"  long;  spikes  capitate  or  often  in- 
terrupted, 3-4-flowere(l;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid. 
about  i"  long,  lenticular,  the  back  much  cun-cd 
and  3-groovcd,  the  face  arched  and  surmounted 
by  the  nearly  sessile  stigma;  curve  of  the  em- 
bryo oval,  its  apex  Dearly  touching  its  base. 

In  lalte-i  and  slow  streams,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  Michigan.  Proliferous  shoots  at  the  sura- 
mil  of  the  stem  and  on  the  upper  branches  appear  late  in  the  season,  as  the  plants  are  beginning  to 
decay.     July- Aug. 

27.  Potamogeton  pusiUus  L.      Small  Pondweed.     (Fig.  168.) 

I\ifaniogel,>n  fiiiiilliii  L.  Sp.  PI.  [27.       1753. 

Stems  filiform,  branching,  6'~i°  long. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  liuear,  obtuse  and  mu- 
cronate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  2-glaudular  at  the 
base,  i'-3'  long,  about  yi"  wide,  1-3-nerved, 
the  lateral  nerves  often  obscure;  stipules  short, 
hyaline,  obtuse;  peduncles  usually  3"-9",  or 
rarely  3'  long;  spikes  3-10-flowered;  ftuit  ob- 
liquely ellipsoid,  about  i"  long  and  >i"  thick 
curved  and  3-grooved  on  the  back  or  sometimes 
with  3  distinct  keels,  the  face  slightly  arched, 
beaked  by  a  straight  or  recurved  style;  apex  of 
the  embryo  slightly  incurved  and  pointing  ob- 
liquely downward.  Propagative  buds  occur  in 
greater  or  less  abuadance. 

i.  New  Btunswieli  to 


me,  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  3:  Part  i.  46-       i»9.v 


Potamogeton  pusillu 


Ontario.     Also  in  Ruro| 
polyphyllus  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Oaz.  5:  51. 


tely  branching  from  the  base  and  ' 

...   ..^ _    ....  lot  known  to  flower,  but  abundantly  pi 

•hich  are  thickened,  hardened  and  closely  invested  by  imbricated  le 


cry  leafy  throughout:  leaves 
ivided  witli  propagating  buds 
.ves.     Kaalerii  Massachusetts. 


Potamogeton  pusillua  Sturrockil  A..  Bennett  in  Hook.  Stud.  PI.  Ed.  3,  435.      1884. 
A  rare  fortn  with  delfcale  bright  green  pellucid  leaves.  I'-j'  long,  obtuse  or  often  apiculi 
tlttapex.  less  than  1"  wide,  sometimes  s-neri'ed;  fruit  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  lype.  s 
■"    '    ■      ~  ""  ■  Also  in  Europe. 


iMktd.     Eastern  Massachuse 


76  NAIADACEAE. 

a8.  Potamogeton  gemmiparus  (Robbins)    Morong. 

(Fig.  169.) 

t.  {1)  gmimiparus  Bob- 
Ed.  5, 489,     1867. 

POIamogelon  gemmiparus  MoronK.  Coult.  Bot. 
Gaz.  5:5!'     1880. 

Stems  filiromi,  terete,  branching,  S'-4° 
long.  Leaves  capillary,  aometitiiea  not  aa 
wide  as  the  stem,  often  with  no  perceptible 
midrib,  tapering  to  ihe  finest  point,  i'-3' 
long,  3-glaadular  at  the  base ;  stipules  }i'-i' 
long,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  deciduous ; 
spikes  interrupted,  3-6-flowered  ;  peduncles 
filiform  or  sometimes  slightly  thickened, 
%'-i'  long  \  fruit  seldom  foiined,  similar  to 
that  of  P.  pusillus,  except  that  it  is  flatter 
and  somewhat  impressed  on  the  ndes. 

In  ponds,  eastern  Massachuwtta  and  Rhode 
Island.  It  is  commonly  propagated  by  its  abun- 
dant buds,  the  leaves  and  stems  are  ofttn  alike 
in  thickness  so  that  the  plant  seems  to  consist  . 
of  threads.    Aug. -Sept. 


Capillary   Pondweed. 


ag.    Potamogeton  diversifdiius  Raf.     Rafinesque's  Pondweed.     (Fig.  170.) 

Polamogelon  kvbridus  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 

101.     iSo,i.    Not  Thuill.  1790, 
Polamogelon  diitrsi/olius  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  {U.  > 
5  :  354-      1808. 

Stems  flattened  or  sometimes  terete,  much 
branched.  Floating  leaves  coriaceous,  the 
largest  i'  long  by  ]4'  wide,  oval  or  elliptic 
and  obtuse,  or  lanceolate -oblong  and  acute ; 
petioles  generally  shorter,  but  sometimes 
longer  than  the  blades,  filiform  or  dilated ; 
submerged  leaves  setaceous,  seldom  over 
}i"  wide,  i'-3'  long ;  stipules  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate, 3"-5"  long,  those  of  the  Boating  leaves 
free,  those  of  the  submerged  leaves  some- 
times adnate ;  emersed  peduncles  3"-7" 
loog ;  submerged  peduncles  3"-3"  long, 
clavate,  as  long  as  the  spikes;  emersed  spikes 
3"-5"  long,  occasionally  interrupted ;  fruit 
cochleate,  rarely  over  )i"  long,  3-keeled, 
the  middle  keel  narrowly  winged  and  usu- 
ally with  7  or  8  knob-like  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gin, the  lateral  keels  sharp  or  rounded ; 
embryo  coiled  i  ii  times. 
iska  and  Texas.     June-Sept. 

I,  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  3.  48.      1893. 


In  still  water,  Maine  to  Florida,  v 


3-prong:ed.    Connecticut  to  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  De 

Potamogeton  diversifAlins  trlchophyllus  Morong,  Mem.  Torr,  Club,  3:  part  3,  49.      1893. 
Plant  about  6'  long,  without  floating  leaves,  the  submerged  leaves  as  fine  as  floss  silk  and 
entirely  nerveless.     Lake  Marcia,  New  Jersey. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY.  T, 

30.    Potamogeton  Spirillus  Tuckerm,     Spiral  Pondweed.     (Fig.  171.) 
Jblamog'loii   Sfiirillus   Tuckerm.    Am.    Journ.  Sci. 


(II)* 


1848. 


Stems  compressed,  branched,  e'-jc/  long,  the 
branches  often  short  and  recurved.  Floating  leaves 
oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  the  largest  about  i'  long 
and  }i'  wide,  with  5-13  nerves  deeply  impressed 
beneath,  their  petioles  often  i'  long  ;  submerged 
leaves  linear,  i}^"-2"  long,  about  }^"  wide,  mostJy  ( 
S-uerved ;  alipnles  of  the  upper  floating  leaves  free ; 
those  of  the  submerged  leaves  adnate  to  the  blade 
or  petiole  ;  spikes  above  water  3"-5"  long,  cont 
nons,  the  lower  mostly  sessile,  capitate  and  i-io- 
fmited;  fruit  cochleate,  roundish,  less  than  i" 
long,  flat  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  sides,  3- 
keeled  on  ihe  back,  the  middle  keel  winged  and 
sometimes  4-5toothed;  style  deciduous;  embryo 
spiral,  about  i}4  turns. 

lo  ponds  and  ditches,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  south  to  Virginia,  Missouri  and  Nebraska, 
Jane-Aog. 

31.    Potamogeton  filifdrmis    Pers. 
form  Pondweed.     (Tig.  172.) 

Stems  liom  a  running  rootatock,  slender,  3°-2o°  ' 
long,  Sliform  above,  stout  and  thick  towards  the 
base.  Leaves  numerous,  a'-ia'  long,  Ji'"-^" 
wide,  i-nerved  with  a  few  cross  veins ;  sheaths 
about  1"  long  and  the  free  part  of  the  stipule  }i' 
long,  scarious  on  the  edges ;  flowers  on  long,  oflen 
recurved  peduncles,  3-i3  in  each  whorl,  the  whorls 
%'-!'  apart ;  fruit  l"-l}i"  long,  slightly  less  than 
i"  wide,  the  sides  even,  the  back  not  keeled,  the 
face  nearly  straight  or  obtusely  angled  near  the 
r  quite  sessile,  remaining  on 
d  truncate  projection. 

:i  to  western  New  York 

PotJUDOgetoil  filifirmis  Hacftunli  Morong;  Macnun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4:  3S.      i9S». 

__  Leaves  i'-3'  long,  the  largest  W  or  more  wide,  obtuse,  Miff,  with  a  strong  midrib  and  raised 

■or'slightly  revolute  margins;  fruit  rarely  more  than  i"  long;  peduncles  only  8"-lo"  long;  plant 

«!inmonl;  with  a  compact  bushy  habit.     In  brackish  or  salt  water  lakes,  prairie  region  of  Canada. 

3s.  Potamogeton  pectinitus  L.    Fennel- 
leaved  Pondweed,     (Fig.  173-) 
folamogelon peclinaiiis  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.      IJ53. 

Stems  slender,  much  branched,  I°-3°  long,  the 
Ixucbes  repeatedly  forking.  Leaves  setaceo 
sttenaate  to  the  apen,  i-ncrved,  i'-6'  long,  often 
rapillary  and  nerveless  ;  stipules  half  free,  }i'- 
long,  their  sheaths  scarious  on  the  margins ;  pc- 
dnndes  filiform,  a'-ia'  long,  the  flowers  in  verti- 
"l>;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  with  a  hard  thick 
steli,  iji"-a"  long,  i"-i%"  wide,  without  a  mid- 
d'f  keel,  but  with  obscure  lateral  ridges  on  the 
'■Kt,  plump  on  the  sides  and  curved  or  occasion- 
•llja  little  angled  on  the  face  ;  style  straight  or 
^^cirved,  facial ;  embryo  apex  pointing  almost 
directly  toward  the  basal  end. 

'  In  (resh,  brackish  or  salt  water.  Cape  Breton  to  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  south  to  Florida.  Texas  and  California. 
Abo  ro  Europe.    Juiy-Aug. 


top ;  stigma  nearly  c 

the  fruit  as  a  broad  ti 

In  ponds  and  latea, 

and  Michigan.     jVugui 


78 


NAIADACEAE 


33.  Potamogeton  interrfiptus  Kitaibel.    Interrupted  Pondweed.    (Fig.  174.) 
Polamogelon  inlerruptus  Kitaibel  in  Schultes.  OEot.  Fl. 

Ed.  1.  338.      1814- 
Polamogelon  fiabetlatu!  Bab.  Man.  Bot.  Ed.  3,  314.      1851. 

Sterna  sriaing  from  a  tunaiug  rootatock  whicb  oftea 
springa  from  a  small  tuber,  3"-^"  long,  brauched,  tbe 
branches  spreading  like  a  fen.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse 
or  acute,  3'-5'  long,  i"-i%"  wide,  3-5-nerved  with 
many  transverse  veins ;  narrow,  t-nerred  leaves  occur 
on  some  plants  and  these  are  acuminate,  much  like 
those  of  P.  pectinaius ;  stipules  partially  adaate  to  tbe 
leaf-blade,  the  adnate  part  %'-\'  long,  sometimes  with 
narrowly  scarious  margins,  tbe  free  part  shorter  and 
scarious,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  i'-2'long;  spikes  slightly 
interrupted ;  fruit  broadly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  ob- 
tuse at  the  base,  the  largest  1"  long  and  nearly  as 
broad,  prominently  keeled  and  with  rounded  lateral 
ridges  on  tbe  back,  the  face  nearly  or  quite  straight ; 
style  facial,  erect. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  Prince  Edward  Island  to  northern 
Indiana  and  Michigan.    Also  in  Europe.    August. 

34.  Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Robbins'  Poiidweed.     (Fig.  175.) 

Polamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes.  Hovey's  Mag. 
7:180.     1841. 

Stems  stout,  widely  branching,  a°-4'* 
long,  from  running  rootstocks  sometimes 
1°  long.  Leaves  linear,  3'-5'  long,  3"-y 
wide,  acute,  finely  many-nerved,  crowded 
in  a  ranks,  minutely  serrulate,  auricnlate 
at  the  point  of  attachment  with  the  stipule  ; 
stipules  with  the  adnate  portion  and  sheath- 
ing base  of  the  leaf  about  ii'  long,  the  free 
part  f^'-i'  long,  acute,  persistent,  white, 
membranous,  mostly  lacerate;  peduncles 
i'-3'  long,  the  inflorescence  frequently 
much  branched  and  bearing  from  5-30 
peduncles;  spikes  interrupted,  X'-i'lo°g. 
flowering  under  water;  fruit  obovoid,  about 
2"  broad  and  i>i"  wide,  3-keeled  on  the 
back,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  lateral 
ones  rounded,  the  face  arched,  the  sides 
with  a  shallow  depression  which  runs  into 
the  face  below  the  arch ;  style  subapical, 
thick,  slightly  recurved ;  apex  of  the  em- 
bryo pointing  a  little  inside  tbe  basal  end. 
In  ponds  and  lakes.  New  Brunswick  to  Oregon,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and 
Michigan.  The  plant  is  freely  propagated  by  fragments  of  the  stems  which  throw  out  rootlets 
from  each  joint,  but  this  is  the  rarest  of  our  species  to  form  fruit.    Aug. -Sept. 

2.    KUPPIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.       1753. 

Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  stems,  slender  alternate  i-nerved 
leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apei,  and  with  membranous  sheatbs.  Flowers  on  a  capil- 
lary, epadix-like  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile  anthers,  each  with  2  lai^e  sepa- 
rate sacs  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  peduncle,  having  between  them  several  pistillate 
flowers  in  a  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the  whole  cluster  at  first  enclosed  in  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaf  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit  a  amall,  obliquely  pointed  drupe, 
several  in  each  cluster  and  pedicetled  ;  embryo  oval,  the  cotyledonary  end  inflexed,  and 
both  that  and  the  hypocotyl  immersed.  [Name  in  honor  of  Heinricfa  Bemhard  Rupp,  a  Ger- 
man botanist.] 

In  the  development  of  the  plants  the  staminate  flowers  drop  off  and  the  peduncle  eloi^ates. 
bearing  the  pistillate  floweis  in  i  clusters  at  the  end,  but  after  fertilization  it  coils  up  and  the  fruit 
is  drawn  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 


ShcMhs  3"-4"  long;  drupes  about :"  long. 
Sheaths  H'-iH'  long;  drupes  iW"-i"  long. 


PONDWEED  FAMILY. 

kisb  waters  all  o' 


r  the  world.    The  following 


Ruppia  maritima   L.       Mari- 
time Ruppia.     (Fig,  176.) 


1.   Ruppia    occidentEtlis   S.  Wats. 
Western  Ruppia.     (Fig.  177.) 


*  Macoun.  Cat,  Can.  PI.  s^  .171. 


Stems  stouter,  i^-j'  long,  the  braachiDg 
fw.like.  Leaves  3'-8'  long,  their  large 
theaths  ^'-I^j' long;  branches  and  leaves 
often  thiclclj  clustered  at  the  nodes,  the 
■beatbs  overlapping  each  other ;  drupes 
lwf[*''i  i^"-2"  long,  ovoid  or  pyriform, 
btmie  on  pedicels  about  i'  long,  the  pe- 
iaadea  bright  red  when  fresh  and  some- 
liiDw  nearly  3°  in  length. 

In  saline  ponds,  Nebraska  to  British   Co- 


Suppia 


iritimah.  Sp.  PI.  127. 


753- 


Stems  often  whilisb,  3"-^°  long,  the 
intemodes  irregular,  naked,  I'-y  long. 
Leaves  i'-3'  long,  X"  or  less  wide ; 
sheaths  3"-4"  long,  with  a  short  free 
tip;  peduncles  in  fruit  sometimes  1° 
long;  pedicels  4-6  in  a  cluster,  }i'-i)4' 
long ;  drupes  with  a  dark  hard  shell, 
ovoid,  about  i"  long,  often  oblique  or 
gibbons  at  the  base,  pointed  with  the 
long  style,  but  varying  much  in  shape ; 
forms  witb  very  short  peduncles  and  ped- 
icels, and  with  broad,  strongly  marked 
sheaths  occur. 

Common  in  brackish  or  salt  water  along 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coasts  of  North 
America  and  in  saline  districts  in  the  in- 
terior. Widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World 
and  in  South  America.    July-Aug, 


3.   ZANNICHELLIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  969. 


1753- 


stems,  flowers  and  leaf-buds  all  at  first  enclosed  in  a  hyaline  envelope,  corresponding  to 
the  itipule  in  I^lamogeion.  Staminate  and  pistillate  fiowera  in  the  same  axil ;  the  stami- 
Ule  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  2-ce11ed  anther,  borne  on  a  short  pedi(»l-like  filament ; 
Uw  pistillate  2-5.  O  /ary  flask -shaped,  tapering  into  a  short  style ;  stigma  broad,  hyaline, 
WMwhat  cup-shaped,  its  margins  angled  or  dentate.  Fruit  a  flatfish  falcate  nutlet,  ribbed 
w  umetimes  toothed  on  the  back.  Embryo  bent  and  coiled  at  the  cotyledonary  end.  [In 
boaorof  J.  H.  Zannkhelli,  1662-1729,  Italian  physician  and  botanist.] 

Two  or  three  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution  in  fresh-water  ponds  and  streams. 


NAIADACEAE. 

I.    Zannichellia  paldstriB  L.     Z3.:d' 
nichellia.     (Fig.  178.) 

ZaHtiichfllia  fia/ustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  969.    i;5j. 

Stems  capillaiy,  Bpanel;  brandied,  tl==^ 
rhizome  creeping,  the  roots  Gbroas.  Leaved 
i'-3'  long,  X"  or  leas  wide,  acute,  thin.  ^e= 
nerved  with  a  few  delicate  cross- veins  -^ 
spathe-like  envelope  separate  from  the  leaved 
and  fruits  at  maturity ;  fruits  3-6  in  a  clnstertM 
\"-i"  long,  sometinics  sessile,  aometime:  -= 
pedicelled,  sometimes  the  whole  clnste:  ~- 
peduncled ;  style  perNStent,  straight  oc  ^ 
curved,  %"-\"  long;  plant  flowering  an£3 
ripening  its  fruit  under  water. 


4.    NAIAS  L.  Sp.  PI,  1015.       1753. 

Slender,  branching  aquatics,  wholly  submerged,  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite,  .^ 
alternate  or  verticillate,  sheathing  at  Che  base.  Ploweis  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary,  .. 
solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Sterile  flower  with  a  double  perianth,  the  exterior  one  entires 
or  4-hor»ed  at  Uie  apei.  the  interior  one  hyaline,  adhering  to  the  anther ;  stamen  sessile  or:* 
stalked,  i-4-ce11ed.  apiculatc  or  i-lohcd  at  the  summit.     Fertile  flowers  of  a  single  o\iut-^ 

which  tapeis  into  a  short  style ;  stigmas  3-4.  subulate.     Mature  carpel  solitary,  sessile,  ellip 

siod,  its  pericarp  crustaceous.     Seed  conformed  to  the  pericarp  and  embryo  to  the  seed,  the^ 
raphe  distinctly  marke<i.     [Greek,  a  watcr-nyniph.] 

About  lospecirs.  iiccurriuB  in  fresh  water  nil  o\fr  the  wurld.  The  following  are  the  onlyoncs^ 
known  in  Nuftn  .\ititrica: 

Shcathfl  ImMidly  toundcJ,  their  niarKins  entire  or  with  a  few  larjre  teeth. 
Sheaths  namiwly  and  obliquely  rounded,  each  mar   '       -■    -  -  -    - 

Secdf  RhininK.  with  30-50  niu's  of  faint  r<.-ticul 

o.^j..  ......  _.;.!.  .,. „(.  ^tronjcly  marked  retici 


le  teeth;  leai-es  linear. 
■    a.  N.fttxilis. 
3.  X.  Gnadalup 


I.  Naias  marina  L.     Large  Xaias. 

(I-'ig-  179- ) 

.V,iwj  m„ri,ia  I.,  Su.  PI,  [OIS-       [7S,^. 
,V,(/,<1  Hinjor  All,  Fl  I'ed.  1 ;  an.       iT.t.s. 

Dioecious,  Stem  Stout,  compressed,  commonly  armed 
with  teeth  twice  as  lonj;  as  their  breadth.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  verticillate,  6"- 13"  long,  about  1"  wide,  with 
6-10  spine-pointed  teeth  on  each  margin  and  fre- 
quently several  along  the  back  ;  sheaths  with  rounded 
lateral  e<lges;  fruit  large,  a''-3^4"  long,  the  pericarp 
as  well  as  the  seed  rugosely  reticulated,  tipped  with  a 
long  persistent  style  and  3  thread-like  stigmas  ;  seed 
not  shining. 

til  lake?,  Ceiilral  Xew  Yi.rk  to  Florida,  west  to  Cnlifi)r. 


Kin!'  and  a  few  o 


the  iKick  :  sliraths  with  s 


r  3  teeth 


HatM  aarlna  lecurvita  Dudley,  CayuKn 
Branches  ami  leaves  reeuri-ed ;  Icaies  i"-6"  l<mg:,  narrow, 
and  none  iin  tho  hack  ;  intemodes  f^hort.  naked,  nr  with  i  or 
side.     Cayuua  Marshes,  X.  V. 


PONDWEED  FAMILY.  8l 

2.  Naias  flixilis  (Willd.)  Rost.  &  Schmidt.     Slender  Naias.     (Fig.  i8o.) 
CauUnia  flexitis  Willd.  Abh   Akad.  Berlin,  as, 
JVai«i_/rfn/(jRost.  &Schmidt,Kl.Sed.38j.  18*4. 

Stem  slender,  forlciag.  Jjcaves  Hnear,  pel- 
Incid,  acaminate  or  abruptly  acute,  >j'-i' 
^ong,  }i"-l"  wide,  numerous  and  crowded 
on  the  upper  parts  of  the  branches,  with  35-30 
minute  teeth  on  each  edge;  sheaths  obliquely 
rounded  with  5-1*  teeth  on  each  marKiti ; 
fruit  ellipsoid  with  very  thin  pericarp,  \"-2" 
long,  J("-Ji"  in  diameter ;  style  long,  per- 
sistent;  stigmas  short;  seed  smooth,  shin- 
ing, straw-colored,  sculptured,  though  some- 
times quite  faintly,  with  30-40  rows  of  nearly 
square  or  hexagonal  reticulations  which  are 
scarcely  seen  throngfa  the  dark  pericarp. 


If»i*a  Btxilis  rott&sta  Moronfc,  Coult.  Bot  Gaz. 


3.    Naias    Guadalup£nsis    (Spreng.) 
Morong.     Guadaloupe  Naias. 

(Fig.  i8i.) 

Caulinia    Guadalubensiz    Spreng.    Syst.    1 ;    to. 

1825. 
Naias  Guadalupensis  Morong,  Mem,  Torr,  Club, 

3  :  Part  i,  6a      1S93, 

Stem  nearly  capillary,  V-J.''  long,  widely 
branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  numerous, 
6"_g"  long,  }i"-'/i"  wide,  acute,  opposite  or 
in  fascicles  of  a-5,  frequently  recurved,  with 
sbeeths  and  teeth  like  those  of  N.fiexilis  bnt 
generally  with  40-50  teeth  oh  each  margin  of 
the  leaf;  fruit  about  l"  long;  pericarp  dark  and 
strongly  marked  by  16-20  rows  of  hexagonal  or 
rectangular  reticulations  which  are  transvereely 
oblong ;  seed  straw-colored,  not  shining. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  Nebraska  to  Oregon  and 
Texas,  east  to  Florida,  Also  in  tropical  America. 
July-Sept, 

4.  Naias  gracillima  (A.  Br.)  Morong.     Thread-like  Naias.     (Fig.  182,) 

u  Indica  var.  eracHlima  A,  Br, :  Engelm.  in 

Cray,  Man.  Ed.  s,  681.      1867. 

'-  graciltima  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3; 


JVs, 

A'ai 

Part  I,  61. 

Dioecious,  stem  capillary,  6'-i5'  long,  much 
'^'inched,  the  branches  alternate.  Leaves  nu- 
mwoos,  opposite  or  often  fascicled  in  3's-s's  or 
"iMe,  setaceous,  Ji'  s'long,  usually  with  about 
"^miiiate  teeth  on  each  margin  ;  sheaths  auri- 
''td,  with  6  or  7  teeth  on  each  auricle,  the  teeth 
^dingnpon  setaceous  divisions  of  the  sheath  ; 
"ignas  very  short ;  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  Ji" 
long,  JC'/  jQ  diameter,  slightly  curved  inwardly 
"'  straight,  the  pericarp  straw-colored  or  pur- 
pliih,  marked  by  about  25  rows  of  irregularly 
oblong  i-eticulations ;  seed  not  shining. 


82  NAIADACBAE. 

5.  ZOSTERA  L.  Sp.  PI.  968.  1753. 
Marine  plants  with  slender  rootstocks  end  branching  compressed  ateniB.  Leaves  a- 
ranked,  sbeathing  at  the  base,  tbe  sheaths  with  inflexed  margins.  Spadix  linear,  contained 
in  a  spathe.  Plawera  monoecious,  arranged  alternately  in  i  rows  on  the  spadiz.  Staminate 
flower  merely  an  anther  attached  to  the  spadix  near  its  apei,  i-celled,  opening  irregularly 
on  the  ventral  aide  ;  pollen  thread-like.  Pistillate  flower  fixed  on  its  back  near  the  middle ; 
ovary  i ;  style  elongated ;  stigmas  3,  capillary ;  mature  carpels  flask-shaped,  membra- 
nous, rupturing  irregularly,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style ;  seeds  ribbed ;  embryo  ellipsoid. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 

n  Florida  and  one 

I.  Zostera  marina  L.     Eel-grass.     Grass-wrack.     (Fig.  183.) 

Zoslera  marina  I,  Sp.  PI.  968.     1753. 

Leaves  ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  i"- 
6°  long,  i"-4"  wide,  with  3-7  principal 
nerves.  Spadix  i'-ij4'  long ;  flowers  about 
3"  long,  crowded,  usually  from  10-30  of  each 
kind  on  tbe  spadix  ;  ovary  somewhat  vermi- 
form;  at  antbeais  the  stigmas  are  thrust 
through  tbe  opening  of  the  apathe  and  drop 
oS^  before  the  anthers  of  the  same  spadix 
open;  the  anthers  at  anthesis  work  themselves 
out  of  the  spathe  and  discharge  the  glutinons 
stringy  pollen  into  the  water;  seeds  cylindric, 
strongly  about  20-ribbed,  about  i^"  long 
and  ^"  in  diameter,  truncate  at  both  ends, 
the  ribs  showing  very  clearly  on  the  pericarp. 

In 
lantic 


Family  4.  SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  Agardh,  Theor.  Syst.  PI.  44.  1858.* 
Arrow-grass  Family. 
Marsh  herbs  with  rush-like  leaves  and  small  spicate  or  racemose  perfect 
flowers.  Perianth  4-6-parted,  its  segments  in  two  series,  persistent  or  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  3-6.  Filaments  very  short  or  elongated.  Anthers  mostly 
2-cened  and  extrorse.  Carpels  3-6,  i-2-oviiled,  more  or  less  united  until  ma- 
turity, dehiscent  or  indehiscent.     Seeds  anatropous.     Embryo  straight. 

Four  genera  and  about  lo  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Leaves  all  basal;  flowers  numerous  on  naked  scaptes,  spicate  or  tacetned.  i.   Trigtockin. 

Stem  leafy;  flowers  few  in  a  loose  raceme.  a.  Scheuchxtria. 

I.  TRIGLOCHIN  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.  i753- 
Marsh  berbs  with  basal  half-rounded  ligulatc  leaves  with  membranous  sheaths.  Flowers. 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  on  long  naked  scapes.  Perianth-segments  3-6,  concave,  the  3 
inner  ones  inserted  higher  up  than  the  outer.  Stamens  3-6 ;  anthers  i-celled,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  inseried  at  the  base  of  the  perianth -segments  and  attached  by  their  backs. 
Ovaries  3-6,  i-celled,  sometimes  abortive ;  ovules  solitary,  basal,  erect,  anatropous.  Style 
short  or  none.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  plumose.  Fruit  of  3-6  cylindraceoua  ob- 
long or  obovoid  carpels,  which  are  distinct  or  connate,  coriaceous,  costate,  when  ripe  sepa- 
rating from  the  base  upward  from  a  persistent  central  axis,  their  tips  straight  or  recurved, 
dehiscing  by  a  ventral  suture.  Seeds  erect,  cyliodraceous  or  ovoid-oblong,  compressed  or 
angular.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  three-pointed  frnit  of  some  species.] 

About  9  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subarctic  zones  of  both  hemispheres.    Only  the 
following  are  known  to  occur  in  North  America: 

Fruit  linear  or  clavate,  tapering  to  a  subulate  base.  1.   T.  pa2ustrii. 

Fruit  nearly  globose.  i.   T.  striala. 

Carpels  6  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base.  3.   T.  marilima. 

•Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong. 


ARROW-GRASS   FAMILY. 

1.    Triglochin  palustris  L.      Marsh  Arrow- 
grass.     (Fig.  184.) 

Triglochin  paluslris  L,  Sp.  PI.  338,       1753. 

Rootstock  short,  oblique,  with  slender  fagacious 
stolons.  Leaves  lioear,  shorter  than  the  scapes,  5'- 
13'  long,  tapering  to  n  sharp  point ;  ligule  very  short , 
scapes  t  01  2,  slender,  striate,  8'-2o'  high ;  racemes 
S'-ia'long;  pedicels  capillary,  in  fruit  erect-appressed 
and  aJi"--3Ji"  long;  perianth -segments  6,  greenish 
yellow ;  anthers  6,  sessile ;  pistil  of  3  united  carpels, 
3-celled,  3-oviiled ;  stigmas  sessile ;  fruit  3"'-3ji" 
long,  linear  or  clavate ;  ripe  carpels  separating  from 
the  axis  and  hanging  suspended  from  its  apex,  the 
axis  3-winged. 
In  Ik^s,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaslca,  south  to  New  York, 


Indiana  and  Montane 


1.  July-Sept, 


Triglochin  striata   R.  &  P.       Three- 
ribbed  Arrow-grass.     (Fig.  185.) 
iSm. 


Rootatocks  upright  or  oblique.  Scapes  i  or  3, 
more  or  less  angular,  usually  not  over  10'  high; 
leaves  slender,  slightly  fieshy,  nearly  or  quite  as 
long  as  the  scapes,  Jf'-i"  wide;  flowers  very 
small,  light  yellow  or  greenish,  in  spicate  racemes; 
pedicels  >i"-i"long,  not  elongating  in  fruit;  per- 
ianth-segments 3,  stamens  3;  anthers  oval,  large; 
pistil  of  3  united  carpels;  fruit  sub-globose  or  some- 
what obovoid,  about  1"  in  diameter,  appearing  3- 
winged  when  dry  by  the  coutracting  of  the  car- 
pels; carpels  coriaceous,  rounded  and  3-ribbed  on 
the  back;  axis  broadly  3-winged. 

In  saline  narshES,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana.   Also  in  tropical  America.    June-Sept 


3-     Triglochin   maritime  L>     Seaside 
Arrow-grass.     (Fig.  i86.) 

Triflocliin  marilima  L  Sp.  PI.  339.       1753- 
Trigiachiit  elala  Nutt.  Gen.  t :  337.     1818. 
Triglochin  marilima  var.  elala  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed, 


»,  437.     1853. 


Rootstock  without  stolons,  often  subligneons, 
Uic  candex  thick,  mostly  covered  with  the 
deaths  of  aid  leaves.  Scape  stout,  nearly 
lewte,  6'-2°  high;  leaves  half-cylindric,  usually 
»boiit  i"  wide;  raceme  elongated,  often  16'  or 
more  long ;  pedicels  decurrent,  i"-\)i"  long, 
•lislitly  longer  in  fruit ;  perianth  segiifeiits  6, 
coch subtending  a  large  sessile  anther;  pistil  of 
Siniited  carpels;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  2ji"-3" 
long,  iji"-a"  thick,  obtuse  at  the  base,  with  6 
'cctrved  points  at  the  summit;  carpels  3- 
*i>gled,  flat  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  or 
'^dorsal  edges  cnrving  upward  and  winged, 
Bcpuitingat  maturity  from  the  hexagonal  axis. 

In  utt  marehes,  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Labrador  to  New  Jen 
■lunhes  across  the  continent  to  Alaska  and  Catifomia.    Also  in  Europe  a; 


84  SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 

a.  SCHEUCHZERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.  1753- 
Rush-like  bog  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks,  sad  erect  leafy  stems,  the  leave* 
elongated,  half-rounded  below  and  flat  above,  striate,  furnished  vitb  a  pore  at  the  apez  and 
a  membranous  ligulate  sheath  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  racemose.  Perianth  6-parted, 
regularly  a-serial,  peisistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments; 
filaments  elongated;  anthers  linear,  basifiied,  eitrotse.  Ovaries  3  or  raiely  4-6,  distinct  or 
connate  at  the  base,  i-cellcd,  each  cell  with  i  or  i  collateral  ovules.  Stigmas  seaeile,  papil- 
lose or  slightly  fimbriate.  Carpels  divergent,  inflated,  coriaceous,  1-2-seeded,  follicle-like, 
laterally  dehiscent.  Seedsstraigbtoralightlycurved,  vrithout  endosperm.  [Name  in  honor 
of  Johann  Jacob  Scbcnchzer,  J67J-1733,  Swiss  scientist.] 
A  inonotypic  genua  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.   Scheuchzeria  pal6stris  L. 
Scheuchzeria.     (Fig.  187.) 
Scheuchzeria  Jtaiuslris  L,  Sp,  PI.  J38.    1753. 

Leaves  4'-i6'  long,  the  uppermost  reduced  to 
bracts ;  stems  solitary  or  several,  usually  clothed 
at  the  base  with  the  remains  of  old  leaves,  4'-iq' 
tell;  sheaths  of  the  basal  leaves  often  4'  long  with 
a  ligule  ji'long;  pedicels  3"-io"  long,  spreading 
in  fruit ;  flowers  white,  few,  in  a  lax  raceme ;  per- 
ianth-segments membranous,  i-nerred,  ij^"  long, 
the  inner  ones  the  narrower;  follicles  3"-i"  long, 
slightly  if  at  all  united  at  the  base :  seeds  oval, 
brown,  3}i"-s"  long  with  a  very  hard  coat 

In  bogs,  lAbrador  to  Hudson  Bay  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania,  Wiiiconsin 
and  California.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 

Family  5.  ALISMACEAE  DC.  Fl.  Franc.  3:  181.  1805. 
Water-Plantain  Family. 
Aquatic  or  mar.sh  herbs,  mostly  glabrous,  with  fibrous  roots,  scapose  stems 
and  basal  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 
Flowers  regular,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  pedicelled,  the  pedicels  ver- 
ticillate  and  subtended  by  bracts.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Sepals  3,  per- 
sistent. Petals  3,  larger,  deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or 
more  ;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse  or  dehiscing  by  lateral  slits.  Ovaries  numerous 
or  rarely  few,  i-celled,  usually  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Carpels  be- 
coming achenes  in  fruit  in  our  species.  Seeds  uncinate-ctUTred.  Embryo  horse- 
shoe shaped.  Endosperm  none.  I^tex-tubes  are  found  in  all  the  species, 
according  to  Micheli. 

About  13  genera  and  65  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh  water  swamps  and  streams. 
Carpels  in  a  ring  upon  a  small,  flat  receptacle,  1.  Alisma. 

Carpels  crowded  in  many  series  upon  a  laiKe  convex  receptacle. 
Flowers  perfect,  staminate  or  polygamous. 

Pedicels  not  recurved  ;  calyi  spreading.  i.  Echinodorus. 

Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit ;  catyx  appresaed  to  [he  carpels.  3.  Lophotocarpas, 

Flowers  OTon(*eioua  or  dioecious.  4.  Se^iltaria. 

I.   ALISMA  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.       1753- 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  Aating  leaves,  the  blades  several-ribbed, 
the  ribs  connected  by  transverse  veinlets,  or  seemingly  piunately  veined.  Scapes  short  or 
elongated.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  umbellate-paniculate.  Flowers  small,  numerous  on 
unequal  3-bracteolate  pedicels,  the  petals  white  or  rose-tinted.  Stamens  6  or  9,  subperigy- 
nons.  Ovaries  few  or  many,  borne  in  one  or  several  whorls  on  a  small  flat  receptacle,  ripen- 
ing into  flattened  achenes  which  are  a-3-ribbed  on  the  curved  back  and  i~3-ribbed  on  the  sides. 
[Greek,  said  to  be  in  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  the  typical  species  in  saline  situations.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Only  the  following  are 
known  to  occur  in  North  America, 

Stamens6,  strongly  compressed;  flowers  panicled.  1.  A.  Manlago-aqualica. 

Stamens  9,  turgid;  flowers  urobelled,  3.  A.  /enellum. 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY 


Alisma    Plant^go-aquitica    L. 

Water  Plantain.  (Fig.  i88.) 
SUM  Planlago-aquatica  L.  Sp.  PI.  341.  1753. 
«aves  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate, 
nded  or  oarrowed  at  the  tiase,  the  blades 
cribbed,  or  wben  floating  sometimes 
:eolate  or  even  linear ;  petioles  I'-io* 
g;  scapes  occasionally  2  from  the  same 
t,  usually  solitary,  yi"-^"  high  ;  inflores- 
ce  a  large  loose  panicle,  6'~15'  long; 
icelsverticillatein  3's-io'9,  subtended  by 
triate  acotniaate  bracts;  petals  %"~i" 
% ;  styles  deciduous,  the  base  remainlngas 
mall  point  or  short  beak  on  the  inner 
ve  of  the  achene;  stigma  small,  termiual; 
enes  obliquely  obovate,  nearly  i"  long, 
iDged  in  a  circle,  forming  an  obtusely 
Dgnlar  truncate  head. 


a.   Alisma  tenillum  Mart.     Dwarf  Water  Plantaiu. 


(Fig.  189.) 

Alisma  lenellum  Mart.;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7: 

1600.      1830.  -  -H 

Echinodorus  parvulus  EoKelm.  in  A, 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  a.  438.      1836. 
Echinodorus    ienellus    Bucbecau,    Abb. 

Nat.  Gesell.  Bremen,  1:  iS.      1869. 

Plant  delicate,  stolon iferons,  I'-s' 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lauceolatc,  tbc  blades  acute  at  both 
ends,  4"-i5"  loug,  i"-3"  wide ; 
petioles  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
blades,  narrowly  dilated  at  the  base; 
scapes  solitary,  often  surpassing  the 
leaves,  commonly  Teclined;  umbel 
a-8-flowered ;  pedicels  very  unequal, 
often  recurved  in  fruit ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, more  or  less  connate  at  the  base; 
flowers  white ;  stamens  9 ;  style  much 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  ovaries  nu- 
merous ;  achenes  in  several  whorls, 
coriaceous,  turgid,  obovate,  not  %" 
long,  enclosed  by  the  erect  persistent 
sepals,  the  beak  short,  sharp. 

In  mud,  Massacbusetts  to  western  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida, 
Missouri  and  Texas,    April-Au);:. 

a.  ECHINODORUS  Rich.;  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  460.  1848. 
Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  long-petioled,  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate  often  cordate 
lagittate  leaves,  3-9-ribbed  and  mostly  punctate  with  dots  or  lines.  Scapes  often  longer 
n  the  leaves ;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate,  the  flowers  veriicillate,  each  verticil 
h  3  outer  bracts  and  numerous  inner  bracteotes  ;  flowers  perfect ;  sepals  3,  distinct,  per- 
ent ;  petals  white,  deciduous ;  receptacle  large,  convex  or  globose ;  stamens  11-30 ;  ovaries 
nerons;  style  obliquely  apical,  persistent;  stigma  simple;  fruit  achenes,  more  or  leas 
iprcssed,  coriaceous,  ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
apinose  heads  of  fruit.] 

About  14  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,   Only  the  following  are  known  in  North  America, 
pea  reclining  or  prostrate;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  short.    1.  E.  radicans, 
pes  erect ;  style  longer  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  long.  3.  E.  cordi/olius. 


86  ALISMACEAE. 

I.  Echinodorus  radlcans  (Nutt.)  Kngelm.    Creeping  Bur-head.    (Fig.  190.) 

Sagillaria  radicans  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Pbil.  Soc. 

(Il.)s;  159-     '833-37. 
Eckinoaorus   radicans  Engeltn.   in  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  3,  438.      1S56. 

LcBvea  coane,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  3'- 
8' long,  j}i'-j%'  wiie,  marked  with  short 
pellucid  lines,  Ibe  nerves  5-9,  conaected  by 
netted  cross-veins.  Petioles  sometimes  30' 
long ;  scapes  creepiag,  2°-4°  long,  slight! j 
scabrous,  often  rooting  at  the  nodea ;  ' 
oils  distant ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  a 
inate,  dilated  kt  the  base ;  pedicels  3-13,  un 
equal,  I'-i^'long,  slenderer  filiform;  sepal: 
persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  heads 
petals  larger,  obovate,  about  3"  long ;  sta- 
mens about  2o ;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary 
achenea  numerous,  about  a"  long,  6-10 
ribbed,  with  3-aeveral  oval  glands  on  each 
ude  and  beaks  about  one- fourth  their  length 
fruiting  heads  i"  in  diameter. 


In  9 


.  Illin 


1  Nor 


Florida,  west  to  Missouri  and  Texas.   June-Julj 

2.   Echinodorus  cordifdlius  (I,.)  Griseb.     Upright  Bur-head.     (Fig.  191.) 
Alisma  cordifotia  L.  Sp.  PI.  343.      ;753. 
Echinodorus   roslratus  Eneelm.   in  A.   Gray, 

Mar.  Ed.  a,  /jjS.      i8s6. 
Echinodorus   cordi/olius   Griseb.   Abb.    Kon. 

Gescll.  Wiss.  Gott.  7:  357.      1857. 

Leaves  variable  in  form,  often  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base,  f/-%'  long 
and  wide,  but  in  smaller  plants  sometimes 
nearly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  and  but 
i'-2'long;  petioles  angular,  striate,  I'-io' 
high  ;  scapes  1  or  more,  erect,  5'-i6'  tall ; 
flowers  3-6  in  the  verticils ;  pedicels  H'~}i' 
long,  erect  after  flowering ;  bracts  linear- 
lauceolate,  acuminate,  dilated  at  the  base ; 
sepals  shorter  than  the  heads ;  petals  2"-i" 
long;  stamens  often  13;  styles  longer  than 
the  ovary ;  fruiting  beads  very  bur-like,  a"-* 
3"  in  diameter;  acbenes  about  \yi"  long, 
narrowly  obovateor  falcate,  6-8-ribbed;  beak 
apical,  oblique,  about  one-half  the  length  of 
the  achene. 

In  swamps  and  ditches,  Illinois  to  Florida, 
west  to  MiiMouri  and  Texas.  Also  in  tropical 
America.    June-July, 

3.    LOPHOTOCARPUS  T.  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  627.      1888. 

[LOPHIOCARPUS  Miquel,  Fl.  Arch.  Ind.  i:  Part  3.  50.  187a  NotTurcz.  1843.] 
Peieunial,  bog  or  aquatic  herbs  with  basal  loug-petioled  sagittate  or  cordate  leaves, 
simple  erect  scapes  bearing  flowers  in  several  verticils  of  a-3  at  the  summit,  the  lower  per- 
fect, the  upper  staminate.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  persistent,  erect  after  flowering  and  enclosing 
or  enwrapping  the  fruit.  Petals  white,  deciduous.  Receptacle  strongly  convex.  Stamens 
9-15,  hypogynous,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Filaments  flattened.  Pistils 
numerous ;  ovuLe  solitary,  erect,  anatropous ;  style  elongated,  oblique,  persistent.  Acbenes 
winged  or  crested.  Embryo  horseshoe-shaped.  [Greek,  signifying  crested  fruit.] 
About  3  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others  of  tropical  America. 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 
I.    Lophotocarpus    calyclnus   (Kogelm.)   J.   G.    Smith. 

(Fig.  192.) 

Sa^illaria  calyciita  Kneelm.;  Torr.   Bot.   Mex.   Bound. 

Surv.  311.     1850. 
Lophiocarpus  calycinus  Micheli   in  DC.  Monog.  Phan. 

3:6:.      1881. 
Lopholocarptis  calycinus  J.  G.  Smith,  Hem.  Ton.  Club,  5: 

35.      1894. 

Annaal,  leaves  floating  or  ascending,  entire,  has- 
tate or  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  spreading,  ovate, 
acute  or  acnminate,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse,  tbe 
blade  varying  from  I'-S'  long,  sometimea  13'  wide  at 
the  base.  Scape  simple,  weak,  and  at  length  decum- 
bent, mostlj'  shorter  than  the  leaves;  verticils  of 
flowers  i-s ;  bracts  membranous,  orbicular  or  ovate 
and  obtuse,  or  those  of  staminate  flowers  lanceolate 
and  acute ;  fertile  pedicels  very  thick,  recurved  in 
fruit,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  slender  sterile 
ones ;  petals  3"-4"  long ;  stamens  hypogynous ;  fila- 
ments flattened,  papillose,  about  as  loog  as  the  an- 
thers ;  achene  obovate,  i"  long,  narrowly  winged  on 
the  margins,  tipped  with  a  short  horizontal  triangular 
beak. 

In  Bwamps,  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia  and  Louisiana. 
across  the  continent  to  CalifomiB,  thus  occurring  nearly 
tliToughout  the  United  States.  Foliage  wonderfully  van- 
able  in  form.    July-Sept. 

4.  SAGITTARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  993.  1753. 
Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  herbs,  mostly  with  tuber-bearing  or  nodose  rootstocks,  fibrona 
roots,  bisal  long  petioled  nerved  leaves,  the  nerves  connected  by  numerous  veinlets, 
and  erect,  decumbent  or  floating  scapes,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  pbyllodia 
(figs.  197,  303).  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  of  the  scapes 
in  verticils  of  3'B,  pedic^Ued,  the  staminate  usually  uppermost.  Verticils  3-bracted. 
Calyx  of  3  persistent  sepals,  tbose  of  the  pistillate  flowers  reSezed  or  spreading  in  onr 
(pedes.  Petals  3,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the  convex 
receptacle  i  anthers  a-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits;  staminate  flowers  sometimes  with 
imperfect  ovaries.  Pistillate  flowers  with  numerous  distinct  ovaries,  sometimes  with  imper- 
fect stamens ;  ovule  solitary  ;  stigmas  small,  persistent  Acheaes  numerous,  densely  aggre- 
gated in  globose  or  subglobose  heads,  compressed.  Seed  erect,  curved ;  embryo  horseshoe- 
ibaped.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  arrow-shaped  leaves  of  some  species.] 
es  of  tei 

,   .  icending,  not  refleied  in  fruit. 

>lades  sagittate. 
Basal  lobes  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade. 
Beak  oF  the  achene  more  than  one. fourth  its  length. 
Beak  of  the  achene  erect. 

Fruiting  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  leaves  broad. 
Fruiting  pedicels  ton){:er  than  the  bracts  ;  leaves  narrow. 
Beak  of  the  achene  horizontal  or  oblique. 
Beak  of  the  achene  less  than  one-fuuith  its  length. 

Petioles  rather  short,  curving  :  bracts  long  ;  bog  species. 
Petioles  elongated  ;  bracts  short ;  aquatic  species. 
Basal  lobes  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  tbe  length  of  the  blade. 
Leaves  entire,  or  rarely  hastate  or  cordate. 

Filaments  slender,  tapering  upward  ;  leaves  seemingly  pinnately  vei 
Filaments  glabrous  ;  bracts  connate. 

Filaments  cobwebby- pubescent ;  bracts  mostly  distinct. 
Filaments  abruptly  dilated,  pubescent :  veins  distinct  to  "'" 
Fruiting  heads  sessile  or  very  nearly  ho. 
Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  pedicelled. 

Leaves  reduced  to  terete  nodose  phyllodia,  rarely  blade -bearing, 

10.  .S 
Leaves  rigid,  blades  ellipliclinear,  11,  S 

Leaves  not  fluid  ;  blades  lanceolate  or  linear. nblime.  is.  ."T 

Fertile  pedicels  stout,  teflcied  in  fruit ;  lilaments  dilated. 
Filaments  pubescent ;  le-'  "-' ' "-    "' — '- 


3.  S.  iattfoiia. 

4,  S.  ari/olia. 
k.  S.  cuneala. 

6.  S.  longiloba. 


Filaments  glabrous  ;  leaves  linearlanceolate  or  reduced  to  phyllodia.       14.  .S,  ! 


(,  5.  platyphytla. 


88  ALISMACBAE. 

I.    Sagittaria  longirdstra  (Michel!)  J.  G.  Smith. 


Loiig-beaked  Arrow-head. 
(Fig.  193.) 
Sag  ilia  ria  tagillae/oiia  var.  long  i  rostra  Mi. 

cheli  in  DC.  MonoK.  Phan.  3:60.      1881. 
Sagillaria  longirosira  J.  G.  Smith,  Hem.  Tott. 

Club,  s:j6.      iB^t, 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  Kspes  erect,  raUier 
stout,  l>^°-3''  tall.  Leaves  broad,  sagittate, 
4'-i3'  long,  abrupllj  acute  at  the  spex,  the 
basal  lobes  ovate  or  ovate- laticeolate,  acute, 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade  ; 
acape  usaally  longer  than  the  leaves,  6- 
angled  below ;  bracts  triaagnlar-lanceolate. 
acuminate,  7"-i5"  long,  longer  than  the- 
fertile  pedicels',  petab  8"~i4"  long;  fila- 
ments glabrous ;  styles  curved,  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovaries;  acbene  obovate,  about  2"' 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  ventral 
margin  entire  or  undulate,  the  dorsal  eroded, 
its  sides  with  a  short  crest,  its  beak  stout, 
erect  or  somewhat  recurved. 

In  swamps  and  along  ponds.  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania  to  Alabama.    July-Sept 


a,    Sagittaria    Engclmannidna   J.   G.   Smith. 
Engelmann's  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  194.) 

Sagillaria  variabilis  var.  (?)  gracilis  S,  Wats,  iu  A.  Gray, 

Uan.  Ed.  6,  555.      iSSg.    Not  Engelm. 
Sagillaria  Engelmanmana  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

as.      1894- 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect  or  ascending,  slen- 
der, 8'-2o'  high.  Leaves  narrow,  i}i'-8'  long,  \"-^" 
wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  basal  lobes  nar- 
rowly linear,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length 
of  the  blade  ;  scape  striate,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile 
pedicels,  4"-6"  long;  flowers  7"-i2"  broad;  filaments 
glabrous ;  style  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovaries ;  achene 
obovate,  a"  long,  winged  on  both  margins  and  with  1-3, 
lateral  wing-like  crests  on  each  face,  the  beak  short, 
stout,  erect,  about  J^"  long. 


3,    Sagittaria  latifdlia  WiUd.     Broad-leaved  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  195.) 

Sagillaria  lali/olia  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4  ;  409.       i8c6. 
Sagillaria  fariabitis  Bnitetm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  461.      184S. 

Monoecious  or  someLimcs  dioecious,  glabrous  or  nearlT- 
Bo,  scape  stout  or  slender,  4'-4°  tall,  sitnple  or  branched. 
Leaves  exceeding  variable  in  form  and  siie,  sometimes 
linear-lanceolate  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes- 
wider  than  long  and  obtuse ;  basal  lobes  from  X  to  ^  a» 
long  as  the  blade ;  bracts  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  the 
upper  ones  somelimes  united;  (lowers  I'-i l4'  wide; 
filaments  slender,  glabrous;  achene  i"-x"  long,  broadly 
winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  even  or  i-ribbed,  the 
beak  about  one-third  its  length,  horizontal  or  nearlyso. 

In  shallow  water,  throughout  North  America,  except  the 
extreme  north,  entcnding;  to  Menico.     Variable.     July-Sept. 
Sagittaiia  latifolia  pubiscens  (Muhl.)J,  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  s  -.  36.      1894. 
Sagillaria  fiubescens  MuM.  Cat.  86.      1813. 

Whole  plant  pubescent,  varying  from  merely  puberulent  to- 
1..1 ._     ,-i_.-_:.._»- — . ,  Florida  and  Alabama. 


densely  hirsute.    Ontario  to  New  Jersey,  F 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 
Sagittaria  arifdlia  Nutt.     Arum-leaved  Arrow-head. 

if-ia  sagiUae/olia  var.  minor  Pureh,  Fl.  Am,  Sept. 


GlabronB  or  nearly  to,  leirMtrial  or  partially  sub- 
merged, scape  weak,  ascending,  S'-x/  long.  Leaves 
sagittate,  broad,  acute  at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the 
Kspe,  their  margins  slightly  curved,  their  basal  lobes 
icnte  or  ocnminate,  one-fourth  to  ooe-lhird  the  length 
of  the  blade;  petioles  usually  curving  outwardly; 
tiracts  lanceolate,  acute,  usually  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  fertile  pedicels,  often  reflexed ;  filaments 
glabrous;  petals  z"~5"  long;  achene  cuneate-obovate, 
about  i"  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  sides 
amooth,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

<^ebec  to  Minnesota  and  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Uichigsn,  western  Kansas.  New  Mexico  and  California. 
Sesembling  in  foliage  the  European  5.  sagitlatfolia  L. , 
but  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  achenes. 


5.    Sagittaria  cunelkta  Sheldon.     Floating  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  197.) 


■893. 


a  Sheldon.  Bull.  Totr.  Club,  »:  aSj 


Aquatic,  submerged,  rooting  in  sand,  scape  very 
slender,  simple,  terete,  i°-2°  long,  bearing  the 
flowers  at  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  blade  floating,  a^ittate,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  i'-A,'  long,  the  basal  lobes  acumin- 
ate, about  one-fourth  its  length  ;  phyllodia  of  two 
kinds,  one  petiole-like  and  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
the  other  lantxolate,  and  clustered  at  the  base  of 
the  plant :  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  t"-^" 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile  pedi- 
cels ;  flowers  5"-8"  broad  ;  achene  only  y^"  long, 
obovate-cuneate,  its  beak  very  short,  erect. 

In   shallow  water.   Minnesota    to  Washington   and 


Sagittaria  longiloba  Engelin.      Long- 
lobed  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  198.) 


L   Torr. 


Bot.   Mex 


noecious,  glabrous,  scape  slender,  simple  or 
'  branched,  i°-3°  tall.     Leaves  long-petioled, 
lex  acute,  the  basal  lobes  linear- lanceolate, 
nate,  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the 
bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3"-4"  long, 
horter  than  the  very  slender  fertile  pedicels 
are  longer  than  the  sterile  ones  ;  stamens 
us,  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers', 
iliout  i"loug,  quadrate-obovate,  somewhat 
above  thau   below,  winged  on  both  mar- 
beak  exceedingly  short. 

low  water,   Nebraska  to  Colorado,  south  to 
Mexico, 


ALISMACBAE. 


Sagittaria  ambfgua    J.    ( 
Kansas  Sagittaria.    (Fig. 


,    Smith. 
99-) 


Sagillaria  ambigua  \.  G,  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Ho.  Bot 

Gard.  li :  4S.  pi.  17.      18^. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect  or  ascending, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  i°-2°  high.  Leave* 
lanceolate,  entire,  long-petioled,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate at  both  ends,  teemingty  pinnately  veined,  re&Ily 
5-7-ncrved,  5'-8'  long,  equalling  or  abortcr  than 
the  scape ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  5"-8" 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fruiting  pedi- 
cels, connate  at  the  base,  papillose;  stamens  ao~ 
as;  filaments  glabrous,  longer  than  the  anthers; 
acheue  about  1"  long,  oblong,  curved,  narrowly 
winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  smooth  and  even, 
its  beak  short,  oblique. 

In  ponds.  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory. 


8.    Sagittaria  lancifdlia  L.     Latice-Ieaved  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  200.) 


Sagittaria  lancifolia  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  5  ;  409. 
Sagillaria /alcala    Pnnih,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
Sagillaria  lancifolia  falcc'-  ''  '"   =■—-■'-   ■ 
ciut  -   -     -■■  - 


.760, 

,        ...        '8m. 
\.  Smith,  Mem.  Ton 
Club,  s :  35. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  rigid,  erect,  stout 
or  rather  slender,  striate,  branched  or  limple, 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acnte  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
£nn,  entire,  the  blades  5-9-uerved,  S'-t^j"  long, 
gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  petioles,  appar- 
ently pinnately  veined;  flowers  numerous,  5"-l3" 
broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  usually  not 
united  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  equalling 
or  shorter  than  the  fruiting  pedicels ;  stamens 
;  filaments  cobwebby- pubescent,  equal- 
r  longer  than  the  anthers ;  achene  narrowly 
-\yi"  long,  winged  on  both 
margins,  its  sides  smooth,  its  beak  tapering,  oblique. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Delaware,  to  Florida 
and  Texas,  near  the  coast.  Widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical America. 

9.   Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh.     Sessile-fruiting  Arrow-head,     (Fig.  201.) 

Sagillaria  rigida  Purah,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  ,197.      1814. 
Sagillaria  ketfrophylla  Pursh,  Fl,  Am.  Sept  396.    1814.    Not 
Schreb.  181 1. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  simple,  weak,  curving, 
ascending  or  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
very  variable,  linear,  lanceolate,  elliptic  or  broadly  ovate, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  1  or  3  short  or 
slender  basal  lobes ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  7."-i,"  long, 
united  at  the  base  or  sometimes  distinct ;  heads  of  fmit 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers 
yi'-i'  long;  filaments  dilated,  mostly  longer  than  the 
anthers,  pubescent;  achene  narrowly  obovate,  iji"-a" 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  crested  above,  tipped  with 
a  stout  nearly  erect  beak  of  about  one-fourth  its  length. 


In  swamps  and  shallow 
New  Jersey,  Ttnnessee, 
rigid  when  growing  in  rui 


r,  Quebec  to  Minnesota,  south  to 

4ouri   nnd   Nebraska.    Petioles 
i  water.     Jnly-Sept. 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.  9I 

10.    Sagittaria  tfirea  S.  Wats.     Slender  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  202.) 


Sagillaria  It 


•iS.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  I 


i.  6,  555.      1890. 


Monoecions,  glabrous,  icape  slender,  erect,  simple, 
6'-i8'  long,  bearing  only  1-3  verticilsof  flowers.  Leaves 
nsually  reduced  to  elongated  terete  nodose  phyllodia  or 
some  of  them  short  and  bract-like,  one  or  two  of  the 
longer  ones  occasionally  bearing  a  linear  blade  ;  bracts 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  lyi"  long,  much  shorter  than  tbe 
filiform  fmiting  pedicels  which  are  longer  than  tbe  ster- 
ile ones;  Bowers  6"-8"  broad;  stamens  about  12,  their 
dilated  filaments  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  anthers; 
achene  broadly  obovate,  1"  long,  the  ventral  margin 
winged,  the  dorsal  7-11-crested,  the  sides  bearing  several 
crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

In  ponds,  Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina.    Aug. -Sept. 


II.    Sagittaria  cristftta  Kngelm.     Crested  Sagittaria.     (Fig-  203.) 

;  Arthur,  Proc,  Davenport 


Monoecious,  scape  slender,  erect,  i°-a^°  high,  sim- 
ple, bearing  4  or  5  verticils  of  flowers  at  or  above  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long-petioled,  spongy 
and  rigid,  reduced  to  slender  phyllodia  or  bearing 
linear- lanceolate  or  elliptic  blades  3'-4'  long  and 
3"-i3"  wide  ;  bracts  acute,  j"-4"  long,  much  shorter 
than  the  slender  fertile  pedicels ;  flowers  8"-io" 
broad;  stamens  about  14;  filaments  dilated,  pubescent, 
at  least  at  the  middle,  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene 
obliquely  obovate,  tbe  dorsal  margin  with  a  brood 
crenate  wing,  the  ventral  straight- winged,  each  side 
bearing  1  crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  oblique. 

In  shallow  water,  Iowa  and  Hinoesota.  Fhyllodfa  are 
commonly  developed  from  the  nodes  of  the  rootstock. 

July-Au8. 


.   Sagittaria  graminea  Michx.     Grass-leaved  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  204.) 


SagU, 


a  Micbx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  l :  Kjp.     1803. 


Monoecious  or  dioecious,  glabrous,  scape  simple,  erect, 
A'-2°  tall.  Leaves  long-petioled,  tbe  blades  linear,  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  j'-6'  long,  >i"-3"  wide, 
3-S-nerved,  the  nerves  distinct  to  the  base,  some  of  them 
occasionally  reduced  to  flattened  phyllodia;  bracts  ovate, 
acnte,  i>i"-3"  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  or  fili- 
form fruiting  pedicels,  connate  to  the  middle  or  beyond  ; 
dowers  4"-6"  broad;  stamens  about  iS  ;  filaments  dilated, 
pnbescent,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  anthers ;  achene 
obovate,  )i"-i"  long,  slightly  wing-crested  on  the  margins 
and  ribbed  on  the  sides,  the  beak,  very  short. 

Id  mnd  or  shallow  water,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and  South 
Dakota,  Bouthto  Florida  and  Texas,  Barly  leaves  often  puiplish, 
July-Sept. 


92  ALISUACEAE. 

13.  Sagittaria  platyph^Ila  (Engelm.)  J- G.  Smith.     Ovate-leaved  Sagitlaria. 

(Fig.  205.) 

Sagillaria  graminea  var.  piatyphylla  EnRclm.  in  A. 

Graj,  Man.  Ed.  5,  404.      1S67. 
Sagillaria  piatyphylla   J.  U.  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Ho. 

Bot.  Card.  0 :  55     pi.  l6.      1894- 

Mouoecions,  glabrous,  scape  eicct,  simple,  rather 
weak,  mostly  ihorter  than  the  leayea.  Leaves 
rigid,  the  blades  ovate,  ovate-Ian ceolate  or  ovate- 
elliptic,  short-acaminate  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  gradaally  narrowed  or  rarel;  cordate  or 
hastate  at  the  base,  seemingly  pinnately  veined, 
i'-6'  long ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute,  connate  at 
the  base,  i"~^"  long;  flowera  8"-i4"  broad;  fer- 
tile pedicels  stout,  divergent  in  flower,  reflexed  in 
fruit,  ii'-i'/i'  long;  filaments  dilated,  pubescent, 
rather  longer  than  the  anthers ;  acbene  obliquely 
obovate,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  doiaal  mar- 
gin somewhat  crested,  the  sides  with  a  sharp  wing- 
like  ridge. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  southem  Missouri  to 
Mississippi    and    Texas,    Phyllodia,    when   present. 


oblong  ot  oblance 


July-Sept. 


14.   Sagittaria  subultkta  (L.)  Buchenau.     Subulate  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  206.) 

Alisma  subulala  L.  Sp.  PI.  343-      '753- 
Sagi/taria  fiusilla  Nutt.  Gen.  > :  113.      1818. 
Simula ria  subulala  Buchenau.  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Bremen, 
3 :  490.      1871. 

Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious,  scape  very  slen- 
der, i'-d'  high,  few-flowered,  about  equalling  the 
leaves.  Leaves  all  reduced  to  rigid  phyllodia  or 
sometimes  bearing  linear  or  linear-lanceolate 
blades,  i'-i)i'  long;  bracts  united  to  the  apex  or 
becoming  partly  separated  ;  flowers  5"'^"  broad  ; 
fertile  pedicels  reflexed  and  much  longer  than  the 
bracts  in  fruit ;  stamens  about  8 ;  filaments  about 
equalling  the  anthers,  dilated,  glabrous ;  acbenes 
rather  less  than  1"  long,  obovate,  narrowly  winged, 
with  2  or  3  crests  on  each  side,  the  wings  and  crests 
sometimes  crenate ;  beak  short 

In  tide-water  mud,  southern  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania to  Florida  and  Alabama,    July-Sept. 

Sagittaria  sobnUta  Eracilliraa  (S.  Wats. )  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  s  :  36.      1894. 
Sagillaria  nalans  var.  {1)  gracillima  S.  Wits,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  556.       1890. 

SubmeiEed  ;  leaves  i^-a,"  lone,  bladeleaa  or  bearing  small  3-nervcd  lanceolate  blades,  I'-a* 
long:.  3"-4"  wide  ;  scape  simple,  terete  or  compressed,  about  as  lone  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  few,  8"- 
10"  broad.    Eastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.    Perhaps  a  distinct  species.    Fruit  not  seen. 

Family  6.     VALLISNERlXCEAE  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  54.     1829. 
Tape-Grass  Family. 

Submerged  or  floating  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  vaiious.  Flowers  regular^ 
mostly  dioecious,  appearing  from  an  involucre  or  spathe  of  1-3  bracts  or  leaves. 
Perianth  3-6-parted,  the  segments  either  all  petaloid  or  the  3  outer  ones  small 
and  herbaceous,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  its  base  in  the  pistillate 
flowers.  Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary 
i-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  or  6-9-celled.  Styles  3-9,  with  entire  or 
2-cleft  stigmas.  Ovules  anatropous  or  orthotropous.  Fruit  ripening  under 
water,  indehiscent.     Seeds  numerous,  without  endosperm. 

About  14  genera  and  40  species  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides- 
the  following,  another  genus,  Halofiltila,  occurs  on    '  '     " 


Stem  branched  ;  leaves  whoi-led  01  .^^ 

Acanlescent ;  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  giass-lilte,  elongated, 
Stemstoloniterous ;  leaves  broad,  rounded,  cordate,  petioled. 


1,  Philotria. 

2.  Vallisneria. 


TAPE-GRASS  FAMII-Y. 


93 


1.    PMILOTRIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  a:  175.      1818. 

[EU>DEA  Uichr.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  20.     1803.    Not  Elodes  Adaos.  1763.] 

[Udora  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  143.    1818.] 

Stems  submerged,  elnogated,  branchiog,  leafy.     Leaves  opposite  or  whorled,  crowded, 

1-nerved,  pellucid,  miautely  serrulate  or  entire,     Flonera  dioecious  or  polygamous,  arising 

from  an  ovoid  or  tubular  3-cleft  spathe.     Perianth  6-parted,  at  least  the  3  inner  segments  peta- 

loid.    Staminate  flowers  with  9  stamens,  the  anthers  oblong,  erect.     Ovary  i-celled  witli  3 

parietal  placentae.     Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile,  3'lobed.     Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded. 

(Name  from  the  Greek,  referring  to  the  leaves,  which  are  often  whorled  in  threes.] 

Alwut  8  spei^ies,  inhabitants  of  fresh  waterponds  and  streams  intemperate  and  tropical  America. 

I.    Phildtria  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Britton.     Water-weed.     Ditch-moss. 
Water  Thyme.     (Fig.  207.) 


Phiiolria  Ca«orfi-BJif  Britton,  Science  ^^.)a;5.      1895. 

Stems  4'-3°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  water, 
leaves  linear  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  serralate  or 
entire,  verticillate  in  3's  or  4'8  or  the  lower  opposite, 
i"-7"  long.  ^"-2"  wide ;  flowers  axillary,  white,  the 
staminate  minute,  sessile,  breaking  off  at  the  lime  Of 
flowering  and  rising  to  the  surface  where  they  shed 
their  pollen  around  the  pistillate  ones ;  pistillate 
flowers  expanding  on  the  surface  of  the  water  which 
they  reach  by  means  of  the  slender  calyx-tube  which 
varies  in  length  from  J'-i°,  their  spathes  5"-7"  long; 
stigmas  spreading,  papillose  or  pubescent. 

Nearly  throughout  North  America,  eicept  the  eitreme 
north.  Naturalized  in  Europe.  It  has  been  maintained 
that  there  are  four  North  American  species.    May-Aug. 

2.  VALLISNERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1015.  1753- 
Aquatic  dioecious  submerged  perennials,  with  long  grass-lilce  floating  leaves.  Stara- 
la^te  flowers  with  a  3-3-parted  spathe  on  a  short  scape,  numerous,  nearly  sessile  on  a  conic 
's^ieptacle  ;  perianth  3-patted  ;  stamens  generally  3  (1-3).  Pistillate  Sowers  on  a  very  long 
fl^^mons  or  spiral  scape,  with  a  tubular,  3-clcfl,  i-flowcred  spathe ;  perianth~tube  adnate  to 
"*^  ovary,  3-lobed  and  with  3  small  petals ;  ovary  i-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae ;  stigmas 
3>  Kjearly  sessile,  short,  broad.  3-toothed  with  a  minute  process  just  below  each  sinus ;  ovules 
"M^'Mnerons,  borne  all  over  the  ovary  -  wall,  orthotropo  us.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindric,  crowned 
^"^^h  the  perianth.     [Named  for  Antonio  Vallisneri,  1661-1730,  Italian  naturalist.] 

-^\  tnonotypic  genus  of  wide  distribution  both  p. 

"^    IJie  Old  World  and  the  New.  ■"- '  -    "^t  i'  '  '-*' 

1  -       Vallisneria    spirlllis   L.      Tape- 
grass.     Eel-g[rass.     (Fig,  208.) 
''■'*« //iJB^nfl  spiralis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1015.      1753. 

I'lant  rooting  in  the  mud  or  sand,  sloloti- 
''^lons.     Leaves   thin,   narrowly    linear,   5- 
'^f^rved,  obtuse,  sometimes  serrate  near  the 
*P«x,  Ji''-6''  long,  2"-9"  wide,  the  a  marginal 
*>«Tves faint;  the  staminate  bud  separates  from 
*iie  scape  at  the  time  of  flowering  and  ex- 
pands upon  the  surface  of  the  water ;  pistil- 
^te  flowers  upon  a  long  thread-like  scape, 
the  q>athe    %'-t'   long,    enclosing  a  single 
^hite  flower  \  ovary  as  long  as  the  spathe  ; 
after  receiving  the  pollen  from  the  staminate 
fldwcrs  the  scape  of  the  pistillate  contracts 
spirally ;  ripe  fruit  2'-7'  long. 

In  quiet  waters,  New  Brunswick  to  Florida, 
Test  to  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Texas.  The  ■'wild 
Ttlery"  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  a  favorite  food 
of  the  canvBs.bBck  duck.    Aug, -Sept. 


94  VALUSNERIACEAE. 

3.  LIMN6bIUM  I,.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Inst.  Paris,  33:  66.  pi.  8.  i8it. 
Aquatic,  stoloniferons  herbs,  the  leavea  fascicled  at  the  nixJes.  petioled,  broad,  cordate. 
Flowers  monoecious,  white,  arisinfc  from  sessile  or  atipiCale,  i-teaved,  membranous  tpattaes. 
Perianth  6'parted,  the  segtneats  pelaloid,  the  3  outer  oblong-oval,  the  3  inner  oblong- linear. 
Statninate  flowers  a-4  in  a  spathe,  loDg'peduncled,  the  staraeas  uoited  in  a  colnmn  bearing 
6-11  anthers  at  different  heights,  sometimes  producing  onlj  9-13  staminodla,  the  filaments 
tipped  with  abortive  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers  seaaile  or  ahort-peduncled  with  3-6  vesti- 
gial stamens ;  ovary  6-9-celled  with  as  manj  central  placentae ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the 
cells,  each  i-parted.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  [Greek  referring  to  the  aqaatic  habitat.] 
Three  or  four  species,  narives  of  America. 

I.  Umnobium  Sp6iigia  (Bosc.)  L.  C.  Rich- 
ard.    Frog's-bit.     (Fig.  209,) 

Hydrocharis  Sfiongia  Bosc,  A*n.  Mus.  Paris,  9 :  396.  pi. 

JO.     1S07. 
Lsmnobium  Sfiongia  L.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Inst.  Paris, 

33:66.  pl.S.     1811. 
Hydrocharis  cordifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  1 :  34:.       1818. 
Limnocharis  Spongia  1,.  C.  Richard  ;  Stead.  Nomencl. 

Ed.  2.  Part,  z,  45.      1841. 

Blades  of  the  leaves  orbicular  or  broftdly  ovate,  cor- 
date or  reniform,  faintly  5-7-nerved  and  cross-veined, 
purplish  and  spongy  beneath ,  io"-2' broad,  on  peti- 
oles I'-io'  in  length.  Stolons  rooting  and  sending 
np  flowers  and  leaves  at  the  nodes ;  pednnclea  of  the 
ataminate  Sowers  3'-4'  long,  those  of  the  pistillate 
^-^   flowers  stouter,  I'-i'  long,  nodding  in  fruit. 

In  shallow,  stagnant  water.  Lake  Ontario,  to  Florida, 
west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Lonisiana.    JtUy-Aug. 

Family  7.  GRAMlifEAE  Jiiss.  Gen.  28.  1789.* 
Grass  Family. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  of  variou.s  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Culms 
(stems)  generally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves 
sheathing,  the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade;  a 
scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring,  naked  or  hairy,  rarely  wanting,  called  the  ligule, 
is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflorescence  spicate,  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, consisting  of  spikelets  composed  of  two  to  many  2-ranlced  imbricated 
bracts,  called  scales  (glumes),  the  two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always 
empty,  one  or  both  of  these  sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the  upper  scales, 
except  sometimes  the  terminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually 
enclosed  by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  palet,  placed  opposite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally  a-keeled; 
sometimes  the  palet  is  present  without  the  flower,  and  vice  versa.  Flowas  per- 
fect or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  subtended  by  1-3  minute 
hyaline  scales  called  the  lodicules.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  3.  Anthers  2-celled, 
versatile.  Ovary  i-celled,  i-ovuled.  Stylesi-3,commonly  a  and  lateral.  Stigmas 
hairy  or  plumose.     Fruit  a  seedlike  grain  (caryopsis).     Endosperm  Starchy. 

About  3500  ngecies,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  ip'owing  in  water  and  on  all  kinds 
ofsoil.     Those  yielding  food-RTaitis  are  called  cereals.     The  species  are  more 
countries,  while  the  number  of  individuals  is  much  greater  in  temperate  regie 
le  of  year  noted  is  that  of  ripening  seed. 


IS  of  turf.    The  ti 


KEY   TO   THE   TRIBES   AND  GENERA. 

flowered,  when  i-flowered  the  upper  fertile,  lower  staminate:  tachilla  arti- 
subtendii^  involucre,  and  not  extending  beyond  the  flow*-' 
Spikelets  not  flattened  laterally. 

Flowering  scale  and  palet  hyaline;  none  of  the  scales  spiny. 

Spikelets  monoecious;  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  panicle.     I.  Mavdeae. 
Spikelets  perfect,  or  one  staminate  or  rudimentary,  mostly  silky.        II.  ANDROPogOnbab. 
Flowering  scale  and  palet  membranous;  second  scale  3((iny  (in  ours).     Ill,  ZOYSIEAE. 
Flowering  scale  and  palet  coriaceous  or  chartaceous;  spikelets  mostly  glabrous,  involuciate  in. 
Nos.  I]  and  14;  scales  3  or  4.  IV.  Panicrab. 

Spikelets  flattened  laterally,  i-flowered;  scales  i.  V.  Okvzbab. 

*ThiB  family  has  been  elaborated  with  the  assistance  of  Mr,  Gbo.  V.  Nash. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  95 

B.  Spikelets  i-many-flowered:  rachilla  generally  articulated  above  the  two  lower  scales  (below 
hem  in  Nos.  32,  40,  48  and  54)  ana  frequently  extending^  beyond  the  flower  in  i-flowered  spikelets. 

Culms  herbaceous. 

Spikelets  upon  pedicels  in  panicles,  spike-like  panicles  or  racemes,  not  in  rows. 
Spikelets  with  but  i  perfect  flower,  which  is  terminal  except  in  37  and  part  of  t^S. 
Empty  scales  4  (except  in  No.  20);  palet  i-nerved.  VI.  Phalarideae. 

Empty  scales  2;  palet  2-nerved.  VII.  Agrostideae. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  more  perfect  flowers  (except  that  one  is  staminate  in  Nos.  40  and 
45);  upper  flower  often  imperfect. 
Flowering  scales  generally  shorter  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  usually  with  a  bent 

awn  on  the  back.  VIII.  Aveneae. 

Flowering  scales  generally  longer  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  unawned  or  with'a 
straight  awn  from  the  apex.  X.  Festuceae. 

Spikelets  in  two  rows,  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme.  IX.  Chlorideae. 

Spikelets  in  two  opposite  rows,  forming  an  equilateral  spike  (unilateral  in  Nardus). 

XI.   HORDEAE. 

Culms  woody,  at  least  at  the  base ;  tall  reeds.  XII.  Bambuseae. 

Tribe  I,  Maydkak. 

fertile  spikelets  imbedded  in  the  joints  of  the  thick  rachis.  i.   Tripsacutn, 

Tribe  II.  Andropogonkae. 

[oints  of  the  rachis  not  much  thickened  nor  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 
Spikelets  alike,  perfect,  one  sessile,  one  pedicelled.  2.  Erianthus. 

Spikelets  not  alike,  the  sessile  perfect,  the  pedicelled  staminate,  empty  or  wanting. 

Inflorescence  composed  of  spike-like  silky  racemes.  4.  Andropogon. 

Inflorescence  paniculate;  spikelets  silky. 

Pedicellea  spike  let  wanting  (in  our  species).  5.  Chrysopogon, 

Pedicelled  spikelet  present  and  usually  staminate.  6.  Sorgkutn. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  greatly  thickened  and  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 

3.  Manisuris, 

Tribe  III.  ZoYSiEAE. 

Spikelets  in  a  terminal  spike;  second  scale  spiny.  7.  Nazia. 

Tribe  IV.  Paniceab. 

Spilftlets  without  a  subtending  involucre  of  bristles  or  valves. 
Scales  7^, 

Spikelets  all  alike  in  close  i -sided  spikes. 

Spikelets  with  a  swollen  ring-like  callus  at  the  base.  10.  Eriochloa. 

Spikelets  without  a  callus.  8.  Paspalutn. 

Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  one  borne  in  loose  linear  panicles,  the  other  solitary  on  subterranean 
peduncles  and  maturing  seed.  9.  Amphicarpon. 

Scales  4,  rarely  3  by  suppression  of  the  lowest  one. 

Spikelets  in  2's  or  3's  on  one  side  of  a  long  and  slender  flat  or  3-angled  rachis ;  spikes  digi- 
tate or  approximate  in  whorls.  11.  Syntherisma. 
Spikelets  single^  pedicelled,  in  panicles  or  raceme-like  sessile  and  panicled  spikes;  first 
scale  short,  third  empty  or  staminate,  fourth  fertile.  12.  Panicutn. 
>i Relets  subtended  bv  an  involucre  consisting  of: 

i-many  persistent  bristles;  spikelets  in  dense  spikes,  deciduous.  13.  Ixophorus. 

2  spine-bearing  valves  forming  a  bur  enclosing  the  spikelets  and  deciduous  with  them. 

14.  Cenchrus, 

Tribe  V.  Oryzeab. 

E>i Relets  monoecious;  tall  aquatic  glasses. 

Pistillate  spikelets  ovate,  borne  at  the  base  of  each  branch  of  the  panicle. 

15.  Zizaniopsis. 
,  Pistillate  spikelets  linear,  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle.         16.  Zizania. 

►piVelcts  not  monoecious;  grasses  of  swamps  or  wet  grounds.  17.  Hotnalocenchrus. 

Tribe  VI.  Phalarideae. 

Third  and  fourth  scales 

small  and  empty  or  rudimentar>',  not  awned;  stamens  3.  18.  Phalaris. 

empty,  awned  upon  the  back;  stamens  2.  19.  Anthoxanthum. 

subtending  staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens;  fertile  flowers  with  2  stamens. 

20.  Savaslana. 

Tribe  VII.     Agrostideae. 

I'lowerin^  scale  indurated  at  maturity,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  empty  scales,  and  closely  enve- 
loping the  grain. 
Rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  palet. 

Flowering  scale  with  a  three-branched  awn;  stamens  mostly  3.  21.  Aris/ida. 

Flowering  scale  with  a  simple  awn. 

Flowering  scale  narrow;  awn  persistent. 

Awn  tortuous  or  twisted,  stout;  callus  evident.  22.  Stipa. 

Awn  straight,  verv  slender;  callus  minute.  25.  Muhlenbergia. 

Flowering  scale  broad;  awn  slender,  straight,  deciduous;  callus  obtuse. 

23.  Oryzopsis. 
Flowering  scale  awnless.  •         24.  Milium. 

Rachilla  with  a  pedicel-like  extension  beyond  the  palet:  stamens  2.  20.  Brachyelytrum. 


96  GRAMINBAE. 

Flowering  scale  hyaline  or  membranous  at  maturity;  empty  scales  coarser;  gm\n  looee. 

Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  panicle.    (Some  species  of  No.  31  may  be  looked  for  here. ) 
Spikelets  3"  or  less  long. 

Spikelets  readily  deciduous  at  maturity. 

Empty  scales  not  awned.  29.  Alopecurus. 

Empty  scales  awned.  32.  Polypogon. 

Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent 

Flowering  scales  slightly  exceeding  the  empty  ones.  27.  Helcochloa. 

Flowering  scales  much  shorter  than  the  empty  ones.  28.  Phleum, 

Spikelets  5" -6"  lon^;  tall  sea.shore  grasses.  37.  Ammophila. 

Spikelets  variously  panicled;  panicle  not  spike-like,  except  in  a  few  species  of  No.  31. 
Seed  loosely  enclosed  in  the  pericarp,  which  opens  readily  at  maturity. 

Empty  scales  minute;  low  arctic  grass.  30.  Phippsia. 

Empty  scales  not  minute;  no  callus,  awns  or  hairs.  31.  Sporobolus. 

Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 

Palet  i-nerved;  stamen  i;  flower  plainly  stalked:  scales  not  hairy.       34.  Cinna. 
Palet  2-nerved;  stamens  3:  flow^er  not  plainly  stalked. 

Flowering  scale  bifid,  with  a  delicate  awn  on  its  back;  rachilla  prolongred  into  & 

short  bristle.  39.  Apera. 

Flowering  scale  entire;  rachilla  not  prolonged  into  a  bristle. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base  (except  in  species  of  genus  jS). 
Rachilla  extended  beyond  the  palet.  36.  Calamagrostis, 

Rachilla  not  extendea  beyond  the  palet.  38.  Calamovilfa. 

Callus  naked,  or  with  very  short  hairs. 

Empty  scales  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones;  arctic  grass. 

33.  Arctagrosiis. 
Empty  scales  longer  than  the  flowering  ones;  panicle  open;  spikelets  small. 

35.  Agrostis. 

Tribe  VIII.  Aveneae. 

spikelets  deciduous;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate,  awned*  plant  velvety.  40.  Holcus. 
Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent,  flowering  ones  deciduous. 

Spikelets  of  2  perfect  flowers;  rachilla  not  prolongfed  l^yond  the  upper  one.    41.  Aira. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered ;  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  flower. 
Awn  of  flowering  scale  upon  the  back,  inserted  below  the  teeth. 
Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  ones  staminate  or  wanting. 
Spikelets  less  than  6"  long;  grain  free,  unfurrowed. 

Flowering  scale  finely  erose-dentate  or  2-lobed.  42.  Deschampsia, 

Flowering  scale  cleft  or  2-toothed,  with  the  teeth  sometimes  produced  into 
awns.  43.   Trisetutn. 

Spikelets  over  6"  long;  grain  furrowed,  usually  adherent  to  the  scales. 

44.  Avena. 
Upper  flower  perfect,  lower  staminate,  its  scale  strongly  awned.     45.  Arrhenaiherufn. 
Awn  trom  between  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twisted. 

46.  Dantkonia. 

Tribe  IX.  Chi^orideae. 

Flowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  rudimentary. 

I  perfect  flower  in  each  spikelet;  sometimes  2  in  Nos.  53  and  54. 
No  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 
Spikelets  deciduous. 

Rachis  produced  beyond  the  upper  spikelet;  spikelets  narrow.       48.  Spariina, 
Rachis  not  so  produced;  spikelets  globose,  sometimes  2-flowered.  54.  JSeckmannia, 
Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent;  low  slender  grasses. 

Spikes  2-6,  slender,  digitate,  i'-2'  long.  47.  Cabriola. 

Spikes  many  along  a  common  axis,  2^-4'  long.  52.  Scheaonnardus, 

One-several  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 

Lower  empty  scales  4;  spike  solitary,  dense.  49.  Campulosus. 

Lower  empty  scales  2. 

Spikes  in  false  whorls  or  closely  approximate ;  scales  long-awned.    50.  Chloris. 
Spikes  remote,  or  the  lowest  only  approximate. 

Spikelets  scattered  or  remote  on  filiform  spikes.  51.  Gytnnopogon. 

Spikelets  crowded,  sometimes  2-flowered.  53.  Bouteloua, 

2-3  perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

Spikelets  densely  crowoed;  spikes  usually  digitate. 

Spikes  with  terminal  spikelets.  ^.  Eleusine, 

Spikes  without  terminal  spikelets,  the  rachis  extending  beyond  them  into  a  point 

56.  DactylocUniutn, 
Spikelets  distinctly  alternating;  spikes  remote.  57.  Leptochloa, 

Spikelets  dioecious,  very  unlike;  spikes  short;  low  prairie  g^ass.  58.  Bulbilis. 

Tribe  X.  Festuceae. 

Rachilla  with  long  hairs  enveloping  the  flowering  scale ;  tall  aquatic  grass.  60.  Phragmiies. 

Rachilla  and  flowering  scales  naked  or  hairy,  hairs  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Stigrmas  barbellate;  spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6  in  the  axils  of  stiff  spinescent  leaves. 

59.  Munroa. 
Stigrmas  plumose;  spikelets  not  in  the  axils  of  leaves;  inflorescence  various. 

Spikelets  of  two  forms,  the  fertile  1-3-flowered,  surrounded  by  the  sterile,  consisting  of 

many  empty  pectinate  scales.  76.  Cynosurus. 

Spikelets  all  alike. 

Flowering  scale  2-3-toothed  or  pointed,  usually  3-nerved;  lateral  nerves  and  callus 
(an  enlargement  of  the  rachilla  just  below  the  flowering  scale)  generally  hairy. 
Spikelets  with  3-many  fertile  flowers.  61.  Sieglingia. 

Spikelets  1-3-flowered  ;  flowering  scales  keeled  ;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle 
long  and  capillary.  62.  Redfi^dia. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  97 

Flowering  scale  of  some  other  structure. 

Flowering  scales  1-3-nerved,  all  with  perfect  flowers,  or  the  uppermost  with  a 
staminate  flower  only  or  empty. 
Panicle  branches  spirally  arranged. 

Panicle  branches  simple,  in  spike-like  racemes.  63.  Diplachne. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  mostly  again  divided. 

Spikelets  loosely  2-4-flowerea;  conical  rachilla  articulated. 

64.  Molinia. 
Spikelets  densely  2-70-flowered;    rachilla  not  articulated;    ligule  or 
throat  of  sheath  bearded.  '  65.  Era^roslis. 

Primary  branches  of  the  panicle  distichous,  usually  branched  again  at  the  base. 
Panicle  spike -like  or  much  contracted. 

Second  scale  broader  than  the  2  flowering  ones.  66.  Ealonia. 

Second  scale  not  broader  than  the  3-7  flowering  ones.  67.  Koeleria. 
Panicle  diffuse,  with  long  slender  branches.  68.  Catabrosa. 

Flowering  scales  3-many-nerved.  with   2  or  more  of  the  upper  scales  empty, 
appressed,  convolute  around  each  other. 
Stamens  3;  upper  sterile  scales  usually  club-shaped.  69.  Melica. 

Stamens  1-2;  sterile  scales  not  club-shaped.  70.  Korycarpus, 

Flowering  scales  5-many-nerved,  each  with  a  perfect  flower,  or  the  upper  sometimes 
abortive. 
Keel  of  the  palet  winged  or  with  a  linear  appendage.  71.  Pleuropogon. 

Keel  of  the  palet  not  appendaged. 

Scales  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  and  keeled. 

Empty  basal  scales  3-6;  spikelets  flat,  2-edged.  72.   Uniola. 

Empty  basal  scales  2;  spikelets  flattened. 

Panicle  contracted;  spikelets  dioecious.  73.  Distichlis. 

Panicle  open;  spikelets  perfect. 

Flowering  scales  herbaceous,  awn-pointed;  spikelets  collected 

in  one-sided  clusters.  75.  Daclylis. 

Flowering  scales  scarious-maigined;  rachis  glabrous  or  with 
webby  hairs. 
Spikelets  large,  cordate.  74.  Briza. 

Spikelets  mostly  smaller,  not  cordate. 

Empty  scales  projecting  beyond  the  uppermost  flower- 
ing ones;  arctic  grass.  78.  Dupontia. 
Uppermost  scales  exceeding  the  empty  ones;  flowering 
scales  2-10,  mostly  webby  at  base.      77.  Poa. 
Flowering  scales  membranous;  rachis  hirsute  with  stiff  hairs, 
extended  into  a  hairy  appendage.              80.  Graphephorum. 
Scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 

Stigmas  placed  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary. 

Flowering  scales  with  a  basal  ring  of  hairs,  prominently  7-nerved, 

toothed  at  apex;  water  grass.  79.  Scolochloa. 

Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base : 

Obtuse  or  subacute  and  scarious  at  the  apex,  usually  toothed. 
Plainly  5-7-nerved  ;  styles  present.  81.  Panicularia. 

Obscurely  5-nerved ;  no  style  or  awns.        82.  Puccinellia. 
Acute,  pointed  or  awned  at  apex ;  not  webby.   83.  Festuca. 
Stigmas  plainly  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary;  spikelets  laxge, 
usually  drooping;  scales  mostly  awned.  84.  Bromus. 

Tribe  XI.  HoRDEAE. 

Stigrwia  I;  spike  unilateral j  spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow.  85.  Nardus, 

Sti^^mas  2;  spike  S3rmmetncal. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  the  notches  of  the  rachis. 

Flowering  scales  with  their  backs  turned  to  the  rachis.  86.  Lolium. 

Flowering  scales  with  their  sides  turned  to  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  1-2-flowered  in  slender  articulate  spikes.  87.  Lepturus. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered  in  stout  inarticulate  spikes.  88.  Agropyron, 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis;  scales  mostly  long-awned. 

Spikelets  i-flowered  or  with  the  rudiment  of  a  second  flower.  89.  Hordeum. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Empty  scales  a  little  smaller  than  the  flowering  ones.  90.  Elymus. 

Empty  scales  very  small  or  none.  91.  Hystrix. 

Tribe  XII.  Bambuseae. 

Tall  canes  with  large  flat  spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes.  92.  Arundinaria, 

I.  TRIPSACUM  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  1261.      1759, 

[DiGiTARiA  Heist;  Adans.  Fam.  PL  2:  38.  ^1763.] 
Tall  perennial  grasses  with  thick  rootstocks,  rather  broad  flat  leaves  and  monoecious 
flowers.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  in  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  elongated 
spikes.  Staminate  spikelets  in  2's  at  each  node  of  the  axis,  2-flowered,  consisting  of  four 
Kales,  the  two  outer  coriaceous,  the  two  inner  thinner,  the  palet  hyaline;  stamens  3.  Pis- 
tillate spikelets  in  excavations  at  the  lower  joints  of  the  spike,  i-flowered;  stigmas  exserted; 
style  slender.  Grain  partly  enclosed  in  the  excavations  of  the  spikes,  covered  in  front  by  the 
lioray  exterior  lower  scale.     [Name  from  the  Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  polished  outer  scales.] 

About  3  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  America.     Besides  the  following,  another 
occtin  in  the  southern  United  States. 


GRAMINEAE. 
Gama 


176}. 


I.    Tripsacum    dactyloides 
Grass,     (Fig.  210.) 

Coix  daclyloidts  L.  Sp.  PI.  973-      '753- 
TVi/iocumrfac/y/oirfwL.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  ».  1378.      , 
Tnpsacum  daclyloidet  var.  monoilacbyum  A.  Gray, 

Man.  616.      iM. 

Rootstock  Ji'-i'  thick,  calms  stout,  erect,  4°-8'' 
tall.  Leaves  smooth  aad  glabrous,  1°  or  more 
long,  )i'-i^'  nide,  long-acumioate,  truncate  or 
snbcordate  at  the  base ;  spikea  termioal  and  in  the 
upper  axils,  solitary  or  3-3  together,  4'-^'  long, 
the  lower  spikelets  pistillate,  ths  upper  staminate 
and  very  anmerouB ;  outer  scales  of  the  staminate 
spikelets  linear  and  obluae,  4"  long,  about  i" 
wide,  faintly  many-nerved ;  exterior  scale  of  the 
pistillate  spikelets  homy,  shining,  closely  appressed 
in  fruit. 

In  ewampB  or  alouR  streams.  Connectii^ut  to  Florida. 
Texas  and  Mexico,  north  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and 
Kansas.  Also  in  South  America.  One  of  onr  largest 
Krasses,  sometimes  used  tor  rodder.    ]une-Sept 


ERIANTHUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 


;54- 


Tall  generally  robust  perennial  grasses,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  long  Hat  leaves, 
and  perfect  flowers  in  tenniual  panicles.  Spikelets  generally  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the 
base,  2  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  with  a  pedicel,  generally 
i-flowered.  Scales  4,  the  two  outer  indurated,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  bearing  a  terminal 
straight  or  contorted  awn  ;  palet  small,  hyaline ;  stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scales.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly  spikelets.] 

il  regions  of  both  hemispheres.     Besides 

Awn  spiral.  1.  E.  alopectiroides. 
Awn  straight. 

Panicle  lax;  branches  long  and  spreading;  basal  hairs  longer  than  the  outer  scale  of  the 

spikelet.  3,  E.  saeeharoidts. 

Panicle  compact  or  strict;  branches  short  and  erect  or  appressed;  basal  hairs  equalling  or 

shorter  than  the  outer  scale  of  the  spikelet. 

Outer  scale  about  aW"  long.  3.  K.  compaclms. 

Outer  scale  about  4"  long.  4.  E.  brevibarbis. 

I.  Erianthus  alopecuroides(L.)EIl.    Spiral-awned  Beard-grass.   (Fig.  211.) 

Androfiogon  alobecuroides'L.  Sp,  PI.  1045.       1753. 
Erianlhus  alopecuroides  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i :  38. 
1816.      In  part. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  6°-io''  tall;  nodes  naked  or 
barbed,  the  summit  and  the  axis  of  the  panicle 
densely  pubescent  with  appressed  long  rigid  silky 
haiis  Sheaths  glabrous ;  leaves  usually  glabrous, 
6'-a°  long,  Ji'-i'  wide,  acuminate,  narrowed  and 
sometimes  hairy  on  the  upper  surface  near  the 
base ;  panicle  oblong,  7'-i2'  long,  a'-3'  wide, 
branches  spreading,  3'-5'  long,  slender,  loose,  in- 
temodes  about  2"  long;  outer  scales  of  the  spike- 
let about  3"  long,  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  inner  scales  shorter,  the  awn  6"-3" 
long  scabrous,  the  portion  included  in  the  outer 
scales  tightly  spiral,  bent  at  point  of  exseition,  and 
thence  loosely  spiral. 


In  damp  soil,  ^orth  Carolina  to  Iienluckj  and  Missour 
parison  with  the  otigrinal  specimens  of  Linnaeus  proves  H 
this  species.    Sept. 


t  the  n 


55- 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
Erianthus  saccharoides  Michx.     Plume  Grass.     (Fig.  212.) 

rJ  saccharoides  Michz.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  I: 


1803. 


Cnlms  robust,  erect,  5°--io°  toll,  barbed  bX 
the  nodes,  the  summit  and  tbe  axis  of  the  pan- 
icle densely  pnbescent  with  appressed  long 
rigid  silky  hairs.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy  below,  densely  pubescent  at  the 
throat  with  long  more  or  less  spreading 
silky  hairs ;  leaves  scabrous  or  appressed- 
pubescent,  6'-i°  long,  ii'-i'  wide,  long- 
acnmiaate,  somewhat  narrowed  towards  the 
hoSe ;  panicle  lax,  broadly  oblong,  s'-is' 
long,  3'-4'  wide,  its  branches  spreading.  1'- 
4'  long,  slender,  internodes  about  i"  long ; 
outer  scales  of  tbe  spikelet  about  2"  long, 
a  little  exceeding  tbe  pedicel  and  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs  lanceolate, 
acuminate  inner  scales  shorter  the  awn 
ic/'-ii     long  straight  scabrous 


Florida  and  Louisiana.     Also  in 


3.   Erianthus  compfictus  Nash.     Con- 
tracted Plume -grass.     (Fig.  213.) 
Erianthus  compactus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M; 

419.      1895- 

Culms  erect,  4°-8°  tall,  stout,  the  nodes 
barbed,  the  summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle 
densely  pnbescent  with  appressed  long  rigid 
silky  hairs.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or  pubescent  at 
the  top;  leaves  scabrous  above,  sparingly  ap- 
pressed-pubescent  beneath,  6'-i°  long,  3"-6" 
wide,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  toward  the 
base ;  pauicle  narrowly  oblong,  4'-6' long,  about 
1%'  wide;  branches  erect,  I'-a'  long;  spikelets 
crowded;  internodes  about  \"  long;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  about  2Ji"  long,  exceeding  the 
pedicels  and  about  equalling  tbe  basal  hairs, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter,  tbe 
awn  5"-io"long,  straight,  scabrous. 

In  moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.    Aug.-Sept. 


4.  Erianthus  brevib&rbis  Michx.     Short- 
bearded  Plume-grass.     (Fig.  214.) 
Eriaitihus  brevibarbis  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  l:  55.   1803. 
Erianlhus  saccharoides   Michx.   aub-Bp.    brevibarbis 

Hack,  in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  6:  131.     1SS9. 

Cnlms  stont,  erect,  ^"-5°  tall,  nodes  naked  or 
scantily  barbed,  the  summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle 
anooth  or  scabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous ;  leaves 
nngh,  ij'-i8'  long,  3"-5"  wide,  acuminate  ;  pan- 
kle  linear- oblong,  8'-io'  in  length,  I'-i^'wide, 
bnnches  erect,  a'-s'  long,  internodes  about  i%" 
long;  onter  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  4"  long, 
twice  tbe  length  of  tbe  pedicel  and  equalling  or 
tnice  OS  long  as  tbe  basal  hairs,  lanceolate,  long- 
icominate;  inner  scales  shorter;  awn9'''~i3"Iong, 
straight,  scabrous. 

tn  moist  soil,  Vitsinia  (according  to  Watson)  tc 
Xorth  Carolina  and  Louisiana.    Autumn. 


lOO  GRAMINEAE. 

3.  MANISURIS  L.  Mant.  a:  164.  1771. 
[RoTTBOKi.LiA  L.  f.  Dissert,  Nova  Gram.  Gen.  13.  1779-] 
Mostly  tall  j>erenni«ls,  with  running  rootstocks,  narrow  flat  leaves  and  cylindrical  jointed 
spikes,  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  excavated 
rachis,  onesesaile  and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate  or  empty.  Scales 
of  the  perfect  spikelet  4,  the  outermost  thick  and  coriaceous,  covering,  together  with  the 
pedicel  of  the  sterile  spikelet,  the  excavation  in  the  rachis  ;  second  scale  chartaceons  ;  third 
and  fourth  hyaline,  the  tatter  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct     Grain  free.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tail-like  spikes.] 

About  35  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate 


1.  Manisuris  rugdsa  (Nutt.)  Kuntze. 
Wrinkled  Manisuris.     (Fig.  215.} 

Rollboeltia  rugota  Nutt.  Gen,  l:  84.    181B, 
Afanisurii  rugosa  Kuntie,  Rev.  Gen,  PI,  780,     189I. 
Manisuris  rugosa  Chapmani  Scribn,  Mem.  Ton. 


Smooth  and  glabroas,  culms  erect,  3"-^"  tall, 
compressed,  much  branched  above,  branches 
spreading.  Sheaths  compressed;  leaves  flat, 
acuminate,  6'-*"  long,  i"-3"  wide  ;  spikes  par- 
tially included  in  the  sheath  or  more  or  less  ex- 
serted,  i^'-i^'  long;  outermost  scale  of  the 
spikelets  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  about  3"  long, 
strongly  tranavetsely  rugose,  the  wrinkles  con- 
tinuous or  interrupted. 


4.   ANDROPOGON  L.  Sp.  PI.  1045.       1753. 

perennial  grasses  with  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axillary  spikes, 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other 
with  a  pedicel  and-  either  staminate,  empty  or  reduced  to  a  single  scale.  Perfect  spikelet 
consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  coriaceous,  the  second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner 
hyaline,  the  fourth  mare  or  leas  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens 
1-3.     Grain  free.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis,] 

About  150  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  reffions.  Besides  the  following, 
some  12  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Tntemodes  of  the  rachis  clavate -thickened: 

Attenuate  at  basej  spikes  solitary,  distant,  1.  A.  icofiarius. 

Broad  at  base;  spikes  in  pairs  or  dif^itate,  oecasionally  panicled. 
Hairs  as  long  as  the  pedicel  or  lotiser. 

Spikes  in  pairs;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  aW"  long,     1.  A.  argyrarus. 
Spikes  2-j  together;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  4"  long. 

3,  A.  Haliii. 
Hairs  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  pedicel.  4,  A.  furcatus. 

Intemodes  of  the  rachis  not  clavale-thickened,  slender,  more  or  less  fle^tuous. 

Spikes  protiudintc  from  the  side  of  the  inflated  spathe.  never  on  long-exserted  peduncles. 
Branches  of  the  culm  short,  distant,  forming  a  loose  elongated  inSorescence. 

5,  A.  firginicui. 
Branches  of  the  culm  elongated,  forming  at  summit  a  compact  bushy  inflorescence. 

6.  A.  glomerulus. 
Spikes  terminal  on  finally  long. exseited  peduncles;  spathe  narrow;  upper  sheaths  elongated 

and  much  inflated,  imbricated;  upper  nodes  densely  bearded,  7,  A.  Elliollii. 

Intemodes  of  the  rachis  much  thickened  on  the  raatgins,  the  intervening  portion  thin  and  translu- 
cent; nodes  of  the  culm  not  bearded,  8,  A.  Torreyanui. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


I.    Andropogon  scopdrius  Mich: 

Andri'pogoa  scopariiim  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 


iSo.i- 


Broom  Beard-grass. 

v 


Culms  from  a  creeping  rootstoclt,  smooth, 
simple  or  much  branched,  a°-4°  tall.  Sheaths 
smooth  or  scabrous,  sometimes  glaucoas;  leaves 
6'-i2'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous  ; 
spikes  I'-i'  long,  loose,  solitary,  on  long-ex- 
serted  slender  peduncles  \  ractais  slender,  flex- 
uous,  joints  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  long 
spreading  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spike- 
let  about  3"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous  ;  awn 
spiral,  more  or  less  bent  at  point  of  cxsertion, 
5"-6"  long,  scabrous  ;  pedicelled  spikelet  re- 
duced to  a  single  awn-poiuted  scale. 

In  dry  sandy  fields,  New  Bninswict:  to  Alberta, 
south  to  Flonda.  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Ascends 
to  .woo  ft.  in  Geoipa.  Specimens  determined  as 
A.  marilimtts  Chapni.,  from  Cape  May,  N.  J,,  ap- 
pear to  be  referable  to  this  species.    Aug.-Oct. 


Andropogon  argyra^u: 


Schultes.     Silvery  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  217.) 

Andropogon   argealeus  Ell,  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  148- 

1817.     Not  DC.  1813. 
Andropogon  argyraeus  Schultes.  Mant.  1:  450.      1834. 
Andropogon  Bel'visii  Desv.  Opusc.  67.       iSjI. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  3°-4°  tall,  simple  at  base, 
generally  much  branched  above.  Sheaths  some- 
what compressed,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  basal 
leaves  6'-i°;  upper  a'-8'  by  1"  wide,  acuminate, 
smooth  to  scabrous  above,  glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath;  spikes  in  pairs,  t '-3' long,  on  more  or 
less  exserted  slender  peduncles;  joints  of  the 
rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with  long  silky  white 
spreading  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spike- 
let  about  2}i"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous;  awn 
loosely  spiral,  f>"-^"  long,  scabrous ;  pedicelled 
spikelet  reduced  to  a  minute  lanceolate  acuminate 
scabrous  scale,  which  is  early  deciduous. 

In  dry  sand;  soil,  Delaware  to  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Culm  leaves  shorter  and  broader 
than  the  basal  ones.    Sept, 

3.    Andropogon 'HMlii  Hack.     Hall's  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  218.) 

Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.   Sitz.  Akad.   Wiss.  Wien,  89: 

Culms  robust  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  s^-S"  tall, 
rimple  at  base,  branched  above,  smooth,  more  or  less 
glaucous.  Sheaths  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  1°  or 
le»  long.  3"-4"  wide,  smooth  ;  spikes  2-5  together, 
*'-4'  long,  the  lateral  ones  often  included  in  the 
spatbes;  joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with 
spreading  silkj  white  or  yellow  hairs  of  about  tbeir 
own  length  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about 
4"  long,  acuminate,  glabrous  at  base,  from  sparingly 
to  copiously  silky-pubescent  toward  the  apex ;  awn 
j"-5"  long,  or  sometimes  wanting ;  pedicelled  spike- 
let consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  generally 
larger  than  the  corresponding  scale  of  the  sessile 
tfnkelet  and  subtending  a  palet  and  thr 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Kansas  and  Montana  to  Mexi< 


GRAHINEAE. 

4.   Andropogon  furcEltus  Muhl.     Forked 

Beard-grass.     (Fig.  219.) 
Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl,;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  919. 

1  proi'incialis 
Phan.  5:  441. 
Culms  erect,  atont,  Bmooth  and  glabrous,  3°-6'' 
tall,  simple  at  bsM,  braacbed  above.  Sheaths 
smooth  and  glabrons;  leaves  smooth  or  rough,  f/- 
18'  long.  a"-7"  wide,  acuminate ;  spikes  3-5,  in 
paira  or  approzimate  at  the  summit,  >'-$'  long ; 
joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  short 
hairs  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  3"-4" 
long,  twice  the  length  of  the  rschis -joints,  scab- 
rous ;  awn  s"-?"  long,  loosely  spirsl ;  pedicelled 
spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales. 


5.   Andropogon  Virginicus  L.     Virginia  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  220.) 

Andropogon  Virginictisl,.  Sp,  PI,  1046,       1753. 
Cinna  lateralis  Walt.  Fl,  Car.  59,      1788, 
Andropogon  dUsUiflorus  Michx,  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  i: 

57.    "803, 
Andropogon  vagtnalus  Ell,  Bot,  S,  C,  &  Ga.  l: 

148,     1817, 

Cnlms  erect,  smooth,  3°-4°  tall,  simple  at 
base,  branching  above.  Sheaths  smooth;  leaves 
6'-!°  long,  i"-3"  wide,  long-acuminate,  scab- 
rous on  the  margins;  branches  of  culm  short, 
forming  a  loose  and  elongated  inflorescence ; 
epikesin  pairs,  occasionally  3  or  4,  about  l' long, 
loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the  spatbes; 
rachis  flexnons,  slender,  the  joints  and  pedi- 
cels pubescent  with  long  spreading  aillty  hairs; 
lowest  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  1%"  long; 
awn  4"-V'  I00S1  straight,  scabrous;  pedicelled 
spikelet  generally  wanting,  occasionally  a  rudi- 
mentary scale  present. 

In  dry  or  moist  fields,  Masiiacliu setts  to  Pennsyl- 


Eind    Illin 


Also  in  Cuba 


Aug, -Sept, 


ind  Tenas, 


6.  Andropogon glomerE«us( Walt.)  B.  S.  P.    Bushy  Beard-grass.    (Fig.  221.) 


tndrofiogon  glon 


i.  P.  Prel.  Cat,  N,  Y,  67. 


Culms  erect  i  '^°-3°  tall,  smooth,  simple  below, 
much  branched  above,  upper  nodes  of  branches 
barbed  Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  to  strongly 
scabrous  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  leaves  i"-3" 
wide  scabrous  long  acuminate, the  basal  two-thirds 
as  long  as  or  equallmg  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm 
6'-i8'  long  branches  elongated,  forming  a  com- 
pact terminal  inflorescence  ;  spikes  io  pairs,  about 
1'  long  loose  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the 
scabrous  spathes ,  rachis  flexuoua,  the  joints  and 
pedicels  pubescent  with  long  spreading  silky  hairs ; 
outermost  scaleof  sessile  spikelet  about  i>j"loag; 
awn  6"-9"  long,  scabrous ;  pedicelled  spikelet 
reduced  to  a  single  scale  or  wanting. 

Damp  soil,  soutliem  New  York  to  central  Pennsylva- 
ina  and  Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast.    Sept, -Oct, 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
7.   Andropogon  Elli6ttii  Chapm.     Elliott's  Beard- 

Andropogon  EtlioUii  Chaptn,  PI.   S.  Statefl,  5S1. 


Culms  erect,  i°-3°  tall,  smooth,  »mple  or 
sparingly  branched  above,  branches  stronglj 
bearded  at  the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  glabrous 
or  loosely  villous,  the  lower  narrow,  the  upper 
elongated,  inflated,  imbricated;  basal  leaves 
about  one-half  as  long  as  tbe  culm,  smooth, 
\i"~\%"  wide,  those  of  the  culm  filiform  or 
oarrowlj  linear,  a'-io'  long,  yi"-\"  wide; 
in  pairs,  I'-s'  long,  loose,  finally  long-exserted 
on  filiform  peduncles ;  racbis  slender,  flexuoas, 
its  joints  and  the  pedicels  pubescent  with  long 
spreading  silky  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  the 
sessile  spikelet  iJi"-a"Iong,  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  awn  6"-^'  long,  scabrous;  pedicelled 
spikelet  a  minute  scale  or  wanting. 

a  to  Florida 


8.   Andropogon  TorreySnus  Steud,     Torrey's  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  223,) 

Andropogon  glaucus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  l;  133, 

1824.      Not  Mnhl.  1817. 
Andropogon  Torreyanus  Steud.  Nomencl.  Ed.  2, 


93- 


Andropogon  JamesiiToTi .  Msrcy's  Rep.  302.    1833. 
Andropogon  saccharoides  vat,  Torreyanus  Hack, 
in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  6:  495,       i88g. 

Cnlms  erect,  1%"-^}^°  tall,  simple  or 
branched,  glabrous,  the  nodes  naked.  Sheatha 
smooth  and  glabrous,  more  or  less  glaucous ; 
leaves  3'-?'  long,  ^"-3"  wide,  long-acuminate, 
smooth  and  glabrous  towards  the  base,  scabrous 
on  margins  and  at  the  apex,  glaucous  ;  spikes 
l'-i%'  long  in  a  terminal  long-exserted  panicle 
a'-4''  long ;  joints  of  the  rachis  with  a  thin 
translucent  median  line ;  outermost  scale  of  ses- 
sile spikelet  i^"-i"  long,  about  equalling  the 
terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis-joints,  lanceolate, 
acute,  pubescent  at  baae  with  long  silky  haira ; 
awn  i"-&"  long,  spiml,  bent,  scabrous ;  pedi* 
celled  spkelet  reduced  to  a  single  narrow  scale. 

In  dry  soil,   Kansas   to  Arizona   and   Mexico. 


5.    CHRYSOPOGON  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  187.       1820. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  ours  perennials,  with  long  narrow  flat  leaves  and  terminal  pani- 
cles. Spikelets  in  pairs  or  3's,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate, 
tmpty,  or  reduced  to  the  pedicel  only.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  two 
oaler  indurated  and  shining,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and 
perfect  flower,  or  the  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct;  stigmas  plu- 
mose.    Grain  free.     [  Greek,  referring  to  the  golden-yellow  hairs  on  the  spikelets.] 

Abont  30  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  countries. 


H  GRAMINBAE. 

Chrysopogon  avenikceus  (Michxj  Benth.     Indian  Grass. 
Aiidi'o/H>goH\avtnareHm  Michi.  Fl. 


Sorghum  nulans  A,  Gray.  Man.  617.      1H4S. 
Snrtrhum  ajfnaceiim  Chapra,  Fl.  S.   States,  583. 

Bt^nth.  Joura.  Linn.  Sac. 


Culms  erect,  ^'-S"  tall,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  smooth,  the  nodes  pttbescent.  Sheaths 
smooth;  lower  leaves  1°  or  more  in  length, 
l"-8"  wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous ;  panicle 
4'-ia''  long  \  branches  a'-4'  long,  slender,  erect- 
spreading;  spilceletB  in  pairs,  or  in  3's  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  ; 
first  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  3"-4"  long,  ocnte, 
pubescent  with  long  hairs ;  second  scale  glab- 
rous; awn  s"-io"  long,  the  column  very  little 
if  at  all  bent ;  lateral  spikelets  reduced  to 
plumose  pedicels. 

In  dry  fields,  Ontario  to  Hanitoba,  south  to 
Rhode  laland.  Florida  and  Arizona.  Panicle  brown- 
ish-yellow.    A  UK. -Sept. 

Chrysopogon  natans  (L.)  Benth..  distinguished  from  this  species  by  its  longer  awn  fi3"-i<" 
lot«),  supported  on  a  column  distinctly  bent  at  about  the  middle,  occurs  in  Tei 


a  to  have  been  recently  ft 


6.  SORGHUM  Pers.  Syn.  i: 


1805. 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  long  broad  flat  leaves  and  terminal  ample  panicles. 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  nodes,  or  in  3's  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  one  sessile  and  perfect, 
the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate  or  empty.  Sessile  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the 
outer  indurated  and  shining,  obscurely  nerved,  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  sub- 
tending a  small  palet  and  perfect  flower,  or  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.     Grain  free.     [Name  Indian.] 

About  13  species,  of  wide  diatribution  in  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regriona. 


I.    Sorghum  Halep6nse  fL.)  Pers.     Johnson -gra.ss.     (Fig.  225.) 


Holcus  Haleptnsis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1047.       175,1. 
Andropo£On  Halefiensis  Brot,  Fl.  Lusil.  i:  8g.      1804, 
Sorghum  Halepense  Pers,  Syn. 


180s. 


Culms  erect,  3''-5'  tall,  simple  or  sometimes 
much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sbeatbs 
smooth;  leaves  1°  or  more  long,  X'-''  wide, 
long-acuminate  ;  panicle  open,  from  f^'-ij^" 
long,  the  generally  wborled  braucbes  spreading 
and  naked  towards  the  base  ;  outer  scales  of  ses- 
sile spikelet  2"-y  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
purplibb,  pubescent  with  long  apprcssed  hairs; 
awn  when  present  4"-8"  long,  more  or  less  bent; 
pedicelled  spikelets  of  4  scales,  the  outer  two 
about  3"  long,  membranous,  7-9-nerved,  their  in- 
rolled  margins  ciliate,  the  inner  two  shorter  and 
narrower,    hyaline,    sometimes    with    staminate 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  Pennsylvania 
to  Missouri,  south  tu  Florida  and  Texas.  Widely  dis- 
tributed by  cultivation  in  tropical  America.  Native 
of  southern  Europe  aud  Asia.    July-Sept, 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


105 


7.    NAZIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.       1763. 
[Tragus  Hall.  Hist  Stirp.  Helv.  a :  303.      1768.] 
[Lappago  Schreb.  Gen.  55.      1789] 
An  annual  grass,  diffuselj  branched,  with  flat  leaves  and  t-flowered  decidaous  spikelets, 
cither  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  3-5  in  a  terminal  spike.     Scales  of  spikclet  i  or  3,  the  outer- 
most small  or  wanting,  the  second  rigid  and  covered  wilb  booked  prickles,  tbe  third  mem- 
branous, subtending  a  patet  and  perfect  flower.     [Name  unexplained.] 
A  monotypic  g%nu« 


Nazia    racemdsa  (L.)   Kuntze. 
Prickle -grass.    (Fig.  226.) 

L.  Bp.  PI,  1049.      1753. 
Willd.  Sd.  pi,  1:484.       1708. 
Gen.    PI.    780. 


Lappago 

Nazia   ractmosa   Kui 
1S91. 

Culms  I'-n'  tall,  erect,  simple  to  diffusely 
branched,  smooth  below,  pubescent  above. 
Sbeaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  i'~3' 
long,  l"-i"  wide,  acuminate,  ratlier  strongly 
ciliate ;  spike  i'-4'  long,  sometimes  partially 
included  in  the  somewhat  inflated  upper 
sbeath  ;  spikelets  i-flowered;  first  scale  very 
small,  almost  byalioe;  second  scale  coria- 
ceous, iJi"loDg.  acute,  5-nerved,  eacb  nerve 
aimed  with  a  row  of  hooked  prickles ;  third 
scale  i"  long,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  l- 
nerved,  membranous,  enclosing  a  palet  of 
like  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

Occasional  in  ballast  and  n'aste  places  about 
the  Atlantic  seaports.  Abundant  from  Texas  to 
Arizona  and   Meiico.    Native  of  Europe  and 


8.    PASPALUM  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  855. 


1759- 


Perennial  grasses  of  various  habit,  witb  geueraUy  flat  leaves  and  i-flowered  spikelets 
borne  in  1-4  rows  on  i-sided  spikes,  which  are  Eingle,  in  pairs,  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong 
to  ortncular,  flat  on  the  inner  surface,  convex  on  tbe  outer.  Scales  3,  rarelj-  i  by  the  absence 
of  the  outermost,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner  one  indurated  and  subtending  a 
palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  separate  ;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or 
oblong,  free.     [An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass,  used  by  Hippocrates.] 


Spiktlets  second,  with  the  back  of  the  flon-^rinR  scale  turned  toward  the  rachis. 

Kachis  membranous,  dilated,  its  wings  almost  encIosinR  the  spikelets  at  roaturitj 
Extendi!^  beyond  the  spikelets,  lon)(-aeumtnate;  spikelets  about  H"  long. 


Not  extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  ai 


Rachis  not  membianous 

Spikelets  oval  or  ell; 

Spikelets  glahto 

Spikelets  villous 


ir  enclosing  the  spikelets  at  maturity, 
or  somewhat  pubescent;  spikt 


:.  P.  membra iiaieum. 


paire  or  occasionally  in 

3,  P.  disliehum. 

4.  P.  dilalalum. 


>n  maigins;  spikes  4-12. 
_^  ..    .   .  orbicular,  very  obtuse. 

Spikes  I,  or  sometimes  7,  on  the  1-3  slender  peduncles  eiserted  from  the  upper  sheath; 
spikelets  1"  or  less  long. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent,  the  former  generally  long;,  narrow  and  erect;  spike- 
lets about  W "  long.  5.  P.  selaceiim. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  the  former  long  and  broad, 

lax,  ciliate;  spikelets  about  i"  long.  6.  P.  ciliatifoHum . 

Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous,  the  former  short  and  broad,  ciliate  on  the  mai^ns; 
spikelets  about  Si      long.  7.  P.  longipeduiiculalutn. 

Spikes  z  or  more  on  the  single  stout  peduncle. 

Spikelets  iii"-i 54"  long:  spikes  generally  spreading.      8.  P.  laet'c. 
Spikelets  exceeding;  iW'  in  length;  spikes  generally  erect, 

9.  P.  Floridaniim. 

Spikelets  not  strictly  secund,  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned  away  from  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  less  than  i"  long,  oblong,  10.  P.  compressum, 

Spikelets  about  2"  loug,  broadly  lanceolate.  11.  P.  paspaloidti. 


GRAHINBAB. 


I.    Paspalum  mucronitum  Muhl.     Water  Paspalum.     (Pig.  227.) 


18^9. 


Paspalutit  mucronalum  Muhl.  Cat.  S.  iSl,). 
Ciresia  Jluilans  Ell.  BoL  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  109. 
Paspalum  fluilans  Kuntti,  Rev,  Gram,  i:  24. 

Culms  ascending.  6''-3°  long,  from  a  floating  or 
creeping  base,  branched.  Sheatfas  verj  loose  or  in- 
flated, smooth  or  scabrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent ; 
leaves  3'-ia'  long,  %'-i'  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous; 
spikes  3O-IO0,  ^'-y  long,  alternate  or  wborled, 
slender ;  racbii  flat,  ttaio,  exceeding  the  spikelets, 
long-acuminate,  scabrous,  its  margins  nearly  eo- 
closiug  the  spikelets ;  spikelets  in  two  rowi, 
about  >i"  long,  elliptic,  pubescent ;  outer  scales  very 
tbin,  a-nerved,  the  first  one  usually  a  little  the  longer. 

1  Illinois  and  Miswuri, 


2.    Paspalum  mcmbran&ceum  Walt.     Walter's  Paspal] 


Paspalum  membrauactum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  75.      1788. 

Not  Lam.     1791. 
Paspalum  IVallerianum  Schultea,  Mant.  a:  166.     1814. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched, 
smooth,  creeping  at  the  base.  Sheaths  a  little  in- 
flated, smooth;  leaves  iji'-3ji'  long,  a"-3" 
wide,  flat,  smooth,  acute ;  spikes  3-7,  alternate, 
about  1'  long,  the  tower  ones  usually  included  in 
the  upper  sheath  ;  rachis  not  exceeding  the  spike- 
lets, flat,  thin,  i"--i'/i"  wide,  acute,  smooth, 
many-nerred,  its  incurved  margins  partly  enclos- 
ing the  spikelets;  spikelets  about  i"long,  crowded 
in  a  rows,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth;  outer  scales  5- 
nerved;  third  scale  lenticular,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  outer  ones. 


3.   Paspalum  distichum  L.     Joint-grass. 

(Fig.   229.) 
Paspalum  distichum  L.  Amoeu.  Acad.  S:  391.      1759. 

Culms  erect,  6'-i°  tall,  extensively  creeping  at 
base.  Sheaths  smooth,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  or  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  flat,  \%'- 
5'  long,  i"-2"wide,  acuminate,  smooth;  spikes 
I'-aJi'  long,  in  pairs,  or  occasionally  with  a  third, 
exserted;  rachis  flat,  >^"-i"  wide,  smooth;  spike- 
lels  iX"-'>i"  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  pubescent 
or  glabrous,  acute,  nearly  sessile  in  1  rows;  outer 
scales  3-s-nerved,  sligMly  exceeding  the  acute 
third  one  which  is  sparingly  bearded  at  the  apex. 


Virginia  to  Missouri 
Ida,  Texati  and  Mexico, 
tral  and  South  America. 


md  California,  south  to  Flor- 
AIbo  in  the  West  Indies,  cen- 
Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
4.   Paspalum  dilatitum  Poir.     Tall  '. 
Jtispalum  dilala/um  Poir.  in  lAm.  Encycl.  $:  35.      1804. 
faspalutn  ovalum  Nees,  Kgtoat,  Bras.  43.      iSsg. 

Cnlms  erect,  3°^°  tall,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  1° 
or  more  long,  a"-s"  wide,  long-acuminate,  rather 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  Hometimea  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  the  base;  apilcea  4-12,  a'-s'  long,  apreadiug. 
alternate,  )('-2'  distant  ou  the  main  axis ;  racbis  of 
the  spilces  narrow,  less  than  i"  wide,  somewhat  llexa- 
gus,  scabrous;  spikelets  about  i%"  long,  in  3  or  4 
rows,  acute ;  outer  scales  5-nerved,  the  first  villous  on 
the  margins,  the  second  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent, 
the  third  nearly  orbicular,  minutely  punctate-striate. 


5.   Paspalum  set&ceum  Michx.     Slender  Paspalum.     (Pig.  231.) 

Paspalum  selaceum  Micbx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am,  l:  43.      1S03, 

Paspalum  pubestens  Muhl.  Gram.  9a,      1817. 

Culms  mostly  erect,  i"-!"  tall,  slender,  smooth. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  generally  very  pubescent,  the 
latter  3'-8'  long,  i"-y  wide,  erect,  acuminate;  spikes 
iJi'-3Ji'  long,  more  or  less  curved,  generally  solitary, 
occasionally  1,  on  a  long-ezserted  slender  peduncle, 
with  usually  i  or  3  additional  shorter  peduncles  from 
the  same  upper  sheath  ;  spikelets  about  JC"  long,  in  3 
narrow  rows,  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse;  empty 
scales  3-ncrved,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  third  scale  ob- 
ovate,  shining. 


6.   Paspalum  ciliatifdlium  Michx.     Ciliate-leaved 


Paspalum  ciliali/olium  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  44. 

Paspalum  dasyphyilutn  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  105. 

16:7. 

Cnlms  erect,  i}i''~a}i'  tall,  smooth.  Sheaths 
varying  from  glabrous  to  pubescent ;  leaves  4'~9' 
'ong,  3"-7"  wide  acuminate,  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
dliate.  the  upper  one  usually  broad  and  cordate  at 
bue ;  spikes  i  or  a,  occasionally  3,  3'-4'  long ; 
pednncles  1-3,  ezserted  from  the  upper  sheath  ; 
rachis  very  narrow,  slightly  llexuous  and  triangu- 
hi,  scabrous;  spikelets  i"-i^"  long,  in  2-4  rows, 
crowded,  oval,  the  first  or  convex  scale  sometimes 
tpariogly  pubescent,  the  third  scale  with  a  distinct 
depression  on  the  back  near  the  base. 


um.      (Fig.  232.) 


GRAMINEAB. 


Paspalum   longipeduncuUtum    Le  Conte.      Long-stalked  Paspalum. 
(Fig-  233.) 


/•asfia/um   arenarium    Schtad.;   Schultes,    Mant.  a:  171. 
1S24? 

Culms  Tccliaing  or  decumbent,  I'-tlj"  long,  smooth, 
leafy  at  base.  Sbeatlis  glabrous  or  ciliate  on  the  mar' 
gins,  pilose  at  the  throat ;  leaves  i'-i%'  long,  a"  -3" 
wide,  glabrons  01  a  little  pilose,  acuminate,  ciliate  on 
the  margina  and  along  the  mid-nerve  ;  pedancles  i~i 
from  the  upper  sheath ;  spikes  1-2, 1'-a^j'  long,  more 
or  less  curved  ;  rochb  very  narrow,  more  or  less  flexn- 
□us ;  apikelets  about  }("  long,  nearly  globular;  outer 
scales  3-nerved,  the  first  one  glabrous  or  sometimes 
sparsely  pubescent;  third  scale  slightly  exceeding  the 

J  Florida,  Kentucky  and 


8.    Paspalum  laeve  Michx.     Field  Pas- 
palum.    (Fig.  234.) 


Paspalum  laeve  Michi.  1 


■803. 


Bright  green,  culms  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, i°-3°  tall,  glabrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaves  s'-ia'  long,  3"-i," 
wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  scabrous 
on  the  margins;  spilces  a-6,  \%'-i'  long,  more 
or  less  spreading,  alternate,  about  i'  apart  on  the 
single  stout  peduncle,  pilose  in  the  axils ;  spilcelets 
\%"-'i.%"  long,  oval  to  orbicular,  close,  crowded 
in  a  rows,  glabrous. 

In  moiEt  fields,  Rhode  Island  to  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Florida  and  Texas,  Ascends  to  1700  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.    Aug. -Sept. 


g.   Paspalum  Ploriddnum  Michx.     Florida  Paspalum.     (Fig.  235.) 

Paspalus  FloridaiiHS  Miohx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  l:  44.      1803. 

Paspalum  macrospernium  Flugge,  Monog.  17a.      1810. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  3''-6''  tall,  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  glabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower 
pubescent,  sometimes  glaucous;  leaves  $'-15'  long, 
j"-?"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  spikes 
2-5  on  the  single  stout  peduncle,  a'-s'  long,  erect  or 
ascending,  bearded  iu  the  axils ;  rachis  about  1"  wide, 
flat  on  the  back,  scabrous  on  the  margins ;  spikelets 
i'A"-2"  long,  broadly  oval,  glabrons,  sometimes 
glaucous,  crowded  in  2  rows ;  outer  scales  5-uerved  ; 
third  scale  striate. 


t  plac 


}  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
10.  Paspalum  comprissum  (Sw.)  Nees.     Flat 

J^ispalum trislarhyuntlAOi.Talbl.  Encycl- 1: 176- 

179'? 
Milinm  compressiim  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i:  183. 

'797- 
Paspalum  plalycaiilon  Poir.  in  T^m.  Bncycl.  5: 

.M-      1804. 
Paspalum  compressum  Nees,  in  Mart.  PI.  Bras. 

3;  33.      1829. 

Stolons  auinerous,  leafj,  sometimes  a° 
long.  Culms  d'-i"  tall,  slender,  compressed, 
glabrous ;  sheatbs  loose  ;  leaves  glabrous, 
ometimes  sparsely  ciliate,  obtnse,  those  of 
the  cnlm  j'-4'  long,  z"-^"  wide,  those  of 
the  stolons  about  i'  long,  i"-i"  wide; 
spikes  2-S,  I'-a'  long,  approximate  at  the 
summit  of  the  long  and  slender  stalk  ;  spike- 
lets  not  crowded  nor  secund,  about  i"  long, 
acute,  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned 
oblong,  awaj  from  the  rachis. 

Virginia  to  Florida  and  west  to  Louisiana. 
Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.  Proba- 
bly not  native  in  the  United  States.    Aug. -Sept. 


(Fig.  236.) 


Paspalum  paspaloides  (Michx.)  Scribner.     Crab-grass  Paspalum. 
(Fig.  237.) 

jDigilaria  paspaloidrs  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ; 


Faspatur 

1:25. 
Pasbalut 


1  Kunth,  Rev.  Giam. 


;.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 


Paspalum  paspaloides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

S;  ^-     1894. 

Culms  i^-a^i"  tall,  erect,  from  an  ei- 
tensively  creeping  base,  slender,  glabrous. 
Sheathsand  leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the 
tatter  a'-g'  lopg,  3"-6"  wide,  obtuse  ;  spikes 
i}i'-3ji'  long,  in  pairs,  or  sometimes  with 
an  additional  one,  near  the  summit  of  the 
1-2  slender  stalks,  which  are  long-exserted 
from  the  upper  sheath ;  rachis  flat,  about  %" 
wide,  Scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  inter- 
nodes  about  equalling  the  spikelets  in  length  1 
spikelets  about  2"  long,  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute,  not  crowded ;  outer  scales  s-nerved, 
glabrous,  the  back  of  the  third  scale  turned 
awaj  from  the  rachis. 

Florida,  west  to 


9.   AMPHICARPON  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  175.      1818. 

Erect  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  of  two  kinds ;  one  kind  borne  in 
tcnninal  panicles,  deciduous  without  perfecting  fruit ;  the  other  solitary,  terminating  subter- 
nsesi)  peduncles,  and  maturing  seed.  Scales  3,  membranous,  the  innermost  subtending  a 
pilet  and  a  perfect  flower  ;  the  scales  of  the  subterranean  spikelets  become  indurated  and 
enclose  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds 
ofi[«kelets.] 

Species  3.  inhabiting  the  southeastern  United  States,  one  of  them  restricted  to  Florida. 


GRAMINBAE. 

I.     Amphicarpon    AmphicJtrpon    (Pursh) 
Nash.     Amphicarpon.     (Fig.  238,) 

.Ifilium  amphicarpon  Pnnh,  FI,  Am.  Sept.  1:61.  pi.  2. 

1814. 
Milium  (ilialum  Muhl.  Giam.  77.      1817. 
Amphiearpum  Purthii  Kunth,  Rev,  Gram.  36.     1829-35. 
Amphicarpon    Amphicarpon   NmH,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

S:  35a.      1894. 

Culms  erect,  ia'-i8'  tall,  slender,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  papillose-hiisnte;  ligulc  pilo«e  ;  leaves  i'-6' 
long,  3"-6''  wide,  erect,  Bcaminate,  hiTsnte  and 
ciliate  :  panicle  linear,  4''-6'  long,  branches  3-4,  erect, 
bearing  few  apikelels ;  spikelets  abont  a"  long,  ellip- 
tic ;  outer  scales  5-nerved.  membranous,  glabrous ; 
anbterranean  spikelets  ovoid  in  fruit,  abont  3"  long, 
acute,  the  scales  all  becoming  mnch  indurated. 


a  Florida  near  tfae- 


181S. 


10.    ERIOCHLOA  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  1:94. 

[Helopus  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  103.      i8ao.] 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  and  short-pedicelted  spikelets  borne  in  secnnd  spikes. 

which  form  a  terminal  panicle.     Spikelets  with  au  annular  callus  at  the  base  and  articulated 

to  the  pediceL    Scales  3,  the  two  outer  membranous,  acute,  the  inner  one  shorter,  indurated 

and  subtending  a  palct  and  a  perfect  flower.    Stamens  3.    Styles  distinct.    Stigmas  plumoae. 

Grain  free.     [Greek,  signifyiug  wool-grass.] 

Species  about  5,  in  tropical  and  temperate  counliies. 

I.    Eriochloa  punctata  (L. )  W.  Hatnilt. 
Dotted  Millet.     (Fig.  239.) 


Eriochloa  punctata  W.  Hamilt.  Prodr.  Ft,  Ind.  Occ.  5. 

iBis- 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i°-3°  tall,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  a 
fringe  of  short  white  hairs ;  leaves  I'-io"  long,  3"- 
3"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  spikes 
4-25,  I'-a'  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  racbis  pubes- 
cent; spikelets  about  1"  long,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  outer  scales  pubescent  with  Hppressed 
silkj  hairs,  the  first  a  little  exceeding  the  second, 
the  third  about  i"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
bearing  a  pubescent  awn  abont  %"  long. 

Kansas  to  Texas  and  Mexi«).    Widely  distributed 


II.    SYNTHERISMA  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76.       1788. 

[DiGiTARiA  Scop,  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  j,  i:  32,  1772.  Not  Heist.  1763.] 
Annual  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  3's,  in 
secnnd  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikes  ofien 
purplish.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the  suppression  of  the  lowest  one;  the 
fourth  or  innermost  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
flower.    Stamens  3.    Stigmas  plumose.     [Greek,  crop-making,  in  allusion  to  its  abundance.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
Rachis  flat,  broadly  winged;  spikes  narrowly  linear, 

Spikelets  iy,"-\',i"  long;  second  scale  about  one-half  as  long;  first  n 


Spikelets  about  i"  lung;  second  scale  about  as  long:  first  scale  wanting, 
Rachis  3-angled,  not  winged;  spikes  filiform. 


te,  rarely  wanting. 

1.  S.  sanguinalis. 
"arely  present. 

2.  S,  linearis. 

3.  S.  ftliformis. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  Ill 

I.    Syntherisma  sanguin&lis  (L.)  Nash.     Large  Crab-grass      Finger-grass. 

(Fig.  240.) 
Ftmicum  sanguinate  L.  Sp.  PI-S7.      1753' 
Digilaria  sangutnatis  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  Ed.  a,  1;  53. 


Syntherisma  1. 

421.     1895. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  often  rooting  at  tbe 
lower  nodes,  i''-3°  long,  smooth.  Sheaths  glab- 
rous or  pubescent ;  leaves  a'-6'  long,  a"-4"  wide, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent : 
spikes  3-10,  narrowly  linear,  3'-6'  long,  digitate 
or  in  approximate  whorls  at  tbe  summit  of  tbe 
culm;  racbis  flat,  winged;  spikelets  i}i"~i}i" 
long,  in  pairs,  one  sessile  or  nearly  so,  acute, 
lanceolate;  first  scale  minute,  rarely  wanting, 
second  one-third  to  one-faalfas  long  as  tbespikelet. 


n  all  cultivated 


2.   Syntherisma  Unedris  (Krock.)  Nash.     Small  Crab-grass.     (Fig.  241.) 
Panicutit  tineare  Ktock.  Fi.  Sil.  i;  95,      1787. 


\therisma  elabra  Scbrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i 


Syntherisma  glabra 

Paspalum  amhiguum  DC.  Fl.  Gall.  113. 

Panicum  glabrum  Gaud.  Afrroat.  i:  ti.      ion. 

Synlheristna  linearis  Nasb,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M:  430. 

1895. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  !j°-z°  long,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous,  tbe 
latter  i'-3'  long,  \"-i"  wide,  acuminate;  spikes 
a-4,  3'-4'  long,  narrowly  linear,  digitate  or  ap- 
proximate at  the  summit  of  tbe  culm  ;  racbis  flat, 
wiaged ;  spikelets  about  \"  long,  iu  pairs,  some- 
times in  3'8,  one  of  them  sessile  or  nearly  so,  el- 
liptic, acute ;  first  scale  rarely  present,  second  and 
third  as  long  as  the  fourth. 

In  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places.  Nova  Scotia 
to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana.   Naturaliied  from  Europe.    July-Sept. 

3-    Syntherisma  filifdrmis  (L.)  Nash.     Slender  Finger-grass.     (Fig.  242.) 

Panicum  fiii/ormt  L.  Sp.  PI.  S7-  'ISi- 
Pasptlum  fili/orme  Sv.  Prodr.  aa.  178S. 
Synlherisnui  viliosa  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  77,    1788. 

digilaria  fili/ormis  Muhl.  Gram.  131.     1817. 

Synlhen'iiHa  filiformts  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  Ji:  ^m. 
'895- 

Cnlms  erect,  i''-4''  tall,  slender,  araootb.  Sheaths 
WtBOte;  leaves  i'-8'  long,  ;4"-3"  wide,  erect,  smooth 
w  Ktbrons ;  spikes  2-5,  filiform,  I'-s'  long,  approxi- 
mUe  at  tbe  summit  of  tbe  culm,  erect  or  nearly  so ; 
nchis  3-angled,  very  slender,  not  winged  ;  spikelets 
H"~i"  long,  elliptic,  pubescent,  in  pairs,  occasionally 
in  3's,  one  sessile  or  abort -pedicelled;  first  scale  rarely 
pKwnt;  second  three-fourtfas  as  long  as  or  equalling 
the  third,  which  is  equal  in  length  to  the  fourth. 


112  GRAMINEAE. 

12.    PANICUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  55.       1753. 

Annuals  or  perennials  of  various  habit,  foliage  and  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-2-fiow- 
ered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  staminate  only.  Scales  4,  the  3  lower  membranous, 
empty,  or  the  third  with  a  staminate  flower,  varying  in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth 
scale  chartaceous,  shining,  enclosing  a  palct  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Awns 
none,  except  in  Nos.  i  and  2.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruiting  scale  and  palet  [Old  Latin  name  for  some  grass,  prob^ 
ably  the  cultivated  Sorghum,  referring  to  its  panicle,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

About  300  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  The  geographic  distribution  of  many  of 
our  species  is  not  well  ascertained.  The  old  English  name  Panic  or  Panic-grass,  is  often  applied 
to  any  of  the  species. 

Panicle  oblong  to  ovoid;  spike-like  branches  sessile,  more  or  less  spreading;  spikelets  in  2-4  rows, 
secund;  third  scale,  and  sometimes  the  second  and  first,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 
Sheaths  smooth;  culms  2°-4°  tall;  fourth  scale  ovate,  abruptly  pointed,   i.  P.  Crus-gaUi. 
Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  hirsute;  culms  4°-6°  tall;  fourth   scale   ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate.  2.  P.  Walteri. 

Panicle  linear,  spicate  at  summit;  branches  appressed,  sessile;  third  scale  merely  acute  or  acuminate. 
Spikelets  ovate,  acute,  about  i%"  long.  3.  P.  digitarioides. 

Spikelets  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  turgid,  about  i\^"  long.  4.  P.  obtusum. 

Panicle  ovoid  or  oblong*  primary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  secondary  grenerally  appressed, 
occasionally  divaricate,  bearing  numerous  pointed  spikelets  not  exceeding  i]^"  m  length. 
Palet  in  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  conspicuous,  enlarged,  much  exceeding  the  fourth  scale; 

spikelets  open.  5.  P.  hians. 

Palet  in  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  inconspicuous;  spikelets  closed. 

Spikelets  i%"  long,  curved.  6.  P.  rosiraium. 

Spikelets  less  than  i  K"  lon^,  straight  or  but  slightly  curved. 

Culms  stout;  lateral  panicles  numerous;  ligrule  short,  naked  or  sparsely  short-ciliate. 
Spikelets  about  K"  long,  acute;  secondary  branches  of  mature  panicle  generally 

appressed.  7.  P.  agrostidifonm. 

Spikelets  about  iK"  long,  acuminate;  secondary  branches  of  the  mature  panicle 
generally  s|>reading  or  divaricate.  8.  P.  elongalum. 

Culms  slender,  simple,  or  occasionally  with  a  single  lateral  panicle;  spikelets  about 
i"  lonp^,  acuminate;  ligule  short,  pilose.  9.  P.  longi/oHum. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  single,  in  pairs  or  fascicled,  simple  or  subdivided,  naked  below;  spikelets 
on  slender  pedicels. 
Basal  leaves,  or  those  near  the  base^  much  shorter  and  broader  than  the  upper  culm  leaves; 
spikelets  turgid,  obtuse  or  acutish;  panicle  not  over  6'  in  length,  generally  much  smaller. 
Culm  leaves  broad,  cordate  and  clasping  at  base. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  long. 

Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  2' -4'  long;  sheaths  g^enerally  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes.  10.  P.  sphaerocarpon. 
Leaves  widely  spreading,  5' -8'  long;  sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes. 

II.  P.  microcarpon. 
Spikelets  i"  or  more  long. 

Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent. 

Nodes  strongly  barbed;  sheaths  and  leaves  generally  softly  pubescent;  spike- 
lets elliptic,  2"-2^"  long.  12.  P.  Porierianum. 
Nodes,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  naked ;  sheaths  glabrous. 

Spikelets  about  i     long,  elliptic.  13.  P.  commutatum. 

Spikelets  iH"-2"  long,  oval  to  obovoid;  leaves  generally  ciliate. 

14.  P.  tnacrocarpon. 
Sheaths    papillose-hispid;    spikelets  about  ij<"   long;   panicle    generally  much 
included,  sometimes  long-exserted.  15.  P.  clandestinum. 

Culm  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  sometimes  narrowed. 
Spikelets  i5^"-2"  long. 

Panicle  linear,  loose;  branches  appressed.  16.  P.xanihophysufH. 

Panicle  ovoid  to  oblong,  compact;  bmnches  more  or  less  spreading. 

Leaves  spreading,  \"-6"  wide;  spikelets  obovoid.         17.  P.  Scribnerianum. 
Leaves  erect,  less  than  2"  wide,  long-acuminate;  spikelets  elliptic. 

18.  P.  tVilcoxianum. 
Spikelets  less  than  i]^"  long. 

Culm  leaves  1-4,  erect;  culms  mostly  simple,  never  profusely  branched  late  in  the 
season. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous.  19.  P.  boreaU. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  pubescent.  ao.  P.  laxiflorum. 

Culm  leaves  generally  numerous,  usually  spreading;  culms  simple  early  in  the 
season,  later  profusely  branched. 
Spikelets  about  \^"  long.  21.  P.  nitidum. 

Spikelets  about  i"  long. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  ^ 

Nodes  naked,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  barbed;  spikelets  about 

i"  long.  22.  P.  dichotomum. 

Nodes  barbed;  spikelets  about  K"  long.  23.  P.  barbulatum. 

Sheaths  pubescent. 

Primary  panicle  3' -6'  long;  spikelets  fully  i"  long,  primary  colmlcaves 

4' -7'  long.  24.  P.  viscidum. 

Primary  panicle  3'  or  less  long;  spikelets  hardly  i"  long:  primary  cuhn 
leaves  less  than  4'  long.  25.  P.  puoescens. 

Culm  leaves  long  and  very  narrow,  sometimes  involute. 

Leaves  elongated,  crowded  at  base,  half  as  long  as  or  equalling  the  culm;  secondary 

panicles  borne  on  short  basal  branches.  aoT  P.  detauperatum. 

Leaves  long  and  narrow,  distributed  along  the  culms,  which  are  proiusel^  branched 

above  late  in  the  season.  27.  P,  angnstijalium. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  II3 

isal  leaves  and  those  of  the  eulm  the  same,  generally  elongated;  spikelets  acute  or  acumf- 

SpikelelB  a"  lotm  or  more. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Panicle  usually  :"  long  or  more;  branches  spreading:  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  flat. 

a8.  P.  virgalum. 
Panicle  1°  long  or  less;  branches  erect  or  appressed;  leaves  6'-:°  long,  involute  on 
the  ma^na,  at  least  at  the  apex,  thick,  glaucous.  19.  P.  amarum. 

Sheaths  papillose -pubescent.  30.  J*,  miliaceuitt. 


pikelet 


Iw^fo 


long  or  less. 


Panicle  linear;  brand 


Culms  stout,  jinally  decumbent  and  much  branched,  with  lateral  panicles  from  all  the 
upper  sheaths. 
Sheaths  g'labrous.  31.  P.  proli/erum. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  33,  P.  capUlarc. 

Culms  slender,  erect  or  decumbent,  branched  only  at  base. 

Spikelets  i"-i  %"  long,  generally  single  on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  panicle- 
Panicle  narrow;  branches  erect,  the  lower  ones  about  3'  long;  axils  naked, 
33.  P.  flexile. 

'  i^.  P.  aulumnate. 
Spikelets  less  than  i     long,  m  pairs. 

Spikelete  smooth,  ellii^ic,  acute.  35-  f'  minui. 

"   ■'  elets  warty,  obovoid,  acutinh.  36.  P.  verrucoium. 

appressed;  second  scale  of  spikelet  obtuse,  gibbous  at  base. 

37.  P.  gih^um. 


Panicle  at  length  diffuse;  branches  4'-S'  long;  aiils  bearded/ 


I.   Panicum  Crfis-gfiUi  1,.     Barnyard  Grass.     Cockspur  Grass,    (i^ig.  243.) 
Faiticum  Crtts-galU  X,.  Sp.  PI.  56.    1753. 

Calms  3" -if  tall,  often  braacbing  at  base 
Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous ;  leaves  d'-i"  long, 
%'-!'  wide,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous ,  panicle 
composed  of  5-15  sessile  erect  or  ascending 
branches,  or  the  lover  branches  spreading  or  re- 
flexed;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple  denselj' 
crowded  in  a-4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  racbis 
second  and  third  scales  about  i^"  long,  scabrous 
or  hispid,  the  third  scale  more  or  leas  awned, 
empty,  the  fonrtb  ovate,  abrnptly  pointed 

In  cnltivated  and  waste  places  throughout  North 
America  except  the  extreme  north  Widely  distnb- 
utedasaweed  in  all  cultivated  regions  Naturalized 
frcyin  Europe.    Aug. -Oct. 

Pulciun  coloanm  L.,  a  southeni  species  related  to 
this,  but  with  awnless  scales,  has  been  found  in  south 
fanlera  Virginia,  too  late  for  illustration  here  (Sec 
A.x>pendix. ) 

a.   Panicum  W^ftlteri  Pursh.     Salt-marsh 

Cockspur  Grass.     (Fig.  244.) 
Panicnm  hirltltum  Walt.  Fl,  Car.  ?».      17B8.    Not  All. 

1785- 
PanieutJi  H^alleri  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:  66.      1814. 
Panicum  hispidum  Muhl,  Gram.  107.      1817. 
Panicum  Crus-galli  var.  hispidum  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  a: 


424- 


1843- 


Culms  3''-6°  tall,  robust,  smooth.  Sheaths,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  papillose-hispid  ;  leaves  i"  or 
more  long,  )4'-l'  wide,  generallj  smooth  beneath, 
strongly  scabrous  above  ;  panicle  6'-iS'  long,  con- 
sisting of  10-40  ascending  or  spreading  branches; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  denselj  crowded  in  3-4 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  scabrous  and  hispid  racbis, 
brownish  purple;  second  and  third  scales  abont 
1%"  long,  scabrous  and  hispid,  tipped  with  up- 
wardly barbed  awns,  sometimes  10-20  times  their 
length;  fourth  scale  ovate-lanceolate,  acutniaate. 

In  marshes  and  ditches,  principally  within  the  infln- 
ence  of  salt  water,  Ontario  to  Khoae  Island,  Florid* 
and  Louisiana.    Aug. -Oct. 


GRAMINEAE. 
Panicum  digitarioldes  Carpenter.     Narrow  Panicum.     (Fig.  245.) 

m.  Nat.  Hiet  I 


.    States,  573-      'Mo. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  from  a  long  and  stout 
creeping  rootstock,  3°-5°  tal  I ,  simple,  stout, 
smooth.  Sheaths  Bmooth  ;  leaves  4'-io'  loug.  4"- 
&"  wide,  long-acuminate ;  panicle  linear,  6^-12' 
long,  its  branches  i'-3'  long,  erect ;  spikelets  about 
i%"  long,  ovate,  acute;  first  scale  about  oue-balf  as 
long  as  Ibe  spilcelet,  acute,  3-nerved;  second  about 
i"  long,  5-nerved  and  a  little  exceeded  by  tbe 
3-nerTed  tbird  one;  tbe  fourth  3-nerved,  slightly 
shorter  than  tbe  third. 

lu  water,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Julj-Aag. 


4.  Panicum  obtOsum  H.B.K.     Blunt  Panicum.     (Fig.  246.) 


Pant 


n  oblusiim  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen. 


18.5. 


Glabrous,  culms  erect,  i^-a"  tall,  simple  or 
branching  at  base,  smooth.  Sheaths  smooth ; 
leaves  aX'-9'  long,  \"~i"  wide,  usually  erect, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  linear,  3'-6'loDg;  branches 
%'-iyi'  long,  appressed;  spikelets  about  ifi" 
long,  crowded,  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  turgid  ; 
first  scale  shorter  than  tbe  rest,  obtuse,  5-nerved; 
second,  third  and  fourth  scales  about  equal,  the 
second  and  third  5-uerved,  the  fourth  cbartaceous. 

KanaaH  to  Arizona.   <M)Uth    to   Texas  and   Mexico. 


5.   Panicum  hians  Ell.     Gaping  Panicum. 

(Fig.  247.) 

Panicum  divaricalum   Michx.   Fl.   Bor.   Am,   i;   50.       1803. 
Not  L.      1758. 

Panicum  meiicarium  Michx.  Fl.  Bot.  Am.  i:  50.      1803? 

Panicum  hians  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  ilS,      1817. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect,  i°-3j^°  tall,  generally  simple, 
sometimes  creeping  at  base,  smooth.  Leaves  3'-5'  long. 
i"-3"  wide,  acuminate,  generally  erect;  panicle  3'-8' 
long;  branches  few,  generally  spreading,  tbe  longer  ones 
often  droopinfr,  the  lower  naked  below  the  middle ;  spike- 
lets  about  \"  long;  fourth  scale  exceeded  by  the  third 
and  its  usually  empty  palet  which  is  much  enlarged, 
generally  forcing  the  spikelet  wide  open. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


6.   Panicum  rostriktum  Muhl.     Beaked  Panicum.     (Fig.  248.) 


il.  Gram.  131.      1817. 

Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  seal  j  branched  root- 
&tock,  T^°-5°  tall,  much  branched,  cooipreBsed, 
stoat,  smooth.  Sheaths  compressed,  glabrous,  or 
the  lower  ones  pabescent ;  leaves  1°  long  or  more, 
2"-5"  wide,  acuminate ;  ligule  very  short ;  panicles 
pyramidal,  6'-i2'  long;  axis  and  asceodiog  branches 
scabrous;  spikelets  T}4"  long,  crowded,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  curved,  longer  than  the  scabrous 
pedicels ;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet ;  second  scale  about  iji"  long,  curved 
at  the  apex,  scabrous  above  on  the  middle  nerve; 
third  scale  usually  subtending  a  small  empty  palet. 


7.    Panicum  agrostidifdrme  Lam,     Agrostis-like  Panicum.     (Fig-  249. ) 
Panicum  agroslidi/orme  I^m.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  17a. 


Panicum   ag-roitoides   Trin.    Unifl.    iia.      :8»6.    Not 
Muhl.      ]Si7. 

Culms  erect,  i}^°-3°  tall,  much  branched,  com- 
pressed, smooth.  Sbeaths  compressed,  glabrous, 
or  sometimes  hairy  at  the  throat ;  ligule  very  short, 
naked  ;  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  2"-4"  wide,  acum- 
inate ;  panicles  pyramidal,  4'-ia'  long,  terminating 
the  culm  and  branches ;  primary  branches  of  the 
panicle  spreading,  secondary  generally  appressed  ; 
spikelets  ^"  long,  acute,  straight ;  fii^t  scale 
3-nerved,  acute  ;  second  and  third  scales  5-nerved, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  first  and  longer  than  the 
oval  fourth  scale,  which  is  slightly  stalked;  small 
palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

3  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida 


8.   Panicum  elong&tum  Pursh,     Long  Panicum.     (Fig.  250.) 


iiiVurn  I'luiigali 
^Hicum  agi 


'id.s  Mulil.  (In 


18.7. 


Cnlms  erect,  3°-5°  tall,  much  branched,  stout, 
ntDpressed,  smooth.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous, compressed ;  leaves  1°  longer  more,  2"-i" 
"ide,  acuminate,  scabrous ;  panicles  pyramidal, 
ttnainating  the  culm  and  branches,  4'-i2'long; 
primary-  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  sec- 
oodiry  usually  divaricate  ;  spikelets  about  t'X" 
long,  crowded,  acuminate;  first  scale  acute  or 
Wiminate,  one-third  the  length  of  the  equal  and 
acuminate  second  and  third;  fourth  scale  narrowly 
dliptic,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  third  and 
raised  on  a  delicate  stalk  about  X"  long- 


Ii6  GRAHINBAB. 

g.   Panicum   longifdiium  Torr.     Long-leaved  Panicuin.     (Fig.  251.) 

PanicHiH  iongi/olium  Torr,  Fl.  U.  S.  149-      >8l4> 

Cnlms  erect,  I'-a"  tall,  stender,  wmple,  or  occ»- 
•ionally  with  a  ungle  lateral  panicle,  flatteoed, 
smooth  and  glabrons.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous; leaves  S'-iz'  long.  i"-3"  wide,  scnminate 
into  a  long,  slender  point,  rough,  glabrous ; 
lignle  short,  pilose;  panicles  s'-y  long;  primary 
branches  long  and  slender,  spreading,  secondary 
very  short,  appressed,  generally  bearing  1^3  spike- 
lets;  Epikelels  i^'longiscnminale;  first  scale  acute 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  acuminate  second 
one  ;  third  scale  equalling  the  second,  acuminate, 
one-third  longer  than  the  ellipticobtuse  fourth  one. 

This  seeniB  to  be  a  well-marked  speeicB.  Its  Blender 
simple  veT7  much  flattened  culms,  the  long  and  nar- 
row leaves,  and  the  long  slender  branches  ot  the  pan- 
icle beariuK  the  ajiikelcts  almast  racemose!];,  abund- 
antly distinguish  it  from  any  otbeis  of  this  group. 
Hoist  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.    Aug.-Sept. 

10.  Panicum  sphaerocJU-pon  Ell.  Rouiid-fniited  Panicum.  (Fig.  252.) 
Panicum  ibhaerocayftoH  EU.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  I;  135. 
,  1817. 

Culms  generally  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  at  base,  lo'-s"  tall,  smooth,  or  the  nodes 
sometimes  pubescent.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  intemodes,  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate ; 
leaves  a'-4'  long,  %"-l"  wide,  acuminate,  cordate* 
clasping  at  base,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath, 
the  matins  cartilaginous  and  minutely  serrulate, 
ciliate  towards  the  base;  panicle  ovoid,  3'-4'  long ; 
spiketets  less  than  \"  long,  nearly  spherical  or 
somewhat  longer  than  'thick,  obtuse,  purple ; 
first  scale  broadly  ovate,  obtuse;  third  and  fourth 
scales  three  to  four  times  as  long  as  the  first,  aubor- 
bicular,  7-nerved;  fourth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  %" 
-  long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

Dry  soil,  southern  Ontario.  New  York  and  Mis- 
souri, to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 

Panicum  microcEkrpon  Muhl.     Small-fruited  Panicum.     (Fig.  253.) 


Panicum  micro 


irpon  Muhl.  Giam.  1 


1817. 


Culms  generally  erect,  1°-'^  tall,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  lignle  noue  ;  leaves  s'-8' long,  Ji'-i'wide, 
Ion  g-a  cumin  ate,  smooth,  cordate-clasping  and  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  base ;  panicle  3'-8'  long,  ovoid 
to  oblong  in  outline  ;  branches  slender,  ascending  ; 
spikelets  %"  long,  obovold  to  nearly  spherical, 
numerous ;  first  scale  miuute,  second  and  third 
about  equal,  7 -nerved,  puberulent,  the  fourth 
while  and  shining;   palet  of  third   scale   usually 

Woods  and  along  thickets,  soulhem  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Micliigan.  south  to  Florida,  I.ouisi- 
aua,  Nebraska  and  Texas.    July-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
12.   Panicum  Portcri^num  Nash.     Porter's  Panicum. 

Panitum  lali/olium  Walt.   Fl.   Car.  73.      1788.    Not  L. 

■753- 
niiticum   Walleri  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  4:  363. 

1816,    Not  Pursh,  i8h. 
Panicum  lali/olium  var.  molle  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb. 

3:  33.       1892.     Not  P.  molle  Sw.  1788. 
Pantcunt  Porterianum  Nash,  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  31:  41a 

'895- 

Culms  erect,  i"-!"  tall,  simple  or  somewhat  dicbo- 
tomonaly  branched  above,  the  nodes  detisely  barbed. 
Sheaths  ^nerally  softly  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  i'-i'  long,  yi'-\%'  wide,  cordate- 
ctaspiog  at  base,  acute,  usually  softly  pubescent ;  pan- 
icle included  or  somewhat  exsertcd  ;  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  bearing  few  elliptic  short-pedicelled 
appresaed spikeiets  a"-2ji"  long;  first  scale  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  and  eqnal  second 
and  third  ones  ;  fourth  scale  about  as  long  as  the  third. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 


(Fig.  254.) 


13- 


Panicum  commutlktuni  Schultes. 


Panicum 
Panicum 


Variable  Panicum.     (Fig.  255. ) 

nervosum  Muhl.    Gram.    116.      1817?    Not 

1797- 

romiRu'a/uffl  Schultes,  Mant.  1:  341.      1S24. 


Culms  erect,  I'-i"  tall,  rather  slender,  glabnms, 
or  pubescent  especially  at  the  nodes,  simple,  finally 
dichotomously  branched  above.  Sheaths  glabrous 
or  puljerulent,  generally  eiliate;  leaves  3'-4'  long, 
X'-i'  wide,  sparingly  eiliate  at  the  base,  acute, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  those  of  the  branches  gen- 
erally broader  and  more  crowded  than  thoae  of  the 
main  stem  ;  panicle  a'-^'  long,  lax,  the  branches 
spreading ;  spikeiets  i"-iX"  long,  ellipsoid  ;  first 
scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  i- 
nerved ;  second  and  third  scales  equal,  7-tterved, 
pubescent ;  fonrth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  apiculate, 
about  1"  long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 


14.    Panicum    macrocilrpon    Le    Conte. 

Ivarge-fniited  Panicum.  (Fig.  256.) 
ftniVuiB  macrocarpon  Le  Conte;  Torr.  Cat.  91.  1819. 
Calros  1"-^"  tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
bnuched  above,  smooth;  the  nodes,  at  least  the 
upper  ones,  naked.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
dliale;  leaves  3'-?'  long,  9"-i;i'  wide,  cordate- 
duping  at  base,  acuminate,  smooth  aod  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces,  eiliate  ;  panicle  ^'-t/ 
'"igi  generally  long-exscrted,  rarely  included,  its 
branches  more  or  lessoscending  ;  spikeiets  iji"-a" 
long,  turgid,  oval  to  obovoid  ;  second  and  third 
•ctles  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  9-nerved,  pubescent, 
the  fourth  oval,  rather  acute,  1^"  loug. 


The  more  simple  culms,  glabrous  aheaths.  let 
BodCB  and  the  turgid  spikeiets  readily  dislingi: 
■pedes  from  either  P.  Porterianum  or  P.  cl 
tum.  Moist  places,  Vermont  to  New  Yor 
Jcreey  and  Pennsylvania.    July-Auit. 


land 


GRAMINEAE. 
15.   Panicum  clandestinum  L.     Hispid  Panicum.     (Fig.  257.) 

I.       17S.V 

\  S.  141.       I«24. 

Culms  erect  or  aicending,  i>i°-4°  tall,  rather 
etoat,  simple  at  lint,  much  braached  later  In  the 
season.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  interaodes,  much 
crowded  on  the  branches,  papillose- hispid,  especi- 
ally the  upper  ones;  leaves  a'-8'  long,  %'-i\' 
wide,  cordate -clasping  at  baie,  acuminate,  smooth 
and  gtabroas,  the  margins  ciliate  at  base ;  primary 
panicle  somelinies  long-ezserted;  panicles  of  the 
branches  below  included  in  the  sheaths,  rarely 
slightly  exBcrted:  spikelets  l"-l%"  long,  ellipsoid; 
first  scale  about  one-third  aa  long  as  the  spikelet: 
second  and  third  oval,  acutish,  9-nerved,  the  fourth 
oval,  obtuse,  apiculate,  whitish,  shining. 


16.   Panicum  xanth6physum  A.  Gray. 
Slender  Panicum.     (Fig,  258.) 


.  Lye-  N.  Y.  3: 


Culms  erect,  I'-i"  tall,  simple.  Sheaths  spar- 
ingly papillose-pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves 
3''-6'  long,  '/^'-}i'  wide,  rounded  at  base,  long- 
acuminate,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous;  panicle 
long-ezserted,  linear,  i}i'-4'  long,  its  branches  ap- 
pressed  ;  spikelets  few,  about  i%"  long,  obovoid, 
pubescent  or  glabrate;  first  scale  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  nearly  equal  obtuse  second  and  third; 
fourth  scale  indurated  and  shining,  elliptic  or  oval. 

Dry  soil,  Maint  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsyh'ania.  Plant  Ug;ht  gr^en, 
becoming  yellowish  in  dryinfi:.    ]unc-Aug. 


17.   Panicum  Scribneriinum  Nash.     Scribner's  Panicum.     (Fig.  259.) 


turn  var.  wiHor  Scribn.  Bull.  L'niv.  Tenn, 

Not  P.  capillare  var.  tninus  Muhl.     1817. 

tn  icoparmm  S.  Wata.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  631. 

Not  Lara.     1797. 
IB   pauciflorum  A.   Gray,   Man.   613.     1848.    Not 

1817. 
m  Scibiienaiium  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M:  411. 
■B95. 

Culms  erect.  6'-i°  tall,  simple  or  late  in  the  season 
dichotomonsly  branched  above,  sparingly  pubescent 
Sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid,  sometimes  glabrate ; 
leaves  a'-4'  long,  3"-6"  wide,  rounded  or  tmnt^te  at 
base,  acnminale,  more  or  less  spreading,  smooth  above, 
scabrous  beneath  ;  panicles  small,  the  primary  one  ex- 
serted,  ovoid,  i}^'-3'  long,  the  secondary  ones  much 
smaller  and  more  or  less  included  ;  branches  of  the 
primary  panicle  spreading,  8"-iJi'  long,  often 
flexuous  ;  spikelets  turgid,  obovoid,  about  i)4"  long. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Virginia,  KanHos  and  .\nzona.    Jnne-AuK. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


i8.  Panicum  Wilcoxi&num  Vasey.    Wil- 
cox's Panicura.     {Fig,  260.) 

Panicum    mioii-ianum    Vasey,    Bull.    U.   S.    Dept. 
ARric.  Bot  Div.  8:  3a.      1889. 

Culms  erect,  6'-ii>'  tall,  apanoKly  pubescent. 
Sheaths  papillose -pnbeacent ;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs ; 
leaves  i>i'-3'  long,  less  than  3"  wide,  long-acum- 
inate, strongly  pubescent  with  long  hairs ;  panicle 
about  I  Ji' long,  oblong  to  ovoid,  compact;  branches 
less  than  i'  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  fleicaous ; 
spikelets  about  iX"  long,  ellipsoid;  first  scale 
about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second 
and  third  scales  about  equal,  pubescent ;  fonrtb 
«CBle  about  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse. 

In  dry  soil,  Nebraska.    July-Aug. 


19.   Panicum  bore&le  Nash.     Northern  Panicum.     (Fig.  a6i.) 


Panicum  bortali  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  l 


:4ii. 


Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  i°-i'  tall,  later 
decumbent  and  somewhat  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
usually  smooth,  ciliate  ;  ligule  short,  ciliate  ;  leaves 
3'-5'  long,  %'-%'  wide,  erect,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  sparsely  ciliate  base,  acuminate ;  panicle  t'- 
4'  long,  ovoid,  its  branches  I'-i'  long,  spreading  or 
ascending  ;  spilcelets  \"  long,  about  equalling  the 
pedicels,  ellipsoid,  somewhat  pubescent ;  first  scale 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let  ;  second  and  third  scales  oblong-ovate,  7-nerved, 
pubescent,  equalling  the  fourth,  which  is  oval, 
acute,  and  slightly  more  than  }i"  long;  palet  of 
third  scale  usually  empty. 

o  New  York. 


20.    Panicum  laxifldrum  Lam.     Lax-flowered  Panicum.     (Fig.  262.) 


Panicum  laxiflor 


n  Lam.  Encycl.  ^ 


Cnlnu  erect,  %'-W  tall,  simple,  pubescent  or  glab- 
ntc;  Sheaths  shorter  tban  the  interuodes,  hirsute; 
leaves  t%'-i'  long,  2"-5"  wide,  erect,  generally  nar- 
rowed at  base,  long-acuminate,  pubescent  or  glabrate ; 
panicle  3^-4'  long,  its  axis  and  erect  or  spreading 
branches  sometimes  hirsute  ;  spikelets  about  \"  long, 
tllipacMd  or  narrowly  obovoid,  strongly  pubescent ; 
first  scale  minute,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  about 
equal,  9-nerved,  very  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  shining 
obtnse  minutely  apiculate  fourth  one ;  third  scale 
usually  with  an  empty  palet. 


Moist  soil.  ViifHnia  to  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida. 
Kilo  lepoited  from  much  further  north.  It  has  been  con- 
founded with  the  precedingr  species.    June-Aug:. 


GRAHINEAB. 
Panicum  nftidum  Lam.    Shining  Panicura.     (Fig.  263.) 

Patiicum  nilidum  Lam,  Bncycl.  4:  748.      1797. 

Culms  kt  first  simple,  ii'-iS'  tall,  later  profnselj- 
dichotomously  branched,  i°-3''  long.  Sheatha  glab- 
rous to  pubcacent ;  ligule  pilose ;  leaves  glabrous  to 
sparinglj  hirante,  tmncate  or  slightly  ronoded  at  base, 
the  primary  ones  I'-j'  long,  iJ4"-3"  wide,  erect, 
those  of  the  branches  f4'-i'  long,  i"  wide  or  leas; 
primary  panicle  long-exserted,  i'-a'  long,  ovoid, 
those  of  the  braocbes  smaller  and  exceeded  by  the 
leaves;  spikelets abont  >j"  long,  obovoid,  pubescent, 
usually  purple;  first  scale  about  one-third  as  long  as 
thespikelel,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  scales  broadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  j-nerved,  shining ;  fourth  scale 
minutely  apicnlate,  Ji"  long. 

Common  in  dry  sandy  soil,  ii 
States,  and  probably  much  1 
Jone-Aug. 

33.   Panicum  dich6tomum  L.     Forked  Panicum.     (Fig.  264.) 


1803. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  the  lower  nodes  barbed, 
culms  erect,  ji'-i"  tall,  at  6rst  simple,  later  pro- 
fusely dichotomonsly  branched  at  about  the  middle. 
Leaves  light  green,  widely  spieading,  generally 
much  narrowed  toward  the  base,  the  primary 
ones  distant,  3'-3'  long,  t"-%"  wide,  those  of 
the  branches  i'  long  or  less,  yi"-i"  wide,  some- 
times involute ;  primary  panicle  usually  long- 
exserted,  I'-j'  long:  branches  lax,  spreading, 
bearing  few  apikelets ;  secondary  panicles  smaller, 
not  exceeding  the  leaves,  their  branches  with  very 
few  spilcelets ;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  ellipsoid, 
glabrous. 


23.   Panicum  barbul&tum  Michx.     Barbed  Panicum.     (Fig.  265,) 


1803. 


p   barbalaluT 


Michx,   Ft.   Bor.    Am.   l;  49. 


Culms  at  first  simple,  erect,  i°-i°  tall,  later  pro- 
fusely branched  for  their  whole  length,  3°-4°  long, 
prostrate  or  leaning,  the  nodes  strongly  barbed. 
Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  generally  truncate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  primary  ones  3'-5'  long, 
about  }i'  wide,  widely  spreading,  the  lower  ones 
usually  reflexed,  those  of  the  branches  )i'-i'  long, 
i"-3"  wide ;  primary  panicle  s'-j'  long,  exserted, 
ovoid,  its  branches  ascending,  rigid ;  secondary 
panicles  smaller,  lax,  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  the 
branches  bearing  few  spikelets ;  spikelets  about 
^"  long,  ellipsoid,  purple,  glabrous;  Gi^t  scale 
about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acnte. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


Panicat 
/■J. 


94.  Panicum  viscidum  Ell. 

t  scoparium  Michi.   PI.   Bor.  Am,  i; 

am.      1797. 

.  viicidum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i;  1 

1817. 


Velvety  Panicum.     (Fig.  266.) 

w-    1803.    ^ 
y.    {>l.  7. 


Cnlms  erect,  3°-4°  tall,  simple  or  at  length  much 
branched  above,  vtlloas.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
iatemodes,  villous:  leaves  generally  narrowed,  some- 
times rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  softly  pubescent, 
thoaeofthecnlm4'-7'long,5"-8"  wide,  distant,  those 
of  the  branches  I'-iJi'  long,  a"-S"  wide,  crowded ; 
primary  panicle  3'-6'  long,  ovoid,  branches  ascending; 
secondary  panicles  much  smaller,  not  exceeding  the 
leaves  ;  spikelets  ovoid  to  oval,  about  i%"  long,  pu- 
bescent ;  first  scale  broadly  ovate,  about  one-fourth  . 
long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  and  third  scales 
orbicular,  9-nerved,  pabescent,  the  fourth  oval, 
late,  i"  long. 


es  nearly   / 


35.   Panicum  puWscens  Lam.     Hairy  Panicum.     (Fig.  267.) 


Panicum  pubescens  I,am.  Eucyol.  4:  748.    1797. 
Panicum  lanuginosum  Bll.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  113,     1817. 

Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  later  profusely 
branched  and  leaning  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent. Sheaths  hirsute  to  villous,  often  papillose  ; 
leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  often  narrowed  at  the 
base,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  generally  more  or  less 
spreading,  those  of  the  culm  2'-^'  long,  those  of  the 
branches  much  shorter;  primary  panicles  less  than  3' 
long,  ovoid,  their  branches  ascending ;  lateral  pan- 
icles much  smaller,  not  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  spike- 
lets  hardly  i"  long,  pubescent. 

In  dry  soil,  co 


a6.   Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.     Starved  Panicum.     (Fig.  268.) 
m  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  69.      1814.    Not 


Paxinttin  stricii 

R.  Br.      181  a. 

AniCMiR  depattperalHm  Muhl.  Gram. 

Ptnicun  involulum  Torr.  PI.  U,  S,  i: 


:Sz4. 


Cnhns  erect,  i"  tall  or  less,  simple  or  branched  at 
bsK.  Sheaths  glabrous  to  hirsute ;  leaves  erect, 
elongated,  yi"-t"  wide,  mostly  crowded  at  base  and 
*(pialliug  or  one-half  as  long  a.i  the  culm,  the  upper 
nlni  leaf  often  much  exceeding  the  panicle ;  primary 
puide  generally  much  exserted  from  the  upper 
•heath,  l'-3'  long,  usually  linear,  its  branches  mostly 
met;  secondary  panicles  on  very  short  basal  branches 
■ad  often  concealed  by  the  lower  leaves;  spikelets 
aWtlfi"long. 

)ba.  south  to  Plorida 


GRAMINEAE. 


vj.    Panicum  angustifdlium  Ell.     Narrow-leaved  Panicum.     (Fig.  269.) 


,»g«,ti/oli 


ft  BI1.  BoL  S.  C.  &  Ga.  I:  IM.     ll^lT. 
uw  S.  Wats  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
Not  Kunth.  i»ii. 


6,  633,  in  part. 

Calma  erect,  I'-i"  tall,  glabroui,  at  first  simple, 
later  prorowl;  branched  above.  Sheaths  glRbrona  or 
the  baaal  ones  pubescent,  those  on  the  calm  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  those  on  the  branches  crowded ; 
leaves  elongated,  i"-3"  wide,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
firm,  g1abrau9,  those  of  the  culm  distant,  those  of  the 
branchea  ahortcr  and  crowded  ;  primary  paaicle  long- 
exserted,  t'~y  long,  its  branches  ascending  or  erect ; 
lateral  panicles  smaller,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
spikelets  few,  about  \H"  long,  elliptic  to  obovoid; 
first  scale  onc-fonrth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let;  second  and  third  oval,  9-nerved,  pubescent;  fourth 
oval,  minutely  pubescent  at  the  apex. 

0  Missouri,  soDth  to  Florida 


a8.    Panicum  virgEktum  L.     Tall  Smooth  Panicum.     (Fig.  270.) 


Panicum  virgalHtn 


>■  PI.  sg.     17S3. 


Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstoclc,'  J^-S"  tall, 
glabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous ;  leaves  elon- 
gated, 1°  or  more  long,  3"-*"  wide,  flat,  long-acumin- 
ate, narrowed  toward  the  base,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  margins;  panicle  6'-ao' long,  the  lower  branches 
4'-io'  long,  more  or  less  widely  spreading  or  sometimes 
nearly  erect;  spikelets  ovate,  acnminate,  i"-3}i" 
long;  first  scale  acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  sptkelet,  3-5-nerved ;  second  scale  generally 
longer  than  the  others,  5-7-nerved,  the  third  similar 
and  usually  subtending  a  palet  and  stamiuate  flower ; 
fourth  scale  shining,  shorter  than  the  others. 


39.   Panicum  am&rum  Ell.     Sea-beach  Panicum.     (Fig.  271.) 

Panicum  amarum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  lai,     18:7. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  glaucous,  culms  arising  from 
long  branching  rootstocks,  i°-3°  tall,  decumbenL 
Sheaths  overlapping ;  leaves  5'-i°  long,  3"-6"  wide, 
long-acuminate,  thick  and  leathery,  involute  on  the 
margins,  at  least  toward  the  apex,  the  uppermost  leaf 
generally  exceeding  the  panicle ;  panicle  linear,  less 
than  1°  long,  its  branches  erect ;  spikelets  a>i"-3" 
long;  first,  second  and  third  scales  acuminate,  the  first 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third 
somewhat  longer  than  the  second,  usually  with  a  palet 
and  staminate  flower,  the  fonrth  elliptic,  about  i  V  long. 

On  sea  beachen,  Connecticut  to  Florida.     Sept.-Nov. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

30.  Panicum  milidceum  L.     Millet. 

(Fig.  272.) 

Panicam  miiiaceiim  L.  Sp.  PI,  58.      17S3- 

Calms  erect  or  decumbent,  rather  stout,  1°  or  more 
tall,  glabrons  or  hirsute-  Sheaths  papillose- hirsute  ■ 
leaves  s'-io*  long,  J^'-i'  wide,  more  or  less  pubes 
cent;  panicle  rather  dense,  4'- 10'  long;  branches  erect 
or  ascending;  spilcelets  3"~iyi"  tang,  acumiaatc 
fiistscalc  about  tvo-thirdsBS  long  as  thespikelet  actim 
inate,  5-7-nerved  ;  second  scale  2"-2yi"  long  acum 
inate,  13-ncrved,  somewhat  exceeding  the  7-13  nerved 
acuminate  third  one,  which  subtends  an  empty  palet 
fomlh  scale  shorter  than  the  third,  becoming  indu 
rated,  obtuse. 

In  wast. 
Pennsjflva 

31.   Panicum  proliferum  Lam.     Spreading  Panicum.     (Fig-  273.) 

Panicum  proliferam  Lam.  Encyel.  4:  7470.      1797. 
Panicum  geniculaluin  Muhl.  Giam.  133,  1317. 

Culms  at  first  erect,  i°-3°  tall,  simple,  later  de- 
cumbent and  geniculate,  4°~6°  long,  branched  at  all 
the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous,  some- 
what flattened;  ligule  ciliate;  leaves  6'-2°  long, 
2"- to"  wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins and  occasionallj  on  the  nerves;  panicle  pyra- 
midal, 4'-i6'  long,  lower  branches  3'-6'  long,  at 
length  widely  spreading;  spiketets  i"-tji"  long, 
crowded,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  sometime* 
purplish;  first  scale  about  ooe-fonrth  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  enclosing  its  base;  second  and  third  scalea 
,  about  equal,  acute,  5-7-nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic, 
I  shining,  somewhat  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
third. 


3a.    Panicum  capill&re  L.     Witch  Grass. 
Tumble-weed.     (Ftg.  274-) 
A»t(<;Hin  capniare  L.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 

Culma  erect  or  decumbent,  i"-!"  tall,  simple  or  some- 
times sparingly  branched.  Sbeatbs  papillose-hirsute; 
leaves  6'-!°  lon^,  3"-8"  wide,  raore  or  less  pubescent; 
terminal  panicle  generally  8'-i4'  long,  lower  branches 
at  fimt  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  finally  exserted 
and  widely  spreading,  (>'-i&  long ;  lateral  panicles, 
when  present,  smaller ;  spilcelcts  i"-!^"  long,  acu- 
minate ;  first  scale  one-foarlh  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet;  second  and  third  scales  nearly  equal, 
vei7  acute,  the  fourth  ii"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  common  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields,  Nova 
Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Nevada  and 
Texas.    July-Sept. 

Paalcum  capilUre  GatUagfai  Nash. 
Panicvm  capillare  var.  campesire  GattinBSr,  Tenn.  Fl.  94.      1887.     Not  P.  campeslre  Neea,  1839. 

Culros  rooic  slender  than  in  the  type;  terminal  panicle  rarely  over  6'  lonr,  the  lateral  ones  vely 
nametoua-    Hoist  places,  New  Jersey  to  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  southward. 


24  GRAMINEAE. 

33.  Panicum  flixile  (Gattinger)  Scribn.     Wiry  Panicum.     (Fig.  275.) 

rile  Gattinger,  Tenn.  Fl,  c 

Panicum  flexile  SdOia.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  JO:476.   181 

Culms  erect,  6'-i8'  tall,  slender,  ainiple 
Bomewbat  branrhed  at  base,  bearded  at  the  nod< 
Sheaths  papillose-hiraute;  leaves  4'-$'  long,  i"-i 
wide,  erect,  long-acnminate,  more  or  less  pubc 
cent;  panicle  4'-^  long,  uatrowlj  ovoid  to  oblot 
in  outline,  its  brancbes  ascending,  the  lower  on 
a'-3ji'long;  8piteletsiJi"long,  muchsborterthi 
the  pedicels,  acuminate;  first  scale  about  one- fouil 
as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  and  third  scali 
about  equal,  5-7  nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic.  soiH' 
what  shorter  than  the  third. 


MiEsouri.    Aug. -Oct. 


ir  dry  soil,  Pennsylva 


0  Tennessee  u 


34.  Panicum  autumnlkle  Bosc.     DifFtise  Panicum. 

v^.^  Not 


Panicum  nudum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  73. 
Panicum   difergens  Muhl.    Gram. 

H.B.K.      1815.  ^        y 

/Vlni'CHinau/ufnna/cBosc;Spreng.  SjTst.  I^JW.  i  l8»5. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  I'-a"  tall,  generally 
mnch  branched  at  the  base,  slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  glabrous, 
the  lower  sometimes  densely  pubescent ;  leaves 
iJi'-4'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  ascending,  acnmioate, 
glabrous ;  panicle  s'-ia'  long,  bearded  in  the  axils, 
the  lower  branches  4'-8'  long,  at  fiist  erect  with 
the  lower  portion  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
finally  exserted  and  widely  spreading  at  maturity  ; 
spilcelets  lanceolate,  about  \%"  long,  acuminate, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  on  capillary  pedicels  of 
many  times  their  length  ;  lirst  scale  minute ;  sec- 
ond and  third  equal,  acute,  glabrous 
villous,  the  fourth  lanceolate,  \%"  long. 


,  Panicum  minus  (Muhl.)  Nash.     Wood  Panicum.     (Fig.  277.) 
Panicum  capillare  vox.  minor  Huhl.  Gram.  114.    1 


Panicum  cabillare  var.  sylvaticum  Torr.  Fl.  149.    1™ 

Not  P.  syh-alicum  Lam.      1797. 
Panicum  liiffusum  Fursfa,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i:  68.     i^i 

NotSw.      1788. 
Panicum  minus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  »:  4*1.    T89 

Culms  erect,  or  occasionally  decumbent,  S'-> 
long,  slender,  somewhat  branched  at  base.  Sbcttt 
hirsute ;  leaves  a'-4'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  erect,  mw 
or  less  pubescent ;  panicle  4'-^  long,  its  lo«' 
branches  3'-4'  long,  spreading  or  ascendini 
spikelets  about  ^"  long,  elliptic,  acute,  smoott 
borue  in  pairs  at  the  extremities  of  the  ultim*! 
divi^ons  of  the  panicle;  first  scale  about  oae-Uii' 
as  long  as  the  equal  acute  second  and  third  one 
the  fourth  somewhat  shorter  than  the  third. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  125 

36.  Panicum  verrucdsum  Muhl.     Warty  Panicum.     (Fig.  278.) 


n  Muhl.  Oram.  113. 
1  debile  Ell.  BoL  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i: 


Deaf.      1800. 


1J9.      1817.    Not 


Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  slender,  senerally  mnch 
brancbed  at  baee.  Sheaths  glabrous,  much  shorter 
than  the  totmiodea ;  ligole  abort,  ciliate ;  leaves  z'-7' 
long,  i"--4"  wide,  erect  or  aaceudini;,  glabrous,  rough 
on  the  margins ;  panicle  3'-i3'  long,  its  lower 
branches  3'-6'  long,  naked  below,  strict  and  ascend- 
ing, or  lax  and  spreading;  spiketets  about  H"  long, 
elliptic,  acutish,  borne  in  pairs  along  the  branches, 
the  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  lo^g  as  the  warty 
second  and  third,  the  fourth  scale  apiculate. 


37.  Panicum  gibbum  Ell.     Gibbous  Panicum,     (Fig.  279,) 


Panicum  gibbum  Ell.  1 


L  S.  C.  &  Ga.  I 


1817. 


Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  3°-6°  tall, 
dichotomouslj  branched  below.  Lower  sheaths 
densely  hirsute,  the  upper  generally  glabrous ;  leaves 
3'-7'  long,  3"-io"  wide,  usuallf  spreading,  more  or 
less  pubescent ;  panicle  z'-t)'  long,  dense  and  con- 
tracted; branches  ^'-i'  long,  erect;  spikelfels  i^"- 
3"  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  acute;  firstscale  about  one- 
quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  scale  gibbous 
at  base,  ii-nerred;  third  scale  abovt  equalling  the 
second,  7-nerved,  empty,  the  fourth  one  shorter  than 
the  second. 


13.  IXOPHORUS  Schlecht.  Linnaea,  ii:  420.     1861-2. 
[Sbtaria  Beauv.  Agiost.  113.     tSii.     Kot  Ach.     1798.] 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms,  flat  leaves,theinfiore3cencein  spike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate  flower,  the  basal  bristles  single  or  in 
clnatera  below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla,  and  therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  sptke~ 
let  4,  the  three  outer  membranous,  the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate 
flower ;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale  cbartaceons,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scales,     [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  viscid  spikelets  of  some  species.] 

Species  about  10,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Those  occurring  in  our  range  are  intro- 
dnced  from  the  Old  World. 


Bristles  downwardly  barbed. 
Bristles  upwardly  baibed. 

Mature  fourth  scale  of  spikelet  oval  in  outline, 
transversely  rugose. 

Mature  fourth  acale  generally  elliptic  in  outline, 

Spikes  i'-3M'  long,  M'  or  less  thick;  spikelets  about  l"  long,  always  much  exceeded  by  ^ 
the  green  bristles.  3.  /,  viridis. 

Spikes  4' -9'  long,  K'~s'   thick;  spikelets  about  iH"  long,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
usually  purplish  bristles,  4.  /.  Italicus. 


I,  /.  i-erlicillalus. 

very  convex,  almost  hemispheric,  coarsely 

»,  /.  glaucus. 
only  moderately  convex,  finely  transversely 


i  GRAMINEAE. 

t.  Ixophorus  verticill&tus  (L.)  Nash.     Foxtail-grass.     (Fig.  280.) 

Panicum  verlicUlatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed,  i,  82.      1762. 
Seiaria  Virlicillala  Beauv.  Agrost.  51.      1812. 
Ckamaeraphis  verticillala  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Clnb,  : 

196.      1893. 
Ixophorus  i-erlicillalus  Nash,  Bull.  Toir.  Club,  M;  4: 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  i"-]"  tall,  more  or  I< 
branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  I'-S'  loag,  % 
%'  wide,  scabrous  above;  spikes  a'-i'  long;  spikeli 
about  \"  long,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  don 
wardly  barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half 
long  as  the  spikelet,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  sea 
5-7-nerTed,  equalling  the  oval  fourth  one;  palet 
third  scale  empty. 

About  dwellings  and  ii 
Ontario  to  New  Jersey  an 
Europe.    July-^pt. 

a.  Ixophorus  gla^cus(L.}  Nash.  Yellow  Foxtail.    Pigeon-grass.   (Fig.  28 

Panicum glaueum  L.  Sp,  PI.  51^.       1753- 
Seiaria  glauca  Beauv.  Afirost.  51.      1812. 
Chanuuraphis glauca  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  767.     1891. 
Ixophorus  glaucus  Nasli,   Bull.   Torr.   Club,  2a:  423. 
■B95- 

Culms  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent,  i''-^"  tall, 
more  or  less  branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves 
3'-6'  long,  2"-4"  wide;  spikes  i'-4'  long;  spikclets 
\ii"-i!4"  long,  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  up- 
wardly barbed  yellowish  brown  bristles;  first  scale 
1-3-nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  5-nerved 
second  one;  third  scale  5-nerved,  equalling  the 
fourth  which  is  coarsely  transversely  rugose,  very 
convex,  V-shaped  in  cross-section,  about  twice  as 
long  as   the  second;   palct  of  third  scale  usually 

In   1 
out  North  A 

troublesome  weed.     Naturalized  from  Europe,     July- 
Sept. 

3.  Ixophorus  viridis  (L.)  Nash.     Green  Foxtail-grass.    (Fig.  282.) 
Kitticvm  -.iride  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  83.      1763. 
Seiaria  viridis  Beauv,  .^grost.  51.      1812. 
Chamaeraphis  viridis  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  »  i? 

■89J- 
Ixophorus  viridis  Nash,  Bull. Torr.  Club,  3i:  423.   iH 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i^-j"  tall,  simpl 
or  branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  i'-li/^oDf 
2"-6"  wide,  usually  scabrous  above;  spikes  I'-J 
long;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  elliptic,  muchshorte 
than  the  green,  or  sometimes  yellowish,  upward^ 
barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  Ion 
as  the  spikelet,  1-3-nerved;  second  and  third  scslt 
5-nerved;  fourth  scale  finely  and  faintly  traaawc*' 
rugose,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  coDttJ 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  second  ;p»le'' 
third  scale  usually  empty. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  KToDuds,  througl 
out  North  America  except  the  extreme  north,  and  atlr 
atToublesomeweed.  Nalulaliied f torn Bnrope.  Jul] 
Sept. 


■  plac 


a  except  the  < 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

Ixophorus   ItSlicus    (I,.)  Nasli.      Italian    Millet. 

(Fig.  Z83.) 
mm  /laltium  L  Sp,  PI,  56      '7M. 
a  ItaJiitt  R.  St  S.  Sys(.  »:  493.      1817. 
luatraphU  llati,a  KuilUe,  Rev.  Cea.  PI.  ;l».      1S91. 
iomi  tlalini!  Xasli,  Ball,  Toir.  Club,  m:  413,      1895. 

B  creel,  j'-s'  tall.  Sheaths  smooth  or  scab- 
1;  leaves  b'-i"  or  wore  iu  length,  %'~\%'  wide, 
([cnerally  scahrons;  spikes  4'-9'  long,  Ja'-a'  thick, 
nsnally  very  compound;  spikelets  aboul  iX"  long. 
elliptic  ciinalled.  or  exceeded  by  the  upwardly  barbed 
generally  purplish  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one- 
half  as  long  aa  the  apikelel.  i-j-nerved;  second  and 
third  5~;-nerved;  fourth  scale  equalling  or  somewhat 
exceeding  the  second,  finely  and  faintly  transverse- 
ragoec,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  convex; 
palcl  of  third  scale  minute  or  wanting. 

In  waste  places,  Mcaptd  from  cultivation,  Quebec  10 

jGlincHjta.  soulli  lo  Florida  and  Texa-      "- -■■  ■' 

TWorld.    Jiily-Sfpl. 


Hntignrinn  Grass. 


14.  CENCHRUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1049. 


753. 


ir  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves.  Inflorcsceacc  in  spikes.  Spike- 
laublended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  riccidnoat  with  Iheui  at  maturity.  Scales  4; 
I  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third  membranous,  the  latler  souietiuies  having  a  palct 
fBtaminate  flower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth  cliartaccous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  slmc- 
^  which  encloses  a  perfect  flower,  SUuieus  3.  Styles  united  below.  Stigmas  plumose. 
D  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.     [Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass,  probably  Millet.] 


Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.     Bur-grass. 
Hedgeliog-gra-ss.     (Fig.  284.) 

hi-us  Iribuloides  L.  Sp.  fl,  I050.       1753. 
'facknis  CaroliniaHHs  Walt.  l-'l.  Car.  75.      1788, 


Culms  erect  or  decumbent  from  an  aimualrDot. 
usually  robust.  S'-»Ji°  long,  branching  freely. 
Sheaths  usually  very  loose,  compressed,  smooth; 
leaves  iS'-s'  long,  i"-4"  wide,  flat  or  somewhat 
planate,  spikes  i'-2,'s'  long,  sometimes  par- 
tisllj  included  in  the  upper  sbeath;  involucres 
crowded  on  the  scabrous  rachis,  j-flowered,  glo- 
bose, pubescent  except  at  the  base,  forming  spiny 
burs,  the  spines  stout;  spikelets  about  3"  long. 

<h(ites  and  in  WLiHtc  places,  Maine  and  On- 
incaota,  south  \a  Florida,  Colorado  and 
letimes  a  noxious  wcrd.  .\pparently  per- 
Stxithcrn  Slates,     Aug.-SepL 


ZIZANIOPSIS  Doell  &  Asciiers.  in  Mart.  FI.  Bras.  1.  Pan  ;,  12. 


Tall  aquatic 
Spikelets  l-flowercd,  the  1 
bue.  Scales  a,  nearly  eqi 
«<eute  and  bearing  au  awn. 
t«adilf  separable.  [Name 
^ni  monolypic  Bcmit,  nf  X 


grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inQoreacence. 
laminate  borne  at  the  top  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate  at  tbi- 
a!.  membranous,  the  outer  one  in  the  pistillate  spikelets  broad. 
Stamens  6.  Styles  united.  Grain  nearly  globose,  the  pericarp 
iu  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grns^  to  Zi:ania.'\ 
iiiiwrale  and  tropical  ilinvrica. 


GRAMINBAE. 


Zizaniopsis    milidcea  (Michx.)  Doell 
&  Aschers.     Zizaniopsis.     (Fig.  285.  J 


Zixania  miliacm  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  74.      iSoj. 


Culms  4°-i5°  tall  from  a  long  and  creeping  root- 
stock,  robnat.glBbrous:  Sheaths  loo«e,  glabrous; 
ligule  4"-7"  long,  thin-inembranons ;  leaves  i" 
longormoie,  ^'-I'wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  panicle 
dense,  i°-i>i°  lottg,  bbttow;  branches  erect;  atam- 
inate«pikelets3"^"long,  theouterscale  j-nerved, 
the  inner  3-nerved,  both  acnte;  pistillate  spilcelets 
abont  3"  long,  the  outer  scale  about  equalling  the 
inner,  bearing  an  awn!  1 '^-3"  long,  scabrous,  5- 
nerved;  inner  scale  3-DerTedi  acute.- 


j6.  ZIZANIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  991-  (i753-) 
A  tall  aquatic  monoecious  grass  with  long  flat  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  the  pistillate  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the  staminate  on  the 
lower.  Scales  a,  membranous,  the  outer  somewhat  longer,  acute  in  the  staminate,  long- 
awned  in  the  pistillate,  spikelets.  Stamens  6.  Styles  nearly  distinct  Grain  linear,  5"-8" 
long.  [From  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  North  America  and  Asia. 

I.    Zizania   aqu6tica  L.     Wild  Rice. 
Indian  Rice,    Water  Oats,     Reed. 

(Fig.  286.) 
Zizania  aqualica  L.  Sp.  PI.  99'-      '753- 

Culms  erect  from  an  annual  root,  3°-lo°  tall, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous : 
ligule  about  %'  long,  thin -membranous ;  leaves 
1°  or  more  long,  }i'-i^'  wide,  more  or  less 
roughened,  especially  above,  glabrous ;  panicle 
I'-i"  long,  the  upper  branches  erect,  the  lower 
widely  spreading  ;  staminate  spikelets  3"-6" 
long,  scales  acute  or  awn-poittted,  outer  s- 
nerved,  the  inner  3-nerved  ;  scales  of  the  linear 
pistillate  spikelets  4"-i2"  long,  the  outer  one 
5-nerved,  with  au  awn  I'-i'  long,  the  inner 
narrower,  3-nerved,  awn-pointed. 


17.  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg.;  Hall.  Hist.  Stirp.  Helv.  2:  201.       1768. 

[Leersia  Sw.  Nov.  Gen,  &.  Sp.  ai.     1788.     Not  Hedw.     1782.] 

Marsh  grasses  with  flat  narrow  generally  rough  leaves,  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  i-flowcred,  perfect,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  and  usually  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated. Scales  z,  chartsceous,  the  outer  one  broad  and  strongly  conduplicate,  the  inner 
much  narrower.  Stamens  t-6.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid, 
free.     [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  supposed  resemblauce  of  these  grasses  to  Millet.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  countries.    Besides  the  following,  a  others 
occur  in  the  nouthcrn  United  States. 
Spikelets  oblong,  their  width  less  than  one-half  their  length, 

Spikelets  i?i''-iii"  long;  panicle  .branches  usually  rigid. 

Spikelets  2"-2W"  long;  panicle-branches  generally  lax. 
Spikelels'oval,  their  width  more  than  one-half  their  len 


t  imbricated. 

I.  H.  Vitxinicus.    . 
.  .  -     -  a,  //.  oryioides. 

length,  much  imbricated.    3.  H.  ttnliealaris. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  129 

I.  Homalocenchnis  Virginicus  (Willd.)  Britton,   White  Grass.    (Fig,  287.) 

r^ersia  Virginica  Willd.  Sp.  PI,  i:  3»S,      1797. 
Asprtlta  Virginica  R.  &  S.  Syst.  3:  a66.      1817- 
Homalocenchrus   Virginicus   Britton,  Trans.   N.   Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  9:  14.      xSS^. 

Culms  glabrous,  decumbent,  1°-}°  loug,  much 
branched,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  lignle  short;  leaves 
?'-6'  long,  i"-8"  wide,  acute,  usually  narrowed 
toward  the  baae,  scabrous;  terminal  panicle  finally 
long-exserted,  3'-8'  long,  its  branches  generally 
tpieading,  nsnally  naked  below  tile  middle;  lateral 
panicles  smaller  and  usually  included;  spilceleta 
ili"-iyi"\ons,  about  >£"  wide,  oblong,  appressed; 
outer  scale  hispid  on  the  keel  and  mai^ns;  inner 
scale  hispid  on  the  keel;  s 


2.  Homalocenchnis  oryzoides  (L. )  Poll.     Rice  Cut-grass.     (Fig.  288.) 

Phalaris  oryzoides  L.  Sp,  PI.  55.      1753. 
Homalocenchnis oryzoidesVau.  Hist.  PI.  Palat.  1:52.    1776. 
I.eersia  orysoides&vi.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i;  131.      1797, 

Culms  glabrous,  decumbent,  l°-4°  long,  much 
branched,  rather  stout,  smooth.  Sheaths  Sorter 
than  the  internodes,  very  rough;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  s'-io*  long,  a"-5"  wide,  acute,  narrowed  to- 
ward  the  base,  scabrous  ;  terminal  panicle  s'-g'  loug, 
finally  loug-exserted,  its  branches  lax,  naked  at  the 
base,  at  lirst  erect,  later  more  or  less  widely  spreading ; 
lateral  panicles  generally  included;  spikelete  2"-iJi" 
long,  aboDi  H"  wide,  elliptic;  scales  pubescent,  the 
outer  one  hispid  on  the  keel  and  on  the  margins;  inner 
scale  much  narrower,  hispid  on  the  keel;  t 
anthers  yellow. 


In  swamps  and  along  streams 
tangled  masses,  Nova  Scotia  to  wi 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Also 
of  Europe  and  Asia,    Aug, -Sept. 


often  forming  dense 
ttem  Ontario,  south  to 
in  the  temperate  parts 


3.  Homalocenchrus  lenticul^is  (Michx.) 
Scribn.     Catch-fly  Grass.     {Fig.  289.) 


33.     1894- 

Culms  glabrous,  erect,  j''-4°  tall,  usually  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  scab- 
rons;  lignle  very  short;  leaves  4'-i2'  long,  4"-io" 
wide,  acute,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  base,  scab- 
rt>us;  panicle4;^'-9'Iong,  finally  exserted,  its  branches 
lax,  naked  below,  at  first  erect,  later  spreading; 
spikelets  much  imbricated,  3"-3j^"  long,  \"-i^" 
wide,  broadly  oval;  scales  smooth  or  sparingly  hispid- 
scabrous,  the  outer  one  strongly  3-nerved,  hispid  on  the 
keel  and  margins,  the  inner  much  narrower,  strongly 
i-nerved,  hispid  on  the  keel ;  stamens  3. 


■30 


GRAMIKRAB. 


i8.  PHALARIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  54.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasBcs  with  Rat  leaves,  the  infloreAcence  Bpilce-Iike,  capitate  ot  a 
narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  crowded,  i-flonered.  Scales  j,  the  firat  and  second  about  equal 
in  teagth,  strongly  comprMscd  laterally,  usaatly  ving-keeled  ;  third  and  fonrth  scale*  mncli 
smaller  or  leduced  to  mere  rudiments ;  fifth  scale  subtending  a  palet  similar  to  itaelf  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free, 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  scales.     [Greek,  alluding  to  the  shining  grain,] 

n  Europe.    Besides  the  following,  3  Dthers  occur  in 


le.  I.  P.  arundiiiatoi. 

IT  ^ike<like  panicle, 
reduced,  rigid,  subulate,  haiiy. 

a.  A  Carolhii- 

Spikelets  broad;  third  and  fourth   scales  thin-membranous,  broadly  lanceolate,  glabrous  < 
sparingly  haiiy.  3.  P.  Canariensis. 


Spikelets  nairow;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  reduced,  rigid,  subulate,  haiiy 


I.    Phalaris  anindin&cea  L.     Reed  Canarj'-grass.     (Fig.  290.) 


PhalaHs  arundim 


a  L.  Sp.  PI.  55.    1753, 


Glabrous,  culms  erect,  a°-5°  tall,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iutemodes;  ligule  i"-i" 
long,  obtuse,  membranous ;  leaves  3ji'-io'  long,  3"- 
S"  wide,  acuminate,  smooth  or  scabrous ;  panicle  3'- 
8'  long,  dense,  its  branches  }4'-i}4'  long,  erect  or 
sometimes  slightly  spreading;  spikelets  2j4"-3" 
long;  outer  scales  scabrous,  3-nerved;  third  and  fourth 
scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth,  subulate, 
rigid,  hairy  ;  filth  scale  about  three-fourths  as  long  as 
the  spikelct,  cbartaceons,  pubescent  with  long  ap- 
pressed  silkj  hairs,  subteuding  a  palet  of  similar 
texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil,  No^-a  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Kansas  and  Nevada. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia  July-Aug.  The  Ribbon-grass 
or  Painted-grasa  of  cultivation,  the  so-called  variety  pirla. 
has  leaves  varie^ted  with  green  and  white  stripe!- 
derivative  of  this  specie;'   — -^   " — ■■'■ 


I,  and  sometimes  escapes 


a.    Phalaris  Caroliniikna  Walt.     Carolina  Canary-grass.     (Fig.  291.) 


phalaris  Caroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.       1 
Phalart!  tnUrmedia    Bosc. ;    Poir.   in   I* 

Suppl.  i:  300.      1810, 
Phalaris  Americana  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga  1 


Culms  i'-^yi"  tall,  erect  ot  sometimes  decum- 
bent at  base,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  smooth 
or  roughisb,  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes  ;  Hgule  i"-3"  long,  rounded, 
thin-membranous  ;  leaves  2'-6'  long,  a"-5"  wide, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  ;  spike-like  panicle  i'- 
4'  long,  dense,  its  branches  about  %'  long,  erect ; 
spikelets  2%"  long,  the  outer  scales  more  or  less 
scabrous,  3-nerved,  wing-keeled  ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth,  subu- 
late, hairy;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  acuminate,  pubescent  with  long  appressed 
silky  hairs. 


GRASS  FAfllLY. 


3.    Phalaris  Canari^nsis  L.     Canary- 
grass.     (Fig.  292.) 
Phalaris  Canan'ensis  L-  Sp.  PI.  54.    1753- 

More  or  less  roughened,  culms  t°-3°  tall, 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  glnbrons.  Sheaths 
shorter  thaD  the  interoodes;  llgule  about  t" 
long,  rounded;  leaves  a'-ia'  long,  a"-6"  wide, 
strongly  scabrous;  spikes  j^'-ij^'  long,  ovoid  or 
oblong;  spikeleta  3"-4"  long;  outer  scales  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  pubescent ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  fifth,  broadly 
lanceolate,  thin -membranous,  sparingljr  hairy; 
fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  aa  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  acute,  pubescent  with  appiessed  mlky  hairs. 


Outer  scales 
The  grain  ii 
July-Aug. 


suallj-  nearly  whiu 


food   of  Canary  birds. 


19.  ANTHOXANTHUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  28.  1753. 
Fragrant  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered,  narrow,  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  5  ;  the  two  outer  acute  or  produced 
into  a  short  awn,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  shorter. 
3-lobed.  awned  on  the  back  ;  the  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse.  Stamens  2. 
Styles  distinct  Stigmas  elongated,  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  yellow  hue  of  the  spikelets  in  some  species.] 


A  genus  of 


natives  of  Europe, 


I.    Anthoxanthum  odordtum  L- 
Sweet  Vernal-grass.     (Fig.  293.) 

AalhoxanlAum  odoraium  L.  Sp.  PI  a8.       1753. 

Culms  I'-i"  tail,  erect,  simple  or  bmnched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes  ;  ligule  l"-2"  long,  acute,  membra- 
nous ;  leaves  ii'-6'  long,  l"-3"  wide,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so ;  spike-like  panicles  i'-^}i'  long, 
branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  4" 
long,  crowded;  outer  scales  acnte,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  the  first  i-nerved,  half  as  long  as  the 
second  which  is  3-ncrved  ;  the  third  and  fourth 
very  hairy,  the  former  with  an  awn  nearly  twice 
its  length  inserted  about  the  middle,  the  fourth 
scale  bearing  near  the  base  an  awn  more  than 
twice  its  length  ;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  fourth,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
and  bearing  a  fertile  flower. 

In  fielda  and  meadows  throughout  nearly  the 
whole  of  North  America.  Very  fragrant  in  drying. 
Naturaliied  from  Europe,    June-July, 


20.    SAVASTANA  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  loo.       1789. 
[HiEROCHLOE  J.  G.  Gmel.  Fl.  Sib.  1:  loi.     1747.] 

Aromatic  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
3-fiDwered,  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate.  Scales  5;  the  first  and  second 
nearly  equal,  acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and  fonrth  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse,  entire,  emar^ 
^te,  3-toothed  or  3-lobed,  with  or  without  an  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  stamens;  filth 
icale  often  produced  into  a  short  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  in 
the  itaminate  flowers  3,  in  the  perfect  2.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
mcloMd  in  the  scales.     [Name  nnexplained.] 

Abont  6  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions. 


Third  and  fourth  scales  not  awncd 
Entire,  culms  I'-l"  tall. 
Erose-tmncate,  culms  6'  tall  o 

Third  and  fourth  scales  awncd. 


GRAUINEAE. 


I.  S.  odorala. 
L  1.  S.  pauciflora. 

3.  S.  alpina. 

1.  Savastana  odor&ta  (I,.)  Scribn.     Holy 
Grass.     Seneca  Grass.     (Fig.  294.) 

Holcus  odoralus  L.  Sp.  PI.  lo^J*.      175,1. 
Hieroihloa  borfalis  R.  &  S.  Syst.  1 :  513.      1817. 
Savastana  odorala  Scrilm.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  34.      18^ 

Glabrous,  culma  i°-a°  tall,  erect,  sinple,  amooth. 
Sheaths  smooth  ;  ligule  \"--i"  long ;  lower  leaves 
elongated,  4'-8'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  scabrous,  the  upper 
one*  %'-2'  long ;  panicle  a'-4'  long,  its  branches  1'- 
1'  long,  usually  spreHdiog,  naked  below ;  spikelets 
yellowish-brown  and  purple,  j"-3"  long;  first  and 
second  scales  about  equal,  glabrous;  thtid  and  fourth 
villous  and  strongly  ciliate,  entire,  awn-pointed,  the 
fifth  smaller  than  the  others,  villous  at  the  aper. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Colorado.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
June-July.    This   and   other   sweet-scented   \ — 

the  n 


a.  Savastana  paucifldra  (R.  Br.)  Scribn. 
Arctic  Holy  Grass.     (Fig.  295.) 


Glabrous,  culms  6'  high  or  less,  erect,  simple,  amooth. 
Sheaths  moslly  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  overlapping; 
ligale  about  %"  long;  leaves  smooth,  the  basal  ones 
I'-a'  long,  %"  wide,  involtite  at  least  when  dry;  culm 
leaves  %'  long  or  less,  1"  wide,  flat;  panicle  less  than  i' 
long,  contracted  ;  spiltelets  few,  \%"-%"  \oa%;  first  and 
second  scales  \y^"-i"  long,  smooth  and  glabrous;  thiid 
and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  erose-truncate,  the  fifth 
shorter  than  the  others,  obtiise,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Arctic  America.    Summer. 

3.   Savastana  alpina  (Sw.)  Scribn.     Alpine  Holy  Grass.     (Fig.  296.) 

HoUus alpinus Sm.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:937.      :8o6. 
Hitrockloa  alpina  R,  &  S,  Syst,  a:  SIS-      i8i7- 
Saiiaslana  alpina  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 34.    1894. 
Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  6^-18'  tall,  erect, 
mmple.    Sheaths   shorter    than    the  interaodes ; 
ligule  less  than   i"  long;  lower  leaves  elongated, 
I   3'-6'  long,  about  i"  wide,  the  upper  much  shorter, 
1    '/i'~l'  long,   l"-2"  wide;  panicle   %'-l%'  long, 
I   contracted,  branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  oc- 
istonally  the  panicle   is  larger  with  longer  and 
spreading    branches ;    spikelets    3j^"-3>i"  long, 
iwded;  first  and  second  scales  glabrous,  1%"- 
i}i"  long ;  third  and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  cili- 
ate on  the  margins,  the  former  bearing  an  awn 
about  i"loug,  the  latter  with  a  moreor  less  bent  awn 
about  3"  long ;  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others, 
acute,  usually  awn-pointed,  villous  at  the  apex- 
Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  high  mountains  of 
New  lingland  and  New  York,    Also  in  northern  Burope 
and  Asia.    July-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


133 


31.    ARISTIDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  82.       1753. 

Grasses  varying  greatlj'  in  habit  and  inflorescence.  Leaves  narrow,  often  involute-seta- 
ceous. Spilcelets  uaiTOv,  i-flowered.  Scales  3,  narrow,  the  two  outer  carinate  ;  the  third 
ridged  and  convolute,  bearing  three  awus  occadonally  united  at  the  base,  the  lateral  anus 
rarely  wanting  or  reduced  to  rudiments.  Palet  a-ncrved.  Stamens  3,  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.     [Latin,  from  arista,  an  awn.] 

About  100  species,  in  the  wanner  regions  of  Ixfth  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,  some 
-_  _., 1-  .!.,  _ 1 J  . — J  parts  of  North  America.    The  English  name  Thrte- 


Awi 


Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  specie; 
lot  articulated  to  the  scale  nor  united  al 
Lateral  awns  usually  erect,  not  more  than  half  a 


......  s  long  as  the  horizontal  or  reflexed,  central 

one,  generally  much  shorter  or  occasionally  wanting. 
Third  scale,  eiclusive  of  awns,  j"  long  or  less. 
Central  awn  spiral  at  base,  terminal  st 
Central  awD  not  spiral  at  base,  terminal 
Third  Hcale,  exclusive  of  awns.  4"  long  01 

Central  awn  spiral,  lateral  awns  one-qnarter  t 
Central  awn  not  spiral  or  rarely  si 
wanting. 
Lateral  awns  usually  diverging,  more  than  half  as  long  as  thi 
one,  generally  about  equalling  it. 
First  scale  exceeding  the  second. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  woolly. 
First  scale  half  as  long  as  the  second  or  equalling  it. 

First  scale  5-nervea,  or  occasionally  j-nerved  at  t>ase.  , . 

First  scale  1. nerved,  sometimes  with  an  obscure  additional  nerve  on  1 
Central  awn  1 54  -4'  long;  panicle  4' -6'  long,  lax,  few-flowered.  T 
Central  awn  1'  long  or  less. 

Culms  simple ;  panicle  strict,  6' -2°  long,  1 

Culms  branched;  panicle  somewhat  lax,  not :"  long.  n 

Awns  articulated  lo  the  scale,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base. 

Column  of  the  awns  conspicuous,  3"  long  or  more.  1 

Column  of  the  awns  inconspicuous,  less  than  1"  long.  i: 

I.    Aristida  dichdtoma  Michx.     Poverty 
Grass.     (Fig.  297.) 

Aristida  dicholoma  Michx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am,  i:  41.     iSot. 
Aristida  dichotoma  var.  Curlissii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 

640.       1890, 

Culms  6'-a°  tall,  erect,  slender,  dichotomously 
branched,  smooth  or  roughened.  Sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous; lignle  very  short,  ciliate;  leaves  i'-3'long,  less 
than  i"  wide,  involute,  acuminate,  usually  scabrous; 
apike'like  racemes  or  panicles  2'-^'  long,  slender; 
spikelets  about  3"  long  ;  outer  scales  nearly  equal  or 
the  lower  somewhat  shorter,  usually  awn-pointed ; 
third  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  the  middle  awn 
horizontal,  coiled  at  base,  the  terminal  straight  por- 
tion 2"-3"loiig,  the  lateral  awns  1"  longor  less,  erect 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario,  Missouri  and  Che  In- 
Jian  Territory,  south  10  Crforgia  and  Texas,     Aug. -Sept. 

3.  Aristida  gracilis  Ell.    Slender  Aristida. 

(Fig.  298.) 
Aristida  gracilis  EW.  Bat,  S.C.Si.Qi..i:  142.     1817. 
Aristida  gracilis  var.  debauhcrata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

5, 618.      1867. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  6'-3° 
tall,  erect,  simple  or  branched.  Sbeatbs  shorter 
than  the  internodes ;  ligute  very  short ;  leaves  l'- 
4'  long,  \"  wide  or  less,  flat,  or  involute  when  dry  ; 
panicle  spike-like,  3'-?'  long,  slender ;  spikelets 
about  3"  long ;  outer  scales  equal,  or  the  lower 
somewhat  shorter,  awn-pointed  ;  third  scale  about 
equalling  the  second,  generally  mottled,  middle 
awn  horizontal,  the  terminal  straight  portion  3"- 
7"  in  length,  the  lateral  awns  i"-3"loBg,  erect. 

Dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Aug. -Sept. 


GRAMINEAE. 
3.  Aristida  bastrimea  Engelm.     Ported  Aristida.     (Fig.  299.) 

AHsUda  basit-amea  Engelm.;  Vaiwy,  Coult.  Bat.  Gaz.  g; 

76.     1884- 

Glabrous  and  imooth,  culms  6'-i8'  tall,  erect, 
slender,  much  branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
iatemodea,  loosei  ligule  very  short,  cilUtc;  leaves  1'- 
&*  long,  about  i"  wide,  involute-setaceous;  spike-like 
panicle  3'-s'  long;  first  scale  of  spikelet  half  to  three- 
quarters  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  i"-"}"  in 
length,  both  awn-pointed ;  third  scale  shorter  than  the 
second;  middle  awn  6"-9''  long,  coiled  at  base,  hori- 
Eontat,  lateral  awns  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long, 
erect  or  divergent,  somewhat  spiral  at  the  base. 


f.   Aristida  ramosissima  Engelm.     Branched  Aristida.     (Fig.  300.) 

■■lida  ramosissima  Eu^liu, ;  A,  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  6ig. 

67. 

i/iiia  ramosissima  var.  uniarislala  A.  Gray,  Man.  Kd. 


Glabrous,  culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  branched, 
smooth.  Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  interoodes, 
loose;  ligule  ver7  short;  leaves  I'A'-i'  loiig.  1"  wide 
or  less,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrons  above :  spikelets  few,  borne  in  loose 
spikes  from  a'-4'  in  length ;  first  scale  awn-pointed ; 
second  scale  8"-io"  in  lengtb,  exceeding  the  first, 
terminated  with  an  awn  i"-3"  long ;  third  scale  as 
long  as  the  second;  middle  awn  about  i'  long,  hori- 
zontal or  reflexed  and  forming  a  hook,  the  lateral 
awns  erect,  \"~t"  long,  rarely  wanting. 

Kentucky    and    Missouri. 


5.   Aristida  purpurfiscens  Poir.     Purplish  Aristida.     (Fig.  301.) 


Poir.  in  Lam,  Encycl.  Suppl. 


Aristida  purpi 

1:452.      1810. 

Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  i°-z>^°  tall,  erect, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  the  base.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  inlcrnodes,  crowded  at  the  base  of 
the  culm  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  4'-8'  long, 
about  ["  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  involute  in  drying, 
attenuate  into  a  long  point ;  spike-like  panicles 
S'-i8'  long,  strict,  or  sometimes  nodding,  its 
branches  appressed  ;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  awn- 
pointed,  the  first  longer  thau  the  second  ;  the  third 
scale  from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long  as 
the  first,  middle  awn  ij"-i3"  long,  horizontal,  the 
late  al  awns  somewhat  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 


.Ill 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
6.   Aristida  lanlkta  Poir.     Woolly  Aristida,     (Fig.  302.) 

a  lanala  Poit.  in  Lani.  Encycl.  Suppl.  i:  +53 


Arlslida  latiosa  Muhl.  Gram.  174.      1817. 

Calms  ^''-i"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes, 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  woolly;  ligule 
Tery  short,  minutely  ciliate;  leaves  1°  long  or 
more,  about  2"  vide,  attenuate  ID  to  a  long 
slender  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above; 
panicle  i°-3°  long,  strict,  branches  erect  or  occa- 
sionally somewhat  spreading ;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first  S"-7"  long,  exceed- 
ing the  second;  third  scale  slightly  shorter  than 
the  second,  middle  awn  S"-i2"  long,  usually  hori- 
lontal,  the  lateral  awns  about  two-thirds  as  long, 
erect  or  divergent. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas. 


7.    Aristida  olig&ntha  Michx. 


Few-flowered  Aristida.     (Fig.  303.) 
Aristida  oUganlka  Michi,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  41.      1S03. 

Glabrous,  culms  I'-a"  tall,  erect,  slender,  dichot- 
omoualy  branched,  smooth  or  roughish.  Sheaths 
exceeding  the  intemodes,  loose  ;  ligule  very  short, 
minutely  ciliate  ;  leaves  i'-6'  long,  >i"-i"  wide, 
smooth,  the  larger  ones  attenuate  into  a  long  slen- 
der point ;  spilcelets  few,  borne  in  a  lax  apike-like 
raceme  or  panicle ;  first  scale  5-nerved,  occasion- 
ally 7-nerved  at  base,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  bears  an  awn  3"-^"  long;  third  scale  shorter 
than  the  fiist,  awns  divergent  or  spreading,  the 
middle  one  i^'-iji'  long,  the  lateral  somewhat 


8.   Aristida  purpurea  Nutt.     Purple  Aiistida.     (Fig.  304.) 
Arhlida  purpurea  Nutt.  Trans.  Ani.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 

s-  145.    '833-37- 

GlabrouB,  culms  8'-i8'  tall,  erect,  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth  or  rough.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodea,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous; 
lignle  short,  ciliate;  leaves  i>i'-4'  long,  }i"  wide, 
involute,  at  least  when  dry,  generally  scabrous ; 
spilcelets  few  in  apike.like  racemes  or  panicles 
which  arc  4'-8'  in  length;  first  scale  one-nerved  or 
sometimes  with  an  obscure  additional  nerve  on 
each  side;  second  scale  Y'-q"  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  first;  third  scale  equalling  or  a  little 
exceeding  the  first,  awus  divergent,  the  middle  one 
l'-Z)i'  long,  the  lateral  ones  a  little  shorter  or 
of  the  same  length. 

Dry  soil.  Minnesota  to  Idaho  and  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Kansas,  Texas  and  Arizona.    Plant  purpli 
purplish.    July-Sept. 


GRAMINEAE. 
g.    Aristida  Btricta  Michx.     Erect  ArLstida.     (Fig.  305.) 


isiida  striata  Uichi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i 


1803. 


Culms  3''-4''  tall,  erect,  sinple,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  siDooth, 
glabrous  or  pubescent  at  the  spex  ;  ligule  abort ; 
leaves  invalute-filifonn,  the  basal  1°  or  more  in 
length,  those  of  the  culm  8'-ii'long,  or  the  upper 
shorter ;  panicle  spike-like,  strict,  or  the  top 
sometimes  nodding,  €'-2°  long,  its  branches  erect ; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first 
I-nerved  or  occasiouallj  with  an  obscure  additional 
nerve  on  each  side,  shorter  than  the  second ; 
third  scale  equalling  the  first  or  a  little  shorter;  mid- 
dle awn  5"-io"  long,  horizontal'  when  old.  the 
lateral  ones  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 

Dry  soil,  Vinrinia  (according  to  S.  Watson),  south  to 
Florida,    July -Sept. 


Aristida  disp^rsa  Trin.  &  Rupr.     Bushy  Aristida.     (Fig.  306. ) 


Aristida  Americana  L.  Amoen.  Acad.  S:  393.      1759? 
Arislida/ascicuIataToTT.  Ann.  hyt.  N.  Y.  1:154.    '824? 
Aristida    disbersa    Trin.    &    Rupr.    Hem.   Acad.    St 
Petersb.  (V'l.)S:  119.      1841. 

Glabrous,  cultos  i^-a"  tall,  erect,  slender, 
braoched,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
lernodes,  ligule  abort,  ciliate  ;  leaves  a'-6'  long, 
1"  wide  or  less,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point, 
smooth  or  scabrous ;  panicle  3'-7'  long,  at  first 
strict,  the  branches  finally  more  or  less  spreading ; 
first  scale  of  spikelet  i-nerved,  or  occasionally  with 
an  obscure  addiUonal  nerve  on  each  side,  shorter 
than  the  second  scale;  third  scale  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  second  ;  awns  divergent,  the  middle  one 
4"_8"  long,  tht  lateral  ones  shorter, 

,  New  Mexico 


Aristida  tuberculdsa  Nutt.     Sea-beach  Aristida.     (Fig,  307.) 


■Jida  tuberculosa  Nutt.  Gen.  : 


57- 


Glabrous,  culms  b'-i"  tall,  erect,  dichotomously 
branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  sh6rt,  ciliate;  leaves  5'-9'  long, 
about  i"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point, 
amooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  5'-8'  long, 
branches  slender,  ascending;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  about  equal,  awned,  the  third  scale 
shorter;  awns  divergent  or  reftexed,  more  or  less 
coiled,  united  at  base  into  a  column  3"-6"  long 
which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 


Sandy  soil,  especially  on  sea-beaches,  Ma.ssacliusei 
to  Minntfiota,  south  to  GciirKia.  Also  in  the  interior 
Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.     Aug, -Sept. 


CRASS   FAMILY. 


12.  Aristida  desmfintha 'Trin.  &Rupr. 
Western  Aristida.     {Fig.  308.) 


Culms  i"-]"  tell,  erect,  branched,  amootta  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iuteniodes, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  the  lower  sometimes  pubes- 
cebt ;  ligule  short ;  leaves  6'-ij'  long,  less  than 
i"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  slender  point,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above :  panicle  about  (/  long, 
the  branches  slender,  ascending;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  about  equal,  the  third  one 
shorter ;  awns  spreading  or  rejlexed,  somewhat 
coiled,  united  at  base  into  a  column  less  than 
I"  long,  which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 

n  Territory  and 


22.  STIPA  L.  Sp.  PI.  78.  1753. 
Generally  tall  grasses,  the  leaves  usually  convolute,  rarely  flat,  the  inflorescence  panicu- 
late. Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow.  Scales  3;  the  two  outer  narrow,  acute  or  rarely  bearing 
an  awn,  the  third  rigid,  convolute,  with  a  hairy  callus  at  the  base,  and  bearing  a  more  or  leas 
bent  awn,  which  is  spiral  at  the  base,  and  articulated  to  the  scale.  Palet  j-nerved.  Stamens 
3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  en- 
closed in  the  scale.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tow-lilte  plumes  of  some  species.] 

A  genus  of  e 
the  following,  s 

Outer  .-tcales  of  the  spikelet  ?"-6"  long; 
Obtuse  or  blunt-pointed,  i"  in  length. 
Acute,  4"-6"  in  length. 

Awn  less  than  five  times  the  length  of  the  scale. 
Awn  mure  than  seven  times  the  length  of  the  scale. 
Outer  scales  of  the  spilielet  lo"  long  —  —  — 
Base  of  panicle  usually  includei 

Panicle  exserted  from  Ihe  upper  sheath;  third  scale  /'-13"  long,  bent. 


n  the  southern  and  n, 


the  upper  sheath;  third  scale  4"-6"  lot^;  awn  slender, 
5.  5.  s/rarlea. 


1.   Stipa  Macodnii  Scribn.     Macoun's  Stipa.     (Fig.  309.) 


Culms  glabrous,  j°-2°  tell,  erect,  simple,  slen- 
der, smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes  ;  ligule  about  l" 
long,  obtuse  or  truncate ;  leaves  2'-^'  long, 
yi"-l"  wide,  flat,  becoming  in  volute- setaceous 
in  drying,  scabrous  ;  panicle  a's'  long,  con- 
tracted, the  branches  l'-3'  long,  erect,  naked 
below ;  spikelets  borne  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches ;  outer  scales  about  i"  long,  obtuse  or 
blunt-pointed,  glabrous;  third  scale  somewhat 
shorter,  pubescent  with  long  appressed  silky 
hairs,  callus  obtuse;  awn  4"-5"  long,  contorted. 

New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
.  to  Maine,  New  Hampshire.  Lake  Superior  and 
Montana.     July. 


GRAMINEAE. 

2.    Stipa  viridula  Trin.     Green  Stipa. 
(Fig.  310.) 

Slipa  viridula  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petenib.  ( VI. )  1:  39. 

1836. 
S/i>a  j^r/m  Hook,  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  J;  137.     1840.    Not  Trin, 

GlabTons,  culms  i)j''-3°  tall,  CRCt,  aimple, 
•moatli.  Sbeatha  ibortcr  tban  the  inteniodea;  lipile 
i"-3"  loDK ;  leaves  amooth  or  acabronB,  Ihe  hasal 
oaes  in  volute-filiform,  one-third  toone-belf  as  longaa 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  3'-9'  long,  broaderi  pao- 
icle  spike-like,  strict  and  erect,  brauchea  appreas«d; 
outer  scales  of  spiltetet  3"-4"  long,  loDg-acuminate, 
glabiOQS ;  third  scale  shorter,  more  or  leas  pubetceat 
with  long  appteued  silky  hairs,  catlua  acute ;  awn 
^'-\%'  tong,  beat,  loosely  spiral  at  base. 

Minnesota  lo  British  Columbia,  sontb  to  Kansas.  New 
Mexico  and  California.     July-Aug. 


3.    Stipa  avenicea  I,. 

L.  Sp- 


Black  Oat -grass.     (Fig.  311.) 


Slipa  ai'inacea  l..  op.  1-1.  70.       -,.^- 
SUfia  barbala  Michi.  PI,  Bor.  Am.  i:  s.1-      1803. 
Sitba  yirginica  Pcre.  Syn,  i.tf).      1805. 
SItpa  bicoior  Pureh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  73.      1814- 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-2>i°  tall,  erect  or  leaning,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Sheatbs  shorter  tban  the  inteniodes ; 
ligule  about  i"  long,  obtuse  ;  leaves  involute-iiti- 
form,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
one-third  lo  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  3'-5'  long ;  panicle  5'-8'  long,  loose, 
the  branches  lax,  erect  or  finally  spreading,  naked 
below;  outer  scales  of  the  spikclet  4"-5"  long, 
acute,  glabrous;  tbird  scale  a  little  shorter,  scabrous 
near  the  summit,  black,  pilose  at  base  and  with  a 
ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  top,  otherwise  smooth  and 
glabrous;  callus  hard,  acute;  awn  i%'-2%'  long, 
bent,  loosely  spiral  below. 

In  dry  woods,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Also  in  western  Ontario  and  Wisconsin. 
May-June. 

4.    Stipa  com^ta  Trin.  &  Rupr.     Western  Stipa.     (Fig.  312.) 


Glabrous,  culms  i^-a"  tall,  erect,  aimple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  in- 
lernodes,  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  uppermost 
very  long  and  inflated,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle  ;  ligule  i"-3"  long,  obtnse ;  leaves 
smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  the  basal  invo- 
lute-filiform,  one-quarter  to  one-balf  as  long  as 
the  culm,  the  culm  leavea  3'-6'  long,  a  little 
broader  than  the  basal  ones,  involute;  panicle 
6'-9'  long,  loose,  the  branches  3'-5'  in  length, 
erect- ascending,  naked  at  base ;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  9'''-ii"  long,  glabrous,  acuminate 
into  an  awn  2"-4"  in  length;  third  scale  4"-6" 
long,  callus  acute;  awn  4'-8'  in  length.  Blender, 
curled,  spiral  and  pubescent  below. 


GRASS   FAMIIvY 


Stipa   spirtea  Trin.     Porcupine  Grass. 
(Fig-  313) 


Calms  glabrous,  a°-4°  tail,  erect,  simple,  smootb. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  inteniodes,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrotis;  ligule  \"-i"  long,  obtuse;  leaves 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal  one-third 
to  one-hair  as  long  as  the  culm,  i"wideorless,  uauatlj 
involute,  those  of  the  culm  6'-i3'  long,  about  2 
wide,  generally  flat,  attenuate  into  a  Ioqk  slender 
point;  panicle  finally  long-ezserted,  4'-io'  in  length, 
its  branches  3'-6'  long,  erect,  naked  below;  outer 
scales  of  spikelet  1 3'''- 18"  long,  acuminate  into  a  long 
■lender  point,  glabrous;  third  scale  7"-i3"  long,  callus 
acute;  ann  4'-8'  long,  stout,  usually  twice  beat, 
tightly  spiral  and  pubescent  below,  doubly  spiral 
about  the  middle. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  Bridah  Columbia,  south  to  Illinois  and  Kansas.    June-July. 

33.  ORYZ6pSIS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  51-  i8o3- 
[Urachne  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  109.  1818.] 
Usually  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolnte  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered,  broad.  Scales  3;  the  two  lower  about  equal,  obtuse  or  acuminate;  the  third 
icale  shorter  or  a  little  louger,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal  awn  which  is  early  deciduous, 
Ibe  callus  at  the  base  of  the  scale  short  and  obtuse,  or  a  mere  scar.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  convolute  scale. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of  these  grasses  to  rice,] 

About  34  species,  distributed  through  temperate  and  subtropical  reKions,  rarely  extending  into 
the  tropics.    Besides  the  following,  Home  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America, 
ipariagly  pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs. 


Third  scale  of  the  spikclet  glabioi 

Spikelet,  exclusive  of  awn,  i>t    -z    long. 

Awn  less  than  1"  long,  much  shorter  than  the  scale  ;  outer  scale; 


;"-3"  ii 


scales  about  i^"  in  length. 


Awn  3''-4"  long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  scale ; 

Spikelet.  exclusive  of  awn. 
Culms  nearly  naked,  lei 

length  or  less,  erect. 
Culms  leafy  to  Uie  top;  panicle  6' -13'  long;  branches  3' 

fliinl  scale  of  the  spikelet  densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs,  5.  O-  CHSpidata. 

t  .  Oryzopsis  j6ncea  (Michx.)  B.S.P.     Slender  Mountain  Rice.     (Fig.  314.) 

Slipa  juncat  Michx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  54.     1803. 
Oryzopsis  Canadensis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  i:  433-     1843. 
Or}-:opsis juHcea  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat  N.  Y.  67.     1888. 

Culms  glabrous,  6'-i°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
smootb.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inteniodes,  usually 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  about  i"long, 
decurrent;  leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  erect,  involute, 
the  basal  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  occa- 
sionally equalling  it,  filiform,  those  of  the  culm  i'-4' 
long,  the  uppermost  often  very  small  or  reduced  to 
the  sheath  only;  panicle  t'-iyi'  long,  the  branches 
Ji'-i'  in  length,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked;  spikclets  i%"-i"  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
equal,  glabrous,  whitish;  third  scale  about  the  same 
length  or  a  little  longer,  pubescent  with  short  ap- 
pressed silky  hairs,  the  awu  less  than  1"  long. 


9,  Quebec  to 


s,  Pernsylv 


GRAMINBAE. 

2.  Oryzopsia  micrfintha  (Trin.  &  Rupr.)  Thurb.     Small-flowered 
Mountain  Rice.     (Fig.  315.) 

Urachne  micraniha  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St. 

Vttereb.  (Vr.)s:i6.    i84», 
Orysoptit  micraniha  Thurb.  Proc.  PhiU.  Acad.  iSd*: 
78.    .86i 

Cnlms  glabrons,  i°-3^°  tall,  erect,  Blender,  «im- 
plc,  smootb.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inteniCMlca; 
lignle  about  }i"  long,  truncate ;  leaves  eiect,  scab- 
rous, the  basal  one- half  the  length  of  the  culm,  leas 
than  ^"  wide,  usually  more  or  less  iuvolntc,  the 
culm  leaves  i'-8'  long.  }i"-\"  broad,  the  larger 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point;  panicle  3,'-^ 
long,  the  branches  finall)' spreading,  the  lower  ones 
]'-3' long,  naked  for  about  two-thirds  their  length; 
spikelets  i"-iX"  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
eqnal,  acute,  glabrous;  third  scale  shorter,  glab- 
rous, bearing  an  awn  %"-^"  long. 

South  Dakota  to  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 


3.  Oryzopsia  asperiraiia  Michx.   White-grained  Mountain  Rice.    (Fig.  316.) 

Oryiopst!  asperifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:51.       1803. 
Urachne  asperi/olia  Tna.  Unifl.  1:174.      '824. 

Culms  glabrous,  lo'-ao'  tall,  erect,  umple,  smooth 
or  scabrous.  Sheaths  I'-a'  long,  crowded  at  base; 
ligule  very  short,  truncate ;  leaves  erect,  scabrous,  es- 
pecial!]' above,  the  basal  ones  elongated,  olten  equal- 
ling or  cxceediug  the  culm,  z"-4"  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  long  point,  the  i  or  3  culm  leaves  much  reduced, 
leas  than  }i'  long ;  pauicle  3'-3'  long,  contracted,  the 
branches  i'  in  length  or  less,  erect ;  spikelct,  exclusive 
of  awn,  3"-4"  long;  outer  scales  glabrous,  usually 
apiculate,  the  first  somewhat  shorter ;  third  scale 
whitish,  equalling  the  second  or  a  little  shorter,  spar- 
ingly pubescent,  the  awn  3ji"-s"  long. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia.  1 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 


a  and  in  the  Rocky 


Oryzopsis  melanocdrpa  Muhl.     Black- 
fruited  Mountain  Rice,     (Fig.  317.) 


Glabrous,  culms  iJi°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  roughish. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  lower  ones  usually 
longer,  the  upper  slightly  shorter  than  the  tntemodes; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  s'-la'  long,  i"~y  wide,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  acuminate  at  apex  into  a  long 
slender  point,  scabrous  especially  above ;  panicle 
branched  or  nearly  simple,  3'-ii'  long,  its  branches 
3'-4'  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikclet  about  equal, 
3"-4"  in  length,  acute ;  third  scale  shorter,  acute,  dark 
colored,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  awn  8"-ii"  long. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  14: 

5.  OryzopsiB  cuspidita  (Nutt.)  Vasey.    Silky  Oryzopsis.     (Fig.  318.) 
Stipa  membranacea  Pnrah,  Fl.  Am.  Sepl.  728.     1814.    Not 


I   Vasej,  Grassea  S.  W.   Part  a 


L-  17M. 
Ertocomr 
Oryzopst . 

Dept.  Agnc.  63: 
Oryzopsis   membr 

pi.  JO.     .891. 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-a°  tall,  erect,  rigid.  Bimple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  interoodes, 
smooth  or  somewhat  rough;  ligule  i"-3"  long,  acute; 
leaves  6'-ia'  long,  less  than  1"  wide,  involute,  stiff, 
smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous;  panicle  6'-!°  long, 
diffuse,  generally  partially  included  in  the  upper 
sheath,  its  branches  widely  spreading  and  many  times 
forlced,  the  ultimate  divisions  flexnous;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  3"-4"  in  length,  long-acumiDate, 
glabrous;  third  scale  about  one-half  as  long,  acute, 
densely  pubescent  with  long  sillcy  erect  hairs  nearly 
twice  its  own  length,  the  awn  2"-3"  long. 

On  prairies,  Albeita  to  Washington,  south  to  Nebraska^  Arizona  and  Mexico.    May-Jnly. 

24.  MILIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  61.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  tenninal  lax  panicles.  Spikelets  1- 
flowered.  Scales  3.  obtuse,  not  awned  ;  the  outer  about  equal ;  the  third  thin-membranous, 
Bt  length  rigid,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  palet  scarcely  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  rigid  and 
shining  scale  and  palet.     [Latin  name  for  Millet.] 

Species  5  or  6,  chieflj'  in  £urope  and  Asia. 

1.    Milium   effiisum   L.     Tall   Millet- 
grass.     (Fig.  319.) 
Milium  effuium  L.  Sp.  PI.  61.      1733. 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  j'-fi"  tall,  erect, 
simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
lemodes;  ligule  iJ^"-3"  long,  truncate,  erose- 
dentate;  leaves  3'-9'  long,  yS"  wide,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  or 
scabrous ;  panicle  3'-icr'  in  length,  lax,  its 
branches  I'-y  long,  slender,  somewhat  flezu- 
ous,  naked  at  base  and  dividing  above  the 
middle,  at  length  widely  spreading ;  spikelets 
iX""'^"  long  ;  outer  scales  equal,  smooth  or 
scabrous,  the  third  scale  shorter,  smooth,  white. 

In  woods,  Cape  Breton  Island  and  Quebec  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Michigan.  Also  in  northetii  Europe  and 
Asia.    June-July. 

25.   MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.  Gen.  44.      1789. 
[Vaseya  Thurb.  Proc.  Acad.  Pbila.  1863 :  79.      1863.] 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
ItoMstocks  often  scaly.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  very  rarely  2  flowered.  Scales  3,  very  rarely 
*;  Uie  oater  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline,  acute  and  sometimes  awned;  third 
**!*  3-S-nerved,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse,  acute,  or  very  often  pro- 
^Ked  into  a  capillary  awn;  palet  3-keeled,  Stamens  often  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
pluoose.  Callus  minute.  Grain  narrow,  free,  lightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of 
Htniy  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817,  North  American  botanisL] 

Abont  £0  species,  chiefly  natives  of  America,  a  few  Asiatic, 


142 


GRAHINEAE. 


Panicle  contracted,  narrow,  gpike-Uke,  the  short  br«ncheB  rarely  RpreadiiiK. 
Flowering  iKsle  not  awned  bnt  sometimes  awn-pointed. 

Outer  scales  not  awned.  about  lialf  aalonic  as  the  fl owe rini  scale,  acute,   i.  .1/.  soboli/era. 
Outer  scales  long-acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 

Outer  scaleii  about  equal  in  length  to  the  flowering  scale,  sharp-pointed,  abotit  iH" 

long.  1.  3f,  Jferifana. 

Outer  scales  exceeding  the  flowering  scale,  geoeisllj  twice  its  length,  awned,  about 
2Vi"  long,  3.  ,V.  racemosa. 

Flowering  scale  long-an-ned;  awn  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  scale,  sotnetimea  sbolter. 
Outer  scales  about  equalling  the  flowering  scale. 

Basal  hairs  not  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 

Spilcelcts  consisting  of  3  scales  and  i  perfect  flower.  4.  31.  sylvalUa. 

.._i..  _._. !_..■ 1  .  — 1__  .ijg  third  with  a  perfect  flower,  the  fourth  emptT 

1. *:?""'*•" 


Spikelets  consisting  of  4 
'  awned. 
rs  as  long  aa  the  flov 


Basal  h 


LE  scale. 


Outer  scales  one-half  to  two-thirds  asTong  as  the  flowering  scale. 
Outer  scales  less  than  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 
Lower  scale  minute,  often  wanting;  flowering  scale  with  an  awn 


7.  M.  I, 


uiflora 


ice  its  length. 
e.  M.  diffusa. 

Lower  scale  about  two-thirds  aa  long  as  the  Kcond;  flowering  scale  with  an  awn  (onr 
times  its  length  or  more.  9.  M.  microsperma. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  spreading. 

Culms  iW°  tall  or  more;  panicle  diffuse;  leaves  elongated,  not  rigid.         10,  M,  capillaris. 
Culms  1°  tall  or  less;  leaves  2'  long  or  less,  rigid. 

Secondary  branchesof  the  panicle  single;  basal  leaves  short,  numerous,  strongly  recurted. 

11.  M.gracillima. 
Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled;  basal  leaves  few,  not  recurved. 

la.  M.  pangens. 


I.  Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (Muhl. )  Trin.    Rock  Muhlenbergia.    (Fig.  320. ) 


1814. 

Glabrous,  culms  3°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
or  apariagly  branched  above,  smooth.  Sheaths 
smooth,  those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes.  those  of  the  branches  overlapping  and 
crowded;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  leaves  rough, 
those  of  the  culm  4'-6'  long.  iW-y  wide,  those 
of  the  branches  I'-j'  long,  about  i"  wide  ;  panicle 
3'-6'  in  length,  slender,  its  branches  ii'-i'  long; 
outer  scales  about  ii"  long,  half  to  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  spikelet,  equal,  or  the  lower  some- 
what shorter,  acule,  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  scabrous,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  eiLCuirent  as  a  short  point. 


vin 


,  Muhlenbergia  Mexicana(L.)  Trin.     Meadow  Muhlenbergia.    (Fig.  321.) 


Agroslis  Mexicans  L.  Mant.  i:  31.     1767. 
Agroilis  filiformis  Wind,  Enura.  95.      1809. 
Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  Trin.  Unifl.  189.    1814. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  long,  erect,  or  often  prostrate, 
much  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
interuodes,  excepting  at  the  extremities  of  the 
branches,  where  they  are  crowded  and  overlapping, 
smooth  or  scabrous  ;  leaves  scabrous,  those  of  the 
culm  4'-6'  long,  \"-i"  wide,  the  branch  leaves 
smaller;  panicle  3'-6'  long,  contracted,  its  branches 
spike-like,  I'-a'  long,  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets 
ij4"-i>i"  long;  outer  scales  somewhat  unequal,  ex- 
ceeding the  flowering  one,  or  slightly  shorter,  acumin- 
ate or  short-awned,scabroi»  especially  on  the  keel; 
third  scale  acuminate,  scabrous,  particularly  toward 

In  swampH  and  borders  of  fields.  New  Brunswick  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and 
the  Indian  Territory.    Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  I 

3.  Muhlenbergia  racemdsa  (Michx.)  B.S.P,     Marsh  Muhlenbergia. 

(Fig.  322.) 
Agroslis  racemosa  Mit^hx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  53.      1803. 
Muhlenbergia  glomcrala  Trin.  Unifl.  191.       1824. 
Muktenbergia  racemosa  B.aP.  Ptel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67.  18S8. 

Culms  l°-3°  tall,  erect,  usually  much  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheath  smooth,  those  of 
the  culm  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  those  of  the 
branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  ligule 
about  Ji"  long,  erose- truncate;  leaves  a'-s'  long, 
i"-3"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  t'-A'A'  'n  length, 
usually  denae  and  interrupted,  the  branches  %'- 
1'  long,  erect  or  appressed,  the  spikelets  much 
crowded;  outer  scales  of  the  spilcelet  acuminate, 
3"-3"  long,  including  the  awn,  smooth  or  sca- 
brous, especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale  one-half 
to  two-thirds  as  long,  Bcumiaatc,  the  strongly 
scabrous  midrib  excurrent  in  a  short  point. 

In  wet  places,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico. 
Aug. -Sept. 

4.  Muhlenbergia  sylv&tica  Ton.     Wood  Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  323.) 

Agroslii  diffusa  Muhl.  Gram.  64.     1S17.    Not  Host,  1S09. 
Muhlenbergia  sytvatica  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  l:  87.      18^4. 

Culms  I'-a"  tail,  erect,  branched,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous, 
those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  those 
of  the  branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  lignle 
about  %"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  a'-7'  long,  i"- 
3'''  wide,  rough;  panicle  '^'-Y  in  length,  somewhat 
lax,  the  branches  i'-3'  long,  erect  or  ascending;  outer 
scales  of  the  spilcelet  \%"-\^"  long,  awn-pointed, 
scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  outer  ones,  strongly  scabrous,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  awn  2-4  times  its  length. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  New  Brunswick  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee 
and  the  Indian  Territory.     Aug.-SepL 


S-  Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr.    Minnesota 
Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  324.) 

Huklenbtrgia  ambigua  Torr.  Nicollet's  Rep.  :64.      1843. 

GUbrotis,  culms  1°  tall  or  lower,  erect,  branched, 
'ouotli.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule 
•IwM  %"  long,  erose-trnncate;  leaves  i'-3'  long, 
1  '-1"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  i'-3'  long,  rigid,  its 
brsnthes  ^'-1'  long,  dense,  appressed;  outer  scales  of 
'^  ipikelet  awn-pointed,  unequal,  the  longer  about 
'"  in  length  and  exceeding  the  body  of  the  third 
Kale  which  is  scabrous,  villous,  and  attenuate  into  an 
Mn  3-3  times  its  length;  a  fourth  narrow  awned  scale 
B  Dearly  always  present 

Along  a  lake  shore  in  Minnesota. 


144  GRAMINEAE. 

6.   Muhlenbergia  com^ta  (Thurb.)  Benth. 

(Fig.  325.) 


Hairy  Muhlenbergia. 


I'aseya  comata  Thurb.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1M3:  79.      1863. 

Muhlenbereia  comata  Benth.;  Vasey,  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  30. 

1885. 

Culms  i°-2>^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous;  ligule  about  y^^'  long,  truncate,  naked  or  mi- 
nutely ciliate;  leaves  2}^'-^^  long,  I'^-a^'  wide,  erect, 
flat,  rough;  panicle  often  tinged  with  purple,  2^-4'  in 
length,  dense,  branches  >^'-ij4'  Jong,  erect;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  eqtial,  or  the  second  a  little  the  longer, 
smooth,  scabrous  on  the  keel ;  third  scale  shorter, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-3  times  its  length, 
the  basal  hairs  silky,  erect,  fully  as  long  as  the  scale. 

On  prairies;  Kansas  (?),  Colorado  to  California.  Atig.- 
Sept. 


7.   Muhlenbergia  tenuifldra  (Willd.)  B.S.P 

(Fig.  326.) 

Agrostis  tenuiflora  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  364.      1798. 

Agrostis  pauciflora  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i:  63.      1814. 

Muhlenbergia  Willdenovii  Trin.  Unifl.  188.      1824. 

Muhlenbergia    tenuiflora    B.S.P.    Prel.   Cat.    N.   Y.   67. 
1888. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  short  and  truncate;  leaves 
2%'-Y  long,  1^'-^^^  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
acuminate,  scabrous;  panicle  5^-9^  long,  slender,  its 
branches  1^-3 >^^  long,  appressed;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  unequal,  half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
third  one,  awn -pointed,  scabrous;  third  scale  iX''^~ 
\%'^  long,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-4  times  its 
length. 

In  rocky  woods,  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Texas.    Aug. -Sept. 


Slender  Muhlenbergia. 


8.    Muhlenbergia   diffusa  Schreb.      Nimble 
Will.     Dropseed  Grass.     (Fig.  327.) 

Muhlenbergia  diffusa  Schreb.  Beschr.  Gras.  2: 143.  pi.  5/. 
1772-9. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-3°  long,  decumbent,  or  often 
prostrate  or  creeping  and  ascending,  very  slender,  dif- 
fusely branched .  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
loose;  ligule  short,  fringed:  leaves  i}i^-^)4^  long, 
^//_2//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  2^-8'  long,  slender 
somewhat  lax,  its  branches  1^-2^  long,  erect;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  minute,  the  lower  one  often 
wanting;  the  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  about 
1^^  long,  strongly  scabrous,  particularly  upon  the 
nerves;  the  awn  }i^^-2^^  in  length. 

On  dry  hills  and  in  woods,  Maine  and  southem'Ontario 
to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and.  Texas. 
Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

9.   Muhlenbergia  microspirma  (DC.)  Trin.     Small- 
(Fig.  328, 

Trichochloa  micrasperma  DC.  Cat  Hort.  Monsp.  isi. 

1813. 
AfuhUnbergia  micro 
JifvhlenbtTgia  debit: 
(VI,)  6;  395.      1841, 

Culms  G'-i^i"  tall,  erect,  finally  decumbetit  or 
somcwfaat  prostrate  at  base,  slender,  diffnsely 
l>raiiched.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  theintet- 
nodes,  loose;  ligule  }i"  long-,  truncate,  toothed: 
leaves  J4'-3H'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  scabrous; 
panicle  2'-4'  in  length,  slender,  open,  the  branches 
i'  long  or  less,  ascending  or  erect;  outer  scales  of 
the  spilcelet  uncqnal,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  apex, 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  third  scale, 
'CThich  is  iX"-[)^"  long  exclusive  of  the  awn 
and  strongly  scabrous ;  awn  U'-n"  in  length. 


■  dT« 


o  Califomia,  south  to  Men 


10.   Muhlenbergia  capUl^s  (Lam.)  Trin. 
(Fig.  329.) 


I,ong-awned  Hair-grass, 


191. 


1791. 
1814. 


Glabrous,  culms  iJj''-4°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
Bmootb  or  nearly  so.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower 
short  and  overlapping,  the  upper  ones  much 
longer;  ligule  about  3"  in  length;  leaves  6'-I°  long, 
i"-a"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  y'-i"  in  length  or 
more,  diffuse,  the  capillary  branches  4'--8'  long, 
at  length  widely  spreading;  spikeleta  on  long  hair- 
like pedicels  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the 
apex;  onter  scales  unequal,  acute  or  short-awaed, 
slightly  scabrous:  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
awD,  2"  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  first 
one,  scabrous,  the  awn  3"-^'  'Q  length. 

In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New 

fctsey  and    Missouri,    south    to  Florida  and  Texas. 
jiicle  uanally  light  purple.    Sept.-Oct. 


II.  Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.     Filiform  Muhlenbergi 

Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.  Pac.  S.  R.  Kept.  4:  155. 
1875. 

Gtabrous,  cnlms  4'-i4'  tall,  from  a  slender  creeping 
Tootitock,  erect,  slender,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths 
>niooth;  ligule  i"-a"  long,  entire  and  acuminate,  or 
"rionsly  cleft,  with  acuminate  teeth;  leaves  I'-i' long, 

iiiolote^etaceouB,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous, 
"gid,  Itae  basal  numerous,  usually  strongly  recurved, 
lie  i~3  culm  leaves  erect  or  ascending;  panicle  2'-^' . 
alength,  open,  the  branches  finally  widely  spreading, 
'  ~3'liiiig,  filiform;  spiketets  about  as  long  as  the  fili- 
'onn  pedicels  which  ate  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex; 
outer  scales  unequal,  usually  awn-pointed  or  short- 
•Wirf,  ilightly  scabrous;  third  scale  i%"-iyi"  long, 
'°<igEithan  the  onter  ones,  sometimes  twice  as  long, 
*^"oni;  awn  i"-3"  long. 

to  Colorado,  south  to  Texas  and 
Sept.-Oct. 


(Fig.  330.) 


^»^S^.^ 


GRAMINEAE. 


13.  Muhlenbergia  pungens  Thurb. 
Prairie  Muhlenbergia.    (Fig.  331.) 

ifuA/rnberria    fiiittgeni   Tharb.    Proc.    Acad. 


Cnlina  6'-'i3'  tall  from  a  creeping  root- 
■toclc,  erect  from  a  decumbent  branching 
base,  rigid,  minutely  pubescent.  Sheaths 
overlapping,  crowded  at  tbe  base  of  the 
culm,  scabrous;  ligale  a  ring  of  soft  silky 
hairs;  leaves  I'-i'  long,  involute-setaceous, 
rigid,  scabrous;  panicle  3 '-6' in  length,  open, 
Ihe  bnnches  2'-3}i'  long,  single,  distant, 
much  divided  from  near  the  base,  the  divi- 
sions apparently  fascicled;  spikeleta  on  long 
pedicela,  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the 
apex;  outer  scales,  when  mature,  equalling 
or  often  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  thiid 
one,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  third 
scale,  when  mature,  )("-i"  long,  scab- 
rous, the  awn  shorter  tbau  its  body. 


26.  BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv.  Agrost.  39.  1812. 
A  tall  grass  with  fiat  leaves  and  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikeleta  i-flowcred,  narrow,  tbe 
nchilU  produced  beyond  the  flower  and  sometinies  bearing  a  minute  scale  at  the  summit. 
Scales  3;  tbe  outer  small  and  inconspicuous,  the  lower  often  wanting;  the  third  much 
longer,  rigid,  s-nerved,  acuminate  into  a  long  awn;  palet  scarcely  shorter,  rigid,  sulcale  on 
tbe  back,  a-nerved  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose,  elongated. 
Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  paleL     [Greek,  in  allnsion  to  the  minute  outer 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 

I.  Brachyel3rtruin  er£ctum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.     Bradiyel>trum.    (Fig.  332.) 


Schreb.  Besch.  Gtaa.  a;  139.   fil. 


!('  A.  Gray, 


Muhlenbergia  e. 

50-     177»-Q. 
Brachyelylru  m . 
Brachyelylrum 
Brachyclyirum 

Man.  Ed.  5,  614.      1007. 

Culms  ["-s"  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
or  rough,  pubescent  at  and  near  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  scabrous  to- 
ward the  apes,  more  or  less  villous  especially  at 
the  throat;  ligule  about  }i"  long,  irregularly 
truncate;  leaves  a'-s'  long,  3"-9"  wide,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  scabrous;  panicle  2'-6' in  length,  slen- 
der, branches  i'-3'  long,  erect  or  appressed;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal,  the  upper  less  than 
one-third  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  the  lower 
minute  or  wanting;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
the  awD,  4ji"-6"  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  espec- 
ially on  tbe  midnerve,  the  awn  erect,  9"-[2" 
long;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower  about 
half  the  length  of  the  third  scale  and  lying  in  the 
groove  of  the  palet. 


Moi 


ind  Mis^ 


*,  Xewfoundland  ti 
ouri.     Asctndsto; 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


147 


27.  HELEOCHLOA  Host.  Gram,  i:  23.  pi.  29,30.  1801. 
[CRVPSisLam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  166.  1791.  Not  A  it  1789,] 
Perennial  tufted  grasicB  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  or  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered.  Scales  3;  the  3  outer  ctapiy,  somewhat  unequal,  membraiions,  acute,  cili- 
ate-keeled;  the  third  scale  Bimitar,  a  little  longer;  palet  shorter,  hyaliiie,  3-aerved.  Stamens 
3.  Stj'les  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale. 
[Greek,  signifying  meadow-grass.] 

About  B  species,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Meditfiranean  region,  one  or  two  also  widely  distri- 
buted throug'h  middle  Europe  and  Asia. 

1.  Heleochtoa  schoenoides  (I<.)  Host.     Rush  Cat's-tail  Grass.    (Fig.  333.) 

Phteum  schoenoides  h-  Sp.  PI.  60.     17S3. 

Cry  fists  schoenoides  Lata.  Tabl.  Bncyl.  i :  166.   fit.  42. 

179:. 
HeteochloaKhoenoid«s^c^,C,rB;!D..\\3l.  fil.jo.   1801. 

Glabrous,  culiii34'-i8'tall,  erect  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
abont  half  the  length  of  the  internodes,  the  upper 
loose,  the  one  immediatelj  below  the  spike  in- 
flated and  usually  partially  enclosing  it;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-3'  long,  i"-2"  wide, 
flat,  acaminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  1 
spikelets  i%"  long,  the  empty  scales  acute,  com- 
pressed, ciliate-keeled,  i-nerved,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  upper;  third  scale  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  second,  acute,  compressed,  ciliate-keeled, 
otherwise  glabrous,  l-nerved;  palet  shorter,  obtuse. 


28.  PHLEUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  59.  1753. 
Annual  or  perenoial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikelets 
I'flowered.  Scales  3 ;  the  1  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the  apex 
obliquely  truacatc,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn;  the  third  scale  much  shorter, 
broader,  hyaline,  truncate,  deoticulate  at  the  summit;  palet  narrow,  hyaline.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  paleL  [Name  Greek,  taken  from  Pliny;  originally  applied  to  some  very  different 
plant] 

,*bout  10  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  zones  of  both  hemispheres.    The  followine  only 
are  natives  of  North  America.    The  EnRlish  name  Cal'i.lail  Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  species. 
Spikes  usually  elongated,  cylindric;  awns  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  onter  scales;  upper 

sheath  not  inflated.  1.  P.  firalense. 

Spikes  not  elongated,  ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindrie;  awns  abont  one-half  the  length  of  the  onter 
scales;  upper  sheath  inflated.  a.  P.  alpiniim. 

I.  Phleum  pratinse  L.     Timothy.     Herd's 
Grass.     (Fig.  334.) 


3.  PI.  59.    1753. 


I^Uum  fira. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so  throughout, 
culms  i°~\°  tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  internodes,  sometimes  shorter,  the  upper 
one  long  and  not  inflated,  or  very  slightly  so;  ligule 
i"-3"  long,  rounded;  leaves  s'-g'  long,  i"-3"  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  spike  usually  elongated,  cylindrie, 
lJ4'-7'ia  length,  2>i"-4"  iu  diameter;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn.  I'X"  long,  ciliate 
on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length. 


GRAMINEAB. 

,  Phleum  alpinum  L,     Mountain  Phleum.     (Fig.  335.) 

PkUum  alpinum  L-  Sp.  PI.  59-     '753- 

Glabrous,  culma  6'-iS'  tall,  tTKCt  or  sometimes  de- 
CumbCDt  at  the  base,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
much  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  sometimes  longer, 
the  upper  one  nsuallj  much  inflated;  li^rnle  about. 
l"  long,  truncate;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabronSi 
above,  the  lower  a'-^'  long,  i"-4"  wide;  upper  leaf 
generally  very  short,  less  than  i'  long;  spike  short, 
ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindric,  ,S'-a'in  length,  3"-6"" 
iu  diameter:  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet,  exclusive  or 
the  ann,  i}i"  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the 
awn  about  one-balf  their  leogtb. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  New 
HampshirE,  Vermont,  Atiiona  and  California.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia  and  in  Patagonia.    Summer. 


39.  ALOPECURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  60.       1753- 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  erect  or  decumbent  cnlms,  usually  flat  leaves,  and  api- 
cate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  l-f1owered,  flattened;  scales  3,  the  3  lower  empty,  acute,  some- 
times short-awned,  more  or  less  united  below,  compressed-keeled;  keel  ciliate  or  wmewhat 
winged;  third  scale  truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline,  3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back,  subtend- 
ing a  perfect  flower  and  usnally  a  palet;  palet  hyaliue,  acnte,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  elongated,  hairy.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing Pox-tail  Grass,  in  allusion  to  the  spikes.] 


»  species,  pnn< 


Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  u 


ited  for  c 
itcd  for  c 


Besides  the  following, 
le-halF  their  length,  smooth  to  hispid 


e.quarter  their  length  c 


m  the  keel, 
A.  agreslis. 
less.long-ciliate  on  the  keel. 


>r  sparingly  pubescent  o 


Spike  I  %'  long  or  less;  outer  scales  villous. 


the  lateral  nerves. 

3.  A.  pratensis. 

4.  A.  aipinus. 


I.  Alopecurus  agristis  L.     Slender  Foxtail.     (Fig.  336.) 


Alopecu 


\s  agrt 


's  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  t,  89.     176a, 


Smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  culms  i°-a°  tal],  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule 
1"  long,  truncate;  leaves  \%'-Y  long,  i"-3"  wide, 
scabrous,  especially  above;  spike  i>i'-4'  long,  2"-A" 
thick ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  at  the  base 
for  about  half  their  length,  narrowly  wiog-keeled, 
2"-3}4"  long,  the  nerves  smooth  or  scabrous,  some- 
times hispid  below,  especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  near  the  base,  about 
twice  its  length,  bent. 


In  waste  places  and  ba1la.st,  southern  New  York  and 
New  Jersey,  Adventive  from  Europe,  Native  also  of 
Asia.    July- Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


2.  Alopecurus  genicuUtus  L.     Marsh  Foxtail.     (Fig.  337.) 


1: 97.     1824. 

Glabroos  or  verf  nearly  so,  cultna  6'-[8'  tall,  erect, 
or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  smcotb.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated  ;  lig- 
•ule  I  }i"-3"  long;  leaves  i'-6'  long,  %"-t"  iride,  sca- 
brous, especially  above ;  spikes  i'-3'  in  length,  1"-^" 
thick;  outerscalesof  the  spikelet  slightly  united  at  the 
base,  \"-\%"  long,  obtuse  or  subacute,  smooth,  gla- 
brous except  on  the  pubescent  lateral  nerves  and 
-strongly  ciliate  keel;  third  scale  somewhat  shorter, 
obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  at  or 
below  the  middle,  equalling  or  exceeding  it. 

In  wet  soil.  Newfouudland  to  British  Columbia,  south 
«o  Florida,  Tennessee.  Arizona  and  California.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     July-Sept. 


3.    Alopecurus  prat6nsis  L.     Meadow  Foxtail.     (Fig.  338.) 

,4M/?cB»-«j/ra/«<«jL.  Sp.  PI.  60.    I7M- 

Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  ilender,  culms  i°-i^°  tftll, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  mnch  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated;  ligule  about 
W  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  iJi'-sJi'  long,  i"- 
3"  wide,  scabrous,  at  least  above;  spikes  i>i'-a>i'  in 
length,  \"-6"  thick;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  unit* 
ed  at  the  base  for  about  one-quarter  their  length,  i"~ 
y  long,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  sparingly  pubes- 
cent lateral  nerves  and  the  strongly  ciliate  keel;  third 
scale  slightly  shorter,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  awn  inserted  about  quarter  way  up  the  scale  and 
exceeding  it. 


Alopecurus   alpinus   J.  E.  Smith.     Alpine 
Foxtail.     (Fig.  339.) 


4  topta 


IS  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot    //.  1126.     1803. 


Cnlma  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5'-^°  tall, 
cx^xt,  sometimesdecumbentat  the  base,  simple.  Sheaths 
C^nerally  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  often  inSated; 
'■&ule  i"-a"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex;  leaves  i'-?' 
long,  i"-i"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
*l>CTe;  spike  I'/i'  in  length  or  less,  3"-6"  thick;  outer 
*cnles  of  the  spikelet  united  only  at  the  base,  2"  long, 
**btiue,  villous  and  ciliate;  third  scale  about  equalling  the 
*>Qter  ones,  obtuse,  glabrous  except  at  the  villous  apex, 
**»«  awn  inserted  about  one-third  the  way  up,  a  little  ex- 
«*«diag  the  scale. 


GRAMINBAB. 
30.   PHIPPSIA  R.  Br.  Suppl.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  275. 


1824. 


A  low  annual  tufted  graaa,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike -like'panicle*.  Sptkeleta  i-flowered: 
scales  3:  the  2  outer  etapty,  minute,  the  fint  often  wanting;  the  third  icale  thia-membraii- 
oua,  keeled.  Palet  aomewhat  ahorter,  2-keeled.  Stamen  i,  rarely  a  or  3.  Style*  short. 
distinct  Sttg^aa  plumose.  Gmin  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  which  resdil)- 
splitand  allow  it  to  drop  oat.  [In  honor  of  John  Constantine  Phtpps,  1744-1793,  Arctic 
navigator.] 

A  monotypic  g:enua  of  the  arctic  regions. 


Phippsia  filgida  (Soland.)  R.  Br.     Phippsia.     (Fig.  340.) 


Agroslis  algida  Solander,  iu    Phipps'  Voy.  1 


Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  culms  I'-j' 
tall,  erect,  simple;  lignle  Ji"  long;  leaves  i'  in 
length  or  less,  %"-\"  wide,  obtuse;  panicle 
X'-iJ^'  in  length,  contracted;  branches  X'-Jt" 
long,  erect  or  appiessed;  spikelets  yi"-^" 
long;  outer  scales  minute,  unequal,  acutisb, 
the  £rst  often  wanting;  third  scale  broad,  i- 
nerved,  obtuse,  or  sab-truncate  and  somewhat 
erose,  the  palet  about  two-thirds  as  long,  broad, 
s-keeled,  eroae-truncate, 


31.  SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i;  169.  1810. 
[ViLFA  Bcauv.  Agrost.  i6,  i8ii.] 
Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  geuerally  small,  i-flowered,  occasionally  a-3-flowcred.  Scales  in  the 
i-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous;  the  3  outer  empty,  the  first  somewhat  ahorter;  the 
third  scale  equalling  or  longer  than  the  empty  ones;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3-3.  Styles 
very  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  deciduous  grain.] 

About  80  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  very  ni 
following,  4  or  s  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  w— '*-"  I'-ii" 

Panicle  contracted,  spilie-Hlie. 

Spikelets  more  than  i  >i"  in  length. 

Panicle  terminal;  upper  ahealha  V  long  or  : 
leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

Third  scale  ol  the  spikelet  aeumin 

greatly  exceeded  by  the  palet. 
Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  acutisl 
and  equalling  or  a  tittle  shorter  II 


n  United  States. 


I  America.    Besides  the 


Panicles  terminal  and  lateral; 
Spikelets  i  M"  long  or  less. 

Sheaths  inflated,  the  uppermost  usually 


li  longer  than  the  second  and  usually 

I.  S,  asper. 
ise,    somewhat  exceeding  the   second 
alet.  z.  5.  longi/olius. 

3.  i'.  pilosus. 

4.  5.  vaginacflorns. 

ing  the  base  of  the  panicle. 

5.  S.  ntgUcius. 
Sheaths  not  inflated;  panicle  exserted. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  not  crowded:  third  scale  acuminate. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 

third  scale;  ligulc  about  i"  lon({,  acutisli.  6.  S.  brtvifolivs. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate  and  awn-pointed,  more  than  half  as  long  as 
the  third  scale;  lignle  less  than  V,"  lonp,  erose-truncate.         7.  .S.  cuspidalus. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  densely  crowded;  third  scale  acute. 

Culms  decumbent  and  branched  at  the  base,  from  a  stout  horii^outal  rootstock^ 

panicle  short.  8.  S.  Vitviniaii. 

Culms  erect,  simple,  tufted;  panicle  usually  elongated.  9.  5.  /ndtcui. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

Panicle  open,  the  branchi 
Pedicels  equalling  or 

Branches  of  Uie  panicle  verticiUate! 

Spikelets  X     long,  green.  to.  S,  argulus. 

Spikelet3iii"-iM"  long,  purple.  ii.  S.  junceus. 

Branniea  of  the  panicle  alternate  or  sometimes  anb-verticillate. 
Spikelets  about  i"  long;  first  scale  laneeolatc. 

Sheaths  naked  or  sparing;!;  ciliate  at  the  throat;  panicle  usuall;  ezserted. 

Sheaths  densely  pilose  at  the  throat;  base  of  the  panicle  generalW  included. 

13.  S.  crypiandrus. 

_^ _,.     „. i:j.  S.  heleroUpis. 

Pedicels  at  least  twice  the  length  of  the  pikelets;  fii^t  scale  about  equalling'  the  second. 


Spikelets  2"'3K"  Iodk;  first  scale  subulate, 

Hce  the  length  of  the  ntikelet)    * 

mple;  lea^-es  elongatea. 


Culms  slender,  from  an  annual  root;  outer  scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

15.  S.  srrolinut. 
Culms  stout,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock:  outer  scales  slightly  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

16.  5.  compressus. 
Culms  decumbent  and  branched  below;  leaves  short.                           17.  S.  asfieri/olius. 

Sporobolus  isper  (Michx.)  Kunth.  Rough  Rush-grass.  (Fig.  341.) 
Agroslii  aspera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  53.  1803. 
Sporoboltis  asper  Kunth,  Enum.  l:  310.    :833, 


Cnlma  1"-^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrons.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes; 
ligale  a  mere  ring,  less  thati  %"  long,  naked; 
leaves  3'-i5'  long,  i"-i"  wide  at  the  base, 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  tip, 
smooth  end  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
or  somewhat  hairy  at  the  base;  panicle  a'-j'  in 
length,  linear,  strict,  its  branches  i'~3'  long,  ap- 
pressed;  spikelets  3"-4"  long,  the  outer  scales 
unequal,  acute;  third  scale  pubescent  at  the  base, 
much  longer  than  the  second  and  greatly  ex- 
ceeded b;  the  long-acuminate  almost  awned 
palet. 

o  Florida 


2.    Sporobolus  longifdlius  (Torr. )  Wood. 
(Fig.  34S) 


775- 

Culms  iji''-3>i°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  occa- 
sionally branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intetnodcs;  ligule  very 
short,  minutely  ciliate;  leaves  4'-i8'  long,  1"- 
3"  wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  slen- 
der involute  tip,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath, 
scabrous  and  hairy  at  the  base  above  ;  panicle 
more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  3'- 
10'  in  length,  linear,  strict,  the  branches  I'-a' 
long,  erect;  spikelets  a"-a>i"  long;  onter scales 
imeqaal,  acutish,  glabrous,  the  lower  shorter; 
third  scale  glabrous,  acutish  or  obtuse,  exceed- 
ing the  second  and  equalling  or  a  little  shorter 
than  the  obtnse  palet. 


Long-leaved  Rush-grass. 


GRAMINBAE. 
Sporobolus  pildsus  V'asey.     Hairy  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  343.) 

Sporobolui  pilosus  Vasej,  CoulL  Bot.  Gai.  i*:  tS.     1S91. 

Calms  \°-iH''  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stoat,  smooth  and 
glabroas.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
crowded  and  overlappinj;  at  the  base  of  the  calm  ; 
liffule  very  short,  minutely  ciliate  ;  leaves  3'-6'  long, 
\"-2"  wide  at  base,  erect,  rigid,  attenoate  into  a  slen- 
der iuvolute  tip,  the  lower  papillose-hiraute  on  botb 
sides,  the  upper  usually  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous 
above  and  somewhat  taairy  near  the  base  ;  panicle 
i'-y  in  length,  included  at  the  base,  erect,  strict, 
its  branches  %'-i'  long,  erect;  spikelets  aj^"  long, 
the  outer  scales  unequal,  glabrous,  obtuse,  the  lower 
shorter ;  third  scale  obtuse,  glabrous,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  second  and  equalling  or  a  little  longer 
than  the  obtuse  palet. 


Kansas  and  Missouri.    Aug.-SepL 

Sheathed  Rush-grass. 


4.    Sporobolus  vaginaeftdnis  (Torr. )  Wood, 

(Fig.  344.) 
Vilfa  vaginaeftora  Torr. ;  A.  Graj,  Gram,  and  Cyp.  No.  3. 

1834, 
sporobolus  vaeinaeftorus  Wood,  Classboolc.  775.      1861. 
sporobolus  minor  Vasey;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  646,     1890. 

Cnlms  8'-i8'  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  or  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  inflated,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
intemodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less, 
smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy 
near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a  slender  invo- 
lute point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  npper  i'-3'  long, 
setaceous ;  panicles  ^'-2'  in  length,  the  terminal  one 
exserted  or  sometimes  partially  included,  strict,  the 
branches  }i'  long  or  less,  erect,  the  lateral  ones  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths;  spikelets  i^"-i%"  long,  the 
onter  scales  unequal,  acuminate,  smooth,  the  lower  one 
shorter;  third  scale  scabrous,  especially  toward  the 
apex,  about  as  long  as  the  second  and  eqaalling  or 
slightly  exceeded  by  the  very  acute  palet. 

In  dry  soil,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Missouri,  south  to 
Georgia  and  Texas.    Aug.-Sept, 

5.    Sporobolus  negl^ctus  Na.sh.     Small  Rii.sh-grass.     (Fig.  345.) 

sporobolus  z^gtHaeftorus  Vasey;  A.  Gray,  Man,  Ed.  6, 

645.     1890.    Not  Wood.      186,1. 
Sporobolus  negleclus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, »:  464.   1895. 

Culms  6'-i3'  tall,  erect  from  a  nsnally  decumbent 
base,  slender,  often  much  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  about  half  as  long  as  the  intei- 
nodes,  inflated ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  i"  wide  or 
less  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  sca- 
brous and  hairy  near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  upper  \'-y 
long,  setaceous;  terminal  panicle  I'-aJi'  in  length, 
usually  more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
strict;  lateral  panicles  enclosed  in  the  sheaths;  spihe- 
lets  about  i%"  long,  the  onter  scales  acnte,  the  lower 
one  slightly  shorter ;  third  scale  acate,  glabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  the  second  and  about  equalling 
the  acute  palet. 

In  dry  suil,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  K 
Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

6.   Sporobolus  breviWUus  (Nutt.)  Scribn.     Short-leaved  Rush-g 
(Fig.  346.) 

Agroslis  brevifoiia  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  44.     1818, 

sporobolus  depauperatus  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9;  103. 

In  part.     i88l. 
sporobolus  brtvi/oliuiScnba.  Mem.  Torr.  Club.  J:  39,     1895. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-l8'  tall,  arising  from  a 
horizontal  rootstock,  erect,  slender,  ilecumbent  and 
branching  at  the  base.  Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the 
intemodes ;  ligule  ■iC"-i"  long,  acutish  ;  leaves  Ji'-s' 
long,  involute-setaceous ;  panicle  yi'-y  in  length,  usu- 
ally about  1%',  linear,  its  branches  X'-Ji'  long,  erect 
or  appressed;  spikelets  ij("-i>i"  long,  the  outer  scales 
unequal,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel  and  at  the  apex ; 
third  scale  long-acuminate,  sometimes  cuspidate,  scabrous 
toward  the  apex. 


7.    Sporobolus  cuspiditus  (Torr.)  Wood. 
Prairie  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  347.) 

Vil/a  cuspidala  Torr.;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  Jj8.     1540. 
sporobolus  cuspidatus  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  385.       1870. 
sporobolus  brevifoHus  Sctibn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  39. 
In  part.      1894. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i"-!'  tall,  erect,  sim- 
ple or  somewhat  branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  intemodes ;  ligule  a  mere  ring,  )i"  long  or  less, 
erose-tmncate  ;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  less  than  i"  wide 
at  the  base,  erect,  involute-setaceous,  at  least  when 
dry;  panicle  if4'-5'  iu  length,  slender,  its  branches 
X'-i'long,  appressed;  spikelels  iX"-t}i"Umg,the 
outer  scales  half  to  three-quaiters  as  long,  acuminate 
or  cuspidate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  long- 
acuminate  and  cuspidate,  sparingly  scabrous. 


8.    Sporobolus  Vir^nicus  (L.)  Kunth.     Seashore  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  348,) 


1:67.    :835. 

Culms  &'-i°  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent, 
simple  or  branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glab- 
rons.  Sheaths  numerous,  short,  overlappiag  and 
crowded  at  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pilose  on  the  margins  and 
at  the  throat;  Ijgule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves 
I'-S'  long,  3"  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous, 
acnmioate  into  a  long  point,  involute  on  the  mar- 
gins and  at  the  apex,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy;  panicle  I'-y 
long,  1"-%"  thick,  dense  and  spike-like,  usually 
exaerted;  spikelets  \"-i%"  long,  the  outer  scales 
•bout  equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third 
•cale  smooth  and  glabrous,  acute,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
palet 

On  Bandy  shores.  Virfpnia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas 
and  Mexico.    Also  iu  Cuba,    Aug. -Sept. 


GRAMtNEAB. 

Sporobolus  Indicus  (L.)  R.  Br.     India  Rush-grass.     Smut-^ass. 
(Fig.  349.) 


1 810. 


fNov.  Holl.i 


GUbroDB  and  emooth  throughout,  culms  I''-^' 
tftU,  «rect,  tnfted,  simple  or  rarely  spariDgl; 
branched.  Sheaths  few,  long,  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodes ;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  ehort  hain ;  leaves- 
i"-i"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point,  thft 
lower  S'-i"  long,  the  upper  Hhorter ;  panicle  +'-15'" 
in  length,  ususlly  elongated,  narrow,  spike-like^ 
ipikeleta  }i"-t"  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal, 
about  half  as  long  aa  the  third,  obtuse,  smooth  and. 
glabrous,  the  lower  one  shorter  and  often  erase— 
truncate  ;  third  scale  acnte,  somewhat  exceeding; 
the  obtuse  or  acutisb  palet. 

In  meadows  and  waste  places.  VitKinia  to  Florida., 
west  to  Arkansas  and  CBlifomia.  Natnraliied  from 
tropical  regions;  very  abundant  in  Central  and  South 
America.    July-Sept. 


10.  Sporobolus  argiltus  (Nees)  Kunth.    Pointed  Dropseed-grass.    (Fig.  350.  > 


>:39S- 


1829. 


argulus  Kunth,  Enum.  i:  irj.  1633. 
Culms  1°  tall  or  less,  erect,  or  somewhat  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  simple  or  sometimes  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  their  margins  sometimes  hirsute  at  the 
top;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  I'-a'  long. 
i"-2"  wide  at  Jhe  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and 
glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  often  sparingly  hairy 
at  the  base  above:  panicle  ifi'-3'  in  length,  the 
branches  >i'-i'  long,  verticillate,  at  first  appressed, 
finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  ^"  long;  outer 
scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  rounded  or 
obttue,  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  acute  second 
one;  third  scale  about  equalling  the  second,  acute. 

Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and  Colorado,  south  in 
Texas  and  Mexico.     Also  in  the  West  Indies. 
SeM. 


July- 

Sporobolus  j6nceus   (Michx.)    Kunth. 
Purple  Dropseed-grass.     Wire-grass. 

(Fig.  35I-) 

1:5*.    1803. 
1.1:68.    1835. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  i°-3''  tall, 
tufted,  erect,  slender,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes ;  ligule  very  short  ;  leaves  filiform  or 
setaceous,  the  basal  6'-i°  long,  numerous,  those  of 
the  culm  few,  i'-3'  long;  panicle  3'-?'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  lower  I'-a'  loi^^ 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  iX"-ifi"i  pnrple,  the 
outer  scales  very  unequal,  the  first  obtuse  or  acutish, 
one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  acnte  second 
one ;  third  scale  subacute  or  blunt,  equalling  the 
second  and  the  obtuse  palet. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  1 

13.    Sporobolus  airoldes  Torr.     Hair-grass  Dropseed.     (Fig.  352.) 

roilii  airoidesToti.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  151.     1824. 

'robol-us  airoides  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Kept.  7;  Part  3,  ii. 

S56- 

^nlins  i>^°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gU- 

OS.    Sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 

letimes  sparselj'  ciliate  at  the  throat ;  ligule  very 

Tt ;  leaves  smooth  beneath,   scabrous  above 

jetimes  sparingly  hairy  near  the  base,  %' 

le  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  alender  involute 

nt,  the  basal  about  one-half  as  longas  the  culm,  the 

)erculm  leaves  a'-s'in  length;  panicle s'-is' long, 

lally  exserted,  the  branches  alternate  or  the  upper 

ticillate,,  at  length  widely  spreading,  the  lower  3'- 

long;  spikelets  j^"-i"  long,  the  scales  acute,  gla- 

<ua,  the  outer  unequal,  the  lower  one  about  half  as 

g  aa  the  upper;  third  scale  equalling  the  second 

1  the  palet 

■tairies,  Nebraska  to  Calitomia,   south  to  Texas  and 

zona.    Auf-.-Sept 

,  Sporobolus  cryptfindrus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.    Sand  Dropseed.    (Fig.  353.) 

Agroslis  cryptandra  Torr.  Ann.  Lye,  N.  Y.  i :  151.     18*4. 
sporobolus  crypiandrus  A.  Gray,  Man.  576.    184S. 
Culms  i>^°-3>j°  tall,  erect,  «mple  or  sometiiiies 
I  Y  «S     7  '■^'ji'  branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous.    Sheaths 

Ok  w  \  .'.lJF  smooth,  with  a  dense  pilose  ring  at  the  summit,  the 

^      j  ^      y^^^^^i^  lower    short,   crowded    and    overlapping,   the  upper 

much  longer,  generally  enclosing  the  base  of  the  pan- 
icle; ligule  a  ring  of  short  bain;  leaves  y-6'  long, 
\"-i"  wide,  flat,  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  6'-i&  in  length,  the  base  gen- 
erally included  in  the  upper  sheath,  rarely  entirely 
exserted,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  alter- 
nate, the  lower  iJi'-3' long;  spikelets  i."-i%"loog, 
the  scales  acute,  glabrous,  the  onter  scabrous  on  tbe 
keel,  the  lower  one-third  as  long  as  the  upper;  third 
scale  somewhat  longer  or  shorter  than  the  second. 

indysoil.  coast  o(  New  England,  along  all  the  Great 


4.   Sporobolus  heter61epis  A.  Gray.     Northern  Dropseed. 

'/a  keteroUpis  A.  Gray,  Ann,  Lye  N.  Y.  3:  233.  1835. 
•roiolus  heleroUpis  A.  Gray,  Man.  576.  1848. 
'ulms  I'-s"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
iaths  sometimes  sparingly  pilose  at  tbe  summit,  the 
rer  abort,  loose,  and  overlapping,  the  upper  much 
ngated  and  tight  to  the  culm;  ligule  a  ring  of  short 
rs;  leaves  involute-setaceous,  glabrous,  tbe  margins 
I  upper  part  of  the  midrib  very  rough,  the  basal 
■nt  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  culm,  occaaion- 
f  equalling  it,  those  of  the  culm  shorter;  panicle 
10'  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  al- 
aate  or  sub-verticillate,  the  lower  I'/i'-^ii'  long; 
kelets  3"-3^"  long,  the  scales  smooth  and  gla- 
loB,  the  outer  anequal,  acuminate,  the  lower  snb- 
te,  about  half  the  length  of  the  broad  second  one, 
en  awn-poiutcd;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
in  the  second  or  occasionally  equalling  it. 
n  diy  soil,  Quebec  to  Assiniboia,  south  to  Pennsylvania, 
nois  and  Arkansas.     Aug;. -Sept. 


(Kg.  354-) 


56  GRAMINEAE. 

15.    Sporobolus  ser6tinus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray. 
(Pig.  355- > 


Late-flowering  Dropseed 


.  Fl.  V.  S,  1:88,      18J4. 
Sfiorobolas serotinus  A.  Gray,  Han.  577.      1843. 

GUbroas  and  smooth  or  verj  nearly  to.  cnlii» 
6'-i8'  tall,  from  an  aonual  root,  erect,  slender, 
simple.  Sheaths  short,  confined  to  tbe  lower  part 
of  the  culm;  li^iilc  less  than  }i"  in  length,  irre- 
gularly truncate;  leaves  }i"  wide  or  less,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  flat,  the  basal  one-third  to  half  the 
length  of  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  i'-a'  long: 
panicle  3'-9'  in  length,  the  branches  capillary, 
erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  i'-J>i'  long;  spike- 
lets  about  ^"  long,  the  ontcr  scales  subequal,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  or  sometimes  sparingly  scabrous; 
third  scale  twice  the  length  of  the  outer  ones, 
acuminate. 

In  H-et  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Michigan,  south  to  New 
Jersey.    Sept.-OcTt 


16.  Sporobolus  comprtssus  (Torr.)  Kunth. 
(Fig.  356.) 


Flat-stemmed  Dropseed. 


Agroslis compresia  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  N.  Y. 
Sporoboltti  compressus  Knnth,  Enum.  i 


1833. 


Rough-leaved 


Culms  t°-2°  tall,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  stout, 
simple,  much  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  compressed,  overlapping,  sometimes  scabrous 
at  the  summit;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  s'-io'  long, 
1"  wide  or  less,  folded,  slightly  rough;  panicle  4'-i</ 
in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower 
3'-3'  long;  spilcelets  about  }i"  long;  outer  scales  sub- 
equal,  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute,  smooth  and  gla- 
brona;  third  scale  obtuse  and  apicnlate,  strongly  scab- 
rous, slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones. 


17.    Sporobolus    asperifdlius    (Nees    &    Meyen)   Thurber. 
Dropseed.     (Fig.  357.) 

fil/a  asPeri/olia  Neea  &  Meyen;  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St. 

Petersb,  (VI.)  6:95.    1840. 
Sporobolus  asptrifolius  Thurber;  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Col.   3; 

269.     18S0. 

Culms  6'-i8'  tall,  erect  from  a  decumbent  and 
branched  base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short, 
crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper  usnally  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle  ;  ligule  %"  long,  erose-tmn- 
cate;  leaves  numerous,  I'-sJi'  long,  \"-\%,"  wide  at 
the  base,  acuminate,  strict,  often  erect.  Sat,  glabrous, 
smooth  beneath,  very  rough  above  ;  panicle  3'-8'  in. 
length,  included  at  the  base,  rarely  entirely  exserted, 
the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  2'-^'  long;  spikeleta  occasionally  3-3-flowered, 
J^"  long;  outer  scales  subequal,  acute,  glabrous,  spar- 
ingly scabrous;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  second. 

Dry  soil,  Assiniboia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Mis- 
souri, Nebraska,  Calitoinia  and  Mexico.     Aug.'Sept. 


CRASS   FAMILY. 


157 


32.    POLYPOGON  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  i:  66.     1798. 

Mostly  annuel  grasses,  with  decnmbent  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves  and  spike-like 
panicles,  Spikelets  i-flowered;  scales  3;  the  3  outer  empty,  each  extended  into  an  awn;  third 
scale  smaller,  generally  hyaline,  ahort-awned  from  below  the  apex,  subtending  a  palet  and 
perfect  flower;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distiticL  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  sllusiou  to  the  many  long 
awns  which  resemble  a  beard.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  warm  regions,  rare  in  the  tropics. 

1.   Polypogon  Monspeliinsis  (L.)  Desf.     Beard-grass.     (Fig.  358.) 

Alofiecums  Monsfieliemis  1..  Sp.  PI.  89.     1753. 
PolyPogott   Sfonspeliensii   De-sf.    Fl,   Atl.   i:   67, 
1798. 

Culms  2"  tall  or  less,  erect  from  a  usually  de- 
cumbent base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
generally  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  loose, 
sometimes  slightly  scabrous;  ligule  iji''-^"" 
long;  leaves  i>i'-6'  long,  i>i"-3"  wide,  sca- 
brous, especially  above;  panicle  i'-4'  in  length, 
dense  and  spike-like,  the  branches  yi'  in  length, 
ascending  ;  spikelets  crowded  ;  outer  scales 
about  1"  long,  obtuse,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn  a"-3"  long; 
third  scale  much  shorter,  erose-truncate,  hya- 
line, bearing  a  delicate  awn  about  X"  long, 
inserted  below  the  apex. 

In  waste  places.  New  Hampshire  to  Sonth  Caro- 
lina, mostly  near  the  coast.  Very  abundant  in 
western  North  America,  from  British  Columbia  to 
Mexico.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also 
of  Asia.    July-Sept. 

33.   ARCTAGRdSTIS  Griseb.  in  Udeb.  Fl,  Ross.  4:  434.     1853. 

A  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  panicle.  Spikelets  i-flowered.  Scales 
3;  the  a  outer  empty,  unequal,  somewhat  acute,  membranous;  the  third  scale  exceeding 
the  second,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse;  palet  obtuse.  2- nerved.  Stamens 
S  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  palet.     Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.    [Latin,  signifying  an  arcUc  Agroslis-\i)i(^  grass.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  arctic  and  subarctic  regions. 

I.    Arctagrostis  latifdlia  (R.  Br.)  Griseb. 
Arctagrostis.     (Fig.  359.) 


CToipodium    latifolium    R,    Br.    Suppl.   App.    Panys 

Voy.  a86.      1814. 
-^  rclagroslis  lalifoUa  Griseb.  in  Ledeb,  Fl.  Ross.  4: 


4J4- 


"853. 


's  decumbent 
us.  Sheaths 
■'  long,  trun- 


Culms  6'-a°  tall,  erect,  or  sometim 
*-t  the  base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabr 
^liorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  : 
'^^te;  leaves  1'- 7' long,  i  "-4"  wide, 
*^:abrouH;  panicle  iJi'-8'  long,  uarrow,  its  branches 
J^'-a'  in  leng^tb,  ascending  or  erect;  spikelets 
>  }i"-3"  long;  outer  scales  unequal,  acutish,  the 
lower  about  two-thirds  to  three-fonrths  the  length 
Of  the  upper;  third  scale  obtuse,  exceeding  the 
&ecoDd,  hiapid  on  the  keel. 

Also   in 


GRAMINEAE. 
2.   Agrostis  exarltta  Trin.     Rough-leaved  Bent- 

■ozlise.varala  Trin.  I'nifl.  ao?.      1814. 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
nsuallj  shorter  than  the  interDOdea,  smooth  or 
nmghisb;  ligule  i"-3ji"  long,  more  or  less  decur- 
rent;  leaves  I'-S'long,  i"-4"  wide,  generally  erect, 
flat  or  involute,  scabrous;  panicle  contracted,  iji'- 
10'  in  length,  often  interrupted  or  glomerate,  the 
branches  i^'-3'  in  length,  erect,  spikelet-bearing 
to  the  base;  spikelets  crowded,  \"~3"  long,  the 
outer  scales  aubequal,  scabrous,  especiall7  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  from  less  than  one-half  to  tbree- 
fotuths  the  length  of  the  second,  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute; palet  minute. 


3.   Agrostis  Elliottiltna  Schultes.     Elliott's  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  364.) 

Agroslis  arachitoides  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  I;  154. 

1817.    NotPoir.      »8;o. 
Agroslis  Eliioltiana  Schultes,  Mant.  i:  xit.     1814. 

Culms  s'-r4'  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  strongly  striate; 
ligule  i"  long;  leaves  rough,  }i'-i'  long,  1" 
wide  or  less;  panicle  2'-$'  in  length,  nsnally 
narrow,  sometimes  open,  the  branches  slender, 
naked  below,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  i'-i>4' 
long;  spikelets  )("  long;  outer  scales  subequal, 
scabrous  on  the  keel,  acute;  third  scale  about  three- 
quarters  as  long  as  the  first,  erosc-truncate,  acute  or 
a-toothed,  bearing  a  very  finely  filiform  fleznous 
barbellate  awn,  2-4  times  its  length,  inserted  just 
below  the  apex;  palet  short. 


4.   Agrostis  canina  Iv.     Brown  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  365.) 

anina  I,.  Sp.  PI.  6l.      i;S3. 


Culms  1^-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
J4"-lJ^"long;  leaves  l'-3'  in  length,  1"  wideorless, 
scabrous;  panicle  i'-^'  in  length,  contracted  in  fruit, 
the  branches  slender,  naked  below,  ascending  or 
spreading  in  flower,  the  lower  I'-af^'  long;  spikelets 
i"  long,  on  appressed  pedicels,  the  outer  Scales  sub- 
equal,  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  first,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  bearing  a  straight  or  somewhat  bent 
dorsal  awn  1  "-3"  long,  inserted  just  above  the  middle; 


I  meadows.  Newfoundland 

ania  and  Tennessee.     Native  northward; 

1  Europe  southward.    A  variable  species. 


tVa,  south  to  Penn- 


Scribn.;  Macouti,   Cat. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
5.    Agrostis  riibra  L.     Red  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  366.) 

Agroslts  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  62.      1753. 
AgroHis  rubalris  Chaptn.  Fl.  S.  States,  551 

All.  1785. 
Agrostis  rubra  var.   A 

Can.  PI.  5:  39t.    xSgo, 

Smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  glabrous,  culms  5'-i°  tall, 
erect  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  1" 
long;  leaves  a'-4'  long,  }i"-tji"  wide;  panicle  aj^'- 
S'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  generally  widely 
spreading  and  more  or  less  flexuons,  rarely  erect,  the 
lower  i'-a>i'  long;  spilcelets  iX"-i>i"  long,  the 
outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
shorter  than  the  first,  obtuse,  bearing  a  usually  bent 
dorsal  awn  i"-3}i"  long,  inserted  below  the  middle. 

Sutniaits  at  the  highest  mountains  of  New  England, 
New  York  and  North  Carolina.  The  American  plant 
maybe  specifically  different  from  the  European.  Summer. 

6.    Agrostis  per^nnans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm,     Thin-grass.     (Fig.  367.) 

Cornucopias  perennans  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.      1788. 
Agrostis  peremians  Tuckerra,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  4S-  44. 
1843- 

Culms  i°-aj^°  long  from  a  decumbent  or  pros- 
trate base,  weak,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  above,  smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  }i" 
long;  leaves  a'-6'  long,  i"-a"  wide,  lax.  scabrous; 
panicle  4'-8'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  I'-a' 
long,  widely  spreading,  the  branchlets  and  pedi- 
cels divergent;  spikelets  }i"-i"  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  about 
three-quarters  tlie  length  of  the  first,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  not  awned;  palet  small  or  wanting. 

In  shaded  damp  places.  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Wis- 
consin, south  to  South  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends  to  6600  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Panicle  usually 
light  green,  sometimes  purplish.    July-Sept, 


7.    Agrostis  hyemaiis  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Rough  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  368.) 

Cornucopiae  kyematis  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  73.      1788. 
■^.S-rostis  scabra  Willd.  Sp,  PI.  I;  370.       1798. 
^^S-roslis  kyemalisS.S.-P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.Y.  68.    1888. 

dulms  I'-i"  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
Kl^fcrous,  Sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  inter- 
•"o^ts;  ligule  \"-2"  long;  leaves  a'-s'  long,  >i"-i>i" 
'^*'^<3e,  usually  erect,  roughish;  panicle  (/-i"  long,  usu- 
■^^J-iy  purplish,  the  capillary  scabrous  branches  ascend- 
'*"^E"i  sometimes  widely  spreading,  or  often  drooping, 
*^^  lower  s'-fr"  long,  dividing  above  the  middle,  the 
'ins  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities ;  spikelets 
''  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  toward 


~**^  apex  and  on  the  keel;  third  scale  t 

^*»gth  of  the  first  or  equalling  it,  obtuse,  ; 

^liort  awn;  palet  usually  very  small. 


o-thirds  the 
rely  bearing 


GRAMtNEAE. 


8.   Agrostia  altissima  (Walt.)  Tuckenn.     Tall  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  369,) 


Cornucopiat  altissima  Walt.  Fl.  Cat,  74.       1788. 
Agrotlis  allissima  Tnclcenn.  Am,  Jouni.  Sci.  45:  44. 


PMt  a, 


a  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petenb.   (VI.) 
1845- 


Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  tiaually 
stin.  Sheaths  overlapping,  scabrous,  the  ttpfn 
one  elotigated;  ligule  i"-i"1ong;  leaves  elongated, 
e*-!'  in  length,  i"-iji"  wide,  scabrom;  panicle 
7'-9'  long,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  some- 
what scabrous,  the  lower  a'-4'  in  length,  spikelet- 
bearing  at  the  extremitiea;  spikelets  iV"-iH" 
long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
third  scale  shorter,  obtuse,  scabrous,  occasionally 
bearing  a  short  awn;  palet  small  or  wanting. 


g.   Agrostis  intermedia  Scribn.     Upland  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  370.) 


Culms  I'-s"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  often 
crowded  and  overlapping;  ligule  i"-2"  long;  leaves 
4'-9'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  4''-9'  in 
length,  the  branches  ifi'-3'  long,  ascending,  dividing 
at  or  below  the  middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the 
pedicels  appressed;  spikelets  about  1"  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  first,  smooth; 
palet  small  or  wanting. 

In  dry  soil,  New  York  to  Tennessee  and  Missouri.  In- 
termediate in  aspect  between  A.  allissima  and  A.  peren- 
nans.    Aug. -Oct. 


10.  Agrostis  Ndvae-Angliae  Tuckenn. 
New  England  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  371,) 

Agroslis  JVovar-Angliae  TucVeTm.  Hovey'a  Mag.  p; 

143.     April,  1843. 
Agrasl\s  alltssima  var.  la.va  Tuckenn.  Am.  Jouni.  Set. 

45:  44.    October,  :843. 

Culms  8'-i5'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes,  gener- 
ally overlapping;  hgule  l"  long;  leaves  l'-3}4' 
long,  1"  wide  or  less,  erect,  usually  involute,  scab- 
rous; panicle  3>i'-7'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  dividing  at  or  below  the. 
middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the  pedicels  often^ 
S^  appressed;  spikelets  iii"-i]ii"  long,  the  outer — 
scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  thin&- 
scale  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


163 


36.  CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.  1763. 
[Dhveuxia  Clarion;  Beauv.  Agrost.  43.  fii.  p.  /.  9,  10.  rSia.] 
Generally  perennial  grasses,  of  various  habit,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  infiorescence. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  usually  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  pubescent. 
Scales  3;  the  3  outer  empty,  carinate,  membranous;  the  third  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than 
the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  copiously  long-hajiy  at  the  base,  or  rarely  the  hairs  scanty  or  short, 
and  besjing  a  straight,  bent  or  twisted  dorsal  awn;  palet  shorter,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
SQles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adher- 
ent to  the  pericarp.     [Greek,  sig^nifytng  Reed-grass.] 

A  genus  of  about  130  species,  widely  distributed  throuKhonl  temperate  and  mountainous 
r^ons,  and  particularly  BumcniaB  in  the  Andes.  Besides  the  followinB,  Some  TO  others  occur  in 
the  western  parts  of  Noith  America.  The  Enfrlish  name  Small-rttd  is  applied  to  any  of  tbe  species. 
Panicle  open,  the  branches  spreadine  or  ascending,  naually  long  and  lax. 

Spilieleta  i"  long;  outer  scales  ocute.  I.  C  Macouniana. 

Spikelets  i34"~3^^  long;  outer  scales  acute;  awn  slender.  2.  C.  Canadensis, 

Spikelets  3"-3"  long;  outer  scales  acumioat;;  awn  stouter.  3.  C.  Langsdorfii. 

Panicle  narrow  or  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  at  least  in  fruit,  usually  short  and  strict. 
Basal  hairs  one-third  the  length  of  the  scale  or  less. 

Awn  strongly  twisted,  insetted  near  the  base  of  the  scale;  leaves  long,    4.  C.  Porleri. 
Awn  not  twisted,  bent,  inserted  just  below  the  middle  of  the  scale;  leaves  short. 

5.  C  breviseta. 
Basal  hairs  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale  or  more. 

Spikelets  iJ4"'3"  long;  prolongation  of  the  rachilla  hairy  its  whole  length. 

LeaveslUt;t)asaIliairBequallingorsomewbatshoTterthantheBcale,  6.  C.confinis. 
Leaves  involute  in  drying;  basal  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  scale.         7.  C.  negiicla. 
Spikelets  }"-i"  long;  prolongation  of  tbe  rachilla  with  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs. 


I.    Calamagrostis  Macouni&na  Vasey. 
Macoun's  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  372,) 

Dcyeuxia  Macouniana  Vosey,  Coult,  Bot   Gaz,  10:  297. 
l8H.<i. 

Vasey,   Contr.  U.    S.    NaL 

Culms  i"--^"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lignle  i"  long; 
leaves  3'-?'  long,  \"-i%"  wide,  erect,  acuminate, 
scabrous;  panicle  open,  3'-4>i'  in  length,  the  branches 

ascending,  or  sometimes  erect,  the  lower  i'-i>i'  long, 
naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  i"  long,  the  outer  scales 
acute,  scabrous,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second; 
third  scale  equalling  the  second,  the  awn  a  little  ex- 
ceeding it;  basal  hairs  about  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Manitoba  and  Asainiboia.    Summer. 

a.    Calamagrostis  Canadensis  (Micbx.)  Beauv.     Blue- joint  Grass. 
(Fig.  373-) 
Arvndo  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am,  i:  73.      1803. 
Calanagroslis  Canadensis  Beauv.  Agrost.  15.      1812. 

Culms  I'-s"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  somewhat 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
'■"-3"  long;  leaves  fZ-i"  longer  more,  i "-4"  wide, 
">Mgh;  panicle 4'-7' in  length,  open,  usually  purpUsb, 
"•*  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower 
'.Ja'— 3'  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  i}i"~ 
long,  the  outer  scales  equal  or  subequal,  acute, 
"**'^**S'y  scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  slightly 
™orter  than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  awn  delicate 
*"*'!  equalling  the  copious  basal  hairs  which  are  about 
"*  long  as  the  scale  or  some  of  them  shorter. 


%nds  to  5000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.    July-Sept. 


64  GRAMINEAE. 

3.   Calamagrostis  L.angsd6rfii  (Link)  Trin.     Langsdorf' s  Reed-grass. 
(Fig.  374.) 


1S14. 


pi.  4.    f.'O. 


Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  roughish. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodcs;  ligule  i"-}" 
long;  leaves  4'-!  2'  long,  a"-4"  wide,  scabrous;  pan- 
icle 3'-6'  in  length,  the.  branches  ascending  or  some- 
times  erect,  the  lower  I'-a'  long,  naked  at  the  base: 
spikelets  a"-3"  long,  the  outer  scales  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  shortei 
than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  stout  awn  as  long  as  01 
a  little  exceeding  the  copious  basal  hsiis  which  an 
usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scale. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  oi 
New  England  and  New  York,  and  to  Manitoba  and  Wash- 
ington.   Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


Calamagrostis  Pdrteri  A,  Gray.    Porter's  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  375.) 

magros/is  PorUri  A.  Gray,  Proc.   Am.  Acad,  fl:  79. 


1862. 

Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  slightly  scabrous, 
with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  ligule  i"-a"  long; 
leaves  6'-ia'  long,  a"-4"  wide,  rough;  panicle  4'-8' 
in  length,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower  I'-a'  long; 
spikelets  \"-l%"  long,  the  outer  scales  strongly  sca- 
brous, acute;  third  scale  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  lateral  basal  hairs  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  scale,  those  at  the  back 
short  or  wanting;  awn  bent,  about  equalling  the  scale, 
the  lower  part  twisted. 

a  and  southern  New  York. 


5.    Calamagrostis  brevisSta  (A.  Gray)  Scribn.     Pickering's  Reed-grass. 
(Fig.  376.) 
Calamagrostis  srliralica  var.  brevisela  A.  Gray,  Man 

582.      1848, 
Catamagroslis  Picttringii  A,  Glay,  Man,  Ed.  a,  547 

Calamagroslis  brtvisda  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5 
41.       1891. 

Culms  i2'-i8'  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  scabrom 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous 
the  lower  overlapping,  the  upper  one  elongated;  lig 
ule  i"-3"  long;  leaves  if^'-4'  long,  i"  wide,  erect 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3'-4ji'  ii 
length,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  the  lon'ei 
I'-iyi'  long;  spikelets  i}i"-3"  long,  purple  tinged 
the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  thirt 
scale  shorter  than  the  second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  th< 
basal  hairs  very  short;  awn  bent,  not  twisted 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  scale. 

In  wet  places,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  New  Hamp 
shire  and  Massachusetts.  Occurs  in  the  alpine  regioi 
of  the  White  Mountains.    Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY, 


6.    Calamagrostis  connnis  (Willd. )  Nutt.     Bog  Reed- 


indo  confinis  Willd. 

Calamagrostis  confinis  Nutt.  Gen. 


Calamagro 


Vttsey,  Conlr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3: 


Culms  1%°-^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  rough. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  i"\aag; 
leaves  2"  wide  or  less,  rough,  flat,  or  involute  at  the  apex, 
the  basal  often  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  cuhn, 
the  stem  leaves  I'-ic/  long;  panicle  contracted,  a  ^'-9' in 
length,  the  branches  I'-a'  long,  erect;  spilcelets  ifi"-2" 
long,  the  scales  somewhat  scabrous,  the  outer  acute;  third 
scale  obtuse,  the  basal  hairs  equalling  it  or  three-fourths 
as  long;  awn  more  or  less  bent,  from  a  little  shorter  to 
slightly  longer  than  the  scale. 


In  bogs,  Vermont,  New  York  > 
couver  Island,  south  in  the  Kocky 
Aug.-Sept.  Specimena  of  thia  ([rasa  have  been  rcfeired 
C.  ia^^»iVa(Link|Trin.,but  wc  have  been  unable  to  pro 
"" s  of  that  spedes  within  our  area. 


Van- 


.  Calamagrostis  negldcta  (Ehrli.)  Gaertn, 
Narrow  Reed-grass.    (Fig.  378.) 


1:94.     1799. 

181 3. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  cuhns  i^°-3j^° 
tall,  erect,  simple,  slender.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
intemodes;  hgule  }i"  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves 
narrow,  involute  in  drjdng,  the  basal  one-third  as  long 
as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  I'-s'  long,  erect;  pan- 
icle contracted,  3^'-4'  in  length,  the  branches  i'  long 
or  less,  erect;  spiketets  2"  long,  the  scales  scabrous, 
the  outer  acute;  third  scale  obtuse,  about  three-fourtha 
as  long  as  the  second  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  basal  hairs;  awn  bent,  exceeding  the  scale. 

Labrador  aod  Newfoundland  to  Washington,     Also  in 


8.  Calamagrostis  cinnoldes  (Muhl.)  Scribn.     Nuttall's  Reed-grass, 
(Fig.  379.) 
^rundo  cinnoides  Muhl.  Gram.  1S7,      1817, 
Calamagrostis  Nullalliana  Steud.  Syn.  PI.   Gram.   190. 

1855. 
Calamagrostis  cinnoides  Scribn.  Mero,  Ton.  Club,  $:  4a. 
1895. 

Culms  z^S"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
■'brous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
«ir  rough,  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  and 
xarely  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  ligule  \"-z" 
long:  leaves  4'-!''  long  or  more,  2"-5"  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  long  point,  scabrous,  occasionally  sparingly 
liirsute;  panicle  3'-?'  in  length,  contracted,  the 
Iranches  erect,  the  lower  I'-a'  long;  spikelets  3"-4" 
long;  scales  strongly  scabrous,  the  outer  about  equal, 
acmninate  and  awn-pointed;  third  scale  shorter,  obtuse, 
the  basal  hairs  one-half  to  two-thirds  its  length;  awn 
fitout,  exceeding  or  equalling  the  scale;  prolongation  of 
the  rachilla  bearing  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs. 

..J  Pennaylvanitt,  south 
o  3000  fl.  in  Pennsylv""'"      '   '"    '    " 


)  Georgia.    Ascends 


l66 


GRAMINEAE. 


Berol.  I:  105.       1S27. 


37.   AMM6pHILA  Host.  Gram.  Austr.  4:  34.    pi.  fi.     1809. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  convolute  above,  and  dense  spike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  hairy.  Scales  3,  rigid, 
chartaceous,  acute,  keeled;  the  i  outer  empty,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved:: 
third  scale  s-nerved,  with  a  ring  of  short  haiis  at  the  base,  subtending  a  chartaceous  a-nerved 
palet  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  sand-loving,  in  allusion  to  the 
habitat  of  these  grasses.] 

Two  species,  the  follawing  widely  distributed  aloUK  the  fresh  and  salt-water  sbores  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  the  other  BuTopean. 

I.    Ammophila  arenAria  (L.)  Litik.     Sea  Sand-reed.     Sea  Mat-weed. 

Maratn.     (Fig.  380.) 

Arundo  arenaria  L.  Sp,  PI.  8i.      1753. 
Calamagroslis  arenana  Roth,  PI.  Germ.  I:  _ 
AmiHophila  arundinacea  Host,  Gram,  Austr. 
AmalOphila  arenaria  l,{-^-    "~—   ■* — '    -■  ■- 

Glabrous,  cuhns  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stout, 
smooth,  arising  from  a  long  horizontal  branching  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short,  crowded  and 
overlapping,  the  upper  longer;  lig^le  a  mere  ring; 
leaves  t'-V  long  or  more,  rigid,  attenuate  into  a  long 
slender  involute  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  spike -like  panicle  dense,  4'-i3'  in  length, 
5"-3"  thick,  its  branches  \yi'  long  or  less,  appressed; 
spikeleta  5"-6"  long,  the  scales  scabrous,  about  equal 
in  length,  the  third  usually  with  the  rudiment  of  an 
awn  just  below  the  apex;  basal  hairs  \"-i"  long. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  coast  from  New  Brunswick  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  inland  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 
AJso  on  the  coasts  of  northern  Europe.    Ans.-Sept. 

38.    CALAMOVILFA  Hack.  True  Grasses, 

Tall  grasses  with  stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  elongated  leaves,  which  are  involute  at  the 
apex,  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  flower.  Scales  },  i-nerved,  acute,  the  z  outer  unequal,  empty;  third  scale  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  second,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base;  palet  strongly  i-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Greek,^ 
signifying  a  reed-Uke  grass.] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subtropical  regions  of  North  America. 


Calamovilfa  brevipilis  (Torr. )  Hack.     Short-haired  Reed-grass. 

(Fig-  381.) 


1824. 
-     ,,  SS».    1848. 

Catamovil/a  brevipilis  Hack.  True  Grasses,  113.      1890, 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  cuhns  a'^" 
tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  tnter- 
nodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  6'-u' 
long,  i}i"  wide  or  less,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
involute  tip.  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above;  panicle  open,  s'-io"  in  length,  the  branches  as- 
cending, the  lower  a'-4'  long;  spikelets  i"-i>i"  long; 
scales  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  outer  un- 
equal, the  first  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third 
scale  exceeding  the  second,  pubescent  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  keel;  basal  hairs  one-third  the  length 
of  the  scale;  palet  nearly  equalling  the  scale,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


167 


2.   Calamovilfa  longifdlia  (HooIe.)  Hack.     Long-leaved  Reed-grass. 
(Fig-  382.) 


Calamagroslis  longi/olia  Hook.  Fl,   Bpr,  Am.  3: 

Calamovif/a  lottgi/olia  Hack.  True  GiBsses,  113. 
1890. 

Culms  3°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  stout,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  and  overlap- 
ping, glabrous  or  rarely  pilose;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs  about  i"  long;  leaves  S'-i"  long  or  more, 
panicle  narrow,  often  1°  long  or  more,  pale, 
the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  4'- 
10'  long;  spikelets  z"-A"  long;  scales  acute, 
smooth,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  the 
third  a  little  longer  «■  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second,  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
copious  basal  halls;  palet  slightly  shorter  than 
the  third  scale. 


On  sandy  shores,  western  Ontario  and  Manitoba 
to  the  Rockj  Monntsins,  soutb  to  Indiana.  Kansas 
and  Colorado.    July-Sept. 


APERA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  495. 


1763- 


Annual  grasses  with  narrow  fiat  leaves,  and  ample  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  small,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  into  a  bristle.  Scales  3;  the 
1  outer  empty,  unequal,  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  acute;  the  third  scale  a  little  shorter, 
membranous,  bearing  a  long  slender  awn  inserted  just  below  the  shortly  3-tootbed  apex; 
palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  a-keeled,  a-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  included  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Greek,  signifying  not  mutilated,  whole  or  entire;  application  imcertain.] 

Two  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia. 

I.    Apera  Splca-vfcnti  (L.)  Beauv.     Silky  Bent-grass.     Windlestraw. 
(Fig.  383-) 


Agroslis  Spicavenli  L.  Sp.  PI.  61.      17S3. 
Apera  SpUa-ftnti  Beauv.  Agrost.  15:.      1S13. 

Culms  i''-2°tan,  erect,  simple,  slender, smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the 
intemodes,  the  upper  one  generally  including 
the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  i"-3"  long; 
leaves  i'-7'long,  Ji"-i"  wide,  .scabroiw;  pan- 
icle 3'-9'  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  as- 
cending, capillary,  i}i'-3'  long;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  i"-iV"  long,  acute,  smooth  and 
shining;  thirdscalehairyornearly  smooth,  bear- 
ing a  dorsal  scabrous  awn  3"-4"  long:  rudiment 
at  the  end  of  the  rachilla  less  than  'X"  long. 


In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  Maine  to  southern 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Adventive  from 
Europe.    June-July. 


GRAMINEAE. 
40.    HOLCUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1047. 


1753- 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses  witli  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles.  Spikeleti 
deciduous,  i-flowered;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate.  Scales  4;  the  a  lower  empty, 
membranous,  keeled,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved  and  often  short-awned;  flower- 
ing scales  cbartaceoiu,  that  of  the  upper  flower  bearing  a  bent  awn.  Palet  narrow,  3-lcecIed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
[Greek,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

About  S  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.    Holcus    landtus    t,.       Velvet-grass. 

Meajtow  Soft-grass.     (Fig.  384.) 
Holcus  lanalus  I,.  Sp.  Fl.  104S.      1753. 

Softly  and  densely  pubescent,  light  green,  culms 
I  ^°~-3°  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  um- 
ple.  Sheaths  .ihorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
yi"-i"  long;  leaves  i''-6'  long,  2" -6"  wide;  spike- 
lets  2"  long,  the  empty  scales  white-villous,  the 
i^per  'awn-pointed;  flowering  scales  i"  long, 
smooth,  glabrous  and  shining,  the  lower  sparsely 
ciliate  ou  the  keel,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  upper  3- 
toothed  and  bearing  a  hooked  awn  just  below  the 

In  fields,  Dieadowa  and  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Illinois,  sonth  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Also  00  the  Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized 
from  Burope.    June-Ang. 


41.   AIRA  L.  Sp.  PI.  63. 


1753. 


Mostly  annual  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
smell,  3-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  thin-membranoos, 
acute,  subequal,  persistent;  the  flowering  scales  usually  contiguous,  hyaline,  mucronate  or 
3-toothed,  deciduous,  bearing  a  delicate  dorsal  awn  inserted  below  the  middle;  palet  a  little 
shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  a-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  enclosed 
in  the  scale  and  palet,  and  often  adhering  to  them.     [Greek  name  for  Lolium  levtuUntutn.l 

Four  or  five  species,  natives  of  Europe. 


1.   Aira  caryoph^llea  L.    Silvery  Hair-grass.     {Fig.  385.) 


Aira  caryopkyllea  L.  Sp.  PI.  66. 


1753- 


Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  culms  5'-io' 
tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  slender. 
Sheaths  mostly  basal;  ligule  \%"  long;  leaves  %'- 
a'  long,  involute-setaceous;  panicle  i'-4'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets  \"-l%"  long,  the 
empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  very  acute, 
3-toothed,  t"  long,  bearing  an  awn  iJi"-2"  long. 


In  fields  and  waste  places,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
^infinia.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Local.  Natural- 
zed  from  Europe.     Panicle   silvery,  shining.     Hay- 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
i.   Aira  praicox  I,.     Early  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  386,) 

r  L.  Sp.  PI.  65.      1753- 


Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culma  2'-4' 
tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  rigid. 
Sheaths  clothing  the  whole  culm,  the  upper  one 
often  enclosing  the  baseof  the  panicle;  ligule  about 
i^"long;  leaves  i'  long  or  less,  involute-setaceous; 
panicle  contracted,  strict,  )i'-i'  in  length;  spike- 
lets  about  i^i'-'long,  the  emptj'  scales  acute;  the 
flowering  scales  acuminate,  l-toothed,  about  i}4" 
long,  bearing  an  awn  1  Ji"-a"  long. 


-vania  to  Virginia. 


43.    DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.  Agrost.  91.     fi/.  18.     f.  3.      1812. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spilcelets 
a-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers  or  rarelj 
terminated  by  a  staminate  one.  Scales  4  (rarely  more),  the  3  lower  empty,  keeled,  acute, 
membranous,  shining,  persistent;  the  flowering  scales  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous, 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  toothed.  Palet  narrow,  i-nerved.  Stamens3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  J.  C.  A.  Loiseleur- 
Deslongchamps,  1774-1849,  French  physician  and  botanist.] 


Upper  flowering  scale  reaching  or  extending  beyond  the  apei  of  the  empty  scales. 

Flowering  scales  about  iK"  long,  erose -truncate;  leaves  flat.  i.  D.  canpitom. 

Flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  leaves  involute.  i.  D.ftexuosa. 

Empty  scales  extending  much  beyond  the  upper  flowering  scale.  3.  D.  alropurpurea. 


Deschampsia  caespitdsa  (I,.)  Beauv.     Tufted  Hair-grafs.     (Fig.  387.) 


Culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  i"-j"  long;  leaves  flat,  i"-i>i"  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  strongly  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
ones  numerous,  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long  as 
theculm,thoseof  the  culm  2'-6' long;  panicleopen, 
3'-9'  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading  or 
ascending,  often  somewhat  flexuous,  naked  at  the 
base,  the  lower  a'-j'  long;  spikelets  i^"-3"  long; 
flowering  scales  about  \%"  long,  erose -truncate  at 
the  apex,  the  awns  somewhat  shoKer  or  a  little 
longer,  the  upper  scale  reachiiig  to  or  extending 
beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Illi- 
nois, Minnesota  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Sierra  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  and  California,  mostly  in 
wet  soil.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    July-Aug. 


GRAMINEAE. 


Deachampaia  flexu6aa  (L.)  Trin.     Wavy  Hair-graas.     (Fig.  388.) 

Aira  flexuosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  65.      1753. 

Desrhamhsia  ftexuosa   Tnn.    Bull.   Acad,  Sd,  St. 

Petcniti.  i; ».      i8j6. 


Glabrous  throughout,  culms  i°-3^*'  tall,  erect, 
slender,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  much  sbocter 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  1"  long  or  less; 
leaves  involute-setaceous,  smooth  beneath,  scab- 
rous above,  the  basal  very  numerous,  one-fifth 
the  length  of  the  culm  or  less,  those  of  the  culm 
I'-y  long;  panicle  open,  3'-8'  in  length,  the 
branches  ascending  or  erect,  aometimes  widelj' 
speading,  naked  at  the  base,  flexnous,  the  lower 
iJi'-5'  long;  epikelets  2^X"~^%"  loiig;  flow- 
ering scales  about  2"  long,  acutely  toothed  at 
the  apex;  awns  bent  and  twisted,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  scale;  upper  scale  reaching  to  or 
extending  beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones. 

In  dry  soil,  aieenlHiid  and  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Hichifcan.  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  5100  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Also  in  Europe.    Jnly-Aug, 


3.    Deschampsia  atropurpdrea  (Wahl.)  Scheele.     Mountain  Hair-grass. 


A  ira  alropM 
Deschampsia 

1844. 


■parea  Wahl.  Fl.  lApp.  37.      1812. 
atropurpurea    Scheele,    Flora,  37:  36. 


Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  culms 
6'-l8'  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodea;  ligule  i"  long  or  less,  trun- 
cate; leaves  i"-a"  wide,  erect,  sometimes  slightly 
scabrous  above,  the  basal  2%'-^'  long,  those  of  the 
culm  shorter;  panicle  contracted,  usually  purple  or 
purplish,  i'-2'  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  or 
sometimes  ascending,  the  lower  %'~i%'  long; 
spikelets  %%"  long;  flowering  scales  about  1%" 
long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex;  awns  bent  and 
much  longer  than  the  scales;  upper  scale  much 
exceeded  by  the  very  acute  outer  ones. 

On  alpine  summits  o[  New  York.  New  EoKland, 
Montana,  Oregon  and  Washington,  north  to  I^bradur 
and  Alaska.     Also  in  Europe.    July-Aug. 


43.  TRISETUM  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.  1805. 
Mostly  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  a-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla  glabrous  or 
pilose,  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  4-6,  membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal, 
acute,  persistent;  flowering  scales  usually  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  deciduous,  i-toothed. 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex,  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  awnless.  Palet  narrow, 
hyaline,  z-toothed.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in 


the  scale.     [Latin,  referring  to  the  three  bristles  {01 
ering  scales  in  some  species,] 


<  sharp  teeth)  of  the  flow- 


Flowering  scales  all  bearing  long  dorsal  awns. 

Panicle  contracted,  dense-,  flowering  scales  iW  long  or  less. 

Panicle  open,  loose;  flowering  scales  zH"  long  or  more. 
I^wer  flowering  scale  not  bearing  a  long  dorsal  awn,  a  rudiment 


[,   T.  subspicatum. 

2.  7".  flavetctns. 

3.  T.  Pennsylvanicum. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


I.    Trisetum  subspicfttum  (L. )  Beauv.     Narrow  False  Oat.     (Fig.  390.) 


Aira  subspicata  L.  Syst.  Vck.  Ed.  lo.  673,      1759. 
Ax-ena  mollis  Michi.  Fl.  Bot.  Am.  1:  7s.      1803. 

Trisrlum  subspicatvm  Beanv.  Ajfrost.  180,      iSia. 

Trisetum  subspicalum  var.  molle  A.  Cray,  Man.  Ed.  a, 
572.      1856. 

Softly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  culms  (/-2°  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
ligule  fi"-i"  long;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  }i"-3"  wide; 
panicle  spike-like,  1'-$'  in  length,  often  interrupted 
below,  its  branches  lyi'  or  less  long,  erect;  spikelets 
a-3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  hispid  on  the  keel, 
shining,  the  second  about  3%"  long,  the  first  shorter; 
flowering  scales  i"-7}i"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous, 
each  bearing  a  long  bent  and  somewhat  twisted  awn. 

In  rocky  places.  Labiador  to  Alaska,  south  on  the  moun- 
tains to  North  Carolina.  New  Mexico  and  California.    Also 

in  Europe  and  Asia.    Aug. -Sept. 


2.    Trisetum  flaviscens  (L.)  R.  &  S.     Yellow  False  Oat.     (Fig.  391.) 


Avena  fiavtscens  L.  Sp.  PI.  809.  i 
Trisetum  pralense  Pets,  Syn.  1:  97. 
Tristlum  fiavescens  S.  &  S.  Syst.  a 


1817. 


Culms  i^'-aji"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
more  or  less  pubescent;  ligule  %"  long;  leaves  i  Ji'- 
5'  long,  I  "-3"  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparingly 
bairy;  panicle  open,  i'-5'  in  length,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  naked  be- 
low, the  lower  i'-3'  long;  spikelets  3-4-flowered; 
empty  scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  second 
acute,  3%"  long,  the  first  about  half  as  long,  nar- 
rower, acuminate;  flowering  scales  3j4"-3"  long, 
scabrous,  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

Introduced  into  Missouri  and  Kansas.  Native  of 
Europe  and  Asia.  Panicle  yellow,  turning  dull  brown. 
July-Augr. 


3.    Trisetum    Pennsylv&nicum    (L.)   Beauv. 
Marsh  False  Oat.     (Fig.  392.) 

■M^itnaPenmylvanica'L.  Sp.  PI.  79.      1753. 
--«  z/fBO  ftaluslris  Michi,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  73.      1803. 
jTr-isttutn  Pennsylvanicum  Beauv. ;  R.  &S.  Syst  2: 65S.    1817, 
^^^r^selum  patuslre  Torz.  Fl.  U.  S.  1:  Ii6.      1824. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender  and  often 
■^^iab.  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
>*»'ternodes,  sometimes  scabrous;  ligule  >i"  long;  leaves 

'  — (/  long,  i"-'3"  wide,  rough;  panicle  a'-S'  in  length, 
y'^Tlowish,  narrow,  the  branchesascending,  the  lower  I'-a' 
'***ig;  spikelets  a-flowered;  outer  scales  smooth,  shining, 
&»abequal,  the  second  a"-2X"  long;  flowering  scales 
*  '-aK"  long,  scabrous,  the  lower  not  long-awned,  but  a 
*~**dimentary  awn  sometimes  present,  the  upper  with  a 
™Ogbent  and  twisted  awn. 

In  twatnpa  and  wet  meadows,  New  York  to  Illinois,  south 
*^  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia. 
*«ucle  sometimes  loose  and  nodding,    June-July. 


172  GRAMINEAE. 

44.  AVENA  L.  Sp.  PI.  79.  1753- 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spikeleto.  Spikelets 
a-many-flowered,  or  rarely  i-flowered;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often  staminate  or 
imperfect.  Scales  4-niany  (rarely  3);  the  1  lower  empty,  somewhat  unequal,  membranous, 
persistent;  flowering  scales  deciduous,  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn,  the  apex  often  3-toothcd.  Palet  narrow,  3-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  pliunose.  Grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  free  or 
sometimes  adherent  to  the  tatter.     [Old  Latin  name  for  the  Oat.] 


Flowering  scales  with  a 


I.    Avena  striata  Michx.     Purple  Oat,     (Fig.  393.) 

Aztna  siriala  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  73.      1803. 

Culms  I'-j"  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous;  ligule  yi" 
long  or  less;  leaves  erect,  i'-6'  long,  i"-3"  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  usually  scabrous  above;  panicle 
i%'-S'  in  length,  lax,  the  branches  erect  or 
ascending,  naked  below,  the  lower  i'-2ji'  long; 
spikelets  3~6-llowered,  the  empty  scales  smooth, 
the  second3"-3H"in  length,  3-nerved,  the  first 
two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long,  i-nerved; 
flowering  scales  3"-4"  long,  with  a  ring  of  short 
hairs  at  the  base,  strongly  nerved,  scabrous; 
awns  as  long  as  the  scales  or  longer. 


a.   Avena  Smithii  Porter.     Smith's  Oat.     (Fig.  394.) 


Avena  Smi/hii  Porter;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  3,  640.      1867. 
MelUa  Smilhii  Vasey,  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  15:  294.      1888. 

Culms  Jfi°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  scabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes,  very  rough;  ligule  2" 
long;  leaves  4'-S'  long,  3"-6"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
6'-ii'  in  length,  the  branches  finally  spreading;  spike- 
lets  3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  second 
3"-4"  in  length,  5-nerved.  the  first  shorter,  obscurely 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  5"  long,  naked  at  the  base, 
strongly  neryed,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  one-fourth 
to  one-half  their  length. 

NoTtbem  Michigan  and  Isle  Royal.    Sunimer. 


'4  GRAMINEAE. 

Danthonia  spic4ta  (L.)  Beauv.     Common  WUd  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  397.) 

Avena  sfiicala  L.  Sp.  PI.  80,      1753, 

Danlhonia  sfiicala  Beauv.;  R.  &  S.  Sy«,  a:  690.     1817. 

Culms  i°-j}i°  tall,  erect,  aimple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, nearly  terete.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodes,  glabrous  or  often  sparingly  pubescent  be- 
low; ligule  very  short;  leaves  rough,  i"  wide  or 
leas,  usually  involute,  the  lower  4'-*'  long,  the 
upper  i'-3'  long;  inflorescence  racemose  or  pan- 
iculate, i'-3'  in  length,  the  pedicels  and  branches 
erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  5-S-flowered;  empty 
scalea  4"-5"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
broadly  oblong,  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed 
silky  hairs,  the  teeth  about  %."  long,  acute  or  short- 
pointed,  the  bent  and  widely  spreading  awn  closely 
twisted  at  the  base,  loosely  so  above. 

In  dry  soil.  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and  Dakota, 
south  to  Noith  Carolina  and  Louisians.  Ascends  to 
3000  ft.  in  Virginia.    July-Sept. 

a.   Danthonia  comprfcssa  Austin.     Flattened  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  398.) 

Danlhonia  compressa  Austin;  Peck,   Kept.   Reg.   N.  V. 

State  Univ,  aa:  54.      1869. 
Danlhonia  Alleni  Austin,  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  3:  zi.      1S73. 

Culms  i^°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  flattened, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  pilose;  leaves  1"  wide  or  less,  rough,  lax, 
the  basal  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
culm;  lower  cuha  leaves  6'-8'  long,  the  upper  3'-6'; 
panicle  open,  2fi'-4'  in  length,  the  lower  branches 
generally  spreading;  spikelets  5-10-flowered;  empty 
scales  5"-6"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scalea  oblong, 
with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  base,  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed silky  hairs,  the  awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent, 
strongly  twisted  below,  slightly  so  above,  the  teeth 
i"-i}i"  long,  acuminate,  awned. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  (ora  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Jnly- 
Sept. 

3.   Danthonia  aericea  Nutt.     Silky  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  399.) 


Culms  I  yt'-i"  tall,  simple,  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes,  usually  villous;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  rough  and  more  or  less  villous,  i"-i>i"  wide, 
the  basal  one-quarter  to  one-half,  the  length  of  the 
culm,  usually  flexuous,  those  of  the  culm  i'-4'  long, 
erect;  panicle  3^'-i%'  in  length,  contracted,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending:  spikelets  4-10-flowered; 
empty  scales  •}"-%"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scalet 
oblong,  strongly  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs,  tht 
awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent,  closely  twisted  below, 
loosely  so  above,  the  teeth  \"-\yi"  long,  acuminate. 

0  New  Jei«ey,  soutt 


GRASS  FAMILY.  175 

47.    CAPRIOLA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  a:  31.       1763. 
[CvNODON  Rich.;  Pers.  Syn.  1:85.      1805.] 
rerennial  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves  and  spii^ate  inflorescence,  the  epilces  digitate, 
^ilcelets  i-ftonered.  secund.     Scalra  3;  the  3  lower  empty,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader, 
mhranoiM.  compressed ;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-keeled.     Stamens 
Styles  distinct.     Stigmas  short,  plumose.     Graiii  free.     [Name  mediaeval  I.atin  for  the 
pld  goat,  that  feeds  on  this  gross  in  waste  rocky  places.] 

Four  known  species,  iif  which  three  are  AuatmliHii.  Ihc  foUowine  widely  ilistributrd. 

I.    Capriola  D&ctylon  (L.)  Kimtze. 

Bermuda-grass.       Scutch-grass. 

Dog's-tooth  Gra(«.    (Fig.  400, ) 

PaiicHm  Daclylon  L.  Sp.  PI,  58.      175.1- 

Cvnodon  Datlytim  Pers.  Syn,  i:  85.      ifloS' 

Capriola  Daelylon  Kuutze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  764,      1S91. 

Culms  4'-ll'  tall,  erect,  from  long  creeping  and 
branching  stolons,  smootli  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases 
of  the  culms  and  along  the  stolons;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  I'-a'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  flat,  rigid,  Bmooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4-5,  Ji'-3'  in 
Icngtli,  digitate;  rachis  flat; spikelets  1" long;  outer 
scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  Ilie 
broad  and  strongly  compressed  tliird  one. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Tennessee,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Abundant  iu  the  Southern  States.  Cullivated 
for  pastiite.    Naturalized  from  Europe,    July-Sept, 

48.    SPARTINA  Schreb.  Gen.  43.     1789. 
Perennial  glabrous  grasses,  with  h>ng  horizontal  rootstocka,  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  an 
e-sided  spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes.     Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow, 
eddnoiia,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  vn\h  the  very  short  pedicels  below 
le  scales.     Scales  3;  the  3  outer  empty,  keeled,  ver^'  unequal;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect 
wer.  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second;  palet  often  longer  than  its  scale,  1- 
rved.     Stamens  5.     Styles   lilifonn.   elongated.     Stigmas   fiUform,   papiUose  or  shortly 
Grain  free.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  cord-like  leaves  of  some  species.] 
About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  saline  soil,  a  few  in  fresh. water  nutshcs. 
n  scale  Bwn-pointed,  equalling  the  third;  second  lone-awned.  t.  .S.  cj-Hosuroides. 

_  rt  scale  acute,  shorter  than  the  third,  usually  oue-half  as  long. 
PirM  Kale  stron^lv  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel, 

leaves  W  wide  or  more,  flat.  3.  S.  /lolyslachya. 

teaves  K'  wide  or  less. 

Spikes  ascending  or  erect;  leaves  narrow,  involute;  coast  plant.         3.  .5.  patens. 

Spikes  appressed;  leaves  usually  Sat  at  the  base;  western  species.    4.  S.  gratilis. 

Piral  scale  smooth  on  the  Vcel  or  occasionally  slightly  scabrous.  5.  S.  siricla. 

Spartina   cynosuroides  (L.)  Willd. 

Tall  Marsh-grass.      (Fig.  401.) 


ulyh! 


'75J. 


>arlima  'o-iosmoidfs  Wil 
I  Culms   i"-^"   tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.     Sheaths 
iverlapping,   those   at    the  base   of    the   culm 
1;  lignle  a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  1"  long  or  more. 
'-7"  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  becoming  in- 
folittc  iti  diying,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender   tip; 
IkeG  5-30,  a'-5'  long,  often  on  peduncles  }.i'~i'  in 
pBgtli,  ascending  or  erect;  rachis  rough  on  the  mar- 
;  spikelets  much  imbricated,   6"-7"  long;  outer 
n-pointed  or  awned,  strongly  hispid-scabrous 
■  the  keel;  third  scale  as  long  as  the  first,  tile  sca- 
nt midrib  terminating  just  below  the  emarginate  or 
tbei)  apex;  palet  sometimes  exceeding  tlie  scale. 
I-Jn  swamps  and  slreamsor  fresh  or  brackish  wnlcr,  Nova 
oUa  to  A^iniboia.  New  jersey  and  Texas.     Sometimes 
mcona.    Called  also  Freshwater  CotU-ffrass.    .Aug.-Oct. 


GRAMINEAE. 
Spartina  polyst&chya  (Micbx.)  KU.     Salt  Reed-pp-ass.     (Pig.  403.) 

Trachynolia    polyslachya   Michi.    Fl.    Bor.   Am.    i:  64- 

1803. 
Sparlina  polyslachya  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ca.  t:  95,      1817. 

Culms  4°-9°  tall,  erect,  stout,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  tlie  base  of  the  culm 
crowded;  ligulearing  of  hairs;  leaves  i"  long  or  more, 
}i'-i'  wide,  flat,  scabrous  at  least  on  the  margins,  at- 
tenuate into  a  long  slender  tip;  spikes  10-50,  ascend- 
ing, often  long-ped uncled,  3'-4'  in  length,  the  rachis 
rough  on  the  margfins;  spikelets  much  imbricated,  4"- 
5"  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous-his- 
pid on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the  length  of  the  sec- 
ond; third  scale  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by 
the  palet. 


3.    Spartina  pitens  (Ait.)  Muhl.     Salt-meadow  Grass.     (Fig.  403.) 


Daclylis  patens  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  i:  104.      1789. 
sparlina  patens  Mubl.  Gram.  55.      18:7. 
spartina  juncea  EU.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  94.      1817. 

Culms  l°-3°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base, 
smooth.  Lower  sheaths  overlapping  and  crowded; 
ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  Ji'-i"  long,  i"-2" 
broad,  involute,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth 
and  glabrous  beneath;  spikes  i-io,  I'-i'  long,  usually 
ascending,  more  or  less  peduncled,  the  rachis  slightly 
scabrous;  spikelets  3"-4"  long;  outer  scales  acute, 
scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  usually  rather 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third  scale 
somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  k^I, 
emarginate  or  3-tootbed  at  the  apes,  longer  than  the 
first  and  exceeded  by  the  palet. 

On  salt  meadows,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to 
Florida,  west  to  Texas.  This  and  Ju-nctts  Girardi,  the 
"Black  Grass,"  furnish  most  of  the  salt  meadow  hay  of 
the  AUantic  coast.    AuK.-Oet 


4.  Spartina  grficilis  Trin.    Inland  Cord-grass.     (Fig.  404.) 


spartina  gracilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petenb.  (VI.)  «: 

Culms  i^-j"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths 
overlapping,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  short  and 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i"  long  or 
less,  i"-3"  wide,  fiat  or  involute,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tip;  spikes  4-8,  I'-a'  long,  appressed,  more  or 
less  peduncled;  spikelets  3"-4"  long;  outer  scales 
acute,  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the 
length  of  the  second;  third  scale  obtitse,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 


GRASS   FAMILY.  I 

5-    Spartina  stricta  (Ait.)  Roth.     Smooth  Marsh-grass.     (Fig.  405.) 

Daclylis  slricla  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  104.       1789, 
spartina  slricla  Roth,  Cat.  Bol.  3:  9.       1806. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  the  base  shorter 
and  looser,  much  crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  short 
hairs;  leaves  3'-i2'  long,  a"-4"  wide  at  the 
base,  involute,  at  least  when  dry;  spikes  3-5, 
erect  or  nearly  so,  I'-i'  long;  spiketets  6"-8" 
long,  loosely  imbricated;  empty  scales  acute  or 
acutish,  i-nerved,  the  first  shorter  than  the 
second,  which  exceeds  or  equals  the  third;  palet 
longer  than  the  third  scale. 


Daclylis  marilima  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  77,       1788. 
spartina  glabra  Muhl.  Gram.  54.      1817. 

Culiiistaller,Boinetiines9°big;b,  and  leaves  iDnger; 
spikes  more  numerous,  nsuallj  appressed. 

Spartina  atricta  altemlfl&ra  (Lois.)  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  3,  551.      i8s6. 
spartina  altemiftora  Lois.  Fl.  Gall.  J:  719.      1807, 

Culms  4°-6°  tall;  spikes  slender,  appressed,  ^-^  long:,  the  spikelets  barely  overlapping. 

Very  variable.  Common,  in  some  one  of  its  forms,  along  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Florida  and 
'Texas,  Also  on  the  coast  of  Europe.  Our  plant  does  not  appear  to  be  satisfactorily  identified  with 
-fclie  European.    Aug. -Oct. 

49.  CAMPULOSUS  Desv.  BuU.  Soc.  Philom.  a:  r8g.  1810. 
[Ctknh™  Panzer,  Deutsch.  Akad.  Muench.  1813:  a88.  pl.  13.  1814.] 
Tall  pungent-tasted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  narrow  leaves  and  a  curved  spicate  in- 
florescence. Spikelets  borne  pectinately  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curved  rachis, 
I -flowered.  Lower  4  scales  empty,  the  first  very  short,  hyaline;  the  second,  third,  fourth 
and  fifth  awned  on  the  back,  the  latter  subtending  a  perfect  flower  and  palet,  the  uppermost 
sc^es  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely 
«^nclosed  in  the  scale.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  curved  spike.] 

Seven  known  species,  tour  of  them  American,  the  others  in  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

■«-     Campulosus  arom6ticu8  (Walt.)  Scribn.     Toothache  Grass.     (Fig.  406.) 


Afgilops  aromatica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  349.      178S. 
CUnium  Antericanum  Spreng.  Syst.  1:  274.      1825. 
Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.    Club, 


Culms  3''-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  some- 
what  scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  rough;  ligule  i"  long,  truncate;  leaves 
i'-6'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  flat  or  involute,  smooth; 
spike  terminal,  solitary,  curved,  t'-i,'  long,  the 
rachis  extended  into  a  point;  spikelets  about  3" 
long;  second  scale  thick  and  rigid,  awn-pointed, 
bearing  just  above  the  middle  a  stout  horizontal 
or  recurved  awn;  third,  fourth  and  fifth  scales 
membranous,  scabrous,  awned  from  below  the 
i-toothed  apex,  the  fifth  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  the  others  empty. 


\ 


178  GRAMINEAE. 

50.  CHL6rIS  Sw.  Prodr.  25.  1788. 
Mostly  perennial  graascfl  with  flat  leaves  and  BpicAte  infloiescence,  the  spikea  •olitaiy, 
few,  or  nnmerous  and  Tcrticmate  or  approximate.  Spikeleti  i-fiowered,  arranged  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  tbe  rachis.  Scales  4;  the  1  lower  etnptj,  unequal,  Iceeled,  acnte;  third 
and  fonrtta  oanallj  awned,  the  former  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  polet  folded  and  i-tceeted. 
Stamens  3.  Stjlea  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek, 
greeoiBh-yellow,  referring  to  the  color  of  the  herbage.  ] 

About  foity  species,  mostly  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following  some 
10  others  occur  In  the  sonthem  United  State*. 

I.   Chloris  verticill&tB  Nutt.      Prairie 
Chloris.     (Fig.  407.) 
Chloris  verlicillala  NntL  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 
5:  150.      1833-37. 

Culms  6'-iS'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  and  root- 
-   ing  at  the  lower  nodes,  smooth,  glsbrona.     Sheaths 
■:  shorter  than  the  intemodea,  smooth,  or  roughish  at 
'  the  summit;  ligulearingof  short  hairs;  leaves  I'-j,' 
long,  \"-i"  wide,  obtnse,  of^en  apicnlate,  scabrous; 
spikes  slender,  usually  spreading,  a'-4)j'  long,  in 
one  or  two  whorls,  or  the  upper  ones  approximate; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  \}i"  long, 
the  first  scale  about  one-half  the  length  of  tbe  sec- 
ond;  tbe  third  \"  long,  obtuse,  dliate  on  the 
nerves,  especially  on  the  lateral  ones,  bearing  just 
below  the  apex  a  scabrous  awn  about  %}^"  long; 
fourth  scale  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  third:, 
awned  near  the  usually  truncate  apex. 
On  plaiiies,  Kansas  to  Texas.    May-Jniy. 

51.   GYMNOPbcON  Beauv.  Agrost.  41.    pi.  9-    /■  3-     1812. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  and  usually  short  rigid  leaves,  and  numerous  slender  alter- 
nate spikes.  Spikelets  i-fiowered,  almost  sessile,  the  rachilla  extended  and  bearing  a  small 
scale  which  is  usually  awned.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  3  lower  empty,  unequal,  narrow,  acnte; 
third  broader,  fertile,  3-nerTed,  slightly  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  erect  awn;  the 
fourthempty,  small, awned;  palet  3-keeled.  SlBmens3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  linear,  free,  enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  naked-beard,  referring  to  the  pro- 
longation of  the  rachilla.] 

Six  known  species,  all  bat  one  of  them  natives  ot  America. 
Spikes  bearing;  spikelets  their  whole  length;  awn  longer  than  flowering  scale.      I.  G.  ambifum. 
Spikes  bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle;  awn  shorter  than  flowering  scale.       a.  C.  brevtfatiul. 


I.   Gymnopogon  ambiguus  (Micbx.)  B.S.P. 

(Fig.  408.) 
Andropogon  ambiguus  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  $8. 

1803. 
Gymi 
Gynti 


Broad-leaved  Gymttopt^on. 


.yntnopogOH 


Culms  la'-iS'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  glabrous, 
excepting  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit,  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i'~ 
4'  long,  3"-^'  wide,  lanceolate,  acnte,  cordate  at 
the  base,  spreading,  smooth  or  a  little  scabrous 
above;  spikes  slender,  spikelet-bearing  throughout 
their  entire  length,  at  first  erect,  the  lower  4'-8' 
long,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets,  exclu- 
sive of  awns,  3"-z^"  long;  £rst  scale  shorter  than 
the  second;  third  scale  exceeded  by  the  second,  the 
callus  at  the  base  hairy,  the  awn  3"-^"  long. 
^"  In  dry  sandy  soil,  southern  New  Jetsey  to  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Ai%,-Oct. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


179 


2.   Gymnopogon  brevifdlius  Trin. 

Short-leaved  Gymnopogon. 

(Fig.  409.) 

Gymnopogon  hrevifolius  Trin.  Unifl.  238.      1824. 

Culms  1^-2°  long,  from  a  decumbent  base,  simple, 
slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes,  sometimes  crowded  near  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  1^-2^ 
long,  V-^'^  wide,  usually  spreading,  lanceolate, 
acute,  cordate  at  the  base;  spikes  very  slender, 
spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle,  the  lower  4^- 
6^  long,  at  first  erect,  finally  widely  spreading; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  \%^'  long;  first 
scale  shorter  than  the  second;  third  scale  equalling 
or  exceeded  by  the  second,  short-awned,  sparingly 
villous  or  glabrous,  the  callus  hairy. 

In  dry  soil.  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  west  to  Missis- 
sippi.   Aug. -Oct. 

52.   SCHEDONNARDUS  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  146.      1855. 

An  annual  grass  with  branching  culms,  narrow  leaves  and  slender  spikes  arranged  along 
a  common  axis.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  sessile  and  alternate  on  the  rachis.  Scales  3;  the  2 
lower  empty,  narrow,  membranous,  acuminate;  the  flowering  scale  longer,  of  similar  texture; 
palet  narrow,  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  linear,  free, 
enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grass  to  the 
genus  iViznf«j.] 

A  monotjrpic  genus  of  central  North  America. 

z.    Schedonnardus   paniculiitus  (Nutt.) 
Trelease.     Schedonnardus.     (Fig.  410.) 

Lebturus  paniculatus  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  81.      1818. 
Schedonnardus  Texanus  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  146. 

1855. 
Schedonnardus  paniculatus  Trelease,  Branner  &  Co- 
ville,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ark.  x888:  Part  4,  236.      1891. 

Culms  8^-18^  tall,  erect,  slender,  rigid,  branch- 
ing at  the  base,  scabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  at  the 
base  of  the  culm,  compressed,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; ligule  i^^  long,  truncate;  leaves  1^-2^  long, 
i^^  wide  or  less,  flat,  usually  erect;  spikes  numer- 
ous, rigid,  widely  spreading,  alternate,  the  lower 
2^-4^  long,  the  axis  and  branches  triangular;  spike- 
lets ij^^'-iyi^^  long,  sessile  and  appressed,  alter- 
nate; scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  second  longer 
than  the  first  and  exceeded  by  the  acute  third  one. 

Manitoba  and  Assiniboia,  south  to  Illinois,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.    July-Sept. 

53.    BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  Litter.  2:  Part  4,  134.     1805. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous  spikelets  in  one- 
spikes.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis,  the 
^"^^^Xiilla  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the  flowers,  bearing  1-3  awns  and  1-3  rudimentary  scales. 
*^'^^«  lower  scales  empty,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  awn- 
S^'^^^nted  or  awned;  palet  hyaline,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
^^'^xnose.    Grain  oblong,  free.     [In  honor  of  Claudius  Boutelou,  a  Spanish  botanist] 

About  30  species,  particularly  numerous  in  Mexico  and  in  the  southwestern  United  States. 
^t^lkes  1-4,  erect  or  spreadina^;  spikelets  numerous,  pectinately  arranged. 

Rachilla  bearine  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  glabrous;  second  scale  strongly  papillose- 
hispid  on  the  keel.  i.  B.  hirsuta. 
Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  apex;  second 
_    .     scale  scabrous  and  sparingly  long-ciliate  on  the  keel.                                   2.  B.  ohgostachya. 
spikes  numerous,  spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  few  or  several,  diverging  from  the  rachis. 

3.  B.  curtipendula. 


GRAMINEAE. 

Bouteloua  hirsilta  Lag.     Hairy  Mesquite-^ass.     (Fig.  411.) 

Bouleloua  hirsula  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  j  Litter,  a:  Part  4, 

141.      1805, 

Culms  6'-3o'  tall,  erect,  umple  or  sonietiniea 
Bparinglj  brancbed  at  the  base,  Btnooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sbeatbs  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  calm, 
the  lower  short  and  crowded,  the  upper  longer;  lig- 
nle  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leavesi'-s'long,  i"wide 
or  less,  erect  or  ascending,  flat,  scabrons,  spar- 
ingly papillose-hirsute  near  the  base,  especially  on 
the  margins;  spikes  1-4,  yi'-2'  long,  usually  erect 
or  ascending,  the  rachia  extending  beyond  the 
HiukeUts  into  a  conspicuous  point;  spikelets  nu- 
roerona,  3ji"-3"  long,  pectinately  Brranged;  fiiat 
scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranoua  second 
one,  which  is  strongly  papilloM-hiisute  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  pubescent,  3-clert  to  the  middle,  the 
nerves  terminating  in  awns;  rachilla  without  a  tnft 
of  hairs  under  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awos. 
In  dry  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Illinois  to  Dakota,  Texas  and  Arizona.     Jaly-Sept. 

2.  Bouteloua  oligostichya  (Nutt.)  Toir.      Grama-grass.     Mesquite-g 

(Fig.  412.) 
Alheropogon  oligoslackyus  Nutt  Gen.  1:  78.      1818. 
Bouleloua  oiigoslackya  Tort.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  3.  553. 

1856. 

Culms  e'-iS''  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  llgule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  i"  wide  or  less, 
involute,  at  least  at  the  long  slender  tip,  smooth  or 
scabrons;  spikes  1-3,  I'-i'  long,  often  strongly  curved, 
the  racbis  terminating  in  a  short  inconspicuous  point; 
spikelets  numerous,  pectinately  arranged,  about  3" 
long;  first  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranous 
second  one,  which  is  scabrous  and  sometimes  long- 
ciliateon  the  keel,  and  sometimes  beers  a  few  papillae; 
third  scale  pubescent,  3-cleft,  the  nerves  terminating  in 
awns;  rachilla  with  a  tult  of  long  hairs  under  the  rudi- 
mentary scales  and  awns. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  Alberta,  south  to  Wisconsin, 
Texas  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 

3.  Bouteloua  curtip6nduIa(Michx.)Torr.    Racemed  Bouteloua.    (Fig,  413.) 

CkloriscurlipendulaVllctii.Ti.  Bol.  Am.  1:59.      '803. 
Bouleloua  racemosa  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  Litter,  i:  Part 

4,  141.      1805. 
Bouleloua  curlipendula  Torr.  Emory's  Bep.  153. 


Boulelouc 


',  553- 


irlipendula  v 


Manitoba,  >>outh 


A,  Gray,   Man. 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule 
a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  a'-ia'  long,  2"  wide 
or  less,  flat  or  involute,  rough,  especially  above; 
spikes  numerous,  3"-8"  long,  widely  spreading  or 
reflezed;  spikelets  4-ia,  divergent  from  the  racbis, 
3^"-S"  long,  scales  acabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
second;  the  third  3-toothed,  the  nerves  extended 
into  short  awns;  rachilla  bearing  at  the  summit  a 
small  awned  scale,  or  sometimes  a  larger  3-nerved 
scale,  the  ner\-e8  extended  into  awns;  anthers 
Vermillion  or  cinnabar-red. 
I  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Texas  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


ISI 


54.   BECKMANNIA  Host,  Gram.  Austr.  3:  5.    pi.  6.     1805. 

A  tall  erect  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  erect  spikes  borne  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Spike* 
lets  i-3-ilowered,  globose,  compressed.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  a  lower  empty,  membranous,  sac- 
cate, obtuse  or  abiuptlj  acute;  the  flowering  scal^  narrow,  tbia  membranous;  pale t  hyaline, 
3-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dbtinct  Stigmaa  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scale  and  palet  [In  honor  ofjohonn  Beckmenn,  1739-1811,  teacher  of  Natural  History 
at  St,  Petersburg.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.  Beckmannia  enicaef6rmis  (L.)  Host. 
Beckmannia.     (Fig.  414.) 


Wats.  &  Coult.  i 


l.  Gray,  Man.  I 


Glabrous,  culms  iX°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes, 
loose;  ligule  a"-4"  long;  leaves  s'-^"  long,  i"-\" 
wide,  rongh;  panicle  \'-i&  in  length,  simple  or 
compound,  the  spikes  about  ^'  long;  spikelets 
i"-lji"  long,  1-2-fiowered,  closely  imbricated  in 
two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  scales  smooth, 
the  outer  saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  flower- 
ing scales  acute,  tbe  lower  generally  awa-pointed, 
the  upper  rarely  present 


55.   ELEUSINE  Gaertn.  Fruct.  &  Sem.  i:  7.    pi.  z.     1788. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  apicate  inflorescence,  the  spike* 
-digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  cnlm.  Spikelets  several' flowered,  sessile, 
closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  not  extended  beyond  them; 
flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  stamiaate.  Scales  compressed,  keeled;  the  i  lower  empty;  the 
others  subtending  flowers,  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [From  the  Greek  name  of  the  town 
where  Ceres  was  worshipped.] 

SpecieB  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  two  others  have  been  found  in 
ballast  fillings  about  the  eastern  seapoits. 


Eleusine    Indica    (L.)   Gaertn. 
grass.     Crab-grass.     Yard-grass 
(Fig.  415- ) 


Wire- 


EUusit. 


e  Indict 


1753- 


1788. 


Culms  f>'--i°  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  smootb  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  overlap- 
ping and  often  short  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  villous;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  3'-ia'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  smooth  or 
scabrous;  spikes  a-io,  i'-3'  long,  whotled  or  approxi- 
mate at  the  summit  of  the  culm  or  one  *r  two  some- 
times distant;  spikelets  3-6-flowercd,  iji"-a"  long; 
scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first 
I -nerved,  the  second  3-7-nerved,  the  others  3-5-nerved. 

In  fields,  dooiyarda  and  waste  places  all  over  North 
America  eicept  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  Old  World.    June-Sept. 


I82 


GRAMINBAB. 


56.    DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd.  Enum.  1029.       1809. 

An  annuBl  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  ipicate  itifloreacencc,  the  spikes  in  pairs  or  digitate. 
Sinkeleta  several- flowered,  sessile,  closelj  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachia^ 
which  is  extended  bejond  them  into  a  sharp  point.  Scales  compressed,  Iceelcd,  the  a  lower 
and  the  uppennoat  ones  empty,  the  others  subtending  flowers.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
abort.  Stigmas  plnmose.  Grain  free,  rugose,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  re- 
ferring to  the  digttately  spreading  sjukes.] 

A  monot3rpic  genua  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World. 


I.    Dactyloctenium  Aeg^ptium  (L.)  Willd.     Egj-ptlan  Grass,     (Fig.  416.) 


Cynosurus  Aegyptias  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.  1753. 
Eleusine  Aegyptia  Pers.  Syn.  i:  87.  1805. 
Dactyloctenium  Aegyptiacum  Willd.  Bnum.  1099.  1809. 

Culms  e'-i"  long,  usually  decumbent  and  extcn- 
sfrely  creeping  at  the  base,  Sheatha  loose,  over- 
lapping and  often  crowded,  smooth  and  glabrons; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  6' in  length  or  lesa,  \"-%" 
wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimea  pnbeaceat, 
ciliate  toward  the  base;  spikes  in  pairs,  or  3-5  and 
digitate,  >i'-a'  long;  spikeleta  3-5-flowered;  scales 
compressed,  scabions  on  the  keel,  the  second 
awned,  the  flowering  ones  broader  and  pointed. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  g[TOund.  southern 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Vit^nia  to  IllinoJB  and 
California,  sonth  to  FloHda  and  Mexico.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  America.  Naturaliied  from  Asia 
or  Africa.    July-OcL 


1812. 


57.   LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv.  Agrost.  71.    pi.  15.    f.  i. 

Usually  tall  annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous  spikes  forming  a  simple  pan- 
icle. Spikelets  usually  i-many -flowered,  flattened,  altematiag  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of 
the  racbis.  Scales  4-ciany;  the  i  lower  empty,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  qiikelet;  the  flower- 
ing scales  keeled,  3-nerved.  Palet  a-nerved.  Stsmens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  spikes.] 

About  13  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,. 
3  others  occnr  in  the  southern  United  States. 


Leptochloa  mucronftta  (Michx. ) 
Ktinth,     Northern  Leptochloa. 

(Fig-  417-) 


Culms  I'-s'  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  Eborter  than  the  intemodcs, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  short,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  3'-8'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  scabrous;  spikes 
numerous,  slender,  rigid,  spreading  or  ascending, 
the  lower  i'-6'  long;  spikelels  usually  3-flowercd, 
about  \"  long,  the  empty  scales  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  acute,  i-nerved,  slightly  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  a-toothed  at  the  apex, 
ciliate  on  the  nerves. 

In  diy  or  moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  California,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Lonisiana 
and  Mexico.    Also  in  Cuba.    July-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  183 

58.    BULBILIS  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  4:  190.       1819. 
[BucBLOB  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  i:  433.    pi.  14.    figs.  1-17.     1859.] 
A  perennial  stoloniferous  monoecions  or  apparently  dioecious  grass  with  flat  leaves  and 
spicate  inflorescence.     Staminate  spikelets  borne  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  the 
spikes  at  the  sammit  of  the  long  and  ezserted  calms.     Pistillate  spikelets  in  spike-like 
clasters  of  3  or  3,  on  very  short  culms,  scarcely  esserted  from  the  sheath.    Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  long.    Stigmas  elongated,  short-plumose.    Grain  ovale,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale.     [Name  apparently  from  the  sapposed  bulb-like  base  of  old  plants.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  central  North  America. 

I.   Bulbilis  dactyloides   (Nutt.)   Raf. 
Buffalo  Grass.     (Fig.  418.) 
itt  daclylo 
oedaclyloi 

1:43a.      1859. 
Bulbilis  dactyloides  Saf.;  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  763, 

1891, 

Culms  bearing  stamjnate  flowers  4''ia'  tall, 
erect,  slender,  naked  above,  smooth  and  gla- 
brotis;  those  bearing  pistillate  flowers  ^'-3' 
long,  mnch  exceeded  by  the  leaves;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less,  more 
or  l«8s  papillose-hirsute,  those  of  the  staminate 
culms  I'-i,'  long,  erect,  those  of  the  stolons  and 
pistillate  culms  i'  long  or  less,  spreading;  stam- 
inate  spikes  3  or  3,  approximate;  spikelets  3"- 
a}i"  long,  flattened,  3-3-flowered,  the  empty 
scales  i-nerved,  the  flowering  3. nerved;  pistil- 
late spikelets  ovoid,  the  outer  scales  indurated. 

On  plains  and  piairiea,  Minnesota  to  Dakota, 
south  to  Arkansas.  Texas  and  Mexico.  A  valuable 
fodder  grass.    June-July. 

59.  MUNROA  Toir.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  158.  1856. 
A  low  difiitsely  branched  grass,  with  flat  pungently  painted  leaves  crowded  at  the  nodes 
and  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
floral  leaves,  3-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  lanceolate,  acute, 
i-nerved,  hyaline;  flowering  scales  larger,  3-aerved;  i  or  3  empty  scales  sometimes  present 
above  the  flowering  ones;  palet  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas 
Ittrbellate  or  short-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet  [In  honor  of 
Ccn.  William  Monro,  English  agroatologist.] 

Three  known  species,  the  following;  of  the  plains  of  NorCb  America,  tbe  others  South  American. 
I.     Munroa   squarrdsa   (Nutt.)   Terr. 
Mimro's  Grass.     (Fig,  419.) 

Cryfisis  squarrosa  Nntt.  Gen.  1:  49.       1818. 
Munroa  squarrosa  Tort.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  158. 

1856. 

Culms  3'-8'  long,  tufted,  erect,  decumbent  or 
prostrate,  much  branched,  smooth  or  rough. 
Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  nodes  and  ends 
of  the  branches,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  base  and 
throat,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  ligule 
a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  l'  long  or  less,  14"-^' 
wide,  rigid,  spreading,  scabrous,  pungently- 
pointed;  spikelets  a-j-flowered,  the  flowers  per- 
fect; empty  scales  i-nerved,  shorter  thou  the 
flowering  scales  which  are  about  a^"  long,  3- 
toothed,  the  nerves  excurreut  as  short  points 
or  awns,  tufts  of  hairs  near  the  middle;  palets 


iSoo. 


184  GRAMINEAE. 

60.    PHRAGMITES  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.       1820. 

Tall  peretmial  reed-like  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spikelets  3- 
several-Qowered,  the  fint  flower  often  staminate,  the  othen  perfect;  rachilla  articalated  be- 
tween the  flowering  acalea,  long-piloBe.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  nnequal,  membranous, 
lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  apilcelet;  the  third  scale  empty  or  aublending  a  staminatc 
flower;  flowering  scales  glabrous,  nairow,  long-acumiiute,  much  exceeding  the  short  palets. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short  Stigmas  plumooe.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
acale  and  palet.    [Greek,  refemng  to  its  hedge-like  growth  alon^  ilitches] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  of  the  noith  tem> 
perale  zone,  one  in  Asia,  the  third  in  South  Amerii^a. 

I.   Phragmites  Phragmites  {!,.')  Karst. 
Reed.     (Fig.  420.) 
Arundo  PAragmi/es  L.  Sp.  PI.  8l.      :753. 
Phragmilcs  communis  Tnn.  Fund.  Agroat.  134.      1820. 
Phfogmiles  PhragmilesViaTil.  Deutsch.  Fl.  379.    1880-83. 
Culms  S°-!5°  tall,  erect,  stont,  from  long  horizontal 
rootstocks,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  overlap- 
ping, loose;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'-!°  long  or   more,   'A'-i'  wide,  flat   smooth,  gla- 
brous; panicle  6'-i°  long  or  more,  ample;  spikelets 
crowded  on  the  ascending  branches;  first  scale  i- 
nerved,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales  $"-6"  long,  3-nerved,    1 
long-acuminate,  eqtulling  the  hairs  of  the  rachilla. 

In  swampB  and  wet  places  nearly  throughout  the  United 
States,  extendingnorth  to  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba  and  Brit- 
ish Colnmbia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Rarely  ripen- 
inz  seed.    Aug. -Oct. 

61.  SIEGLJNGIA  Bernh.  Syst.  Verz.  Pfl.  Erf.  40. 
[Triodia  R,  Br.  Ptodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  ■:  18a.  1810.] 
Perennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  a- 
many-flowered,  the  floweis  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  5-maiiy,  rigid,  1-3- 
nerved;  the  2  lower  empty,  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  keeled;  flowering  scales  rounded  on 
the  back,  at  least  at  the  base,  the  apex  lobcd  or  toothed,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose,  and 
usually  excurrent  as  short  points  between  the  lobes  or  teeth;  palet  broad,  3-keeled.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet 
[Name  in  honor  of  Professor  Siegling,  German  botanist] 

About  30  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  recions;  a  few  in  tropical  America.    Besides 
the  toUowinE,  some  to  othere  occur  in  the  souUiem  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Intemodca  of  the  rachilla  lees  than  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  4'-io'  long.  !■  .S',  seslerioidcs. 

Panicle  spike-like,  the  branches  3'  long  or  less. 

Panicle  j'-i*"  long;  spikelets  numerous.  3.  .SI  tlricla. 

Panicle  I'-s'  long;  spikelets  tew.  3.  ■S'-  dtcumbens. 

Intemodes  of  the  rachilla  one-half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales.  4.  5.  purpurea. 

1.   Sieglingia  seslerioldes  (Michx.)  Scribn.     Tall  Red-top.     (Fig.  421.) 

Poa  seslerioldes  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  68.      1803. 
7>iDrfion(;>»niJ,F.lacq.EcloK.Grani,  a:ii.  pi.  16,   1814. 
Sieglingia  seslerioides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  5: 

^.      1894. 

Culms  J°-5''  tall,  erect,  somewhat  flattened,  simple, 
glabrous,  often  viscid  above.  Sheaths  sometimes  vil- 
lous at  the  summit,  the  lower  short,  overlapping  and 
crowded,  the  upper  longer,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
a,'-\°  long  or  more,  3"-6"  wide,  flat,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tip,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  6'- 
iS'  long,  the  branches  Anally  ascending  or  spreading, 
the  lower  4'-io'  long,  usually  (lividing  above  the  mid- 
dle; spikeleta  4-8-flowered,  3"-4"  long,  purple;  joints 
of  the  rachilla  short;  empty  scoles  glabrous,  obtuse, 
generally  slightly  3-toothed;  flowering  scales  oval,  the 
nerves  pilose,  excurrent  as  sbort  points. 

In  fields.  New  York  to  Kan&as.  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas,    July-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

a.    Sieglingia  stricta  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.     Narrow  Siegltngia, 
Windsoria  stn'cla  Nutt  Ttans.  Am,  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 

S:  ity.      1833-17. 
Tnoditt  Simla  Vaaey,  Spec.  Kept.  U.  S.  DcpL  Agnc. 

63;  35-      188^ 
Siegltngta  tincia  Kuntee,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  789.      1S91. 

Culms  i^'-^"  tall,  erect,  a  little  compressed, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  tbe  intemodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  bain; 
leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  flat,  long-acuminate, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spike-like  pan- 
icle s'-ii'  in  length,  the  branches  appressed,  the 
lower  I'-i'  long;  spilcelets  4-10-flowered,  1"-^" 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  nsnally  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  rarely  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales, 
aCDte,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  ovate,  the  nerves 
pilose  for  more  than  half  their  length,  the  middle 
and  often  the  lateral  ezcnrrent  as  short  points. 

Moist  soil,  Mississippi  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 
Joly-Oct. 

3.    Sieglingia  dec6iiibens  (L.)  Kuntze.     Heather-grass.     (Fig,  423.) 

Festuca  decumbens  I,.  Sp.  PI.  75.       175J, 
Triodia  decumbens  Beaav.  Agrost.  76.      1813. 
Sieglingia  decumbens  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  789.     1S91. 

Culms  (i'-i&'  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the 
base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes,  villous  at  tbe  sammit; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  usually  scabrous  above,  Ji"-i^"wide, 
the  basal  3'-6'  long,  those  of  the  culm  i'-3' 
long;  panicle  I'-a'  long,  contracted,  the  branches 
i'  long  or  less,  erect:  spikelets  3-s-flowered,  3"-5" 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  equalling  the  spikelet,  acute;  flowering  scales 
broadly  oval,  ciliate  on  the  margins  below,  obtusely 
3-toothed,  with  two  tufts  of  hair  on  the  callus. 


4.    Sieglingia  purpi^rea  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Sand-grass.     (Fig.  424.) 


Aira  purpurea  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.  1 
Trictispi!  purpurea  A.  Gray,  Man,  ; 
Sieglingia  purpurea  Kuntie,  Rev.  t 


1848. 


1.  PI.  789. 

Culms  1°-^"  tall,  erect,  prostrate  or  decumbent, 
smoothandglabrousor  the  nodes  pubescent.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes,  rough;  ligule  a  ring  of 
short  hairs;  leaves  ^'-i^'  long,  i"  wide 
rigid,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate;  panicle 
r-3'  in  length,  the  branches  rigid,  Anally  widely 
spreading,  the  lower  JC'-IJ^'  long;  spikelets  a-5- 
flowered,  3>i"-4"  long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla 
half  fts  long  as  the  flowering  scale;  lower  scales  gla- 
brous; flowering  scales  oblong,  a-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  lobes  eroae-tniitcate,  the  nerves  strongly  ciliate, 
the  middle  one  ezcurrent  as  a  short  point;  palets 
long-ciliate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel. 

In  sand,  especially  on  sea  beaches,  Maine  to  Texas, 
»nd  along  the  Great  Lakes,  Also  from  Nebraska  to  New 
Utxico.    Plant  acid.    Aug.-Sept. 


186 


GRAMINEAE. 


6a.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  14:  iM-  1887. 
A  tall  perennial  grata,  with  long  narrow  Imves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spikelct*  1-3- 
flowered,  the  floweis  all  perfect  Empty  scales  3,  abont  equal,  shorter  than  the  apikelet, 
i-nervcd;  flowering  Bcalea  mem  bra  Dona,  3-Derved,  with  a  ring  of  hain  at  the  ba*e.  Palet  a- 
nerved,  shorter  than  the  scale.  StameD*  3,  Stjlea  long,  distinct  Stigmas  abort,  pltimoM. 
Grain  oblong,  free.     [In  honor  of  John  H.  Redfield,  1815-1895,  American  natnralisL 

A  monotjpic  lentu  of  the  western  United  State*. 

I.  RedBeldia  flexudsa  (Thurb. )  Vasey. 
Redfieldia.     (Fig.  425.) 

Grahhtphorum  {t^fitxuoium  Thnrb.  Proc.  Acad- 

Phila.  1863:  78.      1861. 
Redfitldia  JtexHosa  Vaaey,   Bnll.  Torr.  Club,  u: 

133-      "Bfl?. 

Culms  iX°'4°  tall,  erect  from  a  long  horizon- 
tal rootstock,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short  and  overlap- 
ping, often  crowded,  the  upper  much  longer, 
ligule  a  ring  of  short  haiis;  leaves  i°-3°  long, 
i"-3"  wide,  involute;  panicle  ample  and  diffuse, 
8'-33'  in  length,  the  branches  finally  widely 
spreading,  flexuons,  the  lower  y-V  long;  apike- 
lets  about  3"  long,  1-3-flowered,  the  empty 
scales  acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scaica  with  a 
ring  of  haira  at  the  base,  minutely  scabronSr 
twice  the  length  of  the  empty  ones,  acute,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  cxcurreut  as  a  short  point. 

1  Colorado 
*pt. 

63.  DIPLAcHNE  Beauv.  Agrost.  80.  pi.  16.  f.  p.  1812. 
Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  long  slender  spikes  arranged  in  an  open  pan- 
icle, or  rarely  only  one  terminal  spike.  Spikelets  several -flowered,  narrow,  sessile  or 
•hortly  pedicelled,  erect  Two  lower  scales  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  acnte,  unequal; 
flowering  scales  1-3-nerved,  a-tootbed  and  mucronate  or  short-awned  between  the  teeth. 
Palet  hyaline,  a-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely 
enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  atoothed  flowering  scales.] 

19  of  both  hemispheres.    Besides  the  followiuK 
p^Btem  parts  of  North  America. 


I.   Dtplachne  fasciculSiris  (Lam.)  Beauv. 
(Fig.  426.) 

Festuca/ascicHlarii  Law,  Tab!.  Eucycl.  i:  189. 

179'. 
Dtplachne fascicularis^eaxiv.\^ost.  160.   :8l». 

Culms  i°-3fi°  tall,  erect,  ascending,  orroot- 
ing  at  the  lower  nodes,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  or  rough,  the 
upper  one  longer  and  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle;  ligule  \"-i"  long;  leaves  3'-i3' 
long,  V-y  wide,  slightly  scabrous;  panicle 
4'-la'  in  length,  often  exceeded  by  the  upper 
leaf,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the 
lower  a'-5'  long;  spikelets  5-10-flowered, 
3"-5"  long,  short-pedicelled,  erect;  lower 
scales  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel;  flow- 
ering scales  scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  margins 
toward  the  base,  3-nerved. 

Inbmckish  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Also  from  Missouri  and  Nebraska 
to  Mexico,  and  in  the  West  Indies.    AuK.-Oct. 


Salt-meadow  Diplachne. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  187 

64.  MOLJNIA  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  100.  1789. 
A  perennial  tnfted  grass,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inBoracence.  Spikelets 
2-4-flowered.  Two  lower  scales  emptf,  aomewhat  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
spikeletifloweringscalesmembraDoos,  rounded  on  the  back,  3-nerved;palets  scarcely  shorter 
than  thescales,  obtuse,  3-keeled.  Stameasa.  Stjlesshort.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain 
■oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet  [Kame  in  honor  of  Joh.  Igaaz  Molina,  Chilian 
missionary  and  natniollst.] 

A  monotypic  g«nns  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.  Molinia  coen^lea  (L.)  Moench.      Molinia. 

(Fig.  427.) 

Aira  coerulea  L.  Sp.  Fl,  63.      1753. 

Molinia  eoerulea  Moench,  Meth,  183.      1794. 
Culms  I'-sJi"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 

Sheaths  overlapping  and  confined  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
«nlni,  smooth  and  glabrous;  lignle  a  ring  of  very  short 

hain;  leaves  4'-!°  long  or  more,  i"-3"  wide,  erect,  acu- 
minate, smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above;  panicle 

S'-io*  in  length,  green  or  purple,  the  branches  usually 
-erect,  l'.^'  long;  spikeleta  2-4-flowered,  aJi"-4"  long; 
-empty  scales  acute,  nneqnal;  flowering  scales  about  a" 

longt  3-i)Crved,  obtuse. 

iiingly  intioduced  o 
Advcntive  from  Europe.    Aug. -Sept 

65.  ERAGr6sTIS  Beauv.  Agrost.  70.  //.  /#.  /.  11.  1812. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious,  from  a  few  inches  to  seversl  feet  in  height, 
the  apikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  a-many-fiowered,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened. Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  i-nerved, 
or  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved;  palets  shorter  than 
thescales,  prominently  3-uerved  or  3'keeled,  usually  penistiug  on  the  rachilla  after  the  fruit- 
ingscalehas  fallen.  Stamens  3  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek  etymologer  doubtful,  perhaps  signifying  a 
low  grass,  or  Lov£-grass,  an  occasional  Bnglisb  name.] 

A  genua  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  thronshoutall  warm  and  temperate  countries. 
Beaides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  AmeTica. 
<iilms  often  decumbent  at  the  base  and  generally  much  branched,  i  Jj"  tall  or  lens. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  \"-\%"  long. 

Culms  branched  only  at  the  very  base;  pedicels  and  blanches  of  the  panicle  long  and 

capillary.  i.  E.  capillaris. 

Culms  branched  above  the  base;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  short. 

a.  E.  Frankii. 
Spikeleta  s-maoy-flowe red,  iM"-8"  long. 
Spikelets  y/'  wide  or  less, 

Floweiing  acalea  thin,  uaually  bright  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint  or  wanting; 

apikelets  about  W  wide.  3,  E,  pilosa, 

Fhnreiing  scales  firm,  usually  dull  purple  or  green,  the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent; 
spikeleta  about  H"  wide.  4.  E.  PurshH. 

Spikelets  i"  wide  or  more. 

I^wer  flowering  scales  abont  Ji"  long;  spikelets  1"  wide.  g.  E.  Bra^roslis. 

Lower  flowering  scales  i"-i3i"  long;  spikeleta  i%"-iii"  wide.  6.  E.  major. 
Cwlma  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  rigid,  iJ4°-4^toll. 
Spikelets  not  clustered. 

Branches  of  the  open  panicle  widely  spreading,  at  least  when  old. 

Spikelets  cloaely  sessile.  7.  E.  sesiilispica. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

Pedicelslong,commonlyatleaatthelengthofthespikelets.    9,  E.  peclinacta. 
Pedicels  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  apikelets. 

Leaves  elongated ;  branches  of  the  panicle  long  and  slender;  apikelets  scattered, 

6-a5-flowered.  10.  E.  refracla. 

Leaves  not  elongated;  bmnches  of  the  panicle  short  and  stout,  rigid,  spikelets 
crowded,  s-is-floweted,  S.  E.  curlipatietUala. 

Brancliea  of  the  elongated  panicle  erect  or  ascending,  capillary,  somewhat  flexuous. 

1 1 ,  £■.  Iriekodet. 
Spikelets  clustered  on  the  very  short  erect  or  asceudinK  branches.  11.  E.  secundiflora. 

vuhas  extensively  creeping;  flowers  dioecious.  13.  E.  hypnoides. 


GRAHINBAB. 

.  Eragrostis  capilliris  (L.)  Nees.     Capillary  Eragrostis.     (Pig.  428.) 

Paa  capillaris  L.  Sp.  PI.  68,      1753. 

Poa  tenuis  Kll.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  is6.      1817. 

Eragrostis  capillarii  Nees.  Agrost.  Biu,  gcQ.      1819. 

Calms  %'-W  tall,  erect,  ileadeT,  spuinglr 
braacbed  at  the  bate,  amooth  and  glabroiu. 
Sheaths  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm,  glabroiu  or  sparingly  bairjr,  the  npper 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  lignte  a  ring  of 
very  short  hairs;  leaves  ^'-i</  long,  i"-a"  wide, 
long-acumiaate,  smooth  beneath,  scahrons  above 
and  sparingly  hirsute  near  the  base;  panicle  difihsc, 
4'-i5'  in  length,  the  branches  capillary,  spreading 
or  ascending,  i}i'-s'  long:  spikelets  ovate,  3-4- 
flowered,  little  flattened,  I'^-i^j"  long;  empty 
scales  about  equal,  acute;  flowering  acalcs  acntc, 
the  lower  ^"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 


2.  Eragrostis  Pr&nkii  Stcud.     Frank's  Era- 
grostis.    (Fig.  429.) 


Glabrous,  culms  6'-i5'  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  often 
decumbent  at  the  base,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  a'-s'  long,  i"-a"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;  panicle  i'-6'  in  length,  open,  the  \^^ 
branches  ascending,  the  lower  I'-iJi'  long;  spikelets 
ovate.  3-5-flowered,  i"-iji"  long;  empty  scales  acute, 
the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
acute,  the  lower  }("  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  moist  places,  southeastern  New  York  and  northern 
New  Jersey  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Mississippi,  Lonisiana 
and  Kansas.    Sept. -Oct. 

3.  Eragrostis  pildsa  (L.)  Beauv.     Tufted  Eragrostis,     (Fig.  430.) 

Poapilosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 

Poa  Caroliniana  Spreng.  Mant.  Fl.  Hal.  33.      1807? 

Eragrostis  pilosa  Beauv.  Agrost,  163.      l8lJ, 

Culms  (i'~i?i'  tall,  tufted,  erect,  slender,  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in^ 
temodes,  smooth,  sometimes  pilose  at  the  throat;  lig- 
ule a  ring  of  abort  hairs;  leaves  I'-s'  long,  1"  wide 
or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
2'-6'  in  length,  the  branches  at  first  erect,  finally 
widely  spreading,  I'-iJi'  long,  often  hairy  in  the 
axils;  spilcelets  5-1 2 -flowered,  iJi"-3"  long,  abont 
>i"  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  the  first  one-half  as  long 
as  the  second;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  }(" 
long,  thin,  usually  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint 
or  wanting. 

Waste  places  or  cultivated  ground,  sautbem  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois  and  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Naturaliied  from  Europe.     Aug, -Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


Eragrostis  refr&cta  (Miihl.)  Scribn.     Meadow  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  437.) 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
«nd  glabrous.  Sheatbs  overlappiag,  smooth  aad 
glabrous;  ligale  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  5'-i3' 
long,  l"-i"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above, 
and  villous  toward  the  base;  panicle  S'-ac/  long; 
branches  slender,  \'-\c/  long,  at  length  widely 
spreading,  the  axils  oflen  bearded;  spikclets  6-35- 
fiowered,  3^"-6"  long,  on  pedicels  shorter  than 
themselves:  emptj'  scales  acute,  the  first  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  very 
acute,  %"-x"  long,  the  lateral  uerves  prominent. 


Eragrostis  trichddes  (Nutt.)  Nash.     Hair-like  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  438.) 
Poa  Irichodes  Nutt  Trans.  Am.  Phil,  Soc.  (II,  j  5: 146. 

"833-37- 
Eragrostis  tenuis  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  i,  564.      1856. 

Not  Steud.  iSss.  no'  Po"  leHuis  Ell.  l3i7. 
Eragrostis  Irichodes  Nash,  Ball.  Torr.  Clnb,  M:  465. 

1895. 

Culms  3°-^"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  overlftpping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligale  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'-a8'  loDg,  i"-a"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
tip;  panicle  9'-i6'  in  length,  narrow  and  elong- 
ated, the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary, 
subdividing,  somewhat  flezuous,  3'-?'  long;  lower 
axils  sometimes  bearded;  spilcclets  usually  pale, 
3-10-flowered,  a>i"-4ji"  long;  lower  scales  very 
acute,  about  equal;  floweringscales  acute,  the  lower 
ones  i'4"-i}i"  long,  their  lateral  nerves manifesL 


Z3.  Eragrostis    secundifldra    Presl.     Clus- 
tered Eragrostis.     (Fig.  439.) 

Plcia  interrupta  Nntt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  Ji  146. 

^^33-37-     Not  Lam.  1791, 
E r-agroslis.  secundiftora  Ptesl,  Rcl.  Haenlt.  I:  376.      1830. 
^''tigroslis  oxyUpis  toTi.  Marcy'a  Report,  269.      1854. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect,  simple- 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  llgule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  a'-ia'  long,  i"-2"  wide;  panicle  i^'-6' 
™  length,  the  branches  yi'-i)i'  long,  erect  or  ascend- 
^'^8;  Bjnlcelets  crowded  or  clustered,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
strongly  flattened,  8-4o-flowered,  3"-io"  long,  i"- 
^H"  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  about  equal;  flowering 
stales  i}i"-IjC"  long,  acnte,  usually  purple-bordered, 
toe  lateral  nerves  prominent. 


Umisiai 


i,  south  to  Texas  and 


GRAMINEAB. 


,  Eragrostis  capiltluis  (L.)  Nees.     Capillary  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  428.) 


Poa  capHiaris  L.  Sp.  PI.  68,      1753. 

Pna  tenuis  mi.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  t:  156.      1817. 

Eragroslis  capUlarii  Neo,  AgToal,  Bras,  305.      1819. 

Calms  8'- 1 8'  talt,  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabroni. 
Sheaths  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  hue 
of  the  culm,  glabroiu  or  sparingly  hairf ,  the  apper 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  a  ring  of 
very  short  baire;  leaves  3'-io'  long,  i"-a"  wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabroas  above 
and  sparingly  hirsute  near  the  base;  panicle  difihse, 
4'-iS'  in  length,  the  branches  capillary,  apreading 
or  aacendicg,  \%'-h'  long;  apikelets  ovate,  3-4- 
flowered,  little  flattened,  \"-\yi"  long;  empty 
scales  about  eqnat,  acute;  flowering  scales  acute, 
the  lower  ^"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 


,  Eragrostis  Frfinkii  Steud.    Frank's  Era- 
grostis.    (Fig.  429. ) 


1855- 

Glabrous,  culms  (/-\^'  tall,  tufted,  eiect,  or  often 
decumbent  at  the  base,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  a'-s'  long,  i"-i"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;  panicle  i'-6'  in  length,  open,  the 
branches  ascending,  the  lower  t'-i^' long;  spikelets 
ovate,  3-5-flowered,  l"-lji"  long;  empty  scales  acute, 
the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
acute,  the  lower  ii"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  moist  places,  southeastern  New  Votk  and  uorttaem 
New  Jersey  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Mississippi,  Louisiana 
and  Kansas.    Sept. -Oct. 

3.  Eragrostis  pildsa  (I,.)  Beauv.     Tufted  Eragrostis,     (Fig.  430.) 

Fba  pilosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 

Poa  Caroliniana  Spreng.  Mant.  Fl.  Hal.  33.      1807? 

Eragrostis  pHma  Beauv.  Agrost.  163.      1S13, 

Culms  5'-iS'  tall,  lufted.  erect,  slender,  liranchcd, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodea,  smooth,  sometimes  pilose  at  the  throat;  li^ 
ule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-5'  long,  1''  wide 
or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
%'-(/  in  length,  the  branches  at  first  erect,  flnallv 
widely  spreadiDH,  I'-i'A'  long,  often  hairy  la  U»r 
ailla;  spikelcla  5- 13- flowered,  iii"-y  loag,  alnvt 
>i"  wid«;  lower  scales  acute,  the  first  oue-liair  ■■  iMg 
as  the  secoDt);  flowering  scales  acute,  tbe  % 
long,  thin,  usually  purplilli,  t^I 
or  wonting. 

Waste  place* - 
land  to  HUnolr 
Natmaliied  fti 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


191 


10.    Eragrostis  refrficta  (Muhl.)  Scribn.     Meadow  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  437.) 


Era^roslis  refracia  Scribn.    Mem.   Torr.  Club,  S:  49. 
'894- 

Culms  I'-s"  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth  and 
glabrons;  ligule  a  nng  of  short  hairs;  leaves  5'-i3' 
long,  i"-2"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above, 
and  yi lions  toward  the  base;  panicle  S'-ao'  long; 
branches  slender,  4'-io'  long,  at  length  nidely 
spreading,  the  axils  often  bearded;  spikelets  6-23- 
flowered,  a^'^-d"  long,  on  pedicels  shorter  than 
themselves;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  very 
acute,  %"-\"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 


Eragrostis  trichddes  (Nutt.)  Nash.     Hair-like  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  438.) 


Poa  Irichodes  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (11.)  $; 

1S33-37- 
EragrosUs  lenuti  A.  Gray,  Man.  Bd.  2,  564, 

Not  Steud.  185s.  nor  Poa  leuuit  Ell.  1817. 
Eragrostis  trichodts  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Clnb,  al: 


465- 

Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'-28'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
tip;  panicle  9'-36'  in  length,  narrow  and  elong- 
ated, the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary, 
subdividing,  somewhat  flexuoua,  3'-?'  long;  lower 
axils  sometimes  bearded;  spilcelets  usually  pale, 
3-10-flowered,  l'/i"-^%"  long;  lower  scales  very 
acute,  about  equal;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower 
ones  \%"-\^"  long,  their  lateral  n' 

In  dry  sandy  si 
south  to  Tennesse 


la.   Eragrostis    secundtfldra    Presl.     Clus- 
tered Eragrostis.     (Fig.  439.) 

f^a   inlerrupta  Nutt.  Trans.  Atn,  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5:  146. 

'S.33-37-     Not  Lam.  1791. 
Sr-as^roslis  secundiflora  Prcsl,  Rel.  Haenk.  1:  276.      1830. 
^'^Og-rostis  ojcyUpis  Toir,  Maicy's  Report.  169.      1854. 

SiQooth  and  glabrous,  culms  f/-'i°  tall,  erect,  simple. 
^"*aths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  I'-ii'  long,  i"-2"  wide;  panicle  iJi'-6' 
J**  length,  the  branches  yi'-iyi'  long,  erect  or  ascend- 
*'*8;  Bpikelets  crowded  or  clustered,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
*trongiy  flattened,  8-40-flowered,  3"-io"  long,  i"- 
*J^''  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  about  equal;  flowering 
*'^ea  iji"-lj("  long,  acute,  usually  purple-bordered, 
^ne  lateral  nerves  prominent, 

.«  (■ ■   "- 

LouUi 


193  GRAMINBAE. 

13.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.S.P.     Creeping  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  440.) 

flHi   hypnoides  Lam,  Tabl.   Eucycl.    i: 

185.  1791. 
Eragrostis  refilans  Nets,  Agroat  Bran. 

514-  1829. 
hragroslis  hybnotdii  B.S.P.  Prrl,  Cat. 

N.  Y.  69.     1S88. 

Culms  i'-i8'  long,  extensively 
creeping,  braactaed,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, tbe  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, i'-6'  high.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  tbe  intemodes,  villous  at  tbe 
summit;  lignle  a  ring  of  short  bairsi 
leaves  i'  long  or  less,  >i"-i"  wide, 
flat,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
apikelets  dioecious,  10-35- flowered, 
a"-8"long:  lower  scales  unequal,  the 
first  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  second;  flowering  scales  about 
\%"  long,  tbe  lateral  nerves  promi- 
nent; scales  of  the  pistillate  Bowers 
more  acute  than  those  of  the  stami* 

On  .tandy  or  gravelly  shoies.  Ver- 
mont and  Ontftria  to  Oregon,  south  to 
Florida  and  Mexico.  Also  in  the  West 
Indies,    Aug. -Sept. 

66.    EATONIA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  104.       1819. 

Tufled  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  aud  usually  contracted  panicles. 

Spikelets  2-3-flowered;  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers.     Two  lower  scales  empty, 

shorter  than  the  spikelcl,   tbe   first   linear,   acute,   i-nerved,   the   second   much  broader, 

3-nerved,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  acute,  the  margins  scarious;  flowering 


scales  narrower,  generally  obtuse.     Falet 
short.     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  free,  loosely 
Amos  Eaton,  1776-1842,  American  botanist.] 

A  genu!<  of  4  ot  5  species,  coniined  to  North  A 
Bmptf  scales  unequal,  the  first  shorter  and  about 

Second  scale  obovate,  often  almost  truncate. 

Second  scale  qblaneeolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly 
Empty  scales  equal,  the  lii —  --'  ' —  '' "■-■ 


3-nerved.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct, 
osed  in  the  scale  and  palet.     [In  honor  of 


iith  as  wide  as  the  second. 

I.  E.  oblasala. 

3.  E.  Pfnnsylvanictt. 

3.  E.  nitida. 


third  as  wide  as  the  second. 


,   Eatonia   obtusita    (Michx.)  A. 

Gray.     Blunt-scaled  Eatonia, 

(Fig.  441.) 

ira   oblusala  Michx    Fl    Bor    Am    t     63 


Ealon 


1S56. 


I  oblusala  I 


Gray    Man    Ld    : 


Culms  \°-i}i''  tall  erect  simple  often 
stout,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes  usually  more  or  less 
rough,  sometimes  pubescent  1  gulc  yi  i 
long;  leaves  I'-g'  long  i  4  wide  scab 
rous;  panicle  2'-6'  n  length  dense  and 
generally  spikelike,  strict  the  branches  i}4 
long  or  less,  erect  sp  kelets  crowded 
l!<"-tj^"  long;  emptj  scales  unequal  often 
purplish,  the  first  narrow  shorter  than  and 
about  one^xth  as  wide  as  the  obtuse  or 
almost  truncate  second  one;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  obtuse,  Jf"-l"  long. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


Eatonia  Pennsylvinica  (DC.)  A.  Gray. 
(Fig.  442.) 


Pennsylvania  Eatonia. 


Ealonia  Pttinsylvani 
1856. 


:a   DC.  Cat  Hoit.  MoDsp. 
a  A,  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  a,  ss8. 


Usually  j^labrouB,  culms  1"-^°  tall,  erect, 
•itnple,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  iutemodes;  ligule  H"  long;  leaves  ^14'-?' 
long,  i"-3"  wide,  rough ;  panicle  3'-7'  in 
length,  contracted,  often  nodding,  lax,  its 
braoctaea  I'-aJi'  long;  spikelels  i>i"-iji'" 
long,  nsually  numerous,  somewhat  crowded 
and  appressed  to  the  bnwcbes;  eraptj  scales 
unequal,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and 
alMut  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  obtuse  or  ab- 
ruptly acute  second  one,  which  is  smooth,  or 
somewhat  rough  on  the  keel;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  acute,  i%"  laag. 

In  hilly  woods  or  moist 
British  Colombia,  south  tc 
Texas.    Jnne-July. 


ir.t-finU  Femuylvinli 


ctitly  nearly  that  oF  the  typical  form. 


3.  Estonia  nitida  (Spreng. )  Hash.     Slen- 
der Eatonia.     (Fig.  443.) 

Aira  nilida  Spreny.  Fl.  Hal.  Mant.  i:  31.      1807. 
Eatnuia  Dudlryi  Vasey,   Coult.   Bot.  Caz.   11:  116. 


Eatonia  nilida  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  31:  jiii.    1895, 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-a°  tall,  erect,  very  slender, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
generally  pubescent;  ligule  %"  long;  leaves  %'~y 
long,  i"  wide  or  less,  often  pubescent,  the  upper- 
most very  short;  panicle  2'-6'  in  length,  lax,  the 
branches  spreading  at  flowering  time,  afterwards 
erect,  i'-a}i'  long;  spikelets  not  crowded,  1^" 
long;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  first  about  one- 
third  as  wide  as  and  equalling  the  second,  which 
is  obtuse  or  almost  truncate,  often  apiculate ; 
flowering  scales  narrow,  i"-iV"  long,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  smooth. 


67.   KOELERIA  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.      1805. 

I'ufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  setaceous  leaves  and  mostly  spike- 

'^^^  panicles.    Spikelets  3-5-flowered.    Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute,  unequal, 

1^^^'  KBTious  on  the  margins;   tbe  flowering  scales  3-5-nerved,     Palet   hyaline,  acute, 

l-Ke«l^      Stamens  3.     Styles  very  short     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 

***e  and  palet    [In  honor  of  Georg  Ladwig  Koeler,  German  botanist] 

,     About  15  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.    The  following,  which  n "-'-  " — 

"*"»•,  occurs  in  N^"    '■-- 


GRA.HINBA.B. 

1.  Koeleria  cristita  (L. )  Pers.     Koeleria. 
(Fig-  444-) 

Aira  crislala  L.  Sp.  PI.  63.      :7S3- 
KoeUria  crislala  Pert.  Syn.  i:  (ff.       1805. 
Korlrria  nilida  Nutt.  Gen.  t:  74.      1818. 
Koeleria crislalavvt. gracilis k.  Gr»y,  Hbd.  591.     1S42. 
Culms  I'-afi"  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid,  stDootb, 
ofien  pubescent  juit  below  the  pBoicle.     Sheattu 
often  shorter  than  the  intcmodea,  smooth  or  tca- 
broua,  sometimes  hirsute;  lignle  ^"  long;  leaves 
I'-u'  long,  yi"-iyi"  wide,  erect,  flat  or  invo- 
lute, smooth  or  rough,  often  more  or  less  hinnte; 
panicle  \'-Y   in   length,  pale  green,  nsually  con- 
tracted or  BpilEc-like,  the  branches  erect  or  rsrel)' 
ascending,  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets  i-s-flowered, 
2"-3"  long,  the  scales  rough,  acute,  the  empty  onei 
unequal;  flowering  scales  i%"-i"  long,  shining. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Ontario  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania.  Nebraska. 
Texas  and  Califoraia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Very 
variable.    July-Sept. 

68.  CATABROSA  Beauv.  Agrost.  97.  //.  19.  f.  8.  1812. 
A  perennial  grass,  with  sod  flat  leaves  and  an  open  panicle.  Spikelets  usnalljr  a-flow- 
ered.  Two  lower  scales  emptj,  thin -membranous,  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  un- 
equal, rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  flowering  scales  membranous,  eroae-trnncate.  Palet 
barely  shorter  tban  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  erose  top  of  the  flowering  scales.] 


Catabrosa    aquMica   (L.)    Beauv. 
Water  Whorl-grass.      (Fig.  445.) 

157.  i8n. 
Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms4'~3°  tall,  erect,  from 
a  creeping  base,  bright  green,  flaccid.  Sheaths 
usually  overlapping,  loose;  ligule  i;i"-2^"  long; 
leaves  iJi'-S'  long,  t"-3"  wide,  flat,  obtuse;  pan- 
icle \'-%'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  whorled, 
spreading  or  ascending,  very  slender,  %'-2'  long; 
spikelets  I  J("-'JC"  long,  the  empty  scales  rounded 
or  obtuse,  the  first  about  half  as  long  as  the  second, 
which  is  crenulate  on  the  margins;  flowering  scales 
i"-\.%"  long,  3-nerved,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex. 

south  lo  Nebia: 
and  Asia. 

69.  MELICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  66.      1753. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  usually  soft  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  I -several- flowered,  often  secund,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowera  and  usnally 
bearing  a-3  empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  scales,  convolute  around  each  other.  Two  lower — 
scales  empty,  membranous,  3-5.nerved;  flowering  scales  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  7-13 — 
nerved,  sometimes  bearing  an  awn,  the  margins  more  or  less  scarious;  palets  broad,  shorteC 
than  the  scales,  two-keeled.  Stamens  three.  Styles  distinct  Stigmas  plumoM.  Grait^ 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet  [Name  used  by  Theophrastua  for  Sorghum;  said  to  b^s 
in  allusion  to  the  sweet  culms  of  some  species.] 

About  30  sprcies,  inhabiting  temperate  regions.    Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occn-*" 
in  the  Rock;  Mountains  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Second  scale  much  shorter  than  the  3-^-Qowered  spikelets. 

Spikelets  few;  branches  of  the  panicle  spreading  or  ascending;.  i.  M.  diffusa. 

Spikelets  usually  numerous;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect,  a.  M.  ffartHflorm- 

Second  scale  nearly  equalling  the  2-flowered  spikelet.  3.  M.  tHvttta. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 

I.   McUca  difPi^sa  Pursh.     Tall  Melic-grass.     (Fig.  446-) 
Melica  allissima  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.      1788.     Not  L. 

&(6.      1867- 

Culms  i>j°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
the  lower  ofteu  overlapping;  tignle  i"-3"  long; 
leaves  4'-?'  long,  a"-4"  wide,  rough;  pan- 
icle 6}4'S)i'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  i}4'-3'  long; 
spilcelets  usuallj  numerous,  about  3-flowered, 
4ji"-5ji"  long,  nodding,  on  slender,  more  or 
less  fiexuotts  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  basal 
scales  very  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  generally 
mnch  exceeded  by  the  spilcetet;  flowering  scales 
3ji"-4>i"  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  scabrous. 

Pennsylvania  to  Missouri,  south  to  Vii^nia, 
Kentucky  and  Teias.    May-June. 

2.    Melica  parviRdra  (Porter)  Scriba.     Small  Melic-grass.     (Fig.  447.) 

Metica  mulica  var.  parviflora  Porter;  Porter  & 

Coulter,  Fl.  Colo.  149.      1874. 
Melica  Porteri  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1885;  44. 

Pt.  I.    /.  17,  iS.     188s. 
Melica  parviflora  Sciibn.  Mem,  Torr.  Club,  S:  50. 

1894. 

Ctilms  i>i''-a>i'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  overlapping, 
more  or  less  rough;  ligule  1"  long;  leaves 
S'-t/  long,  \"-i"  wide,  rough;  panicle  5'-?' 
in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the 
lower  i'-3'  long;  spikeleta  few,  4-5-flowered, 
l,"-(>yi"  long,  nodding,  on  somewhat  flexuons 
strongly  pubescent  pedicels;  lower  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acutiata,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  mnch  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flower- 
ing scales  3ji"-4"  long,  acutish,  scabrous. 

and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and 


3.    Melica    mi^tica    Walt.       Narrow 
Melic-grass.     (Fig.  448.) 

J^tlica  mutica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.      17SS. 
3ftHca  mulica  var.  glabra  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  3, 
«56.      1867. 

Cttlms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  usually  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  over- 
lapping, rough;  ligule  \"-i"  long;  leaves 
'****g'h,  4'-9'  long,  i"-5"  wide,  panicle  3ji'- 
'O.K'  in  length,  narrow,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  I'-i'  long;  spikelets  about  i-flow- 
""*^>  3Ji"-4>i"  1°°?.  nodding,  on  more  or  less 
"^'nions  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  scales  very 
"*'«d,  acutish  to  obtuse,  the  first  shorter  than 
"**  second,  which  is  nearly  aa  long  as  the  spike- 
'**  Of  sometimes  equals  it;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4  long,  generally  very  obtuse,  scabrous. 
„^n  rich  soil.  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  south  to 
e-July. 


in  nch  soil.  Pennsylw 
"oTidaand  Texas.    Juti 


196 


GRAMINEAE. 


70.    KORYCARPUS  Zea,  Act.  Matrit.       1806. 
[DiARiNA  Raf.  Jouni.  Bot.  1;  169.     1S09.] 
[DiARRHENA  Beauv.  Agriist  143.     1812.] 
Erect  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  aad  narron  paniculate  or  racemose  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  tbe  rachilla  readily  disarticulating  betncen  the  flowen.     Upper  scales 
empty,  convolnte.     Two  lower  scales  empty,  the  first  narrow,  3-nerved,  acute,  the  second 
broader,  s-nerved;  flowering  scales  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  acuminate  or  mucronate, 
rounded  on  tbe  back,  finally  coriaceous  and  shining,  3-acrved.     Palet  3. keeled     Stamens  a, 
rarely  i.     Styles  short,  diatinct.     Stigmas  plumose.     Grain  beaked,  free.     [Greek,  io  allu- 
sion to  tbe  beaked  grain.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following:  North  American,  the  other  Japanese. 

I.   Korycarpus  di^ndrus  (Michx.)  Kuiitze.    American  Korycarpus. 
(Fig.  449.) 

67.   fii.  10.    180,1. 

%.     pi.    25-  /    ". 


Ftsluca  diandra  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i 
Korycarpus  arundinaeiHS  Zea,  Act.  Mi 
Diarrhena  Americana  Beauv.  Agrost. 


1R12. 
Korycarpus  diandrus  Kuntie,  Rev,  Gen.  PI.  771.      1891. 

Culms  J^/i'-i"  tall,  erect,  simple,  very  rough  below  the 
panicle.  Sheaths  overlapping,  confined  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  culm,  smooth  or  a  little  rough  at  the  summit. 
sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  &'-n' 
long,  5"-^"  wide,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually 
scabrous;  panicle  often  reduced  to  a  raceme,  2'-t%'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect,  I'-a'  long;  ipikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  6"-8"  long,  the  lower  scales  unequal,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  much  exceeded  by  the 
spikelet;  flowering  scales  somewhat  abruptly  acuminate; 
palets  shorter  than  the  scales  and  exceeded  by  the 
beaked  grain. 

In  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Kansas,  south  to  Georxia,  Tennes- 
see and  the  Indian  Territory.    AuR.-Sepi. 

71.    PLEUROPOGON  R.  Br.  App.  Parrj-'s  Voy.  289.      1824. 

Erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  racemose  inflorescence.  Spikelets  5-14-flowered; 
flowers  perfect,  or  tbe  upper  staminate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  thin-membran- 
ous, l-nerve<I,  or  the  second  imperfectly  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  longer,  membranous, 
7-nerved,  the  middle  nerve  excurrent  as  a  short  point  or  awn.  Palet  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  scale,  a-keelcd,  the  keels  winged  or  appendaged.  Stamens  3.  Styles  sbort.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  tbe  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  side-beard,  from  tbe  append- 
ages to  the  palets.] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  arctic,  the  others  Califomian. 

I.  Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.   Sabine's 
Pleiiropogoa.     (Fig.  450.) 

Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.  App.  Party's  Voy.  189. 

Smooth,  culms  6'  or  less  tall,  erect,  simple, 
glabrous.  Sheatbs  one  or  two;  ligule  \"  long; 
leaves  %'-i'  long,  erect,  glabrous;  raceme  I'-i' 
in  length;  spikelets  3-6,  5-8-flowered,  about  5" 
long,  on  spreading  or  reilexed  pedicels  \"  or 
less  in  length;  lower  scales  smooth,  the  first 
acute,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  second;  flowering 
scales  oblong,  i"-3^"  long,  erose-truucate  at 
i  summit,  scabrous,  the  midnerve 
excurrent  as  a  short  point;  palet 
slightly  shorter  than  the  scale,  truncate  and 
somewhat  3-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn- 
like appendage  on  each  keel  near  the  middle. 

Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New,     Summer. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


197 


7a.    UNIOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.       1753. 

Erect  and  often  t&ll  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  3-m any- flowered,  flat,  3-edged,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  ataminate. 
Scales  flattened,  keeled,  sometlnies  winged,  rigid,  usuatlj  acute;  the  lower  3-6  empty,  un- 
equal; the  flowering  scalea  many-nerred,  the  uppermost  scales  often  smaller  and  empty; 
palets  rigid,  a-keeled.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  com- 
pressed, free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet  [Name  diminutive  of  unus,  one,  of  no 
obvious  application.] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following.  2  others  occur  in  the  sDUtheastcm 
I'nited  States. 

Spikelets  about  K'  in  length;  panicle  spike-like.  1.  C.  laxa. 

Spikelets  eieeedinK  H'  in  length ;  panicle  open. 

Panicle  lax,  the  branches  pendulous;  spikelett  on  lonK  capillary  pedicels,      a.   U.  lali/olia. 

Panicle  strict,  the  branches  etecl,  rigrid;  spikelets  on  short  stout  pedicels. .     3.   U.  panUulata. 

I.    Uniola  16xa  (L.)  B.S.P.     Slender  Spike-grass.     (Fig.  451.) 


fx 


{  -Hioia  la.va  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  69,  18S8. 
Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i>j°-4° 
tall,  erect,  simple,  slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
sliort;  leaves  5'-i5'  long,  l"-3"  wide, 
usually  erect,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long 
tip,  smooth  or  slightly  rough ;  pan- 
icle spike-like,  4'-ia'  in  length,  erect, 
strict,  or  nodding  at  the  summit,  the 
branchea  erect,  t'-3'  long;  spikelets 
sbort-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  3-6- 
flowered.  about  3"  long;  lower  scales 
much  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones, 
'Which  are  i^"-2"  long,  acuminate, 
Spreading  in  fruit;  palet  arched,  about 
t-wo-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale;  stamen  i. 

Sandy  soil,  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania 
^nd  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  ■ 
>nostly  neat  the  coast.  Ascends  to  900  Ft.  in 
^?^orth  Carolina.    Aug. -Sept. 


Uniola  latifdlla  Michx. 
leaved  Spike-grass.     (Fig.  452.) 

C'niola   lali/olia   Miehi.    Fl.    Bor.    Am.    1:   70. 
1803. 

Culms  a°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  yi"  long,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  4' -9'  long,  %'-i'  wide,  flat,  narrowed 
into  a  somewhat  rounded,  often  ciliate  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  smooth,  excepting  on 
the  margins;  panicle  lax,  S^'-lo'  in  length, 
its  branches  filiform  and  penduloua,  the 
lower  a'-5'  long;  spikelets  many-flowered, 
oblong  to  ovate,  Ji'-iX'  'oig.  OQ  long  cap- 
illary pendulous  pedicels;  lower  scales  much 
smaller  than  the  flowering  ones,  which  are 
4fi"-6"  long,  ciliate-hispid  on  the  winged 
keel;  stamen  i. 

In  moist  places.  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends 
to  2000  ft.  In  North  Carolina.     Aug. -Sept. 


GRAMINEAE. 
3.   Uniola  panicuUta  L.     Sea  Oats.     (Fig.  453.) 

Uniola  fianiculala  L.  Sp,  PI.  71.      1755. 

Glabrous  thoroughout,  culma  3°-8°  tall, 
erect,  aimple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often  longer 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs 
about  %"  long:  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  aboDt 
X'  wide,  involute  when  dt7,  attentiate  into  a 
long  slender  tip;  panicle  9'-!°  in  length  or 
more,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  strict, 
rigid,  the  lower  2%'-^'  long;  apikclels  manj- 
flowered,  short-pedjcelled,  ovate  to  oval  when 
mature,  }i'-i'  long;  lower  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  flowering  ones,  which  arc  4"-5" 
long  and  scabrous  on  the  keels;  stamens  3. 

In  sands  of  the  seacoast,  Viijinia  to  Florid* 
and  west  to  Texas.  Also  in  the  West  Indies  and 
South  America.  Spikelets  persistent  into  the 
winter.    Oct -Nov. 


73.  DISTICHLIS  Raf.  Joum.  Phys.  89:  104.  1819. 
Dioecious  graasea,  with  rigid  culms  creeping  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  flat  ( 
lute  leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  flattened,  more  n 
the  staminate  plants  than  on  the  pistillate,  6-i6-flowered;  rachilla  continuous  in  the  atam- 
iaate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistillate.  Two  lower  scales  empt]',  narrow,  keeled,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  flowering  ones;  flowering  acales  broader,  many-nerved,  acute,  rigid;  palets. 
a-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas 
long-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  paleL  [Greek,  signifying  two-ranked, 
probably  in  reference  to  the  spikelets.] 

or  alkaline  soil;  one  of  thera 


I.   Distichlis  spicdta  (L.)  Greene.     Marsh  Spike- 


Uniota  sPicala  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 
DislichltS  marilima  RaJ.  Joum.  Phys.  89:  104.      1819. 
Uniola  slricla  Tory.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  155.      1814. 
Dislicklit  ipicaia  Greene,   Bull.  Cal.  Acad.  J:  415. 
r887. 

I  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 


Glabrous  throughout,  cnlms  3'-3°  tall,  erect 
from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  or  often  decumbent  at' 
the  base.  Sheaths  overlappiug  and  ofleti  crowded; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  %'-f^  long. 
X"~-i'i  wide,  flat  or  involute;  panicle  dense  and 
spike-like,  ^'--1%'  in  length,  the  branches  i' 
long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  6-i6-flowered,  4"-9" 
long,  pale  green;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-3- 
nerved,  two-tbirds  as  long  as  the  3-5-nerved 
second  one;    flowering    scales    \%"-i)i"   long. 

On  salt  meadows  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
Maine  to  Florida,  in  saline  soil  Ihroughout  the  inle- 
rioT,  and  on  the  Pacific  coast  north  to  British  Columbia. 
The  main  figure  is  thatof  the  staminate  plant.  June- 
Aug. 


(Fig.  454) 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


199 


74.   BRIZA  L.  Sp.  PL  70.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  rarely  coutracted 
»anicles.  Spikelets  large/ flattened,  tumid,  many-flowered,  nodding,  the  flowers  perfect, 
tcales  thin-membranous,  strongly  concave,  the  2  lower  empty,  3-5-nerved,  somewhat  un- 
tjual;  flowering  scales  imbricated,  broader  than  the  empty  ones,  5~many-nerved;  uppermost 
cales  often  empty;  palets  much  shorter  than  the  scales,  hyaline,  2-keeled  or  2-nerved. 
>tamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  usually  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
ind  palet.     [Greek  name  for  some  grain,  perhaps  rye.] 

About  12  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  and  temperate  South  America. 


Perennial;  ligule  }4"  long  or  less,  truncate;  spikelets  5-12-flowered,  2" -2 54"  long. 
Vnnual;  ligule  i"  long  or  more,  acute;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  i"-iH"  long. 


1.  B.  media. 

2.  B.  minor. 


I.    Briza  mddia  L.     Quake-grass.     Quaking  Grass.     (Fig.  455.) 


Bri^a  media  t,.  Sp.  PI.  70.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6^-2^  tall,  erect, 
from  a  perennial  root,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  ^^^  long  or  less, 
truncate;  leaves  i^-y  long,  1^^-2)4^^  wide;  pan- 
icle i>i^-5^  in  length,  the  capillary  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  1^-2 }4'  long;  spikelets 
2^^-2}^^^  long,  orbicular  to  deltoid-ovate,  5-12- 
flowered;  scales  scarious-margined,  the  lower 
ones  about  i'^  long;  flowering  scales  1^^- 
1%'^  long,  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  widely 
spreading. 


In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ontario  to  Massachu- 
setts and  Rhode  Island.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.    June-July. 


2.   Briza  minor  L.     Lesser  Quaking 
Grass.     (Fig.  456.) 

Briza  minor  L.  Sp.  PI.  70.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4^-15''  tall,  erect 
from  an  annual  root,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  \^'-2/^  long,  acute; 
leaves  1^-5'  long,  \^^-a/^  wide,  sometimes  sca- 
brous; panicle  2^-5''  in  length,  open,  the  capil- 
lary branches  spreading  or  ascending,  i''-2>^' 
long;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  \^^-\)i'^  long, 
about  2'^  broad,  truncate  at  the  base;  scales 
scarious-margined,  the  lower  ones  about  \^' 
long;  flowering  scales  much  broader  and  deeply 
saccate,  about  }i''  long. 

In  ballast  and  waste  places  about  Camden,  N.  \. ; 
common  in  California,  and  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  America.  Adventive  or  naturalized  from 
Enrope.    June-Tuly. 


200  GRAMINEAE. 

75.  DACTYLIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  71-  i753- 
A  tell  perennial  gross,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered,  short-pedicelled,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate. 
Two  lower  scales  empty,  tbin-membraaous,  keeled,  unequal,  mucronate;  flawccing'  scales 
larger  than  the  empty  ones,  rigid,  5-ncrved,  Iceeled,  the  midnerve  extended  into  a  point  or 
short  awn;  palets  shorter  tbau  the  scales,  3-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dutincL  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  osed  by  Pliny  for  some  grass 
with  finger-like  spikes]. 

A  monotypic  ^nus  or  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.   Dactylis  glomer&ta  L.     Orchard 
Grass.     (Fig.  457.) 

Daclylii  glomerala  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  tnfled,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  or  rough;  ligule  i"-i"  long; 
leaves  3'-g'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  flat,  scabrous; 
panicle  3'-8'  in  length,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending  in  flower,  erect  in  fmit,  the  lower 
I'-i^'  long,  spikelet- bearing  from  above  or  be- 
low the  middle;  spikelets  in  dense  capitate  clus- 
ters, 3-5-flowered;  lower  scales  1-3-nerved,  the 
first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
a"-3"  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short-awned, 
citiate  on  the  keel. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  South  Carohna  and  Kansas, 
Naturalized  from  Europe  and  (cultivated  for  fodder. 

June-July. 

76.   CYNOStlRUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  72.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  dense  spike-like  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  in  small  clusters;  lower  spikelets  of  the  clusten  consisting  of  nar- 
row empty  scales,  with  a  continuous  racbilla,  the  terminal  spikelets  of  2-4  broader  scales, 
with  an  articulated  rachJIla  and  subtending  perfect  flowers.  Two  lower  scales  in  the  fertile 
spikelets  empty,  i-ncrved,  the  flowering  scales  broader,  i-3-nervcd,  pointed  or  short-awned; 
upper  scales  narrower,  usually  empty.  Scales  of  the  sterile  spikelets  pectinate,  spreading, 
all  empty,  linear-subulate,  i-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  loosely 
plumose.  Grain  finally  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  dog's  tail,  referring  to 
the  spike.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.    Cynosurus  cristitus   L.     Dog's-tail 

Grass.     (Fig.  458.) 


Cynosurus  crislalas  I,.  Sp.  PI.  72. 


'753. 


Culms  i°-2ji°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes; 
ligule  J4"  long,  truncate;  leaves  i)4'-S'  long,  J^"-2" 
wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  spike-like  panicle  2'-4'  in 
length,  2>4"-6"  wide,  long-cxserted;  spikelets  ar- 
ranged in  clusters,  the  terminal  fertile,  the  lower 
larger  and  sterile;  scales  of  the  former  about  ij^" 
long,  pointed  or  short-awned,  the  scales  of  the  sterile 
spikelels  very  narrow,  pointed,  strongly  scabrous  on 
the  keel. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  south- 
ern New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Adventive  from  Europe. 
June- Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


SOI 


77.  POAL.  Sp.  PL  67.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  cootracted  or  open  pan- 
icles. Spikelets  3-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous;  flowers  perfect,  or 
rare1j>  dioecious.  Scales  metnbmnous,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty,  1-3-nerved;  the  flower- 
ing scales  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5- 
nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the  dorsal  one;  paletsa  little  shorter 
than  the  scales,  i-nerved  or  a.keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palet.     [Name  Greek,  for  grass  or  herbage.] 

(;enu9  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  in  alt  tempeTatf  and  cold  regions.     The  Engr- 
"'     ' '* —  — ^plied  ■ ■  -'  "  *         -........• 


:i  most  of  the  species.    Besides  the  following  »i 


>  api 
y>  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Low  annual  or  biennial  grasses,  the  culms  11'  tall  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  distinctly  s-nerved,  not  webby  at  the  base. 
Flowering  scales  j-nerved,  or  obscurely  5-nerved,  webby  at  the  base. 
Perennials,  mostly  with  tall  culms  (Nos,  4-^  low). 

Grasses  of  far  northern  or  high  mountain  regions,  generally  low. 

Leaves  short;  panicle -branches  short,  generally  widely  spreading. 
Leaves  longer,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex. 
Spikelets  less  than  3"  long. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  erect,  smooth,  slender,  lax. 
Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent. 
Flowering  scales  strongly  pubescent  all  over. 
Branches  widely  spreading,  flexuous.  smooth. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  rough,  erect  or  ascending. 


Low. 


■  flower 


long. 


II.  P.  nemnra/is. 


Lower  flowering  scale  a"  long.  ._.  _    „ 

Spikelets  exceeding  3"  in  length.  la.  P.  glumarii. 

Grasses  not  delusively  of  far  northern  or  high  mountain  regions;  culms  generally  tall. 
Cnlms  strongly  flattened.  3.  F.  compiessa. 

Culms  terete  or  but  slightly  Rattened. 

Panicle  lax;  branches  long,  slender,  naked  halt  their  length,  usually  widely  spre 
Basal  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm. 

Pedicels  commonly  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Flowering  scales  obscurely  nerved;  spikelets  1  !j"-i"  long.    13.  P.  ft 
Flowering  scales  prominently  nerved. 
Lateral  nerves  silky -puber 


Spikelet! 


^t  P^p 
long;  flowering  scales  minutely  pubescent  below 
-     -    liguleacute.  -     *'  ■-     "■'   - 


tely  pub 


nailing  or  n 


Flowering  scales  rt_    ._ _.      -    ,-- 

Not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubescent  below.  15.  P.  auliitnnaiis. 

Webbed  at  the  base,  glabrous.  14.  P.  debilis. 

Flowering  scales  obtuse  or  acute,  webbed  at  the  base. 

Flowering  scales  about  i5i"  long,  often  pubescent  between  the  nerves 

toward  the  base,  16.  P.  iyh'Cslris. 

Flowerinn  scales  1  W"-i"  long,  glabrous  between  the  nerves; 

Obscurely  nerved,  very  acute,  midneri'e  pubescent  toward  the  base. 

17.  P.  aliodes. 
Plainly  nerved;  nerves  pilose.  18,  P.  U'olfii. 

Basal  leaves  about  equalling  the  culm;  culm  leaves  short.     19.  P.  brevi/olia. 
Panicle  contracted;  the   branches  short,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  spikelet-bcaring 
nearly  to  the  base;  western  species. 


Flowering  s< 
Flowering  scales 


ery  pubescent  below  between  the  silky-pubesc 

■ao,  P.  arida. 
r  quite  glabrous,  11.  P.  Bnctieyana. 


I.  Poa  itnnua  L.     Anntial  Meadow  Grass. 

I,ow  spear-grass.     (Fig.  459. ) 
Poa  annua  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 

Calms  3'-i°  tall,  from  an  annual  root,  erect  or 
decumbent  atthebase,  somewhat  flattened  smooth 
Sheaths  loose,  usually  overlapping;  ligule  about 
l"  long;  leaves  }i'~i'  long,  H"-'^'A"  wide 
•mooth;  panicle  ii'~\'  in  length,  open,  branches 
aprettdiufc.  V'~'^'  loiS>  naked  at  the  base  spike 
leta  3-5-flowered,  iji"-iji"  long;  lower  scales 
•inootli,  the  first  narrow,  acute,  i-nerved  about 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  broad  aod  obtuse  3 
twrvcd  second  one;  flowering  scales  i\"-\'4" 
long,  distinctly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose  below 
S  and  cultivated  places  nearly  throughout 
"     \   from    Europe     Natue 


GRAHINEAB. 


a.   Poa  Chepmaniiina  Scribn.     Chapman's  Spear-grass.     (Pig.  460.) 


PtM  cHslala  Cbapm.  Fl.  S.  SUb 

W«lt.      1788. 
Poa   Chapmaniana  Sciibn.   Ball.  Torr.  Club, 

1894- 


[86a.    Ka 
38- 


Cnlma  3'-6'  Ull,  erect  from  an  aiiDn*l  root, 
simple,  rigid,  imootb  and  gUbron*.  Sheaths 
tight,  moaUy  at  the  base  of  the  calm;  ligale  yi" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  >i'-i'  long,  >i"  wide  or  leM, 
smooth;  panicle  I'-a'  in  length,  the  branches, 
nsuslly  erect,  sometimes  spreading  or  ascending, 
%'  long  or  leas,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-7- 
flowered,  \%"-\%"  long;  lower  scales  abont 
equal,  3-uerved,  acute;  flowering  acalcs  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  3-nerved.  sometimes  with  two  ad- 
ditional obscure  nerves,  the  prominent  ones  some- 
timea  piloae  for  three-fourths  their  length. 


3.   Poa  comprissa  L*     Wire-grass.     Flat-stemmed 
Blue-grass.     (Fig.  461.) 

Aa  compressa  L.  Sp.  PI.  69.     175J. 

Pale  blnisfa-gieen,  glabrons,  culms  6^-2°  tall,  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  from  long  horizontal  roolstoclu,  smooth, 
much  flattened.  Sheaths  loose,  flattened,  shorter  than 
the  intemodes;  ligule  )i"  long;  leaves  i'-4'  long,  abont 
i"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  usu- 
ally contracted,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  i' 
long  or  less,  spikelct-bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spike- 
lets  3-9-flowered,  i>i"-3"  long;  lower  scales  acute,  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  \"-\%"  long,  obscnielj  3- 
nerved,  the  nerves  sparingly   pubescent    toward    the 


Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounda  and  woods  almost 
tbrouRliont  Noith  America.  Ascends  to  aioo  rt.  in  Virginia. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  Varies  from 
k  and  slender  to  quite  stiff.    Jnne-Aug. 


English 


4.   Poa  abbrevidta   R.    Br.      Low  Spear- 
grass.     (Fig.  462.) 

Poa  abbreviala  R.  Br.  Bot.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  987.     181*, 

Culms  6'  tall  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  crowded  at  the  base- 
of  the  culm;  ligule  >i"  long;  leaves  }i'-\'  long, 
}i"  wide;  panicle  contracted,  Ji'-i'  long,  branches- 
very  short  and  erect;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  a^" 
long;  tower  scales  acute,  smooth  and  glabrons; 
flowering  scales  about  i^"  long,  obtnae,  strongly 
pubescent  all  over,  the  intermediate  nerves  very- 
obscure. 


Pacific.     Summer. 


a  from  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the 


5-  Poa  l&xa  Haenke. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

Wavy  Meadow-grass. 

(Fig.  463.) 


Mountain  Spear-grass. 


Foa  laxa  Haenke,  in  Jirasek,  Beob.  Riesengeb.  iiS. 
1791. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  1°  tall  or  less,  erect, 
«iniple.  Sheaths  often  overlapping;  ligule  about 
i"  long;  leaves  I'-j'  long,  fi"-i"  wide,  acumi- 
nate; panicle  i'-3'  in  length,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  sometimes  ascending,  i'  long  or  less;  spike- 
lets  3-5-flowered,  2"-2}i"long;  lower  scales  usn- 
ally  3-nerved,  acute,  glabrous,  rough  on  tbe  keel 
at  its  apex;  flowering  scales  iii"--i^"  long,  ob- 
tuse, 3-ueTTed,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional 
pair  of  obscure  nerves,  the  midnerve  pilose  on  tbe 
lower  half,  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  pilose  for 
one-third  their  length. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mooDtaina  oF  New 
EoEland.  to  Manitoba  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Colorado.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


6.  Poa  alplna  L.     Alpine  Spear-grass. 
(Fig.  464.) 


Poa  alpiHa  L.  Sp.  PI.  67. 


1753- 


Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4'-i8'  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  lignle 
i"  long,  truncate;  leaves  l'-3'  long,  i"-a"  wide, 
abruptly  acute;  panicle  i'-3'  in  length,  the  branches 
generally  widely  spreading,  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets 
3-5-flowered,  2ii"-^"  long;  lower  scales  broad,  gla- 
brous, rough  on  the  keel,  acute;  flowering  scales 
about  2"  long,  obtuse,  pilose  for  half  their  length, 
pubescent  between  the  nerves  toward  the  base. 


ind  Asia.    Summer, 


7.   Poa  cenisia  All.     Arctic  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  465.) 


.FOa  cenisia  All.  Auct.  Fl.  Ped.  40.      17S9. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4'-i5'  tall,  erect,  slen- 
iler,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  lig- 
tilei"  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves  i'-4'long,  %"-i" 
"wide;  panicle  i'-4'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  gen- 
erally widely  spreading  and  more  or  less  fiexuous,  i'- 
'Ji'  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  i>i"-3ji"  long; 
^^wer  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  i-3-ncrved;  flowering 
■cales  about  a"  long,  faintly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  short- 
pilose  on  the  lower  half,  minutely  pubescent  between 
^^  nerves,  somewhat  webbed  at  the  base. 


(•reenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska.    Also  in  Bnrope. 


GRAMINUAB. 
Kentucky  Blue-grass.     June  Grass.     (Fig.  466. ) 

Poa  />ratensi$  I,.  Sp.  PI.  67.       1753. 
Paa  prafensis  var.  anguslifolia  Knnth,  Bnum.  1:  35J. 
"833- 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-4°  tall,  from  long  ninning 
rootstocke,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
longer  than  the  intemodesi  lignle  }^"  long  or  lew, 
tntncatei  leave*  smooth  or  rough,  >i"-3"  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  3'-6'  in  length,  the  basal  much 
longer*  panicle  z)j'-S'  in  length,  usual] j  pyram- 
idal, the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  some- 
times flenoous,  i'-3'  long,  divided  and  spikelet- 
bcaring  above  the  middle;  spilceleta  3-5-&owcred, 
i"-2}i"  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales 
acute,  the  lower  unequal,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  keel,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  \}i"  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5- 
nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  silky- 
pubescent  below,  the  intermediate  ones  naked. 
In  meadows,  fields  and  woods,  alnioM  throughout  North  America.    Widely  cultivated  for  hay 

and  pasture.    Also  in  Kurope  and  Asia.    In  North  A  me  riea  probably  indiEenousonlyin  the  northern 

and  mountainous  regions.     Variable.     June- Aug. 

g.  Poa  pseudopratinsis  Scribn,  &  Ryd. 
Prairie  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  467.) 

Culms  i°-a^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  tbe  intemodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  rough;  ligule  3"  long,  acute, 
decnrrcnt;  leaves  i"-3"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  a 
little  rough  above  and  on  tbe  margins,  those  of 
the  culm  i'-3ji'  long,  the  basal  (/-!&  in  length; 
panicle  2'-5'  long,  open,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  I'-a'  long;  spikelcts  3-5-flowered, 
3"-4"  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower  scales 
nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved  ;  flowering  scales 
acutish,  about  i>i"  long,  rough  above,  s-nerved, 
pubescent  between  the  nerves  t»elow,  the  marginal 
nerves  and  midnerve  silky- pubescent  about  half 
their  length. 

Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  to  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 


10.  Poa 


triviilis  L.     Roughish  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  468.) 
Poa  trivialis  L.  Sp.  PI.  67.      1753. 

Culms  I'-s"  tall,  nsually  more  or  less  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  rough;, 
ligule  a"-3"  long,  acntish;  leaves  a '-7'  in  length, 
i"-2"  wide,  generally  very  rough;  panicle  4'-6'  long, 
open,  the  branches  usually  spreading  or  ascending, 
I '-a' long;  spikelets  2- or  sometimes  3-flowered,  i}j" 
long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales  acute,  theempty 
basal  ones  rough  on  the  keel,  tbe  lower  i-ncrved, 
shorter  than  the  3-nerved  upper;  flowering  scales  i"- 
^yi"  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  mid- 
nerve silky-pubescent  below,  the  lateral  nerves 
naked,  the  intermediate  ones  prominent 

In  I 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


II.   Poa  gladca  Vahl.     GlaucousSpes 


PMCi 


Vahl,  Fl.  Dan.     pi.  964.     1790. 
I.  E.  Smith,  Eng.  BoL    pi.  1719. 


Calms  6'-]°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid,  glabrous, 
somewhat  glaacons.  Sheaths  overlapping,  confined 
to  the  lower  half  of  the  cnlm;  ligule  i"  long;  leaves 
I'-a'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  panicle  I'-i'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  }i'-l}i'  long;  spikelets  3-4- 
flowered,  i}i"-i"  long;  empty  basal  scales  acute, 
3-nerTed,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  i^"-i^"long,  obtnseoracut- 
ish,  rough,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  the  lower  half  of 
the  midnerve  and  marginal  nerves  silkj-pubescent, 
the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  and  occasionally 
sparingly  pubescent  at  the  base. 

Also  in  Europe. 

12.  Poa  nemorEllis  L.    Wood  Meadow-grass. 
Northern  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  470. ) 

5p.  PI.  69.      I75i 
I^ia  caesia  vai.  siriclior  A.  Gray,  Man,  Ed.  5,  639.      :867. 

Culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  sometimes 
rigid,  smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  intemodea;   ligule  %"-l"   long,  truncate; 
leaves  ('-4'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  or 
rough;    panicle   i'-^'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
:>r  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  I'-a'long;  sptke- 
■5-flowered,  \%"~-2%"  long;  lower  scales  acute 
i-3-nerved;  flowering  scales  obtuse  or 
long,  faintly  s-nerved,  somewhat  webby 
at  base,  fhe  midnerve  and  the  marginal  nerves  silky- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half 

Anticosti  Island  to  Britisli  Columbia,  south  to  Maine, 
innesota,  South  Dakota,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
Colorado.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 

13.   Poa  flitva  L.     False  Red-top.     Fowl  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  471.) 
{^■ajiava  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.     175,1- 
f*=»*3  lerolina  Ehrh,  Beitr.  6:  S3.     1791. 

CZulms   I'/i's"   tall,  erect,  simple   or  rarely 

tw~^nched,  smooth,  glabrous.     Sheaths  usually 

<u<3tter  than  the  intemodes,  smooth  and   gla- 

'""Ous;   ligule   i"-2"   long;   leaves   j'-6'  long, 

''"''—»"  wide,  smooth  or  rough;  panicle  h'-iy 

'  u>     length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  as- 

cending,  a'-s'  long,  divided  and  spikelet-bear- 

'™K  above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowercd, 

'^"-j"  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower 

'^^es  acute,   glabrous,    rough    above    on    the 

^**1,  the  lower  usually    i-nerved,   the   upper 

S^Ueired;    flowering   scales    obtuse,   somewhat 

w«bbj  at  the  base,  i"-!'^"  long,  silky-pubes- 

c^aton  the  lower  half  of  the  marginal  nerves 

uid  the  midnerve,  the  intermediate  nerves  ob- 

*We  or  wanting. 

In  swampy  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Vancouver  Island,  south  tc 
kUinois  and  NeMaska.    Also  in  Europe  aud  Asia.    July-Aug. 


206 


GRAMINBAB. 


14.   Poa  d^bilis  Torr.     Weak  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  472.) 


Poa  debilis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  459.      1843. 

Culms  i°~2>^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  somewhat 
flattened,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
much  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  yi'^-x''  long; 
leaves  \'-^%'  long,  i^^  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  be- 
neath, rough  above;  panicle  2^-6^  in  length,  open, 
often  nodding  at  the  top,  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, sometimes  spreading,  xyi'-^/  ^^^%\  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  \%''-2f'  long,  their  pedicels  longer;  empty 
scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  i -nerved,  shorter  than 
the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  \%''  long, 
obtuse,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the 
nerves  naked. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania  and 
Wisconsin.    June-Aug. 


15.   Poa  autumn^Us  Muhl.     Flexuous  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  473.) 

Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  159.    1817.' 
Poa  flexuosa  Muhl.  Gram.  148.    1817.    Not  J.  E.  Smith. 
1803. 

Culms  i°-3**  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodes; ligule  %''  long;  leaves  i^^  wide  or  less, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  those  of  the  culm  i^^- 
6^  long,  the  basal  much  longer;  panicle  3^-9^  in 
length,  the  branches  long  and  slender,  spikelet-bearing 
at  the  extremities,  2^-5^  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 
lyi''-}/^  long;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first 
i-nerved,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  broad  3-nerved 
second;  flowering  scales  rounded  or  retuse  at  the 
apex,  i>i^^-2'^  long,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  part,  5-nerved,  the  midnerve  silky- 
pubescent  for  three-fourths  its  length. 

In  woods,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    March-May. 

16.   Poa  sylv6stris  A.  Gray.     Sylvan  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  474.) 

Poa  sylvesiris  A.  Gray,  Man.  596.      1848. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly 
flattened,  smooth,  glabrous.     Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  intemodes;  ligule  %^^  long  or  less;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,    \'^-2f'   v^de,   those  of  the— 
culm  i>^^-6'  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer;  pan — 
icle  3^-7^  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, I  ^-3^  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  i^'-i^'  long;  empty  basal  scaler 
acute,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  longer  and  3— 
nerved;  flowering  scales  about  iX^'  long,  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  often  pubescent  below,  5-nerved,  the 
midnerve  pubescent  nearly  its  entire  length  and  the 
marginal  nerves  below  the  middle. 

In  thickets  and  meadows,  New  York  to  Wisconsin, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  I^ouisiana  and  Kansas. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  sometimes  reflexed  when  old. 
June-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  207 

17.   Poa  alsddes  A.  Gray,     Grove  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  475.) 

I^oa  aliodes  A.  Graj,  Man.  Ed.  a,  56a.      1856, 

Calms  8'-2^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  nsaally  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  li£i)le  a"  long;  leaves  usually  rough,  i"-a" 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  i'-%'  in  length,  the  basal 
longer;  panicle  i}i'S'  in  length,  the  branchea  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  i  }4'-y  long,  spike  let-bearing  at  the 
ends;  apikelets  3-3-flowered,  about  a}i"  long;  scales 
very  acute,  the  empty  basal  ones  unequal,  the  lower 
i-nerved,  the  upper  3-DeTved;  flowering  scales  about 
3"  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  the  midnerre  pubescent 
near  the  base,  the  marginal  nerves  naked,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  very  faint 


18.   Poa  Wdlfii  Scribn.     Wolfs  Spear-grass. 

(Fig.  476.) 
Poa  U^olfii  Scribn.  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  ai;  228.    1894. 

Culms  a°-3''  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule 
}4"  long;  leaves  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above,  those  of  the  culm  2'-4'  in  length,  the 
basal  mnch  longer;  panicle  3'-&'  in  length,  lax,  its 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  flezuous,  i}i'-2}i'  long; 
spikelets  1-4-flowered,  2}4"-i"  long;  scales  acute, 
the  lower  unequal,  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
about  1"  long,  copiously  webbed  at  the  base,  s-nerved, 
the  marginal  and  midnerves  silky-pubescent  for  more 
than  half  their  length,  the  intermediate  nerves  promi- 
nent, naked. 

Illiuoia.  Tennessee  and  Kansas. 


19.    Poa  brevifdlia  Muhl.     Short-leaved  Spear-grass, 

'^a  btevi/olia  Muhl.  Gram,  138.      1817. 

Culms   I'-i"  tall,   erect  or   spreading,   slender, 

^*aooth.  glabrous.     Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 

^^^ternodes;   ligule  yi"-l}i"  long;   leaves  smooth 

"WOeath,  rough  above,  i"-a"  wide,  abruptly  acute, 

"•^iae  of  the  culm    >a'-4'  long,  the   uppermoet 

*^*Iietimes   almost  wanting;   basal  leaves  usually 

^l^talling  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm;  panicle 

Pi'-^'  in  length,  open,  the   branches  ascending, 

Widely  spreading  or  often  reflexed,   l}i'-3'  long, 

•pikelet-bearing  at  the  ends;   spikelets  3-6-flDW- 

*'*^,  3)i"~3)i"  long;  empty  txisal  scales  unequal, 

•"^te,  glabrous,  the  lower  i-uerved,  the  upper  3- 

nerwd;   flowering  scales   slightly  webbed  at   the 

**■*.  3"-3fi"  long,  obtuse,  5-nerved,  the  keel  and 

'"At^al  nerves   sparingly   pubescent,   the  inter- 

^"'diate  nerves  prominent,  naked. 


(Fig.  477-) 


TwiBMsee. 


1  Illinois,   south   to    North    Carolina   and 


GRAMINEAB. 


Poa  6rida  Vasey.     Prairie  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  478.) 


Fba  andina  Nutt  •  S.  Wati.  Bot  King's  Exp.  3S8.     1871.    Not 

Trin.      1836. 
Poa  arida  Vasey,  CotiU.  U.  S.  NaL  Herb,  i:  170.     1893. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  «imple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  nstiallj  overlapping,  stnooth  or  some- 
what rooghish;  ligule  \"-t"  long,  scute;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  Ji"-i"  wide,  flat  or  folded,  pun- 
gently  pointed,  those  of  the  culm  %'-\'  long,  erect,  the 
basal  leaves  3'-6'  long;  panicle  contracted,  a'-j'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect,  spikelet-bearing  nearlj  to  the 
base,  \%'  long  or  leas;  spikelets  4-7-flo*eTed,  2ji""3>i" 
long;  lower  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  x%"-i"  long,  erose-tmncate  at  apex,  strongly 
silky'pubescent  00  the  nerves  for  bslf  their  length,  the 
lower  part  very  pubescent  between  the  nerves;  interme- 
diate nerves  very  obscure. 

On  piaitieH,  Kansas  to  Utah,  north  to  British  Atncrica. 
July-Sept. 


ai.   Poa  Buckleyina  Nash.     Buckley's  Spear- 


Poa  UauifoHa  Buckle;,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  IS63:  96.    1S62. 

Not  A.  Rich.    1851. 
Poa  Buckleyaita  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  u;  465-      1895- 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sbeaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  lignle 
a"-3"  long,  acute;  leaves  i'-t('  long,  about  i"  wide, 
erect,  flat,  or  becoming  involute,  smooth  or  rough; 
panicle  i'-4' in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect, 
iji'  long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base; 
apilcelets  a-j-flowered,  i"-},"  long;  scales  acute,  the 
lower  nearly  equal,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  flowering 
scales  about  %"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  sparingly 
pubescent  on  the  nerves  below,  sometimes  slightly 
hispid  toward  the  base  between  the  nerves. 

Kansas  to  California,  north  to  British  America.    Jnly- 


(Fig.  479.) 


33.   Poa  glumdris  Trin.     Large-flowered  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  480. ) 

Poa  glumarii  Trin.  Hem.  Acad.  St.  Peterab.  (VI.)  i:  379. 
1831. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect  or  as- 
aurgent,  simple.  Sheaths  loose,  usually  shorter  than 
the  intemodes;  ligule  '/i"  long,  truncate;  leaves 
4'-io'  long,  i"-4"  wide;  patricle  4'-io'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  I'-a'  long;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  4"-6"  long;  lower  scales  about  equal,  acute, 
slighty  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  1-3-iierved,  the 
second  3-aerved,  rarely  5-nervcd;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4"  long,  usually  acutish,  scabrous,  5-7-ncrved,  pubes- 
cent at  base  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  midnerve  and 
lateral  nerves,  not  webbed. 

Island  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Quebec  and  Alaska. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  209 

78.  DUPONTIA  R.  Br.  Parry's  Voy.  App.  290.     1824. 

Low  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  generally  narrow  panicles,  Spilceleta  3-4-flowered,  the 
flowers  all  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales,  mem- 
branous; flowering  scales  entire,  membranous,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.    Stigmas  plumose.     [Name  in  honor  of  J.  D.  Dupont,  French  botanist.] 

Two  arctic  species,  both  circumboreal. 


I.   Dupontia  Fisheri  R.  Br.     Fisher's 
Dupontia.     (Fig.  481.) 

Dubonlia  Fisheri  R.   Br.  Parry's  Voy.   App.   »fl. 
ii(34. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  5'-I2'  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  overlapping;  ligule  i"  long  or 
less;  leaves  \'-fi'  long,  i"-i"wide|  flat;  panicle 
Dsually  contracted,  I>i'-3^'  long,  the  branches 
less  than  i  yi'  long,  erect,  or  sometimes  ascend- 
ing; spitelets  few,  about  i- flowered,  3"-4"  long; 
empty  basal  scales  thin,  generally  acute,  the  first 
i-nervcd,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  usually  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
often  vanishing  at  about  the  middle;  flowering 
scales  aJi"-3"  long,  i-nerved  or  obscurely 
3-nerved;  basal  hairs  about  yi"  long. 


79.    SCOLOCHLOA  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  i:  136.     1827. 

Tall  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spilcelets  i-^-Sow- 
ered,  the  flowers  perfect  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  3-5-nerved;  flowering 
scales  rigid,  with  a  tuft  of  haiis  at  the  base,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  some  of  the 
nerves  usually  ezcuirent  as  short  points;  palets  about  equalling  the  scales,  a-neirved.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  hairy  at  the  apex.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
rickle-like   projecting  nerves  of  the  flowering- scales.] 

Species  3,  in  the  north  temperate  zones  of  both  continents. 


I.    Scolochloa  festuc&cea  (Willd.) 

Link.     Fescue  Scolochloa. 

(Fig.  482.) 

AruHdo/eslucacta  WilM.  Enum.  i;  126.     1809. 

Scolochloa  fcstucacea   Link,  Hort.   Berol.   i:  137. 

1827. 

Graphiphorunt  /eslucaceftH  A.   Gray,  Ann.   Bot. 
Soc.  Can.  1:57.    1861. 

Culms  3°-5°  tall,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  often  overlapping;  ligule  i"-t"  long; 
leaves  7'-i*  long  or  more,  i"-a,"  wide,  flat,  sca- 
brous on  the  margins;  panicle  S'-ia'  in  length, 
usually  open,  the  branches  ascending,  naked  at 
the  base,  the  lower  %'-\'  long;  spikelets  3"-4" 
long;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second;  flowering  scales  scabrous, 
7-nerved. 

D  Hauitoba  and  As- 


2IO 


GRAMINEAB. 


80.  GRAPHEPHORUM  Desv.  BuU.  Soc.  Philom.  2:  189.     1810. 

Slender  erect  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  a  usually  contracted  nodding  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  flattened,  the  rachilla  hirsute  and  extending  beyond  the  flowers.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales,  Uiin-membranous,  acute, 
keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  obscurely  nerved,  entire,  sometimes  short-awned  just 
below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous.  [Greek, 
pencil-bearing,  referring  to  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  rachilla.] 

Two  known  species,  natives  of  northern  North  America.  Other  Mexican  srrasses  are  referred 
to  this  g^enus  by  authors. 


I.  Graphephorum  melicoideum  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Graphephonim. 

(Fig.  483.) 

Atra  melicoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  x:  62.     1805. 

Grabhephorum  melicoideum  Beauv.  Ag^rost.  164. 
pi.  75.  /.  8.      1812. 

Dupontia  Cooleyi  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  556.      1852. 

Graphephorum    melicoides  var.   major  A.   Gray, 
Ann.  Hot.  Soc.  Can.  i:  57.      1861. 

Culms  i°-2>^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough  just 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  intemodes,  smooth,  or  the  lower  often 
villous;  ligule  \''  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves 
i>^^-9'  long,  \''-2''  wide,  long-acuminate, 
rough;  panicle  2^-6^  in  length,  the  top  usually 
nodding,  the  branches  erect,  1^-2^  long;  spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  2>^^'-3^'  long;  scales  scabrous 
on  the  keel,  the  empty  ones  tmequal,  the  first 
I -nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the 
3-nerved  second;  flowering  scales  3-5-nerved, 
acute. 

In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  Island  to  Ontario,  south  to 
Maine  and  Michigan.    Aug. -Sept 


81.  PANICULARIA  Fabr.  Enum.  Hort.  Helmst.  373.     1763. 

[Glyceria  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  179.      1810.] 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  often  tall,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  few-many-flowered,  terete  or  somewhat  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or 
acute,  1-3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-9-nerved,  the 
nerves  disappearing  in  the  hyaline  apex.  Palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales,  rarely 
longer,  2-keeled.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  smooth,  en- 
closed in  the  scale  and  palet,  free,  or  when  dry  slightly  adhering  to  the  latter.  [Latin, 
referring  to  the  panicled  spikelets.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  in  North  America,  a  few  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  4"  long  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  very  broad,  obscurely  or  at  least  not  sharply  nerved. 
Panicle  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  often  drooping. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  i"  long. 
Spikelets  5-12-flowered;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  i  J4"  long. 
Panicle  contracted,  the  branches  erect. 
Flowering  scales  narrow,  sharply  and  distinctly  7-nerved. 
Panicle  elongated,  its  branches  erect  or  appressed. 

Panicle  not  elongated,  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  rarely  erect. 
Scales  about  i"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Spikelets  iM"  long  or  less;  branches  of  the  panicle  often  drooping. 

5.  P.  netvata. 
Spikelets  2"-3"  long;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  spreading. 

6.  P,  Americana 
Scales  1 5i"-i  J^"  long,  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex.                7.  P,  pallida. 

Spikelets  linear,  6"  long  or  more. 

Flowering  scales  i  ^"-3"  long,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  obtuse  palet.  8.  P.  Jluilans, 

Flowering  scales  about  4"  long,  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  palet 

9.  P.  acuiiflora. 


1.  P.  laxa. 

2.  P.  Canadensis. 

3.  P.  obtusa. 

4.  P.  elongata. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


1.  Panicularia  t&xa  Scribn.     Northern  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  484.) 


J^inii^laria  lax-a  Sciiba-VM. Ton.  C\\lb,tl:  s}-    iSgf. 

GIvferia  laxa  Scribn.;  Redf.  &  Rand,  Fl.  Mt.  Desert, 

180.    1S94. 

Culms  a°-4''  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  rough ;  ligule 
Ji"-i"  long;  leaves  8'-i5'  long,  i"-i,"  wide,  very 
rough;  panicle  7'-9'  in  length,  the  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  the  lower  3'-6'  long;  spikelets  3- 
5-flowered,  about  2"  long;  empty  scales  unequal, 
scarious,  acute,  i-nerved,  the  first  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  second;  flowering  scales 
broad,  about  i"  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  second 
scale,  obtuse,  obscurely  7'nerved. 


IT  wet  soil,  Haine  to  Pcnnsylva 


Aug. 


2.    Panicularia  Canadensis  (Michx. )  Kuntze.     Rattlesnake  Grass. 

(Fig.  485.) 


1:366.  1831. 

Panicalaria  Canadensis  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.  1S91. 
Culms  a°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  shghtly 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  those 
at  the  base  of  the  culm  overlapping;  ligule  1"  long, 
truncate;  leaves  6'-!"  long  or  more,  i"-\"  wide, 
rough;  panicle  5fi'-io'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading,  ascending  or  often  drooping,  lJi'-5'  long; 
spikelets  5-ia-flowered,  aJi"-4"long,  flattened,  tur- 
gid; empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  i-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales,  broad,  \%"-i"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
obscurely  7-nerved. 

In  swamps  and  marshes,  Newfoundland  and  New 
Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey. Ohio  and  Kansas.  The  handsomest  species  of  the 
genus.   Ascends  to  jooa  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  July-Aug. 


3.    Panicularia  obtOsa  (Muhl.)  Kuntze.     Blunt  Manna- 

Ftxtobtusa  Muhl.  Gram.  :47.     1817, 

Glvtiria  oblusa  Trin.  Mem.  Acad,  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 

3«6.      183I. 
Fimicularia  obtusa  Kuntie,  Rev.  Gen.  PI,  783.      1B91. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Slicaths  sometimes  rough,  strongly  striate,  the  lower 
"▼eiUpping;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  6'-I5'  long,  2"- 
>,"  vide,  usually  stiff,  erect  or  ascending,  smooth  be- 
aeath,  more  or  less  scabrous  above;  panicle  s'-y  in 
length,  contracted,  dense,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets 

1-7-flowered,  a"-3"  long;  empty  scales  acute,  scari- 

■>W,  I-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  i%"  long,  broad, 

<**<»*,  obscurely  7-nerved. 

Io«wam(i8,  New  Brunswick  to  New  York  and  central 
"Wnylvania,  south  to  Delaware  and  Maryland.  Ascends 
™  5300  ft.  in  the  Catakill  Mountains.    Julj-Aug. 


(Fig.   486.) 


GRAMINBAE. 

4.  Pantcularia  etongdta  (Torr.)  Kuntze. 
Long  Manna-grass.      (Fig.  487.) 

Poa  eltingala  Torr  Fl,  V.  S.  i:  III.       1824. 

Glyceria  elongala  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St  Petcnb.  i: 

68.      1836, 
Panicuiaria  elongala.  KunUe,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  78J.     :89l. 

Culms  3'''3°  tal],  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodes;  ligule  V"  long;  leaves  lai,  6'-ia'  long, 
i^"-3"  wide,  long-acuminate,  sniootb  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  elongated,  contracted,  nar- 
row, usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  6^-13'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect  or  appreased,  \'~i%' 
long;  spikelets  3-4-flowered,  i>i"-a"  long;  emp^ 
scales  unequal,  acute,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  about  I "  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctlj 
7-nerved. 

In  wet  woods,  Newfanndland  to  Quebec  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  Ascends 
to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.    Aug. -Sept 


(Fig..488.) 


5.  Panicuiaria  nervdta  (Willd.)  Kuntze.    Nerved  Manna- 

Poa  ncniata  Willd.  Sp.  P).  i:  389.       ^^^&. 

Glyceria  nirvala  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 

1:36s.       183:. 
Panicuiaria  nervata  Kuntze,  Rev,  Gen.  PI.  783.    :89l. 

Culms  \°-'^  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
tcTTiodes,  usually  more  or  less  rough;  ligule  %" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  6'-i2'  long,  2"-$"  wide, 
acute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3^-8'  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  filiform,  spreading,  as- 
cending or  often  drooping,  rarely  erect,  2'-s'  long; 
spikelets  3-7-flowered,  i"-ifi"  long;  empty  scales 
obtuse,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  j^"  long, 
obtuse  or  rounded,  with  7  sharp  distinct  nerves  and 
evident  furrows  between. 

In  wet  places,  NewFoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Klotida  and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Virginia.    Panicle  often  puiple.    June-Sept. 

6.  Panicuiaria  Americina  (Torr.)  MacM.     Reed  Meadow-grass.     Tall 
Manna-grass.     (Fig.  489.) 

Poa  agualica  var.  Americana  Totr.  Fl.  U.  S. 
i8it. 
I  \\\\\    «   «/  y^/  a\        Glyceria  grandis  S.   Wats,   in  A.  Gray,  Man. 

\1  ^f>    yyA\    Jti:..,:'x- 


ndis  S.   Wats,   i 

Atnericana  MacMillan,  Met  Minn.  81. 


Culms  3''-5°  tall,  erect,  stout,  simple,  smootb 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  smooth,  or  some- 
times rough;  ligule  \"-2"  long,  truncate;  leaves 
y'-i"  long  or  more,  3"-8"  wide,  usually  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  ^-is'  in  length, 
its  branches  spreading,  ascending  or  rarely  erect, 
4'-8'  long;  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  i"-'^"  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  r-nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
i"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  sharply 
and  distinctly  7-nerved,  the  furrows  between  the 
nerves  evident. 


vet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south --  _. 

;,  Ncbtaska,  Colorado  and  Nevada,    Ascends 
I.  in  Pennsylvania,     June-Aug. 


Ten- 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


213 


7.   Panicularia  pallida  (Torr.)  Kuntze.     Pale  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  490.) 


Windsoria  Pallida  Ton,  Cat.  N.  Y,  91.      18:9. 
airceria  pallida  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petereb.  i: 

6S.    1S36. 
I^nicularia  pallida  Kuatxe,  Rev.  Gen.  P\.7S3.     1891, 

Pale  green,  culms  1°-^°  long,  aasurgent,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  intemodes;  ligule  2"-3"  long,  acute;  leaves 
j'-fr*  long,  i"-j"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above;  panicle  iji'-?'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading,  ascending  or  rarely  erect,  often  flexu- 
ous.  I'-i'  long;  spikelets  4-S-flowered,  !5i"-3>i" 
long;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  i-nerved,  ob- 
tuse, shorter  than  the  3-nerved  and  truncate  sec- 
ond; flowering  scales  i;4"~iyi"  long,  truncate 
and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  sharply  and  distinctly 
;-nerved,  with  plain  furrows  between  the  nerves. 

In  shallow  water,  New  Bruuswick  to  Ontario,  south 
to  Virginia,  Tennessee  and  Indiana.  Aacends  to  3000 
ft.  in  Pennsylvania.    Ju1y-Ai^. 


■8.    Panicularia  flilitans  (L.)  Kuntze.     Floating  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  491.) 

Hull.  1:179.   iBlo. 
n.  PI.  782.      i8qi. 


Ffsluca  fluiians  I,.  Sp.  PI.  75.  17 
Glyccriajlaitans  R.  Br.  Prodr,  Fl.  t 
Panicularia  Jluilans-K.Mn\zt:,  Rev, 

Culms  a^-s"  long,  flattened,  erect  or  decumbent, 
usually  stout,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous,  often  root- 
ing from  the  lower  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  generally 
overlapping,  smooth  or  rough;  ligule  2"-i"  long; 
leaves  s'-i"  long  or  more,  j"-6"  wide,  scabrous, 
often  floating;  panicle  g'-ifi"  long,  the  branches,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  at  first  appressed,  later  ascend- 
ing, and  3'-6'  long;  spikelets  linear,  7-13-flowered, 
4"-ia"  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  i-nerved,  the 
lower  acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  obtuse  or  truncate; 
flowering  scales  iK"~3"  long,  oblong,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  sharply  7-nerved. 


In  wet  places  1 
Columbia,  south 

California,     Also 


r  in  water,  Newfoundland  to  British 

0  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Iowa  and 

1  Europe.     July-Sept. 


<>.    Panicularia  acutifldra  (Torr.)    Kuntze. 
Sharp-scaled  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  492.) 

Olyceria  acaliflora  Torr.  Fl.  U,  S,  1:  ia(.      1834. 
Panicularia  acatifiora  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen,  PI.  783.      1891. 

Culms  I  "-2°  tall,  flattened,  erect  from  a  decumbent 
'x'K,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose, 
ii*n«a31y  a  little  exceeding  the  internodes,  smooth 
"d  glabrous;  ligule  2"  long,  truncate;  leaves  3'-6' 
"S.  3"-y'  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above ; 
Panicle  y-ia'  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ap- 
Pf^ssed,  2'-4'  long;  spikelets  linear,  5~i2-flowered,  i'- 
'tf'  long;  empty  scales  acute,  smooth;  flowering 
**lea  abcmt  4"  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous,  «- 
***4«d  by  the  long-actmiinate  palets. 

Tennis, 


214 


GRAHINEAB. 


82.  PUCCINELLIA  Pari.  Fl.  Ital.  i:  366.  1848. 
Feretinial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicleB.  Spike- 
lets  s-several-flowered.  Lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or  acDte,  unequal;  flowering  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  vety  obscure  or  almost  wanting. 
Palet  about  equalling  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Stjles  wanting.  Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plu- 
mose. Grain  compressed,  usually  adhering  to  the  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Benedetto 
Puccinelli,  Italian  botanist.] 

About  14  species,  in  all  temperate  regions. 
Panicle  open,  its  t)ranches  spreading  or  oscendiOK,  larely  erect, 

I.ower  flowenng- scales  I  ^"-3"  long;  plant  stoloniferous.  i.  P.  marilima. 

l:,ower  flowering  scales  i^J"  long  ot  less;  plants  not  stoloniferous. 

Second  emplj;  scale  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  btoad,  obtuse  or 

truncate;  spikelets  crowded,  i.  P.  distani. 

Second  empty  scale  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  narrow,  obtuse  or 
acute;  spikelets  not  crowded.  3.  P.  a'       "'  " 

Panicle  contracted,  it"  "^  "     '    "         "       "'      "       "'  -■    -..-.. 


a  branches  erect,  rarely  ascending;  northern  species. 


4.  P.  aitguslala. 


I.    Puccineltia    maritima    (Huds. ) 
Pari.    Goose-grass.    Sea  Spear- 
grass.     (Fig.  493.) 

Foa  maritima  Huds,  Fl,  Angl.  «■     176*. 
Glyceria  marilima  M.   &  K.  Deutach.   Fl.   I: 

S88.    1883. 
Pucctitellia  marilima  Pail.  Flltal.  1:370.    1S48. 

Stoloniferous,  smooth,  glabrous,  culms 
6'-3°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  exceeding  the  in- 
temodes;  ligule  %"-'i"  long;  leaves  %'-$' 
long,  \"  wide  or  less,  flat  to  involute;  pan- 
icle 3'-6'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  as- 
cending, or  rarely  erect,  \'-i'  long;  spikelets 
3-10-flowered,  3"-6"  long;  empty  scales  un- 
equal, the  first  usually  i-nerved,  the  second 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  iji"-a"  long, 
broad,  obtuse  1 

In  salt   mara 
Scotia 


t  maiahea  and  on  sea  beaches.  Nova 
>  Rhode  Island.  Also  on  the  Pacilic 
id  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


2.   Puccinellia  distans  (L.)  Pari.     Spreading  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  494.) 


t^a  distani  L.  Mant.  33.  1767. 
Glyceria  distans  Wahl.  Fl.  Ups.  36.  iSao. 
Puccinellia  dis/aas  Part.  Fl.  Ilal.  I:  367.  1848. 
Culms  i°-2''  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  tufted,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  and  glabrous;  Hgule  Ji"-!"" 
long;  leaves  }<'-6'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  flat  or 
folded,  usually  stiff  and  erect,  smooth  be- 
neath; panicle  2'-7'  in  length,  open,  rarely 
contracted,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, whorled,  the  lower  i'-4ji'  long,  some- 
times reflexed;  spikelets  crowded,  3-6-flow- 
ered,  i;i"-2fi"  long;  empty  scales  obtuse 
or  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  exceeding  the 
Arst  and  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  ob- 
scurely nerved  and  obtuse  flowering  scales, 
which  are  ^"-l"  long. 

On  salt  meadows,  sea  beaches  and  in  waste 
places,  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey.  Probably 
naturalized  from  Europe.    July-Ang. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
3.    Pucctnellia  airoidea  (Nutt.)  Wats.  &  Coull. 

(Fig-  495- ) 
J\>a  airoides  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  68.     1818. 
■  fltniciilaria  dislans airoidesScribn.  Mem.  Ton.  Club, 
S:  H-      1894. 
Puccittellia  airoides  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 
Ed.  6,  668.      1890. 

Culms  i''-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  longerthan  the  intemodes; 
ligule  i"long;  leaves  I'-d'  long,  i>4"  wide  or  less, 
fiat  or  involute,  usually  erect,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  open,  its  branches  slender, 
spreading  or  ascending,  rarely  erect,  the  lower 
»'-3fi'  long  and  often  reflexed;  spikelets  scattered, 
1-7-flowered,  iJi"-3"  long;  empty  scales  unequal, 
the  first  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  obtuse  or 
acute,  3-nerved,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
obtuse  flowering  scales,  which  are  i"-i%"  long. 


Slender  Meadow-grass. 


4.  Puccinellia  angustftta  (R.  Br.)  Nash. 
Arctic  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  496.) 


Fvcctnellia  marilima  var.   minor  S.  Wats,  in  A. 

Gray,  Man.  Bd.  6,  668.      1890. 
Puccinellia  anguslala  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M: 

5"-      1895- 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4''-i3''  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  1" 
long;  leaves  yi'-iyi'  long,  i"  wide  or  less;  pan- 
icle I'-a'  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches 
short  and  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  3-7-flow- 
ered,3"-4"long;  empty  scales  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  first  l-nerved,  the  second  3- 
nerved;  floweringscalesiX'''-i>j''' long,  usually 
purplish,  rounded  at  the  apex. 


83.  FESTUCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  73.  1753. 
Uostly  tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
•^nce.  Spikelets  2-several-flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  more  or  less  unequal,  acute, 
keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually  acute, 
and  generally  awned  at  the  apex.  Palet  scarcely  shorter  ttmn  the  scale.  Stamens  1-3. 
Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous,  elongated,  often  adherent  to 
the  scale  or  palet.     [Latin,  stalk  or  straw.] 

A  genus  of  about  80  species,  widely  distributed,  particularly  numerous  in  temperate  regions. 
«»dea  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
I«»ves  1"  wide  or  less. 

Annuals;  flowering  Beaks  awned. 

First  scale  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  second;  awn  short.  i.  F.  octofiora. 

First  scale  less  than  halt  as  long  as  the  second;  awn  long.  a.  F.  Myaros. 

Fetenuials;  flowering  scales  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed. 
Basal  leaves  Glifonn  01  setaceous,  'A"  wide. 

Cnlms  from  a  rootstock  or  with  stolons.  3.  F.  rubra. 

Culms  densely  tufted,  no  rootstocks.  4.  F.  ozrina. 

Basal  leaves  flat,  about  i"  wide,  becoming  involute  in  drying.  5.  F.  scabrella. 

«»»w  3"  wide  or  more,  flat. 

Flowering  scales  unawned  or  short-awned. 

Flowering  scales  2!<"-3M"  long;  spikelets  5-10-flowered.  6.  F.  eta/ior. 

Flowering  scales  i"  long  or  less;  spiltelets  3-6-flowered. 

Spikelets  very  broad;  branclies  of  the  panicle  spikelet-bearing  from  the  middle  or 

oelow;  flowering  scales  obtuse.  7.  F.  Shorlii, 

SpikeletBlanceolHte;brancheaelongated;apikeletsatends;acalesBcute,  8.  F.  nulani, 
novering  scales  long-awned.  9.  F.  giganlea. 


GRAHINBAB. 
Festuca  octofldra  Walt.     Slender  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  497.) 
Fesluca  ocloflora  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  8i.     1788. 
Festuca  lenella  WiUd.  Enain.  l:  113.     1S09. 

Culms  4'-i8'  tall,  erect,  from  an  annoal  root, 
slender,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  intemodea;  ligule  veiy 
short;  leaves  1  K'~3'  long,  involute,  bristle-fonn; 
raceme  or  simple  panicle  often  one-sided,  i'-6'  10 
length,  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  or  rarely  as- 
cending; spikelets  6-13-flowered,  3"-5"  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  smooth,  the  firat  i-nerved,  more  thsB 
half  the  length  of  the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering 
scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  i^"-2}i"  long,  usually 
very  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn  nearly  as  long 
as   the   body   or    shorter,  or    sometimes    awnless; 


2.  Festuca  Myuros  L.     Rat's-tail  Fescue-) 

Fesluca  Afyuros  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.     1753- 

Smooth,  glabrous,  culms  i°-i°  tall,  erect  from  an 
annual  root,  slender,  simple.  Sheaths  often  shorter 
than  the  intemodes,  the  upper  sometimes  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  Ji"  long,  truncate; 
leaves  x'-^'  long,  subulate,  involute,  erect;  panicle 
usually  one-sided,  4'-ia'  in  length,  contracted,  some- 
times curved,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  very  unequal,  acute,  smooth, 
the  first  i-nerved,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  5-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awns, 
3"-3"  long,  narrow,  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn 
much  longer  than  the  body;  stamen  i. 

In  waste  places  and  fields,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  New 
JefTiey  and  Florida.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.     June-July. 


(Fig.  498.) 


3.   Festuca  rObra  L.     Red  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  499.) 

Fesluca  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  74-     '753- 

Culmsi  Ji°-2;i''  tall,  from  running  rootstoclcs,  erect, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  basal 
leaves  involute-filiform,  3 '-6'  long;  culm  leaves 
shorter,  erect,  flat  or  involute  in  drying,  minutely  pu- 
bescent above;  panicle  a'-s'  in  length,  sometimes  red, 
open  at  flowering  time,  contracted  in  fruit;  spikelets 
3-10-flowered,  4"-6"  long;  lower  scales  acute:,  un- 
equal, the  first  I-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved 
second;  flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  obscurely  5- 
nerved,  sometimes  scabrous,  bearing  awns  of  less 
than  their  own  length. 

I..abrador  to  Alaska,  south,  enpecially  on  the  mountains, 
to  Tennessee  and  Colorado,    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


(Fig.  500.) 


GRASS  FAMILY. 
4.  Festuca  ovlna  L.     Sheep's  Fescue-grass. 

Fesluca  ovina  I..  Sp.  PI.  73.      17S). 

Smooth,  glabrous,  culms  6'-i4'  tall,  erect,  tufted, 
slender,  rigid,  simple;  no  rootstoc^.  Sheaths  usually 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  auriculate, 
short;  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,  those  of  the  culm 
few,  i'-3'  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numerous;  pan- 
icle I  Ji'-3'  long,  often  one-sided,  narrow,  its  branches 
short,  usually  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered;  empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  i- 
nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  i  J4"-a" 
long,  smooth,  acute,  usually  short .awned. 

In  lietds  and  waste  places,  I^btador  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  California,  Vari- 
able. Probably  indigenous  northward,  but  mostly  natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  The  subarctic 
and  Rocky  Mountain  var.  brevi/oHa  S.  Watson,  may  be  a 
distinct  species.     June-July. 

The  so-called  var.  vivipa,ra,  a  state  of  this  grass  with  the 
!icales  wholly  or  partly  tianafonncd  into  Btnall  leaves,  is 
found  on  the  mountains  of  New  England  and  in  arctic 

Psataca  oviaa  duriuicnla  (L.)  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Europ,  89.      1S82. 
Festuca  durittscula  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.      1753- 

Culms  taller  and  stouter,  the  panicle  usually  more  open  and  the  Bowiering  scalea  about  3"  long. 
Newfoundland  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Virginia  and  Colorado.     NaturnlinA  from  Europe. 

5.  Festuca  scabrtUa  Torr.     Rough  Fes- 
cue-grass.    (Fig.  501.) 


Culms  I'-s"  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually  rough, 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  rough,  i" 
wide  or  less,  those  of  the  culm  J'-3'  long,  erect,  the 
basal  flat,  much  longer  and  readily  deciduotis  from 
the  sheaths,  involute  in  drying;  panicle  3'-4'  in 
length,  opien,  its  branches  ascending  or  the  lower 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  about  4" 
long;  empty  scales  scarious,  unequal,  smooth,  the 
first  i-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  about  3"  long,  scabrous,  often  bearing  a 
short  awn  i"  long  or  less. 


Festuca  elitior  L.     Tall  or  Meadow 
Fescue-grass.     (Fig!  502,) 


iS«7. 


r.  prai. 


L.  Gray,  Man.  ] 


■  3.634. 


Culms  a'-s'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
Iwoua.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  4'-i5'  long,  a"-4"  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  more  or  less  rough  above;  panicle 
*'— 14'  in  length,  often  nodding  at  the  top,  simple  to 
very  compound,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect.  2'- 
V  long;  spikelets  5-9-llowered,  4fi"-6"  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  i-j-nerved,  the  second  3-5- 
nerved;floweringscales  acute  or  short-pointed,  smooth 
*°*  glabrous,  2>i"-3"  long,  indistinctly  5-nerved. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario, 
'?J'"itoNorthCarolina,Tennea.secand  Kansas.  Natur- 
v)?*"  from  Europe  and  cultivated  for  hay.    Variable. 


GRAMINEAE. 
Festuca  Sh6rtii  Kuntk.     Short's  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  503,) 

Fesluea  Shorlii  Kunth;  Wood,  Closa-book,  7^.      iH 
Fesluca  nutans  var.  fialuiln't  Wood,  Bot.  &F1. 39^ 


■873- 


Culms  3°'-4°  tall,  erect,  Bunple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  intemodes; 
Itgule  very  short;  leaves  j'-k/  long,  l"-3"  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3^-7'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarely 
erect,  spikelet-bearing  /rora  the  middle  or  below,  the 
lower  l}i'-i}i'  long;  spikelets  broadly  obovate,  when 
matnre,  3-6  flowered,  3}4"-y'  long;  empty  scales 
acute,  unequal,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i- 
3-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
a"  long,  smooth,  obtuse  or  acutish,  faintly  nerved. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Pennsylvania  (accordioK  to 
Porter)  and  Illinois  to  Kansaa.  soutb  to  MiBSiuippi  and 
TeiHS.    July-Aug. 


8.   Festuca  nutans  Willd.     Nodding  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  504.) 


Ftsluca  nu/ani  Willd,  Bnum,  i:  116.      1809. 

Culms  j'-j"  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  glabrous 
or  sometimes  pubescent  Sheaths  much  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrona  or  pubescent;  Ugule 
very  short;  nodes  black;  leaves  4'-i2'  long,  a"-3" 
wide,  rather  dark  green,  flat,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  4'-9'  in  length,  its  branches 
at  firet  erect,  the  lower  3}^'-i'  long,  finally  spread- 
ing and  nodding,  spikelet-bearing  only  at  the  ends; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  3-5-flowered,  aJi"-3"  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the 
the  first  i-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second; 
flowering  scales  about  2"  long,  smooth,  acute,  very 
faintly  nerved. 

In  rocky  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Ne- 
braska, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  tjoo  . 
ft.  in  Vii^inia,    June-Aug. 


9.  Festuca  gigantea  (I,.)  Vill.     Great  Fescue- 
grass.     (Fig.  505.) 

Brontus  giganleus  L.  Sp,  PI.  77.      17SJ. 

Festvca  gigantea  Vill.  Hist.  PI.  Daupn.  a:  no.      1787. 

Culms  a''-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabtvns. 
Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  \"  long;  leaves  5'-- 
1°  long  or  more,  bright  green,  2"-6"  wide,  Sat,  rough; 
panicle  7'-ia'  in  length,  loose,  narrow,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  1'-^'  long;  spikelets  3-7- 
flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabroos, 
the  first  1-3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-5-nerved  second^ 
flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  3"  long, 
faintly  5-nerved,  slightly  scabrous,  minutely  a-toothed 
at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  6"-8"  long. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


84.   BROMUS  L.  Sp.  PL  76. 


1753- 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles,  the  pedicels  thick- 
«tied  at  the  summit.  Sheaths  sometimes  not  split.  Spiltelets  few-many-Bowered.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  acute;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  or  sometimea 
<Kniii}ressed-keeled,  5-9-neTved,  the  apex  usually  3-toothed,  generally  bearing  an  awn  just 
1>elow  the  summit;  palet  shoiter  than  the  scale,  s-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  Stigmas  ses- 
sile, plmnose,  inserted  below  a  hairy  cushion-like  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Grain 
.adherent  to  the  palet.     [Greek  name  for  a  kind  of  oats.] 


l^wer  empty  scale  l-nerved,  the  upper  j-nerved. 
1^11  pcTennials,  3°-^  hifrh. 

Sheathe  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent,  the  lower  sometimes  9parinB:1y  hirsute. 

leaves  a"-6"  wide;  culms  stoutish;  branches  of  the  panicle  more  or  less  Bpreadingr  oi 


^'VZ. 


spikelets  droopinf 


ilcnder;  blanches  of  the  panicle  erect. 

3.  B.  asper. 


Spikelets  numerous,  on  slender  n 


d  unilateral  pedicels;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long. 


Spikelets  few,  thepedicelsuotunilateral;  floweringscales6"-S"  long.  5.  B.  sierilis, 
Lower  emiity  scale  3-nervcd,  the  upper  s-9-nerveifl  (3-nerved  in  No.  6), 
Flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 
Flowering  scales  awned. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent. 

Pubescence  dense,  consisting  of  long  silky  hairs. 

Sceondempty  scale  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  5"-6"  long.  6.  B.  Porteri. 
Second  empty  scale  j-7.nerved;  flowenng  scales  about  4^'  long. 

S.  B.  Kalmii. 
.  B.  hordeaceus. 
Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  minutely  roughened. 
Awns  straight. 

Nerves  of  the  turgid  flowering  scales  obscure;  palet  about  equalling  the  scale, 

which  is  3"-4"  long.  o.  B.  secali'nui. 

Nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  prominent;  palet  considerably  shorter  than  the 
scale,  which  is  4"-5''^loag.  10.  B.  racemosus. 

Awns  strongly  bent  near  the  base,  divergent.  11.  B.  squarrosui. 

Flowering  scales  not  awned,  nearly  es  broad  as  long.  12.  B.  brizae/brvtis. 

Flowering  scales  compressed-keeled. 

Flowering  scales  pobescent;  awn  2"-3"  long.  13.  B.  breviarislalus. 

Flowering  scales  minutely  roughened;  awn  less  than  i"  long,  or  none. 

14.  B.  unioloides. 


1.   Bromus  cili&tus  L,     Fringed  Brome-giass.     Wood 


Culms  a°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  glabrous  or 
pubescent.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 
intemodes,  smooth  or  rough,  often  softly 
pubescent,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly 
hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  4'-ia'  long, 
2"-6"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  and 
often  pubescent  above;  panicle  open,  4'-io' 
in  length,  its  branches  lax,  widely  spread- 
ing or  often  drooping;  spikelets  5-10-flow- 
ercd,  i'  long  or  less;  empty  scales  very  acute, 
glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  the  first  I- 
nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  4"-6"  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  5-7- 
nerved,  appressed -pubescent  on  the  margins 
or  over  the  entire  surface;  awn  J"-4"  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
Manitoba  and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Variable.  The  form  known  as  var. 
fUTgans^B.  piibescens'iioh\.)w\\\i  the  flowei 


(Fig.  506.) 


jX- 


scales  pubescent  all  over,  i 


320  GRAHINEAE. 

3.  Bromus  er£ctus  Huds.     Upright  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  507.) 

Iirom«s  ereclus  Huda.  Fl.  Angl.  39.      176». 

Culms  a°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent;  ligule  Ji"  long, 
erose-truncate;  leaves  sparingly  pubescent,  i"-3" 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  4'-8'  long,  the  basal  about 
1°  long,  very  narrow;  panicle  3'-?'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  i'-3'  long; 
spikelets  ,S'-i>i'  long,  sometimes  pnrplisb,  5-to- 
flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate,  the  first  l-nerved, 
the  second  longer,  j-nerved;  flowering  scetes  5"-6" 
long,  acuminate,  very  rough-pubescent,  5-nerved,  the 
intermediate  nerves  faint;  awn  3"-3"  long. 


3.  Bromus  fisper  Mutt.     Hairy  Brome- 
grass.     (Fig.  508.) 


Bromu!  as/>er  Muir.  Prodr.  Stirp.  Goett.  4 


1770 


Culms  3°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes,  strongly  retrorse-hirsute, 
especially  the  lower;  ligule  iji"  long;  leaves  S'-i" 
long  or  more,  3"-6"  wide,  rough  or  often  hirsute, 
panicle  6'-I2'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  usually 
drooping;  spilcelets  5-10-flowered  I'-iJi'  long,  empty 
scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i-nerved, 
the  second  longer,  3-nerved',  flowering  scales  about  6" 
long,  acute,  hispid  near  the  mai;gins  and  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  keel;  awn  3"-4"  long. 


4.    Bromus  tectdrum  L.I  Downy  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  509.) 

L-  Sp.  PI.  77-      I7S3. 

Culms  e'-s"  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than 
the  intemodes,  at  least  the  lower  ones  softly  pubes- 
cent; ligule  \"-l"  long;  leaves  I'-af  long,  i"-2" 
wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  t'-f/  in  length,  c^>eu, 
the  branches  slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one- 
sided; spikelets  numerous,  5-S-flowered,  on  capillary 
recurved  slender  pedicels;  empty  scales  acuminate, 
usually  rough  or  hirsute,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  sec- 
ond longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long, 
acuminate,  7-nerved,  usually  rough  or  hirsute;  awn 
6"-8"  long, 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario, 
south  to  Maryland  and  Ohio,  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.    May-July. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

5.   Bromus  st^rilis  L.     Barren  Brome-grass.     (Fig,  510.) 

Bromus  sUrilU  L.  Sp.  PI.  77.      1753, 

Culms  \°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intentodes, 
smooth  or  rough,  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent; 
Ugule  i"  long;  leaves  3'-9'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  us- 
ually more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  s'-io'  in 
length,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  widely 
spreading,  not  one-sided,  stiff;  spikelets  few,  5-10- 
flowered,  spreading  or  pendulous;  empty  scales 
acuminate,  glabrous,  Ihe  first  i-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  6"-8"  long,  acu- 
minate, 7-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  awn 
7"-ii"  long. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  eastern  Massachnsetts  to 
PennsylvaniaandOhio.  Locally  naturalized  or  adven- 
tive  from  Europe.    Native  also  of  Asia.    June-July. 


6.    Bromus  Pdrteri  (Coulter)  Nash.     Porter's  Chess.     (Fig.  511.) 


Bromus  Kalmii  var.  Porleri  Coulter,  Man.  Bot.  Rocky 

Mt.  Rerion,  435.     1885. 
Bromus  Porteri  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  aa;  511.    1895. 

Culms  I  Ji^-a"  tail,  erect,  simple,  pubescent  below 
the  nodes.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  softly  pubescent;  ligule  %" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  i"-3"  wide,  rough,  those  of 
the  culm  4'-9'  long,  the  basal  narrow  and  about 
one-half  of  the  length  of  the  culm;  panicle  3'-6'  in 
length,  its  branches  drooping  and  flexuous,  at  least 
when  old,  the  nodes  of  the  axis  pubescent;  spikelets 
5-10-Bowered,  9"-i5"  long,  on  slender  flexaons 
pedicels;  empty  scales  pubescent,  the  fiiat  narrower 
than  the  second,  both  3-nerved;  flowering  scales 
5"-6"  long,  obtuse,  5-7-nerved,  densely  pubescent 
with  long  silky  hairs ;  awn  i"- a"  long. 


7.    Bromus  Kdlmii  A.  Gray.     Kalm's 
Chess.     (Fig.  512.) 

Bromus  purgans  I,.  Sp.  PI.  76.       1753? 
Bromus  Kalmii  A.  Gray,  Man.  600.       1646. 

Culms  iJi''-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  more  or 
less  pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  3)i'-7'  long, 
i"-4"  wide,  sparingly  pubescent;  panicle  a'-6'  in 
length,  open,  its  branches  usually  fiexuous;  spikelets 
6-Io-flowered,  6"-ia"  long,  on  slender  flexuous  pedi- 
cels; empty  scales  pubescent,  the  first  narrow,  acute, 
3-nerved,  the  second  longer,  broad,  obttise  or  mucro- 
natc,  5-7-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  4"  long,  7-9- 
nerved,  densely  silky  pubescent,  the  awn  i"-i>i"  in 


GRAMINBAE. 
8.   Bromus  hordeiceus  L.    Soft  Chess.     (Fig.  513.) 

Bromus  hordeaceus  L.  Sp,  PI,  77.      1753. 
Bromus  mollis  L.  Sp,  PI.  Ed.  i,  iii.      1761. 

Culms  8'-3°  tall,  erect,  often  slender,  nstiall]''  pubes- 
cent below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  iti' 
temodea,  mostly  pubescent;  Itgfule  %"  long;  leaves 
i'-7'  long,  i"-3"wide,  pubescent;  panicle  generally 
contracted,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  I'-a'  long; 
spikelets  appressed-pubescent,  on  short  pedicels; 
empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-neTved,  the  second 
longer,  5-7-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad,  obtuse, 
3K"-4f4"  long.  7-9-''erTed,  bearing  an  awn  3"-4"  in 
length  between  the  obtuse  or  acute  teeth. 

>  Viiginii. 


g.    Bromus  sec&linus  L.     Cheat.     Chess. 

Bromus  secalinus  L-  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  ^mple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  generally 
glabrous;  ligule  Ji"  long,  erose;  leaves  2'-9'  long,  1"- 
3"  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  hairy;  panicle  2'- 
&'  in  length,  open,  its  branches  ascending  or  drooping; 
spikelets  turgid,  glabrous,  erect  or  somewhat  pendulous, 
6-io-flowered;  empty  scales  scabrous  toward  the  apex, 
the  first  3-nerved,  acute,  the  second  longer  and  broader, 
7-nerved,  obtuse;  flowering  scales  3"-4"  long,  broad, 
turgid,  obtuse,  rough  toward  the  apex,  the  nerves  ob- 
scure awnless,  or  bearing  a  straight  awn  4"  long  or  less 
between  the  obtuse  short  teeth;  palet  about  equalling 
the  scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  almost  thioughout  temperate 
North  America,  often  a  pernicious  weed  in  grain  fields. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.    Native  also  of  Asia.    june-AuK. 

10.   Bromus  racemdsus  L.     Upright  Chess.     Smooth  Brome-grass. 
(Kg.  5'5.) 
Bromus  racemosus  L,  Sp,  PI.  Ed.  3,  114.      176a. 

Culms  i"-'^"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, or  sparingly  pubescent  below  the  panicle. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes,  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  ligule  i"long;  leaves  i '-9' Wg,  Ji"-4" 
wide,  pubescent;  panicle  I'-io'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  sometimes 
3ji'  long;  spikelets  erect,  5-ii-flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer 
and  broader,  5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad, 
i%"-^}^"  long,  obtuse,  smooth  and  shining,  the 
nerves  prominent;  awn  straight,  3"-4"  in  length; 
palet  considerably  shorter  than  the  scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  plawH  all  over  the  eastern  United 
States  and  British  America;  also  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.    Native  also  of  Asia.    June- 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


II.     Bromus    squarrdsus    L.       Com 

Brome.     (Fig,  516.) 
Bromus  iguarroius  L-  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753. 

Calms  8'-i8'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
softly  pubescent;  lignle  }i"  long;  leaves  I'-s' 
long,  i"-a"  wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  a'~6' 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or 
^trooping,  often  flexuous;  apikelets  nodding,  6- 
la-flowered,  on  slender  pedicels;  empty  scales 
obtose  or  acntish,  the  first  s-nerred,  the  second 
longer,  7-9-ncrved;  flowering  scales  4^"-5Ji" 
long,  obtuse,  shining,  minutely  scabrous;  awn 
inserted  below  the  apex,  aboDt  as  long  as  the 
scale,  bent  at  the  base  and  divergent. 

In  ballast  and  w 
ports.    Furtive  o. 


12.    Bromus  brizaef6rmis  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Quakegrass  Brome.     (Fig.  517.) 


Culms  8'-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often  slender, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
intemodes,  the  lower  pubescent  with  soft  villous 
hairs;  ligule  i"  long,  erose-tmncate;  leaves  l'-^' 
long,  i"-3"  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  Iji'-S'  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  often 
drooping,  flexuous;  spikelets  few,  >j'-~i'  long, 
laterally  much  compressed;  empty  scales  very  ob- 
tuse, often  purplish,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubes* 
cent,  the  first  j-s-nerved,  the  second  larger,  5-9- 
uervcd;  flowering  scales  3"-4"  long,  very  broad, 
obtuse,  9>nerved,  shining,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
minutely  pubescent,  unawned. 

Sparingly  introduced  into  Pennsylvania:  also  from 
Montana  to  California.  Native  of  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.    July-Aug, 

13.  Bromus  breviaristiltus  (Hook.)  Buckl.     Short-awned  Chess.    (Fig.518.) 

Ceralockloa  breviarislala   Hook.   Fl.   Bor.   Am.   a:  253. 

1840. 
Bromus  brtviarislalui  Buckl.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  iSOl:  98. 

186a. 

Culms  l°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  rough, 
sometimes  pubescent  below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  pu- 
bescent, at  least  the  lower  ones,  which  are  often  over- 
lapping; ligule  i"  long,  truncate;  leaves  6'-i°  lo 
more,  3"-(/'  wide,  rough  and  often  pubescent;  pan- 
icle 4'-i5'  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
the  lower  a'-6'  long;  spilcelets  5-io-flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  pubescent,  the  first  3-5-Derved,  the 
ond  longer,  5-9-nerved;  flowering  scales  compressed, 
keeled,  6"-7"  long,  acute,  7-9-nerved,  appressed- 
pnbescent;  awn  a"-3"  long. 


I  GRAMINEAE. 

14.    Bromus  unioloides  (Willd.)  H.B.K.     Schrader's  Bronie-grass. 
Southern  Chess.     (Fig.  519.) 

Fes/ui-a  tiiiwloidei'WUld.  Hort.  Betol.  i:  3.    fiij- 

)So6. 
Sromus  unioloides    H.B.K.    Nov.    Gen.    I:    ISI. 

1815. 
Bromus  Schraderi  Kunth,  Bnnm.  I;  416.      1833. 

Culms  6'-3°  tall,  etect,  simple,  amooth  and 
glabrons.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  thein- 
temodes,  the  lower  often  overlapping,  smooth 
or  rouRh,  and  glabtons  or  frequently  pubes- 
cent; Ugule  \"-i"  long;  leaves  3'-i3'  long,  1"- 
4"  wide,  usually  rou^^h,  at  least  above;  panicle 
I'-io'  in  length,  (he  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, or  the  lonerbranchesof  the  larger  panicles 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  much  comprcMed, 
6-iO'flowered;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-5- 
nerved,  the  second  longer,  5-9-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  6"-8"  long,  very  acute,  minutely 
scabrous,  bearing  on  awn  less  than  l"  long  or 

Kansas  (?)  to  the  Indian  Territory,  Texas  and 
Mexico.  Widely  distributed  in  South  America. 
May-July. 


85.    NARDUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  53- 


'753- 


A  low  perennial  tnfted  grass,  with  setaceous  rigid  leaves  and  a  terminal  one-sided  slender 
Bpike.  Spikelets  i-floweied,  narrow,  sessile  and  single  in  each  notch  of  the  rachia.  Scales 
a,  the  lower  empty,  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  almost  wanting,  the  upper  flower-bearing,  nar- 
row, with  involute  and  hyaline  margins;  palet  narrow,  i-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Style  elon- 
gated, undivided.  Stigma  elongated,  short-papillose.  Grain  linear,  glabrous,  enclosed  ta 
the  scale,  usually  free.     [Name  Greek,  of  uncertain  application.] 

A  monotypie  genus  of  the  Old  World. 


I.    Nardus  stricta  L.     Wirebent.     Mat-grass,     Nard.     (Fig.  520.) 

Nardus  sirkta  L.  Sp.  PI.  53-      '753- 

Culms  s'-is'  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid, 
rougbish.  Sheaths  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
culm;  ligiile  %"  long,  rounded;  leaves  seta- 
ceous, stiff,  rough,  the  i  or  a  culm  leaves 
about  l'  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numer- 
otis,  a'-5'  long;  spike  I'-j'  in  length,  strict; 
spikelets  i-flowered,  3"-4"  long,  arranged 
alternately  in  1  rows  on  one  side  of  the  erect 
alender  rachis,  often  purplish;  lower  scale 
empty,  very  short,  adnate  to  the  rachis, 
sometimes  almost  wanting;  flowering  scale 
3"-4"  long,  scabrous,  long-acuminate  or 
short-awn  ed. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


225 


pikeleta  sevrral- 


L.  temulentutn 


85.    LOLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasscB,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes 
flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of  the  DSnallj  continuous  rachis,  com- 
pressed, the  edge  of  the  spikelet  (backs  of  the  scales)  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Scales 
rigid;  lower  scale  empty  in  the  lateral  spikclets,  and  the  a  lower  empty  in  the  terminal; 
flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-Derved;  palets  3-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, very  short.    Stigmas  3,  plumose.    Grain  adhereot  to  the  palet.    [Latin  name  for  Darnel.] 

About  6  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
Empty  scale  shorter  than  the  spikelet,                                                                        I,  L.  ptren 
Empty  scale  equalling  or  eitendinK  beyond  the  flowering  scales.  -    '    ' ' 

1.    Lolium  per6nne  L.      Ray-grass, 

Rye-grass.     (Fig.  521.) 
Lolium  perennel,.  Sp.  PI.  83.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  f-i^i"  tall, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
temodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  2'-5'Iocg, 
i"-a"  wide;  spike  3'-8'  in  length;  spiltelets 
5-10-flowered,  4"-6"  long,  the  empty  scale 
shorter  than  the  spikelet,  strongly  nerved; 
flowering  scales  a  "-3"  long,  obscurely 
nerved,  acuminate  or  awned,  the  awn  some- 
times nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  scale. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  almost 
throughout  the  northern  United  States  and 
Eoutbem    British  America.     Natuiallzed    from 


2.    Lolium  temulintum  L.      Darnel. 
Ivray.     (Fig.  522.) 

Lolium  lemidenlunt  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.      r753. 

Glabrous,  culms  3°-^"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping;  ligule  \"  long  or  less;  leaves 
4'-io'  in  length,  i"~i"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spike  ^'-12'  in  length;  spikelets  4-8- 
flowered,  s'^-g"  lotig,  the  strongly  nerved  empty 
scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  obscurely 
nerved  flowering  scales,  which  are  awned  or  awn- 
less. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  locally  natur- 
alized or  adventive  from  Europe,  New  Brunswick  to 
Michigan  and  Georgia.  Abnndant  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Locally  a  troublesome  weed.    June-Ai^;. 


87.  LEPTURUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  207.  1810. 
Usually  low  annual  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves  and  strict  or  curved  elongated  slender 
*t*ikes.  Spikelets  1-3-flowered,  sessile  and  single  in  alternate  notches  of  the  jointed  rachis. 
"■**  pty  scales  3,  raiely  i,  narrow,  rigid,  acute,  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  much  shorter,  hya- 
^**^,  keeled,  one  side  turned  to  the  rachis.  Palets  hyaline,  3-nerved.  Stamens  3,  or  fewer. 
^yles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  a,  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  glabrous,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
~~  "  [Greek,  referring  to  the  nattow  spikes.] 
)ecies  5  or  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 


GRAHINSAE. 


I.  Lepturus  filifdrmis  (Roth)  Trin. 
Slender  Hardgrass.      (Fig.  523.) 

RollbotUiafili/ormii  Roth,  Catal.  l:  ai.      1797. 

Ltpturus  fili/ormis  Trin.  Fond.   Agrost.   iij. 

igao. 

Cnlms  3'- 1  a'  long,  decnmbent,  much 
branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligale  ii" 
long,  anricniate;  leaves  Ji'-j'loDg,  1"  wide 
or  less,  usually  involute,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spikes  i'-6'  in  length,  slender, 
strict  or  curved;  spikelets  a"-a^"  long; 
empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  about 
ij^"  long,  i-nerved. 

In  waste  places,  sonthem  Pennsylvania  to 
VirBinia,  near  or  along-  the  coast.  Adventive 
from  Europe.    Snmmei. 


88.   AGROPYRON  J.  Gaertn.  Nov.  Comm.  Petrop.  14=  Part  i,  539.       1770. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelet* 
S-many-flowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis, 
thesideof  the  apilcelet  turned  toward  tberachia  Two  lower  scales  empty;  flowering  scales 
rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  naually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex;  paleta  a-kealed, 
the  keels  often  ciliate.  Staujeos  3.  Styles  very  short,  diatinct  Stigmas  plumoae.  Grain 
pubescent  at  the  apex,  usually  adherent  to  the  paleL  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of 
these  grasses  in  wheat  fields.] 

About  3a  species,  in  all  temperate  regions.    Beaidea  the  following,  s 
western  parts  of  North  America. 
Plants  with  running  rootstocks. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous. 

Flowering  scales  villoua. 
Plants  without  running  rootatoclcs. 

Flowering  scale  tcRninating  in  an  an^  shorter  than  its  bodr. 
Spikes  short  and  bioad;  empty  scales  broad,  5-7-nerved. 
Spikes  long  and  slender;  empty  scales  narrow,  ^-5-nerv 


e  s  others  occur  ii 


Flowering  scale  terminating 


longer  than  its  body. 


5.  A.  violaceutn. 

4.  A.  teturiLia. 

5.  A.i       ■ 


Agropyron  ripens  (I,. )  Beauv.     Couch- 
grass.     Quitch-grass.     (Fig.  524.) 


1753, 


l8t3. 


Cttlms  i''^"  tail,  from  a  long  jointed  rtmning  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  3'-i3' 
long,  i"-5"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  a'-S'  in  length,  strict;  spikelets  3-7-flowetcd; 
empty  scales  strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  sometimes  obtuse;  fiowering  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  acute  or  short-awned  at  the 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  almost  throughout  Kottb 
America  except  the  extreme  north.  Natuialiied  from 
Europe  and  often  a  troublesome  weed.    Very  variable. 

Native  also  of  Asia.     July-Sept. 

Agropyroa  ripens  glancom  (Desf.l  Scribn,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  $:  57.      1S94. 
Trilicum  glaucum  Desf.  Tabl.  Bot.  Mus.  16.      1804. 
Agropyrum  glaucum  R.  &  S.  Syst.  i;  75a.      1817. 

Larger  and  stouter,  pale  gteen  01  glaucous;  spikelets  s-is-flowered,  the  empty  scales  long- 

""'  . .  -«j  '*Y..«:*«*>^  *..  Ai.^..!...  ......tu  *fy  Missouri,  Texas  and  Ariiona.    Reported 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

,  Agropyron  da8y8t4chyum  (Hook.)  Vasey.     Northern  Wbeat-g 
(Fig.  525.) 


Glaucous,  culmi  i''-3''  tall,  erect,  from  long  running 
rootatocka,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous;  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves 
j'-9'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  flat,  or  becomiDg  involute  in 
drying,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spike  3}i'-7'  in 
length;  spikelets  4-S-flowered;  empty  scales  3-5-nerved, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  y-4)i"  long; 
flowering  scales  broadly  lanceolate,  5-nerved,  4>i"-6" 
long,  acute  or  sbort-awncd,  densely  villons. 


3.   Agropyron  vioUceum  (Honiem.)  Vasey.     Purplish  Wheat-grass, 
(Fig.  526.) 

Trilicum  violaceam  Homem.  Fl.  Dan.    pt.  2044.     183a, 
Agropyrum  violaceum  Vasey,  Spec.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 
6j:  45.       1833. 

Culms  6'-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  a'-6'  long.  i"-3"  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
rough  or  sometimes  smooth  beneath;  spike  i'~4'  in 
length,  occasionally  longer,  j"-3"  broad;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  broad,  usually  purplish,  scarious 
on  the  matgins,  5-7.nerved,  4"-6"  long,  acute  or  acum- 
inate, sometimes  awn-pointed,  rarely  loug-awned;  flow- 
ering scales  often  purplish,  5-7-nerved,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  4"-6"  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  the  awn 
rarely  as  long  as  the  body. 

Quebec  tr 
the '- 


4.   Agropyron  tinerum  Vasey.     Slender  Wheat-grass.     (Fig.  527.) 


Glabrous,  colms  a°-3'*  tall,  erect,  simple,  often 
slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than 
the  intemodes,  glabrous;  ligule  very  short;  ■ 
leaves  3'-io'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
rough;  spike  3'-?'  in  length,  usually  narrow 
and  slender;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  empty 
scales  \"-(/'  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
3-5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  margins;  flowering 
scales  5"-6"  long,  s-nervcd,  awn-pointed  or 
short-awned,  scarious  on  the  margins,  often 
rough  toward  the  apex. 

In  dry  Boil.  Manitoba  and  Minnesota  to  Sritiah 
Columbia,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia. Repotted  from  the  Northeast  Temtoiy. 
July- Aug. 


GRAMtNEAB. 


$.  Agropyron  canlnum  (L.)  R.  &  S. 
Wheat-grass. 


Awned  Wheat-grass.     Fibrous-nxjted 
(Fig.  528.) 

Triticum  caninutn  L.  Sp.  PI.  86.      1733. 
Agropynim  caniitum  R.  &  S.  Syst.  1:  756.       1817. 
Agropyrum  unilaleraU  CBSsidy,  Bull.  Colo.  Agric. 


Exp.  Sta.  1 


:63- 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  amooth  and  gla- 
broua.  SheattaB  usually  shorter  than  tfae  inter- 
nodea,  smooth,  the  lower  sometimes  pul>eKeDt: 
lignle  short;  leaves  s'-g'  long,  i"-3"  wide,  smooth 
beaeath,  rough  above;  spike  3'-8'  in  length, 
Bometimea  one-sided,  often  nodding  at  the  top; 
spikelets  3-6 flowered;  empty  scales  4)4"-6"  long; 
3-5-nerved,  acaminate,  awn-pointed  or  bearing  an 
awn  i"-i"  long;  flowering  scales  4"~5"  long,  nsn- 
ally  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  acaminate  into  an 
awn  sometimes  twice  their  own  length. 

New  Bmnswiclc  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  North 
CaroliiiH.  Tennessee  and  Colorado.  AIik>  in  Eucopc 
and  Asia.  Native  northward:  southward  locally  natu- 
ralized from  Europe,    July-Aog. 


89.    HORDEUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  84.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  cylindric  spikes.  Spikelets 
I-flowered,  usually  in  3's  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  generally  abort-stalked  and 
impeifect;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  Qowcr,  the  loner  empty  scales  often  reduced  to 
awns  (tnd  forming  an  apparent  involucre  aronnd  the  spikelets.  Empty  scales  rigid;  fiowcT' 
ing  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved  at  the  apex,  awned;  palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
scale,  a-keeled.  Stamens  3,  Styles  very  ahori,  distinct.  Grain  usually  adherent  to  the 
scale,  hairy  at  the  summit.     [Latin  name  for  Barley.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  it;  I>oth  hemispheres. 


All  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  bristle-like. 
Four  of  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  dilated  above  the  base. 
Awn  of  the  flowerinf^  scale  i'  loi^;  or  more. 
Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  6"  long. 


1.  M.  nodosum. 
a.  H.pusillam. 
3.  H.jubalum. 


Hordeum  nod6sum  I,.     Meadow  Barley      (Fig   529.) 


Hordeam  nodosum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  i, 
//ordeiim  pra/ense  Hads.  Fl.  Angl.  1 


Culms  S'-i"  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decimibent, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  intemodes;  ligule  X"  '<"iSi  truncate; 
leaves  iJ^'-5'  long,  i"s"  wide,  flat,  rough;  spike 
i'-3>j'in1cngth;spikelets  usually  in  3's,  thecentral 
one  containing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral 
enclosing  a  staminate  or  rudimentary  flower,  or  a 
palet  only;  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  awn-tike; 
flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet  $"-4"  long 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  which  is  y~6"  long,  the  cor- 
responding scale  in  the  lateral  spikelets  much 
smaller  and  shori-slalked. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

3.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.     Little  Bar- 
ley.    (Fig.  530.) 
Hordeum  pusillum  Nolt.  Gen.  i;  87.      1818. 

Culms  4'-i5'  tall,  erect,  or  decnmbetit  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  usually 
sboiter  than  the  iutemodes,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  upper  ofteu  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  X'~3'  long,  J^"-l"  wide, 
erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spike  i'-3' 
in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central  one 
coutaiuing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral 
imperfect;  scales  awned,  the  empty  ones  scabrous, 
those  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  lower  ones  of 
the  lateral  spikelets  dilated  above  the  base;  flower- 
ing scale  smooth,  that  of  the  central  spikelet  3"- 
4"  long,  short-awued,  the  corresponding  scale  In 
the  lateral  spikelets  smaller  and  very  short-stalked. 

In  dry  soil.  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
'^'.'■•askB,  Arkansas,  Texas  and  Catifomia;  also  spar- 
■  "         ■    "  it  from  Virginia.to  Flor- 

3.    Hordeum  jubEktum  L-     Squirrel-tail  Grass.     (Fig.  531.) 

Hordeum  jtibalum  L.  Sp.  PI.  85.    1753, 

Culms  io'-2j4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually 
slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  generally  loose,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  }i"  long  or  less;  leaves  1'-$' 
long,  i"-3"wide,  erect,  rough;  spike  j'-4'ia length; 
spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central  one  containing 
a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  imperfect; 
empty  scales  consisting  of  slender  rough  awna  1'- 
2yi'  long;  flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet 
3"-4"  long,  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender 
rongh  awn  i'-3>j'long;  the  corresponding  scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  shorl-awned,  about  3"  long  in- 
cluding its  pedicel,  sometimesreduccdtoa  rudiment. 
In  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  Alaska,  sooth  to  Kansas, 
Colorado  and  California.  Naturalized  in  the  east  from 
Labrador  and  Quebec  to  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
July- Aug. 

4.    Hordeum  murlnum  L.     Wall  Barley.     (Fig.  532.) 

hordeum  tnuriaum  L.  Sp.  PI.  85.       1753, 

Culms  e'-a"  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  glabrous.     Sheaths   loose,   shorter   than 
the  internodes  on  the  long  culms,  overlapping  on  the 
abort  ones,  the  uppermost  often  inflated  and  enclosing 
ttie  base  of  the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  1 
long,    i"-3"   wide,   rough;    spikes    a'-4'   in   length; 
spikelets  usually  in  3's:  scales  awned,  the  empt; 
-^wn-like,    scabrous,    those    of   the   central    spikelet 
broader  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  bearing  awns  9"- 
*  a"  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  similar,  with 
■*Jie  exception  of  the  second  scale,  which  is  not  ciliate; 
lowering  scales  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn 
^'bout  1'  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  about  S'' 
Icng,  the  corresponding  scale  in  the  central  spikelet   ] 
Somewhat  smaller. 

On  ballast  and  sparingly  in  waste  places,  southern  New 

.. J , "-ofrora  ArizonaloCalifomia. 

June-July. 


230 


GRAHJNEAE. 


90.  ELYMUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.  1753. 
Tall  grasses,  with  nsnaltj  flat  leave*  sad  dcDse  terminal  spike*.  SpikeleU  a-aerenl- 
flowered,  (rarelj  i-flowered)  sessile,  usually  in  pain,  occasionally  in  3'!  or  more,  in  altcT' 
nate  notches  of  the  continaoQS  or  jointed  rachis,  the  emptj  scales  forming  an  apparent  invo- 
lucre to  the  cluster.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute  or  awned,  entire  or  r«rely  cleft; 
flowering  scales  shorter,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usoall}'  bearing  an  awn.  Palet  • 
little  shorter  than  the  scale,  i-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  sparsely  hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  paleL  [Greek,  to  roll  up, 
referring  to  the  involute  palet.] 

About  30  Bpeciei,  natives  of  temperate  regions.    Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occurin 
the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Joints  of  the  rachia  tardily  Beparating  at  maturity*  awns  ascending  or  none. 
Plowetinft  scales  conspicaously  awned  (rarely  awnless  in  No.  3). 
Spikeleta  diveryent  from  the  rachis  of  the  broad  spike. 

Empty  scales  awl-shaped;  spikes  slender.  i.  E.  tirialui. 

Empty  scales  not  awl-shaped;  spikes  stout. 

Empty  scales  lanceolate,  s-7-ncrved;  awn  short;  spjki 
Empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolt " 
spike  usually  nodding. 
Spikelets  appressed  to  the  raebiB  of  the  narrow  spike. 

Empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed.  4.  E.  g-laucus. 

Emp^  scales  awl-shaped,  bearing  awns  equalling  or  exceeding  thcit  length. 

5.  E.  Ufacounii. 
Flowering  scales  unawned  or  awn-pointed. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous,  6.  E.  condentalut, 

Plowerii^  scales  villous.  7.  E.  arenaritts. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  early  separating;  awns  widely  diverging.  8.  E.  ttymoides. 

:.    Elymus  striitus  Willd.     Slender  Wild 
Rye.     (Fig.  533.) 


5.  E.  Canadensis. 


ij  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  1 


1848. 


Elymus  Virginicus  L. 
'.Ivtnus  Virgiiiic 
'fymus  Virginic 


Culms  a°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth,  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inteniodes, 
glabrous  or  hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  $'-Y 
long,  a"-5"  wide,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  beneath, 
pubescent  above;  spike  a}i'-i}4'  in  length,  broad, 
slender,  dense;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  1-3- 
ilowered;  empty  scales  awl-shaped,  9"-ia"  long,  in- 
cluding the  slender  rough  awn,  1-3-nerved,  the  nerves, 
and  often  the  whole  scale,  rough,  hiapid  or  hirsute- 
flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  smooth,  scabrotis  or 
hispid,  bearing  a  slender  rough  awn  &"-t$"  in  length. 


Terrell-grass.     Virginia  Wild  Rye.     (Fig-  534.)^ 


£6^1 

a:  ass-     1040- 

Culms  2° -3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
often  overlapping  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm, 
smooth,  sometimes  pubescent,  the  uppermost  often 
inflaled  and  enclosing  the  peduncle  and  the  base  of 
the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  5'-i4'  long, 
a"-8"  wide,  rough;  spike  a'-7'  in  length,  broad, 
stout,  upright;  sjukelets  divergent  from  the  rachis, 
3-3-floweied;  empty  scales  thick  and  rigid,  lanceo- 
late, 8"-l3"  long,  including  the  short  awn,  5-7- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  3"-4"  long,  smooth,  rarely 
sparingly  scabrous,  bearing  a  rough  awn  3"-^"  in 
length,  or  rarely  awnless. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick  to  Manitotra,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.    Ascends  tosoooft.  in  North  Carolina.    July- Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


3.   Elymus  Canadensis  L.     Nodding  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  535,) 


■us  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.      1733. 

us glauci/olius  y/iWA.  Enotn.  i:  iji.      1809. 

us  Canadensis  var.  glaucifolius  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1: 

.     iS^. 

Ims  a^j'-s"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
.  Sheaths  usualljr  overlapping;  ligale  very 
;  leaves  4'-!°  long  or  more,  a"-io"  wide. 
I,  sometimes  glaucous;  spike  4'— la'  in  length, 
!,  stout,  often  nodding,  its  peduncle  much  ex- 
1;  spilcelets  divergent  from  the  rachia,  3-5- 
red;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate  or  awl- 
■A,  rigid,  3-5-nerved,  8"-i6"  long,  including  the 
blender  rough  awns;  flowering  scales  4"-7"  long, 
y  smooth  to  hirsute,  bearing  a  slender  scabrous 
:ht  or  divergent  awn  io"-a5"  in  length. 

riser  banks,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Al- 
south  to  Ceoreia,  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Ascends 
O  ft.  in  ViiBinia.    July-Aug. 


4.  Elymua  giaiicus  Buckl.     Smooth  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  536.) 

Elymus  glaucus  Buclcl.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  lasa:  99.    1S63. 
Elymus  Americanus  V.&S.;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4: 

ats.     1888. 

Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A. 


Culms  3"-$"  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrona. 
Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  interaodca,  usually 
glabrous,  rarely  pubescent;  ligule  i"  long  or  less; 
leaves  4'-ia'  long,  3"-8"  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
sometimes  rough  above;  spike  3'-^'  in  length,  nar- 
row, alender;  spikeleta  appreased  to  the  rachis,  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  4"-6" 
long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid,  3-'5-nerved; 
flowering  scales  smooth  or  aligbtly  rough,  5"-6"  long, 
bearing  a  alender  straight  rough  awn  6"-^' in  lenEth. 


Slymus  Macoilnii  Vasey.     Macoun's  Wild 

Rye.     (Fig.  537.) 
us  Macou nit  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr,  Club,  13;  uq.      :886. 
Ims  i°-3''  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabroua. 
'.hs  shorter  than  the  intemodes;  ligule  very  short, 
ate;   leaves  3'-6'   long,   l"-afi"   wide,   rough,   es- 
lly  above;   spike  2'-$'  in  length,  narrow,  slender, 

somewhat  flexuous;  spikelets  eppressed  to  the 
i,  single  at  each   node,  or  the  lower  sometimes  in 

1-3-flowered;  empty  scales  (occasionally  3)  awl- 
ad,  3-nerved,  rough,  3"-4"  long,  bearing  a  slender 
;ht  rough  awn,  i"-S"  in  length;  flowering  scales 
-5"  long,  rough  toward  the  apex,  beaiing  a  slender 
;ht  awn  3"-5"  long. 

to  Nebraska  and 


!  GRAMINEAE. 

6.    Elymus  condens&tus  Presl.     Smooth  Lyme-grass.     (Fig.  538.) 


Elym 


1  Pnt\,  Beliq.  Hsenk.  i:  265,     1830. 


Culms  3°-io°  UIl,  erect,  simple,  smooth  »tid  gla- 
brons.  Sbeaths  smooth  and  glabroos,  the  upper  ones 
■borter  than  the  intemodcB;  ligale  3"-i"  long,  tmn- 
cale;  leaves  b'-t'  long  or  more,  3"-i2"  wide,  ica- 
broua,  at  least  above;  spike  4'-i5'  in  length,  luuall; 
•tout,  strict,  often  interrupted  below,  sometimes  com- 
pound  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  a-seveial  at 
each  node  of  the  rachis;  emptj  scales  awl-shaped, 
4>j"-6"  long,  i-nerved,  usually  rough;  flowering 
scales  4"-s"  loug,  generally  awn-pointed,  nsually 
rongb.  sometimes  smooth. 

In  wet  saline  situations.  Alberta  to  British  Colninbia, 
south  to  northweateni  Nebraska,  Aniuna  and  California. 
July-Aug. 


7.    Elymus  arenirius   L.     Downy  Lyme- 
grass.     Sea  Lyme-grass.     (Fig.  539.) 
Elymus  arcnarius  L,  Sp,  PI,  83,      1753. 

Culms  i^^-S"  tall,  erect,  simple,  usuallj  softly  pu- 
bescent at  the  summit.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
often  glaucous,  those  at  the  base  overlapping,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  ioteruodes;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  3'-!°  long  or  more,  iJi"-5"  wide,  flat,  or 
becoming  involute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  y-i<y  in  length,  usually  strict;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered,  frequently  glaucous;  empty  scales  8"-i4" 
^ug,  3-s-ncrved,  acuminate,  more  or  less  villous; 
flowering  scales  8"-io"  long,  acute  or  awn-pointed, 
5-7- nerved,  usually  very  villous. 

On  shores.  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the  Northwest 
Territory  and  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Lake  Superior  and 
Wa.shineton.    Also  in  Burope  and  Asia.    Sommer. 

8.    Elymus  elymoldes  (Raf,)Swezey.    I>ng-bristled  Wild  Rye.     (Fig,  540.) 

Silanion  tlytnoidet  Raf.  Joum.  Phys.  89:  ;o3.      1B19. 
Elymus  Silanion  Schultes,  Mant.  i:  416.      'SH; 
Elymus  elymoidei  Swezey,  Neb.  Fl.  PI.  ig.      1B91. 

Culms  6'-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  usu- 
ally overlapping,  the  upper  one  often  inflated  and 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike;  lignle  short; 
leaves  i'-;'  long,  )i"-2"  wide,  often  stiff  and 
erect,  usually  rough,  sometimes  hiniute,  flat  or 
involute;  spike  3 '-6' in  length;  spikelets  1-5 -flow- 
ered; empty  scales  entire  or  divided,  often  to  the 
base,  the  divisions  awl-shaped  and  bearing  long 
unequal  slender  awns,  ['-3;^' in  length;  flowering 
scales  3"-5"  long,  s-ncrved,  scabrous,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  bearing  a  long  slender  divergent 
awn  J'-i'A'  in  length,  the  apex  of  the  scale  some- 
times 3-toothed,  the  teeth  often  produced. into  short 
awns;  joints  of  the  rachis  separating  at  maturity. 
lUth  to  Kansaa,  Teias,  Arizona  and  California.    July-Ang. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


233 


91.    HYSTRIX  Moench,  Meth.  294.     1794. 
[ Asp R ELLA  Willd.  Ennm.  132.     1809.     Not  Schreb,  1789.] 
[GvHNOSTiCHUMScbreb.  Bescbr.  Gres.  a:  137-    pi- 47-     1810.] 
Vsually  tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.    Spikelets  a-several-flowered, 
in  pairs,  Tarelf  in  3's,  at  eacb  node  of  tbe  rachis.     Empty  scales  wanting,  or  sometimes  ap- 
pearing as  mere  rudiments;  flowering  scales  nairow,  conTolute,  rigid,  rounded  on  the  back, 
3-uerved  above,  terminating  in  an  awn;    palet  scarcely  shorter  than  tbe  scale,  a-keeled. 
Stamens  3.     Styles  very  sbort,  distinct.     Stigmas  plamosc.     Grain  oblong,  adhering  to  the 
palet  when  dry.     [Greek  name  of  the  Porcupine,  referring  to  the  long  awns.] 

Four  known  aijeeics,  the  following  and  aCt" 
fomian  one  occurring  in  North  America. 


.     Hystrix     H^strlx    (L.)    Millsp. 
Bottle-brush  Grass.     (Fig.  541.) 


Ely«. 


rj  Hystri 


L.  Sp.  PI.  I 


3.  :i4. 


.762. 


._,.    pt.47-     —- 
Hyslrix  HyslHx  Mitlsp.  Fl.  W.  Va.  474.      1892. 

Cnlina  3°--4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrons.  Sheatbs  usually  shorter  than  tbe  in- 
temodes;  lignle  very  sborl;  leaves  iii'-q'  long, 
y-ft"  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  aboTe; 
spike  3'-7'  in  length,  spikelets  at  length  widely 
spreading,  4"-6"  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns; 
empty  scales  awn-like,  usually  present  in  the 
lowest  apikelet;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long, 
acuminate  into  an  awn  about  i'  in  length. 

In  rocly  wooda.  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario, 
south  to  Georgfia.  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Ascends 
to  iioo  ft.  in  Virginia,  Spikelets  very  easily  de- 
tached, even  when  young,     Jane-July. 

ga.  ARUNDINARIA  Mkhx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  73.  1803. 
Arborescent  or  shrubby  grasses,  with  simple  or  branched  culms  and  flat  short-petioled 
leaves  which  are  articulated  with  the  sheath.  Spikelets  home  in  panicles  or  racemes, 
i-many-flowered,  large,  compressed.  Empty  scales  i  or  2,  the  first  sometimes  wanting; 
flowering  scales  longer,  not  keeled,  many  nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales, 
prominently  2-keeled.  Lodicnles  3.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2  or  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
/niTOwed,  free,  enclosed  in  tbe  scale  and  palet.  [Vrajn  Arundo,  the  Latin  name  of  tbe  Reed.] 
About  24  species,  natives  of  Asia  and  America.    Two  are  found  in  the  southern  United  States. 

1.    Arundinaria   tfecta  (Walt.)  Muhl. 
Scutch  Cane.   Small  Cane.   (Fig.  542.) 

Arundn  lecla  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  81.      1788. 
Arttndinaria  tecia  Muhl.  Gram.  191,      1817. 
Arundinaria     macrosperma     var.    suffrHlicosa 

Mnnro,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  36: 15.      !»«. 

Culms  3''-i5''  tall,  erect,  shrubby,  branch- 
ing at  tbe  summit,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  intemodes,  smooth  or 
rough,  ciliate  on  tbe  margins;  ligule  bristly; 
leaves  lanceolate,  iffi'S'  long,  4"-ia"  wide, 
flat,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous 
above;  racemes  terminal,  or  on  short  leafless 
culms;  spikelets  7- 10- flowered,  I'-iJi'  long, on 
pedicels  i'  in  length  or  less,  which  are  some- 
times pubescent;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first 
usually  very  small,  sometimes  wanting;  flower- 
ing.scales  6"-io"  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  scabrous  or  pubescent. 


234  CYPERACEAE. 

Family  8.     CYPERACEAE  J.  St  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  62.      1805. 

Sbdgb  Family. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  (culms)  slender,  solid  (rarely  hollow), 
triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous  (many  species  per- 
ennial by  long  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with  closed  sheaths.  Flowers  per- 
fect or  imperfect,  arranged  in  spikelets,  one  (rarely  2)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale 
(glume,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  i -many-flowered.  Scales  2- 
ranked  or  spirally  imbricated,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous, 
composed  of  bristles,  or  interior  scales,  rarely  calyx-like,  or  entirely  wanting. 
Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more.  Filaments  slender  or  filiform.  Anthers  2-celled. 
Ovary  i -celled,  sessile  or  stipitate.  Ovule  i,  anatropous,  erect.  Style  2-3- 
cleft  or  rarely  simple  or  minutely  2-toothed.  Fruit  a  lenticular  plano-convex 
or  trigonous  achene.     Endosperm  mealy.     Embryo  minute. 

About  65  genera  and  3000  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  dates  given  be- 
low indicate  the  time  of  perfecting  fruit. 

Flowers  of  the  spikelets  all,  or  at  least  one  of  them,  perfect;  spikelets  all  similar. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  3-ranked. 

Perianth  none;  spikelets  in  solitary  or  umbelled  terminal  heads. 

Spikelets  with  2-several  perfect  flowers;  scales  several  to  numerous,     i.  Cy perns. 
Spikelets  with  but  i  perfect  flower;  scales  2-4.  2.  Kyllinga. 

Perianth  of  6-9  bristles;  inflorescence  axillary.  3.  uulichium. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 
Spikelets  with  several  to  many  perfect  flowers. 

Base  of  the  style  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 

leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths;  bristles  usually  present;  spikelet  solitary. 

4,  Eleocharis. 
Culm  leafy;  bristles  none;  spikelets  i-numerous. 

Spikelets  capitate,  involucrate.  5.  Dichromena. 

Spikelets  umbellate  or  cymose. 

Spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  compound  cymes;  most  of  the  style  per- 
sistent. 6.  Psilocarya. 
*                      Spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel ,  base  of  style  persistent.       7.  Stenophyllus, 
Base  of  the  style  enlarged  or  narrow,  deciduous. 

Flowers  with  no  broad  sepals  nor  interior  perianth-scales. 

Style  swollen  at  the  base;  bristles  none.  8.  FimbHstylis. 

Style  not  swollen  at  the  base ;  bristles  usually  present. 

Spikelets  solitary-many;  bristles  1-6,  rarely  none.  9.  Scirpus. 

Spikelets  solitary  or  few;  bristles  6-many,  soft,  smooth,  very  lotk^^  slender, 
much  exserted.  10.  Ertophorum. 

Flowers  with  a  perianth  of  3  stalked  sepals  or  of  i  or  2  interior  hyaline  scales. 
Perianth  of  3  broad  stalked  sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  bristles. 

II.  Fuirena. 
Perianth  of  i  or  2  hyaline  scales  (sepals?);  bristles  none. 

Perianth  of  a  single  minute  posterior  scale.  12.  Hemicarpha. 

Perianth  of  2  scales,  convolute  around  the  ovary.  13.  Lipocarpha. 

Spikelets  1-4-flowered,  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

Style,  or  its  base,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene.  14.  Rynchospora. 

Style  wholly  deciauous.  15.  Cladiunt. 

Flowers  all  monoecious  or  dioecious,  usually  borne  in  separate  small  spikelets. 
Achene  not  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Spikelets  clustered  or  solitary,  not  in  a  terminal  spike;  achene  bony.        16.  Scleria. 
Spikelets  forming  a  terminal  spike ;  arctic  genera. 

Scales  2-flowered,  androgynous.  17.  Elyna. 

Scales  I -flowered,  monoecious.  10.  Kobresia. 

Achene  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  conspicuous,  subulate,  often  exserted  beyond  the  perig^ynium. 

19.   uncinia. 
Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  or  none,  not  exserted.  20.  Carex. 

I.   CYPERUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  44.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  in  our  species  simple,  triangular,  leafy  near  the 
base,  and  with  i  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  simple  or  com- 
pound, umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Rays  of  the  umbel  sheathed  at  the  base, 
usually  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes  commonly  sessile.  Spikelets  flat 
or  subterete,  composed  of  few  or  many  scales,  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  wingless  or 
winged  rachis  as  they  mature  (nos.  1-19),  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away 
from  the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  the  scales  attached  (nos.  20-32).  Scales  concave, 
conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  ones  empty.  Flowers  per- 
fect Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the 
lenticular  or  3-angled  achene.     [Ancient  Greek  name  for  these  sedges.] 

About  650  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, some  40  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States.  The  English  names  Galingale  and  Sweet 
Rush  are  sometimes  applied  to  all  the  species. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Style  i-cleft;  achene  lenticalar,  not  j'Sng'led:  scales  falling  from  the  rachis;  spikelets  HaL 
Acheiie  one-half  aa  long  bb  the  scale;  umbel  nearly  orqaite  simple. 

Spikelets  yellow;  superficial  cells  of  the  achene  oblong.  i.  C.flavtSU 

Spikeiets  green  or  brawn;  saperficial  cells  of  the  achene  quadrate. 
Scales  obtuse  or  obtnsish,  apptessed. 

Scales  membranous,  dull;  style  much  exserted.  a.  C.  diandr 

Scales  HubcoriaceoQB,  shining;  style  scarcely  exserted.  3.  C.  rivulai 

Scales  acute,  somewhat  spreading  at  maturity. 

Achene  narrowly  obovatej  apikelets  J4'-l  M'  long. 
Achene  linear-oblong;  spikeleta  3"-q"  long. 
Achene  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale;  umbel  sometimes  much  compound. 
Style  3-clett;  a.chene  3-Bngled. 


4.  C.  Nullallii.      '^ 

5.  C.  microdonlus. 

6.  CjTe     ■ 


S^es  falling  away  from  the  persistent  mchis  of  the  flattened  spikeiets, 

'VingB  or  the  lachis,  it  present,  permanently  adnate  to  it. 
Scales  tipped  with  recurved  awns;  low  annual,  i'-6'  tall. 


7.  C.  <njta 


Scales  acute  or  obtuse. 

Wings  of  the  rachis  nc 

Stamens  3;  spikeli. ..     _ „,  . 

Annual;  culms  smooth,  a'-io'  long.  ~  8.  C.  compressut. 

Perennial;  culms  rough,  i''-ay°  tall.  9.  C.  Schwiinitzii.    (. 

Stamen  1;  spikeiets  ovate,  a"-4"  long. 

Tall  perennial;  achene  linear;  scales  acutish.  10,  C.  pseudovigetui. 

Low  annual;  achene  oblong;  scale-tips  recurved.         11.  C.  acaminalus.      c 
Wings  of  the  rachis  distinct. 

Low  annual,  adventive  from  Europe;  scales  brown.  la.  C.fuscui. 

Tall  indigenous  perennials  (no.  13  sometimes  annual?). 

Lower  leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheatbs,  13.  C.  Haspan. 

Leaves  ail  elongated-linear. 

Scales  mucronate.  reddish  brown  or  green.  14.  C.  denlalus. 

Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  roucronate. 

Scales  wholly  or  partly  purple-brown;  achene  linear. 

Scales  tightly  appressed,  15.   C.  rotundui. 

Tips  of  the  scales  free.  16.  C  Hallii. 

Scales  atraw-colored;  achene  obovoid.  17.  C.  esculenlus. 

Wings  of  the  rachis  separating  from  it  as  interior  scales;  annuals. 


':  g;^r 


Scales  rigid,  yellow.  ,    .  _  , 

Scales  distant;  achene  linear-oblong.  33,  C  EngelmK 

Perennial  by  hard,  tuber-like  basal  corms;  Spikeiets  more  or  less  flattened, 
Achene  narrowly  linear-oblong,  3-4  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Spikeiets  flat,  several-many- flowered.  23.  C.  slrigosas. 
Spikeiets  aubtcretc,  few-flowered. 

Spikeiets  6" -ii"  long,  loosely  spicate;  lower  reflexed.  34.  C.  refractus. 
Spikeleta  iM"-6"  long,  densely  capitate  or  spieate. 

Spikeiets  all  reflexed;  culms  rough.  15.  C.  retro/raclut. 
Spikeleta  spreading  or  only  the  lower  refleied;  cnlros  smootli. 
Heads  oblong  or  cylindrio. 

Spikeiets  3"-5    long,  the  lower  reflexed.  s6,  C.  Ijtncasti 

Spikeletsiji-i"  long,  the  lowerapreading.  27.  C.  cytindricut. 

Heads  globose.  38.  C.  otmSaris. 
Achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 
Rachis  wingless  or  very  narrowly  winged. 

Scales  pale  green,  membranous,  dull.  39.  C.filicutmis. 

Scales  chestnut -brown,  firm,  shining.  30.  C.  Houghloni. 
Rschis-wings  membranous,  broad. 

Scales  firm,  not  appressed;  spikeiets  loosely  capitate.  31.  C.  Gra^i. 
Sca]esthin,closelyappressed;spikeletsdenaely capitate,  33,  C.  echxnatus. 

I.  Cyperus  flav£scens  L.     Yellow 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  543.) 

■CyperutJIavesceni  L  Sp.  PI.  46.      1753- 

Aannal,  culma  very  slender,  tufted,  leafy  below, 
3'-i3'  tall,  mostly  lotiger  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
*'''-i>i"  wide,  smooth,  the  longer  usually  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence;  clusters  terminal  and  sessile 
Ox  on  1-4  short  rays;  spikeiets  in  3's-6'b,  linear, 
Subacute,  yellow,  many- flowered,  flat,  i,"-^'  long, 
*  Ji"-2"  broad;  acales  ovate,  obtuse,  i-nerved,  ap- 
X>Tessed,  twice  as  long  as  the  orbicular-obovate 
-^^ack  obtuse  lenticnlar  shining  achene;  stamens  3; 
Vtyle  deeply  3-cleft,  its  branches  slightly  exserted; 
v-QperScial  cells  of  the  acbeae  oblong. 

In  marshy  gronnd,  Maine  to  Michigan,  Florida  and 
Mexico.    Also  in  the  Old  World.    Ai«,-Oct. 


CYPERACEAE. 
Cyperu^  difindrus  Torr.     Low  Cypenis.     (Fig.  544. ) 

CyPtrus  diandrui  Ton.  Cat.  PI.  N.  Y.  90.      1819. 

\t  Britton.  Bull.  Ton.  Club, 


Annaal,  cnlms tufted,  slender,  a'-ij' tall.  Leaves 
abont  i"  wide,  thooe  of  the  involacre  usaally  3, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  spikeleta;  clnsters 
sessile  and  terminal,  or  at  the  ends  of  I~3  raj's: 
spilcelets  4"-9"  long,  linear-oblong,  acute,  flat, 
mauy-floweTed;  scales  ovate,  green,  brown,  or 
with  brown  margins,  obtuse,  i-nerved,  appressed, 
membranous,  dull;  stamens  2  or  3;  stjle  3-cleft, 
its  branches  much  eiserted;  achcne  lenticular, 
oblong,  suba(?ute,  gray,  not  shining,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate, 
about  as  long  as  wide. 

Tn  marshy  places  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  South  Carolina  and  Kansas.    Aug, -Oct. 

The  var.  elongalus  is  only  a  form  with  longer  spike- 
lets,  found  in  soothem  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 


3.   Cyperus  rivul&ris  Kuuth.     Shining 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  545.) 

Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth,  Enum.  a:  6.      1837. 

.  (?)  c. 
Not  C 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slender, 
lulled,  4'-i5'  tall.  Umbel  usually  simple;  spikelets 
linear  or  linear- oblong,  acutish,  4"-io"  long;  scales 
green  or  dark  brown  or  with  brown  margins, 
appressed,  firm,  subcoriaceous,  shining,  obtuse; 
stamens  mostly  3;  style  3-cleft,  scarcely  exserted; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  lenticular,  some- 
what pointed,  dull,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  wet  noil,  especially  along  streams  and  ponds. 
Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to 
Virginia  and  Missouri.    Aog.-Oct. 


Cyperus  NuttaUii  Eddy.     Nuttall's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  546.) 


Cyperus  jVu/lailii  Eddy;  Spreng.  Neue  Entd.  l:  24a 

Annual,  culms  slender,  tufted,  4^-18'  tall,  equal- 
ling or  often  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  of  the 
involucre  3-5,  spreading,  the  larger  often  5'  long; 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  3-7-rByed; 
spikelets  rather  loosely  clustered,  linear,  very  acute, 
flat,  spreading,  J^'-ifi'  long,  l"-lji"  wide;  scales 
yellowish-brown  with  a  green  keel,  obloag,  acute, 
rather  loosely  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  3; 
style  3-clcft,  its  branches  somewhat  ex  serted;  achene 
lenticular,  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
dull,  light  brown,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 


Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  Mis 


sippi.    Aug. -Oct. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  237 

5.   Cyperus  microd6ntu8  Torr.     Coast  Cyperus.     (Fig.  547.) 

Cyfifrui  nticrodonlus  Torr.  Ann,  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  355. 
■836- 

Annual,  similar  to  tbe  preceding  species,  culms 
very  slender,  tufted,  sometimes  io'  high,  usually 
lower.  Leaves  about  1"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre much  elongated;  umbel  commoaly  simple, 
aessite,  capitate,  or  i-6-rajed;  spikelets  linear, 
acut*,  3"-^"  long,  less  than  i"  wide,  yellowish- 
btown;  scales  ovate,  acute,  thin,  appressed  when 
young,  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  i;  style  3- 
cleft,  its  brancbea  much  exaerted ;  achene  lenticular, 
linear-oblong,  short-pointed,  light  brown,  one-half 
as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 


6.   Cyperus  flaiicomus  Michx.     Elegant  Cyperus.     (Fig.  548.) 


Cyfierusjtc 


Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  27.     1S03. 


Annual,  culms  stout  or  slender,  I'-s"  tall,  leafy 
below.  Leaves  smooth,  or  rough-margined,  2"-^" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-8,  the  longer  ones 
much  exceeding  the  inilorescetice;  umbels  few- 
several- rayed,  often  compound;  primary  rays  Ji'- 
3,4' long;  spikeletH  numerous,  usually  densely  clus- 
tered, linear,  acute,  4"-io"  long,  i"-iyi"  wide, 
flat,  many' flowered,  spreading;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, thin,  dall,  yellowish-brown,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  faintly  3-nerved;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft, 
little  exseited;  acbenes  obovate,  lenticular,  black, 
mucronate,  not  shining,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
scales  and  often  persistent  on  the  racbis  after  these 
have  fallen  away. 


Inw 


o  Florida  and 


7.   Cyperus  inflixus  Muhl.     Awned  Cyperus.     (Fig.  549.) 


is  Muhl.  Gram.  16. 


Cyprr 


a.  35:  Soo,  in  part.     1868. 


Annual,  culms  slender  01  almost  filiform,  tufted,  i'-* 
&  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  i"  wide 
orless,  those  of  the  involucre  3-3,  exceeding  the  nmbel; 
umbel  sessile,  capitate,  or  t-3.rayed;  spikelets  linear- 
oblong,  6-10- flowered,  3"-3"  long;  scales  light  brown, 
lanceolate,  rather  firm,  strongly  several -nerved,  taper 
ing  into  a  long,  recurved  awn,  falling  from  the  rschis 
at  maturity;  stamen  i;  style  3<left;  rachis  narrowly 
winged,  the  wings  persistent;  achene  3-angled,  brown 
dall,  narrowly  obovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ntucronulate 

In  wet,  sandy  soil,  Vermont  to  the  Northwest  Temtorj 
ind  Oregon,  south  to  Florida,  Texas,  California  and 
Hexico.    PiBgrant  in  drying.    July-Sepl. 


CYPERACEAB. 
Cyperus  comprtssuB  L.     Flat  Cyperus.     (Fig.  550.) 


CyPerust 


n  L.  Sp.  PL  4fi.      1753. 


AqdubI,  tolled,  ctilnu  alendcr,  erect  or  reclining, 
smooth,  s'-io'  long.  LcBvea  light  gieen,  about  i" 
wide,  thoaeof  theinvolncie  3-3,  the  longer  exceeding 
the  epikelets;  nmbel  capitate  or  with  a-3  short  rays; 
spikelets  nBironly  lanceolate,  acnte,  i,"-\of'  long, 
\%"-%"  wide,  very  fl«t,  many-flowered ;  scales 
light  green  with  a  yellow  band  on  each  side,  orate, 
acnminate,  Srm,  Icecled,  sevctal-nerved,  falling  away 
from  the  narrowly-winged  lachis  at  matnrity;  stamen* 
3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  Oboroid,  ob- 
tuse, dull,  brown,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
scale. 

In  fields,  Maiyland  to  Florida,  west  to  Hitsonri  and 
Texas.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  in  the  warmei 
parts  of  AuB  and  Africa.    Aug. -Oct. 

9.    Cyperus  Schweinltzii  Ton.     Schweimtz's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  551,) 
CyPerus  Schuieinilxii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  976. 

1836. 

Perennial  by  the  thickened  conn-like  bases  of  the 
cnlms,  tufted,  culms  rather  slender,  rough,  at  least 
above,  I'-a^j"  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  light 
green  leaves.  Leaves  i"-i}i"  wide,  roagh-mar- 
gined,  those  of  the  involucre  3-7,  erect,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  simple,  ^-^ 
rayed,  the  rays  erect,  sometimes  4'  long;  spikelets 
flat,  in  rather  loose  ovoid  spikes,  which  are  sessile 
snd  at  the  ends  of  the  rays,  linear-oblong,  6-ia- 
flowered,  4"-8"  long;  scales  convex,  light  green, 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  9-13-nerYed,  falling 
away  from  the  rachis  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  brown, 
acnte  at  each  end,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale,  its 
superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  sandy  soil,  especially  along  lakes  and  streams, 
western  New  York  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  Minnesota  and  Kansas.     Aug. -Oct. 

10.    Cyperus  pseudovigetus  Steud.     Marsh  Cyperus.     (Fig.  552.) 

Cyperus  pseudovrgeltts  Stetxi.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  04.      1855. 
CyPerus  caUaraltis  Nees;  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

6,  57a        1890. 

Perennial  by  thickened  tuber-like  joints  of  the 
rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout,  i°--4°  high,  often 
equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  iji"-a"  wide, 
smooth,  nodulose,  the  midvein  prominent;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  4-6,  spreading,  the  longer  much  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  several-rayed,  com- 
pound, the  primary  rays  often  4'  long;  spikelets 
ovate,  flat,  many-flowered,  light  green,  densely  capi- 
tate, a"-3"  long;  scales  keeled,  condnplicate,  i- 
nerved,  curved,  acute,  longer  than  tbe  linear 
3-angled  slightly  stalked  achene ;  stamen  t ;  style 
3-cleft. 


o  Florida,  west  t< 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

11.    Cypenis   acuminfttus   Torr.  &   Hook. 

Short-pointed  Cypems.    (Fig;.  553.) 

Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Aon.  Lye.  N,  Y.  3; 
435-      1836. 

Anaual,  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  3'-i5'  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves.  Leaves  light 
green,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  those  of  the  iavo- 
Incre  much  elongated;  umbel  1-4-rayed,  simple;  rays 
short;  apikelets  flat,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  i"-l^" 
long,  manj-fiowered,  densely  capitate;  scales  oblong, 
pale  green,  3-nerved,  coarsely  cellular,  con  duplicate, 
with  a  short  sharp  more  or  less  recurved  tip;  stamen 
t;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  gray,  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  each  end,  aboul:  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 


13.    Cyperus  fAscus  L.     Brown  Cypems.     (Fig.  554.) 
CyPems/mcus  L-  Sp.  PI.  46.      1733. 

Annual,  culma  alender,  tufted,  6^-15'  high,  longer 
than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  rather  dark 
green,  about  1"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  um- 
bel several -rayed,  somewhat  compound,  the  rays 
short;  spikelets  linear,  t"-y"  long,  less  than  i" 
wide,  many-flowered,  acute;  scales  ovate,  subacute, 
becoming  dark  brown  or  remaining  greenish  on 
the  keel,  faintly  about  3-nerved  on  the  back,  sepa- 
rating from  the  narrowly  winged  rachis  as  they 
mature;  stamens 2  or 3;  styles-cleft;  achenesharply 
3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scale. 

Revere  Beach.  Mass.,  and  New  London,  Conn.  Ad- 
ventlve  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  Also  in  ballast  about 
the  eastern  seaports.    Jnl}'-Sept. 


13.    Cyperua  Hfispan  L.     Sheathed  Cypenis. 
Cypenu  HasfiaH  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.      1753. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks  (sometimes  an- 
nual ?),  roots  fibrous,  culms  slender,  weak,  tufted, 
lO-j"  high.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to  meinbranr 
ons  acuminate  sheaths,  those  of  the  involucre 
about  a,  osnallyless  than  i"  wide,  commonly  little 
exceeding  or  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
several-rayed,  simple  or  compound,  the  longer 
rays  I'-a'  long;  spikelets  few,  capitate,  linear, 
acute,  many-flowered,  i"-(/'  long,  about  }i" 
wide;  scales  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  reddish- 
brown,  acute,  mncronulate,  keeled,  3-nerved; 
rachis  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-clelt, 
scarcely  esserted;  achene  3-angled,  broadly  oh- 
ovoid,  obtose,  nearly  white,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  scale. 

In  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly 
near  the  coast.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  in  the 
wanner  parts  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Australia.  July- 
Sept 


(Fig-  555-) 


CYPERACEAE. 
14.    Cyperus  dentAtus  Torr.     Toothed  Cyperus.     (Fig.  556,) 
CyPerusdeHlalusloTT.  Fl.  U,  S.  1:  61,    1824. 

Perennial  by  scaly  rootttocka  which  •ometlmcs 
bear  unall  tubers,  calms  rather  stiff;  8'-3o'  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves 
keeled,  i"-3"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-4, 
one  or  two  of  them  usually  ezceediug  the  inflores- 
cence; umbel  several-rayed,  somewhat  compound; 
longer  rays  1^-3'  long;  spikelets  linear,  very  flat, 
many-flowered,  mostly  blunt,  5"-io"  long,  nearly 
a"  wide;  scales  light  reddiib-brown,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, thin,  keeled,  s-7-aerved,  mncronate,  separa- 
ting from  the  rachis  when  mature,  their  tips 
spreading,  causing  the  spikelet  to  appear  toothed; 
Btamens  3;  style  3-cIeft,  the  branches  ezserted; 
Bcheue  3-angled,  obtuse,  mucronate,  light  brown, 
much  shorter  than  the  scale. 


In  sandy  swamps  and 
northern  New  York,  Boutb 
Carolina.  Scales  often  u 
leaves.    Aug. -Oct. 


on  river  shores,  Maine  to 
to  West  ViiKiniB  and  South 
lodified  intp  tufts  of  small 


Cyperus  rot6adus  L. 

1753- 


Nut-grass, 

Cyptrus  rolundus  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.       _,„^ 

Cyfierus  Hydra  Michi.  V\.  Bor.  Am.  i:  »7.      1S03. 

Perennial  by  scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocka, 
culm  rather  stoat,  S'-x/  high,  nsually  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Leaves  iJ^'-3' wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 3-5,  the  longer  equalling  or  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  compound  or  nearly  simple,  3- 
S-rayed,  the  longer  rays  3^-4^'  long;  spikelets 
linear,  closely  clustered,  few  in  each  cluster,  acute, 
4"-io"  long,  i"-iji"  wide;  scales  dark  purple- 
brown  or  with  green  margins  and  centre,  ovate, 
acute,  closely  appressed  when  mature  about  3- 
nerved  on  the  keel  stamens  3  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  ezserted  achene  3  angled  about  one-half 
aa  long  as  the  scale 

In  Gelds  VitEinia  to  Ptonda  west  to  Kansas  and 
Texas  Adventive  in  ot  about  ballast  deposits  at  the 
eastern  "eaports.  Also  m  tropical  America  and  widel; 
distributed  in  the  Old  World      ]u)j-Sept 


(Fig.  557-) 


16.    Cyperus    HAIlii   Britton.      Hall's 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  558.) 

Cyperus  Hallii  Britton,   Bull.  Torr.   Club,    13;   211. 

1S86. 

Perennial  by  scaly  rootstocka,  cnim  rather  stout, 
3''-3°  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Basal 
leaves  a"-3"  wide;  involucral  leaves  3-6,  the  longer 
very  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  nmbel 
compound,  its  longer  rays  3'-4'  long,  the'  raylets 
sometimes  \'  long;  spikelets  numerous,  loosely 
clustered,  linear,  7-15-flowered,  s"-8"  long,  1"- 
I  ^  "  wide;  jnvolucels  setaceous;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
strongly  7-9-nerved,  dark  reddish-brown  or  with 
lighter  margins,  tbeir  tips  not  appressed;  stameni 
3;  style  3-clefl,  its  branches  much  exserted;  acbene 
linear-oblong,  3-angled,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale. 

Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory  to  Texas.  July- 
Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
17.   Cyperus  escul^ntus  L.     Yellow  Nut-grass,     (Fig.  559.) 


1753-   „ 
2.1.       1817. 

Perennial  by  scaly  horizontal  tuber-beBring  root- 
stocks,  culm  usually  stout,  i^-afi"  tall,  commoiily 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  3"-4" 
wide,  the  tnidvein  prominent;  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 3-6,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; ambel  4--io-rayed,  often  compound; 
spilcelets  numerous  in  loose  spikes,  stran-color  or 
yellowish-biown,  flat,  spreading,  6"-ij"  long, 
i}j"wide,  many-flowered;  scales  ovate-oblong,  sub- 
acute, 3-3- nerved;  rachis  narrowly  winged;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  j-angled. 

In  moist  fields.  New  Biunswick  to  Minnesota,  sontb 
to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  from 
California  to  Alaska,  in  tropica!  America,  and  widely 
distributed  in  tlie  Old  World.  Sometimes  a  tlouble- 
some  weed.    Aug:. -Oct. 

Cypemi  escnltntaa  anenstlBpicltus  Britton,  Bnll,  Torr. 
Club,  13:311.      1886. 
Spikelets  very  slender,  i"  wide  or  less.    Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina  and  Mis! 

18.   Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.     Red-rooted  Cyperus,     (Fig,  560,) 
CyPerus  erythrorhiios  Muhl.  Gram.  ao.     1817. 

Annual,  culms  tufted,  stout  or  slender,  3'-a°  tall. 
Leaves  i}ii"-^"  wide,  rough-margined,  the  lower 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 3-7,  some  of  them  3-5  times  as  long  as  the 
inflorescence;  umbel  mostly  compound,  several- 
rayed;  spikelets  linear,  subacute,  3"-io"  long,  leas 
than  i"  wide,  compressed,  many-flowered,  clus- 
tered in  oblong,  nearly  or  quite  sessile  spikes; 
scales  bright  chestnut  brown,  oblong-lanceolate, 
mncronulate,  appressed,  separating  from  the  rachis 
at  maturity,  the  membranous  wings  of  the  rachis 
separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior  scales;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  ob- 
long, pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 

In  wet  soil,  especially  along  streams,  southern  On- 
tario to  Hassachusetts  and  Florida,  west  to  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Texas  and  California.    Aug.-Oct. 
pomilDS  Bngelm.  is  a  low  form,  not  worthy  of  varietal  rank. 


Cypsma  aiytbriiiUioa  vi 


19.  Cyperus  Hdlei  Torr,    Hale's  Cyperus. 

(Fig.  561.) 
Cyierus  Haiti  Torr.;  Britton,   Bnll.  Totr.  Ctnb,   13: 
313.      1886. 

Annual,  culm  stoat,  3°-^"  tall,  about  equalled 
by  the  leaves.  Leaves  3"-4"  wide,  very  rough- 
margined,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  much  elong- 
ated; umbel  compound,  several -rayed;  spikes  cy- 
lindiic,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  exceedingly  dense, 
X'-i'  long;  spikelets  very  numerous,  linear,  1%"- 
iyi"  long,  yi"  wide,  spreading;  scales  brown, 
keeled,  indistinctly  s-nerved,  oblong,  mucronn- 
late,  separating  from  the  rachis  at  maturity,  the 
wings  of  the  tachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline 
scales,  as  in  the  preceding  species;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  minute. 

In  swamps,  sonthem  Missouri  to  Tennessee,  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida,     July-^pt. 


242  CYPERACEAE. 

20.    CypeniB  specidsus  Vahl.     Michaux's  Cypenis.     (Fig.  562.) 

CyPerus  sbeciosiis\ab.\,  Bnotn.  a;  364.     1806. 
Cyperut  Michauxianui  Schultes,  Mant  3: 

12J.         1814. 

Annaal,  calma  stout  or  slender,  usual!; 
tufted,  s'-a"  tall,  reddish  towaid  the 
base.  Leaves  rough -margined,  i^"~^%" 
wide,  shorter  thau  or  equalling  the  culm, 
tlie  midTein  prominent;  leaves  of  the  !□- 
Tolocre  much  ezceeditig  the  umbel;  um- 
bel compound  ornearly  simple,  3-7-rayed, 
the  primary  rays  i'-3>i'  long;  iavolucela 
narron;  spilcelets  subterete,  very  nar- 
rowly linear,  loosely  ot  densely  clustered, 
4"-i3"  long,  less  than  i"  thick,  10-30. 
flowered,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
matarity;  scales  dull  bronn,  thin,  ap- 
pressed,  densely  imbricated,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, faintly  3-5-D«rTed  on  the  back; 
rachis-wings  broad,  clasping  the  achene, 
persistent;  stamens  3;  style  3-cIeft,  slight- 
ly exserted;  achene  pale,  3-angled,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  super- 
ficial celk  nearly  quadrate. 

In  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Ohio  and  Minnesota, 
July-SepL 


Florida,  Texas  and  California. 


)n,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  61. 


Cyperua  speciftaul  femisiniiceiiB  (Boet^kl.)  B 
Cyperus/trrugintsceni  Boeckl.  Linnaca,  36:  396.      1869-70. 

Scales  spreading  or  slightly  recurved,  reddish.    Missouri  to  Texas  and  Neir  Mexico. 

Cypems  spcdisns  pirvas  (Boeckt.)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  214.      1S86. 
CyperUi  parvus  Boeckl.  Ijnnaea,  36:  397.      1869-70. 

Culm  i'-3'  high;  umbel  very  simple,  generally  of  but  a  single  cluster  of  short  splkelets.    Mis- 
souri to  Hew  Mexico. 


Cyperus  f^rox  Vahl.     Coarse  Cypenis.     (Fig.  563.) 


Cypems/erox  Vahl,  Enum.  a:  357.      1806. 

Annual,  closely  related  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  with  snutoth-mai^ned, 
shorter  and  broader  leaves,  those  of  the 
involucre  sometimes  but  little  exceeding 
the  inflorescence.  Umbel  simple  or  some- 
what compound,  often  compact,  the  rays 
.mostly  short;  spikelets  linear,  snbterete, 
Io-20-flowered,  S"-i3"  long,  about  i" 
thick,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  ovate-oblong,  apptesscd, 
imbricated,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  green  and 
7-9  nerved  on  the  back,  yellowish  on  the 
sides;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  rachis 
broadly  winged;  achene  3-angted,  nar- 
rowly obovoid,  obtuse. 

In  wet  soil,  Missouri  to  CHlifomia  and 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Aug.-Oct 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

32.    Cyperus  Engelm&nni  Steud.     Kng:eli 

CyPervi  Engelmanni  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp-  47-     i8S5- 

Annual,  culms  slender,  V-i^"  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  a"-3"  wide,  flaccid,  roughish  on  the 
margitis,  those  of  tbe  involucre  4-6,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  often  compound,  the 
rajrlets  very  short;  spikelets  oflen  densely  crowded, 
very  narrowly  linear,  subterete,  6"-i2"  long, 
5-15-Aowered  ;  rachis  narrowly  winged ;  scales 
gieenish-brown,  oblong,  obtuy,  thin,  faintly  3-5- 
nerved  on  the  back,  distant,  the  successive  ones 
on  each  side  of  tbe  spikelet  separated  by  a  space 
of  about  one-half  their  length;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  actaene  linear-oblong,  3-aDgIed,  two-thirds 
u  long  as  the  scale. 


243 
5  Cyperus.     (Fig.  564.) 


33.    Cyperus  strigdsus  L.     Straw-colored  Cyperus.     (Fig.  565.) 
Cyperut  slrigoius  L.  Sp.  PI.  47.     1753. 

Perennial  by  basal  tuber-like  corms,  cnlm 
rather  stont,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  somewhat 
rough -margined,  a"-3"  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the 
umbel;  umbel  several. rayed,  compound  or 
nearly  simple,  some  of  the  primary  rays 
oflen  ^'-t'  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in 
3  bristles;  involucels  setaceous;  heads  ob- 
long or  ovoid;  spikelets  flat,  linear,  a,"-<i" 
long,  \"  wide  or  less,  7- 15- flowered,  sepa- 
rating from  the  axis  at  matnrity;  scales 
straw-colored,  oblong-lanceolate,  subacule, 
strongly  aeveial-nerved,  appressed  or  at 
length  somewhat  spreading;  stamens  3; 
style  3-clefl;  acbene  linear'Oblong,  3-aDgled, 
acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  moist  meadows,  bwuddb  or  along  streams, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  aontli  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas.    Aug. -Oct. 

AiDonfE  the  numerous  forms  of  this  species 
the  following  may  be  defined  as  varieties: 


Cypema  Btrigbans  capititna  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  36:  347. 
>;  spikelets  4"-7"  long,  densely  capitate  in 


186^-70. 

nbglobose  beads.    Range 


Cypems  atijg&aas  compdsltns  Brittou,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  : 


Cyperus  strig 
Umbel  componnd;  spikelets  S' 


■na  robiatlar  Kuntb,  Enum.  1 
la"  long,  lo-ij-flowered.    Ra 


CVPERACEAE. 


34.   Cypenis  refr4ctua  Engelm.     Reflexed  Cypems.     (Fig.  566.) 


Perennial  by  tuber-like  conns,  culm  stoat, 
smooth,  i'*-3°  tall.  I,eBTea  3^^"-^"  wide,  longfa- 
margiued,  elongated;  umbel  6-ii-T*yt6,  nsnall]' 
componnd,  the  longer  rays  sometimes  6'  long, 
their  sheaths  terminating  in  i  or  3  short  teeth;  in- 
volucels  setaceous;  raylets  filiform;  spilcelcta  very 
narrowly  linear,  loosely  spicate,  acute,  fiattish, 
5"-ij"  long,  )i"  thick,  3-6-flowered,  the  npper 
spreading,  the  lower  reflexed;  scales  yellowish- 
gieen,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  closely  appressed, 
9-ii-nerved,  thin;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  much  exserted;  achene  narrowly  linesr, 
obtuse,  apicutate,  about  5  times  as  long  as  thick, 
and  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 


Cypems  retrofrictus  (L.)  Tort.     Rough  Cyperas.     (Fig.  567.) 


1S4B. 

Perennial  by  tuber-tike  corms,  culm  slender, 
rough-pnberulent,  at  least  above,  mostly  longer  than 
the  pnberulent  leaves,  I'-i"  tall.  Leaves  i  Ji'^-a^" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the  longer  not 
greatly  exceeding  the  umbel,  sometimes  shorter;  um- 
bel simple ;  rays  very  slender,  nearly  erect,  or  spiead- 
ing,  t'-f/  long,  their  sheaths  3-toothed;  heads  ob- 
long or  obovoid;  spikelets  linear- subulate,  y-6" 
long,  about  }i"  thick,  1-3-flowered,  all  soon  strongly 
reflexed,  separstiug  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  flow- 
ering scales  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  one  snbn- 
late,  all  strongly  several-nerved;  stamens  3;  style 
3-clefl;  achene  linear,  3-angled,  obtuse,  apiculate, 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 


26.   Cyperus  Lancastriinsis  Porter.     Lancaster  Cyperus.     (Fig.  568.) 

Cyperas  Lancaslriensis  Porter;  A.  Cray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 
555-      "867. 

Perennial  by  ovoid  or  oblong  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  i''-a^°  tall. 
Leaves  a"-3"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the 
longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
simple,  s-9-rayed,  the  longer  rays  i'-4'  long,  their 
sheaths  nearly  truncate;  heads  oval,  obtuse,  >j'-i' 
long;  spikelets  densely  clustered,  Vs"  long,  linear, 
subterete,  a-4-flowered,  the  lower  reflexed,  the  mid- 
dle ones  spreading,  all  separating  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  green,  strongly  several-nerved,  the 
flowering  ones  lanceolate,  subacute;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  linear,  obtuse,  apiculate,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  thick,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  245 

37.   CyperuB  cyKndrica*  (EH.)  Britton.     Pine-barren  Cyperus,     (Fig.  569.) 


lU.  Torr.  Clab,  13:  ; 


1879. 
Cy bents  Torreyi  1 

1886. 

Perentiial  hy  small  bard  corma,  calms  sleader, 
wnooth,  usubIIj  tufted,  4'-l8'  tall,  longer  tban  the 
lesTCB.  Leaves  smooth,  i"-i^"  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  simple,  sevenl-rayed,  the  rajs  short,  or  tbe 
longer  I'-i^'  long,  tfae  sheaths  3-tootfaed;  beads 
▼ery  dense,  cylindric,  %'-^'  long,  1"-^"  in  di- 
ameter; spikeleta  \%"--i"  long,  flattiah,  1-3-flow- 
ered,  spreading  or  the  lower  reflezed;  scales  greea, 
oblong;  rachis  wiuged;  stamens  3;  style  3-clefl; 
achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  aplcalate,  slightly 
more  than  one-half  as  long  aa  the  scale. 

IQ  aaady  pine  bamns  and  on  the  sea  shore,  southern 
New  York  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  mostly  near  the 
coast.    July-Sept 

a8.   Cyperus  ovulitris  (Michx.)  Torr.    Globose  Cypenis.     (Fig,  570,) 

1803. 
1836. 
Perennial  by  hard  tnber-like  conns,  stem  usnally 
strict,  smooth,  S'-ajj"  tall,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  smooth,. 2"'-3"  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the 
involncre  mnch  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  umple, 
few-rayed,  the  rajs  rarelj  more  than  lyi'  long; 
sheath  of  the  rays  truncate  qr  slightly  toothed ;  heads 
globose  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  thick,  4"- 
Y'  in  diameter,  very  dense,  the  spikelets  radiating 
in  all  directions;  spikeleta  1"--^%"  long,  nsually  3- 
flowered,  separating  from  the  axis  and  leaving  a  scar 
at  maturity;  rachis  winged;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  gieen,  strongly  sev- 
eral-nerved; stamens  3;  stjle  3-cleft;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  3'BDgIed,  3-3  times  as  long  as  thick. 


29.    Cyperus  fiUcfilmis  Vahl.     Slender  Cyperus.     (Fig.  571,) 
Cyperus Jilicutntis  Vahl,  Bnum  a:  338.      1806. 

Perennial  hj  hard  oblong  comjs,  culm  smooth, 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  ascending  or  reclined, 
f/-\%'  long,  nsuallj  longer  than  the  rongh-mar- 
j:iDed  leaves.  Leaves  \"-i"  wide,  keeled,  those 
of  the  ipvolncre,  orsomeof  tbem,  much  exceeding 
the  inflorescence;  spikelets  densely  clustered  in 
1-7  globose  heads,  linear,  acute,  5-ii-flowered,  sub- 
terete  or  compressed,  a^"-6"  loug,  i"  wide  or 
less,  tardily  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity; 
rachis  wingless;  scales  ovale,  acute  or  obtuse,  pale 
.green,  strongly  7-11-nerved,  appressed;  stamens  3; 
style  3-clefl;  achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  3-aDgled, 
obtuse,  aiMCutate,  dull  gray,  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  scale,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  Gelds  and  on  hills,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario 
.and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kauaas,  Texas  and 
nofthem  Mexico.    June-Aug. 


246  CYPF.RACEAE. 

30.   Cypenis  Hodghtoni  Torr.     Houghton's  Cyperos,     (Fig.  572.) 

Cybertts  Hoaghloni  ToTT.  Ann.   Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  i77- 

Perennial  by  tnber-like  conns,  cnhna  TCry 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  x^-t"  talL  Leaves  stuMtcr 
than  the  culm,  i"  wide  or  less,  smooth,  those  of 
involucre  3-5,  the  longer  moch  exceeding  the  nm- 
bel;  nmbel  simple,  1-5-nyed,  the  rajrs  mostlj 
short,  their  sheaths  a-toothed;  spikelets  looael? 
capitate,  linear,  compressed,  acute,  ^"~&"  long, 
about  1"  wide,  iI-15-flowered,  falling  away  from 
the  axis  when  matnrei  scales  chestnut  brown,  firm, 
somewhat  spreading,  shining,  oblong,  obtuse, 
truncate  01  apiculate,  strongly  about  it-nerved; 
rachis  very  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  broadly  oblong,  less  then  twice  as 
long  as  thick,  3.angled,  brown,  apicnlate,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sandy  soil,  Uassachnsetts  to  Minnesota,  Kanaas 
and  Oregon.    Jnly-Aug. 

31.    Cypenis  Qtkyi  Torr.       Gray's 

Cypenis.      (Fig.  573.) 

Cyfierus  Grayi  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y,  3:  a68.      1836. 

Perennial  by  thick  hard  oblong  or  ovoid  conns, 
culms  tafted,  ascending  or  reclined,  stiff,  smooth, 
very  slender,  f/~K/  long.  Leaves  shorter  then 
the  culm,  bright  green,  i"  wide  or  less,  those  of 
the  involucre  4-S,  the  longer  somewhat  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  4-10-TByed,  simple,  the  longer 
rays  3'-^'  long;  sheaths  of  the  rays  truncate  or 
nearly  so;  spikelets  aJi"-5"long,  loosely  capitate, 
compressed,  linear,  rigid,  spreading;  scales  green, 
ovate,  obtnsc  or  subacute,  strongly  13-15-nerved, 
rather  widely  spreading  when  old;  joints  of  the 
rachis  broadly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong  or  obloug-obovoid,  obtuse,  apicu- 
late. abont  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  shore  and  in  pine  barrens,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Florida.    July-Sept. 

32.   Cypenis  echindtus  (Ell.)  Wood.     Baldwin's  Cypertis.     (Fig.  574.) 

Mariscus  eckinalus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Gs.  l;  75.     61,  j. 

/.  1.     1816. 
Cypfnis  Baldu'iniiToTT.  Ann.  Lvc.  N.  Y.  3:370.     183S. 
Cyfierus  tchinalus  Wood,  Class-book,  73*.      1863. 

Perennisl  by  tuber-like  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  pale  green,  ij4"-i"  wide,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 5-10,  the  longer  usually  much  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  simple,  6-13-rayedi  the  rays  fili- 
form, their  sheaths  short,  macronate;  spikelets  2"- 
3"  long,  linear,  flat,  densely  or  loosely  capitate  in 
globose  heads;  scales  thin,  psie  green,  appt«saed, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute.  9-13-nerved,  with  narrow 
scarious  margins;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly 
winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong- 
obovoid,  obtuse,  one-half  aa  long  as  the  scale,  about 
twice  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  soil 
North  Carol  IT 
July- Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


247 


3.  KYLLINGA  Rottb.  Descr.  &  Ic.  12.  pi.  4.  f.  j,  4.  1773. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedges,  with  sleader  triangalar  culms,  leafjr  b«low,  and  with  3  or 
more  leaves  at  the  snmtnit  forming  an  involncre  to  the  strictlj  seeaile,  simple  or  compound 
dense  'head  of  spikeleta.  Spikelets  numerons,  compressed,  falling  awa^  from  the  axis  of 
the  head  at  matnritj,  consisting  of  only  3  or  4  scalei,  the  i  or  a  lower  ones  small  andemptj, 
the  middle  one  fertile,  the  upper  emptj  or  staminate.  Jointa  of  the  rachis  wingless  or  nar- 
rowly winged.  Scales  a-ranked,  keeled.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
deddaons  from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled.  [In  honor  of 
Peter  KjUing,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  centurj.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regfions.    Besides  the  following,  a  others 
---   -  "n  the  southern  United  States. 

Kyllinga   p^mila    Michx.      Low 
Kyllinga.     (Fig.  575.) 

:.  F1.  Bor.  Am.  l:  3&. 

Annual,  culms  densely  tnfted,  filiform, 
erect  or  reclined,  a'-is'  long,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  raugh- 
ish  on  the  margins,  usually  leas  than  1" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  elongated, 
spreading  or  reflexed;  head  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  3"-4"  long,  simple  or  commonly 
with  I  or  3  smaller  ones  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets  about  i>j"  long,  flat,  i-flowered,  the  3 
empty  lower  scales  more  or  less  persiseut  on 
the  rachis  after  the  fall  of  the  rest  of  the 
spikelet;  scales  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute, 
thin,  about  7-nerved;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  lenticnlar,  obtnse. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil.  Virginia  to  Florida,  west 
to  Illinois,  Missouri,  Texas  and  Mexico.  Ang.- 
Sept. 

3.  DULl'CHIUM  L.  C.  Richard;  Pers.  Syn.  i:  65.  1805. 
A  tall  perennial  aedge,  with  terete  hollow  jointed  cnlms,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  lower 
leaves  reduced  to  sheaths.  Spikes  axillary,  pednncled,  simple  or  compound.  Spikelets 
i-ranked,  flat,  linear,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity  (?)  many-flowered.  Scales 
i-ranked,  carinate,  condnplicate,  decurrent  on  the  joint  below.  Flowers  perfect  Perianth 
of  6-9  retrorsely  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  a-cleft  at  the  summit,  persistent  as  a 
beak  on  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  linear-ohlong.  [Name  said  to  be  from  Dulci- 
chimum,  a  Latin  name  for  some  sedge.] 

A  monolTpic  Kenua  of  eastern  Noith  America. 
I.     Dulichium     arundinilceum    (L.) 

Britton.     Dtilichium.     (Fig,  576,) 
Cypfrui  amndinaceus  L.  Sp.  PI.  44.      175,1. 
CyPerus  ipathacetis  L.  Syst,  Ed.  12,  3:735.     '7*7' 
Dulichittjit  spalhadu-m  Pen.  Syn.  ^'.^i-      1S05. 
Dulichium  arundiaaeeum   Bntton,    Bull.  Torr. 

Club,  31:39.      i^' 

Culm  stout,  i°-3°  tall,  erect  Leaves  num- 
erous, flat,  i'-3'  long,  3'''-4"  wide,  spreading 
or  aaeendiug,  the  lower  sheaths  bladeless, 
brown  toward  their  summits.  Spikes  shorter 
than  or  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  leaves;  pe- 
duncles 3"-ia"  long;  spikelets  narrowly  linear, 
spreading,  6"''i3"  long,  about  i"  wide,  6-13-  , 
floweied;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly  ' 
several-nerved,  appressed,  brownish ;  bristles  of 
the  perianth  rigid,  longer  than  the  achene; 
atyle  long-exserted,  persistent. 

In  wet  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, ftonth  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Augr.-Oct. 


348 


CYPERACBAE. 


4.  ELe6cHARIS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  FI.  Nov.  HoU.  i:  224.  1810. 
Annaal  or  perennial  sedges.  Cnlma  simple,  triaagnlar,  quadnngiilar,  terete,  flattened  or 
grooved,  the  leaTea  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing.  Spikeleta 
solitary,  termiiial,  erect,  several-maiiy-flowered,  not  lubtended  by  an  involucre.  Scales  con- 
cave, spirally  imbricated  all  around.  Perianth  of  i-ii  bristles,  usually  retroraely  barbed, 
wanting  iu  some  species.  Stamens  3-3.  Style  3-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  (w  bicoovei,  or 
3-cleft  aud  acbene  3-angled,  but  sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal  tubercle. 
[Greek,  lefening  to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy  ground.] 

About  100  npecies,  widely  distributed.     Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the 
Bouthera  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Spikelet  scarcely  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  mlm. 
Culm  Btont;  spikelet  maay-Howered. 

Culm  terete,  nodose.  I.  S.  inltrtlintla. 

Culm  guadran^pilar,  continuous.  a.  E.  ntutala. 

Culm  slender,  triangular,  continuous;  spikelet  few-flowered,  subulate.        3.  E.  Sobbitttii. 
SpikeleC  manifestly  thicker  than  the  culm. 

Style  mostly  a-cleft;  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 

Upper  sheath  scarious,  hyaline;  plants  perennial  by  slender  rootatocks. 

Scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white;  achene  H"  long.  ^.  B.  ochreala. 

Scales  dark  reddish-brown;  achene  M"  long.  5.  E.  olivacea. 

Upper  sheath  truncate,  oblique  or  toothed,  not  scarious. 
Annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 
Achene  jet  black. 

Culms  i'-3'  tall;  achene  H"  long;  bristles  X-\. 
Cnlms3'-io'  tall;  achene  H"  long;  bristles  3-8. 
Achene  pale  brown. 

.iw.i.. ij  ^r  oblong;  tubercle  deltoid,  «—••- 

•.  Ik'.paTu 


Spikelet  O' 


11.  £.  ttcieularis. 

II.  E.  Wolfii. 

13.  E.  torlilis. 

>r  larger  than  the  achene.    14.  E.  luberctiloia. 

15.  E.  micnxarpa. 


Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled  or  turgid. 
Achene  reticulated  or  cancellate, 

Spikelet  compressed;  culm  filiform. 
Spikelet  terete;  culm  slender. 

Achene  transversely  cancellate;  bristles  none. 
Achene  reticnlated;  bristles  present,  stout. 
Tubercle  conic,  smaller  than  the  achene. 
Tubercle  cap-like,  as  large  as  01 
Achene  smooth  or  papillose. 

Achene  smooth,  white;  culms  capillary. 
Acbene  papillose  or  smooth,  brown,  black  or  yellow. 
Tubercle  depressed  or  short-conic. 
Achene  smooth. 

Tubercle  Sat,  covering  the  top  of  the  black  achene.     t6.  E.  melanocarfia. 
Tubercle  ovoid-conic,  acute,  contracted  at  the  base.    17.  E,  albida. 
Achene  papillose. 

Achene  3-ribbed  on  the  angles.  18.  E.  Iricostala. 

Achene  obtuse-angled,  not  ribbed. 

Culm  filiform;  scales  obtuse.  19.  E.  lenuis. 

Cnlm  fiat;  scales  acute.  so.  E.  acutninala. 

Tubercle  subulate  or  narrowly  pyramidal. 

Culms  filiform,  wiry,  densely  tufted,  4' -10'  long.  31.  £.  inlermatia. 

Culms  flattened,  slender,  1°-*°  long.  la.  E.  rosUtlala. 

I.  Eleocharisinter8tincta(Vahl)R.  &S.  Knotted  Spike-rush.  (Fig.  577.) 
Seirfius  inlersliiiclut  Vahl,  Bnnm.  3:  m.  1S06. 
Scirptts  equiseloides  EU.  Bot  S.  C.  &  (^  i:  79.  1816. 
Eteockarts  interslincta  R.  &  S.  Syst.  1:  148.  1S17. 
Eleochari!  efuiseloides  Torr.  Ann.  Lye  3:  396.  1836. 
Perennial  by  stout  rootstooks,  culms  terete,  hol- 
low, nodose,  papillose,  i>i°-3°  tall,  the  sterile  ones 
sharp-pointed.  Sheaths  oblique,  membranons, 
I  brown  or  green,  the  lower  sometimes  bearing  short 
blades;  spikelet  terete,  cylindric,  many-flowered, 
subacute,  i'-i)i'  long,  3"  in  diameter,  not  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  ovate,  orbicular  or  obovate, 
obtnae  or  the  upper  acute,  narrowly  scarious-maT' 
gined,  faintly  many-nerved,  persistent;  bristles 
about  6,  rigid,  retrorselj  barbed,  as  long  as  the  body 
of  the  acbene  or  shorter;  stamens  3;  style  3-cIelt, 
exserted;  acbene  obovoid,  brown,  shining,  with 
minute  transverse  ridges,  convex  on  one  aide,  very 
obtusely  angled  on  the  other,  3  or  3  times  aa  long 
as  the  conic  acute  black  broad-based  tubercle. 
water,  Massachnsetts  to  Michigan,  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.    July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


249 


3.    Eleocharia  mutUta  (L.)  R- &S.    Quadrangular  Spike-nish.     (Fig.  578.) 
Seirpui  mulatui  L.  Am.  Acad.  5:  391.      1760. 
Scir^us  quadrangulalus  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i;  30. 

1801. 
Eteockaris  quadrangulala  R.  &  S.  Syst.  »;  155.      1817. 
eieocfiaris  mulala  R.  &  S.  Syst.  3: 155.      1817. 

Perennial  hy  stout  rootatocks,  culms  sharply  4- 
angled,  stout,  not  nodose,  papillose,  2^-^°  talL 
Sheaths  pniplish-brown  or  green,  raembranons, 
sometimea  bearing  short  blades;  spikelet  terete, 
acnte.  cylindric,  I'-z'  long,  2"  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered,  about  as  thick  as  the  culm;  scales  coria- 
ceous, broadlyovateorobavate,  obtuse  or  the  upper 
subacute,  scarious-margined  and  sometimes  with  a 
narrow  brown  band  within  the  margins,  faintly 
manj-nerred,  persistent;  bristles  about  6,  rigid,  re- 
trorsely  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cle(t;  achene  obovoid,  biconvex  or 
slightly  sngled  on  the  back,  minutely  cancelUte, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle, 
which  is  truncate  or  contracted  at  the  base. 

ip9,  northern  New  Jersey  to  Michi^n,  south  to  Alabama,  MJssonri, 
n  the  West  Indies  and  South  America.    July-Sept. 

3.    Eleocharis    Robbinsii  Oakes.     Robbins' 
Spike-nish.     (Fig.  579.) 
EUockaris  Xobbinsii Oaket,  Hovey'sMag.  7:  17S.      1841. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  slender,  3- 
angted,  cinitinuous,  6'-a°  long,  somethnes  producing 
numerous  filiform  flaccid  sterile  branches  from  the  base. 
Sbeaths  appreased,  obliqnely  truncate;  spikelet  subulate, 
few-floweied,  not  thicker  than  the  culm,  f/'-inf'  long, 
\"  in  diameter;  scales  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanccolate, 
obtuse  or  snbacnte,  strongly  concave,  faintly  several- 
nerved,  persistently  clasping  the  racbis,  narrowly  scari- 
ous-margined;  style  3-cleft;  bristles  6,  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle,  retrorsely  barbed;  achene  obovoid, 
light  brawn,  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  angled  on  the 
back,  somewhat  longer  than  the  conic-subulate  flattened 
tubercle,  which  has  a  raised  ring  around  its  base. 

o  Michigan,  south  to 

4.    Eleocharis  ochreilta  (Nees)  Steud.     Pale  Spike-ni^. 
EUt^enus  oehrealus  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  a:  Part  i, 

t02.         1841. 

Eleoeharis  ochreala  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  79.      1855. 

Perennial  by  very  slender  rootstocks,  culms  very 
slender,  01  filiform,  erect,  pale  green,  3-angled,  a'-to^ 
talL  Upper  sheath  with  a  white,  hyali 
limb;  spikelet  oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute, 
thick  as  the  culm,  about  i"  long,  iX"  in  diameter, 
several-flowered;  scales  pale  green,  ablong-tanceolate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,,  thin, .hyaline  with  a  faint 
nidvein;  style  3-cIeft;  bristles  about  6,  slender,  le- 
trorsely  barbed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene; 
achene  %"  long,  lenticular,  obovate,  smooth,  brown, 
3-4  times  aa  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle,  which 
is  often  constricted  at  the  base. 

In  wet  soil,  southeni 
sippi.  Also  in  Wyomi 
America.    Aug.-Sept. 


(Fig.  580.) 


;o  CYPERACEAE. 

5.   Eleocharia  oHvAcea  ToTT.     Bright  green  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  581.) 

EUocharis  oHvacta  TofT.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  3:  joa      1836. 

Peienoial  b;  mnnitig  raotatocka,  often  tnfted  and 
matted,  cdIuh  very  Blender,  bright  green,  erect  or  re- 
clining, flattened,  i'-4'  long.  Upper  abeath  with  a 
white  hyaline  limb;  apikelet  ovoid,  »cnte  or  ot 
macb  thicker  than  the  cnlm,  Beveral-manr-SowcTed, 
aboat  a"  long,  l"  in  diameter;  acalca  ovate,  thin, 
acute,  reddish -brown,  with  a  green  midvein  and 
row,  scarioua  margins;  stamens  3;  style  3-cle[t;  bris- 
tles 6-S,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovoid,  similar  to  that 
of  the  preceding  species  but  twice  as  large,  3-4  times 
the  length  of  the  conic  acute  tnbercle. 

In  wet  soil,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, south  to  South  Carolina,  mostly  near  the  coast 
AuB.-Sept. 


6.  Eleocharis  atropurptlrea  (Retz)  Kunth.    Purple  Spike-rush.    (Pig.  583.) 


Seirpus  alropurpureus  Retz,  Obs.  5: 14. 
Eleocharis  alropurpurea  Kunth,  Enum,  a 


1837- 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culma  tufted,  very  slender, 
I'-j^'high.  Upper  sheath  i-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid, 
tnany-flowered,  subacute,  i>^"-3"  long,  \"  in  diam- 
eter or  less;  scales  minnte,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acute,  persistent,  purple-brown  with  green 
midvein  and  verjr  narrow  scarious  marj^ns;  stamens 
1  or  3;  style  i-3-cleft;  bristles  2-4,  fragile,  white, 
minutely  downwardly  hispid,  about  as  long  as  the 
achene;  achene  Jet  black,  shining,  3^"  long,  smooth, 
lenticular;  tubercle  conic,  minute,  depressed  but 
rather  acute,  constricted  at  the  base- 
In  moist  soil,  Nebraska  and  eastern  Colorado  to  Central 
America,  east  to  Florida;  widely  distiibnted  in  tropical 
America.    July-Sept. 


7.   Eleocharis  capitUta  (L.)  R.  Br.     Capitate  Spike-nish.     (Fig.  583.) 


1:225. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  densely  Infted,  nesrly 
terete,  almost  filiform,  rather  stiff,  I'-to'  talL  Upper 
■heath  t-toothed;  spikeletoToid,  obtuse,  much  thicker 
then  the  culm,  \}i"-2%" \t>ag,  i"-iji"thick, many- 
flowered;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  firm,  pole  or 
dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  narrowly  acari- 
ous-margined,  persistent;  stamens  mostly  3;  style  s- 
cleft;  bristles  5-8,  slender,  downwardly  hispid,  at 
long  as  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  jet  black, 
smooth,  shining,  nearly  }i"  long;  tubercle  depressed, 
apiculate,  constricted  at  the  base,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to  Indiana  and 
Texas.  Widely  distnbuted  in  tropical  tesions.  July-Sept 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  2' 

8.    Eleocharia  ovAta  (Roth)  R.  &  S.     Ovoid  Spike-nish.     (Fig.  584.) 
Seirfiui  czratus  Rath,  Catal.  Bot.  l:  5.      1797. 
Eleocharis  ovala  R.  &  S.  Syat.  1: 15a.      1817. 

Aatinal,  roots  fibrous,  culms  totted,  slender  or 
filiform,  rather  deep  green,  nearly  terete,  mostly 
erect,  j'-l6'tall.  Upper  sheath  i-toothed;  splkc- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered,  2"-$" 
long,  \."-iyi"  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  oblong-or- 
bicnlAT,  very  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  scanousmargiDSi  bristles  6-8  (sometimes  fewer 
or  wanting),  decidnous,  usually  longer  than  the 
acbene;  stamens  a  or  3;  style  a-3-cletl;  achene  pale 
brown,  shining,  lenticular,  oborate-oblong,  smooth, 
%"  long  or  more;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute,  com- 
pressed, scarcely  constricted  at  the  base,  about 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene  and  nairower- 

Iti  wet  soil.  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  British 
Cotumbia,  south  to  Florida.  Oregon,  Nebraska  and 
Texas.    Also  in  Europe.    Variable.    July-Sept. 

g.   Eleocharis  Engelminni  Steud.     Sngelmann's  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  5S5.) 

Eleocharis  EngelmanniStcMA.Syn.'P\.Cjf.T<i.  1855. 
Eltocharis  ovala  vai,  Engelmanni  Britton,  Joum.  N. 

Y.  Micros.  Soc.  5:  103.      1889. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
culms  commonly  taller,  sometimes  18'  high.  Up- 
per sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  oblong-cylindric  or  oyoid-cylindric,  obtuse  oc 
subacute,  3"-8"  long,  i"-i)i"  in  diameter,  many- 
fiowered;  scales  pale  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  narrow  scarions  margins,  ovate,  obtuae,  de- 
ciduous; style  a-cleft;  bristles  about  6,  not  longer 
than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown, 
smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  broad,  low,  covering 
the  top  of  the  achene,  leas  than  one-fourth  its 

In  wet  soil,  Massachusetts  to  southeru  New  Jersey, 
west  to  Indiana,  Atkau&iia,  Teias  and  California. 
July-Sept. 

10.    Eleocharis  pallistris  (L.)  R.  &  S.     Creeping  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  586.) 
Scirpus  fialuslris  L.  Sp.  PI.  47.      1753, 
Eleocharis  paltislris  R.  &  S.  Syst.  a:  151.     1S17, 
Eleocharis  paluslris  var.  vigens  Bailev;  Britton.  Joum. 
N.  Y.  Micros.  Soc.  5:  104.      1889. 

Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks,  culms  stout, 
terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  striate,  i°-5°  tall. 
Basal  sheaths  brown ,  rarely  bearing  a  short  blade,  the 
upper  one  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  ovoid-cylin- 
dric,  3"-ia"  long.  iyi"-i"  in  diameter,  many-flow- 
ered, thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  ovate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  purplish- brown  with  scarious  mar- 
gin and  a  green  midvein,  or  pale  green  all  over;  bris- 
tles usually  4,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than 
the  achene  and  tubercle,  sometimes  waoting;  sta- 
mens 3-3;  style  a-3-cIefl;  achene  lenticular,  smooth, 
ycUow,  over  Ji"  long;  tubercle  conic -triangular, 
constricted  at  the  base,  flattened,  one-fourth  to  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  achene. 


252  CYPERACEAE. 

Bl*ocb«if*  paldattia  tUttttittUM  (Wiltd.)  A.  Gray,  Hui.  Ed.  s,  5^ 
Scir/ius  gtauceiceni  Willd.  Enum,  76.      1809. 

Culms  Blender  0 

tubercle  narrower.     In  wet 

Perhaps  a  distinct  speciEB. 

The  so-called  variety  ct 

Eleochaii*  paI6ttila  Witmnl  Clarke,  Britten's  Joum.  Bot.  15:  36S.    TS87. 
Eleocharis  Watsoni  Bab.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (II.)  5:  10.      1851. 

I^brador  and  Prince  Edward 


a  form  without  bristles. 


II.   Eleocharis  acictilAris  (L.)  R.  &  S.     Needle  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  587.) 


a:  154-  1817. 
FercDtiial  by  filiform  atolonaor  rootatocki, 
culms  ttafted,  finely  filifoim  or  Bctaceons, 
obscurely  4-at)g1ed  and  grooved,  weak,  erect 
or  reclinitifr,  3'-8'  long.  Staeattas  trnDcate; 
Apikelet  compressed,  narrowly  ovate  or  liu- 
ear-oblong,  acnte,  broader  tban  the  cnlm,  3- 
10-flowered,  i>i"-3"  long,  ^"wide;  scales 
oblong,  obtuse  or  the  upper  subacnte,  thio, 
pale  green,  usually  with  a  narrow  brown 
band  on  each  aide  of  the  midvein,  deciduous, 
many  of  them  commonlj  sterile;  bristles  3- 
4,  fragile,  fugacious,  shorter  tban  the  achene; 
Btaraeua  3;  style  3-clefl;  achene  oboToid- 
oblong,  pale,  obscurely  3-angled  with  a  rib 
on  each  angle  sod  6-^  lower  intermediate 
ribs  connected  by  fine  ridges;  tabercle  conic, 
acute,  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  throngfaont  North  America,  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Europe  and 
*  —      " '■ — t  entirely  sterile.    Jnly-SepL 


Asia.    Sometim 


la.    Eleocharis  Wdlfii  A.  Gray.     Wolf's 
Spike-rash.     (Fig.  588.) 

Scirpus  Wotfii  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  77.    1874. 
Ettocharii    Wolfii  A.    Gray;    Britton,    Joum.  N.   Y. 
Micros.  Soc.  5:  loj.     1S89. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  very  slen- 
der, erect,  flattened  and  a-edged,  8'-i8' tall.  Upper 
sheath  oblique,  scarious,  hyaline -tipped;  spikelet 
oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  acute,  thicker  than 
the  culm,  j"-3"  long,  nearly  i"  in  diameter; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  pale 
green  with  purplish -brown  bands,  tardily  decidu- 
ous; bristles  none  (or  perhaps  early  decidnoos); 
style  3-clefl;  achene  obovoid,  obscurely  3-aagled, 
longitudinally  9-ribbed,  the  ribs  transversely  con- 
nected by  minute  ridges;  tubercle  depressed-conic, 
much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  meadows,  Illinois  and  Iowa.    June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


13.   Eleocharis  t6rtilis  (Link)  Schultes. 
Seirfiui  lorlilis  Link,  Jahrb.  3:  78.    iSao. 
Eleocharis  lorlilis  Schultes,  Hant.  1:  93.    1824. 

AnDDal,  roots  fibrous,  calms  tnfled,  filiform,  sharpljr 
3-aiigled,  pale  green,  erect  or  recliaing,  twisting  when 
old,  l°-l^°  long.  Sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  i- 
tootbed;  spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong,  subacute,  several- 
flowered,  %"-%"  long,  about  i"  thick,  much  thicker 
tban  the  culm;  scales  firm,  pale,  ovate,  mostly  obtase; 
bristles  4-6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  about  equalling 
the  achetie  and  tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  s-cleft; 
achene  obovoid,  obscurely  3-aDgled,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, longitudinally  about  i8-ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like 
or  conic,  truncate  at  the  base,  one-fonrth  to  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene. 

I  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 


Twisted  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  589.  > 


14.    Eleocharis  tuberculdsa  (Michx.)  R.  &.  S.     Large-tubercled  Spike-rush, 
(Fig.  590.) 
Scirpus  tubfrcatoius  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i;  30.    1803. 
Eleocharis  luierculoia  R,  &  S.  Syst.  a:  :5».    1817. 

Anunal,  culms  tufted,  slightly  compressed,  very 
slender,  rather  stiff,  striate,  bright  green,  8'-3°  tall. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  OToid,  obtuse  or  subacute,  many-flowered,  3"-6" 
long,  nearly  i"  in  diameter;  scales  broadly  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, pale  greenish-brown  with  a  darker  midvein, 
broadly  scarious-margined,  firm,  tardily  deciduous;, 
bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  or  rarely  upwardly 
barbed,  about  aa  long  as  the  achene  and  tnbercle; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  pale,  trigon- 
ous, strongly  reticulated,  longitudinally  abont  18- 
ribbed;  tutjercle  cap-like  or  conic,  nearly  or  quite  as 
large  as  the  achene. 

Florida  and  Texas,  near 


Eleocharis  ■ 

1836. 
Eleocharis  Torreyana  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  jfi:  440. 


15.   Eleocharis  microcftrpa  Torr.    Small-fruited  Spike-rush. 

arpa  Ton.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  3;  311. 
187a 
Annual,  calms  finely  filiform,  densely  tufted,  some- 
what 4-«ided,  erect  or  reclining,  often  proliferous  by 
developing  secondary  culms  in  the  axils  of  the  spike- 
Irt,  sometimea  rooting  at  the  sammit,  I'S'  long. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  oblong, 
subacute,  terete  or  nearly  so,  much  thicker  tban  the 
cnlm,  many-flowered,  i}i"-3}i"  long;  scales  ovate, 
acute,  brownish-red  with  a  green  midvein  and  lighter 
margins,  early  deciduous  except  the  lowest  which  is 
commonly  larger  than  the  others,  persistent  and 
bract-like;  bristles  3-6,  slender,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  theachene;  Btamen33;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
white,  3-angled,  obovoid,  smooth,  minute;  tubercle 
conic-pyramidal,  much  shorter  tban  the  achene. 

In  wet  Kandy  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly 


(Fig.  591.) 


254  CYPERACBAE. 

i6.    Eleocharis  melanociirpa  Torr.     Black-fruited  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  593.) 


EleocAarii  melanoearfia  Tan.  Atm.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  311. 


iSjS. 


PerettoUl  by  short  rooUtocks,  culnu  flattened,  striate, 
tuflcd,  slender,  erect,  wiry,  leZ-x/  taU,  Upper  sfaeatb 
truncate,  l-toothed;  spikelet  oblong  or  cyllndric-oblong, 
obtuse,  3"-6"  long,  i}4"-i"  in  diameter,  many-flow- 
ered, thicker  than  tbecnlm;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brown, 
with  a  lighter  midveio  aud  scarious  margins;  bristles  3- 
4,  fragile,  downwardly  hispid,  eqoalling  or  longer  than 
the  acbene,  fugacious  or  perhaps  sometime*  wanting; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cle(t;  acbene  3-Bngled,  obpyramidal, 
black,  smooth,  its  superficial  cells  nearly  quadrate;  tu- 
bercle depressed,  covering  the  summit  of  tbe  achene, 
light  brown,  pointed  in  the  middle. 

In  wet  MUidy  * 
Island  to  Ploriiu,  n 
July-Sept. 


17.    Eleocharis  illbida  Torr.     White  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  593.) 


Eleocharis  albida  Tory.  Ann.  I^c.  N.  Y.  3;  304.    :B36. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender,  tufted, 
nearly  terete,  striate,  erect,  4'-8'  tall.  Upper  sheath 
very  oblique  and  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ovcnd- 
gloibose  or  oblong,  obtuse,  a"-4"  long,  i^"-3"  in 
diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  tban  the  culm; 
scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white,  rather  firm,  ovate, 
obtuse,  decidnons;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  j-clefl;  achene  broadly  obovoid,  nearly  black 
when  ripe,  3-augled,  smooUi;  tubercle  ovoid-conic, 
contracted  or  truncate  at  the  base,  about  one-fonrth 
as  long  as  the  achene. 


18.   Eleocharis  tricostflta  Torr.     Three-ribbed  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  594.) 


Eleocharis  Iricoslala  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y..3;  310.    1836. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  cnlms  very  alendet, 
erect,  compressed,  striate,  i°-3°  tall.  Upper  sheath 
obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ob- 
long, becoming  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  many-flow- 
ered, $"-^"  long,  i"~\%"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate, 
thin,  deciduous,  obtuse,  brown  with  a  gieen  midvein 
and  scarious  margins;  bristles  none;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  acbene  obovoid,  3-angled,  brown,  dull,  papil- 
lose, strongly  ribbed  on  each  of  its  angles;  tubercle 
conic,  acute,  light  brown,  constricted  at  the  base, 
minute,  very  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 


In  wet 


1,  southern  New  York  to  Florida.    Jnly-Sept 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
19.    Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.     Slender  Spike-rush. 

1809. 

Peieunial  by  rootstocks,  calms  tufted,  filifonn, 
mostly  erect,  4-aDgled  with  concave  sides,  8'-i6'  tall. 
Upper  sfaeatb  obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one 
-aide;  spilcelet  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  acute,  many- 
flowered,  thicker  than  the  culm,  3"-s"  long,  about 
i"  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  obovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  the  midvein  greenish,  the  margins  scarious; 
bristles  a-4,  shorter  than  the  achene,  fugacious  or 
wanting;  achene  obovoid,  obtusely  3-aDgled,  yellow- 
ish-brown, papillose;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  tubercle 

In  wet  soil.  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Ontario  and  Mani- 
tot>a,  south  to  Ploridaand  Texas.  The  achenes  are  more 
or  less  peraistent  on  the  rachis  of  the  spikclet  after  the 
tall  of  the  scales.     May-Jnly. 

20.   Eleocharis  acumin&ta  (Muhl.)  Nees.     Flat-stemmed  Spike-rush. 

(Fig.  596.) 


Scirpui  acuminal 
Eltocha  ris  camp  re 
Eleockaris  acumii 


[  Huh).  Gram.  37.      1817. 

a  Snlliv.  K-m.  Joum,  Sci.  4^:  Jo. 

■la  Nees,  Linnaea,  9: 194.       1835- 


184^. 


Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding species  but  stouter,  culms  flattened,  striate, 
Blender  but  rather  stiff,  tufled,  8'-3°  tall.  Upper 
sheath  truncate,  sometimes  slightly  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  thicker  than  the  culm, 
many-flowered,  3"-6"  long;  scales  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  obtusish,  purple-brown 
with  a  greenish  midvein  and  hyaline  white  margins, 
deciduous;  bristles  1-5,  shorter  tban  or  equalling  the 
achene,  fugacious,  or  wanting;  stamens3;  styles-cleft, 
exserted;  achene  obovoid,  very  obtusely  3-Bngled, 
tight  yellowish  brown,  papillose,  much  longer  than 
the  depiessed-couic  acute  tubercle. 


In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  to 
Louisiana  and  Missouri, 
rachis  as  in  E.  lenuis.    Ju 


Manitoba,  south  to  Geoigia, 
Achenes  persistent  on  tbe 
le-AuK. 


21.  Eleocharis  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes.  Matted  Spike-rush.   (Fig.  597.) 


1817- 

1814. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform,  densely 
tufted,  diffusely  reclining  or  ascending,  usually 
matted,  grooved,  4'-ii'  long.  Upper  sheath  ob- 
liquely truncate,  toothed  on  one  side ;  spikelet 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,  8-ao-flowered,  thicker  than 
the  culm;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  subacute,  light  purple-brown  with  a  green 
midvein,  tardily  deciduous  or  tbe  lower  one  per- 
sistent; bristles  persistent,  downwardly  barbed, 
longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  obovoid,  light  brown, 
finely  reticulated;  tubercle  conic- subulate,  very 
acute,  slightly  constricted  at  the  base,  one-fourth 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 


)  CYPERACEAE. 

22.   Eleocharis  rostelldta  Torr.     Beaked  Spilce-nish.     (Fig.  598. ) 

St:irpus  roslellalustoTT.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  3:  ji8.    1836. 
Eleocharis  roslellala  Toit,  F1.  N.  V.  3:  347.      1843. 

Perennial  by  a  shott  caiidex,  culms  alender, 
wiry,  the  fertile  erect  or  aacendio);,  the  Bterile 
reclining  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  grooved, 
1°-^"  long.  Upper  sheath  tmncate;  spikelet 
oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  thicker  then 
the  culm,  lo-ao-flowered,  3"-6"  long,  about 
1"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  green  with  a  somewhat  darker  mid- 
vein,  their  margins  sligbtl;  scarions;  bristles 
4-8,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the  achenc  and 
tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleA;  acbene  oblong- 
otMVoidi  obtusely  3^ngled,  its  surface  finely  re- 
ticulated; tubercle  conic-subulate,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter,  capping  its  sum- 
mit, partly  or  entirely  falling  away  at  maturity. 


In  nuushes 
New  Vork  t( 
Texas,  Mexic 
Sept 


ind  wet  meadowa,  Vermont  and  western 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida. 
Bud  California.    Also  in  Cuba.    Aoc-- 


5.  DICHROMENA  Mtchx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  37.  1803. 
Leafy-stemmed  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelels  crowded  in  a  terminal  head 
iovolucrate  by  the  upper  leaves,  which  are  often  white  at  the  baae.  Spikelels  compressed, 
Beveral-many-flowered:  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  several  of  them  with  imper- 
fect flowers,  or  empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft,  its  branches  subulate. 
Achene  lenticular,  transversely  rugose,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle).     [Greek,  alluding  to  the  two-colored  involucral  leaves.] 

About  S  species,  natives  of  America.    Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  aouthwest- 
eni  United  Stales. 

ba.ie.  1.  D.  colorala. 

\;  tubercle  decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  achene. 

a.  D.  lali/olia. 

I.  Dichromena  colortlta  (I,.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.     Narrow-leaved  Dichromena. 

(Fig-  599) 
Schoenus  coioralus  L.  Sp.  PI.  43.      1753. 
Dichromena  Icucocuphala  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  .Am. 


1803. 


..  S.  Hitchc.  Ann.  Rep. 


Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  rather 
sharply  triangular,  i°-a°  tall.  Leaves  dis- 
tant, narrowly  linear,  about  \"  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre 
4-6,  reRexed  when  mature,  yellowish  white 
at  the  base;  head  globose,  6"-io"  in  diame- 
ter; spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  acute;  scales 
membranous,  lanceolate,  nearly  white,  l- 
nerved,  subacute  at  the  apex;  achene  ob- 
ovate,  brown,  papillose  or  wrinkled  traus- 
versely,  nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  com- 
pressed, covered  by  the  tubercle  which  is  not 
decnrrent  on  its  edges. 

In  moiflt  sandy  soil,  pine-barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Florida  and  Tcxaa.    Also  in  tropical 

* '■—     June-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  257 

Dichromena  latifdlia  Baldw.     Broad-leaved  Dichromena.     (Fig.  600. ) 

a  lali/olia  Baldw, ;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  & 


Ca.  1:90. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  tbe 
ctilm  stouter,  obtnsely  triangular  or  oearlj' 
terete,  the  leaves  lanceoiate  or  linear-lance- 
olate, tapering  gradually  to  a  long-BCumi- 
□ate  apcz  from  a  broad  baae,  I  )i  "-4"  wide, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  but  the 
lowest  much  shorter,  those  of  tbe  involucre 
7-10,  strongly  reflexed  when  old.  Head 
globose,  6"-9"  in  diameter;  apikelets  ob- 
long, subacute;  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
nearly  white,  rather  obtuse;  achenc  nearly 
ortucutar  in  antline,  pale  brown,  faintly 
wrinkled  transTersely  and  longitudinally, 
so  as  to  appear  reticulated;  tubercle  decur- 
rent  on  the  margins  of  tbe  achcne. 


In« 


a  Florida  and 


6.    PSILOCARYA  Ton".  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3; 


Annual  sedges,  with  fibrous  roots,  slender  leafy  stems  and  ovoid  or  oblong,  many-flow- 
ered terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary,  mostly  compound  umbels,  the  rays  and  rajlets 
bracted  at  the  base.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirall;  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile, 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect  Perianth  none.  Stamens  i  or  i.  Style  i-cleft,  enlarged  at 
the  base.  Achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the 
persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or  nearly  the  vrbolc  style  persistent  as  a  beak. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  absence  of  perianth-bristles.] 


Psilocarya  nitens  (Vahl)  Wood.     Short-beaked  Bald-rush.     (Fig.  601.) 


Psilotarya  niUnS  V, 


1870. 


Glabrous,  culms  tufted,  slightly  angled,  3'- 
15' tall.  Leavesnarrowly  linear,  about  i"wide, 
smooth,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
sheathing  at  the  base,  the  midvein  prominent; 
umbels  mostly  loose;  apikelets  ovoid,  2"-3" 
long,  rather  less  than  i"  in  diameter;  scales 
brown,  broadly  ovate,  tbin,  i-nerved,  obtuse, 
acute  or  apiculate;  achene  lenticular,  nearly 
orbicular,  light  brown,  strongly  wrinkled  trans- 
versely; tubercle  shorter  than  the  achene,  sub- 
acute, 3-lobed  at  the  base. 


258  CYPERACEAE. 

2.    Psilocarya  scirpoides  Tonr.     Long-beaked  Bald-nish.     (Fig.  602.) 

P^ilocarya  scirpoidestan.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  3611 


"^  Similar  to  the  precediog  Bpecies  and  perhaps 
not  specifically  distioct.  Umbels  commonly 
more  aumerous;  spikeleU  oblong  or  oroid-ob- 
long;  achene  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  bicon- 
vex-, not  as  ilat  aa  that  of  P.  ntUns,  dark  brown, 
faintly  tranaversel;  wrinkled  or  smooth,  some- 
times longitudinally  striate,  slightly  contracted 
at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe;  tubercle  snbulate, 
as  long  asor  sometimes  longer  then  the  achene, 
its  base  decuirent  on  the  edges. 


I,  eaatetn  Massachusetts  and   Rhode 


Island.    July-Sept. 


7.  STENOPHYLLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4.  1825. 
Mostly  annual  sedges,  with  slender  erect  calms,  leafy  below,  the  leaves  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform,  with  citiate  or  pubescent  sheaths.  Spikelets  umbellate,  capitate  or  solitary,  sub- 
tended by  a  I -several-leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect  Perianth  none.  Stamens  a  or  3.  Style  2-3-clen,  glabrous, 
its  base  much  swollen  and  peisistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene  aa  in  Eleocharh.  Achene 
3-angled,  turgid  or  lenticular.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  leaves.] 


\.  genus  of  Si 


c  30  species,  r 


n  the  southern  United  States, 


!S  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.    Besides  the  following, 


I.    Stenophyllus  capUlfLris  (L.)  Britton.     Hair-like  Stenophyllus. 
(Fig.  603.) 
Slirpiis  capillaris  L.  Sp.  PI.  49.      1753. 
Fimbriilylis    capillaris    A.    Gray,     Man,    530. 

1848. 
5/«<o^Sj'«ujco^i7;anjBritton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
11. 30.      i8cM- 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform, 
densely  tufted,  erect,  grooved,  smooth,  I'-io' 
tall.  Leavea  filiform,  roughiah,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less 
pubescent  with  long  haira;  involucral  leaves 
1-3,  setaceous,  shorter  than,  or  one  of  them 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  nar- 
rowly oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  a^"-4" 
long,  less  than  i"  thick,  several  in  a  termi- 
nal simple  or  sometimes  compound  umbel, 
or  in  depauperate  forms  solitary;  scales  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  emarginate,  puberulent,  dark 
brown  with  a  green  keel;  stamens  a;  style  3- 
clefl;  achene  yellow-brown,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  summit, 
%"  loug,  3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled; 
tubercle  minnte,  depressed. 

In  ctr7  or  moist  soil,  throughout  North  Amer- 
ica except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  tropical 
America.    July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


259 


8.  PIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  285.  1806. 
Aauual^  or  pcreaaial  Bcdges.  Culms  leafy  below.  Spilcelets  umbellate  or  capitate, 
erete,  several  to  manj-Aowered,  subtended  bja  i -many -leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spiral!  j 
[nbricaled  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  t-3.  Stjle 
-3-clefl,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  base  much  enlarged,  falliug  awav  from  the  summit  of 
he  achene  at  maturity.  Achene  lenticular,  biconvex,  or  3-atigled,  reticulated,  cancellate,  or 
ongitudinalty  ribbed  or  striate  in  onr  species.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style  of 

A  large  genus,  the  species  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the 
oUowii^,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  eoutheni  and  western  parts  of  North  America, 
ftyle  3-cleft^  achene  lenticular  01 


Culms  8-3°  tall;  spikelets  umt>eltate;  style  mostly  pubescent. 
Perennial;  leaves  involute. 

Scales  coriaceouB,  shining,  glabrous. 
Scales  membranous,  dull,  puberulent. 
Annual;  roots  fibrous;  leaves  flat. 
Culms  i'~4'  tall,  very  slender:  spikelets  capitate;  style  glabrous  IkIow. 
Ityle  3-clcft;  acheae  j-angled. 


:  spadui 


%.  F.  taxa. 
4.  F.  Vahlii. 


I.    Fimbristylis  spadicca  (L.)  Vahl.     Stiff  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  604.) 


r  sfiadia 


1753- 


'ahl,  Enum. : 
thickened  base,  glabrous, 


Perennial  by 
ulms  stiff,  slender,  3-angledi  wiry,  I'-i"  tall, 
iBually  longer  than  the  strongly  involute  rigid 
eaTCS.  Leaves  about  i"  vide  when  unrolled, 
heir  sheaths  dark  brown;  leaves  of  the  involu- 
re  3-6,  erect,  the  longer  sometimes  exceeding 
he  nsnally  componnd  umbel;  umbel  several- 
ayed,  the  rays  neatly  erect,  3'-6'  long;  cen- 
ral  spikelets  of  the  umbels  and  umbellets  sea- 
ile,  the  others  pedicelled;  spikelets  ovoid  or 
■Toid-cylindric,  acute,  2^"-6"  long,  about  1" 
a  diameter;  scales  oval,  obovate,  or  orbicular, 
ibtuae  or  subacute,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  shin- 
ug,  dark  brown  withagreen  midvein;  stamens 
-;  style  3-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate, 
irown,  reticulated. 

In  marshes  and  shallow  water,  Virginia  to  Flor- 
da,  near  the  coast.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
tmerica.    ^ly-Sept. 

I.  Fimbristylis  castSnea  (Michx.)  Vahl.     Marsh  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  605.) 
Scirfius  caslaneui  ilichx.  PI,  Bor.  Am,  1:31.    1803. 
Fimbrislylis  cas/anea  Vahl,  Enum,  i:  39*,       1806- 
Fimbrislylis  spadicea  var.  cailanea  A.  Gray,  Man, 
Ed,  5,  566,      1867. 

Perennial  by  a  thick  base,  culms  slender,  3- 
angled,  8''-l°  tall,  usually  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Leaves  involute,  less  than  1"  wide  when  un- 
rolled, their  sheaths  greeu  and  more  or  less 
pubescent;  leaves  of  the  involncre  a-4,  short; 
umbel  simple  or  compound,  the  rays  }i'-2' 
long;  central  spikelets  sessile;  spikelets  oblong, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  3"-5"  long,  i"-i%"  in 
diameter;  scales  thin,  brown  with  a  lighter 
midvein,  broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular, 
dull,  puberuleut,  obtuse  or  mucronate;  stamens 
3-^3:  style  3-cle(t;  achene  obovate  or  oblong, 
biconvex,  pale  brown,  longitndinBll]r  striate 
and  reticulated. 

On  salt  meadows,  southern  New  York  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana,  Also  in  wet  soil  in  the  interior 
from  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  Kansas  and  Texas, 
and  in  tropical  America.    July-Sept. 


3.LiFimbristyli8  Uxi  VahQ 


CYPERACEAE, 


4.   Fimbriatylis  VihUi  (Lam. )  Link. 


Weak  Fimbristylis.  (Fig.  606,) 
Fitnbrislylis  laxa  Vahl.  Rtmrn.  >:  992.  1806. 
J-'imbn'ifylii  ffaidwiHiana  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 

344-      1836, 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  aleuder,  flattened, 
striate,  densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  a'~i$' 
long,  uiualty  longer  thsn  the  leaves.  Leaves  flat, 
about  }4"  wide,  glabrous  or  sparingly  dilate,  pale 
greei]  and  appearing  glaucous,  those  of  the  involu- 
cre 3-5,  one  of  them  often  exceeding  the  nmbel-, 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  the  central 
spikelet  sessile;  apikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong, 
3"-6"  long,  about  I "  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
pale  greenish-brown,  subacute  or  mucronulate;  sta- 
men i;  style  3-c1eft,  pubescent;  achene  biconvex, 
obovoid,  light  brown,  longitudinally  ribbed,  the  ribs 
tubercled  and  connected  by  very  fine  croas-lines. 

In  moist  soil,   southern    Pennsylvania  to   Florida, 
west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Texas.    Also  in  tropical 
July-Sept. 

Vahl's  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  607.) 


Carolin 


1791. 
i:    187. 

Fimbrislytis  congests  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3;  345. 
1836. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  densely  tufted, 
compressed,  striate,  erect  or  ascending,  i'-4' 
high,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves. 
Leaves  setaceous  or  almost  filiform,  rough, 
those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  erect,  much  exceed- 
ing the  simple  capitate  cluster  of  3-8  Hpikelets; 
spikelets  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  o."-i,"  long, 
about  J4"  thick,  many-flowered;  scales  lanceo- 
late, pale  greenish-brown,  acuminate;  stamen 
i;  style  3-cleft,  glabrous  below;  acheue  minute, 
biconvex,  yellowish -white,  cancellate  by  longi- 
tndinal  and  transverse  ridges. 

In  moist  soil,  Missouri  to 
a  and  Florida.  Also 
n  aeaporta.     July-Oct. 

5.  Fimbristylis  autunm^lis  (L. )  R.  &  S.     Slender  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  608.) 
Sctrpus  autvtnnalis  L.  Mant.  3:  180.      1771. 
Fimbristylis  aulumnatis  R,  &  S.  Syst.  J:  97.       1817. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  cnl ms  very  sleuder,  densely 
tufted,  flat,  roughish  on  the  edges  or  smooth,  erect, 
ascending  or  spreading,  s'-is'  long,  usually  much 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat, 
}4"~i"  wide,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  those  of 
the  involucre  3-3,  usually  all  shorter  than  the  um- 
bel; umbel  compound  or  decompound,  the  primary 
rays  X'~*X'  '"ngf  ^'^  secondary  filiform;  spike- 
lets  linear-oblong,  acute,  2"-5"  long,  J^"  thick 
or  less,  several-many  flowered;  scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, subacute,  strongly  mucronate,  greenish-brown, 
the  midvein  prominent;  stamens  1-3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  obovoid,  nearly  white,  3-angled  with  a  ridge 
on  each  angle,  very  finely  reticulated  and  some- 
times roughened. 

In  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.    Also  in  tropical  America.    June-Sept, 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  26 1 

9.   SCIRPUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  47.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  very  small  or  very  large  sedges,  with  leafy  culms  or  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets  terete  or  somewhat  flattened,  solitary,  capitate,  spicate  or 
umbellate,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre  or  the  involucre  wanting  in  some 
species.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  usually  all  fertile,  the  1-3  lower  sometimes 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-6,  slender  or  rigid,  short  or  elongated,  barbed, 
pubescent  or  smooth  bristles,  or  none  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  not 
swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous  from  the  achene,  or  its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate 
tip.  Achene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano-convex.  [Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush,  said  to 
be  from  sirs,  the  Celtic  word  for  rushes.] 

About  200  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.    Besides  the  following,  some  6  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  bractless  or  subtended  by  a  single  bract  or  short  leaf. 
No  involucral  bract. 

Culms  i'-2'  hi^h;  achene  smooth;  plant  of  saline  soil.  i.  5*.  nanus. 

Culms  V-io'  high;  achene  reticulated;  plant  of  fresh- water  marshes.    2.  S.  pauciflorus, 
Involucral  bract  present,  erect. 

Bract  shorter  than  or  but  little  exceeding  the  spikelet;  plants  not  aquatic. 

Culm  terete;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  subulate;  bristles  smooth.  3.  S.  caespitosus. 

Culms  triangular;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  linear;  bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  scales  acute.  4.  S.  Clinioni. 

Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm;  scales  cuspidate.  5.  5.  planifolius. 

Bract  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  plant  aquatic.  6.  ^.  subterminalis. 

Spikelets  normally  more  than  i,  usually  several  or  numerous,  often  appearing  lateral;  involucral 
bract  only  i. 
Spikelets  few,  1-12,  appearing  lateral. 

Culms  not  sharply  3-angled;  achene  plano-convex;  annuals. 

Achene  strongly  transversely  rugose.  7.  S.  Haiti i. 

Achene  smooth  or  verv  slightly  roughened. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene.  8.  S.  debilis. 

Bristles  minute  or  wanting.  9.  S.  Smiihii. 

Culms  sharply  3-angled;  plants  perennial  by  rootstocks, 

Achene  plano-convex;  bristles  shorter  than  or  equallinf?  the  achene. 

Spikelets  acute,  much  overtopped  by  the  slender  involucral  leaf;  scales  awned. 

10.  S.  Americanus, 
Spikelets  obtuse;  involucral  leaf  short,  stout;  scales  mucronulate. 

11.  5".  Olneyi. 
Achene  3-aneled,  ridged  on  the  back. 

Bristles  longer  than  the  achenej  involucral  leaf  erect.  12.  5".  Torreyi. 

Bristles  as  long  as  the  achene;  involucral  leaf  abruptly  bent.   13.  S.  ntucronaius. 
Spikelets  several  or  numerous,  umbelled;  tall  sedges. 

Culm  sharply  triangular,  equalled  by  the  long  leaves.  14.  5.  cylindricus. 

Culm  terete;  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed;  achene  gray,  abruptly  mucronate.    15.  S.  lacustris. 
Bristles  short-plumose  below;  achene  nearly  white,  narrowed  above. 

16.  S.  Californicus, 
Spikelets  several,  spicate.  17.  5.  ru/us. 

Spikelets  several,  capitate  or  umbellate,  large;  involucral  leaves  2  or  more. 
Achene  lenticular  or  plano-convex;  snikelets  capitate. 

Capitate  cluster  simple;  achene  ooovate -oblong,  pale  brown.  18.  S.  campestris. 

Capitate  cluster  often  compound;  achene  orbicular-obovate,  dark  brown. 

19.  5.  robusius. 
Achene  sharply  3-angled;  spikelets  umbellate.  20.  S.  fluviaiilis. 

Spikelet^  verv  numerous  in  compound  umbels  or  umbelled  heads,  small;  involucral  leaves  sev- 
eral; tall  sedges. 
Bristles  downwardly  barbed;  spikelets  in  umbelled  heads. 
Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  i  J^"-25i"  long. 

Bristles  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  leaves  3"-8"  wide. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled;  bristles  6. 

Spikelets  y%  in  each  head;  bristles  barbed  throughout;  scales  obtuse. 

21.  5.  sylvalicus. 
Spikelets  8-20  in  each  head;  bristles  not  barbed  below;  scales  acute. 

22.  S,  atrovirens. 
Style  2-cleft;  achene  plano-convex;  bristles  4.                            23.  S.  microcarpus. 

Bristles  fiexuous,  twice  as  long  as  the  achene;  leaves  2" -3"  wide.   24.  5.  polyphyllus, 

Spikelets  cylindric,  3" -5"  long.  25.  S.  Peckii. 
Bristles  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  umbel  mostly  decompound. 
Bristles  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  scales. 

Bristles  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  scales  subacute.  26.  S.  divaricalus. 

Bristles  much  longer  than  the  achene;  scales  mucronate.  27.  5.  lineatus. 

Bristles  much  exserted  beyond  the  scales  when  mature.  28.  5.  cyperinus,  • 


CYPERACEAE. 


Scirpus  nllnus  Spreng.     Dwarf  Club-rush.     (Fig,  609.) 


Scirpus  nanus  Spnng,  Pug.  i:  4.      1815. 

EUockaris pygmaea  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 313.    1836- 

Annual,  roota  fibrous,  culms  fiUfonu,  flattened, 
grooved,  tufted,  erect  or  Bsceudiug,  I'-3'  bigb, 
beartog  a  scarious  bladeless  sheath  near  the  base. 
Spilulet  solitaiy,  termiual,  ovoid-ob]oDg,  ratber 
acute,  3-8-flowered,  \"-\.%"  long,  not  subtended 
by  a  bract;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pale  green, 
the  lower  obtuse,  tbe  upper  subacute;  bristle»about 
6,  dowDvardly  barbed,  longer  than  the  achene; 
atamena  3;  style  3-cle(l;  achene  oblong,  3-atigled, 
pale,  pointed  at  each  end,  amooth. 

Muddy  places  in  salt  marshes.  Cape  Breton  Island 
to  PloTida  and  Texas,  and  about  salt  springs  in  New 
York  and  Michiiran.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of 
North  America  tmdon  the  coants  or  Europe.   July-Sept. 


Scirpus  paucifldrus  Lightf.     Few-flowered  Club-nish.     (Fig.  610.) 


Scirpus  pauciftot 
Eleocharis  paucij 


1  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot  1078. 
'rtij  Link,  Hott.  Berol.  : 


284.      l827. 


Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks,  culms  very  slender, 
little  tufted,  3-angIed,  grooved,  leafless,  3'-io'  tall,  the 
upper  sheath  truncate.  Spikelet  temtinat,  solitary,  not 
subtended  by  an  involucral  bract,  oblong,  compressed, 
4-10-flowered,  1"-},"  long,  nearly  1"  wide;  scales 
brown  with  lighter  margins  and  midvein,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  bristles  2-6,  hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene  or 
longer;  stamens  3;  style  3-clefl;  achene  obovoid-oblong, 
gray,  ratber  abruptly  beaked,  its  surface  liuely  re- 
ticulated. 

In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  and  Ontario  to  western  New  York, 
Minnesota  and  British  Columbia,  south  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Colorado,  and  in  the  SieriH  Nevada.  Also  in 
northern  Euope.    Juty-Oct. 


3.    Scirpus  caespitdsus  L.     Tufted  Club-rush.     (Fig.  611,) 

Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.      1753. 

Perennial,  culms  smooth,  terete,  densely  tufted, 
light  green,  erect  or  ascending,  almost  filiform,  wiry, 
4'~ii'  long.  Basal  sheaths  numerous,  membran- 
ous, imbricated,  acirniinate,  the  upper  one  bearing  a 
short  very  narrow  blade;  spikeletsolitary,  terminal, 
few-flowered,  ovoid-oblong,  about  3"  long,  sub- 
tended by  a  subulate  involucral  leaf  of  about 
its  own  length;  scales  yellowish-brown,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  deciduous;  bristles  6,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  j-clett; 
achene  oblong,  smooth,  3-angled,  brown,  acute. 

In  boga  and  on  moist  racks,  Greenland  to  Alaska. 
south  to  the  mountains  of  New  England,  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  weatem  New  York,  Illinois,  Minnesota  and 
British  Columbia,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado, 
and  on  tbe  higher  summits  of  the  southern  AUeghe- 
nies.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia,     June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  263 

4.    Scirpus  Clintoni  A.  Gray.     Clinton's  Club-rush.     (Fig.  612.) 

Scirius  Clinloni  A.  Gray,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (IDaSisgo. 
1864. 

Ferennial,  culms  tufted,  trian^lar,  very  slender, 
erect,  4'-i5'  tall,  roughisb  on  the  angles.  Lower 
sbeaths  imbricated,  one  or  more  of  them  bearing  short 
subulate  blades,  the  upper  one  bearing  a  flat,  narrowly 
linear  blade  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelet  solitary, 
terminal,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  iJi"-2"  long,  sub- 
tended by  a  subulate  involucral  bract  of  less  than  its 
own  length  or  somewhat  longer;  scales  ovate,  pale 
brown,  acute;  bristles  3-6,  filiform,  upwardly  barbed, 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong,  brown,  sharply  3-HngIed,  smooth,  obtuse. 

In  dry  fields  and  thickets.  New  Brunswick  to  western 
New  York  and  Michigan,  sonth  to  North  Carolina.  Local. 
June-Al:«. 

5.   Scirpus  planifdlius  Muhl.     Wood  Club-rush.     (Fig.  613.) 
Scirpus piani/oli«syi\AA.  Gram.  31.      1817. 

Perennial,  culms  triangular,  slender,  tufted,  rather 
weak,  roughish  on  the  angles,  6'-i5'  tall.  Lower 
sheaths  bearing  short  subulate  blades,  the  upper  with 
a  flat  narrowly  linear  rough-margined  leaf  about  as 
long  as  the  culm;  pikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid- 
oblong,  acute,  several-flowered,  subtended  by  a  short 
involucral  bract;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  yellowish- 
brown  with  a  green  midvein,  which  is  extended  be- 
yond the  acute  apex  into  a  sharp  cusp;  bristles  4-6, 
upwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cIeft,  pubescent;  achene  oblong,  3-angIed; 
smooth,  light  brown,  rather  obtuse. 


6.    Scirpus  subterminftlis  Torr.     Water  Club-rush, 
Scirpus  sublerminalis  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  1 :  47.      1814. 

Perennial  (?),  aquatic,  culms  slender,  terete,  nodu- 
lose, i°-3ji"  long.  Leaves  slender,  channeled,  fZ-i" 
long,  V'-JC"  wide;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ob- 
loug-cylindric,  narrowed  at  each  end,  several-flow- 
(led,  3"-s"  long,  subtended  by  a  subulate  erect  invo- 
Inoal  leaf  >j'-i'  long,  thus  appearing  lateral;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membranous,  light  brown 
with  a  green  midvein;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3; 
ityle  3-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  achene  obovoid,  3- 
angled,  dark  brown,  smooth,  rather  more  than  i" 
long,  obtuse,  abruptly  beaked  by  the  slender  base  of 
the  style. 


iaglaa,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan. 
The  so-called  variety  terrestris  is  an  emeised  form  with 
erect  culms  and  shortct  -ipikelets,    July-Aug. 


(Fig.  614.) 


CYPERACEAE. 

7.   Scirpua  H411ii  A.  Gray.     Hall's  Club-rush.     (Fig.  615.) 

Scirpus  Hallii  A.  Gray.  Man.  Kd.  i.  Add.     1863. 
Scirpus  lupiHus  var.  HalHi  A,  Gray,  Man.  Hd.  S,  SSj. 
1K7. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  tufted,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  erect,  striate,  s'~li'  tall.  Lower 
sheaths  oblique,  and  acuminate  or  mucronateou  one 
side,  the  upper  one  commonly  bearing  a  filiform 
blade  %'-t%' \oag\  spiltelets  capitate  in  clusters  of 
1-7,  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  many -flowered,  3"- 
6"  long,  about  1"  thick,  appearing  lateral  by  the 
extension  of  the  solitary  involucral  leaf  which  is 
i'-4'  long;  scales  o\'ate-lanceolate,  light  greenish 
brown,  acuminate,  Iceeled,  cu^idate  by  the  ex- 
current  tip  of  the  mid  vein;  bristles  wanting; 
stamens  mostly  2;  acbene  obovate-orbicular  or 
slightly  broader  than  high,  black.,  plano-convex, 
mucronulate  strongly  wrinkled  transversely,  about 
^"  in  diameter. 


8,    Scirpua  dibilis  Pursh.     Weak-stalked  Club-rush.     (Fig.  616.) 
Scirpus  debilii  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  55.      1614. 

Annual,  smooth,  culms  slender,  terete  or  nearly 
so,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  6'-2°  high.  Sheaths 
obliquely  truncate,  the  upper  one  rarely  bearing  a 
short  subulate  blade;  spikelets  capitate  in  clusters 
of  1-12,  ovoid-oblong,  subacute,  many -flowered, 
appearing  lateral,  the  solitary  involucral  leaf  nar- 
rowly linear,  ifi'-4'  long,  erect  or  divergent; 
scales  light  yellowisb-brovm  with  a  green  midvein, 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute;  bristles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  somewhat  unequal  and  about 
as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3-3;  style  i-cleft  or 
rarely  3-cleft;  achene  plano-conves,  broadly  ob- 
ovate  or  orbicular,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened, 
dark  brown,  shining,  obtuse,  mucronulate. 

Georgia. 


9.    Scirpus  ymlthii  A,  Gray.     Smith's 
Club-rush.     (Fig.  617.) 

Scirpus  Smilbii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5.  563.       1867. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the 
culms  usually  lower  and  more  slender  or  nearly  fili- 
form, 3'-ij'  tall,  the  sheatbs  oblique  and  acmni- 
nate  or  the  upper  one  bearing  a  subulate  blade. 
Spikelets  1-4,  in  an  apparently  lateral  duster, 
ovoid,  acute,  3"-3"  long,  the  involucral  leaf  very 
narrow,  elongated,  erect;  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronulate,  pale  brown  with  a  narrow,  green  mid- 
vein;  bristles  usually  wanting,  sometimes  1-3,  and 
very  much  shorter  than  the  achene;  style  a-deft; 
achene  plano-convex,  obovale  or  orbicular,  brown, 
rather  dull,  smooth  or  minutely  roughened,  obtuse, 
mucronulate. 

Id  wet  muddy  places.  Vermont  to  Minnesota,  sontb 
to  Delaware,  Pennayli-ania  and  Hichipin.  P^rhap* 
only  a  form  of  the  preceding.    July-Sept 


SEEKJE  FAMILY.  2 

10.    Scirpus  Americftnus  Pers.     Three-square.     Chair- maker's  Rush. 
(Fig.  6i8.) 
Scirpui  Americaniii  Pere.  Syti.  t:  68.      i8os. 
Scirfius  pHHgeni  Vahl.  Enum,  i:  155.      1806. 

Perennial  by  long  rootstocks,  ouhns  sharply  tri- 
angalar  with  concave  sides  or  one  of  the  sides 
nearly  flat,  erect,  stiff,  1°-^°  tall.  Leaves  1-3, 
narrowly  linear,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  4"-6"  long,  capitate 
in  clusters  of  1-7,  appearing  as  if  lateral;  in\'Olucral 
leaf  solitary,  slender.  iK'-4'  long;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  brown,  often  emarginate  or  sharply  a-cleft 
at  the  apcK,  the  midvein  extended  into  a  subulate 
awn  sometimes  i"  long,  the  margins  scarious, 
ciliolate  or  glabrous;  bristles  a-6,  downwardly 
tiarbed,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene; 
stamens  3;  style  usually  a-cleft;  achene  obovate, 
plano-convex,  smooth,  dark  brown,  mucronate. 

In  fresh  water  and  brackish  swamps  throughout 
North  America.    Also  in  Chile.    June-Sept, 

Sdrpn*  Ameiidjini  loiiEllpicltui  Britton.  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  tt:  78.      1892. 
Spikelets  linear-cylindric,  s"-ii"  long;  bristles  as  long:  as  the  broadly  obovate  achene. 


or  Lake  Ontatio;  Colorado  and  New  Mexi 


II.    Scirpus  Olneyi  A.  Gray.     Olney's 
Bulrush.     (Fig.  619,) 

Scirftuj  Olneyi  A,  Gray,  Bost.  Joum.  Nat.  Hist.  J:  238. 

■845- 

Similar  to  the  preceeding  species,  perennial  by  long 
stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout,  sharply  3-angled  with 
concave  sides,  2°-7°  tall.  Leaves  1-3,  I'-j'  long, 
or  sheaths  sometimes  leafless;  spikelets  capitate  in 
dense  clusters  of  5-13,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, J^"-4"  long,  the  sohtary  involucral  leaf  short, 
stout,  erect,  yi'-i'X*  \oa%\  scales  oval  or  orbicular, 
dark  brown  with  a  gre«n  midvein,  emarginate  or  mu- 
CTonulate,  glabrous;  bristles  usually  6,  slightly  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  achene,  downwardly  barbed; 
stamens  a-3;   style   3-cleft;   achene   obovate,   plano- 

In  salt  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida,  Texas, 
Mexico  and  Califomia,  extending  north  alot^  the  Pacific 
Coast  to  Oregon.    Also  in  Arkansas.    June-Sept. 


12.    Scirpus  T6rreyi  OIney.     Torrey's 
Bulrush.     (Fig.  620.) 

S^ir/ius  Torreyi  Olney,  Proc.  Providence  Prank.  Soc. 

l;3»-      i847-' 

Perennial  by  short  or  slender  rootstocks,  culms 
sharply  3.ang]ed,  rather  slender,  nodulose,  3°-^° 
tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  nodulose, 
light  green,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikelets  1-4,  in  an  apparently  lateral  capitate  clus- 
ter, oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  ^"-V  long; 
involucral  leaf  a '-6'  long,  erect;  scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  shining,  chestnut-brown,  glabrous, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles 
about  6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  the 
achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid, 
smooth,  shining,  light  brown,  3-angled,  one  of  its 
sides  broader  and  flatter  than  the  others. 


CVPERACEAE. 

13.  ScirpuB  mucron&tus  L.    Bog  Bulrush. 
(Fig.  621.) 

Scirpus  mucronalus  L.  Sp.  PI.  50-      1753- 

Perennial,  culms  stout,  somewhat  tufted,  shaiply 
3-ai)gled,  smooth,  1°-^''  tftll^  Spikelets  s-ia  in  a 
cspitate  cluster,  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered, 
4"-9"  long,  rather  more  than  j"  in  diameter,  sub' 
tended  by  the  solitaty  linear  abruptly  spreading  in- 
volucral  leaf;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  light 
brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein,  mucronate; 
bristles  6,  stout,  rigid,  downwardly  barbed,  as  long 
astheachene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  acheneob- 
ovoid,  smooth,  shining,  dark  brown,  s-angled,  two 
of  the  sides  narrower  and  more  convex  than  the 
third. 

In  a  swamp  in  Delaware  county.  Pennsylvania. 
I^bably  adventive  or  fiwilive  from  Bnrope.    Widely 


distributed  in  the  Old  World. 
14.    Scirpus  cylindricus  (Torr.)  Britton.     Canby's  Bulrush. 
Scirpus  marilimus  vat.  cylindricus  Totr. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  x:  3*5.      1836. 

■"-■-'■-  •-•lotepti  C- 

-- JiA 

aSg.      1S64. 
Scirpui cylindricusBTiVtoa.'tnjit.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 


1:79. 


i89». 


Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culm  stout, 
sharply  3-atigled  above,  3°-6'  high,  the  linear 
nodulose  keeled  and  channeled  dark  green 
leaves  nearly  or  quite  as  long.  Involucral  leaf 
solitary,  4'-io'  long,  erect;  spikelets  in  an  appa- 
rently lateral  simple  or  compound  umbel,  droop- 
ing, oblong-cylindric,  acutish,  6"-io"  long; 
primary  rays  of  the  umbel  i'-4'  long,  bracted 
I^  I  or  more  subulate- linear  leaves;  scales  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  pale  brown  with  scarious 
margins,  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  stout, 
rigid,  about  as  long  as  the  achene,  serrate;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled, 
1ig>it  brown,  smooth,  abruptly  subulate-pointed. 

Itt  ponds  and  swamps,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the  coast.    July-Sept. 

15.    Scirpus  lac6striB  L.     Great  Bulrush.     Mat-rush.     (Fig.  623.) 

Scirpus  lacuslris  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.      1753. 
Scirpus  validus  Vah\,  Enum,  i;  368.      lSa6. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstoclcs,  culm  stout,  terete, 
smooth,  erect,  3°-^"  tall,  sometimes  nearly  i'  in  di- 
ameter, sheathed  below,  the  upper  sheath  occasion- 
ally extended  into  a  short  leaf.  Involucral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  shorter  than  the  umbel,  appearing  as  if 
continuing  the  culm;  umbel  compound,  appearing 
lateral,  its  primary  rays  slender,  spreading,  i'-4' 
long,  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  scarious;  spikelets  ob- 
long-conic, becoming  oblong-cyhndric,  sessile  or  some 
of  them  peduncled,  in  capitate  clusters  of  1-5,  obtttse 
or  acute,  2>i"-8"  long,  iX"-a"  in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  rather  strong  midvein  which 
is  sometimes  excurrent  into  a  short  tip;  bristles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  equalling  or  longer  ttuin  the 
achene ;  stamens  3  ;  style  3-cleft;  achene  plano-con- 
vex, obovate,  gray,  abruptly  mucronate,  dull. 
In  ponds  and  swamps,  throughout  North  America,    Also  in  the  Old  World.    Junc-Sept 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  2 

i6.    Scirpus  Calif6rnicus  (C-  A.  Meyer)  Britton.     California  Bulrush, 
(Fig.  624.) 
Etylrospermvm   Cali/ornicum   C.   A.   Meyer,   Mem, 

Acad.  St  Peterab.  (V.)  i:aol.  pi.).  183I. 
Scirpus  Talora  Kutith,  Bnum.  l:  166.  1S37. 
Scirfias  Cali/omicus  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

11:79-      '89». 

Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  tlie 
leaves  reduced,  to  basal  sheaths.  Involucral  leaf 
very  short,  stoutly  subulate,  umbel  compound; 
spikelets  i"-S"  long,  acute,  peduncled  or  some  of 
them  sessile;  scales  brown,  ovate,  awn-pointed  by 
the  excnrrent  midvein;  bristles  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  achene.  short-plumose  below;  sta- 
mens 2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-con- 
vex, nearly  white,  narrowed  above  into  a  short 
point,  contracted  at  the  base,  its  surface  finely  cel- 
lular-reticulated. 

In  swamps,  Florida  to  Louisiana,  New  Mexico  and 
California,  and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Not  certainly  known  within  our  area.    June-Aug. 


Scirpus  ri^fus  (Huds.)  Schrad.     Red  Clubrush.     (Fig.  625.) 


ScAoenus 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstoctcs,  culms  tufted, 
smooth,  slender,  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  3'- 
15'  tall.  Leaves  half-terete,  smooth,  shorter  than 
the  culm,  channeled.  Ji'-3'  long,  less  than  l' 
wide,  the  lowest  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths; 
spikelets  red-brown,  few-flowered,  narrowly  ovoid- 
oblong,  subacute,  about  3"  long,  erect  in  a  termi- 
nal i-ranted  spike  Ji'-i'  long;  involucral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  narrowly  linear,  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  spike;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  i-nerved; 
bristles  3^,  upwardly  barbed,  shorter  than  the 
achene,  deciduous;  stamens  3;  style  a-cleft;  achene 
oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  light  brown,  piano- 
convex  or  slightly  angled  in  front,  I^"-3"IoDg. 

In  marshes.  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  to  the  North- 
west Territory.    Also  in  northern  Europe.    Summer. 


18.    Scirpus  campiatris  Britton.     Prairie  Bulrush.     (Fig.  626.) 


Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  sharply  triangular,  i°-l°  tall.  Leaves 
usually  pale  green,  smooth,  shorter  than  or  over- 
topping the  cntm,  i"~i"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre a  or  3,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inflor- 
escence; spikelets  3-10  in  a  dense  terminal  simple 
head,  oblong-cylindric,  mostly  acute,  8"-ia"  long, 
iji''^"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  membranous, 
pnberulent  or  glabrous,  pale  brown,  j-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an  ascending 
or  spreading  awn  about  i"  long;  bristles  1-3.  much 
shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  style  2-cleft 
(sometimes  3-cleft?);  achene  lenticular,  obovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  mucronnlate,  yellow-brown,  its  sur- 
face strongly  cellular-reticulated. 

On  wet  prairies  and  plains.  Manitoba  and  Minnesota 
to  Net>raska,  Kansas  and  Mexico,  west  to  Nevada. 
M»y-Ang. 


268 


CVPERACEAE. 


19.   Scirpus  roblistus  Pursh.     Salt  Marsh  Bulrush. 
Stirpus  robuslus  Panib,  Fl.  Ai 


(Fig.  627.) 
n.  Sept  56.      1814. 
scirpus    tnaniimus  w,    macroslachyus  Uichi,    Fl. 
Bor.  Am.  I:  33.      1803.    Not  .?.  macroslachyus  Lata. 
Perennial  by  large  rootatockt,  cnlm  Btont,  stilT. 
abarplj'  3-angled  with  flBt  sidei,  unooth,   a"-;" 
tall.     Leaves  eqaalling  or  overtopping  the  cnlm. 
dark  green,  smooth,   2}i"-s"  wide,  the   tnidveia 
prouiuent;  involucral  leaves  2-4,  elongated,  erect, 
similar  to  those  of  the  calm,  oClen  1'  long;  spike- 
lets  ovoiil-oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  Btont,  8"-i3" 
long,  4"-5"  in  diameter,  6-20  together  in  a  dense 
often  compound    terminal   cluster;   scalea  ovate, 
brown,  pnbemlent,  thin,  lacerate  or  a-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  midvein  excarrent  into  an,  at  length, 
reflezed  awn  iH"~>H"  long;  bristles  1-6,  fragile, 
shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  Btameiu  3;  style 
3'Clen;   acbene  compressed,  very  flat  on  the  face, 
couvex  or  with  low   ridge  on  the  back,  obovate- 
OTbicuIar,  dark  brown,  shining,  i%"  long. 
In  salt  maisbes,  Nova  Scotia  to  Texas.    July-Oct. 
20.   Scirpus  fluvifitUis  (Torr. )  A.  Gray.     River  Bulrush.     (Fig.  628.) 
Scirpus  marilimtts  var.  fluvialilis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N. 

Y.  3;  324-      1836. 
Scirpus  Jfuziiatilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  527.      1848. 

Perennial  by  large  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  smooth, 
sharply  triangular  with  nearly  flat  sides,  3°-6°  tall. 
Leaves  4"-8"  wide,  smooth,  equalling  or  overtopping 
the  culm,  attenuate  to  a  very  long  tip,  the  midvein 
prominent;  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, some  of  them  j'-io'  long;  spikelets  in  a  terminal 
nmbel,  solitary,  or  1-3  together  at  the  ends  of  its  long 
spreading  or  drooping  rays,  or  the  central  spikelets 
•essile,  oblong-cylindric,  acute,  8"-ia"  long,  about 
3ji"  in  diameter;  scales  ovale,  scarioua,  puberulent,  ' 
the  midvein  czcurrent  into  a  curved  awn  iJi"-2" 
long;  bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  barbed,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene;  style  3-cle(l;  achene  sharply 
3-angled,  obovoid,  ratber  dull,  short-pointed,  i"  long. 
In  shallow  water  along  lakes  and  streams,  Quebec  to 
Hinnesota,  New  Jersey,  Illinois  and  Kansas.    June-Sept. 

21.   Scirpus  sylv&ticus  L.     Wood  Bulrush.     (Fig,  629.) 

Scirfius  sylvaiicus'L.  Sp,  PI,  51.      1753. 

Perennial  by  long  rootstocks,  culm  friangnlai. 
stout,  smooth,  4''-6''  tall,  orten  overtopped  by  the 
upper  leaves.  Leaves  flat,  5"-8"  vride,  rough  on 
the  margins,  more  or  less  rugulose,  the  midvein 
prominent,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  the  larger 
similar  to  those  of  the  culm  and  o(len  I'^long  or 
more;  umbel  terminal,  very  large,  sometimes  8' 
broad,  about  3  times  compound,  the  spikelets  ovoid 
or  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  acute,  i^"-aji"  long, 
borne  in  capitate  clusters  of  i-S  at  the  ends  of  the 
raylets;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  small,  scarious. 
linear  or  lanceolate;  scales  ovate-oblong,  <d)tnse, 
brown  with  a  green  centre;  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  3-clefl ;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  obtnse, 
nearly  nhite.  mucronulate,  not  shining. 

In  swamptt,  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina.  Also 
in  Europe.     June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

)2.   Scirpus  atr6virens  Miihl.     Dark  green  Bulrush 

i  alTovirens  Mohl.  Grain.  43.      1817. 

anlal  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  triangu- 

ther  slender,    leafy,   2"-^"    high.     Leaves 

ted,  nodulose,  rough  on  the  margins,  dark 

%"-fi"  wide,  one  or  two  of  them  usually  ex- 

\  the  in  florescence;  umbel  i-a-compound  or 

;  spikelets  ovoid-obloag,  acute,  densely  capi- 

6's-2o'a  at  the  ends  oF  the  rays  or  rayleta; 
«ls  Ehort;  scales  greenish -brown,  oblong, 
the  midvein  excarrent;  bristles  usually  6, 
ardly  barbed  above,  naked  below,  about  as 
.  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
-ohovoid.  3-angled,  pale  brown,  dull. 
Famps,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Geor- 

Louiaiana.    June-Aug. 

atT^Tiieiii  pillldna  Bcitton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.  9:  14.      1889. 
E  plant  pale  green;  scales  awned;  spikelets  ob- 
lindric,  very  numerous  in  the  capitate  cluster), 
ota  to  the  Nortliwest  Territory  and  Colorado. 


CFig.  630.) 


23.   Scirpus  microcftrpus  Presl. .    Small- 
fruited  Bulrush.     (Fig.  631.) 
Srirpus  microcarfius  Presl,  Rel.  Haenk,  i:  :95.      1828. 
Scirpus  sylvalicus  var.  digynus  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  jli: 
.  717.      1870. 

Fereanial,  the  culms  i°-$''  tall,  often  stout, 
overtopped  by  the  rough-margined  leaves.  Longer 
leaves  of  theiuvolucre  usually  exceeding  the  inflor- 
eacencei  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  i)i"-i" 
lonSi  3~3S  together  iti  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  usually  spreading  raylets;  acalea  brown  with 
a  green  midvein,  blunt  or  subacutei  bristles  4, 
barbed  downwardly  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  a;  style 
z-cleft;  achene  oblong-obovate,  nearly  white,  plano- 
convex or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  pointed. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Quebec 
end  Alaska,  south  to  New  Hampshire,  noithem  New 
York,  Minnesota,  Nevada  and  (^ifomia.     July-Sept. 


34.   Scirpus  polyph^lli 
t  fiolyphyllusVa.W,  Enum.  a:  274.      i8a6. 
nnial  by  slender  rootstocks,  cnlms  slender, 
?  triangular,    iJi''-4°   tall,  very   leafy,  the 

2"-3"  wide,  exactly  3-ranked,  inconspicu- 
lodulose,  rough -margined,  the  upper  rarely 
iping  the  culm;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-6, 
iger  commonly  somewhat  exceeding  the  in- 
;nce;  nmbel  more  or  less  compound;  spike- 
oid,  about  i%"  long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  at 
Is  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate,  bright  brown, 

obtuse,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  fiexuous  or 
lent,  downwardly  larbed  above  the  middle, 
IS  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3- 
ichene  obovoid,  3-angted  with  a  broad  face 
rrower  sides,  short-pointed,  dull, 
jamps,  wet  woods  and  meadows,  Massachusetts 
lesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Arkansas.  Some 
.calea  of  the  spikelets  occasionally  develop  into 


Vahl.     Leafy  Bulrush.     (Fig.  632.) 


CVPERACEAE. 

25.   Scirpus  Pickii  Britton.     Peck's  Bul- 
rush.    (Fig.  633.) 
Scirpus  Peckii  Britton,  Trans.  N,  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  11;  83. 

189*. 

Perennial  by  rootstocVs.  cnlnu  atender,  triui- 
giilar,  1%"-},%''  lall,  leafy.  Leaves  elongated, 
3"-5"  wide,  rough-margined,  the  upper  overtop- 
ping tbe  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  s-Ji  the 
longer  of  them  exceeding  the  inflorcacence;  umbel 
t-3-coropound,  large;  spikcleta  cylindiic,  obtusish, 
3"-5"  long,  in  capitate  clusterfl  of  i-io  at  the  end* 
of  the  raylets  or  some  of  them  distinctly  pedtio- 
cled;  scales  dark  brown,  keeled,  mucronate,  falling 
early;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed  from  be- 
low the  middle  to  the  summit,  longer  than  the 
achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  )i"  long, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  slender-beaked. 

In  swamps,  Connecticnl  and  New  York.    July-Sept. 

36.   Scirpus  divaricfktus  Ell.     Spreading  Bulrush.     (Fig.  634.) 

5i:iV*HJ(iittir(Vo/uj  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &Ga,  i:8S.    pi.  2. 

f.  4.      1816. 

Perennial  (?}.  Roots  fibrous,  culms  obtusely 
triangular,  smooth,  rather  slender,  3^°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  2"-4"  wide,  rough -margined,  the  upper 
and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  decompound,  the  primary  rays 
very  slender,  sometimes  6'  long,  widely  spreading 
or  drooping;  raylets  filiform;  involncels  setaceous; 
spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets, 
sessile  or  peduncled,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  3"-6" 
long,  %"  thick;  scales  ovate,  greenish -brown,  sub- 
acute or  obtuse,  with  a  prominent  midvein  and 
scarious  margins;  bristles  6,  Sexuons,  longer  than 
the  achene,  somewhat  pubescent,  not  barbed, 
shorter  than  the  scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  apiculate,  nearly  white,  not  shining. 

In  swamps,  Kentucky  to  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.    The  spikelets  sometitnes 
partially  develop  into  tufts  of  leaves.     June-Aug. 

27.    Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.     Reddish  Bulrush.     (Fig.  635.) 

Scirpus  tinealus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  33.      1803. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  rather 
slender,  triangular,  erect,  i°-3°  high,  leafy,  the 
upper  leaves  and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence.  Leaves  i"-4"  wide,  light 
green,  flat,  rough-margined;  umbels  terminal  and 
commonly  also  axillsiy,  decompound,  the  rays 
very  slender,  becoming  pendulous ;  spikelets  mosUj 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  slender  raylets,  oblong, 
obtuse,  3"-5"  long,  about  i"in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  reddish-brown  with  a  green  mid- 
vein,  their  tips  slightly  spreading;  bristles  6, 
weak,  smooth,  entangled,  much  longer  tlutn  the 
achene,  equalling  the  scales  or  slightly  protruded 
beyond  them  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft ; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  pale  brown,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  3-angled,  short-beaked. 

In  SK-araps  and  net  meadows,  Ontario  to  Gcoi]|fis, 
west  to  Oregon  and  Tenas.    June-Sept. 


SEtXJE  FAMILY. 


a,  50I- 


28.    Scirpus  cypirinus  (L.)  Kunth.     Wool-grass.     (Fig.  636.) 
™  «  cype 
Brtophoi 


Eriohborum  cyperimim  L.  Sp.  PI-  Ed. 
Scirpus  cypertnusYJixaxy\.  Enum.  3:171. 
Scirpus  Eriophorum  var.  cyperinus  A.  Cray,  Man. 


.856. 


Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout  or  slen- 
der, smooth,  obtusely  triangular  or  nearly  terete, 
•tiff,  leafy,  2°-6''  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  3"-3"  wide 
rough-margined,  the  upper  often  overtopping  tbe 
culm,  those  of  tbe  involucre  3-6,  tbe  longer  much  ex 
ceeding  tbe  inHorescence;  umbel  terminal,  com 
pound,  tbe  rays  at  length  somewhat  drooping;  spiLc 
lets  OToid-oblong,  obtuse,  \%"-i%"  long,  in  capitate 
clusters  of  3-15  at  the  endsof  the  rajlets;  scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  subacute ;  bristles6,  entaugled, 
smooth,  much  longer  than  tbe  ochene,  much  eioerted 
beyond  the  scales  and  grayish-brown  at  maturity; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cIeft;  achene  3-angled,  oblong, 
slender-beaked,  nearly  white. 

In   swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario,  Viisinia  and 


1,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  1 


Kenlucky.     Aug. -Sept. 

Scirpus  cyptrlnua  Eii6phonim  (Micbx. )  Biil 
Scirpus  Eriophorum  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  31.       iSov 
Eriophorttm  cyperinum  var.  laxum  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  sSa.       1899. 

Spikelets  moHtly  peduncled.    Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

10.  ERIOPHORUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  52.  1753. 
Bog  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  tbe  culms  erect,  triangular  or  nearly  terete,  the 
leaves  linear,  or  i  or  3  of  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths.  Spikelets  terminal, 
solitary,  capitate  or  umbelled,  subtended  by  a  I -several-leaved  involucre,  or  naked.  Scales 
spirally  imbricated,  usually  alt  fertile.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  or  numerous  filiform 
smooth  soft  bristles,  which  are  white  or  brown,  straight  or  crisped,  and  eiserted  much 
beyond  the  scales  at  maturity.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene  3-angled.  oblong,  ellip- 
soid or  obovoid.     [Greek,  signifying  wool-bearing,  referring  to  the  soft  bristles.] 

About  10  species,  in  the  northern  hemisphere.    Besides  the  following,  one  occurs  in  Alaska. 
Spikelet  solitary;  tnvolucral  leaf  short  or  none. 

Bristles  only  6.  white,  crisped,  very  long.  1.  E.  alpinum. 

Bristles  numerous,  straight  or  slightly  crisped. 
Bristles  bright  white. 

Culm  with  1  inflated  bladeless  sheaths;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse.      2.  E.  vagiiialum. 
Only  the  upper  sheath  bladeless,  or  all  blade-bearing;  achene  linear-oblong,  acute. 

3.  E.  Scheuchzcri, 
Bristles  reddish -brown.  4.  E.  ruis/rolum. 

Spikelets  several,  umbellate  or  capitate;  involucre  1-4-leaved. 

Achene  obovoid,  obtuse;  spikelets  umbellate.  5,  E,  polyslaefiYOti. 

Achene  linear-oblong,  acute:  spikelets  capitate  or  some  of  them  peduncled. 

Leaves  channeled;  bristles  4-6  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  bright  white.  6.  E.gradle. 
leaves  flat;  bristles  3  times  as  longr  as  the  scale.  In-own  (rarely  white).  7.  E.Virginicum. 

1.    Eriophorum  alpinum  I,,     Alpine  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  637.) 
Eriophorum  alpinum  L-  Sp-  PI.  53.      '753. 

Perennial  by  shori  rootstocks,  sending  up  numer- 
ous filiform  triangular  roughish  culms,  6'-io'  high. 
Leaves  subulate,  3"-io"  long,  triangular,  chan- 
neled, borne  very  neat  the  base  of  the  culm,  the 
lower  sheaths  often  scarious  and  bladeless;  spikelet 
solitary,  terminal,  small,  erect;  involucral  bract  sub- 
ulate, mostly  shorter  tban  the  spikelet,  sometimes 
wanting;  young  spikelet  ovoid-oblong,  subacute; 
scales  oblong  lanceolate,  ycllowista-brown,  firm,  ob- 
e  or  subacute,  the  midvein  slender;  bristles  6, 
white,  crisped,  4-7  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achene 
narrowly  abovoid-oblong,  brown,  apiculate,  dull. 

In  bogs  and  on  high  mountains,  Newfoundland  to 
Hudson  Bay  and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Ver- 
mont, northern  New  York  and  Minnesota,  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


CYPERACEAE. 
Eriophorum  vaginJttum  L.     Sheathed  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  638.) 


JiriofiJiorum  vaginalam  L  Sp.  PI.  53. 


1753. 


Cultnt  tufted,  stiff,  obtusely  triangaUr,  smooth, 
slender,  8''i6'  tall,  leafless,  except  at  the  base, 
bearing  two  distant  inflated  sheaths,  the  upper  one 
usually  above  the  middle.  Leaves  stiff,  filifortn, 
triaugular,  channeled,  slightly  rough,  shorter  than 
or  sometiines  overtoppiDg  the  culm;  involacral 
leaf  wanting;  spikelet  solitary,  ovoid,  erect;  scales 
ovate-Ian eeol ate  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, purple-brown,  thin;  briitles  uunicrous,  white, 
straight,  glossy,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  an- 
thera  linear;  acbene  obovoid,  obtuse,  brown,  dull, 
minutely  apiculate. 

In  bo(ca,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, Pennsylvania  and  Minnesota.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.    ]un«-Aiw. 


3.  Eriophorum  Scheuchzeri Hoppe.    Scheuchzer's Cotton-grass,   (Fig,  639.) 

Eriophorum  Scheuchzeri  Hoppe,  Taschenb,  i8oot   1(4. 

iSoo. 
Eriopboram  cabilalum  Host,  Grain.  Ausl.  i:  30.   W.  tf. 

1801. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  sheaths  all 
blade-bearing  or  only  the  upper  one  bladeless,  culms 
slender,  smooth,  nearly  terete,  io'-2o'  tall.  Leaves 
filiform,  channeled,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
cnlm;  spikelet  solitary,  tcrmiual,  erect;  involucre 
none;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  pur- 
ple-brown, membranous;  bristles  numerous,  white 
or  slightly  yellowish,  weak,  nearly  straight,  4-5, 
times  as  long  as  the  scale;  "  anthers  cord  ate- ovate;" 
acheue  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  brown,  dull,  subu- 
late-beaked. 


4.  Eriophorum  russ&olum  Fries,     Russet  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  640,) 


'Hsseo/um  Fries,  Novil.  Mant.  3:  67. 


Culms  solitary  or  little  tufted,  triangular,  erect, 
smooth,  8'-iS'  tall,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Upper  sheath  inflated,  bladetess,  mucronate,  rarely 
with  a  short  subulate  blade,  usually  borne  below  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  leaves  filiform,  triangalar-chsn- 
neled,  mucronate,  t'-^'  long;  spikelet  solitary,  erect; 
involucre  none;  scales  ovate- lanceolate,  acuminate, 
thin,  purplish-brown  with  nearly  white  margins; 
bristles  numerous,  bright  reddish-brown,  3-5  times 
as  long  as  the  scale;  achene  oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  apiculate. 

Scarcely  differa  from  the  preceding  species  except  in 
the  color  of  the  bristles  and  the  shorter-pointed  achene. 
In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  (Jucliec.    June-Aiv. 


SEDGE  FAMILY, 
j.    Eriophorutn  polystilchyon  I,.     Tall  Cotton  grass      (Fig.  641.) 

Eriophor 
Rriophor 

Culm  atiff,  smooth,  obtusely  triangnlar  above 
nearly  terete  below,  1%°-^"  tall,  all  the  sheaths  blade 
bearing.  Leaves  flat,  roughish- margined  r  "^"-4 
wide,  tapering  to  a  triangular  channeled  rigid  poiat 
the  upper  shorter  than  or  rarely  overtopping  the 
culm,  those  of  the  involucre  2-4,  the  longer  commonly 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  inBorescence  splkelcts 
3~i],  ovoid,  or  oblong,  drooping,  in  a  terminal  simple 
or  more  or  less  compound  umbel;  rays  filiform  smooth 
or  rough;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 
puiple-green  or  brown;  bristles  numerous  bngbt 
white,  about  \'  long,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale 
achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown. 

In  bi^s,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey 
Georgia  and  Nebraska.  Also  in  Earope  and  As  a.  June 
Aug. 

6.   Eriophorum  gricile  Koch.     Slender  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  642.) 

Erii'Phorum  gracile   Koch;    Roth,  Catal.   Bot.    i: 


Eriophorum  Iriquelrum  Hoppe,    Tasehen 


Culm  slender,  obtusely  triangular,  rough  on  the 
angles,  I'-a"  tall,  the  sheaths  all  blade-bearing. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  \"  wide  or  less,  triangalar- 
channeled,  rough-margined,  the  upper  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  involucral  leaf  commonly  only  t, 
stiff,  erect;  spikelets  3-8,  capitate  or  subumbellate, 
the  longer,  peduncled  ones  drooping;  scales  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  greenish  brown,  the  mid- 
vein  rather  strong,  often  with  a  weaker  nerve  on 
each  side;  bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  8"-i2" 
long,  4  6  times  as  long  as  the  scale;-  achene  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  pointed. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska, 
Miuth  to  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania  and  Missouri.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.    June-Sept. 


7.    Eriophorum  Virginicum  L.     Virginia 
Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  643.) 

Eriophorum  Virginicxttn  L.  Sp.  PI.  53.     1753. 

Culm  stiff,  rather  slender,  obtusely  triangular 
above,  terete  below,  smooth,  \%''-i^  tall,  rather 
leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  i"-2%"  wide, 
rongh- margined,  somewhat  channeled  toward  the 
apex,  the  upper  often  overtopping  the  culm,  those 
of  the  involucre  2-4,  spreading  or  dcflexed,  i'-6' 
long,  I  or  a  of  them  much  longer  than  the  spikelets; 
spikelets  several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal 
capitate  cluster  usually  broader  than  high,  erect  or 
the  outer  ones  spreading;  scales  ovate,  acute,  brown 
with  a  green  centre,  about  s^nerved;  bristles  numer- 
ons,  dingy  brown,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale; 
achene  linear-oblong,  acute,  apiculate,  light  brown. 
In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida 
and  Nebraska.    June-Sept. 

Eriophorum  VlrgliUcnm  Ubnm  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  566. 
Bristles  white.    Northern  New  York. 


274 


CYPERACEAE. 


II.    PUIRENA  Rottb.  Descr.  &  Ic.  70.  pi.  19.  f.  3.      1773. 

Perennial  sedges,  with  leafy  triangular  culms  (in  a  southern  species  the  leaves  reduced 
to  inflated  sheaths),  and  many-flowered  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  cluateia,  or 
larely  solitary.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  awned,  the  t  or  a  lower  commonly 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  3  ovate  oblong  or  cordate- ovate,  stalked,  often  awned 
sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3- 
cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Achene  stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  sharply  3-angled, 
acute  or  mucronate,  smooth.     (In  honor  of  Georg  Puiren,  1581-162S,  Danish  physician.) 

About  30  specicB,  natives  of  warm. tern peiate  and  trnpical  regions.     Besides 


□  United  States. 
Sepals  awned  from  the  apex  or  awtiless. 
Sepals  awned  on  the  baclc  below  the  apex 


fsr 


Fuirena  squarrdsa  Michx.     Squarrose  Fturena.     (Fig.  644.) 

Fuirena  squarrosa  Micbi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i;  37. 

1803. 
Fuirena  squarrosa  var.  fiumila  TorT.  Fl.  V  S. 

1:68.       .834. 

Rootatock  short,  stoat,  tomelimes  tnber- 
bearing;  cnlms  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly 
90,  i'-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  of  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent; 
spikelets  sessile  and  i-io  together  in  ter- 
minal and  usaaliy  -  also  lateral  capitate 
clusters,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  3"-6"  long,  about  ijii"  in  dia- 
meter; scales  ovate  or  oblong,  brown, 
pubescent,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  tipped 
with  a  stout  spreading  or  recurved  awn  of 
nearly  their  own  length;  sepals  oblong, 
long-stalked,  usually  narrowed  at  botli 
ends,  tapering  into  a  slender  terminal 
downwardly  barbed  or  sometimes  smooth 
awn;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the 
acbcnc,  sometimes  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  wet  meadows  and  marBhen.  Massachusetts 
to  Florida  aiid  I.oui.iiana.  neat  the  coast.     Also 
in  Michigan  and  Nebraska.    July-Sept. 
Fuirena  squanoBa  hispida  1  Etl. )  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States.  514-      [?6o. 
Iiispida  EU.  I 


Sheaths  and  leaves  hiniute;  t 
achene;  plant  usually  taller.     Nei 


s  crt'atc,  cordate  at  the  base 
I  the  apex;  bristles  usualW 
irk  to  Florida,  west  to  Alabai 


ir  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
horter  than  or  equalling  the 
la  and  Texa,s,     Perhaps  a  dis- 


Fuirena  simplex  Vahl.    Western 
Fuireua.     (Fig.  645.) 


N.T' 


3:291. 


rit/ulala  1 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  root- 
stock  short,  thick;  culms  slender,  5'-z°  tall, 
glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  glabrous  or  ciliate; 
scales  tipped  with  a  spreading  or  refleied 
awn;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  and  usually 
notched  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  sub- 
conlate  at  the  base,  longer  or  shorter  than 
their  stalks,  awned  on  the  back  from  below 
the  apex,  the  awn  varying  in  length,  smooth 
or  downwardly  barbed;  bristles  retrorsely 
hispid,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sessile  or 
short-stalked  achene. 


Jut 


In  n 


-Sept. 


oil,  Kansas  t 


Texas  and  Mexi 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


275 


12.    HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Arii.  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Jouni.  17:  263.     1834. 

Low  tufted  mostlj  annual  sedges,  wilb  erect  or  spreading,  almost  fiUronn  culms  and 
leaves,  and  terete  small  terminal  capitate  or  solitary  spikelels  subtended  by  a  i-j-lcaved  in- 
volucre. Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  aroaiid,  deciduous,  all  subtending  perfect  flowers. 
Periantb  of  a  single  byatiue  sepal  (bract  ?)  between  tbe  flower  and  the  rachis  of  the  spike- 
let;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1--3,  Style  3-cleft.  deciduous,  not  swollen  at  the  base.  Achenc 
oblong,  targid  or  lenticular.     (Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  single  sepal.) 

About  3  species,  natives  or  [emperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  .'•outhwestem  United  States,  The  genus  differs  froui  Sdrpiis.  with  which  it  is  united 
by  some  authors,  mainly  in  the  presence  of  the  perianth -scale, 

I.    Hemicarpha    micr^ntha    (Vahl) 
Britton.     Hemicarpha,     (Fig.  646.) 


,  Enum,  J:2S4,       1806. 
a  Nees.  in  Mart,  Fl,  Bras, 


•Iha  Britton,  Bull,  Torr,  Club, 


Jfemicar/ika  subsgiiai 

j:  Part  I.  61,       i8i2, 
Hemicarpha 

15:  lot.      li™. 

Annual,  glabrous,  culms  densely  tufted,  com- 
pressed, grooved,  diffuse  or  ascending,  l'-5' 
loDg,  mostly  longer  than  the  setaceous  smooth 
leaves.  Spikelets  ovoid,  many-flowered,  ob- 
tuse, about  1"  long,  capitate  in  i's-4's  or  soli- 
tary; involucral  leaves  or  one  of  them  usually 
much  exceeding  the  spikelels;  scales  brown, 
obovatc,  with  a  short  blunt  spreading  or  re- 
curved point;  sepal  inconspicuous;  stamen  i; 
achene  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  niucronulate, 
little  compressed,  light  brown,  its  surface  min- 
utely cellular-reliculated. 

In  moist,  aandv  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Pennsylva- 
nia, Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.     Juty-Sept, 
Hemicaipha  micrintba  aristuIAta  Coville.  Bull, 

Torr,  Club,  11:36.      189^, 

Scales  pale,  cuneate-obovate,  tapenng  into  squar- 

roseawnsabouttheir  own  length,     Kansas  to  Texas. 

13.    LIPOCARPHA  R.  Br.  App.  Tiickey  Exp.  Congo,  459.       1818. 

Low  annual  sedges,  with  slender  tufted  culms  leafy  at  tbe  base,  and  terete  many-flow- 
ered spikelels  in  a  terminal  head,  subtended  by  a  1 -several- leaved  involucre.  Scales  firm, 
spirally  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile  or  several  of  the  lower  ones  empty,  at  length  de- 
ciduous. Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  two  small  sepals  (bracts?)  one  on  each  side  of  the 
flower;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-2.  Style  3-3-cleft,  deciduous,  its  base  not  swollen. 
Achene  plano-convex  or  3-angtcd.     (Greek,  alluding  to  tbe  thick  sepals  in  some  species.) 

About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions, 

I.  Lipocarphainaculilta(Michx.)Torr. 

American  Lipocarpha.     (Fig.  647.) 
Kyllingia  maculala  Michx.  Fl,   Bor.  Am.  i:  v). 

1803, 
Lipocarpha  maculala  Torr,  Ann,  I.yc,  N,  Y.  3:  j88. 

1836. 

Annual,  glabrous,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted, 
grooved,  compressed,  smooth,  longer  than  the 
narrowly  Huear  somewhat  channeled  leaves,  3'- 
10'  tall.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  3-4,  the  larger 
I'-S'long;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  2jj"- 
3"  long,  i"  in  diameter,  2-6  together  in  a  termi- 
nal capitate  cluster;  scales  rhombic  or  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  the  apei,  curved,  the  sides  nearly 
white,  or  flecked  with  reddish-brown  spots,  the 
midvein  green;  exterior  sepal  convolute  around 
the  achene,  nerved,  hyaline;  stamen  t;  achene 
oblong,  yellowish,  contracted  at  the  base. 

In  wet  or  moist  soil,  ea-stem  Virginia  to  Florida. 
Also  near  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  prol>ably  adven- 
tive,    July-Sept, 


276  CYPERACEAE. 

14.    RYNCHOSPORA  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  229.       1806. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostty  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  j-angled  or  terete  culms,  nar- 
row flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously  clustered  spikelets. 
Scales  thin,  i-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually  mucronate  by  the  cxcurrenl  midvein, 
the  lower  empty.  L'ppcr  flowers  imperfect,  the  lower  perfect.  Perianth  of  l-3o  (mostly  6) 
upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed  or  scabrous  bristles,  wanting  in  some  species  (no.  3).  Sta- 
mens commonly  3.  Style  2-clefl,  2-toothed  or  rarely  eutire,  Acbene  lenticular  or  swollen, 
not  3-angled,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinlcled,  capped  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle),  or  in  some  species  by  the  whole  style.    [Greek,  referring  to  the  beak-like  tubercle.] 

n  reg:ion9.     Besides 


Hstles  IT 
Bristles  plumose. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed  or  rarely  smooth. 
Scales  white  arnearly  so;  bristles  9-15. 
Scales  brown;  bristles  6. 

Leaves  filifonu;  achene  oblong. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat;  achene  obovate. 

Bristles  equalling  the  achene;  tubercle  one-halF  as  longor  less.  6.  R.  Knirskemii. 

Bristles  reaching  or  exceeding;  the  end  of  the  tubercle,  which  is  as  long  as  the  acbene. 

Spikelets  few-several  in  numerous  rather  loose  clusters.         7.  K.  glomrrala. 

Spikelets  very  numerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  heads.    8.  R.  axillaris. 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed, 

Spikelets  very  numerous  in  i-d  very  dense  globose  heads. 
Spikelets  few-several  in  rather  loose  clusters, 
Achene  smooth. 

Leaves  setaceous ;  achene  obovate.  shining. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat;  achene  broadly  oval,  dull. 
Achene  transversely  wrinkled. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  in  erect  cymose  clusters;  achene  longer  than  the  bristles. 
LeavesSat;  spikelets  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  11.  ff.  o^'n'Uii- 

Leaves  involute;  spikelets  distinctly  pedicelled.  11.  R.  Torrryana. 

Spikelets  spindle-shaped,  in  drooping  panicles;  achene  shorter  than  the  bristles. 

13.  R.  intxpan^a. 


4.  R.  alba. 

5.  R.  capillacea. 


\.  R.  axillaris. 


9.  R./us. 


Rynchospora  comiculitta  (Lam.)  A.  Gray.     Homed  Rush.     (Fig.  648.) 

Schoen  uscornici 
Rhyachosfiora  ci 
205.       1835. 

Culm  obtusely  triangular,  stout  or  rather  slender, 
smooth,  ^"-1°  tall,  I,eavcs  flat,  broadly  linear, 
6'-i8'  long,  3"-8"  wide,  rough -mai^ned;  nmbels 
terminal  and  axillary,  sometimes  1°  broad,  usually 
compound;  spikelets  spindle-shaped,  4"-6"  long 
in  flower,  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  ray- 
lets;  primary  rays  slender,  sometimes  (/  long; 
scales  lanceolate,  thin,  acute,  light  brown;  bristles 
about  6.  subulate  or  filiform,  rigid,  upwardly 
scabrous,  shorter  than,  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  achene;  style  subulate,  entire  or  min- 
utely 2-toothed  at  the  apex,  2-4  times  longer 
than  the  achene,  upwardly  scabrous,  Ji'-i'  long, 
persistent  and  much  exserled  beyond  the  scales 
when  mature;  achene  obovate.  flat  on  both  sides, 
i"  long,  dark  brown,  smooth,  its  surface  minutely 
cellular-reticulated. 

o  Ohio.  Mis- 


Rhynehospora  eomlcDUta  macrostithya  ITorr.  I  Britton,  Trans.  N.  V.  Acad.  Sci.  11 
Rhynchos/xira  niacrosladira  Torr.  Ann,  I.yc.  N.  Y.  3:  ro6.       1835. 

Bristles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  achene.    Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  ni 
chusetts  and  Rhode  Island, 


SEDGE  FAMILV.  277 

2.   Rynchospora  pallida  M.  A.  Curtis.     Pale  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  649.) 

Shynckospora  pallida  M,  A.  Curtis.  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (It. ) 


7:409. 


1849. 


RooUtocka  slender,  culms  sharply  triangular,  1^4"- 
2>i°  tall.  Leavca  >i"-i"  wide,  flatlisb,  nearly 
smootb,  the  lowest  reduced  to  many- nerved  lanceo- 
late acuminate  scales;  spikclets  numerous,  spindle- 
shaped,  narrow,  3"--^"  long,  aggregated  in  a  com- 
pound convex  terminal  head,  or  occasionally  also  in 
a  lili form-stalked  cluster  from  the  upper  axil;  upper- 
most leaves  subulate,  little  exceeding  the  spikelets; 
scales  pale  greenish  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate: 
bristles  minute  and  early  deciduous,  or  wanting; 
style  2 -cleft;  acbene  lenticular,  obovate-oblong, 
smooth,  brown,  somewhat  shining,  }i"  long,  tipped 
by  a  short  tubercle. 


3.  Rynchospora  oligfintha  A.  Gray.    Few-flowered  Beaked-rush.    (Fig.  650.) 

Rkynchosfiora  oligatUha  A,   Gray,  Ann.   l,ye.  N.  Y.  3: 

112-      i835- 

Sootstocks  short,  culms  tufted,  almost  thread-like, 
leafy  only  toward  the  base,  6'-i6'  tall.  Leaves  filt- 
fonn,  resembling  and  shorter  than  the  culm  or  some- 
times equalling  it;  spikelets  1-4,  terminal,  narrowly 
oblong,  acute,  ^"-A"  long,  sessile  or  pednncled,  sub- 
tended by  I  or  3  filiform  bracts;  scales  ovate,  pale 
brown,  acute,  cusoidate;  bristles  usually  6,  deusely 
plumose  below  the  middle,  upwardly  scabrous  above, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  achene;  style  2-cleft; 
Hchene  obo void- oblong,  obtuse,  turgid-lenticular, 
pele  brown,  dull,  transversely  wrinkled;  tubercle 
niih  a  flat  depressed  border  and  a  flattened  conic 
acute  central  projection  about  one-fifth  as  long  as 


4.    Rynchospora  alba  (L. )  Vahl.     White  Beaked-rush 


;  2J6.       1806. 

Pale  green,  rootstocks  short,  culms  slender  ot 
almost  filiform,  glabrous,  6'-3o'  tall.  Leaves  bris- 
tle-like, )i"-}i"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  short;  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in 
r-4  dense  corymbose  terminal  and  axillary  clusters, 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2"-3"  long; 
scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  white,  acute;  bris- 
tles 9-15,  downwardly  barbed,  slender,  about  as 
long  as  the  acbene  and  tubercle;  style  3-cIefl; 
achene  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  pale  brown,  lentic- 
ular; tubercle  triangular-subulate,  flat,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  aclieue. 

tn  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Florida< 
Xenlucby.  Minnesota  and  Oreeon,  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     June-Aug. 


lorida  and  Texas, 


CYPERACEAE. 
Rynchospora  capillilcea  Torr.     Capillary  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  652.) 

Rhyncliospora  capUlacea  Torr.  Comp,  41.      i8i6. 

Culms  fill  form,  tufted,  glabrous,  6'-3o'  tall. 
Leaves  filiform,  less  than  %"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  the  lower  very  short;  spikelcts  few, 
in  i~3  terminal  aud  axillary  loose  cluiten,  oblong, 
acnte  at  both  ends,  3"- 3"  long;  scales  ovate  oblong, 
chestnut-brown,  keeled,  mucronate;  bristles  6,  slen- 
der, downwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  or  becom- 
ing longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  achenc 
narrowly  oblong,  short-stallccd,  light  brown,  mi- 
nutely wrinkled,  lenticular;  style  3-cleft;  tubercle 
compressed,  triangular-aubulate,  dark  brown,  about 
one-balf  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  bogs,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south 

to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.    July-.^UK. 

Rynchoipoia  capilliu«a  lacTiaMa  E.  ].  Mill,  Ani.  N'at. 

10: 370,      1S76. 

Bristles  smooth.     Northem  Indiana  ai 


d  Michigan. 


6.  Rynchospora  KniesWrnii  Carey.    Knies- 
kem's  Beaked-rush.    (Fig.  653, ) 

Rhyncliospora  A'ni>j*,(rn  ill  Carey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  [II. J 

4: 25.       1847. 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  smooth,  8'-i8'  tall.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  about  ^"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm;  apikelets  numerous,  in  several  distant 
compact  clusters,  ohlong,  acute,  about  i"  long; 
•cales  chestnut-brown,  ovale;  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  equalling  the  achene;  achene  obovate, lenticu- 
lar, brown,  minutely  wrinkled;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 
triangular-subulate,  pale,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
achene  or  less  and  slightly  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

Pine  barrens,  New  jersey  to  Virginia.     July-Aug. 


7.  Rynchospora  glomertWa  (L.)  Vahl, 
Clustered  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  654.) 

SchoenJ»^ivmetalus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  44.      1753. 

Hyiihospora  glomerala  Vahl,  Enum.  3: 134.    1806. 

Rootstocks  slender,  cultus  smooth,  triangular, 

slender  or  rather  stont,    i''-3°   high.     Leaves 

Aat,  i"-3"  wide,  rough. margined,  shorter  than 

the  culm;  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in  3-7 

corymbose-capitate  axillary  rather  loose  clusters, 

oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  tJ^"-2"IoDg; 

scales  lanceolate,  rich  dark  brown;  bristles  6, 

^/     //      /     I    \        ^?t\  W  downwardly  barbed,  longerthauoreqnallingthe 

W     //        /       I       \         Willi  achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovate,  lenticular, 

smooth,  dark  brown;  tubercle  subulate,  about 

as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario  and   Michigan, 
south  to  Florida  and  Tcias,    July-Sept. 
RynebospoTa  glomraita  paoitnUta  (A.lGray)  Chapm.  Ft.  S.  States,  .S28.  1860. 
JUtynchospoi a paiiiciilala  A.  Clray,  Ann,  Lye.  N.  Y,  3:  ?IJ.      i8,«. 

Culm  stouter,  sometimes  iW  tall;  leaves  usually  wider;  spikelets  very  numerous  in  compound 
clusters.     Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana, 

Rynclioap«ra  elomcTita  minor  Britton,  Trans.  N.  V.  Acad.  Sci.  1 


Cull 


wide  or  less;  clusters  3  or  3,  small,  with  3-10  spike. 


■ery  slender,  5^-10'  tall ;  leaves  H 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 
Ryschoapora  glomerita  diiciitiens  Clarke;  Itritton.  Trans.  N.  V.  Acad.  Sci.  i 
Iristles  smooth,  or  barlKd  at^the  apex  only.    New  jersey  to  North  Carolina. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


Rynchospora  axillaris  (Lam  )  Bnt 
:on.    Capitate  Beaked-rush.    (Fig  655  ) 


s  Britton,  Bull.  Ton  Club 


^'"3;  21M.  ' 
iynchospora 
15: 104.      iSbo. 

Culms  stout,  3-aiiglerl,  a°~4°  tall  Leaves 
it,  keeled,  i"-i%"  wide;  spikelets  spindle 
aped,  aji"-3"  long,  exceedingly  numerous 
several  short- peduncled  3x111817  and  terminal 
ry  dense  globose  heads  sometimes  10  '  in  dl 
ncter;  scales  darlc  brown,  ovate-oblong,  acute, 
istles  usually  6,  longer  than  or  equalling  the 
hene  and  tubercle,  dowawardly  or  upwardly 
rbed;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown,  smooth, 
uticular;  tubercle  subulate,  about  as  long  as 
e  achene,  somewhat  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

In  swampa,  I.onf(  Island  tii  Florida  and  I/>uisi- 
a,  near  the  coast.    July-Sepl. 

RjnichaBpora  axilUris  mlctocepbala  Britlon,  Trans.  N.  Y,  Acad.  Sci.  11:89,      '^'' 
Heads  only  4" -5"  in  diameter;  spikelets  \'A"  long;  achene  one-half  as  lame  as  that  of  the  type, 
ew  Jcisey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

9.   Rynchospora  ffiaca  (L.)  R.  &S.    Brown 
Beaked-rush,     (Fig.  656.) 


,.664. 


176,1. 


iSV 


Rootstocks  short,  culms  slender,  3-angled,  smooth, 
tufted.  6'-i8'  tall.  Leaves  setaceous,  channeled, 
scarcely  Ji"  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  spindle-shaped,  acute,  about  2>i"  long, 
several,  or  rather  numerous,  in  1-4  loose  clusters; 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  brown,  shining,  concave; 
bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  often  unequal,  the  longer 
ones  usually  exceeding  the  achene  and  tubercle; 
achene  narrowly  obovate.  tursid-lenticDlar,  smooth, 
shining;  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  achene,  its  margins  serrulateor  nearly  smooth. 

In  bogs.  New  Brutiswick  to  Delaware,  west  along  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  Great  I^kes  to  Michigan.  Also  in 
Europe.     July- Aug. 


10.   Rynchospora  gracil6nta  A.  Gray. 

Slender  Beaked-riish.     (Kig.  657.) 

'hyndiospora  graciUnla  A.  firay.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 


Z16. 


■835. 


Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth,  obtusely 
iangular,  i^-a"  tall.  leaves  flat  or  becoming  invo- 
ite  in  drying,  rather  less  than  \"  wide,  elongated 
at  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets  narrowly  ovoid. 
:ute,  2"  long,  few.  in  1-4  loose  clusters,  the  lower 
lusters  borne  on  filiform  stalks;  scales  ovate,  brown, 
lucronate;  bristles  6.  upwardly  barbed,  equalling  the 
:hene  and  tubercle;  achene  broadly  oval  or  neatly 
rbicular,  dark  brown,  lenticular,  dull,  smooth;  tu. 
ercle  narrowly  subulate,  fiat,  widened  at  the  base. 
ale,  about  as  long  as  the  achene. 


CypERACEAE. 
Rynchospora  cymdsa  EU.     Grass-like  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  658.) 

Rhvnchoipora  cymosa  VAX.  Hot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:.^.  1816. 
Schoenus  cymosus  Muhl.  tiram.  8.      1S17. 

Lifibt  green,  culms  tufted,  sharply  3-aDgled, 
smooth.  i°-j°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  narrowly  liuear, 
jip'ass-like,  \%"-i"  wide  or  (he  basal  ones  broader, 
the  uppermost  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm^ 
spilcelets  ovoid -oblong,  acute,  i^"Iong,  sessile  or 
□early  so,  capitate  in  3's-7's  oo  the  ultiinale 
branches  of  the  axillary  and  terminal  clusters; 
bracts  setaceous;  scales  dark  brown,  broadly  ovate 
or  suborbiculsr;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed, 
shorter  than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovate 
or  oblong,  lenticnlar,  transversely  wrinkled:  style 
3-c1eft:  tubercle  conic,  onc-fonrth  to  one-third  as 
long  as  the  acheue. 

In  moist  soil,  Ncwleraey  to  Kentucky  and  Missouri, 
sonth  to  Florida  and  Te— —      ■  ■     -    "  ■ 


13.     Rynchospora  Torrey4na  A. 

Gray,     Torrey's  Beaked-rush. 

(Fig.  659.) 

Rkyncbotpora  Torreyana  A.  Gray,  Ann.  I.yc. 
N.  Y.  3:  197.       1835. 

Culms  terete  or  obscurely  3-aog1ed,  smooth, 
slender,  ^yi"-^  tall.  Leaves  involute,  the 
lower  lji"-2"wide  at  the  base  and  elong- 
ated, the  upper  hristle-like,  distant;  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  \)i"  long,  peduncled,  numerous, 
in  1-4  loose  distant  clusters;  scales  brown, 
ovate,  mucronate;  bristles  6,  upwardly 
barbed,  shorter  than  tbc  oblong-obovatc 
transversely  wrinkled  lenticular  achene; 
style  2-cleft;  tubercle  flat,  conic,  one-fourtli 
to  one-third  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  pine  iMtrcns,  New  Jersey  to  South 
Carolina.    July- Aug. 


13.    Rynchospora  tnexp&nsa 
(Michx.)  Vahl.     Nodding  Beaked- 
rush.     (Fig.  660.) 
Schoenas  inexpansus  Michx.  PI.  Bor,  Atn.  i:  35 

1803. 
Khynckospora  i 


1B06. 


1  Vahl,  Enum.  : 


Roots tocks  slender,  culms  tufted,  smooth, 
slender,  s-angled,  3° -3° tall.  Leavessmooth, 
i"  wide  or  less,  flat,  the  lower  elongated, 
the  upper  brbtle-like,  remote;  spikelets 
spindle-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  3" 
long,  numerous,  in  1-4  narrow  finally  droop- 
ing panicles;  scales  brown,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; bristles  6,  upwardly  hispid,  very  slen- 
der, about  twice  as  long  as  the  achene; 
achene  narrowly  oblong,  transversely  wrin- 
kled; style  1  cleft;  tubercle  flat,  triangular- 
subulate,  one-halfas  long  as  the  achene. 

Moist  soil,  Virginia  to  I.,ouisiana.    June-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILV. 


38 1 


15.    CLADIUM  P.  Br.  Civ.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  114.       1756. 

Perennial  teafy  sedges,  similar  to  the  Rynchosporas,  the  spikelets  oblong  or  fusiform, 
few-flowered,  variously  clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  nround,  the  lower  empty,  the  mid- 
dle ones  mostly  subtending  imperfect  flowers,  the  upper  usually  fciEile.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  2  or  sometimes  3.  Style  2-3-cleFt,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  aehene,  its 
branches  sometimes  i-3-parIed.  Achene  ovoid  or  globose,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate. 
Tubercle  none.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  branched  inflorescence  of  some  species.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  trapical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  Ihe  following,  another  oc- 
curs in  the  southern  United  States  and  one  in  Califom ' 

I.    Cladium    manscoldes    (Muhl.)    Torr.  <,; 

Twig-rush.     (Fig.  661.) 
Schoenus  mariscoidt!  Muhl.  Gram.  4.      1817. 
Cladium  mariscoidesToTr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  3:  37^.     1836. 

Culm  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff,  obscurely  3-aDg1cd 
smooth,  ifi''-3'' tall.  Leavesabout  1"  wide, concave 
with  a  long  compressed  tip,  nearly  smooth;  umbels 
2  or  3,  compound,  the  i  or  z  axillary,  slender  stalked 
spikelets  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  acute,  3}4 
long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  on  the  raylets;  scales  chest 
nut-brown,  ovate  or  ovate -Ian  ceo  I  ate,  acute,  the  mid 
vein  slightly  escurrent;  upper  scale  subtending  a 
perfect  flower  with  2  stamens  and  a  Aliform  3-cleft 
style,  the  neict  lower  one  with  z  stamens  and  an  ab 
ortive  ovary;  achene  ovoid,  scute,  finely  longitudi 
nally  striate,  about  i"  long. 

In  marshes,   Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and   Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Iowa.    July-Scpt. 

16.    SCL.ERIA  Berg,  Koiigl.  Acad.  Sv.  Handl.  26:  142.  p/.  4.,  5.      1765. 
Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootslocks,  the  spikelets  small,  clustered  in  terminal, 
or  terminal  and  axillary  fascicles,  or  sometimes  interruptedly  spicatc.     Flowers  monoecious, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  separated  or  borne  in  the  same  clusters.     Fertile  spike- 
lets  i-flowered.     Staminate   spikelets   many-flowered.     Scales  imbricated  all  around, 
[-3  lower  and  sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  fertile  spikelets  empty.     Perianth  d 
Style  3-clefl,  slender  or  sometimes  swollen  at  the  base,  decidnous.     Ovary  supported 
disk  (hypogynium),  or  this  wanting.     Stamens  1-3.     Achene  globose  or  ovoid,  obtuse,  i 
taceons  or  bony,  white  in  our  species.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hard  frait.] 

About  100  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.     Besides  the  following,  so 
othcTH  occur  in  the  southern  t'nited  States. 

Spikelets  in  terminal,  or  terminal  and  lateral  clusters;  achene  supported  on  a  hypogynium. 
Achene  smooth. 

Hypogynium  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the  achene. 
Hypogynium  covered  with  a  rough  white  crust, 
Achene  reticulated  or  irrepularty  n^ose. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending;  achene  reticulated;  leaves  i"-i  M"  widi 
Culms  spreading;  achene  irregularly  rugose;  leaves  3"-4"  wide. 


the 


!.  S.  IngluH 


Spikelets  i 


3.  S~  rriicularis. 

4.  S.  Torreyana. 

5.  S.  pauctfiora. 

6.  S,  vtrliciUala. 


iterruptedly  glome  rate -spicate;  no  hypogynium, 

I.  Scleria  oligintha  Michx.     Few-flowered 
Nut-rush.     (Fig.  662.) 

ScUria  oliganlha  Michx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  167.     1B03. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered.  Culms  slender, 
erect,  sharply  3-angled,  nearly  smooth,  Ij4°-2ji° 
tall,  the  angles  somewhat  winged.  leaves  smooth  or 
slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  a"-3"  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upper  elongated;  clusters  terminal, 
usually  also  1  or  a  aiillary,  and  filiform-stalked; 
bracts  slightly  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene  ovoid,  ob- 
tuse but  sometimes  pointed,  bright  white,  smooth, 
shining:  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangular 
border  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the 

In  moist  soil,  ViTginia  to  Florida  and  Teias,  near  the 
coast,     June-Aug, 


CYPERACEAE. 
2.    Scleria  triglomerita  Michx.     Tall  Nut -rush.     (Fig.  663. ) 

Stlrria  Iriglomciala  Michx.  I-l,  Bor.  .^m,  i:  168.  ii*ii,v 
Root  Stocks  hard,  short,  clustered,  culms  3- 
angled,  slender  or  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
rough  or  nearly  smooth  on  the  angles,  1  Ji°-3°  (all. 
Leaves  flat,  smooth  or  slightly  rough -margined, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  s}i"-3}4"  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upper  tapering  to  a  long  tip,  rarely 
exceeding  the  culm;  flower-clusters  terminal,  and 
usually  also  1  or  2  smaller  ones  from  the  axils; 
bracts  glabrous  or  slightly  ciliate;  achene  ovoid  or 
ovoid  globose,  obtuse  but  somewhat  pointed,  bony, 
obscurely  3-Bngled,  smooth,  bright  white,  shining. 
about  l"  high,  supported  on  a  low  obtusely  trian- 
gular, papillose-crustaceous  hypogynium. 

In  meadows  and  thickeU,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin. 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     July-Stpt. 

Sclaria  triglomerata  minar  Britton. 


■i  Ell. 


I    X.  Y. 

1834. 
hair  as 


3.    Scleria  reticulSu'is  Michx.     Reticulated 

Nut -rush.     (Fig.  664.) 

Scleria  relieularis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  :67,     tSoj. 

Rootstocks  small,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  3- 
anglcd,  i^-iji"  tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  uearly  so,  i"-i>i"  wide,  not  overtopping 
the  culm;  spiketels  in  a  terminal  cluster  and  1-3  re- 
mote short-stalked  axillary  rather  loose  oues;  bracts 
glabrous;  acliene  globose,  crustaceous.  dull  white 
when  mature,  reticulated  by  longitudinal  and  trans- 
verse ridges,  X"  i°  diameter,  glabrous;  hypogynium 
3-lobed,  its  lobes  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  moist  meadows,   eastern  Ma-ssachusetts  to  Florida, 
west  to  Missouri.     Also  in  Cuba.     July-Sept. 
Scleria  leticularii  pubfacens  Britton,  Ann,  N.  V,  .^cad,  Sci. 
3:  23J.    1885- 

Rcticulalions  on  the  achene  putiescenl;  lateral  clusters 
usually  longer  stalked.     New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Cuba. 

Scleria  retlcularia  obseura  Britton,  .\nn,  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  3:  23J.     1885. 

Heliculations  very  obscure,  the  top  of  the  achene  almost  smooth.    Rhode  Island  to  North  Carolina. 
4.    Scleria  Torrey^na  Walp.     Torrey's  Nut-rush.     (Fig,  665,) 

Scleria  Torrevana  Walp.  Ann.  3:  6g6.     iS5a-,<i3. 
Scleria  laxa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  V.  3;  3715.     1836.     Not 
R.  Br.      "- 


Culms  weak  but  rather  thick,  spreading  or  dif- 
fuse, 3-angled,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  \°-i%°  long. 
Leaves  linear,  nearly  flat,  smooth,  glabrous,  lJi"-4" 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  spikelels  in  a  loose 
terminal  cluster,  and  1-3  filiform -stalked  smaller  ax- 
illary ones;  bracts  glabrous;  achene  globose,  some- 
what pointed,  nearly  i"  in  diameter,  irregularly  ru- 
gose with  low  ridges  somewhat  spirally  arranged,  the 
ridges  usually  pubescent,  and  connected  by  shorter 
longitudinal  ones,  the  surface  thus  indistinctly  reticu- 
lated; hypogynium  3-Iobed,  the  lotws  appt«ssed  to 
the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  Texas 
and  Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  Forms  of  this  species  with 
obscurely  reticulate  achenes  and  narrow  leaves  are  with 
difficulty  separated  froni  Uic  preceding.    June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
5.    Scleria  paucifldra  Muhl.     Papillose  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  666.) 

Sfli-Ha  poHciflora  Muhl, ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  318.     1805. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered,  culms  slender 
rather  stiff,  erect,  usually  tufted,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent,  3-angled,  g'-a"  tall.  Leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  erect,  less  than  i"  nide,  the 
lower  short,  the  upper  elongated  and  often  over 
topping  the  culm,  their  sheaths  often  densely  pu 
beratent;  spikelets  in  a  amall  terminal  cluster  and 
sometimes  also  in  1  or  3  axillary  short-stalked 
ones;  bracts  ciliale  or  glabrous;  achene  oblong  or 
globular,  ^"  in  diameter  or  rather  more,  cnista 
ceons,  papillose,  the  lower  papillae  elongated  and 
rellexcd;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangu 
lar  border  supporting  6  very  small  tubercles  some 
what  approximate  in  pairs. 


6.   Scleria  verticilldta  Muhl.     Low  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  667) 

SiUria  verlirillala   Mulil.;   Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4^  3'?. 

Hrpoporiim  verlieillalum  Nees,  I.innaea,  9;  303. 
"1835. 

Annual  (?)  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender 
or  filiform,  3-angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  erect, 
4'-!°  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  %"- 
Yt"  wide,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  short;  shealhs  sometimes  pubescent; 
spikelets  in  several  separated  clusters,  the  in- 
florescence simple  or  sparingly  branched; 
bracts  bristle-like;  scales  glabrous;  achene  glo- 
bose, %"  in  diameter,  cnistaceous,  nsually 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style,  marked  by 
sharp  distinct  transverse  ridges,  or  somewhat 
reticniated  by  additional  longitudinal  ridges ; 
hypogynium  none. 

In  nioist  meadows,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  On- 
tario and  Michiffan,  south  to  Florida,  Teias  and 
Mi^xico,  and  in  the  West  Indies.  Plant,  especially 
the  roots,  fragrant  in  drying.    July-Sept. 


17.    ELYNA  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i:  155.       1806. 

Low  tufted  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  slender  mostly  leafless  culms,  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and  small  2-flowered  spikelets  in  a  narrow  ter- 
minal cylindric  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  3  or  4,  distinct,  usually  only  one  of  them 
flower-bearing;  the  staminate  flower  of  3  stamens,  the  pistillate  of  a  single  pistil.  Bristles 
or  perianth  wanting.  Style  slender,  3-cleft,  not  jointed  to  the  oblong  ovary.  Achene 
obtusely  3-angled,  sessile.  [Greek,  signifying  covering,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  overlap- 
ping scales.] 

and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern 


CVPERACEAE. 
Elyna  Bellirdi  (All.)  C.  Koch.     Arctic  Elyna.     (Fig.  668.) 


Care.f  lifllaydi  All.  Ft.  Ped.  J:  264.  pi.  91. 
Kobresia  scirpina  WilM.  Sp.  PI.  4:  305.  if 
Klyna  spicala  Schrad.  Fl,  Genu,  i:  155.  18 
Elyna  Bellardi  C.  Koch,  Linnaea,  3i:  616. 


Densely  tuned,  culms  very  slender,  4'-i8'  tall, 
longer  tfaan  the  very  narrow  leave*.  Old  sheaths 
librittOBc,  brown;  tnargins  of  the  leaves  more  or 
less  revolutc;  spike  subtended  by  a  short  bract,  or 
bractless,  densely  flowered  or  sometimes  inter- 
rupted below,  8"-i5"  long.  \%"-2"  in  dism- 
eter;  achenes  rather  less  than  t"  long,  yi"  thiclc. 
appressed. 

In  a 


18.    KOBRESIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  205- 


1805. 

Slender  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  culms  leafy  below,  and  few-several- 
flowered  spikelets  clustered  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  i-fiowered,  the 
lower  usually  pistillate,  and  the  upper  staminate.  Stamens  3.  Feriantfa-bristles  or  peri- 
gynium  wanting.  Ovary  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  style;  stigmas  j,  linear.  Achene 
obtusely  3-angled,  sessile.     [Name  in  honor  of  Von  Kobres,  a  naturalist  of  Augsburg.] 

ividel;  distributed  in  arctic  and  mountainous  regions, 


I.    Kobresia  bipartita  (All.)  Britton. 
Arctic  Kobresia.     (Fig.  669,  J 

Carex  biparlila  AH.  Fl,  Ped.  a:  265.  pi.  Sg.  /.  $■     1785. 
Kobresia  caricina  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  ao6.    1805. 
Kobresia  biparlila  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3;  101. 
1894. 

Culms  solitary  or  tufted,  smooth  or  very  nearly 
ao,  4'-i2'  tall.  Ix:aves  about  %"  wide,  infolded  at 
least  in  drying,  usually  shorter  than  (he  culm,  the 
old  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose;  spike  1'  long  or 
less,  composed  of  several  or  numerous  linear  ap- 
pressed or  ascending  spikelets;  scales  somewhat 
serrulate  on  the  keel,  rather  more  than  ^"  long; 
mature  achenes  slightly  longer  than  the  scales. 

Also 


19.  UNCINIA  Pers.  Syn.  2:  534. 


Culms  erect,  leafy,  or  the  leaves  all  basal.  Spike  simple,  erect,  terminal,  the  scales  im- 
bricated, i-flowered,  the  lower  pistillate,  the  upper  Btaminale.  Scales  ovate  or  oblong,  con- 
cave, not  keeled,  obtuse  or  the  lower  ttcute.  Stamens  3,  rarely  i  or  3.  Pistil  enclosed  in  a 
utricle  (perigynium),  borne  at  the  base  of  a  slender  axis,  which  is  usually  exserted  beyond 
the  orifice  of  the  perigyniutn,  at  least  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  booked.  Stigmas  mostly  3. 
Achene  3-angted.     [Latin,  referring  to  the  hooked  projecting  axis  of  the  southern  species.] 

About  30  species,  atl  but  the  following  natives  of  the  southern 
fers  from  Carex  only  in  the  elongation  of  the  subulate  axis  wiUiin 
southern  hemisphere  are  very  different  in  habit. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
.    Uncinia  microgldchin  (Wahl.)  Spreng,     Northern  Uncinia, 

'arer  microftocfiiii  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  (11.) 

M-  '40.      1803. 
'arex  oUgaHlha  Boott,  III.  174.    pi.  5S9.     1867. 
Uncinia  microglochin  Spreng.  Syst.  3;  S30.      1R36. 

Perennial  by  short  stolons,  culms  very  slender, 
■eak,  4'-ii'  long.  Leaves  %"-\"  wide,  much 
Sorter  than  the  culm;  spike  4"-8"  long,  usually 
iatillale  for  more  tban  one-half  its  length;  scales 
bloug-laticeolate,  t-nerved,  deciduous;  pedgynia 
cry  narrowly  lanceolate,  3"-4"  long,  less  than 
,""  thick,  strongly  rcflesed  in  fruit;  achene  ob- 
>ng,  obtusely  3-angied,  much  shorter  tliaa  the 
erigyninm;  axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  bristle- 
ke,  long-exserted  beyond  the  orifice  of  the  peri- 
ynium. 

Greenland  to  Jarae 

sia  and  at  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Plant  with  the 
ipcct  of  Can X  patui flora.    Summer. 

20.   CAREX  L.  Sp.  PI.  972. 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Culms  mostly  3-aDgled.  Leaves  3-raDked, 
le  upper  elongated  or  very  short  (bracts )  and  subteoding  the  spikes  of  flowei«,  or  wanting, 
'lowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  (scales).  Spikes  either  wholly 
istillate,  wholly  staminate,  or  bearing  both  staminatc  and  pistillate  flowers  (androgynous), 
erianth  none  Staminate  flowers  of  3  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform.  Pistillate  flowers 
f  a  single  pistil  wiih  a  style  and  i  or  j  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  aiis  in  the  axil  of  a 
ic-like  bractlet  or  second  bract  called  the  perigynlum  (utricle),  which  completely  encloses 
tie  achene.     Acheue  3-angted,  lenticular  or  plano-convex. 

A  vast  ^eiius,  of  more  than  1000  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the  temperate 
mes.  Besides  [he  followinR  about  an  equal  number  occur  in  the  western  and  southetn  parts  of 
forth  America.  Specimens  can  only  be  satisfactorily  determined  when  nearly  or  quite  mature. 
■he  genus  is  divided  into  the  two  subgenera,  EUCAREX  (nos.  1-147)  and  Vignka  (nos.  143-205). 

I.  Staminate  flowers  numeiouB,  in  one  or  more  terminal  splkss,  which  are  BometlmeB  pUtillate  at 
be  base  or  Biunmit ;  or  the  spike  solitary  and  the  staminate  flowers  uppermost  or  basal,  rarely  djoe- 
louB ;  Btlgmas  mostly  3  and  the  achene  3-angled  or  Bwollen  (atlgmaa  i  and  the  acheoe  lenticular 
r  compressed  in  nos.  i3-id ;  49-59;  67-71);  pistillate  spikes  stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  ci 
talked.    Nos.  1-143.    EUCAREX. 

.SMIN-C   AS   THE    BOUV   OR   LON»;kR  (SHORT-BEAKED  IS -NOS.   II-16,  34  ANU  35)  ; 

lOSTLV  LARGE  (SMALL  IN  SOS.   1,   I3  AKI>  I4),  GLOBOSE.  OVOID,  OBLONG  OR  CVLINDRIC.       NoS.  I-35. 

(a)    Perigynia  membranous  or  pafiery.    Nos.  1-31. 

ihove;  perigynia  strongly  refleied,  subulate.     PaUcI- 

I,   C.  paucifiora. 
ppennost;  it  solitary,  staminate  at  the  base.     (See  no. 


1753- 


Spike  solitary,  few- 


t  Teeth  of  the  pcrigynium-beak  slender,  short  or  none;  not  stiff  m 
J  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-bcak  lanceolate 
■istillate  spikes  ovoid  or  globose,  few-many -flowered. 
Perigyni a  subulate,  refleied  when  mature. 
Perigynia  conic  or  ovuid,  nut  reflexed. 

Plants  yellow  or  yellowish;  perigynia  li 

I.eaves  1" -3'    wide;  staminate  spikes  sessile. 
Leaves  3"-6"  wide;  staminate  spike  mostly  stalked. 
Plants  green;  perigynia  much  inflated;  staminate  spike  stalki 


3  ths  beak.    Nos.  3-3S 
:  awned.    Nos.  a-»4. 


>r  subulate. 


inflated. 


Leaves  2-3"  wide;  heads  loosely  (lowered. 
Leave     '      '      '  " 


'istillate  spikes  oblong;  or  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong;  achene  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  strongly  sevetai-nerved,  shining;  leaves  i"-a"  wide. 

Perigynia  many-nerved,  dull;  leaves  3"-5    wide. 
Pistillate  spikes  cylindric;  achene  not  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  yellowish,  tapering  into  a  beak  twice  as  loiw  as  the  body. 

Perigynia  greenish-brawn.  aWptly  narrowed  into  a  beak  a-3  times  a 


9.   C.lubuliform, 
long  as  the  body. 
10.  C.  grandis. 


286  CYPERACEAE. 

Xt  Teeth  of  tlie  perig^niumbeak  short  or  almost  wanting^  (long:  in  no.  17)  nos.  11-24.    Vesicariab. 

Spikes  small,  i'  long:  or  less,  oblong  or  subgflobose;  stigrmas  often  2. 
Spikes  gfreen  or  gr^eenisn  yellow. 

leaves  involute ;  perigrynia  ovoid;  pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered.  11.  C.o/ij^osprrma, 
leaves  flat;  perig^ynia  oblong-elliptic;  pistillate  spikes  many-flowered.    12.  C.  Raeana. 
Spikes  dark  brown  or  purple;  arctic  species, 
leaves  flat. 

Perigynia  little  inflated,  papery. 

Beak  of  perigynium  nearly  or  quite  entire.  13.  C.  miliaris. 

Beak  of  peri^nium  sharply  and  minutely  2-toothed.  14.  C.  saxatilis. 

Perig:ynia  much  inflated,  very  frag^ile.  15.  L\  membranopacla. 

Leaves  involute  when  dry.  16.  C.  ambusta. 

Spikes  large,  i'-6'  long,  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric;  stigmas  \. 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  smooth-awned,  or  the  lower  sligntly  roughened. 
Perigynia  ascending  or  spreading,  not  reflexed. 

Spikes  narrowly  cylindric.  i  --6'  long,  3"-4"  thick. 

Leaves  2"-6"  wide;  culm  stout.  17.  C.  ulriculata. 

Leaves  i"-2H'"  wide;  culm  slender.  18.  C.  monile. 

Spikes  cylindric  or  oblong  cylindric,  i'-2'  long,  6"  thick. 

Scales  smooth-awned.  19.  C.  Tuckertnani ^ 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  the  upper  obtuse.  ao.  C.  bullata. 

Perigynia,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  reflexea  when  mature. 

Spikes  all  clustered  at  the  summit  or  the  lower  i  or  2  separated ;  perig3rnia  all  reflexecj 

when  old.  21.  C.  retrorsa. 

Spikes  scattered;  only  the  lower  perigynia  reflexed.  22.  C.  Hartii. 

Scales  taperinfj^  into  rough  awns,  or  subulate  and  scabrous. 

Spikes  cylindric,  about  6"  thick;  perigjmia  tapering  into  the  beak.        23.  C.  lurida. 
Spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  3"-4"  thick;  perigynia  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  beak. 

24.  C.  Baileyi. 

tt  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  stifi";  setaceous  or  awned.    Nos.  25-28.    Pseudocyperak. 

Spikes  all  erect  or  ascending.  25.  C.  Schweinitzii. 

Spikes,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  slender-stalked  and  drooping. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  54 '-2'  long;  perigr3rnia  ascending.       26.  C.  hysiricina. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  i'-2H'  long;  perigynia  reflexed. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  erect  or  little  spreading.  27.  C.  Pseudo-cypenn. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  recurved-spreading.  28.  C.  comosa. 

**  Perigynia  obovoid,  very  abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak;  spikes  exceedingly  dense.    Nos.  29- 

31.    Squarrosae. 

Scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  perig^ynia.  29.  C.  Prankii. 

Scales  lanceolate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

Spikes  1-3,  subglobose  or  oval,  staminate  below;  achene  linear-oblong.       30.  C.  squarrosa. 

Spikes  2-6,  oblong-cylindric,  usually  staminate  at  both  ends;  achene  ovoid.  31.  C.  typhi tioides. 

{h)  Peiigynia  fir'niy  hard  or  leathery.     Nos.  32-35.     Pali'DOSAE. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perijmiium-beak  slender,  conspicuous. 

Scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  leaves  glabrous.  32.  C.  trichocarpa. 

Scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rough-aw^ned ;  leaves  often  pubescent.  33.  C.  arista ta. 

Leaves  pale  green,  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  short. 

Pistillate  spike.s  about  4"  thick;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  manifest.     34.  C.  riparia. 

Pistillate  spikes  about  2"  thick;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  minute.        35.  C.  acutiformis, 

B.    Perigynia  short-beaked  or  beakles.s,  little  or  not  at  all  inflated.    b"-2f^" 

LONG,  THE  BEAK  COMMONLY  NOT  MORE  THAN  ONE-H.ALF  AS  LONCr  AS  THE  BODY  (LONG-BEAKED 
IN  NOS.  43,  82,  83,  96);  SPIKES  .SMALL,  AND  OBLONG  OR  GLOBOSE;  OR  ELONGATED,  LINEAR  OR 
NARROWLY  CYLINDRIC.      NoS.  36-I42. 

(a)  Spikes  2  or  more,  the  staminate  one  alzcays  uppermost,  sometimes  partly  pistillate.     (No.  140 

may  be  looked  for  here).     Nos.  36-132. 

1,  Pistillate  spike  or  spikes  many -flowered,  mostly  i'  long  or  more  (or  shorter  in  nos.  44,  48,  53-55, 
61,  63-65,  73,  75,  76,  85,  89-92),  linear,  narrowly  cylindric  or  oblong.     Nos.  36-92. 

*  Perigynia  with  a  straight  short  beak  (long-beaked  in  no.  43  ;  nearly  beaklesa  in  no.  36),  firm  or  leathery 
in  texture  ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  (or  nodding  in  no.  37);  stigmas  3.    Nos.  36-43. 

Uppermost  spike  staminate  from  the  base  to  about  the  middle.    Shortianae.   36.  C.  Shortiana. 
Upper  one  or  more  spikes  entirely  staminate.  or  occasionally'  pistillate  at  the  base. 

Perig>'nia  papillo.se;  beak  very  short,  nearly  or  quite  entire.     Anomalae.    37.  C.  scab  rata. 
Perigrynia  pube.scent  (sometimes  glabrous  in  no.  39),  the  beak  sharplj^  2-to^thed.     Hirtae. 
Staminate  spike  or  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  38.  C.  vestita. 

Staminate  spike  or  spikes  distinctly  stalked. 
Leaves  glabrous;  native  species. 

leaves  flat  or  their  margins  slightly  revolute. 

Scales  only  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  southern  coast  species. 

39.  C.  Walteriana. 
Scales  equalling  or  but  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigj'nia;  northern  species. 

Leaves  2"-3^2"  wide;  pengynia  iW  thick,  Uie  ner\'es  prominent, 

40.  C.  Houghtonii. 
Leaves  i"-2"  wide;  perig>tiia  i"  thick,  the  nerves  obscured  by  the  dense 

pubescence.  41.  C.  lanuginosa. 

leaves  strongly  involute.  1"  wide  or  less.  42.  C.  filiformis. 

Leaves  or  their  sheaths  pubescent;  introduced  species;  beak  long,  43.  C.  hirta. 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  287 

^*  Perigynia  beakless  or  very  short-beaked  (see  no.  36)1  and  with  orifices  nearly  or  quite  entire,  thin 

in  texture*  not  Inflated,  closely  investing  the  achene;  pistillate  spikes  erect  or 

drooping,  often  brown  or  purple ;  stigmas  often  a.     Nos.  44-72. 

"t  Pistillate  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreadin^^  (drooping  when  mature  in  no.  45).    Nos.  44-58. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above  (rarely  all  staminate  in  no.  47);   stigmas  3. 
Atratak. 
Scales  shorter  thap  or  equalling  the  perig^nia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 
Orifice  of  the  perigynium  minutely  2-toothed;  scales  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Pistillate  spikes  2"-5"  long,  erect.  44.  C.  alpina. 

Pistillate  spikes  4"-i2"  long,  drooping  when  old.  45.  C.  atratt/ormis. 

Orifice  of  the  perigynium  entire;  scales  acute  or  awned. 

Perigynium  ovate,  the  style  usually  protruding.  46.  C.  sh'losa. 

Perigynium  obovate,  the  style  not  protruding.  47.  C.  Parryana. 

Scales  manifestly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  bog  species.  48.  C.  fusca. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  throughout  (occasionally  pistillate  at  the  top  in  no.  53);  stigmas  2. 
rarely  3  in  No.  55.     Rigidak. 
Lower  sheaths  becoming  very  fibrillose;  tufted  bog  species.  49.  C.  striata. 

Lower  sheaths  not  at  all  fibrillose,  or  slightly  so. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  periffynia  (or  longer  in  no.  50). 
Culms  i°-2H°  tall;  scales  acute  or  acuminate. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear-cylindric.  50.  C.  Havdeni. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric.  51.  C.  Nehraskensis. 

Culms  8' -4°  tall;  scales  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute. 
Scales  green. 

Leaves  2" -3"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  2" -3"  thick;  perigynia  nerveless. 

^2.  C.  aquatilis. 
Leaves  i"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  i"-2"  thick;  perigynia  faintly  few-nerved. 

53.  C  lenticularis. 
Scales  purple  or  brown. 

Scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  marsh  and  meadow  species. 

54.  C.  Goodenovii. 
Scales  equalling  or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 

55.  C.  Bigelovii. 
Culms  only  i'-7'  tall;  arctic  species.                                                      50.  C.  suospathacea . 

Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigf^rnia;  northern  salt  marsh  species. 

Basal  leaves  i ' '  wide  or  less ;  scales  little  longer  than  the  perig^ynia.    57.  C.  salina. 
Basal  leaves  i"-3"  wide;  scales  much  longer  than  the  perig^ynia.     50.  C.  cuspidata. 

1 1  Pistillate  spikes  drooping,  mostly  on  slender  or  filiform  stalks  (erect  in  nos.  66  and  71 . )  Nos.  59-72 

Culms  slender;  pistillate  spikes  V^-2%'  long;  stig^mas  3  (2  in  no.  59). 

Pistillate  spikes  linear;  scales  shorter  than  the  pengrynia.    Prasinae. 

Perigrynia  twisted  toward  the  top;  scales  purple -brown.  59.  C  torta. 

Perigynia  straight;  scales  green.  60.  C.  prasina. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  globose  or  cylindric;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia  or  longer. 

Bracts  manifestly  sheathing;  arctic  species.    Ferrugineae.  61.  C.  misandra. 

Bracts  sheathless;  scales  mostly  dark.    Pendulinab. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric;  southern  coast  species.  62.  C.  littoralis. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  globose  j  northern  species. 
Scales  not  longer  than  the  pengynia. 

Pistillate  spikes  3"-6"  long,  few-flowered;  scales  obtuse.    63.  C.  rariflora. 
Pistillate  spikes  5" -10"  long,  several-flowered;  scales  acute. 

64.  C.  limosa. 
Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Perigynia  oval  or  suborbicular.  65.  C.  Magellanica. 

Perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate.  66.  C.  poaocarpa. 

Culms  tall,  usually  stout;  pistillate  spikes  i'-4'  long;  scales  1-8  times  as  long  as  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2  (or  3  in  nos.  70  and  71).    Cryptocarpae. 
Perigynia  smooth. 

Scales  purple -brown;  arctic  species.  67.  C.  cryptocarpa. 

Scales  ^reen;  plants  not  arctic. 

Peng^ynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved,  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Perigynia  nearly  orbicular,  biconvex.  68.  C  marititna. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse.  69.  C.  crinita. 

Perigynia  oblong  or  elliptic,  acute.  70.  C.  gynandra. 

Perigjmia  strongly  several-nerved,  about  equalling  tlie  scales.  71.  C.  macrokolea. 

Perigynia  gfranular  or  papillose.  72.  C.  glauca. 

if.if.if.  Perigynia  tapering  to  a  distinct  beak  (nearly  or  quite  beakless  in  nos    73-77),  naembranous  in 

texture  (firna  in  no.  88),  inflated  or  loosely  investing  the  achene;  pistillate  spikes 

mostly  drooping,  often  narrowly  linear.     Nos.  73-92. 

i"  Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above;  beak  of  the  perigynium  short  or  none.     Nos. 

73-81. 
X  spikes  all  erect  or  nearly  so.     Virescentes. 

Perigynium  densely  pubescent. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  4"-io"  long;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  few-nerved. 

73.  C.  virescens. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  6"-i8"  long;  perigynia  oblong,  strongly  several-nerved. 

74.  C,  costellata. 
Perigynium  nearly  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature. 

Spikes  2>4"-3J4  '  thick;  perigynia  imbricated,  flattened;  top  of  the  achene  not  bent. 

75.  C,  triceps. 
Spikes  2"  thick;  perigynia  not  imbricated,  swollen;  top  of  the  achene  bent,  or  tipped  with  a 

bent  style.  76.  C.  Caroliniana, 

19 


288  CYPERACEAE. 

t  X  Pistillate  spikes  drooping  or  spreading  (erect  or  little  spreading  in  no.  78).    Gracillimak, 

Perigynia  i"-2"  long,  slightly  swollen;  spikes  linear  or  linear-cylindric. 

Plant  glabrous;  perigynia  obtuse.  77.  C.  gracillima. 
Sheaths  pubescent;  perig>'nia  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Perigynia  i"  long;  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreading.  78.  C.  arstiz'alis. 

Perigynia  2"  long;  spikes  drooping,  at  least  when  old.  79.  C.  oxylepis. 
Perigynia  2  -2j^"  long,  manifestly  swollen;  spikes  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric. 

Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  short-awned.  80.  C.  formosa. 

Perigrynia  strongly  many-nerved;  scales  lanceolate,  long-awned.  81.  C.  Dai'isii. 

1 1  Terminal  spike  entirely  staminate,  or  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base.    Nos.  82-92.    ( See  no.  140. ) 

Perigynia  manifestly  beaked,  nerved  or  nerveless;  pistillate  spikes  drooping,  at  least  when  old. 
Beak  of  the  pengynium  cylindric  or  subulate.  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  Ixidy.    Sylvaticak. 
Perigynia  broadly  oval,  smooth,  spreading.  82.  C.  lon^irostri^. 

Perigynia  narrowly  conic,  tuberculate -hispid,  appressed.  83.  C  Assiniboinensis. 

Beak  of  tne  perigynium  not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body. 

Leaves  pubescent.    Flexiles.  84.  C.  castanea. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  oblong,  2" -6"  long;  perigynium  1"  long;  arctic  and  alpine 

species.    Capillares.  85.  C.  capillaris. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear,  i'-3'  long;  perigynium  2" -3"  long.     Debiles. 
Perigynia  membranous,  few-nervea;  pistillate  spikes  slender. 

Leaves  2%."-^*  wide;  scales  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

8(5.  C.  arc  tat  a. 
Leaves  i"-2K'-'  w^ide;  scales  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

87.  C.  tenuis. 
Perigynia  coriaceous,  strongly  many-nerved;  pistillate  spikes  thicker. 

88.  C.  oblita. 
Perigynia  beakless  or  minutely  beaked,  finely  many-striate;  spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.    Griseae. 

Leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  glaucous. 

Perigynia  little  longer  or  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Pistillate  spikes  dense,  usually  many-flowered;  leaves  2" -3"  wide,  spreading,  soft. 

89.  C.  gnsea. 
Pistillate  spikes  loosely  several -flowered;  leaves  i"-2"  wide,  mostly  erect  and  rig^d. 

90.  C.  ampkibola. 
Perigynia  2-3  times  longer  than  the  scales.                                                   91.  C.flaccosperma. 

Plant  very  glaucous  all  over.  92.  C.  glaucodea. 

2.  Pistillate  spikes  small,  few-many-flowered,  mostly  3"-i2"  long  (sometimes  longer  in  nos.  io3f 
104,  116).    Nos.  93-132.     (See  also  nos.  44,  48,  53-55i  61,  63-65,  68,  73,  75,  80,  84,  85  and  89-92. ) 

*  Perigynia  glabrous.    Nos.  93-120.     (See  no.  123.) 

t  Pistillate  spikes  many-flowered,  M'-\'  long,  usually  dense.     Nos.  93-99. 

Pistillate  spikes  scattered,  distant,  long-stalked  or  the  2  upper  ones  close  together  and  nearly  ses- 
sile.   Granulares. 
Bracts  elongated,  mostly  overtopping  the  spikes;  perig>'nia  strongly  many-nerved. 

93-  C.  granularis. 
Bracts  short,  rarely  overtoppingthe  spikes;  perigynia  obscurely  few-nerved.  94.  C.  Craivei. 
Pistillate  spikes  close  together  and  nearly  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  or  the  lowest  distant 
and  stalked. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  stout,  2-toothed ;  plants  glabrous.     Extensae. 

Ivcaves  strongly  involute;  perigynia  brown,  the  beak  shorter  than  the  body. 

95.  C.  e.trtensa. 
leaves  flat,  i"-2^"  wide;  perigynia  yellow  when  mature,  2" -3"  long,  the  beak  about  as^ 

long  as  the  body.  96.  C.  flava. 

Leaves  flat,  i"  wide  or  less;  perigynia  dark  green,  i"  long,  the  beak  one -half  as  long  as  the 
body.  97.  C.  inridula. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  short,  entire  or  none;  leaves,  or  their  sheaths,  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Pallescentes. 
Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless.  98.  C  pallescens. 

PerigjTiia  strongly  many-nerved,  cylindric-beaked.  99.  C.  ahbrei'iata. 

tt  Pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered,  often  loose.    Nos.  100-120;  136-138. 

X  Scales  of  the  spike  normal,  not  elongated  and  leaf -like.     Nos.  100-120. 

\  Leaves  i"-i8"  wide;  bracts  leafy,  usually  large.     Nos.  100-119. 

O  Perigynia  green  (yellow  or  purple  in  no.  116).     Nos.  100-117. 

Perig>'nia  finely  many-striate.    Oligocarpae. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Perigynia  narrowed  at  both  ends,  beakless.  100.  C.  conoidea. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  entire  beak.  loi.  C.  oli^ocarpa. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  102.  C  Hitchcockiana. 

Perigynia  wnth  few  or  many,  mostly  strong  nerves.     Lax i florae. 
Plants  not  at  all  glaucous,  or  very  slightly  so. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  straight^  slender. 

Culms  slender,  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  stalked,  spreading. 

103.  C.  altocaulis. 
Culms  stout,  erect;  pistillate  spikes  i  or  2,  erect.  104.  C.  polymorpha. 

Beak  of  the  pengynium  bent,  short  or  none. 
Leaves  mostly  narrow,  i"-6"  wide. 
Scales,  at  least  the  upper,  obtuse. 

Bracts  elongated;  spikes  loosely  flowered;  culms  slender.  105.  C.  tetanica. 
Bracts  short;  spikes  densely  flowered;  culms  stout.  100.  C.  Meadii. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


289 


Scales  acute,  cuspidate,  acuminate,  or  awned. 
Perigynia  obtusely  3-ang:led. 

Perigynia  obovoid.  i%"-iW  long. 
Perigynia  oblong,  narrow,  about  2"  long. 
Perigynia  sharply  3-angled. 

Spikes  drooping  or  spreading;  leaves  i"-2"  wide,  or  wider  in  the  variety 

109.  t\  dij^i talis 
Spikes  erect:  leaves  3" -6"  wide. 
Leaves  broad,  6"-i8"  wide. 

Bracts  leafy,  the  upi>er  usually  overtopping  the  spikes. 
Bracts  mostly  reduced  to  purple  leafless  sheaths. 
Plants  distinctly  glaucous. 

Pistillate  spikes  drooping  on  hair-like  stalks. 
Pistillate  spikes  erect. 

Basal  leaves  much  longer  than  the  culm. 
Basal  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  or  equalling  it. 
Leaves  6" -12"  wide, 
leaves  i"-2"  wide. 

Scales  acute;  perigrynia  yellow,  purple  or  mottled.  116. 

Scales  obtuse,  or  the  lower  acute;  perigynia  pale  green.     117. 


1 07.  C.  laxifiora. 

108.  C.  styloflexa. 


no.  C.  Careyana. 

111.  C.  Alhursina. 

112.  C.  plantaginea . 

113.  C.  laxicnlmis. 

114.  C.  piychocarpa. 
C.  piatyphylla. 


115. 


C.  panicca. 
C.  lii'ida. 


00  Perigynia  white,  yellow  or  becoming  brown. 

Perigynia  beakless. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  cylindric  beak;  arctic  species. 


BiCO  LORES. 

118. 


\  'i  Leaves  and  culms  almost  capillary;  bracts  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths. 


C.  a  urea. 

119.  C.  hi  color. 

DiGITATAE. 

120.  C.  setifolia. 
X  X  Scales  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  elongated.    Phyllostachvae. 

Lower  scales  1"  wide  or  less,  not  concealing  the  perigynia. 
Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong;  beak  flattened. 
Body  of  the  perigprnium  globose;  beak  subulate. 


136.  C.  Willdenovii. 
137-  ^-  Jamesii. 
138.  C.  durifolia. 


Lower  scales  i"-2"  wide,  concealing  the  perigynia. 

^^  Perigynia  more  or  less  pubescent  (becoming  glabrous  in  no.  xa3)«     Nos.  121-132. 
Culm-leaves  present,  often  short;  bracts  mainly  reduced  to  bladeless  purplish  sheaths.    Pedun- 

CULATAE. 

Staminate  spike  short-stalked  or  sessile. 

Perigrynia  about  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  121.  C.  concinna. 

Perigynia  not  longer  than  the  scales.  122.  C.  Richardson i. 

Staminate  spike  long-stalked,  commonly  with  some  pistillate  flowers  at  its  base. 

123.  C.  pediinculata. 
leaves  all  basal;  bracts  short  or  long,  not  sheathing. 

Neither  the  culm  nor  the  leaves  pubescent;  perigynia  rounded.     Montanae. 

Plant  not  stoloniferous.  124.  C.  pedicellata. 

Plants  stoloniferous,  the  stolons  sometimes  short. 
Culms,  or  some  of  them,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Scales  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

Staminate  spike  conspicuous.  3"-q"  long. 
Staminate  spike  stout,  W-in"  thick. 

Plant  dark  green;  staminate  spike  very  prominent;  perigrynia  broadly 
oval.  125.  C.  Pe n nsy Irani ca. 

Plant  light  green;  staminate  spike  shorter;  perigrynia  oblong. 

126.  C.  varia. 
Staminate  spike  verjr  slender,  not  over  %"  thick.     127.  C.  Novae- Angliae, 
Staminate  spike  inconspicuous,  rarely  over  2"  long  (longer  in  the  variety. ) 

28.  C.  deflexa. 
Scales,  at  least  the  lower,  rough-awned. 
Culms,  or  most  of  them,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Scales  light  green  with  purple  margins;  perigrynia  oblong.  130. 
Scales  green  with  lighter  scarious  margins;  perigrsmia  oval. 
Plant  pubescent  all  over;  perigynia  sharply  3-angled.    Triquetrae. 


(b)  spike  solitary  {except  in  no,  140),  sometimes  dioecious. 

Phvsocephalae. 


Nos 


Leaves  i'-2'  wide,  thick,  spreading. 
Uaves  H"-3"  wide. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  on  different  culms.    Scirpinae. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  culm;  perip^ynia  obovoid;  southern  species. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  pengrjmia  oval;  northern  species. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  spike. 

Scales  of  the  spike  leaf-like,  elongated.    Phyllostachvae. 
Lower  scales  1"  wide  or  less,  not  enclosing  the  perigynia. 
Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  its  beak  flattened. 
Body  of  the  i>erigynium  globose,  its  beak  subulate. 
Lower  scales  i"-254'' wide,  enclosing  the  perigrynia. 
Scales  of  the  spike  short,  normal. 

Leaves  W  -i"  wide;  arctic  and  western  species.    Rupestres. 
Spike  solitanr,  androgynous;  perigynium-beak  stout,  long. 
Spikes  2-^,  the  staminate  uppermost;  perigynium-beak  short 
Leaves  yi"  wide  or  less. 

Perigynia  obtuse,  beakless;  swamp  species.    Leptocephalae. 


Perigrynia  obovoid-oval,  beaked;  prairie  species.    Filifoliab, 


29.  C  praecox. 

C.  nigromarginata, 

31.  C.  umbellata. 

32.  C.  pubescens. 


133-142. 
33.  C.  Fraseri, 


34.  C.  pi  eta. 

35.  C.  scirpoidea. 


36.  C.  Willdenovii, 
C.  Jamesii. 
C.  durifolia. 


i: 


39.  C.  rupestris. 

40.  C.  supina. 


41.  C.  leptalea. 

■ 

42.  C.  filifolia. 


290  CYPERACEAE. 

n.  Staminate  flowers  few,  at  the  summita  or  tMttes  of  the  always  sessile  spikes,  or  sometimes 
forming  whole  spikes,  or  variously  intermixed  with  the  pistillate;  stigmas  always  3;  achene  lenti- 
cular, compressed,  ellipsoid  or  plano-convex.    Nos.  143-205.    YIGHEA. 

I.  Staminate  flowers  at  the  summits  of  the  spikes.    Nos.  143-173. 
(a)  spike  solitary,  terminal,  mostly  broivn^  plants  often  dioecious.     Nos.  143-146.     Dioicae. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  nearly  entire  beak.  143.  C.  capilata. 

Perijf3mia  beakless,  the  orifice  2-toothed.  144.  C.  nardina. 
Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  very  ^ort.  145.  C.  Redowskyana. 

Beak  slender,  rough,  about  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynium.  146.  C,  exilis. 

(b)  spikes  several  or  many,  clustered,  separated  or  sometimes  panicled.    Nos.  147-151. 

^  Spikes  densely  aggregated  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  head,  often  appearing  like  a  solitary  terminal  spike. 

Scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  not  awned.    Foetidae. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved.  147.  C.  chordorhiza. 

Perigrynia  faintly  several-nerved. 

Culms  and  leaves  usually  curved;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     148.  C.  incurva. 
Culms  mostly  straight,  erect;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia.  149.  C.  stenophylla. 

Scales  lanceolate,  awned,  or  long-acuminate.    Arenariae. 

Scales  2-4  times  longer  than  the  perigynia;  western  species.  150,  C.  Douglasii. 

Scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  introduced  sea-coast  species.  151.  C.  arenaria. 

*^  Clusters  of  spikes  looser,  often  compound   or  the  spikes  distinctly  separated  (more  or  less 

'aggregated  in  nos.  170-173).    Nos.  152-173. 

t  Spikes  yellowish  or  brown  at  maturity,  often  in  compound  or  panicled  clusters.     Nos.  152-163. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  especially  on  the  outer  face.    Nos.  152-154.     Vulpinae. 

Beak  of  the  perigrynium  shorter  tnan  the  body.  152.  C.  conjuncta. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  equalling  or  longer  than  the  body. 

Spikes  crowded  in  an  oblong  cluster;  beak  1-2  lengths  of  the  body.     153.  C.  slipata. 
Spikes  in  a  large  branching  cluster;  beak  3-4  lengths  of  the  body.       154.  C  Crus-corvi. 
Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved.    Nos.  155-103.    Multiflorae. 

Spikes  very  numerous  in  a  branched  decompound  cluster,  small.  155.  C  decontposita. 

Spikes  several  or  many  in  an  oblong  or  narrow,  simple  or  somewhat  compound  cluster. 
Leaves  i"  wide  or  less. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body;  western  species.   156.  C,  marcida. 
Beak  as  lon^  as  the  body;  northern  marsh  species.  157.  C.  teretiuscula. 

Leaves  i"-3"  wide. 

Scales  acuminate,  cuspidate  or  awned. 
Perig3mia  1%   -2Y1'  long. 

Perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body. 

158.  C.  alopecoidca . 
Perigynia  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  the  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as"  the 
body.  159.  C.  gravida. 

Perigynia  \W  long  or  less. 

Leaves  as  long  as  the  culm  or  longer.  160.  C  vulpinoidea. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm. 

Perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  the  base  narrowed.  161.  C.  xanthocarpa. 

Perigynia  lanceolate,  the  base  truncate.  162.  C.  setacea. 

Scales  blunt,  scariou.s- tipped.  163.  C.  Sartzrellii. 

i"t  Spikes  green  or  greenish  when  mature,  aggregated  or  separated,  in  simple  clusters.     Nos.  164- 

173.      MUHLENBERGIANAE. 

Perigynia  ellipsoid,  nearly  terete;  spikes  1-5-flowered,  widely  separated,  or  the  upper  close  together. 

164.  C.  tenella. 
Perigynia  lanceolate,  ovate  or  roundish,  compressed  or  plano-convex;  spikes  several-many-flowered. 
Spikes  separated  or  the  upper  close  together;  perigynia  mostly  radiating,  or  reflexed. 
Leaves  %"-iW  wide. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  native  woodland 
secies. 
Peng^nia  ovate-lanceolate,  \"-iW  long. 

Perigynia  stellately  radiating.  165.  C.  rosea. 

Perigynia  reflexed  when  mature.  166.  C.  retroflexa. 

Perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  iH"-2"  long.  167.  C.  Texensis. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  introduced  field  species. 

168.  C.  murtcata. 
Leaves  2 >^" -4  J4"  wide.  169.  C.  sparganioidcs. 

Spikes  all  aggregated  or  the  lower  separated ;  perigynia  spreading  or  ascending. 

Leaves  thin,  lax,  2" -4"  wide;  perigynia  about  2"  long.  170.  C.  cephaloidea. 

Leaves  stiff er,  Vt"-2*'  wide. 

Perigynia  i"  long  or  less,  nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Leaves  I "-2    wide;  peri^rynia  ovate.  171.  C.  cephalophora. 

Leaves  K"-i"  wide ;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate ;  southern.      172.  C  Leai^enworthii. 
Perigynia  ij-i"  long,  strongly  nerved  (except  in  var.  Xalapensis). 

173.  C.  Muhlenbergii. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  291 

2.  Staminate  flowers  variously  mingled  with  the  pistillate  in  the  spikes  or 

OCCASIONALLY  FORMING  WHOLE  SPIKES.      (See  nos.  I43-I46.  ) 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading  or  reflexed.  174.  C.  sterilis. 
Perigynia  erect  or  appressed. 

Perijfynia  wingless,  the  inner  face  flat.  187.  C  bromoides. 

Perig^nia  winged,  the  inner  face  concave.  190.  C.  siccata. 

3.  Staminate  flowers  at  the  bases  of  the  spikes.    Nos.  174-205. 

(a)  Perigynia  udlhout  a  marginal  wing.    Nos.  174-187.    Elongatae. 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading,  or  reflexed  when  old. 

Perigynia  distinctly  nerved  on  both  faces,  the  beak  rough. 

Perigynia  lanceolate;  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body.  174.  C.  sterilis. 

Perijifynia  ovate;  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  body,  abrupt.       175.  C.  Atlantica. 
Perigynia  faintly  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  nearly  so  on  the  inner;  beak  smoothish. 

176.  C.  inieHor. 
Perigrynia  ascending,  appressed  or  somewhat  spreading  when  old,  not  radiating. 
Perigrynia  ovate,  oval,  oblong  or  elliptic. 

Bracts  short,  scale-like  or  none,  the  lowest  occasionally  longer  than  its  spike. 
Spikes  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  close  together. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white.  177.  C.  canescens. 

Heads  brown  or  brownish. 

Spikes  few-flowered,  2^-3"  long;  perigynia  less  than  i"  long,  the  beak  manifest. 

178.  C  hrunnescens. 
Spikes  dense,  many-flowered;  perigynia  about  1"  long,  the  beak  very  short. 

179.  C.  Norvegica. 
Spikes  densely  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  or  the  lower  separated. 

Spikes  green  or  greenish  brown. 

Spikes  several  in  an  ovoid  cluster;  perigynia  ovate,  rough-beaked. 

180.  C.  arcta. 
Spikes  only  2-4;  perigynia  elliptic,  beakless.                        181.  C.  tenuijlora. 

Spikes  dark  brown;  arctic  species. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect. 

leaves  involute;  scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia.  182.  C.  Heleonastes. 
leaves  flat;  scales  shorter  than  the  perig^jmia.  183.  C.  lagopina. 

Culms  weak,  spreading  or  reclining.  184.  C.  glareosa. 

Bracts  bristle-form,  much  elongated,  much  exceeding  the  2-4  oblong  nerved  perigynia. 

185.  C.  trisperma. 
Perigrynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Perigynia  nerveless;  spikes  oblong  or  subglobose.  186.  C.  Deweyana. 

Perigjmia  strongly  several-nerved;  spikes  narrowly  oblong-cylindric.  187.  C.  bromoides. 

(b)  Perigynia  with  a  narrow  or  broad  marginal  wing.    Nos.  188-205.     O vales. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  2-5  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Top  of  the  culm  nodding;  arctic  and  northwestern  species.  188.  C.  pratensis. 

Culms  strictly  erect,  mostly  stiff. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  broadly  winged;  northwestern  species.  189.  C.  xerantica. 

Perigynia  several-nerved  on  both  faces. 

Perigrynia  broadly  winged;  staminate  flowers  intermixed  with  the  pistillate. 

190.  C  siccata. 
Perigrynia  narrowly  winged;  staminate  flowers  all  basal. 

Spikes  Vt'-\'  long;  perigynia  about  4"  long.  191.  C.  Muskingumensis. 

Spikes  2"-8"  long;  perigynia  2"-3''  long. 

Spikes  oblong  or  oval;  perigynia  ascending  or  erect. 

Spikes  green-brown,  blunt.  192.  C.  tribuloides. 

Spikes  bright  brown,  pointed;  perigjrnia  lanceolate.    193.  C.  scoparia. 
Spikes  rather  dark  brown,  blunt;  perigrynia  ovate-lanceolate. 

194.  C.  leporina. 
Spikes  subglobose ;  perig3mia  spreading,  at  least  when  old.  195.  C.  cristatella. 
Perigynia  ovate,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  (longer  in  some  forms  of  no.  198. ) 
Perigrynia  narrowly  winged  above;  heads  grreenish  brown.  196.  C.  adusla. 

Perigynia  broadly  wing-margined. 
Perigrynia  spreading  or  ascending. 

Spikes  silvery  grreen.  197.  C.  foenea. 

Spikes  yellowish  brown  or  greenish.  198.  C.  siramiriea. 

Perigynia  erect  or  appressed. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white;  sea-beach  species.  199.  C.  silicea. 

Heads  brown-green;  meadow  or  marsh  species.  200.  C.  tenera. 

Perigynia  orbicular,  very  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  sometimes  wider  than  long. 
Heads  ^cen-brown. 

Perigynia  spreading  or  ascending;  achene  sessile.  201.  C.  feslucacea. 

Perijfytria  erect,  2"-2j4"  broad;  achene  short-stalked.  202.  C.  alaia. 

Heads  silvery  green,  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Perigrjmium-wing  firm;  achene  sessile.     .  203.  C.  albolutescens. 

Perigynium-wing  membranous;  achene  stalked.  204.  C.  Bicknellii. 

Perigynia  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  subulate  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  body. 
Cyperoideae.  205.  C.  sychnoeephala. 


CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  paucifldra  Lightf.    Few-flowered 
Sedge.     (Fig.  671.) 

Lart.v Pauciflora  Ughtf.  Fl.  Scot  543-  />'■  6-      "777- 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  or  assurgent,  very  sleader, 
S'-a"  high.  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the 
cultn,  the  lowest  reduced  to  toothed  sheaths;  spike 
solitary,  androgynous,  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  each  2-5,  the  staminate  uppermost;  peri- 
gynium  green,  narrow,  scarcely  inflated,  3"-4" 
long,  about  %"  in  diameter,  several -nerved,  taper- 
ing from  below  the  middle  into  a  slender  or  almost 
subnlate  beak,  strongly  reflexed  and  readily  de- 
tachable when  mature,  3-3  times  longer  than  the 
deciduous  lanceolate  or  ovate  scale;  stigmas  3. 
In  \xtgt,  Newfoundland  to  Alaaks,  south  to  Massi- 


3.    Carex  Collinsii  Nutt.     Collins'  Sedge.     (Fig.  672.) 
Carex  subulala  Michi.  PI.   Bor,   Am,  1:   173-      '803-     1 

Gmel.  1 791. 
Care.r  Collinsii  Nutt.  Gen.  3:  aoj.      1818. 
Carei  Michauxii   Dewey,  Am.   Joum.   Sci.  to:  373.      1S16. 

Not  Schwein,  1824, 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  6'-a° 
long.  leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  2}i"  wide,  the 
uppermost  not  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  ter- 
minal, stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  2-8-flowered, 
short-stalked,  or  the  stalk  of  the  lowest  sometimes  i}j' 
long;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  elongated;  peri- 
gynium  light  green,  scarcely  inflated,  subulate,  5"-7" 
long,  tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  an  almost  fili- 
form beak,  faintly  many-nerved,  strongly  reflexed  when 
mature,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  hyaline  lanceolate- 
acuminate  persistent  scale,  its  teeth  reflexed  at  maturity; 
stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Rhode  Island  to  eastem  PeunaylvaniB,  south  to 
South  Carolina  and  Geoi);ia,  Ascends  to  1000  ft.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania.   Attributed  to  Canada  by  Michaux,    June-Aus- 

3.    Carex  abdcta  Bailey.     Yellowish  Sedge.     (Fig.  673.) 

Carex  rotlrata  Michi.  Fl.   Bor.  Am,  a:  173.     1803.     Not 

Stokes,  17S7. 
Carex  xanlhophyia  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  14:  353-  /  S7- 

5.''.     1838.    NotWahl.  iBoi. 
Carex  Michauxiana  Boeclii.  Linnaea,  40:  336.      1877.      Not 

f.  ^(Vfcia^ii  Schwein.  i8i+. 
Carex  abacia  Bailey,  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  »o:  427.       1893. 

Glabrous,  whole  plant  yellowish,  culm  erect  or  slightly 
Hssmgent  at  the  base,  rather  stiff,  slender,  i°-3°  high. 
I,eaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  i"  wide,  the  upper- 
most often  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  termi- 
nal, closely  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  several-flow- 
ered, the  upper  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  and  closely 
approximated,  the  lowest,  when  present,  remote  and 
borne  on  a  stalk  }i'-2'  long;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
usually  erect  and  overtopping  the  culm;  perigynia  slen- 
der, narrow,  scarcely  inflated,  erect  or  spreading,  taper- 
ing into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak,  S"-7"  long,  less 
than  i"  thick  at  the  base,  rather  strongly  many-nerved, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate  scale;  stigmas  3. 
In  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  New  Hampshire,  New  York  and  Pennsyh-Bnia. 
tst  to  Michigan.     Ascends  to  5000  ft,  in  New  Hampshire.     Also  in  Japan.     Jnly-Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 
4.  Carex  follicuUta  I,.  Long  Sedge.   (Fig.  674.) 

Cattx/olticatala  L.  Sp.  PI.  978.      1753- 

Glabrous,  light  green  or  yellowish,  culm  stout  or  slen- 
der, erect  or  reclining,  i>i°-3°  long.  Leaves  broad  and 
elongated,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  often  %' 
wide;  stamicate  spike  stalked  or  nearly  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  3-4,  usually  distant,  all  except  the  uppermost  slen- 
der-stalked, several-many -flowered,  the  lower  often  nod- 
ding on  a  stalk  z'-3'  long;  bracts  commonly  overtopping 
the  spikes;  perigynia  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  ascending 
or  spreading,  green,  ratber  prominently  many-veined, 
^"-8"  long,  i"  or  a  trifle  more  in  diameter  near  the  base, 
tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  a  slender  i-toothed 
beak,  one-third  to  one-half  longer  than  the  awned  broadly 
scarious-margined  persistent  scale;  teeth  of  the  peri- 
gynium  nearly  erect;  stigmas  3. 

In  swampa  and  wtt  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Maryland, 
n-est  to  Michigan  and  West  Virginia.    May-Sept. 

5.    Carex  intumiscens  Rudge.     Bladder  Sedge.     (Fig.  675.) 

Carex  inlumesans  Rudge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  7:  97. 
PI.9.  f.3       1804. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  commonly  tufted,  erect 
or  slightly  reclined,  iji'-s"  high.  Leaves  elon- 
gated, dark  green,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  equal- 
ling the  culm,  roughish.  i>i"-3"  wide;  bracts  simi- 
lar, overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  narrow, 
mostly  long-stalked ;  pistillate  spikes  1  ( 1-3 )  ses- 
sile or  very  short-stalked,  globose  or  ovoid:  peri- 
gynia 1-30,  spreading  or  the  upper  erect,  6"-io" 
long,  much  inflated,  about  3"  in  diameter  above 
the  base,  many-nerved,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  z-toothed  beak,  the  teeth 
somewhat  spreading  at  maturity;  scales  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate,  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundland  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.    May-Oct. 
FenuUdi  Bailey,  Bull.  Tott.  Club,  3o:  418.      1S93. 
Perigynia  narrower,  1-5  in  each  spike,  all  erect  or  slightly  spreading.    Maine  to  New  York. 

6.    Carex  Asa-Grftyi  Bailey.     Gray'sSedge.     (Fig.  676.) 
-Ca'v.i-  ittlumescens  yar.  globularii  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  V,  3;  236.     '834-     Not  C.  giobularis  L.  1753. 
Care.r  Grayi  Carey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (11.)  4:  ",     1847. 

Not  C.  Grayana  Dewey.  1834. 
Cartx  Asa-Grayi  Bailey,  Bull.Torr.  Club,  30: 4*7.   1B03. 
iafr.i-  Asa-Grayi  hispidula  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

ao:  427.     1893. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect  or  slightly  assur- 
gent  at  the  base,  a''-3°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
dark  green,  3"-4Ji"  wide,  the  upper  commonly 
overtopping  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 
leaves,  usually  much  overtopping  the  culm;  stami- 
nate spike  mostly  long-stalked ;  pistillate  spikes  I  or 
3,  globose,  dense,  about  1'  in  diameter;  perigynia 
10-30,  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  inflated, 
many-nerved,  about  4"  in  diameter  above  the  base, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  scarious.  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swampsand  wet  meadows,  Vermont  to  Michigan. 
«OUth  to  Geotxia  and  Missouri,     June-Sept. 


CYPERACEAE. 

7.   Carex  Louisiiinica  Bailey.     Louisiana 

Sedge.     (Fig.  677. ) 

Caif.f  Haiti  Carey;  Cbapm.   Fl,  S.  States.  541.      i860. 

Not  Iiewey,  1846. 
C.  iOBifianiVa  Bailey,  BuU.Torr.  Club,  jo;  418,      189.1. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  very  nearly  »o,  i^-a* 
tall.  Leaves  \"~2"  wide,  roughish,  the  upper  over- 
'  topping  the  spikes;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves, 
rough;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong,  about  i'  long,  8"- 
I  10"  thick,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile;  staminate  spike  solitarj-,  long-stalked; 
perigynia  ovoid,  much  inflated,  smooth,  strongly  sev- 
eral-nen'ed,  shining  when  mature,  $"-(>"  long,  about 
lyi"  in  diameter  at  the  rounded  base,  tapering  gradu- 
ally into  the  long  3-toothed  beak,  the  small  teeth 
slightly  spreading;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia ;  stignia.1 3. 

Swamps,  Missouri  to  Texas  and  Florida.     June-Aug. 

8.    Carex  lupulina  Muhl.     Hop  Sedge.     (Fig.  678.) 

Cartx  gigaalea  Sudge,  Trans.  I.inn.  Soc.  7:  99.  pi.  10. 


J-^- 


■804.? 


Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect  or  reclining,  l''-4'' 
tall.  Leaves  elongated,  nodulose,  i^"-6"  wide, 
the  upper  ones  and  the  similar  bracts  much  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
several,  nearly  sessile  or  slender-ped uncled,  rather 
stout;  pistillate  spikes  a-5,  densely  many-flowered, 
sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked,  oblong,  ifi'- 
iJ4'  long,  often  i'  in  diameter;  perigynia  ascending 
or  spreading,  often  short-stalked,  much  inflated, 
many-nerved,  6"-9"  long,  about  i%"  in  diameter 
just  above  the  base,  tapering  from  much  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak ;  achene  longer 
than  thick;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate, 
one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  ditches.  Hudson  Bay  to  western 
Ontario,  Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 

Carei  lapaUua  Billa-viila  (Dewey)  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  I;  11.       1889. 
Carex  Btlla-villa  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (II.)  41:  229.      1866. 

Culm  slender;  pistillate  spikes  remote,  slender-stalked,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  summil. 
the  perigynia  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  the  staminate  spike  sometimes  branched  and  with  1  or 
3  perigynia  at  its  ba^.    Eastern  New  York  to  southern  Ontario. 

•   ^  '--"  — '"^  "       ■         -  =-  described  by  Professor  Dudley  (Cayuga  Fl.  119.       1886). 

9.    Carex   lupulifdrmis   Sartwell.     Hop-like 

Sedge.     (Fig.  679.) 
Carex  lupuHna  var.  polyslacbya  Schw.  &  Torr.  Ann, 

Lye.  i:  337.       1815.      Not  C.  polvslachya  Sw, 
Carex  lufuli/ormis  &3.nv/.\  Dewey.  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  {II.  ^ 

p:  ag.     1850. 

Glabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  i  ^"-3°  tall.  Leaves  and 
bracts  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  much 
elongated;  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  or  neatly 
sessile,  sometimes  4'  long;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  stalked 
or  the  upper  sessile,  densely  many-flowered,  2'-3'  long, 
6"-io"  in  diameter,  often  staminate  at  the  top;  peri- 
gynia yellowish,  at  first  appressed,  later  ascending,  ses- 
sile, much  inflated,  several-nerved,  $"-%"  long,  about 
i"  in  diameter  above  the  base,  tapering  froin  below  the 
middle  to  a  subulate  3-toothed  beak ;  achene  as  long  as 
thick,  its  angles  mamillate;  scales  lanceolate,  awned. 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia. 

Sivinips,  Rhode  Island  to  Del.  and  Minnesota.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
10.    Carex  grdndis  Bailey.     Large  Sedge.     (Fig,  680.) 


Ca> 


ire.r  giganlea  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci,  ii 

Not  Kn^^,  1804. 

grandis  Bailey.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  ] 


13- 


Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  a''-3° 
high.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  elongated,  4"-6" 
n-ide,  the  uppermost  sometimes  surpassing  the 
cului;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  pedun- 
cled,  sometimes  bearing  perigynia  at  its  base;  pis- 
tillate spikes  3-5,  all  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile, 
eylindric,  i'-3'  long,  sometimes  stamirate  at  the 
summit;  perigynia  much  swollen  at  the  base,  and 
about  3"  in  diameter,  5"--6"  long,  many-nerved, 
spreading  at  maturity,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  sca- 
riouslanceolate  acuminate  or  aristate  scale,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  subulate  a-toothed  beak  3-3  times 
as  long  as  the  inflated  portion;  stigmas  3. 


Carex  oligospfcrma  Michx.     Few-seeded  Sedge.     (Fig.  681.) 

Carer  oligosperma  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am,  1:  174.  1803. 
Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff, 

1  J^''-3°  tall.  Leaves  about  i  Ji"  wide,  not  exceed- 
ing the  culm,  involute  when  old;  bracts  similar, 
overtoppingtheculm;stflminatesptkestalked,  nar- 
rowly linear;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  3,  globose  or  ob- 
long, 5"-io"  long,  sessile  or  tie  lower  short- 
stalked,  few-several-flowered,  the  upper  some- 
times reduced  to  I  or  z  perigynia  and  with  a 
staminate  summit;  perigynia  ovoid;  erect,  in- 
flated, strongly  few-nerved,  yellowish  green,  a"- 
jji"  long,  about  I V  m  diameter,  tapering  from 
the  middle  into  a  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales 
acute  or  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Massachusetts,  Penn^lvania  and  Michigan.  June- 
Sept.    Ascends  to  4000  (t.  in  the  Adirondaclcs. 

13.    Carex  Raeilna  Boatt.     Rae's  Sedge.     (Fig.  682.) 

Carer  miliaris  var.  aiirea  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

1137.     1889.    Not  C- aK»-M  Nutt.  1818. 
Carex  PuUa  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,60a.     1867.    Not 

Gooden.  1797. 
Carex  Raeana   Boott;    Richards.  Arct.   Eip.  i:   344. 

1851. 

Culm  stouter  than  that  of  C.  miiiaris,  very 
rough  above,  iJi''-3°  tall.  Leaves  i"-i^"  wide, 
flat,  shorter  than  the  culm,  nodulose,  somewhat 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  lower  bracts  narrower, 
about  equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-4, 
slender-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  eylin- 
dric or  oblong,  6"-ii"  long,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-stalked;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic,  yellowish- 
green,  few-nerved,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  rather 
conspicuous  3-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  yellowish  or  brown -mar;gined, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

On  lake  and  river  shores,  northern  Maine  to  lAb- 
rador.     Summer. 


CYPERACEAE. 


Carex  miliilris  Michx.     Northeastern  Sedge.     (Fig.  683.) 


Club. 

1:  3b-      lUSQ.  t 

Glabrous,  culm  very  slender,  erect,  roughish 
above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  about  1"  wide, 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  about  equalling  the 
culm;  bracts  siniilar  to  the  leaves,  often  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  I  or  l,  stalked. 
narrowly  linear;  pistillate  spikes  i-j,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  many-flowered,  4"-i'  long,  the  op- 
pet  sessile,  the  lowest,  when  three,  stalked;  peri- 
gynia  inflated,  ovoid,  faintly  few-nerved,  1"- 
I>{"  long,  dark  brown  or  brown-tipped,  tapering 
into  a  short,  nearly  entire  beak,  slightly  longer 
than  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  wholly  or 
partly  brown,  obtuse  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  2. 


14.   Carex  saxfitilia  L.    Russet  Sedge. 
(Fig.  684.) 


'm 


c.  3: 78- 


1797. 


Glabrous,  culms  erect,  slender,  y-ii'  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  i"-i  Ji"  broad,  the  upper  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  bracts  short;  staminate  spike  soli- 
tary, short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  all  stalked 
or  the  upper  nearly  or  quite  ses-sile,  oblong,  densely 
many-flowered;  perigynia  dark  puiple-brown,  as- 
cending, ovoid,  shghtly  inflated,  nerveless  or  very 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  short  minutely  3- 
toothed  beak;  scales  oblong,  subacute,  greenish 
purple,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stignias 
usually  3. 


15.    Carex  membranop&cta  Bailey. 


Fragile  Sedge.     (Fig.  685.) 
Ross'  Voy.   App.  c 


re.v  compacla  R.   Br.   in 

[819.      Not  Krock.  1S14. 

rex  tnembranacea  Hook.  Parry's  ad  Voy.  App.  406. 

825.     Not  Hoppe. 

membranoPacia  Bailey,   Bull,  Ton.   Club,  30; 

1893. 


Similar  t 
-18'  high. 


C.  saxaiilis  but  stouter  and  taller. 
Leaves  flat,  not  exceeding  the  culm, 
wide;  bracts  short,  the  lower  commonly 
longer  than  its  spike,  the  upper  subulate;  ataminate 
spikes  1-3,  short -stalked ;  pistillate  spikes  1-3  (com- 
monly 3),  sessile  or  the  lower  short-pednncled, 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered, 
about  i'  long  and  4"  in  diameter;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, brown-purple,  ovoid,  fragile,  much  inflated, 
about  l}i"  long,  tipped  with  a  short  nearly  entire 
beak,  little  nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-ob- 
long greenish -purple  or  white-margined  acales. 

America  to  Kamptchatka- 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

i6.   Carex  ambfista  Boott.     Blackened  Sedge.     (Fig.  686.) 

■.!■  ambusla  Bootl.  111.   64.  pl.  '??.    1858. 

milar  to  C.  saxatilis,  culms  slender,  erect,  8'- 

jbW,  nearly  or  quite  smooth.     Leaves  nearly  or 

s  smooth,  elongated,  mostly  less  than  l"  wide, 

lute  in  drying,  nearly  erect,  shorter  than  the 

I;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  sometimes 

tiling  or  overtopping  the  culm;  statninate  spike 

ary,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  2,  oblong, 

t,    obtuse,     densely    many -flowered,    slender- 

ted  or  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  6"-9"  long, 

it  i%"  in  diameter;  perigynia  oblong-lanceo- 
I  Ji"  long,  rather  more  than  Ji"  wide,  spread- 
er ascending,  biconvex,  smooth,  firm,  not  at  all 

ted,  dull,  faintly  few-nerved  at  the  base,  green 

w,  dark  brown  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a 

t  minutely  3-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 

.  brown,  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  1. 

.brador,  British  Colombia  to  Alaska.    Summer. 

17.  Carex  utriculita  Boott.     Bottle  Sedge.     (Fig.  687.) 

Carex  ulriculata  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  jai. 

1840. 
Cartx-  ulriculata  V8r,  minor  Boott,  loc,  cit.      :84Q. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect,  t.''-\''  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  mostly  exceeding 
the  culm,  2"-6"  wide,  the  tnidveiu  prominent; 
bracts  overtopping  the  culm;  stamiiiate  spikes  a-4, 
linear,  stalked,  the  lower  occasionally  pistillate  at 
the  top  and  usually  subtended  by  a  very  slender 
bract;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  nearly  erect,  cylin- 
dric,  densely  many-Bowered  or  sometimes  looser 
near  the  base,  j'-6'  long,  the  lower  short-stalked, 
the  upper  sessile,  sometimes  ataminate  at  the  sum- 
mit; perigynia  spreading  when  old,  ovoid,  light 
green,  somewhat  inflated,  few-nerved,  i"-aji" 
long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  3-tootbed  beak;  scales 
lanceolate,  the  lower  ewned  and  slightly  longer 
than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  acute;  stigmas  3. 

Mantles,  Anticosti  to  British  Columbia,  Delaware, 
Ohio,  Minnesota,  Nevada  and  CaliTomia.    June-Sept. 

18.   Carex  monile  Tuckerm.     Necklace  Sedge.     (Fig.  688.) 

-J-  moniie  Tuckerm,  Enum,  Meth.  x.      1843. 

■X  Olneyi  Boott,  111.  15.    pl.  41.      :85s. 

abrous,  culm  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  l>i''-3'' 
Leaves  elongated,  rather  light  green,  iX"-aJ4" 

:,  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  little  or  not  at 

lodulose;  bracts  similar,   often   overtopping  the 

1;  staminate  spikes   1-4,  usually  z  or  3,  slender- 

;ed,  commonly  subtended  by  short  bracts;  pistil- 
spikes  1-3,  erect-spreading,  cylindric,  l'-3'  long, 

it  4"  in  diameter,  many- flowered,  rather  loose  at 

irity,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  one,  when  3, 

ler-stalked  and  usually  remote;  perigynia  yellow- 
green,   ascending  or  spreading,   ovoid,   inflated, 

it  iji"  long,  rather  strongly  8-io-nerved,  tapering 

a  sharp  a-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate,  acumi- 
or  awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  British 

mbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri,  in  the  Kocky 

ntains  to  Colorado,  and  to  Calitomia.     Juue-Aug. 


stalks,  found 


CYPERACKAE. 

89.  A  fonn  with  the  tcnuinal  Apike 
ikes  very  small  and  loosely  (lowered,  usually  on  very  long 
Concord  River,  Mass..  has  uot  Hince  been  collected. 

19.  Carex  Tuckerm&ni  Dewey,    Tuck- 
erman's  Sedge.     (Fig.  689.) 

C.  Tuciemiatti  Dwey.  Am.  Jaam.Sci.  09.^.  iS+S- 
Glabrous,  culm  ver}'  slender,  usually  roughish 
above,  erector  reclining,  J°-3^°  long.  Leaves 
and  bracts  much  elongated,  commonly  much 
overtopping  the  culm,  i>i"-2ji"  wide,  some- 
times sparingly  nodulose;  staminate  spikes  3  or 
3;  pistillate  spikes  stout,  cylindric,  i'-2'  long. 
about  }i'  in  diameter;  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  the  loner  stalked  and  usually  spreading; 
perigynia  verj-  much  inflated,  yellowish-green, 
ovoid,  prominently  few.ner\'ed.  ascending. 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  subulate  3-toothed 
beak;  scales  lanceolate,  sniooth-awned.  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogaand  meadows.  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario, 
Sew  Jersey,  Michigan  and  Minnesota.    June-Aug. 

ao.   Carex  buUilta  Schk.    Btittoii  Sedge. 

(Fig.  690.) 

Caret  bnltala  Schk.  Kiedg.  Nachtr.  85.  /.  166.      1806. 

Clabrotis,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  i°-i}i°  high,  roi^h- 
ish  above.  Leaves  and  bracts  very  narrow  and  elongated, 
rather  stiff,  commonly  overtopping  the  culm,  rarely  more 
than  2"  wide,  rough-margined,  sparingly  nodulose;  stamin- 
ate spikes  mostly  3,  long  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  usually 
3,  light  green,  varying  from  almost  sessile  to  long-stalked 
and  spreading,  many-flowered,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric, 
I'-iJi'  long,  4ji"-6"  in  diameter;  perigynia  much  inflated, 
ovoid,  3fi"-3"  long,  spreading  when  mature,  tapering  into 
B.  subulate  rough  3-toothed  beak,  shining,  strongly  nerved, 
3-3  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  or  acute 
scale,  or  the  uppermost  scales  obtuse;  stigmas  3.   . 

In  swampB,  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina.    June-Aug. 

21.    Carex  retr6rsa  Schwein.     Retrorse  Sedge.     (Fig.  691.) 

Care.i-  rrlrorsa  Schwein.  Ann.   Ljp.   N. 


Glabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
rough  above,  i''-3>i°  tall.  I,eaves  elongated, 
thin,  rough-margined,  sparingly  nodulose,  2%"- 
3>i"  wide,  the  upper  commonly  exceeding  the 
cultn,  the  bracts  similar,  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  ascending  or 
spreading,  all  close  together  at  the  summit  and 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so  or  the  lowest  distant 
and  stalked,  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
i'-3'  long,  about  Ji'  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid,  membranous,  strongly  few-nerved,  yel- 
lowish green,  about  3"  long,  reflexed  at  ma- 
turity, tapering  into  a  subulate  3-toothed  beak; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  one-third  to 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

I  to  Manitoba,  .louth  t( 
■cording  to  Bailey). 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 

22.    Carex  H&rtii  Dewey.     Hart  Wright's 
Sedge.     (Fig.  692.) 

far^r //flr/ii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  4':  "«■      "866. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  nearly  smooth  ifi^-J^i"  long. 
Leaves  elongated,  rough  on  the  margins  and  lower  side  of 
the  midvein,  2"-j"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts   j 
much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1  or  3,   " 
lower  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base,  borne  on  a  stallc  I 
j4'-i'  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  rather  loosely  V 
many-flowered,   the    upper    sessile,   the    lower   stender- 
stalked,  I '-a' long,  about  J^' thick,  all  erect  or  ascending; 
perigjnia  inflated,  ovoid-conic,  spreading  or  the  lower 
slightly  reflexed,  prominently  few-nerved,  about  3"  long^ 
gradually  tapering  intothe  long  3-toothed  beak,  a-j  times  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  marshes,  Ontario  and  New  York  to  MichiKan.     Appa- 
rently intergrades  with  the  preceding  species.    Jane-Ang. 

23.   Carex  Iflrida  Wahl.     Sallow  Sedge. 

(Fig.  693.) 
C,  lurida  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  (11.)  14: 153.      1803. 
Carex  Unlaculala  Muhl, ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4.-  a66.      1805. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous  above,  i>4°-3°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  rough, 
rarely  more  than  2"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar 
bracts  usually  much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate 
spike  usually  solitary,  short-stalked,  elongated;  pistil- 
late spikes,  1-4.  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  i'- 
2'  long,  about  }i'  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  peduncled  and  spreading  or  drooping;  peri- 
gynia  inflated,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  long  subulate 
beak,  ascending  or  the  lower  spreading,  4"  long,  thin, 
yellowish  green,  rather  conspicuously  nerved,  longer 
than  the  rough-awned  scale;  stigmas  3, 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minne- 
sota, Florida  and  Texas.     June-Oct. 

C.  lenlacvlala  alitor  Boott,  is  a  hybrid  with  C.  lufiulina. 
Caiez  Inilda  lUccida  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  73.     1889. 
Pistillate  spikes  M'-i'  long,  brown,  all  sessile  or  very  nearly  bo,  clnatered  at  the  summit,  rather 
more  loosely  flowered.    Northern  New  York  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Canz  lurida  pirvnla  ( Paine  j  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  C]ub,  10:  418.      1893. 


1.  Oneida,  1 


186s- 


....  ,      ■'  ""'y  '  <"'  ^'  scarcely  more  than  !• 

sile  or  veiy  nearly  so;  perigynia  3"  long.     New  Hampshire  to  Penns' 
Canz  luijda  azuudani  Bailey. 
Culms  lonKatid  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  iH'-iH'  long,  on  very  lon^  stalks;  scales  subulate, 
the  lower  often  much  longer  than  the  perigynia.     Occasiotjal  with  the  typical  form. 

34.    Carex  B&ileyi  Britton.     Bailey's  Sedge,     ,-— — — -^^^^ 

(Fig.  694.) 
Carfx  Unlaculala  var.  gracilis  Boott,  III.  94.      i860.    Not 

C.  gracilis,  R.  Br.  iSlo. 
Cartx  Baileyi  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  Mt  120.      1895. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  or  reclining,  very  slender,  mi- 
nutely scabrous  above,  i°-a°  long.  Leaves  roughish, 
elongated,  iJi"-2"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar 
bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
short-peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric, very  densely  many-flowered,  all  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, 9"-2'  long,  about  4"  in  diameter,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, the  lower  mote  or  less  stalked;  perigynia  inflated, 
ovoid,  3ji"-3"  long,  ascending,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  subulate  3-toothed  beak,  prominently  several- 
nerved,  the  lower  about  equalling,  the  upper  longerthan 
the  linear-subulate  ciliate-scabrous  scale;  stigmas  3, 

&ogs,  Vermont  to  Virginia  and  Tennessee.    Jnne-Aug. 


>  CYPERACEAE. 

35.  Carex  Schwreinitzii  Dewey.  Schweinitz's  Sedge.  (.Fig.  695.  J 
riBiYiii  Dewey;  Schwein.  Ann.  I,yc 
1824. 


X. 


(tiabrous,  light  green,  culm  erect,  roughish 
above,  I^-iJi"  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  a,4"-4" 
wide,  the  basal  ones  and  the  similar  bracts  com- 
monly overtopping  the  calm,  those  of  the  culm 
mostly  shorter;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  some- 
times I,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in  the  mid- 
dle; pistillate  spikes  3-5,  ascending,  linear-cylin- 
dric,  not  very  densely  flowered,  IJi'-3'  long, 
about  4"  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile,  the  lower 
stalked;  perigynie  thin,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid- 
conic  or  oblong,  tapering  into  the  subulate,  1- 
toothed  beak,  about  z>j"  long  and  i"  in  diameter. 
ascending,  rather  prominently  few-nerved,  equal- 
ling or  the  upper  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or 
linear,  usually  ciliate-scabrous  scale;  stigmas  3. 


Porcupine  Sedge.     (Fig.  696.) 


a6.    Carex  hystriclna  Mtihl. 

Carfx  Ayilricina  Muhl. ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  383.       1805. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
somewhat  rough  above,  i"-?"  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
minutely  scabrous,  i}i"-2}i"  wide,  the  upper  and  the 
similaibractsovertopping  the  culm;  staniinatespikeslen- 
der-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  summit;  pistil- 
late spikes  1-4,  oblong-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
>i'-iji'  long,  about  4,S"  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  drooping; 
peiigynia  ascending,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid <onic, 
*J^"-3"  long,  strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  the 
subulate  a-toothed  beak,  equalling  or  the  upper  longer 
than  the  narrow  rough  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  law  meadows.  Nova  Scotia  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  Geor^a  and  Nebraska.    June-Aug;. 
Carex  byitrjdna  Dndlayi  Bniley.  Mem.  Tofx.  Club,  I:  54. 
■889. 

long:;  leaves  i 


ia  and  Michigan. 
Carex  Pseiido-Cypirus  L.     Cyperus-like  Sedge.     (Fig.  697.) 

Cart.ir  Pseudo-CyPfrus  L.  Sp.  PI.  978.      1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  rough  on  the  sharp 
angles,  at  least  above,  i,"-'^  high.  Leaves  elon- 
gated, rough  on  the  margins,  nodulose,  2%"-f," 
wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts  overtopping 
the  culm;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  linear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  droc^ing,  i'- 
a>i'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  the  stalk  of  the  low- 
est one  sometimes  1'  long;  perigynia  light  green. 
.slightly  inflated,  conic,  prominently  many-ribbed, 
somewhat  flattened,  at  length  reflezed,  tapering 
into  a  short  2-tootbed  beak,  the  short  teeth  slightly 
spreading;  scales  linear  with  a  broad  base,  ciliate- 
scabrous,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


28. 

Carex  comdsa  Boott. 

Bristly  Sedge 

(Fig.  698.) 

Care 
W 

r  comosa  Boolt,  Traas.  I.inn. 
1-  Pscudo-Cyperus  var,  como 

3oc.  3o;i.7.     1846. 
ta  W.   Boott,  in  S 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  com m only 
stouter,  the  leaves  sometimes  %'  wide.  Staminate 
spike  short-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  spikes  a-6,  usually  3-5,  stalked 
or  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile,  all  spreading  or 
drooping,  stouter  and  bristly,  about  '/,'  in  diameter; 
perigynia  more  slender,  little  inflated,  strongly  re- 
flexed  when  mature,  tapering  into  a  slender,  prom- 
inently 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  subulate  and 
recuired-spreading;  scales  mostly  shorter  than 
the  perigynia,  very  rough;  stigmas  3. 


In  3 


;  bolder 


Scotia  to  southern  Ontario  and  Washington,  south  to 
GeoTKia.  Iiouisiana  and  California.    May-Ocl. 


29.  Carex  Frfinkii  Kuiith.     Frank'sSedge.     (Fig.  699.) 


I'  Frankii  Kunth.  Bnum. 
Cartx  slenolebis  Tory.  Ann.  I,yc,  N.  Y,  3; 


1837- 


1836. 


Glabrous  much  tufted,  culms  stout,  smooth, 
erect  %erj  leafy  i°-3ji°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
roughish  JJi"-4"  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  the 
similar  bracts  commonly  overtopping  the  culm; 
staminate  spike  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
summit  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  exceedingly  dense, 
c^lInd^c  erect  Ji'-iji'  long,  about  4"  in  diam- 
eter the  upper  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  the  lower 
slender  stalked  perigynia  green,  slightly  inflated, 
about  l"  in  diameter,  few-nerved,  obovoid  with  a 
depressed  summit  from  which  arises  the  subulate 
z-tootbed  beak;  scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


swamps  and  wet  meadows,  eastern  Pennsyl 
istem  Viisinia  and  Georgia,  west  to  Illinois, 
i,  Louisiana  and  Texas.    June-Sept. 


Mis- 


30.    Carex  squarrdsa  L.     Sqtiarrose  Sedge.     (Fig.  700,) 


Carex  Ofnarrosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  973,       1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  rough 
above  on  the  angles,  3°-3°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
rarely  more  than  3"  wide,  rough-margined,  the 
bracts  similar  and  somewhat  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikes  1-3,  erect,  stalked,  oblong  or  globose,  ex- 
ceedingly dense,  rarely  over  t'  long,  6"-io"  in 
diameter,  the  upper  one  club-shaped,  staminate  at 
the  base  or  sometimes  for  one-half  its  length  or 
more;  perigynia  yellowish  green,  becoming  tawny, 
spreading  or  the  lowest  reflexed,  somewhat  inflated 
but  firm,  obovoid.  l"-l>i"  in  diameter,  few-nerved, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  subulate  minutely  3- 
toothed  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  scarious  lanceo- 
late acuminate  or  awn-tipped  scale;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  tapering  into  the  stout  style;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  bogs,  Connecticut  to  Indiana.  Hichi- 

iran  and  Nebraska,  south 

Arkansas.    June-Sept. 


0  Geor^a,  I^uisiana  and 


CVPERACEAE- 
Carcx  typhinoides  Sdiweiii.     Cat-tail  Sedge,     tl'ig.  701. J 


Sci,  1 


:  316.    iS]6. 


Simitar  to   tile    preceding    species,   but  i 
green,  the  leaves  much  broader,  oftru  4"-S''fl 
Ilie  siiuilor  bracts   much   overtopping   tht  ( 
spikes  2-*,  cylindrie,  very  dense.  I'-iti"  li 
7"  in  diameter,  often  stnminiite  at  both  e 
terminal  one  commonly  tapering  to  a  cm 
mit;  basal  staminate  flowers  much  leaA  a 
than  in  C.  sguarrosa ;  pengynia  dull  stn 
obovoid,  ascending  or  the  lowest  spreading  fl 
flexed,  inflated,  abruptly  contracted  into  tlie  sb 
3 -toothed  beak,  whicli  is  often  upwardly  bent;  I 
oblong -lanceolate,  obtusisli;  achene  ovold-ell 
sharply  j-aogled  with  concave  sides,  I ' 
the  subulate  straight  style. 


Carex  tnchocarpa  Muhl. 

irpa  Mulil.;  Willd.  Sp.  I 


swamps.  Quebec  to  Virginiii,  Louisisna  >i 
.    July- Aug. 

Hair>'-frtiited  Sedge.     (Fig.  702.)  I 


iiay.  Man,   Bd   5, 
Carfr  laevhuniea  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  14:  47.      1357. 

Culm  usually  stout  and  tall,  smooth  lielow,  very 
rough  above.  Leaves  elongated,  glabrous,  tough- 
margined,  a"-3"  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  tlie  similar 
bracts  commonly  overtopping  the  culm;  staintnatje 
spikes  1-6,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  cylindrie, 
densely  flowered  except  nt  the  base,  i'-4'  long,  5"-8'' 
in  diameter,  tlie  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect, 
the  lower  slender-stalked  and  sometimes  spreading  or 
drooping;  perigynia  ovoid-conic,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous, prominently  many-ribbed,  4"-5"long,  i"-i,'^" 
in  diameter,  tapering  gradually  into  the  stout  con- 
spicuously 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat  spread- 
ing; scale  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  perigynia  or  longer;  stigmas  3, 

In  matshes  and  wet  meadows,  Quebec  lo  Micliigaii, 
south  to  Cieorfna,  Missouri  and  Kansas.    June-Aug. 

33,    Carex   aristdta  R 


.  Br.     Awned  Sedge.     (Fig,  70.V) 

Car/x  arislata  R  Bi.  Frank.  Joum.  7,^1.      iSjj 
Carer  trichoearpa  var.  arisMla  BMley.  CnoD-  Bnt 

Gaz.  10:  rn.     iSSs- 

Culms  stout  erect,  smooth  or  rougliish  il>AT. 
sharp-angled.  i°-5°  tall.  Leaves  elongnled.  iH"~ 
S''  wide,  more  or  less  scabrous,  often  piilnsctoi 
beneath  and  on  the  sbeaths;  brftcts  similar,  I*' 
lower  often  overtopping  the  cnliu;  staminate  ifiib'^ 
as  in  the  preceding  species;  pisttUate  spikn  J-j. 
remote,  cylindrie,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-><aJk(^ 
loosely  flowered   at  the   liase,  dense  jT«it,   I'-i' 

long,  sometimes  S"  in  diameter;  penv^; 

ing,  conic,  glabrous,    consplouoush    -n 
4"-6"  long,  gradually  lapering  int-.'  r. 
onsly  3-tootlied  beak,  the  teeth  divk 
■iblong'lanceolate,    rough-«w-neil,     thiu-n; 
one-hol/  to  two-thirds  us  Urag  as  the  pcrigyni 

In  b(^.  Ontario  10  the  Northwest  1 


Yorl:,  Mk' 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


River-bank  Sedge.     (Fig.  704.) 


34.    Carex  ripHria  Curtis. 
Carex  riparia  Curtis,  PI.  Lond.  ^•.  pi.  60.     1811. 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  culms  stout  or  rather  slender, 
smooth,  or  somewhat  rougli  above,  erect,  1"-'^%"  tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  sometimes  nodulose,  slightly  sca- 
brous, somewhat  glaucous,  j/'-h"  wide,  about  equal- 
ling the  culm;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  the 
tipper  mostly  narrower  and  shorter;  staminate  spikes 
1-5;  pistillate  spiltea  2-5,  cylindric,  iX'-4'  long,  about 
4"  in  diameter,  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  more  or  less  stalked  and  sometimes  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  firm, 
scarcely  inflated,  ascending,  tapering  gradually  into  a 
short  ^.toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;  scales 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  long-aristate  or  acute,  the 
lower  longer,  the  upper  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Jamea'  Bay  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  Kotida,  Louisiana,  Texas  and  Idaho.  Also  in 
Europe.    May-At^;. 


Carex  acutifdrmis  Ehrh.     Swamp  Sedge.     (Fig.  705.) 


I,  Trans.   Linn. 


Cnlms  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled,  3°~3°  tall, 
smooth  below,  often  rough  above.  Leaves  3%"- 
6"  wide,  flat,  pale  green,  equalling  or  sometimes 
exceeding  the  culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves,  the  upper  short  and  narrow;  staminate 
spikes  i'3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-j,  nar- 
rowly linear-cylindric,i  ^'-3' long,  a"-a>i"  thick, 
the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect,  the  others 
slender-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia 
ovoid,  i>i"  long,  not  inflated,  strongly  many- 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  very  short  and  minutely 
3-toothedbeak;  scalesawn-tipped,  longerthanthe 
perigynia  or  the  upper  eqaaUing  them;  stigmas  3. 


36.    Carex  Shorti&na  Dewey. 

iflrcrSAor/ioBQ  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.Sci.  30:60.     i 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  slender,  erect,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall,  usually  overtopped  by  the  upper 
leaves.  Leaves  elongated,  rough isb,  3"-jJi" 
wide;  bracts  short,  narrow,  rarely  much  eicceed- 
ing  the  spikes;  spikes  3-7,  linear-cylindric,  densely 
many' flowered,  J^'-ifi'  long,  ij^"-i"  in  diam- 
eter, erect,  the  lower  stalked,  the  uppermost 
staminate  below  for  about  one-half  its  length; 
perigynia  dark  brown  at  maturity,  compressed,  a- 
edged,  orbicular  or  obovate,  nerveless,  slightly 
wrinkled,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  scales,  which  are  hyaline, 
scarious-margined,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
ocnte  or  obtuse  and  persistent;  orifice  of  the  pcri- 
gyutnm  entire  or  very  nearly  so;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to 
Viif^nia  and  Tennessee,  west  to  Illinois.  Missouri 
and  the  Indian  Territory.     May-July. 


Short's  Sedge.     (Fig.  706.) 


lioear-cyliudrii 
long,  2.^"-4" 
brown,  ovoid, 
nerved,  papillos 


CVTERACEAE. 
scabrata  Schwein.     Rough  Sedge.     (Fig.  707. ) 

Carei    scabrala  Schwein,  Afln.  I.jC.   N.  V.  I 
1824. 

Glabroiw,  culms  slender,  erect  t 

rough  above,  leafy,  l''-3^  lomj.     LeavM  | 

itiui:!i  elongaled,  iJi"-7''  wide,  the  bcac^ 

id   usually  exCMdlQ 

spike  slitirt-stslkeil: 

t.  tlie  upper  short-stalki 

spreading   or   droopitlj 
densely   many-Do wered,  j 

diameter;  pcrigynia  

somewliat    inflated,    stroDS^ 
t,  tipped   with   H  short  rouj;h 
itely  z-toothed  or  entire  beak;  scales  laocco- 
late,  acute  orshort-awDed,praQiincDtly  I- 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmns  3. 

In  moiHt  woods  and  thickets.  New  Hal 
and  Ontario  to  MicliiRaii,  South  Citrulina  a 
nessee.     Ascends  I04M0  fl.  i 

38.   Carex  vesUia  Willd.     Velvet  Sedge. 
(Fig.  708.) 

Carex  vtUHa  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  i6j.       1805. 

Culms  Strict  and  slender,  erect  orreclining,  iji'-jji" 
tall,  rougli  aliove.  Leaves  distant,  i',i"-i',i"  wide, 
not  overtopping  the  culm;  bracts  similar,  but  nar- 
rower, short,  rough-ciliate  011  the  margins;  staminatc 
spike  solitary,  rarely  i,  almost  sessile;  pistillate  spikes 
i-S,  oblong,  5"-io"  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  erect, 
conimonSy  stsminate  at  the  summit,  sessile  or  the 
lower  very  short -stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  ascending 
or  the  lower  spreading,  densely  pubescent,  less  than 
i"  in  diaiaeter,  prominently  few-ribbed,  tapering 
gradually  into  a  short  conic  j-toothed  whitish  beak, 
slightly  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  ovate  acute 
membranous  scales;  stigmas  ;. 

In  sandy  woodfi,  Massachusetts  to  eastern  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  south  to  GenrKin.     June-July. 

39.    Carex  'Walteri^na  Bailey.     Waller's  Sedge.     (Fig.  709.) 

Cam  striata  Kltchx.  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  a:  174.     iBoi    ■*■"' 

Gilib.  1 791. 
Care.v  tyallcriana  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  »:  <»    rSoj 
Cam  WaZ/ffiVinovM.  ftfcni  Bailey.  Dull.  Torr  ClnU» 

«9.      1893- 

CuluiB  slender,  strict,  erect,  usually  roujh  *>»^' 
i°-i.K°  tall.     Leaves  narrow  and  elomgatcj,  nao*"" 
or  roughish,   i"-3"  wide,  nodulose,  not  overtORi'''! 
the  culm;  lowest  bract  similar,  very  long,  the  upp" 
smaller  and   often  almost   filiform;   ttaaiinntc  spito 
2-5,  long-stalked;  pislitlnte  spikes  i  art,  when  )  '^' 
lower  remote  from  the  upper,  sessile  or  very  iliort' 
stalked,   oblong-cyliudric,  erect.    I'-iyi'  luii;;,  o'""'' 
4"  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  umny-fio.vi  ■ 
gyuia  ovoid,  purple-brown,  mauy-netvtii 
flated,  ascendiug,  glabrous,  or  partly  01  i> 
cent,  t  .■^"in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  sli<<r' 
beak,  the  teeth  short;  scales  «rale,  acute,  shon-u*.^!' 
or  obtuse,  inemhranous,  one^holf  the  Iraglll  e(  >k> 
perigynia:  stigmas  j. 
\!  Jersey  to  Flnrida,  near  llie  coasl.     May-jBly. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

40.  Carex  Houghtdnii  Torr.  Houghton's  Sedge.  (Fig.  710.) 
Carer  Houghlonii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3;  413.  1836. 
CnlmB  rather  etont,  rough  above,  erect,  i°~3}j° 
tall,  exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  and  lovest 
bract  3"-3ji"  wide,  rough,  their  margins  more  or 
less  revolute;  upper  bracts  much  shorter;  stami' 
nate  apikea  1-3,  stalked,  sometimes  pislillate  at  the 
baae;  pistillate  spikes  1  or  3,  obloDg-cylindric,  yi'- 
i>i'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  erect,  rather  loosely 
sereral^many-flowered,  the  upper  se«»le,  the  lower 
stalked;  perigynia  broadly  ovoid,  lyi"  in  diam- 
eter, light  green,  ascending,  densely  pubescent, 
prominently  manj-dbbed.  naiioned  into  a  short 
conapicnously  3-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
short-avned,  hyaline-margined,  strongly  i-nerved, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  sandy  ot  rticky  aoil,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Northwest 
Teiriloiy,  south  to  Maine,  Ontario,  Michigan  and  Min- 
nesota.   June-Sept. 

41.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.     Woolly  Sedge.     (Fig.  711.) 


1876. 


I  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat,  N.  Y. 


Culm  slender,  but  usually  rather  stouter  than  that 
of  C.  filiformUy  sharp-angled  and  rough  above. 
Leaves  and  lower  bracts  elongated,  flat,  not  involute, 
i"-a"  wide,  more  or  less  nodulose,  sometimes  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  t-3,  loDg-stalked, 
sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3 
usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked, 
cylindric,  i^'-i%"  long,  2)^"-'^"  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia like  those  of  C.filiformis;  but  rather  broader; 
scales  acuminate  or  aristate. 

ps  and  wet  meadow 

■o  and  California.    June-Au^. 


42.    Carex  filifdrmis  L.     Slender  Sedge.     (Fig. 

Carer  Jili/ormis  L  Sp.  PI.  976.      1753.     , 

Calms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  rather 
stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  angled,  3°-3°  long.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  involute,  about  i"  wide,  rough  on  the 
inrolled  margins,  not  overtopping  the  culm;  lower 
bract  similar,  often  equalling  the  culm;  upper  bracts 
filiform;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  commonly  3,  stalked ; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric,  9"-i5"  long,  about 
3"  in  diameter,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  distant 
and  short- pednncled;  perigynia  green,  ascending 
oval,  densely  pubescent,  faintly  nerved,  about  i" 
in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  a-toothed  beak 
scales  ovate,  membranous,  sometimes  purplish 
acute  or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps.  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania 
Michigan  and  Minnesota.  Ascends  to  aooo  fi  in  the 
Adirondacks.    Also  in  Europe.    June-Aug. 


CYl'ERACEAE. 
Carex  hirta  L.     Hairy  Sedge.     (Fig.  713.  j 
Carex  hirta  I,.  Sp.  PI.  975.      17SJ, 

Rootstocks  extensiTCly  creeping,  cnlnu  rather 
sleader,  erect,  nearly  smooth,  6'-i°  tall.  Leave*  flat, 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  sheaths,  rough,  l>j"- 
i%"  wide,  the  basal  ones  much  eloDgatcd,  often  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  the  upper  and  the  similar  btacti 
shorter;  stamiuale  spikes  3  or  3,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2  or  3,  remote,  erect,  oblong-cylindric,  9"-i8" 
long,  aboat  3"  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  many- 
flowered;  peHgynia  ovoid-oblong,  green,  ascending, 
densely  pubescent,  1"  in  diameter,  3"  long,  few- 
nbbed,  tapering  into  a  stont  prominently  s-toothed 
beak,  teeth  onen  as  long  as  the  beak;  scales  mem- 
branous, lanceolate,  aristate,  3-nerved,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  fields  and  wa 
New  York  and  Pen 
from  Europe.    Jnne-Sept. 

44.    Carex  alpina  Sw.     Alpine  Sedge.     (Fig.  714.) 

179S. 

Cnlms  slender,  erect,  rough  above,  leafy  only 
below  the  middle,  tZ-i"  talL  Leaves  roughish, 
%"-l%"  wide,  shorter  than  or  rarely  equalling 
the  culm;  spikes  3-4  (commonly  3),  clustered  at 
the  summit,  the  terminal  i  or  3  staminate  below, 
oblong  or  globose,  a"-5"  long,  sessile  or  the 
lower  peduncled;  perigynia  oval,  orbicular  or 
obovotd,  light  green,  about  i"  long,  tipped  with 
a  very  short  and  minutely  j-toothed  beak,  nerve- 
less or  vrith  a  few  very  faint  nerves,  equalling  or 
slightly  shorter  than  the  ovate  black  or  purple- 
hronn  obtuse  or  acutish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  rocky  places,  Quebec  to  James'  Bay  and  Atha- 
basca, western  Ontario  and  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Super* 
ior,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado,  Also 
in  Europe.    Summer. 

45.   Carex  atratifdrmia  Britton. 

Not  Bum 
Carix  atrala  var.  ovala  Boott,  111.  114.      186a. 
Carer  alrali/ormis  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M:  aw.    1895. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect,  sharp-angled,  rough 
above,  8'-i°  tall,  usually  leafy  only  below.  Leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  \"-%"  wide,  rarely  over  6'  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  3-5,  dense,  ob- 
long or  oblong-cylindric,  4"-i2"  long,  abotit  aji"  in 
diameter,  the  terminal  one  usually  staminate  at  the 
base  and  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  the  others  slender 
stalked,  drooping  when  mature;  lower  bracts  ^'■'\%' 
long,  very  narrow,  the  upper  ones  subulate;  per^ynii 
flattened,  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  puncticniate,  as- 
cending, about  i"  long,  tipped  with  a  very  short, 
3-toothcd  beak;  scales  black  or  reddish-brown,  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  narrower  than  the 
perigynia  and  about  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

Newfoundland  to  the  mountains  of  New  England,  w 
to  the  Northwest  Territory.    "^ 


Black  Sedge.     (Fig,  715.) 
a  Rudcre,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  7:  g6.  pi.  9. 


Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  307 

46.    Carex  styldsa  C.  A.  Meyer.     Variegated  Sedge.     (Fig.  716.) 

Carer  styl//s. 
Div.  Sav.  I 

Culms  sleuder  erect  i°-iji  tall  rough  and 
leafless  above.  Leavi^a  i)i  'wide  afaorter  Ihan  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm  staminate  spiLe 
solitary,  nearly  sessile  often  pistillate  for  one  half 
its  length  or  more  pistillate  spikes  i  or  3  oblong 
cylindric,  erect  4' -fr"  long  about  iji  '  in  diam 
eter,  the  lowest  slendei-stalked  and  subtended  by 
a  II near. subulate  bract  pengynia  ovate  slightly 
inflated,  brown  minutely  granulate  all  over  less 
thaa  i"  long,  nerveless  and  bcakless  the  on6ce 
entire  and  closed  by  tbe  usually  protruding  atjle 
scales  black  with  white  \ems,  obtusiah,  shorter 
than  the  pengynia;  stigmas  3. 

I.abrador  and  Greenland  to  Alaska.    Summer, 

47.    Carex  ParryHna  Dewey,     Parry's  Sedge.     (Fig.  717.) 

Career  Parryana   Dewey,   Am.  Joum.   Sci.  rj:   139. 
1835 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  erect,  stiff, 
S  30^  tall,  leafless  above.  Leaves  about  1"  vide, 
much  shorter  than  tbe  culm,  their  margins  some- 
what involute;  spikea  1-4,  dense,  erect,  liaear-cyl- 
indnc  5  -la"  long,  i}i"  in  diameter,  the  upper 
sessile  and  staminate  below  or  throughout,  the  low- 
est stalked  and  subtended  bj  an  almost  filiform 
bract  pengynia  plano-convex,  obovate,  pale,  less 
than  1  long,  minutely  papillose,  faintly  few- 
nerved  ^ery  minutely  beaked,  tbe  orilice  entii«; 
scales  ovate,  acute  or  mucronulate,  dark  brown 
with  1  ghter  margins,  about  as  long  as  the  pen- 
gynia   stigmas  3. 


Carex  fusca  All 


Brown  Sedge. 


(Fig.  718.) 


Carf.t/us<^a  All  Fl   Ped  j  369      l  85 
Carex  BuibaumiiWaM  Kongl  \el  Acad  Handl  (II  ) 
14:  '6j.      1803. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
rougb  above,  i°-3''  tall.  Leaves  rough,  erect,  \"-2" 
wide,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  culm;  spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  ell 
sessile  and  close  together  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
distant  and  very  short-stalked,  4"-i8"  long,  about 
\"  in  diameter  when  mature,  the  terminal  one  stam- 
inate at  tbe  base  or  rarely  throughout;  pengynia  el- 
liptic or  somewhat  obovate,  flat,  ascending,  \"  long, 
very  light  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless,  tbe 
apex  minutely  i-toothcd;  scales  ovate,  awn-Iippcd, 
black  or  dark  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  longer 
ttaoD  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Id  boga,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Georgin. 
Kentucky,  Utah  and  California.  Also  in  Europe.  Hay- 
Jnly. 


Care 


CYPERACEAE. 
49.   Carex  stricta  Lam.    Tussock  Sedge.     (Fig,  719.) 

Carex  i/ricta  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  387.      1789. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  cnlms  slender,  stiff,  etect, 
□auallj'  in  dense  clumps,  sharply  3-augled,  rougb  above, 
i}j°--4°  tall.  Leaves  loa^,  rarely  overtopping  thecDlm, 
very  rough  on  the  margins,  i"-x"  wide,  their  sheathi 
becoming  prominently  Sbrilloae;  lower  bract  ^milar, 
aometimes equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  solitaij 
or  sometimes  3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  tinear-cjl- 
indric,  often  stamtnete  at  the  top,  verydensely  flowered, 
or  loose  at  the  base.  >i'-a'  long,  about  a"  thick,  eted 
or  somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked; 
perigynia  ovate- elliptic,  ascending,  acute,  faintly  fev' 
nerved,  1"  long  or  less,  minutely  beaked,  the  oriBce  en- 
tire or  nearly  so;  scales  brown-purple  with  green  margins 
and  mid  vein,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  appressed;  stigmas  2. 
In  swampa,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario,  south  to  Geonna 
and  Teias.  Hybridizes  with  C.  filiformis.  July-ScpL 
Carei  stricta  anpiatlta  (Boott)  Biiley  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  60a,      1S90. 

la.te,  acute,  often  longer  than  the  peri- 


■  aneus 
stillite 


a  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor. 
Pistillate  spikes  longer,  i'-4'  long,  erect;  sea 
gynia.    Range  apparently  nearly  that  of  the  type. 

Caiez  stricta  lerocirpa  (S.  H,  Wright)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  u:  323.      1895. 
Carix  xerocarpa  S.  H.  WriRht,  Am.  tourn.  Sei.  ( II. )  4a:  334.      1866. 

Pistillate  spikes  almost  filiform,  about :"  in  diameter,  erect.    New  York  to  Illinois. 
50.    Carex  Hitydeni  Dewey.     Hayden's  Sedge.     (Fig.  720.) 

Carex  aperta  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  547.       1848.      Not 

Boott,  1S40. 
C  Haydent  Dewey,  Am.  Joum,  (II.)  18: 103.     1854. 
C.  stricta  var.  decora  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  85.       1888. 

Glabrous,  similar  to  C.  stricta  but  smaller,  culm 
slender,  tough  above,  seldom  over  1°  high.  Leaves 
i"-if^"wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than  or  some- 
times a  little  overtopping  the  culm,  their  sheaths 
slightly  or  not  at  all  fibrillose;  lower  bract  foHaceous, 
about  equalling  the  culm;  pistillate  spikes  linear-cy- 
lindric,  6"-r5"  long,  about  1"  in  diameter,  erect  or 
somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  nearly  so,  some- 
times with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the  summit; 
perigynia  orbicular,  obtuse,  about  >i"  broad,  faintly 
3-4- nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  lanceolate,  purplish,  spreading,  very  acute, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

Swamps,  New  Bninswitk  to  Rliode  Island  and  Nebraska. 

51.  Carex  Ncbraskfcnsis  Dewey.     Nebraska  Sedge.     (Fig.  721.) 

Carex  Xebraskemis  Dewey  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (IM* 

102.       .854. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
smooth,  or  rough  above,  i°-2H°  tall.  Leaves  palf 
green,  i'/^"-!'/^"  wide,  rough-margined,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less  nodo- 
lose  lower  bract  foliaccous,  sometimes  equaUiog 
the  cula  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narroaer, 
stam  nate  sp  kes  commonly  2,  stalked;  pislilWe 
sp  kes  3  4  dense  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  9"-ii" 
long  about  ■^  u  diameter,  sessile  or  the  loitei 
si  ort  stalked  perigynia  ascending,  elliptic  or 
somewl  at  obovate,  prominently  scvcral-rilibti 
when  malu  e  short-beaked,  the  beak  3-tooth(d; 
scales  o  ate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronifi 
brOK  n  with  a  green  midvein  or  g^en  all  over,  tli* 
upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Nebraska  lo  Oregon  and  New  Mciico.     May-AOJ. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
52.   Carex  aqudtilis  Wahl.     Water  Sedgi 

atilii  Wiilil.  Kongl.  Vel.  Acad.  Hund!.  ( II.  I  14: 
0.*. 
I  ClabroiiB,  kIsucoiis  and   pale  green,  culms   rather 
Mit,  erect,  sbarp'flngled  above,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
Leaves   elongated,   sonietimes  oqiinlliiiR 
C  culm,  a"-.l,"i"  wide,  IheirsheatJia  nodulose;  bracla 
ar  to  tbe  lenves,  the  lower  much  overtopping  the 
1;  Gtaoiinatc  spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
rowly  liaear-cylindric,  often  staiDiUBte  at  the  sum- 
tit,  erector  slightly  spreading,  I'-jj^'long,  j"-3"in 
btmeter,  scs»lc  and   dense,  or  the  lower   narrowed 
axtA  loosely  flowered   at  Ihe   base  and  short-stalked; 
perigynia  elliptic,  green,  nerveless,  minutely  beaked, 
tbe  oriBce  entire;  scales  oblaug,  shorter  than  or  equal- 
ling the  pcHgynia  and  much  narrower;  stigmas  i. 
n  swamps  and  alonx  slreimi^,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska, 
.ilh   to  Massacliuselts,  Pennsvlvanitt,  Ohio.  Minnesota 
d  British  Columbia.    Also  in  Europe,    June-Aug. 
A  hybrid  between  thia  species  and  C.  stricia  is  described  by  Professor  1,.  H,  liailey, 

53.    Carex  lenticulSris  Michx.     Lenticular  Sedge.     (Fig.  723.) 

Ciiie.v  IrnlUularis  Midix.  Fl.  Hot.  Am.  );  17a.  180,1. 
Glabrous,  pale  green,  calms  very  slender,  cteM, 
sharp-angled,  slightly  rough  above,  i°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  rarely  over  i"  wide,  shorter 
than  or  rarely  overtopping  the  culm,  slightly 
rough -margined,  their  sheaths  not  fibrillose;  lower 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  staninate  spikes  solitary  or  rarely 
2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  above; 
pistillate  spikes  1-5,  clustered  at  the  summit  or 
the  lower  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked, 
erect,  lincar-cylindric,  4"-!'  long,  1,1^"-?"  iu  di- 
ameter; pengynia  ovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  minutely 
granulate,  faintly  few-nerved,  appressed,  lipped 
with  a  minute  entire  beak;  scales  green,  appressed, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  1. 

On  shores,  Labrador  lo  llie  Northweat  Territory, 
soutli  lo  Mninc.  Vermont.  Onlariu  and  Minnesota.  AJ- 
cends  ti>  4500  ft.  iu  the  White  Mouutnins,    June-Aug. 

Carex  Goodenovii  J.  Gay.     Goodenough's  Sedge,     (Fig.  724.) 

■.espil.'Sa  (rijoden.  Tiana.  Linn.  Soc.  J:  195.  (•!. 
ot.     Not  I„      175J. 
._.  .  iOTil.Gay,Ano.Sci.?Iat.[n.)ii:i9i.     1839. 
r  vulgarii  K.  Fries,  Hant.  3:  t^.      1S42. 
r   r^da    %-ar.     slrUti/ormis    Bailey,    Britten's 
TO,  Bot.  iS:  173.      1S90, 

B,  culms  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled,  smooth 
■  sometimes  rough  above,  i^-j"  tall.  Leaves 
iDngaled.  smooth  or  nearly  so,  glaucous,  1"-]" 
Me,  uot  exceeding  the  cuini,  their  sheaths  not 
irillaae;  lower  bracts  usually  foliaceous,  sonie- 
s  equalling  the  culm;  statninate  spike  sessile 
I;  pistillate  spikes  j-4,  all  sessile  or  nearly 
I,  erect,  deusely  many-Qowered,  narrowly  cylin- 
ic,  a"-a>i"  in  diameter,  5"-ia"  long;  pcrigynia 
3,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  faintly  few-nerved, 
,  appressed,  less  than  i"  long,  minutely 
beaked,  the  orifice  nearly  entire;  scales  purple- 
brown  to  black  with  a  green  midvciu,  very  obtuse, 
tborterUian  the  perigyuia;  stigmas  2. 
.  In  wtl  Eiciunds,  Newfoundland  to  Maaaachnsclts  and  Pennsylvania. 


CYPERACEAE. 
55.   Carex  Bigeldvii  Torr.     Bigelow's  Sedge.     (Fig.  725.) 

Carex  Bigelovii  Tory.;  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye. 

67.     :8t4. 


18*1. 
'-     .867. 

Glabrous  and  stnooUi  tbroughont  or  very  nearly 
BO,  culms  •harp-angled,  erect,  8'-i8'  tall.  Leaves 
iyi"-t"  wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm,  the  lower 
biBCts  similar,  but  shorter;  sheaths  slightlj  or  not 
fibnilose;  staminate  spilce  stalked,  sometimes  pis- 
tillate at  the  base,  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  linear- 
cylindric,  loosely  flowered  at  Ihe  base,  dense  above, 
6"-ia"  long,  iji"-i"  thick,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  often  slender-stalked;  perigynia  oval, 
ascending,  about  i"  long,  very  faintly  nerved, 
scarcely  beaked,  the  ori£ce  entire;  scales  parple- 
browu  with  a  narrow  green  midvein  and  often 
with  green  margins,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute, 
equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  a,  rarely  3. 

o  the  higher  mountains  of  northern  New  Bngland  and  New  York. 


56.    Carex    subspath&cea    Wonnsk. 
Hoppner's  Sedge.     (Fig.  726.) 

Carex  sabspatkacea  Wonnak.  Fl.  Dan.  o:  4.   pi.  isj"- 

1S18. 
Carex  HoPPneri  Boott;  Hook,  V\.  Bor.  Am.  a:  219.  pi. 

310.       1840. 

Glabrous,  culm  stiff,  smooth,  i'-;'  toU.  Leaves 
rigid,  smooth,  about  i"  wide,  often  overtopping 
the  culm;  lower  bracts  foliaceous;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile 
or  very  short-stalked,  3"-6"  long,  about  iJi"  in 
diameter;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  very  short 
beaked,  pale  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  about  i" 
long;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Greenland  to  Hudson  Bay.    Summer. 


Carex  saUna  Wahl.     Salt-marsh  Sedge.     (Fig.  727.) 


at:  16s. 

Glabrons,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect,  6'-iS' 
tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  Ji"-i"  wide, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  the  lower  bract 
similar;  staminate  spikes  i  or  z,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper  sessile, 
erect,  loosely  few -several-flowered,  Ji'— i'  long, 
i^"-a"  thick;  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  pale, 
faintly  few-nerved,  ascending,  ij4"  long,  tapering 
into  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  a  green  midvein,  acute  or  cuspidate,  some- 
what longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 

58.   Carex  cuspidUta  Wahl.     Cuspidate  Sedge.     (Fig.  728.) 
Caret  casbidala  Wahl.  KonEl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  ( 11, 1     5ii     \ 

14:164.      1803.  *^^     ^ 

Carer    lalina    var.   cusfiida/a   Wahl,    Fl.   I^pp.    »46. 

1S13. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  smooth  or  rough 
above,  erect,  i''-2^°  tall.  Basal  leaves  often 
equalling  the  culm,  i^"-3"  vide,  smooth,  their 
sheaths  more  or  less  nodulose;  leaves  of  the  culm 
shorter,  similar  to  the  lower  bracts,  which  usually 
overtop  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  1-4,  narrowly  cyliadric,  often  stami- 
nate  at  the  summit,  erect,  the  upper  often  sessile, 
the  lower  stalked;  perigjuia  elliptic,  green,  3-4. 
nerved,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales 
lanceolate,  pale,  acuminate  or  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  serrate  awn,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia; 

In  marshes,  l^abiador  to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 
Al»o  in  Europe.    Summer. 

59.   Carex  t6rta  Boott.     Twisted  Sedge.     (Fig.  739.) 

Ca rei- ioria  Boott;  Tnckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  11.  1843. 
Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  cnlm  very  slender, 
erect  or  recliuiug.  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous 
above,  i!4''-3''  long.  Leaves  about  1"  wide,  the 
basal  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  very  short;  sheaths  not  fibrillose; 
lower  t>ract  commonly  foliaceous;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3'5,  all  but 
the  upper  spreading  or  drooping,  linear,  i'^y 
long,  abont  2"  in  diameter,  sometimes  com- 
pound, often  loosely  flowered  toward  tbe  base; 
perigynia  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  green,  nerve- 
less, narrowed  and  more  or  less  twisted  above, 
i"-iji"  long;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
purple-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  shorter  and 
mostly  narrower  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  marshes  and  wet  thickets.  Maine  and  Vermont 
to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.    Ascends  to  3600  ft. 
in  Virginia.    June-Juljr. 
60.    Carex  prSsina  Wahl.     Drooping  Sedge.     (Fig,  730.) 
^^are-i-  firasina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.)  M- 
<^arf.i-in(7ia<:ftiMuhl.;Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  290.      1805. 

Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth 
^=kr  nearly  so,  reclining,  sharply  3-engled,  i^-aji" 
*-^Dng,  Leaves  shorter  than  or  equalling  tbe  culm, 
flaccid,  roughish,  iJ^"-aX"  "i^*;  lower  bract  simi- 
*-^r,  commonly  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
*pike  solitary,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the 
^iimmit;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  narrowly  linear-cylin - 
4ric,  drooping,  the  lower  filiform -stalked,  tbe  upper 
Sometimes  nearly  sessile,  i'-2j4'  long,  3"  in  diam- 
eter, rather  loosely  many-flowered;  perigynia  light 
^reen,  lanceolate,  very  obscurely  nerved,  tapering 
into  a  slender  tninntely  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
%cute,  acuminate,  or  sboK-awned,  pale  green,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  and  moist  thickets,  Vermont  and  Ontario 
to  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  south  in  the  Allegha- 
nies  to  Georgia.  Ascends  to  4TO0  ft.  in  Vii^nia,  May- 
July. 


CYPERACEAE. 


Carex  mis&ndra  R.  Br.     Short-leaved  Sedge,     (Fig,  731.) 


Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  very  slender,  eiccl, 
i'-i5'  tall.  Leaves  i"-iji"  wide,  clnsteied  at  the 
base,  usnailj' maclf  shorter  than  the  culm,  seldom 
over  1^'  long ;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  sheathing,  not 
overtoppiDg  the  spikes;  terminal  spilceoilen  partially 
pbtillate  at  base  or  summit,  slender-stalked;  pis- 
tillate spikes  I  or  3,  filiform-stalked,  3"-7"  long, 
about  2"  thick,  rather  few-flowered,  drooping;  peri- 
gynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  i>i"  long,  ascending,  dark 
brown, denticulate  above;  scales  oval,  obtuse,  purplt- 
black  with  narrow  white  margins,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a  or  3. 

Throughout  arctic  America,  extending  sonth  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  higher  summits  of  Colorado. 
Also  m  arctic  Butope  and  Asia.    Summer. 

62.   Carex  littorHlis  Schwein.     Barratt's  Sedge.     (Fig.  732.) 

Carex  lilloralis  Schwcin.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  I:  70,      1834, 
Cartx  Barrallii  Schwein.  &  TotT.  Ann.  Lyc.  N.  Y.  »: 

.}6i.      1835. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous, 
culma  erect,  slender,  smooth,  I'-a'  tall,  leafless 
above.  Leaves  \%"-%"  wide,  smooth,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  sheaths 
fibrillose;  bracts  not  sheathing,  the  lower  usually 
short  and  narrow,  sometimes  etongaled  and  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  usually 
rather  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  drooping 
or  the  upper  asceuding,  slender-stalked,  lincar- 
cylindric,  %'~i'  long,  3"  in  diameter,  mostly 
staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong,  green, 
faintly  few-nerved,  \"~\%"  long,  tipped  with  a 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  brown- purple  with 
lighter  margins,  obtuse,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

iland  and 


63.  Carex  rarifldra  J.  E.  Smith.     Loo.se -flowered  Alpine  Sedge.     (Fig.  733.) 

Carex  rariflora  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  pi.  2Si6.  iSi.V 
Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  rather  stiff,  erecl, 
4'-i2'  tall,  smooth,  or  roughish  above.  Leaves  i" 
wide  or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  vtry 
short;  bracts  subulate,  purple  at  the  base;  stamiDalc 
spike  solitary,  long-stalked,  sometimes  with  s  fc 
pistillate  flowers  at  the  base;  pistillate  spites  lori, 
narrowly  oblong,  few-flowered  3"-6"  long.  3"  in  di- 
ameter, nodding  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  {"''i 
oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  \%"  long,  i^"  wide,  mi- 
nutely beaked,  few-nerved,  the  orifice  entire;  scil» 
oval,  purple-brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  oblmt 
or  mucronate.  equalling  or  a  little  longer  tbap  1" 
perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

In  A-eC  places,  Greenland  and  I^biadorto  Hudson  Ray. 
south  to  Mt.  Katahdln.  Maine,  and  10  northern  Uix"* 
sota.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

64.    Carex  limdsa  L.     Mud  Sedge. 
(Fig-  734.) 

Cartx  limosa  L,  Sp.  PI.  977.      1753- 

GlabrouB,  rether  light  greeii,  cnlms  slender, 
rongta  above,  erect,  itZ-j"  tall.  Leaves  i"  wide  or 
less,  shorter  tban  the  culm,  the  midvein  promi- 
nent, the  margins  somewhat  involnte  in  drying; 
bracts  linear-filiform,  the  lower  Ji'-ifi'  long; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  long-stalked;  pbtillate 
spikes  I  or  2,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping,  ob- 
long, g"-io"  long,  about  3"  thick;  perigjnia  pale, 
oval,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  \%"  long,  ascending, 
tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  several -nerved, 
about  as  long  as  the  oval  green  or  purplish-brown 
cuspidate  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Tenitofy,  sonth 
to  Maine.  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Minnesota  and  Idaho. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  White  Mountains.  Also  in 
Europe.    Summer. 

65.    Carex  Magell&nica  Lam.     Magellan  Sedge.     (Fig.  735.) 

.789. 
1836. 
Glabrous,  culms  slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
erect  or  reclining,  6'-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  i"-3" 
wide,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margins,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar  and 
nsually  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  or  rarely  a,  often  partially  pistillate;  pis- 
tillate spikes  1-3,  oblong,  fiti form-stalked  and 
drooping,  4"^"  long,  about  3"  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynla  bicon  vex,  oval,  pale,  minutely  granulate-pa- 
pillose, oval  or  suborbicular,  few-nerved,  l"-lji" 
long,  tipped  with  a  very  minute  beak,  the  orifice 
entire;  scales  lanceolate,  long-acuminateorawned, 
dark  green  or  pnrpUsh-brown,  i>j-3  times  as  long 
as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bo^,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Manitota, 
south  to  Maine,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigfan,  Alaoin 
the  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah,  in  Europe,  and  in  south- 
em  South  America.  Ascends  to  4600  ft.  inthe  Adiroa- 
dacts.    Summer.. 

66.    Carex  podocdrpa  R.  Br.     Long-awned  Arctic  Sedge.     (Fig.  736.) 
'/n  R.  Br.  Frank.  Journ.  App.  Ed.  2,  31 

i8»3." 


<:a> 


Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
3X)ugh  above,  xtZ-i"  long.  Leaves  a  little  rough 
■ovt  the  margins,  i)i"-i"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
•culm,  the  lowest  reduced  to  short  sheaths;  lower 
"bract  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  the  upper  much 
shorter  and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  1  or  3, 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  cylicdric,  dense, 
many -flowered,  Ji'-i>i'  long,  3"  in  diameter, 
stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  often  nodding;  peri- 
gynia elliptic-lanceolate,  flat,  about  aj^"  long, 
acute  at  both  ends,  appressed,  faintly  nerved,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  purple-black,  ovate,  acuminqte, 
longer  than  the  perigynia,  the  midvein  produced 
into  a  subnlate  ann  1"^"  long;  stigmas  2  or  3. 
Arctic  America.     Closely  related  to   C.  alro/usca 


CyPERACEAE. 

67.    Carex  ciyptocftrpa  C.  A.  Meyer. 

Hid  den -fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  737.) 

Caret-   cryplocarpa   C.  A.   Mejier,    Mem.   Acad    Sl 

Pctersb.  1:  3)6.   pi.  14-     18J5-3I, 

Glabroas,  culm  stout,   erect,  sharply   3-aiigled, 

rough  above,  iJ4°-3°  tall.     Leaves  smooth,  i"-i" 

wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm, 

the  upper  ones  and  the  lower  bract  shorter;  stami- 

nate  spikes  3-4,  stalked;  pislillate  spikes  3-5,  all 

filiform -stalked  and  drooping,  densely  flowered,  \'- 

3'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter;  perigjnia  oblong  or 

oval,   green,    faintly    several- nerved,    lyi"    long, 

tipped  with  a  very  short  entire  beak:  scales  puiple- 

browD,  ascending,  lanceolate,   acuminate,   3   or  3 

times  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Arctic  America  from  Greenland  lo  Alaska.   Summer, 

Carel  cryptoeirpa  Tarlegita  (Drejer)  Britton,  Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  5:  76.       1894. 

Cam-  fiiipendula  var.  varttgala   Dtejer,  Rev.  CriL 

Car.  46.      1841. 

Lower  than  the  tj'pe,  seldom  over  i°tall;  pistillate  spikes  about  7.  ovoid  or  short  oblong,  6"-q" 
loDg;  scales  ovate -lanceolate,  acute,  little  lander  tlian  the  perJKynia.    Range  o[  the  species. 
68.    Carex  maritima  Muller.     Seaside  Sedge.     (Fig.  738.) 

C.  marilima  Muller,  Fl.  Dan.  4:  ii:  6.   pi.  703.      \Tn. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  slender,  or  rather 
stont,  erect,  sharply  3-angled,  smooth,  or  roughisb 
above,  i^-aji"  tall.  Leaves  i"-3"  wide,  roughish 
on  the  margins  and  midvein,  rarely  overtopping 
the  culm,  the  loner  bracts  similar;  starainate  spikes 
1-3,  slender-stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the  base; 
pistillate  spikes  3-4,  cylindric,  often  staminate  at 
the  summit,  densely  many-flowered,  i'-3'  long, 
4"-6"  thick,  drooping  on  fitirorm  stalks;  perigynia 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  ascending,  pale,  biconvex, 
rather  less  than  i"  long,  nerveless  or  with  a  few 
faint  nerves,  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  nearly 
or  quite  entire  beak;  scales  ascending,  green,  lin- 
ear-subulate, ctliate-scabrous,  3-8  times  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  salt  meadows.  Newfoundland  and  I^brador  to 
Massachusetts.    Also  in  Europe.    June-Aug. 

69.    Carex  crinita  Lam.     Fringed 
Sedge.     (Fig.  739.) 
Cartx  crinila  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  ya.      1789, 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  3-angled,  rough  or  very 
nearly  smooth,  erect  or  somewhat  recurving,  3°- 
5°  tall.  Leaves  fiat,  rough-margined.  3"-5"  wide, 
the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  the 
lowest  very  short  and  sheathing;  ataminate  spikes 
I  or  3,  stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in 
the  middle;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric. densely  many-flowered,  i'-4ji4'  long,  3"-4" 
in  diameter,  all  stalked,  drooping  and  commonly 
secund;  perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse,  about  l"  long- 
and  nearly  as  thick,  nerveless,  abruptly  tipped  by- 
the  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  green,  subulate, 
ciliate-scabrous,  spreading,  3-6  times  as  long  b» 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  i. 
1  Ontario  lo  Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 


«,p.i,i. 


is  described  by  F 


f.  L.  H.  Bailey. 


t  Ton.  Ann. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 

Carel  ciinlta  minor  Boott.  111.  iS.  iSsS. 
ilms slender,  lo'-io'  tall;  leaves  i)4"-iW"  wide;  piatillate spikes i 
slightly  drooping;   perigynia  little  more  than  H     in  diameter. 

70.   Carcx  gyniindra  Schwein.     Nodding  Sedge.     (Fig.  740.) 

■  gynandra  Schwein,  Ann.  I.yc.  N.  Y.  i 
crinila  var.  gynandra  f  ' 

.N.  Y.  1:360.     iBa.'i. 

lilar  to   the  preceding  species,  cntms  stout, 

tall.  Leaves  3"-6"  wide,  glabrous  or  their 
IB  oflcD  Snely  pubescent;  pistillate  spikes 
long,  narrowly  cylindric,  stalked,  drooping; 
?nia  oblong  or  elliptic,  faintly  few-nerved  or 
less,  compressed,  not  at  all  or  slightly  in- 
,  i%"-n"  long,  and  about  one-half  as  broad, 

n);  gradually  to  an  acute  entire  orifice;  scales 
ite,  rough,  ascending,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the 
^nia;  stigmas  3,  rarely  3. 

iwamps,  Nova  Scotia  (accordine  to  Macoiin)  to 
'm  New  York,  Florida  and  Louisiana.     Ascends 
I  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.    June-Aug. 
Caiez  gynindra  F6rteii  (Olney]  Britton. 

■  Porliri  Olney,  Car.  Bor.  Am.  ii.     1871. 
iller,  bearing  the  same   relation  to  the  species 
sinOT  does  to  C-  crinila.     Maine. 

I.    Carex  macrokdlea  Steud.     Southern 

Glaucous  Sedge.     (Fig,  741.) 
'ex  macrokoUa  Stend.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  Mt.    1855. 
,    Carex  verrucosa  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  a:  555.     1824.     Not 
Muhl.  1817. 

Glabrous,  light  green  and  glancons,  culms  stout, 
erect,  slightly  rough  on  the  angles  above,  3°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  flat  or  in  drying  somewhat  involute,  rough, 
i>i"-3"  wide,  often  equalling  the  culm,  tapering  to  a 
very  long  narrow  tip,  the  lower  bracts  similar,  shorter; 
staminate  spikes  1  or  3,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate 
at  the  summit;  pistillate  spikes  3-8,  cylindric,  dense, 
I'-z'  long,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked;  peri- 
gynia dark  brown,  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  1.%"  long, 
usually  several-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
sharp  beak  about  one-fourth  aslongas  tbebody;  scales 
oblong,  scarions -margined,  rough-awned,  as  long  as 
the  perigynia  or  longer;  atigmas  1 
In  swamps,  Missonri  to  Floridaani 
72.  Carex  glaOca  Scop.  Glaucous  Sedge.  (Fig.  74.2.) 
glauea  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  Ed.  2,  i:  223.  1772. 
brous,palegreen  and  glaucous,  culms  slender, 
smooth  or  roughish  above,  i°-2°  tall,  the 
ocks  long  and  stout.  Leaves  shorter  than  or 
ling  the  culm,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  2" 
lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  nar- 
;  staminatespikesmostly  3,  stalked;  pistillate 
i  3  or  3,  ascending  or  at  length  drooping, 
;t-stalked,  linear-cylindric,  i'-2'  long,  3" 
densely  many-flowered,  commonly  staminate 
:  summit;  perigyiija  brown,  ellipsoid,  faintly 
erved,  or  nerveless,  minutely  granulate  or 
ose,  nearly  i"  long,  minutely  beaked,  the 
;  entire;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  brown 
a  green  midvein,  acute  or  obtusish,  about  as 
IS  the  perigynia;  stigmas  1. 

neadows,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario.  Adventive 
Europe.    June-Aug. 


June-Aug. 


CYPERACEAE. 

73.    Carex  virescens  Muhl.      Dnwny 
Sedge.     (Fig,  743.) 

Caret  i;-ma:ni  UuM.-.Wim.  Sp.  PI-4.  »S1.     '* 
Culms  very  slender,  enect  or  soiiiewliBt  r 
rough  nbove.  6'-r8'  tall,     I>uvcb  light  gree 
ceut,  especially  od  the  sheaths;  spikes  1-5,  veryfl 
staikeiH.  erect  or  nearly  so,  oblong -cyl ill dric,  i 
many- flowered.  4''-io"  long,  about  i>{' 
the  terminal  one  staininate  below;  perigynia  J 
broadly  oval  or  ovoid,  rather  le*s  than   i 
cendiug.  densely  pubescent,  few-uerved,  green,'] 
less,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong-ovale,  cuM 
by  the  excurrent  midvein,  scarious-margined,  d 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  wonds  and  thickets.  Maine  niid  OnCuio  to  ^ 
gati.  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Missonti. 
JO.XI  ft.  ill  Pciin  sylvan  in.    June-July. 

74.    Carex  costclUta  Brittoii.     Ribbed  Sedge.     (Fig.  744.) 


Not  Presl.  1 


■a  Sehwi 


I    Y,  1 


ISW. 


ilala  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci 

C.  coslellata  Brittou,  Bull.  Ton.  Club,  si:  aij,  1S95. 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  taller  and 
more  spreading;  calms  slender.  i^-aW  loog. 
Leaves  \j4"-i"  wide,  pubescent,  especially  on 
the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper  one 
and  the  similar  lower  bract  sometimes  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  narrowly  cylindric, 
many- flowered,  rather  loose,  Ji'-l  ^4'  long,  l]4" 
in  diameter,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  the  termi- 
nal one  staminate  below,  the  lower  one  commonly 
filifomi-atalked;  perigynia  oblong,  densely  pu- 
bescent, narrowed  at  each  end,  strongly  several- 
ribbed,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  yi"  thick, 
beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  scarious. 
margined,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

In  wdvds,  Maint  and  Ontario  lu  North  Carolina,  u 

75.    Carex  triceps  Michx.     Hirsute  Sedgi 


Jnne-Aiq[. 

(Kg-  745.) 


IrUrps  Michi.  Fl,  Bor.  Am.  »:  17a      tl 
hirsula  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4^  aji       ttoS 
liieepi  var.  hirsula  Bailey.  Mem.  Turr.  C 


Carti 
Ciirej 

Care., 


Light  green,  culms  slender,  rongta  sbavivfl 
or  reclining,  6'-3j4°   long.     1 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  ll 
culm,  the  lower  bract  similar;  states 
or  oblong- cylindric,  dense,  erect,  ses 

nearly  so,  ys"   long,   s,S"-3.'4"  '-- in 

usually  clustered  at  the  saiiimJt,  the  (crmtiii]  vet-" 
stamiuale  at  the  base;  perigynia  oral  or  ohnToid, 
flattened,  not   inflated,  green  or  gireniih-tramv^fl 
few-nerved,   imbricated,   usually   j 
voung,  when   mature   }4"~t''  long,  beaklea 
orifice  minutely  notched   01   entire; 
scarious-margined,  ciupidatcorsborl-a 
shorter  Ihau  the  perigynifl;  adtencclUpltr' 
its  summit  not  beat;  stigmas  3. 

~ii  and  MtchlKan. 


SEDGE  FAMILY 

Carex  Carolinidna  Schwein.    Carolina 
Sedge.     (Fig.  746.) 
|k^-»-  CarotiniaHa  Schwein.  Ano.  Lye.  i:  67.     18*4, 

rSMilAii  Porter;  Oliicy.  Cdr,  Bar.  Am.  i.  namo 
ionly,     iSji.    NolTaoBcli,  ifel, 

icffiivaT  Smit/iii  Bailey,  BoL  Gai.  13:  38.  1888 
(  Cnltns  rety  slender,  erect,  roueh  abuve,  ["-ajs" 
I,eaves  i"-iji"  wide,  rather  datk  green, 
labroua  except  ou  the  sfaealhs,  the  upper  and  the 
■nilai  but  narrower  bracts  usually  much  overtop- 
l  the  spikes;  spikes  1-4.  oblong,  dense,  sessile 
r  nearly  so,  i"-6"  long,  2"  in  diaaieler;  erect, 
nnsteredat  the  summit,  the  upper  one  stamiuatc  at 
the  base;  perigj^nia  subglobose  or  obovoid,  swollen, 
□ot  imbricated,  about  H"  ia  diameter,  nerveless 
or  faintly  ucrvcd,  brown,  beakless,  glabrous  at  least 
~  s,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  brnwii,  ovale, 

incronate;  achene  pyriform,  bent  nl  the  summit 
t  tipped  with  the  bent  style. 
'n  meadows.  New  Jersey  unrl  Pennsylvania  tti  North  CHtdiuM  uiid  ArkanSBs,     May-July. 

77.    Carex  gracillima  Schwein,     Graceftil  Sedge.     {Pig.  747.) 

Cart.rgraritliiaa  Scliwein,  Ann.  Ljrc.  N.  Y,  l;66.    lS>4. 
Carrx  gracillima  viir.  humilis  Bailey,  Mem,   Torr. 
Club,  1:71.      1S89. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,   erect    or   spreading, 
rougbisli  above.  (°-3°  long.     Leaves  dark  green, 
ifi"-3"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,   the  basal 
s  wider  tlian  the  upper;  lower  bract  foliaccous, 
■s  overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  nar 
rowly  cylindtic,  usually  densely  flowered  except  «' 
the  base,   i'-J>i'  long,  about  1"  thick  or  some 
times  much  smaller,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping, 
the  upper  one  partly  or  wholly  ataminate 
gynla  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  swollen,  few- 
rved,  glabrous.  1"  long;  scales  thin,  ovate-ob- 
long, very   obtuse  or   the   lower  cuspidate,   pale, 
scarioua-margined,  one-half  as   long   as  the  peri- 
gjnia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  woods  and  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Mani- 
tolw.  North  Carolina.  Ohio  and  Micbisan.    May-July. 
■libi-d  a  hvbrid  with  C.  hirsula.  occurring  at  Phillipstown,  N.  Y. 
i  a  hybrid  nf  Ibis  species  with  C.  puliesani, 

78.    Carex  aestivalis  M.  A.  Curtis,     Summer  Sedge.     (Fig,  748.) 


erector  nearly st 


-4i:  *.      iitiJ, 

Culnia  very  slender 

nootb,  or  roughish 

«ves  flat,  i"-iy"  wide,  elongated  but  usually 

T  than  the  culm,  their  sheaths  usually  pubes 

■t.  th«  blades  sometimes  slightly  so;  lower  bracts 

•!«■>•  I«r  to  tile  leaves  but  nanowcr;  spikes  3-5,  nar- 

'^'^*'J3"  linear,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,   I'-l' 

'**•«'.   about  iji"  thick,  loosely  many-flowered  or 

Upper  ones  dense,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at 

»  base  or  also  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong, 

"ted  at  both  ends,  3-sided,  glabrous,  few-nerved, 

long,   ,^"  thick,   beakless,   the  orifice  entire; 

e-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  lower  cuspidate 

p  •'l»on-awned,  green,  thin,  one-hairas  long  as  the 

"^^Byala  or  more;  atiguias  3. 

»   tuonnlain  woods,   Massachusetts  and   northern 
"  Vork  to  GeorRin.    June-Augr. 


CYPERACBAE. 

Carex  ox^lepis  Torr.  &  Hook.     Sharp-scaled  Sedge.     (Fig.  749.) 

Cartx  oxyltftistoTT.  &  Hook.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:409. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  l^-a"  talL  Xfxm 
flat,  i^"-3"  wide,  pubescent,  especially  on  the 
sheaths,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  the 
lower  bract  similar  but  narrower;  spikes  4  or  j, 
linear- cylindric,  I'-a'  long,  about  t"  in  diameter, 
rather  densely  many-flowered,  filiform^stalked  and 
at  maturity  spreading  or  drooping,  the  tenninal 
one  staminate  at  the  base  or  sometimes  whoU; 
■taminate;  perigynia  oblong,  sharply  3-atigled, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  slightly  swollen,  1"  long, 
less  than  i"  thick,  several-nerved,  the  orifice  en. 
tire;  scales  ovate-lanceolate  with  broad  white  scar- 
ious  margins,  short-awned,  about  one-third  shoiter 
than  the  perigynia,  the  awn  acabrous;  stigmas  3. 


Handsome  Sedge. 

1834. 


80.    Carex  fornidsa  Dewey. 

Carex /ormosa  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  S:  98. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  i"-!^"  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  pubescent,  especially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal 
a"-3"  wide,  often  as  long  as  the  culm;  lower  bract 
similar  to  the  shorter  culm-leaves;  spikes  3-5,  oblong- 
cylindric,  dense,  Ji'-i^'long,  nearly  3"  in  diameter, 
filiform-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping,  the  lower 
distant,  the  upper  one  staminate  at  the  base;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  glabrous,  ascending,  swollen,  faintly 
few-nerved.  2"  long,  i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  and  slightly  notched  beak;  scales  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  green,  with  scarions  margins,  acute,  cuspidate 
or  the  lower  short-awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia 
or  the  lower  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 


Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr,     Davis'  Sedge.     (Fig.  751.) 
L.  &  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  X  V 


.126.     i8as. 


1936. 


Carex  Torrej 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slontn. 
iJi'-S"  tall.'  Leaves  1;^ "-3"  wide,  flat,  pubesceutn 
especially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal  ones  often  «* 
long  as  the  culm ;  lower  bract  foHaceous,  conuaoniy 
overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  elnslered  ne**" 
the  summit  or  the  lower  one  distant,  dense.  %''' 
I'/i'  long,  3"  in  diameter,  all  fi  li  form-stalked  and  »*■ 
lengthspreadingor  drooping,  the  terminal onestait*'' 
inate  at  the  base;  perigynia  ovoid,  much  swollec*  - 
glabrous,   strongly  several -nerved,  i"-2}i"  lon^' 
rather  more   than    i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  vtr'5' 
short  but  conspicuously  3-toothed  beak;  scales  laK^"-" 
ceolate  or  oval,  long-awned,  spreading,  eqnailic** 
or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  thickets  and  meadows,  MassachusetU,^** 
New  York  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Geotgia.  Kenwc™^^ 
'"'"  """  ■ ------i  Territory.    May-July. 


and  the  1 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
8a.    Carex  longir6stris  Torr.     Long-beaked  Sedge.     (Fig.  752.) 

Carex  longirozlris  Ton.;  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i: 
71.      1824. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  very  sleoder,  rough- 
ish  above,  erect  or  reclining,  lo'-s"  long.  Leaves 
flat,  sligbtl;  scabrous,  j"-i>i"  wide,  uBually  not  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  the  bracts  Bimilar,  shorter,  some- 
times overtopping  the  Epikes;  slaminate  spikes  1-3, 
slender-stalked,  rarclj  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate 
spikes  1-4,  oblong-cvlindric,  loosely  flowered,  Ji'-i' 
long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  all  filiform-stalked  andnod- 
dingor  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile;  perigynia  broadly 
oval,  spreading,  smooth,  slightly  inflated,  pale, 
strongly  i-nerved  on  each  side,  the  body  about  i" 
long,  contracted  into  a  very  slender  beak  of  nearly 
twice  its  length;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading,  long- 
acnminate,  scarious-margined,  %"-^"  long;  stigmas  3. 

On  banks  and  in  moist  thickets.  New  Brunswick  to 

Ontario  and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Massachu- 

setta,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan  and  Nebraska.   June-Sept. 

Carex  longirostris  minor  Boott,  seems  to  be  but  a  ( 


arf  f  onu  of  the  species. 


83.   Carex  Assiniboininsis  W.  Boott. 
Assiniboia  Sedge.     (Fig.  753.) 

Carex  Assiniboinensis  V/.  Boott,  Coult.  Bot.  Gsz.  pioi. 

1S84. 

Glabrous  and  nearly  smooth,  culms  filiform,  re- 
clining, 3°-3^°  long,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  and  bracts  1"  or  less  wide,  the  lower  re- 
duced to  short  purplish  sbeaths;  ataminate  spike 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  3,  distant,  loosely 
few-flowered,  7"-i5"  long,  drooping  on  filiform 
stalks;  the  flowers  alternate;  perigynia  very  nar- 
rowly conic,  appressed,  obtusely  3-angled,  subulate- 
beaked,  above  3''' long  and  i"  thick  above  the  base, 
densely  tuberculate-bispid,  narrowed  into  a  short 
stalk;  scales  lanceolate,  ecarious-margined,  awued, 
about  the  length  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

soit,   northern    Minnesota   and   Manitoba. 


84.    Carex  caatSnea  Wahl.     Chestnut  Sedge.     (Fig.  754.) 

a  Wahl.  Kon|;l.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II. 


■  '55-       1803- 
xflextlts  Ri 


.udge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  71  qS.  pi.  10. 

Culms  slender  or  iilirorm,  nearly  erect,  rough 
■^*bove,  i''-3°  tall.  Leaves  ifi"-3ji"  wide,  pnbes- 
'^::::ent,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  linear-filifonn, 
_3^'-i^'  long;  ataminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate 
^Spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  rather 
loosely  flowered,  >i'-i'  long,  about  3"  thick, 
^:3TOoping  on  filiform  stalks,  sometimes  close  to- 
.^^tber  at  the  summit;  perigynia  glabrous,  pale 
^DTown,  ascending,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3- 
-^^ngled,  few-nerved,  tapering  gradually  into  a  3- 
~^ootbed  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  scales 
"^-bin,  ovste  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
A»cerateorentire,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
Stigmas  3. 

In  dry  thickela  and  on  bants,  Newfoundland  to 
■^Ilonneclicut,  westto  Minnesota.    June-July. 


iv«a  )j^^H 


CYPRRACEAE. 
85.  Carex  capillaris  L.     Hair-like  Sedge 

(Fig-  755-1 

Corr-v papillaris  U  Sp.  PI,  977-       1753- 

Glabrous,  culms  sleoder  or  Bliform, 
rougbisb  above,  erect,  3'-i4'  tall.  Leaves  JjtI 
wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  flat  o 
iuvolute  in  drying,  roughisb;  lower  liract  similar,  tht 
upper  much  cairower,  all  sheathing;  spikes  ell  fiU- 
form-stallced,  the  lenDinal  oue  slaminate;  pistilUte 
spikes  1-3,  narrowlj-  oblong,  2"-6"  long,  l"  thick, 
nodding.  i-i3-flowered;  perigjnxa  oMoug,  3-aiigled, 
light  green,  almost  nerveless,  about  1"  long,  ratblT 
less  Ihau  'i  "  thick,  tbe  slender  beak  about  o 
BS  long  as  the  body-  scales  oval,  si 
shoiter  than  tbe  perigynta;  stigmas 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  Maine,   the 
northem  New  Yolk,  Michigan,  and  ir 
Isins  to  Colniado  and  Utah,     Alsi>  in  Europe  >' 
86,    Carex  arctdta  Boott.     Drooping  Wood 
Sedge.     (Fig.  756.) 

Cat-e^  arclala  Boott:  Hook.  Fl,  Hor.  Am,  i:  137.       1S40. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  i°-2,4^ 
long,  roughish  above.  Leaves  flat,  roughish-mar- 
gined,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  basal  ones 
3"-5"  wide;  Btaminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked; 
pistillate  spilies  2-5,  liuear,  i'-3'  long,  i>i"  thick. 
loosely  many -flowered,  erect,  ascending,  or  at  length 
drooping  and  filiform-stalked,  the  lower  one  usually 
remote;  perigynia  oblong,  or  thickest  below  the  mid- 
dle, rather  strongly  few-nerved,  narrowed  at  each 
end.  about  a"  long,  less  than  t"  thick,  3-angled, 
tapering  into  a  short  2-loothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to  Miune- 
sota,  south  to  Pcnnsyh-ania  and  Michigan.     May-June. 

Caraz  Eniiskemi  Dewey,  is  probably  a  hybrid  with  C.  i 
Csrei  arctats  FAzani  Bailey,  Coutt  Bot 

Spikca  nearly  erect,  1-4  of  them  clustered  near  the  suiil^...  . , , 

very  *hort;  perigynia  •i'-'i'n"  long.     (Juebec  to  New  Hampshire,  Minnesota  Mnd  Micl 

87.  Carex  tfcnuia  Ritdge.  Slender-stalked  Sedge.  (Fig.  757.) 
Carfx  tenuis  Radge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc,  7:  97.  */.  « 
Carer  debilis  Boott.  Ill,  pi.  m.  18G0,  Not  Mie* 
C.  debilii  vvx.  ^urffrtBailej,  Mem.Tiitt.  Oub,  i;  J|.  i"^ 
Culms  slender,  rough  above,  erect  or  commonly  «- 
dining,  4'-3°  long.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culnor 
equalling  it,  light  green,  i»i"-*!i"  wide;  lower  bndJ 
similar  to  the  culm-leaves,  sometimes  oTcrtnppin)!  Ilic 
spikes;  stamitiatc  spike  short-stalked;  pislillaU  tpikcs 
2-5.  linear,  i'-^'  long,  i,4"  thick.  filiform-stallc«l 
and  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  spindle-sbipd, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  faintly  few-nerved,  ohtindr 
3-angled,  3"  long,  less  than  1"  thick,  tiperinglnl"' 
short  j-toothed  beak;  scales  ovale  or  obloog,  U 
cuspidate  or  obtuse,  scsrious-miirgined,  c 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

lu   woods,    Newfoundland  to   Michigan.    VIW 
mounlains  of  North  Carolina  and  Kmtacky.     U. 
A  hybrid  with   C.  %'ireutnt  occuih  at  Scvkk  \ 
Carex  tinnia  Interjicta  (Bailey)  Brittnn, 
,  iHlerjecIa  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  ao:  418,      i8gj. 
Fistillate  spikes  very  slender,  often  compound  at  the  base,  erect  or  nca(ly  so,  IHItor 
very  loosely  flowered,  the  perigynia  alternate,  only  about  3"  lon)[.     New  York  v'" 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


erictlor  Bricton. 

Club,  i:  34.     1889.     Not  C.  sirUlior  Dewe^.  1846. 

.  erect;  leaves  about  a"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  erect 

long,  one-third  longer  than  the  scales.    White  Mountains. 


•  taller  and  stouter  than  the  typt 
Illy  spreading;  perigyniaaii     k 

88.    Carex  obHta  Steud.     Dark  green  Sedge.     (Fig.  758.) 

I/O  steud.  SjTi.  PI,  Cyp.  331.      1B55. 

bra  Boolt,  III,  «.       1660. 

ui/<i  var.  minor  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  41:  3,<t5.     1876. 

IS,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclioing,  sharply 
smooth    or    very    nearly    so,    i''-3''    long. 

'-a)j"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  slightly 

irer  bract  similar  to  the  ctilm-leaves  but  uar- 

metimea  overtopping  the  spikes;   staminate 

itary,  filiform-stalked,  sometimes  partially 
pistillate  spikes  3-3,  narrowly  cylindric,  i'- 

about  2^"  thick,  loosely  flowered,  slender- 

le  upper  mostly  close  together  and  spreading 

ing,  the  lower  distant,  drooping;  perigynia 

^n,  3-aagled,  glabrous,  3"  long,  less  than  1" 

ending,  rather  strongly  many-nerved,  taper- 

a  short  3-toothed  beak;  scales  obtuse,  about 

the  length  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

-B,  central  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  New  Jersey  and  North  Carolina.    June-Ang. 
8g.   Carex  grisea  Wahl.     Gray  Sedge.     (Fig.  759.) 

Carfi- gHsea  Wahl.  Eongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
H:  iSt-      1803. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so  throogbont,  i°^)j° 
long.  Leaves  light  green  and  sometimes  slightly 
glaucous,  flat,  a"-3;j"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  tban 
or  equalling  the  culm;  bracts  aimilar  to  the  leaves, 
spreading,  much  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spikes  solitary,  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  dense, 
oblong,  several-many-flowered,  4"-ia"long,  about 
2"  thick,  the  upper  usually  aessile  and  close  to- 
gether, the  lower  slender' stalked  and  distant;  peri- 
gynia oblong,  a}i"  long,  1"  thick,  nearly  terete  or 
irregularly  angled  by  overlapping,  subacute  but 
beaklesa,  finely  many-atiiate,  longer  or  the  lower 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate  scarious-mar- 
gined  cuspidate  or  awned  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  North  Carolina  and  Kansas.    May-July. 

Carex  amphibola  Steud.     Narrow-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  760.) 
fihibola  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  au-      '855. 
isea  var.  aaguili/otia  Boott,  111.  34.      ifoS. 
isea  var.  (?)  rigtda  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr,  Club,  i: 

os,  culms  very  slender,  aligbtly  scabrous 
xl,  or  spreading,  i°-a°  long.  Leaves  i"- 
mostly  erect  and  somewhat  rigid,  the  basal 
lan  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 
rect,  not  over  i"  wide,  overtopping  the 
laminate  spike  solitary,  short;  pistillate 
4,  erect,  ^'-1'  long,  less  than  3"  thick, 
vera! -flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
.liform  stalks;  perigynia  oblong  or  obovoid, 
uted   but   beak  less,  3- angled,  many-striate, 

less  z-ranked,  2"  long,  about  1"  thick, 
an  or  the  lower  equalling  the  1 

awned  spreading  scales;  stigmas  3. 
ioil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  i 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    April-June. 


CYPERACEAE. 
arex  flaccospcrma  Dewey.     Thin-fmited  Sedge.     (Fig.  76'')J 


itTi-  laHfiora  var.  i  ?)  mulidtXan.  Ann.  I 
3:  JI4_     iSjfi.    Not  C.  mutiira  R,  Br.  iBaj 
■im  /iacraiperma  Vcvey.  Am.  Jounu  Sd.  ( 
lis-      'M 


Cu 


Similar  lo  Carrx  grisea  and  C.  glatt 
slijjlilly  glaucous,  raUier  deep  k'^^i-  puIius  crefl, 
I'-a'  tall.  Leaves  thin  aoJ  flat,  tbc  basal  onw 
3"-6"  wiJe,  shorter  than  or  equalllDg  the  cahn; 
tbc  hracls  leafy,  much  overtopping  the  spikes; 
staniinate  spike  acssiie  or  nearly  ao;  pistillate 
spikes  i-j,  obloDC,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked; 
pcrigynia  ohiong,  j-atigled,  striate-nerved,  sob- 
acute,  i%"  long;  scales  broadly  ovale,  green,  nol 
at  all  or  very  slightly  scarious-margined,  aculc, 
cuspidate  or  the  uppec  obtuse,  2-,j  times  shortct 
lUau  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

>  North  C 


92.   Carex  glaucddca  Tuckenii.     Glauces- 

ceiit  Sedge,     (Fig.  762.) 
Carex  griaa  var.  niulica  Carey  in  A.  (Iray,  Man.  jsa, 

184S.     Not  C.  mulUa  R,  Br-  1833. 
Cart.x  glauiodta  Tuckctni.;  OIney.    Proc.  Am,   .\cad.  7: 

395-      1868. 

Similar  in  habit  lo  Care.r  grhfa,  but  pale  and  very 
glancoDs  all  over,  culms  smooth,  erect  or  spreading, 
6'-i8'  long.  Leaves  a"-4"  wide,  the  basal  shorter 
than  or  equalliag  the  culm;  brads  foliaceous,  over- 
topping the  spikes;  stamiuate  spike  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  erect,  densely  several-many  Qowcred,  the 
lower  slender-stalked;  perigyoia  oblong,  mauy-striate, 
i)i"-2"  long,  sub-acute,  beaktcss,  mostly  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  scarioiaa-margined  acute 
cuspidate  or  short-awncd  scales;  stigmas  3, 

In  open  Gelds  and  meaduwii,  Massachusetts  ta  Pcunsyl- 
vania,  Illinois,  Virsrinia  and  Arkansas.     May-July, 

Carex  granuliris  Mulil.     Meadow  Sedge.     (.Fig.  763,) 


Glabrous,  light  green  and  slightly  glaucous,  cslnf 
slender,  erect  or  spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so.  *"- 
t%°  long.  Leaves  flat,  mughish  or  smooth.  i)i"'.!" 
wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  mhuI" 
to  the  culm-leaves  and  usually  much  exendiag  t^' 
spikes;  staminatc  spike  solitary,  sessile  01  tb«l- 
sUlked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  distant  or  llit  npp^ 
two  Lontiguous,  erect  or  slightly  spreadiuK.  narTD'h 
oblong  or  cylindric.  Ii'-i,li'  loug.  »"  ihick,  Jcwd? 
many.flowered,  slender- stalked  or  Ihe  uppM  v^ 
pengyuia  ovoid,  btiiwn,  somewhat  swollen,  •tTOiijIj 
uiany-ncrved,  ascending,  abuot  1"  long,  tipprdw''* 
a  short,  usually  entire,  bent  or  nearly  ^ti  ■  '-'1! ''""' 
scales  ovate,  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  ^ll  ■■! 
sometimes  equalling  the  perlgynia;  stii:ii 

In   moist   meadows,  New  BruuiWick   u.  ■  ■-' 
Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  mid  I.iniisiaiiH      MjT-jmr 
granaUili  ShilTHl  Brillon, 

"  1,     Not  C.  HaM.  Dewey.  1846. 

ins;  perigynia  about  one-lulf  tile  siw  of  tlw  lj|»'> '" 

sylvania  to  Wisconsin  aixl  Viixtoll- 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

94.    Carex  Criiwei  Dewey.     Crawe's 
Sedge.     (Fig.  764.) 

Car,:r  Craicffi  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  {iS.)  3:346.     1846. 
Carex  keleroslachya  Torr.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (11.)  a;  248. 

1846. 

Glabrous,  culms  low,  stiff,  erect,  3'-i5'  lall. 
Leaves  rathei  stiff,  flat,  i"-2"  wide,  erector  nearly  so, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  bracU  similar,  rarely  over- 
topping the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked; 
[Ustillate  spikes  1-4,  distant,  cylindric.  erect,  %'-\' 
long,  a"-3"  tbick,  densely  many-  flowered,  stalked  or 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest  often  bome  near  the  base 
of  the  culm;  perigynia  ovoid,  ascending,  nerved,  us- 
ually minutely  resinous  dotted,  i"-i  X"  'ong-  taper- 
ing into  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  obovate  or 
oval,  tbin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

It  meadows  and  on  banks,  Quebec  to  Manitoba, 


south  to  Pennsylva 


a  and  Tennessee. 


May-July. 

95- 


Carex  extinsa  Gooden.  Long-bracted 
Sedge.  (Fig.  765.) 
Carex  exlensa  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  3: 17s  1794. 
Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  stiff,  erect,  lo'-a" 
tall.  Leaves  i"-a"  wide,  strongly  involute,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  umiJar,  much 
exceeding  the  spikes,  the  upper  ahorter,  sometimes 
deflexed;  staminate  spike  sessile,  rarely  pistillate  at 
the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile  and  close 
together  or  the  lowest  short-stalked  and  distant,  ob- 
long, densely  many-flowered,  5"-8"  long,  about  3" 
thick;  perigynia  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  brown,  i}i" 
long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slightly  swollen,  strongly 
many'ribbed,  tapering  into  a  short  stout  a-tootbed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  brown  with  a  greenish 
midvein,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


Carex 


96.   Carex  Ddva  I^. 

oLSp.  PI.  975_ 


Yellow  Sedge.     (Fig.  766.) 


s  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club   1 


Glabrous  yellow-green,  culms  very  slender  but  atifl 
and  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  I'-z"  tall.  Leaves 
l"-3^"  wide,  flat,  the  radical  shorter  than  or  some 
times  exceeding  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  elongated 
spreading  or  ascending;  staminate  spike  solitary 
stalked  or  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  glo- 
bose-oblong, erect,  sessile  and  close  together  or  the 
lower  one  distant  and  sbort-stalked,  densely  flowered 
j"-6"  long,  about  3"  thick;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid 
yellow,  and  spreading  or  deflexed  when  mature,  2 
3"  long,  strongly  several-nerved,  the  subulate  3 
toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceo 
late  or  oval,  acute  or  subacute,  shorter  and  narrower 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


In  swamps  and  wet  iiieadowB,Newfoundland  to  the  Northwest  Territory  south 


CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  viridula  Michx.     Green  Sedge.     (Fig.  767.) 

Carex  viridula  Michx.  Fl,  Bor.  Am.  a:  170.      iSot. 
Carexflava  vw.  viridula  Bailer,  Mem.  Tott.  Club,  l:  ti. 
1B89. 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  slender,  mnoath,  erect, 
4^-15'  tall,  often  exceeded  bj  the  erect  narrow  bual 
leaves.  leaves  \"  or  less  wide,  the  br«ct«  aimilftr  tu- 
uallj  strictly  erect  and  mnch  overtopping  the  vpCkfA; 
■taminate  spike  senile,  sometime*  pistillate  at  the  top; 
pistillate  spikes  a-5,  all  close  together  and  sessile  or  the 
lower  distant  and  short-stalked,  oblong- cfllndric  or  ob- 
long, a"-f>"  long,  3"  or  less  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid-oblong,  \"  or  less  long,  strongly  few-nerved,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  3-toothed  beak  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  orate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia  and  about  as  wide;  atigmas  3. 

In  bogs  and  on  wet  rocks,  MewToDiidlaiid  to  Hndson  Bay 
and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Uaine.  PennaylvanJa, 
Minnesota,  Utah  and  Waalnpgton.     Summer. 

Canz  f&lvB  Gooden.,  a  Bped«s  of  this  group,  wbb  found  many  years  ago  A  Tewksbury,  Mass., 
evidently  a  waif  from  Europe,  and  is  reported  from  Newfoundland. 

Carex  distant  L-,  a  related  species,  has  been  collected  on  ballast  at  Philadelphia. 


Pale  Sedge.     (Fig.  768.) 


98.    Carex  palliscens  L. 
Carex patlescens  L,  Sp.  PI.  977-      '753- 

Ught  green,  culms  slender,  erect,  rough  above, 
4'-ao'  t«V.  Leaves  flat,  i"-i^"  wide,  pubescent  at 
least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  thau  the  cnlm;  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  culm-leaves,  erect  or  nearly  so 
and  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  solitary, 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  oblong,  erect  or  some- 
what spending,  slender  stalked  or  the  upper  one  ses- 
sile, densely  many- flowered,  A"s"  long,  a"- 
aji"  in  diameter  usually  clustered;  perigynia  short- 
oblong,  pale,  i"  long,  }i"  thick,  obtuse,  thin,  faintly 
few-nerved,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate, 
membranous,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  equalling  or 
the  upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
In  fields  and  meadows.  Nova  Scotia  to  western  On- 
'  3,  south  to  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and 
Ascends  to  3500  ft  in  Vermont.    Also  in 


Carex  abbreviita  Prescott,     Torrey's  Sedge.     (Fig.  769-) 


..r  T'orro'i'Tuckerni.  Enom.  Meth.  3- ,j.    .. 

C.  Torreyana  Scbwein.  1824. 
Carex  abbreviala  Prescott;  Boott,  Trans.  Linn.  Sa 

Pale  green,  culms  slender,  rather  sti£r,  erect,  l<» 
n/  tall,  finely  ciliatc-pabescent     Leaves  abont  C 
wide,  erect,  elongated  but  shorter  than  the  culr 
finely  and  usually  densely  pubescent;  lower  bras 
^'-3'   long,   spreading  or  ascending,   pnb< 
staminate  spike  solitary,   shoit-s talked;   pisi 
spikes  1-3,  short  oblong,  dense,  i"-%"  long,  al 
3"  thick,  sessile  or  the  lower  one  short  slalke 
erect,  clustered;  perigynia  broadly  oblong  or  (zz= 
ovoid,  glabrous,  about  i"  long  and  more  than  ^^^S 
thick,    strongly    many,  nerved,    obtuse,    abmp"'^ 
tipped  by  a  short  cylindric   beak,  scales  cn^':3 
date,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmaa  3. 

>  the  Northweit  Territc^  ^ 
IS  to  Colorado.    JUne-Jt^  ' 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


325 


100.   Carex  conoldea  Schk.  Field  Sedge. 

(Fig.  770.) 

Carex  conoidea  Scbk,  Riedgr.  Nachtr  67.  /  168.      1806. 

Glabrous,  culms  slettder,  ratber  stiff,  erect,  8'-i8' 
tall.  Leaves  i"-iji"  wide,  the  basal  Bometimes 
equalling  the  culm;  loner  bracts  similar  to  the  coltn- 
leaves,  sometimes  oyertopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
Spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distant,  erect, 
oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  5"-i3"  long,  2ji"  thick, 
not  deiisel]'  flowered,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  the  ' 
lower  slender- stalked;  periKjiiia  oblong,  obtusely  3- 
ODgled,  narrowed  to  eat^i  end,  acute,  finely  many- 
striate,  beaklest,  i"'\}i"  long,  about  }i"  thick,  the 
orifice  entire;scalea  broadly  ovate,  scarions -margined, 
abmptly  contracted  into  a  rough  awn,  the  lower 
longer  tban  the  perigynia,  the  upper  shorter  than  or 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  south  to  Rhode 
Island,  New  Jersey,  Ohio  and  Illinois.    Maj-June. 

101.  Carex  oligocltfpa  Schk.     Few-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  771.) 

Carex  oligocarpa  Schk.   Siedg-.   Nachtr,   58.  /.  170. 

1606. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender  or  almost  filifonn, 
spreading  or  reclining,  ronghish,  S'-iS'  long. 
Leaves  about  i"  wide,  spreading,  soft,  the  basal 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  the  bracts  simi- 
lar, tisually  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  long-stalked  or  nearly  scBsile;  pistiltate 
spikes  2-4,  erect  or  nearly  so,  distant,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  4"-8"  long,  less  than  3"  thick,  erect,  the 
lower  filiform-stalked,  the  upper  sessile;  perigynia 
oblong,  firm,  pale,  finely  many-striate,  ascending, 
i"-iX"  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short 
straight  or  oblique  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  tipped 
with  a  rough  spreading  awn,  longer  than  or  equal- 
ling the  perigynia;  stigmaa  3. 

In  dry  woods  aud  thickets,  Ve 
Michigwi,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
tucky  and  MisBonri.    May-Juty. 

loa.    Carex  Hitchcocki4na  Dewey.     Hitchcock's  Sedge.     (FJg.  772. ) 

Carex  Hilchcockiana  Dewey,  Am.  Toum.  Sci.  lO;  ari. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  somewhat  rough,  i"-!"  tall. 
Leaves  iJi"-3"  wide,  the  basal  mostly  shorter  tban 
the  culm,  the  upper  and  similar  bracts  much  over- 
topping the  spikes,  their  sheaths  pubescent,  their 
blades  somewhat  so;  staminate  spike  stalked  or 
nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  erect,  rather  distant,  stalked  or  the  upper 
•essile;  perigynia  ovoid,  obtusely  3-angled,  finely 
many-etriate,  ascending,  \yi"  long,  nearly  x" 
thick,  tipped  with  a  short  stout  oblique  entire 
beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  scarious- 
margined,  rough-awned,  longer  than  or  equalling 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Vcnnont  and  Ontario  to 
Michigan,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virginia.  Een- 
ttfcky  and  Missouri,    May-July. 


[26  CVPERACKAE. 

103.    Carex  altocaulis  (Dewey)  Britton.     Sheathed  Sedge.     (Fig-  773.. 
Oiitx-  ^raginala  var.  alloeaulii  Dewty,  Am.  J< 

III)  Ai-.tr;.     :S66, 
CarevSallHemis  Bailey.  Mem.  Tiirr.  Club,  I;  *. 

Glabrous,  light  green  but  not  glattcaus,  culms  ^ 
slendtr,    weak,   spreai^ing  or   recliuiag,    i 
Leaves  iyi"-i"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  thefl 
per  ones  and  the  bracts  usually  very  short;  : 
spike   long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes   1   or   3.  distl 
slendet-stalkeil,  ascending,  spreading  or  recurved,  | 
than    i'   long,   loosely  several -flowered,   their  • 
partly  enclosed   by   the  long   shealhs;  perigynia  I 
'""gi   3-'"'g'ed,    narrowed   at   tile   base,   faintly  t 
nerved  z"  lon;^,  nearly  l"  thick,  tipped  with  H 
altoul  one-fourth  the   length  of  the  body,  the  e 
3'toDtbed.   oblique;    scales   oval   or  ovale- la nceoSI 
acute  or  the  upper  obtuse,  shorter  than  or  the  IM 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamp",  Quebec  and  Vermont  to  Ontario,  New  » 
and  Minnesota.     -Siiiiimer 


104.  Carex  polymdrpha  Muhl.  Var 
Carex polyniitrplia  Mulil.  Gram.  j.jt).      1817 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  jjrceu,  culms  stiff,  strictly 
erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i"-?"  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
lji"-a"  wide,  nearly  erect,  the  basal  sometimes  as 
long  as  the  culm,  the  others  much  shorter;  bracts 
nsually  little  longer  than  the  pistillate  spike;  slani- 
ioate  spikes  i  or  3,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
commonly  solitary,  sometimes  i,  erect,  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  densely  mauy-Sowcrcd  or  sometimes  looser 
at  the  base,  I'-i.S'  long  and  4"  thick,  occasionally 
staminate  at  the  siimniit;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong. 
obscurely  3-angled,  fully  2"  long  and  i"  in  diameter, 
the  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  the 
orifice  oblique;  scales  red-brown,  obtuse  or  the  lower 
acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3, 

In  swamps  or  wet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  northern 
'  "  J",  Boutb  to  North  Carolina.  Local-  Ascends 
m  IVnnsj'lvHiiia.    June-AuB, 

105.   Carex  tetdnica  Schk.     Wood 

CarevUfanii 


ible  Sedge.     I  Fig.  774. ) 


New  Jer 


fl-ig.  775-t 

Jgr  NacLlr,  6S  fig^   «V.  Ji-S^' 
K  liailey,  Mem.  T.irc,  Cltll=^" 


Light  green  and  glabrous,  culms  slender, 
or  nearly  so,  rough  above,  I'-i"  tall.  Leaves  Hifl 
I"-j"  wide,  the  basal  about  equalling  the  cnlnM 
bracts  narrow,  elongaled,  sometimes  ovcrtoppiuj 
the  apikes;  stamiuate  spike  stalked,  the  stall 
sometimes  3'  long;  pistillate  spikes  J  or  3,  ctecS 
distant,  narrowed  at  the  base,  loosely  or  corapnell' 
several -many-flowered,  1'  long  or  less,  or  the  lowc:' 
fili  form -stalked  and  drooping;  perigyuta  otilonjg 
green,  prominently  many-nerved,  about  \%"  looS 
less  than  i"  thick,  oblique,  the  snnmiit  ciuve« 
outwardly  and  tapering  to  an  etitire  orifice,  bealM 
less:  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  tbe  laircr  mc 
cronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia  or  tbe  Ipw^ 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  and  wet  woods,  Oatafia  lo 
Nortti  Carolina  and  Louisiana,    June-July. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


io6.   Carex  M£adii  Dewey.     Mead's  Sedge,     (Fig.  776.) 


Cart 


.  Carttri  Porter,  Proc,  Acad.  Pliila. 
:.  Canbyi  Porter,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 


i8»7: 76.      1887. 
Carex  tetanica  v 

i8»7: 76.      1S87, 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culm  stouter, 
Tcrj  rough  above,  ii'-iS'  tall.  Basal  leaves  usually 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short,  not  ovcrtoppiug 
the  spikes;  stamiuate  spike  long-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sometimes  staminale  at  the  summit,  occa- 
sionally compound  at  the  base,  oblong-cylindric, 
densely  flowered^  yi'-\'  long,  about  3"  in  diameter, 
erect,  stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile;  perigynia 
broadly  oblong,  prominently  many-nerved,  green, 
\%"  long,  about  i"  in  diameter,  tipped  with  a  mi- 
nute slightly  bent  beak;  scales  ovale,  green  with 
purple-brown  margins,  acute,  mucronate  or  the  upper 
obtuse,  the  upper  short,  the  lower  sometimea  exceed- 
ing the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Rhode  Island  to  Pennsylvania  and  Georgia,  west  to  Michigan, 
Aasiniboia.  Nebraska  and  Arkansas.  The  lowest  Bpike  ia  sometimes  home  on  a  very  longr  stalk 
arising  from  the  axil  of  one  of  the  basal  leaves.     May-July. 

107,    Carex  laxifldra  Lam.     I,oose-flowered  Sedge.     (Fig.  777.) 
Carex  laxifiora  Lam,  Encycl.  3:  393.      1789. 

Glabrous,  rather  pale  green,  culms  erect  or  reclin- 
ing, slender,  roughish  above,  k'-i"  long.  leaves 
iJ4"-3"wide,  soft,  the  basal  moatly  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  bracts  similar  to  the  culm-leavea  sometimes 
overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike  usually 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant,  linear-cylindric, 
loosely  several-many-flowered,  %'-\'  long,  i>i"-3" 
thick,  all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping 
or  the  upper  one  erect  and  sessile;  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, obovoid,  more  or  less  oblique,  \.%"-i}i"  long, 
rather  more  than  yi"  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  stont 
outwardly  bent  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  with  broad 
white  scarious  matstns,  acute,  cnspidate  or  awned, 
|\     ffi  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

P)     ll  11  lu  meadows  and  thit^kets,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Min- 

\/  \\\      nesola,  south  to  Florida,  Alabama  and  the  Indian  Terri- 

''  "'       tory.     Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  VitEinia.     May-July. 

Carez  laxiflAra  bUnda  (Dewey)  Boott,  III.  37.      1S58. 


i.Joi 


1.  Sci.  1 


[S>6. 


^ — 'arex  taxiflora  vai'  slrialiila  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man 

, Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  mostly  densely  flowered,  the  upper  seas 

j-"a.guous  to  the  usually  sessile  staminote  one,  the  lower  slender-stalked. 
*^*.aps  distinct, 

Carex  laiiflAra  vitlani  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  33.      1889. 
Stouter  and  taller  than  the  preceding;  leaves  3%"-^%"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  sometinies  I  M' 
'^angand  aSi"  thick,  dense,  often  compound  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile  or  sfiort-stalked  and  con- 
^^Kuous  to  the  sessile  staminate  one,  the  lower  long-stalked.    New  Hampshire  to  southern  New 
^*^ork  and  Missouri.     Range  undetermined. 

Carez  laxiflAra  patnlifAlia  (Dewey)  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed,  a,  514.      1856, 
•i— arKjr  anceps  var.  palali/oiia  Dewey.  Wood's  Bot.  413.       1845. 

Glaucous  or  pale  green ;  basal  leaves  2'A"-\bi"  wide;  staminate  spike  usually  stalked;  pistillate 
^yike  1'  long  or  more,  looseljr  flowered,  scattered;  perigynia  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  the  beak  nearly 
^■^raight.    Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  (according  to  Macoun),  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  south  to  Vir- 


la  and  Tennessee. 

Caiex  laxiflAra  dJvaridta  Bailey,  I 
Perigynia  laiser  I" 
Washington,  D.  C. 


1:33.      1889. 

one-half  as  long  as  the  body. 


CVPERACEAE. 

io8.    Carcx  styloflexa  Bucklev. 
Sedge.     (Fig.  778.)  ' 
Cartr  Uyloflrxa  Buckley,  Am.  Jotim.  Sci.  4&.  I 
CartA-  laxtflora  var.  ityloflexa  Bootl,  UI.  37- 

GlabrouB,  culms  leaning,  slender,  sniooUi.  1 
Leaves  i%''-i"  wide,  flat,  shorter  than  the  cnlm; 
bracts  short,  rarely  exceeding  the  spikes;  ilaminitc 
Bpike  solitaiy,  usually  long-stalked  but  sometima 
nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-4.  distant,  IookIt 
few-severat- flowered,  less  than  9"  long,  the  lown 
drooping  on  filiform  stalks;  perigyn is  obloag,  trian- 
gular, ni  any -nerved,  about  2"  long,  1"  thick,  some- 
what  oblique,  tapering  gradually  to  both  ends  anil 
thus  slender-beaked;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- Ian ceolate, 
RCarious-margined,  acute,  cuspidate  or  shorl-awned, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  southern  New  V 
sylvania  to  Florida.  Louisiana  and  Texas.    Sfajr-n 
lOQ.   Carex  digitalis  Willd.     Slender  Wood  Sedge.     (Fig.  779.)  * 
Carex  digitalis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4-  29B.      iSos, 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  not  at  all  glaucous,  culms 
slender  or  almost  tilifonn,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  us- 
ually reclining,  4'-i8'  long.  Leaves  flat,  i"-a"  wide, 
the  basal  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  and  the  bracts  similar  but  shorter,  the  latter  coni- 
monly  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  linear,  loosely  alter- 
aatcly  flowered,  ^'-1'  long,  the  upper  one  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  the  others  filiform-stalked  and  widely 
spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  oblong,  sharply 
triangular,  many-nerved,  brown  when  ripe,  aanowed 
at  both  ends,  i"  long,  more  than  )^"  thick,  the  very 
short  beak  slightly  oblique;  scales  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  scarious- margined,  acute,  acuminate  or 
short^awned,  shorter  than  or  the  lower  about  equal- 
ling the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  and  southern  (^tario  to  Minneiiota,  s 
Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 

Carex  digltiUH  copulAu  Bniley,  Mem.  Toir.  Club,  i:  1 
I^arger  in  cveiy  way.  cnlnis  sonietiniea  2°  long,  reclining;  leaves  »|^    -4" 
shorter  and  denser;  perigynia  larEsr,    Michigan  and  southern  Ontario. 

iio.   Carex  Carcykna  Toir.     Carey's  Sedge,     f  Fig.  780.) 

Carix  Careyana  Torr.;  Dewey,  Am.  Ji-um-Sci  3» 
60,  /  SS.      iBj6. 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  alend«,  w** 
or  somewhat  reclining,  smooth  or  ncMly  »,  l'- 
2°  tall.  Basal  leaves  flat,  j,"-f>"  wid^  »»fl" 
ehorler  than  the  culm;  bracts  lineai-UoceohU 
with  very  long  sheaths,  the  blades  I'-j'  MHi 
staminate  spike  usually  large,  laDg«taIl:'^ 
pistillate  spikes  1-3  (cotnmonly  i).  erect,  lootflT 
few-several- flowered,  less  than  I'  long.  ''" 
upper  sessile  or  sborl-stalkcd,  the  lower  00  * 
long  filiform  stalk;  perigynia  ovoiil-ohlnai!, 
very  sharply  3-angled,  many-ncrred,  full,'  "^ 
long  and  over  1"  thick,  brawn,  Ih*  abort  b»lt 
slightly  oblique,  entire;  scale*  orate  with  wluH 
hyaline  margins,  cuspidate  or  awned.  (UwW 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods.  New  linslond  laccoidinc  \»  ■ 
New  York  to  Micliljfnii  and  Viraini*.     '* — ' 


pistillal*  *pi^ 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


Carex  Albursina  Sheldon.    White  Bear  Sedge.     (Fig.  781.) 


■89  J. 


I  Sheldon,   Bull.  Tott.  Club,  3 


Glabrous,  ratber  deep  grreen,  cnhtts  stout.  Dearly 
sauKjth,  flattened,  usually  spreading,  8'-2°  long. 
Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, shorter  than  the  culm,  J^'-i^'  wide;  bmcts 
similar  to  the  naironer  calm-leaves,  the  upper  over- 
topping the  spikes;  ataminate  spikes  sessile  or  nearly 
ao;  pistillate  spikes  3-4,  distant  and  narrowly  linear, 
stalked  or  the  upper  sessile  and  close  together,  ^'- 
iV'  long,  very  looeely  flowered;  perigynia  obovoid, 
obtusely  3-angled,  strongly  many-nerved,  2"  long, 
i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very  short  bent  entire  beak; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  scarious-margined,  obtuse  or  the 
lower  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  MassBchusettB  to  New  York,  Ohio  and  Min- 
nesota,  south  to  Virginia  and  Michigan.    Ascends 


113.    Carex  ptantaginea  Lam.     Plantain- 
leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  782. ) 

Carex  planlaginea  Lam.  Bncycl.  3:  391.      17S9. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  alender,  erect 
or  reclining,  6'-*°  long.  Leaves  >i'-i'  wide,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  culm,  persistent  throngh  tlie 
winter  and  until  the  new  culms  develop  in  the  fol- 
lowing spring;  bracts  short,  usually  with  purple  or 
pnrplish  clasping  sheaths;  staminate  spike  long- 
stalked,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  erect,  all 
slender-stalked,  1'  or  leas  long,  loosely  flowered,  the 
stalks  of  the  upper  one*  encloeed  in  the  sheaths; 
perigynia  oblong,  outwardly  curved,  many-nerved, 
iji"  long,  about  \"  thick,  longer  than  or  equalling 
the  ovate  cuspidate  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods.  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba, 


Carex  laxiculmia  Schwein.     Spreading  Sedge.     (Fig.  783.) 

Glabrous,  blue-green  and  glaucous,  culms  filiform, 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  ascending  or  difliiae,  6'-3° 
long.  Basal  leaves  elongated,  S"^5"  wide,  often 
longer  than  the  culms;  bracts  similar  to  the  narrower 
«ulm-leBves,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  long- 
stalked;  putillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  loosely  few- 
dowered,  3"-6"  long,  about  2"  thick,  dmoping  on 
long  hair-like  stalks  or  the  upper  short-stalked  and 
«iect;  perigynia  ovoid,  oblong,  sharply  3-angled, 
many-nerved,  about  i"  long  and  rather  more  than 
^"  thick,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  scarcely  beaked, 
longer  than  the  ovate  green  cuspidate  or  short-awned 
scales;  stigmas  3. 

Id  woods  and  thickets,  southern  Ontario  to  Michigan, 
south  to  Rhode  Island  and  Virginia.  Ascends  lo  5600  ft. 
in  Vii^nia.    May-June. 


CVPERACEAE. 

114.  Carex  ptychocdrpa  Steud.    Thicket 

Sedge.     (Fig.  784.) 
Carex piyehocaipa  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cjrp.  3^      1855. 

Glabrous,  pale  gieen  Btid  glancoiu,  cultnt  erect, 
very  alender,  smooth,  only  3'-6'  tall.  Leave*  flat, 
the  basal  2"-^"  wide,  much  longer  than  the  culm; 
bracts  foliaceoas,  usuallj'  overtoppiDg  the  si»kcs: 
slamiiiate  spike  small,  sessile;  pistiHate  spikes  3  or 
3,  sessile  and  close  together  at  the  anminit  or  the 
lower  one  slender-stalked  and  nearly  basal,  all 
erect,  loosely  few-Sonered,  4"-^"  long;  perigyoia 
obloug,  pale,  3-aiigled,  rather  strongly  nany- 
nerved,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  %"  thick, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  minntely  straight-beaked, 
the  orifice  entire:  scales  ovate,  thin,  obtuse,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moiatwoods  and  thickets,  Ktassachnsetts  and  New 
Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.    Jane-Sept. 


15.    Carex  platyph^Ua  Carey. 

iclm,    Fl.  .Bor.    Am.    »: 


Broad-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  785. ) 


Carex   filanlagin 

1803.     Not  lim,  _,_,. 
Carex  plalypkylta  Carey,  Am.  Ji 

»847. 


1.  Sci.  (II.)  4:23. 


Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glancons,  cnlms  slen- 
der, spreading  or  reclining,  4'-I5'  long.  Leaves 
flat  and  broad,  >j'-['  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  long  clasping  sheaths, 
\"-i%"  wide,  not  overtopping  the  spikes,  usually 
less  than  3' long;  statntnate  spike  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  3-4,  dbtant,  erect,  all  slender-stalked 
or  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile,  loosely  several- 
flowered,  s"-'io"  long,  their  stalks  commonly  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths,  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled, 
many-nerved,  slightly  bent  at  the  narrowed  sum- 
mit, \"-\%"  long,  rather  more  than  >i"  thick, 
equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  ovate-ob- 
long  acute  cuspidate  or  shoit-awned  scales; 
stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Michigan,  south 
to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia.    May-June. 


>  Virginia  and  Illinois.    Ascends 


116.  Carex  panicea  L. 


Grass-like  Sedge.     Carnation-grass.     (Fig.  786.) 
Carex  panicea  L-  Sp.  PI.  977.      175.1. 

Glabrous,  pale  blubh  green  and  glancoos,  cnlms 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  stiff,  i°-3°  tall,  licaves  flat, 
l"-a"  wide,  the  basal  ones  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  and  the  bracts  much  shorter 
and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  I  or  3,  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  3  or  3,  distant,  filiromi-stalked  or  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  erect,  i'  or  less  long,  about  ^H"  thick, 
rather  loosely  scveral-many-flowered,  the  upper  some- 
times staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oval,  about 
1  Ji"  long  and  nearly  i"  in  diameter,  slightly  swollen 
and  obscurely  3-angled,  yellow,  purple  or  mottled, 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  very  short  entire 
somewhat  oblique  beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  purple  or 
purple- margined,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

117.  Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd.     Livid  Sedge.     (Fig.  787.) 
Carrx  limosa  var.  livida  Wahl.   Kongl.  Vet  Ac&d. 

Handl.  (II.)  M:  163.      1S03. 
Carfjr  livida  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  ^5-     iSoj, 

GlabrouH,  pale  green  and  very  glaucous,  culms 
slender, Btrictlj erect,  Bmooth,  i°-i^°tall.  Leaves 
1"-]"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  sometimes 
about  equalling  the  culm,  involute  in  drying;  bracts 
narrow,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
sbort-stallced;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  5"-i2"  long, 
about  3"  thick,  erect  and  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  narrowly  cylindric,  densely  several- 
flowered  or  looser  at  the  base,  the  third,  when  pres- 
ent, distant  or  sometimes  nearly  basal,  stalked; 
perigynia  oblong,  very  pale,  nearly  2"  long,  less 
than  i"  thick,  finely  nerved,  straight,  beakless, 
narrowed  to  an  entire  orifice;  scales  ovate,  obtuse 
or  the  lower  subacute,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  boes,  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Connecticut,  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  central 
New  York  and  Michii^n.    Also  in  Europe.    Summer. 

118.  Carex  aflrea  Nutt.     Golden-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  788.) 
Carejr  auiea  Nutt.  Gen.  l:  305.     1618. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or 
reclining, a'-i5' long,  Leavesflat,  i"-iji"wide,the 
basal  equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  similar 
to  the  calm-leaves,  commonly  much  overtopping  the 
,  spikes;  terminal  spike  sbort-stalked,  staminate  or  an- 
drogynous; pistillate  spikes  3-4,  oblong  or  liaear-ob-' 
long,  erect  and  clustered  near  the  summit  orthe  lower 
one  distant,  filiform- stalked,  loosely  or  compactly 
few-flowered,  3"-io"  long,  about  iji"  thick;  perigy- 
nia obovoid  or  subglobose,  white  or  nearly  white  when 
young,  becoming  fleshy,  yellow  or  brown  and  about 
i"in  diameter  when  mature,  many-nerved,  beakless, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  membranous  acute, 
blunt,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  the 
lower  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  mostly  3. 

In  wet  meadows,  springs  and  on  wet  rocks,  New- 
foundland to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Michi- 
gan, Utah  and  W    '  '     ' 

119.   Carex  bicolor  All.     Parti-colored 
Sedge.     (Fig.  789.) 

Care.i-  bicolor  AW.  Fl.  Fed.  i:  267,       1785. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  somewhat 
glaacans;  culms  slender,  erect,  I'-iS'  tall.  Basal 
leaves  i"-3"wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
culm;  spikes  3-4,  mostly  clastered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  dense,  the  terminal  one  partially  stam- 
inate; perigynia  oblong,  white,  compressed,  few- 
nerved,  less  than  i"  long,  not  fleshy  at  maturity, 
abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  entire  nearly 
cyliodric  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with  white 
midvein  and  mai^ns,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia. 

o  Boott).    Also 


332  CYPERACEAE. 

130.   Carex  setifdlia  (Dewey)  Britton.     Bristle-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  790.) 

Carix  alba  var.  seli/otia  Dewey,  Am.  Joani.  ScJ.  I>:  316. 

iS«6. 
Carex  ebumea  Boott.;  Hook.  Fi.  Bor,  Atd.  I;  S36,  pi.ns- 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  cultna  filifonn,  nnooth,  weak, 
4'-  [5'  long.  Leave*  filiform,  ahoiter  than  the  calm, 
IcM  than  %"  wide;  bracts  redaced  to  bladeless, 
sheaths  i"-i"  long;  stamiaate  spikes  solitary,  ses- 
sile or  verj  nearlr  so,  ^"-A"  long;  pistillate  spikes 
a-4,  erect,  stender-stftlked,  i"-\"  long,  rather  lew 
than  i"  thick,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  upper  com- 
monly  overtopping  the  staminate,  the  lower  one 
sometimes  distant;  perigyuia  oblong,  painted  at 
both  ends,  3-angled,  \"  long,  }i"  or  less  thick, 
polished  and  nearly  black  when  mature,  very  faintly 
few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute,  thin,  hyaline, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmaa  3. 

le  rocks.  New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Ter- 


lai.   Carex  concinna  R.  Br.     Low  Nortb- 
eni  Sedge.     (Fig.  791.) 

Carex  concinna  R.  Br.  Prank.  Joum,  763.      1833. 

Culms  filiform,  amooth,  »'-V  tall.  Leaves  about 
\"  wide,  flat,  pale  gi«en,  much  shorter  than  the 
cnlm;  bracts  reduced  to  green  bladeless  sheatha  or 
the  lower  one  with  an  erect  subulate  blade  3"-6" 
long;  staminate  spike  solitaiy,  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sessile  and  clustered  or  the  lower  one 
somewhat  distant  and  sbort-stolked,  erect,  3"-^" 
long,  about  1"  thick,  compactly  few-flowered;  peri- 
gynia  oblong-ovoid,  3-aagled,  pubescent,  short- 
beaked,  few-nerved,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate 
obtnse  or  subacute  green  or  purplish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

ices,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  British  Colutn- 


12a.   Carex  Richardsdni  R.  Br.     Richardson's  Sedge.     (Fig.  793.) 
Carex  Richardsoni  R.  Br.  Frankl,  Jonm.  751.      iSi}. 

Culms  slender,  rough,  erect,  n'-n'  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  about  i"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  some- 
times equalling  the  cnlms,  those  of  the  cnlm  very 
short;  bracts  bladeless,  sheathing,  J<'-i'long,naaally 
brown-purple  with  a  white  hyaline  acute  BUnuiiit; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked;  piatillate 
spikes  I  or  1,  erect,  narrowly  cytindric.  short^talked, 
\"-^'  long,  compactly  several-flowered,  dose  to- 
gether, their  stalks  partly  or  wholly  enclosed  in  the 
sheaths;  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  about  i"  long, 
minutely  beaked;  scales  mostly  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia, ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  purple,  conspicu- 
ously white-margined;  stigmas  3, 


HichigBn  and  South  Dakota.    Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


333 


133.  Carex  pedunculAta  Muhl.  Long-stalked  Sedge  (Pig  793  ) 
Carer /KduHculafa  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  333.  1S05. 
Densely  matted,  rather  bright  green,  culms  very 
slender,  roDghlsh  above,  diffuse  or  reclining,  3'-lo' 
long.  Leaves  flat,  i"-t}i"  wide,  the  basal  com- 
moDly  longer  than  the  culms;  sheaths  green,  the 
tipper  almost  bladelesa,  the  lower  with  short  leaf-like 
blades;  staminate  spike  long-stalked,  usually  with 
some  pistillate  flowers  at  its  base;  pbtillate  spilcea  3- 
6,  3"-6"  long,  few-flowered,  filiform-stalked  and 
spreading  or  drooping,  scattered,  commonly  borne 
at  every  node,  some  of  them  appearing  basal;  peri- 
gynia  obovoid,  sharply  3-angled,  paberulent  or  be- 
comitig  glabrous,  a"  long,  pale  green,  nerveless, 
narrowed  below  into  a  stipe,  tipped  with  a  minute 
snd  somewhat  oblique  entire  beak;  scales  green  or 
purplish,  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate  or  the  lower  sub- 
nlate-awned,  equalling  or  the  lower  considerahly 
exceeding  the  perigynia;  atigmas  3. 

lDdiywoods,Anticastito  Manitobo.  south  to  Virginia,  Pennsylvaniaand  Minnesota.   May-July. 
124.  Carex  pedicell&ta  (Dewey)  Britton.     Fibrous-rooted  Sedge.     (Fig.  794.) 

Carex  varia  Dewey.  Am.  Jonm.  Sci.   11:  loa.      1826.     Not 

Muhl.  1605. 
C.  wina  var,  iffrfirc/Zn/a  Dewey,  Am.  Joura.  Sci.  Ii:i6a.  1816. 
Carex  communis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  l;  41.     1889. 
Carex  pedicellata  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5;  87.       1&^ 

Light  green,  not  stoloniferous,  fibrous-rooted,  culms 
slender,  roughish  above,  erect  or  recltniag,  (s'--x/  long. 
Leaves  i"-a"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract 
narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  j('-i'long;  staminate  spike 
short-stalked,  \"-\i"  long;  pistillate  spikes  a-4,  short- 
oblong,  few-flowered,  seadle  and  usually  separated,  or 
the  lowest  short-stalked;  perigynia  oval  or  obloug, 
'  rather  less  than  \"  long  and  a  little  more  than  %"  in 
diameter,  pale,  pubescent,  slightly  i-ribbed  on  each 
side,  tipped  with  a  subulate  a-toothed  beak  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  green,  ovate,  acute,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia;  atigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  Georgia,  Ohio  and 
Mlchiean,     AscendB  to  5700  ft.  in  Virginia,     May-July, 
z  pedlcelUt*  Wbeilni  (Bailey)  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  88.      1894. 
Carex  eommuras  var.  Wkeeleri  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i;  41.      1889. 

UsDBllylowerthan  the  Bpeciesand  the  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  cnlm;  staminate  spike  only 
3"-3"  long;  piatillate  spikes  closer  together.    Nova  Scotia  to  Connecticut  and  Michigan. 

185.   Carex  Pennsylvfinica  Lam.     Pennsylvania  Sedge.     (Fig.  795.) 
Carex  Penn^lvaniea  Lam.  Encyd.  3:  388.      1789. 

Darkordall  green,  stolon iferoua,  culms  slender,  erect, 
smooth  or  roughish,  6^-15'  tall.  Leaves  ^"-i>f  wide, 
the  basal  shorter  than  or  sometimes  exceeding  the  cnlm, 
the  old  sheaths  persistent  and  fibrillose;  lower  bract  sub- 
ulate or  scale-like,  rarely  over  %'  long;  staminate  spike 
aeaaile  or  very  ahort-stalked,  Ji'-i'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  i~3,  short-oblong,  few-flowered,  sessile,  contigu- 
ous or  the  lower  somewhat  distant;  perigynia  broadly 
oval,  about  i"  long  and  more  than  yi"  in  diameter,  pu- 
bescent, i-ribbed  on  each  side,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
tipped  with  a  a-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  purplish,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  perigynia;  atigmas  3, 

In  dry  soil.  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  North  Carolina.  Tennessee  and  Kan- 
sas.   Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    May-June. 


36.   Carex  vltria  Muht. 

Car, 


toba.  south  tc 

127.   Carex  Ndvae-Angliae  Schweiu. 
New  England  Sedge.     (Fig.  797.) 

C.  Novae-AngiiaeSiAi-<Ke\a.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y,  i:  67.  1814. 
Rather  dark  green,  stoloniferoos,  culms  fiilifortn, 
erect  or  reclining,  4'-8'  long.  leaves  about  yi" 
wide,  soft,  eloagated,  often  exceeding  the  culms; 
staminate  spike  sbort-stalked,  very  narrow  or  almoat 
filiform,  s'^-S"  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant, 
snbglobose,  few-flowered,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked;  lower  bract  fillfonn,  short  or  aotnetimes 
overtopping  the  spikes;  perigynia  narrowly  obovoid 
or  oblong,  1"  long,  j4"  thick,  pubescent,  tipped  by 
a  stibulate  a-toothcd  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body:  scales  ovate,  greenish -brown,  acute  or 
cuspidate;  stigmas  3  or  3. 

^t  shaded  places.  New  Brunswick  to  Maine, 


CVPERACEAE. 

Emmons'  Sedge.     (Fig.  796.) 
-  varia   Muhl.;   Wahl.   Knngl.  Vet.   Acad.  Handl. 

(II.Il4:iS9.      1803. 
C.  Emtnonsii  Dewey;  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  411.     i8»6. 
C.  variavar.  coliirala  Bailey,  Mem,  TofT,  Club,  1:41.    1889. 

Rather  bright  green,  stolouiferons,  culms  filifomi, 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  rougbish  above,  6'-i8' 
long.  Leaves  elongated,  >i"-iy'  wide,  ncftrly  al- 
ways shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract  icale-likeor 
subulate,  rarely  1'  long;  staminate  spike  z"-4"  long, 
sessile,  sometimes  scarcely  overtopping  the  upper  pis- 
tillate one,  but  usually  rather  prominent;  pistillate 
spikes  a-4,  mostly  close  together,  a"-3"  long,  few- 
flowered;  perigynia- oblong,  pubescent,  about  i"  long 
yi"  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  subu- 
late miuutely  3-tootbed  beak  commonly  one-half  the 
length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  green  or  purplish- 
brown,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

n  dty  soil,  Noi 


chusetla  and  northern  New  York. 

128.    Carex  deflixa  Homem. 


Northern  Sedge.     (Fig.  798.) 


r.  Club.   1 
:k,  Ann.  Rep.  N,  Y,  SUte  Mua 


Care.e  Pcctii  Howe; 
Nat.  Hist.  47:  166. 

Aspect  of  smaller  forms  of  the  preceding  species; 
culms  filiform,  erect  or  spreading,  I'-ij'  long,  shorter 
than  or  exceeding  the  narrow  bright  green  leaves. 
Bracts  subulate  or  very  narrowly  linear,  ^'-i'  long; 
staminate  spike  sessile,  i"-'^"  long,  sometimes  ob- 
lique,  inconspicuous;    pistillate   spikea   t-4,    3"^4" 
long,   oblong,   few-flowered,   the   upper  sessile,    the 
loner  slender- stalked  and  somewhat  separated,  com- 
monly also  I  or  2  nearly  basal  filiform-stalked  spikes 
from   the  lowest  sheaths;   perigynia  oblong,   much 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent,   i"  or  less  long, 
tipped  with  a  flat  i-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, green,  acute  or  cuspidate;  stigmas  3  or  3. 
Ontario.  Maine,  Vermont  and  Pennsylvania,  mostly  at  hiKh 
Howe  (C  albicans  Willd.,  an  older  name)  may  be  distinct 
Carex  delUxs  Parwillil  Britton. 
/ar.  media  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  43.    1889.    Not  C.  media  R.  Br.  1823. 
ted;  culms  stiff,  erect,  6'-i5'  tall,  commonly  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  stam- 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  335 

inatt  spike  conspicuous,  j"-s"  long;,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  t  or  j.  scattered,  the 
lower  slender-stalked  and  subtended  by  a  foliaceoua  bract  which  often  overtops  the  culm;  peri- 
Syniai"-iM"  long.  Northern  Michigan  to  British  Colunibia  and  Oregon,  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  (o  Colorado.    Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

I2g.    Carex  pradcox  Ja<;q.     Vernal  Sedge,     (Fig.  799.) 
Ca re.v  praecox  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr,  5:  23,  fil.  446,      1778. 

Dark  green,  stoloniferoua,  culms  very  slender,  erect 
or  reclining,  smooth,  3'-i3'  long.  Leaves  ii"-l'/i" 
wide,  almost  always  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
lower  bract  subulate,  %'-l'  long;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  very  ahort-stalked,  usually  large  aad  con- 
spicuous; pistillate  spikes  i'-3,  all  close  together  at 
the  summit,  oblong,  several -flowered,  3"-6"  long, 
about  3ji"  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower  sliort- 
stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  summit;  peri- 
gynia  oblong  or  obovoid,  sharply  3-angIed,  pubescent, 
brown,  about  i"  long;  tipped  with  a  very  minute 
beak;  scales  ovate,  purple-brown  with  a  lighter  mid- 
vein,  acute,  cuspidate  or  the  lower  rough-awned, 
about  equalling  the  perigyvia;  stigmaa  3. 


130.    Carex  nlgro-margindta  Schwein. 
Black-edged  Sedge.     (Fig.  800.) 

C.Hfg'TO-iwari'ijia/aSchwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  r;68.   1824. 
Bright  green,   strongly  stolon iferous,   culms   fili- 
form, erect  or  spreading,  3'-8'  long.     Leaves  i"-i" 
wide,  very  much  longer  than  the  culms,  rather  stiff, 
often  II' or  more  loijg;  bracts  very  short  and   snbu- 
:  or  wanting;  staminate  spike  sessile,  incouspicn- 
i"_j"  long,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  few- 
I   ilowered,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  atamioate,  about 
I   3"  long;  perigynia  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
lort  stipe,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  l"-iji" 
long,  about  }i"  thick,  i-ribbed  on  each  side,  tipped 
]   with  a  cylindric-subulate  s-toothed  beak  one-third  to 
e  halfas  long  the  body;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspi- 
I   date,  green  with  purple  margins  or  variegated,  rather 
longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Drj-  soil.  New  York  to  North  Carolina.    May-July. 
131.   Carex  umbelliLta  Schk.     Umbel  like  Sedge      (Fig   801  1 

^are.r  umbtllala  Schk.  Siedgr.  Nachtr.  75./  171.  1806. 
Carex  umbtllala  var.  I'icina  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  11; 

J17.  pi.  D.  /.  13.      1816. 

Rather  light  green,  closely  tufted  and  matted,  sto- 
loniferous,  culms  filiform,  very  nearly  smooth,  i'-6' 
long,  erect  or  reclining.  Leaves  %"-\yi"  wide,  usu- 
ally much  exceeding  the  culm,  sometimes  1°  long, 
the  old  sheaths  fibrillose;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
terminal,  )i'  or  less  long,  commonly  conspicuous; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  all  filiform-stalked  from  the  basal, 
sheaths  or  I  or  3  of  them  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  at 
the  base  of  the  staminate,  ovoid-oblong,  several-flow- 
ered, j"-4"  long;  perigynia  oval,  finely  pubescent, 
pole,  obtusely  3-angled,  the  body  rather  less  than  i" 
long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  a-toothed  beak  of  nearly 
its  length;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short- 
anned,  about  as  long^aa  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Dry  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New 
Jersey,  the  Indian  Territory  and  OreRon,     May-July. 


CVPERACEAE. 
132.   Carex  pubiscens  Muhl.     Pubescent  Sedge.     (Fig.  802.) 

Cam pubfsrtHs  Muhl,;  Wind.  Sp.  PI.  4:  "f".       "805. 

Pubescent  all  over,  bright  grcFii,  stoloniferous, 
culms  slender,  usaally  reclmiag,  i°-i°  long. 
Leaves  flat,  sofl,  elongated,  shorter  or  longer  than 
culm,  2"~T,}4"  wide;  loner  bracts  \'-y  long,  oc- 
casionally overtopping  the  spilces;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  with  pistillate 
flowers  at  its  base;  pistillate  spilces  3-4.  oblong- 
cyliodric,  rather  loosely  screral-many- flowered, 
erect,  4"-io"  long,  3"-2yi"  thick,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, the  lower  somewhat  separated  and  short- 
stallced;  perigynia  sharply  3-augled,  obovoid,  nar- 
rowed to  a  stipc-lilfc  base,  densely  pubescent,  and, 
iucludiug  the  subulate  straight  minutely  a-tootbed 
beak,  abont  3"  long;  scales  o\-ate,  scarious-tnar- 
gined,  rough-awned  or  cuspidate,  abont  as  loDg  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  North  Dakota 
New  Jersey,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.    Jnne-Aog. 

133.   Carex  FrJtseri  Aiidr.     Fraser's  Sedge.     (Fig.  803.) 

Carex  Fraieri  Ka&s.  Bot.  Rep.   pi.  6jg.      iSi;. 
Carex  Frauriana  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  IJ91.      1811. 

Glabrous,  culms  sniootli,  slender,  reclining,  10'- 
18'  long.  Baaal  leaves  8'-i5'  long,  i'-^'  wide,  per- 
fectly flat,  firm,  spreading,  finely  many-nerved  with 
no  midvein,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  their 
margins  usually  finely  crumpled  in  drying;  culm 
leaves  reduced  to  clasping  basal  sheaths;  spike  soli- 
tary, bractless,  terminal,  androgynous,  Ji'-i'  long, 
staminate  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate  por- 
tion dense,  about  ^'  in  diameter  in  fruit;  perigynia 
ovoid,  pale  green,  diverging,  thin  and  somewhat 
swollen,  faintly  many  nerved,  fully  2"  long  and 
rather  more  than  i"  in  diameter,  tipped  with  a 
short  nearly  troncate  beak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse. 
much  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  rich  woods,  southwestern  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
eastern  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina,  Locally  abundant.  Our 
large st-ltaved  species.     May-July. 

134.   Carex  picta  Steud.     Boott's  Sedge.     (Fig.  804.) 

Carex  Boolliana    Benth.;  Boott,    Bost    Jonm.    Nat. 

Hist,  s:  112.    1845.    Not  H.  &  A.  1841. 
Carex picia  Steud.  Syn.  Pl..Cyp.  184.       iSsS- 

Dioecious,  foliage  glabrous,  light  green,  culm 
slender,  smooth,  erect  or  reclining,  6'-ia'  long, 
usually  much  shorter  than  the  lemves.  Leaves 
flat,  ifi"-3"  wide;  spike  solitary  and  terminal  or 
rarely  with  a  small  accessory  one  near  its  base, 
erect,  densely  many- flowered,  the  staminate 
about  1'  long,  the  pistillate  cylindric  but  narrowed 
at  the  base,  I'-aJ^'  long,  3"-4"  thick,  subtended 
by  a  short  purple  sheath;  perigynia  obovoid, 
strongly  many-nerved,  pubescent  at  least  towaid 
'  the  obtuse  summit,  about  i;j"  long,  narrowed  at 
the  base;  scales  purple,  usually  with  green  mar- 
gins and  midvein,  shining,  obovate,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, longer  and  wider  than  the  periygnia. 

In  woods,   Indiana   to   Alabama   and   Lomsiantu 
Local.    Summer. 


CVPERACEAE. 
Carex  durifdlia  Bailey.     Back's  Sedge.     (Fig.  808.) 

Carer  Bactii  Boott;  Hoot.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  J;  310,  pi.  log. 

1840.    Not  C  Backana  Dewey,  \i^. 
Carex  duri/olia  Bailejr,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  M:  428.  iSgj. 

Glabrous,  cutms  scarcely  i'  high.  Leevea  is- 
cending  or  spreading,  &'-i2'  loag,  l>i"-3"  wide, 
very  much  overtoppiog  the  spiltes;  spites  i-j, 
nearly  basal,  androgyuoua,  i  or  2  of  them  vtrf 
slender-stalked,  the  sUminate  flowers  few,  termi- 
nel,  inconspicuous,  the  pistillate  3-6,  subtended  by 
leafy  bract-like  elongated  scales  which  nearly  to- 
close  the  infloresceuce;  perigynia  oval,  smcxdh, 
gradually  tapering  into  a  stout  subulate  b«*k 
□early  or  qaite  as  loug  as  the  body,  which  b  ibonl 
i}i"  long  and  l"  thick;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  lo 
Massachusetts,  New  York.  Ohio  and  Michigan.  AIm 
in  Colorado  jaccordin;  to  Bailey).    May-June. 


Carex  rupistris  All.     Rock  Sedge. 

(Fig.  809.) 


251.    1836- 

Culms  rather  stout,  obtusely  3-angled,  erect,  i'- 
6'  tall.  Leaves  }^"~i"  wide,  involute  in  drying, 
often  curved,  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  culm; 
bract  subulate,  erect,  shorter  than  the  terminal  soli- 
tary androgynous  spike  or  wanting;  spike  6"-ia" 
long,  the  pistillate  flowers  few.  basal:  perigynia 
erect,  smooth,  obovoid  or  elliptic,  firm,  faintly  few- 
iierved,  about  2"  long,  the  beak  stout,  cylindric, 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  purple- 
brown,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  wider  and  longer 
than  the  perigynia;  atigiiias  3. 


Labrador  and  r.reetilam 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 
Europe  and  Asia.    Suniuicr. 


<li  Columbia,  south 


Carex  supina  Willd.     Weak  Arctic  Sedge.     (Fig.  810,) 

Caret  supina'WiWA.:  Wahl,  Kongl.  Vet.  .\cad,  Harnll 

(II.)  14:  158.      1803. 

Glabrous,  densely  tufled,  cnltns  slender  or  nearlj 
filiform  but  erect,  sharply  3-angIed,  4'-lo'  t""' 
Leaves  about  %"  wide,  rough -margined,  flat,  shortf 
than  the  culm,  erect  or  reclining;  lower  btactsliort, 
subulate;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile  or  retT 
nearly  so,  3"-6"  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  swsdf 
uear  the  summit  of  the  culm,  snbglobose  or  oblong, 
few-flowered,  i"-y  long,  the  upper  one  sometimf 
consisting  of  only  1-3  flowers;  perigynia  ovoid, 
smooth,  hard,  nerveless,  about  i"  long,  less  than  fi" 
thick,  3-angled,  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak;  italc 
ovate,  brown-purple  or  lighter- margined,  obtuse  M 
subacute,  equalling  or  rather  longer  than  the  pen- 
gynia;  stigmas  3. 

Northern  Minnesota  (according  to  Bailey)  and  M*""- 
toba  to  arctic  America  and  Greenland.  Also  in  noithen 
Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 
141.   Carex  leptSlea  Wahl.     Bristle-stalked  Sedge. 
Cairi   leplalea  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Hand!.  (II.) 

M-  139-      1803. 
Carex  polylrickoides  Willd.;  Wahl.  loc.  eit.  as  syno- 
nym,    1803. 

Light  grecQ  and  glabrous,  cnltns  filifann,  smooth, 
erect  or  spreading,  6'-i8'  long.  Leaves  not  over 
J4"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  soli- 
tary, terminal,  androgynous,  narrowly  linear,  a"- 
7"  long,  rather  less  than  \"  thick,  stamlnate 
above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia  few,  linear-ob- 
long, light  green,  mauy-nerved,  uarroved  at  the 
base,  obtuse  and  beakless  at  the  summit,  about  1%" 
long  and  slightly  mote  than  %"  thick;  scales 
membranous,  the  upper  obtuse  and  shorter  than 
the  perigynia,  the  lower  acute,  the  lowest  some- 
times attenuated  into  a  subulate  awn  nearly  as 
loug  as  the  spike;  stigmas  3-3. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Teiaa,  Colorado 
and  (Jreiron.     Ascends  lo  4300  ft.  in  Nortli  Carolina. 

Carex  filif61ia  Nutt.     Thread-leaved  Sedge.     (^Fig.  812.) 

Carex  fili/oHa  Nutt.  Gen.  3:  204.      1818. 

Densely  tufted,  pale  green  and  glabrous,  culma  very 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  3'-i4'  tall,  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  (iliform,  rather  stifF,  about 
%"  wide,  their  sheaths  pcrsisteat  and  ultimately 
hbrillose;  spike  solitary,  erect,  bractless,  stamiuate 
above,  pistillate  betow,  3"-i5"  long,  the  pistillate 
part  about  i"  in  diameter;  perigynia  obovoid-oval, 
trisDgnlar,  few-nerved  or  nearly  nerveless,  rough  or 
somewhat  pubeaceut  at  the  summit,  \"  long,  rather 
more  than  )i"  thick,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  short  cyl- 
indric  hyaline  entire  beak;  scales  broadly  oval,  con- 
cave with  wide  scarious  margins,  obtuse  or  cuspidate, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia  but  much  broader; 
stigmas  3. 


143.   Carex  capitdta  L.     Capitate  Sedge. 

(Fig.  813-) 

Carex  capilata  L,  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  i,  1376.       1763. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  stiff,  strictly  erect, 
j'-i8' tall,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.  Leaves  filiform, 
involute,  eiect,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  solitary, 
terminal,  ovoid,  bractless,  2"-4"  high,  about  a"  in 
diameter,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia 
obloDg-elliptic,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  light  brown, 
nerveless  or  very  faintly  few  nerved,  1"  long,  Ji" 
thick,  tipped  with  a  nearly  entire  dark  brown  beak 
about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  membranous,  brown,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
and  rather  broader  than  the  perigynia;  sligmas  a. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  lo  the  Northwest  Territory  and 
on  the  higher  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.     Ahm  in  Europe. 


CVPERACEAE- 

144.   Carex  nikrdina  Fries.     Nard  Sedge. 
(Fig.  814.) 
Cam-  aardina  Pries.  Mant.  i:  55.      1839. 

Cnlms  filirorm,  smooth,  erect,  2'-s'  tall,  very 
dcutcly  luCted.  Leaves  filiform,  erect,  abont  m  long 
aa  the  catms;  spike  solitary,  termiaal,  erect,  ovoid- 
oblonK,  3"-6"  long,  less  Ibati  a"  id  diameter,  bract- 
less,  6taiiiinatc  above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia  ob- 
long-elliptic, yellowish  brown,  nerveleaa,  nearly  erect, 
narrowed  at  both  eDds,  nearly  a"  long,  slightly  over. 
%"  wide,  Bomewhat  hiapid  above,  beaklesa,  the  ori- 
fice a-toothed;  acelee  ovate,  brown,  thin,  aetite  or 
cuspidate  or  the  npper  obtuse,  rather  longer  than  the 
peiigyuia;  etigmas  a. 

Labrador  and  Hudson  Bafto  British  Columbia.    Sum- 


145.   Carex  Redowskyikna  C.  A.  Meyer.     Redowsky's  Sedge. 


Carex  Redowskyana  C.  A.  Meyer,  Hem.  Acad.  St.  Peteisb. 

Div.  Sav.  i;  jo?.  pt.  4.      1875-31. 
rarcj-fj'nofra/wWonnak.iDrejcr,  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  16.  1841. 

Culms  very  slender,  stiff,  erect,  j'-S'  tall.  Leaves  al- 
most bristle-form,  erect,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
culm;  spike  solitary,  oblong,  tcnninal,  erect,  a"-8" 
long,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate 
part  i"-i"  thick,  or  sometimes  wholly  staminate  or  pis- 
tillate; perigynia  ovoid -el  tipsoid,  stipitate,  dark  brown, 
i"-ij4"  long,  spreading  or  refiexed  when  mature, 
strongly  several -nerved,  little  compressed,  rough  above, 
nmrrowed  into  a  very  short  a-toothed  bealc;  scales  ovate, 
light  brown  spreading,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  perigynia ;  stigmas  1. 


n  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado, 


146.   Carex 


exllis  Dewey. 


Coast  Sedge.  (Fig.  816.) 
txilis  Dewey.  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  14:  351.  i8»8. 
Culms  very  sleuder  or  filiform,  stiff,  strictly  erect, 
nearly  orquite  smooth,  10^-3°  tall.  Leaves  involute- 
filiform,  equalling  or  usually  shorter  than  thecnlm; 
spike  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  bractless,  3"-i8" 
long,  staminate  below  and  pistillate  above  or  aome- 
times  staminate  above  and  pistillate  below,  occa- 
sionally quite  dioecious,  very  rarely  with  ■  small 
auxiliary  spike  at  its  base;  perigynia  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, somewhat  impressed  at  the  base,  brown,  about 
i>i"  long,  rather  strongly  several-nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the  inner,  spread- 
ing or  leflexed  at  maturity,  narrowed  into  a  slender 
rough  3-loothed  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  ovate,  acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  a. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  sootbeni 
New  Jersey,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Reported  from 
Minnesou,    May-Jnly. 


SEDGE   FAMIL\. 

147.    Carex  chordorhiza  L,  f.     Creeping  Sedge.     (Fig.  S17. ) 

tnx  cJioidothi:a  I.,  f.  Siippl.  ^14.      17S1. 

RtMtstockG  slender,  creeping,  cuIdib  aleuder,  erect 
nearly  so,  8'-i8'  tall,  Leaves  i"-i,'i"  wide, 
lorlcr  than  the  culm,  somewhat  involute  in  drying, 
raighi.  the  lower  ones  of  the  culm  reduced  to  short 
leflths;  spikes  1-4,  aggregated  into  a  temiinai  ovoid 
'  oblong  head4"-6"  long;  staminate  (towers  termi- 
il:  perigynia  ellipsoid,  slightly  more  than  i"  long 
id  neatly  1"  wide,  flat  on  the  inner  aide,  convex  on 
e  outer,  strongly  many-nerved,  abruptly  tipped  by 
short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lBnceolate. 
)r  acuminate,  equalling  the  perigynia  or  a  little 
inger;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs  and  shallow  water,  Anticosti  to  Hudson  Bay 
■nd  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maine,  New  York. 
BOrthcrn  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Iowa.     Also  in  Ku- 


lefi.    Carex  incurva  Ligluf.     Curved  Sedge.     (Fig.  818.) 

'//  C.irr.>  iHct^rva  UghtF,  Fl.  St-ot.  5+4.  pi.  -V-/.  '.     1777- 

Densely  tufted,  culms  rather  slifT,  smooth,  often 
curved,  i'-6'  long.  Leaves  leas  than  i"  wide, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  usually  curved; 
spikes  2-5,  sessile  and  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  or 
globose  dense  head  5"-8"  in  diameter,  appearing 
like  a  solitary  spike;  staminate  flowers  few,  borne 
at  the  tops  of  the  spikes;  perigynia  ovate,  slightly 
swollen,  compressed,  i,4"  iong,  1"  wide,  con- 
tracted at  the  base  and  narrowed  above  into  a  short 
conic  entire  beak,  faintly  several- many -nerved, 
scales  ovate,  brown  or  brownish,  acute  or  subacute, 
inenibranous,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  z. 

Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  British  Columbia, 
south  in  the  Kucky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  -Asia.    Summer. 


149.    Carex  stenoph^Ua  Wahl.     Iiivo- 
Itite-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  819.) 


II.1»<:t4'' 


rHophytla  Wahl.  Kougl.  Vet,  Acad.   Handl. 


1B03. 


Densely  tufted  and  strongly  stolouiferous,  pale 
reen,  culms  smooth,  stiff,  erect.  3'-S'  high. 
Mves  involute,  about  %"  wide,  shorter  tlian  or 
loalliug  the  culm;  inflorescence  much  as  in  the 
'eceding  species;  perigynia  ovate  orovate-oi'al, 
Ktut  \"  long,  faintly  several- nerved.  Hat  on  the 
ner  face,  low-convex  on  the  outer,  gradually 
larrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate, 
-ownish,  membranous,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
[ualling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  i. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  BriUsli  Columbia,  souili  to 
wm  Nebraska  and  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and 
iia.    June^Aug. 


CYPERACEAE. 

150.   Carex  Douglfisii  Boott.     Douglas' Sedge.     (Fig.  820. ) 

Carex  Douglasii  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  3: 113.  pi. 


»>4- 


1840. 


Light  green,  rootstocfc  extensivel]'  creeping,  culms 
slender,  erect,  amooth  or  nearly  to,  4'-ia'  tall. 
Leaves  \"  wide  or  less,  somewhat  involnte  iu  drying, 
sometime!  longer  than  the  culm,  tapering  to  a  long 
point;  spikes  narrowly  oblong,  acnte,  ^"-d"  long, 
several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal  oblong  or 
ovoid  cluster  I'-i'  long;  staminate  floweis  terminal 
or  variously  distributed,  whole  spikes  occasionally 
itaminate  or  the  plants  even  dioecious;  pcrigynia 
ovate-lanceolale,  about  1^"  long,  faintly  several- 
nerved,  on  both  sides,  narrowed  at  the  base,  tlie 
slender  tapering  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as 
the  body;  scales  pale  greenish  brown,  lanceolate, 
scarions,  smooth-awned,  3-4  times  longer  than  the 
perigynia  and  completely  concealing  them;  stigmas  2. 

In  diT  soil,  Manitoba  to  Nebraska  and  New  Meiii 
westtoBrit'  '   "  '         ■         -----      - 


British  Columbia  and  Califi 


151.    Carex  arenitria  L.     Sand  Sedge. 
Sand-star.     (Fig.  Szr.) 

Carex  areaaria  I,.  Sp.  PI.  973.      1753. 

Rootstock  extensively  creeping,  culms  erect,  slen 
der,  slightly  scabrous  above,  4''-i5'  high.     Leaves  i' 
or  less  wide,  very  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm 
lower  bract  subulate,  sometimes  ]>j'  long;  spikes  ob 
long,  3"-5"  long,  aggregated  into  a  terminal  ovoid 
cluster  I'-j'  long,  the  terminal  commonly  staminate 
the  middle  ones  staminate  at  the  top,  the  lower  u 
ally  wholly  pistillate;  perigynis  lanceolate,   I'/t"- 
long,  stroagly  several. nerved  on  both  sides,  the  flat   I 
strongly  a-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body 
and  decarrent  on  its  summit;  scales  lanceolate,  light 
brown,  long-acuminate  or  awned,  about  equalling  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

On  sea  beaches  near  Norfolk,  Vi^nia.    Adventiv« 
naturalized  from  Europe.    June-July, 

152.    Carex  conjuncta  Boott.     Soft  Fox  Sedge.     (Fig.  822.) 

f  vulpina  Carey,  in  A.  Gray,  Man,  541. 


■-:53- 


t.  111.  1 


NotL 
Cartx  c. 

Light  green,  culms  smooth  or  rougbish  above. 
sharply  3-angled  when  fresh,  flat  when  ptessed. 
soft,  erect,  1^"-^'  tall.  Leaves  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  tbe  culm,  soft,  flat,  rough- 
margined,  aji"-3ja"  vride;  bracts  small  and 
bristle-like  or  wanting;  spikes  several  or  nnmer* 
ous,  in  a  terminal  elongated  sometimes  branched 
cluster,  or  the  lower  separated,  the  staminate 
flowers  few,  terminal;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate,  pale,  lyi"  long,  thickened  at  the 
base,  strongly  several-nerved,  tapering  into  a 
rougbish  3-toothed  beak  shorter  than  the  body: 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  cuspidate  or  abort  awned, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets.  New  Jersey  (accord- 
ingto  Bailey  I,  <(outheiiBtem  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky. 
Illinois  and  Minnesota.     June-Aug. 


(Fig.  823.) 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 
153.   Carex  stip&ta  Miihl.     Awl-fruited  Sedge. 

Cart.f  stifalp  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  9M'      '*>S- 

Culms  smooth,  rather  weak,  erect  or  nearly  so 
sharply  3-angled  before  drying,  l'-3)4''  tall.  Leaves 
fiat,  i"-\"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  bracts  short 
bristle-form  or  waating;  spikes  numerous,  yellowish 
brown,  crowded  into  a  terminal  oblong  cluster  i  S'- 
4'  long,  the  lowest  sometimes  branched,  the  stami 
Date  flowers  few,  always  terminal;  perigynia  lanceo- 
late, strongly  several -nerved,  l"~l%"  long,  about  1" 
wide  at  the  base,  gradually  tapering  into  a  rough 
flattened  3-toothed  beak  1-3  times  lis  long  as  the 
body,  giving  the  clusters  a  peculiarly  bristly  aspect; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  thin,  hyahne,  acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario 
and  Briliflh  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Tennessee.  Mis- 
souri^ N€w  Mexico  and  California.  Ascends  to  4100  ft. 
in  Vintinia.    May-July. 

154.   Carex  Cr6s-C6rvi  Shuttlw,     Raven's-foot  Sedge.     (Fig.  824.) 

Carex  Crus-Corvi  Shuttlw.;  Kunze,  Riedg.  Suppl.  ia8. 

pl-js.      1844. 
Carex /faM  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  (Il.)a:l48.    1846. 

Pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  stout,  3.angled, 
rough  above,  erect,  I'-i"  tall.  Leaves  flat,  aji"- 
6"  wide,  rough-margined,  sometimes  equalling  the 
culm,  usually  shorter;  spikes  yellowish  brown, 
staminate  above,  very  numerops  in  a  large  com- 
pound branching  terminal  cluster  4'-ii'  long,  1'- 
3'  thick;  perigynia  elongated -lanceolate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  about  4"  long,  with  a  short  hard 
base  and  a  subulate  rough  3-taothed  beak  3  or  4 
times  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, thin,  very  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 


155.    Carex  decompdsita  Muhl.     Large- 

panicled  Sedge.     (Fig.  825.) 
^arex  decomposita  Muhl.  Gram.  164.     1817, 

Dark  green,  cnlms  smooth,  very  obtusely  anglcl 
«ir  terete  below,  rather  stout,  erect,  i;^°-3''  tall. 
Xeaves  2"-4"  wide,  rough,  rather  stiff,  longer  than 
"the  culm,  equitant  at  the  base;  spikes  yellowish 
'brown,  stamiuate  above,  small  and  very  numerous 
in  a  terminal  decompound  cluster  1'-}/  long,  the 
lower  branches  ascending  and  \'-t'  long;  bracts 
Bubnlate,  ciliate  or  wanting;  perigynia  short-ob- 
wate,  less  than  i"  long,  hard,  somewhat  shin- 
ing, faintly  few-nerved,  abruptly  tipped  with  a 
^ery  short  slightly  a-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
■carious-margined,  about  equalling  the  perigynia; 
atigmas  3. 


CYPERACEAE- 

156.  Carex  m&rcida  Boott.     Clustered  Field 

Sedge.     (Fig.  826.) 
Carfx  marcida  Boott:  Hook,  Fl.  Bor.Am.  a:  21a.  pl.ii.h 

Light  f^eea,  culms  slender,  sharply  3-aiiglcd, 
rougb,  at  least  above,  i"-!"  tall.  Leaves  i"  wide  or 
lesB,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short,  subu- 
late rrom  a  broader  base,  or  wanting;  spikea  several, 
staminate  at  the  aummit  or  tome  of  them  wholly 
stamiuate,  clnslered  iu  a  terminal  oblong  or  obloug- 
cylindric  head  about  \}i'  long,  the  lower  ones  aoine' 
times  compound;  perigyuia  ovate,  dark  brown,  about 
t"  long,  faintly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  flat  aerrHte 
beak  shorter  tbau  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  brownish,  membrauons,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


PL  ,9. 


■794- 


Ratber  light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  re- 
clining, very  rougb,  at  least  above,  i°-3|j°  long. 
Leaves  mostly  less  than  1"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm;  bracts  very  email  or 
none;  SDikes  several  or  numerous,  staminate  above, 
in  a  narrowly  obloug  compact  or  intermpled  ter- 
minal cluster  I'-a'  long;  perigyuia  ovate-oval, 
smooth,  dark  brown,  hard,  ahiuing,  few-nerved  on 
the  outer  side,  the  body  slightly  more  than  %" 
long,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  short -stalked, 
tapering  iuto  a  flat  conic  beak  about  its  owu  length; 
scales  thin,  ovate,  brownish,  acute  or  short-awned, 
about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  Nova  Scotia  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  British  Columbia,  Rhode  Island.  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Nebraska.    Also  in  Europe.    May-July. 

Carez  teratiaicula  priirea  (Dewey)  Britton. 
Carex  prairea  Dewey.  Wood's  Classbook,  578.      1855. 
Carex  Itreliuuuia  vor.  ramosa  Boott,  III.  lij.       1867.      Not  C.  ramosa  Schk,      1806. 

Cluster  of  spikes   compound,    branched,   the   top   eommonly   nodding.     Ontario    to    British 
Columbia,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Oregon. 

158.   Carex  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.     Foxtail  Sedge.     (Fig.  828.) 

Carez  cephalophora  vol.  maxitna  Dewey,  Am.  Joum. 

Sci.  43:  cp.     1841.    Not  C.  maxima  Scop.     177?. 
Carex  alofiecoidea  Tuckerm.  Ennm.  Heth.  18.      i&(3. 

Light  green,   culms  stout   but  soft,  sharply  y 
angled,  erect   or  reclining,   2"-!,°   long,  roughish 
above.     Leaves  flat,  ij4"-3"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  culm;  bracts  almost  filiform,  com- 
mouly  short;  spikes  several  or  numeroua  in  a  com- 
pact or  somewhat  interrupted   cluster  I'-a*  loug, 
rarely  also  a  separated  cluster  subtended  by  a  leaf- 
like bract;  staminate  flowers  terminal;   perigynia    -1 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  short.atipitate,  iJi"-3"    "" 
loug,  pale  brown,  faintly  few-uerved  on  the  outer -3* 
side,  the  tapering  rough  a-toothed  beak  nearly  11   s 
long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  light  brown,.  J 
cuspidate  or   short-awned,  about  as  long  as  th^^ 
perigynia;  stigmas  i. 

In  meadows.  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Hichi^^ 
gan  and  Manitoba  (according  to  Macoun).    L<Kal, 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Carex  >lop«ctid«a  spliaiapiciu  Dewey,  Am.  Ji 
Spikes  distinctly  separated.    Southeastern  Michigan. 
159.    Carex  gr&vida  Bailey.     Heavy  Sedge, 
(Fig.  829. ) 

:iub.  i:  1.       i88q. 
1889. 

Light  gicen,  culms  slender,  i>i''-3°  tall,  sharply 
3-aiigled,  erect,  rough  above.  Leaves  flat,  i}4"-  3" 
wide,  spreading  or  ascending,  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  culm;  bracts  fiiirorm.  usually  very  short; 
spikes  several,  in  an  obtong  or  ovoid-oblong  dense 
heavy  bead  i'-ij4'  long,  pale,  subglobose,  lliestami-  , 
nate  flow  era  terminal;  perigynia  flat,  spread!  Dg, 
broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  i}j"-3"  toug,  at  least 
1"  wide,  rounded  at  the  base,  sessile  or  abort- stalked, 
uarrowedintoas-toothedbeak  about  one -third  as  long 
as  the  body,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face  or  nerve- 
less; scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  cuspidate  orshort- 
awned,  about  as  loug  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Illinois  to  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska.    May-July. 

160.   Carex  vulpinoldea  Michx.     Fox  Sedge.     (Fig.  830.) 

Carrr  vulfitnoidea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  16 


1B03. 


Culms  slender,  stiff,  sharply  3-angled,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i"-a)i"  wide,  elon- 
gated, oilen  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  bristle-like, 
short  or  sometimes  j'-3'  long;  spikes  ovoid-oblong, 
densely  flowered,  z"-4"  long,  very  numerous  in  a 
compactor  somewhat  interrupted  cluster,  i^'-S' 
long,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  compound,  stami- 
nate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  the  body 
broader  than  long,  less  than  i"  long,  rather  more 
than  yi"  wide,  greenish  brown,  flat,  several -nerved 
on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  1-3  nerved  on  the 
inner,  ascending  or  spreading,  tipped  with  a  lanceo- 
late 3-toothcd  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body; 
scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned,  about  as 
long  as  the  perigynia,  but  narrower;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  New  Brunswick  to 
Manitoba,  sotlth  to  Florida.  Louisiana,  Nebtaska  and 
Texas.    Ascends  to  1500  fl.  in  VirginiB.    June-Aug. 

161.   Carex  xanthoc&rpa  Bicknell.     Yellow-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  831.) 
Carex  ranlhocarpa  Bicknell.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  S:  jj. 

Culm*  rather  stout,  rough  above,  I'-s"  tall, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  iJi"-3" 
wide;  head  oblong  or  ovoid,  usually  dense,  X'-'W 
long;  sjHkes  numerous,  ovoid,  many -flowered, 
short;  staminate  flowers  terminal;  bracts  mostly 
short  and  inconspicuous;  perigynia  bright  yellow, 
plano-convex,  ovate-elliptic,  about  i>j"  long,  with 
a  narrowed  or  cuneatc  base  and  a  short  minutely 
3-toothed  beak,  nerveless,  or  obscurely  few-nerved 
on  the  ODter  face;  scales  acuminate,  shorl-awned 

In   fields,   Massachusetts  to  New  York  and  Ohio 
Jnne-Aug:. 
Canz  UDtboclipa  aimteteiia  Bicknell.  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 


33:  J 


1896. 


"wide;  head  not  over 
lus  and  longer  than  the 
ir  Buborbkmlar,   Abun 


CYPERACEAE. 


Car 


Carex  setdcea  Dewey.     Bristly- 
spiked  Sedge.     (Fig.  832.) 


I-  sflacea  Dewey,  Am,  Jouni.  Sci.  9:  61. 
V  scabrior  Sa.nv .;  BwHI,  III,  31  1*5.       18 


Culms  t^°-4°  tall,  erect,  rough  above.  Leave» 
i°-i°  long,  i"-3"  wide,  shorter  than  the  cnlm; 
head  QHiTOwl;  oblong,  i^'-aji'long,  3"-5"  thick, 
sometimes  branchedat  the  base;  bracts  bristle -like, 
longer  than  the  spikes  or  shorter;  spikes  ovoid  or 
ovoid -oblong,  2}i"-i"  long,  asualty  close  together; 
perigyaia  lanceolate  or  ovale-lanceotate,  tapering 
from  a  more  or  less  truncate  base  to  a  narrow  rough 
a.toothed  beak,  few-nerved,  iX"-i>i"  long. 


163.  Carex  SartwiUii  Dewey.     Sartwell's  Sedge.     (Fig.  833.) 
Carex  Sar/u-ellii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43;  90.    1843. 

Culms  Blender,  stiff,  erect,  rough  above,  S'Sngled 
l'-2,°  tall.  Leaves  i"  2"  wide,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  cnlm,  long-attenuate  at  the  apex;  bracts 
setaceous,  usually  very  small,  or  i  or  1  of  the  lower 
sometimes  elongated;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  a"- 
4"  long,  nauallj  densely  aggregated  in  a  narrow 
cluster  I'-i'  long,  or  the  lower  somewhat  separated; 
statninate  flowers  terminal  or  whole  spikes  oc- 
casionally etaminate;  perigynia  elliptic -lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  1"  long  and  rather  more 
than  }4"  wide,  ascending,  strongly  several-nerved 
on  both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  a-toothed 
t>eak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  pale  brown, 
scarious-margined,  about  equalling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
central  New  York,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Arkansas  and 
Utah,    May-July. 

164.   Carex  tenilla  Schk.     Soft-leaved 
Sedge.     (Fig.  834.) 

Carex  lenella  Schk.  Riedgn.  23.  /  104.     1801. 

Light  green,  rootstocks  very  slender,  culms  al- 
most filiform,  roagh,  commonly  reclining,  b'-i" 
long.  Leaves  soft,  about  ii"  wide,  spreading, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  the  culm; 
spikes  very  small,  only  1-5-flowered,  distant  or  the 
upper  close  together,  the  staminate  flower  or  Sow- 
ers uppermost;  perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,  nearly 
terete,  bard,  finely  many-nerved,  about  i"  long  and 
rather  more  than  >i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute, 
shorter  than  or  the  lower  equalling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  t. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south 

to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan.  Colorado  and 

California.    Also  in  Europe.    June-July. 

Carex  EleAcbada  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  6,  a  very  slender  erect  secies,  with  a  or  3  amall 

brown  i-i-fiowered  spikes  agBrcgated  in  a  terminal  head  i  M"-a"  long,  ovoid  slightly  swollen  mar- 

ginless  plano-convex  short-beaked  perigynia,  collected  by  Prof.  Macoun  on  the  Saskatchewan 

Plains,  probably  occurs  within  the  northwestern  limits  of  our  area. 


SEDCK    FAMILY. 

165.   Carex  rdsca  Schk.     Stellate  Sedge. 
(Fig.  835.) 
■a  Sohk,  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  ij,  /.  f/«.      1S06. 
Ulher  bri^it  grecu.  culraa  vefy  slender  or  liliforai, 
ir  reclining,  rougb  Hbove,  ]°-i>i°  long.     Leaves 
\  soft,  sprcadiag,  i"  or  less  wide,  shorter  than  the 
3;    lower   hract   Blifotm   or  bristle-likc,    Ja'-i>4' 
;;  spikes  4-S,  subglobofie,  i"-^"  in  diameter.  5-15- 
irered,  the  2  or  3  upper  close  together,  the  others    ' 
;   stamioate   flowers   few,  lemiiDal;   perigynia 
mreolate,  flat,  bright  green,  slellatcly  diverging, 
veless,  shining,  ["-ifj"long,rntber  more  than  Ji" 
le,  lupering  into  a  stout  s-toolhed  beak  about  one- 
1  the  len^h  of  the  body;   scales  ovale-obloug, 
he,  hyaline,  iialf  Bslongaslfaeperigf  uia;  stigmas  2. 
B  woods  and  thickets,  Newrmindland  to  Ontario  and 
■lobn.  south  to  North  Calolina,    Xebraaka  and   Mis- 
,     Ascends  lo  2500  tL  iu  Virginia.     May-Jnly. 

CanjK  ritea  isdUta  Dewey.  Aiu,  Jouro. 
.'ulms  filiCnnu.  »preaiIiiiE:  leaves  about  V."  wide;  sgiikEBOnly  3-6-flawe  red,  scattered;  perlfrynia 
endinic.  Unceol.ite.  about  1^"  wide.    Untario  to  MaiwachnEetls,  North  Carolina  and  Rentncky. 

166.   Carex  retroflixa  Muhl.     Reflexed  Sedge.     (Fig.  836. ) 

Carti  rtlrofifxa  MuUl.;  Wind.  Sp.  PI,  4:  ».«■  l8a5. 
C.  'osea  v-ar.  re/j^ryJ^.u  Ton.  Ann.  Lye.  3:  389.  1836. 
CultDs  very  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff,  8'-t3'  tall, 
smooth  or  roughish  above.  Leaves  about  %"  in 
width,  mo!>l'.y  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract 
brialle-fonn,  sometimes  a'  long,  usually  shorter; 
spikes  4-8.  subglobose,  4-9-flowered,  the  upper  all 
close  together,  the  lower  1  or  3  separated;  stami- 
nate  flowers  termiual  or  rarely  variously  intermtxefl 
with  the  pistillate;  perigynia  oblong -lanceolate  or 
ovate -lanceolate,  radiating  or  reflexed  at  maturity, 
about  \%"  long  and  a  little  more  than  ^''  wide, 
smooth,  green-brown,  compressed,  but  not  as  Hat 
OS  those  of  the  preceding  species,  somcwbat  corky- 
thickened  at  the  base,  tapering  upwardly  into  a  3- 
loothed  beak  about  one-third  tbe  length  of  the 
body;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  1. 
In  woods  and  Ihicketa,  Massachusetts  tu  Oiilario,  Michigan,  Florida,  and  Texas,     May-July. 

167.   Carex  Texensis  (Ton.)  Bailey.     Texas  Sedge.     (Fig.  837.) 
■ej-  Toita  var.  Texeniii  Torr. ,  Bailey,  Mem   Torr. 
flub.  It  57.      iSSg. 
rr  Trrtnsis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:97.     1*94. 

imilar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  very 
ilder,  erect,  sraoolh,  6'-i8'  tall.  Leaves  spread- 
lending,  soft,  about  ,'-i"  wide,  shorter  than 
t  calm;  lower  bract  commonly  filiform,  some- 

!8  elongated;  spikes  4-7, 4- 10- dowered,  all  close 

thcr  in  B  narrow  head    ii'-i}4'   long,  or  tlie 

tr  ones  separated;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceo- 
t,  green,  nerveless,  smooth,  radiating  or  widely 

»ding,  iyi"-3"  long,   Ji"  wide,  the  tapering 

t  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 

Kolate  or  ovate,  hyaline,  acute 
I  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigy 


3. 


L'ordin 


o  Baileyl;  AlabalDa 


CVPERACEAE. 

i68.  Carex  muricfkta  L.     Less 
Sedge.     (Fig.  838.) 


■  Prickly 


L,  Sp.  PI.  97*-  1753- 
Brigbt  green,  culms  Blender,  erect  or  reclinJEg, 
rongbish,  at  least  above,  i°-2;i°  long.  Leaves  i"- 
i}i"  wide,  shorter  than  the  cnlm,  bracts  very  short 
and  subulate;  spikes  5-10,  4-10-floweicd,  all  clns- 
tered  into  aa  oblong  head,  or  the  lower  i  or  3 
somewbat  distant;  perig^nia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 3"  long,  i"  wide,  smooth,  shining,  nerveless, 
ascending  when  young,  spreading  or  radiating 
when  mature,  not  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  rongb- 
edged  i-tootbed  beak  aa  long  as  the  body;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  green  or  brownish,  acnte, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


from  Europe.    JuDe-Aug. 


Car 


■805. 


169.   Carex  sparganioldes  Muhl. 

sparganioides  Muhl.;    Willd.    Sp.    PI.   4: 


Bur-reed  Sedge.     (Fig.  839.) 


337. 


Rather  dark  green  with  nearly  white  sheatbB, 
cnlms  stout  or  slender,  rough,  sharply  3-angled,  3°- 
3°  tail.  Leaves  broad  and  flat,  2j^"-4fi"  wide, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
the  lower  very  short;  spikes  6-12,  oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  3)i"-\"  in  diameter,  several'manj-Bow- 
ered,  the  upper  aggregated,  the  lower  3-4  com- 
monly separated,  sometimes  compound  and  sub* 
tended  by  bristle-like  btacts;  perigynia  flat,  ovate, 
iji"  long,  1"  wide,  spreading  or  radiating,  pale, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  rounded  at  the  base,  usu- 
ally few-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  the  rough  3- 
tootbed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of 
the  body;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acnte  or  cuspidate, 
about  one  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Massacliusetts  to  Ontarioand 
Micliigan,  south  to  Vinpnia,  Kentucky  and  Mi 
ends  to "  1- "r„-~i"      i..-.^a„~ 


n  Virpnia.    June-Aug, 
Carex  cephaloldea  Dewey. 


sci.  1 


Thin-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  840.) 
:3o8.      l8a6. 


cephaloidea  Dewey,  Am.  Jon 


Carex  cfphaloidea  Dewey,  Rep.  PI.  Mass.  363.  1840. 
Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  cnlms  slender 
or  rather  stout,  erect  but  not  stiff,  rough  above,  3"- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  3"-4"  wide,  thin  and  lax. 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  bristle- 
form,  usually  short,  sometimes  wanting;  spikes  4- 
S,  subglobose,  aggregated  but  commonly  distinct, 
in  an  oblong  cluster  9"-i5"  long,  the  staminate 
flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, greenish  brown,  nearly  3"  long,  i"  vddc,  as- 
cending, nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  rough  2-tootbed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-thiid 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  white,  membran- 
ous with  a  green  midvein,  short-cuspidate  or  awned, 
about  one-balf  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

171.  Carex  cephal6phora  Muhl.     Oval- 

headed  Sedge.     (Kig,  841.) 
Carex  ccphalophora  Muhl.;  Wind.  Sp.  PI.  41  «ao,      1805. 

Pale  green,  cutms  slender,  erect,  rough  abovCi  ic/- 
j"  tall.  Leaves  i"-2"  wide,  sometimes  overtopping 
the  culm,  usually  shorter;  bracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
short,  bristle-form;  spikes  few,  subglobose,  densel)' 
clustered  in  a  terminal  short-oblong  head  4"-8"  long, 
the  staminate  flowers  terminal;  perigyuia  broadly 
ovate,  i"  long  or  leas,  pale,  neirelesa  or  very  faintly 
few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  3-toothed  bealt  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  tfain, 
rough- cufpidate  or  awned,  equalling  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Florida,  Missouri  and  Texas.  Asi;cnds  to 
3500  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 

172.  Carex  L.eavenw6rthii  Dewey,     Leavenworth's  Sedge.     (Ftg,  842.) 

Carez   Leaz-eauvrlhii  Dewey,   Am.  Joum.  Sd.  (II.)  a; 

346.       1846. 
Carex  cephalofibora  var.   angittli/olia    Boott,    HI.   123. 

i86j. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  smaller,  culms 
very  slender  or  almost  filiform,  erect,  roughish,  d'-iy 
tall.  Leaves  much  narrower,  Ji"-iji"  wide,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
short,  bristle-form  or  wanting;  spikes  4-7,  densely 
crowded  in  an  oblong  head  4"-8"  long,  similar  to 
that  of  C.  ccphalophora  but  usually  smaller,  the  lower 
sometimes  compound,  the  staminate  flowers  terminal; 
perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  rather  less  than  \"  long 
and  about  as  wide,  tipped  witb  a  very  short  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acnte  or  cuspidate,  shorter  and 
narrower  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Id   meadows,    Missouri   to   Louisiana,   Arkansas   and 


Carex  Muhlenbfcrgii  Schk. 
1-  MiihUnbergii  Schk.  Biedgr,  Naclitr.  \i. 


Muhlenberg's  Sedge, 

/■'78.    ^-^^ 


(Fig.  843-) 


Light  green,  culms  slender  but  stiff  and  erect, 
sharply  3-angled,  rough,  at  least  above,  i°-iji°  tall. 
Leaves  i"-a"  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm, 
somewhat  involute  in  drying;  bracts  bristle-form, 
usually  short;  spikes  4-10,  ovoid  or  snbglobose,  dis- 
tinct but  close  together  in  an  oblong  head  9"-i5" 
long,  the  staminate  flowers  terminal;  perigynium 
broadly  ovate-oval,  \%"  long,  i"  wide,  strongly 
nerved  on  both  faces,  ascending,  tipped  with  a  short 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  hyaline  with  a  green  midvein, 
oTate-laQceolate,  rough-cuspidate  or  short-awn ed, 
narrower  and  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 


Cam  KnhlinMigii  XaUptasIs  (Kunth.)  Britton,  Mem.  Tort.  Club,  5:  S6.      1894: 
Carex  Xalapeniis  Kunth,  Enum.  a:  3S0,      1837. 
Carex  Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis  Boott,  III.  114.       1862. 

Perigynia  nearly  or  quite  nerveless;  leaves  broader  and  longer.     Sonthem  New  York  tc 


CYPERACEAE. 
Carex  stirilis  Willd.     Little  Prickly-  Sedge.     ( Fig.  844.  > 

Carex  slerilis  Willd.  Sp,  PI.  4:  **.       1805, 

C.echinala  var.  microslachys  Bocckl.  Unnaea.  3p:  115.    1875. 

Carex  slerilis  var.  angaslala  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  jo: 

415.      1893. 
Carex  slerilis  var.  ercelsior  BalUy,  loc.  cit.  434.      1893, 

Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect  or  rarely  spreading,  8'-i8' 
tall,  rough,  at  least  above.  Leaves  )i"-i"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  cultn;  bracts  very  short  or  sometimes  bristle- 
form;  spikes  3-5,  subglobose  or  abort-oblong,  contign- 
0U9  or  eeparated.  about  a^"  thick;  staminatc  flowers 
basal,  usually  numerous  at  the  bottom  of  the  upper 
spike,  or  whole  spikes  occasionally  staminate,  or  plants 
rarely  quite  dioecious;  perigynia  pale,  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, spreading  or  leflezed  when  old,  i^"  long,  >j" 
wide,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  thickened  at  the 
base,  tapering  into  a  sharp-edged  2-toothed  rough  beak 
more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovale, 
hyaline,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
In  moiHt  soil,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  soulh  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Colorado  and 
California.     Ascends  to  4000  ft,  in  ViiKinis,     Variable.     May-July. 

Carex  st^iiUs  ccphaUntha  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  m:  435.       1893. 
Carex  echinala  var.  cefihalanlka  Bailey.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  58.      i88q. 

Stouter,  sometimes  a"  tall.     Spikes  4-8,  contiguous  or  separated ;  flowers  more  numerous;  peri- 
(D'nia  rather  larger;  spikes  very  bristly.  Range  nearly  that  of  the  species;  perhaps  merely  a  stout  form. 
175.   Carex  Atlfintica  Bailey.     Eastern  Sedge,     (Fig.  845,) 

Carex  itfllulala  var.  conferta  Chapm,  FI.  S.  States,  534. 

i860.    Not  C.  conferia  Koch. 
Carex  Allanlica  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  30:  425.       1893. 

Similar  to  large  forms  of  the  preceding  species  but 
stouter,  culms  very  rongh  above,  i°-i>i°  tall.  Leaves 
i"-i  %"  wide,  stiff,  flat  or  in  drying  somewhat  invo- 
lute, the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes; 
spikes  4-7,  spreading,  snbglobose  or  short-rylindric, 
nearly  3"  in  diameter,  several-man  y-flowered,  the 
staminate  flowers  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  terminal 
one,  or  this  rarely  entirely  staminate;  perigynia  broadly 
ovale,  flat,  sharp-margined,  i"-iji"  long,  i"  wide, 
cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  several- 
nerved  on  the  outer  face,  few-nerved  on  the  inner, 
spreading  or  reflezed  at  maturity,  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  stout,  rough  a-toothed  beak  about  one-third  as 
long  as  the  body;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  swamps  Newfoundland  to  Florida.    June-July. 

176     Carex  interior  Bailey.     Inland  Sedge.     (Fig.  846.) 

~  Carex  interior  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr,  Club,  10:  436.     1893. 

Similar  to  C.  sUrilis.,  culms  very  slender,  wiry, 
rather  stiff,  erect,   i°-3°  tall.     Leaves  only   about 
^"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bract  of  the  lower 
spike    very   abort;    spikes    2-4,    nearly    globular, 
somewhat  separated,  several-flowered,  3"  in  dia- 
meter, the  terminal  one  staminate   at   the  base; 
perigynia  ovate  or   ovate-Iancealate,    \"  or  less 
long,  about   yi"  wide,  faintly  few-nerved  on   the 
outer  face,  nearly  nerveless  on  the  inner,  thickened, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  when  old,  tapering  into   a   nearly   smooth    . 
3-toothed  beak  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  = 
body;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish,  shorter  \ha.a,M 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Wet  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Kansas,  -d 
Differs  froui  C.  slerilis  in  its  shorter,  shortcr.beaket^ 
and  weaker-nerved  perigynia.     May-July. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


:o  Pennsylva 
177.    Carex  caniscens  L.     Silverj- Sedge,     (Fig.  847.') 

Carex  eanetctni  I,.  Sp.  PI.  974-       1753- 

Pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous,  culms  slender, 
erect,  roughish  above,  io'-2>i''  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
Ji"-i"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  very  short 
or  none,  or  the  lowest  occasionally  bristle-form  and 
longer  than  its  spike;  spikes  4-9,  short-oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  sessile,  densely  many-flowered,  aj4"-5" 
long,  about  2"  in  diameter,  scattered  or  the  tipper 
close  together;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
oval  or  ovate-oval,  silvery  green  or  nearly  white, 
faintly  few-ner%-ed,  ascending,  blunt-edged,  rather 
less  than  1"  long,  about  >i"  wide,  rough  above, 
tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak;  scales  hyalin 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  slightly  shorter  than  or  as  long 
as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  bi^,  Newfoundland  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  Virfcinia,  Michigan,  Colorado  and  Oregfon. 
Ascends  to  4200  ft.  in  Viiginia.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia,    May-July. 

Carex  brunn^scens  (Pers.)  Poir.     Brownish  Sedge,     (Fig,  848.) 


.,  Syn. 


:S39- 


ij  Poir, 


■iilgar. 


179.   Carex  Norv6gica  Willd, 
Sedge.     (Fig.  849.) 
Cartx  NorvegicaViWA.;  Schk.  Riedgr.  5a      iSoi. 

Bright  green,  culms  slender  but  stiff  and  erect, 
slightlyscabrousabove,6'-i6'tal!.  Leaves  i"  wide 
or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  very  short  or 
wanting;  spikes  3-6,  brown,  oblong  or  subglobose, 
scattered  or  rather  close  together,  densely  many- 
flowered,  3"-6"  long,  about  3"  in  diameter;  stami- 
nate flowers  basal,  very  numerous  at  the  bottom  of 
the  upper  spike;  perigynia  ascending,  about  1" 
long,  elliptic,  blunt-edged,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
brownish,  finely  many-nerved,  tipped  «Hth  a  verj' 
short  rough  beak;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  brown,  ob- 
tuse, rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  i. 
Reported 


Rather  dark  green,  not  glaucous,  culms  slender,  stifF. 
erect,  roughish  above,  8'-i8'  tall.  Leaves  i"  wide  or 
less,  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  bristle-form 
and  longer  than  its  spike,  or  short,  or  none;  spikes  4-8, 
subglobose  or  short-oblong,  few-flowered,  rarely  over 
2ji"  long,  scattered,  or  the  upper  close  together;  stami- 
nate flowers  basal;  perigynia  ascending  or  spreading, 
brown,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  less 
than  1"  long,  tipped  with  a  manifest  beak  about  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  membranous, 
brownish,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  i. 

In  wet  places,  mostly  at  high  altitudes,  Labrador  to 

British  Columbia,  New  York  and  New  England,  on  the 

southern  Alleghenies,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains,    Also  in 

Europe.     Ascends  to66oott.  in  North  Carolina.     Summer, 

Cani  bniDiiiicetii  giaclUoT  Britton. 

Bailey,  Bot  Gai.  13:  86,       1888.     Not  C.  vulgaris  Fries,  1842. 

_   ^c iding;  3pike34-8-floweted;  pengyniaspreading.  longer- 

itudes.    Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

Norway 


CYPERACEAE. 


180.   Carex  ilrcta  Boott.     Northern  Clustered  Sedge.     (Fig.  850.) 


Carex  arcia  Boott,  111.  155-  P'-  ^97-      1867. 

Rather  light  green  but  not  glaucous,  culms  slen- 
der, usually  strictly  erect,  l°-2!^°  tall,  rough  above, 
longer  than  or  sometimes  overtopped  by  the  leaves 
which  are  flat  and  about  i"  wide.  Lower  bract 
bristle-fonn  and  longer  than  its  spike,  or  short,  or 
wanting;  spikes  oblong,  many-flowered,  3"-4" 
long,  about  2%"  in  diameter,  all  aggregated  into  a 
terminal  ovoid  cluster  about  1'  long,  the  staminate 
flowers  basal;  perigynia  pale,  ovate,  many-nerred. 
mostly  spreading,  tapering  into  a  rough  beak  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  tnembranous. 
pale  brown,  usually  acute,  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 


In 


Bwamps  and  wet  woods,  Maine  and  New  Bn 
to  Manitoba,  Minnesota  and  BritiBh  Colum 
-July. 


181.    Carex  tenuiflfira  Wahl.     Sparse- flowered  Sedge.     (Fig.  851.) 


Care.r  lenuijlora  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Hand).  (11.) 
34:  147-      i3o.l- 

Light  green,  culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect  or 
reclining,  rough  above,  8'-2°  long.  Leaves  ^"  wide 
or  rather  more,  flat,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
culm ;  spikes  only  1-4,  clustered  at  the  summit,  sub- 
globose,  tew-ilowered,  about  Jji"  in  diameter,  bract- 
less  or  the  lowest  with  a  short  bract;  perigynia  pale, 
elliptic,  very  obscurely  few-nerved,  narrowed  at  both 
•linds,  i"-i;^"  long,  more  than  '/i"  wide,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  beakless,  spreading;  staminate  flowers 
basal;  scales  nearly  white,  hyaline,  acute  or  obtusish, 
about  equalling  the  perigj-nia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogK,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Maine, 
Vermont,  central  New  York  and  Michigan.  Local.  Also 
in  Europe.     Summer, 


182.  Carex  Heleon&stes  Ehrh.     Hudson 
Bay  Sedge.      (Fig.  852.) 


Carex  HeUonastes  E 


..  f.  Suppl.  414.      1781, 


Culms  slender,  stiflf,  erect,  very  rough  above,  6'- 
18'  high.  Leaves  rigid,  erect,  becoming  involute, 
less  than  i"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts 
very  short  or  none;  spikes  3-5,  subglobose,  several- 
flowered,  brown,  about  2ji"  in  diameter,  clustered 
at  the  summit,  the  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
broadly  ovate  or  ovate -elliptic,  blunt-edged,  faintly 
several -nerved,  about  i"  long,  more  than  %,"  wide, 
tipped  with  a  short  sharp  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  broad  hyaline  margins,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  a. 


SEDGE  FAMILV, 
183.  Carex  lagoplna  Wahl.    Arctic  Hare's- 
foot  Sedge,     (Fig.  853.) 

Carex  lagopina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vel.  Acad.  Handl.  (II. ) 

34:  145.       1803. 

Culms  rough,  stiff,  erect.  6'-i6'  tall.     leaves  flat, 
not  involute,  i"  or  less  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm, 


bracts  very  short  o 
dark  bromi, 

iyi"-2"  thick,  densely  ni 
the  suniinit  or  the  lowi 


intinf^;  spikes  3-6,  oblong, 
.  the  base,  3"-4"  long, 
iny-floH-ered,  clustered  at 
r  somewhat  separated,  the 
staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  elliptic  or  obo- 
vate,  rather  less  than  1"  long,  firm,  several-nen-ed, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  abruptly  tipped  by  the 
beak;  scales  ovate,  brown,  hyaline -margined,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 
I^brador 


184.    Carex  glaredsa  Wahl.     Weak  Clustered  Sedge.     (Fig,  854.) 

Carer glareosa  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 

H:  146.      1803. 

Closely  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  bos 
weak  spreading  or  reclining  culms  I'-iS'  long. 
Leaves  narrower,  flat,  about  }i"  wide;  spikes  2 
or  3,  oblong  or  subglobose,  several-flowered,  a"-4" 
long,  about  l)i"  in  diameter,  brown,  subtended  by 
very  small  scale-like  bracts,  the  staminate  flowers 
basal;  perigynia  oblong-oval,  strongly  several- 
nerved,  less  than  i"  long,  about  J^"  wide, 
short  beaked;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  abtusish,  rich 
brown,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a. 

Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Gaspe,  Quebec,  west 
through  arctic  America  to  .\laska.     Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 
Carex  glaiedsa  urslus  (Dewey)  Bailey,  Carex  Cat.  3. 
•8S). 
Care.r  ursina  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  37:  240.      1835. 

Lower  densely  tufted;  spikes  smaller.  Perhaps  a 
mere  form  of  the  species.    Arctic  America. 


185.    Carex  trispdrma  Dewey.     Three- 
fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  855.) 

^rx  rex  Irispcrma  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  p:  63.  1835. 
Bright  green,  culms  filiform,  weak,  usually  reclin- 
■ri^j  or  spreading,  very  slightly  roughened,  i°-aji° 
'c>i:»g.  Leaves  flaccid,  flat,  about  ^"  wide,  shorter 
I^^n  the  culms;  spikes  1  or  3,  only  2-4-flowered, 
^'i  «:iely  separated,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  bristle- 
*^»~»nbract  J^'-3'long;  perigynia  oblong,  ascending, 
r»~^s-«n,  iyi"~2"  long,  rather  more  than  ^"  wide, 
^^»-3' finely  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  both  ends  and 
*I*^>ed  with  a  verj'  short  nearly  entire  beak;  scales 
•■^"^te  or  ovate-lanceolate,  hyaline  with  a  green  tnid- 
'^1**1,  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
^^^^Snnas  a. 

.  In  swampH  and  wet  woi>dsj  Newfoundland  to  Mani- 
•*-*<^a,  south  to  Maryland,  Ohio,  Michigan  and  (accord- 
!^K  to  Webber)  to  Nebraska.  Ascends  to  asoo  ft,  in 
^  «:TTnont,     June-Aug. 


CYPERACEAE. 

i86,    Carex  DeweyinaSchweiii.    Dewey's 
Sedge.     (Fig.  856.) 

Carex  Dfweyana  Schwein.  Ann.  I.yc.  X.  V.  i :  65.    1824. 

Pale  green,  culms  Blender,  spreading,  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  i°-2°  long.  L«aves  \"~\%"  wide, 
flat,  soft,  ihorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  bristle-form, 
the  lower  commonly  elongated;  spikes  3-6,  oblong 
or  snbglobose,  few-flowered,  about  i]/i"  in  diam- 
eter, sessile,  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  oneii 
contiguous;  staminate  flowets  basal;  perigj-nia  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  nerveless,  2"-2;i" 
long,  rather  less  than  \"  wide,  the  inner  face  flat, 
the  tapering  rough  strongly  2-toothed  beak  at  least 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  nearly  while, 
hyaline  with  a  green  midvein,  cuspidate  or  acute, 
equalling  the  perigynia,  or  shorter;  stigmas  i. 

In  dry  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  OreRon. 
south  to  Connecticut,  Fennsylvania,  Michigan.  New 
Mexico  aud  Utah.    May-July. 

187.    Carex  bromoldes  Schk.     Brome-Iike  Sedge.     (Fig.  857.) 

C.  bromoides  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  8.  f.  ij6.      1806. 

Bright  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
roughish  above,  i^-a"  long.  Leaies  1"  wide  or 
less,  flat,  soft,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  subulate  or  bristle-form,  the  lowest  com- 
monly elongated,  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes; 
spikes  3-7,  narrowly  oblong-cylindric,  4"-8"  long, 
about  i)i"  thick,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  close 
together,  loosely  several-many-flowered,  the  stam- 
inate flowers  either  basal,  basal  and  terminal,  or 
forming  whole  spikes,  the  plant  occasionally  quite 
dioecious;  perigynia  lin car-Ian ceolate,  firm,  pale, 
strongly  several -nerved,  3"-2|i"  long,  J^"  wide, 
the  inner  face  fiat,  the  tapering  rough  a-toothed 
beak  at  least  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ob- 
long-lanceolate, green,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Xova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and 
Michigan,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.     ]ane-Au«. 

188     Carex  pratensis  Drejer      Northern  Meadow  Sedge.     (Fig.  858.) 

Carr.v praUnsis  Drejer,  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  24.      184c. 
Light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  when  youngs  ^e; 

the  summit  later  nodding,  nearly  smooth,  1° ' 

i%°  tall.  I<eaves  about  1"  wide,  shorter  thar-«'  -» 
the  culm,  but  the  upper  sometimes  overtopping^  m: 
the  spikes;  lower  bract  bristle-form,  ustwll^  -^ 
short;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  club-shaped,  sepa«^< 
rated  or  the  upper  contiguous,  silvery -brown  an*  -M'* 
shming,  3"-5"  long,  about  3%"  in  diametev:  =^ 
se\eral -flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  basa"  *~~s- 
perigjoia  lanceolate,  thin,  pale,  nerveless  on  tlr"  -*"  -i 
inner  face,  few-nerved  on  the  outer,  aji"  lone  ^^'\ 
nearly  i"  wide,  wing-margiued,  tapering 
beak  nearl}'  as  long 
branous,  lanceolate,  : 
as  long  as  the  perigyi 


the  body;  scales  mer^K:  ni- 

te  or  acuminate,  abo— ^ — •"' 
stigmas  3. 


I-abradc 
and  X\3^\ 


I 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  355 

i8g.    Carex  xer&ntica  Bailey.     White-scaled  Sedge.     (Fig.  859.) 

Cair.tr  .tfranlica    Bailev,    Coult.    Bot.    Gaz,    17:    MT. 
.B93. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  culms 
are  stout,  stiff,  and  strictly  erect,  even  when  mature. 
Leaves  about  i"  wide,  involute  in  drj-ing,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  spikes  aliout  5,  oblong,  densely 
many-flowered,  close  together  or  the  lower  slightly 
separated,  4"-6"  long,  about  2"  in  diameter,  the 
staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lanceolate,  pale, 
^'A"  long,  i"  wide,  nerveless,  conspicuously  wing- 
margined,  the  inner  face  concave,  the  rough  taper- 
ing beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  silvery 
white,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  or 
fl  trifle  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 


lud  adjacent  North wi 


190.  Carex  sicc^ta  Dewey. 


Dry-spiked  Sedge.     Hillside  Sedge.     (Fig.  860. ) 
Carex  siccala  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  ID:  178.     1836. 

Rootstocks  long  and  stout,  culms  slender,  erect, 
rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  erect,  about  i" 
wide,  tbe  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
the  lower  short;  bracts  short  or  the  lowest  bristle- 
form  and  elongated;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  subglo- 
bose,  3j4"-4"  longi  brownish  or  brown,  clustered 
or  more  or  less  separated,  the  staminate  flowers 
basal  or  variously  situated  or  whole  spikes  stami- 
nate; perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  about  2%" 
long  and  nearly  i"  wide,  wing-margined,  strongly 
several -nerved  on  both  sides,  the  inner  face,  con- 
cave by  the  incurved  margins,  the  tapering  rough 
beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate-lan- 
ceolate membranous,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a. 

In  dry  (ields  and  on  hills,  Ontario  and  Manitoba  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
Michigan,  Arizona  and  California.    May-July. 


igi.    Carex  Muskinguminsis  Schwein.     Muskingum  Sedge. 

Cam   .VHstingUHieasis  Schwein.   Ann.    Ljc,  N.  Y.  1:  66. 

1824. 
Carex  art'da  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:  311,     1815. 

Culm  stout,  stiff,  erect,  very  rough  above,  2°-$''  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  long-pointed,  iyi"~3}4"  wide,  shorter  thao 
the  fertile  culms,  those  of  sterile  culms  crowded  near  the 
summit:  bracts  very  short  and  scale-like;  spikes  6-13,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered.  6"-13"  long, 
abont  i^"ia  diameter,  erect,  close  together,  pale  brown, 
narrowed  and  stamiDate  at  the  base;  perigynia  narrowly 
lanceolate,  ascending,  about  4"  long  and  rather  less  than 
Jfi"  wide,  strongly  several -nerved,  very  flat,  narrowed  to 
both  ends,  scarious-margined,  rough-ciliatc,  the  tapering 
3-toothed  beak  at  least  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Manitoba 
and  Missouri.    June-.^ugf. 


356  cyPERACEAE. 

igi.   Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.     Blunt  Broom  Sedge.     (Fig.  862. ) 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (11. )  H,. 

I4S.       1 801, 
Cart 

Bright    green,   cultns   itaually    stout,   erect,    ronghish 
above,    8'-3°   tall.       Leaves   flat,    I "-3"   wide,    shorter 
than  or  the    uppermost  overtopping    the    culm;    lower 
bract  bristleform,  sometimes  elongated;  apjkes  6-30,  ob- 
long or  sometimes  top-shaped,  blunt,  densely  cltistered  or 
separated,   3"-6"   long,   about    i%"   thick; 
flowers    basal;    perigynia    lanceolate,    thin, 
greenish  brown,  flat,  ascending  or  erect,  a"-2ji"  long, 
i^ir^^i'  «-jde,  sei-eral -nerved  on  each  face,  with  a  sharply 
2-toothed,  rough  wing-margined  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
whitish,  acute,  about  half  as  long  the  perigynia;  stigmas:. 
In   meadowa,  New   Brunswick   to  Manitoba,  Florida  and 
Ariiona.     Ascends  to  1500  ft.  in  Virginia.     July-Sept. 
Caiex  tribuloides  BibbU  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  r:  55.     1889. 
More  slender,  spikes  fewer,  smaller  laboul  3"  lonjf,  comnionlj-  bractless,  mostly  clustered  in  a 
dense  head  i'  long;  perigynia  broadei  and  shorter.     Range  of  the  type. 

Cam  tilbuliridei  monilifaimlB  (Tuckerm.)  Britton. 
Carex  scofiaria  vox.  moniii/oratis  TaciieTm.  Knum.  Meth,  17.       1843. 
Carfx  Iribuioidt!  var.  reducla  Bailey,  Proc,  Am.  Acad,  m:  118.      1086. 

Slender,  the  culm  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  spikes  all  or  all  but  the  uppermost  separated, 
3H"-4"  tone  the  rachis  somewhat  zigzag.  Maine  and  New  Brunswick  to  New  York,  west  to  North 
Dakota. 

193.    Carex  scopikria  Schk,     Pointed  Broom 
Sedge.     (Fig.  863.) 

Carfx  scoparia  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  30.   f.  173.      1806. 
Carex  scofiaria  vat.  minor  ^oaV.,m.-i!6.   pi.  J69.      iS6». 

Culms  slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  >i°-2j^°  tall. 
Leaves  less  than  i}i"  wide;  lower  bract  bristle-fonn  or 
wanting;  spikes  3-10,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
bright  brown,  3"-8"  long,  2"-y  in  diameter,  densely 
many-fiowered,  usually  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  head 
8"-l8"  long;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lanceo- 
late, ascending  or  erect,  i"-3"  long,  rather  less  than  1" 
wide,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several -nerved  on  both 
faces,  tapering  into  the  ciliate  i-toothed  beak;  scales 
thin,  brown,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  a. 

In  moist  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  Florida  and  Col- 
orado.   Ascends  to  6100  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July-Sept, 

I  194.  Carex  Icporina  L.     Hare's-foot  Sedge. 

(Fig.  864.) 

Carex  U-poriaa  L.  Sp.  PI.  97.1       1753- 

Culms  sleuder,  erect,  roughish  above,  I'-ili"  tall. 
Leaves  about  1"  wide,  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  very  short  and  scale-like  or  wanting;  spikes 
4-7,  oblong,  blunt  at  the  summit,  narrowed  and  stam- 
inate at  the  base,  4"-6"  long,  about  3"  thick,  dark 
brown,  shining,  clustered  but  distinct,  in  a  terminal 
oblong  head  about  1'  long;  perigynia  ascending  or  ap. 
pressed,  ovate  lanceolate,  2"  long,  nearly  1"  wide, 
rather  narrowly  wing-margined,  several -ner\'ed  on 
both  faces,  the  rough  tapering  i-tootbed  beak  nearly 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  brown,  mem- 
branous, acute,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  2. 

Eastern  Massachusetts.    Adventive  from  Europe.    Na-  - 
tive  in  the  Rocky  Slountains.    June-Ang. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

195.    Carex  cristat^Ua  Britton      Crested  Sedge      (Fig   865.) 
Carejr  ciislala  Schwcin.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  66      1824 

Not  Clairv.  1811. 
Carfx   Iribuloidi's  \^r.  c'iilala  Bailey,   Proc     Am 

Acad.  31: 148.     1SS6. 

Calms  slender  or  rather  stout,  I'^'-tyi"  tall 
stiff,  erect,  roughish  above,  longer  than  the  leaves 
Ijeaves  i>i"-j"  wide;  lower  bracts  bristle  form 
%'-iyi' \o^g:  heads  6-iS,  globose  or  aubglobose 
2"-3'''  in  diameter,  all  densely  aggregated  ipto  an 
oblong  bead  i'  long  or  more  or  the  loner  shghtlj 
separated;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigjnia  Ian 
ceolate  or  ovate  lanceolate,  spreading  or  ascending 
sqnarrose  when  mature,  green  or  greenish  brown 
lJi"-2"  long,  less  than  1"  wide,  narrowlj  wing 
margined,  several-nerved  ou  both  faces,  tapenng 
into  a  ciliate  3-tootbed  beak;  scales  lanceolate 
nearly  white,  much  shorter  than  the  pengynia 


Nebraska.    Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Vii^iniai   July-Sept 

196.   Carex  adiista  Boott.     Browned  Sedge.     (Fig.  866.) 
Carex  adusia  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  S: ; 


Culms  stout,  stiff,  ereet,  entirely  smooth,  iyi°- 
2%"  tall,  growing  in  dense  tufts.  Leaves  about  i" 
wide,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts 
subulate,  tapering  from  a  broad  nerved  base,  the 
lower  I  or  3  usually  elongated,  nearly  erect,  often 
exceeding  the  spikes;  spikes  5-ia,  subglobose  or 
short-oval,  several -flowered;  densely  clustered  and 
apparently  confluent,  or  slightly  separated,  bright 
greenish  brown;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
broadly  ovate,  firm,  very  narrowly  wing-margined 
or  wingless,  rough  above,  plano-convex,  j"-3>i" 
long,  l"-iX"  wide,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed 
beak,  several- nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless 
OD  the  inner,  ascending;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a. 


Carex  fodnea  Willd.     Hay  Sedge.     (Fig.  867.) 


™ok,  753.      i860. 

Rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect  or  the 
summit  nodding,  1°-^%°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  soft,  i"-2" 
wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  very  short  or  wanting, 
or  the  lowest  occasionally  manifest;  spikes  4-10,  subglo- 
bose or  short-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2  Ji"~3"  in  di- 
ameter, silvery  green,  all  separated  on  a  sometimes  zigzag 
rachis  or  the  npper  contiguous;  staminate  flowers  basal; 
perigynia  ovate,  thin,  about  iji"  long  and  nearly  i" 
wide,  broadly  wing-margined,  strongly  several -nerved  on 
both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  rough  3-toothed  beak; 
scales  hyaline,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  i. 

In  dry  woods,  often  on  rocks.  New  Brunswick  to  Pennsyl- 
vaoia,  Minnesota  and  British  Columbia.  '  June-July. 
Carex  foinea  pciplixa  Bailey,  Mem,  Torr,  Club,  i:  27.      1S89. 

Culms  stouter,  spikes  commonly  ag^gre^ted  and  laixer,  less  contracted  at  the  base,  tlic 
of  the  culm  erect  or  nearly  ao;  pcrigj-nia  thicker.     Maine  and  Virpnia  to  Itlinnesota. 


Carex  straminea  Willd. 


CYPERACEAE. 


Straw  Sedge.     (Fig.  868.) 

inmWilld.;  Schk.  Rkitgr.  49-  /-J/-  1801. 
y  slender,  roughiah  above,  I°-2^°  long,  the 
ily  nodding  or  recurved.  Leaves  i"  wfde  or 
less,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bncts  short  or 
the  loner  bristle-form  and  eiceediDf;  its  aptke;  spikes  3- 
8,  subglobose  or  slightly  obovoid,  a"-2;i"  thick,  yellow- 
ish brown  or  greenish,  separated  on  the  commonly  zigzag 
racbis,  or  contiguous;  staminate  flowen  basal;  perigjnia 
spreading  or  ascending,  ovate,  brown,  about  \yi"  long, 
rather  more  than  %"  wide,  strongly  several-nerved  on 
the  outer  face,  fewer-nerved  on  the  inner,  wing-margined, 
the  tapering  rough  3-toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  about  equalling  the  peri- 
gynia,  but  narrower;  stigmas  a. 

In  dry  fields,  New  Bninawick  to  Manitoba,  Pennsjlvania. 
Michigan,  and  probably  farther  south.    June-July. 
Carsz  itramlnaa  miribUii  (Dewey)  Tuckerm,  Bnnm.  Meth. 
18.      1843. 
i.Sd.  30:63.      1836,      , 

Larger,  culm  slender,  a°-s''  long;   leaves  1   -iM     wide;  spikes  larger,  3"-4"  thick,   rather 
greener;  perigynia  spreading,  narrower,  lonirer  than  the  scales.    Range  of  the  type,  extendine 
sonth  lo  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.    Perhaps  better  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 
199.    Carex  silicea  Olney.     Sea-beach  Sedge. 

(Fig.  869.) 

Carex  silicea  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7:  393.      1868. 

C.  straminea  var.  monili/ormis  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  17 

1843.     Not  C.  scoparia  var.  moniliformis  Tuckerm.  1843. 

Carex  foenea  var.  sabulonum  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  580.     1867 

Not  C.  sabulosa  Turci.  1837. 

Culms  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect  but  the  autntnit 
curved  or  nodding,  roughish  above,  I^-a^"  tall.  Leaves 
i"  wide  or  rather  less,  involute  in  drying,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  bracts  always  very  short;  spikes  5-8,  ovoid-conic 
or  ovoid-oblong,  silvery-green,  nearly  white  or  becoming 
brownish,  erect,  conspicuously  contracted  and  staminate 
at  the  base,  ^"-k"  long,  about  i|j"  thick,  all  separated 
or  the  uppermost  close  together;  perigyuia  ovate-oval, 
short-beaked,  finely  nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-mar- 
gined, appresaed,  about  3"  long,  more  than  \"  wide, 
longer  and  broader  than  the  lanceolate  scales;  stigtnas  3. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  coast,  Nova  Scotia  lo  New  Jersey.    ]une-Aug. 

200.  Carex  t£nera  Dewey.     Marsh  Straw  Sedge.     (Fig.  870.) 

Carex  lenera  Dewey,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  8:  97.  /  g.  1814. 
C  straminea  var,  aprrla  Boott,  111.  iio,  pl.jSs-  i86i. 
C.  straminea  var.  lenera  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  10:  381.  1885. 
Culm  very  slender,  erect  or  the  summit  nodding, 
roughish  above  i"-!"  higti.  Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm,  usually  less  than  1"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very 
long  point;  bracts  usually  short  or  wanting,  some- 
times bristle-form;  spikes  4-6,  oval,  obtuse,  densely 
many -flowered,  separated  or  the  upper  contiguous, 
greenish-brown,  4"-5"  long,  staminate  and  commonly 
much  contracted  at  the  base;  perigynia  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  ascending,  appressed,  strongly  several- 
nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-margined,  the  tapering 
rough  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia,  but  much 

In  wel  soil,  common  along  bnu;kish  marshes.   Maine 
and  Ontario  to  Virginia  and  Louisiana.     May-June. 
lera  iuvlsa  (W.  Boott)  Brilton, 
r.  invisa  W.  Boott,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  9:  86.      1884. 
Spikes  smaller,  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  not  more  than  3"  thick,  the  lower  one  usually  sub- 


;nded  by  a  tilifonn  bract  H'-jW 


Maine  to  I5elawai 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


301.    Carex  festucicea  Willd 
Cartx  feilHcacea  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  242.      i8o"!. 
Carrx  Uraminea  var.  brtz-ior  Dewey, 


Fescue  Sedge.     (Fig.  871.) 


1.  Sci.  1 


C.  siraminea  var.  /fslucacea  Tuck.  En.  Meth.  18.      1643 

Culms  Blender  or  rather  stout,  nearly  or  quite 
smooth,  stiff,  strictly  erect,  i''-4°  tall.  Leaves  rather 
stiff,  erect,  i"~2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  1 
3-8,  green-hrown  oblong  or  nearly  globular,  clustered 
at  the  summit  but  not  at  all  confluent,  i"-a,"  in  diam 
eter,  tbe  lower  one  sometimes  subtended  by  a  short 
filifonn  bract;  perigynia  orbicular  or  very  broadly 
ovate,  broadly  wing- margined,  about  l^"  in  diam 
eter,  little  if  at  all  longer  than  wide,  spreading  or  as 
cending,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  roughish 
beak  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusish,  about 
as  long  as  and  narrower  than  tbe  perigynia;  stifimas?. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil.  New   Brunswick   lo    Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Kansas.    May-July. 

ao2.    Carex  al&ta  Torr.     Broad-winged  Sedge.     (Fig.  872.) 

Cartx  alala  Tort.  Ann,  Lye.  N,  Y.  3:  396.       1836. 
Carex  siraminea  var.  alala  Bailey,  Carex  Cat.      1SS4. 

Culms  stiff,  rather  stout,  strictly  erect,  roughiih 
above,  I'-y^"  tall.  Leaves  grass-lite,  but  somewhat 
rigid,  i"-2"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  spikes  ob- 
long or  oblong-conic,  green-brown,  very  densely 
many-flowered.  5"-8"  long,  4"-5"  thick,  usually  con- 
spicuously staminate  and  contracted  at  the  base, 
pointed  or  obtuse  at  the  summit,  all  distinct  but 
usually  little  separated,  bractless,  or  the  lower  one 
subtended  by  a  short  filiform  bract;  perigynia  orbicu- 
lar or  obovBtcKirbicular,  very  broadly  winged,  i"-2%" 
in  diameter,  faintly  few-nerved  or  almost  nerveless, 
erect  and  appressed,  or  somewhat  curved  upward,  the 
short  beak  not  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  over  %'■' 
wide,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  a; 
achene  distinctl}  atipitate 
In  moist  soil,  MasMichusetta  to  Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast      May  June 

203.    Carex  albolutiscens  Schwein.     Greenish  n hite  Sedge      (Fig.  873.) 

rn'-*-ra/4o/u/«««jSchwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.Y.  1:66,    1S14 

Cam  ilraminea  vat./oinra  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  395. 
1836.     Kot  C  foenea  Willd.       1809. 

Carex  albolulescens  var,    cumulala   Bailey,    Bull.   Ton- 
Club,  10:  422.      1893. 
Similar  to  tbe  preceding  species,  but  usually  lower 

culms  I'-j"  tall,  stout,   strictly  erect,   rough  above 

Leaves  l"-2"  wide,  shorter  than  tbe  culm ;  bracts  fill 

form  or  wanting,  the  lower  one  sometimes  exceeding 

its   spike;    spikes   3-8,  oblong,  usually   narrowed   at 

both  ends,  staminate  below,  silvery  green  when  young 

but  becoming  brownish,  if'-d"  long,  mostly  less  than 

3"  thick,  clustered,  hut  distinct,  the  lowest  sometimes 

separated,  and  very  rarely  stalked;  perigynia  broadly 

ovate,  not  twice   as   long   as  wide,  broadly  winged, 

strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  appressed,  about  %" 

long,  the  roughish  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 

body;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the 

perigynia,  but  much  narrower;  achene  nearly  or  quite 

sessile;  stigmas  2. 

In  wet  soil,  most  abundant  along  salt  meadows,  but  also  occurring  inland.  Sew  Brunswick  ti 

eastern  Pennsylvania  and  FJurida.     May-July, 


CYPERACEAE. 


304.  Carex  Bicknillii  Britton.     Bicknells 

Sedge.     (Fig.  874.) 


305.  Carex  sychnociphala  Carey. 

CsycAnoee/rAalaCmj.  Am.  Joum.Sd.  (II.)4:24.  1847. 
Culms  erect,  rather  stout,  quite  smooth,  3'-i8' 
high.  Leaves  about  i"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  lower  brvcts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much 
elongated,  s'-u'  long,  about  i"  wide  at  the  base, 
nearly  erect;  spikes  4-10,  green-brown,  oblong, 
densely  maiiy -flowered,  staminate  at  the  base,  ag- 
gregated and  confluent  into  an  oblong  or  ovoid 
head  i'  or  less  long;  perigynia  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate  2ji"-3"  long,  about  }i"  wide  at  the 
base,  tapering  into  a  subulate  rough  3  toothed 
beak  3-3  times  as  long  as  the  slightly  margined  and 
few-nerved  body;  scales  II near-Ian ceot ale,  long- 
acuminate,  hyaline,  shorter  and  rather 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  z. 


1863.    Not  C 

Culms  loosely  tufted,  ^'-j^"  high,  erect  or  the 
top  inclined,  rough  above,  much  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Leaves  mostly  nearly  basal,  6'-ia'  long. 
lii"-i}i"  wide:  bracts  usually  very  short;  spikes 
3-7,  ovoid,  aubglobose,  or  somewhat  obovoid,  4"- 
6"  long,  close  ti^ethcr  or  the  lower  separated,  sil- 
very green  or  becoming  yellowish,  stuninate  at 
the  base;  perigynia  very  broadly  ovate,  thin,  sev- 
eral-nerved on  the  outer  face,  a"-3"  long,  the 
broad  membranous  wing  )i"  wide,  the  rough  2- 
toothed  beak  one-fonrth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body;  achene  stalked. 

In  dr^  soil,  southcm  New  York  to  Minnesota  and 
Missoun.    June-July. 

Dense  Long-beaked  Sedge,     (Pig.  875.) 


and  thicket 

Ontorio  and  central  New 

York  to  Man 

toba,  Minnes. 

otB  and  Hritish  Columbia. 

July-Auft. 

Family  9.  ARACEAE  Neck.  Act.  Acad.  Theod.  Palat.  2:  462.  1770.' 
Arum  Family. 
Herbs  with  ba,sal  long-petioled  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  spathaceous 
inflorescence,  the  spatlie  enclosing  or  subtending  a  spadix.  Rootstock  tuberous 
or  a  corni,  in  our  species  mostly  with  an  acrid  or  pungent  sap.  Spadbc  verj' 
densely  flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  above,  the  pistillate  below,  or  the  plants 
wholly  dioecious,  or  with  perfect  flowers  in  some  species.  Perianth  wanting,  or 
of  4-6  scale-like  segments.  Stamens  4-10  in  our  species;  filaments  very  short; 
anthers  2-ceIled,  commonly  with  a  thick  truncate  connective,  the  sacs  opening 
by  dorsal  pores  or  slits.  Ovary  1 -several-celled;  ovules  i-several  in  each  cell; 
style  short  or  wanting;  stigma  terminal,  mostly  .minute  and  sessile.  Fruit  a 
berrj-  or  utricle.     Seeds  various.     Endosperm  copious,  sparse  or  none. 

About  105  genera  and  goo  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Flowers  without  a  perianth. 

: j; — .- —  i__„^  _..!_,  , ^i .. idiK.  1.  Ar-isnema. 

1.  Pellandi-a. 
3.  Calla. 


=  perfec 


a  perianth. 
Spadix  enclosed  in  a  shell-like  fl 
Spadix  naked,  terminating  the  <s<-     _ 
Spadix  naked,  bonie  at  the  base  of  s 


■  spathc, 
a  leaf-likt  spatlie. 
•  Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong, 


ARUM  FAMILY.  361 

I.   ARISAEMA  Mart.  Flora,  14:  459.       1831. 

Perennial  herba  with  acrid  cartas,  simple  scapes  and  i  to  3  slender-petioled  divided 
leaves  unfolding  with  the  flowers.  Spadix  included  or  exserted,  bearing  the  flowers  near  its 
base.  Spathe  convolute,  open  or  contracted  at  the  throat.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoe- 
cious, without  any  perianth,  the  ataminate  of  4  almost  sessile  3-4-celled  anthers  which  open 
by  confluent  slits  at  the  apex,  the  pistillate  with  an  ovoid  or  globose  i-celled  ovary  contain- 
ing I  or  many  orthotropoua  ovules;  style  very  short  or  cone,  tipped  with  a  peltate- capitate 
stigma.  Fmit  a  globose  red  hetrj,  the  clusters  usually  large  and  conspicuous  when  ripe. 
Seeds  with  copious  endosperm  and  an  axial  embryo.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  red- 
blotcbed  leaves  of  some  species.] 

About  jo  species,  mostlj-  natives  of  temperate  and  subtropical  Asia.    Besides  the  following, 


a  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 


■rifiAyflum. 


Arisaema  triph^llum  (L. )  Torr.     Jack-in-the-pulpit 
(Fig.  876.) 


>  L.  Sp- PI,  965. 
bftts  Bliime,  Rumphis 
rifihyllum  Torr.  Fl.  N,  Y.  J 


1*97     ^835 


939- 


843 


Leaves  i  or  i,  nearly  erect,  io'-3°  high  usually 
exceeding  the  scape,  3-foliolate,  the  segments  ova  e 
entire,  or  sometimes  lobed,  acute  rounded  or  na 
rowed  at  the  base,  3'-?'  long,  J'A'-i'A  w  de 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked;  flowers  commonly 
dioecious,  yellow,  borne  on  the  basal  part  of  the 
spadix;  spadix  i'-y  long,  its  naked  summ  t  blunt 
colored;  spathe  green,  and  purple-striped,  curving 
in  a  broad  flap  over  the  top  of  the  spadix,  acumi- 
nate; filaments  very  short  and  thick;  ovaries 
crowded;  ovules  5  or  6;  berries  smooth,  shining, 
about  5"  in  diameter,  fonning  a  dense  ovoid  head 
I '-3'  long. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida. 
west  to  Ontario.  Minnesota,  Kansas  and  Louisiana. 
Ascends  to  S""  ft.  in  North  Carolina,  April-June. 
Fmit  ripe  June-July.  The  acrid  bulb  made  edible  by 
boiling, 

3,    Arisaema  Drac6ntium  (L.)  Schott.     Green  Dragon.     Dragon-root. 
(Fig.  877.) 


-4rHf 


'753- 


1832, 


Corms  clustered.  Leaves  usually  solitary.  8'-4'' 
long,  pedalely  divided  into  5-17  segments,  much 
longer  than  the  scape;  segments  obovate  or  oblong, 
3'-lo'  long,  9"-4'  wide,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  base,  entire  or 
the  lateral  ones  somewhat  lobed;  scape  sheathed  by 
membranous  scales  at  the  base;  spathe  greenish  or 
whitish,  narrowly  convolute,  acuminate.  I'-a'  long, 
enwrapping  the  spadi-t,  the  upperpart  of  which  tapers 
into  a  slender  appendage  exsertcd  i'-7'  beyond  its 
apex;  inflorescence  of  the  staminate  plant  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tubular  part  of  the  spallie;  in  the  monoe- 
cious plant  the  pistillate  flowers  arc  borne  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  spadix;  ovary  turbinate,  with  6-S  botlle- 
shapcd  ovules;  sligmas  depressed;  berries  reddish- 
orange  in  large  ovoid  heads. 

Mostly  in  wet  w.nmIs  and  alunft  streams,  hut  sometimes 
in  drj-  ^il.  Maine  to  Oiitati..  and  M.nncsoU.  south  to 
Florida.  Kansa-*  and  Tcxai.    May-June, 


362 


ARACEAE. 


2.  PELTANDRA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  103.  1819. 
Bog  herbs,  with  entire  sagittate  acute  or  acumiDale  leaves,  tbe  loug  petioles  ataeathing 
the  shorter  scape  at  tbe  base.  Spatbe  elongated,  convolute,  or  expanded  above.  Ploweis 
monoecious,  covering  the  whole  spadix.  Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowen  uppermoat, 
consisting  at  first  or  irregularly  4-sided  oblong  flat-topped  shields,  from  the  edges  of  which 
appear  6-10  imbedded  anthers  opening  by  apical  pores,  the  shields  ultimately  shrivelling 
and  leaving  the  linear-oblong  anthers  nearly  free.  Ovaries  ovoid,  surrounded  at  base  by  4 
or  5  white  fleshy  scale-like  staminodla,  i-celled;  ovules  solitary  or  few.  amphitropous;  style 
erect,  short,  thick,  lipped  with  a  small  stigma.  Fruit  a  green  or  ted  beiry,  i-3-»eeded,  when 
ripe  forming  large  globose  heads  at  the  extremity  of  the  finally  recurved  scape,  and  enclosed 
in  the  persistent  leathery  base  of  the  spalhe.  Seeds  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  shield-shaped  staminate  disks.] 

The  genuB  consists  of  the  two  following  species: 
Spalhe  naiTow,  convolute  its  whole  length,  grten.  I.  P.  Virginica. 

Spatbe  with  a  whitish  dilated  summit.  I.  P.  sagillar/olia. 


I.   Peltandra  Virginica  (L.)  Kunth.     Green  Arrow-aram.     (Fig.  878.) 


ArUM  rirginUum  1..  Sp,  PI.  966.       1753. 
Peltandra  unduiala  Raf.  Jonm.  Phys.  Sg:  103.    1819. 
Pellandra  yirgintca  Kunth.  Enum.  3:  43.      iKjt. 

Leaves  bright  green,  somewhat  hastate-sagit- 
tate, 4'-3o'  long,  3'-8'  wide,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  firm,  strongly  veined.  Root  a  tuft 
of  thick  fibres;  scapenearly  as  long  aa  the  leaves, 
recurving  and  immersing  the  fruiting  spadix  at 
maturity;  spathe  green,  A'-i'  long,  long^conic, 
closely  investing  tbe  spadix  throughout,  the 
strongly  involute  margins  undulate;  spadii 
shorter  than  the  spathe,  the  pistillate  flowers 
covering  about  one-fonrth  of  its  length,  the  rest 
occupied  by  staminate  flowers;  ovaries  globose- 
ovoid;  style  nearly  J^"  long;  stigma  a  little 
thicker  than  the  style;  berries  green  when  ripe. 

In   swamps,  or  shallot 


2.    Peltandra  sagittaefftlia  (Michx.)  Morong.     White  Arrow-arum, 


Calla   iagillae/olia   !klichx.    Fl     Bor    Am     a     187 

1803- 
Fetlandra  alba  Raf.  New  Fl.  N  A  1   88     1836 
Xaiilhoso«ta  satiillae/olia  Chapm    Fl    S   States 

441.     1S60.    NotSchott. 
Pellandra  sagiltae/olia  Morotig  Mem  Torr  Club 

5:  >o^.    1894. 

Leaves  sagittate,  sometimes  wider  than  those 
of  the  preceding  species,  acuminate  or  acute 
the  basal  lobes  diverging,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
petioles  8'-2o'  long,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  scape;  spathe  ^'-4'  long,  with  a  whitish  ex 
paneled  acuminate  apex;  spadix  scarcely  more 
than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spathe  the  stami 
nate  flowers  borne  on  its  upper  half;  ovaries 
ovoid;  style  scarcely  any;  stigma  broad, 
depressed,  lobed;  ripe  berries  red. 

In  lna^^ihes  and  springs,  southern  Virginia  (ac- 
cording Hi  Gray)  to  l-loiida.     May-Jul.v. 


ARUM   FAMILY. 


363 


3.  CALLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  968.      1753. 

A  bog  herb  with  slender  acrid  rootstocks,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  cordate 
leaves,  and  a  large  white  persistent  spathe,  Spatbe  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acuminate, 
open.  Spadix  cylindric,  niucli  shorter  than  the  spathe.  densely  coveted  nitta  tloners. 
Flowers  perfect  or  the  very  uppermost  staminate;  perianth  none.  Stamens  about  6;  fila- 
ments linear,  longer  than  the  anthers;  anther-sacs  divaricate,  opening  by  slits.  Ovary 
ovoid,  i-celled;  style  very  short;  stigma  small,  flat,  circular.  Ovules  6-9,  anatropons. 
Berries  obconic,  depressed.  Seeds  hard,  smooth,  oblong,  striate  toward  the  micropyle  and 
pitted  at  the  other  end.     Endosperm  copious.     [An  ancient  name,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

A  monotj^ic  genus  oC  the  cooler  portions  of 
the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.  Calla  palustris  L.     Water  Aram. 

(Fig.  880.) 

Calla  palustris  L  Sp.  PI.  96S.      :753. 

Petioles  4'-&'  long,  spreading  or  ascending. 
Blades  thick,  entire,  iJi'-4'  wide,  cuspidate  or 
abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  deeply  cordate  at 
the  base;  scape  as  long  as  the  petioles,  sheathed 
at  the  base;  rootatocks  covered  with  sheathing 
scales  and  with  libroas  roots  at  the  nodes; 
spatbe  I'-aJ^'  long  and  about  i'  wide,  with  an 
abruptly  acuminate  involute  apex;  spadix 
about  1'  long;  berries  red,  distinct,  few-seeded, 
forming  a  large  head  when  mature. 


.\sia.     May-June.    Fruit  ripe  July-.\i^. 

4.  SPATHYEMA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II,)  5:  352. 
[SVMPLOCARPUS  Salbb.;  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  105.      1818.] 

A  fetid  herb,  with  large  ovate  cordate  leaves,  thick  straight  rootstocks  and  a  short  erect 
partly  underground  scape.  Spathe  swollen,  shelt-like,  thick,  pointed,  completely  enclosing 
the  spadix.  Spadix  globose  or  oblong,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  by  the  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  of  4  hooded  sepals.  Filaments  slightly  dilated;  anthers  i-celled,  short,  e^trorse, 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  nearly  buried  in  the  tissue  of  the  spadix.  i-celled  with  a  soli- 
tary suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style  pyramidal,  4-sided,  thick,  elongated;  stigma  minute. 
Berries  immersed  in  the  spongy  axis  of  the  spadix,  becoming  adnate  to  the  succulent  peri- 
anth in  ripening.  i~seeded,  forming  large  heads.  Seeds  large.  Embryo  large,  fleshy;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  spathe.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America  and  northCHStem  Asia. 


1.  Spathyema  foitida  (L.)  Raf.     Skunk  Cabbage.     (Fig.  ; 


1.) 


Draconlium  /otlidum  1,.  Sp.  PI.  967.      '753- 
spathyema  foelida  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.      1808 
Symplocarpus  fotlidus'Svl&.  Gen.  i;  106.      1818. 

Leaves  numerous,  in  large  crowns,  l"-^  long,  often 
t°  wide,  strongly  nerved,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
thin,  entire,  their  petioles  deeply  channeled.  Root- 
stock  thick,  descending,  terminating  in  whorls  of 
fleshy  fibers;  spathe  preceding  the  leaves,  erect,  3'-6' 
high,  I'-j'  in  diameter  at  the  base,  convolute,  firm; 
purple-brown  to  greenish  yellow,  often  mottled,  its 
short  scape  usually  subterranean,  spadix  about  1'  in 
diameter  in  flower,  greatly  enlarging  and  sometimes 
6'  in  diameter  in  froit;  mature  seeds  4"-6"  long. 

In  swamps  and  wet 
Minnesota,  south  to 
Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 


5.  Or6nTIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  324. 


1753- 


Aquatic  herbs,  with  thiclc  rootstoclcs  buried  in  the  mud,  oblong^etliptic  nerved  lesves 
without  a  distinct  midvein.  and  slender  terete  scapea  terminated  by  a  cylindtic  apadix. 
Spathe  enclosing  the  spadiz  when  very  young,  eooii  parting  and  remaining  a*  a  sheathiag 
bract  at  its  base,  or  falling  away.  Flowers  perfect,  bright  yellow,  covering  the  whole 
spadiic.  Sepals  4-6,  acale-llke,  imbricated  upon  the  ovary  (lower  flowers  commonly  with  6 
upper  with  4J.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals;  filaments  linear  wider  than  the  anthers, 
abruptly  narrowed  above;  anthers  small,  with  two  diverging  saca  opening  by  oblique  silts 
Ovary  partly  imbedded  in  the  axis  of  the  spadix,  depressed  obtusely  angled  l-celled  ovule 
solitary,  balf'Snatropous;  stigma  sessile.  Fruit  a  green  utncle.  Endosperm  none  embryo 
long-stalked.  [Ancient  name  of  some  water  plant,  said  to  be  from  the  Syrian  nver 
OrODtes.  ] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  Nortli  America. 

I.    Orontium   aqu&ticum    L.      Golden-club. 
(Fig.  882.) 


H  aqui. 


..  Sp.  PI.  3S4. 

r  floating,  dependin 


Leaves  ascending  or  floating,  depending  on  the  depth 
of  water,  deep  dull  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  blade 
5'-iz'  long,  i's'  wide,  entire,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole  4'~3o'  long. 
Scape  6'-i4'  long,  flattened  near  the  spadii;  spadix  I'-i' 
long,  i"-i"  in  diameter,  frequently  attenuate  at  the 
summit,  much  thickened  in  fruit;  spathe  bract-like,  i'-4' 
long,  z-keeled  on  the  back;  usually  falling  away  early; 
utricle  depressed,  roughened  on  top  with  9  or  10  tubercles. 


In  s 


tvamps   and   ponds,   Massachusetts  to  central  I 
a.  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  neai 

Ascends  to  1000  ft.  on  the  Pocono  plateau  of  Pen 

April-May. 


6.  ACORUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.       1753. 

Erect  herbs,  with  very  long  horizontal  branched  rootstocks,  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  3- 
angled  scapes  keeled  on  the  back  and  channeled  in  front,  and  a  seemingly  lateral  cylindric 
spadix,  the  scape  appearing  as  if  extending  long  beyond  it,  but  this  upper  part  b  in  reality 
a  spathe.  Flowers  perfect,  densely  covering  the  whole  spadix.  Perianth  of  6  membranous 
concave  sepals.  Stamens  6;  filaments  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  anthers;  anthers  reni- 
fonu  or  sagittate,  a-ce!led,  the  cells  confluent  at  maturity.  Ovary  oblong,  3-4.<elled  with 
a-3  anatropous  ovules  ia  each  cell;  stigma  sessile,  depressed -capitate.  Fruit  a  a-3.celled 
gelatinous  berry,  few-seeded.     Endosperm  copious.     [Name  ancient] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  in  the  north  temperate  lone,  the  other 
Japanese. 

I.  Acorus  Cdlamus  L.     Sweet  Flag. 
/  k       ifl     /i'P^   /  }\\  Calamus- root.     (Fig.  S83.) 

Acorus  Calamus  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.     1733. 

Leaves  linear,  erect,  3°-6''  tall  and  1'  wide  or  less, 
sharp-pointed  and  sharp  edged,  with  a  ridged  mid- 
vein  running  their  whole  length,  a-ranked,  closely 
sheathing  each  other  and  the  scape  below.  Spatbe 
a  leaf-like  extension  of  the  scape  projecting  8'-3o' 
beyond  the  spadix;  spadix  spike-like,  2'-^^'  long, 
about  Jii'  in  diameter,  compactly  covered  with 
minute  greenish- yellow  flowers. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams.  Nova  Scotia  to  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  Louisiana  and  Kansas. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  In  our  territoiy  fruit  is 
rarely,  if  ever,  formed.  The  hard  ovary  is  usually 
found  to  be  imperfect,  with  3  or  ,■)  abortive  cells  and 
ovules.  The  plant  is  propagated  by  its  lai(e  rootstocks, 
which  fumisn  the  drug  Calamus.  Interior  of  stalk 
sweet.     May- July. 


DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 


365 


1827.* 


Family  10.  LEMNACEAE  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  147. 
Duckweed  Family. 
Minute  perennial  floating  aquatic  plants,  without  leaves  or  with  only  very 
-udimentary  ones.  The  plant  body  consists  of  a  disc-shaped  elongated  or  irreg- 
ilar  thallus,  which  is  loosely  cellular,  densely  chlorophyll ous  and  sometimes 
jears  one  or  more  rootlets.  The  vegetative  growth  is  by  lateral  branching,  the 
>ranches  being  but  slightly  connected  by  slender  stalks  and  soon  separating. 
[n  the  autumn  these  disconnected  branches  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  or 
x)nd,  but  rise  and  again  increase  in  size  in  the  spring.  The  inflorescence  con- 
sists of  one  or  more  naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  promi- 
lence  on  the  edge  or  upper  surface  of  the  plant.  Each  flower  commonly  con- 
sists of  but  a  single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil.  The  anther  is  pro- 
.■ided  with  t%vo  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  minutely  barbellate 
jrains.  The  pistil  is  gradually  narrowed  to  the  funnel-shaped  scar -like  stigmatic 
ipex,  and  produces  1-6  erect  or  inverted  ovules.   The  fruit  is  a  i-6-seeded  utricle. 

The  family  compTiaes  the  smallest  of  the  floweriiiK  plants  and  contains  3  f(etieia,  all  of  which 
ire  represented  in  North  America,  and  about  z6  species  o?  wide  distribution, 
rhallus  pioroinently  nerved;  with  a  membranous  spathe  and  a  cluster  of  several  rootlets;  ovules  2 

1.  Sbirodela. 
rhallus  slightly  nerved;  with  a  membranous  spathe  and  a  single  rootlet;  ovules  1-6.    a.  Lemna. 
Phallus  nerveless;  without  spathe  or  rootlets;  ovule  i.  3.    Woljffia. 

I.  SPIRODELA  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  391.       1839. 
Thallus  disc-shaped,  7-1 2-iierved.     The  lateral  branches  subtended  by  a  single  bipartite 
lasilar  rudimentary  leaf.     Tbe  thinly-trapped  rootlets  as  well  as  the  ncrvea  are  provided 
vith  a  aingle  bundle  of  vascular  tissue.     The  ovary  produces  two  analropous  ovules.     Fruit 
inknown.     (Greek,  in  allusion  to  tbe  cluster  of  rootlets.] 


.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid. 
Greater  Duckweed.     {Fig.  884,) 


'xmna  polyrhUa  L,  Sp.  PI.  970. 
•ipirodela polyrhi::a  Schleid.  Linr 


1839. 


Thallus  rouQd-obovate,  i"-5"  loag,  thick,  fiat  and 
lark  greeo  above,  slightly  convexand  purple  beneatb, 
palmately  5-n-nerved.  Each  thallus  bears  a  central 
;luster  of  from   5-11   elongated   rootlets.     Rootcap 

pointed. 

In  rivers,  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes.  Nova  Scotia 
to  British  Columbia,  south  to  South  Carolina,  Texas, 
noithem  Mexico  and  Nevada.  Wi del;- distributed  in  the 
Old  World  and  in  tropical  America,    Seldom  collected  in 


2.  LEMNA  L,  Sp.  PI.  970.  1753. 
Thalltis  disc-shaped,  usually  provided  with  a  central  nerve  and  with  or  without  two  or 
four  lateral  nerves.  Each  thallus  produces  a  single  rootlet,  which  is  devoid  of  vascular  tis- 
sue and  is  commonly  provided  with  a  thin  blunt  or  pointed  rootcap.  The  ovary  contains 
from  one  to  six  orthotropous  ampbitropous  or  anatropons  ovules.  Froit  ovoid,  more  or  less 
ribbed.  Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these 
small  plants  in  swamps.] 

Seven  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the  following  species,  Lemna  An- 
golfHiii  is  a  native  of  Lower  Guinea  and  Lemna  paucicoslala  has  been  found  in  Asia,  AFrica  and 
South  America. 
Ovule  I,  amphitropous  or  orthotropous;  endosperm  in  three  layers. 

Thalli  of  two  kinds,  ovule  amphitropous.  1.  L.  trisuUa. 

Thalli  alt  alike. 

Thallus  without  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous.  1.  L,  ValdiiHana. 

Thallus  with  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous.  3.  L.  ptrptaiUa. 

Thallus  with  lateral  nerves;  ovule  amphitropous.  4.  /..  minor. 

Ovules  i-6,  anatropous;  endosperm  in  one  layer.  5.  L.  gibba. 

•Text  contributed  by  Mr.  Edmund  P.  Sheldon, 


.  Lemna  trisulca  L. 


LEMNACEAE. 

I\'j-leaved  Duckweed.     Star  Duckweed. 

(Fig.  885.) 
na  trisulca  L.  Sp.  PI,  97a  :753. 
Thallus  lanceolate,  submerged  and  devoid  of  atotnaU  ia 
the  primary  aquatic  form,  ovete  to  obloug-lanceoUte,  6"-9" 
long,  floating  and  provided  with  atomata  in  the  later  flower- 
ing stage.  The  later  and  more  common  form  ia  nairowed  at 
the  base  to  a  slender  stipe,  thin,  denticulate,  with  or  without 
rootlets,  and  sligbtlj'  j-nerred.  Several  individuals  often 
remain  connected,  so  as  to  form  a  cliain-like  series.  Root- 
cap  pointed;  fruit  ay m metrical;  seed  deeply  la-is-ribbed. 

In  ditches,  springs,  ponds,  shallow  lake*  and  sIouKha.  Not-a 
Scotia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  New  Mcx 
ico.    Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia    July-Aueusl. 


2,   Lemna  Valdividna  Philippi.     Valdivia  Duck- 
weed.    (Fig.  886.) 

Lemna  yaldivtana  Philippi,  Linuaea,  33:  239.     1B64. 

Thallus  oblong-elliptical,  \"-i%"  long,  thin,  subfalcate 
and  Portly  stalked  at  the  base,  provided  with  numerous 
stomsta,  except  on  the  borders,  nerveless;  rootcap  short  and 
blunt;  spathe  reniform;  fruit  ovoid- oblong,  unsymmetrical; 
seed  prominently  30-ribbed. 

In  pools  and  rivers,  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey  and 
southward,  west  to  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Also 
in  South  America.    June-July. 


3.  Lemna  pcrpusilla  Torr.     Minute  Duckweed. 
(Fig.  887.} 

Lemna  pcrpusilla  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  ais,    1843. 

Thallus  small,  i"-i}i"  long,  obovate,  oCten  purplish  tinge      »l 

beneath,  unsymmetrical  and  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  very  shorr 1 

stalli,  provided  throughout  with  numerous  stomata,  more  o^^^ 
less  3-nerved;  rootcap  pointed;  fruit  ovoid;  seed  40-60-ribbed. 


irines  and  lakes,  New  York  and  New  Ji 
and  Missouri.    June-July. 


4.  Lemna  minor  L.     Lesser  Duckweed,    (Fig.  a 


r  L,  Sp.  PI.  970. 


1753. 


Thallus  obovate  or  subcircular,  i"-3"  long,  thickish,  rarely 
reddish  or  purplish  tinged,  short-stalked  when  young,  pro- 
vided throughout  with  slomata,  obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rarely 
4-5-nervcd.  Rootcap  obtuse  or  subtruncate.  Fruit  symmetri- 
cal, subturbinate.  Seed  with  a  prominent  protruding  hilum, 
deeply  and  unequally  ia-15-ribbed. 

In  ponds,  lakes  and  staRnanl  waters,  throughout  North  Ameri^ 
below  58°  N,  lat.  Al.so  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australi 
Summer. 


DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

5.    Lemna  gibba  L.     Gibbous  Duckweed. 

(Fig.  889.) 

Lemna  gibba  1,,  Sp.  PI.  970.    1753. 

Thallus  slightly  uns3nnmetrical,  obovate  or  short-obovate, 
'^W~7/^  long,  thickish  or  more  or  less  strongly  gibbous  be- 
neath, short-stalked  when  young,  soon  separating,  provided 
with  stomata  which  are  sparse  beneath,  obscurely  3-5-nerved; 
Tootcap  mostly  short-pointed,  rarely  long-pointed  or  obtuse; 
fruit  symmetrical;  seed  thick,  deeply  and  unequally  ribbed. 

In  ponds  and  rivers,  Nebraska,  Texas,  Arizona  and  California. 
Also  in  Mexico,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.    June-July. 


3.  WOLFFIA  Horkel;  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  389.      1839. 

Thallus  small,  globose,  ovoid-oblong,  subcylindric  or  irregular,  rootless,  nerveless  and 
leafless.  The  vegetative  growth  is  from  a  cleft  near  one  end  of  the  plant,  the  branch  being 
mostly  sessile  and  soon  detached.  The  ovary  contains^one  orthotropous  ovule.  Fruit  spher- 
ical or  short  ovate,  smooth.  Endosperm  in  a  single  layer.  [Name  in  honor  of  Nath.  Matth. 
V.  WolflF,  1 724-1784,  Polish  physician  and  naturalist.] 

A  genus  of  12  species,  mostly  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  The  following  and  two 
Mexican  species,  W.  lingulaia  and  W.  gladiata,  comprise  all  the  known  North  American  forms. 


I.  Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst.     Columbia 
Wolffia.     (Fig.  890.) 

Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst  Bot.  Unters.  i:  103.      1865-67. 

Thallus  spherical  or  subellipsoidal  Yi^-y-if'  long,  with 
a  limited  number  of  stomata  ( i  to  6),  loosely  cellular  and 
clear  green  throughout,  not  dotted  nor  gibbous. 

Floating  as  minute  alga-like  grains  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  in  stagnant  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes, 
Ontario  to  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota 
and  Missouri,  south  to  Louisiana.  Also  in  Mexico  and  South 
America.    June-July. 


2.  Wolffia  Brasili6nsis  Wedd.     Brazil 
Wolffia.     (Fig.  891.) 

Wolffia  BrasiliensisV^edd..  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (III. )  12: 170. 11849. 

Thallus  oblong,  smaller  than  the  last,  l^^'-yi^'  long, 
flattish,  densely  cellular,  with  numerous  stomata  and 
dark  green  above,  gibbous,  more  loosely  cellular,  with 
fewer  stomata  and  paler  beneath;  brown-dotted  through- 
out with  minute  pigment  cells. 

Floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  Ontario.  Con- 
necticut to  New  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Louisiana.    Also  in  Brazil.    June-July. 


Family  11.  MAYACACEAE  Walp.  Ann.  3:  662.     1853. 


Mayaca  Family. 


Slender  branching  aquatic  moss-like  herbs,  with  linear  sessile  i -nerved  entire 
soft  leaves,  notched  at  the  apex.  Flowers  solitary,  peduncled,  white,  perfect, 
and  regular,  the  peduncles  bracted  at  the  base.  Perianth  persistent,  consisting 
of  3  lanceolate  green  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  olxjvate  white  spreading  petals. 
Stamens  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 


24 


368  MAVACACEAE. 

oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  2-celIed.  0\-ar>-  superior,  sessile,  i-celled  with  3 
parietal  placentae;  ovules  several  or  numerous,  orthotropous;  style  filifonn; 
stigmas  terminal,  entire  or  with  3  short  lobes.  Capsule  i-celled.  3-valved. 
Seeds  ovoid  or  globose,  the  testa  reticulated;  embryo  at  the  apex  of  the  meaty 
endosperm. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus: 

I.   MAYACA  Aubl.  PI.  Guian.  i:  42.       1775. 
Characters  of  the  family.    [Aboriginal  name  of  these  plants  in  Guiana.] 

About  7  specie*  are  linown,  all  natives  of  wsnn 
and  tropical  America.    Only  the  following  occurs  in 


1.   Mayaca  Aubliti  Michx.     Mayaca. 

(Fig.  892.) 
.Vayaca  Aiibleli  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  26.  1803. 
Mayaca  AficAautii  Schott  &  Endl,  Melct.  i:  i).  183a. 
Stems  tufted,  3'-!  5'  long,  usmlly  little 
branched.  Leaves  densely  dothin);  the  stem  and 
widely  speading,  linear-lanceolate,  translucent. 
2"-3"  long,  about  y  wide;  peduncles  a"-6" 
long,  very  slender,  recurved  in  fruit;  flowers  3"- 
4"  broad,  axillary,  but  borne  near  the  ends  of 
branches,  lateral,  rarely  more  than  one  on  each 
brancb;  capsule  oblong-oval,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  tipped  until  dehiscence  by  the  subulate 
style. 


1  Vir- 


Family  12.  XYEIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  388.  1836. 
Yellow-kyhd  Grass  Family. 
Perennial  or  annual  tufted  herbs  with  basal  narrow  equitant  commonly 
3-raiiked  leaves,  and  erect  simple  leafless  scapes.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  yel- 
low, nearly  or  quite  regular,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  imbri- 
cated bracts  (scales),  forming  tenninal  ovoid  globose  or  cyliiidric  heads.  Sepals 
3,  the  two  lateral  ones  small,  keeled,  persistent,  the  other  one  larger,  membran- 
ous (wanting  in  the  South  American  genus  .-ibolboda).  Corolla  inferior,  with 
a  narrow  tube  and  3  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  usually 
alternating  with  as  many  plumose  or  bearded  staminodia.  Ovary  sessile,  i-celled 
or  incompletely  3-celled ;  ovules  numerous  or  few,  on  3  parietal  placentae,  ortho- 
tropous; style  terminal  (unappendaged  in  Xj^'ris,  in  Abolboda  appendaged  at  the 
base),  3-branched  above;  stigmas  apical.  Fruit  an  oblong  3-valved  ca[«ule. 
Seed-coat  longitudinally  striate.  Embrj'o  apical.  Endosperm  mealy  or  some- 
what fleshy. 

mprising  some  60  species,  mostly  of  tropical 


i  plant  with  3-edged 


I.   XYRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  42.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family  as  given  above.     [Greek  name  for  s 

Besides  the  following  species  there  are  some  9  others  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Lateral  sepals  wingless,  the  keel  frin^d  with  short  hairs.  1.  X.Jltxuosi 

Lateral  sepals  winged,  the  keel  fimbriate  or  lacerr ■- 
Scapes  not  bulboua-thicVened  at  the  base;  lei 
lateral  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  bracts, 
Head  oblong,  iW-^'  long;  northern. 
Head  oval  or  ovoid,  3"-8    long;  southern. 

Keel  of  lateral  sepals  lacerate  to  below  the  middle,  3.  X.  C 

Keel  of  lacerate  sepals  lacerate  only  above  the  middle.  4.  X.  Care 

Lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  their  keels  long-fimbriate.  5.  X.fimbriala. 

Scapesconspicuously  bulbous-thickenedat  the  base;  leavesspirally  twisted.  6.  X.  loria. 


YELLOW-EYED  GRASS  FAMILY.  369 

Xyris  flexudsa  Muhl.     Slender  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  893.) 


;  slender,  straight  or  sometimes  slightly 
4'-i8'tall,  »-edge(l  above,  bulbous-thickened 
ise.  Leaves  narronly  linear,  flat  or  becoming 
Then  old,  i'-6'long,  Ji"-iJ4"  wide;  headglo- 
short-oblong,  obtuse,  3"-4"  high;  bracts 
oval  or  slightly  obovatc,  entire  or  somewhat 
at  the  apex;  lateral  sepals  linear,  about  as  long 
<racts,  curved,  finely  fringed  with  short  hairs 
'inglcss  keel;  expanded  flowers  3"-4"  broad. 


2.   Xyris  mont&na  H.  Ries.     Northern 
Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  894.) 

XyHs  fle.ruosa  var.  pusilla  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  548. 

1867.     Not  X.  pvsilla  R.  Br.  1810. 
Xyris  monlaaa  H.  Ries,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  19:  38.      l8g». 

Scapes  very  slender,  straight  or  slightly  twisted, 
3-edged  above,  I'-ii'  tall,  not  bulbous-thickened  at 
the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  i'-6'long,  J^"-i" 
wide,  Dot  at  all  twisted  ot  but  very  slightly  so;  head 
oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute,  i  ^"-3"  long;  bracts  oval 
or  obovate,  rounded  and  finely  lacerate  at  the  apex; 
lateral  sepals  linear,  irregularly  serrate- fimbriate  on 
the  winged  keel  above  the  middle,  about  as  long  as 
the  bracts. 

In  bo^,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Michig:an,  south 
to  the  Focono  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  to  New 
Jersey,    Ouronly  species  oceurrinB  on  mountains.    July- 


jris  commilnis  Kunth.     Southern  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  895.) 


ffbrmis  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  500,      1B60, 

I  slender,  slightly  twisted,  3-cdged  above, 
below,  not  thickened  at  the  base,  6'-i8' 
aves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  3'-io' 
-4"  wide;  head  ovoid,  or  subglobose,  blunt 
:nte,  about  }^'  long;  scales  ovate  or  oval, 
ntirei  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  winged 
briate  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle; 
jbea  obovate,  2"-3"  long. 

d  Louisiana,   Widely 


37°  XYRIDACEAE. 

4.    Xyria  Caro.linUna  Walt.     Carolina  Yellow-eyed  Grass,     (Fig,  896.} 

Xyris  Caroliuiana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  69.      1788. 
Xyrisjupacai  MJchi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  2J.      1803. 
Xyrisetata  Chapm.  Fl,  S.  States,  501.      186a 

Scapes  tnoslly  slender,  straight  or  somewhit 
twisted,  3  edged  above,  t°-3°tall,  not  thickened  at 
the  base.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  fiit, 
4'-15'  long,  i"-5"  wide,  head  globose,  ovoid  or 
broadly  aval,  blunt,  4"'8"  long;  scales  oval  or 
slightly  obovate,  entire  or  somewhat  lacerate;  lat- 
eral sepab  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  the 
narrowly  winged  keel  tacerate  or  incis«d-«ensle 
only  above  the  middle. 

In  swamps  and  bogfs,  Massachusetts  lo  Pennsj Ivanii. 
Florida  and  Louisiana,  moell^  near  the  coast  Vaung 
states  of  this  plant  may  be  mistaken  for  X.  monims. 
June- Aug. 


Xyris  fimbriata  Ell.     Fringed  Yellow- 
eyed  Grass.     (Fig,  897.) 


Xyris fimbriaitt  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1 


1816. 


Scapes  rather  stout,  roughish,  straight  or  some- 
what twisted,  strongly  a-cdged  above,  2°-4°  bigh. 
Leaves  flat,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scapes  or  more, 
y/_6",Tide;  head  oblong-cylindric,  >i'-i'longor 
sometimes  globose-ovoid  and  about  H'la  diameter; 
scales  obovate,  their  margins  entire  or  the  apex 
lacerate;  lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  ex- 
sertcd,  long-friiiged  ou  the  winged  keel  above  the 
middle. 


6.    Xyris  t6rta  J.  E.  Smith.     Twisted  Vellow-eyed  Grass,     (Fig.  898.) 


'a  J,  E.  Smith  it 


3'  Cycl. 


Scapes  stout,  much  spirally  twisted,  i-edged  Inf- 
low, or  2-edged  at  the  summit,  smooth  or  tcO' 
nearly  so,  the  base  conspicuously  bulbons-tbkl;- 
ened  and  with  the  sheathing  leaves  sometimes  1' 
in  diameter.  Leaves  narrowly  linear  from  a  broiJ 
shining  nearly  black  base,  rigid,  rather  shorter 
than  the  scapes,  spirally  twisted  (very  marlcedljso 
when  old);  head  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  >cuW 
or  subacute,  'A'-i'  long;  bracts  oblong-obovJlt. 
minutely  lacerate-serrulate  at  the  apex  or  eilif. 
lateral  sepals  linear,  e>cserted.  the  winged  kctl 
fringed  with  rather  short  processes  above  tl" 
middle. 

■a  New  Jersey  to  Hond* 


eitendioj  not''      1 
CouUerl.   MT      j 


PIPEWORT   FAMILY. 

Family  13.  ERIOCAULACEAE  Lindl.  Veg.  Kingd.  122. 
PIPEWORT  Family. 


1847.* 


Bog  or  aquatic  herbs,  perennial  or  perhaps  sometimes  annual,  with  fibrous 
mostly  knotted  or  spongy  roots,  tufted  grass-like  basal  leaves,  and  monoecious 
(androgj-nous)  occasionally  dioecious  very  small  flowers,  in  terminal  solitary 
heads,  on  long  slender  scapes.  Head  of  flowers  involucrate  by  bracts,  each 
flower  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious  scale.  Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments  or 
rarely  of  one  series.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals.  Ovary  2-3-celled.  Ovules  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled, 
2-3-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  pendulous,  orthotropous; 
endosperm  fannaceous. 


es  or  segments;  sepals  and  petals  z  or  3;  stamens  di! 
e  as  many  as  the  inner  perianth  SEgments  (petals). 
lany  as  the  inner  perianth- segments. 
Perianth  simple,  of  3  segments  (sepals);  stamens  3.  monadelphou 


t;  anthers  2-celled. 
I.  Kri 


I.   ERIOCAULON  L.  Sp.  PI.  87. 


3.  Lachnocaulon. 

1753- 

Acaulescent  or  very  short  stemmed  herbs,  the  scapes  erect,  or  when  immersed  delicate, 
angular,  wilb  a  long  sheathing  bract  at  the  base.  Leaves  mcistly  short,  spreading,  acuminate, 
parallel- nerved.  Head  of  flowers  woolly,  white,  lead-colored  or  nearly  black.  Staminate 
flowers:  Outer  perianth-segments  3  oc  3,  distinct  or  sometimes  connate,  the  inner  united  be- 
low into  a  tube,  alternate  with  the  outer  ones,  each  with  a  minute  spot  or  gland  near  its  mid- 
dle or  apex;  stamens  mostly  4-6,  one  opposite  each  perianth-segment,  the  61anients  of  those 
opposite  the  inner  segments  the  longer;  pistil  small,  rudimentary  or  none.  Pistillate  flowers: 
Outer  perianth -segments  as  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  inner  indistinct,  narrow;  stamens 
wanting;  ovary  sessile  or  stalked;  style  columnar  or  filiform,  stigmas  2  or  3  filiform.  Fruit 
a  thin-walled  capsule.  Seeds  oval,  covered  with  minute  processes.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  in  some  species.] 

D  regions.   Besides 


About  1 10  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution  in  tropical  and  w 
the  following,  j  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  SUtes,  and  3  in  Mexico. 
I^eaf-blades  as  long  bi 

•■  "       ■  i:.  itpiangula  .. 

3-angled,   heads 

^      _     a.  £■.  compressuni. 

Leaf -blades  much  longer  than  the  shealhf,  finely  lo-jo-nerved;  acspes  to~i4-angled;  heads  i"S" 
in  diameter.  3.   E.  decangulare. 

I.   Eriocaulon  septanguliU-e  With. 
£rioeaulon  scplaitgulare  With.  Bot.  Arr.  Brit.  PI 


:hs,  coarsely  j-S-tenestrate-m 
I.eaf-bladeB  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  finely  6-3o-fenestrate-netved;  scapes  li 


Seven-angled  Pipe  wort, 


£rioca. 
353.      1891. 
Stem  a  mere  crown.    Leaf-blades  pellucid,  3-8- 

fenestrate-nerved,  Ji'-3'  long,  usually  as  long  as 
the  sheaths;  scapes  weak,  twisted,  about  7-angled, 
smooth,  I'-S'  tall,  or  when  submerged  sometimes 
4°-io°  long;  involucral  bracts  glabrous,  or  the 
innermost  bearded  at  the  apex,  oblong,  usually 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  marginal  flowers  usually 
staminate;  scales  of  the  receptacle  spatulate  or  ob- 
ovale,  abruptly  pointed,  brown  above,  white-woolly; 
staminate  flowers  about  iX"  bigh;  pistillate  flowers 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  large;  perianth-segments 
of  both  kinds  of  flowers  white-bearded. 

or  on  shores,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario 
,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Also  in 
Europe.    July- Oct. 


In  still 


■Teit  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thouas  Morong. 


ERIOCAIXACEAE. 
Eriocaulon  comprissum  Lam.     Flattened  Pii>ewort.     (Fig.  900.) 

Eriocaulon  compressum  I,am.  Encjxl.  3:  .76 

1789. 
Eriocaulon  gnaphalodes  Blichi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

2:  165.      :803- 

I.eBf-b1adcs6-3o-feiie8trate -nerved,  tunallj 
shorter  than  the  Kfaeaths  aad  tapering  to  a 
long  sharp  point,  rigid,  or  when  snbtnet$«d 
thin  and  pellticid.  Stem  a  mere  crown; 
scapes  6'-3°  tall;  smooth,  flattened  when 
dry,  lo-il-angled;  involucral  bracts  rounded, 
obtuse,  scarioua,  shining,  smooth,  imbricated 
in  3  or  4  series;  heads  3"-6"  in  diameter, 
frequently  dioecious;  receptacle  glabrous; 
flowers  iJi"-2"  high,  otherwise  timtlar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species. 

In  still  shallow  water,  southern  New  Jersey  to 
Floridaand  Teitaa.  Alsoin  Cuba.  At  flowering 
time  the  styles  and  stigmas  are  much  ezseiteil, 
standingBbove  the  heads  like  projectinK  threads. 
May -Oct 

3.    Eriocaulon  decanguUre  L.     Ten -angled  Pipe  wort.     (Fig.  901.) 


Eriocaulon  decaiigulare  L.  Sp.  PI.  87.      I75,v 

Stcmssbort  and  thick,  I'-s'long.  Leaf-blades 
finely  ttiany- nerved,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point, 
6'-2o'  long,  3"-8"  wide,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  sheaths;  scapes  stout,  rigid,  glabrous, 
10-14-angled,  i"-!,"  tall;  heads  4"-8"  in  diam- 
eter; involucral  bracts  ovate,  oflen  eroded, 
denticulate  at  the  apex  and  pubescent  below, 
imbricated  in  4or5  series;  receptacle  pubescent 
with  many-celled  hairs;  flowers  a"  high,  densely 
woolly  at  the  base;  scales  longer  than  the 
flowers,  acute,  whilcbearded;  as  are  the  spatu- 
late  perianth-segments. 


3.  DUPATYA  Veil.  Fl.  Flura.  35.  1825. 
[Paepalanthus  Mart.  Nov.  Act.  Lcop.  17:  Part  i,  10.  1830.] 
Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  our  species  with  the  habit  of  Eriocaulon.  Stems  very 
short.  Leaves  aw!-shaped,  tufted.  Scapes  slender,  several-angled,  erect,  twisted  in  growth, 
sheathed  at  the  base  by  a  long  acute  bract.  Flowers  androgynous,  in  globular  or  hemi— 
spheric  heeds,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale  or  the  scales  sometimes  obsolete.  InvoIucraK- 
bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  scries.  Perianth  of  a  series,  each  of  a  or  3  segments  in  tbe  stami — 
nate  flowers,  the  outer  segments  distinct,  the  inner  connate;  stamens  3  or  3,  inserted  on  th^ 
inner  perianth  and  opposite  its  lobes.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  outer  segments  distinct^ 
the  inner  often  connate  above  the  a-celled,  2-3-ovuled  ovary;  style  cleft  into  a  or  3  entire  or" 
a-cleft  stigmas.  Fruit  a  7-3-celled,  1-3-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  [Name  in 
honor  of  Diipaiy.'] 


•f,  of  tropin 


Only  the  following  is  known  in  the 


PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 


1.    Dupatya  flavidula  (Michx.)  Kuiitze.     Dupatya.     (Fig.  902.) 


Eriot-aulon flavidnhim  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  l:  166.    1803. 
I^efialanlhus  flavidtilHS  Kunth,  Enuni.'3:  532.      1841. 
Dupatya Jlai-idula  KunUt,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  745.     iSgl. 

Leaves  3-5-nerved,  I'-i' long,  awl-shaped,  woolly 
at  the  base,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above. 
Scapes  numerous,  5-anglcd,  pubescent,  4'-l2'  high; 
sheaths  longer  than  Che  leaves,  slightly  inflated 
above,  pubescenti  involucral  bracts  straw-colored, 
glabrous,  obtuse,  oval,  sbiniug,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent at  the  base;  receptacles  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent;  scales  very  thin,  scarious-white,  linear, 
ilightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers; 
flowers  about  iX"  bigh;  perianth  5-parted;  ouler 
perianth  of  the  staminate  flowers  stalked,  woolly, 
:be  inner  a  campanulate  tube  with  3  stamens;  pis- 
lillate  flowers  with  both  sets  of  perianth -segments 
lisiinct,  the  inner  much  narrower  than  the  outer; 
style  3-parted;  stigmas  3. 


March -July, 


A  pine  barrens,  southern  Viigini. 


o  Florida. 


3.    LACHNOCAULON  Kunth,  Enum. 


Tufted  herbs  with  the  habit  of  Eriocaulon,  the  leaves  linear.  Scape  several-angled, 
iheathed  at  the  base  by  an  entire  bract  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  beads  globose.  Recep- 
tacle pilose.  Flowers  androgynous.  Perianth  of  3  segments.  Staminate  flowers  witb  3 
•tamens  united  below  into  a  thickened  tube  which  is  coalcscent  with  a  body,  variously  re- 
^rded  as  a  corolla  or  as  a  rudimentary  pistil,  bearing  at  its  apex  3  fimbriate  or  entire  lobes 
ilternate  with  the  filaments;  anthers  i-celled,  minute.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  sessile  3- 
rellcd.  3-ovuled  ovary  surrounded  by  copious  woolly  bairs  at  the  base;  styles  united  below, 
spreading  above  into  3  divisions  which  are  3-parted,  there  being  thus  6  stigmas.  [Greek, 
"eferring  to  the  woolly  scapes  of  some  species.] 

Four  known  species,  natives  of  tlie  southern  United  States, 

I.    Lachnocaulon  anceps  (Walt.)  Morong,     Hairy  Pipewort.     (Fig.  903,) 


1891. 


■I  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 


Leaves  glabrons  or  sparingly  pubescent, 
i'-3'  long,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  callous 
point.  Scapes  slender,  a'-io'  tall,  2-4- 
angled,  clothed  with  long  soft  appressed  up- 
wardly pointed  hairs;  sheaths  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads  globose,  l"~ 
3"  in  diameter;  involucral  bracts  ovate  or 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  usually 
brown;  flowers  about  i"  bigh;  scales  brown, 
spatulale,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  yel- 
lowish silky  hairs  of  the  receptacle  and 
white-bearded  at  the  apex;  perianth  of  the 
staminate  flowers  short-stalked,  pubescent  at 
the  base,  woolly  and  fimbriate  at  the  summit; 
segments  of  the  pistillate  perianth  white, 
glabrous,  obtuse;  ovary  densely  villous 
around  the  base;  seeds  strongly  ribbed. 
In  moist  pine  barrens,  Virginia  to  Florida.  Tlie  white  pistillate  flowers  mingled  with  the  brown 
aminate  ones  impart  a  mixed  gray  and  dark  appearance  to  the  heads.    March-June. 


374  BROMELIACEAE. 

Family  14.  BROMELIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  I:  122.       1805. 

Pine-Apple  Family. 

Epiphytic  herbs  (some   tropical  species  terrestrial),  mostly   scurfy,  with 

elongated  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  leaves.     Flowers  spiked,  panicled,  or  soli- 

tar>,  regular  and  perfect,  usually  conspicuously  bracted.     Perianth  of  3  thin 

distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  3  clawed  distinct  or  united  petals. 

Stamens  6,  usually  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.     Ovary   inferior  or 

superior,  3-celled;   ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;   style  short  or 

elongated;  stigmas  3.     Capsule  3-valved  in  our  species.     Seeds  numerous,  the 

testa  membranous.    Embryo  small,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  copious  endosperm. 

About  35  geneni  and  900  Epecies,  atl  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 

1.  TILLANDSIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  286.  1753. 
Epiphytic  plants  of  vorionB  habit,  with  narrow  eatire  leaves  and  white,  yellow  or  pnrple 
flowers.  Sepals  distinct  and  separate  or  very  nearlj  so.  Petals  distinct.  Stamens  hjpogj- 
□ous  or  tbe  three  itiner  ones  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  petals;  filaments  filifoim;  anthers 
linear  or  linear- oblong.  O vary  superior;  style  subulate;  stigmas  short.  Capsule  aepticidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  narrow,  supported  on  a  long  funiculus  which  splits  up  into  fine  threads. 
[Dedicated  to  Elias  Tillands,  Swedish  (?)  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.] 

n  and  tropical  America.    Besides  the  followinK  some  9  others 

I.  Tillandsia  uaneoldes  L.     Long 
Moss.     Florida  Moss.     (Fig.  904.) 


■J  L.  Sp.  PI.  187.     1; 
rj  L.  Sp,  PI.  Ed.  »,  4 


.762. 


Stems  very  slender,  thread-like,  flexuons, 
banging  clustered  in  festoons  from  the  branches 
of  trees,  3°-ao''  long,  gray  and,  like  tbe  filiform 
leaves,  densely  silvery-scurfy  all  over.  Leaves 
scattered,  i'~y  long,  scarcely  }4"  thick,  their 
bases  somewhat  dilated;  flowers  sessile  and 
solitary  or  rarely  i  together  in  the  axils  of  tbe 
leaves;  sepals  about  3"  long,  pale  green;  petals 
yellow,  the  blade  about  3"  long;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  capsule  linear,  9"-i5" 
long,  at  length  splitting  into  3  linear  valves. 

irida,  ^ 


Family  15.     COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  57.       1828. 

Spider  WORT  Family. 
Perennial  or  annual  leafy  herbs  with  regular  or  irregular  perfect  and  oftea 
showy  flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  subtended  by  spathe-like  or  leafy  bracts. 
Perianth  of  2  series;  a  calyx  of  mostly  3  persistent  sepals,  and  a  corolla  or 
mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fugacious  petals.     Stamens  mostly  6, 
hypogynous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2  or  3  of  them  different 
from  the  others  and  sterile;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers^ 
2-celled,   mostly   longitudinally   dehiscent.     Ovary    superior,   .sessile  or   very — 

nearly  so,  2-3-celled;  ovules  i  or  several  in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  half  ana^ 

tropous;  style  simple;  stigmas  terminal,  entire  or  obscurely  2-3-lobed.     Seedt^-» 
solitary  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule.     Capsule  2-3-celled,  loculjcidally*" 
2-3-valved.     Embrj'O  small.     Endosperm  copious. 

About  25  genctaand  35ospeciefi,  mostly  nativesofttopical  regions  a  ew  in  the  temperate  zones'  — 
Perfect  stamens  j,  raiely  2; 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 


375 


I.    COMMELINAL.  Sp.  PI.  40.       1753. 

Erect  ascending  or  procumbent,  somewhat  succulent,  brancbinfc  herbs,  with  sbort-peti~ 
oled  or  sessile  leaves,  and  irregalar  mostly  blue  flowera  in  seaaile  cymes  subtended  bj 
spathe-ltke  bracts.  Sepals  somewhat  unequal,  the  larger  ouea  sometimes  slightly  united. 
Petals  blue,  unequal,  3  of  them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  1,  one  of 
tbem  incurved  and  its  anther  commonlj  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3,  smaller,  their 
anthers  yarious.  Filaments  all  glabrous.  Capsule  3-celled.  Seeds  i  or  3  in  each  cavity, 
the  testa  firm,  ronghened,  smooth  or  relicnlated.  [Dedicated  to  Kaspar  Commelin,  1667- 
1731,  Dutch  botanist.] 

.\bout  g,s  species  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.     Besides  the  following, 
some  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Ventral  cavities  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled.  the  dorsal  i-ovuled. 

Capsule  3-celled,  commonly  j- seeded. 

Creeping;,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  mariEins  of  the  spathe  not  united.  i.  C.  nudiffora. 

Stout,  erect,  the  sheaths  bearded;  maisins  of  the  spathe  united.  2.  C.  hirlelia. 


Capsule  2-ceIled,  4- seeded. 
All  3  cavities  of  the  ovan-  only  . 
Cavities  of  the  capsule  all  d< 


Ssule  all  dehiscent, 
e  capsule  indehiscei 


3-  C. 


I.  Commelina  nudifldra  L.    Creep- 
ing Day-flower.     (Fig.  905.) 


J7S3-  „ 


NotL. 


'753. 


Commelina  agraria  Kunth.  Bnum.  4:38.    1S43. 

Glabrous  or  veiy  neaily  so  throughout, 
stems  procumbent  or  creeping,  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  i°-3^°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  I'-s'  long,  4"-8"  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  their  sheaths 
sometimes  ciliate;  spathe  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 8"-ii"  long,  peduncled,  the  a  bracts 
not  nnited  by  tbeir  margins;  flowers  few  in 
each  spathe,  3"-6"  broad;  ventral  cells  of 
the  ovary  3-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovulcd; 
capsule  commonly  5-seeded  ( 2  seeds  in  each 
of  the  ventral  cells,  i  in  the  dorsal);  seeds 
oblong,  reticulated,  about  l"  long. 

Along  Bire-ims  and  in  waste  places,  New  Jer- 
sey to  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida, 
Texas  and  through  tropical  America  to  Para, 
gnay.  Widely  distributed  in  Asia  and  Africa, 
jBly-Oct 


a.  Commelina  hirt61Ia  Vahl.     Bearded  Day-flower.     (Fig.  906.) 


Commelina  longi/olia  Michx.  Fl, 

1803.     Not  Lam.  1791. 
Commelina  birtella  Vahl.  Bnuni.  1 
Commelina  erecla  A.  Gray,  Man.  i 

Not  L.      1753- 


1856. 


Stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  i"-!)"  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  roaghish,  4''-7'' 
long,  i'-t)4'  wide,  their  sheaths  Ji'-i'  long, 
fringed  with  rather  stilT  and  long  brownish  hairs 
and  sometimes  pubescent;  spathes  sessile  or  sbort- 
peduncled,  oflen  clustered  at  the  summits  of  the 
stem  and  branches,  the  2  bracts  acute,  united  by 
their  margins,  rather  strongly  cross-veined;  ven- 
tral cells  of  the  ovary  a-ovuled,  the  other  i- 
ovuled;  capsule  sseeded;  seeds  ellipsoid,  brown, 
somewhat  more  than  :"  long,  smooth,  minutely 
puberulent. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Missonri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    Aug. -Oct. 


COMMEI.INACEAE. 
3-  Commelina  communis  L.     Asiatic  Day-flower,     (Fig.  907.) 


Glabrous  or  nearly  eo,  stems  aKcnding  or  de' 
cumbent.  rather  slender,  aometimes  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  i''-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3'-s'  long,  I'-ifi'  wide,  acuminste  »t 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth; 
sheath  white-membranous  with  green  veins,  some- 
times ciliate,  S"-i2"  long;  spathes  few,  peduncled. 
[heir  3  bracts  acute  01  acuminate,  nearlj  i'  long, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent,  distinct;  flowers 
deep  blue,  }4'  or  more  broad;  vential  cells  of  the 
ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled;  capsule  2- 
celled,  each  cell  3-seeded;  seeds  compressed,  dark 
brown,  roughened. 


,  Commelina  er^cta  L.     Slender  Daj- 
flower.     (Fig,  908.) 


>°  tall,  tlie 
linear- la  nceo- 
:e  at  the  apex, 
i'  long,  often 


Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
monly  tufted,  erect  or  ascending, 
roots  somewhat  thickened.  Leavec 
late,  3'-6'  long,  4"-!'  wide,  acumint 
narrowed  at  the  base;  sheaths  }i'- 
pubescent;  apathes  peduncled  or 
bracts  more  or  less  pubescent,  aculi 
distinct,  io"-2o"  long;  flowers  Ji'  c 
ovary  3-celled,  each  cell  l-ovuled;  capsule  papery, 
all  its  cells  dehiscent,  each  iseeded;  seeds  ash- 
colored,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  pubcrulcnt. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  Pennsylvania  |a< 
Watson),  south  to  FUirida.  Texas  and  i 
America.    Aug. -Oct. 


iropical 


5.  Commelina  Virginica  L.     Virginia  Day-flower,     (Fig,  909.) 


>.  Pt.  Ed.  3 


1761. 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  p~* 
bcscent  or  glabrous,  stems  diffusely  branched,  rath  ^ 
stouter,  iJi''-3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  line^ 
lanceolate,  3'-5'  long,  5"-r2"  wide,  acuminate 
the  apei;  sheaths  inflated,  often  pubescent,  tt- 
orifice  sometimes  fringed;  spathcs  several,  usual 
peduncled,  the  2  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  S"-l^ 
long,  distinct;  flowers  1'  broad  or  less,  showy;  ca — 
sule  3-celled,  each  cell  i-seeded,  the  dorsal  one  i — 
dehiscent  and  roughened. 

In  moist  soil,  iiouthem  New  York  to  Illinois  a  ^^ 
Michigan,  south  to  Florida,  Nebraska,  Texas  a  ~ 
tlirouBh  tropical  America  to  Paragua]-.    June-Sept. 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 


377 


2.  TRADESCANTIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.  1755. 
Perennial,  somewhat  mucilaginous  bcrb?,  with  simple  or  branched  stems,  mostly  nar- 
row and  elongated  leaves,  and  showy  regular  flowers  In  tennioa]  or  tenninal  and  axillary 
umbels  subtended  by  leaf-like  or  scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  herbaceous.  Petals 
3,  obovate.  ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile.  Stamens  6,  all  alilie  and  fertile,  or  those  opposite  the 
petals  shorter;  filaments  bearded  or  glabrous.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  »-ovuled.  Capsule 
3-ceUed,  locuHcidally  3-vaIved,  3-ii-9eeded.  [In  honor  of  JohD  Tradescaot,  gardener  to 
Charles  I,  died  1638.] 

About  35  species,  natives  of  tropical  .ind  temperate  America.    Besides  the  following,  some  6 
others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States, 
t'mbel  or  umbels  sessile,  subtended  by  lonf:  leaf. like  bracts. 
I'nibels  solitary  or  2-i;  stem  straight;  leaves  narrow. 
Stem  glabrous  or  merely  pubescent.  S'-iM"  tall. 

Sepals  oblong- lanceolate,  4"-io"  long;  flowers  I'-i'  bioad.  i.    T.   I'irghiiaria. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  3"-^"  long:  flowers  less  than  i'  broad.  3.    T.  monlatia. 

Whole  plant  long-villous;  nearly  or  quite  acaulescenl.  ,1.   T.  bi-evicaulis, 

Unibcls3-8,  axillary  and  terminal;  stem  mostly  flejtuoua:  leaves  broad.         i.   T.  pilosa. 
I'mbel  peduncled,  subtended  by  small  scarious  bracts;  leaves  narrow.  5.   T.  i-osea. 

I.  Tradescantia  Virginidna  L.     Spiderwort.     (Fig.  910.) 
Tradescanlitt  X'irginiana  I,.  Sp.  PI.  ^.     1753. 

Glabrous  or  stigbily  pubescent,  succulent, 
glaucous  or  green,  stems  stout,  S'-s"  tall. 
Leaves  more  or  less  chaoneled,  or  in  some 
forms  nearly  flat,  linear  or  linear- lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  often  more  than  1"  long,  4"-i' 
wide;  bracts  foliaceous,  commonly  rather  wider 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  umbels  solitary 
and  terminal  or  rarely  a-4,  loosely  several- 
many-flowered;  pedicels  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
slender;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  rarely  white, 
I'-a'  broad,  very  showy;  sepals  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  4"-lo"  long,  much  longer  than  the 

In  rich  soil,  mostly  in  woods  and  thickets,  south- 
em  New  York  to  Ohio  and  South  DakoU,  south  to 
Yir^nia.  Kentucky  and  Arkansas.    Ascends  I 


Tradescantls  VirglniJina  accidentals  Britten. 
I.eave8  narrowly  linear,  a"-3"  wide;  flowers  commonly  smaller.    Wisconsin  t 
and  Xew  Mexico.     May  be  a  distinct  species. 


Missouri,  Texas 


1.  Tradescantia  montdna  Shutthv. 
Mountain  Spiderwort.     (Fig.  911.) 

r    Shultlw.   in   Distrib.   PI. 


Green  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
i°-z°tall.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 4'-io'  long,  2"-6"  wide,  mostly  distant, 
tbeir  sheaths  enlarged;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves  but  shorter;  umbels  mostly  solitary  and 
terminal,  sessile  in  the  bracts,  rather  densely 
flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent; flowers  less  than  l' broad;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acute,  about  3"  long. 


378  COMMELINACEAE. 

3.   Tradescantia  brevicaillis  Raf.     Short-stemmed  Spiderwort.     (Fig.  912.J 


TradeScaHlia  brevUaulil  R»f.  Atl.  Jouni 

ISO. 

Tradncanlia  I'irginka  var.  iHltosa  S 
Gray.  Man.  Ed.  6.  S39-      '890. 

Wats 

VillouB  with  long  spreadiag  b»ir*,  stems  only  1'- 
6'  high,  the  plant  orten  appearing  nearlj'  acanles- 
cent;  leaves  mostly  basal,  i/-ii'  long,  4"-8"  wide, 
grass-lilce,  liaear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  at 
least  at  the  base,  glabroos  or  villous  toward  tbe 
apex;  bracta  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  naoally  more 
elongated;  umbel  4-ia-flowcTed,  sessile  in  the 
bracts,  the  pedicels  slender,  \'-i'  long,  villons;  k- 
pals  oblong;  corolla  abont  i'  broad,  blue  or 
rose-purple. 

Id  dry  soil,  Illinois,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.     Apiil- 


4.  Tradescantia  pildaa  Lehm.     Zigzag  Spiderwort.     (Fig.  913.) 

Tradescaulia  pUosa  J.  G.  C.  I^ehm.  Sem.  Hort.  Hamb. 

16.      1817. 
Tradescantia  flexuosa  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  Xfi.     1833. 

More  or  less  puberalent  or  shortpilose,  stem 
stout,  i°-3°  high,  commonly  flexuons,  often 
branched.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  b'-i^' 
long,  %'-2'  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneatb; 
bracts  usnally  narrower  and  shorter  than  tbe  leaves; 
umbels  3-S,  terminal  and  axillary  or  on  short  axil- 
lary branches,  densely  many-flowered;  pedicels 
and  calyx  pubescent  and  more  or  leas  glandular, 
rarely  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  lilac-blue,  9"-i5" 

Southern  Pennsyh-ania  to  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida,  BloomH  later  than  T.  Virginiana, 
where  the  two  occur  together.    June-Aug, 


5.  Tradescantia  rdsea  Vent.     Roseate 
Spiderwort.     (Fig.  914.) 

Tradtscanlia  rosea  Vent.  PI.  Nouv.  Tard.  Cels.  fr^  - 

24-      1800. 

Glabrous,  stem  very  slender,  erect,  mostB  — 
quite  simple,  6'-i2'  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowM^ 
linear,  grass-like,  nearly  erect,  channeled,  4'-  "T-S 
long,  \"-i%"  wide,  clasping  at  the  base;  brae  " 
very  short  and  scarious;  umbel  terminal,  loo  j^9 
pednncled,  few-flowered,  subtended  by  %iac^^ 
pointed  bracts;  pedicels  slender,  short;  scp^^^» 
lanceolate,  acute,  3"-y  long,  shorter  than  t"^^ 
petals;  corolla  rose-color,  6"-8"  broad;  fi  ^X— 
ments  hairy;  style  slender,  long-exserted. 


PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 


379 


Family  i6.     PONTEDERIACEAE  Duinort.  Anal.  Fam.  59.      1829.* 

Pickerel-weed  Family. 
Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  plants,  the  leaves  petioled,  with  thick  blades,  or 
long  and  grass-like.  Flowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular,  solitary  or  spiked, 
subtended  by  leaf-like  spathes.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  corolla-like,  6- 
parted.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  the  base  of  the  perianth;  fila- 
ments filiform,  dilated  at  the  base  or  thickened  at  the  middle;  anthers  3-celled, 
linear-oblong  or  rarely  ovate,  Ch'ar>'  3-celled  with  axile  placentae,  or  i -celled 
with  3  parietal  placentae;  style  filiform  or  columnar;  stigma  terminal,  entire  or 
minutely  toothed;  ovules  anatropous,  numerous,  sometimes  only  i  of  them  per- 
fecting. Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  or  a  i-celled,  i-seeded  utricle.  Endo- 
sperm of  the  seed  copious,  mealy;  embryo  central,  cylindric. 

About  5  genera  and  35  specie*,  inhabiting'  fresh  water  in  the  warm  and  temperate  regions  of 


id  Afiic 
ipcd.  stamens  6;  fruit  a 


Floweis  J.lip, 

Flowers  regular;  stamens  3;  fnnt  a 

I.    PONTEDERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  a88.       1753. 

Leaves  thick  with  many  parallel  veins,  the  petioles  long,  sheathing,  aiising  from  a  hori^ 
zontal  rootstock.  Stem  erect,  i-leaved,  with  several  sheathing  bract-lilce  teavea  at  the  base. 
Flowers  bine,  ephemeral,  tinmerous,  spiked,  the  spike  (or  spadix)  peduncted  and  subtended 
by  a  thin  bract-like  spathe.  Periaath  3-Iipped,  the  upper  lip  of  3  ovate  lobes,  the  middle 
lobe  longest,  the  lower  lip  of  3  linear-obloag  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  6,  borne  at  unequal 
distances  upon  the  perianth-tnbe,  3  of  them  opposite  the  lower  lip,  the  others  opposite  the 
upper  lip;  anthers  ablong,  anbveisatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  i  of  the  cells  abortive  and 
empty.  Fruit  a  t-scedcd  utricle,  enclosed  in  the  thickened  tnberculate-ribbcd  base  of  the 
perianth,     [in  honor  of  Giulio  Ponledera,  1688-1757,  professor  of  Iwtany  in  Padna.] 

Seven  or  eight  species,  natives  of  America. 

I,   Pontederia  cordfkta  L.     Pickerel  weed      (Fig  915  ) 

Ponlederia  cordala  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.       1753. 

Stem  rather  stout,  i°-4°  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
cordate -sagittate,  4'-8'  long,  3'-6'  wide  at  the 
base,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  obtuse;  basal  lobes 
often  with  long  narrow  stipule-like  appendages  on 
the  sheathing  petiole;  spadir  and  inflorescence 
glandular-pubescent;  perianth  about  4"  long,  it 
and  the  filaments,  anthers,  and  style  bright  blue, 
its  tube  curved,  slightly  longer  than  the  lobes, 
middle  lobe  of  the  upper  lip  with  3  yellow  spots  at 
the  base  within;  ovary  oblong,  tapering  into  the 
slender  style;  stigma  minutely  3-6-toothed. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Nova  Scotia  to  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     After  flowering 
the  lobes  and  upper  part  of  the  perianth-tube  wither 
above,  while  the  persistent  base  hardens  around  the 
fruit.     The  flowers  are  trimoiphous.     Junc-Oct. 
Pontederia  cordita  IsDctfAlia  IMuhl.l  Morong,  Mem. 
Torr.  Club,  %:  105.      1891. 
Pimlfderia  lancifolia  Muhl,  Cat.  ,34.      1813. 
Ponlederia  cordala  \-ar.  a»gusliJoiia  Torr.  Fl.  N.  1,'. 

S-i:.M3.      1824. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  roi 
a'-io'  long,  ,V'-S"  wide. 

2.   HETERANTHERA  R.  &  P.  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  9.       1794. 
[ScHOLLERA  Schreb.  Gen.  785.      1789.    Not  Roth.      1788.] 

Herbs  with  creeping,  ascending  or  floating  stems,  the  leaves  petioled.  with  cordate,  ovate, 
oval  or  reniform  blades,  or  grass-like.  Spathes  i-flowered  or  several -flowered.  Flowers 
small,  white,  blue  or  yellow.  Lobes  of  the  perianth  nearly  or  quite  equal,  linear.  Stamens 
3,  equal  or  unequal,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  fusiform,  entirely  or  in- 
completely 3-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae;  ovules  numerous;  stigma  3-lobed. 
Frnit  an  ovoid  many-seeded  capsule,  enclosed  in  the  withered  periantb-tulie.  Seeds  ovoid, 
many-ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  unequal  anthers  of  some  species.] 
About  9  species,  a  in  tropical  .\frica,  the  others  American;  only  the  foUowingin  the  United  States. 

"Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morokg. 


Leaves  mostly  n 


PONTEDERIACEAK. 


Heteranthera  renifdrmia  R.  &  P. 
Plantain.     (Fig.  916.) 


Heli,ttnlh(ra  reniformis  R.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  i: . 
Ltpianlhtts  reni/ormis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 


25-       1803. 


Steins  creeping  in  the  mad,  rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves 
cordate  or  lenironn,  rarely  cordate-ovate  and  acute,  the 
blades  6"-i5"  long,  8"-i6"  wide;  petioles  aheathing,  i'-4' 
long;  spathe  1-5-Bowered:  tube  of  the  perianth  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  slender,  about  4"  long,  its  lobea  shorter; 
flowers  while  or  pale  blue;  authers  basifized,  the  3  upper 
oval,  the  other  on  a  longer  filameut  and  linear. 

tn  mud  or  shallow  water,  Connecticut  to  New  Jersey.  Illinois 
and  Kansas,  south  to  Louisiana,  and  in   South  and  Central 


2.   Heteranthera  limdsa  (Sw. )  Willd. 
Smaller  Mud  Plantain,     (Fig.  917.) 

POHledrria  limosa  Sw.  Prodr.  57.      1788. 
Heteranthera  limosa  Willd.  Neue  Schtitt.  Ges.  Nat. 

Fr.  Berlin,  3;  439.      1801. 
Lepianlliiis  ovalis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  15.      iSo.i, 

Stems  commooly  mncb  brauched  from  the  base, 
6'-i5'  long.  Iieaves  numerous,  oval  or  ovate,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  i'  long  or  less;  petioles  a'-s'  long;  spathes 
i-flowered,  often  on  peduncles  \'  long  or  wore; 
flowers  white  or  blue,  usually  larger  than  those  of 
the  preceding  species;  filaments  equal  or  nearly 
so;  anthers  linear,  often  sagittate. 


3.   Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.     Water  Star-grass.     (Fig.  918.) 


Commelina  dubia  Jacq.  Obs.  Hot.  3:  9.  pi.  59. 
Leplanlhus gramineus  Michi.  Fl.  Bor,  Am.  i: 
Heteranthera  graminea  Vahl.  Enum.  a:  45.  1 
Schollera graminea  A,  Gray,  Man.  su.  1848. 
Heteranthera  dubia  MicM.  Met  Minn.  138. 


189a. 


Aquatic,  stem  slender,  forked,  often  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  i''-3°  long.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  elongated,  acnt- 
isb,  finely  parallel- nerved,  their  shcatfaa  thin,  furnished 
at  the  top  vritta  small  acute  stipnle-likc  appeud^es; 
flowers  light  yellow,  the  perianth -segments  narrow; 
stamens  nearly  equal;  tube  of  the  perianth  i"-i^"long; 
spathe  i-a-flowered;  filaments  dilated  below;  anthers 
linear,  2"  long,  sagittate;  style  shorter  than  the^tamens; 
stigma  several-lobed;  capsule  i-celled  with  3  parietal 
placentae,  mauy-seeded. 


form  on  muddy  shor 


RUSH  FAMILY.  38 1 

Family  17.     JUNCACEAE  Vent.  Tabl.  2:  150.      1799.* 

Rush  Family. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  gravSS-like,  usually  tufted  herbs,  commonly 
growing  in  moist  places.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  or  decompound,  pani- 
culate, corymbose,  or  umbelloid,  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  flower,  bearing  its 
flowers  singly,  or  loosely  clustered,  or  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  with  or  without  bractlets  (prophylla).  Perianth  6-parted,  the 
parts  glumaceous.  Stamens  3  or  6,  rarely  4  or  5,  the  anthers  adnate,  introrse, 
2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a  slit.  Pistil  superior,  tricarpous,  i -celled  or  3-celled, 
with  3-many  ascending  anatropous  ovules,  and  3  filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  a  locu- 
licidal  capsule.  Seeds  3-many,  small,  cylindric  to  subglobose,  with  loose  or 
close  seed-coat,  with  or  without  caruncular  or  tail-like  appendages. 

Seven  g^enera  and  about  200  species,  widely  distributed. 

Leaf -sheaths  open;  capsule  i-  or  3-celled,  raanv-seeded;  placentae  parietal  or  axial,      i.  Juncus. 
I^af-sheaths  closed;  capsule  i-celled,  3-seeded,  its  placenta  basal.  2.  Juncoides. 

I.  JUNCUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  325  (1753). 

Usually  perennial  plants,  principally  of  swamp  habitat,  with  glabrous  herbage,  stems 
leaf -bearing  or  scapose,  leaf -sheaths  with  free  margins,  and  leaf  blades  terete,  gladiate,  grass- 
like, or  channeled.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  cor>'mbose,  often  unilateral,  sometimes  con- 
gested, bearing  its  flowers  either  singly  and  with  2  bractlets  (prophylla),  or  in  heads  and  with- 
out bractlets,  but  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  bractlets  almost  always  entire;  stamens  6  to  3; 
ovary  i -celled  or  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae  3-celled,  the  placentae  correspondingly 
parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several-many,  usually  distinctly  reticvdated  or  ribbed,  often  tailed. 

About  150  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.    The  species  bloom  in  summer. 
[Latin,  from  jung^o,  to  bind,  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  these  plants  for  withes.] 

A.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  not  conspicuously  channeled,  erect,  appearing  like  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  appearing  lateral;  stem  leaves  none. 

1.  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     Genuini. 

Perianth-parts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored. 

Perianth-parts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule,  all  acute. 

Stamens  3;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  much  shorter  than  the  stem. 

Capsule  without  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  i.  J.  effusus. 

Capsule  with  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  *  2.  J.  conglomeratus. 

Stamens  6;  leaf  of  inflorescence  about  equalling  the  stem,  or  longer.  3.  /.  filtformis. 
Perianth-parts  reaching  only  the  middle  of  the  capsule,  inner  obtuse.   4.  /.  gymnocarpus. 
Perianth-parts  with  a  chestnut-brown  stripe  down  either  side  of  the  midrib.  5.  J.  lialiicus. 

2.  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  inserted  in  heads  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.    Thalas.sici. 

Perianth-parts  pale  brown;  seed  tailless.  6.  J.  Roenicrianus. 

Perianth-i)arts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored;  seed  tailed.  7.  J.  maritimus. 

B.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  or  if  so,  con- 
spicuously channeled  along  the  upper  side,  the  inflorescence  usually  appearing  terminal. 

1 .  Leaf-bladjb  transversely  flattened  (inserted  with  its  flat  surface  facing  the 
stem),  or  terete  and  channeled,  not  provided  with  septa. 

%  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  sometimes  clustered  or 
congested,  but  never  in  true  lieads.    Poiophvlli. 
Annual;  inflorescence,  exclusive  of  its  leaves,  more  than  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant. 

8.  J.  bufonius. 
Perennial;  inflorescence,  excluding  leaves,  not  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant. 
Leaf-blade  flat,  but  sometimes  involute  in  drying. 

Inflorescence  1-3-flowered;  leaves  with  fimbriate  auricles.  9.  J.  trifidus. 

Inflorescence,  except  in  depauperate  specimens,  several-many-flowered;  leaves  with 
entire  auricles. 
Cauline  leaves  i  or  2,  rarely  wanting;  perianth-parts  obtuse.         10.  J,  Gerardi. 
Cauline  leaves  none;  perianth  parts  acute  or  acuminate. 

Inflorescence  usually  much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  seldom  plainly 
secund;  perianth  iK"-2K"  long,  usually  exceeding  the  capsule;  capsule  ob- 
ovoid,  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the 
axis.  }^'  J'  tenuis. 

Inflorescence  rarely  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  plainly  secund  on  the 
branches;   perianth  iK"-2"  long,  equalling  the  capsule;   capsule  oblong, 
3-sided,  truncate  at  the  apex;  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis.  12.  J.  secuudus. 
Leaf-blade  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper  side. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  not  four  lengths  of  the  panicle;  capsule  oblong  to  obovoid. 
Seed  tailed.  13.  /.  Vaseyi. 

Seed  not  tailed. 

Perianth  i  \i"-\  14"  long,  plainly  exceeded  by  the  capsule.     14.  J.  Greenei. 
Perianth  iK"-2"  long,  not  exceeded  by  the  capsule.  15.  J.  dichotomus. 

Ix>we8t  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  rarely  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  the  panicle; 
capsule  globose -ovoid.  16.  J,  selaceus. 


*  Text  contributed  by  Mr.  Frederick  V.  Coville. 


lowers  not  bracteolate,  in  true  heads  on  branches  or  the  inflorescence.  CRAMlNiFuLtl. 
.etn  erect;  capsule  oblong  or  obovoid,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

Stamens  i,  with  red-brown  antheis;  espBule  not  mui^ronate.  17.  /.  matginalui. 

Stajnens  6,  with  ^Uow  anthers;  capsule  mucronate.  iS.  J.  longistylii. 

^«  ^^^^^i^^   a.^1:^^  '>T  ascending;  capsule  subulate.  19-  J.  repens. 


■^  Leaf-blade  usually  channeled  along  the  upper  si 
deni;  inflorescence  of  1-4  heads;  plants  of  ar 
Body  of  the  seed  W  in  length  or  more. 

Leaf-sheath  not  auriculftte.  to.  J.  caslanrui. 

Leaf -sheath  auriculate.  ai.  J.  slygius. 

Body  of  the  seed  less  than  yi"  in  lei^h. 

Lowest  leaf  of  infiorescence  foliose.  erect:  capsule  deeply  retuse  at  apex.  ai.  /.  biglumii. 
Lowest  leaf  of  infiorescence  membranous,  spreading;;  capsule  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the 
apex.  13.  y.  Irigtumis. 

if*  I^af -blade  not  channeled  along  the  upper  side  (except  in  J.  bulbosus).  the  septa  perfect  (ex- 
cept in  J.  polycephalus),  and  usually  externally  evident;  inflorescence,  except  in  depauper- 
ate specimens,  of  several  to  many  heads;  plants  not  of  arctic-alpine  range.    Srptati. 
t  Stamens  6.  one  opposite  each  perianth-part. 
Heads  reduced  to  one,  or  rarely  two  fiowera.  14.  /-  ptlocarpus. 

Heads  a-man^-fiowered. 

Epidermis  not  roughened. 


PlanU 

Plant  low. 

Plant  ull. 


of  lea 


T  than  tt 


high. 

-     ,      ''  high. 

Plants  without  submersed  capillary  leaves. 
Capsule  oblong,  either  abruptly 
Branches  widely  spreading:; 

Branches  usually  strict;  capsule  broadly 


:;  capsule 


other  basal,  submersed,  and  capillar]'. 
»5.  y.  balbosMi. 
26.  y.  niilitoris. 


^  tapenng  into  a  conspicuous 
»J,  y,  arliculalus. 
>r  obtuse,  with  a  short  point. 


38.  y.  kichardsoni 
Capsule  subulate. 

Leaf-blades  erect:  inner  perianth -parts  longer  than  the  outer.  39.  J.  nodosus. 

Leaf-blades  aOruptly  divergent  from  the  stem;  outer  perianth-parts  longer  than  the 

inner.  30.  /  Torreyi. 

Epidermis  of  the  leaves  roughened  with  minute  tubercles.  31.  J.  Caesarieitm. 

tt  Stamens  3,  none  opposite  the  inner  perianth -parts. 

Capsule  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth.  31.  J.  brachycarpui. 

Capsule  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth. 

Capsule  tapering  evenly  into  a  prominent  subulate  beak. 

Leaf-blade  vertically  flattened  and  with  incomplete  septa,  only  rarely  compressed  and  witli 


Jleie  septa, 
ade  terete  or  nearly  so.  the  septa  complete. 
Uppermost  cauline  leaf  with  a  well -developed  blade. 
UppermcBt  cauline  leaf  with  a  rudimentary  blade  rarel 


33.  y,  polycepkaHn. 


;  ■xl  high.  38.  y,  acumi 
i  high.  3g.  J.  robust 
40.  y  diffus, 


Capsule  obtuse  to  acute  at  the  apex,  sometim 
Seed  Jl"-l"  long. 

Perianth  about  i"  long,  the  fruiting  head  not  more  than  a"  high.  36.  J.  brachvcrphalvi. 
Perianth  I  W"-l"  long,  oritshorter.the  fruiting  head  2"  high  or  more.  37.  J.  Canadcnm. 
Seed  V'-Ji"  long. 

Pprianlh  and  mature  capsule  i"-i    long. 

-2"  long,  or  if  less  the  whole  plant  n^ 
K"  long,  the  whole  plant  more  than 
Perianth  and  mature  capsules  2"-3"  long. 
.  Juncus  effilsus  L.     Common  Rush.    Bog  Rush.    Soft  Rush.    (Fig.  919.) 
lunnn  tffusus  L.  Sp.  PI.  3^6.      175,1 

PlaDt  iJ^°-4°  high,  detisely  tuded,  erect  Root- 
stock  stout,  hraocbini!,  proliferous;  stem  soft. 
merely  striate  beneath  the  inflorescence;  basal  leaf- 
blades  reduced  to  filiform  rudiments;  inflorescence 
many-flowered.  i'-4'  high,  in  one  fomi  congested 
into  a  still  smaller  compact  cluster;  lowest  bract  of 
the  inflorescence  2'-io' long,  much  shorter  than  the 
stem;  perianth  i"-i;^"  long,  its  parts  green,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate;  stamens  3,  the  antbers  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  obovoid,  3-ceIled,  muti- 
coas,  regularly  dehiscent;  seed  Y'~%"  '"  length, 
obliquely  oblong,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudi- 
nal rows,  the  reticulations  stnootband  two  or  three 
times  broader  than  long. 

In   swamps  and  moist   places,   nearly   throi^bout 

tions.     .Ascends  to  y. 
and  Asia. 


RUSH  FAMILV. 

2.  Juncus  conglomerHtus  L.     Glomerate  Rush.     (Fig.  920.) 
Junctis  conglomeralu!  L.  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 
/uncus  Larsii  Mara.  Fl,  Ncu-Vorpom.  451.      1S69, 

Plant  I'-iy^"  high,  densely  tufted,  erect  Root- 
stoclc  stout,  with  proliferous  branches;  stem  dis- 
tittctly  ribbed  just  beneath  the  inflorescence;  leaf- 
blades  wanting  or  reduced  to  minute  filiform  rudt- 
mentsi  inflorescence  congested,  aeldom  more  than 
10"  high;  lowest  bract  of  the  inflorescence  a'-6' 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  stem;  perianth  i  %"-%" 
long,  its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamena 
3,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  nearly  as  long  >,^ 
as  the  perianth,  obovoid,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex, 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style;  seed  \"-%"  in 
length,  obliquely  oblong,  acute  or  abruptly  apiculate 
at  both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudinal  rows, 
the  reticutationa  smooth  and  two  or  three  times 
broader  than  long. 

In  the  sphagnum  bc«s  of  Newfoundland.    ResemblinK  it 
vith  congested  inflorescence.    Also  in  northern  Europe  and 


3.  Juncus  filif6rmis  L. 


4.  Juncus  gymnocilrpus  Coville. 
Juncus  Smilhii  Bngclm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad. 

l366.      Not  Kunth,  1S4:. 
/.  gymnocarpu!  Coville,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 106.  1894. 

Stems  erect,  i"-!^"  high,  about  1"  thick,  arising 
at  intervals  from  a  creeping  proliferous  rootstoclc 
about  i^"  in  diameter;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  blade- 
leseclaspingBheaths;paDic]ecommonly  7"-i5"high, 
spreading,  its  subtending  leaf  usuallj  4'-io'  long; 
perianth  i"  in  length  or  a  little  less,  its  parts  with  a 
green  midrib,  equal,  lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
almost  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth,  broadly  ovoid, 
conspicttonely  mncronate,  brown  and  shining,  barely 
dehiscent,  3-celled;  seed  obliquely  obovoid  or  oblong, 
somewhat  misshapen  by  compression  in  the  capsule, 
about  J^"  long,  none  with  perfect  matlcings  seen. 

In  swamps,  mountains  of  Schuylkill  and  Lebanon 
connties,  Pennsylvania, 


Thread  Rush.     (Fig.  921.) 
Juncus filiformis  L.  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 

Perennia1,stems4''a5' tall,  erect,  about  %"  in  dia- 
meter,  arising  from  a  creeping  rootstock;  basal  leaves 
reduced  to  bladel ess  sheaths;  involucral  leaf  usually 
longer  than  the  stem;  inflorescence  rarely  with  more 
than  ao  floweisor  more  than  I'high,  commonly  with 
less  than  8  flowers  and  less  than  10"  high;  perianth 
l)i"-l%"  long,  its  parts  nearly  equal,  green  with 
hyaline  margins,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style 
veiy  short;  capsnle  obovoid,  green,  barely  pointed, 
about  three-fourths  as  long  aa  the  perianth,  3-celIed; 
seed  obliquely  oblong,  about  %"  long,  pointed  at 
either  end,  with  an  irregularly  wrinkled  coat,  seldom 
developing  reticulations. 

Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  the  mountains 
of  Pennsylvania,  to  Michigan,  and  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Utah  and  Colorado.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia, 

Pennsylvania  Rush.     (Fig.  922.) 


5-  Juncus  Bilticus  Willd.     Baltic  Rush. 

(Fig-  923-) 
/uncus  Ballicus  Willd.  B«rlin  Ma^.  3;  398.      1809. 

Stemi  erect,  S'-jS'  high,  }i"-\%"  thick,  wising 
at  intervals  from  a  stout  creepingTootstock  i"-iji" 
thick;  basal  leaves  rednced  to  bladeleM  aheathi; 
panicle  commouly  I '-3  )j' high ;  perianth  I  >j "'3 )i  " 
loQg,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acnte,  or  the  inner  some* 
times  obtuse,  nearly  equal,  brown  with  a  green  mid- 
rib and  hyaline  margins;  stjle  ^"-i"  long:  stignua 
a  little  shorter;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  perianth;  anthers  about  ii"  in  length, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments;  capsule  about  u 
long  as  the  perianth,  pale  to  dark  brown,  narrowly 
ovoid,  conspicuouslj  mucronate,  j-celled;  seeds 
nsuallj'  with  a  loose  coat,  nearly  yi"  long,  oblonii 
to  narrowly  obovoid,  oblique,  abont  40-striate. 

On  shores,  Labnulor  to  Alaska,  southeni  New  \oA. 
Ohio  and  Nebraska;  tar  sooth  in  the  western  moon- 
tains.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Variable. 
6.  Juncufl  Roemeri4nu8  Scheele.     Roemer's  Rush.     (Fig.  924.) 

/uncus  Raemerianvs  Scheele,  Linnaea,  aa:  348.      1849. 

Stems  io'-4°  tall,  erect,  arising  singly  from  a 
tough  scaly  horizontal  rootstock  aJ^"-5"  thick; 
inner  sheaths  bearing  erect  blades  of  about  the 
same  length  as  the  stem;  infloresceuce  3%'-^ 
high,  diffusely  spreading,  its  leaf  4''-io'  long; 
heads  3-6-flowered;  perianth  pale  brown,  \"-\%" 
long,  the  parts  linear-oblong,  the  outer  acuminate, 
the  inner  shorter  and  bluntly  acute;  flowers  imper- 
fectly dioecious;  stamens  6,  on  fertile  plants  re- 
duced to  sterile  stami nod ia;  capsule  brown,  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  obovoid,  obtuse 
or  truncate,  mucronate,  3-celled;  placenta  very 
thick  and  spongy,  about  one-third  as  broad  as  the 
valve;  seed  dark  brown,  %"-^"  long,  obovoid, 
abruptly  apiculate,  indistinctly  reticulate  or  dis- 
tinctly ao-a6-ribbed  and  the  intervening  spaces  im- 
perfectly cross-lined. 

In  brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  lo  Teitas.  Long 
confused  by  American  authors  with  the  following:  species. 

7.   Juncus  marltimus  Lam.     Sea  Rush.     (Fig,  925,) 

/uncus  marilimus  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  261.      :789. 

Stems  2o'-4o'high,  i"-2"  thick,  erect  from  a  stout 
horizontal  rootstock.  Outer  basal  leaves  reduced  to 
bladeless  sheaths,  the  innermost  foliose,  with  a  long 
terete  stout  blade  about  equalling  the  stem;  leaf  of  the 
inflorescence  erect,  sometimes  1°  long,  sometimes 
barely  exceeding  the  panicle;  panicle  3'-8'  high,  its 
branches  stiff,  erect;  heads  3-6-flowered;  perianth 
iJi"-iX"  long  I  its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  with  hya- 
line margins,  the  outer  acuminate,  the  inner  a  little 
shorter;  flowers  perfect;  stamens  6,  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  filaments  about  as  long  aa  the  anthers; 
capsule  iJ^"-iJ^"long,  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  mu- 
cronate, brown  above,  3-celled,  with  thin  placentae; 
seed  brown,  about  ^"  long,  the  body  narrowly  and 
obliquely  oblong,  about  fi"  in  length,  ao-jo^bbed, 
indistinctly  reticulate,  tailed  at  either  end. 

Coney  Island,  New  York.  Common  on  the  coasts  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere. 


RUSH  FAMILY. 


385 


8.  Juncus  bufdnius  L.     Toad  Rush.     (Fig.  926.) 
luncus  bufonias  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.      1753. 

Plant  branching  from  the  base,  annual,  erect,  s 
dom  exceeding  V  in  height,  the  stems  in  large  plants 
with  I  or  3  leaves  below  the  inSorescence;  leaf-blade 
flat,  %"-%"  wide,  ia  low  plants  often  much  narrower 
and  filifonn-in volute;  inflorescence  about  one-half  ai 
high  as  the  plant,  with  blade-bearing  leaves  at  th< 
lower  Dodes;  flowers  inserted  singly  on  its  branches, 
in  one  fonn  fasciculate;  perianth-parts  2"-3)^"  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  equal;  stamens  usually  6, 
sometimes  3,  seldom  half  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  lilaments;  capsule  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  narrowly  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, mucronatc,  3-celled;  seed  broadlj  oblong,  with 
straight  tips,  yb"-%"  long,  minutely  reticulate  in 
30-40  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  broader  than  long. 

A  cosmopolitan  species,  occurring  throughout  North 
Aiiierica.excepl  the  extremt  north,  and  frequenting  dried - 
up  pools,  borders  of  streams  and  roadsides  in  clayey  soil, 

9.  Juncus  trifidus  L.     Highland  Rush.     (Fig.  927.) 
fundus  Irifidus  L.  Sp.  PI.  336.      1753. 

DeDsety  tufted,  4'-ia'  high;  stems  closely  set  on  a 
»tout  rootstock,  erect,  about  ^"  thick;  basal  leaves 
'  reduced  to  almost  bladeless  sheaths,  the  uppermost 
with  a  rudimentary  blade  and  flmbriatc  auricles;  stem 
'  I,  inserted  near  the  inflorescence,  with  a  narrower 
,  slender,  flat  or  involute  blade;  inflorescence  a  cluster 
1-3  flowers,  the  lowest  subtending  bract  similar  to 
the  stem  leaf,  the  succeeding  one  much  smaller  or 
wanting;  perianth  dark  brown,  i^"-ij('"  long;  sta- 
mens 6;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  capsule 
equalling  the  perianth,  coriaceous,  3-celled,  obovoid 
with   a  conspicuously  mucronate-aristatc  top;   seeds 
few,  narrowly  obovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  irregularly 
angled,  minutely  striate  both  longitudinally  and  trans- 
Greenland  and  Labrador,  south  on  the  higher  moun- 
tains of  New  England  and  New  York  to  Sam's  Point, 
N.  Y.     Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  Juncus  Geritrdi  Lois.     Black-grass.     (Fig.  928.) 

Juncus  Gerardi  I/jis.  Joum,  de  Bot.  a;  284.      1809. 

Tufted,  8'-3S'  high,  with  creeping  rootstocks. 
Basal  leaves  with  rather  loosely  clasping  auriculate 
sheaths,  the  long  blades  flat,  or  when  dry  tuvotnle;  i 
or  a  cauline  leaves  usually  present,  similar  to  the 
basal;  iufloreacence  paniculate,  sometimes  exceeded 
by  its  lowest  bract;  panicle  erect,  strict  or  slightly 
spreading;  perianth  \"~\)i"  long,  its  parts  oblong, 
obtuse,  with  green  midrib  and  broad  dark  brown 
margins,  straw-colored  in  age;  stamens  6,  barely  ex- 
ceeded by  the  perianth;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  filaments;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer 
than  the  perianth,  obovoid,  mncronate,  dark  brown, 
shining,  3-celled;  seed  dark  brown,  obovate,  acute  at 
base,  broadly  obtuse  and  often  depressed  at  the  sum- 
mit, marked  by  ia-[6  conspicuous  rihs,  the  interven- 
ing spaces  cross-lined. 

On  salt  meadows.  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Florida;  rare 
in  western  New  York  and  the  vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
Occurs  also  on  the  northwest  coast,  and  in  Europe. 


JUNCACEAE. 
tenuis  Willd,     Slender  Rush.     Yard  Rush.     (Fig.  929) 
Junciis  tfauu  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  a;  214.      1799, 

Tnfted,  6'-3o'  bigb;  bacal  leaves  with  bladet  X"~ 
j("  vide,  sometimes  involute  in  drying,  aboat  half 
the  height  of  the  Btetn;  aletn  leave*  none;  infloreacean 
usually  much  exceeded  bj  its  lowest  leaf,  4'  high  or 
less,  Ibe  flowers  rarely  aecund;  perianth  iV'-3>i" 
long,  its  parta  lanceolate,  acuminate,  exceeding  the 
capsule,  widely  divergent,  touching  the  capanle  for 
about  half  their  length;  stamens  6,  about  half  aa  Iod^; 
at  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
capsule  oblong  to  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  top,  imper- 
fectly s^ielled;  seed  y-i("  long,  narrowly  obloo); 
to  obovoid,  with  oblique  ends,  reticulated  in  about  16 
rows,  the  areolae  two  or  three  times  broader  than  long. 

out  North  A I 

sec6ndus  Beauv.     Second  Rush.     (Fig.  930.) 


/uncus secundus  Beaav.;  Poii 
Junius  tenuis  var,  secundjts 

Acad,  l:  450.      1866. 

Tufted,  6'-i&^  high;  leaves  usually  less  than  one- 
third  the  height  of  the  plant;  inflorescence  longer 
than  its  lowest  leaf  or  only  slightly  exceeded  by  it, 
io"-4'  high,  the  flowers  secund  on  the  usually  some- 
what incurved  branches;  perianth-parts  i%"-iii"  | 
long,  equalling  or  barely  exceeding  the  capsule  and 
appreased  to  it  for  about  two-thirds  their  length,  often 
reddish  above;  stamens  6,  about  one-balf  as  long  as 
the  perianth;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  3-sided  above 
the  middle  with  straight  sides  and  a  truncate  apex, 
completely  3-celIed,  the  placentae  meeUng  in  the  axis; 
seed  Y'-V  longi  narrowly  oblong  to  ovoid,  obliquely 
tipped,  with  13-16  longitudinal  rows  of  areolae  two  or 
three  times  broader  than  long. 

Indry  siiil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  North  Caro- 
lina,    Occasional  in  the  middle  Mississippi  Valley. 

13.  Juncus  Vaseyi  Engelm.     Vasey's  Rush.     (Fig.  931.) 

incus  yaseyi  Engelm.  Trans.   St.   l^uis  Acad.  : 


Stems  erect,  tufted,  1° 
or  less;  basal  leaves  with 
the  uppermost  bearing  i 
to  tbree<fourths  as  long  a 


-aji"  high,  Ji'"  in  diameter 
minutely  auriculate  sheaths, 
terete  channeled  blade  half 
the  stem;  stem  leaves  none: 
iflorescence  i  %'  in  height  or  less,  4-40- flowered,  the 
lowest  bract  usually  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
perianth  \%"-2"  long,  the  parts  subulate-lanceolate. 
with  hyaline  margins,  the  inner  slightly  shorter; 
stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  almost  want- 
ing; stigmas  short;  capsule  slightly  exceeding  the 
perianth,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  a 
short  tip,  3-celted;  seed  long-tailed,  with  a  linear-ob- 
long oblique  body  about  X"  long,  ao-a4-ribbed,  the 
intervening  spaces  with  faint  transverse  markings. 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Michigran,  Illinois  and  Iowa. 


RUSH   FAMILY.  38 

14.  Juncus  Greinei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.     Greene's  Rush.     (Fig.  932.) 
Junius  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tackeim.  .Am.  J.  Sci.  45:37.    1843. 

Sterna  erect,  densel}'  lafied,  S'-aVj"  high,  Basal 
leaves  with  slender  terete  channeled  blades  one-hair  or 
rarely  two-lbirds  the  length  of  the  stem;  stem  leaves 
none,  or  a  single  one  below  the  inSarescence;  panicle 
io"-»o"  high,  imther  compact,  somewhat  umbelloid, 
much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  perianth  J^"-i}4" 
long,  its  parts  stiff,  lanceolate,  sharply  acute,  with 
brownish  red  stripes  and  apex,  the  inner  shorter;  sta- 
mens 6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  an- 
thers about  as  long  as  the  fHaments;  style  and  stigmas 
very  short;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer  than 
the  perianth,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  truncate  at  the 
summit,  3-celled;  seed  obliquely  oblong,  j^"-X"  long, 
slightly  reticulated  in  about  20-14  rows,  the  areolae 
□early  square. 

New  Brunswick  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast;  Michigan, 
Wisconsin.  Minnesota  and  Ontario, 

15.  Juncus  dich6tomus  Ell.     Forked  Rush.     (Fig.  933.) 

Juncus  dkhotomus  Ell.  Bot,  S.  C.  &  Ga.  t:  406.      1817. 

Closely  tufted,  a"-^  high;  leaves  all  basal  ex- 
cept those  of  the  inflorescence;  sheaths  usually  red- 
dish, the  blades  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper 
side,  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  stem;  inflor- 
escence paniculate,  subsecund,  i^'-sJi"'  high,  usu- 
ally exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  perianth  about 
2"  long,  its  parts  subulate-lanceolate,  green  when 
young,  straw-colored  when  old;  stamens  6,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  slightly  shorter  than 
the  perianth,  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  i-ce!led, 
the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the  center;  seed 
oblong,  darlc  brown,  obliquely  apiculate,  less  than 
J^"  long,  reticulate  in  about  14  longitudinal  rows, 
the  smooth  areolae  about  as  long  as  broad. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 

16.  Juncus  set&ceus  Rostk.     Awl-leaved  Rush.     (Fig.  934.) 

/niuiis  selaceus  Rostk.  Monog.  June.  13.  pi.  i.f.  3.   iSoi. 

Densely  tufted  from  stout  branching  rootatocks. 
Stems  terete,  spreading  and  recurved  above,  ij^^-s" 
long;  leaves  all  basal  except  those  of  the  inflores- 
cence, the  uppermost  sheath  usually  bearing  a  long 
terete  blade  similar  to  the  stem,  but  channeled;  the  [ 
other  sheaths  with  filiform  blades  less  than  %' 
length;  involucral  leaf  appearing  like  a  continua- 
tion of  the  stem,  4'-'i°  long;  inflorescence  appealing 
lateral,  a'  long  or  less;  perianth  ■\"-2%"  long,  its 
parts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid,  widely  divergent  in 
fmil;  stamens  6;  anthers  usually  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  globose,  shining,  mucronate,  i-celled, 
with  intruded  placentae,  barely  dehiscent;  seed  sub- 
globose,  %"~'A"  long,  reticulate  in  about  I3  longi- 
tudinal rows,  the  areolae  large. 

In  marshes.  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast,  extending  north  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Mis- 


marginitus  Rostk.     Grass-leaved  Rush.     (Fig.  935.) 


St.  Lonis  AcAd.  i 

Stems  erect,  tufted,  6'-y/  high  from  bnncbiiig 
rootstoclu,  ■omewlut  bulboiu  at  the  base,  compressed, 
3-4-Ieaved.  Leaf-sheathi  auricnUte;  bikde*  >i"-i)j" 
broad,  3-4  coaspicuons  Teina  in  addition  to  the  mid- 
rib; iolloresceiice  4'  high  or  lew,  the  panicle  com- 
posed of  3-10  turbinate  to  subspherical  5-to-flowered 
beads;  perianth  i%"-\^"\oag,  the  outer  parts  orate, 
acute,  the  inner  slightly  louger,  obovate,  obtuae,  with 
hyaline  margins;  stamens  3,  nearly  as  loug  as  the  peri- 
anth; anthers  ovate,  reddish  brown  when  dry,  mach 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  equalling  the  peri- 
anth, obovoid.  truncate  or  retuse,  almost  3-cclled,  the 
placentae  deeply  intruded;  aeed  oblong,  i"-X"  lofg^ 
pointed  at  either  end,  i3-i6-ribbed. 

Grassy  places,  Maine  to  OnUrio.  Florida  and  Nebraska. 
Soc.  Wash.  8:  123.       1893. 


Juncus  marginitus  aiistulitus  (Michi.)  Covilte, 
/uncus  ariilulalus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Ain,  i  192.  1803, 
/uncui  marginalus  var.  bifloru!  Wood,  Classbook,  Ed.  a,  735.      1861. 

Taller,  sometimes  ^'A"  high;  leaf-blades  i"-2M"  broad;  heads  usually  jo-loo,  mostly  a-s-ftoo 
ered.    New  York  to  Florida  and  Meiico,  mostly  near  the  coast;  Mississippi  Valley  to  Michigan. 


ssippi 

-,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  Wash,  fl:  i 
ite  or  acuminate;  seeds  smaller. 


Kansas  li 


Mexico. 


,  _  setisDS  Covil 

Inner  penanth'parts  ovale  or  lanceolate,  a< 
18.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.     Long-styled 
Rush.     (Fig.  936.) 
/uncus  loHgislyliitaTT.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  223.      1859. 

Stems  erect,  loosely  tufted,  8'-3o'  high,  rather  stiff, 
•lender,  compressed,  1-3-leaved,  the  leaves  mostly  below 
the  middle.  Leaf  blades  Ji'"-iji"  wide,  acute,  striate, 
the  midrib  well  defined;  inflorescence  a 
usually  of  a-io  irregular  3-8-flowered  heads,  or  reduced  ^ 
to  a  single  larger  one;  perianth  afi"-3"long,  the  parts 
equal,  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  hyaline  mar- 
gins; stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  yellow  linear  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments; 
style  about  Ji"  long;  stigmas  i"-i}i"  long;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  oblong,  brown,  angled  above, 
obluse  or  depressed  at  the  summit,  mucronate,  3-celled; 
seed  oblong,  white-tipped,  about  'X"  long,  14-30-ribbed. 
Western  Nebraska  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

ig.  Juncus  ripens  Michx.     Creeping  Rush.     (Fig.  937.) 
Juncus  repens  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  191.      1803. 

Perennial  by  prostrate  rooting  branches;  stems  tnfted, 
compressed,  sscending,  floating  or  prostrate,  a'-ao'  long. 
Leaves  with  compressed  sheaths  10"  in  length,  auricn- 
late,  the  blades  i'-3j^'  long,  %"-\"  broad,  filiform-acu- 
tninate;  inflorescence  of  1-8  beads,  one  or  more  heads 
often  occurring  also  at  the  lower  nodes;  beads  5-10- 
flowered;  flowers  3"-s"  long,  the  outermost  slightly 
recurved;  perianth-parts  subulate-lanceolate,  the  outer 
keeled,  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  inner;  stamens 
3,  half  to  one  third  the  length  of  the  perianth;  filaments 
longer  than  the  yellow  anthers;  capsule  alibulate,  beak- 
less,  about  as  long  as  the  outer  perianth-parts,  3-celled. 
the  valves  membranous,  breaking  away  from  the  axis  in 
dehiscence;  seed  oblong,  acute  at  either  end,  y-i" 
long,  finely  reticulate  in  35-40  longitndinal  rows. 

In  swamps  and  streams,  Delaware  to  Florida,  Cuba  and 
Texas,  and  in  Lower  California, 


*  and  Asia. 


RUSH   FAMILY.  389 

20.  Juncus  castdneus  Smith.     Chestnut  Rush.     Clustered  Alpine  Rush. 
(Fig-  938.) 
Juncus  caslaneus  Smith,  Fl.  Brit.  l;  38J.      1600, 

Stem*  erect,  4'-jo'  high,  terete,  lea9esa,  or  with  a 
single  leaf,  arising  singly  from  a  slender  rootstock. 
Basal  leaves  3-5,  the  outer  sheaths  shoit,  loose,  the 
inner  clasping,  aometimea  4'  long,  not  auriculate, 
their  blades  tapering  from  an  involute-tubular  base  to 
a  slender  channeled  acutish  apex;  inflorescence  strict, 
Dsnallj  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract,  the  other  bracts 
membranous  and  mostly  equalling  the  floweis;  heads 
1-3,  3-ij-flowered;  pedicels  >i"-iX"  long;  perianth 
brown  or  blach,  a"-3Ji"  long,  its  parts  lanceolate, 
acute;  stamensnearly  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers 
about  >i"  long;  capsnle  brown,  paler  toward  the  base, 
ij^-a  times  as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  oblong, 
tapering  to  an  acute  summit,  imperfectly  3.celled; 
seed  i%"-i"  long,  contracted  into  long  slender  taib, 
the  body  about  yi"  long. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  alonK  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.    In  Europ 
21.  Juncus  st^gius  I..     Moor  Rush.     (Fig.  939.) 

Juncus  slygius  L.  Syat.  Nat-  Ed.  10,  a:  9S7.      1759. 

/.  slygius  var.  Americanus  Buch.  in  Engler,  Bot.  Jahrb.  I  J: 

393.     1890. 

Rootatock  none;  stems  3'-!°  high,  single,  or  few 
together,  erect,  1-3-leaved  below,  leafless  above;  leaf- 
sheaths  5"-io"  long,  clasping,  nerved,  anriculate; 
blades  erect  or  nearly  so,  io"-4'  long,  slightly  com- 
pressed, channeled  on  the  upper  side,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point;  inflorescence  of  1-4  beads;  heads  1-4-flow- 
ered;  lowestbractusually  exceeding  the  flowers;  peri- 
anth I  >i"-3  Ji  "  long,  pale,  its  parts  lanceoIate,3-nerved, 
equal,  with  membranous  margins,  obtuse  or  acute; 
stamens  half  as  long  as  the  perianth  or  more;  anthers 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  3"-4" 
long,  pale  brown,  spindle-shaped,  acute,  mucronate, 
3-celled  below,  few-seeded;  seed  spiadle-sbaped,  i%"- 
i^^'long,  with  a  loose  coat,  the  body  about  ^"  long, 
narrowed  into  thick  tails. 

Newfoundland  to  Maine,  northern  New  York,  Michigan 
and  Minnesota;  also  in  British  Columbia  and  Europe. 

33.  Juncus  btglOmis  L.     Two-flowered  Rush.     (Fig.  940.) 
/uHcui  bigtumis  L.  Sp.  PI.  318.      1753. 

Stems  i'-8'  high,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  root- 
stock,  erect,  nearly  terete.  Leaves  1-5,  all  basal,  the 
outermost  sheath  usually  4"  long  or  less,  the  inner- 
most sometimes  much  longer,  inconspicuously  or  not 
at  all  auriculate,  the  blades  nearly  terete;  inflores- 
cence a  capitate  clnster  of  1-4  flowers,  its  lowest 
bract  erect,  folioae,  green  with  brown  membranous 
margins  below;  perianth  i}i"-i}i"\on^,  dark  brown, 
its  parts  membranous,  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equal; 
stamens  equalling  the  perianth;  anthers  linear- oblong; 
capsule  longer  than  the  perianth,  cylindric.  oblong, 
3-sided,  retnse  at  the  summit,  with  3  keeled 
shoulders,  purplish  black,  or  with  purple-mar- 
gined valves,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  ii"-\"  long, 
fusiform,  the  body  narrowed  into  short  stout  tails. 

Baffin   Bay  to  Alaska  and  British  Columbia.    Also  in 
,   Enrope  and  Asia. 


JUNCACEAE. 


23.  Juncus  triglilmis  L. 


Three -flowered  Rush.     (Fig.  941.) 
Juncus  irigiumis  L.  Sp.  PI.  328.      I7SJ- 

Steins  3'-?'  high,  IoomI;  tufted  oa  a  bnncfaed  root- 
stock,  erect,  terete.  Leaves  1-5,  all  bual,  with  Bheathi 
clasping  and  conspicuouily  aoricalate,  the  blades  lob- 
tcrete,  blniit,  H"  in  diameter,  tuually  lew  than  half 
the  height  of  the  plant;  inflorescence  b  capitate  ctii»- 
ter  of  1-5  (lunally  3)  flowen,  the  loweat  a  or  3  bracts 
nearly  equal,  divergent,  about  aa  long  as  the  flowen, 
usually  brown,  obtuse  and  membranous;  peiianth 
i%"-3"  long,  its  parts  oblong-lauceolate,  obtuse;  sta- 
mens nearljras  long  as  the  perianth;  antheia  linear, 
short;  capsule  about  eqnatling  the  perianth,  oblong, 
obtuse,  mncronate,  3-angled,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed 
about  \"  long,  its  bodj  oblong,  abruptly  contracted 
into  long  slender  tails. 

I.Al>rador  and  Newfouidland  to  Alaska,  south  in  thr 
Europe  and  Asia. 


(Fig.  942.) 


aves;  panicle  t\  /  . 

or  the  inner         Xj  V  r/^^ 
the    shorter,  ^^^^"'''^       (\ 


Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.    Also 
24.  Juncus  pelocirpus  E.  Meyer.     Brownish-fruited  Rush. 

ftincus  peloearfius  E.  Meyer,  Syu.  Luk.  30,      1813. 

Rootstock  slender)  stems  3'-3o'  high,   1-5-leaved; 
basal  leaves  3-4,  with  loose  auriculate  sheaths,  mostly 
with  slender  terete  blades  seldom  exceeding   5'  in 
length;  stem  leaves  1-5,  similar  to  the  basal;  inflores- 
cence \'  iu  height  or  less;  secondary  panicles  rarely 
produced  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  panicle 
loose,    with    distant    heads    of 
flowers;   perianth   }i"-iyi"  long,   the  parts 
oblong,  green  to  reddish -green,  obtuse  or  the 
sometimes   acute,    the   outer   usually    the    short  1 
all   of   them   frequently  tnodifled    into   rudimentary 
leaves;   stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long   as  the 
perianth;   anthers   slightly  exceeding   the   filaments; 
style  commonly  J^"  and   stigmas   ]"   long;  capsule 
subulate-linear,  its  slender  beak  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth, i-celled;  seed  oblong  to  obovoid,  \"-'4"  long, 
reticulate  in  about  24  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

Newfoundland  to  X?w  Jersey  and  MinnenotH. 

juDcna  pelodn"!*  subtllls  (E.  Meyer)  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  I.ouis  Acad.  : 
Juncus  sublilis  E.  Meyer,  Syu.  Lui.  31 .     1823. 

Much  smaller,  depreaseci,  i -few- flowered.    Northern  !tlaine  and  adjacent  Canada. 
25.  Juncus  bulbdsus  1,.     Bulbous  Rush.     (Fig.  943.) 

Juncus  bulthisus  h.  Sp.  PI.  327.       1753. 

Tufted,  2'-S'  high;  stems  erect,  or  procumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  joints,  usually  bulbous.  Leaves  of  two 
kinds,  the  basal  mostly  submersed,  filiform,  the  caul- 
ine  stouter,  all  with  auriculate  sheaths  to"  long  or  less, 
the  septa  of  the  blades  inconspicuous;  panicle  of  i-iu 
heads;  heads  top-shaped  to  hemispheric,  4-15-floweied. 
some  oftbe  dowers  often  transformed  into  tufts  of  small 
leaves;  perianth  ii^"-i>i"long,  its  parts  nearly  equal, 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  brown,  or  with  a  green  mid- 
rib; stamens  3,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers  a 
little  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsnte  narrowly  ob- 
long, obtuse,  mncronate,  slightly  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth, brown  above,  i-celled;  seed  narrowly  obtong, 
about  X"  long,  acute  at  base,  obtuse  and  apiculate 
above,  25-30-ribbed. 

Labrador  and  Newfoundland.     Common  in  Europe. 


RUSH  FAMILY. 

26.  Juncus  militiris  Bigel.     Bayonet  Rush.     (Fig.  944.) 
/uncus  mililaris  Bigel.  Fl,  Bost,  Ed.  i,  139,      1814, 

Steina2o'-4°  high,  erect,  Etout,  iJi"-3"  thick  below, 
arising  from  a  etout  rootstock.  Leaves  of  two  kinda, 
the  submersed  borne  in  dense  fascicles  on  the  root- 
stock  and  developing  filiform,  nodose  blades  some- 
times  so'  long;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  loose  bladeless 
shemths,  sometimes  ic/  long:  stem  leaves  1  or  3,  the 
lower  with  a  long  stout  terete  blade  \"-3"  tbick  at 
the  base,  the  upper,  when  present,  rednced  to  a  blade- 
less  sheath;  inflorescence  3'-6'  high,  its  bracts  with 
obsolete  blades;  heads  top-shaped  to  semiglobose,  6- 
i2-flowered;  perianth  i^"-iji"  long,  its  parts  nar- 
rowl]'  linear-subulate,  the  inner  longer  than  the  outer; 
stamens  6,  nearl]'  as  long;  anthers  slightly  exceeding 
the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  beaked,  i- 
celled,  few-seeded,  about  equalling  perianth; '  seed 
obovoid,  about  %"  long,  reticulated  in  about  34  rows. 

Shallow  margins  of  lakes,  ponds  or  streams.  Nova 
Scotia  to  northern  New  York  and  Maiyland. 

27.  Juncus  articulitus  L.     Jointed  Rush. 
(Fig.  945-) 

Juncus  arliculalus  L.  Sp.  PI.  317-       1753- 

Rootstock  branching;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  8'- 
3°  high,  tuned,  somewhat  corapreased,  3-4-leaved; 
basal  blade-bearing  leaves  only  i  or  2,  nsually  dying 
early;  stem  leaves  with  rather  loose  sheaths  and  con- 
spicuously septate  blades;  inflorescence  rarely  exceed- 
ing 4'  in  height,  its  branches  spreading;  heads  hemi- 
spheric to  top-shaped,  6-i3-flowered;  perianth  i"-ifi" 
long,  the  parts  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
reddish  brown  with  a  green  midrib  or  g^reen  through- 
out; stamens  6,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
longer  than  the  perianth,  brown,  3-angledi  sharply 
acute,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  tip,  i-celled;  seed 
oblong-obovoid,  about  %"  long,  reticulate  tn  about 
16-30  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 
Labrador  to  Massachusetts,  New  York,  MiefiJKanand  British  Columbia.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

On  ballast  gronnd  about  Philadelphia  and  Camden  a  form  oceurs  with  obtuse  periantb-parts  and 

broadly  acute  capsules,  apparently  intioduced, 

28.  Juncus  RichardsontHnus  Schult.     Richardson's  Rush.     (Fig.  946.) 
/.  Richardsonianiis  Schult.  in  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  aoi.     18*9. 
JuHCiis  aipinus  var.  insignis  Fries;  Engclm,  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  3:458.      1S66. 

Stems  erect,  6'-ao'  high  in  loose  tufts,  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  I'l-leaved;  stem  leaf  or  leaves  usnallybome 
below  the  middle;  panicle  !%'-%'  high,  sparse,  its 
branches  strict  or  slightly  spreading;  heads  3-13-flow- 
ered;  perianth  i"-iX"  long,  the  inner  parts  shorter 
than  the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  purplish  toward  the 
apex,  the  three  outer  paler,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  acute; 
stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid- 
oblong,  slightly  exceeding  the  perianth,  straw-color  or 
brown,  broadly  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  short  tip ;  seed 
abont  %"  in  length,  narrowly  obovoid  to  oblong, 
apiculate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  base,  lightly  reti- 
culate in  about  ao  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania, 
d  Washington. 


Nebraska ! 


392 


JL'NCACEAE. 


39.  Juncus  noddsus  L.     Knotted  Rush.     (Fig.  947.) 

Juncui  nodosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed,  *,  466.      1761. 

Sterna  6'-3°  high,  erect,  arlungsinglflroiii  tuber- 
like  tbickeniDgi  of  a  slender,  nearly  scalelest  root- 
stock;  stem  leaves  3-4,  and  like  the  baaat  ones 
witb  long  erect  blades,  the  upper  overtopping  the 
inflorescence;  panicle  shorter  than  its  lowest  bract, 
seldom  exceeding  a^',  bearing  1-30  heads;  heads 
spherical,  several-many- flowered,  3}i"-6"  in  di- 
ameter; perianth  if'-iJC"  long,  its  parts  Unceo- 
Ute-subulate,  nsualty  reddish  brown  above,  the 
inner  longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6,  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthen  equalling  the 
filaments;  capaule  lanceolate-aubulate,  .vsided,  i- 
celled,  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  acute 
below,  apiculate  above,  rarely  more  than  J"  long, 
reticulate  in  30-30  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross- 
Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia,  Nebraskaand  British  Coluni' 
bia.     Also  in  Nevada. 

30.  Juncus  Tdrreyi  Coville.     Torrey's  Rush.     (Fig.  948.) 

funcui  Torreyi  Coville,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  aa:  303.   1895. 
/.  nodosuivar.  mfgacephal-usTon,  Fl.  N.  Y.  l:  326.     1843. 
/uncus  megttcephalus  Wood,  Bot,  Ed.  i,  724.       1861.      Not 
J.  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis,  1835. 

Stems  3'-4o'  high;  rootatock  slender,  with  tubeii- 
form  thickenings  at  intervals  of  a  few  centimeters, 
each  supporting  a  single  stem;  stem  stout,  1-4-leaved; 
blade  stout,  terete,  5"-!'  thick,  abruptly  divergent 
from  the  stem;  inflorescence  congested,  consistiog  of 
i-ao  heads,  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  heads  5"-^' 
in  diameter;  perianth  i"-i%"  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  outer  longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule  subulate,  3-sided, 
I-celled,  its  beak  %''-^"  lotig,  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth and  holding  the  valves  together  throughout  de- 
hiscence; seed  \"~%"  in  length,  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  20  longitudinal  rows,  the 
areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Western  New  York  to  Texas  and  the  PaciGc  CoHst. 

31.  Juncus  Caesariinsis  Coville.     New  Jersey  Rush.     (Fig,  949,) 

/.  Caesariemii  Coville,  Mem.  Tort.  Club,  5;  106.  1891. 
Jancu!  aster  EiKelm.   Trans.    St.   Louis  Acad,  a;  478. 

1868.      Not  Sauz«,  1864. 

Stems  ao'-4o'  high,  stout,  erect,  iX"  'n  thickness, 
slightly  roughened;  basal  leaves  few,  the  uppermost, 
like  the  caul  in  e,  with  inconspicuously  articulate 
sheaths  and  long  erect  terete  roughened  blades;  inflor- 
escence i'-4'  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its  low- 
est bract  with  a  sraaU  blade  sometimes  1%'  long; 
heads  j-5-floweted;  perianth  i"-3^"  long,  the  parts 
lanceolate-acuminate,  stiET,  green,  striate,  the  inner 
longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  filaments  about  equalling  the  an- 
thers; style  and  stigmas  long;  capsule  lanceolate-ob- 
loQgi  }-sided,  mucronate-acuminate,  incompletely 
3-celled;  seed  tailed  at  both  cods,  altogether  abont  t" 
long,  the  body  about  I"  long,  closely  striate,  almost 
devoid  of  transverse  lines. 

Sandy  swamps  of  southern  New  Jersey. 


Ju, 


RUSH   FAMILY.  55 

32.  Juncus  brachyc&rpus  Engelm.     Short-fruited  Rush.     (Fig.  950.) 

brachycarpHs  EiiBclm,  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  J: 


467- 

Rootstocka  beariog  i~6  stems;  stems  erect,  S'-^d' 
high,  terete,  r-4-leaved;  blades  terete,  1"  thick  or 
less,  seldom  exceeding  6'  in  length,  the  upper  much 
shorter;  inflorescence  sometimes  4'  high  and  with  30 
spherical  beads,  or  smaller  and  even  reduced  to  a 
single  head;  perianth  i^''-^"  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  inner  about  tbree-fourths  as  long  as  the  outer; 
stamens  3,  about  half  as  long  as  tbe  perianth;  capsule 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth,  oblong, 
acute,  mueronate,  i-celled,  dehiscent  through  the  tip; 
seed  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  \"  long,  reticu- 
late in  about  iS  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth 
and  nearly  square. 

Southern  Ontario,  throogh  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Oktahooia,  Texas  and  Mississippi ;  also  from  North  Caro- 
lina lo  Maryland. 

33.  Juncus  polyc£phalus  Michx.     Many-headed  Rush,     (Fig.  951.) 

Juncus  Pol^CephalusJiic'ax.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1: 191.    1803. 
Juncus  scirpoidesvas-  polycephalus  Bngelm.  Trans, 

St.  Louis  Acad,  3:  46S.      1868. 
Juncus  Engtlmanni  Buch.  Krit.  Ven.  June.  ffj.   1880. 

Stem  stout,  about  3°  high,  compressed,  a-4- 
leaved.  Leaves  20'  in  length  or  leas,  the  upper 
shorter;  blades  vertically  flattened,  i^"-4"  broad, 
thesepta  incomplete,  or  the  blades  rarely  narrower, 
merely  compressed,  and  with  complete  septa;  in- 
florescence 3ji'-iJ'  high,  its  leaves  with  nearly 
obsolete  blades;  heads  globose,  3j^"-5"  in  diam- 
eter;  perianth  iji"-a"  long,  its  parts  subulate; 
stamens  3,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  antheis  shorter  than  the  filaments;  cap- 
sule subulate,  i-celled,  exceeding  the  perianth, 
the  valves  remaining  united  by  the  slender  beak, 
X .  their  margins  finally  involute;  seed  narrowly  ob- 
long, atmut  %"  long,  acute  at  each  end,  with 
nearly  straight  tips,  reticulate  in  about  I3  rows, 
the  areolae  smooth. 

In  swamps.  Vii^nia?  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
34.   Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.     Scirpus-like  Rush.     (Fig.  952.) 


-poidts  Lam.  Encycl.  Meth.  Bot.  3:  »67. 
riHuj  mrpoides  var.  tnacrosltmon  Engelm.  Trar 
Louis  Acad.  3:  467.     186S. 


Stems  8'-3°  high,  erect,  terete,  in  clusters  from 
short,  horizontal  rootslocks.  Stem  leaves  1-3;  blades 
terete,  i"  thick  or  less,  usually  less  than  4'  long,  the 
septa  perfect;  basal  leaves  similar,  but  with  longer 
blades;  inflorescence  strict  or  slightly  spreading, 
sometimes  6'  in  length;  heads  j-30,  either  simple, 
globose,  3"-4"  in  diameter  in  flower,  and  A"-^%"  in 
fruit,  or  lobed,  and  of  slightly  greater  diameter;  peri- 
anth \%"-\)i"  long,  its  pqrts  subulate,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter;  stamens  equalling  the  inner  peri- 
anth-parts, the  short  anthers  exserted  at  the  month  of 
the  perianth;  capsule  subutate,  i-celled,  its  long  beak 
exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  abruptly  apicu- 
late  at  either  end,  \"-%"  long,  reticulate  in  14-20 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

New  York  to  Florida  and  L< 


35.  Joncus  megacfcphalua  M.  A.  Curtis.     Carolina  Rush.     (Fig.  953.) 

Jitncus  mtgactpkalm  M.  A.  Curtis,  Boat.  Jonm.  Nat.  Hint. 

1:131.      1835, 
Jhiuhs  srirboidei  var.  tckinalui  Bngelm.  Ttuib.  St.  Lonin 

Acad.  1:  468.      1S68. 

Stems  I'-a"  high,  tufted  from  h  branching  root- 
stock,  stout,  j-3-leBved.  Leaves  with  Buiicled  sheaths, 
the  blades  of  the  basal  8'  long  or  leas,  those  of  the 
stem  with  successively  shorter  blades,  the  uppennost 
rarely  lo"  in  length;  inflorescence  6'  high  or  less,  it! 
lowest  leaf  almost  bladeless,  the  othen  sc«iious:  pan- 
icle of  1-40  beads;  heads  spherical,  4"-6"  in  diameter; 
perianth  i^"-ij<'"  l<»>Ki  its  parta  subulate,  the  outer 
longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  3,  half  to  two-ihirds 
the  length  of  the  inner  perianth-parts;  anthers  in- 
cluded, shorter  than  the  filament*;  capsule  subulate, 
beaked,  equalling  the  perianth,  3-sided,  i-celled;  seed 
I  oblong,  \"-%"  long,  acute  at  either  end,  reticulate  in 
[3-14  TOWS,  the  areolae  smooth. 

Virginia  ?  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 
36.  Juncus  brachyc£phalus  (Engelm.)  Buch.  Small-headed  Rush.  (Fig.  954.) 

JnnCHS  brachycephalus  Buch.  in  Englcr,  Bot.  Jahrb.  U: 


/uncus  Canadensis  vat,  brachycephalus  Bngelm.  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  3:  474.      1S68. 

Stems  i°-jS°  high,  tnfted  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  erect  or  occasionally  reclining  and  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  3-4-leaved:  leaves  all  with  well  developed 
blades,  the  lower  commonly  4'-8'  long;  inflorescence 
commonly  3}i'-(/  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its 
lowest  bract  fotiose;  heads  top-shaped,  a-5-flowered;  , 
perianth  i"-i%"  long,  its  parts  green,  or  reddish  j 
brown  above,  with  hyaline  margins,  lanceolate,  obtnse 
or  sometimes  acute,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner; 
stamens  3;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
capsule  reddish  brown,  at>out  one-half  longer  than  the 
perianth,  ovoid-oblong,  acute  toobt  use,  tipped.  3-sided, 
i-celled;  seed  '/3"-'A"  long,  with  narrowly  oblong 
body,  short'tailedateither  end,  30-30  ribbed,  somewhat 
cross-barred,  the  intervening  spaces  finely  cross-lined. 
New  York  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

37.  Juncus  Canadensis  J.  Gay,     Canada  Rush.     (Fig.  955.) 

y.  Canadensis  J,  Gay;  Laharpe,  Monog.  Jonc,  134.     1825. 
-    Juncus  Canadensis  longicaudatui    Engelm.   Trans,  SI. 
Louis  Acad.  1:  474.      186S. 

Stems  1°-^°  high,  erect,  stout,  2-4-lcaved,  few  in  a 
tuft,  from  a  branched  rootstock.  Basal  leaves  usually 
decayed  at  Howering-time;  stem  leaves  with  large  loose 
auriculatc  sheaths  commonly  3'-4'  long,  and  a  stout 
erect  blade  usually  4'-io'  long;  panicle  3'-io'  in 
height,  the  branches  moderately  spreading;  heads 
usually  crowded,  top-shaped  to  hemispheric  or  sub- 
spheric,  5-40-flowered;  perianth  i^"-a"  long,  the 
'  parts  nairowly  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  longer 
than  the  outer;  stamens  3,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  perianth,  anthers  much  shorter  than  the 
filaments;  capsule  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronatc,  3- 
sided,  i-cel1ed.  reddish-brown,  exceeding  the  perianth 
by  Ji"  or  less;  seed  }i"  to  nearly  i"  long,  tailed  at 
either  end,  the  body  with  a  smooth  shining  coat, 
about  40-striate. 

New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota.  Georgia  and  Louisiana. 


RUSH  FAMILY.  395 

JancDl  Cuudenait  lubccaditui  EnEelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad,  a:  474.      186S. 
Stems  15' -30'  high,  slender,  frequently  weak  and  redininB;  heads  few,  scattered;  seed  with 
very  fihort  tails.     Rhode  Island  to  Pennsflvauia  and  Georgia. 

Jducdi  Canadjniia  brerlcuidlitDa  Engeltn.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  3:  436.      i£66. 
Juntus  Caaadensis  vol.  coarclalus  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Ijoais  Acad.  1:  474.       li^&A. 

Stems  erect,  8' -30'  tall,  slender,  close);  tufted;  panicle  contracted;  heads  z-fi-flowered ;  seed 
I"-J"  in  lenEtli,  lonK-tailed.     Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  New  Jersey. 

38.  Juncus  acumin&tus  Michx.     Sharp-fruited  Rush.     (Fig.  956.) 

Junius  acumiitalui  Michi.  Fl,   Bor.  Am.   I:  193. 
1803. 

Plant  I0'-3°  high;  rootstock  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. Stems  few  or  several  in  a  tufl,  erect, 
i-3-leaved;b]Bde8of  the  lower  leaves  4'-8' long, 
>i"-i"  thick,  the  upper  shorter;  inflorescence 
3'-6'  high,  and  with  5-50  heads,  rarely  larger, 
or  reduced  even  to  a  single  head,  its  branches 
usuallj  spreading;  beads  top-shaped,  hemi- 
spheric or  subspheric,  3-30- flowered;  perianth 
iX"-'^"  lo^Ki  its  parts  lanceolate-subulate, 
nearly  equal;  stamens  3,  about  one-half  aa  long 
as  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  ovale- lanceolate,  broadly  acute, 
rancronate,  i-celled,  equalliag  the  perianth, 
light  hrown  at  maturity,  the  valves  separating 
through  the  apex;  seed  oblong,  about  ^"  in 
length,  tipped  at  either  end,  reticulate  in  16-30 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  transversely 
many -lined. 

Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south 
to  Georgia  and  Mexico.  Also  on  the  northwest 
coast.     Heads  often  proliferous. 

JuDCUB  acunUnitus  ddbills  (A.  Gray)  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  J:  463.      1868. 
Juncus  debilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  jo6.      1848. 

Smaller,  densely  tufted,  lo'-TO'  high,  the  stems  often  weak  and  procnmbent;  perianth  shorter, 
i"-iK"long;  capsule  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  about  one-third  longer  than  the  perianth,  short-tipped. 
New  Jersey  to  South  Carolina. 

39.  Juncus  robOstus  (Engelm.)  Coville.     Stout  Rush.     (Fig.  957.) 

Juncus  acuminaius  vai.  robuslus  Engelm.  Trans. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  1:  463.      itteS. 

Plant  about  3°  high.  Stems  single  or  few  in 
a  tuft,  stout,  nearly  terete,  commonly  iji"-i" 
thick  below,  i-i-lea^-ed;  blades  erect,  terete,  con- 
spicuously many-septate,  8'-3°  long,  i"-iJC" 
thick,  tisually  reaching  or  exceeding  the  inflores- 
cence; inflorescence4'-io' high, with  moderately 
spreading  branches  and  innumerable  (com- 
monly 300-500)  heads,  thebladeof  its  lowest  leaf 
sometimes  half  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  heads 
a-io-flowered;  perianth  i"-iX"  long,  its  parts 
nearly  equal,  lanceolate-subulate;  stamens  3, one- 
half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsnle 
equalling  or  one-third  exceeding  the  perianth, 
straw-colored  at  maturity,  narrowly  to  broadly 
oblong,  obtuse  with  a  short  tip,  3-sided  when 
dry,  I-celled,  the  valves  separate  and  involute 
after  dehiscence;  seed  nearly  as  in /.acaMtna/u.;. 

.Southern  Illinois  to  aoutheastem  Kansas,  Okla- 
homa. Louisiana  and  Texas. 


40.  Juncus  diffusissimus  Buckley.     Diffuse  Rush.     (Fig.  958.) 

/utKiis  diffusiiiinius  Backley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  Ittl: 
9.      18^. 

Plant  i°-3°  high.  Stems  few  in  b  tuft,  from  a 
shorl-braitched  inconspicuous  rootftock,  erect,  slen- 
der, terete  or  slightly  compiessed,  3'4-leaved ;  blades 
4'-8'  long,  }4"-}i"  thick;  infloreicence  difiuMly 
branched,  widely  spreading,  4'-8'  high  and  broad, 
its  lowest  bract  with  a  blade  either  obsolete  or  some- 
times neatly  as  long  as  the  panicle;  heads  3-1 3-flow- 
ered;  periaath  l!4"-'H"  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
equal;  stamens  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  cap- 
sule narrowly  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  3"-i^" 
long,  acute  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  with  a  short  tip, 
3-sided,  light  brown,  i-celled;  seed  oblong  to  ob- 
ovoid,  Y'-)("  long,  acute  at  the  base,  abmptly 
tipped,  reticnlatein  about  16  rows,  finely  cross-lined. 

Southeastern  Kansas  to  Mississippi  and  Texas. 


1763. 


a.   JUNCOIDES  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  47. 

[LuzuLA  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  158.  1805.] 
Perennial  plants,  with  herbage  either  glabrous  or  sparingly  webbed,  stems  leaf-bearing. 
leaf-sheatbs  with  united  margins,  and  leaf-blades  grass-like.  Inflorescence  umbelloid,  pan- 
iculate, or  corymbose,  often  congested;  flowers  always  hracteolate,  the  bractlets  usually 
lacerate  or  denticulate;  stamens  6  in  our  species;  ovary  i-celled,  its  3  ovules  with  basal  in- 
sertion; seeds  3,  indistinctly  reticulate,  sometimes  carunculate  at  base  or  apex,  but  not 
distinctly  tailed.     [Greek,  meaning  likeJunMs.'] 

.4.bout  40  species,  widely  distributed,  mostly  flowering;  in  spring. 
Inflorescence  umbelloid,  i  or  a  flowers  on  each  of  its  branches.  i.  _/.  piloium. 

Inflorescence  theoretically  paniculate,  the  flowers  often  crowded  in  spikelike  clusters, 

Uutt^r  penanlh-parls  shorter  than  the  inner;  introduced  species.  2.  /.  neirtorosum. 

Perianth -parts  equal  or  nearly  so;  native  species. 

Flowers  1-3  toijether,  on  the  branches  of  an  open  panicle.  3.  J.  parcifiorvm. 

Flowers  crowded  into  one  or  more  thick  spikes  or  spike-like  clusters. 

Inflorescence  nodding.  4.  J.  spicalam. 

Inflorescence  erect  or  spreadintr,  or  its  individual  branches  rarely  nodding. 
Inflorescence  of  \-t,  spike-like  or  capitate  flower-clusters,  or  the  leaf-blai 
pointed. 
Inflorescence  crowded  into  a  single  cluster;  leaves  flat,  usually  with  a  blunt 

apex.  5.  7.  nivale. 

Inflorescence  in  1-4  clusters;  leaves  narrowed  above,  involute -channeled,  apej: 
very  sharp.  6.  _/.  hyperbormm. 

Inflorewence  of  z-ii  spike-like  or  capitate  clusters;  leaf-blades  with  blunt  points. 

7.  J.  camp^ilrt. 

I.  Juncoides  pildsum  (L.)  Kuutze.     Hairy  Wood-rush. 

/uncus  pHosas  L,  Sp.  PI.  339.      I7S3. 
/.uriiia  pilosa  Willd.  Enum.  PI.  303.      1S09. 
Juncoides pilosum  Kunt2e,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  725.      1891. 

Tufted,  often  somewhat  stolon iferous.  Stems  erect, 
2-4-leaved,  Ji"-!"  high;  leaf-blades  i'/i"-4"  wide, 
flat,  slightly  webbed,  especially  when  young,  acumin- 
ate into  a  blunt  almost  gland-like  point;  stem  leaves 
with  similar  but  successively  shorter  blades;  inflores- 
cence an  umbelloid  flower- cluster,  with  a  bract  5"-ia"  . 
high,  the  filiform  pedicels  equal  or  nearly  so,  i- 
flowered  or  sometimes  z-flowered;  perianth  ili"-iii" 
long,  its  parts  triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  brown 
with  hyaline  margins,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
toothed  bractlets;  capsule  about  one-fourth  exceeding 
the  perianth,  its  valves  ovate,  acuminate;  seed  about 
'4"  long,  its  body  about  i"  in  length,  provided  at  the 
summit  with  a  conspicuous  hooked  caruncle. 

New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  York,  Mich- 
igan and  Oregon,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to  Noith  Caro- 
lina.    Also  in  Kdrope  and  .\sia. 


(Fig.  959.) 


RUSH  FAMILY.  397 

a.  Juncoides  nemordsum  (Poll.)  Kuntze.     Forest  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  960.) 

funais  Hfinorosus  Poll.  Hist.  PI.  Pal.  1:  jjj.      17  6 
funcoidts  nemorosum  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  714    I'^gi 

Loosely  tufted  or  somewhat  stolon iferous  Stems 
slender,  I'-aji"  high,  i-5-!eaved  below  the  inflor 
escence;  leaf-blades  T)i"-2"  wide,  ciliate  flat  ta 
pering  to  a  slender  aharp  tip;  inflore^euce  d  ffusely 
paniculate  or  corymbose,  the  Tew  lower  bracts  foil 
ose,  and  the  lowermost  branch  often  inserted  4  be- 
low the  nest  or  more;  flowers  in  clusters  of  3  8  the 
bractlets  ovate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate 
above,  about  oue-tbird  as  long  as  the  perianth 
perianth  about  iV"  in  I'lgth,  its  parts  from  red 
dish  brown  with  pale  margitis  to  dirty  white 
throughout,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  about 
one-fiflh  shorter  than  the  inner;  capsule  ovoid 
acuminate,  barely  equalling  the  perianth  seed 
obliquely  ovoid  about  ^"  long. 

A  European  species,  naturalized  at  Riverdale   N  '^ 

3.  Juncoides  parvifldrum  (Ehrh.)  Coville.     Small-flowered  Wood-rush. 

(Fig.  961.) 

Juacus  parvijiorui  Ehrh.  Beiti.  0:  139.      1791. 
Luzuta parviflara  Desv,  Joum.  de  Hot.  i:  144,      iSoS. 
J.  parvifiorum  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  4: 109.     1893. 

Stems  single  or  few  in  a  tuft,  stolon iferous,  erect 
nZ-y/  high,  2-5-leaved;  leaves  glabrous,  their 
blades  i}i"-s"  wide,  tapering  to  a  sharp  or  blunt 
apex;  inflorescence  a  nodding  decompound  pan- 
icle, commonly  i>j'--4'  high,  its  lowest  bract 
foliose,  seldom  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of 
the  panicle;  flowers  borne  singly,  or  sometimes  3 
or  3  together,  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence, 
on  slender  pedicels;  bractlets  ovate,  entire  or 
rarely  somewhat  lacerate,  perianth  }i"-iX"  >n 
length,  its  parts  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  exceeded 
by  the  green  to  brown  ovoid  capsule;  seed  nar- 
rowly oblong,  Ji"-JC"  in  length,  attached  to  its 
placenta  by  slender  implexed  fibers. 

lAbrador  to  British  Columbia,  New  Hatnpsbire,  New 
York  and  Minnesota;  in  the  mountains  to  Arizona  and 
California.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Juncoides  spicittum  (L.)  Kuntze.     Spiked  Wood-rush.     (Pig.  963.) 
Junius  spicatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  330.      1753. 
funcoides  spicalam  Kuntze,  Rev,  Gen.  PI.  725-       1* 
Luzula  spUala  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  161.      1805. 

Closely  tufted,  without  rootstocks.  Stems  erect 
16'  high,  distantly  1-3-leaved,  tapering  to  a  filiform 
summit;  leaf-btades  %"-\%"  broad,  often  involute, 
especially  above,  tapering  to  a  sharp  apex,  sparingly 
webby,  especially  at  the  base;  inflorescence  a  nodding, 
spilce-like,  often  interrupted  panicle,  commonly  %'- 
\'  in  length,  usually  exceeded  by  ita  lowest  involute- 
foliose  bract;  bractlets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
equalling  the  peHantb,  sparingly  lacerate;  perianth 
brown,  with  hyaline  margins,  \"-\yi"  long,  its  parts 
lanceolate,  aristate-acumtnate;  capsule  broadly  ovoid, 
bluntly  acute,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; seed  narrowly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  about 
i%"  long. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  mountains  of  New  England,  Colo- 
rado and  California.      .\l5o  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


.  Juncoides  nivide  (Laest.)  Coville.     Arctic  Wood-rash.     (Fig.  963.) 

Luiula  canipestris  var,  nivalis  LacM.  Kohb'-  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.  334.      iSm. 
Juncoides  mvalf  Co\-'Mk,  Mem.  Tort.  Clab.S:  108.     1S94. 
J.usula  arclica  Blytt  Nor?.  Fl,  l:  199.      1861. 

Stems  tnfled,  a'-4'  high,  erect,  I  or  >-leaved. 
Leaves  with  sheaths  gUbrans  at  the  tnoatfa,  their 
blades  i"-a"  broad,  seldom  exceeding  i}i'  ia  length, 
very  minutely  roughened  on  Ibe  back,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  flat  and  tapering  to  a  nsuallj  blunt 
and  callous  tip;  inflorescence  an  erect  oblong  to  ovate, 
spike-like  cluster,  >i'  in  height  or  lesa,  exceeding  its 
lowest  semifoliaceoos  bract;  bractlet  and  periantb 
dark  purple,  the  former  ovate  and  sparingly  lacerate 
at  the  hyaline  apex;  perianth-parts  S^"-i"  in  length, 
narrowly  oblong,  more  or  less  broadly  acate  at  the 
paler  apex,  sometimes  denticulate  above;  capsule 
sabspberic,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  exceeding  the 
perianth;  seed  narrowly  oblong,  about  }i"  long. 

Baffin  Bay  to  Alaska.     Also  ;in    arctic   and   alpine 


6.  Juncoides  hyperbdn 


■83.  _ 


Europe  and  Asia. 
(R.  Br.)  Sheldon, 
(Fig.  964.) 
App.  Parry's  Voy. 


Northern  Wood -rush. 


Stems  tufted,  commonly  4'S'  high,  erect,  i-a- 
leaved  above  the  base.  Leaves  with  sheaths  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  month,  the  blades  erect,^"-i.S^" 
wide  at  the  base,  commonly  3}i'-j'  long,  usually 
involute  in  age,  not  roughened  on  the  back,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  sharp  poiut;  inflorescence  erect,  ex- 
ceeding its  lowest  foliose  bract,  consisting  of  a  single 
obloitg  cluster  yi'  in  length  or  less,  or  its  one  or 
two  lower  divisions  on  peduncles  )4'-i}i'  long; 
bracts  and  bractlets  membranous,  fimbriate;  peri- 
anth-parts brown,  paler  above,  about  tX"  long, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  or  slightly 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  capsule  about  tbree-fourths  as 
long  aa  the  perianth,  ovoid,  obtnse;  seed  rather 
narrowly  oblong,  about  i"  long. 

Arctic  America,  Labrador  and  the  higber  mountains  of  New  EnglaRd.    Europe  and  Asia. 
7.  Juncoides  campestre  (L.)  Kuntze.     Common  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  965.) 
/uncus  campeslris  L.  Sp,  PI.  3*9.      1753. 
Lunula  campeslris  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  161.      1805. 
Juncoides  campes/re  Kaatze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  73a.      1891, 

Stems  densely  tufted,  erect,  4'-2o'  high,  3-4-leaved. 
Leaf-blades  flat,  i"-3ji"  broad,  tapering  at  the  apex 
to  a  blunt  almost  gland-like  point,  sparingly  webbed 
wbeu  young;  inflorescence  umbelloid;  lower  bracts 
foliose,  the  lowest  oiten  exceeding  the  inflorescence, 
its  several  branches  straight,  unequal,  each  bearing  an 
oblong  to  short- cylindric  dense  spike;  floral  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate;  bractlets  similar  but  smaller,  fimbri- 
ate at  the  apex;  perianth  i"-iji"  long,  brown,  its 
parts  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate;  capsule  obovoid  or 
broadly  oblong;  seed  with  an  oblong  body  about  )i" 
in  length,  supported  on  a  narrower  white  loosely 
cellular,  strophiole-like  base  about  one-taatf  aalong. 

In  woodlands,  almost  throughout  the  United  States  and 
British  America.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Variable. 
One  of  our  earliest  flowering  plants. 


BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY. 


399 


Family  i8.     HELANTHACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  i:  272.     1810. 
Bunch-flower  Family. 

Leafy -stemmed  herbs  (some  exotic  genera  scapase),  with  rootstocks  or 
rarely  with  bulbs,  the  leaves  broad  or  gras,s-like,  parellel- veined,  the  veins  ofteii 
connected  by  transverse  veinlets.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious, 
regular,  racemose,  panicled  or  solitary.  Perianth  of  6  separate  or  nearly  separ- 
ate, usually  persistent  segments.  Stamens  6,  borne  on  the  bases  of  the  per- 
ianth-segments. Anthers  small,  2-celIed,  oblong  or  ovate,  or  confluently 
i-celled  and  cordate  or  reniform,  mostly  versatile  and  extrorselj'  deldscent  (in- 
trorse  in  Tofieidia  and  Abama).  Ovary  3-celled,  superior  or  rarely  partly  in- 
ferior; ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each  ca^-ity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous. 
Styles  3,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  septicidal 
dehiscence  (loculicidal  in  Abama  and  Uvularia).  Seeds  commonly  tailed  or 
appendaged.     Embr>o  .small,  in  usually  copious  endosperm. 

About  36  fcenera  and  140  species,  widely  distributed. 
Flowers  numerous  in  terminal  erect  racemes  or  panicles. 

Anthers  oblong  or  ovate.  a-ctUed. 
.Anthers  introrsel;  dehiscent. 


Capsule  septicidal; 
Capsule  loculicidalj  Howe 
.^ntheis  exCrorsely  dehiscent. 
Klo«-ers  perfect. 

Leai'es  basal,  oblanceolate ;  seeds 
Stem  very  leafy;  leaves  liueBt;  seeds  few. 
Flowers  dioecious:  stem  leafy. 
Anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  conBuenlly  i-celled. 
Plants  glabrous. 

Penantb- segments  not  gland-bearing. 

Flowers  perfect;  perianth-segments  obtuse. 
Flowers  polygamous;  perianth -segments  acurai 
Perianth  segments  bearing  i  or  1  glands,  or  a  spot. 
Stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent. 

Perianth -segments  clawed,  free  from  the  ovary. 
Perianth -segments  not  clawed,  adnate  to  the  base  a 
owera  solitai}',  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  drooping. 


theo 


3.  XfrOphyllHK 
J.  Chatiiaelirii 


8.  Zygadenus. 

9.  Mflanlliiut 


I.  TOFIELDIA  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  157.  1778. 
Perennial  herbs,  with  short  erect  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  slender  erect 
steins  leafless  above  or  nearly  so,  linear  somewhat  i-raoked  and  equitant  leaves  clustered  at 
the  base,  and  small  perfect  white  or  green  flowers  in  a  tertnlnal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at 
the  base,  solitary  or  clustered.  Flowers  usually  iuvolucrate  by  3  scarions  somewhat  united 
bractlets  below  the  calyx.  Perianth -segments  oblong  or  obovate,  subeqaal,  persistent,  gland- 
less.  Stamens  6;  Slamenls  filiform;  anthers  ovate,  aometimes  cordate,  introrae.  Ovary  si 
sile,  globed  at  the  summit;  styles  3,  short,  recnrved.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-beaked,  septicid- 
ally  dehiscent  to  the  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tailed  or  appendaged  in  most  species. 
[Dedicated  to  Tofield,  an  English  correspondent  of  Hadson.] 

About  I  j  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  i  or  2  in  the  Andes  of  South  America. 
"     following  another  occurs  in  the  southeastern  States  and  two  in  northwestern  Ameri 

1.    T.palnstr 

..  ,..._ „ ».   T.glulinc 

high;  perianth  segments  rigid  in  fruit.  3 


Besides  the  foUowing  another 
Stem  glabrous;  seeds  unappendaged. 
Stem  viscid-pubescent:  seeds  appendaged. 

Capsule  oblong;,  3    high;  perianth  segments  thin. 


I.  Tofieldia  palOstris  Huds.     Scottish 
Asphodel.     (Fig.  966.) 
Tofieldia  fialuslris  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  157.      1778. 

Glabrous,  stem  slender,  scape-like,  leafless  or  bearing 
a  few  leaves  near  the  base,  2'-io'  tall.  Leaves  tufted, 
Ji'-4'long,  ^"-a"  wide;  raceme  oblong  or  subglobose  in 
flower,  dense,  elongating  to  an  inch  or  less  in  fruit,  the 
lower  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels  usually  solitary, 
minutely  involucrate,  ^"-i"  long  in  fruit;  flowers 
greenish  white,  i"  broad;  perianth -segments  obovate. 
obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-globose  minutely 
beaked  capsule;  seeds  oblong,  unappendaged. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Quebec,  the 
shores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  the  Canadian  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.   Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    Summer. 


J  MELANTHACEAE. 

Tofieldia  glutindsa  (Michx. )  Pers,     Glutinous  Tofieldia.     (Fig.  967.) 
Nartheeium  glulinosum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 


Tofieldia  gtulinasa  Pers.  Syn.  i:  399.      1805. 

Stem  Tiscid-pnbeacent  with  black  glands,  (/- 
x/  tall,  beariog  3-4  leaves  near  the  base.  Basal 
leaves  tufted,  a'-?'  long,  i"-3"  wide;  raceme 
oblong  and  )i'-i}4'  long  in  flower,  longer  in 
fruit,  the  upper  flowers  first  expanding;  pediceU 
commonly  clustered  in  3's  (i's-4's),  ascending, 
viscid-pubescent,  becoming  3"-6"  long  in  fruit; 
involucral  bracts  minute,  united  nearly  or  quite 
to  their  apices,  borne  just  beneath  the  flower; 
flowers  3"-4"  broad;  perianth-segments  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  membranous;  capsule  oblong, 
about  3"  high,  i;4"  in  diameter,  thin-walled, 
twice  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  beaks  }i" 
long  or  less;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

Inboga,  NewfoDTidland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine, 

Ohio,  Michiitan,  Wyoming  and  Oregon,  and  in  the 

SI/      Boutliern  Alleghenics.     May-June. 

3.   Tofieldia  racemdsa  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Viscid  Tofieldia.     (Fig. 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  rather 
stouter  and  taller,  stem  i°-3°  high,  the  glutin- 
ous pubescence  rougher.  Leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  6'- 1 8'  long,  i>^"-3"  wide;  raceme  i'- 
4'  long  in  flower,  often  loose,  somewhat  longer 
in  fruit,  the  uppermost  flowers  first  expanding; 
pedicels  mostly  clustered  in  3'b,  ascending,  i"- 
3"  long  in  fruit;  involucral  bractlets  about  Ji" 
long,  united  to  above  the  middle,  borne  just  be- 
neath the  flower;  perianth-segments  narrowly 
obovate,  obtuse,  rigid;  capsule  ovoid,  i^^'long. 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  beaks  )i"  long; 
seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 


mp9,  southern  New  Jersey 
This  and  the  two  precr^ 

I'll  as  False  Asphodel.    Ji 


Florida  and 
(receding  species  are 
■Sept. 


2.  ABAMA  Adaiis.  Fam.  PI.  2:  47.  1763. 
[Narthhcicm  Jnss.  Gen.  47.  1789.] 
Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  erect  dmple 
stems  and  linear  grass-like  basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  short  and  distant.  Flowers  small, 
greenish -yellow,  perfect,  borne  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at  base  and  usually 
bearing  a  small  bractlet.  Perianth -segments  persistent,  linearor  linear  lanceolate,  obscurely 
3-5-nerved,  glandless.  Stamens  6;  filaments  subulate,  woolly;  anthers  linear-oblong,  erect, 
introrse.  Ovary  sessile;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong, 
loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  the  linear  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing without  step,  the  plants  reputed  to  cause  lameness  in  cattle.] 

Four  known  species,  nali'.'es  of  the  northern  hemisphere.    Besides  the  following',  another 
occurs  in  northwestern  America. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 


I .    Abama    Americana    ( Ker. )    Morong 
American  Bog-asphodel.    (Fig.  969.) 

Narlhccium  Atnericanum  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  'S05. 
XarlheciuM  ossifragiiin  var.  Anttricanum  A.  Graj 


I  lay,  Man 

MoronR,   Mem.  Torr.  Club,  s^  109 

1094. 

Glabrous,  stems  wiry,  stiff,  erect,  to'-iS'  tall.  Basal 
leaves  3'-8'  long,  1"  wide  or  less,  finely  7-9-nerved 
loner  stem  leaves  '/i'-2'  long,  the  upper  mucb  smaller 
raceme  I'-a'  loDg,  dense;  periantb-segmeats  uarrowlj' 
linear,  3"-y  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  stamens; 
filaments  white-woolly;  pedicels  asoendiug,  3"-4" 
long  in  fruit;  capsule  about  5"  long,  1"  in  diameter  at 
the  middle,  erect,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth- 
segments,  tapering  to  a  subulate  beak;  seeds,  including 
the  appendages,  3"-4"  long. 

In  pine  barren  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey.  June- 
Sept. 

3.   XEROPHYLLUM  Michx.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  210.     1803. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  short  woody  rootstocks,  simple  erect  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  rough- margined,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  lower.  Flowers 
very  numerous,  medium -si  zed,  white,  in  a  large  dense  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  ones  first 
expanding.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  its  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  5-7-nerved,  spread- 
ing, glandless.  Stamens  6,  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  subulate, 
glabrous;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  sessile,  3-grooved;  styles  3,  iiliform,  rellexed  or  recurved, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  side;  ovules  only  3-4  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-grooved,  loc- 
ulicidallv  and  sometimes  also  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  5,  oblong,  not  at  all  appendaged, 
o   on  y  m  nu  e       o      [Greek   s  gn  f    ng  a  dry   eaf] 

Thp  h  UK  hasm      nited  States,  the  others  of  western  America. 

I     Xerophyllum  asphodeloldes  (L.) 
Nutt.     Turkey-beard.     (Fig.  970,) 
1, 485.     1762. 


^      p        urn  asphodeloides  Na«.  Gta.  1:  J3S.      1818, 
S  em  s  out,  becoming  stiff,  ayi's"  tall,  densely 

eafy  be  ow  and  at  the  base,  sparsely  leafy  above. 
Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  slightly  dilated  at  the 
base  the  lower  6'-i8'  long,  1"  wide  or  less,  except 
a  he  broader  base,  the  upper  successively  shorter 
and  narrower;  flowering  raceme  3'-6'  long,  3'-^y 

a  d  ame  er,  its  summit  conic;  flowering  pedicels 

pread  ng,  filiform,  9"-i8"  long,  in  fruit  erect; 
penau  h  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  about  3'- 

ong  B  y  es  rather  longer  than  the  ovary;  capsule 
e  pso  d  obtuse,  2"  long,  i"-iji"  in  diameter; 
seeds  mostly  2  in  each  cell. 

n  drv  pine  baiiens,  southem  New  Jersey  to  ea-item 
T  nn      ee  and  Georgia.     May-July.    Ascends  to  5000 
n  N   rth  Carolina. 

4     HELONIAS  L  Sp  PI.  342.     1753. 

A  perennial  glabrous  bog  herb,  with  a  stout  rootstock,  thick  fibrous  roots,  basal  ob- 
lanceolate  persistent  leaves  and  rather  large  perfect  purple  flowers,  racemed  at  the  summit 
of  an  erect  hollow  bracted  scape.  Perianth-segments  spreading,  spatulate,  persistent. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  fllaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate. 
Ovary  ovwd,  3-grooved,  3-celled,  slightly  s-lobed,  many-ovuled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule  obovoid,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent,  veutrally 
dehiscent  above.  Seeds  numerous,  linear,  white -appendaged  at  each  end.  [Name  from  the 
Greek,  in  allusion  to  its  growth  in  swamps.] 

A  monotypic  g^enus  of  eastern  North  .\merica. 


MELANTHACEAE. 

Helonias  bullilta  L.     Swamp  Pink. 
(Fig.  971.) 


Hehm 


J  hullala  I,.  Sp.  PI.  J4I- 


Leaves  several  or  unnierous,  dark  gteen,  tbin, 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  6'-i5'  long, 
%'-2'  wide,  pointed  or  btunt,  finely  parallel- 
nerved.  Scape  stoat,  bracted  below,  the  bracts 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  membranous; 
raceme  dense,  i'-^'  long  in  flower,  becoming 
4'-7'  long  in  fruit;  peris nth-segtn eats  about  3" 
long,  equalling  or  rather  longer  then  the  stout 
pedicels;  capsules  about  3"  long,  the  valves 
papery;  seeds  iJi"-3"  long. 


In  bogs,  northern  New  Jersey, 
York  and  eastern  Pennsy. 
I.ocal.    The  scape  somet-— 
at  its  base.    Apnl-May. 


New 


bears  a  few  leave 


5.    CHAMAELIRIUM  Willd.  Mag.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl.  a:   18.     1S08. 

An  erect  glabrous  slightly  fleaby  herb,  with  a  bitter  tuberous  rootstoct.  Basal  leaves 
spatnlate,  those  of  tbe  stem  lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  white,  dioecious,  in  a  long  narrow 
bractless  spike-tike  raceme.  Perianth  of  6  linear-spatulate  i-nerved  segments.  Staminatc 
flowers  with  6  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform,  tbe  anthers  sabglobose,  z-cellcd;  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  3-cellcd  oblong  ovaiy,  3  short  styles,  stigmatic  along  tbe  inner  side,  and  usu- 
ally with  6  staminodia.  Capsule  oblong,  slightly  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3'valved.  Seeds  6- 
ti  in  each  cavity,  broadly  winged  at  both  ends,  narrowly  winged  on  the  sides.  [Greek, 
signifying  a  low  lily.] 

A  nionotypic  genua  of  eastern  North  America, 
I.    Chamaelirium  luteum  (L.)  A.      j 

Gray.     Blazing-star.      (Fig.  972.) 

_  haniaci 
Beil.  :       , 

Chamaelirium  lultum  A.  Gray.  Man.  503.      184S. 

Staminate  plant  iji^-a^i"  tall,  tbe  pistillate 
often  tatter,  sometimes  4°  high  and  more  leafy. 
Basal  leaves  2'-8'  long,  %'-!%'  wide,  mostly 
obtuse,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  stem  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  or  upper  linear,  acnte  or  acum- 
inate, sessile  or  tbe  lower  short-petioled;  stam- 
inatc raceme  or  nodding  finally  erect,  j'-g'  long, 
the  pedicels  spreading.  \"-i"  long;  pistillate 
raceme  erect;  flowers  nearly  3"  broad;  capsule 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid,  4"-?"  long, 
»"-3"  in  diameter. 

In  miiist  meadows  and  thickets,  Massacli  ii.se tts  to 
southern  (Jntariu  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Arkansas.  Called  also  Dcvil's-bit,  rnicom-niot 
and  Drooping  Starwort,     Maj--July. 

6.    CHROSPERMA  Raf.  Neog.  3.     1S25. 

[Amianthium  a.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  4:  121.  1837.] 
An  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  an  ovoid-oblong  coated  bulb,  and  numerous  long  blunt 
basal  leaves,  a  few  short  ones  on  the  stem.  Flowers  perfect,  white,  in  a  dense  terminal 
raceme,  the  lower  ones  first  expanding.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  glaudless  persistent  obtuse 
segments.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tiases  of  the  sepals;  anthers  small,  reniform.  Ovary 
ovoid,  3-lobed,  3  celled.  Capsule  3-celled.  dehiscent  above  the  middle,  the  cavities  i-i- 
seeded,  its  3  divergent  lobes  tipped  with  the  subulate  styles.  Seeds  ovoid,  reddish  brown. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  colored  seeds,] 

A  nionotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  .\ineriea. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY.  403 

Chrosperma  mu8caet6xicum  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Fly-poison.    (Fig.  973.) 


M.lanlhium  muscaeloxic 

17S8. 

urn  Walt.  Fl.  Ca 

.  "5- 

N,  Y.4:l".       1837.    " 

urn  A.  Gray,  Ann 

Lye 

Chrosperma  muicaelorU 

m  Kume.   Rev 

Gen 

PI.  708. 

Bulb   \'/i'-i'  long,  nearly   1'  in   diameter.  \   i\                  ^J^L^S^///      I 

Stem  tJi-^-Ull.     Basal  leaves  a"-is"  wide,  \\\                ^^^^^ I  1 1\     \\(\ 

shorter  than  tbe  stem,  the  npper  few  and  dis-  \\\             ^\^^     I     I   \     WW 

tant,  bract-like;  raceme  at  first  ovoid-conic,  be-  \\\                \Jl           ///      \    \\  \l 

coming  cylindric,  2'-5' long;   pedicels  ascend-  \\\              ■V           ///             1// 

ing,  4"-io"  long;  bractlets  ovate,  i"-3"  long;  \  \\            '/           // /        Jill// 

sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  a"-3"  long;   fila-  \\\         /(           // /          v    /I 

ments   filiform,   about  equalling    the    sepals;  \\\     T;          ///         ft       / 

capsule  2"-3"  in  diameter  above  the  niiddtc,  \^\  Ij         III          Jv^if 

scarcely  as  long;  seeds  about  i)i"  long.  NA  ^^    \v//         //  /         Lym 

In  diy  sandy  woods,  Long  Island  and  eastern    \  f/     1  Jy  lfS\.  I'i/J         if   'J 

Pcnn5vlvania  to  Florida,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,      _k\.  Ml'  // \     ^ra"    I      I'  '    ii 

Aecends  to  4000  fl.  in  Virginia  and  to  iioo  ft.  in    ,  •^'*i|Fi(i>  //     ^^__iff    -A-    (       ff 

7.    STENANTHIUM  Kutith,  Enum.  4:   189.     1842. 

Erect  glabrous  bulbous  herbs,  witb  leafy  stems  and  small  white  or  greenish,  polygamous 
flowers  in  aii  ample  terminal  panicle.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  keeled.  Perianth -segments 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandless,  spreading,  persistent,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovttry.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth-segments,  inserted  on  their  bases;  anthers  small, 
cordate  or  reniform.  Ovary  ovoid.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  3-lobed,  finally  dehiscent  to  the 
base,  tbe  lobes  with  short  slightly  divergent  beaks.  Seeds  about  4  in  each  cavity,  oblong, 
angled,  somewhat  flattened.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  perianth -segments.] 

The  genus  comprises  only  the  two  following  species: 
Leaves  i"-3"  wide:  capsule  refleied.  1.  S.  gramineiim. 

Leaves  3" -10"  wide;  capsule  erect.  i.  .v.  robuslum. 

I.    Stenanthium  gramineum  (Ker)  Morong.     Grass-leaved  Stenanthium. 
(Fig.  974.) 

Helonias  graminea  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.    pi.  IS99' 
Veralium  angusli/olium  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

Slenanlhium  angusli/olium  Kunth,  Enum.  4: 

190.      1843. 
SUnaalhium gramineum  Morong,  Mem,  Torr. 

Club,  5:  1:0.      1894- 

Stem  slender,  3''-4°  tall.  I.,eaves  grass- 
like, some  of  them  often  1°  long  or  more, 
2""3"  wide,  the  npper,  reduced  to  small 
linear  lanceolate  bracts  subtending  the 
branches  of  the  pauicle;  panicle  open,  sim- 
ple or  somewhat  compound,  i°-3°  long,  its 
branches  nearly  filiform,  often  fleruous, 
spreading  or  drooping;  bracts  )i"-l"  long, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers 
4"-6"  broad;  perianth -segments  linear  lan- 
ceolate; capsule  ovoid-oblong,  with  a  top- 
shaped  base,  3"-4"  long,  refleied. 

In  dry  soil,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  Florida 
and  Alabama,  chiefly  in  the  mountains.  As- 
cends to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Fruit 
apparently  scarce.    Aug-Sept. 


MELANTHACEAE. 

Stenanthium  rob^stum  S.  Wats. 
(F'g-  675-) 


Stout  Stenanthium. 


I  s.  Wat 


Stem  stout,  3''-5''  tall,  usually  very  leafy. 
Leaves  often  i"  long  or  more,  the  lower  4"- 
10"  wide,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts;  paH' 
icle  denser  than  that  of  the  preceding  species. 
commonly  longer,  usually  compound,  its 
branches  spreading  or  ascending;  flowers 
greenish  or  white,  6"-8"  tiroad;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  4"-6"  long,  erect,  longer  than 
its  pedicel,  the  very  short  beaks  recurved- 
spreading. 


8.    ZYGADENUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  213.     1803. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  from  bulbs  or  rootatoclcs,  with  leafy  stems.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  greenish,  yellowish  or  white,  in  a  terminal 
panicle  or  raceme.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  its  segments  lanceolate  or  ovate,  separate 
or  united  below,  sometimes  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  bearing  i  or  3  glands  or  a 
spot  just  above  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  free  from  the  perianth  segments  and  about 
equalling  them  in  length;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celIed,  the  cari- 
ties  not  diverging,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  oblong 
or  linear,  angled.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  two  glands  of  some  species.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Mexico,  i  in  Siberia, 
Plant  with  a  thick  rootstock;  glands  of  the  perianth-segments  2,  orbicular.        1,  Z.  gtaberrimiis. 
Plants  bult>ous;  gland  only  I,  sometitnes  faint  or  a  mere  spot. 

Gland  distinctly  obcoidate^  perianth -segiiients  4"-5"  long.  9.  Z.  elegans. 

Gland  not  obcordate;  perianth-segments  1" -V  long. 

Gland  with  a  poorly  defined  or  irregular  margin;  perianth  free  from  the  ovary;  westem 

Leaves  3"-8"  wide;  flowers  mostly  perfect, 
leaves  2"-3"  wide;  flowers  polygamous. 
Gland  a  mere  yellow  spot:  perianth  adnate  to  the  ov 


3.  Z.  Nullallii. 

4.  Z.  ventnotus. 
species. 

5.  Z.  Uimai 


I.    Zygadenus  glaberrimus    Micbx. 
Large-flowered  Zygadenus.     (Fig.  976.) 

Zygadtnus  glaberrimus  Michi.   Fl.    Bor.   Am.   i: 

IH,      180J, 

Rather  dark  green,  slightly  glaucous,  stem 
stout,  3''-4°  tall,  from  a  thick  rootstock.  Leaves 
3"-6"  wide,  long-acuminate,  channelled,  often 
t"  long  or  more,  the  upper  gradually  smaller, 
appressed,  passing  into  the  short  ovate  bracts  of 
the  panicle;  panicle  6'-i2'  long,  its  branches 
rather  stout,  stiff,  ascending;  panicle  6''-ia' 
long,  its  branches  rather  stout,  stiff,  ascending; 
pedicels  stout,  longer  than  the  bractlets;  flowers 
white,  mostly  perfect,  I'-ifi'  broad,  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  claw,  bearing  2  orbicular 
glands;  styles  subulate;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
shorter  than  the  perianth, 

o  Florida,  near  the  coast. 


BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY. 
a.    Zygadenus  61egans  Pursh.     Glaucous  Zygadenus.     (Fig,  977,) 

Zygadtnus glegansPuTS^,  Fl.  Am.  Sept   241      1814 
Melanlhiumglaucum'tialX.  Gea.  I  2;z      iSiS 
Zygadeaiis glaucusSvXX.iouTn.  hvai   Phila  7   s6 

■834- 

Plant  very  glaucous,  bulb  oioid,  about  l' 
long,  its  coats  membranous.  Stem  slender, 
6'-3°  tall;  leaves  a"-?"  tt-ide,  keeled,  the  lower 
4'-ll'  long,  the  upper  much  shorter,  bracts 
lanceolate,  rather  large,  green  or  purplish,  in- 
florescence a  simple  raceme  or  a  large  panicle, 
sometimes  1°  long,  open,  its  branches  slender, 
ascending;  flowersgreenish,8"-io"  broad,  per 
ianth-segments  oval  or  obovate,  obtnse,  united 
below  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  bear- 
ing a  single  large  obcordate  gland  just  above  the 
short  claw;  capsule  oblong,  nearly  i'  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  perianth. 

In  moist  places,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Vennoat.  New  York,  Missouri,  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  June-Aug.  Ascends 
-      -      '-   ^nthe  Black  Hills. 

3.    Zygadenus  NuttMlii  (A.  Gray) 

S.  Wats.     Nuttall's  Zygadenus. 

(Fig.  978.) 

\titianlhittm  NullaUii  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. . 
133-      >837- 


I   S.  Wats.   Proc.  Am.  Acad.   14; 

Light  green,  scarcely  glaucous,  stem  i°-3°  high. 
Bulb  large,  coated;  leaves  3' '-8"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem,  strongly  conduplicate,  the  upper 
very  short;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate 
bracts  membranous,  scarious,  shorter  than  the 
slender  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  about  6" 
broad;  perianth -segments  ovat  or  ovate,  obtuse, 
free  from  the  ovary,  thin,  short-clawed,  bearing  a 
roundish  spot-like  gland;  capsule  4"-6"  long. 


On  prairies,  t 
June. 


ts  and  Colorado  t< 


May- 


4.    Zygadenus  venendsus  S.  Wats.     Poi- 
sonous Zygadenus.     (Fig.  979.) 

Zygadenus  venenosiis  S.  Wata.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14: 

179.      1879. 

Pale  green,  stem  slender,  6'-a°  tall,  from  a  small 
coated  bulb.  Leaves  conduplicate,  ronghish,  2"- 
y  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  small 
and  distant;  inflorescence  a  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  raceme,  a'-4'  long  in  flower,  elongating 
in  fruit,  the  slender  pedicels  longer  than  the  scar- 
ions  lanceolate  bracts;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish, 
polygamous,  about  4"  wide;  perianth-segments 
ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  acutish,  short-clawed, 
free  from  the  ovary,  bearing  a  roundish  gland 
with  an  irregnlar  margin;  fruiting  pedicels  erect; 
capsule  longer  than  the  perianth. 


4o6  MELANTHACEAE. 

5.   Zygadenus  leimantholdes  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.    Pine-barren  Zygadenus. 
(Fig.  980.) 

Amianlhium  letmanlhoides  \.  Gray,  Aon.  Lye. 

N.Y.  4:135.      1837. 
Zj'gadrntis  leimanlhoides  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  14:  iSo.      1879, 

Stem  slender,  i''-4°  high,  from  a  narrowly 
ovoid  fibrous-coated  bulb,  ita  base  sheathed 
by  short  leaves  which  soon  become  fibrous. 
Leaves  i"~a,"  wide,  green  on  both  sides, 
often  1°  long,  blunt,  or  the  upper  acntninate 
and  much  shorter;  panicle  4'-ia'  long,  its 
branches  densely  many-flowered,  spreading 
or  ascending;  bractlets  much  shorter  than 
the  Blender  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect, 
white  or  greenish,  about  4"  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong,  obtuse  sessile,  not  clawed, 
adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  ovary,  bearing 
a  basal  yellowish  spot;  capsule  ovoid,  4" 
high,  much  longer  than  the  perianth. 


^.  _.    'et  soil.  CBpecially  in  pine  bsi- 

;.  sonthEm  New  Jersey  to  Georgia.    Ascends 

_-  ^    ._  »-— ^  A ,!■_.       Juljr-Aug- 


.  in  North  Carolin; 


9.   MELANTHIUM  L.  Sp.  PL  339-     i753- 

Tall  leaiy  herbs,  perennial  by  thick  rootstocks,  the  stem,  at  least  its  upper  part,  and  the 
inflorescence,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  oblanceolate  or  linear,  sheathing  or  the  upper  sheath- 
less.  Flowers  greenish,  white  or  cream-colored,  darker  in  withering,  monoecious  or  poly- 
gamous, slender  pedjcelled  in  a  laige  terminal  panicle.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  separate 
persistent  clawed  segments,  free  from  the  ovarj-.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  segments  and 
adnate  to  them;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  j, 
subulate,  spreading.  Capsale  3-lobed,  3-cened,  the  cavities  several -seeded,  tipped  by  the 
styles.  Seeds  very  flat  and  broadly  winged,  several  in  each  cavity.  [Greek,  signifying 
black  flower.] 

The  genus  comprisea  only  the  following  species: 
Perianth -segme Ills  with  a  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Blade  of  the  perianth-segments  oblong,  entire;  leaves  linear.  1,  .If.  Virginictim. 

Blade  of  the  peria nth-segments  nearly  Orbicular,  undulate;  leaves  oblanceolate. 

3.  M.  lali/olium. 
Perianth  segments  oblanceolate.  glandless;  leaves  oval.  3.  ,V.  panHfloruni. 

I.  Melanthium  VirginicumL.    Bunch- 
flower.     (Fig.  981.) 


Mtlaiu 


itm  yirginicum  L.  E 


.  PI- 339-       '75i- 


Stems  rather  stout,  aJ^°-5°  high.  Leaves 
linear,  acuminate,  often  1°  long,  4"-i3"  wide, 
the  lower  sheathing,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile, 
the  uppermost  very  small;  panicle  6'-i8'  long, 
usually  dense,  its  branches  ascending;  pedicels 
much  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  bracts; 
flowers  6"-io"  broad,  greenish  yellow,  turning 
brown;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  the  blade  ob- 
long, flat,  entire,  sometimes  obcordate,  at  least 
twice  as  long  as  the  claw,  bearing  2  dark  glands 
at  its  base;  capsule  5"-7"  long,  the  persistent 
styles  erect,  l"-lJi"Iong;  seeds  8-10  in  each 
cavity,  j"-3"  long. 

In  meadows,  wet  woods  and  marshes,  Rhode 
Island  to  New  York  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas.    June-.Aug. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 
3.    Melanthium  latifdlium  Desr.     Crisped  Bunch-flower.     (Fig. 


as- 

stem  stout  or  slender,  a°-4°  tall.  Leaves  ob- 
lanceolflte,  acute,  6"-3'  wide,  the  lower  clasp- 
ing, the  upper  sessile  and  much  smaller;  pan- 
icle usually  1°  long  or  more,  its  branches 
ascending  or  spreading;  flowers  6'''-8"  broad, 
greenish  white,  turning  darker;  blade  of  the 
periantli-segtnents  orbicular  or  ovate,  undulate 
and  crisped,  longer  than  the  claw  or  about 
equalling  it,  bearing  3  glands  at  the  base;  cap- 
sule 6"-8"  long,  its  cavities  4-8  seeded;  seeds 
rather  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding 
species;  flowers  fragrant. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  Connecticut  to  Penn. 
sylvania  and  South  Carolina.  Ascends  to  looo  (t.  in 
North  Carolina.    Pedicels  .?"-8"  long.   July-Aug. 

Helsotbtom  latifftllam  longipedicelUtum  A.  Brown, 
Bull,  Torr.  Club,  13:  152.     1896. 
Lowei  leaves  6"-lo"  wide,  and  upper  pedicels 
ii"  long.    West  Virginia. 


Melanthium  parvifldrum  (Michx.) 
S.  Wats.     Small-flowered  Melan- 
thium.    (Fig.  983.) 


I'eralrum  pa\ 

250.      :So3. 
yfelanthi 

14;  376. 


Michx.   Fl.  Bor.  Am.   1: 
parz-iftarum?,.  Wats.  Proe.  Am.  Acad. 


1879. 

Stem  slender,  2°-%°  tall.  Lower  leaves  broadly 
oval  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  4'-8'  long,  ifi'-4' 
wide,  with  narrow  sheathing  bases,  the  upper 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  panicle 
jO-jo  long,  loose  and  open,  its  very  slender 
branches  divergent  or  ascending;  pedicels  fili- 
form, much  longer  than  the  bracts,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  flowers  \'.'~ 
6"  broad,  greenish;  perianth-segments  oblance- 
olate, glandless,  short-clawed  or  sessile;  capsule 
5"-6"long,  the  cavities  4-6-seeded;  seeds 3"-4" 

of  Virgrinia  (o  South 


10.    VERATRUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1044. 


1753- 


Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  short  poisonous  rootstocks,  the  leaves  mostly  broadi 
clasping,  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent.  Flowers  green- 
ish or  yellowish  or  purple,  rather  large,  polygamous  or  monoecious,  on  short  stout  pedicels 
in  large  terminal  panicles.  Perianth -segments  6,  glandless  or  nearly  so,  not  clawed,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovar;'.  Stamens  opposite  the  perianth-segments  and  free  from  them, 
short,  mostly  curved.  Anthers  cordate,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  3,  persist- 
ent. Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  the  cavities  several -seeded.  Seeds  very  flat,  broadly  winged. 
[Ancient  name  of  the  Hellebore.] 


About  I 


fiesides  the  following  another  01 


Veratrum  viride  Ait. 


oled  ( 


MELANTHACEAE. 

American  White  Hellebore.     Indian  Poke. 
(Fig.  984.) 
t'eralmm  nVi'rfc  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3;  433.      1789. 

Rootstock  erect,  a'-j'  long,  i'-2'  thick,  «4lh 
numerous  fibrous-fleshy  roots.  Stem  stout,  a'-S" 
tall,  very  leafj;  leaves  acute,  the  lower  broadly 
oval  or  elliptic,  6'-i2'  long,  3'-6'  »-ide,  short-peti- 
sessile,  sheathing,  the  upper  successively 
thoseof  the  ioflorescence  small;  panicle 
8'-a°  long,  densely  many-flowered,  its  lower 
branches  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping;  pedi- 
ceLi  i"-3"  long,  mostly  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
flowers  yellowish  green,  8"-i2"  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  citiate-semilate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  ovoiy  glabrous;  cap- 
sule io"-i3"  long,  i"-6"  thick,  many-seeded; 
seed  4"-S"  long- 
la  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Quebec  to  Alt'*",  south 
to  GeoT^a,  Tennessee,  Minnesota  and  British  Colum- 
bia.   Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.    Miy- 


3.  Veratrum  Woddii  Robbins.   Wood's 
False  Hellebore.     (Fig.  985.) 

1  Wood,  Classbook, 

Rootstock  short,  erect.  Stem  slender,  a°-5'' 
tall;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
often  i"  long,  i'-\'  wide,  narrowed  into 
sheathing  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
upper  leaves  small  and  linear-lanceolate;  panicle 
open,  t^-a"  long,  its  branches  ascending;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  perianth,about  as  long  as  the 
bracts;  flowers  6"-8"  broad,  purple;  perianth- 
segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  entire,  little  longer  than  the  stamens; 
ovary  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous; capsule  6"-8"  long,  few-seeded. 

Missi 


II.  UVULARIA  L.  Sp.  PL  304. 
Erect  forked  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Stem  leafy  above,  scale-bearing  below,  the 
leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  perfoliate.  Flowers  large,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or 
rarely  2  together,  peduncled,  drooping.  Perianth  bell-shaped  or  narrower;  segments  dis- 
tinct, deciduous,  each  bearing  a  nectary  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  free,  or  adnate  to  the  very 
bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-lobed,  s-ceJled,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  styles  united  to  about  the  mid- 
dle, stigmatic  along  the  inner  side  above;  ovules  several  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
ovoid,  3-angled  or  3-winged,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  globose,  1-3  in  each  caWty. 
[Name  Latin,  from  uvula,  a  palate,  in  allusion  to  the  hanging  flowers.] 

Five  or  sii  species,  natives  of  eaatere  North  America. 
Capsule  obtusely  3-angled,  truncate  or  rounded ;  leaves  perfoliate. 

Glabrous,  glaucous;  perianth -segments  papillose  within.  i.  f.  per/oliala. 

Ij^aves  pubescent  beneath;  perianth -segments  smooth.  a.  U.  grandifiom. 

— ._. ,.j  —  j-wmgcd,  acute  at  each  end;  leaves  sessile. 

igh-niaiKined,  narrowed  at  both  ends.  3.  U.  sessili/olia. 

Ifesti]- rough-marigined,  sometimes  sabcordate.  4.  U.  fiuberula. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 
I.    Uvularia  perfoliita  L.     Perfoliate  Bellwort.     (Fig.  > 
fiilaria  fier/oliala  1..  Sp.  PI.  304-      'TSJ- 
Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale  green.     Stems  6'- 


ao*  high,  slender,  forked  above  the  middle,  usually 
with  1-3  leaves  below  the  fork;  leaves  oval,  oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth -margined, 
3'-$'  long  when  mature,  small  at  flowering  time; 
flowers  lo"-l6"  long,  pale  yellow;  peduncle  becom- 
ing K'-i'  long  in  fruit;  perianth -segments  granu- 
lar-papillose within,  sometimes  but  slightly  so;  sta- 
mens shorter  than  the  styles  or  equalling  them,  the 
connective  sharp-tipped;  capsule  obovoid,  truncate, 
thicker  than  long,  4"-5"  long,  obtusely  3-angled, 
with  concave  sides  and  grooved  angles,  its  lobes 
dehiscent  above. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to 
Florida  and  Mississippi.  Ascends  to  3500  fL  in  Vir- 
Kinia,    Flowers  fr^^nt.    May-Jtme. 


2.     Uvularia    grandifidra   J.   £.   Smith. 

Large-flowered  Bellwort.     (Fig.  987,) 

Uvularia  grandiflora  J.  E.  Smith,  En.  Bot.  t;  99.  pi. 
51.     1804-5. 

Stems  rather  stouter  than  that  of  the  preceding 
species,  naked  or  with  t  or  2  leaves  below  the  fork. 
Leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  pubescent 
beneath,  at  least  when  young,  glabrous  alxive,  be- 
coming a'-s'  long;  flowers  lemon-yellow,  \'-\%' 
long;  perianth-segments  smooth  oU'both  sides  or 
very  slightly  granular  within;  stamens  exceeding 
the  styles,  the  connective  blunt;  capsule  obtusely 
3-angled,  truncate,  4"-5"  long,  the  lobes  dehiscent 


3.   Uvularia  sessilifdlia  L.     Sessile-leaved  Bellwort.     (Fig.  988.) 


Glabrous,  stem  slender,  naked  or  bearing  i  or  a 
leaves  below  the  fork.    Leaves  oblong  or  obtong- 

lanceolate,  J}i'-i'  long  when  mature,  thin,  sessile, 
acute  at  each  end,  roughish-margined,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  8"-i5" 
long;  perianth -segments  smooth;  styles  exceeding 
stamens;  anthers  blunt;  peduncle  }i'-i'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  sharply  3-angled,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  short-stipitate,  aljout  1'  long,  6"-8"  thick. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  New  Brunswick  and 

Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Geoivia  and  Arkansas. 

May-June. 

Uvularl*.  MtiUUilla  nitida  (BrittonI  Moroni;,  Mem. 

Torr,  Club,  5:111.      1894. 

Oaiesia  sessili/olia  var,  (?)  itilida  Britton,  Trans.  N. 

Y.  Acad.  Sci.  9:  13.     1889. 

leaves  Btnaller,  bright  green  on  both  sides;  flowels 
light  yellow;  capsule  scarcely  stipitate.  Pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey.    Perhaps  referable  to  the  following 


MELANTHACEAE. 

4.    Uvularia  pubinila  Michx.     Mountain 
Bellwort.     (Fig.  989.) 

fvalari 

Stem  rather  stout,  sparingly  rough-pubescent  with 
short  hairt,  at  leaat  on  the  forks.  Leaves  oblong,  oval 
or  ovate;  rongh-margined,  finn  and  i^'-3'long  when 
mature,  sessile,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  subcordate 
or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  shining,  green  on 
both  sides,  the  midvein  sometimes  pubescent;  flowers 
light  yellow,  about  i'  long;  styles  exceeding  the 
stamens;  capsule  sharply  3-engled,  acute  at  both  ends, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so  on  the  short  peduncle,  10"- 
la"  long. 


June. 

Family  19.  LILIACEAE  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  :  42.  1763. 
Lily  Family. 
Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  corms,  or  rarely  with  root- 
stocks  or  a  woody  caudex  {Agave),  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  solitary'  or 
clustered,  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Perianth  parted  into  6  distinct  or  nearly  dis- 
tinct segments,  or  these  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  inferior  or  partly 
superior  {AUlris).  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  or  at  the 
bases  of  its  segments;  anthers  a-celled,  mostly  introrse,  sometimes  extrorse. 
Ovary  3-celIed;  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous;  styles  united;  stigma  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule 
(septicidal  in  Calochortus) ,  or  in  Agave  sometimes  fleshy  and  indehiscent. 
Seeds  various,  winged  or  wingless.     Embryo  in  copious  endosperm. 

About  115  genera  and  i^oo  species,  \ridely  distributed. 

*  Plants  bulbous,  or  with  rootatocks,  or  Bbrous-fleshy  roots. 
Ovary  superior,  not  adnate  to  the  perianth. 

Roots  fibrous-fleshy:  seape  tail;  flowers  orange  or  yellow.  i.  Hemcrocallis. 

Imv;  fleshy  herb  with  a  short  rootstock;  flowers  white.  2.  Leucocrinum. 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  conm. 
Flowers  umbelled. 


rity.  3.  Allium. 

4.  Sotkoscordvm. 

5.  Androslephiiim. 


7.  Frimiari. 

8.  EryikroH. 

9.  Calochorl, 


i:  oi'ules  1  or  2  in  each 
Odor  not  onion-like;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity. 
Perianth  funnelform,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes. 
Flowers  solitary,  racenied,  corymbed  or  panicled. 
Anthers  not  introrse. 

Perianth-seffments  all  alike  or  nearly  so;  capsule  loculicidal. 
Anthers  versatile;  tall  herbs. 
Anthers  not  versatile;  low  herbs. 
Stem  leafy:  flowers  leafy- bracted. 
Leaves  only  2,  appearing  basal;  flowers  bractless. 
Outer  segments  narrower  than  the  inner;  capsule  septicidal. 
Anthers  introrse. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  segments. 
Filaments  fififomi. 
Filanienls  flattened. 
Perianth  globose,  oblong  or  urn. shaped. 
Ovary  halt  inferior:  root*  fibrous;  flowers  racemed. 

**Steni  a  woody  caudex;  leaves  rigid,  mostly  bearing  marginal  fibres. 

I.    HEMEROCALLIS  L-  Sp.  PI.  324.     1754. 

Tall  glabrous  herbs,  with  fibrous  fleshy  roots,  basal  linear  leates  and  lar|^  mostly  orange 
or  yellow  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  leafless  scapes.  Perianth  funnelform,  its  lobes  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  summit 
of  the  perianth-tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  declined;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  the  sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  slender,  declined,  tipped  with  a  small  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid, 
thick-walled,  3-angled,  transverselj'  wrinkled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  [Greek,  signifying 
beautiful  for  a  day.) 

About  5  species,  native*  of  Europe  and  .\sia. 


'■nilho^alun 


LILY  FAMILY. 


I.  HemerocalUs  f61va  L.    Day  Lily. 

(Fig.  990.) 

Hcmerocallis ftiH-a  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  461,  1761, 
Scapes  3°-6'  high,  stout,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  4"-6"  wide,  chan- 
neled, tapering  to  an  acute  tip;  scape  bearing 
several  short  bracts  above;  flowers  6-15, 
short-pedicelled,  tawny  orange,  panicled,  4'- 
5'  long,  opening  for  a  day;  tube  of  the  peri- 
anth I'-iJi'  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  some- 
what spreading,  netted-veined;  the  three 
outer  nearly  flat,  acutish;  the  3  inner  undu- 
late and  blunt. 


veined,  is  occasionally  found  n 

2.    L,EUC6CRINUM  Nutt.;  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  4:  no.     1837. 

K  low  acaulescent  rather  fleshy  herb,  from  a  short  rootstoek,  the  roots  thick,  fibrous. 
Outer  leaves  membranous,  acute,  short;  inner  leaves  linear,  elongated,  the  innermost  re- 
duced to  bracts.  Flowers  large,  white,  umbellate  from  the  subterranean  axils.  Pedicels  fili- 
form. Perianth  with  a  very  narrow  tube  and  a  salverform  limb,  persistent,  the  6  linear-ob- 
long  lobes  spreading,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Stamens  borne  near  the  top  of  the 
perianth-tnbe,  shorter  than  the  lobes;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  their  sacs  introrsely 
dehiscent.  Ovary  ovoid,  j-celled;  style  filiform 
stigma  small.  Capsule  oval  or  obovoid,  3-angled, 
sessile,  obtuse,  loculicidal.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cavity,  angled.     [Greek,  meaning  white  lily.] 

A  monotypicitenusof  northwestern  North  America 

I.    Leucocrinum  montdnum  Kutt. 
Leucocrinum.     (Fig.  991.) 

LeucKcrinitm  manlanum  Nutt.;  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.4:iio.      1837. 

Root-tibres  ver}-  thick,  numerous.  Inner  leaves 
3'-iiy  long,  i"-3"  wide;  flowers  3-8;  pedicels  )i'- 
1'  long;  perianth-limb  about  %'  broad,  the  lobes 
acute;  perianth-tube  I'-i'  long,  less  than  1"  in  di- 
ameter; filaments  %"-i,"  long;  anthers  coiled,  at 
least  when  dry;  capsule  3"-4"  long,  erect,  leath- 
erj';  seeds  4-6  in  each  cavity,  black. 

In  sandy  soil,  South  Dakota  and  western  Nebraska 
to  California.  Ascends  lo  5300  fl.  in  the  Black  Hills. 
April-June- 

3.  ALLIUM  L.  Sp.  e\.  294.  1753. 
Bulbous  herbs,  characteristically  odorous  (alliaceous),  the  bulbs  solitary,  or  clu-stered  on 
short  rootstocks.  leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sheathing,  basal,  or 
sometimes  also  on  the  stem.  Stem  (usually  a  scape)  simple,  erect.  Flowers  white,  purple, 
pink  or  'green,  in  a  terminal  simple  umbel,  subtended  by  2  or  3  membranous  separate  or 
united  bracts.  Pedicels  slender,  not  jointed.  Perianth  persistent,  the  6  segments  separate, 
or  united  by  their  verj-  bases.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  dilated,  sometimes  toothed;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  completely  or  incompletely  3-celled;  style  filiform,  jointed,  usually  decidu- 
ous; stigmas  small;  ovules  i-S  in  each  cavity.     Capsule  loculicidal.     [Litin  for  garlic] 

n  the 


Dng-lBncenlatc,  absent  a1 


.....  LB  reticulated. 

irmbel  capitate:  pedicels  shorteT  than  the  flowera. 
I'mbel  loose:  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 
Flun-ering  umbel  nodding. 
Flowerinu  umbel  erect. 

leaves  flat  or  channeled,  all  nearly  basal, 
leaves  terete,  hollow,  several  on  the  stem;  flo 


)ulb-c< 


:s  Sbrous-reticulated, 


:.  .-).  SchotnoprasMK. 


4.  A.  sUllaluM. 
rs  often  replaced  bv  bulbleU. 

5.  A.  vinealt. 


Flowers  mostl;  replaced  by  bulbkta;  scape  i''-a''  tall. 
Flowers  rarely  replaced  by  bulbleU. 

Scape  i°-j°  tall;  pedicels  8"-i»'.'  long:  perianth  seitmentB  thi 


6.  A.  Canadtast. 


Scape  4'-S'  tall;  pedicels  4"-6"  long:  perianth-seBtiients  rigid  in  fruit. 

8.  A.  \iiUallii. 
ale-valves  with  1  short  crests!  9.  A.  rclicnlalum. 

I.    Allium  tric6ccum  Ait.     Wild  Leek.     (Fig.  992.) 

Allium  Intoccum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  i:  47R.      17S9. 

Bulbs  ovoid,  clustered,  I'-j'  high,  seated  on 
a  short  rootstock,  their  coats  fibrous-reticulateil. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  appearing 
early  in  the  spring,  but  withering  and  disappear- 
ing before  fiowering  time,  6'-ii'  long,  1'- 
wide,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  tapering  into 
longpetiole;  scape  4'-i5' tall;  bracts  of  the  lu 
bel  usually  a,  at  first  enclosing  the  flowers, 
membranous,  acuminate,  deciduous;  umbet 
many-flowered,  erect;  pedicels  slender,  becom- 
ing rigid,  6"-io"  long;  flowers  white;  perianth- 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  1"-},"  long;  filaments 
lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; ovule  1  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  cap- 
sule deeply  3-lobed,  about  3"  broad,  \%"-2" 
high,  its  valves  not  crested;  seeds  globose, 
black,  smooth. 

In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Often 
grows  in  large  beds.  Aseends  to  4500  ft.  in  Nonh 
Carolina.    June-July. 

Chives.     Chive  Garlic,     (Fig.  993.) 


2.    Allium  Schoendprasum  L. 

Allium  Schoeiiopraium  L.  Sp,  P 


1753- 

Bulbs  narrowly  ovoid,  clustered,  l'  high  or 
less,  their  membranous  coats  not  fibrous-reticu- 
lated. Scape  rather  stout,  8'-i°  high,  bearing 
below  the  middle  1  or  2  elongated  linear  terete 
hollow  leaves  about  >i"  in  diameter,  or  the  leaves 
all  basal;  bracts  of  the  umbel  3,  broadly  ovate, 
veiny;  umbel  many-flowered,  capitate,  the  pedi- 
cels l"-3"  long;  flowers  rose-color,  longer  than 
the  pedicels;  perianth -.segments  4"-6"  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  much  shorter 
tlian  the  perianth;  filaments  subulate,  balf- 
terete;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovarj-; 
capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perianth. 


In  moist  or  wet  soil,  New  Bn 
south  to  Maine,  norllteni  Nev 
Wyoming  and  Washington.     A 


wick  to  Alaska, 
ork.  Michigan 
in  Europe  and 


LILY  FAMILY. 

3.   Allium  cirnuum  Roth.     Nodding  Wild  Onion. 
A.  cernuum  Roth;  Ro«m.  Arch,  i:  Part  j,  40.    1798. 

Bulbs  usually  clustered  on  a  short  rootstock ,  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  with  a  long  neck,  I'-aj^'  high,  the 
coats  not  fibrous-reticulated.  Scapeslender,  slightly 
ridged,  I'-i^high;  leaveslinear,  channeled  or  nearly 
flat,  i"-a"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  scape, 
bluntish,  umbel  many -flowered,  nodding  in  Bower, 
subtended  by  a  short  deciduous  bracts;  pedicels  fili- 
form, 8"-i5"  long;  flowers  while,  rose  or  purple; 
perianth-segments  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish, 
2"-3"  long;  stamens  longer  than  the  perianth;  fila- 
ment.* nearly  filiform;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary;  capsule  3-lobed,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  each  valve  bearing  3  short  processes  near 
the  summit. 

On  banks  and  hillsides.  New  York  lo  Minnesota  and 
British  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico,  Variable.  As- 
cend* to  4W»  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July-Aug. 

4.    Allium  stellAtum  Ker.      Prairie  Wild 
Onion.     (Fig.  995.) 

Allium  sleUalum  Ker,  Bot.  M^.  pi.  J576.  1813, 
Bulbs  solitary  or  several  together,  narrowly 
ovoid,  I'-i'  long,  their  coats  membranous.  Scape 
slender,  8'-i8'  tall,  somewhat  ridged  above;  leaves 
linear,  H"-'''A"  wide,  nearly  flat;  umbel  several- 
many-flowered,  erect,  subtended  by  a  lanceolate  or 
ovate  acuminate  bracts;  pedicels  filiform,  6"-Io" 
long;  flowers  rose-color;  perianth -segments  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  2"-3"  long,  equalling  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  filaments  filiform,  slightly 
widened  at  the  base;  capsule  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth, 3-lobed,  about  6-seeded,  each  valve  bearing  a 
erect  processes  or  crests  below  the  apex. 

and  Minnesota  to  Missouri 

5.  Allium  vine&le  I,.    Wild  Garlic.    Field  Garlic.    Crow  Garlic.    (Fig.  996.) 
Allium  vineaie  L.  Sp.  PI,  199. 

Bulb  ovoid,  i'  high  or  less,  its  coats  membran-  ^1 
ous.  stem  l°-3°  tall,  bearing  2-4  narrowly  linear 
terete  hollow  somewhat  channeled  leaves  below  the 
middle  at  flowering  time,  the  early  basal  leaves 
similar,  numerous,  4'-io'  long;  bracts  of  the  umbel 
3,  lanceolate,  acimiinate,  deciduous;  umbel  few- 
many-flowered,  erect,  the  flowers  often  whqlly  or 
in  part  replaced  by  small  ovoid  bulblets  which  are 
tipped  with  a  long  capillary  appendage;  ^pedicels 
3"-i2"  long,  filiform,  the  lower  spreading  or 
drooping;  flowers  green  or  purple,  about  a"  long; 
perianth -segments  ovate  lanceolate,  stamens  in- 
cluded or  slightly  exserted ;  filaments  flattened, 
broad,  the  3  interior  ones  hearing  a  tooth  on  each 
side  just  below  the  antlier;  capsule  3-lobed,  shorter 
than  the  perianth. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Connecticut  to  Ohio.  Mis» 
and  Viiginia.     Naturalized  from  Europe,     A  trouble- 


6.    Allium    Canadense  L.      Meadow 
Garlic.     (Fig.  997.) 
Allium  Caiiademr  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1195.      175,1. 

Bulb  ovoirt,  solitary,  usually  less  than  i'  high, 
the  outer  coats  fibrous-reticulated.  Scape  terete, 
8'-a°  tall;  leaves  basal  or  nearly  so,  narrowly  lin- 
ear, flat  or  flattish  above,  slightly  con\'eK  beneath, 
l"-i)4"  Hide,  usually  shorter  than  the  scape; 
bracts  of  the  umbel  2  or  3,  white,  broadly  ovate, 
acuminate;  flowers  usually  or  often  replaced  by 
ovoid  bulblets;  pedicels,  when  piesent.  about  y,' 
long;  flowers  pink  of  white,  the  perianth-segments 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens;  filaments  widened  at  the  base,  none  of 
them  toothed;  capsule  valves  not  crested. 

In  moiat  meadows  and  thicketfl,  Maine  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to 
2500  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-June. 


7.   Allium  mut&bile  Michx.     Wild 
Onion.     ( Fig.  998. ) 

Allium  mulabile  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I:  195.  1803, 
Bulbs  ovoid,  solitary  or  several  ti^ether,  i' 
high  or  less,' their  coats  prominently  fibrous- 
reticulated.  Scape  terete,  l°-2°  tall  ;  leaves 
basal,  channeled,  i"-a"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
scape;  bracts  of  the  umbel  2  or  3,  long-acumi- 
nate; umbel  erect,  many -flowered,  rarely  bulblet- 
bearing;  pedicels  filiform.  8"-i2"  long;  flowers 
pink,  rose  or  white,  3j^"-4"  long;  perianth- 
seginents  lanceolate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acute, 
r  obtusish,  tli'n.  longer  than,  the 
;  filaments  somewhat  widened  below; 
capsule  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its 
valves  not  crested. 


8.   Allium  NuttaUii  S.  Wats.     Nuttall's 
Wild  Onion.     (Fig.  999.) 


AlliiK 


.V'ltlallii  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  2^- 


Bulbs  usually  solitary',  o\'oid,  %'-l'  high,  their  coats 
fibrous-reticulated.  Culm  slender,  terete  or  nearly  go, 
4'-8'  tall;  leaves  basal,  fi"-i"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
scape  or  sometimes  equalling  it;  bracts  of  the  umbel 
3  or  J,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate; 
umbel  several -flowered;  no  bulblets  seen;  pedicels 
slender,  ^"-(i"  long;  flowers  rose  or  white,  about  3" 
long;  perianth -segments  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
lirm,  becoming  rigid  in  fruit;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its  valves 
not  crested. 


0  Tei» 


LILY   FAMILY. 

9.    Allium  reticuUtum  Don.     Fraser's 

Wild  Onion.     (Fig.  1000-) 

Ailium  reticulalum  Nutt.  Fraser'a  Cut    Name  only. 


Similar  to  the  precedin);  species,  the  bntb  rather 
laTger,  its  coats  prominently  fibrous-reticnlated. 
Scape  3'-io'  tall,  slender  ;  leaves  usually  less  than 
1"  wide;  bracts  of  the  several-flowered  umbel 
mostly  2,  acuminate;  pedicels  slender,  3"-6"  long; 
flowen  white  or  pink,  a>i"-3"  long;  perianth- 
segment's  longer  than  the  stamens,  thin;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  each  of  its  valves  bearing 
3  short  crests  just  below  the  summit. 


4.  NOTHOSCORDUM  Kunth,  Enum.  4:  457.  1843. 
Scapose  herbs,  similar  to  the  onions,  but  without  alliaceous  odor,  with  membranous- 
coated  bulbs,  narrowly  linear  basal  leaves  and  small  yellow  or  yellowish-green  Bowers  in  an 
erect  terminal  simple  3-bracted  umbel.  Perianth  6-paried  to  the  base,  withering-persistent, 
its  segments  i-nerved.  Stamens  6.  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  subulate;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  3-cel1ed;  o\Tiles 
several  in  each  cavity;  style  51iform,  jointed  near  the  base,  but  commonly  persistent;  stigma 
small,  capitate.  Capsule  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  angled  or  flattish,  black.  [Greek, 
signifying  false  garlic] 

^in  tropical  and 

.  Nothoscordum  bivUve  (L.)Brittou. 
Yellow  False  Garlic.    (Fig.  looi.) 


An, 


illiogalnm  bivalve  L.  Sp.  PI,  306. 
am  ofnilliogalnides  Walt.  Fl.  Car. 
■  -■-  — Bijacq.  Coll.  Suppl.  51. 


Noihoscor 


.796. 


Kunth,  Enum.  4: 459.   1843. 


Bulb  globose,  less  than  i'  in  diameter,  its 
coats  membranous.  Leaves  ^"~2}i"  wide, 
flat,  blunt  or  acutish,  shorter  than  the  scape 
or  equalling  it;  bracts  of  the  umbel  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  membranous,  persisteut;  umbel  6- 
i2-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  usually  unequal, 
becoming  rather  rigid  and  i'~3'  long  in  fruit; 
flowers  5"-6"  long;  perianth-segments  thin, 
obi ODg- lanceolate,  acuie,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; capsule  obovoid  or  somewhat  depressed, 
obtusely  3-lobed,  t"-i"  high,  the  style  as  long 
or  slightly  longer. 

In  sandy  soil,  Virginia  to  Tennessee  and  Ne- 
braska, south  to  Florida,  Tein.-i  and  Mexico.  As- 
cends to  1500  ft.  in  Gcot^H.     March-July. 

5.    ANDROSTEPHIUM  Ton.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Sui^-.  21S.       1859. 

Scepose  herbs  from  a  small  membranous-coated  corm.  Leaves  basal,  narrowly  linear. 
Flowers  rather  lai^e,  blue,  in  a  terminal  erect  several -brae  ted  umbel.  Perianth  funnelform. 
-withering-persistent,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  6  oblong  lobes.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  perianth;  filaments  dilated,  united  to  the  middle  or  above  into  an  erect 
crown-hke  tube  with  toothed  lobes  alternating  with  the  linear-oblong  anthers.  Ovary  ses- 
sile, 3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform;  stigma  3-grooved.  Capsule  mem- 
branous, 3-angled,  loculicidal.   Seeds  few,  large,  oval,  black.    [Greek,  referring  to  the  crown.] 

T»'o'species,  natives  of  Die  southwestern  United  Stales. 
»7 


LILIACEAa 


1.    Androstephium   coer^leum  (Scbeele) 
Greene.     Androstephium.     (Fig.  1002.) 
;:  360.      1852. 
lOt.  Mci.  BoDnd.  Sutv. 


319.      1859. 
Androilephiiiwi  [oeruleum  Greene,  PiHonia.  a:  57.      1890. 

Corm  subgloboae,  less  than  1'  in  diameter.  Scape 
3'-8'  t«ll|  simple;  leaves  i"-i"  wide,  halfterete, 
equalling  the  scape,  or  sometimes  longer;  bracts  of  the 
umbel  3-4,  Acarious,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pefsisteat, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;  umbel  3-7-flowered;  pedi- 
cels rather  stout,  %'-l%'  long;  perianth  lo"-14" 
long,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  filament- 
tube  about  5"  long,  its  lobes  exceeding  the  gathers; 
st;le  about  as  long  as  the  filament-tube;  capsule4"- 
6"  high;  seeds  nearly  3"  long,  very  thin,  narrowly 
winged. 

Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas.    March-April. 

6.  LILIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  302.  1753. 
Tall  bulbous  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  atems,  and  large  erect  or  drooping  showy 
flowers.  Perianth  fnnnelform  or  campanulate,  diciduoua,  of  6  separate  spreading  or  re- 
curred segments,  each  with  a  nectar-bearing  groove  at  its  base  within.  Stamens  6,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  hypogyaous,  slightly  attached  to  the  segments;  filaments  filiform 
or  BDbulate;  anthers  linear,  versatile,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  long,  somewhat  club-shaped  above;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong 
or  obovoid,  loculicidallj  dehiacent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  horiEontal,  packed  in  3  rows  in 
each  cavity.  [Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Lily,  said  to  be  from  the  Celtic  li,  white.] 
About  45  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  followinK,  some  S  others 
occur  in  western  North  America. 

FlonfT  or  flowers  erect;  perianth -scKments  narrowed  into  long  claws. 
Perianth -segments  merely  acute. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  nearl;  all  verticillate. 


site  mate,  appressed. 


I.  L.  PhiladetpkicM 
3.  £..  umbellalum. 
3.  L.  Calisbaei. 


Leaves  narrowly  linear,  nearly  a! 
Ferianth-seffments  long-aeiiminale;  1 
Flowers  drooping  or  spreading;  perianth -segments  noi  ciaweo. 

Lea\-e3  or  most  of  them  ^-erlicillate,  their  axils  not  bulbifeious;  native  species. 
Leaves  finely  roughened  on  the  veins  beneath. 

Perianth-segments  recur\-ed  or  spreading.  4.  L.  Canadtnse. 

Perianth -segments  not  recur\'ed;  mountain  species.  5.  L.  Grayi. 

Leaves  perfectly  smooth;  perianth -segments  recurved. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  stem  3°-io°  tall;  flowers  1-40.  6.  I.,  superbum. 

Leaves  oblanceolate ;  stem  3°-2°  tall;  flowers  l-^.  7.  /,.  Caroliniantim 

Leaves  all  alternate,  crowded,  the  upper  axils  bulb-beanng;  escaped  from  gardens. 

8.  C.  ligrinum. 
I.  Lilium  Philad^lphicum  L,  Red 
Lily.  Wood  Lily.  Philadelphia 
Lily.  (Fig.  1003.) 
Lilinm  Pliiladeiphicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  l,  435.  1763. 
Bulb  i'  in  diameter  or  less,  composed  of  nar- 
row jointed  fleshy  scales.  Stem  i°-3°  tail,  with 
a  few  distant  scales  below,  leafy  above;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  some- 
times obtuse,  i'-4'  long,  y-7"  wide,  all  verti- 
cillate in  3's-8's,  or  a  few  of  them  alternate,  thin, 
the  margins  finely  roughened;  flowers  1-5,  erect, 
*Ji'-4'  liigli;  perianth  reddish  orange,  its  seg- 
ments spatulate,  somewhat  spreading,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  blade  '^'-i'  wide,  rather  gradually 
narrowed  into  the  claw,  purple  spotted  below; 
capsule  obovoid-oval.  i)i'-i'  high;  seeds  3"-4" 
long,  narrowly  winged. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets.  Maine  to  Ontario, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  West  Virginia,  .-Vs- 
cends  to  4000  ft,  in  Virginia.     June-July. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


3.   Lilium  umbeU^tum  Fursh.     Western 
Red  Lily.     (Fig.  1004.) 

Liliuta  andinum  Nutt.  Fras.  CaL    WitlioDt  description. 

1813. 
Litium  umbellalum  Pureb,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  119.     1S14. 

Bulb  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species,  the 
atem  uaually  more  slender,  I'-a"  tall.  Leaves  linear, 
blunt  or  the  upper  acute,  aacending,  or  sometimes 
oppressed,  I'-j'  long,  i"-afi"  wide,  all  alternate  or 
the  uppermost  verticillate,  tlicir  margins  finely  rough- 
ened; flowers  1-3,  erect,  2'-3'  high;  perianth-seg- 
ments red,  orange  or  yellow,  narrowed  into  the  claw. 
Acute,  spotted  Ijelow,  the  claw  shorter  than  the  blade; 
capsule  oblong,  y-^'  long,  about  8"  thick ;  seeds  like 
those  of  L.  Philadelphiaim. 


In  dry  soil,  Ohio 
ritory,  sotith  t-  *" 
cends  to  4000  f 


and  the  Northwest  Ter- 

Arlcanaas  and  Colorado.    AS' 
Hills.    June-July. 


3.   Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.     Southern 
Red  Lily.     (Fig.  1005.) 
Lilium  Caimbaei  VIaU.  F1.  Car.  123.      1788. 

Bulb  Ji'-l'  high,  composed  of  narrow  leaf-bear- 
ing scales,  their  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2'-4'  long, 
often  falHug  away  before  the  plant  flowers.  Stem 
slender,  i"-!"  high;  stem  leaves  all  alternate,  nar- 
rowly hnear  or  linear -lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, erect  or  appressed,  I'-j'  long,  i"-3"  wide; 
flower  (always?)  solitary,  erect;  perianth-segments 
scarlet  with  a  yellow  purple-spotted  base  and  a 
slender  claw,  spreading  or  somewhat  recurved,  y~ 
5'  long,  Ji'-i'  wide,  long-acuminate,  wavy-mar- 
gined; capsule  i'  high  or  less;  seeds  j"-3"  long. 

In  moist  pine  barrens,  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Alabama.  Reported  from  Kentucky  and  Missouri. 
July- Aug. 


4.   Lilium  Canadinse  L. 

Lilium  Canadense  L.  Sp.  PI.  303.      1753. 

BuIlM  Bubgloboae,  i'-2'  in  diameter,  borne  on 
a  stout  rootstock,  composed  of  numerous  thick 
white  scales.  Stem  2°-5°  tall,  slender  or  stout; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  verticil' 
late  in  4'9-io's  or  some  of  them  alternate, 
minate,  2'-6'  long,  3"-i5"  wide,  finely  rougb. 
ened  on  the  margins  and  on  the  veins  beneath; 
flowers  I- 16,  nodding  on  long  peduncles;  pedi 
cles  sometimea  bearing  a  smalt  leaf-like  bract: 
perianth -segments  2'-3'  long,  yellow  or  red, 
usually  thickly  spotted  below,  recurved  or 
spreading,  not  clawed;  capsule  oblong,  erect, 
i>4'-2'  long. 


Wild  Yellow  Lily.     Canada  Lily.     (Fig.  1006.) 


and  Missouri.    As«nds  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Ct 
lina.    Red-flowered  forms  with  Blightly  spreading 

and   formi 


mble  the  following  speciei 
strongly  recurved  segments,  I 
e-July. 


LILIACEAE. 


Lilium  Grkyi  S.  Wats.     Asa  Gray's 
Lily.     (Fig.  1007.) 


Lilium  Orayi  S.  Wats.  Proc.  A 


..  Acad.  14:  256. 


Rootstock  beariog  bihbII  subglobose  bulbs  with 
thick  ovate  scales.  Stem  slender,  2"-^"  bigh; 
leaves  obloDg-lanceolate,  atnite  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  a'-4'  long,  >i'-i'  wide, 
verticillate  in  3'b-S's  or  the  lowest  commonly 
smaller  and  scattered,  all  finely  roughened  on  the 
veins  beneath;  fioweis  1-3.  long-peduncled,  spread- 
ing or  slightly  drooping,  3'-3'  long,  red  or  tinged 
with  yellow  at  the  base;  periantb-segments  oblong- 
spatulatE,  not  clawed,  acute,  spotted;  cafimile  fig- 
shaped,  about  i)i'  high. 

hifrher  moun- 


6.    Lilium  superbum  1,. 

/.ilium  superbum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  1,  434.      :76a. 

Bulbs  globose,  i'-2'  in  diameter,  borne  on 
short  rootstocks,  tbeir  scales  white,  thick,  ovate. 
Stem  stout  or  slender,  3°-8°  high;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  I  in  ear- lanceolate,  smooth  on  bath 
sides,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2'-6'  long,  %'- 
i}4'  wide,  verticillate  in  3'8-8's  or  the  upper  al- 
ternate, the  veinlets  not  prominently  anastomo- 
sing; flowers  orange,  orange-yellow  or  rarely 
red,  3-40,  or  rarely  solitary,  nodding,  iong-pe- 
duncled,  forming,  when  numerous,  a  large  pan- 
icle; perianth -segments  3^'-4'  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  purple-spotted,  at  leogth  usually 
strongly  recurved  from  below  the  middle;  cap- 
sule obovoid,  1  Ji'-i'  high. 

'  In  meadows  and  marshes.  Maine  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  lo  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee, 
inds  to  5000  ft.  in  Vir(^nia.     July-Aug. 


Tiirk's-cap  Lily.     (Fig,  1008.) 


Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  197.    iSoj 
.    CaroiiHiatium  Chapm.  Fl.  S, 


7.   Lilium  Carolinidnum  Michx. 
Lily.     (Fig.  1009.) 

/.ilium  Carotiniaiiu 

/.ilium  siiMrbnm  \ 

States,  484.      i860. 

Bulbs  borne  on  short  rootstocks,  globose,  i'-2'  in 
diameter,  composed  of  numerous  fleshy  scales.  Stem 
jO-jO  high,  slender;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovatc, 
smooth,  verticillate  or  the  upper  and  lower  alternate, 
acute,  obtuse  or  shorl-Hcuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  the  veinlets  prominently  anasto- 
mosing; flowers  1-3,  orange-red,  3'-4'  long,  long- 
peduncled,  nodding;  perianth-segments  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  purple-spotted  below,  strongly  arched 
backward  with  their  tips  sometimes  counivent. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


8.  Lilium  tigrinum  Audr.    Tiger  Lily. 

(Fig.  icio.) 
Lilium  tigrinum  Atidr.  Bot.  Rep.  9:  errata.     i8oq. 

Bulb  solitary,  globose,  about  i>i'in  diameter, 
composed  of  numerous  oblong-lanceolate,  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Stem  stout,  purple  or  nearly 
black,  white-pubescent  above,  2°-s°  tall,  leafy 
nearly  to  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  alter- 
nate, Klabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  4'-6'  long, 
5"-io"  wide,  the  upper  bearing  blackish  bulb- 
lets,  ofs  or  4  scales,  in  their  axils,  which  some- 
times emit  roots  while  attached  to  the  plant; 
flowers  3-25,  orange-red,  nodding.  3'-4ji'  long; 
perianth-segments  lanceolate,  papillose,  re- 
curved, purple-spotted. 


7.   FRITILLARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  803.     1753. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems,  and  rather  large  nodding  solitary  or  racemed 
leafy-bracted  flowers.  Perianth  mostly  campaoulate,  deciduous,  of  6  separate  and  nearly 
equal  obtong  or  ovate  segments,  each  with  a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hy- 
pogj'nous;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary 
nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender  or  filiform, 
3-lobed  or3-clefl,  the  lobes  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  obovoid  or  globose,  6- 
angled,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  obovate  or  suborbicular,  margined  or 
winged.  [Latin,  Uom/rilillui,  a  dice-box  or  chess-board,  in  allusion  to  the  form  or  to  the 
checkered  markings  of  the  perianth  in  some  species.] 

.\bout  50  species,  native?  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  Besides  the  following,  about  12  others  occur  in 
western  North  America. 


Fritillaria  atropurpiirea  Nutt.    Purple 
Fritillaria.     (Fig.  loii.) 
rilillaria  alrofiurparta  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7: 


Bulb  )i'  in  diameter  or  less.  Stem  6'-i5'  high, 
slender,  leafless  Iwlow;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, I'/i'-i^'  long,  i^"-2''  wide  or  less;  flowers 
r-6,  purple  or  purplish  green  and  mottled;  peri- 
anth-segments narrowly  oblong,  obtusish.  6"-io"' 
long;  peduncles  yi'-i'  long;  stamens  one-half  to 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  style  3-cleft  to 
about  the  middle,  the  lobes  linear;  capsule  erect, 
acutely  angled,  5"-6"  high. 


Jut 


and  California 


8.  ERYTHRONIUM  L.  Sp.  PI  305  1753 
Low  herbs,  from  deep  membranous-coated  corms,  sometimes  propagated  by  offshoots, 
the  stem  simple,  bearing  a  pair  of  broad  or  narrow  unequal  leaves,  usually  below  the  middle, 
the  leaves  thus  appearing  basal.  Flowers  large,  nodding,  bractlcsa,  solitary,  or  several  in 
some  western  species.  Many  plants  are  flowcrless  and  i -leaved,  these  leaves  often  wider  and 
longer  petioled  than  those  of  tbe  stem.  Perianth -segments  separate,  lanceolate,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  deciduous,  with  nectariferous  groove,  and  sometimes  2  short  processes  at  the 


4ZO 


LILIACBAE. 


E.  albidum 


base.  SUmens  6,  hypogyaous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  aoHiers  linear  oblong,  not  ver^a- 
tfle.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovuIcb  numerous  or  several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform  or 
thickened  above,  3-lobed  or  3-clefl.  Capsule  obovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  3-«DgIed,  locn- 
licidal.  Seeds  compressed,  or  somewhat  angled  and  swolleD.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  red 
Sowers  of  some  species.] 

e  North  American.    The  Bpccies  are  erroneonily  called  Dof't-laolH 

Stem  tt-ith  no  offshoot;  flowers  lo"-j'  long. 

Offshoots  produced  Ht  the  base  of  the  conn;  periatith-seEments  recurved. 

PloweiB  yellow;  stigmas  very  short.  i.   "     ' 

Flowers  white,  blue  or  purple;  siiginas  i"-iM"  long,  recurved.  j. 

Mo  offshoots,  propagating  hy  trasal  conns;  perianth-sqcments  not  recurved. 

3.  £'.  mesaeMreani. 
Stem  with  a  fleshy  offshoot  below  the  leaves;  Aowera  rose,  about  H'  lot^.        4.  £.  profiullans. 

I.   Erythronium  AmericHnum  Ker.     Yellow  Adder's-tongue.     (Fig.  1012.) 

Erylbronium  Americanum  Ker,  Bot.   Mag. 

Pl.  llij.      1  Je.  1808. 
£rylhrOHiutn   anguslalum    Raf.    Med.    Rep. 

flI-)S:S54-      20JI.  1808. 
Erythroniuta  braclcalum  Bigel.;  Beck.   Bot. 

N.  &  Mid.  States,  365.     1833, 

Corm  ovoid,  6"-io"  high,  producing  off- 
shoots from  its  base.  Stem  ^"-i"  long; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong 'lanceolate.  3'-$' 
long,  Ji'-2'  wide,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  flat,  usually  mottled  with 
brown,  but  sometimes  green  all  over,  nar- 
rowed into  clasping  petioles;  peduncle 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  rarely  bearing  a 
bract ;  flower  yellow,  or  rarely  purplish 
tinged;  perianth-segments  oblong,  W-i' 
long,  3"-4"  wide,  recun/ed,  dotted  within, 
the  3  inner  auriclcd  at  the  base;  style  club- 
shaped,  with  3  very  short  stigmatic  ridges; 
capsule  obovoid,  contracted  into  a  *hort 
stipe,  6"-io"  high;  seeds  curved,  rounded 
on  the  hack,  about  1%,"  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends. 

to  Florida,  Missouri 


Erythronium    61bidum    Nutt. 
White  Adder's-tongjue, 

(Fig.  1013.) 

na/»iWuBiNutt.  Gen.  i;3a3.    1S18. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  plant 
propagating  by  olTsboots  from  the  base  of  the 
corm,  the  leaves  mottled  or  green  all  over, 
sometimes  rather  narrower.  Flower  white, 
blue  or  purple;  perianth-segments  oblong, 
recurved,  none  of  them  auriclcd  at  the  base; 
style  somewhat  thickened  upward;  stigmas 
linear,  finally  recurving,  i"-i Ji"  long; 
capsule  obo^■oid  or  oblong,  5"-9"  high. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Min- 
nesota, sonth  to  Georgia,  Tennessee  and  Texas. 
■■' ""'"vard.     March-May. 


Erylhro 


LILV  FAMILY. 


3.    Erythronium  mesachdreum 

Knerr.     Midland  Adder's- 

tongue.     (Fig.  1014.) 

Ervlkronium  mesachoreum  Knerr,  Midland 
College  Monthly,  3:  5.      1S91, 

Conn  ovoid,  10"  high  or  less,  not  de 
velopiDg  offshoots,  the  new  corms  formed 
at  or  within  the  base  of  the  old  one 
Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  lincar-oblODg 
not  mottled,  4'-io'  long,  X'-i'  wide 
somewhat  folded;  flower  lavender  tinted 
i'-3'  long;  perianth-segments  not  re 
curved,  sometimes  a  little  spreading:  style 
slender;  stigmas  recurved;  capsule  ob- 
ovoid,  larger  than  that  of  E.  albidum 
}4'-i}i'higb. 

On  prairies,  Iowa  to  Missouri.  Nebraska 
and  Kansas.  Blooms  before  E.  albidum 
when  the  two  ^row  in  proximity.  The  flo« 
erinK  plants  are  said  to  appear  before  the 
l-leaved  flowerless  ones. 


Erythronium  propiillans  A. 
Gray.     Minnesota  Adder's- 
tongue.     (Fig.  1015.) 

.  Gray,   Am.  Nat 

Corm  ovoid,  10"  high  or  less,  not  develop- 
ing ofibhoota.  Stem  ascending,  S'-W  long, 
bearing  a  fleshy  curved  offshoot  I'-a'  long 
from  a  slit  near  the  base  of  the  petiole- 
sheath;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  2 '-4'  long, 
slightly  mottled  or  green;  flower  rose  or 
pink,  about  yi'  long,  borne  on  a  filiform 
peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  perianth- 
segments  with  a  yellow  base,  apparently  not 
recurved,  none  of  them  auricled;  stigmas 
mere  ridges. 


9.    CALOCHORTUS  Puish,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  240.       1814. 

Branched  or  simple  herbs,  with  coated  corms,  narrowly  linear  leaves  and  large  showy 
pcduncled  flowers,  erect  in  the  following  species.  Perianth. segments  separate,  spreading  or 
connivent,  yellow,  blue,  purple,  white  or  variegated;  the  3  outer  sepal-like,  narrow;  the  3 
inner  petaloid,  gland-bearing,  and  barbed  or  spotted  within,  sometimes  with  a  nectar-pit 
near  the  base.  Stamens  6,  bypogynous;  filaments  short,  subulate;  anthers  erect,  linear  or 
oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  3,  recurved. 
Capsule  oblong  or  linear,  3-angled.  mostly  septicidal,  the  valves  sometimes  3-cleft.  Seeds 
flat.     [Greek,  signifying  beautiful  herb.] 

About  35  species,  natives  of  western  North  America  and  Mexico. 


r  perianth -segments  orbicular  1 


I.   Calochortus  Nuttdllii  T,  &  G. 


2.    Calochortus  Gunnisdni  S.  Wats. 
Gunnison's  Mariposa  Lily. 

(Fig.  1017.) 

1.   Wats.  Bot.   King's 

Stem  slender,  often  simple,  6'-i5'  bigb. 
Leaves  usually  less  than  l"  wide,  involute, 
at  least  when  dry,  none  of  the  axils  bulb- 
beoriDg  in  any  specimen  seen;  peduncles  i'- 
4' long;  outer  perianth-segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  acu- 
minate; inner  perianth -segments  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  hlac,  yellow- 
bh  below  the  middle,  purple-lined  and 
banded,  the  gland  transverse,  oblong,  curved 
or  reniform,  pubescent;  anthers  acute;  cap- 
sule narrowly  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
about  1%'  long. 


Soulh  Dakota  and  Nebraska 
New  Mi^xic.     June-July. 


Nuttall's  Mariposa  Lily.     (Fig.  1016.) 

FritiUaria  alba  'SMI.  Gen.  i:  JM.       1818.? 
Calocharlus  XiillalUi  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep. 
3:  m-      '955- 

Conn  ovoid- oblong,  6"-io"  Ugh.  Stem 
slender,  few-leaved,  branched  or  sometitnes 
simple,  3'-15'  tall;  leaves  I'-j'  long,  1"- 
3%"  wide,  the  lowest  commonly  bearing  a 
bulb  in  its  axil;  peduncles  3'-6'  long;  outer 
periantb -segments  lanceolate  or  ovate- lance- 
olate, green  with  lighter  margins,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  inner,  some- 
times with  a  dark  or  hairy  spot  within;  inner 
perianth-segments  broadly  obovate-cnneatc. 
I'-i^'  long,  io"-i3"  wide,  white,  lilac  or 
yellonisb,  with  a.  yellow  base  and  a  purple 
or  purplish  spot,  the  gland  orbicular  or  oval 
and  more  or  less  pubescent;  filaments  3"-4" 
long,  about  equalling  the  oblong  obtuse 
sagittate  anthers;  capsule  about  1%'  long, 
3"-4"  thict,  acuminate,  the  valve*  obliquely 

Nebraska  and  California. 


10.    QUAMASIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  265.       1818. 
[Ca-MASSIA  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.//.  1486.     183a.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  bnlbs,  linear  basal  leaves,  and  rather 
large,  blue,  purple  or  white  bracted  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
equal  spreading  persistent  3-7-nerved  segments.  Pedicels  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower. 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segmeut.s;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-cellcd,  sessile;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  filiform,  its  base  persistent;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oval,  3-angled,  locnlicidaL 
Seeds  black,  shining.     [From  quamash,  the  Indian  name.] 

About  4  species,  nativts  of  North  America. 


LILY   FAMILY, 
hyacinthina  (Raf.)  Britton.     Wild  Hyacinth. 

i'»aRat.Fl.Tell.3;5i-  1S36. 


(Fig- 


318.) 


L^motrys/ij': 
Scilla  Fraseri  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  1,  469.    1856. 
Camassia  Fraseri  Torr.  Pac,  R.  R.  Rep.  4: 147. 
i8S7. 

Bulb  ovoid,  I'-i^'  long,  its  outer  coat 
usually  nearly  black.  Scape  slender,  i°-a° 
tall,  sometimes  bearing  i  or  3  short  linear 
scarious  leaves;  basal  leaves  narronly  linear, 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  scape,  lii"^ 
4"  wide;  raceme  open,  3'-$'  long  in  flower, 
longer  in  fruit;  floneis  several  or  many; 
pedicels  filiform,  ft"-io"  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  bracts  and  the  perianth-seg- 
ments; bracts  long-acumiuate;  perisnth- 
scgmenta  narrowly  oblong,  3-5-nerved,  blue 
or  nearly  white,  longer  than  the  stamens; 
capsule  about  4"  high,  5"-6"  thick,  the 
valves  transversely  veined. 

In  meadows  and  along  streams,  Pennsylva- 
nia to  Minnesota.  Alabama  and  Texas.  Ascenite 
lo  2!oo  ft.  in  VitKinia,     April-May. 


II.   ORNITHOGALUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  306. 


1753. 


Scapose  herbs,  witb  coated  bnlbs,  narrow  basal  fleshy  leaves,  and  large  white  or  yellow 
flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  corymb  or  raceme.  Perianth -segments  equal  or  nearly  so,  sepa- 
rate, white,  or  sometimes  green  without,  persistent,  faintly  several-nerved.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynons;  filaments  flattened,  often  broad;  anthers  versatile,  introrae.  Ovary  3-ceIled,  sessile; 
ovnlea  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  columnar,  3-9ided;  stigma  capitate, 
3-lobed  or  3-ridged,  Capsule  subglob<we,  3-sided  or  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black. 
[Greek,  signifying  bird's  milk,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  e^-white  color  of  the  flowers 

About  75  species,  natives  of  Europe.  Asia  and  Africa. 

I.  O.  umbeilalHiH. 
I.  O.  nutans. 

I.  Ornithogalum  umbell&tum  I,. 
Star-of-Bethlehem.     (Fig.  1019.) 

Ornilhogalum  umbellalum  L.  Sp.  PI.  307.   17S3- 

Tufled,  bulbs  ovoid,  Ji'-iji'  long,  the 
.  coats  membranous.  Scape  slender,  4'-ia' 
high;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  i"-aji"  wide, 
dark  green  with  a  light  mid  vein,  blunt, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  scapes;  flowers 
corfmbose,openiQgin  sunshine;  bracts  mem- 
branous, linear- lanceolate,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  pedicels;  pedicels  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, the  lower  i'-3'  long;  perianth-segments 
oblong-Ian  ceo  late,  acute,  white  above,  green 
with  white  margins  beneath,  6"-io"  long, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  filaments 
somewhat  flattened,  not  toothed. 


Relds 


md  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Penn- 
id  Viii^nia,  Locally  very  abundant. 
i  from  Europe.     May-June. 


LILIACEAE. 


2.   Ornithogalum  nOtans  L.    Droop- 
ing Star-of- Bethlehem. 
(Fig.  1 020.) 


Omilhogalu* 


nu/aai  L-  Sp.  PI.  308.      1753- 


Bulb  OTOid,  I'-a'  long.  Scape  ttout,  I'-a" 
high;  leavea  usually  eqnalltDg  the  icape  or 
longer,  blnnt,  a"-t"  wide;  floweta  sercral  or 
numerons,  racemoae,  nodding;  raceme  3'-S' 
long,  loose;  pedicels  stont,  i"-6"  long; 
bracta  lanceolate,  long-acnminate,  mnch 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  often  as  long  aa  the 
flowers;  perianth-segments  thin,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, about  i'  long  and  t"  wide,  nearly 
twice  as  long  aa  the  stamens;  filaments  broad, 
flat,  3-toothed  at  the  apex. 


The  balba  of  this  and  other  apencs  have  tatct- 
tnries  past  been  a  portion  of  the  food  of  Italy, 
the  levant,  and  other  psils  of  tht  Old  World. 


la.   MUSCARI  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  7.       1759. 

Low  bulbons  scapose  herbs,  with  basal  linear  fleshy  leaves,  and  nodding  brvcted' race- 
mose flowers,  deep  blue  (rarely  white)  in  the  following  species.  Bulbs  membranons-coated. 
Perianth  globose,  um-shaped,  or  oblong,  with  6  teeth  or  short  lobes,  tardily  deddnona. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth-tube,  included;  anthers  orate,  versatile, introrse.  Ovaiy 
3-ceIled,  sessile;  ovules  a  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  3-lobed.  Cspanle  3-aided  or  3- 
winged,  usnally  6-seeded,  loculiddal.  Seeds  blacic,  angled.  [From  the  musk-like  odor  of 
the  flowers  of  some  species.  ] 


<  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 


1.   Muscari  botryoides  (L.)  Mill.     Crape-Hyacinth.     (Fig,  loai.) 


Hyacinlbus  botryoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  318.      175.1. 

Museari  botryoides  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no,  1. 
1768. 

Bulb  t'  high  or  less.  Scape  4''io'  high; 
leaves  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  i"-4"  wide,  channeled,  blunt  or 
acutish;  raceme  oblong-cylindric,  I'-IJi'  long, 
dense,  or  becoming  longer  and  looser  in  fruit; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  faintly  odorous  flowers; 
bracts  very  short;  perianth  globose,  \"-\yi"  in 
diameter,  6-toothed,  the  teeth  white,  recurved; 
valve  of  the  capsule  obovate. 


In  meadows  and  thickets  and  along-  roadsides, 
escaped  from  gardens,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio  and 
Virginia.    Naturalised  or  adventive  fron 
Europe.     Native  also  of  Asia.     April-Jui 


LILY   FAMILY. 


Muscari  racemdsum  (L.)  Mill. 
Starch  Grape- Hyacinth. 

(Fig.    1022.) 


L,  Sp.  PI.  318.      1753. 
Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  t 


Hyacinth\ 

Muicari 

1768. 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species.  Leaves  i  "- 
s"  wide,  recurved  or  spreading,  channelled 
above;  raceme  oblong  or  ovoid,  manjr-flowered, 
dense,  i'-3>^'  long;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
starchy-scented  flowers  or  sometimes  equalling 
thetn,  slender,  much  longer  than  the  bracts; 
perianth  oblong,  urn-shaped,  constricted  at  the 
throat,  3"-3"  long,  with  6  deltoid  recnrved 
white  teeth;  capiule-valves  snborbicular,  retuse. 

i  New  York  to 


Europe.    April-May. 


13.    ALETRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  319- 


I753. 


Scapose  perennial  bitter  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  basal  spreading  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  yellow  bracted  perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  spilce-lilce  raceme.  Perianth  ob- 
long or  campaniilate,  roughened  without,  6-lobed.  its  lower  part  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Stamens6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  inclnded;  filaments  short;  an- 
thers introise.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  nnmerous,  anatiopous;  style  subnlate,  or  short,  3- 
cleft  above;  stigmas  minutely  3-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  enclosed  by  the  peisistent  perianth, 
3-celled,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  oblong,  ribbed.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm 
fleshy.  [Greek,  signifyiog  to  grind  corn,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  rongh,  mealy 
flowers.] 

About  S  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  eastern  Asia. 


I.    Aletris  farindsa  L.     Star-grass.     Colic-root.     (Fig.  1023.) 


Aleh-isfar 


a  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.      1753- 


Roots  numerous,  tough,  scape  i^^'-s"  tall, 
slender,  terete,  striate,  bearing  several  or  nu- 
merous small  distant  bract-like  leaves.  Basal 
leaves  several,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  spreading,  pale  yellowish  green,  3'-6' 
long,  3"-io"  wide;  raceme  4'-ia'  long  in 
flower,  or  longer  in  fruit,  dense,  erect,  pedi- 
cels i"  long  or  less;  bracts  subulate,  longer 
than  the  pedicels  sometimes  2  to  each  flower; 
perianth  tubular-oblong,  white,  or  the  oblong 
lobes  yellowish,  3"-4"  long,  about  ifi" 
thick;  style  subulate;  capsule  ovoid,  about 
3"  long,  loculicidal  above,  each  of  its  3 
valves  tipped  with  a  subulate  portion  of  the 
style. 

In  dry,  mostly  .landy  soil.  Maine  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  aiid  Tenneseee. 
Ascends  to  ;i50o  ft.  in  Virginia.  Yellow  flowered 
forms  of  this  or  a  distinct  species  occur  in  the 
Southern  Stales.    May-July. 


LILIACEAB. 

2.    Aletris  &urea  Walt.     Yellow  Colic- 
root.     (Kig.  1024- ) 


Alelri 


aurcaV/aW..  Fl.  Car.  i 


Basal  leaves  shorter  than  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species,  i%'-y  long,  3"-8"  wide,  aenmi- 
Date,  Darrowed  into  short  pelioles.  Scape  i°- 
i>j°  tall,  bearing  a  few  subulate  bract-like 
leaves;  raceme  S'-a"  long,  nsnally  loose;  pedi- 
cels i"  long  or  less,  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
perianth  bell-shaped  or  ovoid-globose,  bright 
yellow.  2"-3"  long,  iji"-i"  in  diameter,  its 
lobes  oval;  style  short;  capsule  ovoid,  at>aut  as 
long  as  the  perianth. 


14.   YUCCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  319- 


1753- 


Large  plants,  with  a  short  sometimes  subterranean  caudex,  or  tall  woody  and  leafy  stem, 
or  bracted  scape,  the  leaves  linear  or  laaceolste,  nsnally  rigid  and  sharp-pointed,  bearing 
long  marginal  thread-like  Sfares  in  our  species.  Flowers  large,  bracted,  nodding  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  campanulate,  or  nearly  globnlar,  white  in  our  species, 
of  6  ovate,  or  ovate -lanceolate  separate  or  slightly  united  segments.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
shorter  than  the  perianth;  filaments  thickened  above,  often  papillose;  anthers  small,  versa- 
tile. Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  or  imperfectly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  columnar, 
short,  with  3  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  a  locnlicidal  or  septicidal  capsule,  or  fleshv,  or  spongy 
and  indebisccnt.     Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  horizontal.     [The  Haytien  name.] 

About  16  Bpeci< 


.  rif  Nortl 


d  Central  A 


Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  drooping. 
Fruit  an  erect  capsule. 

Leaves  a"-s    wide;  scape  short,  bearing  a  long  raceme. 

Leaves  10" -i'  wide;  scape  i°-io''  hig-h,  bearing  a  large  panicle. 


I.  Yucca   bacc4ta   Torr.      Spanish 

Bayonet.     (Fig.  1025.) 

Yatta  baccala  Ton.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  271, 

Caudex  very  short,  or  sometimes  I'-S"  tall, 
covered  with  the  reflexed  dead  leaves.  Leaves 
l,'^''-3°  long,  I'-l'  wide  with  a  much  wider 
base,  acuminate,  with  a  stout  brown  point, 
concave,  Ihe  marginal  fibres  a'-j'  long;  pan- 
icle pedunclcd :  pedicels  stout,  S"-Io"  long; 
flowers  4'-5'  broad;  perianth-segments  1}^'- 
3)i'  long,  8"-ia"  wide;  style  slender,  as  long 
as  the  ovary,  or  shorter;  fruit  oval,  dark  pur- 
ple, fleshy,  indehiscent,  edible,  drooping  2'- 
3'  long.  1  Ji'-a'  in  diameter,  with  a  6-grooved 
bcakof  one-half  its  length  or  less;  seeds  3"  3" 
long,  i"-jjj"  thick. 

Western  Kaniias  (?)  southern  Colorado  to  Texas. 
Caliriimia  and  Mexico.  April-June.  Fruit  ripe 
Sept. -(let. 


}'.  baccala. 


LILY   FAMILY. 

a.   Yucca  gladca  Nutt,     Bear-grass. 

(Fig.  1026.) 

Viiccaglauca  Nutt.  Frascr'a  Cat.  1813. 
y'ucca  angusli/olia  Fursh,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  la?,  i&l4. 
Caudex  very  short,  the  leaves  all  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  smooth,  very  sti£f,  aharp-poiated, 
jO-jo  long,  i"_5"  wide,  with  a  broader  base, 
concave,  at  least  when  dry,  the  marginal  GbiCB 
filiConu,  usually  numerous;  scape  short;  flowers 
^'A'-^'  broad,  racemose  or  in  a  little-branched 
panicle  1°^"  long;  perianth-segments  ovate,  i'- 
i^'  long;  style  short;  stigmas  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  pedicels  stout,  erect  and  I'-i^i'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  oblong,  ^'-3'  long,  abont  i'  thick, 
6-sided;  seeds  very  flat,  about  Ji'  broad. 

In  dr;  soil,  Iowa  and  South  Dakota  to  Wyoming. 
south  to  Missouri,  Texas  and  Arizona.    Maj'-June. 


3.   Yucca  filamentdaa  L.     Adam's  Needle. 

(Fig.  1027.) 
ViucaJilameHlosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.      1753. 

Caudex  very  short,  or  sometimes  1°  high.  Lreavea 
lanceolate,  narrowed  above  tbe  broad  base,  acumi- 
nate and  sharp-pointed,  flat,  roughish,  \''-2}i''  long, 
g"-a'  wide;  scape  i''-io°  high;  panicle  large,  its 
branches  divergent  or  ascending,  the  lower  often  1° 
long  or  more;  flowers  numerous;  perianth -segments 
i>i'-^X'  long,  ovate;  stigmas  slender,  but  shorter 
than  the  ovary;  pedicels  rarely  more  than  ^'  long; 
capsule  oblong,  i>i'-2'  long,  abont  10"  thick. 

In  sandy  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  Tennessee  and 
Louisiana.  Mueh  cultivated  for  ornament.  Escaped 
from  gardens  in  southern  Pennsylvania.    May-July. 


1829. 


Family  20.     CONVALLARIACEAE  Link.  Handb.  i: 

Lii.v-ohthb-Vai.lky  Family. 
Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  rootstocks,  never 
with  bulbs  or  conns.  Flowers  solitary,  racemose,  panicled  or  umbelled,  regular 
and  perfect.  Leaves  broad,  parallel-veined  and  sometimes  with  cross-veinlets, 
alternate,  verticillate  or  ba.sal,  or  in  Asparagus  and  its  allies  reduced  to  scales 
bearing  filiform  or  flattened  branchlets  in  their  axils.  Perianth  inferior  4-6- 
parted  with  separate  segments,  or  oblong,  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  and  6-lobed 
or  6-toothed.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth;  anthers  in- 
trorsely,  extrorsely  or  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  superior;  ovules 
anatropous  or  amphitropous;  style  slender  or  short;  stigma  mostly  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  berrj-.  Seeds  few  or  numerous.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm  copious. 

About  33  genera  and  iij  species,  widely  distributed. 
Leaves  reduced  to  scales;  leaf-like  branchlets  filiform. 
Leaves  broad;  stems  simple  or  somewhat  branched. 
Leaves  alternate  or  tasal. 

Leaves  basal;  Cowers  umbelled  or  solitary. 
Leaves  allematc  (solitary  in  flowerless  plants  of  no.  4). 
Perianth -segments  separate. 

Flowers  raccraed.  umbelled,  panicled  or  solitary,  terminal. 
Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 
Perianth -segments  6. 
Perianth -segments  4. 
Flowers  umbelled  or  solitary. 
Flowers  solitary  or  two  together,  axillary. 
Perianth  cylindric  or  oblong,  frloothcd. 
Leaves  nearly  basal:  flowers  racemed;  perianth  6-tootbed. 


.  Asparagus 


4,  Cni/iiliiim. 

5,  Disporum. 

6,  SIreplopus. 

7,  PolygoHaliim 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


■  1  whorls  below  the  flower  or 
3  whnrls;  flowers  umbelled. 
I  whorl;  flowers  solitary . 


I.  ASPARAGUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  313-  1753- 
Stem  at  first  simple,  fleshy,  scaly,  at  length  much  branched;  the  branchlets  fiUTonn  and 
mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  in  the  following  speciea,  flattened  and  linear, 
lanceolate  or  ovate  in  some  others.  Flowers  sniBlI,  solitary,  umbelled  or  racetned.  Peri- 
antb-segmcnts  alike,  separate  or  slightly  united  at  the  be*e.  Stamens  inserted  at  tbe  bases 
of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  mostly  filiform;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong,  introrse. 
Ovary  sessile,  3-celled:  ovules  a  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  abort;  itiginaa  3,  short,  re- 
curved. Berry  globose.  Seeds  few,  rounded.  ' 
[Ancient  Greek  name.] 

About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

I.  Asparagus  oflictnftlis  I,.    Asparagus. 

(Fig.  1028.) 
Asparagus  officinalis  l,.  Sp.  PI.  313,      1753. 

Kootstock  much  branched.  Young  stems  succu- 
lent, edible,  stout,  later  branching,  and  becoming 
3O-70  tall,  the  filiform  branchlets  3"-9"  long,  less 
than  %"  thick,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
minute  scales.  Flowers  mostly  solitary  at  the 
nodes,  green,  drooping  on  filiform  jointed  pednn- 
cles;  perianth  campanulate,  about  3"  long,  the 
segments  linear,  obtuse;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  berry  red,  about  4"  in  diameter. 

Baeaped  from  cultivation  and  naturalized,  especially 
alone  salt  marshes.  New  Brunswick  to  VirKiuia,  and 
locally   in   waste   places   in  the   interior.      Native   of 


Europe.    May-Jui 


ir  flowering  a1 


ntbe: 


2.  CLINTONIA  Raf.  Journ.  Pys.  89:  102.  1819. 
Somewhat  pubescent  scapose  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  eiect  simple  scapes,  and  few 
broad  petioled  sbcathing  basal  leaves,  the  bractless  flowers  umbelled  at  the  summit  of  the 
scape  in  our  species.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  equal  or  neariy  so,  erect-spreading.  Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthera  oblong, 
laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  a-3-ce!led;  ovules  2-several  in  each  cavity;  style  stout  or  slender; 
stigma  obscurely  2-3-lobed,  Berry  globose  or  oval.  [Name  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton, 
1769-1838,  American  naturalist.  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.] 

Six  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  .\raerica,  2  of  western  North  America,  1  Asiatic. 
Flowers  greenish -ye  How,  drooping,  8"-io"  long;  berry  blue.  i.  C.  borealis. 

Flowers  white,  not  drooping,  i'-s'  lonfr;  berry  black.  3,  C.  ttmbeilulala. 

Yellow  Clintonia.     (Fig.  1029.) 

Dracaena  borealis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  454,       1789. 
Clinlonia  borealis  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  iio.       iSji. 

Scape  6'-i5'  high,  pubescent  above  or  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaves  2-5,  usually  3,  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,  thin,  shorter  than  the  scape,  i>^'-3>^' 
wide,  ciliate,  sbort-acuminate  or  cuspidate;  um- 
bel 3-6.flowered;  flowers  drooping,  greenish 
yellow,  8"-io"  long;  pedicels  3"-i5"  long,  slen- 
der, pubescent,  erect  or  ascending  in  (hiit;  peri- 
antb-segments  obtuse  or  acutish;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth;  ovary  i-celled;  ovules 
numerous,  in  3  rows  in  each  cavity,  style  slen- 
der, somewhat  thickened  above,  abont  equalling 
the  stamens;  berry  oval,  blue,  several-seeded, 
about  4"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  Virginia.  A 
flower  is  occasionally  borne  on  the  scape  below  the 
umbel,  and  rarely  a  small  leaf.     May-Jnne. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY.  429 

CUntonia  utnbelluUta  (Michx.)  Torr,     White  Clintonia.     (Fig,   1030,) 

Dracaena  umbellulala  Michx,  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

l:  J02.      1803. 
Clintonia  ciliata  Rat,  Jouni.  Phys.  8(1:  101. 

1S19- 
C.  umbellala  Torr.  Fl.  N,  Y.  a:  301.     1843. 

Scape  mote  or  less  pubescent,  8'-i8' 
high,  aometimes  bearing  a  Bmall  leaf. 
Leaves  a~5,  oblong,  oblanceolatc  or  obo< 
vate,  shorter  than  the  scape  or  equalling 
it,  acute  or  cuspidate,  dliate  on  the  mar- 
gins and  sometimes  also  on  the  mldvein 
beneath,  iJ^'-4'  wide;  umbel  sevcral- 
manj-flowcied;  pedicels  asceudiug  or 
erect,  slender,  pubescent,  at  first  short, 
becomiug  >i'-i>i'  long  in  fruit;  flowers 
white,  odorous,  oflen  purpliab  dotted, 
A"-S"  long:  perianth -segments  obtusish; 
ovary  3-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavitj; 
style  slender;  berry  globose,  black,  about 
3"  in  diameter,  few-seeded. 

In  woods,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Geor^a  and  Tennessee.  Ascends  to  4000  ft. 
in  Vitginia,     May-June, 

3.   VAGNERA  Adans.  Fam.  PI,  2:496.       1763. 
[Smilacina  Deaf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9:  51.     1807.] 

Rootstocks  steader,  or  short  and  thick.  Stem  simple,  scaly  below,  leafy  above,  the 
leaves  alternate,  sbort-petioled  or  sessile  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong.  Inflorescence  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  Flowers  white  or  greenish  white,  small.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
spreading  equal  segments.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  slightly  flattened;  anthers  ovate,  introrse.  Ovary  3-cellcd,  sessile,  sub- 
globose;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  slender,  columnar;  stigma  3-grooved  or  3- 
lobed.     Berry  globular.     Seeds  usually  I  or  3,  subglobose.     [Named  in  honor  of  Wagner.] 

About  25  species,  natives  of  North  America.  Central  America  and  Asia.  Besides  the  Following, 
one  or  two  others  occur  in  the  western  United  States. 

Flowers  numerous,  panided.  i.   I',  racemosa. 

Flowers  few-several,  racemose. 

Plant  lo'-iS'  high;  leaves  numerous.  2.    y.  slellala. 

Plant  i'-i5'  high;  leaves  1-4.  3.    I'.  Irifolia. 

1.   Vagnera  racemdsa  (L.)  Morong.     Wild  Spikenard.     (Fig.  1031.) 


Smilacina 

1807- 
yagntra 


1894. 


Morong;,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 


Rootstock  rather  thick,  fleshy.  Stem  some- 
what angled,  slender  or  stont,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, leafy,  finely  pubescent  above,  or  nearly 
gIabrous,aometimeszigzag,  i°-3°htgb.  Leaves 
oblong- lanceolate  or  oval,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  3'-6'  long,  i'-3'  wide,  acumi- 
nate, finely  pubescent  beneath  and  sometimes 
also  above,  their  margins  minutely  ciliate; 
panicle  densely  many -flowered,  i'-4''  long, 
peduncled;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers, 
or  equalling  them;  flowers  about  3"  broad: 
perianth- segments  oblong,  equalling  the 
ovary;  berry  red,  aromatic,  speckled  with  pur- 
ple, a"-3"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Nova  Scotia  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Missouri  and 
Arizona.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
July. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 

Vagnera  stelldta  (L.)  Morong.     Star-flowered  Solomon's 
(Fig.  1032.) 


OL, 


I8W. 


a  Morong,  Mf  m.  Tott.  Ctub,  $■ 


Rootstock  stout,  fleiby.  Stem  rather 
itout  erect,  glabrous,  S'-at/  tall,  rtraigbt 
or  somewhat  zigzag,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  sessile  and  sotne- 
vhat  clasping,  minntel}'  pubescent  beneatb, 
a'-5'  long,  Ji'-l^'wide,  acnte,  acuminate, 
or  bluDt  at  the  apex,  flat  or  somewhat  con- 
cave raceme  sessile  or  Bhort-pedancled.  1'- 
a'  long  several 'flowered;  pedicels  i"-4" 
long,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers;  peri- 
anth segments  oblong,  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  stamens  style  about  as  long  as  the 
□vary,  berry  green  with  6  black  stripes  or 
black,  3"-5"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  soil.  Newfoundland  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  New  Jersey,  Vir^nia,  Kcn- 
I...  V J  i~.i;r ;.      Also  in  northern 


3.    Vagnera  trifdlia  (L.)  Morong. 

Three-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

(Fig.  1033.) 


I  'agnera  Iri/olia  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  J; 

m,    1891. 

Glabrous,  rootstock  slender.  Stem  slen- 
der, erect,  a'-ij'  high,  3-4-leaved  (usually 
3-leaved);  leaves  oval,  ublong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  sheathing,  a'-s'  long, 
)i'-j'  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  raceme  few-flowered, 
peduncled,  I'-a'  long;  perianth-segments 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  finally 
somewhat  leflexed,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
berry  dark  red,  2'A"-i"  in  diameter. 

In  bogs  and  wet  woodn,  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Connectii: 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan, 
northern  Asia.    May-June. 


.,  New 
Also  in 


4.    UNIFOLIUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  54. 

[Maianthemum  Wigg.  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.  14.  1780.] 
Low  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  few-leaved  stems,  petioled  or  sessile 
leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  pedicels  commonly  2-3  together. 
Perianth  of  4  separate  spreading  segments.  Stamens  4.  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  seg- 
mcnls;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  introrsc.  Ovary  sessile,  globose,  2. celled;  ovules  3  in 
each  cavity;  style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary.  2-lobed  or  2-clcft.  Berry  globular,  i-3sceded. 
[Many  plants  bear  only  a  solitary  long-pctioled  leaf,  arising  from  the  rootstock,  whence  the 
Latin  name.] 


species,  the  foUon-ing  of  e; 


I  North  America,  the  other  of  Uurope,  Asia  and 


LILV-OF-THE-VALLEV   FAMILY. 


431 


Unifolium  Canadfense  (Desf.)  Greene.     False  Lily-of-the-valley. 
Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal.     (Fig.  1034,) 

Maianlhemum    Canadtuse   Deaf.    Ann.    Mus. 

Pari».  9:  54.      1 307. 
Sntilacina    bi/olia    vat.   Canaddnsis  A.    Gray, 

Man,  Ed.  z.  467.      1S56. 
Unifolium  Canadense  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

15: 187-      1888. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent.  Stem  slender, 
erect,  often  zigzag,  1-3-leaved  (usually  i- 
leaved),  I'-y'  high;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  l'~y  long,  acute,  acuminate,  or 
blunt  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus,  ses- 
Hile,  short'petioled ,  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
ivith  a  petiole  }i'  long;  solitary  leaves  of  the 
stemless  plants  on  petioles  i'~^'  long;  ra- 
ceme rather  dense,  to  any -flowered,  I'-a' 
long;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers; perianth-segments  oblong,  obtuse,  be- 
coming reflexed,  about  1"  long,  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens;  berry  pale  red,  speckled, 
about  i"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  wi>ods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland 
to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  North  Car- 
olina, Iowa  and  South  Dakota.  Ascends  to  5000 
ft.  in  ViiKinia-    May-July. 

5.    DISPORUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  331.     1812. 

[PROSARTES  Don,  Ann,  Nat.  Hist.  4:  341.  1840.] 
More  or  lees  pubescent  herbs  with  slender  rootstocka,  branching  stems,  scaly  below, 
leafy  above,  aud  alternate  somewhat  inequilateral  sessile  or  clasping  leaves,  the  flowers  ter- 
tuinal,  drooping,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow,  solitary  or  few  in  simple  umbels.  Perianth 
of  6  narrow  equal  separate  deciduous  segments.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform 
or  Botnewhat  flattened,  longer  than  the  anthers;  anthers  oblong,  or  linear,  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  3-cleft  or  en- 
tire. Berry  ovoid  or  oval,  obtuse.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  3  ovules  iu  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary,  in  most  species.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.    Besides  the  following,  some  5  others 
occur  in  western  North  America. 

he  perianth;  fruit  smooth,  l-6-8eeded.  1.  D.  lanueittosum. 

I,  D.  tracnycarpuiH . 

I.  Disporum  lanugind8um(Michx.)  Nichols.    Hairy  Disporura.  (Fig.  1035.) 

Slrtptopus  lanuginosus  Hichi.  F1,  Bor.  Am.  i 


Don,  Trans.  Linn,  Soc. 
um  Nichols,  Diet.  Gard. 


1803. 
Prasarles  iaauginosi 

18:531-      1841. 
Disporum  lanugino 

l:  485-      '884- 

Fiuely  and  rather  densely  pubescent, 
■Ji'-'Ji"  high.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate, 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  a'-jjf^'  long,  i'-2' 
wide,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
at  the  base,  7-15-nerved;  flowers  solitary  or 
3-3  together,  greenish,  6"-9"  long;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  about  i'  long;  perianth  nar- 
rowly campanulate,  its  segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  somewhat  spreading, 
glabrous,  one-tbird  to  one-half  longer  than 
the  stamens;  ovary  oblong;  style  slender, 
longer  than  the  stamens  or  equalling  them, 
3-clefl;  ben^  oval,  red,  pulpy,  a-6-sceded, 
g"-7"  long. 

In  woods,  Ontario  to  western  New  Yotlt, 
GeoigiH  and  Tennessee.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Virginia.     May-June. 


\a  CONVALLARIACEAE. 

Disponim  trachycftrpum  (S,  Wats.)  B.  &  H.     Rough-fruited  Disporum. 
(Fig.  1036.) 

Prosarles  Irackycarpa  S.  Wats.  BoL  King's 

Exp.  344.      187'- 
Dhporum  Irachycarpum  B.  &  H.  G«li.  PI.  3' 
831.       1883. 

Pabemleut,  at  least  when  young,  i°-3* 
high.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, \%'-z)i'  long,  I'-afi'  wide,  acnte  or 
sbort-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  s-ii-nerved;  flowers 
solitary  or  a-j  together,  yellowisb -white, 
4"-7"  long;  pedicels  Ji'-i'  long;  perianth 
narrowly  campanulate,  its  Mgments  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acnte,  little 
spreading,  aboat  equalling  the  stamens, 
ovary  depressed-globose;  ityle  slender, 
about  equalling  the  stamens,  3-1abe8t  berry 
rougbened,  depressed-globose  or  somewhat 
obovoid,  4"-5"  in  diameter,  a[qiarently 
leathery  rather  than  pnlpy,  4-t8-seeded. 

Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territory  to 
South  Dakota,  Nebrasta,  Washington  and  An. 
lona.     May-Auft. 

6.   STREPTOPUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  200.      1803. 

Branching  herbs,  with  stout  or  slender  roolstocks,  thin  sessile  or  clasping  alternate 
many-nerved  leaves,  the  flowers  solitary  or  1  together,  ertra-axillary,  slender-ped uncled, 
greenish  or  purplish,  small,  noddiug.  Peduncles  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle. 
Perianth  somewhat  campanulate,  its  6  separate  segments  recurved  or  spreading,  deciduous, 
the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  short,  flattened;  anthers 
sagittate,  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  7  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  slender, 
3-clefl,  3-lobed  or  entire.  Berry  globose  or  oval,  red,  many-seeded.  [Greek,  twisted-stalk, 
in  reference  to  the  bent  or  twisted  peduncles.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  lone.    Besides  the  following,  another  occur! 


I.    Streptopus  amplexifdlius  (L.) 
DC.     Clasping-Ieaved  Twisted- 
stalk.      (Fig.  1037.) 
Ufularia  amfilexi/olia  L.  Sp.  PI.  304.      1753. 
SIrepiopus  ampUxifoHus  DC,   Fl.   France,  3: 
174.      1805. 

Rootstock  short,  stout  honzontal,  covered 
with  thick  fibrous  roots  Plant  i}i°  3° 
high  stem  glabrous,  usually  branching  be- 
low the  middle,  leaves  a'-s'  long,  I'-i'  nide, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate-clasping  at 
the  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  pe 
duncles  i'-2'  long  1-2  flowered  flowers 
greenish  white,  4"-6"  long  perianth-seg- 
ments narrovilj  lanceolate,  acuminate,  an- 
thers subulate  pointed  stigma  simple,  ob- 
tuse or  truncate,  berry  oial,  5"-8"  long 

In  moist  woodt  I./ibrador  to  \Ia«ka  sonth  to 
North  Carohna,  Ohio,  Michigan  and  New  Men 
ico.  Ascends  tu  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks. 
May-July. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAlftLY. 


Streptopus  rdseus  Michx. 
sile-leaved  Twisted -stalk. 

(Fig.  1038.) 


s  Michx.  Fl,  Bot.  / 


Slrfplofiui 
■  803. 

Plant  i°-a>4°  high,  from  a  short  Stout 
rootstock  covered  with  fibrous  roots. 
Branches  sparingly  pubescent;  leaves  a'~ 
4;j'long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
roanded,  or  slightlj'  clasping  at  the  base, 
green  on  both  sides,  their  margins  finely 
ciliate;  peduncles  )4'-i'  long,  usually  pu- 
bescent, I -flowered,  rarely  3-flowered; 
flowers  purple  or  rose,  4"-6"  long;  peri- 
antb-segmeuts  lanceolate,  acuminate;  an- 
thers 3-homed;  style  3-cleft,  the  spreading 
branches  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side; 
berry  globose  or  oval,  5"-6"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods,  I^brador  to  Alaska.  Geor- 
^a.  Michigan  and  Oregon.  Ascends  to  5600  (t. 
m  ViiEinia.    May-July. 

7.   POLYGONATUM  Adans.  Kara.  PI.  2:  54.      1763. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  thick,  horizontal  jointed  and  scarred  rootstocks, 
simple  arching  or  erect  stems,  scaly  below,  leaf;  above,  the  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile and  alternate  in  our  species  (opposite  or  verticillate  in  some  exotic  ones).  Flowers 
greenish  or  pinkish,  axillary,  drooping,  peduncled,  solitary  or  2-10  in  an  umbel,  the  pedi- 
cels jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower.  Perianth  tubular  or  oblong-cyliadric  or  somewhat 
expanded  above  the  base,  6-Iobed,  the  short  lobes  not  spreading.  Stamens  6,  included; 
filaments  adnate  to  the  perianth  for  half  their  length  or  more;  anthers  sagittate,  introrse. 
Ovary  3-cened;  ovules  2-6  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  small,  capitate  or  slightly 
3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  pulpy,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  with  a  bloom,  in  our  species. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  jointed  rootstocks]. 

About  20  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  lone. 
I.eaves  pubescent  beneath;  filaments  filiform,  roughened.  t.  P.  bijlorum. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout;  filaments  smooth,  somewhat  flattened.  a.  P.  commulalutH. 

Polygonatum  bifldrum  (Walt.)  Ell.     Hairy  Solomoti's  Seal.    (Fig,  1039.) 

Com-altaria  biflora  Walt  Fl.  Car.  112.    1788. 

Potygonalttm  bifiorum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  Si  Go, 
1:393.      1817. 

Stem  slender,  glabrous,  often  zigzag 
above,  8'-3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
oval  or  ovate,  a'-4'  long,  %'-i'  wide, 
t  the  apex,  narrowed 
s  obtuse  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent especially  on  the  veins  and  pale  be- 
neath, glabrous  above,  the  upper  com- 
monly narrower  than  the  lower;  pednncles 
1-4-flowered  (often  2-f1owered),  glabrous; 
perianth  4"-6"  long,  about  iji"  thick, 
filaments  filiform,  adnate  to  the  perianth 
for  about  three-fourths  its  length,  papil- 
lose-roughened; berry  i"-Y'  iu  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  New  Brunswick  to 
Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida  and 
West  Viiginia.    April-July. 


434 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


2.    Polygonatum  commutatum  (R,  &S.)  Dietr.     Smooth  Solomon's  Seal. 

(Fig.  1040.) 

Convallaria  comiau/a/a  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  1671.      /",  /\  / 
1B30.  j  _Y^V 

Polyganalum  commulatum  Dietr. ;  Olto  St  Dietr. 

--.J.      ,835, 

Dietr.;  Otto  &  Dietr. 


[.  3;  23J.      183; 
n  giganlrui 

V.  323.       iH35- 


Glabrous  IhrouKhout,  stem  stout  or  slen- 
der, i°-8°  bigh.  I.«ave3  lauceoUte,  oval  or 
ovate,  i}i'-f/  long,  3'-4'  wide,  rather  darker 
green  above  than  beneath,  acute,  acnminate 
or  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
somewhat  clasping  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  narrower  than  the  lower;  peduncles  i- 
8-flowered,  glabrous;  perianth  6"-io"  long, 
I  Ji"-j"  thick;  filaments  somewhat  flat- 
tened, smooth,  adnate  to  the  perianth  for 
half  its  length  or  more;  berry  i,"-h"  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  rarely  in 
dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  Georida,  Louisiana,  Utah  and  New 
Mexico.  Variable  in  siie  and  in  leaf-form. 
May-July. 


8.  CONVALLARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  314. 


1753. 


A  low  glabrous  herb,  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  very  numerous  fibrons  roots,  and  i  or 
sometimes  3  erect  broad  leaves,  narrowed  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  lower  part  of  the  stem 
bearing  several  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  white,  racemed,  fragrant,  nodding.  Raceme 
1-sided.  Perianth  globose-campanulate,  6  lobed,  deciduous,  the  short  lobes  recurved. 
Stamens  6,  included;  filaments  short,  adnate  to  the  lower  pert  of  the  perianth;  anthers  ob- 
long, introrse.  Ovary  3^;elled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  3-grooTed; 
stigtna  small,  capitate,  slightly  3-lobed,  Berry  globose,  pulpy.  [Latin  from  Confallis, 
valley,  and  the  Greek  for  lily.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe,  Asia  and  the  higher  Alleghenies. 


Convallaria  maj^lis  L.     Lily-of-the-valley.     (Fig.  1041.) 


).  PI.  314. 


'75J- 


Stem  4'-9'  high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  oval, 
appearing  nearly  basal,  acute  at  both  ends, 
5'-i3'  long,  i'-3>^'  wide;  basal  scales  large, 
l'-4'  long,  one  of  them  subtending  an  erect 
angled  scape  shorter  than  the  leaves;  raceme 
i'-3}^'  long,  loosely  several- flowered;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  recurved,  3"-6"  long,  eaceed- 
ing  or  sometimes  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
bracts;  perianth  3"-4"  long,  its  lobes  1" 
long  or  less;  filaments  shorter  than  the  an- 
thers; berry  about  3"  in  diameter. 

On  the  higher  mountains  of  Vitginia,  NoTth 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina.  Common  in  cul- 
tivation.   May-June. 


LILV-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 
9.    MEDEOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  339. 


1753- 

A  slender  erect  unbranched  herb,  loosely  provided  with  deciduous  wool.  Rootstock 
thick,  whit?,  taber-like,  with  somewhat  the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers,  the  slender  fibrous 
roots  numerous.  Leaves  of  flowering  plants  in  2  whorls;  lower  whorl  of  5-9  oblong-lance- 
olate or  obovate  leaves;  upper  whor!  of  3-5  ovate  or  oval  leaves,  subtending,  like  an  invo- 
lucre, the  sessile  umbel  of  small  greenish  jellow  declined  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
equal  oblong  recurved  segments.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  slender,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  oblong  exlrorse  anthers,  the  sacs  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-cclled;  ovules  - 
several  in  each  cavitj;  styles  3.  recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Berry  globose, 
pulpy.  [Name  from  Medea,  a  sorceress,  referring  to  the  supposed  healing  properties,] 
A  inonotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  A 


I.    Medeola  Virginiina  L.     Indian  Cucumber- root.     (Fig.  1042.) 

yfedeola  Virginiana  L.  Sp.  PI.  339-      '753- 

Rootstock  fleshy,  i'-3'  long.  Stem  i°- 
1%°  tall,  bearing  the  lower  whorl  of  leaves 
above  the  middle,  or  in  flowerless  plants  at 
Ihe  summit;  leaves  of  the  lower  whorl  ses- 
sile,.i}i'-5'  long,  I'-a'  wide,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5-nerved  and 
reticulate- veined;  leaves  of  the  upper  whorl 
i'-3'  long.  '/i'-\'  wide,  sbort-petioled  or  ses- 
sile; umbel  j-g-flowered:  pedicels  filiform, 
1'  long  or  less,  declined  in  flower,  erect  or 
ascending  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  3"-$" 
long,  obtuse;  berry  dark  purple,  4"-7"  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Nova  Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Miuneaota,  south  to  Florida  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  2800  ft.  in  Virginia. 
May-June. 


10.  TRILLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.       1753. 

Glabrous  erect  unbranched  herbs,  with  short  scarred  rootstocks  and  3  leaves  wtaorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  subtending  the  sessile  or  peduncled  solitary  bractless  flower.  Soli- 
tary long-petioled  leaves  arc  sometimes  borne  on  the  rootstock.  Perianth  of  a  distinct 
series  of  segments,  the  outer  3  (sepals)  green,  persistent,  the  inner  3  (petals)  white,  pink, 
purple  or  sometimes  greeuisb,  deciduous  or  withering.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments 
shori;  anthers  linear,  mostly  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  3-celled;  ovules 
se\-cra]  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Berry  globose 
or  ovoid,  many-seeded.  Seeds  horizontal.  [Latin,  in  allusiou  to  the  3-parted  flowers  and 
the  3  leaves.] 


.\bout  2o  species,  natives  of  North 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North 
.Vinhlshade ajxA  Birlhrool.     Phyllody,  '    "    -"--  " 
in  the  genus,  and  the  floral  parts  are  si 


and  Asia.    Besides  the  following,  some  7  others 
I,     Thespeciesare  known  as  7*rfir-/ira['ci/ 

of  petals  or  sepals  to  leaves,  is  occasional 

instead  of  3's. 

Flower  sessile. 

Leaves  sessile;  sepals  not  reflexed.  1.   T.  srssile. 

Leaves  petioled;  sepals  reflexed.  "" 

Flower  peduncled. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  obtu! 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rhombic. 

Leaves  sessile,  or  narrowed  at  the  base  and  short-petioled. 

Petals  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  iW'-j5i'  long.  4.    T.  grandiftorum. 

Petals  ovate  or  lanceolate,  W-\%'  long. 

iii'-^' long,  erect  or  declined;  petals  spreading.       5.   T.erectum. 
'  ■■ •'■  •■--    1;  petals  recurved. 


Peduncle 
leaves  distinctly  petioled,  obtuse 


less,  recurved  beneath  the  1( 


rounded  at  tt 


6.   T.  c. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


,  Trillium  sessile  L.     Sessile-flowered 
Wake-robin.     (Fig,  1043.) 


■silt  u  s 


PI-  340-      "7SJ- 


stem  4'-ii'  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  nearlv 
orbicular,  Kssile,  acnte  or  obtuse  and  cuspidate  at 
the  apex,  i>i'-6'  lonj;.  often  blotched;  flower  ses- 
sile,  erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
spreading,  ^'~a'  long,  petals  laDceolste,  acute  or 
obtuse,  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals,  erect- 
speadiiig,  purple  or  green;  anthers  3"-7"  long, 
longer  than  filament,  the  connective  prolonged 
beyond   the  sacs;    berry  globose,  6-angled,  about 


Arkansas.    Flowere  pleasantlj'  odorous.    Apnl-Haj. 


,  Trillium  recurvStum  Beck.    Prairie 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1044.) 


1836. 


1  Beck,  f 


I.  Joum.  Sci. 


Stem  6'-i8'  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  ob- 
long, i>i'-4'  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
into  petioles  i"-^'  long,  sometimes  blotched; 
flower  sessile,  erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, f/'~\},"  long,  reflexed  between  the  peti- 
oles; petals  spatnlate  or  oblong,  nearly  erect, 
clawed,  acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  the  se- 
pals or  somewhat  longer;  anthers  ^"-^"  long, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments,  the  connective 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs;  berry  ovoid,  6- 
winged  above,  about  9"  long. 


3.  Trillium  nivMe  Riddell.      Early 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1045.) 

Trillium  nivali  Riddell,  Syn.  Fl.  W,  States,  93. 

■835. 

Stem  a'-6'  bigb.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  t'-a'  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled;  pet- 
ioles, a"-6"  long;  floweis  pcduncled;  pednucle 
>4'-i'  long,  erect,  benl,  or  recurved  t>eneath  the 
leaves;  sepals  narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-lance- 
otate,  obtuse,  Ji'-i'  long;  petals  white,  oblong 
or  oval,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  sepals,  erect- 
spreading;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  fila- 
ments, the  connective  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  sacs;  styles  slender;  berry  globose,  3-lobed, 
about  Y)'  in  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Kentucky  and  Iowa.  March 
May. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 


4.   Trillium  grandifldrum  (Michx.)  Salisb. 
(Fig.  1046.) 

Trillium  rhomboidttim  vai.  grandijlorum    Hichx.    Fl- 

Bor.  Am.  i:  316.  1803. 
Trillium  grandijlorum  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  i;  pi.  I.  1805. 
Steins  usually  stout,  8'-i8'  high.  Leaves  broadl; 
rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-oval,  afi'-6'  long,  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  seMile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile base;  peduncle  erect  or  somewhat  inclined,  \}i'- 
2'  long;  sepals  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate but  sometimes  bluntisb,  i'-2'  long,  spreading; 
petals  erect-spreading,  oblanceolatc;  obovate  or  rarely 
ovatc-oblong,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  strongly  veined, 
white  or  pink,  thin,  longer  than  the  sepals;  anthers 
abont  }i'  long,  longer  than  the  filaments;  styles 
slender,  3"-4"long,  ascending  or  erect;  berry  globose, 
black,  slightly  6-lobed,  8"-Ij"  in  diameter. 

C .     

Ascends  to  jooo  ft.  in  Virginia. 


Large-flowered  Wake- robin. 


5.  Trillium  erictum  L.      Ill-scented 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1047.) 
Trillium  treclum  L.  Sp.  PI.  340.      1753. 

Stem  stout,  8'-i6'  high.  Leaves  very  broadly 
rhombic,  y-j'  long,  often  as  wide  or  wider,  sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  pe- 
duncle ii4:'-4'  long,  erect,  inclined  or  declined  be- 
neath the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
spreading,  Ji'-iji'long;  petals  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
acute  or  acutish,  spreading,  equalling  the  sepals  or 
a  little  longer,  dark  purple,  pink,  greenish  or 
white;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments;  styles 
short,  spreading  or  recurved;  berry  ovoid  some- 
what 6-lDbed,  reddish,  8"-i3"  long. 

In  woods,  Nova ._  , 

south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  ai 
ceuds  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.     Also  in 


6.    Trillium    cirnuum    I,.      Nodding 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1048.) 

Trillium  cernuum  L.  Sp.  PI.  339-      1753- 

Stem  usually  slender,  S'-ic/  high.  Leaves  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  broadly 
rhombic,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  or  with  the  petioles  i"-a"  long;  pe- 
duncle Ji'-i^'  long,  recurved  beneath  the  leaves, 
the  flower  drooping;  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceotate,  acuminate,  6"-ia"  long;  petals  white  or 
pink,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rolled 
backward,  wavy -margined,  equalling  the  sepals,  or 
a  little  longer;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  sub- 
ulate filaments;  styles  rather  stout,  recurved;  berry 
ovoid,  red-purple,  pendulous,  8"-io"  long. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Georeia  and  Missouri.  Sometimes  con- 
founded with  forms  of  the  preceding.    April-June. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 

7-   Trillium  unduUtum  Willd.     Painted 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1049.) 

Trillium  undulalum  WJtld.  Neuc  Schrift.  Ges«lt.  Nat. 

Fr.  Berlin,  3:422.      iSoi. 
TiHliumtrylhrocarpum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i :  9:6.    itej. 

Stem  usually  slender,  S'-i"  high.  Leaves  ovate, 
3'-8'  long,  2'-5'  vide,  petioled,  loDg-acomiiiate  at  the 
apex,  obtuae  or  rounded  at  the  base;  petioles  a"-io" 
long;  flowers  peduncled,  erect  or  somewhat  inclined, 
V-1%'  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  9"-l5" 
long,  spreading;  petals  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acu- 
minate or  scute,  white  with  purple  veins  or  stripes, 
thin,  longer  than  the  sepals,  widely  spreading,  wavy- 
margined;  anthers  about  equalling  the  filaments;  styles 
slender;  berry  ovoid,  obtnse,  blnntly  j-angled,  bright 
red,  shining,  fi"~\o/'  in  diameter. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Wisconsin,  sooth 
to  Georgia  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  j6oo  ft.  in  Virginia. 
May-June. 

Family  21.     SMILACEAE  Vent.  Tabl.  3:  146.      1799.* 

SMIL  AX  Pahilv. 

Mostly  vines,  with  woody  or  herbaceous,  often  prickly  stems.  Leaves 
alternate,  netted- veined,  usually  punctate  or  lineolate,  several -nerved,  petioled. 
Petiole  sheathing,  bearing  a  pair  of  slender  tendril-like  appendages  (stipules?), 
persistent,  the  blade  falling  away.  Flowers  small,  mostly  green,  dioecious,  in 
axillary  umbels.  Perianth -segments  6.  Stamens  mostly  6.  distinct;  filaments 
ligulate;  anthers  basifixed,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cavities  op- 
posite the  inner  perianth-segments;  ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cavity,  orthotropous, 
suspended;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  globose  berry  con- 
taining 1-6  seeds.  Seeds  brownish;  endosperm  homy,  copious;  embryo  small, 
oblong,  remote  from  the  hilum. 

Genera  3;  species  about  wx),  in  wann  and  temperate  regions;  only  the  followingin  North  America. 

I.   SMILAX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1028.       1753. 

Rootatocks  usually  very  large  and  tuberous,  stems  usually  twining,  and  climbing  by 
means  of  the  spirally  coiling  appendages  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  rednced  to  scales; 
upper  leaves  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  regular.  Pena nth-segments  distinct,  decidnons. 
Pedicels  borne  on  a  globose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  small  pits,  generally  among 
minute  bractlets.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth -segments.  Staminalc 
flowers  without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  smaller  than  the  staminate,  with  an 
ovary  and  usually  with  i-6  abortive  stamens.  Berry  black,  red  or  purple  (rarely  while), 
with  3  strengthening  bands  of  tissue  running  through  the  outer  part  of  the  pulp,  connected 
at  the  base  and  apex.  Embryo  lying  under  a  tubercle  at  the  upper  end  of  the  seed.  [An- 
cient Greek  name,  perhaps  not  originally  applied  to  these  plants,] 

About  195  species  of  wide  distritnition,  most  abundant  in  tropical  Pi 
the  following,  about  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  Slates,  and  1 
Stem  annual,  herbaceous,  unarmed. 

Pelioles  tendril -bearing;  stems  climbing. 
* 9  usually  ova"-    "-'- 


arlys. 


-ed. 


.1.  5.  t 


I.  5-  giauca 


I,eaves  round -u< 
Leaves  deltoid  or  deltoid-h 
each  side. 
Fruitripeningthe  second  year;  leav 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  base  rounded;  berries 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base ;  berries  dull  red. 

•Teitt  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong. 


5.  S.  rotunrlifolia. 

6.  5.  hispida. 
rowed  at  the  middle.  7-9-nerved,   7.  5,  Pseudo-China, 
tate,  5-7-ner%-ed,  often  with  i  or  2  additional  ner\'es  on 

P.  S.  Bona-nox. 
ellipticorlanceolale.eventreen.  g.  S.  lawri/olia. 


SMILAX   FAMILY. 

I.    Smilax  herbdcea  L.     Carrion-flower,     (Fig,  1050,) 
Smilax  berbacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      :7S3. 
S.  piihtraUHta  Michi,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  ijB.       1803. 
Coprosmanlhiis   herbaceus  Knnth,  Enum.  5:  m\, 

iSso, 

Tubers  short,  thick,  scarred,  numerous.  Stem 
herbaceous,  glabrous,  terete  or  obtusely  angled, 
unarmed,  commonly  much  branched.  Petioles 
4"-3>i'long;  tendrils  numerous;  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  or  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
thin,  frequently  downy  beneath,  7-9-oerved, 
t'/i'-s' long,  i'-3^'  wide,  the  margins  entire  or 
denticulate;  peduncles  4 '-9'  long,  usually  6-10 
times  as  long  as  tbe  petioles,  flattened;  umbels 
i5-8o-flowered;pedicels3"-5"long;  flowers  car- 
rion-scented when  open;  stamens  sometimes  5  or 
7;  jilaments  z-3  times  as  long  as  the  anthers;  ber- 
ries bluish  blaclt,  a-4-sceded,  3"-4"  in  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario 
and  Dakota,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Ne- 
braska.   April-June, 

a.    Smilax   tamnifdlia   Micbx.     Halberd- 
leaved  Smilax.     (Fig.  1051.) 

S.  lamni/olia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am,  J:  338,  1803. 
Co^rojMJn/Auj/nmni/o/i'uiKunth,  Enum,  S^jC?.  1850- 
Glabrous,  herbaceous;  stem  and  branches  terete 
orobtusely  angled,  unarmed.  Petioles  >i'-iJi'long, 
the  sheath  tendril-bearing,  very  short  or  none; 
leaves  coriaceous,  mostly  ovate- hastate,  with  broad 
obtuse  lobes  at  tbe  base,  slightly  narrowed  at  about 
the  middle,  acute  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire,  green  on 
both  sides,  iX'-3'  '©"gi  %'-^'  wide,  5-7-nerved; 
peduncles  1-3  from  the  same  axil,  i'-4'  long,  usu- 
ally much  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  flattening 
in  drying;  umbels  io-30-flowered;  pedicels  2"-3" 
long;  segments  of  the  staminate  flowers  slightly 
pubescent;  lilaments  1--2  times  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers; berries  black,  j"-3"  in  diameter,  1-3-seeded. 
n  dry  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 


to  South  Carolina  > 

3.  Smilax  ecirrh&ta  (Engelm.)  S.  Wats. 
Upright  Smilax.     (Fig.  1052.) 

Cobrosmanlhtis  herbacetii    var.    tcirrhata   Engelm.; 

kunth.  Enum.  5:  a66.      1850. 
Smilax  eeirrhaliis  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man,  Ed.  6, 

510.       1890. 

Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous,  simple,  erect,  S'-a" 
tall.  Tendrils  none,  or  sometimes  present  on 
the  uppermost  petioles;  leaves  often  whorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  ovate,  acute,  obtuse,  cus- 
pidate or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  thin,  s-9-nerved,  aJi'-SJi'long,  1%'- 
4'  wide,  sometimes  larger,  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath  and  e  rose-den  tic  11  late  on  the  margins; 
petioles  io"-i8"  long;  peduncles  long,  often  pu- 
l>escent;  staminate  flowers  commonly  not  more 
than  as  in  the  umbels;  pedicels  i"-s"  long;  an- 
thers shorter  than  the  filaments  or  equalling  them. 

In  dry  soil,  Vinfinia  to  Minnesota  and  Florida. 
Way-June, 


pdTei 


May-July. 


SMrLACEAB. 


SmilAZ  aplnnlAu  J,  E.  Smith,  it 


.    Smilax   gla^ca    Walt.      Glaucous- 
leaved  Greenbrier,     (Fig.  1053.) 


Rootstock  deep,  knotted  and  tuberous.  Stem 
terete;  branches  and  twigs  angled,  armed  with 
rather  Etout  numeions  or  scattered  prickles,  or 
sometimes  unarmed;  petioles  ^"-(/'  long,  ten- 
dril-b«ariDgi  leaves  ovate,  acute  or  ctispidate  at 
the  Bpex,  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  entire, 
glaucous  benealh  and  sometimes  also  above, 
mostly  5-nerved,  i>i'-6'  long,  fi'-S'  wide; 
peduncles  flattened  6"-i6"long;  umbels  6-ia- 
flowercd;  pedicels  2"-4"  long;  berries  binish 
black,  ripening  the  first  ;rear,  about  3"  in  dia- 
meter, 2'3-seeded. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  Flor- 
ida, west  to  Kansas  and  Texas.    May-June. 
form  with  nume/ous  small  pricklea  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
'"  ra  in  southern  New  York, 

5.  Smilax  rotundifdiia  L.    Greenbrier.    Catbrier.    Horsebrier,    (Fig,  1054.) 
Sutilax  rolandi/olia  L.  Sp.  Ft,  1030.      1753. 
Smilax  caduca  L.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      1753. 
Smilax  guadrangularis  Wllld.  Sp.  Pi.  4;  77J.      1806. 

Rootstocks  long,  sparingly  tuberous.  Stem 
woody,  terete,  the  branches  and  young  shoots 
often  4-angIed,  glabrous;  prickles  scattered,  stout, 
straight  or  a  little  curved,  sometimes  none;  peti- 
oles 3"-6"  long;  leaves  thick  aad  shilling  when 
mature,  thin  when  young,  ovate,  nearly  orbicular, 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  tbe  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  cordate  at  tbe  base,  entire  or  the  margins 
erose-denticulate,  5-ncrved,  2 '-6'  long,  10"- 6' 
wide;  peduncles  flattened  3"-i'  long;  umbels  6- 
3.^-flowered;  pedicels  i"-4"  long;  perianth-seg- 
ments pubescent  at  tbe  tip;  filaments  3-3  times  as 
long  as  the  anthers;  berries  black,  1-3-seeded, 
about  3"  in  diameter,  maturing  the  fii^t  year. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Teia-i.    April-June. 

-^^^ 

6.  Smilax  hispida  Mubl.  Hispid  Green- 
brier. (Fig.  1055.) 
Smilax  hispida  Muhl, ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  3:  302.  1843. 
Glabrous,  stem  terete  below,  and  commonly 
thickly  hispid  with  numerous  slender  straight 
prickles,  the  branches  more  or  less  angled;  peti- 
oles 4"-9"  long,  tendril-bearing,  rarely  denticu- 
late; leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  ovate, 
abruptly  acute  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  subcordale  at  the  base,  7-nerved,  or  the  older 
ones  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  faint 
nerves,  a'-s'  long,  I'-s'wide,  the  margins  usually 
denticulate;  peduncles  flattened,  9"-2'  long;  um- 
bels io-i6-flowered;  pedicles  slender,  %"-j,"  long; 
filaments  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers;  berries 
bluish  black,  about  3"  in  diameter,  maturing  the 
first  year. 
In  thickets,  Ontario  to  Minnesota  and  Nebraska,  south  to  Virginia  and  Texas.    May-July. 


SMILAX   FAMILY. 
7.    Smilax  PseildO'China  L.     Long- 
stalked  Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1056,) 

Smilax  Psgudo-China  I,.  Sp.  PI-  103r.       1753. 

Glabrous  throughout,  rootstoclt  often  bearing 
large  tubers,  stem  terete,  the  branches  angled. 
Lower  part  of  the  stem  beset  with  straight 
needle-shaped  prickles,  the  upper  part  aod  the 
branches  tnosti}'  unarmed;  petioles  ^"-it" 
long;  leaTes  firm,  or  becoming  quite  leathery 
when  old,  green  on  both  sides  or  occasionally 
glaucous  beneath,  ovate,  often  narrowed  at 
about  the  middle  or  lobed  at  base;  acute  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  7-9-nerved,  a>4'-5'  long, 
lJi'-3^'  wide,  often  denticulate  on  the  mar- 
gins; peduncles  flattened.  i'-3'  long,  umbels 
ia-40-flowered;  pedicels  3"-4"  long;  stamens 
6-10;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer; 
berries  black,  8-16  in  the  umbels,  ^''-j"  in 
diameter,  1-3-sceded,  maturing  the  first  year. 

In  dry  or  sandy  thickets,  Maryland  to  Nebraska. 


:o  Florida  and  Texas.    March-Aug. 

Smilax  Bdna-n6x  L. 


g.  Smilax  laurifdlia  L. 

Smilax  lauri/oHa  L.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      1753. 

Rootstocfcs  bearing  tubers  sometimes  6'  thick, 
stem  stout,  high-climbing,  terete,  striate,  armed 
with  strong  straight  prickles,  the  branches  angled, 
mostly  unarmed.  Petioles  stout,  3"-8"  long; 
leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  elliptic  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apes, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  3-nerved,  or  some- 
times with  an  additional  pair  of  nerves  near  the 
margins,  a'-4ji'  long,  )i'-2'  wide;  peduncles 
stout,  angled,  a"-io"  long;  umbels  6-30-flowered; 
pedicels  3"-3"  long;  anthers  usually  about  one- 
third  shorierthan  the  filaments;  stigma  1,  some- 
times a;  berries  black,  ovoid,  2"-^"  thick,  not 
ripening  until  the  second  year. 

n  moist  woods  and  thickets,  southern  New  Jersey 


Bristly  Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1057,) 

Smilax  Bona-nox  L.  Sp,  PI.  loio.      1753, 
Smilax  baslala  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  781.      1806. 
Smilax  lamnoides  A.  Gray,  Man.  485.    184S.    Not  L, 

Rootstocks  bearing  large  tubers,  stem  terete  or 
slightly  angled,  the  branches  often  4-angled, 
Prickles  scattered  or  numerous,  stout  or  needle- 
like, often  wanting  on  the  branches;  petioles  3"- 
6"  long,  often  prickly;  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  com- 
monly deltoid-hastate,  sometimes  narrowed  at  the 
middle,  glabrous,  green  and  usually  shining  on 
both  sides,  often  spiny  on  the  margins  and  on  the 
veins  beneath,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  5-9- 
nerved.  iji'-4}i'  long,  8"-3'  wide;  pednncles 
slender,  flattened,  7"-i5"  long;  umbels  15-43- 
flowered;  pedicels  i"-a,"  long;  stigmas  1-3;  ber- 
ries 8-ao  in  the  umbels,  3"-^"  in  diameter,  mostly 
i-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

In  thickets.  Massachusetts  to  Kansas,  Florida  and 
Texas.    April-July, 
Laurel-leaved  Greenbrier,     (Fig,  1058.) 


t  Miaai 


sippi  Valley 


SUILACEAE. 

10.    Smilax  WAlteri  Pursh.     Walter's 
Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1059.) 
Smila.r  U'alleri  Puish,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  249.      1814. 

Glabrous,  stem  angled,  piiclcly  below,  the 
branches  commonly  unarmed.  Petioles  3" -6" 
long,  stout,  angled;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, rarely  lobed  at  the  base,  cordate  or  subcor- 
dale,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  entire, 
5-7-nerved,  a'-s'  long,  lo"-3Y'  wide;  peduncles 
2"-5"  long,  flattened,  thickening  in  age;  umbels 
6-15-flowered;  pedicels  very  slender,  J"-3"  long; 
berries  globose,  coral-red  (rarely  white j,  3"-4''  in 
diameter,  3-3-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 


II.   Smilax  lanceoldta  L.     Lance-leaved 

Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1060.) 
Smilax  ianceolala  L-  Sp.  PI.  1031.      1753. 

Glabrous,  stem  terete,  usually  prickly,  the 
branches  slender,  long,  slightly  angled,  mostly  un- 
armed. Petioles  i"-2"  long;  leaves  rather  thin, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  entire,  shining  above,  5^7- 
nerved,  a'-3>i'  long,  6"-io"  wide;  peduncles 
thick,  angled,  3"-8"  long;  umbels  8-40-flowered; 
pedicels  2"-"]"  long;  filaments  longer  than  the 
anthers;  berries  dark  red,  globose,  a''-^"  in  diam- 
eter, usually  3-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

Arkansas.  Florida  and  Texas. 


Family  22.     HAEMODORACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1:  299. 
1810. 
Bi,ooDwoRT  Family. 
Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems,  narrowly  linear  leaves,  and  regular  or 
somewhat  irregular  small  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  cyniose  panicles.     Perianth 
6-parted  or  6-lobed,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  persistent.     Stamens  3,  opposite  the 
3  inner  perianth-segments.     Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  3-celled  or  rarely 
i-celled;  ovules  usually  few  in  each  cavity,  half-anatropous;  style  mostly  slen- 
der; stigma  small,  entire  or  3-grooved.     Fruit  a  loculicidally  3-vaIved  capsule. 
Seeds  few  or  rarely  numerous;  embryo  small,  in  fleshy  endospenn. 

About  9  g:enera  and  3^  species,  mostly  natives  of  South  Africa  and  .\ustralia.  a  few  in  tropical 
America;  only  the  foliowmg  genus  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

1.   GYROTHECA  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  327.       1812. 

[Lacmnanthhs  Ell.  Bot.  S,  C.  &  Ga.  i:  47.  1816.] 
A  rather  stout  herb,  with  a  short  rootstock,  red  fibrous  roots  and  equitant  leaves,  the 
basal  ones  longer  than  those  of  the  stem.  Flowers  numerous,  yellowish,  small,  in  a  dense 
terminal  woolly  cymose  panicle.  Perianth  6-parted  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  the  outer 
segments  smaller  tlian  the  inner.  Filaments  filiform,  longer  than  the  perianth;  anthers. 
It  near-oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity,  borne  on  fleshy  pla- 
centae; style  very  slender,  declined.  Capsule  enclosed  by  the  withering-persistent  perianth, 
nearly  globular,  3-valved.  Seeds  about  5  in  each  cavity,  flattened,  nearly  orbicular,  peltate. 
(Greek,  referring  to  the  round  tniit. ) 

A  monolypic  tienua  of  soulbeastem  North  America  and  the  West  Indies, 


BLOODWORT  FAMILY. 
I.    Gyrotheca  capitita  (Walt.)  Morong.     Red-root.     (Fig.  1061.) 


Lachnaalhes 

47.      i8i6, 
Gy-olheca  ca 


Ell.  Bot.  S.  C-&Ga.  1: 
Morong;.  Bull.  Totr.  Club, 


Stem  ija°-3>i°  tall,  glabrous  below,  pu- 
bescent or  woolly  above.  Leaves  3"-5" 
wide,  acuminate,  the  basal  ones  shorter 
than  the  stem,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts; 
panicle  j's'  broad  vhen  expanded,  dense 
and  almost  capitate  when  young,  white- 
woolly;  flowers  4"-5"  broad,  bracteolate, 
the  perianth  yellow  and  glabrous  within; 
style  about  as  long  as  the  stamens;  pedicels 
stout,  about  ss  long  as  the  capsule,  rather 
shorter  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  about  3" 
in  diameter. 

In  swamps,  eastern  MassachuBetts  to  New 
Jersey  and  Florida,  mostly  in  pine  barrens 
near  the  coast.    Also  in  Cuba.    Julf-Sept. 


Family  23.     AMARTLLIDACEAE  Ivindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2:  328. 
Amaryllis  Familv. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woodyor  even  arboreous),  with  bulbs 
or  rootstocks,  scapose  or  sometimes  leafy  stems  and  usually  narrow  and  entire 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Perianth  6-parted  or  6-lobed, 
the  segments  or  lobes  distinct,  or  united  below  into  a  tube  which  is  adnate  to 
the  surface  of  the  ovary  (adnateonly  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary  in  Z.o^Aw/a), 
Stamens  6  in  our  genera,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments  or  in 
the  throat  of  the  perianth  opposite  the  lobes.  Anthers  versatile  or  basifixed, 
2-celled,  the  sacs  usually  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly 
inferior,  usually  3-celled.  Style  filiform,  entire,  lobed,  or  divided  into  3  stig- 
mas at  the  summit.  Ovules  usually  numerous,  rarely  only  i  or  z  in  each  cavity 
of  the  ovary,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  fleshy.  Seeds  mostly  black, 
the  embryo  small,  enclosed  in  fleshy  endosperm. 

About  70  f[eneta  and  8oo  species,  principally  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  Tegions,  some  In  the 


,  ,  .  without  a  crown. 

Anthers  vetsatile :  tul>e  of  the  perianth  not  greatly  elongated. 
Anthers  erect;  tube  of  the  perianth  several  tiroes  the  length  o(  its  lobes, 
lowers  clustered;  perianth  with  a  membranous  crown  "  "" 


Ziphyranlhes. 

Cooperitt. 

\%  the  lower  parts  of  the  fila- 
3.  Hymenocallis. 


;.  Agixv 
\.  Hypo 


Bulblesa  herbs,  n  ... 

Perianth  adnate  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary;  leave 
Tall,  flesliy-leaved;  anthers  versatile. 
Low,  linear-leaved;  anthers  not  versatile. 
Perianth  adnate  only  to  the  lov 

I.    ZEPHYRANTHES  Herb.  App.  Bot.  Reg.  36.       1821. 

Glabrous  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  leaves,  and  erect  i-llowered  scapes,  the  flower 
large,  erect,  pink,  white  or  purple.  Perianth  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat,  with  6  mem- 
branous equal  erect-spreading'  lobes  united  below  into  a  tube,  subtended  by  an  entire  or  3- 
cleft-bract.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  ef[ual  or  nearly  so;  anthers  ver- 
satile. Ovary  3-celled;  style  long,  filiform,  3-ckft  at  the  suramit;  ovules  numerous,  in  3 
rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  thin-walled,  subglobose  or  depressed,  3-lol>ed, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  mostly  flattened,  black  or  nearly  so.  [Greek,  signifying 
wind-flower.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  4  others  occur  in  the  southeni 
United  States, 


AMARYLLIDACBAB. 

I.  Zephyranthes  Atamdsco  (L, )  Herb. 

Atamasco  Lily.     Stagger-^ass. 

(Fig.  1062.) 

Amarylti!  Alamasco  L  Sp.  PI.  191.       17SV 
Ztpkyranlkis  Atamasco  Herb.  App.  Bot.  Reg.  36, 

1831. 

Bulb  ovoid,  about  \'  long.  Leaves  fleshy, 
somewhat  concave,  Bbining,  W-\^'  long,  about 
l%"-i"  wide,  blunt,  ustially  shorter  than  the 
scape;  scape  terete,  erect,  2"-^"  in  diameter; 
bract  membranous,  2-cleft  into  acuminate  lobes, 
longer  than  the  ovary;  flowers  a'-3)i'  high, 
while  with  a  purplish  tinge  or  sonietinies  light 
purple;  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter 
than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth; style  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule 
depressed,  about  Ji'  high. 

In  moist  places,  southern  Pennsylvania  (?):  east- 
em  Virginia.  Florida  and  Alabama.  Perianth 
rarel;S-labed.    March-June. 

a.  COOPERIA  Herb.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  rSjS-  1836. 
Low  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  very  narrow  grass-like  leaves  and  slender  i-flowered  scapes, 
the  flower  large,  long,  erect,  subtended  by  a  membranous  spathe-like  bract.  Perianth  salver- 
form  with  6  oval  or  ovate  spreading  lob^  united  into  a  tube  several  times  their  length,  the 
tube  cylindric  or  slightly  dilated  at  the  summit.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  peri- 
anth; filaments  short;  anthers  linear,  erect.  Ovary  3-ceIled;  style  filiform;  stigma  slightly 
3-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  depressed,  globose 
or  obovoid,  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  black.  [In  honor 
of  Daniel  Cooper,  i8i7?-i84ai  Curator,  Botanical  Society  of  London.] 
I  of  the  Bouthwest- 

t.    Cooperia  Drumm6ndii  Herb. 
Drummond's  Cooperia. 

(Fig.  1063.) 

Cooperia  Drummondii  Herb.  Bot.  Reg.  61.  iSjs- 

1836. 

Bulb  globose,  about  i'  in  diameter.  Leaves 
f/-l2'  long,  2"-y  wide,  erect;  scape  slender, 
hollow,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  spathe-like 
bract  I'-i'  long,  a-cleft  above  into  acuminate 
lobes  4"-6"  long;  flower  3'-5'  high,  white  or 
pinkish;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender, 
about  lyi"  in  diameter,  slightly  expanded  just 
below  the  limb;  segments  oblong,  obtuse  and 
cuspidate  or  acutish,  nearly  i'  long,  3"-4" 
wide,  ovary  sessile;  capsule  somewhat  obovoid, 
about  %'  ill  diameter,  deeply  lobed. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Louisiana,  Texas,  Mexico 
and  New  Mexico.     April-July. 

3.    HYMENOCALLIS  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  338.       1812. 

Mostly  tall  bulbous  herbs  with  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves,  and  large 
white  sessile  or  short-pedicelled  umbelled  flowers  on  erect  solid  scapes,  each  flower  subtended 
by  3  long  membranous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  or  reciin-ed  narrow  equal  elongated 
lobes,  united  below  into  a  long  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  perianth- 
tube,  the  tower  parts  of  the  long  filaments  connected  by  a  membranous  cup-like  crown;  an- 
thers linear,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  only  i  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  long- 
esserted;  stigma  small,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  rather  fleshy.  Seeds 
usually  only  i  or  2.  large,  green,  fleshy.    [Greek,  beautiful  membrane,  referring  to  the  crown.] 

-About  30  species,  all  .American,     Besides  the  following,  10  olheis  occur  in  the  southern  States. 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY. 

Hymenocallis  occidentHlis  (Le  Conte) 
Kunth.     Hymenocallis.    (Fig,  1064,) 

18,10. 
Hymenocallis  oicidenlalis  Kunth,  Etium.  j:  856.    1850. 

Bulb  large.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  fleshy  glaucous,  i^-a"  long,  g"-!'  wide;  scape 
stout,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  i>i'-2>i'  long;  umbel  several-flow- 
ered; perianth-tube  \%"-2"  in  diameter,  j'-j'  long, 
the  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long;  crown  funnelfonn, 
narrowed  below,  I'-iV  log-  '^s  margins  entire, 
crose  or.2.toothed  between  the  filaments;  free  part  of 
the  filaments  about  i'  long,  white;  anthers  about  yi' 
long  and  Ji"  wide,  yellow;  style  extending  for  ^'-3' 
beyond  the  crown,  green;  fruit  6"-9"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  soil.  Geoisia  to  southern  Illinois  and  Mis- 
souri.    July-Sept. 

4.   AGAVE  L.  Sp.  PL  323.       1753. 

Fleshy  herbs,  some  tropical  species  very  tall,  with  a  short  crown-lite  or  erect  rootstoclc 
(caudex)  and  tall  bracted  scapes,  the  leaves  large,  thick,  sometimes  spiny-toothed,  basal,  or 
clustered  at  the  top  of  the  caudex,  and  large,  bracted  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  com- 
pound clusters.  Perianth  tubular  or  funnelfonn,  withering-persistent,  of  6  erect  or  spread- 
ing equal  or  nearly  equal  lobes,  united  below  into  a  tube.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  peri- 
anth at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  exserted;  filaments  flattened  or  filiform;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  3-celled;  style  slender,  exserted,  3-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovarj-.  Capsule  ovoid,  subglobose  or  oblong,  3-lobed,  thick-walled,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
compressed,  somewhat  cuneate,  black.     [Greek,  signifyingnoble.] 

About  140  species,  all  American.    Besides  the  following,  some  II  others  occur  in  the  soutliwest- 


Agavi 


Virginica  L.     False  Aloe. 
(Fig.  1065.) 
Agave  Virginica  L.  Sp.  PI.  J13.      1753. 

Glabrous  throughout,  rootstock  a  short  crown 
with  numerous  fibrous  roots.  Scape  a"-^  tall, 
rather  slender,  sometimes  nearly  %'  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  its  bracts  distant,  long-acuminate,  the 
lower  3'-6'  long;  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  %°-2° 
long,  %'-i%'  wide,  acuminate,  their  margins  en- 
tire or  denticulate;  spike  i"-?"  long,  loose;  flowers 
greenish  yellow,  odorous,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
short  bracts,  sessile  or  the  lowest  distinctly  pedi- 
celled;  perianth  nearly  tubular,  slightly  expanded 
above,  8"-ii"  long,  the  tube  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  erect  lobes;  filaments  at  length  about  as  long  as 
the  perianth;  capsule  5"-8"  in  diameter,  slightly 
longer  than  thick,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
stalk. 

In  dry  soil,  Maryland  to  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south 


5.  HYPOXIS  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  986.  1759. 
Low,  mostly  villous  herbs  with  a  corm  or  short  rootstock,  grass-like  leaves  and  slender 
few-flowered  scapes,  the  flowers  rather  small.  Perianth  6-parteti,  its  segments  equal  or 
nearly  so,  separate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  spreading,  withering-persistent,  the  3  outer 
ones  greenish  on  the  lower  side  in  our  species.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  peri- 
anth-segments; filaments  short;  anthers  erect,  sagittate  or  entire.  Ovary  3-celled;  style 
short;  stigmas  3,  erect;  ovules  numerous,  in  i  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  subglobose  or 
oblong,  thin-walled,  not  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  black,  laterally  short-beaked 
by  their  stalks.     [Greek,  originally  given  to  some  plant  with  sour  leaves.] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed.   Besides  the  foUowii^,  aotlicrsoccurin  the  southern  Stales. 


AMARYLLIDACEAE. 

I.    Hypoxis  hirsuta  (L.)  Co\-ille.     Star- 
grass.     (Fig.  1066.) 

Ornilfiogalum  Airsiiluni  L.  Sp.  PI.  106.       175.I. 
Hvfio.vis  errc/a  I,.  S>-M.  Ed.  [O,  a:  986.      1759. 
Hypoxis  hirsula  Coville,  Mem.  Torr,  Club,  5:  i  iS.     1894. 

Corm  ovoid,  oblong  or  globose,  %'-%'  in  diameter, 
with  numerous  tibrous  roots.  Leaves  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  i"-iJi"  wide,  more  or  less  villous, 
mostly  longer  than  the  scapes;  scapes  slender,  ereel, 
villous  above,  usually  glabrous  below,  a'-fr*  high; 
flowers  1-6,  umbellate;  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than 
the  pedicels;  perianth -segments  narrowly  oblong, 
spreading,  mostly  obtuse,  bright  yellow  w4thin, 
greenish  and  villous  without,  3"-5"  long;  stamens 
somewhat  unequal;  style  rather  shorter  than  the  sta^ 
mens,  3-angled,  the  stigmas  decurrent  on  the  angles; 
capsule  about  i  )^"  in  diameter;  seeds  angled,  black. 

In  dry  soil.  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Assiniboia,  Florida 
and  Texas.     Ascends  to  3000  fl.  in  Virsinia.     May-Oct, 

6.  LOPHIOLA  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1596.  1S14. 
An  erect  perennial  herb  with  slender  rootstocka,  fibrous  toots  erect  sparingly  leafy  stems, 
the  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  mostly  basal,  and  numerous  small  yellowish  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal woolly  cymose  panicle.  Perianth  campannlate,  persistent,  of  6  nearly  equal  woolly 
erect-spreading  segments,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  and  adnatetothe  lower  part  of  theovary. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  filiform,  short;  anthers 
basifixed.  Ovary  j-celled;  style  subulate,  at  length  3-cleft;  ovules  numerous,  in  3  rows  in 
each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  tipped  with  the  style,  finally  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seedsoblong,  numerous,  ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  tufts  of  wool  on  the  perianth  ] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  North  America 

I.    Lophiola  Americina  (Pursh)  Coville 
Lopbiola.     (Fig.  1067.) 

Sepl.  2H.   1*  4 


Conoslylis  An 

Ij/phiola  auri 

Lophiola  Am 

llS.     1894. 


,   Meio.  Tort,   Club    5 


Stem  stiff,  erect,  terete,  glabrous  below,  white 
woolly  above,  I'-i"  tall.  Leaves  equitant,  gla 
brous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  ones 
reduced  to  bracts;  panicle  densely  white-wooll5 
composed  of  numerous  few-several -flowered  cymes 
pedicels  short,  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending 
perianth-segments  linear-lanceolate.  about  2"  long, 
woolly  outside,  longer  than  the  stamens  and  viith  a 
tuftof  wool  at  the  base  n-ithin;  capsule  about  as  long 
as  the  persistent  style,  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

Pine  barren  \Mgs,  New  Jersey  to  Florida.    June-Aug. 

Family  24.     DIOSCOREACEAE  Lindl.  Xat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  359.      1836. 

Yam  Famii.V. 

Herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  twining  vines  with  fleshy  or  woody  rootstocks, 
slender  stems,  petioled,  mostly  cordate,  several- ^er^'ed  and  reticulate-veined 
leaves,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  verticillate,  and  small  inconspicuoiLS 
dioecious  or  monoecious  (in  some  exotic  genera  perfect)  regular  flowers  in 
spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Perianth  6-parted,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
persistent.  Staminate  flowers  with  6  or  3  stamens,  sometimes  with  a  rudimen- 
tarj'  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  inferior  3-celled  ovarj',  3  styles  and  3  ter- 
minal stigmas,  sometimes  al.so  with  3  or  6  staminodia;  ovules  2  (rarely  i)  in 
each  cavity  of  the  o\'ar>-,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a 
3-valved,  3-angled  capsule  in  the  following  genus.  Endosperm  of  the  seed 
fleshy  or  cartilaginous,  enclosing  the  small  embryo. 

About  9  genera  and  175  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,  a  few  in  the  Old  World. 


YAM  FAMILY.  447 

I.    DIOSCOREA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1032.     1753. 
Characters  of  the  family  as  defined  above.     [Name  in  honor  of  the  Greek  naturalist 
Dioscorides.] 

There  are  about  160  species,  moat  numerous  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  eitending  into  tlie  tem- 
perate zones.    The  large  neshj  rootstocks  o[  several  tropical  species  furnish  the  yams  oF  commerce. 

I.    Dioscorea  villdsa  L.     Wild  Yam-root.     (Fig.  1068.) 
Dioscorea  villosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  1033.      ;75,i. 

Rootstoclc  IcDOtted,  horizontal,  woody,  }i'-i' 
thick.  Stem  6°-i5°  long,  twining  or  rarely  snb- 
erect,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  slender- 
petioled,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  in  4's, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  a'-^' 
long,  i'-4'  wide,  g-is-nerved,  thin,  green  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  pale  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  oflcn  longer  than 
the  blades;  Bowers  greenish  yellow,  nearly  ses- 
sile, the  ataminate  i"-i^"  broad  in  drooping 
panicles  3'-6'  long,  the  pistillate  about  3"  long  in 
drooping  spicate  racemes;  capsules  membranous, 
yellowish  green,  7"-i3"  long,  strongly  3-winged, 
containing  z  or  sometimes  only  i  flat  thin-winged 
seed  in  each  cavity. 


moist  thickets,  Khode  Island  to  Ontario  and 
ta,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  t' 
I  Viisinia,     June-July.    Fruit  ripe  Sept., 


Min- 


Family  25.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  382.      1836. 
Iris  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow  equitant  2-ranked  leaves  and  perfect  regular  or 
irregular  mostly  clustered  flowers  subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments 
or  6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  two  series, 
convolute  In  the  bud,  withering- persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  perianth 
opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes;  filaments  filiform,  distinct  or 
united;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  3-celled;  ovules 
mostly  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes 
divided.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  3-angled  or  3-lobed  (some- 
times 6-lobed),  many-seeded.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  homy;  embrj'o 
straight,  small. 

About  57  genera  and  1000  species,  of  wide  distributiou. 
Style -branches  opposite  the  anthers,  very  broad,  petal-like.  I.  Iris. 

Style -branches  alternate  with  the  anthers,  slender  or  filiform. 

Style-branchea  i-cleft;  plants  bulbous.  3.  NemastylU. 


.._.. ,  slender  or 

t-cleft;  plants  bulbous. 
Style- branches  undivided;  plants  not  bulbous. 
Filaments  all  distinct;  seeds  fleshy. 
Pitamenls  united;  seeds  diy. 


I.   IRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  38.      1753. 

Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes  tuber-bearing  rootstocks, 
erect  stems,  erect  or  ascending  equitant  leaves,  and  large  regular  terminal  sometimes  pan- 
icled  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  3  outer  dilated, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  the  3  inner  narrower,  smaller,  usually  erect,  or  in  some  species  about 
as  large  as  the  outer.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  perianth -segments;  anthers 
linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  divisions  of  the  style  petal-like,  arching  over  the  stamens, 
bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  under  their  mostly  3-lobed  tips;  style-base  adnate  to  the 
perianth-tube.  Capsnle  oblong  or  oval,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  mostly  coriaceous.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, vertically  compressed  in  I  or  3  rows  in  each  cell.  [Greek,  rainbow,  referring  to  the 
variegated  flowera.] 


dt'lis  are  applied  to  the  species 


448  IRIDACEAE. 

Stents  tall,  usually  several -Howe  red,  leafy;  ouler  periatilh-seKmentfl  larser  ihan  tli 
Flowers  blue,  varie^ted  with  yellow,  white  or  preen  (rarely  all  white). 
None  of  the  perianth -segments  crested;  native  species. 
Leavea  W'-l'  wide. 

Leaves  somewhat  glaucous.  i.  , 

Leaves  bright  Ereen,  not  g:1aucous. 

Outer  perianth.segtnents  3' -j' long;  flowers  sessile,  x.  . 

Outer  periinth-seaTnenls  25i -3' long;  flowers  pedicelled.    3.  . 


Capsule  &lobed;  western. 
Capsule  sharply  3-anKled, 
"~      ■■  -    strongly  crested;  introduced. 


Outer  perianth 

Flowers  reddish  or  rea-nrown. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  introduced  species. 
Stems  low,  seldom  over  6'  tall.  1-3-flowered;  outer  and 

Outer  perianth  .segments  crested;  leavea  lanceolate. 
Perianth -tube  very  slender,  exceeding  the  bracts. 
Perianth-tube  eipanded  above,  not  exceeding  the  bracts. 

Outer  perianth-segments  ciested,  claws  slightly  pubescent;  leav 


4.  /.  Hootrri. 

5-  /.  Miuouriemi 

6.  /.  prismalica. 

7.  /.  Germanica. 

8.  I.futva. 

9.  /,  PseMdaconij. 
perianth-segments  nearly  equal. 


I.    Iris  versicolor  L.     Larger  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1069.) 
Irit  versicolor  L.  Sp.  PI.  39.      1733. 
Iris  Virginica  L.  Sp,  PI,  3*     1753- 

Rootatock  borizonta],  thick,  flesh]',  covered 
with  the  fibrous  roots.  Stems  terete  or  nearlji  so, 
straight  or  flexnous,  a°-3°  tall,  often  biancbed 
above,  leafy:  leaves  erect,  shorter  than  the  stem, 
somewhat  glancons,  6"-ia"  wide;  bracts  com* 
monly  longer  than  the  pedicels,  the  lower  one 
sometimes  foliaceous;  flowers  several,  violet-blue, 
variegated  with  yellow,  green  and  white;  perianth- 
segments  glabrous,  creatless,  the  outer  ones  spatn- 
late,  i'-'^'  long,  longer  and  wider  than  the  inner; 
perianth-tube  dilated  upward,  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblong,  obscurely  3-lobed,  about 
1%'  long  and  8"  in  diameter;  seeds  j"-3"  broad, 
in  3  rows  in  each  cell. 

In  marshes,  thickets,  and  wet  meadows,  Newfound- 
land to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Arkansas, 
May-July. 


2.   Iris  hexagdna  Walt.     Southern  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1070,) 


Irii  kexagona  Walt.  Fl,  Car.  66,       1788, 

Rootetock  stout,  thick.  Stems  terete,  usually 
simple,  straight  or  flexuous,  leafy,  i°-3°  tall;  leaves 
^'-lyi'  wide,  green,  not  glaucous,  the  lower  often 
i'-S"  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  ses- 
sile, similar  to  those  of  /.  versicolor,  but  larger,  the 
broader  outer  crestless  perianth  segments  often  4' 
long  and  over  1'  wide,  much  wider  than  the  erect 
inner  ones;  perianth-tube  rather  longer  than  the 
ovary,  a  little  dilated  upward;  capsule  oblong  cylin- 
dric,  6-angled,  about  3'  long;  seeds  in  3  rows  in 
each  cavity. 


IRIS   FAMILY. 

3.   Iris  Carolinidna  S.  Wats.     Carolina 
Blue  Flag,     (Fig.  1071.) 

Iris  Caroliniana  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  314- 
1890. 

Rootstock  stout,  llcshj.  Stem  rather  stont,  simple 
or  branched  a'-j"  tall,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
bright  green  leaves  which  are  W-\%'  wide;  flowers 
solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  lilac,  variegated  with  yel- 
low, purple  and  brown,  pedicelled;  pedicels  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  bracta;  outer  perianth-segments 
broadly  spatulate,  i>i'-3'  long,  with  narrow  claws, 
the  inner  narrower  and  nearly  erect;  perianth-tube 
about  ^'  long  above  the  ovary;  capsule  oblong,  ob- 
tusely 3-angled,  i%'-i'  long;  seeds  in  i  row  in  each 
cavity,  4"-5"  broad. 


North  Caro- 


Iris  H6olteri  Penny.     Hooker's  Blue 
Flag.     (Fig.  1072.) 

Hookeri  Penny;  Steud.  Nomencl.  Ed,  9,  Part  I, 

Rootstock  rather  slender.  Stems  slender,  simple 
or  branched,  terete,  lo'-ao'  tall.  Leaves  mostly 
basal,  narrowly  linear,  bright  green,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  stem,  1"-^"  wide;  flowers  solitary 
or  1  together,  pcdicelled,  the  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  bracts;  pcrianth-aegmentn  glabrous,  cresttess, 
the  inner  ones  oblanceolate,  much  shorter  and 
smaller  than  the  oater;  capsnle  short-oblong,  i'- 
\yi'  long,  7"-io"  in  diameter,  thin-walled,  trans- 
versely veined,  obtusely  3-lobed;  seeds  in  a  rows  in 
each  cavity,  about  l^"  broad. 


5.    Iris  Missouriinsis  Nutt.     Western 
Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1073.) 

Iris  Missouriensis  Nutt.  Joum.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  58. 

■834- 

Rootstock  stont.  Stem  rather  slender,  usually 
simple,  terete,  6''3°  tall,  1-3-flowered;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  green,'  sometimes  purplish  below, 
shorter  than  or  about  equalling  the  stem,  ^"-t," 
wide;  flowers  pale  blue  and  variegated,  pedicelled; 
pedicels  slender,  %'^i'  long,  usually  shorter  than 
the  scarious  bracts;  perianth-segments  glabrous, 
crestless,  the  outer  ones  i'-iyi'  long,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter,  the  tube  3"-4"  long  above  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblong,  i'-t>j'  long,  about  yk'  iu 
diameter,  obtusely  6-angled,  faintly  veined. 

Inn 


IRIDACBAS. 
6.    Iris  pristnAtica  Pursh.     Slender  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1074.) 

Iris  VirginUa  Muhl.  Cat.  4.      1813.     Not  L.  17S3 
Iris  pritmalica  Purah,  PI,  Am.  Sept.  30.      1814. 
Iris  gracilis 'BigeX.  PI.  BosL  11.      1814. 

Rootstock  rather  slender,  tubemu-thickened. 
Stems  ileader,  often  flexnooa,  I'-z"  tall,  nenally 
simple,  beeriog  a  or  3  leave*;  leaves  alvost  grast- 
lilte,  i}i"-a%"  wide,  mostly  •horter  tkan  the 
stem;  flowen  lolitBiy  or  a  together,  blue  veined 
with  yellow,  Blender-pedieelled;  psdicels  com- 
monly longer  tban  the  bracts;  ooter  perianlfa-seg- 
ments  i}4'-3'  long,  glabrous  and  crestlees,  the  in- 
ner smaller  and  narrower,  the  tube  3"-3"  long 
above  the  ovary;  capinle  narrowly  oblong,  acnte  at 
each  end,  sharply  3-angled,  i'-ij4'  long.  3"-4" 
thick;  seeds  abont  i"  broad,  thick,  borne  in  i  row 
in  each  cavity. 


7.   Iris  Germ4nica  L,     Fleur-de-lis. 
(Fig.  1075.) 
/n'l  Gernutmca  L.  Sp.  PI.  38.      1753. 

Rootstock  thick.  Stems  stout,  usually  branched 
and  several -flowered,  a  "-3°  tall,  bearing  several 
leaves.  Leaves  glaucoua,  8"-2'  wide,  the  basal  ones 
mostly  shorter  than  the  stem;  bracts  scarious;  flowers 
nearly  sessile  in  the  bracts,  large  and  very  showy, 
deep  violet-blue  veined  with  yellow  and  brown  or 
sometimes  white;  outer  perianth-segments  broadly 
obovate.  3'-4'  long,  their  claws  strongly  crested;  inner 
perianth -segments  narrower,  arching. 


:o  roadsides  in  Viiginia. 


Ms  DaerlDckil  Buckley,  Am.  Toum.  Sci.  JtS'.  '7^'  de- 
scribed from  specimens  coUecled  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  but 
doubtless  cultivated,  appears  to  be  /.  aphylla  L.,  a  native 
of  central  Europe. 


8.    Iris  fulva  Ker.     Red-brown  Flag. 
(Fig.  1076.) 

Irii/ulva  Ket,  Bot.  Mag.  fil.  y/pij.      i8:i, 
/lis  cuflrea  Putsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  30.      1814. 

Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stems  rather  slender, 
3°'3°  tall,  simple  or  branched,  several-flowered  and 
bearing  1-4  leaves;  leaves  pale  green  and  some- 
what gtancous,  shorter  than  or  equaltiog  the  stem, 
3"_8"  wide;  pedicels  }4'-i'  long,  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  flowers  reddish  brown,  variegated  with 
blue  and  green;  perianth-segments  glabrona,  crest- 
less,  the  outer  ones  i  }i'-3'  long,  the  inner  smaller, 
spreading;  sty le -branches  3"-3"  wide. 

In  sn-amps,  southern  Illin 
ana,  west  to  Missouri,  Arkan: 


Iris  Pseudicorus  L. 

(Fig.  1077.) 


IRIS   FAMILY. 
Yellow  Flag. 


'TTM, 


Iris  Pseudacorut  L.  Sp.  PI.  3 


1753- 


Rootttocic  thick.  Stems  i>j°-3°  htgb,  usually  sev- 
eral-flowered; leftves  pale  green  and  gUncons,  stiff, 
4"_8"  wide,  the  lower  equalling  or  longer  tban  tlie 
atem;  flowers  bright  jellow,  shoit-pedicclled;  peri- 
anth-segmeats  glabrous  and  crestleM,  the  outer 
broadly  obo\«te,  3'-3jj'  long,  the  inner  oblong, 
nearly  erect,  scarcely  longer  than  the  claws  of  the 
outer  ones;  capsule  oblong,  i'-^'  long. 

In  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  New  York  (Ohio?)  and 
New  Jersey.  Naturaliied  or  adventive  from  Europe. 
May-July. 


10.   Iria  cristUta  Ait.     Crested  Dwarf 
Iris.     (Fig.  1078.) 


Iris  a 


a  Ait  Hort.  Kew.  i 


Rootstock  lender,  branched,  creeping,  tuber- 
ous-thickened. Stems  only  i'-3'  high, 
flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  bright  green,  4'-9' 
long,  3"-9"  wide,  much  exceeding  the  s' 
scape  flattened,  flowers  blue,  pedicelled;  peri- 
anth-segments obovate,  t'-iyi'  long,  the  outer 
crested,  little  longer  than  the  naked  inner  ones, 
the  tube  very  slender,  i>i'-a>4'  long  above  the 
ovary,  longer  than  the  bracts;  capsule  oval, 
sharply  triangular,  narrowed  at  each  end,  b"~ 
9"  high,  4"-5"  thick. 

Od  hillsides  and  along  streams.  Maryland  to 
southern  Ohio  and  Indiana,  south  to  Geor^a,  Ten. 
nessee  and  Missouri.    April-May. 


II.    Iris  lacfistris  Nutt.      Dwarf  Lake 
Iris.     (Fig.  1079.) 

Iris  lacustris  Nutt.  Gen.  1: 13.      1818. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in  size  and 
foliage,  or  the  leaves  rather  narrower,  some- 
times wavy-margined.  Flowers  blue;  perianth- 
tube  only  yi'-\'  long,  shorter  than  the  bracts 
and  the  sometimes  yellowish  perianth-  segments, 
somewhat  expanded  upward;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  8"  high,  borne  on  a  pedicel  of  about  its 
own  length. 

ShodM  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Snperior.  Local. 
Reported  from  the  foUowiuK  localities^  Presque 
Isle,  Mackinac  City,  Bois  Blanc  Island  and  Drum- 
mond's  Island,  Mich. ;  Bruce  Peninsnla  and  South- 
ampton, Ont.    May. 


452  IRIDACEAE. 

12.    Iris  v^rna  I,.     Dwarf  Iris.    (Fig,  1080.) 


Irii: 


ma  L.  Sp.  PI.  39.      1753- 


Rootstock  slender.  Stems  I'-y  high,  nsnally  i- 
flowcred.  Leaves  narrowlj  linear,  3'-8'  high,  a"-;" 
wide;  flowers  -violet-blue  or  rarely  white,  pedicelled; 
peri  anth-segtue  a  ts  c  restless,  the  outer  abont  if^'laag, 
oboTate,  narrowed  into  slightly  pubescent  slender  yel- 
low claws,  the  inner  somewhat  smaller,  glabrous; 
capsule  obtusely  triangular,  short. 

On  shaded  hillsides  and  in  woods,  southern  Pirnnsylva- 
nia  to  VirginiB,  Kentucky  and  Georjria.  Rootstock  de- 
scribed as     pungently  spicy."     April-May. 


2.  NEMASTYLIS  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (11.)  5:  157.  1833-37. 
[ECSTYLIS  Engelm.  &  Gray,  Host.  Journ.  NaL  Hist  5:  235.  1845.] 
Bulbous  herbs  with  erect  slender  terete  usually  branched  stems  and  elongated  linear 
folded  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  in  onr  species  blue  or  purple,  solitary  or  several  Vy 
getber,  fugacious,  subtended  by  3  herbaceous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  nearly  equal 
obovate  segments,  distinct  neatly  or  quite  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Filaments  more  or 
leas  united;  anthers  short;  style  short,  its  branchea  alternate  with  the  anthAB,  each  slen- 
derly 3-parted;  stigmas  small,  terminal.  Capsule  oblong,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  loculicidally 
deh^ent  at  the  summit.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  thread-like  style-branches.] 

Besides  the  followinK,  sotne  3  others  occur  in  the 


I.    Nemastylis  ac^ta  (Bart.)  Herb. 
Northern  NemastyUs.     (Fig.  1081,) 
Ixia  acuta  Bart.  Fl.  N.  A.  l:  89.  pi.  66.      1821. 
Nemaslylis  gemmiflora  Nutt.  Trans.  .Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

HI.)  S:  157-      i8.)3-37. 
Nemastylis  acuta  Herb.  Bot.  Mag.  pl.  J779.     1B39-40. 

Bulb  dark  colored,  ovoid,  scaly,  i'  or  less  long. 
Stem  i"-!"  tall,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves,  j'-io'  long. 
1  Ji"-2>i"  wide;  bracts  lanceolate,  each  pair  sub- 
tending I  or  2  flowers;  flowers  light  blue  or  pur- 
ple, l'-2'  broad,  slender-pedicelled;  pedicels  rather 
shorter  than  the  bracts;  perianth-segments  oblong- 
obovale,  obtuse;  style-branches  cxserted  between 
the  free  parts  of  the  filaments,  their  filiform  divi- 
sions 2"-3"  long;  capsule  obovoid,  5"-6"  high, 
3"-4"  in  diameter. 


3.   GEMMINGIA  Fabr.  Enum.  PI.  Hort.  Helm.       1759. 
[Belahcanda  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  a:  60.      1763.] 
[Pardantuus  Ker,  in  Koenig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  i:  346.      1805.] 
An  erect  perennial  herb,  with  short  stout  rootstocks  and  /n'j-like  leaves.     Flowers  in 
terminal  bracted  clusters,  rather  large,  orange  and  purple-mottled.     Perianth  of  6  oblong 
spreading  nearly  equal  withering-persistent  segments,  distinct  very  nearly  to  the  atimmit  of 
the  ovary.     Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  segments;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  linear- 
oblong.     Style  very  slender,  enlarged  above,  the  3  slender  undivided  branches  alternate  with 
the  anthers.     Capsule  fig-shaped,  obovoid.  thin-walled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  the  valves  re- 
curving, finally  falling  away,  exposing  the  mass  of  black  fleshy  seeds,  which  are  borne  on  a 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  Asia. 


IRIS  FAMILY.  453 

Gemmingia  Chininsis  (L.)  Kuntze.     Blackberry  Lily.     (Fig.  1082.) 

Ixia  Ckinensii  L.  Sp.  PI.  36.      1753- 
Belamcanda  Chinensis  DC.  in  Red.  Lil.  3:  pi.  121. 


I  Ckintnsii  Ke 
.  t:  246.      1805. 


1  Koenig  &  Sims, 


Stem  ratber stout,  iji"-*' tall,  leafy.  Leaves 
pale  green,  nearly  erect,  equitant,  folded,  8'- 
lO*  long,  8"-i2"  wide,  the  two  sides  united 
above  the  middle;  bracts  lanceolate,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  sea 
rious;  flowers  several  or  numerous,  Ij^'-a' 
broad;  perianth-segnieiits  obtose  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  persistent  and  coiled  to- 
gether on  the  ovary  after  flowering,  mottled 
with  crimson  and  purple  on  the  upper  side; 
capsule  about  i'  high  and  rather  more  than  }j' 
in  diameter,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  sum- 
mit; mass  of  globose  seeds  erect,  resembling 
a  blackberry,  whence  the  common  name. 

On  hills  and  along  roadsides,  southern  New 
York  to  Geotxia,  Indiana  and  Missouri,  Natuml- 
iied  from  Asia.    June-July.    Fruit  ripe  July-Sept. 

4.    SISYRJNCHIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  954.      1753. 

Perennial  tufted  slender  herbs,  with  short  rootstoclcs,  simple  or  branched  3-edged  or  3- 
winged  stems,  linear  grass.like  leaves,  and  rather  small  mostly  blue  terminal  flowers  um- 
bellate from  a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts.  Ferianth-tube  short  or  none,  the  6  spreading  seg- 
ments oblong  or  obovate,  equal,  mostly  arislulale.  Filaments  united  to  above  the  middle 
in  our  species.  Ovary  3-celled,  each  cavity  several  ovuled.  Style-branches  filiform,  un- 
divided, alternate  with  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  locnlicidally  3- 
valved.     Seeds  subglobose  or  ovoid,  smooth  or  pitted,  dry. 

About  70  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  followiue,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  Western 
States.    Those  here  described  have  all  been  referred  to  S.  Bermud i     -  ■ 


,,  by  American  authors. 

e.  1.  5.  graminoidis. 
7.  S.  Allattlicum. 
i.S.anguslifoti«m. 


aides   Bicknell.    Bull.    Torr, 


subglobose.  s"-^"  in  diameterwhen  ra 
Leaves  >("■-■■  W''  wide;  capsule  oval,  i"-2"  in  diameter  when  mat 
The  lower  of  the  bracts  longer  than  the  upper;  stems  mostly  simple. 

I.  Sisyrinchium  graminoides  Bicknell.   Stout  Blue -eyed  Grass.   (Fig.  1 
Sisvrinchium  aitcefis  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

6, 51J.      1S90.     Not  C— 
Sisyrinchium    gramir, . 

Club,  33:  133.     1896. 

Ratber  light  green,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem 
broadly  a-winged,  stout,  erect,  or  reclining,  8'- 
18'  tall,  usually  terminating  in  two  unequal 
branches  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  grassy  lee  ~ 
Basal  leaves  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  stei 
i"-3"  wide;  often  lax  and  grass-like;  edges  of 
stems  and  leaves  usually  perceptibly  rough-ser- 
rulate; bracts  i'  long  or  less,  green,  nearly  ( 
quite  equal  but  the  outer  one  occasionally  pro- 
longed; umbels  3-4-flowered;  pedicels  filiform, 
8"-i3"  long,  exceeding  the  bracts,  finally  often 
spreading  or  recurved;  flowers  5"-9"  broad; 
petals  sparsely  pubescent  on  outer  surface;  cap- 
sule subglobose,  i>i"-3"  '"  diameter  when 
mature;  seeds  black,  nearly  globular,  about  >4"- 
%"  in  diameter,  pitted. 

Id  grassy  places,  in  moist  or  dryish  soil,  sometimes 


454 


IRIDACBAB. 


3.  Sisyrinchium  AtUtnttcum  Bicknell. 
(Fig.  1084.) 

Sisyri luhiutn  Allaiilieum  Bicknell,   Bull.    Torr. 
Club,  13: 134.      1896. 

Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  paler,  glaucous 
green,  often  more  tufted,  the  Btem  more  slender 
and  weaker,  rather  oarrowly  i-winged,  verj 
smooth-edged,  sometimes  3°  long  and  reclin- 
ing, terminating  in  two  or  three  mostly  sub- 
equal  branches,  often  also  with  one  or  two  lat- 
eral ones;  branches  slender  and  wiry,  often 
recurred  and  forming  a  distinct  angle  with 
the  flonl  bracts.  Leaves  narrower,  rarely  over 
i"  wide,  the  basal  ones  usually  much  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  nearly  or  quite  equal, 
narrow,  mostly  somewhat  scarious,  often  pur- 
plish; flowera  slightly  smaller;  ouMr  surface  of 
perianth  and  young  capsule  minutely  downy; 
capsules  2-7,  usually  5,  on  generally  erect  pedi- 
cels, 7"-io"  long;  oval,  i"-a"  long  and  H"- 
ii4"  in  diameter;  seeds  oval,  subglobose,  }("- 
yi"  in  diameter,  dark,  faintly  pitted  or  nearly 
smooth. 

h  marshes,  often 


Eastern  Blue-eyed  Grase, 


sandy  soil,  NewToundland  to  Florids, 


3.   Sisyrinchium  angustifdlium  Mill. 
Pointed  Blue-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  1085.) 

S.  ang^usli/olium  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Bd.  7.      1799. 
Sisyrinchium  attcefis  Cav.  6:  345.  pi.  J9ti.  /.  I.      1788, 
S.  mttcronalum  Michi.  PI.  Boi,  Am.  3:  jj.      1803. 

Pale  glaucous  green,  stems  3-«dged,  scarcely  1- 
winged.  slender,  rigid,  erect,  3'-i4'  tall,  simple,  or 
very  rarely  forking  into  a  branches  above.  Leaves 
commonly  all  basal,  rigid  and  often  almost  setaceous, 
the  edges  rough  or  smooth,  J("-lV"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  very  unequal,  sometimea  pur- 
plish, the  lower  one  usually  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  upper;  flowers  6"-8"  broad;  pedicels  erect,  about 
%"  loDg,  shorter  than  the  lower  bract;  capsule  sub- 
globose,  2"-3"  in  diameter;  seeds  large,  %"-%" 
long,  somewhat  obovoid,  faintly  pitted  (>r  nearly 
smooth,  brown. 


Family  26.     MARANTACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.      1830. 
Arrowroot  Family. 

Tall  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  tubers,  or  sometimes  annual,  with 
scapose  or  leafy  stems,  mostly  large  entire  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves,  often 
swollen  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  veins  pinnate,  parallel.  Flowers  perfect  or 
sometimes  polygamous,  irregular,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  spikes.  Perianth  su- 
perior, its  segments  distinct  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary  or  united  into  a  tube, 
normally  in  2  series  of  3,  the  outer  (sepals)  usually  different  from  the  inner 
(petals).  Perfect  stamen  i;  anthers  1-2-celled.  Staminodia  mostly  5,  often 
petal-like,  separate  or  united  by  their  bases,  very  irregular.  Ovary  1-3-celled, 
inferior;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity,  anatropous;  style  slender,  ciuved,  terminal; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like,  i-j-celled.  Seed  solitary  in  each 
cavity.     Enibrj'o  central,  in  copious  endosperm. 

About  II  genera  and  t6o  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  wanu^emperate  regions. 


ARROWROOT  FAMII-V.  455 

I.  THALIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1193.      1753. 

Annaal  (or  perennial?)  betbt,  with  large  long-petioled  haMl  leaves,  erect  simple  scapes 
and  tenninal  pauicled  spikes  of  bracted  usually  purple  flowers.  Sepals  3,  membranous,  sepa- 
rate, cquaL  Petals  3,  separate  oraonwwhat  coherent  at  the  base.  SUminodja  slightly  anited 
below,  one  of  tbetu  (labeUum)  broad,  created.  Antlier  i-celled.  Ovary  i-cel!ed  or  with  2 
additional  small  empty  cavities.  Base  of  the  style  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  stamen-tube. 
Stigma  i-lipped,  dorsally  appendaged.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid.  Seed  solitary,  erect. 
Embryo  strongly  curved.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Tbalius,  German  naturalist  of  the  sixbeenth 
century.] 

About  7  apecies,  all  American.    Besides  the  rollowing,  another  occun  in  the  Southern  States. 

I.  Thalia  dealb^a  Roecoe.     Powdery 
Thalia.     (Fig.  1086.) 

Thalia  dealbala  Roscoe.  Trans.   Ijnn.  Soc.  S:  340. 
1807. 

Plant  finely  white-powdery  Dearly  all  over. 
Scapes  rather  stout,  terete,  z'S"  tall;  petioles  i°- 
3^°  long,  terete;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  narrowed  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  >i°-i°  long,  3 '-5' wide;  pan- 
icle 8''-iS'  long,  its  ipikes  numerous,  usnally  erect 
or  ascending;  bracts  of  the  panicle  narrow,  decid- 
uous, not  longer  than  the  spikes;  bractlets  ovate, 
unequal,  coriaceous,  about  ^'  long;  flowers  pur- 
ple, longer  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  4"  in  diameter. 


Family  27.     BURMAITNIACEAfi  Bluine,  Enum.  PI.  Jav.  I:  27.       1830.* 
Burma  NN I A  Fauilv. 

Low  annual  herbs,  with  filiform  stems  and  fibrotis  roots.  I,eaves  basal  or 
rediKed  to  cauline  scales  or  bracts.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  the  perianth  with 
6  small  thick  lobes,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  3  or  6,  included,  in- 
serted on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehis- 
cent. Style  slender;  stigmas  3,  dilated;  ovary  inferior,  with  3  central  or  parietal 
placentae.  Ovules  numerous.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  oblong; 
endosperm  none. 

I.   BURMANNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.       1753. 

Erect  herbs,  with  simple  stems  and  small  alternate  scale-like  or  bract-like  leaves.  Tube 
of  the  periantb  strongly  3-angled  or  3-winged,  tbe  3  outer  lobes  longer  than  tfae  inner.  Sta- 
mens 3,  opposite  tbe  inner  periantb-lobes.  Filaments  very  abort;  connective  of  the  anthers 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs  into  a  a-cleft  cresL  Ovary  3-celled,  with  3  thick  i-lobed  central 
placentae;  stigmas  globose  or  i-lobed.  Capsule  crowned  by  tbe  persistent  perianth,  open- 
ing by  irregular  lateral  ruptures.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Bunnann,  Dutch  botanist  of  the 
eighteenth  century.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  warm  reKicHis.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  south- 
eastern States. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Mokokc. 


456 


BURMANNIACEAE. 


z.   Burmannia  bifldra  L.     Northern 
Burmannia.     (Fig.  1087.) 

Burmannia  biflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.      1753. 
TripUrella  coerulea  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  22.      1818. 

Stems  very  slender,  2^-6^  high*  from  a  few 
fibrous  roots,  simple  or  forked  above.  Flowers 
I  or  several,  often  2,  terminal.  Angles  of  the 
perianth-tnbe  conspicuously  winged,  the  outer 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  the  inner  linear  and  in- 
curved; seeds  very  numerous,  oblong-linear, 
sparingly  striate,  escaping  through  irregular 
fissures  in  the  sides  of  the  capsule. 


In  swamps  and  bogs,  Virginia  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.    Sept.-Nov. 


Family  28.     ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  Ed.  2,  336.      1836.* 

Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tuberous  roots,  sheathing  entire  leaves, 
sometimes  reduced  to  scales,  the  flowers  perfect,  irregular,  bracted,  solitar>% 
spiked  or  racemed.  Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer  (sepals)  sim- 
ilar or  nearly  so,  2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner  one 
(lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred,  sometimes  in- 
ferior by  torsion  of  the  ovary  or  pedicel.  Stamens  variously  united  with  the 
style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column;  anther  i  or  in  Cypripedium  2,  2 -celled;  pol- 
len in  2-8  pear-shaped  usually  stalked  masses  (pollinia),  imited  by  elastic  threads, 
the  masses  waxy  or  powdery,  attached  at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland). 
Style  often  terminating  in  a  beak  (rostellum)  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  be- 
tween its  sacs.  Stigma  a  viscid  surface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostellum, 
or  in  a  cavity  between  the  anther-sacs  (clinandrium).  Ovary  inferior,  usually 
long  and  twisted,  3-angled,  i -celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  on  3  parie- 
tal* placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  mostly  spindle 
shaped,  the  loose  coat  hyaline,  reticulated;  endosperm  none;  embryo  fleshy. 

About  410  genera  and  5000  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics,  many  of 
those  of  warm  regions  epiphytes. 

Anthers  2;  lip  a  large  inflated  sac.  i.  Cypripedium. 

Anthers  solitary. 

Anther-sacs  divergent ;  x>ollinia  with  a  caudicle  which  is  attached  at  base  to  a  viscid  disk  or  gland. 
Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  2.  Orchis. 

Glands  not  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  3.  Habenaria. 

Anther-sacs  parallel;  pollinia  not  produced  into  a  caudicle  (except  apparently  in  no.  14). 
Pollinia  granulose  or  powdery. 

Flowers  solitary  or  few;  anther  incumbent  on  a  column  4"  long  or  less. 
Lip  crested  with  straight,  somewhat  fleshy  hairs. 

Column  clavate;  lip  free.  4.  Pogonia. 

Column  linear,  dilated  above,  the  lip  adherent  to  its  base.       5.  Areihusa. 
Lip  bearded  with  long  club-shaped  hairs.  15.  Limodorum. 

Flowers  numerous,  in  spikes  or  racemes;  anther  erect,  jointed  to  a  column  not  over  2" 
long. 
Anther  operculate;  leaves  broad,  alternate. 
Anther  not  operculate. 

Leaves  green,  borne  on  the  stem. 

leaves  alternate ;  spike  mostly  twisted. 
Leaves  2,  opposite;  spike  not  twisted. 
Leaves  white-reticulated,  basal. 
Pollinia  smooth  and  waxy. 

Plants  with  corms  or  solid  bulbs;  leaves  basal  or  cauline. 
Leaves  unfolding  before  or  with  the  flowers. 

Leaf  cauline ;  lip  ovate,  or  auricled  at  the  base. 
Leaf  or  leaves  basal. 

Leaves  2;  lip  flat;  flowers  racemed. 
Leaf  i;  lip  saccate;  flower  solitary. 


6.  Epipaciis. 


7.  Gyrosiachys. 

8.  Ltstera. 

Q.  Periamium. 


10.  Achroanthes. 


11.  Lepiorchts. 

12.  Calypso. 


♦Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  Thomas  Morong. 


ORCHID   FAMILY,  457 

Leaf  I,  basal,  unrolding;  after  the  flowering  lime. 

Flowers  long-spurred;  lip  3-lobed.  14.  TiPttlaria. 

Flowera  not  spurred;  lip  3-ridgcd,  v^.  Aplectram. 
Plants  with  corallotd  roots,  bulbless,  the  leaves  reduced  to  scales. 

Pollinia  *.  in  '  pairs;  flowers  eibboua  or  spurred.  r^.  Coraliorhisa. 

PolliniaS,  united;  flowers  not  gibbous  nor  spurred.  16.  Htxatectris. 

1.  CYPRIPEDIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  951.  1753. 
Glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with  leafy  steins  or  scapes  and  tufted  roots  of  thick  fibres. 
Leaves  large,  broad,  matiy-nerved.  Flowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping,  large,  showy, 
Sepala  spreading,  separate,  or  2  of  them  united  under  the  Hp.  Lip  a  large  inllated  sac. 
Column  declined,  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each  side  and  a  dilated  petaloid 
sterile  stamen  above,  which  covers  the  summit  of  the  style.  Pollinia  grannlar.  without  a 
caudicle  or  glands.  Stigma  terminal,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed.  [Name  Greek,  Venus'  sock 
or  buskin.] 

About  40  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the  fotlon-jng.  some  4 


Sepals  separate; 

Lateral  sepals  more  or  less  umiea. 
Plant  2-leaved;  scape  i-Howcred, 
Stem  leafy  to  the  top,  i -several -flowered. 
Sepals  and  petals  not  longer  than  the  lip. 
Sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip. 
Sterile  stamen  lanceolate;  lip  white. 
Sterile  stamen  triangular;  lip  yellow. 
Lip  iti'-i'  long,  pale  yellow. 
Lip  /'-15"  long,  oright  yellow. 

I. .  Cypripedium    arietinum    R.    Br. 

Ram's-head  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig.  1088.) 

Cypripedium  arietinum  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hoft.  Kew.  Ed. 

2,  s:  J".      1813. 

Stem  y-ia'  high,  i-flowered.  Leaves  3  or  4,  el- 
liptic or  lanceolate,  2'-4'  long,  ^'-y  wide;  sepals 
separate,  lanceolate,  8"-io"  long,  longer  than  the 
lip;  petals  linear,  greenish  brown,  about  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  lip  7"-8"  long,  red  and  white,  veiny, 
prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  long  blunt  spur,  some- 
what distorted  at  the  upper  end  which  resembles  a 
ram's  head,  whence  the  specific  name. 


2.  Cypripedium  acai^le  Ait.  Moccasin 
Flower.  Noah's  Ark.  Stemless 
Ladies'  Slipper.  (Fig.  io8g.) 
Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3;  303.  1789- 
Scape  S'-ii'  high,  i-flowered.  Leaves  3, 
basal,  elliptic,  fi'-8'  long,  t'-y  wide,  thick;  oc- 
casionally a  smaller  leaf  is  borne  on  the  scape; 
sepals  greenish  purple,  spreading.  Ijj'-i'  long, 
lanceolate,  the  3  lateral  ones  united;  petals  nar- 
rower and  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals; 
lip  often  over  2' long,  somewhat  obovoid,  folded 
inwardly  above,  pink  with  darker  veins  or 
sometimes  white,  the  upper  part  of  its  interior 
surface  crested  with  long  white  haira;  sterile 
stamen  triangular,  acuminate,  keeled  inside. 

In  sandy  or  rocky  woods,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario, soDth  to  North  Carolina,  Kentucky  and  Min- 
nesota. Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  Virginia,  The  hairs 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  bract  and  on  the  base  of  the 
ovary  are  often  tipped  with  acarlet  glands.  Flower 
fragrant.    May-June, 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


3.  Cypripedium  reglnae  Walt.    Show}' 
Ladies'  Slipper.     (Fig.  1090,) 

CyPriptdium  reginae  Walt  Fl.  Or.  2n.      17SS. 

Cypripedtam  album  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  303.     ijU^. 

Cypripedium  speclabtle  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  i' 
78.      1791. 

Stem  atont,  I'-i'  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  3'-?'  long,  i'-4'  wide, 
flowera  1-3;  Bepals  rDond-ovate,  white,  not 
longer  than  the  Up,  the  lateral  ones  united  for 
their  whole  length;  petals  somewhat  nanower 
than  the  sepals,  white;  lip  much  inflated,  oyer 
1'  long,  variegated  with  puq4e  and  white  *tiipea; 
stamen  cordate-ovate. 


4.  Cypripedium  cfindidum  Willd.    Small 
White  Ladies'  Slipper.     (Fig.  1091.) 

Cypripedium  caudidum  Willd.  Sp.  Fl.  4: 141.      1805. 

Stem  6'-i2'  high,  leafy.  Leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  i'-i'  lonfc,  8"- 
16"  wide,  with  several  obtuse  sheathing  scales  be- 
low them;  bracts  i'-3'  long,  lanceolate;  flower  soli- 
tary; sepals  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip,  green- 
ish, purple  spotted;  petals  somewhat  longer  and 
narrower  than  the  sepals,  wavy-twisted,  greenish; 
lip  white,  striped  with  purple  inside,  about  i&' 
long;  sterile  atamen  lanceolate. 


5.   Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill. 

Large  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig,  1092.) 

Cypripedium  kinulum  Hill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8, 

no,  3.      1768. 
Cypripedium  pubescent  WilM.  Sp.  PI.  4:  MJ 

1805. 

Stems  leafy,  {"-a"  high.  Leave*  oval  or 
elliptic,  3'-5'  long.  iJi'-3'  wide,  acute  or 
acuminate;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
longer  than  the  tip,  yellowish  or  greenish, 
striped  with  purple;  petals  narrower,  nsnally 
twisted;  lip  mnch  inflated,  i'-3'  long,  pale 
yellow  with  purple  lines;  its  interior  with  a 
tuft  of  white  jointed  hairs  at  the  top;  sterile 
stamen  triangular;  stigma  thick,  somewhat 
triangular,  incurved. 

In  woods  and  thickets.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Nebraska. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Petals  often 
elongated.    May-July. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


6.  Csrpiipedium  parvifldrum  Salisb. 

Small  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig.  I093-) 

Cj'Ptifiedium  parviftortim  Saliab.  Trans.  Linn. 

Soc.  1:77.      1791. 

Stems  i"-!"  faigb,  alender,  leafy.  Leaves 
oval,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  3'-6'Iong,  \'-i%' 
wide;  sepals  and  pctaU  longer  tbati  the  tip; 
petals  umally  twisted;  lip  7"-ls"  long, 
briglit  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  pur- 
ple stripes,  spots  or  blotches;  sterile  stamen 
triangular,  yellow  and  pnrple  spotted  like 
the  lip. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia  and  Washington,  south  alongr 
the  mountains  to  Georgia,  and  to  Missouri.  As- 
cends to  40Q0  ft,  in  Virginia,  Similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  with  which  it  appears  to  jn- 
tergrade,  or  of  which  it  may  be  but  a  form,  but 
usually  distinguiahed  bv  the  smaller  size  and 
brighter  yellow  color  of  the  lip.  Sepals  and 
petals  sometimes  purple.     May-July. 


a.  ORCHIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  939- 


1753- 


Roots  of  nnmerous  fieshy  6bres,  stems  in  oar  species  scape-like,  1-2-leaved  at  the  base. 
Flowers  iu  short  terminal  spikes.  Sepals  separate,  subeqnal,  spreading  or  connivent.  Petals 
similar  to  the  sepals.  Lip  connate  with  the  base  of  the  column,  produced  below  into  a 
spur.  Column  short,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the  lip.  Anther  i-ce11ed,  the 
sacs  contiguous  and  slightly  divergent;  poUinia  granulose,  i  large  mass  in  each  sac,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  candicle,  tbe  end  of  which  is  attached  to  a  small  gland.  Stigma  a  hol- 
lowed snrface  between  the  anther-sacs,  the  rostellum  a  knob-like  projection  under  the  an- 
ther. Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  Capsule  oblong,  erect,  without  a  beak.  [Name 
ancient.] 


s  of  tl 


^  north  temperate  z 


Only  the  following  a 


known  t: 


Orchis  spcct&bilis  L.     Showy  Orchis.     (Fig.  1094.) 


Orchis  speclabilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  943-      1733- 

Stcms  4'-i3'  high,  thick,  fleshy,  5-ang1ed. 
Leaves  2,  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  i  or  a 
scales  below  them,  obovate,  sometimes  6'  long  and 
4'  wide,  but  uaoally  smaller,  clammy  to  the  touch; 
spike  3-6-fiowered;  flowers  about  i'  long,  violet- 
purple  mixed  with  lighter  purple  and  white;  bracts 
foliaceous,  sheathing  the  ovaries;  sepals  united  in 
an  arching  galea;  petals  connivent  under  the  sepals, 
more  or  less  attached  to  them;  lip  whitish,  diver- 
gent, entire,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur  ob- 
tuse, about  S"  long;  column  violet  on  the  back; 
capsule  about  i'  long,  strongly  angled. 


Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.    April-Jur 


46o  ORCHIDACEAE. 

a.   Orchis  rotundifdiia  Pursh.     Small  Round-leaved  Orchis.     (Fig.  1095.) 
Orchis  spectabilis  Pnrah.  Fl.  Am.  Sept  jSS      i8i«. 

nalantbera  rolundi/olia   Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  J93. 

1835- 

Stem  slender,  S'-ic/  high,  i-Ieaved  near  the  ba«e. 
Leaf  varying  from  nearlj  orbicular  to  oval,  1%'-%' 
long,  i'-3'  wide,  with  1  or  3  sheathing  scales  below  it; 
■pike  a-6-flowered;  flowera  6"-8"  long,  snbtettded  by 
small  bracts;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  sometimes 
longer  than  the  petals;  sepals  and  petals  oval,  rose- 
color;  lip  white,  purple  spotted,  longer  than  the 
petals,  3-Iobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  dilated,  s-lobed 
or  notched  at  the  apex;  spur  slender,  shorter  than  the 
lip. 


3.   HABENARIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  44-      1805. 

Herbs,  with  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots,  onr  species  with  leafy  stems.  Flowers 
greenish,  white,  purple  or  yellow,  mostly  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Sepals  equal  or  nearly  so, 
separate,  or  coherent  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  usually  spreading.  Petals  mostly  smaller 
than  the  sepals;  lip  spreading,  or  drooping,  nith  a  spur  at  its  base,  entire,  or  3-s-clefl,  or 
lacerate.  Column  very  short.  Anther-sacs  elevated,  more  or  leas  divergent.  Pollinia 
coarsely  granular;  caudicles  short;  glands  naked.     [Latin;  a  rein  or  strap.] 


sonthem  and  ys 

Leaves  only  2,  basal 
Scape  bracted. 
Scape  naked. 

Ijeat  soli  tar;. 

Leaves  several  

Lip  not  3-pHrted, 
Lip  entire. 


e  Ki  others  o 


a  the 


,     .    ;wisted. 
Ovanr  more  or  less  twisted. 

Lip  lanceolate;  flowers  gieemsh  yellow. 
Lip  thombic,  dilated  at  the  base;  Sowers  white. 
Lip  crenulate  or  e rose-dentate;  flowers  orange-yellow. 
Lip  2-3-toothed. 

Lip  toothed  at  the  apex. 

Spur  sac-like,  shelter  than  the  Ovary. 
Spur  slender,  longer  than  the  ovary. 
Lip  with  an  obtuse  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  am 


Up 


jcctinately  fringed, 
dpur  half  as  lunc  as 
Spur  longer  than  th 

"■' —  bright  yelloi 


vary. 


Flower       .    .. 
Lip  3- parted. 

Segments  of  the  Up  deeply  fringed. 

Segments  narrow;  fringe  of  a  few  threads. 
Segments  broadly  fan-shaped;  fringe  copious. 

Segments  fringed  to  the  middle;  flowers  white. 

Segments  fringed  to  atwut  one-third  or  less;  flow 

Raceme  I'-aH'  thick;  lip  Ji'-i'  broad. 

Raceme  I'-i  W  thick;  lip  4"-6"  broad. 

Segments  of  the  lip  cut-toothed:  Sowers  violet-purple. 


1.  li.  orbiculala. 

2.  H.  Hookeriana. 
J.  H.  obtttsata. 


5.  H.  hyberborea. 

6.  H.  dilalala, 

7.  H.  inltgra. 

8.  M.  bracleala. 

q.  H.  elavellala. 
1  centra]  tubercle. 

.0.  KJI.W. 


14.  H.  lacera. 

15.  H.  leucophoM. 

16.  H.  grandijlora. 

17.  H.  psycoda. 

18.  H.peramoena. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 

Habenaria  orbicul&ta  (Pursb)  Toir. 
(Fig.  1096.) 


Large  Round-leaved  Orchis. 


Scape  stont,  bracted,  i°-3°  high,  occasionally 
bearing  a  small  leaf.  Basal  leaves  3,  orbicular, 
spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  sfainiag  above,  sil- 
very bencBtb,  4'-7'  in  diameter;  raceme  loosely 
many-Sowered;  pedicels  nearly  %'  long,  the  fmit- 
ing  ones  erect;  floirera  greenish  white;  upper  sepal 
abort,  rounded;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  falcate- 
ovate,  obtuse  a"-S"  long;  petals  smaller;  lip  ob- 
long-linear, entire,  obtuse,  white,  about  6"  long; 
spur  mnch  longer  than  the  ovary,  often  i^'  long; 
antbcr-sacs  prominent,  converging  above;  glands 
small,  orbicular,  nearly  '^'  apart,  their  faces  turned 
toward  the  axis. 

In  rich  woods,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Minnesota.  Ascends  to 
4500  ft.  in  Virginia.    July-Aug. 

2.   Habenaria  Hookeriina  A.  Gray.     Hooker's  Orchis.     (Fig.  1097.) 

Habenaria  Hookeriana  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3; 

3^.       1836. 

Habenaria  orbiculala  Goldie,  Edinb.  Phil.  Jonm.  6: 

311.       1821,     Not  Orchil  orbiculala  Pursh,  1814. 
Habenaria  Hookeri  var.  oblongi/oUa  Paine,  Cat  PI. 
Oneida,  83.      1865. 

Scape  8'-i5'  high,  not  bracted.  Leaves  a,  basal, 
fleshy,  shining,  spreading  or  ascending,  oval,  or- 
bicular or  obovate,  3'-5}4'  long;  raceme  rather 
loosely  many-flowered,  4'-8'  long;  bracts  acute, 
about  as  long  as  the  yellowish  green  flowers;  lat- 
eral sepals  greenish,  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading, 
about  4"  long;  petals  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
shaped;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  4"-S"  long; 
anther-sacs  widely  diverging  below;  glands  small, 
their  faces  turned  inward;  spur  slender,  acute,  8" 
long  or  more,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  considerably 

;sota.  south  to  New 


3.  Habenaria  obtus^ta  (Pursh)  Richards. 
Small  Northern  Bog  Orchis.   (Fig.  1098,) 


1833. 


1.750. 


Scape  slender,  naked,  j'-io*  high,  4-angled. 
Leaf  solitary,  basal,  obovate,  3'-$'  long,  s"-i3" 
wide;  spike  I'-i^'  long,  loose  flowers  greenish 
yellow,  about  3"  long;  upper  sepal  erect,  round- 
ovate,  green  with  whitish  margins;  lateral  sepals 
spreading,  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  shorter,  dilated 
or  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  base,  connate  with  the 
base  of  the  column;  lip  entire,  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
deflexed,  about  3"  long;  spur  about  as  long  as  the 
lip,  slender,  nearly  straight,  blunt;  anther-Baca 
'widely  divergent  below,  glands  small,  rather  thick. 


ORCHIDACEAB. 


4.   Habenaria  nivea  (Nutt.)  Spreng. 

Southern  Small  White  Orchis. 

(Fig.  1099.) 

Orchis  nivea  Nutt  Gen.  a:  188.      1818. 
Habenaria  Hivta  SpnriK.  SjBt.  3: 689.      1836. 

Stem  tlender,  angled,  la'-is'  high.  Leaves 
liiKBT-lBDCeolate,  acuminate,  4'-8'  long,  the  upper 
much  Bhorter  and  pataing  into  tbe  bracts  of  the 
spike;  spike  1'-^'  long,  loosely  many-Bowered; 
flowers  small,  white;  lateral  sepals  broadlj  oblong, 
dilated  or  sl^cbtly  eared  at  the  bate,  spreading, 
about  3"  long;  petals  and  npper  sepal  smaller; 
spur  capillary,  as  long  as  tbe  ovary  or  longer, 
stigma  appendaged  by  1  small  horn*  affixed  to  tbe 
back  of  the  anther;  ovary  straight 

0  Florida  and  AU- 


5.    Habenaria  hyperbdrca  (L.)   R.   Br. 
Tall  Leafy  Green  Orchis.     (Fig.  iioo.) 

Orchis  hyperborea  L.  Mant.  131.      xfffj, 

Habenaria  hyptrborea  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  Ed. 

a,  %:  193-      1813. 

Stem  rather  stout,  8'-3°  high,  leaves  lauceo- 
late,  mostly  acute,  %'-\%'  long,  6"-i8"  wide;  spike 
narrow,  %'-^  long;  flowers  small,  greenish  or 
greenish  yellow;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  obtuse, 
3"-y  long:  upper  sepal  slightly  creuutate  at  the 
apex;  lip  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  about  3"  long; 
spur  about  equalling  tbe  lip,  shorter  than  the 
ovary,  blunt,  slightly  incurved,  aometimes  clavate; 
anther.aacB  parallel,  diverging  at  tbe  base;  glands 
small ;  avary  more  or  less  twisted. 


In  bogs  and  wet  woods.  Noi'a  Scotia  to  Alaska, 
o  New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  Oregon,  Ascends  I 
t.  in  Vermont.    May-Aug. 


.    Habenaria    dilatita    (Pursh)    Hook. 
Tall  White  Bog  Orchis.     (Fig.  1 101.) 

i8n. 

1815. 

Stem  slender,  leafy,  t°-2°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late,  3'-i2'  long.  3"-io"  wide,  obtuse  or  acute; 
spike  a'-io'  long;  bracts  acute,  the  lower  longer 
than  the  ovary,  the  upper  shorter;  flowers  small, 
white;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  3"  loDg;  lip  en- 
tire, dilated  or  obtusely  3-Iobed  at  the  base,  obtuse 
at  tbe  apex,  about  as  long  as  tbe  blunt  incurved 
spur;  anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  glands  close  to- 
getber,  strap-shaped,  nearly  as  loug  as  the  poUinia 
and  caudicle;  stigma  with  a  trowel-shaped  beak  be- 
tween the  bases  of  the  anther-sacs;  ovary  more  or 
less  twisted. 

In  Ix^s  and  wet  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  souUi 
to  Maine,  New  York,  f  tab  and  Oregon.  Ascends  to 
5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.    June-Sept. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


7.    Habenaria  fntegra  (Nutt.)  Spreng, 
Small  Southern  Yellow  Orchis, 
(Fig.  1 102.) 
Orchis  iniegra  Nutt.  Gen.  a;  188.      1818. 
Habenaria  iniegra  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  689.      i8j6. 

Stem  i°-2°  high,  angled,  with  1-3  linear- 
lanceolate  leaves  below,  and  numerous  bract-like 
ones  above.  Lower  leaves  a'-8'  long,  acute; 
spike  i'-3'  long,  densely  flowered;  flowers 
orange-yellow;  upper  sepals  and  petals  conai- 
vent;  lateral  sepals  longer,  oval  or  obovate, 
spreading;  lip  oblong,  mostly  crenulate  or  erose, 
S(5metinies  entire;  spur  straight,  longer  than  the 
lip,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigma  with  2  lateral 
fleshy  appendages  and  a  narrow  beak. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana,  The  apper  saitace  of  the  leaves  is  often 
reticulated  with  hexagonal  cells.     July. 


8.  Habenaria  bracteUta  (Willd.)  R.  Br.     Long-bracted  Orchis.    (Fig.  1 103.) 


Habenaria  vtridis  var.  bracteata  Reichenb.  Ic.   Fl. 

Germ.  13:  130.  /  435.     1851. 

Stem  slender  or  stout,  leafy,  d'-i"  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  3'-5'  long,  the  upper 
much  smaller;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries,  the 
loner  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long;  spike  3'-5'  long, 
loosely  flowered;  flowers  green  or  greenish;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  dilated  or  somewhat 
gibbous  at  the  base,  about  3"1ong;  petals  very  nar- 
row, sometimes  thread-like;  lip  3"-4"  long,  ob- 
long-spatulate,  3-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  white  sac-like  spur; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base. 

Id  woods  and  meadows.  New  Brnnswick  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Nebraska. 
Also  in  Europe.  Ascends  to  ^600  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
Sept, 


9.  Habenaria  clavelUta  (Micbx.)  Spreng. 
Small  Green  Wood  Orchis.    (Fig.  1104.) 

Orchil  davrllala  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  155.     1803. 
Orchis  Iridenlala  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  4c.      1805. 
Habenaria  Iridenlala  Hook.  Eiol,  FI.  a://.  Si.     iSiJ. 
Habenaria  claveltala  Spreng,  Syst.  3:  6S9,      1816. 

Stem  S'-iS'  high,  angled,  i-leaved  near  the  base, 
often  with  several  small  bract-like  leaves  above,  or 
one  of  these  larger.  Basal  leaf  oblanceolate,  3'-6' 
long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries;  spikes  %,'-2' 
long,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  small,  greenish  or 
whitish;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  Hp  dilated  and  3- 
toothed  at  the  apes,  the  teeth  often  small  and  in- 
conspicuous; spur  longer  than  the  ovary,  incurved, 
clavate;  stigma  with  3  club-shaped  appendages; 
anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  capsule  ovoid,  ^"-A," 
long,  nearly  erect. 
•  In  wet  or  moist  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Louisiaua.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in 
North  Carolina    July-Aug. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


10.    Habenaria    flftva    (L.)    A.   Gray. 
Tubercled  Orchis.     Small  Pale- 
green  Orchis.     (Fig.  1105.) 

Orchis Jlava  I,.  Sp.  PI.  94»-      I7S3- 
Orchis  virescens  WilU.  Sp.  PI.  4:  37-      1805. 
Habenaria  viriscens  Spreng.  SjA.  3:  688.      i8j6. 
Habenaria ftai-a  A.  Gray.  Am.  Jonm.  Sci.  38^  3118. 

1S40. 

Stem  rather  stout,  x'-i''  high,  leafy.  Leave* 
lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  4'-i3' 
long,  8"-3'  wide;  spike  J'-6'  long;  bracts  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  ovaries;  petals  greenish; 
sepals  and  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  about  3" 
long:  sepals  greenish  yellow,  lip  a  little  longer 
than  the  petals,  entire  or  crenulate,  with  an  ob- 
tuse tooth  on  each  side  and  a  central  tubercle  at 
the  middle  of  the  base;  anther-sacs  parallel,  the 
aides  forming  a  rounded  cavity,  in  which  he  the 
orbicular  incurved  glands ;  capsule  about  4"  long. 


II.   Habenaria  cristdta  (Michx.)  R.  Br. 

Crested  Yellow  Orchis.  (Fig.  1106.) 
Orchis  crislata  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a;  :s6.  1S03. 
Habenaria  crislata  R.  Br.  in  Ait  Holt.  Kew.  Ed.  V,  5: 

194.       1813. 

Stem  slender,  angled,  S'-i°  high.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  a'-S'  long,  3"-8"  wide,  the  upper 
much  smaller,  similar  to  the  bracts;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  flowers;  spike  i'-4' long,  dense;  flowers 
orange;  sepals  ronndish^jvate,  about  i)i"  long,  the 
lateral  ones  spreading;  petals  narrower,  pectinate- 
fringed;  lip  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals,  not  3- 
parted,  but  deeply  fringed  to  the  middle  or  beyond; 
spur  2"-3"  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base,  widely  separated. 

In  bogrs.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  I^uisiana. 
July-Aug. 


13.     Habenaria    cilidris    (L.) 
Yellow  Fringed  Orchis,     (Fig.  1107.) 

Orchis  ciliaris  L,  Sp.  PI.  939.      I7S3- 

Habenaria  ciliaris  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hoit.  Kew.  Ed.  1, 

S:  194.      1813. 

Stem  slender,  i^-aji"  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  4'-8'  long,  6"-i8"  wide,  the  upper 
smaller;  spike  closely  many-flowered ,  3'-6'long, 
sometimes  nearly  3'  thick;  flowers  orange  or 
yellow,  large,  showy;  sepals  orbicular  or  broadly 
ovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  3"-^"  long;  the  lat- 
eral ones  mostly  refiexed;  petals  mnch  smaller, 
oblong  or  cuneate,  usually  toothed;  lip  oblong, 
5"-7"  long,  ci^iously  fringed  more  than  half- 
way to  the  middle;  spur  I'-iJi'  long,  very 
slender;  anther-sacs  large,  divergent  at  the  base, 
bearing  a  small  white  tubercle  on  the  outer  side. 

In  meadows,  Vermont  (?)  and  Ontario  to  Michi- 
gan, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     July-AUR. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.  4( 

13.   Habcnaria  blepharigl6ttis  (Willd. )  Ton.     White  Fringed  Orchis. 
(Fig.  1 108.) 
Orchis  ciliaris  vat.  alba  Michi.  Ft.  Bor.  Am.  3:  156. 

1803.    Not  O.  alba  Lam,  1778. 
Orihis  blephariglollis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  9.       1805. 
Habcnaria  blepharigloUis  Tott.  Comp,  317.      1826 
Habenaria  ciliaris  vat.  alba  Morong,  Bull.  Ton.  Clnb, 
»•  38.       189.1. 

Stems  and  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species.  Spikes  densely  or  rather  loosely 
many-flowered;  flowers  pure  white,  usually  a  little 
smaller  than  those  of  H.  ciliaris ;  lip  narrower, 
oblong;  petals  toothed  or  somewhat  fringed  at  the 
apex  ;  fringe  of  the  lip  copious  or  sparse. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota 
and  New  Jersej.  Intermediate  forms  between  this  and 
the  precedintc  species,  with  light  yellow  flowers,  are 
probably  hybrids.  Blooms  a  few  days  earlier  than 
(iiiaris  where  the  two  grow  together.    July-Aug. 

Habnuuia  blapliaiigl6ttia  holopMali  (Lindl.)  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  5,  502.     18^. 
Plalanlhera  holopetala  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  v^i. 


Habenaria  l^cera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.     Ragged  Orchis.     (Fig.  1109.) 
Orchis  lacera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  156.      1803. 
Habenaria  lacera  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  t;  31J. 
1810. 

Stem  rather  slender,  i''-2°  high.  Leaves  finn, 
lanceolate,  5'-8'  long,  io"-i8"  wide,  the  upper 
gradually  smaller;  spike  j'-6'  long,  loose;  flowers 
greenish  yellow;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  3" 
long,  the  upper  one  a  little  broader  than  the  others, 
petals  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  lip  3-parted,  the  segments  narrow,  deeply 
fringed,  the  fringe  of  a  tew  threads,  about  fi'  long; 
spur  7""-^"  long,  curved,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
clavate  at  the  apex;  anther-sacs  divergent  at  the 
base,  their  bases  beaked  and  projecting  upward; 
glands  oblong-linear,  hyaline,  as  long  as  the  cau- 


15.  Habenaria  leucopha^a  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray. 

Prairie  White- fringed  Orchis.   (Fig.  1110.) 
Orchii  leucophaea  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5: 161. 

"833-37- 
Habenaria  Itucophaea  A,  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  501.       1867. 

Stem  stout,  angled,  i  j4°-2f4°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, 4'~8'  long;  spike  3'-5'  long,  very  thick,  loosely 
flowered;  flowers  large,  white,  fragraat,  sometimes 
tinged  with  green;  sepals  broadly  ovate;  petals obovate, 
minutely  cut  toothed,  about  3"  long;  hp  3-parted,  6"- 
7"  long,  the  segments  broadly  wedge-shaped  and 
copiously  fringed.  Spur  \'-i%'  long,  longer  than  the 
ovary;  anther-sacs  widely  diverging  at  the  base;  cau- 
dicles  long  and  slender;  glands  transversely  oval;  ovary 
often  recurved. 


Kentucky  and  Arkansas,    July. 


1  New  York  t 


Minnesota, 


^66  ORCHIDACEAE. 

i6.   Habenaria  grandifldra  (Bigel.)  Torr. 
(Fig.  nil.) 


Large  Purple-fringed  Orchis. 


Orch  is  g  ra  ndiflot 
Orchil  fititbriala 

Dryand.  1789. 
Habfttaria  grandiflot 
Habtnaria  fimbria- - 

Not  R.  Br.  181  J. 

Stem  I  "-5°  high.  Leaves  ovat  or  lanceolate,  4'- 
10'  long,  io"-3'  wide,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  smaller 
and  acute;  raceme  3'-iS'  long,  sometimes  i%' 
thick,  densely  flowered;  flowers  lilac  or  purplish, 
sometimes  white  or  nearly  so,  fragrant;  upper 
sepat  and  petals  erect,  connivent;  petals  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed,  %'  long;  lip  J- 
parted,  %'-\'  broad,  about  ^'  long,  the  segments 
broadly  fan-shaped,  copiously  fringed  to  about  the 
middle,  anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base;  glands 
orbicular,  turned  inward;  spur  filiform,  clavate, 
I'-iJi'  long. 


17,    Habenaria  psycddes  (I,,)  A.  Gray. 
Smaller  Purple-fringed  Orchis.  (Fig,  1112.) 

Orchis  psycodei  L-  Sp.  PI.  943.      1753. 

Orchis fimbriala  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  J97.      i-fic,. 

Habenaria  psycodes  A.  Gray,  Am.  Joum,  Sci.  38:  310. 

1840. 

Stem  rather  slender,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves  oval, 
elliptic  or  lanceolate,  a'-io'  long,  8"-3'  wide,  the 
upper  smaller;  raceme  3'-6'  long,  I'-iK'  thick, 
loosely  or  densely  several-many-flowered;  flowers 
lilac,  rarely  white,  fragrant;  lower  sepals  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, about  4"  long,  the  upper  one  a  little  nar- 
rower; petals  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  tootfaed  on 
the  upper  margin;  lip  3-parted,  4"-6"  broad,  the 
segments  fan-shaped  and  copiously  fringed,  the 
fringe  of  tb^  middle  segment  shorter  than  that  of 
the  lateral  ones;  spur  somewhat  cla\~ate  at  the  apex, 
about  fi"  long,  longer  than  the  ovary. 


Ascends  to  6000  ft,  i 


I  North  Carolina.    july-Aug. 

Habenaria    peramoina    A.    Gray 

Fnngeless  Purple  Orchis.     (Fig.  1113.} 

Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  589. 


/ 


805- 


Not 
iSto. 


H  pe  amocha  A,  Gray,  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  3>:  310. 

Stem  i^-afi"  high.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceo- 
la  e  4-8  long,  Ji'-ifi' wide,  the  upper  gradually 
sma  ler  spike  i'-Y  long,  i'-2}4'  thick,  densely  or 
athe  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers  large,  show7, 
olet  purple;  lateral  sepals  round-ovate,  3"-4" 
long  the  upper  one  smaller;  petals  smaller,  ronnd- 
obo  ate  clawed,  entire,  or  slightly  erose;  lip  7"- 
10  long  3-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped,  cut- 
toothed,  not  fringed,  the  middle  one  2-lobed;  spur 
about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  curved,  clavate;  anther- 
sacs  widely  divergent,  tittle  separated;  glands  or- 
bicular, oblique. 

In  moist  meadows,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  Vii^nia 
and  Kentucky.     July-Aug. 


ORCHrD  FAMILY. 


467 


4.  POGONIA  Juss.  Gen.  PI.  65.  1789. 
Mostly  low  herbs,  the  flowers  tenninal,  solitary  or  in  racemes,  the  leaves  usually  alternate 
or  verticillate.  Sepals  and  petals  separate,  erect  or  ascending.  Lip  erect  from  the  base  of 
the  column,  spurless.  Column  elongated,  club-shaped  at  the  summit.  Anther  terminal, 
stalked,  attached  to  the  hack  of  the  column,  its  sacs  parallel;  pollinia  2,  i  in  each  sac,  pow- 
dery-granular, without  a  caudide.  Stigma  a  flattened  disk  below  the  anther.  Capsule  ob- 
long or  ovoid,  erect  or  drooping.     [Greek,  bearded,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  some  species.] 


About  30  Sf 


viddy  distributed.     Only  the  following  ai 


.  in  North  Amer 


Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike. 

Lip  creflted.  i.  . 

Lip  not  crested.  z.  . 

Sepals  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals. 

Stem  tearing  a  single  leaf  near  tbe  middle.  3.  P.  di\ 

Stem  bearing  a  whorl  of  leaves  at  the  top. 

Lip  crested  along  a  narrow  line  down  the  face;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  capsule  or  longer. 

4,  P.  verticillala. 
Lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  lobes;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

5.  P.  affinis. 

I.  Pogonia  ophioglossoldes  (L.)  Ker, 

Rose  Pogonia.     Snake-mouth. 

(Fig.  1114.) 

Artihusa  opkioglossoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  951.      1753- 
Poeonia  opfiioglossoides  Ker  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
pl.  143.     1816. 

Stem  8'-Is'  high,  1-3-leaved,  not  rarely  with 
a  long-petioled  basal  leaf.  Stem  leaf  or  leaves 
j4'-3'  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  erect,  blnntly 
ocnte;  flowers  fragrant,  pate  rose-color,  slightly 
nodding,  large,  solitary  or  occasionally  in  pairs, 
sabtendedbyafoliaceous  bract;  sepals  and  petals 
about  equal,  elliptic  or  oval,  6"-io"  long;  lip 
spatulate,  free  or  somewhat  appressed  to  the 
column  below,crested  and  fringed;  column  much 
shorter  than  the  petals,  thick,  club-shaped. 

In  meadows  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario, Florida  and  Kansas.  Also  in  Japan.  Roots 
fibrous.    June-July. 

2.    Pogonia  trianth6phora  (Sw.)  B.S. P.      Nodding  Pogonia.     (Fig.   1115.) 


Arelhusa  Irianlhophora  Sw.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl. 

(11.)  31:130.      1800. 

Pogonia  pendala  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  90S.      1S25. 

Pogonia   Irianlhophora   B,S.P.    Prel.    Cat.    N.  Y,    S»- 
■888. 

Stem  glabrous,  3'-S'  high,  from  a  tuberous  root, 
often  clustered.  I<eaves  2-8,  alternate,  ovate,  3"- 
9"  long,  clasping;  flowers  1-7,  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles, pale  purple,  at  first  nearly  erect,  soon  droop- 
ing; perianth  6"-8"  long;  sepals  and  petals  about 
equal,  connivent,  elliptic,  obtuse;  lip  clawed,  some- 
what 3-Iobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above,  not  crested, 
about  as  long  as  the  petals;  capsule  oval,  drooping, 
abont  6"  long. 

In  rich  wood*,  Canada  [?),  Rhode  Island  to  Florida, 
Wisconsin  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to  35c»  ft.  in  North 
Carolina.    Local.    Aug. -Sept. 


^«y 


L.  Sp.  PI.  Ml.      1753- 
icala  R.  Br.  in  Ait  Hort.  Kew.  I 


ORCHIDACGAE. 


3.  Pogonia  divaricftta  (L.)  R.  Br.  Spread- 
ing Pogonia,     (Fig.  1 1 16.) 

Arethusa 

Pogonia  diz'ar 
303.       1813. 

Stem  i°-2°  high,  bearing  a  leaf  near  the  middle, 
and  a  f  oliaceouB  bract  near  the  flower,  l^eaf  lanceo- 
late, or  narrowly  elliptic,  obtuse,  clasping,  a'-4' 
long;  flower  termina],  solitary,  aboat  1'  long; 
sepals  linear,  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals, 
diverging  dark  colored;  petals  flesh-color,  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  apex,  lip  as  long  as  the  petals, 
3-lobed,  crennlate  or  wavy-margined,  greenish, 
veined  with  purple,  crested,  but  not  bearded,  the 
upper  lobe  long. 

In  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. AscendBt040(nft.  in  North  Carolina.  Reponed 
from  Wisconsin.    July. 


4.    Pogonia  verticilWta  (Willd.)  Nutt, 
Whorled  Pogonia,     (Fig.  1117.) 


:  193.  1B1& 
Stem  ia'-i2'  high,  from  long  fleshy  roots, 
bearing  a  whoil  of  5  leaves  at  the  summit. 
I.eaves  obovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
sessile,  i'-3'  long;  flower  solitary,  erect  or  de- 
clined; peduncle  6"-8"  long,  in  fruit  usually 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule;  sepals  lin- 
ear, i>4'-a'  long,  about  1"  wide,  spreading, 
darlc  purple;  petals  linear,  erect,  obtuse,  green- 
ish yellow,  about  10"  long;  lip  3-lobed,  crested 
along  a  narrow  band,  the  upper  part  expanded, 
undulate;  capsule  erect,  i'  or  more  long. 


Smaller  than  the  preceding  species,  stem  S'- 
lo*  high.  Leaves  in  a  whorl  of  5  at  the  summit, 
i'-2'long;  flowers  2  or  solitary,  greenish  yellou: 
peduncle  i"-4"  long,  much  shorter  than  the 
ovary  and  capsule;  sepals  equalling  the  petals, 
or  but  little  longer,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the 
base;  lip  crested  over  nearly  the  whole  face  and 
lobes;  capsule  erect,  i'  long  or  less. 

In  moist  woods,  Cuunecticut  to  Bouthera  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Rare  and  local.  The  species 
is  inipetfectly  known.  Our  figure  is  taken  from 
Mr.  Austin's  original  sketches.    June. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


5.    ARETHUSA  L.  Sp.  PI.  950. 


1753. 


Low  herbs,  with  small  bulbs  and  mostly  solitary  flowers  on  bracted  scapes,  the  solitary  leaf 
linear,  hidden  at  first  in  the  upper  bract,  protruding  after  flowering.  Sepals  and  petals  about 
equal,  connivent  and  hooded  above,  coherent  below.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved-spreading  at  the 
apex,  crested  on  the  face  with  straight  somewhat  fleshy  hairs,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below,  linear,  narrowly  winged  and  dilated  at  the  summit. 
Anther  operculate,  of  3  approximated  sacs  incumbent  upon  the  column;  pollinia  4,  2  in  each 
sac,  powdery-granular.  Capsule  erect,  ellipsoid,  strongly  angled.  [Dedicated  to  the  nymph 
Arethusa.]  ,  /fV'fll       -■? 

Two  known  species,  the  following;  occurring  in        1  ///7/lt'^'V/ 

North  America,  the  other  in  Japan.  ll  1 11 1 1 '' '■^—' 

I.    Arethusa  bulbdsa  L.      Arethusa. 
(Fig.  1119.) 

Arelhum  bulbosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  950,       1753. 

Scape  glabrous,  5'-io'  high,  bearing  1-3  loose 
sheathing  bracts.  Leaf  linear,  many-nerved,  be- 
coming 4'-5'  long;  flower  solitary  (rarely  2),  aris- 
ing from  between  a  pair  of  small  unequal  scales, 
rose-purple,  I'-z' high;  sepals  and  petals  linear  to 
elliptic,  obtuse,  arched  over  the  column;  lip  usually 
drooping  beneath  the  sepals  and  petals,  the  apex 
broad,  rounded,  often  fringed  or  toothed,  variegated 
with  purplish  blotches,  bearded,  crested  down  the 
face  in  three  white  haiiy  ridges;  capsule  about  i' 
long,  ellipsoid,  strongly  6-ribbed,  rarely  matiuiug. 


6.  EPIPACTIS  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed. 
Tall  stout  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  and  simple  leafy  stems.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
plicate,  clasping.  Flowers  leafy-bracted,  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  all  separ- 
ate. Spur  none.  Lip  free,  sessile,  broad,  concave  below,  constricted  near  the  middle,  the 
upper  portion  dilated  and  petal-lilce.  Column  short,  erect.  Anther  operculate,  borne  on  the 
margin  of  the  clinandrium,  erect,  ovate  or  semiglobose,  its  sacs  contiguous.  Pollinia  a- 
parted,  granulose.  becoming  attached  to  the  glandular  bealc  of  the  stigma.  Capsule  oblong, 
beakless.     [Greek  name  for  Helleborine.] 

Besides  the  following,   another  occuib  in  the  western 

I.  Epipactis  viridifldra  (Hoffm.)  Reichb. 
Helleborine.     (Fig.  1120.) 

Serapias  viridifiora  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  »:  181.    1804. 
Epipaclii  lati/olia  var.  viridiftora  Inn.  Linnaea,  16: 

451-      1841- 
Epipaelis  viridiftora  Reichb.  Fl.  Exc.  134.      1830. 
Epipactis  Helleborine  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  J04.    1890 

Not  Crantx.  1769. 

Stem  i°-3°  high,  glabrous  below,  pubescent 
above.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
IJi'-3'  long,  9"-i}i'  wide;  flowers  greenish  yel- 
low to  purple;  pedicels  i"-i"  long;  sepals  4"-5" 
long,  lanceolate;  petals  narrower;  lip  expanded 
into  a  slightly  undulate  apex,  tapering  to  a  point; 
bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 


id  BulTalo,  New 
known.     Widely 

-onfoundtd  with 

the  European  E.  tah/otia,  but  diffeis  in  having  the  lip 
free  from  callosities,  its  apex  acute,  the  sepals  and 
petals  longer  and  mote  tapering.     July-Aug. 


Near  Toionto,  Ontario;  Syracuse  a 
York;  the  only  American  stations 
distributed  in  Europe,     Soraetitn 


47° 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


7.  GYROSTACHYS  Pers.  Syn.  2:  511.       1807. 
[Spirantmes  L.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Mus.  Paris,  4:  41.      1818.] 

Erect  herbs,  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  and  slender  stems  or  scapes,  leaf-bear- 
ing below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  spurless,  spiked,  i-3.rowed,  the  spikes  more  or  less 
twisted.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  less  coherent  at  the  top,  or  united  with  petals  into  a 
galea.  Lip  sessile  or  clawed,  concave,  erect,  embracing  the  column  and  often  adherent  to 
it.  spreading  and  crisped,  or  rarely  lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  minute  callosities  at 
the  base.  Column  arched  below,  obliquely  attached  to  the  top  of  the  ovaiy.  Anther  with- 
out a  lid,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column,  erect.  Stigma  ovate,  prolonged  into  aa  acumi- 
nate beak,  at  length  bifid,  covering  the  anther  and  stigmatic  only  underneath.  Pollinia  z,  I 
in  each  sac.  powdery.   Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect,    [Greek,  referring  to  the  twisted  spikes]. 

About  Bo  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  tempetate  regions.     Besides  the  following. 


another  occurs  in  the  SouUiern  States 

Flowers  l-ranked;  stems  not  ti 

Sepals  and  petals  more  or 

Lateral  sepals  separate,  frt 

Spike  shoit,  about  i  \< 

margins  of  the  Up. 


■hut  slightly  »■ 


ti  California.    The  flowers  ai 


'  often  fragrant. 

I.  G.  Rotnansoffiana. 


■k;  calloa 


Spike  4' -6'  long,  6  - 


,  or  mere  thickenings  of  the  bast 
3.  C.  planlaginea. 

,     .      -    „  -  ick;  calloBities  nipple-shaped. 

Spike  6"-7    thick;  callosities  hairy,  Btrai(tht.  -    '~ 

Spike  8"-lo''  thick;  callosities  gUbrous,  incnrvei 
wers  merely  alternate,  appearing  second  from  the  spiral  ti 

Stem  leafy;  lower  leaves  elongated,  mostly  persistent  through  U „ 

5.  G.firat 
bracted  scape;  leaves  baqal.  mostly  withering  t>eforc  the  flowering  season. 


Lg  of  the  SI 


..  G.  odorata. 


2.   Gyrostachys  plantagii 


I.    Gyrostachys  Romanzoffidna  (Cham.) 
MacM.    Hooded  Ladies' Tresses.   (Fig.  1121.) 


Stem  6'-i5'  high,  glabrous,  leafy  below,  bracted 
above,  the  inflorescence  rarely  puberulent.  Lower 
leaves  3'-^  long,  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate;  spike 
a'-4'  long,  4"-7"  thick;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  flowers  in  3  rows,  white  or  greenish,  ringent, 
3"-4"  long,  spreading  horizontally,  very  fragrant; 
sepals  and  petals  broad  at  the  base,  all  more  or  less 
connivent  into  a  hood;  lip  oblong,  broad  at  the  base, 
contracted  below  the  dilated  crisped  apex,  thin,  trans- 
parent, veined;  callosities  mere  thickenings  of  the 
basal  margins  of  the  lip,  or  none. 

In  bogs.  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Penn- 
sylvania,  Minnesota  and  California.    July-Aug. 

(Raf.)  Britton.     Wide-leaved  Ladies'  Tresses. 
(Fig.  1122.) 


Neotlia  plantaginea  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  3:  206. 


lSs6. 

-,  .-  - , , ,.      1843- 

5. /o/i/o/i'aTorr.;  Lindl.  Gen.  St  Sp.  Orch.  467.      1840. 
Gyroilachys  lali/olia  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  664.      1891. 

Stem  4'-io'  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bracted 
alw«'e,  bearing  4  or  5  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leases 
below.  Leaves  ['-5'  long;  spike  i'-3'  long,  4"-5" 
thick,  dense;  floral  bracts  mostly  much  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  flowers  spreading,  about  3"  long;  petals  and 
sepals  white;  lateral  sepals  free,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
the  upper  somewhat  united  with  the  petals;  lip  pale 
yellow  oil  the  face,  oblong,  not  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle, the  wavy  apex  rounded,  crisped  or  fringed,  the 
base  short-clawed;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thicken- 
ings of  the  lip  margins. 

Moist  banks  and  woods,  Kew  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Virginia  and  Michigan.    June-Ang. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


3-   Gyrostachys  c£mua  (L.)  Kuntze. 
Nodding  Ladies'  Tresses.    (Fig.  1123.) 


Ophrys  cernua  L.  Sp.  PI.  946.  1753. 
Shiranlhes  ccrnua  L.  C.  Rich.  Orch.  Ann,  37.  1S17. 
Gyrostachys  cernua  KunUe,  Rev.  Gen.  Pi.  664.  1891. 
Stem  6'-a5'  high  (rarely  taller),  usually  pubes- 
cent above,  mostly  bearing  3-6  actrniinate  bracts. 
Leaves  nearlir  basal,  Unear-oblanceolate  or  liaear, 
3'-i4'  long,  the  blade  narrow,  the  petiole  I'-Ky 
long;  spike  4'-5'  long,  6"-7"  thick;  flowers  white 
or  yellowish,  ftagrant,  nodding  or  spreading,  about 
5"  long,  in  3  rows;  lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper 
arching  and  connivent  with  the  petals;  lip  oblong, 
or  sometimes  ovate,  the  broad  apex  rounded,  crenu- 
late  or  crisped;  callosities  iiipple-sbaped,  straight. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.    Aug.- 


\.  Gyrostachys  odorllta  (Nutt.)  Kuntze. 
Fragrant  Indies' Tresses.    (Fig.  1124.) 


Neottia  odorala  Nutt.  Jonm.  Acad.  Fbil.  7:  98. 
Sptranlhcs  odorata  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  467- 
Gyrostachys  odorata  Kuntze.  Kev.  (iea.  PI.  664. 


1891. 


Stem  stout,  i  "-2°  high,  strongly  pubescent  above. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  y-is'  long,  7"-!'  wide, 
tapering  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  upper  reduced 
to  bracts;  spike  s'-y  long,  8"-io"  thick,  floral 
bracts  often  exceeding  the  flowers,  long-acuminate; 
flowers  yellowish  white,  fragrant,  5"  long;  lateral 
sepals  free;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  oblong,  broad 
at  the  base,  contracted  above  the  middle,  the 
dilated  apex  crisped  or  toothed;  callosities  nipple- 
shaped,  incurved,  glabrous. 

n  the  water.  North  Carolina 


5.  Gyrostachys  praicox  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Grass-leaved  Ladies' 

(Fig.  1125.) 

Limodorum  firaecox  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  »I.       1788. 
Spiranlhtt  graminea  vat.  Walteri  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  505.      1867. 
Spiranlhes  praecoi  S.  WaU.  in  A,  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

6,  505.       1890. 
Gyrostachys  praecox  KnnUe,   Rev.   Gen,   PI.  66j. 

1891. 

Stem  slender,  io'-3o'  high,  glandular-pubes- 
cent above,  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  4'-ia'  long, 
with  narrow  grass-like  blades  and  long  sheath- 
ing petioles,  mostly  persistent  through  the  flow- 
ering season,  the  upper  smaller;  spike  usually 
much  twisted,  a'-8'  long,  4"-6"  thick;  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  ovaries;  flowers  white  or 
yellowish,  about  4"  long,  spreading;  lateral 
sepals  free,  the  upper  somewhat  connivent  with 
the  petals;  lip  about  3"  long,  short-clawed,  ob- 
long, contracted  above,  the  dilated  apex  obtuse, 
crenulate,  often  dark-striped  in  the  middle;  ros- 
tellum  voy  acute;  callosities  small,  glabrous. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


Gyrostachys    simplex    (A.    Gray ) 
Kuntze.     Little  Ladies'  Tresses. 
(Fig.  1126.} 

Spiranlhts  simplex  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  506.    1S67. 


r  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Pt.  664- 


Stems  very  slender,  5'-^  high,  with  small  de- 
ciduous biscts  abcn-e.  Leaves  basal,  ovate  or 
oblong,  short,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole, 
mostly  disappearing'  at  or  before  the  flowering 
time;  spike  slender,  about  i'  long  and  3"  thick, 
glabrous,  little  twisted;  flowers  white,  i"-iji" 
long;  lip  thin,  striped,  obovate-oblong,  criq>ed 
at  the  summit,  short-clawed;  callosities  nipple- 
shaped,  slender;  root  a  solitary  spindle-shaped 
tuber. 


oil,   Massacbuse' 


I  to  Maiylond. 


7.  Gyrostachys  gr&cilis  (Bigel.)  Kuntze.     Slender  Ladies'  Tresses. 
.     (Fig.  1127.) 

Nrollia  gracilis  Bigel.  Fl.  BOSL  Ed.  i,  .131.      1814. 
Spiranlhei  gracilis  Beck.,  BoL  343.       1833. 
Gyrostachys  gracilis  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.   PI.  664. 

1891. 

Stem  lender,  ft'-a°  hi^,  from  a  cluster  of 
spindle-shaped  tuberous  roots,  glabrous,  or  rarely 
pubescent  above,  bearing  small  deciduous  bracts. 
Leaves  basal,  obovate,  or  ovate -lanceolate,  peti- 
oled,  the  blades  %'-2'  long,  4"-io"  wide,  mostly 
perishing  before  the  flowering  5ea,son;  spike  i'- 
3'  long,  4"-6"  thick,  loose,  usually  much 
twisted;  flowers  white,  fragrant,  i"-2yi"  long; 
sepals  a  little  longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral 
ones  free;  lip  about  2"  long,  oblong,  dilated  and 
crenulate  or  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex,  usually 
thick  and  green  in  the  niiddle,  white  and  hya- 
line on  the  margins,  slightly  clawed  at  the  base; 
callosities  small,  nipple-shaped. 

In  dry  fields  and  open  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Minnesota.  Florida.  Louisiana  and  Kansa.'*.  As- 
cends to  3500  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    Aug. -Oct. 

8.    LISTERA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  201.      1813. 

Small  herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  bearing  a  pair  of  op- 
posite green  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  i  or  2  small  scales  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  spurless.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed,  free. 
Anther  without  a  lid,  erect,  jointed  to  the  column.  Pollinia  i,  powdery,  united  to  a  minute 
gland.  Capsule  ovoid  or  obovoid.  [Name  in  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  J638  (?)-i7ia,  a  cor- 
respondent of  Ray.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones.    Besides  the  Following,  an- 
other occurs  in  northwestern  North  America. 
Lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  2-lobed  at  Ihe  apex.  1.  L.  eonvallarioides. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 

Listera  convallarioMes  (Sw. )  Torr, 
(Fig.  II28.) 


L.isttra  convallarioides  Torr.  Comp.  320.      1826. 

Stem  4'-io'  high,  glandular-pubescent  above  the 
leaves.  Leaves  smooth,  round-oval  or  ovate,  obtuse 
or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  cordate 
or  renifonn  at  the  base,  3-9-nerved.  Raceme  i>i'-3' 
long,  loosely  j-ia-flowered;  flowers  greenish  yellow, 
pedicels  filiform,  bracted,  3"-4"  long;  petals  and 
sepals  linear-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  lip; 
lip  broadly  wedge  shaped,  with  2  obtuse  lobes  at  the 
dilated  apex,  generally  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at 
base;  column  elongated,  but  shorter  than  the  lip,  a 
little  incurved,  with  3  short  projecting  wings  above 
the  anther;  capsule  obovoid,  about  3"  long. 

In  woods.  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  California,  south 
to  Vennont,  alone  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 
Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    June-Aug. 


■lipped  T  way  blade. 


2.    Listera  cordMa  (L.)  R.  Br.     Heart- 
leaved  Twayblade.     (Fig.  1 129.) 


Ophrys  cordala  L.  Sp,  PI.  946.      1753. 

Ait.  Hon.  Kew.  I 


2,  S;  301- 


Stem  very  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3'-io' 
high.  Leaves  sessile,  cordate,  ovate,  mncronate, 
%'-l'  long;  racemes  rather  loose,  yi'-i'  long,  4-10- 
flowered;  flowers  purplish,  minute;  pedicels  bracted, 
about  \"  long;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-linear, 
scarcely  1"  long;  lip  narrow,  often  with  a  subulate 
tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the 
petals,  a-cleft,  the  segments  setaceous  and  ciliolate; 
column  very  smalt,  the  clinandriimi  just  appearing 
above  the  anther;  capsule  ovoid,  0."  long. 

and  Oregon.    Also 


3.    Listera  auatrillis  Lindl.     Southern 
Twayblade.     (Fig.  1130.) 

Lislera  australis  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  456.   1S40. 

Stem  slender,  4'-io'  high,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  acutish,  mucronate. 
glabrous,  shining,  8"-io"  long,  3-7-ner^-ed;  ra- 
ceme 3'-3'  long,  loosely  8-15-flowered;  flowers 
yellowiah  green  with  purplish  stripes;  sepals  and 
petals  minute;  lip  %'-'A'  long,  s-parted,  split 
nearly  to  the  base,  4-S  times  as  long  as  the  petals, 
its  segments  linear-setaceous;  column  very  small; 
capsule  ovoid. 

In  bogs,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Florida 
and  Alabama  and  Louisiana.  A  third  leaf  is  rarely 
borne  below  the  flowers. 


474 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


9.  PERAMIUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  301.      1812. 

[GooDYERA  R.  Br.  in  Ait  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  3,  5:  197.  1813.] 
Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes,  the  leaves  basal,  tufted,  often  blotched  with  white,  the 
roots  thick  fleshy  fibres.  Flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Lateral  sepals  f^«e,  the  upper  one 
united  with  the  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  sessile,  entire,  roundish  ovate,  concave  or  saccate; 
without  callosities,  its  apex  reflexed.  Anther  withont  a  lid,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to 
the  column  by  a  short  stalk;  pollinia  one  in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  amalt  disk  which  coheres 
with  the  top  of  the  stigma,  composed  of  angular  grains. 


About  35  species,  widely  distributed  in  tempenite  and  tropical  ngioa». 


Spike  one-sided. 

Spike  not  one-sided. 

Flowers  2"-j"  long;  ^ea  o' 
Flowers  3"-4"  long;  galea  o' 


1.  Pcramium  ripens  CL.)  Salisb.    Ivcsser  Rattlesnake  Plantain.    (Fig. 


Satyrium  rtptns  L.  Sp.  PI.  945.    1753. 

Lit.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed. 

Peramiuin  repens  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort,  Soc,  i; 
301.    1811, 

Scape  s'-it/  h^h,  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  several  small  scales.  Leaves  ovate, 
the  blade  6"-i5"  long,  4"-8"  wide,  some- 
what reticulated  or  blotched  with  white, 
tapering  into  a  sheathing  petiole  spike  short, 
i-sided;  flowers  greenish  white,  2"-3"  long; 
galea  concave,  ovate,  with  a  short  spreading 
or  slightly  recurved  tip;  lip  saccate,  with  a 
narrow  recurved  or  spreading  apex;  column 
very  short;  anther  2-celled;  pollinia  not  pro- 
longed into  a  caudicle. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  (?),  south  to 
Florida  and  Minnesota  and  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Vir- 
ginia.  July-Aug. 


Peramium  pubiscens  (Willd. )  MacM. 
(Fig.  1132.) 


Downy  Rattlesnake  Flantaia. 


Ntollia  pubesctns  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  76.      1805, 

Ait.  Hoit.  Kew,  Ed- 

/VrdfRiuM^uA^renj  MacM.  Met  Minn.  i7>.   iftji. 

Usually  larger  than  the  preceding  species, 
scape  6'-2o'  high,  densely  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  5-10  lanceolate  scales.  Leaves  i'-2' 
long,  8"-i'  wide,  strongly  white^^culated, 
oval  or  ovate;  spike  not  i-sided;  flowers  3"-3" 
high,  greenish  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate;  galea 
ovate,  its  short  tip  usually  not  recorved;  lip 
strongly  saccate  with  a  short  broad  obtuse 
recurved  or  spreading  tip. 


In  dry  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Outario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July-Ante. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.  475 

3.    Peramium  Mcnzi^sii  (Lindl.)  Morong.     Menzies'  Rattlesnake  Plantain. 
(Fig.  1133.) 

SfiiranlAei  decipiem  Hook.  Ft.  Bor,  Ara,  a:  »>%. 


Peramium  Afeasiesii  Morotig,  Mem.  Torr.  Clab, 
5:  laj.  1894- 

Scape  stout,  S'-is'  high,  glandular-pubes- 
cent. Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  1  )i'-a^' 
long,  8"-is"  wide,  the  blade  acute  at  both 
ends,  often  without  white  blotches  or  reticula- 
tions; spike  not  i-sided;  flowers  3"-4"  long; 
galea  concave,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  tip  long, 
usually  recurved,  lip  swollen  at  the  base, 
with  a  long  narrow  recurved  or  spreading 
apex;  anther  ovate,  pointed,  on  the  base  of 
the  column,  which  is  prolonged  above  the 
stigma  into  a  gland-bearing  awl-shaped  beak. 

In  woods,  Quebec  to  British  Columbia.  New 
Hampshire,  New  York,  Minnesota,  Arizona  and 
California.    Auk- 


10.  ACHROANTHES  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.  1808. 
[MICROSTYI.IS  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  196.  1818.] 
Low  herbs,  from  a  solid  bulb,  our  species  i-leaved.  and  with  i-several  scales  at  the  base 
of  the  stem.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  spreading,  separ- 
ate, the  lateral  ones  equal  at  the  base.  Petals  filiform  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  cordate  or 
«ared  at  the  base,  embracing  the  column.  Anther  erect  between  the  auricles,  2-celled;  pol- 
Itnia  4,  smooth  and  waxy.  2  in  each  sac,  the  pairs  cohering  at  the  summit,  without  caudicles 
or  glands.  Capsule  oval,  sometimes  nearly  globose,  beakless.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the 
green  flowers  ?] 

{,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  south- 


About  40  species,  widely  distributed.    Besides  the  follov 
em  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Leaf  clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle. 


nophylla. 


I.  Achroanthcs   monophj'lla  (L.) 

Greene,     White  Adder's-mouth. 

(Fig.  I134-) 

Ophrys  monophyllos  L.  Sp.  PI.  947.    1753- 

Microslylis  monopkylta   Lindl.   Bot.   Sej;.  pi. 


18J, 


nopkylla   Greene,  Pitton 


Stem  slender,  4'-fr'  high,  smooth,  glabrous, 
striate.  Leaf  sheathing  the  stem  at  its  base, 
the  blade  i '-a' long,  yi'-\%'  wide;  raceme 
i'-3'  long,  narrow,  3"-5"  thick;  flowers 
whitish,  about  i"  long;  pedicels  nearly  erect, 
bracted,  i"-2"  long;  sepals  acute;  lip  tri-- 
angular  or  ovate,  acuminate,  the  lateral  lobes 
obtuse;  capsule  oval,  about  3"  long. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


a.  Achrpanthes   unifdUa   (Michx.) 

Raf,     Green  Adder's-moulh. 

(Fig-  1135.) 

Malaxis  uni/olia  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  a:  157. 

1803. 
AchroaHlhes  uni/olia  Haf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  $: 


Microstylii  ophioglossoida  Nutt.  Gen.  : 


196. 


Stem  glabrous,  striate,  \'--\&  high.  Leaf 
clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  I'-iJ^'long,  io"-i^' wide: 
raceme  i'-3'  long,  sometimes  i'  thick;  flow- 
ers greetiisfa,  about  \"  long,  the  pedicels 
very  slender,  spreading,  3"-5"  long;  sepals 
oblong;  lip  broad,  3-toothed  at  the  apex; 
capsule  oval  or  subglobose. 


II.  LEPTORCHIS  Thouars,  Nouv.  Bull.  Soc.  Plilom.  314.  1808. 
[LiPARis  L.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Mus.  Paris,  4:  43.  1818.] 
Low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  the  base  of  the  stem  sheathed  by  several  scales  and  2  broad 
shining  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  neailyequal,  linear,  spread- 
ing, petals  usually  very  narrow.  Column  elongated,  incurved,  thickened  and  margined 
above.  PoUinia  2  in  each  sac  of  the  anther  smooth  and  wany,  the  pairs  slightly  united, 
without  stalk,  threads  or  glands.  Lip  nearly  fiat,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base. 
[Greek,  signifying  a  slender  orchid,] 

About  loo  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  reKions;  only  the  following 
known  to  occur  in  North  America. 

Raceme  many-flowered;  lip  as  long  a.t  the  petals.  i,  I,,  liliifotia. 


I.   Leptorchis  liliifdlia  (L.)  Kuntze.     Large  Twayblade.     (Fig.  11 36.) 

Ophrys  liliifoUa  L.  Sp.  PI.  946-     1753- 


Leblorckis  IHii/olia  Kuntze,  Rev,  Gen.  PI.  671. 
1891. 

Scape  4'-io'  high,  5-10-striate.  Leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  1'-$'  long.  i'-3)i'  wide,  ob- 
tuse, keeled  below,  the  sheaths  large  and 
loose.  Raceme  sometimes  6'  long;  flowers 
numerous,  showy;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what refleicd;  petals  very  narrow  or  thread- 
like; lip  erect,  large,  5"-6"  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  petals,  wedge -obovate;  column 
i}i"  long,  incurved,  dilated  at  the  summit; 
pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading, 
■4"-8"  long;  capsule  somewhat  club-shaped, 
about  5"  long,  the  pedicel  thickened  in  fruit. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Min- 
nesota. Geoc^ia  and  Missouri,  Ascends  to  jooo 
ft,  in  Virginia,    May-July. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


a.  Leptorchis  Lrf>cs61il  (L.)  MacM.     Fen 
Orchis.    Loesel's  Twayblade.     (Fig.  1137.) 

Opiirys  Loisttii  L,  Sp.  PI.  947-     ^Ihi- 

J-iparis  Loesetii  L.  C.  Rich.;  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  SSs. 

Lep/ort/iis  Aofselii  ilacM.  Met.  Mitm.  173.    1891. 


?  5-7-ribbeii.    Leaves 


Scape  2 '-8'  high 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  3'-f/  long,  pi'- 
wide,  obtuse;  raceme  few-flowered;  flowers  green- 
ish, smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
2"-3"  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  spreading; 
petals  linear,  somewhat  reflexed;  lip  obovate, 
pointed,  rather  shoner  than  the  petals  and  sepals, 
its  tip  incurved;  column  half  as  long  as  the  lip  or 
less;  capsule  about  5"  long,  wing-angled,  on  a 
thick  CD  ed  pedicel. 

In  net  thickets  and  on  springy  banks,  Nova  Scotia 
lo  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maryland  and 
Missouri.     Also  in  Europe,     May-July, 

12.  CALYPSO  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  pi.  89.  1807. 
Bog  betb,  with  a  solid  bulb  and  coralloid  roots,  the  low  i-flowered  scape  sheathed  by  2 
or  3  loose  scales  and  a  solitary  petioled  leaf  at  the  base.  Flower  large,  showy  terminal, 
bracted.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  equal.  Lip  large,  saccate  or  swollen,  i-parted 
below.  Column  dilated,  petal-like,  bearing  the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit.  Pol- 
linia  3,  waxy,  each  i-parted.  without  caudicles,  sessile  on  a  thick  gland,  the  stigma  at  the 
base.     [Dedicated  to  the  goddess  Calypso.] 

A  monotypic  species  of  the  cooler  portions  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

I.   Calypso  bulbdsa  (L.)  Oakes.      Calypso. 
(Fig.  1 138.) 

Cypripedium  bulboiiim  L.  Sp,  PI.  951.      1753. 
Calypso  borratii  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.     pi.  8^.      1807. 
Calypso  bulhoia  Oakes,  Cat.  Vermont  PI.  28.      1842. 

Bulb  5"  in  diameter  or  less.  Scape  3'-6'  high;  leaf 
round-ovate,  i'-ij4'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  obtusely 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcotdate  at  the  base, 
the  petiole  i'-2'  long;  flowers  variegated,  purple,  pink 
and  yellow,  the  peduncle  jointed;  petals  and  sepals 
linear,  erect  or  spreading,  5"-7"  long,  with  3  longitu- 
dinal purple  lines;  lip  large,  saccate,  i-divided  below, 
spreading  or  drooping,  with  a  patch  of  yellow  woolly 
hairs  near  the  point  of  division ;  column  erect,  broadly 
ovate^  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule  about  i4'  long, 
many -nerved. 

Labrador  to  Alaaka,  south  to  Maine.  Michigan,  Califor- 
nia, and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arizona.  Also  in 
Europe.  Flower  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  small 
Cypripedium.     May-June. 

13.  CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  209.  1813. 
Scapose  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-parasites,  with  large  masses  of  coralloid  branching 
roots,  the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals 
nearly  equal,  the  lateral  ones  united  at  the  base  with  the  foot  of  the  column,  forming  a 
short  spur  or  gibbous  protuberance,  the  other  one  free,  the  spur  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the 
ovary.  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  i~3-nerved.  Lip  1-3-ridged.  Column  nearly 
free,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  2-winged.  Anther  terminal,  operculate.  PoUinia  4,  in  3 
pairs,  oblique,  free,  sofl-waxy.     [Greek,  from  the  coral-like  roots.] 

About  IS  secies,  widely  distributed  in  the  north  temperate  zone.     Besides  the  following,  some 
4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Spur  small  or  sac-like,  adnate  to  the  top  of  the  ovary. 
Lip  not  deeply  3-lobed. 

Lip  a-toothed  or  i-lobed  above  the  t>a^.  I.  C.  Corallorhiza.. 

Lip  entire,  or  merely  denticulate. 

Floweraabout3  -4"  long;  lip  not  notched: column  narrowlj  winged.  3.  C.  odonlorhi:lt. 
Flowers  7"  long;  lip  notched;  column  manifestly  winged.  3.  C.  Wisltriana. 

Lip  deeply  3-lobed;  flowers  6"-9"  long.  4,  C.  fulfi/tora, 

Nospnrorsac.  5.  C.  striata. 


478  ORCHIDACEAR 

I.    Corallorhiza  Corallorhiza  (L.)  Karst.      Early  Coral-root.     (Fig. 


1 39-) 


Ophrys  Corallorhiza  L.  Sp.  PI.  9(5.    1753. 

Corallorhiza  innala  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2. 
5:  »09.    \iii. 

Corallorkiia   Corallorhiza  Kant,   Dentach.   Fl.  44E. 


Scape  glabrons,  4'-i2'  high,  clothed  with  3-5 
close!  J  ahea thing  Kales.  Raceme  I'-i'  long,  5-13- 
flowered;  flowers  dull  purple,  about  )i'  loDg,  on 
very  short  minutely  bracted  pedicels;  sepals  and 
petals  narrow,  about  3"  long;  lip  ahorter  than  the 
petals,  obloDg,  whitish,  a-toolhed  or  3-lobed  above 
the  baser  apur,  a  sac  or  small  protuberance  adnate 
to  the  summit  of  the  ovary;  capsule  4"-^"  long, 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid. 

To  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sev,  in  the  monntainB  to  Geor^a.  and  to  Michigan  and 
Washington.  Ascends  to  3000  ft  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe.    Hay-June. 


Corallorhiza  odontorhlza  (Willd.) 
Nutt.     Small-flowered  Coral-root. 


V 


.,  PI.  4:   no. 

Corallorhiza  odontorhiza  Hutt.  Gen.  3:  197.    1S18.      ^^■ 

Scapeslender,  purplish,  6'-i5'  high.  Raceme 
3'-4'  long,  6-30-flowered;  flowers  3"-4"  long, 
purplish,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  2"  long 
or  less,  marked  with  purple  lines;  lip  as  long  as 
the  petals,  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or 
denticulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  notched, 
whitish;  spur,  a  small  sac  adnate  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary;  wings  of  the  column  very  narrow. 


> 


Una.    july-Sept, 


3.   Corallorhiza  Wisteridna  Conrad. 
Wister's  Coral-root.     (Fig,  1141.) 

Corallorhiza  WisUriana  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Phila. 
6:  145.      1839. 

Stem  slender,  but  usually  stouter  than  that  of  the 
preceding  species,  8'-t6'  high,  bearing  aeveral 
sheathing  scales.  Raceme  a'-s'  long,  looae,  6-15- 
Sowered:  Bowers  about  7"  long,  slender-pediccUed, 
ascending  or  erect;  lip  broadly  oval  or  obovate, 
4"-5"  long,  4"-5"  wide;  abruptly  clawed,  white 
with  crimson  spots,  crcnulate,  notched  at  the  apex; 
lamellae,  a  short  prominent  ridges;  spur,  a  aome- 
'^  what  conspicuous  protuberence  adnate  to  the  top  of 
)  the  ovary;  cplnmn  strongly  3-wiuged  toward  the 
base;  capsule  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-obovoid, 
about  5"  long,  drooping  when  ripe. 


ORCHID   FAMILY.  479 

4.   Corallorhiza  multifldra  Nutt.    Large  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1142.) 


Scape  S'-n/  high,  purplish,  clotlied  with  sev- 
eral appressed  scales.  Raceme  z'-S'  long,  lo- 
30-flowered;  flowers  6"-9"  high,  brownish  pur- 
ple, sbort-pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what connivent  at  the  base,  liuear-lanceolate, 
about  3"  lODg;  Ijp  white,  spotted  and  lined  with 
purple,  oval  or  ovate  in  outline,  deeply  s-lobed, 
crenulate,  the  middle  lobe  broader  than  the 
lateral  ones,  its  apex  curved;  spur  manifest,  yel- 
lowish; capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  5"-S"  long, 
drooping. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Florida.  Missouri  and  California.  A  form  with 
yellow  scapes  and  flowers  occurs  in  Nebraska  (ac- 
cording to  Williams).    July-Sept. 


5.    Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.     Striped  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1143.) 

Corallorhiza  striata   Lindl.  Gen.   &  Sp.  Orch.  534. 
1840. 

Corallorhiza  Macraei  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  3,  453.    1856. 

Scape  stout,  purplish,  8'-2o'  high.  Raceme  a'-6' 
long,  lo-as-flowered.  Flowers  dark  purple;  sepals 
and  petals  narrowly  elliptic,  striped  with  deeper 
purple  lines,  (/'--,"  long,  spreading;  lip  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  entire  or  a  little  undulate,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed at  tlie  base,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur 
none,  but  Ibe  perianth  has  a  gibbous  saccate  base; 
capsule  ellipsoid,  reflcied,  8"-io"  long. 


14.  TIPULARIA  Nutt.  Gen.  2; 


Slender  scapoae  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  several  generations  connected  by  offsets,  the 
flowers  in  a  long  loose  terminal  raceme.  Leaf  solitary,  basal,  unfolding  long  after  the  flow- 
ering season  (in  autumn),  usually  alter  the  scape  has  perished.  Scape  with  several  thin 
abeathing  scales  at  the  base.  Flowers  green,  nodding,  bractless.  Sepals  and  petals  similar, 
spreading.  Lip  3-lobcd,  produced  backwardty  into  a  very  long  spur.  Column  erect,  wing- 
less or  very  narrowly  winged.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  2-celled.  PolUnia  4.  ovoid, 
tvaxy,  3  in  each  anther-sac,  separate,  affixed  to  a  short  stipe,  which  is  glandular  at  the  base. 
[Latin,  similar  to  Tipiila,  a  genus  of  insects,  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  flower.] 


Dspeci 


s,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  Himalayan. 


So  ORCHIDACEAE. 

I.  Tipularia  unifdlia  (Muhl.)  B.S.P.     Crane-fly  Orchis.     (Fig.  1144.) 
'  Limodorum  uni/oliuni  Mubl.  Cat.  8l.      1813. 
Tipularia  discolor  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  I9S-       1818. 
Tipularia  uni/olia  B.S.P.  PtcI.  Ol  N.  Y.  51.      tSSS. 

Scape  glabroui,  is'-v/  high,  from  a  hard,  often 
irregular  solid  bulb  or  conn.  Leaf  arising  in 
autumn  from  a,  fresh  lateral  corm,  ovate,  3'-3'  long, 
dark  green,  frequentlj  surviving  through  the  win- 
ter, I'-a'  wide.  Raceme  s'-io'  long,  very  looae; 
flowers  green,  tinged  with  purple;  pedicels  filiform, 
broctless;  4"-6"  long;  sepals  and  petals  3"-4" 
long,  narrow;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals  or  equal- 
ling them,  3-lobed,  the  middle  tobe  narrow,  pro- 
longed, dilated  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  tobes  short, 
triangular;  •pur  very  slender,  straight  or  curved, 
often  twice  as  long  as  the  flower;  column  narrow, 
erect,  ahorter  than  the  petals,  the  beak  minntely 
pubescent;  capsule  ellipsoid,  6-nbbed,  about  6" 
long. 

a  Florida 
id  rare,    jniy-Aug. 

15.  LIMODORUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  950.       1753. 
[Calopogon  R.  Br.  in  Alt.  Hort  Kew.  Ed.  a,  5:  304.     1813.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  round  solid  bulbs  which  arise  from  the  bulb  of  the  previous  year,  a 
leaf  appearing  the  first  season,  succeeded  in  the  following  year  by  the  scape.  Flowers  sev- 
eral in  B  loose  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  separate,  spread- 
ing. Column  elongated,  <  a-wioged  above.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  sessile;  pollinia 
solitary,  I  in  each  sac,  loosely  granular.  Lip  spreading,  raised  on  a  narrow  stalk,  dilated  at 
the  ape«,  bearded  on  the  upper  side  with  long  club-abaped  hairs.    (Greek,  a  meadow-gift] 

I.    Limodorum  tuberdsum  L.     Grass- 
pink.     Calopogon.     (Fig.  1145,) 

Limodorum  tuberosum  L.  Sp.  PI.  950.      i;sv 
CymbidiuM  pulchellum  Wilfd.  Sp.  PI.  4;  105.      1805. 
Calopogon  pulchellus  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort,  Kew.  Ed.  a, 

5: 304.      18:3. 

Scape  slender,  naked,  V-i'/i"  high.  Leaf  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, 8'-i2'  long,  3"-io"  wide,  sheath- 
ing, with  several  scales  belowit;apike4'  15'long, 
3-15-flowcTed;  flowers  about  1'  long,  purplish 
pink,  subtended  by  small  acute  bracts;  sepals  ob- 
liquely ovate -lanceolate,  acute,  about  10"  long; 
petals  similar;  column  incurved;  anther-sacs  par- 
allel, attached  by  a  slender  thread  to  the  back  of 
the  column;  lip  as  long  as  the  column,  broadly 
triangular  at  the  apex,  crested  along  the  face  with 
yellow,  orange  and  rose-colored  hairs;  capsule 
oblong,  nearly  erect. 

In  bog*  and  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Missouri.   June-July. 

16.  HEXALECTRIS  Raf.  Neog.  4.       1825. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  thick  scaly  rootstocks  and  fleshy  coralloid  roots,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  purplish  scales,  sheathing  the  scape.  Flowers  bracted  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme.  Peri- 
anth not  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  petals  and  sepals  similar,  nerved,  spreading. 
Lip  obovate,  with  several  crested  ridges  down  the  middle,  somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  a  little  concave.  Column  free,  thick,  slightly  incurved.  Pollinia  8,  tmited  in  «  cluster. 
Capsule  ellipsoid,  the  fruiting  pedicels  thick.     [Greek,  signifying  six  crests.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  sontheastem  United  States  and  Mexico. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 

I.   Hexalectris  aphJ-Uus  (Nutt.)  Raf.     Crested  Coral-root.     (Fig. 

Btetia  aphylla  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  :^.      1818. 

HexaUclris  squamosu!  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  4:  4S.      1836. 

Hexaieclrii  apHyllus  Raf.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  501. 
1890. 

Scape  stont,  &'-x/  high,  its  upper  scales  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  sheathing  and  truncate  or  acute. 
Raceme  4'-?'  long,  8-ii-Bowered;  flowers  large, 
brownish  purple,  i'  high  or  more;  pedicels  short, 
stout;  sepals  and  petals  narrowly  elliptic,  obtuse  or 
acutisb,  spreading,  striped  with  purple  veins,  6"- 
9"  long,  longer  than  the  broad  lip;  middle  lobe  of 
the  lip  rounded  or  crenulate,  the  lateral  ones 
shorter,  rounded;  column  slightly  spreading  at  the 
summit,  shorter  than  the  lip;  capsule  ellipsoid, 
nearly  1'  long,  the  fmiting  pedicels  4"-5"  long. 


17.   APLECTRUM  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  197. 

Scapoae  herbs,  Trom  a  corm,  produced  from  the  one  of  the  previous  season  by  an  offset, 
the  scape  clothed  with  several  sheathing  scales.  Leaf  solitary,  basal;  developed  in  autumn 
or  late  summer,  broad,  pelioled.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pedicels  subtended  hy 
small  bracts.  Petals  and  sepals  similar,  narrow.  Lip  clawed^  somewhat  3-iidged,  spur 
none.  Column  free,  the  anther  home  a  little  below  its  summit.  Polliuia  4,  lens-shaped, 
oblique.     [Greek,  meaning  without  a  spur.) 

A  monotypic  North  American  genns. 

I.  Aplectnim  spicSitum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Adam-and-Eve.     Putty-root. 

(Fig.  1147.) 

Arelhuia  spicala  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  saj.      1788. 

Cymbidium  hyemale  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4;  107.      1805. 

Apleclrum  hyemale  Nntt.  Gen.  i:  198.      1818. 

Apieclrum  spicalum  B.S.P.  Prel.   Cat.   N.  Y.  sr, 
1888. 

Scape  glabrous,  I'-t"  high,  bearing  about  3 
acales.  Leaf  arising  from  the  corm.  at  the  side 
of  the  scape,  elliptic  or  ovate,  4'-6'  long,  >S'-3' 
wide,  usually  Isisting  over  winter;  raceme  i'-^' 
long,  loosely  several-flowered;  flowers  dull  yel- 
lowish brown  mixed  with  purple,  about  I'  long, 
short-pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  linear-lance- 
olate, about  %'  long;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals, 
obtuse,  somewhat  3-lobed  and  undulate ;  column 
slightly  curved,  shorter  than  the  lip;  capsule 
oblong-ovoid,  angled,  about  10"  long. 

In  woods  and  swamps,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest 
Territory  and  Oregon,  sonth  to  Geoisia,  Missouri 
and  California.  Several  old  corms  usually  retaain 
attached  to  the  latest  one.    Hay-June. 


482  SALRURACEAE. 

Sub-class  2.  DlCOTYI^BDONBS. 
Embryo  of  the  seed  with  two  cotyledons  (in  a  few  genera  one  only,  as  in 
Cyclamen,  Pinguiaila  and  some  species  of  Capiioides) ,  the  first  leaves  of  the 
genninating  plantlet  opposite.  Stem  exogenous,  of  pith,  wood  and  bark  (endo- 
genous in  structure  in  Nymphaeaceae) ,  the  wood  in  one  or  more  layers  sur- 
rounding the  pith,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  covered  by  the  bark. 
Leaves  usually  pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  the  veinlets  forming  a.  network. 
Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  3's  or  6's. 


Series  i.      Cboripetalae. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

Tbe  series  is  also  Icnown  aa  Archichlamideae,  and  comprises  most  of  the  families  fonnerly 
grouped  under  Apetatae  (without  petalsl  and  Polypetaiac  (with  separate  petals).  Exceptions  to 
the  typical  feature  of  separate  petals  are  found  in  the  LegutninosBe,  in  which  the  two  lower  petals 
are  more  or  less  united;  in  the  Fumarisceae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them  are 
sometimes  coherent;  tbe  Folj^laceae.  in  which  the  three  petals  are  united  with  each  oUier,  and 
with  the  stamens;  Oj^alis  in  Geraniaceae;  and  Ilicaceae,  whose  five  petals  are  sometimes  joined 
at  the  base. 

Family  i.     SAURURACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  184.      1836. 
Lizard '3  taii,  Fauilv. 

Perennial  herbs  with  broad  entire  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  perfect 
incomplete  bracteolate  flowers,  in  peduncled  spikes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens 
6-8,  or  sometimes  fewer,  hypogynous;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-4-carpelled,  the  carpels  distinct  or  united,  1-2-ovuled; 
ovules  orthotropous.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like,  composed  of  3-4  mostly  in- 
dehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  globose  or  ovoid,  tbe  testa  membranaceous.  Endo- 
sperm copious,  mealy.  Embryo  minute,  cordate,  borne  in  a  small  sac  near  the 
end  of  the  endosperm. 

Three  genera  and  4  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.  The  family  differs  from 
the  Piperaceae  in  having  more  than  one  caij>el  to  the  ovary.  It  is  represented  in  North  America 
by  the  followinir  and  by  Anemopsis,  occurring'  in  California  and  Arizona. 

1.    SAURURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  341.       1753. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks.  jointed  stems  and  cordate  leaves,  their  petioles 
Bbcathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes,  and  small  white  flowers,  in  I  or  2  dense  elongated  spikes 
opposite  the  leaves.  Bractlets  adnate  to  the  flowers  or  to  Ibeir  minute  pedicels.  Stamens 
6-8.  Filaments  filiform,  distinct.  Carpels  united  at  tbe  base.  Styles  as  many  as  the  car- 
pels, recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  rugose,  depressed-globose,  separating 
into  3  or  4  one-seeded  carpels,  {Name  Greek,  meaning  the  tail  ofa  lizard,  in  allusion  to  tbe 
long  slender  spike.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  of  eastern  Asia. 

I.  Saururus  cirnuus  I,.     Lizard's-tail. 

(Fig.  1 148.) 
Saurtirus  cernuui  L.  Sp.  PI.  jjl,    1753. 

Somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous,  ateni  rather  slender,  erect,  spiaringly 
branched,  a°-5°  high.  Leaves  ovate,  tbin,  pal- 
mately 5-9-ribbed  and  with  a  pair  of  strong  ribs 
above,  which  run  nearly  to  tbe  apex,  dark  green, 
entire,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  acuiuinate, 
3'-6'  long,  3'-3j^'  wide;  petioles  stout,  shorter 
than  tbe  blades,  striate;  spikes  few,  very  dense, 
longer  than  their  peduncles,  4'-6'  long,  the  apex 
drooping  in  fiowcr;  flowers  fragrant;  stamens 
white,  spreading,  about  2"  long;  fruit  slightly 
fleshy,  lyi"  in  diameter,  strongly  wrinkled 
when  dry. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Connecticut  to 
Florida,  went  to  southern  Ontario.  Minnesota  and 
Texas.    June -Aug. 


WALNUT  FAMILY.  483 

Family  2.     JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  180.      1836. 

Walnut  Family. 
Trees  with  alternate  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  monoecious  bracteolate 
flowers,  the  statninate  in  long  drooping  aments;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several 
together.  Staniinate  flowers  consisting  of  3-numeroiis  stamens  with  or  without 
an  irregularly  lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  bractlet,  very  rarely  with  a  rudi- 
mentar>'  ovar>'.  Anthers  erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent; 
filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  bracted  and  usually  2 -bracteolate,  with  a 
3-5-lobed  (normally  4-lobed)  calyx  or  with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  an 
inferior  i-celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled  ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect,  orthot- 
ropous;  styles  2,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  in  our  genera  a  drupe 
with  indehiscenl  or  dehiscent,  fibrous  or  woody  exocarp  (husk;  ripened  calyx; 
also  regarded  as  an  involucre),  enclosing  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut  whidi  is 
incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seed  large,  2-4-lobed.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons 
corrugated,  very  oily.     Radicle  minute,  superior. 

Six  gEnera  and  about  js  iipecies,  mostly  at  C 
entending  in  America  south  along  the  Ande-t  to  B0I 
in  at  least  two  species  of  Hicoria. 


It  sinooUi  or  angled. 


I.  JUGLANS  L.  Sp.  PI.  997. 


V& 


1753- 


Trees,  with  spreading  branches,  superposed  buds,  fragrant  bark,  and  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
with  nearly  or  quite  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  sometitnes  early  perishing.  Staminate 
flowers  in  drooping  cylindric  aments,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  previous  year;  perianth  3-6- 
lobed;  stamens  S-40  in  2  or  more  series.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a 
terminal  peduncle  at  the  end  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the  calyx  4-lobed,  with  4  small  petals 
adoatc  to  the  ovary  at  the  sinuses;  styles  fimbriate,  very  abort.  Drupe  large,  globose  or 
ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  fibrous,  indehiscent,  the  endocarp  bony,  rugose  or 
sculptured,  2-4-ceIled  at  the  base,  indehiscent,  or  in  decay  separating  into  a  valves.  [Name 
a  contraction  of  the  Latin  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.] 

About  8  specii 
Andes  of  Soutb  A 


Juglans  nigra  L.     Black  Walnut. 
(Fig.  1 149.) 


fiiglans  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  997. 


1753. 


A  large  forest  tree  with  rough  brown  bark, 
maximum  height  about  150°,  trunk  diameter  8°, 
the  twigs  of  the  season  and  petioles  puberutent, 
the  older  twigs  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 
Leaflets  13-13,  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less 
inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, 3'-5'  long,  I'-i'  wide;  staminate  aments 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  of  the  preced- 
ing season,  3'--.;'  long;  drupes  usually  solitary 
or  i  together,  globose  or  a  little  longer  than 
thick,  i>i'-3'  in  diameter,  glabrous  but  papil- 
lose, not  viscid;  nut  corrugated,  slightly  com- 
pressed, 4  celled  at  the  base. 

In  rich  woods,  Massachuselts  to  southern  Onta- 
rio and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and 
Tenas.  Wood  strong,  hard,  rich  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  38  lbs.    April-May,    Fruit  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 


484 


JUGLANDACEAE. 


serrulate  leaQets. 
peduncle  at  the 
the  axils  of  leaf- 


a.  Juglana  cin4rea  L.     Butternut.     \\'hite 

Walnut.     Oil-nut.     (Fig.  1150.) 
Juglans  cinerea  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  a.  m'S-      'T^J- 

A  forest  tree,  reacmblitig;  the  Black  Walnut,  but 
amalter,  rarely  over  loo"  high  and  3°  in  trunk  dia- 
meter, the  bark  gray,  smoother,  the  twigs,  petiole* 
and  leaflets  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  when  joung. 
Leaflets  11-19,  oblong-lanceolale,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  scarcely  iuequUateral,  obtuse,  rounded  or  tmii- 
cate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth;  drupes 
racemed,  oblong,  densely  viscid-pubescent,  I'-j,'  long 
and  about  one-half  as  thick,  pointed;  nut  4-ribbed, 
deeply  sculptured,  and  with  sharp  longitudinal  ridges, 
firmly  adherent  to  the  husk,  a-cetled  at  the  base. 

Id  rich  or  rocky  woods.  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to 
North  Dakota,  south  to  Delaware,  in  the  AlleKbenles  to 
Georgia,  to  Mississippi  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  2500  ft. 
in  Virginia.  Wood  soft,  rather  weak,  li(!ht  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  as  lbs.     April-May,     Fruit  ripe  Oct.-No\-, 

a.  HICORIA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352. 
[Carya  Kutt.  Gen.  a:  iii.  tStS.] 
Trees,  with  close  or  shaggy  bark,  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  serrate 
Statuinate  flowers  in  slender  drooping  aments,  borne 
base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season,  or  clustered  and  sessile  or  nearly 
scars  at  the  summit  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  year;  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract,  2-3-lobed  or 
a-3-cleft;  stamens  3-10;  filaments  short  Pistillate  flowers  2-6,  together  on  a  terminal  pednn- 
cle;  bract  fugacious  or  none;  calyx  4-toothed;  petals  none;  styles  3  or  4,  papillose  or  fimbri- 
ate, short.  Fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovoid,  the  hnsk  separating  more  or  teas  com- 
pletely into  4  valves;  nut  bony,  smooth  or  angled,  incompletely  3-4-celled;  seed  sweet  and 
delicious  or  very  bitter  and  astringent.     [From  the  aboriginal  name  Hicori.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America,  one  in  Mexico. 
Bud-scales  valvate;  toeral  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblouK-lanceolate,  falcate. 

Nut  rot  compressed  or  angled;  seed  sweet.  i.  H.  Pecan. 

Nut  somewhat  compressed  or  ang:led ;  seed  intensely  bitter,   . 

Leaflets  7-9;  nut  smooth,  i.  ff.  minima. 

Leaflets  9-13;  nut  angled.  3,  H.  aquatica. 

Bud-scales  imbricate;  lateral  leaflets  not  falcate. 

Husk  of  the  fruit  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  at  least  twice 

Bark  shaggy,  separating  in  long  plates;  foliage  glabrou^i  or  puberulent 

Leaflets  5  (rarely  7I;  nut  rounded  at  the  base,  6"-io"  long.  4.  H.  ot-ala. 

Leaflets  7-9;  nut  usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  I'-i  W  long,  S-  fi'  lacinioia. 

Bark  close,  tough;  foliage  very  jiubescent  and  fragrant.  6.  H.  alba. 

Husk  of  fruit  thin,  not  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  nearly  equal. 
Lateral  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  not  falcate;  fruit  rounded  or  scarcely  ridged. 

Fruit  nearly  elobular;  nut  thin-shelled;  bark  shaggy.  7.  f/.  microtarfiii. 

Frait  obovoid;  nut  thick-shelled:  hark  close.  S.  ff.  glabra. 

1.   Hicoria  PecSn  (Marsh.)  Britton.     Pecan. 
(Fig.  1151-) 

Jttglans  Pecan  Marsh,  Arb,  Am.  69.  1785. 
Carya  olivae/ormis  Nutt.  Gen.  i;  2Ji.  181S, 
Hicoria  Pecan  Britton,  Bull,  Torr,  Club,  15:  »8a.      18S8. 

A  large  slender  tree,  with  somewhat  roughened  bark, 

maximum  height  of  170°  and  trunk  diameter  6°.     Young 

twigs  and  leaves  pubescent;  mature  foliage  nearly  gla- 

i-      brous;  bud-scales  few,  small,  valvate;  leaflets  11-15,  fal- 

^  \    cate,  oblong -lanceolate,  short- stalked,  inequilateral,  acn- 

ite,  4'-7'  long;  staminate  aments  sessile  or  neatly  so 

le  axils  of  leaf-scats  near  the  end  of  twigs  of  the  pre- 

1  ceding  season  or  sometimes  on  the  young  shoots,  5'-6' 

along;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much 

g  longer  than  the  broadly  oblong  lateral  ones;  fruit  oblong- 

cylindric,  i%'--i'/,'\aa%:  huskthin,4-valvcd;  nut  smooth, 

^  oblong,   thin-shelled,   pointed,  2-celled  at  base,   dissepi- 

4  ments  thin,  very  astringent;  seed  delicious. 

X.         In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams.  Indiana  to  lowaand 

y      Missouri,  sooth  to  Kentucky  and  Texas.     Wood  hard,  brittle, 

lightbrown;  weiglit45  lbs.    April-May.    Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


WALNUT  FAMILY. 


485 


2.  Htcoria  minima  (Marsh.)  Britton.  Bitter-nut.  Swamp Hickorj-.  (Fig.1152.) 
fnglant  alba  minima  Marsh.  Aib.  Am,  68.     1785. 
Juglans  sulcata  Willd.  Bert,  Baumz.  154.    1796. 
Carya  amara  NutL  Gen.  1;  sai.     1B18. 
HicoHa  minima  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15;  384.    18S8. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  trunk  3° 
in  diameter,  the   bark  close  and   rouf;h.     Bud-scales 
6-8,  small,  valvate,  caducous,  young  foliage  puberu- 
lent,  becoming  nearly  glahTOUS;   leaflets  7-9,  sessile, 
long-acuminate,  lanceolate  or  oblong- lanceolate,  3'-6' 
long,  J^'-iJi'  wide,  the  lateral  ones  falcate;  1 
aments  slightly  pubescent,  peduncled   in    ; 
bases  of  shoots  of  the  season  or  somet  mes  on  twigs  of 
the  previous  jear;  lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  about    1 
equal,  the  middle  one  narrower;  fruit  subglobose,  r 
rowly  6  ridged  \'-\%'  in  diameter;  husk  thin,  tardily 
and   irregularly  4-valvcd;   nut  little  compressed,  not 
angled,     short-pointed,    9"-i2"    long,    Uiin-shelled; 
seed  very  bitter. 

In  moist  woods  and  swamps.  Quebec  to  southern  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  3yjo 
ft.  in  Virjcinia.  Wood  hard  and  strong,  dart  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  47  lbs.    May-Juue,    Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

3.    Hicoria  aqufitica  (Miclix.  f.)  Britton. 
Water  Hickory.      (Fig.  1153.) 

Jugtani  agualica   Michi.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Ara,  1:    i8a.  pi.  J. 

i8[0. 
Carya  aqualica  Nutt.  Gen.  1:  M3.     1816. 
Hicoria  ai/iialica  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  384.     1888. 

A  swamp  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  bark  close,  the 
young  foliage  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when 
mature.  LeaRets  9-13,  lanceolate,  or  the  terminal  one 
oblong.  long-acuminate  at  the  apen,  usirowed  at  the 
base,  3'-5'  long,  fi'-l'  wide,  the  lateral  strongly  falcate; 
staminate  amenta  and  calyx  as  in  the  preceding  species; 
fruit  oblong,  ridged,  I'-iJi'long.  pointed;  husk  thin, 
tardily  splitting ;  nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  angular; 
seed  bitter. 

In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to 
Illinois,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Wood  soft,  strong,  dense, 
dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  46  lbs.  March-April. 
Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

4.  Hicoria  ovilta  (Mill.)  Britton.  Shag-bark.    Shell- bark  Hickory.  (Fig.  1154.) 

Juglans  ovala  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  6.    176S. 
Carya  alba  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  Mi.     1818.    Sol  Juglans  alba  L- 
Ilicoria  nvala  Britton,  Bull.  Toir,  Club,  15:  383.     1S88. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  130°  high,  with  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  4°;   bark  shaggy  in  narrow  plates;   young    ' 
twigs   and    leaves    puberulent.    becoming   glabrous. 
Leaflets  5,  or  sometimes  7,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  upper  obovate,  acuminate  al  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base,  \'S'  long,  those  of  young  plants 
much  larger,  bud-scales  8-10,  imbricated,  the  ii 
coming  very  large  and  tardily  deciduc 
aments  in  3'3,  on  slender  peduncles   at  the  bases  of  1' 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  1 
linear,  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  subglobose, 
iJi''-i.^'Iong;  husk  thick,  soon  splitting  into  4  valves; 
nut  white,  somewhat  compressed,  4-celled  at  the  base,  / 
3-celled    (rarely    3-celled)    above,    pointed,    slightly  (. 
angled,  thin-shelled;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
sonth  to  Florida,  Kansas)  and  Texas.  Wood  strong  and 
tough,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  51  lbs.  Some- 
times called  White  Walnut.     May.    FruilripeSept.-No%-. 


486  JL'GLANDACKAK. 

5.  Hicorialacinidsa  (Michx.  f.)Sarg.  Big  Shag-bark.  King-nut.  (Fig,ii55,) 


Carya  sulcata  NutL  Gen.  l:  31. 

(ala  Willd.  :796, 
Juglans  Ittciniosa  Michx.  T.  Hist.  Arb.  Am. 


Not  Jugtaiti  lul- 
199.     /M.  S. 


A  Urge  tree,  reaching  about  the  sue  of  the  pteceding 
species,  the  bark  separating  in  long  narrow  plates,  the 
jroang  foliage  densely  pQb«rnletit,  the  mature  leaves 
Bomcwbat  so  beneath.  Leaflets  7-9,  (rarely  5 )  acute  or 
acuminate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  obovate,  some- 
times 8'  toag  by  5'  wide)  staminate  aments  ped uncled  in 
3's  at  the  base  of  shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the 
staminate  calyx  linear,  twjce  ai  long  as  the  lateral  ones; 
fruit  oblong,  x'-y  long;  husk  tbick,  soon  splitting  to  the 
base;  nut  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  thick'Shelled, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  yellowish- white;  seed  sweet 

In  rich  soil,  New  York  and  Pennaylvania.  to  Indiana,  Iowa. 
Tennessee.  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Temtorj;.  Wood  strong 
and  tough,  darker  than  the  preceding:  weight  jo  lbs.  per 
cubic  toot.    May.    Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

6.  Hicoria  Mba  (L.)  Britton.  White-heart  Hickory,   Mocker-nut.  (Fig.  1 

a  L.  Sp.  PI.  q 


Jugta«s  t 
Juglan- 
Ca;ya. 


—  --  Eneycl.  4:504.      1797. 

ymrnlosa  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  J2i,      1818. 
alba  Britton,  Bull.  Ton.  Clnb,  15:  J83.     1888. 

A  large  tree,  maximum  height  iao°,  and  trunk 
diameter  3>i°,  the  foliage  and  twiga  persisteutly 
tomentose-pubeacent,  fragrantwhen  crushed,  the  bark 
rough  and  close;  hud-scales  very  large,  imbricated; 
leaflets  7-9,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  oblanceo- 
late  or  otxjvatc,  sessile,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  or 
rounded  and  somewhat  inequilateral  at  the  base;  stami- 
nate aments  peduncled  in  3's,  tomentose;  middle  lobe 
of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones;  fruit  globose  or  oblong-globose,  i^'-^Ji' 
long;  bosk  thick,  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  nut  gray- 
ish-white, angled,  pointed  at  the  summit,  little  com- 
pressed, thick-shelled,  4-celled  at  the  base;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario. 
Illinois  and  Nebraska,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    As- 
cends to  .1500  ft.  in  Virginia.     Wood  very  hard  and  tough, 
dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  footsi  lbs.    Called  also    ' 
Fiagiant  Hickory.    Maj-June.    Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 
.  Hicoria  microc&rpa( Nutt.)  Britton.    Small-fruited  Hickory.    (Fig.  1157.) 

'  Juglans  alba  odorala  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  68.  1785? 
Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.  Gen.  I:  2Ji.  1818, 
H.  microcarpa  Britton,  Bull.  Ton,  Club.  15:  aSj.  1B88. 
H.  glabra  var.  odorala  Sarg.  Silva,  7;  167.  pL  JS4-  '895. 
A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3^°,  the  bark  close,  when 
older  separating  in  narrow  plates,  the  foliage  glabrous 
throughout.  Bud-scales  6-8,  imbricated,  the  inner 
ones  somewhat  enlarging;  leaflets  3-7,  oblong,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  3)j'-5'  long;  stami- 
nate aments  glabrous,  peduncled  in  3'9  at  the  base  of 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate 
calys  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  lateral 
ones;  fniit  globose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than  i'  long, 
the  htisk  thin,  tardily  and  incompletely  splitting  to 
tbe  base;  nut  subglobose.  nearly  white,  slightly  com- 
pressed, not  angled,  thin-shelled,  pointed;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  south  to  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois  and  Missouri.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough, 
light  brown.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


WALNUT   FAMILY. 
8.    Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britton.     Pig-nut  Hickory. 

flans  glabra  Mill.  Card.  Diet,  Ed.Jg,  No.  S. 


1768. 


Bull.  Totr.  Club,  15:  384.  1888. 
A  tree,  sometimes  130°  high  and  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  5°,  bark  close,  roogfa;  foliage  glabrous,  or 
sometimes  pubescent.  Bud-scales  8-10,  imbricated, 
the  inner  ones  enlargiug;  leaflets  3-7,  rarely  9,  ob- 
long, obloag-lanceolate  or  the  upper  obovate,  sessile, 
acnminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3'-6'  long,  in  young  plants  much  larger;  staminate 
amenta  glabrous,  peduaclcd  in  3's;  lobes  of  the  stami- 
nate calyx  about  equal  in  length,  the  middle  one  nar- 
rower; fniit  obovoid  or  obovoid -oblong,  i^'-i'  long; 
bnsk  thin,  the  -valves  very  tardily  dehiscent;  nut 
brown,  angled,  pointed,  very  thick- shelled;  seed 
astringent  and  bitter,  not  edible. 

MinneaoEa,  iwuth  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  strong,  toueh.  rather  darlc  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  St  lb*.  May-June.    Fruit  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 

Family  3.     MTRICACEAE  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  95. 
Bavbbrrv  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic  simple  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  linear,  oblong  or  globular  bracted 
aments.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Perianth  none.  Staminate 
flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens  insetted  on  the  receptacle;  filaments 
short,  distinct  or  somewhat  united;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudin- 
ally dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  i-celled  ovar>',  subtended  by 
2-8  bractlets;  ovule  solitary,  orthotropous;  style  very  short;  stigmas  2,  linear. 
Fruit  a  small  oblong  or  globose  drupe  or  nut,  the  .exocarp  often  waxy.  Seed 
erect.     Endosperm  none.     Cotyledons  plano-convex.     Radicle  very  short. 

Two  genera  and  35  species  of  wide  geographic  disttibution. 
Ovary  anbtended  by  2-4  bractleta|  leaves  serrate  or  entire,  eKstipulatc.  I.  Myrica. 

Ovary  subtended  by  8  linear  persistent  bractlets;  leaves  pinnatind,  stipulate.  a.  Complonia. 

I.   MYRICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1024.      1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resiaons- dotted  leaves,  onr 
species  usually  dioecious.  Staminate  ameuts  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  be- 
fore or  with  the  leaves.  Stamens  4-8.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  sub- 
tended by  3-4,  mostly  short,  deciduous  or  persistent  bractlets.  Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  its 
ezocarp  waxy.     [Ancient  Greek  name  of  tfae  Tamarisk.] 

Besides  the  foltowing  species,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States  and  i  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Bractlets  of  pistillate  aments  persistent,  clasping  the  drupes;  low  bog  shrub.    1.  3f.  Gale. 
Bractlets  of  pistillate  aments  deciduous,  the  ripe  drupes  separated. 

Slender  tree;  leaves  mostly  acute,  narrow;  drupe  less  than  1"  in  diameter,  f    "'  — "' — 

"■      ■     ■ t''-t<<"  ii    ■■ 


Shrub;  lea' 


■9  mostly  obtuse,  broader;  diupe  I'^-iW"  in  diameter,  3,  M.  Carolinensis. 

I.  Myrica  GaieL.  Sweet  Gale.  (Fig.  1159.) 
Myrica  Gale  L,  Sp,  PI.  1024.      1753. 

A  shrub,  usually  strictly  dioectotis,  the  twigsdark 
brown.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  and  dentate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  caneate  entire  base,  short- 
petioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
pubemlent  or  glabrous  beneath,  I'-iJi'  long,  5"- 
'  wide,  unfolding  after  the  aments;  staminate 
ents  linear-oblong,  6"-io"  long,  crowded;  pis- 
tillate aments  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  about  4"  long 
and  3"  in  diameter  in  fruit,  their  bracts  imbricated; 
drupe  resinous -waxy,  not  longer  than  the  3  ovate 
persistent  bractlets,  which  clasp  it  on  each  side  and 
are  adnatc  to  its  base. 

In  swamps  and  along  ponds  and  streams,  Newfound- 
land to  Alaska,  southern  New  York,  Virginia.  Michigan 
and  Washington,  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia,  Ascends 
to  3000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.    April-May. 


ItlVRICACBAE. 
2.   Myrica  cerffera  L.     Wax-myrtle.     (Fig-  1160.) 

Myriia  ceri/era  L,  Sp.  PI.  1024.       1753. 


A  slender  dioecious  tree,  maximum  beight 
about  40°,  trunk  diameter  \yV.  the  bark  gra;, 
nearly  Bmooth.  Leaves  narrow,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  tbe  apex,  entire  or 
spariuglj  dentate,  narrowed  or  somewhat  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  fragrant  when  crushed,  short- 
petioled,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  Bometimes 
pnbescent  beneath:  golden -icsinoua,  1'-%'  long, 
3"-9"  wide,  unfolding  with  or  before  the 
amenta;  stuninate  amenta  cjliadric;  pistillate 
amenta  short,  oblong;  ripe  drupes  separated, 
globose,  bluish-white,  waxy,  less  than  i"  in  di- 
ameter, tipped  with  the  minute  base  of  the 
style,  long  pcraiitent,  the  bracts  and  bractlets 
deciduous. 


In  sandy  swamps  or  wet  woods.  Maryland  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas,  north  to  Arkansas.  March-April. 
Leaves  mostly  persistent  throofth  the  winter. 
Wood  lisht,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  35  lbs. 


3.   Myrica  Carolin^nsis  Mill.     Waxbeny.     Bayberrj'.     (Fig.  ii6r.) 


Myrica  CaroHnensis  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  S,  no. 
3.      '768. 

A  ahmb,  !"-&'  high,  with  smooth  gjay  bark, 
the  twigs  glabrous  or  often  pubescent.  Leaves 
oblauceolate  or  obovate,  glabrous  above,  often 
pubescent  beneath,  resinous,  a'-4'long,  6"-i8" 
wide,  serrate  with  a  few  low  teeth  abov«  the 
middle,  or  entire,  obtnse  or  sometimes  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short. petioled; 
staminate  amenta  cylindric  or  oblong,  3"-9" 
long;  pistillate  am  en  Is  short,  oblong;  ripe 
drupes  separated,  globose,  bluish  white,  very 
waxy,  i"-ifi"  in  diameter,  long-persistent,  the 
bracts  end  bractlets  deciduous. 


In  dry  or  moist  sandy  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  Plor. 
ida  and  Alabama  and  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie. 
Occurs  also  in  bt^a  in  northern  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsyli-ania.  April-May.  The  fruit  was  much 
used  as  a  .louice  of  wax  by  the  early  settlers  of  the 
eastern  I'nited  Stales,  and  is  still  utilized  along  the 
coast  of  New  England. 


3.    COMPTONIA  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  58.  pi.  90. 


1791. 

A  low,  monoecious  or  dioecious  branching  shrub  with  terete  brown  branches  and  nar- 
row, deeply  pinnatifid.  stipulate  leaves,  the  young  foliage  pufceicent.  Aments  expanding 
with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  ones  and  their  flowers  as  in  Myrica.  Fertile  aments  globose- 
ovoid,  on  monoecious  plants  appearing  below  the  staminate,  several -flowered.  Ovary  sab- 
tcnded  by  8  linear-subulate  persistent  bractlets,  which  form  an  involucre  to  the  ovoid-ob- 
long bony  nut.     [Name  in  honor  of  Rev.  Henry   Compton,  1631-1713,  biahop  of  Oxford.] 


lonotypic  gi 


IS  of  eastern  North  A 


'8m. 


BAYBERRV  FAMILY. 

I.   Comptonia  peregrins  (L.)  Coulter. 
Sweet  Fern.     (Fig.  1162.) 

Liqiiidatnbar  fiere^rina  L.  Sp.  PI.  999.     1753. 
Af^Tica  asplenifolia  L.  Sp.  PI,  loaj.     1733. 
Ltqiiiitainbar  aspleni/olia  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  a,  141 
r.  asplenifolia  Gaertn.  Pt.  &  Sem.  J:  58.      171 
C.  ptrtgrina  Coulter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  la; 

A  shrub,  I'-sfi"  tall,  the  branches  erect 
spreading.  Leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  short-petioled,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  deeply  piunatijid  into  numerous  ol>- 
lique  rounded  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  lobes,  3'- 
6'  long,  X'-fi'  wide,  fragrant  when  crushed,  the 
sinuses  very  narrow;  Etipules  semi -cordate,  mostly 
deciduous;  statninate  aments  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branciies,  i'  or  less  long,  their  bracts  reni- 
form,  acute;  pistillate  aments  bur-like  in  fruit,  the 
subulate  bractlets  longer  than  the  light  brown, 
shining,  striate,  obtuse  nut. 


Family  4.  LEITNERIACEAE  Drude,  Plianerog.  407.  1879. 
Cork- WOOD  Family. 
Dioecious  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  entire  petioled  alternate  exstipulate 
for  sometimes  stipulate  ?)  leaves,  and  flowers  of  both  sexes  in  aments,  which  ex- 
pand before  the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  with  no  perianth;  stamens  8-12,  in- 
serted on  the  receptacle;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  oblong,  erect,  a-celled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitarj'  i-celled  ovary, 
subtended  by  3  or  4  minute  gland ular-lacerate  bractlets  (perianth  ?) ;  style  ter- 
minal, simple,  grooved  and  flattened,  slender,  recim.'ed  and  stigmatic  above, 
caducous;  ovule  solitarj',  laterally  aSixed  to  the  ovary  wall,  amphitropous.  Frtiit 
an  oblong  drupe  with  thin  exocarp  and  hard  endocarp.  Testa  thin.  Endospenn 
thin,  fleshy.     Cotyledons  flat,  cordate  at  the  base;  radicle  short,  superior. 


t  southern  United  Stales. 


s  of 


I.    LEITNERIA  Chapra.  Fl.  S.  States,  427.      i860. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [In  honor  of  Dr.  S.  F.  Leitner,  a  German  naturalist,  killed  in 
Florida  during  the  Seminole  war.] 

I.    Leitneria  Florid^na  Chapm.     Leit- 
neria.     Cork-wood.     (Fig.   1163.) 
Leitneria  Ftoridana  Chapra.  Fl.  S.  Slates,  428.     i860. 
A  shmb  or  small   tree,  attaining   a  maximum 
height  of  about  30°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5',  the 
tnrk  gray  and   rather  smooth,  the  young  twigs, 
leaves  and  aments  densely  pubescent.     Leaves  ob- 
long or  elliptic- lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  or  cuspi- 
date at  the  apes,  aarrowed   at   the  base,  bright 
green,  firm,  3'-6'  long,  i'-3'  wide,  when  mature, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  pubescent,  at 
:- least  on  the  veins,  and  rugose-reticulated  benealh; 
'  petioles  9"-i5"  long;  staminale  aments  ascending, 
I'-z'  long,  their  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acute,  to- 
mentose;   pistillate  aments  shorter,  borne  toward 
the  ends  of  the  twigs;  drupe  slightly  compressed, 
about  10"  long,  3"-4"  thick,  rugose-reticulated. 
iwanips,  southei 


Florida.  Wood  lightei 
lightest  wood  known.  1 
per  cubic  foot.    March. 


Missouri   t 

than  cork  and  probably  the 
eighing  only  atiout  nW  lbs. 


490 


SALICACEAE. 


Family  5.     SiXICACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  186.      1836. 
Willow  Family. 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark,  brittle  twigs,  alternate 
stipulate'  leaves,  the  stipules  often  minute  and  caducous.  Flowers  of  both 
sexes  in  aments,  solitarj'  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Aments  expanding  before 
or  with  the  leaves.  Staminate  aments  often  pendulous;  staminate  flowere  con- 
sisting of  from  one  to  numerous  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  subtended 
by  a  gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk;  filaments  distinct  or  more  or  less  united; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  aments  pendulous, 
erect  or  spreading,  sometimes  raceme-like;  pistillate  flowers  of  a  sessile  or  short- 
stipitate  i-celled  ovar\'  subtended  hj'  a  minute  disk;  placentae  2-4,  parietal; 
ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous;  style  short,  slender,  or  almost  wanting; 
stigmas  2,  simple  or  2-4-cleft,  Fruit  an  ovoid,  oblong  or  conic  2-4-valved  cap- 
sule. Seeds  small  or  minute,  provided  with  a  dense  coma  of  long,  mostly  white, 
silky  hairs.     Endosperm  none.     Cotyledons  plano-convex.     Radicle  short. 

Th«  funiily  includes  onl]'  the  z  following:  genera,  consisting  of  zoo  or  more  species,  mosU; 
natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  oictic  zones. 

Bracts  fimbriate  or  incised;  stamens  numerous;  stigmas  elongated.  :.  Fofiulus. 

Bracts  entire;  stamens  a-io;  stigmas  short.  a.  Salijr. 

I.  POPULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.  1753. 
Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  terete  or  aagled  twiga  and  broad  or  narrow,  usitall;  loag- 
pelioled  leaves,  the  stipules  minate,  fagacious.  Bracts  of  the  aments  fimbriate  or  incised. 
Disk  cup-staaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire.  Staminate  aments  dense,  peadulous.  Staminate 
flowers  witb  from  4-60  stamens,  their  filaments  distinct.  Pistillate  aments  sometinies 
racemle-like  throngh  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels,  pendulous,  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary 
sessile;  style  short,  stigmas  3-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.  Capsule  a-4-velved.  Coma  of  the  seeds 
often  very  long  and  conspicuous.     [Name  ancient,  used  for  these  trees  by  Pliny.} 

About  as  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

*  Petioles  terete  or  channeled,  (carcely  or  not  at  all  flattened  laterally.    (Pot1.ARS.) 
Leaves  persistently  and  densely  white-lomentose  beneath.  1.  F.  alba. 

Leaves  ([labrous  or  very  nearly  so  when  mature.  crennlaCe. 

Foliage  strictly  glabrous  (except  in  P.  bahamifera  candi'caas);  capsule  very  short-pedicel  led. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base.  s.  P,  bahanti/era. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  acute,  short-petioled.  3.  P.  angusti/blia. 

Leaves  acuminate,  long-petioled.  4.  P.  acuminata. 

Foliage  densely  tomenlose  when  young;  capsules  slender- pedicel  led.         5.  P.  heterophylla. 
**  Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally.    (ASPENS.) 
Leaves  coarsely  undulate -dentate.  6.  P.  grandidenlala. 

Leaves  crenulate -denticulate. 

Leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular,  short -pointed.  7,  P.  Irtmuloidts. 

Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate. 

Leaves  obtuse  at  the  base;  capsules  nearly  sessile.  8.  P.  nigra. 

Lea\-es  truncate  at  the  base;  capsules  slender-pedicel  led.  9.  P.  delloides. 

I.  Populus  iilba  L.     Abele.     White  or 

Silver-leaf  Poplar.     (Fig.  1164.) 
Pofiulus  atba  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  at- 
taining a  maximum  height  of  about  120°  and  a 
tmnk  diameter  of  6°.  Young  foliage  densely 
white-tomentose,  tbe  leaves  becoming  glabrate 
and  dark  green  above,  persistently  tomentose 
beneath,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in 
outline,  apex  acute,  base  truncate  or  subcordate, 
3-5-lobed  or  irregularly  dentate,  2,'i'-4'  long; 
petioles  nearly  terete,  shorter  than  the  bladq; 
staminate  aments  I'-a'  loug. 


WILLOW  FAMILY. 


Tacamahac, 

165.) 


a.    Populus  balsamifcra  L. 
Balsam  Poplar,     (Fig- 

Popalus  halsami/era  I,.  Sp.  PI.  10J4.     175.). 

Alargetree,  vith  nearly  smooth  gra;  bark.,  reach- 
ing a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  aad  a  trunk 
diameter  of  7°,  the  branches  stout,  spreadinK,  the 
large  buds  very  resinous,  the  foliage  glabrous. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pate  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crennlate, 
3'-5'  long,  petioles  terete;  aments  and  bracts  some- 
what pubescent;  stamens  iS-30;  lobesof  thestigmaa 
broad;  capsule  ovotd,  i-valved,  short-pedicelled. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  especially  alonK  streanis  and 
lakes,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  south 
to  Maine.  New  York,  Michigan,  Idaho  and  British 
Columbia.  Wottd  soft,  weak,  brown,  compact;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  ij  lbs.    April. 


Popu'ut  candicans  fiAl.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  406.    1781^ 

Leai'es  broader,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  usually  pubescent.    New  Brunswick  to  New  Jer- 
sey, west  to  Minnesota,  mostly  escaped  from  cultivation,  apparently  indigenous  northward. 

3.    Populus  angustifdlia  James.     Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood.     (Fig.  1166.) 


populus  angmtifolia  Jat 

Populus  bahatni/era  vs 

King's  Eap.  327-     1871 


1   S.  Wats.  Bot. 


A  slender  tree,  maximum  height  about  65°,  trunk 
diameter  3°;  crown  narronlj  pyramidal,  branches  as- 
cending, foliage  glabrous.  Twigs  terete,  graj;  leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate- lanceolate  or  ovate,  spreading,  dry- 
ing brownish,  gradually  acuminate  or  acute  at  the 
apex  or  some  of  them  obtuse,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
rarely  subcordate  at  the  base,  1'-^%'  long,  }i'-i%' 
wide,  finely  crcnulate  from  base  to  apei;  petioles 
plano-convex,  not  flattened  laterally;  %'-%'  long; 
lateral  veins  8-15  on  each  side  of  the  blade;  stami- 
nate  aments  oblong- cylindric,  i'-3}j'  long;  lobes  of 
the  stigmas  broad;  capsules  ovoid,  short-pedicelled. 
In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams.  Northwest  Ter- 

'^.  ritory  to  Dakota,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

'^  Wood  soft,  weak,  brown,  compact;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
" """      April-May. 


,  Populus  acuminUta  Rydberg.     Black 
Cottonwood.     (Fig.  1167.) 


>U/KJ  (. 


ninata  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  so:  50. 


A  slender  tree,  with  terete  twigs,  reaching  ap- 
proidmalely  the  dimensions  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, the  crown  broadly  pyramidal  with  spreading 
branches,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Leaves  rhomboid- 
lanceolate,  spreading  or  drooping,  drying  green, 
abruptly  or  gradually  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
cuneate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  a'-fr*  long, 
I'-a^'  wide,  crennlate  or  the  base  entire;  petioles 
slender,  l'-2}i'  long;  staminate  amenta  about  I  yi' 
long;  pistillate  amenta  slender,  drooping,  s's' 
long;  capsnles  ovoid,  obtuse,  distinctly  pedicelled. 


5-   Populus  heteroph^Ua  L. 


SALICACEAB. 

Swamp  or  Downy  Poplar.     (Fig.  1168. ) 
Populus  heUrophylta  L.  Sp.  PI.  loji.      17S3. 

An  irregularlf  branching  tree,  ■ometimcs  So° 
high  and  with  a  tninlc  3°  in  diameter,  the  bark 
rough.  Young  foliage  deoKlftomentofle.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  broadly  ovale,  obtnse  or  snbacnte  at 
the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  aubcordate  at  the 
base,  crenulate-denticulate,  ^'-(/  long,  or  those  of 
young  plants  much  larger,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
floccoae  beneath  when  mature;  petioles  terete; 
brmcts  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  staminate  aments 
stout,  3'-4'  long,  9"-ia"  in  diameter,  drooping; 
Btamena  numerous;  piatillate  aments  raceme-like, 
pednncled,  erect  or  spreading,  loosely  flowered; 
capsules  ovoid,  acute,  i-valved,  4"-6"  long,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  their  pedicels. 

In  swamps,  southern  Connecticut  and  New  York  to 

Geoisia,  west  to  Louisiana,  north  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 

lev  to  Indiana  and  Arkansas.     Wood  soft,  weak,  com- 

,  weight  per  cubic  foot  j6  lbs.    April-Slay. 


6.    Populus  grandidentdta  Michx.     Large-toothed  Aspen. 

Fofiulusgrandidenlata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  343'  '*03- 
A  forest  tree  with  smooth,  greenish-gray  bark, 
maximum  height  about  75°,  and  trunk  diameter 
aji°.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  those  of  very  young 
plants  densely  white-tomeutase  beneath,  some- 
times 1°  long,  with  irregularly  denticulate  margins, 
those  of  older  trees  tomentose  when  young,  gla- 
brous when  mature,  short-acuminate,  coarsely  uu- 
dntate-dentate,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base  a^'- 
4'  long;  petioles  slender,  flattened  laterally;  bracts 
silky,  irregularly  4-7-cleft;  staminate  aments  a'- 
4'  long,  about  5"  in  diameter,  drooping;  pistillate 
amenta  somewhat  pubescent,  dense,  i's'  long  in 
fruit,  also  drooping;  stigma-lobes  narrow;  capsule 
conic,  acute,  3-valved,  about  3"  long,  rather  less 
than  i"  in  diameter,  papillose. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minne. 
sota,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  in  the  AlleBhanieB  to 

„_^._ , ^~i. „,__j__r.    _.__■_     ,i^,,( 


(Fig.  1 169.) 


Indry ormoistsoil  Newfoundland t 
Kentucky,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Adiiondacks.     Wood  soft,  weak,  lighl 


7.   Populus  trcmuloides  Michx.     Ameri- 
can Aspen.     (Fig.  1170.) 

Fofiuliis  fremuioides'Michii.'Pl.BoT.  Am.  i:  243.  1803. 
P.  Atlifiiifasisl,uivng,  Neue  Wilde  Baumi.35.  1753. (?) 
A  slender  tree,  with  smooth,  Hght  green  bark, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  young  foliage  glahrons, 
excepting  the  ciliate  margins  of  the  leaves.  Pet- 
ioles very  slender,  flattened  laterally,  causing  the 
leaves  to  quiver  in  the  slightest  breeze;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  short-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  finely  ctennlate  all  aronnd,  truncate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base.  i'-3}i'  broad,  or  those  of 
very  youngplanta  much  larger;  bractssilky,  deeply 
3-5-cleft  into  linear  lobes;  aments  drooping,  the 
staminate  i^'-aj^'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter,  the 
pistillate  longer,  dense;  stigma-Iobea  linear;  cap- 
sule like  that  of  the  preceding  species,  but  some- 
what smaller 

Hud<wn  Bay  and  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania, 
Mexico  and  to  Lower  California.  Ascendsto  1000  ft.  in  the 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot,  35  lbs,    March-Hay. 


WILLOW  FAMILY. 

8.   Populus  nigra  L.     Black  Poplar. 

(Fig.  1171.) 
rofiulus  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI,  1034.    1753. 

A  large  tree,  lometimea  100°  tall  and  tile  trank 
4°  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller.  Twigs  te- 
rete; jouag  foliage  somewhat  pubescent,  tlie  ma- 
ture leaves  firm,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  petioles 
slender,  flattened  laterally;  leaves  broadly  deltoid, 
abruptly  acumiuate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenate,  2'-^'  long;  staminate 
amenta  I'-a'  long;  stamens  about  10;  pistillate 
amenis  a'-s'  long  in  fruit,  spreading;  capsule  ob- 
long, very  obtuse,  borne  on  pedicels  of  much  less 
than  their  own  length. 

Valleys  ot  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  RJverB,  natu- 
raliied  from  Europe.     April-May. 

The  Lombardy  Poplar,  Pofiulus  dilalaia,  commonly 
planted  for  ornament,  occaiitoiiBlly  spreads  by  sending 
up  shoots  from  its  subterranean  pftrts. 

Populus  deltoldes  Marsh.     Cottonwood.    Necklace  Poplar, 

POptilus  delloides  "ila-nti,  Arb,  Am.  106. 
Populut  CarolintHSii  Moench,  Vcn.  PI.  81. 
Populus  moHili/era  Ait.  Hort,  Kew.  3;  406, 
Populut  angulala  Ait.  HorL  Kew,  3:  407.     i 


1789. 


A  large  tree,  the  greatest  of  the  poplars,  attain- 
ing a  maximum  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  7>j°,  the  bark  grayish-green,  somewhat 
rough  when  old.  Foliage  glabrous;  leaver  broadly 
deltoid -ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cren- 
ulate,  truncate  at  the  base,  4'-?''  long;  petiole  flat- 
tened laterally,  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
bracts  glabrous,  deeply  fimbriate;  staminate  aments 
droopingi  3'"5'  loigi  5"-6"  in  diameter;  pistillate 
aments  loosely  flowered,  becoming  S'-iw'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  4"-5"  long,  a-4-valvcd, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  their  pedicels. 


Florida,  Colorado  ai 

k|   dark  brown;   we 

April-May.    Also  called  C 


a.  SALIX  L.  sp.  PI.  1015.      1753. 

Trees  or  shroba,  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an  adherent  membrane  within, 
mostly  narrow  and  sbort-petioled  leaves  and  persistent  or  early  deciduous  broad  or  minute 
stipules.  Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Diak  gland  like,  small  or  minute.  Staminate  aments 
dense,  erect,  spreading  or  drooping.  Staminate  flowen  with  i-io,  mostly  3,  stamens,  their 
filamentsdistiuct  or  sometimes  united.  Pistillate  aments  usually  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary 
sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style  short  or  filiform.  Stigmas  2,  entire  or  3-cleft.  Capsule 
mostly  a-valved.     [Name  ancient] 

About  ifio  Bpeeief,  of  wide  geographic  distribution  throughout  the  north  temperate  and  arctic 
lones,  a  few  ia  the  southern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  45  others  occur  in  the 
nottheni  and  western  parts  ot  North  America. 


H  Filai 


d  the  I 


„  js  its  pedicel. 

j,eaveB  snort-petioled,  lanceolate. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  silveiy-white  beneath. 
Leaves  slender-peboled,  broadly  lanceolate. 
Capsule  long-conic,  much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 
Petioles  and  stipnles  prominently  glandular. 

**  FiUmcnti  pubcMCnt;  iMmcni 
Trees,  cultivated  and  naturalized  or  adventive. 


l.  5.  amygdatoides 
\.  S.  fragitis. 
\.  S.  lucida. 


494 


SALICACEAE. 


Cftpsule  ElBbrons;  filaments  distinct. 

Branches  not  drooping;  leaves  lanceolate. 
Leaves  Klat>rt}QS  on  both  sides, 
leaves  silky  on  both  aides  when  young. 
Leaves  lineor-lanecolate;  branches  droopinc. 
Capsules  tomentose;  filaments  united;  leai-es  oblanceolate. 
River-bank  shrub,  with  linear. lanceolate  leaves. 
Low  arctic  shrubs,  with  obovate  or  oval  obtuse  leaves. 
Leaves  glabrous,  slrongly  reticulated  beneath. 

Leaves  densely  tomentose- silky  beneath.  n.  o.  i-rmia. 

***  FlIamsnK  (Ubroui;  capsule  tomeatnc  or  pubncent. 
Stigrmas  sessile  or  very  nearly  so. 
Leaves  tomentose  beneath. 

Leaves  obtong-lanceolate.  slender-petioled;  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves. 

iz.  .S.  Bebbiana. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  short-petioled ;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves. 

Leaves  J-^'  long;  fruiting  aments  about  i'  long.  13.  5.  humilis. 

Leaves  I'-a'  long;  fruiting  aments  M'  long.  14.  S.  IHifii. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  silky  beneath. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute. 
Leaves  elongated -lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 

Capsule  short- pedicel  led,  1 W  long;  leaves  black  in  drying. 
Capsule  ale nder-pedice lied,  a"-3"  long;  leaves  green  in  t^dng. 
Style  filiform,  eijoalling  01  longer  than  the  stigmas. 
Leaves  persistently  tomentose  or  silky  beneath.  _ 

Arctic  or  alpine  shruba;  aments  nntolding  with  the  leaves. 
Fruiting  aments  1'  or  less  long. 
Pubescence  silveiy-silky. 
Pubescence  tomentose. 
Fmiting  aments  a* -3'  long. 
Low  bog  shrab;  leaves  oblong. 

Introduced  tree;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 
Mature  leaves  glabrt      ■-   — 


j.  S.  /ragi/is. 
..  S.  alba. 
'.  S.  Babylonica. 
i.  S.  purpurea, 
i  S.  flnvialilis. 

I.  5.  relieulala. 


15.  S.  dijcolor. 


Leaves  I'-y  long,  shining  above. 
Leaves  M'-a"  long,  dull;  low  arctic  shrubs. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  short-petioled. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  broadly  obovate,  long-petiolcd. 

««:««  FllamcDti  glabrous;  capsule  gUbroui 
Large  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  serrulate  leaves. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Shrubs. 

2"-3"lonp. 


18.  .S.  argyrocarpa. 

19,  S.  desrr/orum. 
90.  .^.  glauca. 
zt.  .S.  Candida. 
M.  5.  viminalii. 

13.  S.  phyUUi/oUa. 


:s3  -5 


■  oblor 


Leaves  elliptic, „, ., 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath;  capsule  slender-pedicelled. 
Leaves  green  both  sides;  capsule  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 
leaves  densely  silky-pubeacent. 
jw  bog  shrub,  with  entire  glabrous  leaves. 
]w  dinuse  glabrous  alpine  and  arctic  shrubs. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oTOvate,  narrowed  at  the  base;  aments  many-llowetei 
Leaves  orbicular,  cordate  at  the  base ;  pistillate  aments  few-flowered. 


38.  S.  MiisourtcHuii. 

ag.  S,  balsamifera. 

30.  .y.  Barclayi. 

31.  i'.  adenophylla. 
31.  ^S,  myrhlloirlei. 


1 73-) 


,  Salix  nigra  Marsh.     Black  Willow.     (Fig.  i 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  139.     1785. 

A    tree,    with   rough   flaky  dark    brown    bark, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  120°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  3°.     Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
I     base,  short-petioled,  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent 
f\\    when  young,  glabrous  and  green  above,  somewhat 
'     paler,  and  sometimes  pubescent  00  the  veins  be- 
neath  when   mature,   ayi'-5'   long,   1"-^"  wide; 
stipules  various,  persistent  ordecidnous;  aments  ex- 
panding with  the  leaves,  00  short  lateral  branches, 
ataminate  I'-i'  long,  the  pistillate  1  ^'-3' long 
i-  and  spreading  in  fruit;  stamens  3-7,  distinct,  their 
f  filaments  pubescent  below;  scales  dedduons;  stig- 
s  nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous, 
about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 
J,  ^  ,.-,  j_.  Along  streams  and  lakes.  New  Brunswick  to  west- 

2        y^f^^I^---.  r^      ^™  Ontario,  Florida  and  California.    Hybridizes  with 

J      y     ^^~^^^^llL'  ■  '^A,      ■^^  "'*"■    Wood  soft,  weak,  light  brown;  weight  per 

J  --  "  , '.   cubic  foot  28  lbs.    April-May. 

8allznlgiafaicita(PurshlTorT.  Fl.  N.  Y.  I:  409.      1843. 
Sali.v/alcala  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  a:  614.     1B14. 

...    ._..__..    __"_..  ^j.jjg^  falcate,  green  on  both  aides.    Massachusetts  to  Florida. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 

a.  Salix  WSrdii  Bebb.     Ward's  Willow. 
SaliAT  nigra  var.  Waidi  Bebb;  Ward.  Bull.  I'.  S.  Nat. 
Salix  Wardt  Bebb,  Card.  &  For.  8:  363.      :895. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  higb,  the  trunk  reaching  8' 
in  diameter,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping, 
the  baric  dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  small 
scales.  Ijeaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate 
long -acumt  Date  or  acute  at  the  apeit,  rounded  sub- 
cordate,  or  some  of  them  narrowed  at  the  base 
3^'-7'  long,  Ji'-i>i'  wide,  bright  green  abo\e  sil 
very  white  and  usually  somewhat  pubescent  be 
neath;  stipules  often  large,  sometimes  persistent, 
aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  terminal  the 
staminate  i'-\'  long,  the  pistillate  as  long  or  sborter 
stamens  3-6,  separate;  filaments  pilose  at  the  base 
scales  villous  without,  deciduous;  capsule  conic 
glabrous,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel 

Along  streams  and  lakes,  Maiylaiid  to  Tennessee 
'  "      "    "  ti  Territory,  south  to  Flonda 
T;h-May. 

3.    Salix  amygdaloldes  Anders      Peach  leaved  Willow.     (Fig.  1175.) 

Saltv  amygifaloidei  AudtTS  Otv.  Handl.  Vet.  Akad. 
^^i,       1858  114      1858 
■'/Xfl      ^  small  tree   similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
y^jljif  sometimes  70°  high  and  the  trunk  2°  in  diameter, 
.li'  t,'/l    the  brown  bark  scaly.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when 
old,  dark  green  above,  pater  and  slightly  glaucous 
beneath,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  3^'-s'  long,  about  i'  wide,  sharply  ser- 
rulate,   slender-petioled;     petioles    3  "-7"    long, 
glandless;   stipules  commonly   fugacious;    aments 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  terminal  on  short  lateral 
branches,  the  staminate  I'-a'  long,  the  pistillate 
loose,  spreading  and  2^'-4'  long  in  fruit;  stamens 
more  than  3;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent  at  the 
base;  scales  deciduous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  cap- 
sule  narrowly  ovoid,   acute,   glabrous,   at    length 
about  as  long  as  its  filiform  pedicel. 

On  lake  and  rivet  shores.  Quebec  to  British  Colum- 
bia. New  York,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico.    Wood 
soft,  weak,  Ug:ht  brown;  weight  38  lbs.    April-May. 
4.    Salix  lOcida  Muhl.     Shining  Willow.     Glossy  Willow.     (Fig.  1176.) 
Salix  lucida  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin,    ■ 
4: 139.   pi.  6.  /.  7.      1803. 

A  tall  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  ao°  h^h,  the 
bark  smooth  or  slightly  scaly,  the  twigs  yellowish- 
brown,  shining.  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo-  ^\ 
late  or  ovate,  mostly  long-acuminate,  narrowed  ,  ' 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  all  around,  ' 
green  and  glossy  on  both  sides  or  bearing  a  few 
scattered  hairs  when  very  young,  s'-j'long,  I'-l^ 
wide  when  mature;  stipules  small,  semi-cordate  or 
oblong,  very  glandular,  commonly  persistent;  peti- 
oles stout,  ■>,"-(>"  long,  glandular  at  the  base  of  the 
blade;  aments  on  short,  lateral  leafy  branches,  the 
staminate  stout,  I'-a'  long,  the  pistillate  dense, 
a'-3'  long  in  fruit,  often  long-persistent;  bracts  de- 
ciduous; stamens  about  5;  filaments  pubescent  be- 
low; stigmas  nearly  sessile:  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams  and  lakes.  Newfound- 
land to  the  Northwest  Territory.  New  Jersey,  Kentucky 
and  Nebraska.    A  most  beautiful  willow.    April-May. 

32 


6.     Salix    Slba    L.      White   Willow. 
Huntingdon  Willow.    (Fig.  1178.) 

Saliialba  L.  Sp.  PI.  lOTl.      1753.  . 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  90°  tall  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  S°;  bark  gray,  rough;  twigs  brittle  at  the 
base.  Leaves  lanceolate  oroblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,  silky- 
pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young,  less  so  and  pale 
or  glaucous  beneath  when  mature,  2'-4Ji'  long,  4"- 
8"  wide;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous;  peti- 
oles i"-A,"  long,  glandless  or  sparingly  glandular; 
araents  on  short  lateral  leafy  branches;  scales  decid- 
uous; stamens  2;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent  at  the 
base;  pistillate  aments  linear-cylindric,  ifi'-2fi' 
long:  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
glabrous,  short-pedicelled  or  sessile. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Ontario  to  Pennsylvania,  sparingly  escaped 
from  cultivation.    Native  of  Europe.    Apnl-May. 

Salix  tiba  coerulea  (].  H.  Smith)  Koch,  Dendr.  a: 
Salix  coerulea  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  pi.  2431.      1801. 

Ztlature  leaves  bluish-green,  glabrous,  glaucons  beneath. 

Soliz  alba  Tltellina  (L,)  Koch.  Dendr.  3:511.    lE 
Salix  vittllina  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1442,      1763. 

■'----■  ■     ■   syeflowisli-gTeen.     The 


SALIC^CKAF. 

5.    Salix  frfigilia  L.      Crack   Willow. 

Brittle  Willow.     (Fig.  1177.) 
Salix  fragilis  I„  Sp.  PI.  1017,      1753. 

A  tall,  slender  tree,  with  roughish  gray  bark, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  7°,  twigs  reddish  green,  very 
brittle  at  the  base.  Leaves  lanceolate,  long-acu- 
minate, narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate, 
glabrous  on  both  sides,  rather  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath,  3'-6'  long,  Ji'-i'  wide;  glandu- 
lar at  the  base  of  the  blade;  petioles  3"-8"  long, 
glandolarabove;  stipules  semicordate,  fugacious; 
staminate  aments  i'-3'  long;  stamens  3,  or  some- 
times 3-4;  filaments  pubescent  below,  distinct; 
pistillate  aments  3'-5'  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose; 
stigma.-<  nearly  sessile;  capsule  long-conic,  gla- 
brous, 2fi"-3"long,  short-pedicelled. 

Escaped  from  cultivation,  Massachnseetts  to 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  Native  of  Europe. 
Hybndiies  with  the  following  species.  The  twigs 
break  away  and  grow  into  new  plants.  April-May. 
ith  yellowish  or  red  twigs  and  smaller  brighter  green 


1869.    Bli'e  Willow. 


Mature  leaves  glabrous  above 


:  form  in  North  America. 


7.   Salix  Babyl6nica  L.     Weeping  Willow. 
Ring  Willow.     (Fig.  1179-) 

Salix  Babylonica  L.  Sp.  PI.  1017.      175.I. 

A  large  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  sometimes  at- 
taining a  height  of  70°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  6°,  the 
twigs  slender,  green,  elongated,  drooping.  Leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  ser- 
rulate all  around,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparsely  pubes- 
cent when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  4'-?'  long,  3"-6"  wide,  some- 
times curling  into  rings;  petioles  3"-6"  long,  glandu- 
lar above;  atnents  appearing  on  short  lateral  leafy 
branches;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  deciduous; 
stamens  a;  style  almost  none;  capsule  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  glabrous. 

Widely  cultivated 
tribution  of  its  twigs.    Native  o 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 


Purple  Willow.     (Fig.  iiSo.) 


8.  Salix  purpurea  h- 

Sa/i.r purpurea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1017.      1753. 

A  slender  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  purplish  flex- 
ible twigs,  maximum  height  about  iz°;  branches 
often  trailing;  bark  smooth  and  very  bitter.  Leaves 
oblanceolateorspatulate,  acute,  serrulate,  narron-ed 
at  the  base,  short-petioled,  glabrous,  green  above, 
paler  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  •^''-3'  long, 
2yi"-\"  wide,  some  of  them  commonly  sulx>p- 
posite;  stipules  minute;  petioles  \"~i"  long,  not 
glandular;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  leaty-bracted  at  the  base,  the  staminate 
about  i'  long,  the  pistillate  \'-i'  long,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  stamens  2;  filaments  and  sometimes 
also  the  anthers  united,  pubescent;  scales  purple, 
Ijersistent;  stigmas  very  nearly  sessile;  capsules 
ovoid-conic,  obtuse,  tomentose,  i%"  long. 

Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  Mative  of  Europe.  Also  called  Bitter,  Rose 
and  Whipcord  Willow.    April-May. 

9.  Salix  fluvi4tilis  Nutt.    Sandbar  Willow.    River-bank  Willow.   (Fig.  ii8r.) 
Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Ber- 
lin, 4:  ajS.  pi.  6.  f.  6.     1803.     Not  Lam,  177S. 
Salix Jlvvialil is  Nutt.  Sylva,  i :  73.      1842. 
A    much-branched    shrub,    a'-il"    high,   forming 
^  thickets,  or  sometimes  a  slender  tree,  3o°-3o°  tall,  and 
with  a  trunk  1°  in  diameter,  the  young  foliage  silky- 
pubescent,  the  mature  leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so, 
those  of  seedlings  pinnately  dentate  or  lobed.    Leaves 
liuear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  a Ji '-4' long,  2'/i"- 
wide,  acuminate,  remotely  denticulate  with  some~ 
what  spreading  teeth,  short-petioled,  bright  green; 
petioles   not  glandular;    stipules   minute  or  none; 
ents  on  short,  leafy  branches,  linear-cylindric,  the 
ninate  dense    l     lH    long    the  pistillate   looser, 
about  2'  long    n  f ru  t    sea  es  dec  duous;   stamens  a; 
filaments  pubescent    d  st  net    sttgmas  broad,  sessile; 
capsule  o^  o  d-con  c  glabrous  or  s   ky,  about  a"  long. 
Along  at  earos  and    ate      Quebec  to  the  Northn-est 
Territory  and  O  egon  sou  h  to  V  rgin  a,  Kentucky  and 
New  Men  co     Wood  sof      edd  sh      own;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  3   lbs     April  May 

10.   Salix  reticulata  L.     Net-veined 
Willow.     (Fig.  1182.) 

Salix  reticulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1018.       1753. 

A  procumbent  shrab,  j'-lo'  high,  often  sending 
out  roots  from  the  twigs,  the  young  shoots  4-sided 
purple-green.  Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  thick,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base 
slender-petioled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  silky-pubes 
cent  when  young,  dark  green  above,  not  shining 
glaucous  and  strongly  reticulate -veined  beneath,  i 
i'  long;  petioles  4"-i2"  long,  channeled,  not  glan 
dular;  leaves  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire;  stipules 
oblong,  obtuse;  aments  terminal,  long-stalked 
dense;  scales  obtuse;  stamens  a;  filaments  distinct 
pubescent  at  the  base;  stigmas  sessile ;  capsule  ovoid 
conic,  sessile,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  about  3"  long 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Cofondo.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.    June. 


SALICACEAB. 


II.   Salix  vestlta  Pursti.      Hair>-  Willow. 

(Fig.  1183.) 
Salix  r-estila  Pnnh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  610.      1814. 

A  low  shrub,  similar  to  tlie  preceding  species,  the 
twigs  4-sided,  green.  Leaves  obovate,  thick,  mosUj- 
retuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  crenulale, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,  persistently  tomentose-silky  be- 
neath, short-petioled,  I'-a'  long;  petioles  a"-4" 
long,  channeled,  not  glandular;  anients  terminal, 
unfolding  after  the  leaves,  stalked;  stamens  t;  fila- 
ments distinct;  capsules  narrowly  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  densely  silky-tomentose,  about  3"  long. 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  the  Northwest  Tettitoiy. 


13.   Salix  Bebbidna  Sarg.     Bebb's  Willow.     (Fig.  1184.) 

Salix  roslrala  Richards.  Frank.  Joum.  App.  753. 

1833.     Not  Thoill.  I79q. 
Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  Card.  &  For.  8:  46J.    1895. 

A  shrub,  6°-iS°  tall,  or  sometimes  a  tree  35° 
high,  the  twigs  pubescent  or  puberulent,  terete. 
Leaves  elliptic,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  acuminate  or  some  of  them  blunt  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly 
serrate  or  entire,  dull  green  and  puberulent 
above,  pale,  reticulate-veined  and  tomentose  be- 
neath or  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides  when  very 
old;  petioles  a"-6"  long;  stipules  semicordate, 
acute,  deciduous;  aments  sessile,  expanding  with 
or  before  the  leaves,  dense,  thestaminale  l'-i|i' 
long,  the  pistillate  2' long  in  fruit;  scales  villous, 
persistent  or  deciduous;  stamens  2;  filaments 
distinct,  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule 
very  narrowly  long-conic,  densely  pubescent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel. 

In  dry  soil  and  along  streams.  Anticosti  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Newlersev. 
Pennsylvania,  Nebraska  and  Utah.    April-ME 


Nebraska  and  Utah.    April- 
13.  Salix  htimilis  Marsh.     Prairie  Willow.     (Fig.  1185.) 
Salix  httiiiilis  Marsh.  Arb. 


140. 


:7S5. 


A  shrub,  j'-S"  tall,  the  twigs  tomentose 
or  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  oblanceolate, 
petioled,  3'-4'  long,  4"-8"  wide,  acute  at 
both  ends  or  the  lower  broader  and  obluse 
at  the  apex,  sparingly  denticulate,  the  mar- 
gins slightly  revolute,  the  upper  surface 
dark  green,  dull,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  the 
lower  densely  and  persistently  gray-tomen- 
tose;  petioles  a"-3"long;  stipules  obliquely 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  commonly  per- 
sistent; aments  unfolding  much  before  Uie 
leaves,  sessile,  ovoid-oblong,  short,  dense, 
the  pistillate  about  1'  long  in  fruit;  stamen.' 
I;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  near  I}- sessile; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  densely  pubescenl. 
much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 

In  dr>-  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  western  Onlarin, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Ne- 
braska. Hvhridizes  with  5.  discolor.  April- 
May, 


WILLOW  FAMILY.  499 

14.    Salix  tristis  Ait.     Dwarf  Gray  Willow.     Sage  Willow.     (Fig-  1186.) 

5a/i-r  Irislis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  3;  39.!.       1789. 

A  tufted,  slender  shrub,  i''-2°  tall,  tlie  t«4gs 
terete.  pub«nilent,  the  roots  long  and  thick. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or 
obtusish,  somewhat  undulate,  green  and  pu- 
berulent  or  glabrous  above,  persistently  and 
densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  numerous, 
crowded,  I'-i'  long,  their  margins  revolute; 
petioles  about  i"  long;  stipules  minute,  decid- 
uous; anieuts  expanding  much  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  very  small,  comparatively  few-flowered, 
sessile,  the  pistillate  globose-ovoid  and  about 
Ji'  long  in  fruit;  scales  persistent;  stamens  a; 
filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
capsule  ovoid  with  a  long,  slender  beak,  tomen- 
tulose.  about  3"  long,  mucli  longer  than  its 
filiform  pedicel. 


Salix  discolor  Muhl 


Glaucous  Willow.     Pussy  Willow.     (Fig.  1187.) 
Salix  discolor 'iS.aM.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Pr,  Ber- 
lin, 4:  ajt.  pi.  6.  /.  I.      1S03. 
Salix  erioeephala  Michi.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  315,      1803. 

A  shrub  or  low  tree,  maximum  height  25°,  trunk 
diameter  1°;  twigs  puhenilent  or  glabrous;  young 
leaves  sometimes  pubescent.  Mature  leaves  usually 
glabrous,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  and  nearly 
white  beneath,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  enils,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  slen- 
der-petioled,  3'-5'  long,  8"-i8"  wide;  petioles  3"- 
12"  long;  stipules  obliquely  lanceolate  or  semicor- 
date,  commonly  decidnous;  amenta  unfolding  much 
before  the  leaves,  dense,  the  pistillate  i  %'-i'  long  in 
fruit;  scales  persistent,  obtuse,  brown-purple,  vil- 
lous; stamens  a;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly 
sessile;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  tapering  to  aslender 
beak,  tomentose,  3Ji"-3"  long,  much  longer  than 

In  swamps  or  on  moist  liillsides,  Novk  Scotia  to  Man- 
itoba, Delaware  and  Missouri.    Wood  soft,  weak,  yel- 
low-brown; weight  per  cubic  foot  37  lbs.   March-April. 
StUs  diacolor  prinoldes  (Pursh)  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr,  xt:  Fart  1,  209,      1S6S. 
Salix prinaides'£-a!a'a,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  613.      1814. 

Pistillate  aments  looser;  capsules  less  tomentose;  leaves  commonly  narrower.   Range  of  the  type. 

16.   Salix  sericea  Marsh.     Silky  Willow. 

(Fig.  118S.) 
Salix  sericea  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  140.      1785. 

A  shrub,  5°-i3°taIl,  with  slender  purplish  puberulent 
twigs,  the  young  leaves  densely  silky-pubescent.  Sta- 
ture leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  serrulate  all  around  with 
gland-tipped  teeth,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  some- 
what glaucous  beneath,  turning  brown  or  black  in  drj-- 
ing,  2%'-^'  long,  5"-lo"  wide;  stipules  narrow,  de- 
ciduous; petioles  l"-Y'  long,  sometimes  glandular; 
aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  sessile,  usually 
with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  dense,  the  staminate 
about  l'  long,  the  pistillate  l'-l%'  long  in  fruit;  scales 
villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
very  short;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent, 
short -pedicelled,  about  I'/i"  long. 

In  swamps  and  along  steams,  Iilaine  to  Alichigan  and 
Virginia.    May. 


Sail 


SALICACEAE. 

17.     Salix    petioUris    J.    E.    Smitli. 

Slender  Willow.     (Fig.  1189.) 
Sali.i  pfliolaris  J.  E.  Smith,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  6: 

A  shrub,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
the  young  leaves  onlj  slightly  silky,  the 
branches  slender,  upright  or  asceading.  Ma- 
ture leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
serrolate  with  blunt  cartilaginoos  teeth,  remain- 
ing green  tD  drying,  4"-8"  wide;  petioles  3"-5" 
long:  stipules  deciduous;  aments  expanding  be- 
fore the  leaves,  the  pistillate  short-ped uncled, 
usually  rather  loose,  abont  i'  long  in  fruit;  sta- 
mens 3;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  ses- 
sile; capsule  tapering  from  an  ovoid  or  oblong 
base,  pubescent,  i"-i"  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  filifonn  pedicel. 

In  nwamps.  New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Michigan.     May. 
Salix  petiollria  gticUia  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2.  as.     i368. 
gracilis  Anders,  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  4:  67-      185S. 
Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsules;  leaves  rather  narrower.    Range 


18.    Salix  argyroclirpa  Anders.     Silver 
Willow.     (Fig,  1190.) 

S,  argyroca'-fia  Anders,  Mon,  Sal,  :o7./.  60.  :867. 
An  erect  or  diffuse  shrub,  6'-!°  high,  the  twigs 
dark  green,  nearly  terete,  shining.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  or  the 
"  lower  obtuse,  sbort-petioled,  entire  or  creau- 
late,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  persist- 
ently silvery-silky  beneath,  I'-i'  long,  3"-6" 
wide,  the  margins  slightly  revolute;  aments  un- 
folding with  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base, 
dense,  1'  or  leas  long;  scales  persistent,  villous; 
stamens  3,  distinct,  their  filaments  glabrous; 
style  slender,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule 
oblong-conic,  densely  silvery,  acute,  i"-i,(i" 
long,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

I^bradoT  and  Quebec  to  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampstiire.  Hybridizes  with  S.  piiylici/ulia. 
June-July. 


Desert 


ig.  Salix  desertdrum  Richards. 
Willow.     (Fig.  1 191.) 
Salix  descrlorum   Richards.   Frank.  Joura.  App. 

371.     iSl3- 

A  shrub,  6'-i2'  high,  with  purplish-green 
twigs.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at 
the  apex  and  cuneate  at  the  base  or  the  lower 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  entire  or  very  ueaily  so, 
very  shorl-petioled,  tomentose  on  both  sides  or 
glabrate  above  when  old,  Ji'-a'  long,  2"-4" 
wide;  stipules  fugacious;  aments  expanding  with 
the  leaves,  dense,  %'  or  less  long,  leafy-bracted 
at  the  base;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
about  as  long  as  the  deeply  i-cleft  stigmas; 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  acute,  densely  tomentose, 
about  2"  long,  verj-  short-pedicelled. 

Anticosli  and  Quebec  to  western  arctic  America, 
south  along:  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 
Summer, 


WILLOW   FAMIL\ 

30.    Salix  glaikca  L.     Northern  Willow 

(Fig.  1192.) 
Sali-rslauca  L.  Sp.  PI.  1019.      1753. 

A  low  arctic  ahrub,  with  terete  brown  twigs  the 
youDg  shoots  and  leaves  densely  tomentose  becom 
ing  gUbratc  when  old.  Leaves  elliptic  or  elliptic 
lauceolate,  entire,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  ape-t  nar 
rowed  at  the  base,  i'-3'  long,  yi'-i'  wide  petioles 
i"-5"  long;  stipules  deciduous;  amenta  borne  on 
short  leafy  branches,  the  staminate  dense  about  i 
long,  the  pistillate  2'-3'  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose 
stamens  2\  filaments  distinct;  scales  persistent 
densely  white- villous;  capsule  ovoid-conic  densely 
while -tomentose,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicel  led 
3"  long;  style  about  as  long  as  the  stigmas 


ai.    Salix  cfindida  Fluegge      Hoary  Willow       (Fig    1193) 

Sah  I  Candida  rXweggt:    Willd   Sp   PI  4     08        1806 
An  erect  shrub   3°  5°  tall   the  older  twigs  red 
or  purple  and  terete,  the  younger  densely  white- 
tomentose     Leaves  persistently  white-tomentose 
beneath  green  and  loosely  tomentose  or  becom- 
ing glabraie  above  when  mature,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thick,  sparingly  repand-den tic u late  or 
ennre,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse  at 
the  apex    2'-4'  long,  3"-8"  wide,  their  margins 
slightly  re\olute;  petioles  i;i"-3"  long;  stipules 
lanceolate  subulate,  about  equalling  the  petioles, 
deciduous    aments  expanding  before  the   leaves 
1  dense   cvhndnc,  the  stamiuate  about  i'  long,  the 
"  pistillate  I '-2' long  in  fruit;  bracts  villous,  persist- 
stamens  3    filaments  glabrous;  style  filiform, 
red    three  times  as  long  as  the  stigmas;  capsule 
ovoid  conic    acute,  densely   tomentose,  Jji"-3" 
long   %cry  sbort-pedicelled. 

In  bogs  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  to  the  North- 
west Temtoty  south  to  New  Jersey,  western  New 
Vork  and  Iowa  Hybridiies  with  S.fie/io/atismd  S. 
cordala      May 

23     Salix  viminilis  L      Osier  WiUow 
(Fig    1 1 94) 

Salix  viminalis  L.  Sp.  Fl.  loai.       1753- 

A  small  slender  tree  or  shrub,  with  terete 
green  twigs.  Leaves  elongated -lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sparingly  repand-crenulate  or  entire,  revolute- 
margined,  short-petioled,  dark  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  persistently  silvery-silky  beneath, 
3'-6'  long,  a"-8"  wide;  stipules  narrow,  decidu- 
ous; aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  dense, 
the  pistillate  2'-3'  long  and  nearly  yi'  in  diam- 
eter in  fruit;  stamens  2;  lilaments glabrous;  style 
longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  narrowly  ovotd- 
conic,  acute,  silky-pubescent,  about  3"  long, 
very  short-pedicelled. 

Cultivated  for  wicker- ware  and  occasionally  cs- 
■capcd  into  wet  places  1     -      —    -   -  ■  --■-•a 


SALICACEAE. 

93.   Salix  phylicifdlia  L.     Tea-leaved 

Willow.     (Fig.  1195.) 
Salix  pbylici/olia  L.  Sp.  PI.  1016.      175,1. 

A  shrub  i°-io°  higb,  mucb  branched,  Ibe  twigs 
glabrous,  dark  purple-gteca,  sometimes  glaucous. 
Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse at  the  apei,  minutely  repand-crenulale  or 
entire,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  iji'-j' 
long,  >i'-i'  wide;  petioles  3"-8"  long;  stipules 
minute,  fugacious,  or  wanting;  aments  sessile, 
sparingly  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  oblong- 
cylindric,  the  staminate  1'  or  less  long,  the  pistil- 
late l'-2'  long  in  fruit;  scales  villous,  perristent; 
stamensa;  filaments  glabrous;  style  rather  longer 
than  tbe  stigmas;  capsule  conic,  acnte,  pubescent 
or  tomentose,  3^"  long,  mucb  longer  than  its 
pedicel. 

Swampa,  LabiadortoManitobaaiid  the  White  Moan- 
tains  of  New  Hampshire.    Also  in  Europe.    Summer. 

24.    Salix  Brdwnii  Bebb.     Robert  Brown's  Willow.     (Fig.  1196.) 


A  low,  much  branched  sbrub,  the  twigs  4- 
angled,  slender.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  ciliolate  acute  or  tbe  lower 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  rarely  with  a  few 
minute  distant  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base 
short-petioled,  I'-a'  long,  3'  8"  wide  remaining 
green  in  drying,  tbe  lower  surface  pale  or  glaucous 
the  margins  not  revolutc;  petioles  only  i  3" 
long;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous  aments  home 
on  short  leafy  branches,  the  pistillate  l'-3'j'  long 
in  fruit;  scales  villous,  persistent  obovate  ob 
tuse,  green  or  black-tipped;  stamens  z  filaments 
glabrous:  style  liliform,  much  longer  than  the 
stigmas;  capsule  ovoid-conic  tomentose  short 
pedicelled,  acute,  about  i%"  long 


25.    Salix  Urctica  Pall.     Arctic  Willow. 
Ground  Willow.     (Fig.  1197.) 

Salix  arclica  Pall.  Fl.  Ross.  1:  Part  a,  86.      1788. 

K  low  branching  shrub,  the  twigs  terete  or 
nearly  so.  Leaves  glabrous,  elliptic  or  broadly 
obovate,  entire,  obtuse  and  usually  rounded  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  long- 
petioled,  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  I'-i'  long, 
%'-\%'  wide;  petioles  slender,  J4'~'JS'  'ong; 
aments  borne  at  tbe  ends  of  short  leafy  branches, 
verydense,  the  pistillate  i'-3'longin  fruit;  scales 
dark  purple,  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  white-vil- 
lous,  persistent;  stamens  3;  filaments  glabroas; 
style  filiform,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule 
conic,  villous,  very  short-pedicelled. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 

a6.    Salix  cord&ta  Muhl.     Heart-leaved 
Willow.     (Fig.  1198.) 
Salix  cordata  Muhl.  Neue  Schritt.  Gea.  Nat,  Ft.  Ber- 
lin, 4-  236.   pi.  6.  f.  3.      1803. 

A  shrub,  %°-vi°  high,  the  twigs  puberuleat  or 
glabrous;  young  leaves  pubescent,  Maluie  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  be- 
neath, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  obtuse  or 
aubcordale  at  the  base,  sharply  serrolate  with  glan- 
dular teeth,  green  in  drying;  stipules  oblique,  ser- 
rulate, usually  large  and  persistent;  petioles  4"-9" 
long;  aments  bracted  at  the  base,  expanding  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminatc  about  i'  long,  the  pistil- 
late I J^'-afi'  in  fruit;  scales  silki ,  persistent;  sta- 
mcas  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  short;  capsules 
narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  2"-3"  long,  short- 
pedicel  led. 

In  wet  soil.  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  ViiKinia.  Missouri.  Colorado  and  California. 
Hybridizes  with  S.  sericea  and  other  species.  April- 
May. 

"  ■'-  -     ■"-     mguetita  (Pursh)  Anders.  Mob.  Sal. 


:ardita  a 

1.  S^pt.  t 
ir-lanceolate. 


Salli  CI 

Salirm 

etype. 

Salix  cordita  Hackanileina  Hook.  Fl.  Bar.  Am,  3:  149,     i3j9. 
Small  tree.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,   Manitoba  and  Northwest  Territory  lo  California. 

37.  Salix  glaucoph^lla  Bebb.     Broad- 
leaved  Willow.     (Fig.  1 199.) 
S. glancophylla  Bebb,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 6.485.  1889. 

A  shrub,  4°-io''  high,  foliage  glabrous  or  when 
young  sparingly  pubescent.  Mature  leaves  ovate, 
obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  firm,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  white-glaucous  beneath,  sbort- 
acuminate,  the  base  rounded  or  acute,  serrulate 
with  gland-tipped  teeth,  2'-4'  long,  >i'-a'  wide; 
stipules  large,  persistent;  petioles  stout,  3"-6"  long; 
ameats  expanding  before  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted 
at  tbe  base,  the  staminate  I'-s'  long,  the  pistillate 
iJi'-3'long  in  fruit;  scales  densely  white- villous, 
persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  fili- 
form; capsule  beaked  from  an  ovoid  base,  acute, 
glabrous,  %"-%"  long,  slender-pedicel  led. 


On  sand  dunes.  Lake 
Wisconsin,     Variable  it 

38.    Salix  Missouriinsis  Bebb      Missouri  Willow      (Fig    i2( 

Salix  cordata  var.  vestita  Anders.  Mon.  Sa    159        86 

Not  5.  vestita  Purah,  1814. 
Salix  Sfisiouriensis  Bebb,  Card.  &  For.  833        895 

A  tree,  often  50°  high,  the  trunk  some  mes  /i  m 
diameter,  the  thin  gray  bark  with  small  appressed 
scales.  Twigs  of  the  season  pubescent  or  puberulent 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  acum  nate  finely 
serrate  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth  rounded  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young  g  abrous 
or  nearly  so  when  mature,  green  above  pale  and  usu 
ally  glaucous  beneath,  3'-6'  long,  ^  ,i  w  de 
petioles  )i' long  or  less;  stipules  of1:en  i  long  per 
sistent  or  deciduous;  aments  narrowly  cy  ndnc  un 
folding  long  before  the  leaves,  the  stam  nale  about 
l'^'  long,  the  pistillate  3'-4'  long;  scales  pe  s stent 
villous;  slamens  i;  filaments  glabrous  style  cry 
short;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  glabrous  341  mes  as 
long  as  its  pedicel. 

On  river  banks.  Missouri  and  Nebraska.  Wood  dark 
brown.    March -.\pril. 


i04  SALICACEAE. 

ag.    Salix  balsamifera  (Hook.)  Barratt.     Balsam  Willow.     (Fig.  1201.) 

Salic  cordala  vai.  balianti/era  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

a: 149.      1839, 
Salix  bahamiffra  Barratl;  Hook.  PI.   Bor.  Am.  loc. 

Cit.     k.->  synonym.     1839. 

A  ahmb,  4°-io''  bigb,  the  twigs  glabrous,  shin. 
ing,  the  youngest  foliage  pubescent.  Mature 
leaves  elliptic,  ovate-oval  orobovatc,  thin,  gla- 
broni,  acute  or  aome  of  them  obtuse  at  tbe  apex, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  tbe  base,  dark  green 
above,  glaucous  and  prominently  reticulate- veined 
beneath,  2'-3'  long,  I'-iJi'  wide,  slightly  crenu- 
late-serrulate,  the  minute  teetb  glandular;  stipules 
minute  or  none;  petioles  slender,  '^''-fi"  long; 
amenta  expanding  with  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted  at 
the  base,  cylindric,  tbe  staminale  dense,  about  i' 
long,  tbe  pistillate  rather  loose,  a'-j'  long  in  fruit; 
scales  villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  6lBmenti  gla- 
brous; style  almost  none;  capsules  very  narrow, 
acute,  glabrous,  a"-3>i"  long,  slender-pedicelled. 

In  swamps,  I^abtador  tn  Manitoba,  south  to  Maine, 
Ontario  and  Minnesota.     May. 

30.    Salix  B&rclayi  Anders.     Barclay's  Willow.     (Fig,  1202.) 
.5^.  fioff/qy I  Anders.  Otv.  Han<ll.Vcl.  Akad.  1858: 135.  1858. 
A  low  shrub,  with  darlc  brown  glabrous  twigs,  the 
young  shoots   pubescent.     Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or   | 
-oval -lanceolate,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  serrulate,    ■ 
floccose -pubescent  when  young,  when   mature   gla- 
brous, bright  green  above,  pale  beneath,  \'-l'  long,    | 
>i'-i' wide;  petioles  i"-a"Iong;  stipules  ovate,  acute, 
-deciduous;  aments  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  borne 
at  the  ends  of  short  branches,  dense,  spreading  or 
erect,  the  staminate  V  long,  the  pistillate  %'-},'  long 
in  fruit;  scales  persistent,  slightly  villous;  stamens  a; 
filaments  distinct;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous, 
acute,  3"  long;  style  longer  than  the  stigmas. 
■     Northwestern  arctic  America.     Summer. 

Salix  Birclayi  UUiiacuU  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  a, 
255.       1868. 
Leaves  oval  or  obo\-ate,  subcordate  at  the  base;  slip- 


Salix  adenoph^Ua  Hook.     Fuirj-  Willow,     (Fig. 

Salix  adniophylla  Ho 


203.) 


;il6.     1S39 


A  straggling  shrub,  J^-S"  high,  the  twigs,  peti- 
oles, stipules  and  leaves  densclysilky-tom  en  tose, 
tbcsilky  hairs  falling  away  from  the  leaves  when 
old.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  or 
tbe  lower  obtuse  at  tbe  apex,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  finely  serrulate  with  gland-tipped 
teeth,  \'-i'  long,  V-\\'  wide;  petioles  stout, 
i;i"-3"  long,  dilated  at  the  base;  stipules  o vale- 
cordate,  obtuse,  serrulate,  persistent;  aments 
leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  expanding  with 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  about  i'  long,  the  pis- 
tillate i^'-4'longin  fruit;  scales  villous,  persist- 
ent; stamens  z;  filaments  glabrous;  style  fili- 
form, longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so,  ovoid-conic,  acute,  i}i"-3"long. 

On  lake  and  river  shores.  Labrador  to  Ontario, 
Pennsylvania  and  Michigan,  Hybridises  with  6". 
forilala.    April -May. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 
32.    Salix  myrtilloides  L.     Bog  Willow 

Sah.i  myrli!loi>Us  I„  Sp.  PI,  1019.      i;53- 

An  erect  slender  glabrous  shrub,  1°-^°  hiKh,  the 
twigs  tight  brown,  terete.  Leaves  oblong,  elliptic 
or  somewhat  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
entire,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  I'-iJi'  long, 
4"-3"  wide,  staort-petioled,  bright  green  above, 
pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  their  margins  slightly 
revolute;  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  Icafy- 
bracted  at  the  base,  rather  dense,  1'  or  less  long, 
or  the  pistillate  longer  in  fruit;  scales  persistent, 
obtuse,  slightly  villous;  stamens  a;  tilameuls  gla- 
brous; style  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stigmas; 
capsule  oblong-conic,  obtuse,  glabrous,  2^"  long, 
3-3  times  as  loDg  as  ihe  filiform  pedicel  which 
slightly  exceeds  the  scale. 

In  bogs,   New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  to   British 
Columiiia,  south  to   New   Jerecy  and    Iowa.     Also  in 
"  ""     ""    "ipe.     April-May. 


(Fig.  1204.) 


leaves  narrower,  oblong-lin 
33.    Salix  Uva-u 


Range  of  the  type, 
i  Pursh.     Eearberry  Willow.     (Fig.  1205.) 

Salii-  Uva-ursi  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  6[0.  1814. 
Salix  Culleri  Tuckerm.  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  45;  36.  1843. 
A  depressed  or  prostrate  glabrous  sbntb,  the 
terete  brown  braacbes  (/-12'  long,  diffuse  from  a 
deep  central  root  Ijcaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  ob- 
tuse or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
crenulate-den tic u late  or  entire,  4"-io"  long,  2"- 
5"  wide,  prominently  veined,  deep  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  beneath;  petioles  x"-3"  long; 
aments  leafy-bracled  at  the  base,  dense,  about  %' 
long  in  flower,  the  pistillate  I'-a'  long  in  fniit; 
scales  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  silky; 
stamens  usually  solitary,  rarely  a;  filaments  gla- 
brons;  style  short;  capsule  Qvoid-couic,  acute, 
glabrous,  very  short -pedicel  led. 


Iiabrador  and  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  the 
the  mountains  of   New   York  and    New   England. 
May-June. 


34.   Salix  herbicea  L.     Dwarf  Willow. 
(Fig.  1206.) 

Salix  btrbacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1018.      1753. 

A  depressed  matted  shrub,  with  very  slender  angled 
twigs  i'-6'  long,  the  youngest  foliage  somewhat 
pubescent.  Mature  leaves  glabrous,  suhorbicular, 
rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at 
thebase,tbiu,crenulate-denticulate  all  around,  finely 
reticulate' veined,  bright  green  and  shining  on  both 
sides,  5"-io"  in  diameter;  ptetioles  very  slender,  1"- 
4"  long:  aments  terminating  i-1eaved  hranchlets,  4- 
lo-flowered,  i"-4"  long;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  per- 
sistent, glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stamens  3;  filaments 
glabrous;  style  rather  longer  than  the  i-cleft  stigmas; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile. 

Labrador  and  Quebec,  throuKli  ai 
the  \Vhile  Mountains  of  New  Hani] 
din.  Maine.    Also  in  Europe  and  A 


5o6 


BETULACEAE. 


Family  6.  BETULACEAE  Agardh,  Aplior.  208.  1825. 
Birch  Familv. 
Monoecious  or  very  rarely  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled 
simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  linear-cylindric  oblong  or  stibglobose  aments. 
Stipules  mostly  fugacious.  Staminate  aments  pendulous.  Stamiuate  flowers 
1-3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous  2-4-paned 
calyx  or  none,  and  2-10  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  their  filaments  dis- 
tinct, their  anthers  2-ceIled,  the  anther-sacs  sometimes  distinct  and  borne  on  the 
forks  of  the  2-cIeft  fllaments.  Pistillate  aments  erect,  spreading  or  droopicg, 
spike-like  or  capitate.  Pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx  adnale  to  the 
solitary  1-2-celled  ovar>;  style  2-cleft  or  2-dirided;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary,  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  compressed  or  ovoid -globose, 
mostly  1 -celled  and  i -seeded  nut  or  samara.  Testa  membranous,  Endospenn 
none.     Cotyledons  fleshy.     Radicle  short. 

six  genera  and  about  75  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
Stamiuate  Rowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  destitute  of  acalyx;  pistillate  flowers  wilhatalri, 
Staminate  flowers  with  no  bractlets;  pistillate  aments  apike-fike:  nut  small,  subtended  by  or 
enclosed  in  a  large  bracttet. 
Fruiting  bractlet  flat,  3-cleft  and  incised.  1.  Carpiam. 

Fruiting  bractlet  bladder-like,  closed,  membranous.  2.  Oslrya. 

Staminate  flowers  wilh  2  bractlets;  pistillate  flowers  3-4,  capitate;  nut  large,  enclosed  bj-altafj 
involucre,  3.  Corylns. 

Staminate  flowers  3-6togetlier  in  the  aiil  of  each  bract,  with  a  calyx;  pistillate  flowers  withoatacalTi 
Stamens  2;  fllaments  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac;  fruiting  bracts  3-lobed  or  entirt. 

deciduous,  4.  Helals. 

Slamens4;anther-9acsadnate;  fruiting  bracts  woody,  erose  OT  j-toothcd,  persistent.  5.  Afnui. 

I.    CARPINUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  998.       1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  gray  bark,  furrowed  and  ridged  stems  and  slraigbt-veiueil 
leaves,  the  primary  veins  terminating  in  the  larger  teeth,  Aments  expanding  before  Ibe 
leaves,  Staminate  aments  linear-cylindric,  sessile  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  braDcbcsof 
the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  solitary  in  the  aiil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  3-13  sta- 
mens; filametits  short,  s-deft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate  flowers  in  small 
terminal  aments,  3  to  each  bract,  consisting  of  h  2-celled  ovary  adnate  to  a  calyx  and  sub- 
tended by  a  flat  persistent  bractlet,  which  becomes  mucli  enlarged,  foliaceous  and  [obcd  or 
incised  in  fruit,  the  bracts  deciduous;  style  slender  or  almost  none;  stigmas  3,  subulate.  Nut 
small,  ovoid,  acute,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  large  bractlet,     [The  ancient  name.] 

About  12  spscies,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only  the  following  .\merican. 

I,    Carpinus  Caroliniikna  Walt.     American  Hornbeam.     Blue  Beech. 


Water  Beech, 


fFig,  [207.) 

Carfiinus  Caroliiiiana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  236.  irSv 
A  small  tree,  with  slender  terete  gray  tutgs, 
attaining  a  uiaxinium  height  of  about  40'  aod 
a  trunk  diameter  of  2%°.  Leave?  ovatcob- 
long,  acute  or  acuinitiate  at  the  ape.x,  sharply 
aud  doubly  serrate  all  around,  roundeii  o( 
subcordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  inequilat- 
eral, i,i^'~4'long,  I'-iJj' wide.greenonlxilli 
sides,  glabrous  above,  slightly  pubescent  on 
the  veius  beneath,  petioles  very  slender,  4"- 
7"  long;  staminate  aments  ['-i>t'  long,  ihtir 
bracts  triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  pubeni- 
lent;  anther-sacs  villous  at  the  summit;  brad- 
let  of  the  pistillate  flowers  3-lobed  at  tbeba«. 
lirm-niembranous,  strongly  veined  and  ab""' 
['  long  when  mature,  its  middle  lobe  laacto- 
late,  acute.  2-4  times  as  long  as  tlie  literal 
ones,  iuciscd-dentate  on  one  side,  ofleii 
nearly  entire  on  the  other;  nut  somewhs' 
compressed,  2"  toog. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Nnvj  S^ 
tia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Fl«™ 
d  Texas.     Wood  very  hard  and  strong,  durable,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  45  lb».    .*p(0" 
May.  the  fruit  ripe  .^ue.-Sepl. 


BIRCH   FAMILY. 


507 


Eutope  and  Asia,  1  Japanese. 


2.  OSTRYA  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  414.      1760. 

Trees  similar  to  the  Hornbeams,  the  trunks  furrowed,  the  primary  veins  of  the  leavea 
simple  or  forked,  the  amenta  expanding  with  or  before  the  leavea.  Staminate  aments  ses- 
sile at  the  ends  of  branchlets  of  the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  as  in  Carpinus,  solitary  in 
the  axil  of  each  bract;  filaments  i-cleft.  Pistillate  aments  small,  termiua!,  erect,  the  flowers 
3  to  each  bract,  subtended  by  a  tubular,  persistent  bracUet  which  enlarges  into  a  membran- 
ous, nerved,  bladder-like  sac  in  fruit.  Styie  slender;  stigmas  i,  subulate.  Nat  ovoid-ob- 
lonR,  compressed,  smooth,  sessile  in  the  base  of  the  inflated  sac.  Mature  pistillate  ament 
hop-like.     [The  ancient  name.] 

Four  species,  the  following,  1  in  the  Southwest,  i  in 

I.  OstryaVirgJnUna(Mill  jWilld     Hop 

hornbeam.     Iron-wood      (Fig   1208  ) 
Carpinu^  Virginiana  Mill  Card   Diet  Ed   8      1768 
Oiliya  rtrginica  WiUd,  Sp   PI  4  469       1805 

A  tree,  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  50°, 
trunk  diameter  of  2°,  twigs  of  the  season  pubescent 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  tbc  apex  acuminate, 
the  base  rounded  or  inequilateral  sharply  and 
doubly  serrate,  sparingly  pubescent  and  green 
above,  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneatb,  3 ^'-4' 
long,  i'-i;4'  wide;  petioles  rarely  more  than  a" 
long;  staminate  aments  iJi'-3'  long  their  bracts 
triangular-ovate,  acuminate  anther  sacs  villous  at 
the  summit;  bractlet  of  each  fertile  flower  forming 
a  sac  6"-8"  long  and  4"-5"  in  diameter  in  fruit, 
acute,  cuspidate,  pubescent,  villous  near  and  at  the 
base  with  bristly  hair^,  parallel -veined  and  finely  re- 
ticulated; nut  ifi"long,  compressed,  shining;  ripe 
fertile  aments  erect  or  spreading,  l}i'-2j4'  long. 

In  dry  woods.  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Te: 
Hornbeam,  but  heavier;  weight  per  cubic  foot  ji  lbs.    April-May. 

3.  CORYLUS  L,  Sp.  PI.  998.  1753- 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad  thin  serrulate  or  incised  leaves.  Staminate  aments 
sessile  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  the  previous  season,  expanding  much  before  the  leaves,  the 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  of  about  4  stamens  and  3  bractlets;  filaments  a- 
cleft  or  2-divided,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac,  which  is  villous  at  the  summit.  Calyx 
none.  Pistillate  flowers  from  scaly  buds,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  branches  of  the  sea- 
son, each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  consisting  of  an  incompletely  a-celled  ovary  adnate  to  a 
calyx,  a  short  style  and  2  slender  stigmas;  bractlets  a,  enlarged  in  fmit,  forming  a  leaf-like 
involucre  to  the  nut,  remaining  nearly  distinct  or  united  into  a  tubular  beak.  Nut  ovoid  or 
oblong,  sometimes  compressed,  large,  bony.    [Name  Greek,  from  the  helmet-like  involucre.] 

Species  7,  in  tbe  noithem  hemisphere.     Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  California. 
Involucre  of  abroad  Ittciuiate  bractlets;  leaves  serrulate.  1.  C.  A'liericana. 

a  tabular  bristly  beak.  a.  C,  roslrala. 

1.  Corylus  Americana  Walt,     Hazel-nut. 

(Fig.  1209.) 
Corylus  Americana  Walt,  Fl.  Car.  136.      17S8. 

A  shrub,  3°-3°  tall,  tbe  young  shoots  russet- 
brown,  densely  hispid -pubescent  with  pinkish  hairs, 
the  twigs  becoming  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or 
broadly  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serru- 
late all  around,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  above,  finely  tomentose  beneath, 
3'-6'  long,  a'-4>i'  wide;  petioles  2"-4"  long;  stam- 
inate aments  mostly  solitary,  3'-4'  long;  involucre 
of  the  nut  compressed,  composed  of  the  a  nearly 
distinct  finely  pubescent  leaf-like  bractlets,  which 
are  laciniate  on  their  margins,  commonly  broader 
than  high  and  more  or  less  exceeding  tbe  nut; 
nut  compressed,    light  brown,    striate,    fi'   high. 

In  thicliets,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  Florida 
and  Kansas.    Marcli-April.    Nuts  ripe  July-.\iig. 


5o8 


BETULACEAE. 


2.   Corylus  rostrUta  Ait,     Beaked  Hazel- 
nut,     (Fig.   I2IO.) 
Corylus  raslrala  Ait.  Hort  Kew.  3:  361.       1789. 

A  shrub,  Bimitar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the 
foliage  ustially  less  pubescent  Leaves  ovate  or 
uarrowlj  oval,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  incised-serrate  and  serrulate, 
glabrous,  or  with  some  scattered  appressed  hairs  . 
above,  sparingly  pubeaceot  at  least  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, 3>4'-a'  long,  i'-2>i'  wide;  petioles  3"-4"  ' 
long;  involucral  bractletsbristlytaairy,  united  to  the 
summit  and  prolonged  into  a  tubnlar  beak  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  nut,  laciniale  at  the  snmtuit; 
nut  ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  striate,  5"-7"  high. 

In  thickets.  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Geoi^a,  Tennessee,  Kansas  and  Oregon.  April- 
May.    Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept, 

4.    BETULA  L,  Sp,  PI.  982.      1753, 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  scaly  buds  and  Sowers  of  both 
kinds  in  arneuts  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves,  the  pistillate  erect  or  spreading,  Stam- 
inate  flowers  about  3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous,  usaajly 
4-toothed  perianth,  3  stamens,  and  subtended  by  i  bracllets;  filaments  short,  deeply  2-cleft, 
each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate  flowers  3  or  3  (rarely  i)  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
the  bracts  3-lobed,  or  sometimes  entire,  deciduous  with  the  fruits;  perianth  none;  ovaiy  ses- 
sile, z-celled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  at  the  apex,  mostly  persistent.  Nut  small,  compressed, 
membranous- winged  on  each  side  (a  samara),  shorter  than  the  bracts.     [The  ancient  name.] 

About  js  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

Fruiting  amenta  peduncled;  bark  chatky-white. 

Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate;  lateml  lobes  of  fruiting:  bracts  short,  divergenL    i,  B.  populifolia. 

Leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular;  lateral  lobes  of  the  frui''~~  ' '' —    '     "     '-'--''- — 

Fruiting  aments  peduncled;  bark  greenish -brown  or  hroni 

Western;  leaves  ovate,  often  obtuse  at  the  base.  3. 

Eastern;  leaves  rhombic,  acute  at  both  ends.  4. 

Fruiting  aments  sessile,  at  the  ends  of  abort  branches;  bark  brown  or  yellowish. 

Fruiting  bracts  1"  long,  lobed  at  the  apex;  leaves  shining  above.  5. 

Fruiting  bracts  4"  long:,  lobed  to  about  the  middle;  leaves  dull  above.  6, 

**  Shrubs. 
Twigs  glandular- warty;  leaves  glabrous. 
Twigs  not  glandular- warty,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  glabrous;  upper  fruiting  bracts  mostly  entire 

Voung  foliage  densely  pubescent;  bracts  3-lobed. 


).  S.  papyri/trc 

\.  B.  occidenlatii. 


7.  B.  gland«losa. 


9.  B.  piimila, 

1.   Betula  populifdlia  Marsh.     American  White  Birch.     (Fig.  1211.) 


A  slender  tree  with  very  white  smooth  bark, 
tardily  separating  in  thin  sheets;  maximum  height 
45°;  trunk  diameter  l%°;  the  twigs  russet,  warty. 
Leaves  deltoid,  pubescent  on  the  veins  when 
young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old,  minutely  glandu- 
lar, dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  long- 
acuminate,  sharply  dentate  and  coninionly  some- 
what lobed,  obtuse  or  tmncate  at  the  base,  t)i'- 
lyi'  long,  I'-a'  wide,  slender-petioled;  petioles 
cbanneled;  staminate  aments  2'-3'  long;  pistillate 
aments  cylindric,  in  fruit  g"-i8"  long,  3"-5"  in 
diameter,  slender-peduncled;  fruiting  bracts  pu- 
berulent,  i"-a"  long,  their  lateral  lobes  divergent, 
larger  than  the  middle  one;  nut  narrower  than  its 

In  moist  or  dry  soil.  New  Brunswick  to  southern  On- 


BIRCH   FAMILY. 
3.    Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.     Paper  or  Canoe  Birch,     (Fig.  1212.) 

785- 
1789. 

A  large  Torest  tree  with  maximum  height  of 
about  80°  and  truuk  diameter  of  3°.  Bark,  except 
of  the  young  wood,  peeling  in  tbiii  layers.  Leaves 
ovate,  acute  or  acaminate,  dentate  acd  denticulate, 
subcordate,  truncate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  glandular  and  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath,  slender-petioled,  i}i'- 
4>i'  long,  i'-3'  wide;  petioles  fi'-iJ4'  long;  stam- 
inate  aments  ^'-4'  long;  pistillate  aments  cyli 
dric,  slender-peduucled,  I'-z'  long,  !4'~!4'  'ti  d 
meter  in  fruit,  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping; 
fruiting  bracts  i"-s"  long,  puberulent  or  ciliate 
nut  narrower  than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  northern    Pennsylvania, 
Michigan  and  WashinKton.    Wood  bard,  strouK,  red- 
dish-brown; weight  per  cubic  foot  37  lbs.    The  chalky- 
white  outer  bark  interesting  lo  tourists.     April- May. 
n.Jo. 


low  bushy  form, 

Westeni 


4.    Betula  nigra  L. 

Betula  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  98a.      1753. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  90°  high  and  the  trunk 
i%°  in  diameter;  bark  reddish  or  greenish -brown, 
peeling  in  very  thin  layers;  twigs  reddish.  Young 
shoots,  petioles  and  lower  sutfacesof  the  leaves  tomen- 
tose;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  apes  acute  or  obtuse, 
irregularly  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed,  base  cuneate, 
when  mature  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
glabrous  or  somewhat  tomeutose  beneath,  \%'--j,' 
long;  petiole*  2"-^"  long!  staminate  aments  mostly 
clustered  in  3'sor3's,  aJi'-3ji'loiig;  pistillate  aments 
oblong-cyhndiic,  spreading,  peduncled,  I'-a'  long. 
S"'-6"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts  tomen- 
tose,  about  equally  3-lobed,  i"-5"  long;  nut  broadly 
obovate,  wider  than  its  wings,  pubescent  at  the  base. 
Massachusetts  lo  Iowa 
Wood  hard. 


EnRland  and  northern  New  York. 
3.    Betula  occidentiklis  Hook. 

Red  Birch.     (Fig.  1213.) 

Relula  oaideiilalii  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  155.      1839. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  40° 
•and  a  trunk  diameter  of  i>i°,  the  bark  smooth,  dark 
brooM,  the  twigs  gray-brown,  warty.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  sharply  seirate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  spar- 
ingly pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  I'-a'  long;, 
petioles  slender,  i"-6"Iong;  pistillate  aments  man- 
ifestly peduncled,  cylindric,  spreading  or  pendant, 
I'-i  J('  long,  about  5"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting 
bracts  ciliolate,  about  3"  long,  their  lateral  lobes 
ascending,  usually  shorter  than  the  middle  one; 
nut  much  narrower  than  its  wings. 

Western  Nebraska  to  British  Columbia,  California 
and  New  Meiico.  Wood  soft,  stronK,  brittle,  light 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  toot  38  lbs.     April-May. 

River  Birch.     Red  Bin:h.     (Fig.  1214.) 


and  Kansas,  south  to  Florid: 
strong,  brown;  weight  pir  cubi 
of  the  blanches  peels  ofl  in  aln 
April-May. 


5.   Betula  linta  L. 


BETULACEAE. 
Cheny,  Black  or  Sweet  Birch.     (Fig.  1215.) 

Belula  lenla  I,.  Sp.  PI.  98,5.       1753. 

A  large  forest  tree,  somelimei  80°  bigb,  with  daik 
brown  close  smooth  bark,  becoming  furrowed,  not 
•eparating  in  Uyere;  foliage  aromatic;  twigs  smootli. 
warty,  young  leaves  silky.     Mature  leavea  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  base  cordate 
or  rounded,   sharply  serrulate,  bright  gieen,  and 
^   shining  above,  dull   green   and   pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,   3ji'-4'  long,  I'-i'  wide;  petioles 
3"-6"  long;  stamiaate  aments  clustered,  a}£'-4' 
long;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  dense,  oblong,  about 
i'  long  and  ^'  in  diameter  in  fruit,  nearly  erect; 
bracts  glabrons  or  minutely  pubemlent,  appressed, 
about  3"  long,  nearly  equally  3-lobed,  the  lateral 
lobea  somewhat  divergent;    nut   oblong,    broader 
then  its  wingi. 
.        .^        Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario,  Florida  and  Ten- 
Al    ,   flesfiee.    Wood  hard,  sttong;,  dark  brown:  weight  per 
i:/  cubit  foot  47  lbs,    ThearotnaUcoilof  thebranchesand 
^■'     foli^^e  (same  as  oil  of  winteigrcen)   is  distilled  in 
quantities  and  is  an  important  article  of  commerce.   Tree  much  resembles  the  cherry.    April-Ma; 

6.   Bctula  liitea  Michx   f      Yellow  Birch.     Gray  Birch.     (Fig.  1216.) 
A«/H/a  Ju/m  Michx.  f.  Arb.  Am.  3:152.    pi.  5.     1812. 

A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  4°,  the  bark  yellowish  or  gray,  separating 
in  thin  layers  or  close,  the  twigs  gray-brown.  Leaves 
ovate  or  obloDg-ovate,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrulate  all  around,  dark  green  and  dull 
above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  i%'-X'  long, 
petioles  4"-9"  long;  stamiuate  amenta  usually  1-4 
together;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  oblong  or  obtong- 
cylindric,  \%'  or  less  long,  Y'-^"  thick  in  fruit, 
rather  loose;  bracts  nearly  equally  3-lobcd  to  the 
middle,  ciliolate,  the  lateral  lobes  ascending;  nut 
broadly  oblong,  wider  than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  ti 
and  Tennessee,  mainly  in  the  AP 
ntronB,  light  brown;  weight  per  1 


May. 


a  North  Carolina 
lleghanies.  Wood  hard. 
:ubic  Foot  41  lbs.    April- 


7.    Betula  glanduldsa  Michx.     Glandular 
or  Scrub  Birch.     (Fig.  1217.) 

Bflula  g/andalosa'Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a,-  180.      1803. 

A  shrub,  i°-4°  high,  the  twigs  brown,  glandular- 
warty,  not  pubescent.  Leaves  orbicular,  oval  or  ob 
ovate,  glabrous,  rounded  at  the  apci;  rounded,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  crenate-dentatc,  bright 
green  above,  pale  green  and  glandular-dotted  beneath, 
short -petioled,  X'-"'  longi  petioles  i"-y  long; 
staminate  aments  commonly  solitary,  about  >j'loog; 
pistillate  aments  cylindric,  erect,  peduncled,  5"-i3" 
long  and  about  3"  in  diameter  iu  fruit;  fruiting  bracts 
glabrous,  tho  lateral  lobes  divergent,  rather  shorter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  usually  narrower 
than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  tbe  higher  mountain!,  of 
Maine  and  northern  New  York,  Michigan,  Minnesota  and 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Asia. 
Jnne-Jniy. 


BIRCH  FAMILY. 
8.    Betula  nftna  I,.     Dwarf  Birch.     (Fig.  1218.) 
Meiuia  nana  L.  Sp,  PI.  9S3,      1753- 
B.  Mickauxii  Spacb,  Anp,  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  15: 195.   1S41. 

A  low  diffuse  shrub,  similar  to  th«  preceding 
species,  but  the  twigs  gUndless,  puberuleut  or 
glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular,  obovate,  or  reaiform 
and  wider  than  long,  bright  green,  finn,  glabrous, 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  decplj  and  inciaely 
crenulate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  cuoeate  at  the  base,  3"-io"  long;  petioles 
rarely  more  tban  i"  long;  staminate  aments  ^4'- 
i'  long,  solitary  or  clustered;  pistillate  aments  ob- 
long, sessile  or  short-ped  uncled,  erect  or  some- 
what spreading,  z"~h"  long;  fruiting  bracts  gla- 
brous, the  lower  usually  3-lobed,  the  upper  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  mostly  entire;  nut  oblong,  wingless 
or  narrowly  winged. 


Betula  pilmila  L. 


Low  Birch.     (Fig,  1219.) 

Belula  fiuinila  I,.  Mant.  124.      1767. 

A  bog  shrub,  a'-ij"  tall,  the  twigs  brown,  be- 
coming glabrous,  the  young  foliage  densely 
brownish-tomentose.  Leaves  obovate,  broadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  both  ends  or  some 
of  tbetn  cuneate-D arrowed  at  tbe  base,  rather 
coarsely  dentate,  when  mature  glabrons  and 
dull  green  above,  pale,  persistently  tomentose 
or  becoming  glabrous  beneath  and  prominently 
reticnlstC'Veined,  >i'-i>i'  long;  petioles  \^"- 
3"  long;  fruiting  pistillate  aments  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  erect,  peduncled,  i'  long  or  less,  about  3" 
in  diameter;  bracts  puberolent  or  ciliolate,  tbe 
latersl  lobes  spreading  at  rigbt  angles,  shorter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  mostly  rather 
broader  tban  its  wings. 

In  boitB,  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario  and 
....-,.       .»..    ■- .  _     — -  -.0  New  Jersey,  Ohio 


5.   ALNUS  Gaertn.  Fr.  &Sem^ai  54.  pi.  90.      1791. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  dentate  or  serrulate  leaves,  few-scaled  buds,  and  flowers  of  both 
kinds  in  aments,  expanding  before,  with  or  after  the  leaves,  making  their  first  appearAlce 
during  the  preceding  season,  the  staminate  pendulous,  the  pistillate  erect,  clustered.  Stam- 
inate flowers  3  or  sometimes  6  in  tbe  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  peri- 
anth, 4  stamens  and  subtended  by  i  or  3  bracllets;  filaments  short,  simple:  anther-sacs  ad- 
nate.  Pistillate  flowers  3-3  in  tbe  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a  perianth,  but  subtended  by 
3-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  styles  3;  bracts  woody,  persistent,  5-toothed  or 
'Crose.  Nut  small,  compressed,  wingless  or  winged.  [Ancient  Latin  name  deiived  from  tbe 
Celtic,  in  allusion  to  tbe  growth  of  these  trees  along  streams.] 

About  14  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  the  Andes  of  South  America,    Besides 


the  tollowi 


nthen 


n  parts  of  North  A 


^,  broadly  oval 
Leaves  finely  tomentose  < 
Leaves  green,  g-labrous  01 


I,  A,  AInobelula. 

suborbicular,  dull;  aments  expanding  long  before  the  leaves. 

glaucous  beneath,  3,  A.  incana. 

]Biingly  pubescent  beneath, 

foliage  not  glutinous;  native,  3.  A.  rugola. 

ic;  twigs  glutinous;  introduced  tree,  4.  A.glulinosa. 

Lndshiningabove;  ementsexpanding  in  autumn,  5,  A.  tnarilima. 

33 


5"2 


BBTULACEAE. 


I.  Alnus  Alnob^tula(Ehrh.)  1^-Koch.  Green  or  Mountain  Alder.  (Fig.iaao.) 
Bttula  AInobelu/a  Ehrh.  Beitr.  i:  73.  :78s. 
fie/u/a  vindit Oiiut:  Vill.  Hist.  PI.  Daaph.  3:  789.  1789. 
AInui  zi'ridii  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  vn,  iBo.S- 
AIhus  AInobelula  K.  Koch.  Dendr.  l;  Part  i,  625.  1B7J. 
A  shnib,  3°-lQ°  big'h,  the  young  foliage  glutlnons 
and  more  or  less  pubescent  Leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acnte,  sbarply  and  more  or  teu  iiregularlj 
serrulate  or  incised-serrulete,  when  mature  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  ligbt-green  and  usually 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  a'-s'  iQng,  i}i'-y 
wide;  petioles  4"-i2"long;  aments  expandingwitb 
the  leaves,  the  stamina te  slender,  naked,  i^'-aj^'' 
long,  the  pistillate  from  scaly  buds,  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  slender-peduncled,becoming  6"-S"  long  and 
4"-5"  in  diameter  in  fruit,  their  bracts  irregularly  5- 
toothed;  nut  oblong,  the  thin  wings  about  as  broad 
as  the  body. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaaka,  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
Michifcan  and  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  hif;her  Alle- 
gbanies  of  Viisinia  and  North  Carolina.    Also  in  Europe 


Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder. 


2.   AlnuB  incflna  (L.)  Willd. 
Belula  Alttu!  var.  incana  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  1,  1104.    1761. 
Ahiui  ,„ca«a  Willd.  Sp,  PI.  4;  335.      1805. 

A  shrub,  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  S'-Js"  high,  the 
twigsglabrous,  the  young  shoots  pubescent.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
finely  serrulate  or  dentate,  with  the  teeth  serrulate, 
obtuse  or  some  of  them  acute  at  the  base,  dark  green 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  pubescent,  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  a'-s'  long,  1  •4'-4'  wide,  the  veins 
prominent  on  the  lower  surface;  stipules  oblong- 
lanceolate,  deciduous;  petioles4"-i2"  long;  aments 
appeariog  from  naked  buds,  unfolding  much  before 
the  leaves,  thestamiuate  iJi'-3'  long,  the  pistillate 
ovoid,  about  J^'  long  and  3"-5'''  in  diameter  in  fruit, 
their  bracts  5-toothed;   nut  orbicular,  coriaceous- 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, south  to  southern  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and 
Nebraska.  Also  in  Europe  and  A<!ia.  Wood  soft,  light 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  fool  j8  lbs,     April-May. 

3.    Alnus  nigdsa  (DuRoi)  K,  Koch.     Smooth  Alder.     (Fig.  1222.) 

Brtnla  Alnus  mgosa  DuRoi,  Harbk.  i:  113,      177I, 
Alnus  serriilala  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  i^-       "805. 
Alnus  rugosa  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  I;  Part  1,  635.      187J. 

A  shrub  s'-ao"  tall,  or  soinetiines  a  small  tree, 
attaitling  a  maximum  height  of  40°  and  a  truak 
diameter  of  6',  the  bark  smooth,  the  younger 
.  shoots  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  green  on 
'  both  sides,  obovate  or  oval,  mostly  obtuse  and 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  sharply  and  minutely  serrulate,  when  mature 
glabrous  above,  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, 3'-5'  long,  stipules  oval,  deciduous;  petioles 
4"-i2"  long;  aments  appearing  from  naked  buds, 
unfolding  much  before  the  leaves  (or  in  the  South 
after  the  leaves),  the  staminate  3'-4'  long,  the  pis- 
tillate ovoid,  6"-9"  long  in  fruit;  nut  ovate,  nar- 
rowly coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  soil,  or  on  hillsides,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Min- 
lesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  soft,  light  brown; 
reight  per  cnbic  foot  29  lbs.    March-April. 


BIRCH   FAMILY. 

4.  Alnus  glutindsa  (L.)  Medic.    Euro- 
pean Alder.     {Fig.  1223.) 

Belula  Alnus  var,  glulinosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  983.  1753. 
Alnus  gluliHOsa  Medic.  Pfl.  Anat.  393.      iBoo. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  ofabont 
75°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  i}i°,  the  bark 
smooth,  the  branches  nearly  horizontal,  the 
foliage  glutinotis.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  orbicu- 
lar or  obovate,  thick,  dark  green,  dull,  often 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  dentate  and  the  teeth  den- 
ticnlate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,  a'-s'  long;  petioles  'A'-i'  long; 
aments  appearing  from  naked  buds,  expanding 
much  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  3'-4' 
long,  the  pistillate  ovoid-oblong,  6"-9"  long 
in  fniit;  nul  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  places,  southern  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
B«y,  escaped  front  caltivation  and  becoming:  natu- 
ralized in  a  few  localities.  Native  of  Euiope.  Wood 
soft,  brown;  weight  pet  cubic  foot  ,^  lbs.    April. 

5.  Alnus  mantima  (Marsh  )  Muhl 

Seaside  Alder      (Fig    1224  ) 

Belula  Alnus  manltma  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  ao.     1785. 

Alnus  marilima  Muhl.;  Nutt.  Sylva,  i:  34.  I.  102. 

1865. 

A  small  tree,  sometimea  30°  tall  and  the  trunk 
6'  in  diameter,  glabrous  or  very  nearljr  bo 
throughout.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong  or 
obovate,  firm,  acute  at  both  ends,  bright  green 
and  shining  above,  pale  green  and  dull  beneath, 
sharply  serrulate,  3'-^'  long,  I'-s'  wide;  petioles 
3"-io"  long;  aments  unfolding  long  after  the 
leaves,  their  buds  developing  during  the  season, 
the  staminate  i'~i^'  long,  the  pistillate  oblong, 
9"-i2"  long,  5"-7"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  nut  ob- 
long-obovate,  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

Tu  wet  soil,  southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Mary- 
land; also  in  the  Indian  Territory,  Closely  related 
to  <4./a^nii:a  of  northeastern  Asia,  and  perhaps  not 
specifically  distinct  from  it.  Wood  soft.  light  brown ; 
weight  per  cabic  foot  31  lbs.    Aug, -Sept. 

Family  7.     FAGACEAE  Dmde,  Phan.  409.       1879. 
Beech  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  dentate,  serrate,  lobed, 
deft  or  entire,  plnnately  veined,  the  stipules,  if  any,  deciduous.  Flowers  small, 
monoecious,  the  staminate  in  pendulous  erect  or  spreading  aments,  or  capitate, 
the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  together,  subtended  by  aii  involucre  of  partly  or 
wholly  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup.  Petals  none.  Staminate 
flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed  perianth  and  4-ao  stamens;  filaments  slender,  distinct, 
simple;  anther-sacs  adnate,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-8- 
lobed  um-shaped  or  oblong  perianth,  adnate  to  the  3-7-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2 
in  each  cavity,  only  i  in  each  ovary  ripening,  pendulous,  anatropous;  styles  as 
many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary,  linear,  terminally  or  longitudinally  stigmatic. 
Fruit  a  i-seeded  nut,  with  a  coriaceous  or  somewhat  bony  exocarp.  Testa  thin. 
Endosperm  none;  cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  often  rugose;  radicle  short. 

About  5  genera  and  375  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Staminate  flowers  capitate;  nut  sharply  triangular,  I.  Fagus. 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender  aments;  nut  rounded  or  plano-convex. 

Pistillate  flowers  2-5  in  each  involucre;  involucre  oecoming  globose  and  very  prickly  in  fruit, 
enclosing  the  nuts.  2.  Caslania. 

Pistillate  flower  i  in  each  involucre;  involucre  of  numerous  scales  forming  a  cup  in  fruit  and 
subtending  the  acorn.  3.  Quercus. 


I.    FAGUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  997- 


1753- 


Treea,  vrith  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  serrate  straight- veined  leaves.  Flower*  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves,  the  statninate  in  slender-pednncled  pendulous  globose  heads,  the  pistillate 
about  3  together  in  ihort-peduncled  subulate-bracted  involucres  in  the  upper  axils.  Stamin- 
ate  flowers  yellowish -greea,  subtended  bj  deciduous  bracts,  coniisting  of  a  campanulate 
4-8-Iobedcaljx,  and  8-t6stBnieDB  with  filiform  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  6-lobed  peri- 
anth adnate  to  a  3-ceUed  ovary;  ovules  a  in  each  cavity,  usually  1  only  of  e»ch  ovary  maturing; 
styles  3,  filiform.  Nut  coriaceous,  sharply  3-angIed,  enclosed  in  the  4-valved  bur.  [Name 
from  the  Greek,  to  eat,  referring  to  the  esculent  nuts,] 


;s  of  the  northern  bemispheTe.    Only  the  following:  is  native  in  North 


I.    Pagus  Americana  Sweet.     American  Beech.     (Fig.  1225.) 

Fagus  Americana  [iali/olia^  Hnench.  Hansr.  5: 


height  of 
the 


A  large  forest  tree,  with  a 
about  130°,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4/^' 
lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  narrowed  at  the  base,  2'-4ji'  long,  i'- 
3'  wide,  densely  silky  when  young,  glabrons  or 
nearly  bo  when  mature,  green  on  both  sides,  not 
shining,  rather  coarsely  serrate;  petioles  a"-6" 
long;  heads  of  staminate  flowers  6"-9"  in  dia- 
meter, hanging  on  peduncles  i'-3'  long;  bur 
6"-io"  high,  densely  tomentose,  its  soft 
prickles  recurved  or  spreading;  nut  pabescent, 
or  at   length    nearly  glabrous,  brown;   seed 


In  rich  soil.  Nova  Scotia  toOnUrio  and  Wiscon. 

strong,  tough,  close-grrained^  color  light  or  dark 
ight  4.3  lbs.  per  cubic  foot.     April-Slay. 


CASTANEA  Adans.  Fara.  PI.  2:  375. 


1763- 


Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  straight- veined  leaves,  their  teeth  sharply  acuminate. 
Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  erect  or  spreading  narrowly  cylindric 
interrupted  axillary  yellowish  aments,  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  bracts  fugacious, 
the  pistillate  borne  in  prickly  involucres  at  the  bases  of  the  staminate  aments  or  in  separale 
axils.  Staminate  flowers  z-brscteolate,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed  campanulate  perianth 
and  numerous  stamens,  sometimes  also  with  an  abortive  ovary;  filaments  filiform,  longei- 
serted.  Pistillate  Aowers  1-5  (commonly  3 )  in  each  involucre,  consisting  of  an  urn-shaped 
6-lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  mostly  6-celled  ovary,  and  usually  with  4-t  a  abortive  stameni; 
ovules  a  in  each  cavity,  I  ovule  only  of  each  ovary  usually  maturing;  styles  as  many  as  tbe 
cavities  of  the  ovary,  slender,  exserted;  stigmas  minute.  Pistillate  involucre  enlarging  and 
becoming  a  globose  mostly  4-valved  very  prickly  bur  in  fruit,  enclosing  i-seversl  nnts.  Nut 
rounded  or  plano-couvex,  i-seeded,  the  shell  coriaceous.  Seed  larse,  sweet.  Style  mostly 
persistent.     [Name  Greek,  from  a  city  in  Thessaly.] 

Besides  the  following,  another  occnn 


BEECH  FAMILY. 


515 


Castanea  dentita  (Marsh.)  Borkh.     American  Chestnut.     (Fig.  1226.) 

Fagus  Castanea  dtnlala  Marsh,  Arb.  Am.  46,      1785. 

Castanea  denlata  Borkh.  Handb.  Forstb.  i:  741.      180O. 

C.  vesica  var.  Americana  Michx.  Fl,  Bor.  Am,  3:  193.      1803. 

A  large  fortst  tree,  with  gray  bark  tough  in  longitudinal 
plates,  reacbing  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  14°;  lower  branches  spreading.    Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  tbe  base,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
very  sharp-pointed  ascending  teeth,  rather  dark  green 
above,  lighter  beneath,  s'-ii'long,  i>^'-3' wide;  petioles 
stout,    '^'-l'   long;  staininate  ameots  erect,   numerous, 
borne  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  6'-i2' long,  4"-5"  in  di- 
ameter; burs  I  }i'-^'  in  diameter,  solitary  or  3-4  together, 
enclosing  1-5  nuts;  nuts  puberulent,  dark  brown,  plano- 
ivex  or  angled  on  tbe  face,  or  when  solitary  ovoid. 
n  rich   soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Michigan  and  Ten- 
see.    Wood  coarse-grained,  durable,  brown;  weight  per 
lie  foot  18  lbs.    Involucre  sometimes  suppressed  and  the 
s  naked.    June-July.    Nuts  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


2.  Castanea  pi^mila  (L.)  Mill.     Chinquapin. 

(Fig.  1227. ) 
Fagus pumila  L.  Sp.  PI.  998.  1751. 
Castanea  pumita  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  3.  no.  a,      1768 

A  sbrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  45°  high  and  with 
a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  tbe  young  shoots  puberulent 
Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate  with 
ascending  or  divergent  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneatb,  3'-6'  long 
I'-i^'  wide;  staminate  aments  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  3'-5'  long,  3"-4"  in  diameter;  burs  1J3'  in 
diameter  or  less,  commonly  apicate,  enclosing  a  soli 
tary  ovoid  brown  nut  (rarely  a);  seed  very  sweet. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Penngylvania  to  Indiana 


3.    QUERCUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  994. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  dentate  crenate  or  entire  leaves,  deciduous  oi 
some  species  persistent.  Flowers  very  small,  green  or  yellowish,  appearing  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  numerous  in  slender  mostly  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate  soli- 
tary in  many-bracted  involucres  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season  or  on  the  young 
shoots.  Staminate  flowers  subtended  by  caducous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  mostly  S-Iobed 
campanulate  perianth  and  6-13  stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  sometimes  also  with  an  abor- 
tive pilose  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  urn-shaped  or  oblong  calyx,  adnate  to  a  mostly 
3-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  tbe  ovary,  rarely  more  than  i  in  each  ovary  matur- 
ing; styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities,  short,  erect  or  recurved.  Fruit  consisting  of  the 
imbricated  and  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  tbe  involucre  (cup),  subtending  or  nearly  enclos- 
ing the  ovoid,  oblong  or  subglobose  i-seeded  coriaceous  nut  (acorn).  [Tbe  ancient  Latin 
name,  probably  of  Celtic  derivation,  signifying  "beautiful  tree."] 

About  30O  species,  natives  of  tlie  northern  hemisphere.     Besides  the  [ollowing,  some  30  others 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  sections  of  North  America. 

maturing  in  autumn  of  second  year. 


1753- 


is  of  North 
>r  ttteir  lobes  bristle-lipped,  deciduous; 
t  LcavH  plnnitifid  or 


Cup  of  the  acorn  saucer- shaped,  much  broader  than  high. 
Cup  8"-ij"  broad;  acom  ovoid;  leaves  dull. 
Cuii4"-8"  broad;  leaves  shining. 

Acorn  subf  lobose  or  short-ovoid;  northern. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate  or  hemiapheric. 

Inner  bark  gray;  leaves  shining  both  sides. 

Inner  bark  orange;  leaves  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  vi 
;aves  white  or  gray -tome  ntu  lose  beneath. 

Large  tree;  leaf-lobes  lanceolate  or  1  ineaf -lanceolate,  long. 
Shrub  or  low  tree;  leaf-lobes  triangular-ovate,  short. 


17-  &  ptat, 
bcDcatfa. 


>.  acuminata. 
}'.   yirgiHiaaa. 


pl.34-   i8l* 
height  or 


516  FAGACEAE. 

tt  t^Bvu  3-j-Iobed  above  tha  middle  or  entire,  obovate  or  (patuUtc  in  eutlln*. 
Loves  obovate-cuneate,  brown -floccoae  beneath.  8.  Q.  Marylandita. 

Leaves  spatulate,  slabrouB  both  nides.  9.  Q.  nigra. 

ttt  l^avei  cnlln,  tMoog,  Uncaolatc  or  llnemr-oblonc  (■ometimim  lobed  in  no.^i). 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides.  10.  fX  Phellos. 

Leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining  above.  11.  Q.  [auH/otia. 

Leaves  oblong  or  IsnceoUte,  brown -tomentulose  beneath.  la.  Q.  tmbricaria. 

*  *  Leaves  or  Iheir  lobes  not  brislU-lipped,  decidttotis;  acorm  maturing  in  avlumn  offirtlyear. 

I  LuvH  pinnatifld  or  planataly  lobad. 

Mature  leaves  pale,  orglaueousand  glabrous  beneath;  cup  shallow.  13.  Q.  alba. 
Mature  leaves  tomentulose  beneath;  cup  one-third  to  fully  at  long  as  the  acorn. 
Upper  scales  of  the  cup  not  awned. 

Leaves  ycllowiah-brown -tomentulose  beneath;  acorn  ovoid.  14.  Q.  minor. 

Leaves  white-tomentnlose  beneath;  acorn  depressed-globose.  15.  D-  lyrala. 

Upper  scales  awned.  forming  a  fringe  around  the  acorn.  16.  Q.  nuurocarpa. 

Fruit  ped  uncled. 

Peduncle  much  longer  than  petioles;  leaves 

Peduncle  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petioles;  leaves  gray-tomentnlose 

Teeth  ot  the  leaves  acute  or  mucronulate.  is.  [ 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  rounded.  lO-  I 

Fruit  sessile. 

Tall  tree;  leaves  obloDg  or  lanceolate.  ao.  { 

Shrub  or  low  tree;  leaves  oval  or  obovate.  »i.  j 

*  *  *  Leaves  entire  ( rarely  u'ith  a  few  brislle-lipped  lobes),  evergreen.        aa.  ( 

1.  Quercus  riibra  L.     Red  Oak.     (Fig.  1228.) 

QuercMS  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI,  996.     1753. 
Q.  ambigua  Michx.  t.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  1: 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  a 
about  140°,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  7°,  the  baric 
dark  gray,  slightly  ronghened.  Leaves  oval  or  some' 
what  obovate  in  ontline,  dectdnons,  when  tnature 
glabrous,  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  be- 
neath, 4'-8'long,3'-6' wide,  dull  green  above,  paler 
beneath,  sinuses  rounded,  lobes  triangular-Unceo- 
late,  tapering  from  a  broad  base  to  an  acuminate 
apex,  1-4-tootbed  or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  tipped 
with  filiform  bristles;  petioles  iJi'-3'  long;  styles 
slender,  spreading;  fruit  maturing  the  second 
autumn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  its  base  flat  orsligbtljr 
convex,  8"-i2"  broad,  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  appressed;  acorn 
ovoid,  about  i'  long,  3-4  times  as  long  as  thecnp. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  saath  to 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.   Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse- 
grained; color  light  reddish-brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  41  lbs.    May-June.    Acorns  ripe  OcL-Nov. 
Quercul  rubra  runclnlta  A.  DC.  Prodr.  ifi:  Part  a,  60.      1864. 

Leaf-lobes  nearly  entire:  acorn  H'  high.    Near  St.  Louis.    Perhaps  a  hybrid  with  Q.  digtlaU. 

2.  Quercus  palOstris  DuRoi.     Swamp  Oak.     Pin  Oak.     (Fig.  1229.) 

Q,  paluslris  DnRoi,  Harbk.  3;  268.  pl.  5-  /■  ■/.    177a. 

A  forest  tree,  maximum  height  about  1x0°  and 
trunk  diameter  5°,  the  lower  branches  deflexed; 
bark  brown,  rough  when  old.  Leaves  broadly  ' 
oblong  or  obovate  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
sometimes  almost  to  the  midrib,  bright  green 
glabrous  and  shining  above,  duller,  glabrous  or 
with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  be- 
neath, 3'-5'  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  divergent,  1-4-toothed 
or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  tipped  with  filiform 
bristles;  styles  slender;  fruit  maturing  in  the  sec- 
ond autumn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  4"-6"  broad, 
base  flat,  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
appressed;  acom  subglobose  or  ovoid,  4"-^" 
high,  often  striate,  a-3  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  moist  ground.  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
Delaware  and  Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  very  strong, 
coarse-grained:  color  light  brown:  weight  per  cubic 
foot  43  lbs.     May-Junt.    Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


BEECH  FAMILY. 


3.   Quercua  Texftna  Buckley.     Texan  Red 

Oak.     (Fig.  1230.) 
Q.  Texana  Buckley,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad,  i860:  ^44.     :86o. 

A  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  speciea  and 
to  Q.  rubra,  attaining  a  mazitnnm  beigbt  of  aboat 
300°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  S°,  usually  smaller. 
Bark  reddisb-brown,  with  broad  ridges  broken  into 
plates:  leaves  mostly  obovate  in  outline,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  paler  and  witb  tufts  of  wool 
in  the  axils  beneath,  2'-6'  long,  truncate  or  broadly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  pinnatiGd  into  5-9 
oblong  or  triangular  lobes,  which  are  entire  or  coarsel  j 
few  toothed,  the  lobes  and  teeth  bristle-tipped;  styles 
short;  fruil  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
aon;  cup  deeply  saucer-shaped,  5"-^"  broad,  itsBcalcH 
obtusish  or  acute,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  ^'-i'  long, 
3-3  times  OS  high  as  the  cup. 

Southeni  Indiana  to  Iowa  and  Missouri,  Florida  and 
t^xaa.  Wood  bard,  light  red-brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  57  lbs.    April-May,    Acorns  ripe  Sept -Oct. 


4.  Quercus  coccinea  Wang. 


Scarlet  Oak.     (Fig.  1231.) 
Quercu!  coccinea  Wang,  Amer.  44,  f>l.  4.  /.  g.    1787. 

A  forest  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  160°,  the  trunk  diameter  sometimes  5°; 
inner  bark  pale  reddish  or  gray;  foliage  turning 
scarlet  in  autumn.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 
glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  paler 
and  sometimes  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  4'-8'  long,  rather  thin,  the  lobes 
oblong,  or  lanceolate,  divergent  or  ascending, 
few-toottaed,  the  teeth  and  apices  bristle-tipped; 
fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
son; styles  slender,  recurved-apreading;  cup 
hemispberic  or  top-shaped,  its  bracts  triangular- 
lanceolate,  appressed  or  the  upper  slightly  squar- 
rose,  mostly  glabrous;  acom  ovoid  or  ovoid-glo- 
bose, 6"- 10"  high,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
Florida  and  Missouri,  Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse- 
tcrained,  light  brown  or  red;  weight  46  lbs.  per  cubic 
foot,    May-June.    Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


5.    Quercus  velutina  Lara.     Black  Oak.     Quercitron.     (Fig.  1232.) 


■Quercus  z-elulina  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  Jj:.      1783, 

g.  liticloria  Bartram,  Travels.  37,    Name  only,      itqi, 

Q.  coccinea  var,  lincloria  A.  Gray.  Man.  Ed.  5,  454.   1867. 

A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  Q.  coccinea,  maxi- 
mum height  about  130°,  trunk  diameter  5";  outer 
bark  very  dark  brown,  rough  in  low  ridges,  the  in- 
ner bright  orange.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lobed  to 
beyond  the  middle,  firm,  brown-pubescent  or  some- 
times stellate-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature 
glabrous  and  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  green 
and  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the 
broad  oblong  or  triangular- lanceolate  lobes  and 
their  teeth  bristle- tipped;  fruit  maturing  in  the 
autumn  of  the  second  season;  cup  hemispberic  or 
top-shaped,  commonly  narrowed  into  a  short  stalk, 
its  bracts  mostly  pubescent,  the  upper  somewhat 
sqnarrose;  acorn  ovoid,  }4'-i'  high,  more  or  less 
longer  than  the  cup. 

Maine  to  Ontario,  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  reddish -brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  44  lbs, 
May-June. 


FAGACBAE. 

6.    Quercus  digit^ta  (Marsh.)  Sudw. 
Spanish  O^.     (Fig.  1233.) 

QuercH!  ni^ra  digUala  Mareh.  Arb,  Am.  i  jr.  17BS- 
Q-faUata  Michv.  Hint.  Cfacn.  Am.  iG.  pl.  iS.  1801. 
Quercus  digilala  Sudw.  Gard.  &  For.  5:  99.      1S93. 

A  tree,  with  tnaximnm  height  of  about  95", 
mud  trunk  diameter  of  5°.  Leave*  dark  green 
and  glabrona  above,  gray-totnentnloae  beneath, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  3-7  linear  or  lanceolate 
lobes,  often  falcate,  acuniiinate,  entire  or  den- 
tale;  teeth  and  apices  briatle- tipped;  terminal 
lobes  coramooly  elongated;  styles  slender;  fmit 
maturingduring  the  second  antnmn;  mpsaucer- 
shaped  with  a  turbinate  base,  5"-7"  broad,  its 
bracts  evate,  obtuse,  appiessed;  acorn  snbglo- 
boseordepressed,  about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil.  Long  Island  (?),  New  Jersev  to  Flor- 
ida, Missouri  and  Texas.  Wood  haitC  Strang, 
coarse-gTBined,  light  reddish -brown;  weight  per 
cubic  toot  4]  lbs.  May-June.  Acorns  npe  Sept. -Oct. 

7.   Quercus  nina  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     Bear  or  Scrub  Oak.     (Fig.  1234.) 

§erctis  rubra  nana  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  133. 
trcus  iticifolia  Wang.  Amer.  79.  pt.  6.  f.  Jj. 
ercus  nana  Sarg.  Gud.  &  For.  S:  93.      1895. 
A  shmb  or   rarely  a   small  tree,  often  forming 
dense  thickets,  mazimnm  height  about  35°,  and 
trunk  diameter  6';   bark   gray,  nearly   smooth. 
Leaves  mostly  obovate,  2'-5'  long,  sbort-pelioled, 
dark   green   and   glabrous   above,    grayish- white 
tomentulose  beneath,  3-7-lobed;  lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  bristle-tipped;  styles  recurved;  fruit 
maturing  the  second  autmun;  cnp  sancer-shaped, 
4"-6"  broad,  with  a  turbinate  or  rounded  base;  its 
bracts  lanceolate,  appressed;  acorn  globose -ovoid, 
more  or  less  longer  than  the  cup. 

In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  Ohio.  Delaware,  1 
the  mountains  at  VitBinia  and  Kentucky.  Wood  hi 
strong,  light  brown.    May.    Acorns  ripe  Ocl.-Nov. 

A  hybrid  of  this,  presumably  with  Q,  coccinea,  ■ 
found  by  Dr.  Robbins  at  I'lbridge,  Mass. 

8.  Quercus  Maryl&ndica  Muench, 

hiercus  nigra  a  L.  Sp.  PI.  oqs-      175.1- 

-  5:  »S3-  '770. 
A  tree,  sometimes  6o°  high,  usually  lower;  maxi- 
mum trunk  diameter  2°;  bark  nearly  black,  ver; 
rough  in  ridges.  Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  stel- 
late-pubescent above  and  brown -tomentose  bcneatb 
when  young,  3-5-lobed  toward  the  broad  usually 
nearly  truncate  apex,  cuneate  below,  the  lobes 
short,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  bristle-tipped; 
mature  leaves  dark  green,  glabrous  above,  paler 
and  more  or  less  floccose  beneath,  3'-7'  long,  2'-s' 
wide;  fmit  maturing  the  second  autumn;  styles 
recurved;  cnp  deep,  5"-8"broad,  its  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  pubescent;  acom  ovoid,  1-3 
times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Long  Island.  N.  Y.,toOhioBndNebreska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  dark 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  46  lbs.  May-June. 
Acorns  ripe  Oct. -No v. 

Quercus  Riidkitli  Britton.  Bull.  Totr.  Club,  9;  14.  a  hybrid  of  this  with  Q.  Phetlos,  occnra  from 
Staten  Island.  N,  Y..  lo  North  Carolina. 

Qiucrcas  Brittoni  W.T.  Davis,  Scien.  Am.  67: 145,  is  a  hybrid  with  Q.  ilkifoiia.  Staten  Island,  N.Y. 


BEECH  FAMILY. 

9.    Quercus  nigra  L.     Water  Oak.     (Fig.  1236.) 
Qutrcus  nifra  L.  Sp.  PI.  995-      1753- 

Quercus  nigra  var,  agualica  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  711.       1783. 
Quercus  agualica  Walt  Fl.  Cat.  134.      178S. 

A  tree,  witb  tnazimnni  height  of  about  So°  and  trunk 
diameter  of  4° ;  bark  gray,  rough  iu  ridges.  Leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  i-3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  some  of 
them  enb're  and  rounded,  coriaceous,  short-petioled, 
rather  bright  green  and  shiuiag  on  both  sides,  finely 
reticulate-vrined,  glabrons  when  mature  except  tufts 
of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  iW-J,'  long, 
the  lobes  low,  usually  obtuse  and  bristle- tipped;  styles 
recurved;  fruit  maturing  the  second  autumti;  cup  si 
cer-shaped  vrith  a  rounded  base,  5"-?"  broad,  its  bracts  ' 
appressed;  acorn  globose-ovoid,  z-3  times  as  high  as 
tlie  cup. 

Along  streams  and  swamps  or  sometimea  on  the  up- 
land, Delaware  to  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  hard,  strong,  cross-Krai ned,  light  brown;  weight  pet 
cnbic  foot  45  lbs.  April-May,  Acoms  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 
"'      ■  -....-  -dof  pinnatifid, 

10.  Quercua  Phillos  L.     Willow  Oak. 
(Fig.  1237.) 
Quercus  Phcllos  L.  Sp.  PI.  994.      1753. 

A  tree,  with  slightly  roughened  reddish-brown 
bark,  attaininf;  a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  3°.  I^eaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  very 
sbort-petioled,  bristle-tipped,  glabrous  or  vety 
slightly  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath 
when  mature,  I'-V  long,  4"-i3"  wide;  styles  slen- 
der, recurved-spreading;  fruit  maturing  in  the  au- 
tumn of  the  second  season;  cup  ssucer-shaped, 
nearly  flat  on  the  base,  4"~6"  broad;  acorn  subglo- 
boae,  4'"-6"  high. 

In  moist  woods.  Long  Island.  N.  Y.  to  Florida. 
MiHouti  and  Texas.  Wood  strong,  rather  soft  and 
close-grained,  reddish-brown  j^  weight  pet  cubic  foot 
46  lbs.    April-May.    Acoms  npe  Sept.-Oct. 


nelii 

the  two,  occurs  ftora  State n  Islanfl  Iq  Noil 

ti.  Quercus  laurifdlia  Michx. 
Oak.     (Fig.  1238.) 

Quercus  taurifolia  Michx.  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  no.  lO. 
pt.  17.      1801. 

Trunk  sometimes  100°  tall,  reaching  4°  in  diam- 
eter at  the  base;  bark  neatly  black,  with  flat  ridges. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  often  somewhat 
falcate,  very  green  and  shining  above,  paler  be- 
neath, glabrous  when  mature,  'i^'-k'  long,  5"-j' 
wide,  entire,  or  those  of  young  shoots  nndulate- 
lobed,  the  apex  bristle-tipped;  styles  rather  short, 
recurving;  fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  sec- 
ond season;  abortive  ovules  in  the  summit  of  the 
acorn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  \"-(/'  wide,  its  base 
somewhat  rounded,  its  scales  ovate,  rounded,  ap- 
pressed;  acorn  ovoid  or  nearly  hemispheric,  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

Along  streams  and  swamps,  sontheastem  Virginia  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Wood 
darkreddish-t>n>wn,str(nig:weighCpercubicroot481bs. 


Scies,  intermediate  in    _ _        _ 
rolina,     Q.  Phellos  hybridizes  also  with  Q.  n 

Laurel 


FAGACEAE. 


3.   Quercus  imbricjtria  Michx. 

Quir 


Shingle  Oak.     (Fig.  1239.) 
imbrUaria  Hicbx.  Hist.  Cben.  Am.  9.   pi.  ij- 


tSol, 

A  forest  tree,  with  maxitiium  bdght  abont  100", 
And  trunk  diameter  of  sji".  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  entire,  coriaceoni,  acute  at  both  endi, 
short- petioled,  briatle- tipped,  dark  greeti  above, 
pcTsiatently  gray,  torn  entnlose  beneath,  3'-7'  long. 
g"-a'  wide;  stylet  rectirved;  fruit  maturing  the  sec- 
ond autumn;  cap  hemupheric  or  turbinate,  5"-7" 
broad,  its  bracts  appresaed;  acorn  subglobose,  5"- 
7"  high. 

CentTBl  Pennsylvania  to  Michiftan,  Nebraska.  Geor- 
^a.  Tennessee  and  Arkansas.  W<x>d  bard,  coorae- 
Ktained,  light  reddish-brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
47  Iba.     April-Hay. 

QoercDt  Ltlna  Nutt.  Sylva,  >:  134.  pi.  jb.  is  a  hybrid 
of  this  and  Q,  vrlulina^  with  intermediate  charftCten. 


Ohii 


Missouri  and  District  of  Columbia. 
QosrcDS  trideotlt*  Enselm,  Q.  nigra  var.  Iridentala 

A.  DC.  Prodr.  "' '  -  '-   ■-  <— >^^^  - 

landica.     lUi: 
A  hybrid  with  Q.  palustris  was  found  by  Dr.  EnKclmi 

13.    Quercus  &]ba  L.     White  Oak. 

Quercus  alba  L,  Sp.  PI.  996.      1753- 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  light  gray  bark  scaling 
off  in  thin  plates;  maximum  height  about  150°, 
trunk  diameter  8°.  Leaves  obovate  in  outline, 
green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucous  be- 
neath, pubescent  when  young,  nearly  glabrous 
when  old,  thin,  pinnatiM  into  3-9  oblong  obtuse 
ascending  toothed  or  entiic  lobes,  4^-7'  long,  i'- 
4}i'  wide;  petioles  about  Ji'  long;  styles  short, 
erect;  fruit  matnriag  the  first  season,  peduncled; 
cup  depressed-hemispheric,  7"-ro"  broad,  its 
bracts  thick,  obtuse,  woolly  or  at  length  glabrate, 
closely  appressed;  acorn  ovoid-oblong,  i'  high  or 
less,  3-4  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Maine  to  Ontario,  Minnesota.  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  bard,  strong,  tough,  cloae-grained;  color  brown; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  46  lbs.  May-June.  Acorns 
ripe  Sept.-Oet. 

Hybrids  with  Q,  macrocarfia  have  been  observed 
in  Illinois;  with  Q.  minor,  from  Illinois  to  Vinnnia 
and  South  Carolina,  and  with  Q.  Prinus,  near  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  and  New  York. 

Quercus  minor  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     Post  or  Iron  Oak.     (F'g-  1241-) 

Quercus  alba  minor  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  130.  17BS 
Ouf.vuii/W/fl/flWang.  Amct.  78.  pi.6.f.is.  i*. 
ig.  oA/H.ii7t)»aMichx.  Hist.  Chen.  Am.  I.  pl.i.  iSoi. 
Quercus  mi  nor  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For.  1:47:.  1B8* 
A  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  or  sometime)* 
shrub;  maximum  height  about  100°  and  tniol; 
diameter  4°.  Leaves  broadly  obovate  in  ont- 
line,  deeply  lyrate-piunstifid  into  5-7  brow! 
rounded  often  deeply  undulate  or  toothed  lobet, 
when  mature  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  sod 
shiuing  above,  brown-to m en tulose  beneath,  j'' 
3'  long,  4'-6'  wide  or  smaller;  petioles  stent, 
%'~\'  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season, 
nearly  or  quite  sessile:  styles  short;  cup  hetni' 
spheric,  (•"-&"  broad,  base  narrowed,  its  bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  slightly  squarrose;  scon 
ovoid,  6"- 10"  high,  a-3  times  as  longas  the  cup- 
In  dry  .loil.  Massachusetts  to  southern  New  Yort, 
Michigan,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  cIok- 
grained,  very  durable,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  fwl 
52  lbs.    May-June.    Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct, 


BEECH  FAMILY. 

15.    Quercus  lyrita  Walt.     Swamp,  Overcupor  Post  Oak. 
Quercui  lyrala  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  235.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  maximum  height  about  100°  and  trunk 
diameter  iii";  bark  gray  or  reddish,  in  thin  plates. 
Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
tiose,  6'-8'  long,  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  lobed  to  beyond 
the  middle,  thin,  when  mature  bright  green,  glabrous 
and  shining  above,  densely  whlte-tomentuloae  be- 
neath, the  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  ronnded  or  sub- 
acute, entire  or  toothed,  the  upper  pedr  the  larger  and 
usually  divergent;  petioles  3"-9"  long;  fruit  matur- 
ing the  Grst  season,  peduncled;  styles  short;  cup  de- 
pressed-globose, I'-t^'  in  diameter,  >i'-i'  high,  it* 
bracts  broad,  thin,  cuspidate;  acorn  depressed-globo«e, 
%'-i)i'  high,  nearly  or  quite  immersed  in  the  cnp. 

New  Jersey  to  Indiana 

Wood  bard,  strong',  tot 

k  brown ;  weiKht  per  ci 


(Fig.  1242.) 


16.   Quercus  macrocitrpa  Michx. 


Mossy-cup  or  Bur  Oak,     (Fig.  1243.) 
rpa  Micbx.  HisL  Chen.  Am.  j, 


P!.:> 


s  Mictax.  [.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  : 


A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark;  maximum 
height  about  160°,  and  trunk  diameter  8°. 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblong- obovate  in  outline, 
rather  thin,  irregubrl^  lobed,  pinnatifid,  or 
some  coarsely  crenate;  when  mature  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  grayish-white-tomen- 
tulose  beneath,  4'-^'  long,  the  lobes  toothed  or 
entire,  rounded,  ascending  or  somewhat  diver- 
gent; petioles  ^'-i' long;  fruit  short-pednncled 
or  sessile,  maturing  the  first  season;  styles 
short;  cup  hemispheric  or  subglobose,  S"-i'  in 
diameter,  its  bracts  floccoae,  thick,  hard,  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  the  lower  acute,  the  upper  subu- 
late-tipped, the  tips  forming  a  fringe  around  the 
acorn;  acorn  8"-i^'  long,  ovoid,  1-3  times  as 
high  as  the  cup. 

to  Maaaachusetla,  Pennsylvania,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
■  dark  brown;  weight  46  lbs.    May-June. 


17.    Quercus  platanoldes  (Lain.)  Sudw. 

Q.  Prinus  ptalanoides  I^ra.  Encycl.  1:  730.      1783. 
Quercui  btcolor  Willd.  Neue  Schrift.  Gea.  Nat.  Fr. 

Berlin,  3;  196.      1801. 
Q.  platanoidesSadw.  Rep.  Secy.  Agtic.  1893:^.  1893. 

A  large  tree,  with  flaky  gray  bark;  maximum 
height  about  110°  and  trunk  diameter  9°.  Leaves 
obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed  or 
sometimes  lobed  nearly  to  the  middle,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  &rm,  when  mature  4'-?'  long, 
3}4'-i}i'  wide,  dark  green,  dull  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomeotulose  beneath;  peti- 
oles stout,  3"^"  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first 
year;  peduncles  2,-S  times  as  long  as  the  petioles; 
cup  hemispheric,  its  bracts  pubescent,  lanceolate, 
appressed,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  acute  or 
acuminate;  acorn  oblong-ovoid,  about  t' high;  cup 
about  6"  high;  seed  rather  sweet. 

In  moist  or  swampy  soil,  Quebec  to  Michigan, 
Georgia  and  Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  CouEh, 
-close -grained,  light  brown;  weight  4S  lbs.  per  cubic 
foot.     May-June.     Acorns  ripe  Sepl.-Oct. 


Swamp  White  Oak.     (Fig,  1244.) 


i8.  Quercus  Michaiixii  Nutt.     Cow  Oak. 
Basket  Oak.     (Fig.  IMS-) 

Quercus  Mickauiii  Nutt,  Gen.  a:  Jis.       1B18. 

A  largE  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark;  maximum 
height  about  100°  aod  tniak  diameter  7°.  Leave* 
obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  apex  acute  or  acuminate. 
base  narrowed,  rounded  or  subcKn^te,  when  mature 
bright  green,  shining  above,  pale  and  gray  tomentu- 
lose  beneath,  shaiply  toothed,  4'-?'  long,  aj4'-4)i' 
wide,  the  teeth  acute  or  mucronulate;  petioles  slen- 
der, yi'-iyi'  loDgi  fruit  maturing  the  first  season, 
short-pedu noted  or  sessile;  styles  very  short;  cnp 
depressed-hemispheric,  t'-i>j'  broad,  its  bracts 
thick,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  appreased;  acorns  ovoid, 
I'-i^'  high,  about  3  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  moist  Mil,  Delaware  to  Indiana,  Arkansas,  Ploi- 
idm  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  Htrons,  tough,  dense,  dura- 
ble; color  light  brown;  weight  50  lbs.  per  cubic  foot. 
April-May.    Acorns  ripe  Sept, -Oct,  sis-eet  and  edible. 


Rock  Chestnut  Oak.     (Fig.  1246.) 


19.    Quercus  Prlnus  L. 

Qatrcus  Prinus  L.  Sp.  PI.  996-      '7S3. 

A  targe  forest  tree:  maximum  height  about  100°, 
and  tmnlc  diameter  5°;  lower  branches  spreading; 
bark  brown,  ridged,  slightly  flaky.  Leaves 
coarsely  creuate,  oblong,  obloog-lanceolate  or  ob- 
ovate, when  mature  dark  green,  glabrous  and 
feebly  sbiuing  above,  finely  gray-tomentulose  be- 
neath, s'-S'  long,  iii'-A'  wide;  petioles  slender, 
ii'-iyi'  long;  froit  maturing  the  first  season; 
peduncles  equalling  or  shorier  than  the  petioles; 
styles  very  short;  cup  hemispheric,  )i'-t>i' broad, 
its  bracts  tomentose,  triangular-ovate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  i'-ij4'  high, 
a-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup;  seed  edible,  but  not 
very  sweet. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  Alabama  and 
Tennessee.     Wood  hard,  strong,  close^rai 


20-   Quercus  acuminata  (Michx.)  Sarg. 

Chestnut  or  Yellow  Oak.     (Fig.  1247.) 
Quercus  Prinus  acuminalaJiiciiJi.  Hist.  Chenes  Am. 

no.  5.    pi.  S.     180:. 
Quercus    M'uhUnbergii    Engelm.   Trans,    St,    Tjami 

Acad,  3:391.      1877, 
Quercus  acuminata  Saix,  Gord,  &.  For.  fl:  93.      1895. 

A  tree  with  gray  flaky  bark,  much  resembling 
the  chestnut;  maximum  height  about  160°,  and 
trunk  diameter  3>^°.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  sometimes  obovate,  apex  acuminate  or  acute, 
base  narrowed  or  rounded;  coarsely  toothed,  when 
mature  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale,  gray- 
tomentulose  and  prominently  veined  beneatb, 
4'-6'  long,  i'-2fi'  wide;  petioles  slender,  Ji'-i' 
long;  fruit  sessile  or  very  short-peduncled,  matur- 
ing the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  5"-8" 
broad,  its  bracts  floccose,  ovate,  thick,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  6"-io"  higb, 
about  twice  as  bigh  as  the  cup. 
In  dry  soil,  preferring  limestone  ridges,  Vertnont  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  sonth  to  Alabaiu 
and  Texas,  Wixid  hard,  strong,  dense,  close-grained,  durable,  dark  brown;  weight  per  cut^c  foot 
54  lbs.    May- June.    Acorns  ripe  Oct. -Nov.,  edible. 


BEECH  FAMILY.  ; 

Quercus  prinoides  Willd.     Scrab  Chestnut  Oak.     (Fig.  1248.) 


A  shrub,  a'-is"  talt,  sometiwes  tree-like,  the 
bark  gny.  Leaves  obovate,  coarsely  toothed, 
when  mature  bright  green  and  somewhat  shin- 
ing above,  graj-tomentulose  beneath,  i}i'-5' 
long,  3'-3'  wide,  mostly  acute  or  short-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
teeth  short,  triangnlar,  subacute  or  obtuse; 
petioles  slender,  3"-9"  long;  fruit  sessile, 
maturing  the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  thin, 
about  %'  broad  and  one-half  as  high,  its  bracts 
Boccose,  tri angular-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
appressed ;  acorn  ovoid,  obtuse,  3-3  times  as  long 
as  the  cup;  seed  sweet. 

In  dry  saudy  or  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota. 
south  to  Alabama  and  Teias.  Apparently  inter- 
grades  with  the  precedinn-  Apnl-May.  Acorns 
fipe  Sept.-Oct.     Called  also  Chinkapin  Oak, 

32.   Quercus  Virginiftna  Mill.     Live  Oak.     (Fig.  1249.) 

Quercus  firginiana  Mill,  Gard.  Diet,  Ed.  8,  no. 

16.      1768. 
Quercus  virens  Ait  Hott.  Kew.  3:  js6-      I789. 

A  tree,  with  rough  brown  bark,  attaining  a 
maximum  height  of  about  60°  and  trunk  diam- 
eter of  7°,  but  often  shrubby,  the  young  shoots 
puberulent.  Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  ob- 
long, elliptic  or  oblanceolatc,  ape*  obtuse,  base 
narrowed  or  rounded,  entire  or  with  a  few  bristle- 
tipped  teeth,  bright  green  and  glabioua  above, 
pale  green  audpnberulentor  becoming  glabrous 
beneath,  i '-3' long;  petioles  atout,  I  "-3"  long; 
fmit  peduncled,  maturing  the  first  aeason;  pe- 
duncle '/,'-\'  long;  cup  turbinate,  5"-8"  broad, 
its  bracts  closely  appressed,  ovate  or  lanceolate; 
acom  ovoid-oblong,  about  twice  as  high  as  the 
cup;  seed  not  edible;  cotyledons  united. 

In  dry  soil.  ViiKinia  to  Florida,  Texas  and 
Mexico,  mostly  near  llie  coast.  Also  in  Cuba. 
Wood  very  hard,  tough,  close-giaincd  and  dense; 
color  yellow-brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  59  lbs. 
March-April,     Acorns  ripe  Sept-Oct. 

Family  8.  ULMACEAE  Mirbel,  fil^m.  2:  905.  1815. 
Elm  Pauily. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  serrate  petioled  pinnately  veined  stipu- 
late leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fugacious.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioe- 
cious, perfect  or  polygamous,  lateral  or  axillarj',  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  soli- 
tary. Perianth  3-9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in 
our  species  as  many  as  the  perianth -lobes  or  sepals  and  opposite  them;  filaments 
straight;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  i-celled  (rarely 
2-celled),  mostly  superior;  ovule  solit'ary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or  nut.  Endosperm  of  the 
seed  little  or  none.     Embrj-o  straight  or  curved;  cotyledons  mostly  flat. 

About  I J  genera  and  140  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions, 
the  preceding  season;  fmit  a  samara,  or  nut-like, 
es:  calyx  4-9-cleft;  fmit  a  samara,  i,   Ulmus. 

1:  calyx  ;(-5-cleft;  fruit  nut- like.  3.  Planera. 

aaon,  the  pistillate  mostly  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe.  3.  Cellis. 


,  ULHUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  225. 


1753- 


Trees,  with  i-rauked  straight- veined  inequilateral  serrate  leave*,  with  thin  cadncona 
stipules.  Floweis  perfect  or  polygamous,  fascicled  or  racemose,  ftreenish,  unfolding  before 
the  leaves,  borne  axillary  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season.  Calyx  campanntate,  4-^ 
lobed,  persbtent,  its  lobes  imbrlcrtcd.  Filaments  erect,  slender,  exserted.  Ovary  sesdle  or 
stalked,  compressed.  Styles  3,  divergeut,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  margin.  Frtiit  a  i-seeded 
flat  orbicular  or  oval  samara,  its  membranous  wings  continuoas  all  around  except  at  the 
apex,  commonly  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  the  body.  Embryo  straight.  [The  ancieat 
Latin  name  of  the  elm;  Celtic  f/or.] 


Besides  the  FollowinK,  another  i 


Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  rough  above; 

None  o(  the  branchcB  corliy-wingred, 

Some  or  all  of  the  branches  corky -wicked; 

Leaves  9' -5'  long;  flowers  racemose;  r 

Leaves  I'-j'  long;  flowers  fascicled;  southei 

Leaves  very  rough  above ;  samara  not  ciliate;  twigs 


densely  riliate. 
t- faces  glabrous. 


Americlkna  L.     American,  White  or  Water  Elm.     (Fig.  1250.) 


Ulm. 


!  Americana  L-  Sp.  PL  m6. 


'7S3. 


A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark,  and  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pubescent  twigs  and  buds;  maximum 
height  about  I30°,  and  trunk  diameter  11°;  the 
branches  not  corky- winged,  terete.  Leaves  oval  or 
ohovate,  apex  abruptly  acuminate,  base  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  and  very  in  equilateral,  sharplyand  usually 
doubly  serrate,  slightly  rough  above,  pubescent  or 
becoming  glabrous  beneath,  a'-s'  long,  1%'-^ 
wide;  flowers  fascicled;  pedicels  filiform,  drooping, 
jointed;  calyx  7-9-labed,  oblique,  its  lobes  oblong, 
rounded;  samara  ovate-oval,  reticulate-veined,  5"- 
d"  long,  its  faces  glabrous,  its  ma^ns  densely  di- 
late; styles  strongly  incurved. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Newfound- 
land to  Maniloba,  Florida  and  Texas,  Wood  haid, 
strong,  close-grained,  compact,  dark  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  40.5  lbs,  March-April.  Samsra-s  ripe 
in  May. 


2.   Ulmus  racemdsa  Thomas.     Cork  0 

Cliiits racemosat^ioiais.  Am.  Joum.  Sci.  19;  170.  1831. 
A  large  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4°,  the  young 
twigs  puberulent;  bud-scales  ciliate  and  somewhat 
pubescent;  branches,  or  some  of  them,  winged  hy 
narrow  plates  of  cork.  Leaves  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  less  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above; 
flowers  racemose;  pedicels  filiform,  drooping, 
jointed;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rounded;  samara  oval, 
6"-8"  long,  its  faces  pubescent  or  puberulent,  its 
margins  densely  citiate;  persistent  styles  strongly 
>verlapping. 


Rock  Elm.     (Fig.  1251.) 


rved  and  o 


In  rich  soiL  Quebec  to  Ontario,  MichigHn,  Tennessee 
and  Nebraska.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  compact; 
color  light  reddish -brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  45  lbs. 
April.     Called  also  Cliff,  Hickory  or  Swamp  Elm, 


nimui  cam  pi  stria 
wingless  branches,  i 


L..  from  Europe,  distinguished  by 
glabrous,  not  ciliate  samaras,  and 
arely  escapes  from  cultivation. 


ELM  FAMILY.  525 

3.    Ulmus  al&ta  Michx.     Winged  Elm.     Wahoo.     (Fig.  1252.) 

Utmus alata  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  1:  173.      1803, 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  50°  high  and  with  a 
trunk  diameter  of  I'/i";  the  branches,  or  most  of 
them,  nitb  corky  wing-like  ridges.  Twigs  and  buds 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblong,  oblong-lance- 
olale  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  baae 
obtuse,  inequilateral  and  sometimes  subcordate, 
rougbish  above,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the 
veins,  i'-3'long,  ^j'-i^'wide,  the  veins  ascending, 
some  of  them  commonly  forked;  flowers  fascicled; 
pedicels  filiform;  culyx-lobes  obovate,  rounded;  sa- 
mara oblong,  4"-5"  long,  pubescent  on  the  faces, 
the  margins  densely  dliate;  styles  very  alender. 


soil,  southern  Virpnia  to  Florida, 
louthem  Illinois,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Wood 
■ak,  compact;  color  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
bs.    March. 


4.    Ulmus  ffilva  Michx.     Slippery,  Red  or  Moose  Elm.     (Fig.  1253.) 


Ulmui  fiubeseem  Walt.  m.  Car,  iii.      1788.? 
Ulmut/ulva  Michi.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i;  17*.      1803. 

A  tree,  with  rough  gray  fragrant  bark,  maxi- 
mum height  about  70°,  and  trunk  diameter  3 ^j"; 
twigs  rough-pubescent;  branches  not  corky- 
winged;  bud-scales  densely  brown-tomentose. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate.  veiy  rough 
with  abort  papillae  above,  pubescent  beneath, 
sharply  doubly  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse,  inequilateral  and  commonly  cordate  at 
the  base,  4'-8'  long,  I'-^'/i'  wide;  flowers fes- 
cicled;  pedicels  i"-3"  long,  spreading,  jointed 
near  the  base;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  subacute, 
samara  oval-orbicular,  6"-9"  long,  pubescent 
over  the  seed,  otherwise  glabrous,  the  margins 
not  ciliate,  retuse. 

In  woods,  on  hitla  and  along  streams,  Quebec 
to  North  Dakota,  Florida  and  Texas.    Wood  hard, 
mpact,    durable;    color    dark    reddish- 


2.   PLANERA  J.  F.  Gmel.  Syst.  a:  Part  i,  150.       1791. 

Trees,  similar  to  the  elms,  the  flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  unfolding  with  the 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  faacicled  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  the  pistillate  or  per- 
fect ones  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year.  Calyx  4-5-cleft.  campanulate,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  filifonn,  straight,  exserted.  Ovary  stalked,  ovoid,  slightly 
compressed,  i-cel!ed.  Styles  2,  spreading,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  nutrlike; 
coriaceous,  obliquely  ovoid,  compressed,  ridged  on  the  back,  covered  with  abort  fleshy  pro- 
cesses. Embryo  straight.  [Name  in  honor  of  Johann  Jakob  Planer,  1743-1789,  Professor 
of  Botany  in  Erfurt] 


A  monotypic  genus  of 


North  America. 


Planera  aqufitica  (Walt.)  J.  F.  Gmel.    Planer-tree. 
(Fig.  1254.) 


150-       t79"- 


1:  Parti, 


A  small  tre«,  sometimes  40°  high,  sad 
with  a  trnak  1°  in  diameter,  the  foliagt 
nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cor- 
date and  asuallj  somewhat  inequilateral  at 
the  base,  serrate,  I'-i'  long;  petioles  J)i"- 
3"  long:  stipules  lanceolate,  about  as  long  is 
the  petiotcB,  deciduous;  staminate  flowen 
fascicled  and  somewhat  racemooe  from  scaly 
buds  borne  at  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  pre- 
ceding season;  perfect  or  pistillate  flowen 
on  short  branches;  fruit  i"-^"  long,  about 
equalling   its  stalk,   its   soft  proceases  j-i" 

Xa  Bwampa,  MiHsooH  to  southern  Indiana. 
Kentucky  and  North  Carolina,  south  to  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida.  Wood  soft,  weak,  compact. 
liKht  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  33  lbs. 
April-Hay. 

3.  CELTIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1043.  1753. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  entire  pinnately  veined  or  in  some  species  3-5-nerved 
leaves,  and  polygamons  or  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?)  Bowers,  borne  in  the  axils  or 
leaves  of  the  season,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  fertile  solitary  or  3-3  together.  Calyx 
4-6-parted  or  of  distinct  sepsis.  Filaments  erect,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  a,  re- 
curved or  divergent,  tomentose  or  pinmose.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe,  the  cxocatp 
pulpy,  the  endocarp  bony.  Seed-coat  membranous.  Embryo  curved.  [Name  andent,  used 
by  Pliny  for  an  African  Lotus-tree.] 


I.   Celtis  occidentdlis  L.     Hackberry.     Sugar-berry,     (Fig.  1255.) 


1S14. 


Cel/ii  occidfnlalis  L.  Sp,  PI.  1044- 
Cetlis  fiumila  Pursh,  PI.  Am.  Sept.  : 

A  tree  or  shrub,  attaining  a 
height  of  about  iJ5°  and  a  trunk  diameter 
of  5°,  the  bark  dark  and  rough,  the  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate -lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  thin,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  inequilateral  and  3-nerved 
at  the  base,  pinnatcly  veined,  i}^'-^'  long, 
j'-i'yi'  wide,  glabrous  above,  pubescent,  at 
least  on  the  veins,  beneath;  staminate  flowers 
numerous;  pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary, 
alender-peduncled;  calyx -segments  linear- 
oblong,  deciduous;  drupe  globose  and  pur- 
ple, or  nearly  black  when  mature,  or  orange, 
i"-5"  in  diameter,  sometimes  edible. 

In  dry  soil,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Louisiana.  North  Carolina.  Missouri  and  Kan- 
sas. Wood  sort,  weak,  coarse -Rrai n ed ;  color 
light  yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  40  lbs. 
April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.  Also  known  as 
Nettle-tiee  and  False  Elm. 


ELM  FAMILY.  52 

a.    Celtis  Mississippifcnsis  Bosc.     Southera  Hackbeny.     (Fig.  1256.) 

Cellis  MisiissifipUusis  Bosc.  Diet.  Agile.  10; 

A  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
but  commonly  smaller,  the  bark  light  gray, 
longh  and  warty.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, firm,  shiaing.  cntin  or  with  a  few  low 
sharp  teeth,  3. nerved  and  promineatly  pin- 
nately  veined,  glabrons  on  both  sides,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  inequilateral  and 
obttise  or  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  i'- 
3'  long,  ;i'-i>i'  wide;  peduncles  mostly 
shorter  than  those  of  the  preceding  species; 
drupe  globose,  purple-black,  2^"-i"  in 
diameter. 

In  dry  soil.  North  Carolina  to  southern  Illi- 
nois and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Probably  intergrades  with  C.  occidenlalh. 
April.    Fruit  ripe  July-Aug. 


Family  9.  MORACEAE  Liiidl.  Veg.  Kingd.  266.  1847. 
Mulberry  Family. 
Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  milky  sap,  alternate  or  opposite  petioled 
stipulate  leaves,  aud  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillarj'  clustered  flowers,  or 
the  pistillate  flowers  solitar>-  iu  some  exotic  genera.  Calyx  mostly  4-5-parted. 
Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  pantcled,  spicate  or  capitate,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  calyx -segments.  Filaments  erect  or  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Pistillate 
flowers  capitate,  spicate  or  cymose.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled  in  our  genera. 
Ovule  solitarj-,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Styles  i  or  2.  Fruit  various.  Embryo 
straight,  curved  or  spiral, 

■Sspeci. 


n  shrubs;  stipules  fugaeioua. 
ntaminate  and  pistillate  (lowers  spiked;  leaves  dentate  or  lobed. 
Staminate  flowers  racemose  or  spiked;  pistillate  capitate. 
Pistillate  perianth  deeply  4-cleft;  leaves  entire. 
Pistillate  perianth  3-4-loothed ;  leaves  various. 
Erect  or  twining  herbs:  stipules  persistent. 

Twining  vines;  pistillate  flowers  in  ament-likc  clusters. 
Erect  herb;  pistillate  flowers  spicate. 

I.    MORUS  L.  Sp.  PI,  986. 


1753- 


Trees  or  sbtubs,  with  milky  sap,  alternate  dentate  and  often  lobed,  3-nerved  leaves,  fuga- 
cious stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  axillary  atnent-Hke  spikes,  tbe 
pistillate  spikes  ripening  into  a  succulent  aggregate  fruit.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted 
perianth,  its  segments  somewhat  imbricated,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the 
bud,  straightening  and  exserted  in  anthesls.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  persistent  - 
perianth,  which  becomes  fleshy  in  fruit,  a  sessile  ovary,  and  2  linear  spreading  stigmas. 
Fruiting  perianth  enclosing  the  ripened  ovary,  the  exocarp  succulent,  the  endocarp  crusta- 
ceous.  Albumen  scanty;  embryo  curved.  [Theancient  name  of  the  mulberry;  Celtic  iwor.] 
Besides  the  following,  another  occnrs 

I,eaves  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath:  fruit  purple;  spikes  I'-iW  long.  i.  .1/.  rubra. 

teavessmooth  and  glabrous,  or  verj' nearly  so,  on  both  sides;  fruit  nearly  white;  spikes  5"^"  long. 


MORACEAE. 
1.    Morus  rObra  L.     Red  Mulberry.     (Fig.  1257.) 

^forus  rubra  L  Sp.  PI-  986.       1753- 


A  tree,  attaiaing  a  maximum  height  of 
about  65°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  7°,  iht 
bark  brown  and  rough.  Leaves  ovate  01 
□earl  J  orbicular  in  outline,  scabrous  above, 
persistently  pubescent  beneatb.  or  whin 
young  almost  tomentoae,  acuminate  at  tlic 
apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  serrate-dentate  or  3-7-lobed,  3'-$' 
long;  petioles  slender,  7"-i8"  long;  stami- 
nateapikesdrooping,  i^'-3'lottg;  pistillate 
spikes  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit,  i'- 
I  Ji'  long,  4"-5"  in  diameter  when  mature, 
slendei-peduncled,   dart   purple-red,   deli' 

In  rich  noil,  Vennont  and  Ontario  to  Michi- 
gan and  Sonth  Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Wood  sort,  weak,  compact  dnrable; 
color  lig'ht  yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  37 
lbs,    April-Hay,    Fruit  tipe  in  June. 


2.  Moms  filba  L.     White  Mulberry.     (Fig.  1258.) 


Sfortis  alba  L.  Sp.  PI,  9S6,      1753. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  40°  high  and  with 
a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  the  bark  light  gray, 
rough,  the  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
ovate,  Ihio,  smooth,  glabrous  and  somewhat 
shining  on  both  sides,  acute  or  abruptly  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  varying  from  serrate  to  vari- 
ously lobed,  2'-6'  long;  petioles  slender, 
shorter  than  the  blades;  staminate  spikes 
slender,  drooping,  about  l'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  oblong  or  subglobose,  drooping.  5"- 
■  7"  long,  3"  in  diameter  and  white  or  pinkish 
when  mature,  not  as  succulent  as  those  of 
the  preceding  species. 

Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation,  Maine 
and  Ontario  to  Florida.  Introduced  front  the 
Old  World  for  feeding  silitwomis.  May.  Fruit 
ripe  July-.\ug. 


2.   TOXYLON  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  ii8.       1817. 
[Maclura  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  333.      1818.] 

A  tree,  with  milky  sap,  thick  entire  dark  green  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined 
leaves,  stout  axillary  spines,  caducous  stipules  and  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the  staminate 
racemose,  the  pistillate  capitate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  calyx,  its  segments  val- 
vatc,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  injle:ced  in  the  bud,  straightening  and  somewhat  exserted 
in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-cleft  calyx  enclosing  the  sessile  ovary,  and  a  filiform 
simple  long-exserted  style,  the  calyces  becoming  fleshy  and  enlarged  in  fruit,  densely  aggre- 
gated into  a  large  globular  head.  Endosperm  none;  embryo  curved.  [Name  Greek,  signi- 
fying bow-wood.] 

A  nionotypie  genus  of  the  south-central  United  States. 


MULBERRY   FAMILY. 

Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.     Osage  Orange.     (Fig.  1259.) 

Ttixylon  pomiferum  Raf.  Am.  Month.  M^.  3 


Mad, 


aNutt.  Gen.  1:134.    1818. 


A  tree  with  ridged  brown  bark,  and  spreading 
branches;  maximum  height  about  60°,  and  trunk 
diameter  ^yi";  foliage  puberulent  when  young, 
glabrous  when  mature.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovflte-oblong,  glossy,  entire.  t,'-fi' 
long,  Hpez  acuminate,  base  obtuse,  truncate  or 
subcordate;  petioles  yi'~2'  long;  axillary  spines 
straigbt,  sometimes  3'  long;  staminate  racemes 
%'-t'  long,  usually  numerous;  flowers  about  i" 
broad;  head  of  pistillate  (lowers  peduncled,  pen- 
dnlons,  about  1'  in  diameter,  ripening  into  a  hard 
yellowish  tubercled  syncarp  2'-6'  in  diameter. 

In  rich  soil,  Missouri  and  Kansas  to  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  very  atrong^  dense,  durable;  color  bright  orange ; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  48  lbs.  Much  planted  for 
hedges  and  occssionallv  spontaneous  in  the  East. 
May-June.    Fruit  ripe  Ocl,-Nov. 

3.   BROUSSONETIA  L'Her;  Vent.  Tabl.  3:547.       1799. 

Trees,  with  milky  sap.  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  entire,  serrate,  or  3-S-lobed,  3- 
nerved  at  the  base.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  cylindric  ament-like  spikes,  the 
pistillate  capitate,  Staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4-clefl  perianth.  4  stamens,  and  a  mi- 
nute rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  ovoid  or  tubular  3-4-toothed  perianth,  a 
stalke<l  ovary  and  a  2-cleft  style.  Head  of  fruit  globular  the  drupes  red  exserted  beyond 
the  persistent  perianth.     [Name  in  honor  of  Broussonet,  Frencb  naturalist  ] 

.\bout  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  Asia.  ^        \ 

I.  Broussonetia  papyrifera  (L.)  Vent 

Paper  Mulberrj'.     (Fig.  1260,) 

.^for-ni  papyrifera  Ii,  Sp,  PI,  1)86,  175.1. 
Uromsonelia  papyrifera  Vent,  Tabl,  3:  548.  1799 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  the  young 
shoots  hirsute-tomentose.  Leaves  mostly  o\  ate 
thin,  long-petioled,  serrate  nearly  all  around 
often  deeply  3-lobed,  sometimes  with  a  lobe  on 
one  side  only,  as  in  Sassafras,  rarely  5-lobed 
rough  above,  tomentose  beneath,  3'-S'  long 
the  sinuses  rounded;  petioles  Ji'-3'  long  hir 
Bute- tomentose,  at  least  when  young;  spikes  of 
staminate  flowers  3 '-3' long;  peduncled;  heads 
of  pistillate  flowers  ^'-1'  in  diameter,  stout 
peduncled. 

n  New  York  to 

4.  HUMULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1028.  1753. 
Twining  herbaceous  perennial  rough  vines,  with  broad  opposite  thin  petioled  palmately 
veined  serrate  3-7'lobed  or  undivided  leaves,  lanceolate  membranous  persistent  stipules, 
and  dioecious  asillary  flowers,  the  staminate  panicled,  the  pistillate  in  ament-likc  drooping 
clustered  spikes.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  the  segments  distinct  and  imbri- 
cated, and  5  short  erect  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  in  3's  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  of  the 
ament,  consisting  of  a  membranous  entire  perianth,  clasping  the  ovary,  and  2  filiform  cadu- 
cous stigmas.  Fruiting  aments  cone  like,  the  persistent  bracts  subtending  the  compressed 
ovate  achenes.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  [Name  said  to  be  the  diminu- 
tive of  the  Latin  humus,  earth.] 

e  norih  temperate  zone,   the  other 


I.    Humulus    Liipulus   L.     Hop. 
(Fig.  1261.) 
Humulus  Lupulus  L.  Sp.  Fl.  1028.      1753. 

A  dextroi3«l J  twining  or  prostrate  viae,  ofleo  15° 
long,  very  rough  with  stiff  refleied  h«ira.  Lea\-Mor. 
bicnlar  or  ovate  in  outline,  slender-pctioled,  deeplj 
3-j'-cleftor  some  of  the  upper  ones  ovate,  acute  and 
merely  serrate;  petioles  Ji'-j'  long;  stipules  re- 
flexed,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4"-ii" 
long;  panicles  of  stamioate  flowers  3'-$'  long;  ripe 
pistillate  clusters  (hops)  I'-iJi'long;  fruiting  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  concave,  thin,  glabrous  or  nearlj 
so,  obtuse,  much  longer  tban  the  achenes;  fntiting 
calyx  and  acbene  strongly  resi nous-aromatic. 

In  thickets  and  on  river-banlia,  Nova  Scotia  to  Man- 
itoba, south  to  southern  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  Alleiicbanies  to  Georpa,  to  Kansas,  and  in  the 
Rock;  Mountains  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Ei 
tensively  escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  also  of 
Europe  and  Asia.    July-Aug.    Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

5.    CANNABIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1027.       1753. 

A  stout  erect  rough  and  pubemlent  herb,  with  alternate  and  opposite  petioled  digitately 
5-11-divided  thin  leaves,  persistent  subulate  stipules,  and  greenish  dioecious  axillary  flowers, 
the  staminate  panicled,  the  pistillate  spicate.  Staminate  Sowers  with  a  5-partcd  calyx,  tbe 
sepals  distinct  and  imbricated,  and  5  short  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  foliaccous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  thin  entire  calyx  clasping  the  sessile  ovary,  and  2  fili- 
form caducous  stigmas.  Fruit  a  compressed  acbene.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  cnrred. 
[The  classic  name  of  hemp.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  central  Asia. 

I.  Cannabis  satlva  L.      Hemp. 

(Fig.  1262.) 

Cannabis  saliva  L.  Sp.  PI.  1017.      1753. 

An  annual  branching  herb.  3°-lo°  tall,  the  inner 
fibrous  bark  very  tough,  the  branches  nearly  erect. 
Leaves  divided  to  the  base,  the  segtnenls  lanceo- 
late or  linear-Iauceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  3'-6'  long,  X'-i'  wide; 
staminate  panicles  narrow,  loose,  peduncled,  3'-5' 
long;  pedicels  filiform,  braeteolatc,  i"-3"  long; 
pistillate  spikes  erect,  leafy-bract ed,  i'  long  or  less 
in  fruit;  achene  cruslaceous  o\oid-oblong  about 
a"  high. 

In  waste  placei  New  Brunsnick  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  Tennessee  and 
Kansas.  WideU  distributed  in  all  temperate  regions 
through  culti\aiion  and  occasionalis  a  troublesome 
weed.     Native  of  Europe  and  \eia      Jul)   Sept 

Family  10.     URTICACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  83.       1828. 

Netti.k  Family. 
Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  waterj-  sap,  alternate  or 
opposite  mostly  stipulate  simple  leaves>,  and  small  greenish  dioecious,  monoe- 
cious or  polygamous  flowers,  variotisly  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-cleft,  or  of  distinct 
sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  as  the  lobes 
or  .segments  of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite  them,  the  filaments  inflexed  and 
anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  anthesis.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled; 
style  simple;  stigma  capitate  and  penicillate,  or  filiform;  ovule  solitary,  erect  or 
ascending,  orthotropous,  or  in  some  genera  partly  amphitropotis.  Fruit  an 
achene.     Endosi>enu  oilj',  usually  not  copious;  embryo  straight. 

About  40  genera  and  J7S  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 


NETTLE  FAMILY. 


wers  4-patted:  achene  straight. 
■8  5-parted;  achene  oblique. 
Herbs  without  stingiiB  hairs. 

Flower-clusters  panicled  or  spiked,  not  involucrate;  leaves  mostly  opposil 
Pistillate  calyx  3-parted  or  of  3  aepala. 


2.   Urlicaslriim. 

\.  Boehmeria. 
5.  Par-Utaria, 


I.    URTICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  983.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  simple  or  branching  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  opposite  3-7- 
uerved  petioled  dentate  or  incised  leaves,  and  distinct  or  connate  stipules.  Flowers  very 
small  and  numerous,  axillary,  cymose- paniculate,  or  glomerate,  dioecious,  moDoecious  or  an- 
drogynous. Stamtaate'  flowers  with  a  deeply  4-parted  calyi  and  4  atamcns.  Pistillate 
calyx  4-parted,  the  segments  unequal,  the  exterior  ones  usually  smaller  than  the  inner; 
ovary  straight;  stigtna  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.  Achene  compressed, 
'ovate  or  oblong,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  mettibranous  or  slightly  fleshy  calyx.  Seed- 
coat  thin;  endosperm  little;  cotyledons  broad,     [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

About  30  species  of  wide  geoeraphic  distribution. 
Perennials,  j"-?"  tall;  flower. clusters  latje,  compound. 

Leaves  ovate,  cordate  at  base.  i.   U.  dioica. 

Leaves  laeiniate,  rarely  cordate.  3.   U.  gracilis. 

Annuals,  il-i'A°  tall;  flower-clusters  small,  mostly  glomerate. 

Leaves  oval,  laeiniate -dentate:  plant  leafy  at  the  top.  3.  //.  urem. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  crenate ;  upper  leaves  very  small.  4.   U.  ctiamaedryoides. 

1.    Urtica  diolca  L.     Stinging  or  Great 
Nettle.     (Fig.  1263.) 

IJriica  dioica  L,  Sp.  PI.  984.      1753. 

PereoQial,  densely  beset  with  stinging  hairs, 
stem  rather  stout,  2°-4°  tall,  puberulent  above. 
Leaves  tbin,  ovate,  long -petioled,  acute  or  acn- 
minate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply 
or  incisely  serrate  with  triangular  or  lanceolate 
acute  teeth,  pubescent  beneath,  3-s-Berved,  3'- 
5'  long,  i'-3'  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  shorter 
than  the  blades;  stipules  lanceolate;  flower- 
clusters  large,  compound,  cymose-paniculate; 
flowers  dioecious  c 


In  waste  places.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  South  Carolina  and  Missouri. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia. 
Plant  lower,  stouter  and  much  more  stinging  than 
the  following  species.    July-Sept, 


3.  Urtica  gracilis  Ait.    Slender  Nettle. 
(Fig.  1264.) 


titii  Ait.  Hor 


■  789. 


Perennial,  sparingly  armed  with  stinging 
hairs,  stem  usually  slender,  erect,  simple  or  with 
few  erect  branches,  2°-7°  tall.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  long- 
ocuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  base  (rarely  subcordate),  sharply 
serrate,  3-5-nerved,  sparingly  pubescent,  s'-fr* 
long,  pi'-tii'  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades,  usually  bristly;  stipules  lanceolate; 
flower-clusters  compound,  smaller  than  those  of 
the  preceding  species,  but  commonly  longer  than 
the  petioles;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 


e-Oct, 


1  North   Carolina,  Louisiana  and   Kansas. 


Uriica  urtns  L.  Sp.  PI.  984. 


URTICACEAE. 
3.    Urtica  Orens  L.     Small  Nettle.     (Fig.  1265.) 

I 


1753- 


Annual,  stem  rather  stout,  6'-i8'  bigfa, 
ascending  or  erect,  it  and  its  slender 
branches  stinging- bristly.  Leaves  thin, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  elliptic,  oval  or 
ovate  in  outline,  deeply  incised  or  some- 
times doubly  serrate,  with  acute,  ascend- 
ing or  spreading  teeth,  3-5-nerved,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  or  acutish,  I'-j'  long, 
■lender'petioled;  petioles  often  as  long  as 
the  blades;  stipules  short;  flower-clusters 
oblong,  rather  dense,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  petioles;  flowers  androgynous. 

In  waste  places,  Newfoundland  to  northern 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Florida.  Also 
on  the  Pacilic  Coast  Nataraliied  from  Eu- 
rope.    May-Sept. 


4.    Urtica  chamaedryoides  Pursh.     Weak  Nettle.     (Fig.  1266.) 


Uriica  chamaedryoides  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
113.      i8i4. 

Annual,  sparingly  stinging-bristly  but 
otherwise  nearly  or  qnite  glabrous,  stem  very 
slender,  weak,  ascending,  simple  or  branched, 
6'-3°  long.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  thin, 
crenate-dentate,  the  lower  broadly  ovate  or 
orbicular,  obtuse  at  the  apes  and  usually  cor- 
date at  the  base,  Yi'-iyi'  wide,  the  upper 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
uppermost  very  small;  stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate;  flower-cluBters  smalt,  glomerate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;   flowers  androgj- 


a.    URTICASTRUM  Fabr.  Enum.  204.       1759. 
[Laportea  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  49S.     1836.] 
Perennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinging  hairs,  the  leaves  broad,  alternate,  serrate,  petioled, 
the  Bowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sessile  in  loose  axillary  compound  cymes.     Staminate 
flowers  in  our  species  with  5  imbricated  sepals,  5  stamens  and  a  radimentarj'  ovary.     Pistil- 
late flowers  with  4  unequal  sepals,  the  outer  i  or  3  minute,  an  oblique  or  nearly  straight  com- 
pressed ovary  and  a  subulate  sleuder  persistent  style:  ovule  erect.     Acheue  very  oblique, 
flat,  reftexed.     Seed-coat  membranous.     Endosperm  scanty  or  wanting.     [Latin,  starnettle.} 
About  as  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  only  the  tollowiiig  North  American. 


NETTLE  FAMILY. 

I.    Urticastrum  divaric&tum  (L.)  Kuntze. 
Wood  Nettle.     (Fig.  1267.) 

f-rlim  divaricala  L.  Sp.  PI.  985-       '753- 

Laportea  Canadensis  Gaud,  in  Freyc,  Voy.  Bot.  498.  l8a6. 

Uriicaslrum  divaricalum  Kuntze,    Rev.  Gen.  PI.   635. 

1891. 

Stem  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  l^°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  long-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  3-nerved  and  pinnately 
veined,  glabrous  or  with  some  stinging  hairs,  3'-?' 
long,  a'-5'  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  i>4'-5'  loDg; 
stipule  solitary,  small,  lanceolate,  a-clefl,  commonlj 
deciduous;  flower-clusters  large  and  loose,  often 
longer  than  the  petioles,  the  lower  staminate,  the 
upper  pistillate,  divergent,  i '-6' broad  in  fruit;  ulti- 
mate branches  of  the  fruiting  clusters  flat,  cuaeate, 
emarginate;  acheoe  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  gla- 
brous, i>i"  long. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  (Kansas.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  the 
Adirondack  5.    Juiy-Ang. 

3.    ADiCEA  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  179.       1815. 
[PiLEA  Lindl.  Coll.    pi.  4.      1811.] 

Annnal  or  peretmial,  glabrous  or  pubescent  stingless  herbs,, with  opposite  petioled 
mostly  3-nerved  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and  small  numerous  monoecious  or  dioecious  flow- 
ers in  axillai7  cymose  or  glomerate  clusters  Staminate  flowers  mostly  4-parted  (sometimes 
a-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  3-parted,  the  segments  in 
most  species  unequal,  each  subtending  a  stamigodium  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale;  ovary 
straight;  stigma  sessile,  pedicillate.  Achene  compressed,  ovate  or  snborbicular.  Seed-coat 
thin.     Endosperm  scanty  or  none.     [Name  unexplained,] 

About  150  species,  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowine,  another  occnrs  in  the  southern  United  States. 

I.  Adicea  p^mila  (L.)  Raf.     Clearweed. 
Richweed.     (Fig.  1268.) 

Urtica  pumita  L.  Sp.  PI.  9S4.      '753- 
Adicea pumila  Raf.;  Torr,  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:123.     As  syno- 
nym.    i8h. 
Pttea  pumila  A.  Gray,  Man.  437.      1S48. 

Annual,  stems  pellucid,  erect,  usually  braoched. 
glabrous,  succulent,  S'-a"  high.  Leaves  mem- 
branous, ovate,  slender-pettoled,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  tlie  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base. 
3-nerved,  coarsely  dentate,  i'-5'  long,  sparingly 
pubescent  with  scattered  hairs;  petioles  often  as 
long  as  the  blades  and  much  longer  than  the  pis- 
tillate flower-c lusters;  sepals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  achene  ovate, 
acute,  ^"  long. 

In  swampy,  shaded  situations,  often  on  old  logs. 
New  Brunswick  to  western  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to 
3000  ft.  in  Virgfinia.    Also  in  Japan.    July-Sept. 

4.    BO£HMERIA  Jacq.  Stirp.  Am.  246.  //.  is7-      1763. 

Perennial  stingless  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with  opposite  or 
alternate  petioled  3-nerved  leaves,  distinct  or  connate  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious flowers,  glomerate  in  axillary  spikes  or  heads,  the  fertile  clusters  sometimes  leafy  at 
the  summit.  Staminate  flowers  mostly  4.parted  or  the  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals,  usually 
with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  calyx  tubular  or  urn.sbaped,  3-4'toothed  or  entire,  en- 
■closing  the  sessile  or  stalked  ovary;  stigma  subulate,  papillose  or  pubescent  along  one  side. 
Acheue  enclosed  by  the  withcri tig-persistent  pistillate  calyx.  [In  honor  of  Geoig  Rudolph 
Boehmer,  1713-1803,  Professor  in  Wittenberg.] 

About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  the  following  of  eastern  North  A 


L'RTICACEAE. 

I.  Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.)  Willd. 
False  Nettle.     (Fig.  1269.) 
I'riica  cylindrica  L.  Sp.  P!.  im6.      1753. 
Boehmeria  cyltHdrica  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  340.      1805. 

A  perennial  rough  pubeicent  or  nearlj  amootb 
and  glabrous  erect  branching  herb,  1"-^"  tall. 
Stem  stiff;  leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lsD' 
ceolate,  thin,  slendcr-petioled,  opposite,  or  some  al- 
ternate, coarsely  dentate,  1'- 3' long,  J^'-i>i'w!de; 
petiolea  shorter  than  tbe  blades;  stipules  laticeo- 
late-sabulate,  distinct;  flowera  dioecious  or  androg]i- 
nous;  staminate  spikes  nsnally  interrupted,  the  pis- 
tillate mostly  continnona,  )i'-i}i'  long;  achene 
ovate-oval,  acute,  rather  less  than  i"  iong. 

In  moi.^t  soil,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  end  Kansas.     July-Sept, 
BMbmetU  cylindrica  wibia  Porter,  Bull.  Ton.  Club, 
16:  ST.      1889. 

Leaves  nrm,  rough  aboie.  tomentose  beneath,  shoit- 
petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  usually  reflexed:  fruiting 
spikes  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  and  southern  New  York. 

5.    PARIETARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  stingleas  diffuse  or  erect  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  3-ncrved  per- 
tioled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  axillary  glomerate  polygamoua  flowera,  involucrate  by  leafy 
bracts.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4-parted  or  of  4  (rarely  3)  distinct  sepals.  Fertile 
flowers  with  a  tubular  or  campanttlate  4-lobed  calyx  investing  the  ovary,  a  short  or  slender 
style,  and  a  penicillate  stigma.  Achene  enclosed  by  the  withering-petsistent  piatillale 
calyx.    [Ancient  Latin,  referring  to  the  growth  of  some  species  on  walls.] 

About  7  species,  widely  dislribnted;  besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern 
United  States. 

I.   Parietaria  PcnnsylvSnica  Muhl. 

Pennsylvania  Pellitory.     (Fig.  1270.) 


Fari 


I  Pettmylvanica  Muhl.;  Willd.  1 


1806. 


.  PI.  . 


Annual,  pubescent,  stem  weali,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  ascending  or  reclining,  very  slen- 
der, 4'-l5'  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  obtong- 
lanceolate.  membranous,  dotted,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved  and  with  1-3 
paira  of  weaker  veins  above,  slender-petioled,  l'-3' 
long,  %'-}i'  wide;  petioles  %'--i'  long,  almost  fili- 
form; flowers  glomerate  in  all  except  the  lowest 
axils,  the  elusteis  shorter  than  the  petiolea;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear,  2~j  times  as  long  as  the 
flowers;  style  almost  none;  achene  about  yi"  long. 

On  drj'  rocks  and  banks,  Ontario  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  Florida,  Colorado  and  Mexico,  June-Aug. 

Family  ir.  LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don,  Prodr.  Fl.  Nepal.  142.  1825. 
Mistletoe  F*milv. 
Parasitic  green  shrtibi  or  herbs,  containing  chlorophyll,  growing  on  woody 
plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  specialized  roots  called  haus- 
toria  (a  few  tropical  species  terrestrial).  Leaves  in  the  following  genera  oppo- 
site, in  Razoumqfskya  reduced  to  opposite  scales.  Flowers  regular,  terminal  or 
axillar>',  clustered  or  solitar>',  dioecious  or  monoecious,  and  perianth  simple,  or 
in  some  exotic  genera  perfect,  and  with  perianth  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovarj-,  its  limb  entire,  toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  2-6; 
anthers  3-celled  or  coiiflueiitly  i-celled.  Ovary  solitar\',  erect;  style  simple  or 
none;  stigma  terminal,  undivided,  obtuse.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seed  solitary,  its 
testa  indistinguishable  from  the  endosperm,  which  is  usually  copious  and  fleshy; 
enibrj'o  terete  or  angled. 


tropical  regions. 

I.  Ra:oumofikya. 
1.  Phoradendron. 


MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

About  II  genem  and  500  species,  widet;  distributed;  most  abundant  i 
Leaves  scale>]ike,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  i-celled;  beiT)'  pedunded. 
Leaves  thick,  flat;  anthers  3-celled;  berry  sesgits. 

I.    RAZOUMOFSKYA  Hoffm.  Hort.  Mosq.      1808. 
[Arcecthobium  Bicb.  Fl.  Taar,  3:629.      1819.] 

Small  or  minute  fleshy  glabrous  platits,  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  coniferous  trees, 
their  branches  4-angled,  and  leaves  reduced  to  opposite  connate  scales.  Flowers  dioecious, 
not  bracted,  solitary  or  several  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales,  Stamiuate  flowers  with  a 
a-S-parted  calyx  and  usually  an  equal  number  of  stamens,  the  anthers  sessile  on  the  seg- 
ments. Pistillate  flowers  with  the  ovary  aduatc  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  the  calyx-limb  2- 
parted.  Disk  present  in  both  kinds  of  flowers.  Berry  fleshy,  ovoid,  more  or  less  flattened, 
borne  on  a  short  somewhat  recurved  peduncle.  Embryo  enclosed  in  the  copious  endosperm. 
[In  honor  of  Alexis  Razoumofski,  Russian  botanist] 

About  10  species.    Besides  the  following,  7  or  8  others  01 
Mexico,  i  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

I.    RazouRiofskya  pusilla  (Peck)  Kuntze. 
Small  Mistletoe.     (Fig.  1271.) 

Arctuihobium  piisHlum  Peck,  Rep.  N.  Y.  SUte  Mus. 

25:69.       1873. 
Arceiilkobiiim  miiitilum  Engelm.  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  3: 

43.     Without  description.     1871. 
Ra:oumof!kya  pusitta  Kunlie,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  587.       1891. 

Plant  inconspicuous,  stems  a"-io"  long,  nearly  te- 
rete when  fresh,  somewhat  4-anglGd  when  dry,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched,  greenish- brown,  slender. 
Scales  suborbicular,  appressed,  obtuse,  about  %" 
wide,  contiate  at  the  base;  (lowers  strictly  dioecious 
(the  stamtnate  and  pistillate  plants  sometimes  on  dif- 
ferent trees),  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils,  longer 
than  the  scales;  berry  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  about  i" 
long,  nodding  on  a  slightly  cxserted  peduncle;  seeds 
enclosed  in  a  viscid  mucus, 


2.   PHORADENDRON  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  i:  185.       1847-50. 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  with  opposite  coriaceous  flat  entire  or  undulate  faintly  nerved 
lea^'es,  terete  usually  jointed  and  brittle  twigs,  and  dioecious  axillary  spicate  bracted  small 
flowers,  solitary  or  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  3-lobed  (rarely 
3-4-lobed)  globose  or  ovoid  calyx,  bearing  a  sessile  transversely  a-ccUed  anther  at  the  base  of 
each  lobe.  Pistillate  flowera  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovoid  inferior  ovary.  Style 
short,  obtuse  or  capitate.  Fmit  a  sessile  ovoid  or  globose  fleshy  beiry.  Endospenu  copious. 
[Greek,  tree-thief,  from  its  parasitic  habit.] 

About  80  species,  all  American.    Besides  the  following,  5  or  6otherB  occur  in  the  Western  States. 


I.   Phoradendron  flaviscens  (Pursh) 
Nutt.    American  Mistletoe.   (Fig.  1272.) 


1856. 


A  branching  glabrous  c 
shrub,  the  twigs  rather  st 
the  base.  I..eaves  oblong 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  int 
nerved,  entire. 


sligbtly  pubescent 
It,  terete,  brittle  at 
r  obovate,  rounded 
short  petioles,  3-5- 
long,  5"-io"  wide,  dark 
petioles  i"-4"  long;  spikes 
solitary,  or  a  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  linear, 
shorter  than  the  leaves;   berry  globose,  white, 

Parasilic  on  deciduous  leaved  trees,  notably  on 
the  Tupelo  and  Red  Maple,  central  New  Jersey  to 
Ohio,  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.     May-July. 


536 


SANTALACEAE. 


Family  12.  SANTALACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  I:  350.  i8ia 
Sandalwood  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (some  exotic  genera  trees),  with  alternate  or  opposite  entire 
exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  or  terminal,  perfect, 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  mostly  greenish.  Calyx  adaate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovarj',  or  to  the  disk,  3-6-lobed,  the  lobes  vah-ate.  Petals  none.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  inserted  near  their  bases,  or  opposite  them  upon 
the  lobed  or  annular  disk;  filaments  slender  or  short.  0\-ary  i-celled;  o\-ules 
2-4,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  central  placenta;  style  cylindric,  conic 
or  sometimes  none;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  nut.  Seed  i,  ovoid 
or  globose.     Testa  none;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy;  embryo  small,  apical. 

About  26  genera  and  150  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 
Perennial  herbs:  flowers  perfect,  crmose  orsolitaTy.  I.   Comandra. 

' lydtoed 


Shrub;  flowers  imperfect,  mostly  d 


',  PyruJaria. 


I.  COMANDRA  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  157.  1818. 
Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  some  (or  all  ?)  parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves 
alternate,  obloQf(,  oval,  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire,  pinnately  veined.  Plovers  perfect,  ter- 
minal or  axillary,  rarely  solitary,  cymose,  bracUess.  Calyx  campannlate,  the  base  of  its 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed).  Stamens  5,  or  rarely  4,  inserted 
at  tbe  bases  of  the  calyx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes  of  tbe  disk,  attached  to  the  middle  of 
the  lobes  by  tufts  of  hairs.  Anthers  ovate,  2-eelted.  Fruit  drupaceons,  globose  or  ovoid, 
crowned  by  tbe  persistent  calyx.     [Greek,  rererring  to  the  hairy  attachmentsof  the  anthers.] 

Four  known  species,  the  following  North  American,  one  European. 
Cymes  mostly  corymbose-clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  leaves  acute,  sessile;  style  slender. 

'■  •  ■         •  1.  C  umbellaltt. 

3.  C.  Pallida. 
tyle  short.  3-  C.  livida. 

I.    Comandra  umbelUta  (L.)  Nutt. 
Bastard  Toad-flax.     (Fig.  1273.) 

Thtsium  umbellatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  308.      1753. 
Comandra  umbellala  Nutt.  Gen.  1;  157.      1818. 

Stem  slender,  very  leafy,  usually  branched,  6'-i8' 
tall.  Leaves  obloug  or  oblong- lanceolate,  pale 
green,  acute  or  subacute  at  both  ends,  sessile,  as- 
cending, '/i'-iyi'  long,  the  lower  smaller;  cymes 
several- flowered,  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  tbe 
plant  or  also  axillary;  peduncles  filirorm,  ]^'-i' 
long;  pedicels  very  short;  caljx  greenish -white  or 
purplish,  about  a"  high]  style  slender;  drupe  glo- 
bose, 3^"-3"  in  diameter,  crowned  by  the  upper 
part  of  the  calyx-tube  and  its  5  oblong  lobes. 

In  dr>'  fields  and  thictets,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  On- 
tario and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Ariiona 
and  California.    April-July, 


2.    Comandra  piillida  A.  DC.     Pale 

Comandra.     (Fig.  1274.) 

Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  Prodr,  14:  636.       1857. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  paler  and 
glancous,  usually  much  branched,  the  leaves  nar- 
rower, linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  low- 
est and  those  of  the  stem  oblong- elliptic;  cymes 
few -several- flowered,  corymbose-clustered  at  the 
summit;  peduncles  usually  short;  pedicelsabout  l" 
long;  calyx  purplish,  about  2"  high;  fruit  o%'oid- 
oblong,  3"-4"  high  and  2"-3}i"  in  diameter, 
crowned  by  the  short  upper  part  of  the  calyx-tubc 
and  its  5  oblong  lobes. 

In  dry  soil.  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  tt. 
Minnes.ita,  Kansas,  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  California. 
April-July. 


SANDALWOOD   FAMILY.  537 

3.   Comandra  livida  Richards.     Northeni 
Comandra.     (Fig.  1275.) 

Comaadra  livida  Richards.  Aptf.  Frank.  Journ.  734. 

Stem  slender,  nsaally  qnite  simple,  4' 
Leaves  oral,  tbio.  obtuse  or  roDiided  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioted,  }i'~i'  long 
%'-yi'  wide;  petioles  V'-i"  long;  cymes  axillary 
few  (oflea  only  1  to  each  plant),  1-5-flowered;  pe- 
duncle shorter  than  its  subtending  leaf,  filiform; 
Bowers  sessile;  style  very  short;  drupe  globose-ob- 
tong,  aboat  3"  in  diameter,  red,  edible,  crowned  by 
the  ovate  calyxdobes. 

In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Vermont,  Ontario, 
Michigan  and  British  Columbia.    June-July. 

a.  PYRULARIA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  231.  1803. 
A  branching  shrub  (the  Asiatic  species  trees),  with  thin  alternate  pinnately- veined  en- 
tire  short- petioled  deciduous  leaves,  and  dioecious  or  polygamous  small  greenish  racemose 
flowers.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  campanulate  3-5-cleft  calyi,  the  lobes  valvate,  recurved 
or  spreading,  pubescent  at  the  base  within;  disli  of  3-5  distinct  glands  or  scales;  stamens 
4  or  5,  inserted  between  the  glands  and  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  short;  anthers 
ovate.  Pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  with  a  top-shaped  calyx  adnate  to  the  obovoid  ovary; 
style  short,  stoat;  stigma  capitate,  depressed.  Fruit  a  pear-shaped  or  oval  dmpe,  the  endo- 
carp  thin  and  endosperm  of  the  seed  very  oily.  [Name  from  Pyrus,  the  pear,  from  the 
similar  shape  of  the  fruit.] 

Three  species,  the  following  and  two  Asiatic. 

I.    Pyrularia  pubera  Michx.     Oil-nut. 
Buffalo-nut.     (Fig.  1276.) 

1805. 

Pyrularia  oteiftra  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  i,  382.      1858. 

A  straf^ling  or  erect  much  branched  shmb,  3°- 
15°  tall,  with  terete  twigs,  the  young  foliage  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  oblong,  obloug-lauceolale  or  some- 
what obovate,  nearly  glabrous  when  mature,  acute 
or  acDininate  at  both  ends,  3'-5'  long,  8"-iJi' 
wide;  petioles  2"-\"  long;  racemes  terminaliug 
short  branches,  the  staminate  many- flowered,  i'- 
3'  long,  the  pistillate  few-flowered  and  shorter; 
pedicels  slender,  i;^"-2"Iong;  staminate  flowers 
about  3"  broad;  calyx  3-5-cleft;  drupe  about  i' 
long,  crowned  by  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes. 

In  rich  H-oods,  sonthem  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia, 
mostly  in  the  mountains.    May.    Fruit  ripe  Aug, -Sept, 

Family  13.  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Blume,  Eniim.  PI.  Jav.  i:  81.  1830. 
Birth woKT  Familv. 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  acaiilescent,  or  with  erect  or  twining  and  leafy  stems. 
Leaves  alternate  or  basal,  petioled,  mostly  cordate  or  reniform,  exstipulate. 
Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitarj'  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  large,  regular 
or  irregular.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-lobed,  6-lobed  or  irreg- 
ular. Petals  none.  Stamens  6-many,  inserted  on  the  pistil,  the  anthers  2-celled, 
extrorse,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior, 
mostly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  horizontal  or  pen- 
dulous. Fruit  a  many-seeded  mostly  6-celled  capsule.  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong, 
angled  or  compres.sed,  the  testa  crustaceous,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  usually  with  a 
fleshy  or  dilated  raphe;  endasperm  copious,  fleshy;  embryo  minute. 


538  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 

Pive  genera  and  about  loo  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Acaulescent  herbs;  perianth  regular,  ,v1obed.  pereistenl;  filaments  distinct. 
Leafy  erect  herbs  or  twiniDg  vines;  perianth  irregular,  dcciduou 


I.    ASARUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  442. 
Acaulescent  perennial  often  clustered  herbs,  with  slender 
thick  fibrous-fleshy  roots,  long-petioled  cordate  ovate  hastate 
solitary  laTRe  peduncled   purple-brown 
ground.    Caljx  campaoulate  or  hemisphi 


1753- 


branched  rootstocks, 

orbicular  entire  leaves,  and 

mottled  flowers,  borne  very  near  or  upon  the 

',  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  least  below,  regnlatlj 


3-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate.  Stamens  11,  inserted  on  the  ovary;  filaments  short,  stoat;  c 
nective  of  the  anthcr-saca  more  or  less  continued  beyond  them  as  a  tip.  Ovary  partly  or 
wholly  inferior,  &celled,  the  parietal  placentae  intruded;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal  or 
pendulous.  Capsule  coriaceous,  crowned  by  the  withering-persistent  calyx  and  stamens, 
subglobose  or  hemispheric,  at  length  bursting  irregularly  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
compressed.     [The  ancient  name,  meaning  obscure.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  lone.    Besides  the  Following,  3  others  occur  in 

Calyx-lobea  lanceolate,  Bcuminatc;  style  6-lobed;  plant  pubescent.  i.  A.  Canadense. 

Calyx-lobes  short,  rounded;  styles  6,  each  2-cleft;  plants  glabrous  or  nearly  m 


Anthers  not  pointed;  leaves  orbicular  o 
Calyi  6-8"  long,  contracted  al  the  thr 
Calyx  8"-«>"  long,  not  contracted  at  th 

Anthers  pointed;  leaves  or  some  at  them  h 


calyx 


mpanulate. 


-  Virgin icam. 
4.  A.  ari/blium. 


throat. 
state;  calyx  um-shaped. 

I.  Asarum  Canad£nse  L.     Wild 
Ginger.     (Fig.  1277.) 

Asarum  Canadeitse  I..  Sp.  PI,  44»,       1753, 

Finely  pubescent,  petioles  rather  slender,  6'- 
it'  long.  Leaves  commonly  i  to  each  plant, 
renifonn,  thin,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  4'-?' 
broad,  darlc  gicen,  not  mottled,  the  basal  sinus 
deep  and  open;  flower  slender-peduncled  from 
between  the  bases  of  the  petioles,  i'  broad  or 
more  when  expanded,  brownish  pnrple;  calyx 
ovoid,  its  tube  completely  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
its  lobes  inflexed  in  the  bud,  ovate- lanceolate, 
acute  or  long-acuminate,  spreading,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  tube;  filameuts  longer  than 
the  anthers;  style  6-lobed:  stigmas  radiating  ou 
the  lobes,  capsule  6"-8"  in  diameter. 

In  rich  woods.  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Missouri  and  Kansa-o. 
Ascends  to  ,toou  ft.  in  Virginia.  Called  also  Canada 
Snakeroot,  April-May.  Perhaps  includes  2! 


2.    Asarum  Virgi 

Asarum  Vir^inraim  L.  Sp.  PI,  442.       1753, 

Rootstocks  slender,  scaly,  clustered,  simple  or 
branched.  Leaves  1-3  to  each  planter  branch, 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  ij/i'-y  wide,  usually  mot- 
tled, the  basal  sinus  open  or  nearly  closed;  peti- 
oles pubescent  along  one  side  or  glabrous,  3'-?' 
long,  ascending:  flower  short-ped uncled,  purple, 
6"-S"  long;  calyx  campanulate,  narrowed  at 
the  throat,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  ovary,  free  above,  the  lobes  ovate  or  nearly 
semicircular,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
tube;  peduncle  H'-H'  lotig;  filaments  much 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  anthers  not  pointed; 
styles  6,  each  2-lobed,  the  stigmas  sessile  below 
the  lobes;  capsule  hemispheric,  about  4"  high. 

In  rich  woods,  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  to 
Ctnrgia  and  South  Carolina.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in 
Virginia,    May-June, 


of  ginger. 
Virginia  Asarum.     (Fig.  1278.) 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.  5 

3.    Asarum  macrfinthum  (Shuttlw.)  Small.     Large-flowered  Asarum. 
(Fig.  1279.) 

Jfomo/rofia  macranlliutnStiMavii.:  Small.t/lem. 

Torr.  Club,  4:  150,  as  synonym.      1394. 
Asarum  macranlhum  Small,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5:  136-      1894. 

Glabrous,  rootstocka  more  or  less  brancbed. 
Leaves  i  or  3  to  each  plant  or  branch, 
broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  dark  green 
and  usually  mottled  above,  paler  beneath, 
3'-4'  long,  iJi'-3'  wide,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  the  basal  sioiis  mostly  narrow; 
petioles  3 '-8'  long,  ascending;  calyx  tnbnlar- 
campanulate,  8"-2o"  long,  not  or  scarcely 
contracted  at  the  throat,  the  lobea  somewhat 
unequal,  obtuse,  mottled  with  violet  on  the 
inner  side,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  tube;  peduncle  8"-3o"  long;  filaments 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  anthers  equally  4- 
ribbed,  not  pointed;   styles  6,  each  2'Cteft. 


4.  Asarum  arifdlium  Michx.    Halberd- 
leaved  Asarum.     (Fig.  1280.) 
A.  ari/olium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  179,      1803, 

Pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  of  the  leaves, 
rootstocks  slender,  usually  branched  and  with 
I  or  3  leaves  to  each  branch.  Leaves  rather 
thick,  usually  mottled,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  a'-j' 
long,  some  of  them  hastate,  some  suborbicular, 
the  basal  sinus  often  broad;  petioles  more  or 
less  pubescent,  3'-8'  long,  erect  or  ascending; 
flower  slout-peduncled,  about  1'  long;  calyx 
urn-shaped,  much  contracted  at  the  throat,  the 
lobes  rounded,  about  one'fifth  as  long  as  the 
tube,  which  is  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the 
ovary;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  short- pointed; 
styles  6,  2-clcfl,  with  a  sessile  stigma  below  the 
cleft;  capsule  subglobose,  about  8"  in  diameter. 

In  woods,  Viiginia  to  Tennessee,  Florida  and 
Alabama.  Ascends  to  3000  fl.  in  Virginia.  April- 
June, 

a.  ARISTOLOCHIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  960.  1753. 
Perennial  herbs  or  twining  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  petioled  and  entire  (some 
exotic  species  3-7-lobed ),  cordate,  palmately  3-m  any -nerved.  Flowers  irregul^,  solitary  or 
clustered.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  ils  base,  the  tube  narrow,  usually  inflsted 
around  the  style  and  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  or  refieied,  entire,  3-6- 
lobed  or  appendaged.  Stamens  niostly  6;  anthers  sessile,  adnate  to  the  short  style  or 
stigma,  3-celtsd,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  mostly 
6-celled  with  6  parietal  placentae.  Style  3-6-lobed.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6-valved. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal,  compressed,  their  sides  flat  or  concave.  [Named  for  its 
supposed  mediciual  properties.] 

.\hout  180  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.     Besides  the  toIlowinR, 
surae6othcr(     "         '     "'  " '        ....=..j^.-- 


Erect  herbs. 

Calyx-tnbe  bent:  flowet!i  solitary,  on  basal  scaly  branche 

CalyX'tnbe  slraiKhl:  flowers  axillary,  clustered. 
TalHwining  vines;  flowera  axillary;  calyx -lube  bent. 

Leaves  minutely  pubescent:  calyx-limb  flat,  spreading. 

Leaves  toinentose;  calyx-limb  rugose,  reflexed. 


40  ARISTOLOCttlACEAE. 

.  Aristolochia  Serpentdj'ia  L.  Virginia Snakeroot.    Serpentary,  (Fig.iaSi.) 

AriUolochia  Serfltnlaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  961.       1753. 

A  perennial  pubescent  nearly  erect  herb.  lo'-s" 
tall,  with  short  rootatocks  and  fibrotts  Bromatic 
roots.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  acuminate  at 
the  aper,  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  \)i'-%' 
long,  j4'-a'  wide;  petioles  %'-\'  long;  lowest 
leaves  reduced  to  scales;  flowera  solitary  and  ter- 
minal, on  slender  basal  scaly  branches;  tube  of 
the  calyx  curved  tike  the  letter  S,  enla^^ed  at  the 
ovary  end  at  its  throat,  the  limb  short,  spreadiug, 
slightly  3-lobed;  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs; 
stiifma  3-lobed;  capsule  suhglobose,  ridged,  abont 
X' in  diameter.  Flowers  sometimescleistogamons. 

In  diy  woods.  Connecticut  and  New  York  to  Michi- 
gan, Florida,  Louisiana  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to 
»joo  fL  in  Virginia.    June-July.    Fruit  ripe  SepL 


2.    Aristolochia  Clematttis  L. 
Birtliwort.     (Fig.  1282.) 

Arislolachitt  Clemalilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  96a.      1753. 

Herbaceons,  perennial;  stem  erect,  gla- 
brous, zigzag,  striate,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves 
dark  green,  reniform,  subacute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  or  their  margins  mi- 
nutely apinulose-ciliate,  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  i'-5' wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades;  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils,  I'-iJi' 
long;  tube  of  the  calyx  yellowish  green, 
straight,  enlarged  around  the  ovary,  the 
lolDes  appendaged;  anthers  equidistant. 


3.   Aristolochia  macroph^Ua  Lam.     Dutchman's  Pipe.     (Fig-  1283.) 

Aristolochia  macropkylla  Lam.  Encycl.  v.  355.    1783. 
Aristolochia  S'ipbo  L'Her.  Stirp,  Nov,  13.      1754. 

A  twining  vine,  the  stem  sometimes  I'in  diame- 
ter and  30°  long,  the  branches  very  slender,  terete, 
green,  glabrous.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  reniform 
or  suborbicular,  densely  pubescent  beneath  when 
young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  6'-l5'  broad 
when  mature;  petioles  slender,  l'-4'  long;  pedun- 
cles solitary  or  3  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  about 
as  long  as  the  petioles,  each  with  a  suborbicular 
clasping  bract  at  about  the  middle  }i'~\'  in  dia- 
meter; calyx-tube  strongly  curved,  i'  or  more 
long,  inflated  above  the  ovary,  contracted  at  the 
throat,  yellowish -green,  veiny,  the  limb  flat, 
spreading,  purple-brown,  somewhat  3-lobed;  an- 
thers contiguous  in  pairs  under  the  3  lobes  of  tbe 
stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindric,  strongly  parallel- 
nerved,  i'-l'  long,  8"-io"  in  diameter. 

In  rich  woods,  southern  Pennsylvania  to  Minnf- 
sota,  Georjqa.  Tennessee  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to 
4500  ft,  in  Virginia.     May-June.     Fruit  ripe  Sept. 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY. 

4.   Aristolochia  tomentdsa  Sims 
Woolly  Pipe-vine.    (Fig.  1284  ) 

A.  lomenlosa  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pl.ij6g     1811 

A  twining  vine,  similar  to  the  preceding 
but  the  twigs,  petioles,  leaves  and  pedun 
eles  persistently  totnentose.  Leaves  aub- 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  obtnse  or 
rounded  at  tbe  apex,  3'-6'  broad  when 
mature;  petioles  rather  stout,  1^-3  long 
peduncles  axillary,  mostly  solitary  slen 
der,  bractless;  calyx  densely  tomeotose 
the  tnbe  sharply  curved,  yellowish  green 
about  \%'  long,  its  throat  nearly  closed 
the  limb  becoming  refiexed,  wrinkled 
dark  purple,  3-lobed:  anthers  contiguous 
in  pairs  beneath  the  3  spreading  lobes  of 
the  stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindnc 

In  woods.  Misw 
to  North  Carolin 
May-June. 

Family  14.  POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  Ed.  2,  211.  1836.* 
Buckwheat  Family. 
Herbs,  twining  vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  or 
whorled  simple  mostly  entire  leaves,  jointed  stems,  and  usually  sheathing  united 
stipules  (ocreae).  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  dioecious,  monoecious  or 
polygamous,  spicate,  racemose,  corymbose,  umbellate  or  panicled.  Petals  none. 
Calyx  inferior,  free  from  the  ovary,  2-6-cleft  or  2-6-parted,  the  segments  or 
sepals  more  or  less  imbricated,  sometimes  petaloid,  sometimes  developing 
wings  in  fruit.  Stamens  2-9,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  in  stanii- 
nate  flowers  crowded  toward  the  centre;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  often 
dilated  at  the  base,  distinct  or  united  into  a  ring;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistil  soIitar>';  ovary  superior,  i-celled;  ovule  soli- 
tary, orthotropous,  erect  or  pendulous;  style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-parted  (rarely 
4-parted),  sometimes  very  short;  stigmas  capitate  or  tufted,  rarely  2 -cleft;  fruit 
a  lenticular  3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled  acheiie,  usually  invested  by  the  persist- 
ent calyx;  seed  shaped  like  the  pericarp;  endosperm  mealy;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent  or  incumbent,  flat;  embrj'o  straight  or  curved. 

.\bout  30  genera  and  800  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Flowers  subtended  by  involucres, 

Ocieae  present;  calyi  2-4-parted;  stamens  s  or  fewer.  1.  ilacounaslrum. 

Ocreae  none;  calyx  6-cleft  or  6-paite<l;  stamens  g;  achene  3-angled.  i.  Briogonum. 

Flowers  not  involucrate ;  aumens  +-8.  ■ 
Ocieae  present;  stigmas  turted. 

Calyi  6-parted ;  style  .vpaited;  achene  j-an pled.  3.  Rumex. 

Calyx  4-parted;  style  i-parted;  achene  lenticular,  4.  Oxyria. 

Ocreae  present;  stigmas  capitate. 

Pedicels  mostly  several  together;  achene  much  surpassing  the  calyi.      5,  fagofiyum. 
Pedicels  usually  fascicled;  achene  mostly  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  calyx.  6.  Potygonuni. 
Pedicels  solitary;  leaves  jointed  at  the  base.  7.  Polygonella. 

Ocreae  obscure  or  wanting;  stignnas  i-cleft.  S,  BmnHichia, 

I.    MACOUNASTRUM  Small. 

[KOENIGIA  L.  Mant.  35.      1767.     Not  Konig  Adans.  1763,] 
Low  glabrous  annual  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  erect  or  spreading  simple  or  forked  stems, 
alternate  or  opposite  entire  leaves,  fnnnelform  membranous  ocreae,  and  minute  perfect  ter- 
minal clustered  flowers,  subtended  by  a  several -leaved  involucre.     Calyx  2-4-parted  (usually 
3-parted),  greenish-white,  the  segments  valvate,  equal;  pedicels  short,  subtended  by  trans- 
parent bracts;  stamens  2  or  4,  alternate  with  and  often  protruding  between  the  calyx-seg- 
meDts;  filaments  short,  slout;   anthers  ovoid.     Style  i-3'parted;   stigmas  capitate;  achene 
ovoid,  3-atiglcd  or  lenticular,  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx;  embryo  eccentric,  accumbent. 
Two  or  three  species,  the  following  circumboreal,  the  others  of  the  higher  Himalayas. 
*Teit  contributed  by  Dr.  John  K.  Shall. 


542  POLYGONACEAE. 

I.    Macounastrum  IsUndicum  (L.)  Small. 
Macounastrum.     (Fig.  1285,) 

Kotnigia  Islandica  I..  Mant.  JS-      'T^' 

Stems  very  slender,  i'-4'  long,  sometimes  tufted. 
Leaves  obovate,  oblong  or  almost  orbicular,  i"-5" 
long,  fleahy,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  sesule  or  sbort-peti- 
oled;  ocreae  about  yi"  long;  involucre  consisting  oF 
3-6  obovate  or  orbicular  leaves  more  or  less  united  at 
their  bases;  flowers  fascicled  in  tbe  involucres,  sbott- 
pedicelled;  calji  %"  long,  the  segments  ovate  •lan- 
ceolate, rather  obtuse;  stamens  very  short;  style- 
branches  abort;  acbeue  less  than  \"  long,  brown, 
often  slightl;  curved,  striate,  its  faces  convex. 


2.  ERIOGONUM  Miclix.  Fl,  Bor.  Am.  i:  246.  1803. 
Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  very  woody  tt 
the  base,  with  simple  or  branched,  often  tuflcd  stems,  snd  entire  alternate  opposite  or  wborled 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  fascicled,  cymoae,  umbellate  or  capitate,  subtended  by  s-S-tootliei] 
or  cleft  campanulate  top-shaped  or  almost  cylindric  involucres.  Calyx  6-cleft  or  6-parted, 
usually  colored,  tbe  segments  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  9,  included  or  ex- 
serted;  filaments  filiform,  often  villous;  anthers  oblong.  Style  3-parted:  stigmas  capitate. 
Acbene  pyramidal,  3-angied,  more  or  less  swollen  near  tbe  base,  invested  by  the  calyx-srg- 
mettCs,  or  winged.  Embryo  axial  or  somewhat  eccentric.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly 
and  jointed  stems.] 

About  160  species,  natives  of  America,  mostly  of  the  western  United  States. 
Stem  leafy  to  the  summit. 

Stem  leaves  alternate;  stem  atriROse.  _ 

Achene  glabrous,  win^d  in  fruit. 
Achetie  villous,  not  winned 
Stem  leaves  whorled;  stem  tomentose. 

Robust;  basal  leaves  rounded  at  the  liase;  flowers  yellow. 
Slender;  basal  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base ;  flowers  white  oi 
Stem  leafy  below,  naked  above. 

Involucres  erect  on  branches  of  the  cymes. 
Involucres  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblung  or  oblanceolate,  flat,  long^-pelioled. 

Leaves  oblong,  mote      ' '  —  "   "' .!-..  j 

Acaulescent;  scapose;  scapes 

Densely  tomenlosc;  leaves  spatulati 
Slightly  lomentose;  leaves  linear  or 
Scape  branched  at  the  summit. 

Inflorescence  reRiilarly  umbellate. 
'    "     escence  irteRularly  umbellate 


pint. 


ir-spatulate.  few. 


£.  pauciflo. 


paniculate. 
c   solitary  on  deflexed  peduncles. 

I.    Eriogonum  al^tum  Torr.     Winged 
Eriogoiium.     (Fig.  1286.) 

}    alalum  Tort.  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  i6S.  pi.  S.      185J. 

Perennial   by  a  long  thick  root,  stem  rather  stout, 
e  ect,  sttigose,  paniculately  branched,  somewhat  ang- 

cd  I  "-3°  tall.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate,  oblan- 
ceolate or  narrowly  obovate,  i'-3'  long,  those  of  the 
s  cm  alternate,  nearly  linear,  short -petioled,  all  obtosc 
o  subacute  at  the  apex,  glabrous  or  pubescent  and 
w  h  midrib  prominent  beneath,  ciliate;  panicle  open; 
acts  Ian  ceo  late  or  subulate;  involucres  cymoseatthe 
ends ofthe branches,  campanulate,  5- toothed,  \"-\%" 

ong,  the  segments  obtuse  and  somewhat  reflexed; 
calyx  yellowish,  i"  long,  campanulate;  stamens 
si  gfatty  cxscrted;  achene  loug-pointed,  1%"-}," 
long,  reticulated,  closely  invested  by  3  wings. 

On  plains,  western  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  toColotado 
and  New  Mexico.    June-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

a.    Eriogonum  longifdlium  Nutt.     Lotig-leaved  Kriogonum. 
Bi-iogoHum  lon^ifoiinm  Nutt.  Ttans.  Am,  Phil. 

Soc   (II  )5'i^      1813  3~ 
F   Ttxanum  Scheele  I  nnaea  M  150      ia4i> 

Perenntal  stngose  throughout  stem  stout 
erect  pauiculatety  or  cor3'inbosely  branched 
leafy  finely  grooved  3°  4°  tall  Leaves  uar 
rowlj  obloug  or  hnear-oblong  obtuse  at  the 
apei  more  or  less  totnentose  beneath  the  upper 
sessile  the  loner  narroiired  into  petioles  mth 
dilated  and  sheathing  bases  bracts  lanceolate 
or  subulate  involucres  turbinate -campanula  te 
i^  a  long  peduncles  1  long  or  less  cahx 
oblong-campanulate  a'  3  high  6  parted  to 
near  the  base  \er\  villous  stamensand  stjle 
branches  exserted  achene  ty,  long  much  en 
laired  at  the  base  villous  loosely  invested  by 
the  calj  X  segments   not  winged 

Southern   Missouri  to  Texas     AI90  in  Plonda 


3    Eriogonum  Alleni  S.  Wals,   Allen's 
Enogonuni.     (Fig.  1288.) 

E  Allen  f,  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 734.  1890, 
Perennial  floccose-tomeutose  throughout, 
stem  rather  stout,  erect,  sparingly  branched 
above  i''-i}i°  tall.  I^eaves  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong  I  -3  long,  the  basal  long-petioled,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  those  of  the  stem  in  whorls  of 
3-5  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes,  sbort-peti- 
oled  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  small  and 
bract  hke  inHorescence  compoundly  cymose; 
involucres  top-shaped,  5-toothed,  3ji"-3"long, 
the  teeth  obtusish;  bracts  leaf-like,  spatulate; 
calys  yellow  \%"  long,  broadly  campanu- 
late  Its  segments  obovate  or  orbicidar;  stamens 
and  style  branches  exserted. 

While  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia.  July-Aug. 


4.  Eriogonum  Jikmesii  Benth.  J^ 
F.riogonumJameUi'^i:rM\.\n  DC.  Prodr.  14:7. 1856. 
EringOHum   sen'ceHm   Tort.:  T.   &  G.  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  8:  155.      1870,     Not  Pursh,  1814. 

Perennial,  base  woody,  scaly,  somewhat 
branched,  stem  usually  spreading,  branched,  to- 
mentose,  slender,  6'-i8' long,  the  branches  erect, 
3  or  4  times  forked,  light  brown  or  reddish. 
Leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate  or  oblong,  i'-4' 
long,  long-petioled,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile  in 
whorls  of  3  or  4  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes, 
all  obtuse  or  subacute,  dark  green  and  sparingly 
tomentose  above,  densely  gray-tomentose  be- 
neath, their  margins  sometimes  slightly  revolute 
and  crisped;  inflorescence  compoundly  csTUOse; 
inirolucres  turbinate -campanula  te,  2"  long,  5- 
toothed,  the  teeth  rounded;  bracts  foLiaceous, 
narrowly  oblong  or  oblong -spatulate;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  campanulate,  villous,  2%"-y  long,  its 
segments  oblong  or  ot)ovate;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  ache  ne  2  Ji  "-3"  long.smooth, 
-villous  near  the  ape-t,  its  angles  margined. 

On  plains,  Kansas  (?),  Colorado  to  Texas,  Arizona  : 
35 


(Fig.  1289.) 


and  Chihuahua.    July-Oct. 


POLYGONACEAE. 

5.   Eriogonum    Annuutn   Nutt.      Annual 

Eriogonum,     (Fig.  1290.) 
EiiognnuM  aanuiim  Nutt.  Trann.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (IIJ 

5:  [64.       1B33-37. 
E.  Littdheimertanum  Schetle,  T.innaca,  3>:  149.    1849. 

.Annual,  white  floccose-tomentoee  throughout, 
simple  or  branched,  leafy  below,  naked  above,  i'- 
3''tall.  Leavesoblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ohlance- 
olate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  acn- 
minate  at  the  base,  petioled,  the  margins  sotnewhat 
revolute  or  crisped;  inflorescence  cytpose;involncre3 
top-shaped,  i"-iji"  long,  secund.  erect,  5-toothed, 
the  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  triangular,  not  foliaceous; 
calyx  white  or  whitish,  %"-i"  long,  campanulate, 
6-clefl  to  beyond  the  middle,  the  lobes  obovate; 
acheae  pointed,  less  than  i"  long,  its  angles 
smooth,  its  base  almost  globular. 

On  plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  New  Heiico, 
extending  into  Mexico,    july-Sept. 

6.   Eriogonum  microthftcum  Nutt. 
Slender  Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1291.) 

Eriogonum  microlkecum  Nutt.Joum.  Acad.  Phila. 

(II.)i;l7».     1848. 

Perennial,  woody,  especially  below,  more  or 
less  floccose-tomentose  throughout;  stem  erect  or 
ascending,  branched,  especially  from  the  base, 
leafy  below,  naked  above,  6'-i2'  high.  Leaves 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  afrex,  nar- 
rowed into  short  petioles,  %'-i'  long,  the  upper 
bract-like;  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose; 
involucres  top-shaped,  \%"  long.  5-toothed,  the 
teeth  obtusish;  bracts  triangular;  calyx  yellow, 
white  or  pink,  Ifi"  long,  campanulate,  at  length 
constricted  near  the  middle;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  included;  achene  pointed,  i"  long, 
rough  on  the  angles. 

Western  Nebraska  to  Washington,  south  to  New 
Mexico  and  California.    July-Oct. 

EiiogoDum  microthicaDi  eSiisum  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  171.      1S70. 
Eriogonum  effuiun  Nutl.  Joum.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  i:  164.       184S. 

More  densely  floccose-tomentose;  stem  diffusely  branched;  leaves  linear-oblong'  or  linear;  in- 
florescence 3-3  times  compound,  elongated;  flowers  white.    Nebraska  to  Montana  and  Niew  Mexico, 

7.    Eriogonum   corymbdsum   Benth. 
Crisp-leaved  Eriogonum.   (Fig.  1292,) 

E.  corymbosum  Benth,  in  DC,  Prodr.  14:  17,       i8j6. 

Perennial,  woody,  densely  floccose-tomentose 
throughout;  stem  erect,  branched,  leafy  below, 
naked  above,  f/-i2'  tall.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled,  }i'-i)i' 
long,  their  margins  more  or  less  crisped;  inflores- 
ce  cotnponndly  cymose;  involucres  short-cam- 
panulate,  5-toothed,  about  iji"  long,  the  teetli 
subacute;  bractstriangular  or  triangular-lanceolate, 
not  foliaceotis;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  i"-iji" 
long,  constricted  near  the  middle,  6-cleft,  the  seg- 
ments fiddle-shaped,  emarginate,  the  3  inner  ones 
shorter  than  the  outer;  style-branches  exserted; 
achene  i"  long,  enlarged  at  the  base,  rough  on  the 
angles. 

Kansas  to  New  Slexico,  west  to  Utah  and  Atiioni 
Aug,-Sepl, 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


8.  Eriogonum  multiceps  Nees. 
Branched  Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1293.) 


1853- 


Perennial  by  a  slender  root,  seapose,  densely 
white-tome n lose  throughout;  stems  short,  tutted, 
much  branched,  sometimes  several  inches  long. 
Scapes  simple,  i'-5'  high;  leaves  spalulate,  }4'- 
3'  long,  numerous,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
below  into  petioles:  inflorescence  capitate;  involu- 
cres 3-1  J,  sessile,  i  fi"  long,  5-6-toothed,  the  teeth 
acute;  bracts  foliaceous,  spatulate;  calyx  white  or 
rose-color,  ij^"-aji"  long,  campanulate,  some- 
what villous,  6-cieft  to  alxiut  the  middle,  the  seg- 
ments cuiwate,  obtuse  or  eraarginate;  stamens  and 
style-branches  exserted;  achene  Ji"  long. 


1,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.   June-Aug, 


g.  Briogonum  paucifldnim  Pursh.     Few- 
flowered  Eriogonum.    (Fig.  1294.) 

£:.  paucijiorum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  735.      iSu. 

Eriogonum  parr-ijtorum  Null.  Gen.  1;  261.  1818. 
Perennial,  root  long  and  slender,  stems  very  short, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  loosely  tufted,  covered 
by  the  scarious  dilated  bases  of  the  petioles.  Scapes 
erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly  tomentosc,  3'-6'  high; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-spat ulate,  i'-3'  long,  rather  ob- 
tuse, but  apparently  acute  from  the  strongly  revolute 
margins,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  white- 
tomentose  or  cottony  beneath,  narrowed  into  slender 
petioles;  inflorescence  capitate;  involucres  4-10,  I  Ji" 
long,  turbinate-campanulate,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  ob- 
tuse, more  or  less  reflexed;  calyx  white,  carapantdate, 
iji"  long, glabrous,  the  segments  ovate;  achene  i%" 
long,  its  faces  swollen  at  about  the  middle,  incon- 
spicuously striate-reticulated. 

On  dry  plains,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.    July-Sept. 


10.   Eriogonum  fl&vum  Nutt.     Yellow  Eriogoi 

Eriogonum  JIavum  Nutt.  Fraa.  Cat,      1813. 
E.  sericeum  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  277.     18:4. 

Perennial,  seapose,  white-tomentose  through- 
out, root  short,  scaly,  spindle-shaped,  stem  very 
short  and  thick,  simple  and  solitary  or  tufted 
and  creeping,  woody.  Scapes  2'-i3'  tall,  erect; 
leaves  crowded  on  the  short  stem,  linear^>blong 
or  oWong-spatulate,  i'-3'  long,  mostly  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  flat,  narrowed  into  petioles;  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base  and  imbricated;  inflorescence 
regularly  umbellate;  involucres  top-shaped,  3"- 
2  fi"  long,  nearly  entire,  rather  densely  clustered ; 
peduncles  ;i'-i^'  long;  bracts  spatulate,  folia- 
ceous; calyx  yellow,  3"  high,  top-shaped,  very 
villous,  the  segments  obovate;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  achene  constricted  at  the  mid- 
dle, 3"  long,  villous  at  the  summit,  the  angles 
undulate,  the  faces  swollen. 


(Fig.  1295.) 


POLYGONACEAE. 

II.  Eriogonum  lachnog^num  Tott. 
Long-rooted  Eriogonum,      (Fig.  1296.) 

FrioeoiiumlachnogyHumtart    Betith  in  DC  Prodi 
14  B        1856 

Perennial  acapose  root  long  fusiform  stems 
stout  and  short  tufted  much  branched  covered 
witb  the  dilated  petiole  bases  Scapeerect  slendei 
4'--i3  tall  white  tomentose  spanngh  branched 
abo\e  lea\es  numerous  crowded  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong  }i'-\  long  acute  at  the  apex 
narrowed  at  the  base  silky  above  white  tomen 
tose  beneath  long  petioled  their  margins  some 
what  reiolute  inflorescence  irregularly  umbellate 
or  paniculate;  involucres  broadly  campanulate  or 
nearly  hemispheric,  i;i"-2"  high,  sessile  or  pe- 
duncled,  5-toothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  small,  lan- 
ceolate; calyx  campanulate,  ij4"  long,  villous; 
stamens  and  style-branches  exserted. 

Western  Kansas  to  Colorado  and  Arizona.  Maj-Nov. 
12,    Eriogonum  campanuUtum  Nutt.  .    ._ 

Narrow-leaved  Enogonum     (Fig.  1297.) 
Eriogonum   campanulaliim    Nutt.  Joum.    Acad. 

Phila.  (II  1  I   i6t      ia4<( 
Eriogonum  bnitcaule  Nutt.  Joum.  Acad.    Phila. 

(if).:  163-      1848, 
'^-■--- — -■ "-51  Nutt.  Jot 


(11.) 


164. 


a.  Acad.  Phila. 


short,   thick    and 


Perennial,    acapose, 

nearly  so,  glabrous,  4'-i3'  tall;  leaves  crowded, 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  apatulateor  nearly  linear, 
I  '-3'  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  long 
petioles,  whitc-tonientose  on  both  sides,  the 
margins  sometimes  revolute;  inflorescence  com- 
poundlycymose;  involucres  oblong-turbinate,  1" 
long,  5-toothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  triangular, 
not  foliaceous;  calyx  yellow,  ovoid -campanulate, 
about  i"  long,  6-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  fiddle- 
shaped,  emarginate;  stamens  and  style-branches 
exserted;  achene  i>^"  long,  enlarged  at  base. 

Nebraska  to  Oregon,  south  to  Utah  and  New 
Mexico.     July-Sept. 


13.  Eriogonum  cimuum  Nutt.     Nod- 
ding Eriogonum,  .  (Fig.  1298.) 

E.  cernuum  Nutt.  J,  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  l:  162.    iSjS. 

Annual,  low,  stem  very  short;  scape  erect,  usu- 
ally much  branched,  6'-ia'  high.  Leaves  con- 
fined to  the  short  stem,  orbicular  or  oblong- 
orbicular,  less  than  i'  long,  obtuse  or  slightly 
apiculate,  flat,  floccose-tomentose,  especially  be- 
neath, petioled;  inflorescence  paniculate;  involu- 
cres campanulate,  slightly  more  than  %"  long, 
solitary  on  slender  deflexed  peduncles  l'  longer 
less,  5-cleft  to  near  the  middle,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
bracts  triangular  or  lanceolate,  not  foliaceous; 
calyx  whitish,  campanulate,  >i"  long,  6-parted, 
slightly  constricted  near  the  summit,  the  seg- 
ments fiddle-shaped;  stamens  and  style-branches 
included;  achene  !i"  long,  nearly  globular  at 
the  base,  rough  on  the  angles. 

Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  I'tah.    July-Sept- 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 
3.    RUMEX  L.  Sp.  PL  333- 


1753- 


I'erennial  or  annual,  leafy -stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly  woody,  the  leaves  in  some 
mainly  basal.  Stem  grooved,  mostly  branched,  erect,  spreading  or  creeping.  Leaves  en- 
tire or  undulate,  flat  or  crisped,  the  ocreae  usually  cylindric,  brittle  aud  fugacious,  the  inflor-  , 
escence  consisting  of  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled  racemes.  Flowers  green,  perfect, 
dioecious,  or  polygamo-rnonoecious,  whorled,  on  jointed  pedicels.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  6- 
parted,  the  3  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  3  inner  ones  mostly  developed  into  wings, 
one  or  all  three  of  which  usually  bears  a  callosity  (tubercle);  wings  entire,  dentate,  or  fringed 
with  bristle-like  teeth.  Stamens  6,  included  or  exserted;  filaments  verj'  short,  glabrous; 
anthers  oblong.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  peltate,  tufted;  achene  3-angled,  the  angles  more  or 
less  margined.  Embryo  curved  or  nearly  straight,  borne  in  one  of  the  faces  of  the  3-atlgled 
seed.     [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

6  others occur 


«  Luvei  hutate;  flowcn  dioeclaua;  fatiai 
Inner  sepals  not  developing  wings  in  fruit;  achene  granular 
Fruiting  inner  sepals  developing  winRs;  acbene  smooth. 

Basal  leaves  numerous;  ivings  orbicular-cordate. 

Basal  leaves  few:  wings  broadly  oblong^cordate. 


.  Ji,  Actlosella. 


a? 


ipCCiH 


;  felfaie  acarccly  01 


Leaves  flat,  bright  or  light  green. 

Wings  W-i  %'  broad,  reddish;  no  tubercles. 
Wings  small,  not  red,  bearing  tubercles. 
Tubercles  ususUy  3. 

Pedicels  little  longer  than  the  wings. 
Pedicels  several  times  longer  than  the  wings. 
Tubercle  usually  1 ;  pedicels  equalling  the  wings. 
Leaves  wavy-margined  or  cnsped,  dark  green,  not  glaucescent. 
Wiiws  entire,  more  or  less  undulate. 

Lower  leaves  narrowed  or  acuminate  at  the  base. 
Tubercle  1. 
Tubercles  3. 
Lower  leaves  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base. 
Tubercles  wanting. 
Tubercles  mostly  3. 

InQorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  long. 
Inflorescence  leafy;  pedicels  short. 
Tubercle  i ;  inflorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  short. 
Wings  toothed  or  fringed. 
Lower  leaves  cordate. 

Wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate:  tubercles  mostly  i. 
Wings  hastate  or  ovate-hastate;  tubercle  i. 
Lower  leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  base;  wings  with  4  spreading 


5.  R.  salici/olius. 

6.  R.  ttrttcillatus. 

7.  R.  allisumu!. 


14.  R.  pttUher. 
IS-  H-  oblusi/olias. 
bristle-like  teeth. 

16.  R.  fiersicarioides. 


I.    Rumcx  Acetos^Ua  L.     Field  or  Sheep  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1299.) 
Riinie-c  Acelosella  L.  Sp.  PI.  3.18.      17S3- 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  dioecious, 
stent  slender,  erect  or  nearly  so,  simple  or 
brancbed,  the  rootstock  woody,  horiiontal  or 
creeping.  Leaves  narrowly  hastate,  j'-4'long, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  usually  widest 
above  the  middle,  petioled,  the  basal  auricles 
entire  or  1-3-toothed,  or  the  uppermost  leaves 
nearly  linear  and  not  auricled,  all  papillose; 
ocreae  silvery,  a-parted,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
in  erect  panicled  racemes;  racemes  inter- 
rupted; calyx  green,  fi"  long,  pedicelled; 
stamens  exserted;  achene  less  tban  1"  long, 
very  granular,  eiceeding  the  persistent  calyx, 
its  angles  not  margined. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hillsides  throughout  North 
America  except  the  extreme  noith.  In  large  part 
naturalized  from  Europe.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed.  Foliage  very  acid.  Native  also  of 
Asia.  Ascends  to  6u»  ft.  in  North  Carolina. 
May- Sept, 


rOLYGONACEAE. 


Rumex  hast^tulus  Mtitil. 


Engeliiiann's  Sorrel.     (Fig-  1300.) 

/fi<me.f  hasla/ulas  Mulil,  Cat.  Ed.  9.  37,       1818. 
R.  EngtlmaHHi  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  6).      1856 

Perennial  from  a  woody  base,  glabrous,  dioe- 
cious; stem  rather  strict,  simple  or  branched, 
erect,  5'-Jo'  tall.  Leaves  hastate,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  I'-s'  long,  the  basal  numerous,  more 
or  less  auricled  at  the  base,  subacute,  petioled. 
those  of  the  stem  linear,  all  papillose;  ocreae  sil- 
very, 3-parted,  at  length  lacerate;  racemes  as- 
cending, at  length  interrupted;  calyx  green, 
slender-pedicel  led,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  wings;  wings  orbi- 
cular, mostly  broader  than  high,  cordate,  1  '4"- 
iH"  ^oiS:  stamens  slightly  ezserted;  achene 
reddish,  smooth,  shining,  less  than  i"  long,  in- 
vested by  the  calyi-wiugs,  its'  angles  margined. 

On  the  sea-coast,  southern  New  York  to  Florida 
and  on  the  plains  from  Kansas  to  Texas,  a  geogra- 
phic distribution  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  Cheiuy 
(•odium  leplophyltum.     UaTCh-Aug. 


3.    Rumex  Acetdsa  L.      Sorrel.     Sour 

Dock.     (Fig.  1301.) 
Rumex  Acelosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  337.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dioecious;  stem  erect,  sim- 
ple, grooved,  i^-s"  tall.  Leaves  oblong-hastate 
or  ovate-sagittate,  I'-j'  long,  acute  at  the  apeic, 
crisped  or  erose  on  the  margins,  the  basal  fen, 
long-petioled.  the  upper  subsessile,  the  acute  au- 
ricles entire  or  i-toothed  and  more  or  less  re- 
flexed;  ocreae  lacerate;  racetnes  nearly  erect, 
crowded,  at  length  interrupted;  calyx  green,  1" 
long,  pedicelled,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  wings,  jointed  near  the 
middle;  wings  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  cor- 
date, a"-a^"  long;  achene  rather  more  than 
l"  long,  pointed,  smooth,  shining,  blackish, 
invested  by  the  calyx-wings. 

Labrador  to  Alaska.  Naturalized  from  Europe  in 
Vermont,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Native 
also  of  Asia,    Sumiuer. 


4.    Rumex  vendsus  Pursh.     Veined 
Dock.     (Fig.  1302.) 
Rumex  venoius  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  733.      1814. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock.  glabrous,  stem 
rather  stout,  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  6'-l5'  tall, 
grooved,  branched.  Leaves  ovate.  o\-Bte-lanceo- 
late  or  oblong.  I'-s'  long,  acute  at  both  ends  or 
acuminate  at  the  1>ase,  petioled.  rather  coriaceous; 
ocreae  funnelfonn,  thin,  brittle;  racemes  mostly 
erect,  soon  interrupted;  calyx  red,  pedicelled,  very 
conspicuously  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  at  matur- 
ity rather  stout,  slightly  shorter  than  the  wings, 
jointed  at  about  the  middle;  wings  large,  yi'-l%' 
broad,  suborbicular  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base, 
veiny,  reddish;  style-branches  divergent  in  fruit; 
achene  3"  long,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave, 
its  angles  margined. 

Northwest  Territory  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 


luth  to  Hisf 


ind  Ne\-ada.     May- Aug. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

5.    Rumex  salicif61ius  Weinm.     White, 
Pale  or  Willow-leaved  Dock,    (Fig,  1303,) 

Jtiimci-  salUi/oliiis  Weinm.  Flora,  4:  28,      i8«i. 

Perennial,  glabrous,pale  green;  stem  erect, ascend- 
ing, or  sometimes  spreading,  simple  or  branched, 
grooved,  flexuous,  i^-s"  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  1x>th  ends,  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
petioled;  racemes  erect,  divergent  or  reilexed.  dense, 
in  fruit  interrupted  below;  flowers  in  dense  clusters; 
calyx  pale  green,  1"  long,  pedicelled,  winged  in 
fruit;  pedicels  slightly  longer  than  the  wings,  jointed 
near  the  base;  wings  triangular-ovate,  i%"  long, 
nndulale  or  subdentale,  each  bearing  a  large  ovoid 
tul>ercle;achenei"loiig,  dark  red,  smooth,  shining, 
its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

Texas  and  Lower  Califom" 
Sept. 

6.    Rumex  verticillStus  L.     Swamp  Dock.     (Fig.  1304.) 
Kiimcx  ttrlicUlalus  L.  Sp.  PI.  334.      1753- 

Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  bright  green;  stem 
stout,  grooved,  simple  or  nearly  so,  erect,  ascend- 
ing or  decumbent,  a°-5°  long,  more  or  less  flexu- 
OU.S  when  old.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  a'-ii'  long,  narrowed  at 
both  ends  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  slightly  papil- 
lose, long-petioled;  racemes  interrupted  below, 
spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  in  rather  dense  whorls; 
calyx  green,  1"  long,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels 
stout,  thickened  above,  jointed  near  the  base,  3-5 
times  as  long  as  the  wings;  wings  broadly  deltoid, 
a"  long,  more  or  less  decurrent  on  the  pedicel,  each 
bearing  a  narrowly  ovoid  tubercle;  style-branches 
reilexed  in  fruit;  acbene  i  !^"  long,  reddish, 
pointed,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  swai 


Rumex  altissimus  Wood.     Tall  ( 
Peach-leaved  Dock.     (Fig,  1305.) 


M:   47- 


Rttmex  altisiimui  Wood.  Class-book,  477. 
Rumex  llrilannica  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr 

1856.     Not  I,.  1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  pate  green;  stem 
stout,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  altove, 
grooved,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  (sometimes  ob- 
lanceolate)  a'-ro'  long,  acute  at  lioth  ends, 
papillose;  panicle  rather  open;  racemes  slightly 
interrupted  in  fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled; 
calyx  light  green,  i"  long,  winged  in  fruit; 
pedicels  slender,  jointed  near  the  base,  as  long 
as  the  wings;  wings  triangular-cordate,  i"-i%" 
long,  usually  one  of  them  only  bearing  an  ovoid 
tulwrcle;  achene  \%"  long,  dark  red,  smooth, 
shining,  its  faces  concave. 

Along  streams  nnd  in  swamps,  Massachusetts  to 
Nebraska,  Maryland  and  Texas.     April-June. 


POLYGONACEAE. 

8.    Rumex  Pati^ntia  L-     Patience  Dock. 
(Fig.  1306.) 

Jtiiniej:  Pa/ienlia  L.  Sp.  PI.  333.       1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  erect,  simple  or  apai- 
ingly  branched,  grooved,  2°-5°  tall,  I/3wer  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  long-petioled,  4'-i6'  long,  the 
upper  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong-elliptic,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  uppermofit  lauceolate;  fruiting  panicle 
dense;  racemes  erect,  somewhat  interrupted  in 
fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  green;  pedi- 
cels slender,  1-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  below  the  middle;  wings  orbicular-cordate, 
a"-3"  long,  one  of  them  bearing  a  prominent  ovoid 
callosity;  achene  i}i"  long,  light  brown,  smooth, 
shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  obscurely 
margined. 

In  waste  places,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Wiscon- 
sin, Pennsylvania  and  Kansas.  Also  in  the  Far  West. 
Natnraliied  from  Europe.    May-June. 

Great  Water-Dock.     (Fig.  1307.) 


•■biCttlalus  A.  Gray,  Man.  I 
Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green,  stem  stout, 
erect,  more  or  less  branched,  grooved,  3''-6''  talL 
I.eaves   lanceolate    or    oblong-lanceolate,   the 
lower  i°-3°  long,  long-petioled,  the  upper  J'-6' 
long,  short-petioled;  fruiting  panicle  dense;  ra- 
cemes nearly  erect,  more  or  less  interrupted; 
flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  light  green; 
pedicels  slender,  conspicuously  jointed  above    j 
the  base,  ^-3  times  as  long  the  calyx-wings;   | 
wings  broadly  cordate,  3"  long,  irregularly  den- 
ticulate, each  bearing  a  large  callosity;  achene 
ovoid-oblong,  or  oblong,   2"  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  brown,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces 
concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil.  New  Brunswick  and 
Ontario  (o  Minnesota.  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  Iowa.    July-Aug. 

10.    Rumex  occidentftlis  S.  Wats.     Western  Dock,     (Fig.  1308,) 

R.  occidenlalii  S,  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  W:  253.   1876. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  stout,  strict,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  strongly  grooved,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  3''-3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  bluish-green,  somewhat  crisped  and 
wavy-margined,  papillose,  the  lower  8'-i2'  long, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  cordate 
at  the  base,  long-petioled,  the  upper  smaller  and 
usually  lanceolate;  panicle  rather  dense,  leafless  or 
nearly  so,  erect;  racemes  usually  not  interrupted; 
flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  pale  green,  i"  long; 
pedicels  obscurely  jointed  below  the  middle,  2-3 
times  longer  than  the  calyx-wings;  wings  triangu- 
lar-ovate, 2}i"-4"  long,  somewhat  dentate  or  ijn- 
dulate,  l>earing  no  tul)ercles;  achene  oblong,  2"- 
t%"  lonj;,  short  .pointed,  chestnut-brown,  smooth, 
shining. 

In  wet  places.  Labiadot  to  Alaska,  Ontario.  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Te^cas.  and  to  California.     May-Aug. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


II.    Rumex  crispus  L, 
Ramtx  crispus  L.  Sp.  PI.  JJS-      >753- 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green;  stem  rather 
slender,  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  grooved, 
'°-3/i°  tall.  Leaves  crisped  and  wavy-margined, 
the  lower  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  6'-ll'  long, 
long-petioled,  the  upper  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, 3'-6'  long,  short-petioled,  all  cordate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  more  or  less  papillose;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  simple  or  compound,  by  the 
elongation  of  the  pedicels  apparently  continuous 
in  fruit;  flowers  rather  loosely  whorled ;  calyx  darlc 
^reen;  fruiting  pedicels  i^-i  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  cordate, 
i'^"-i"  long,  truncate  or  notched  at  base,  erose- 
dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  each  bearing  a  tubercle; 
achene  i"  long,  darlc  brown,  shining. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  nearly  thTonghoat  the 
United  States  and  southern  British  America.  Often 
a  troublesome  weed.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.    June-Ang, 


Curled  Dock. 


(Fig.  1309.) 


13.  Rumex  conglomer^us  Mtur.  Clus- 
tered or  Smaller  Green  Dock,  (Fig.  1310.) 
Ji.  conglomeralus  Murr.  Prodr.  Fl.  Goett.  5a.     1770. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stem  slender, 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  grooved,  1"-^"  tall. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  1'-$'  long,  some 
of  them  slightly  fiddle-shaped,  acute  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenulate  and  slightly  crisped 
on  the  margins,  petioled;  panicle  loose  and  open  in 
fruit;  racemes  leafy,  slender,  ascending,  much  in- 
terrupted; flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  small, 
green;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  ovate,  fiddle- 
shaped,  t}i"  long,  toothed  near  the  base,  each 
l>earing  a  large  oblong  callosity;  achene  less  than 
\"  long,  pointed,  red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces 


Bloody  or 

.3".) 


13.   Rumex  sanguineus  L. 
Red-veined  Dock.     (Fig. 

Jtumex  sanguineus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  334.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  slender,  erect, 
grooved,  simple  or  branched,  i°-3°  hi}(h.  Leaves 
oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  i'-6' 
long,  the  lower  long-petioled,  cordate  at  the  base, 
acnte  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  red-veined, 
the  upper  short-petioled;  panicle  loose;  racemes 
slender,  spreading,  not  leaf}',  interrupted;  flowers 
loosely  whorled;  calyx  verj- small;  pedicels  slen- 
der, i-i>i  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  at  the  base;  wings  oblong,  i%"  lon^,  one 
of  them  bearing  a  spherical-oblong  callosity; 
achene  less  than  l"  long,  sharp-pointed,  dark 
red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  convex. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast.  <iouthem  New  York  to 
Virginia  and  Louisiana,  irncommon.  Naturalized 
or  adventivc  from  Europe.     May-Aug. 


POLYGOKACEAE. 

14.   Rumex  piilcher  L.     Fiddle  Dock.     (Fig.  1312.J 
KHmex puUhfr  I,.  Sp.  PI.  J.jo.      17S.V 

Perennial,  dark  KTcen;  stem  slender,  erect  or  procum- 
bent, Kfooveii,  {lilTusely  branchetl,  i°-3°  lon^,  the 
branches  sprea<liii){.  leaves  oblong,  or  some  of  the 
lower  fiddle-shaped,  i'-6'  lonn,  long-petioled,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  l)ase;  upper  oblonj;  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  l'-3'  long,  short -pet  ioled,  usually  nar- 
rowed at  )>oth  ends;  petioles  more  or  less  put>escent; 
panicle  loose;  racemes  long,  divergent,  sometimes  re- 
flexed,  much  interrupted,  rather  leafy;  flowers  few  Id 
the  whorls;  calyx  very  small,  green;  pedicels  equalling 
the  calyx -wiii;^,  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle;  wings 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate  I  2"  long,  truncate  at  the  base,  one 
larger  than  the  others  or  all  three  of  different  sizes, 
fringed  w4th  spine-like  teeth,  usually  two,  sometimes 
one  or  all  three  1>earing  tubercles;  achene  1"  long, 
pointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  waste  places.  Virginia  to  Florida  and  I/iaisiana. 
Also  on  the  Pacific  Cnasi  and  in  ballast  about  tbenortlieni 
seaports.    Nataraliied  from  Europe.    June-Sept. 

15.   Rumex  obtusifdlius  L.     Broad-leaved  or  Bitter  Dock.     (Fig.  1313.) 

Rumex  oblusifoliui  L.  Sp,  PI.  3JS-      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green;  stem  stout, 
erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  grooved, 
more  or  less  scurfy  atwve,  2°-4°  tall.  I^wer 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  6'-i4'  long,  long-peti- 
oled, all  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  liase,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  -i'-f/  long,  short -petioled,  the  mar- 
gins somewhat  undulate  or  crisped;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  nearly  erect,  continuous  or 
interrupted  below ;  flowers  loosely  whorled;  pedi- 
cels slender,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  below  the  middle;  wings  hastate, 
a"-jji"  long,  fringed  with  a  few  spreading 
spiny  teeth,  one  of  them  bearing  an  oblong 
tuliercle;  achene  i"  long,  pointed,  dark  red, 
smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles 
slightly  margined. 

In  waste  places.  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 
toOtcgon,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas,  Naturaliied 
from  F.urope,     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Aug. 

16.   Rumex  persicarioides  L.     Golden 
Dock.     (Fig.  1314.) 
Rtinifx  persicarioides  L,  Sp,  PI,  .135.      [753. 

Annual,  putrescent,  pale  green;  stem  rather  stout, 
erect  and  simple,  or  diffusely  branched,  i°-3°  high, or 
sometimes  spreading  or  creeping,  verj-  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  or  oblong,  I'-ii'  long,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  or  sometimes  cordate,  or  sagittate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  the  margins  undulate  and  more  or  less  crisped; 
panicle  simple  or  compound;  raceme-s  erect,  leafy- 
bracted,  mostly  interrupted;  flowers  densely 
whorled:  pe<licels  slender,  \-\%  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  at  the  base;  calyx  \-ery  small; 
wingsoblong,  i"long,  with  1-3  l>ristleson  each  mar- 
gin,each  bearing  an  ovoid  or  oblong  callosity:  achene 
less  than  1"  long,  pointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, its  faces  convex,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

On  sandy  shores.  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia,  ei- 
tending  acros.s  the  continent  through  British  America, 
south  in  the  inlerinr  to  Kansas  and  New  Mexico  and 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  10  California.  Has  been  confounded 
with  A",  marilimus  L,  of  the  Old  World,     July-Oct 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


553 


4.  OXYRIA  Hill,  Veg.  Syst.  lO:  24.  1765.  ,  ^ 
Low  fleshy  glabrous  perennial  bertis,  «ith  slender  erect  stems.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  long- 
pelioled,  renifonn  or  orbicular,  conlate,  palmately  tierved,  with  cyliiidric  ocreae.  Flowers 
perfect,  small,  green,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  unequally  4-parted,  the  outer 
segments  smaller  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  included;  filaments  short,  subulate,  glabrous;  an- 
thers oblong.  Ovary  i-celled;  o\ule  solitary;  style  short,  2-parted,  its  branches  divergent; 
stigmas  fimbriate,  persistent  on  the  large  wings  of  the  fruiting  calyx,  Achene  ovate,  lenticular. 
Embryo  straight,  liorne  in  the  centre  ot  the  endosperm.  [Greek,  sour,  from  the  acid  leaves.] 
IX  species,  the  Following,  and  one  in  the 


Himalayas 


.    Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Camptdera. 
Mountain  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1315.) 


1819, 
O.rytia  reni/ormis  HaotL.  Fl.  Scot.  iii.      i8ji. 

Rootstock  large,  chaffy;  stems  scape-like,  simple 
or  sparingly  branched,  leafless  or  nearly  so,  I'-il' 
tall.  Leaves  renifonn  or  orbicular-reniform,  }i'- 
ifi'  wide,  undulate,  sometimes  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  the  basal  long-pettoled;  ocreae  oblique,  loose, 
those  on  the  stem  bearing  flowers;  racemes  many- 
flowered;  flowers  slender-pedicel  led;  segments  ob- 
long, the  inner  erect,  the  outer  reflexed  in  fruit; 
achene  pointed,  smooth,  surrounded  by  a  broad 
membranous  wing. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  in  the  Rocky 


5.  FAGOPYRUM  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sera,  a:  182.  1791. 
Annual  or  perennial  rather  fleshy  usually  glabrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect,  sim^Je  or 
branched,  striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with  ob- 
lique, cylindric  or  funnelform  ocreae.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  terminal  or  aidllary 
usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or  several  together  from  each  ocreola, 
slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  equally  5-parted,  persistent  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the 
segments  petaloid,  shorter  than  the  achene.  Stamens  8,  included;  filaments  filiform,  gla- 
brous; anthers  oblong.     Ovarj-  i-celled,  i-ovuled;  style  j-pirted;  stigmas  capitate.     Achene  3- 


angled.     Embryo  central,  curved,  dividkig  the  mealy  endosperm  i 
broad,     [Greek,  beech-wheat,  from  the  similarity  of  the  grain.] 

About  6  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Racemes  panicled  or  corymbose;  angles  of  the  achene  not  crested. 
Kacemes  mostly  simple:  angles  of  the  achene  crested,  undulate. 


a  parts;  cotyledons 


1.  Fagopynim  Pagopi^rum  (L.)  Karst.     Buckwheat.     (Fig.  1316.) 


-    -„-,^ "1    WICIJI.    j^j.        ij^. 

F.  fagopynim  Karst.  Deutsch,  Fl.  521.      iSSo-8j, 

Annual,  glabrous  except  at  the  nodes,  stem 
strongly  grooved  when  old,  I'-s"  high.  Leaves 
hastate,  I'-y  long,  abruptly  narrowed  above  the 
middle,  acuminate,  the  nerves  on  the  lower  sur- 
face slightly  scurfy;  ocreaebrittle  and  fugacious; 
racemes  mostly  panicled,  sometimes  corymbose, 
many-flowered,  erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedi- 
cels as  long  as  the  calyx;  segments  white  or  whit- 
ish; stamens  included;  style-branches  deflexed 
in  fruit;  achene  acute,  a>i"  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  its  faces  pinnately-striate 
when  mature,  the  angles  acute,  entire. 

In  waste  places,  and  persistent  in  fields  after  cul- 
tivation. Reported  from  almost  all  partt  of  the 
northern  United  Slates  and  southern  British  Amer- 
ica. Natii'e  of  eastern  Europe  or  western  Asia. 
June-Sept, 


POLYGONACEAE. 


a.  Fagopymin  Tatiiricum  (L. )  Gaertu. 
Tartary  Buckwheat.     (Fig.  1317.) 


^.f.6. 


1791. 


:  i8z. 


Annual,  aimilar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
the  leaves  deltoid-hastate  or  oblong-hastate, 
often  broader  than  long,  i'-4'  wide,  acute  or 
short-acuminate  at  the  apex;  racemes  tenninal 
and  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  simple  and  few- 
flowered,  long-ped  uncled;  flowers  whitish,  short- 
pedicelled;  at^ene  subacute,  lyi"  long,  ils 
angles  created  with  3  prominent  lobes  above 
the  middle,  its  faces  pinnately  sulcate  from  a 
conspicuous  groove. 


6.  POLYGONUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  359.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  erect,  pros- 
trate, climbing  or  floating  stems,  alternate  aessile  or  petioled  entire  leaves,  continnoos  with, 
or  jointed,  to  the  cylindiic  funnetfoim  or  two-lobcd,  often  lacerate  or  fringed  ocreae.  Flowers 
small,  normally  perfect,  green,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered,  the  clnateia  termi- 
nal or  axillary.  Pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by  ocreac  or  ocreolae;  calyx  4-j-parted  or  4-5- 
cleft,  the  outer  sepals  or  segments  somewhat  larger  than  the  inner;  stamens  5-9,  included  or 
exserted;  filaments  filiform,  ordilated  at  the  base,  glabrous;  anthers  oblong;  style  3-3-paTted 
or  2<3-cleft,  its  branches  included  or  exseited;  stigmas  capitate;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled 
(rarely  4-angIed),  invested  by  or  exceeding  the  calyx.  Embryo  near  the  end  of  the  seed,  in 
one  of  its  angles.     [Greek,  many-knees,  from  the  swollen  jointa  of  same  species.] 

Attout  3011  species,  of  wide  geogtaphic  distiibntion.  Besides  the  fallowing,  some  33  othen 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  North  America. 

Raceme  solitary;  alpine  species;  perennialn  not  aquatic.  i.  P.  vix-iparum. 

Racemes  solitary  or  i;  aquatic  at  swamp  species;  perennials. 

Leaves  oblcinK,  elliptic,  or  elliptic -lanceolate,  not  acuminalc.  i.  P.  amphibiuni. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  oblong- lanceolate,  not  acuminate.  3.  P.  Hart-urighlii. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  U9ua^  acuminate.  4.  P.  emersutn. 

Racemes  several  or  numerous;  annuals  or  perennials,  idSstly  terrestrial. 
Ocreae  iraked  or  cjliolate,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 
Racemes  drooping. 

Achene  ovoid;  style  a-parted  to  near  the  base.  6.  P.  incarnalum. 

Achene  broadly  oblong-ovoid;  style  2- cleft  to belowihe  middle.  7.  P.  lapathi/oliuM. 
Racemes  erect. 

Style-branches  scarcely  or  slightly  enserled. 

Achene  broadly  oblong,  biconvex.  S-  P-  Porloricense. 

Achene  orbicular,  flat.  s.  P.  PennsyHiinicuni. 

Style  branches  long-exserted;  achene  ovoid,  somewhat  gibbous.  9.  P.  longislylum. 
Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled. 

"  nspicuously  fringed;  achene  broadly  ovoid.  r.    -       . 


Ocreae  inconspicuously  fnnged; 
Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  always  3-anglea. 

Ocreolae  conspicuonslj-  fringed.  14.  P.  OfielousaHu 

Ocreolae  incon^ipicuously  fnnged. 

Leaves  mostly  glabrous  above;  achene  pointed  at  the  top.  15.  P.  hydropipcri 
Leaves  strigose  above;  achene  pointed  at  both  ends.  13.  P.  selaceu-m. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  drooping.  12.  P.  Careyi. 

Baceraes  interrupted,  erect  or  drooping. 

Achene  granular  and  dull;  racemes  drooping.  '         16.  P.  Hydropifti 

.\chene  smooth,  shining;  racemes  erect.  17,  P.  fiunclalu  m. 

Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  normally  spreading.  18.  P.  orientate. 

2.  Flawcti  in  long  naked  much  interrupted  ipicnte  mcemeB;  calyi  ^-parted.  19.  P.  Virginiai 
3.  Floweri  in  aiilUry  clusteri;  items  more  or  leu  wiry,  not  twining. 
Plants  prostrate;  achene  invested  by  the 
Ache  •..-.. 


■des. 


e  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  Che  base. 
Lea^'cs  mostly  acute;  style  3-pBrted  to  below  the  middle. 
Leaves  mostly  obtuse;  style  3- parted  to  (he  .base. 
Achene  pointed  at  both  ends. 
Plants  prostrate;  achene  protniding  beyond  the  calyx. 


.  P.  lillorale. 
r,  P.  Betiardi. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

Plants  etect  or  ascending,  ralher  stout. 
Achene  invested  by  the  calyx. 

leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovale,  persistent. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  lineai-oblong.  peraiatent. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  fugacious. 
Achene  much  exaerted  beyond  the  calyx. 
Plants  strictly  erect  and  ver;     ' 


15.  P.  ereclnm. 
»7,  P.  ramoshsimu 
28.  P.  camboiiim. 
3S.  P.  txserlum. 


n  either  side  of  the  midve 


fruiting  pedicels  stou 
ag.  P.  leHHC. 
lateral  impressions;  fruiting  pedicelsslender,  deflexed.  30.  P.  Douglas. 


riower*  In  aiUlnrv  nod  terminiil  cludcri,  nccm«>  or  pinicled  ti 
.twining;  herbseeous  i-inea, 

liter  segments  of  the  calyx  unchanged,  or  keeled  in  fruit. 
Achene  granular  and  dull;  ocreae  not  bristly. 
Achene  smooth  and  sliining:  ocreae  bristly. 
Uter  segments  of  the  calyx  conspicuously  winged  in  fruit. 
Calyx-wings  not  incised. 

Fruiting  calyx  5"-6"  long,  the  wings  crisped. 
Fruiting  calj-X3"-4"  long,  the  wings  rather  flat. 


Stems  stout,  erect,  tall;  outer  calyx -segments  winged  ii 
S.    FlowCTi  in  capitate  duitcn  or  racemss;  >l 
Leaves  sagittate;  achene  jangled. 
Leaves  halberd-shaped;  achene  lenticular. 


trait. 


31 

3' 

P.  Convolve  III 
P.  eilinode. 

33 

P.  scandens. 
P.  dumilorun 
P.  ctislatnm. 
P.  Zuccariuii. 

¥ 

.d  prickle.. 

P  sagWalum, 

,ri/oliu 


I.   Polygonum  viviparum  L.     Alpine 
Bistort.     (Fig.  1318.) 

Polygonum  viviparum  L.  Sp.  PI.  36a      1753, 

Pereiinial  by  a  conn-like  rootstock.,  mostly  gla- 
brous and  somewhat  glaucous;  stenia  solitary  or 
clustered,  erect,  simple,  slender,  a'-io'  tall.  Basal 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  I'-S'  long,  rather  acute 
at  the  apex,  cordate  or  aubcordatc  at  the  base,  long- 
petiolcd;  stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear, 
i'-3'  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile, 
their  margioB  often  revolute;  ocreae  long,  clasping 
below,  open  above;  raceme  solitary,  terminal,  nar- 
row, rather  dense,  bearing  a  namber  of  dark  colored 
bulblels  about  its  base;  calyx  5-parted,  pale  rose- 
color  or  white;  stamens  8,  exserted;  styles-parted, 
its  branches  exserted;  achene  oblong,  3-angled. 
Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  high 
1  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  in  the 
ilorado.     Also  in  arctic  and 


2.   Polygonum  amphibtum  L. 

Polygonum  amfihibium  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.      lyjj. 

Aquatic,  perennial,  glabrous  when  mature; 
stem  floating  or  submersed,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  4''-jo°  long.  Leaves  oblong, 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  iJi'-4' long,  peti- 
oled. obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  slightly 
inequilateral,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sometimes  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  those 
of  the  branches  often  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  their  limbs  sometimes  spreading,  usu- 
ally glabrous;  raceme  terminal,  usually  soli- 
tary, )4'-i'Ioug,  dense,  erect,  oblong  or  ovoid; 
calyx  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  5,  estsertcd; 
style  i-cleft,  enseited;  achene  orbicular  ob- 
long, lenticular,  i>i"  long,  biconvex,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  granular. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to 
northern  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Colorado  and 
California.  Ascends  lo  jooo  ft,  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  J ,  Also  in  Europe.    July-Aug. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


3  Polygonum  Hartwrtghtii  A.  Gray. 
Hart  Wnglit  3  Persicaria.  (Fig,  1320.) 
Polyf^onuni  Harljrighlii  A.  Gray.  Pioc.  Am.  Acad. 

8    I«      1I70 

Pereanml  by  rootstocks,  more  or  less  hispid 
throughout  stem  ascending,  decumbent  or  erect, 
6'-i°  ions  i"aD>  joitited,  ^ooTcd.  usually  rather 
atont.  Leavea  lanceolate,  olil  on  ^-1  anceolate  oi  ob- 
long 3'-6'  loDK  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  aper, 
short-petioled  or  sessile;  ocreae  cylindric,  vaiyiug 
from  one-half  as  long  to  aa  long  as  the  Internodcs, 
the  limb  abruptly  spreading,  fringed  with  short 
Inistles:  racemes  usually  •oHtary,  dense,  J4'-i' 
long,  oblong;  calyx  rose-cotored,  5  parted;  sta- 
mens 5,  exaerted;  style  exserted,  a-cleft  to  be- 
yond the  middle;  achene  oblon};,  biconvex,  lenti- 
ctilar,  black,  amootb,  shining. 

In  swamps  or  moist  soil,  Hudson  Bay  to  Orefron. 
south  to  southein  Pennsylvania.  Kansas,  Nevada  and 
Lower  California.    June-Aug. 


4.  Polygonum  em^rsum  (Michx.)  Britton. 
PolygoKum  amphibium  vat.  gtnenum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor. 

Am.  i:  340.     1803. 
P.  SfublenbcrgiiS.  Wats.  Pioc.  Am.  Ac.  14:  295,      187^. 
PolygOHum  emenum  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

f.  n-    !»)- 

Perennial  by  long  creeping  or  horizontal  root- 
stocks,  (rlabtousorstri^ose-pubescent;  stem  erector 
assurgent,  commonly  simple,  channeled,  enlarged 
at  the  nodes,  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  sometimes  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2>j'-S'  long,  acute  orusnally  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
petioled,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent,  sometimes 
forking;  ocreae  cylindric,  becoming  loose,  not  cili- 
ate;  racemes  1  or  3,  erect,  i'-3'  long,  linear-oblong, 
dense,  calyx  dark  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  5, 
exserted;  style  l-cleft,  exserted;  achene  broadly 
obovate  or  orbicular,  i}i"  long,  very  convex, 
lenticular,  black  and  slightly  granular,  but  shining. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Ontario  to  Northwest  Tcr. 
ritoryand  British  Columbia,  south  to  Vindnia,  Louisi- 
ana and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  ViiKinia. 
July-Sept. 

5.  Polyg< 


Swamp  Persicaria.    (Fig.  1321.) 


Portoricinse  Bertero.    Dense- flowered  Persicaria.  (Fig.  1322.) 


Polygon 
Part  I,  1 

Polygonat 
141  I-- 


.    tiflorum   Meisn.  in    Mart.   Fl.    Bras.  5, 
.      1855      Not  Blume,  1815-J6- 
Porlortcense  Bertero;. Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodi, 


Perennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  erect,  dectmi- 
bent  or  floating,  3°-5°  long  or  longer,  branched,  en- 
larged at  the  nodes,  often  dark  brown.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  i^'-i3'  long,  acuminate 
at  l)oth  ends,  obscurely  punctate,  ahott-petioled,  the 
nerves  prominent  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,  some- 
times bristly  when  young,  naked  when  mature,  some- 
times hispid;  racemes  spicate,  paniculate,  often  in 
pairs,  i'-5'  long,  dense,  erect;  calyx  white  or  whitish, 
S-parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  6-S,  included;  style 
2-3-clelt,  somewhat  exserted;  achene  lenticular  and 
strongly  biconvex  or  3-aBgled,  i"-i^"  long,  bcoadl;r 
oblong,  orbicular  or  even  broader  than  bigh,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  minutely  granular. 

In  wet  soil,  Missouri  to  Florida,  Texas,  the  West  Indies 
and  South  America.    May-Nov. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


6.   Polygonum  incarnHtum  Ell.     Slender 
Pink  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1323.) 

PolygoHum  incariialum  Ell,  Bol.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  1:  456.     18)7. 

Annual,  }>labTous  or  nearly  so,  stem  erect,  simple 
or  branched  above,  more  or  less  swollen  at  tbe  nodes, 
i°-i°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3'-9'  long.  J^'-lJi' 
wide,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  short-pctioled,  sparingly 
punctate  and  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  lonj;,  loose, 
brittle,  sometimes  ciliolate  when  young,  glabrous  when 
mature;  racemes  panicled,  drooping.  \%'-i'  long, 
linear,  many-flowered;  calyx  white  or  pink,  small, 
5-parted;  stamens  6;  style  i-parted  to  sear  the  base; 
achene  ovoid-oblong,  lenticular,  about  i"long,  flat  or 
r,  smooth,  shining. 


Louisiana.    Jun 


Florida  and 


7.   Polygonum  lapathifdlium  L.     Dock- 
leaved  or  Pale  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1324.) 
Polygontim  lapalhi/oliiim  L.  Sp.  PI.  361).      1753. 

Annual,  stem  simple  or  much  branched,  erect  or  as- 
cending, swollen  at  the  nodes,  j''-3''  high,  the  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
'  long-lanceolate,  I'-ic/  long,  usually  broader  than 
those  of  the  preceding,  attennate  to  the  apex,  acumi- 
nate at  the  base,  short-petioled,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  ribbed  or  striate;  racemes 
panicled,  i'-4'  long,  drooping,  narrow,  rather  dense; 
calyx  pink,  greenish  or  white,  5-parted;  stamens  6; 
style  i-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  broadly 
I  oblong  or  ovoid,  lenticular,  i"  long,  brownish  or  black, 
slightly  reticulated  but  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  waste  places,  throughout  temperate  North  America. 
Naturalised    from    Europe.     Sometimes    a    troublesome 
weed.     Native  also  of  Asia.     Jnne-Sept. 
PolyKDiiDm  lapatUfoliam  nodftaum  IPers.  |  Small,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 140.      1S94. 
Polyeoaum  nodosum  Pets.  Syn.  i:  440.       1805. 

Generally  robust  and  elabrous;  stem  stout,  reddish,  purple  spotted  and  with  a  purple  ring  be- 
low each  ocrea,  much  thickened  at  the  nodes;  leaves  conspicuously  punctate;  racemes  I'-j'  long, 
less  drooping,  often  erect;  achene  slightly  larger.     Occasional  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

Polygonum  lapatbifoUum  incinum  (Schmidt)  Koch,  Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  711.      1837. 
Polygonum  incanum  Schmidt.  Fl.  Boem.  4:90.      1795. 

Low,  stem  slender,  erect,  a'-ia'  high,  slightly  scurfy  leaves  lanceolate  ovate  or  oblong,  usu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  base,  white -tomentose  beneath  glabrous  aboie  racemes  }i  -iH'  long.  In 
wa,ste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  New  York  and  Bnt  sh  Columtna 

8.    Polygonum    Pennsylvfinicum    1, 
Pennsylvania  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1325  ) 

Polygonum  Pennsyh-anintm  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.       1753 

Annual,  glabrous  below ;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  i°-3''  tall,  the  upper  parts,  the  peduncles 
and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate  acumi 
nate  at  the  apex,  petioled,  ciliate,  I'-ll'  long  the 
Qpper  sometimes  glandular  beneath;  ocreae  cylio 
dric,  thin,  naked,  glabrous;  racemes  panicled  erect 
thick,  oblong  or  cylindric,  dense,  i'-2'  long  calyx 
dark  pink  or  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  S  or  fewer 
style  ]-cle(t  to  about  the  middle;  achene  orbicular  or 
mostly  broader  than  high,  i}^"  long,  short  pointed 
lenticular,  smooth,  shining. 

In  moist  soil.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Minnesota, 
Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Vir^nia. 
July-Sept. 


8  POLVGONACEAE. 

Polygonum  longistylum  Small.  Long-styled  Persicaria.  (Fig.  1326.) 
Polygonum  loiisislylam  StnaH.  Bull.  Torr,  Club, 
3i:  .69,      i89i- 

Annual  or  perennial,  );labroiu  except  the^laa- 
duUr  upper  branchea  and  peduncles;  stem  eiect, 
rather  slender,  i°-3''  tall,  1>ecaming  somewhal 
woody  l>elow.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, i'--6'  lon^i  acnminate  at  both  ends,  peti- 
oled,  their  marginB  undulate,  slightly  crisped, 
more  or  less  ciliolate;  ocieae  cylindric,  entire, 
brittle,  soon  falling  away;  racetnes  paoicled, 
sometimes  geminate,  i'-4'  long,  rather  dense, 
erect;  calyx  lilac,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle, 
the  lobes  petaloid;  stamens  6-8,  included;  style 
3-parted,  slender,  conspicuonsly  exserted;  stig- 
mas black;  achene  broadly  ovoid,  lenticular, 
slightly  gibbous  on  both  sides,  long-pointed, 
black,  granular,  but  somewhat  shining,  1^" 
long. 

10.   Polygonum  Persicttria  L.     Lady's 

Thumb.     (Fig,  1327.) 
Polygonum  Persicaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  erect  or 
ascending,  simple  or  much  branched,  >i°-3° 
high.  Licaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
l'-6'  long,  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  conspicuonsly  punctate,  usu- 
ally with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  blotch  near 
thecentre,  their  margins  en  tire  or  slightly  eroded, 
often  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  nearly  glabrous, 
fringed  with  short  bristles;  racemes  solitary  or 
panicled,  %'-i'  long,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense, 
erect;  calyx  pink  or  dark  purple;  stamens  mostly 
6;  style  j-3-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene 
broadly  ovate  and  lenticular,  often  gibbous  or 
3-angled,  \"~\%"  long,  smooth  and  shining. 


II.  Polygonum  persicarioldes  H.B.K. 

Southwestern  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1328.) 

p.  persicarioidcs  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  J;  179.       1817. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  stem 
decumbent  or  creeping,  simple  or  branched, 
I'-S"  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanccolale, 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  punctate,  short-petioled  or 
subsessile,  ij^'-io'  long;  ocreae  cylindric,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  strigillose,  fringed  with  short  bristles; 
spicate  racemes  more  or  less  panicled,  ercci,  i'-3' 
long,  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  loosely- flowered; 
calyx  rose-colortingedwith  green,  5-parted  to  below 
the  middle;  stamens  8  or  fewer,  included;  style  1-3- 
parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  lenticular  and 
biconvex,  or  3-anglcd,  more  or  less  gibbous,  i" 
long,  ovoid  or  broadly  oblong,  short-pointed,  black, 
tely  granular,  but  shining. 

Nebraska  to  Mexico;   widely  distributed  in  tropica! 


Jul 


-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 

la.   Polygonum  Cilreyi  Olney.     Carey's 
Persicaria,     (Fig.  1329.) 

Polygonum  Carirj'/ Olney,  Proc.  Providence  Franklin 

Soc,  i:  ag.      1847. 

Annual,  rough-glandular  throughout,  stem 
erect,  i°-3''  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
above.  Leavesoblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  uppermost  nearly  linear,  a'-ii'  long, 
short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  at  both 
ends  hispid  on  the  midrib  ciliate  sparingly  punc- 
tate ocreaecyliadnc  sparsely  hispid  fnngedwith 
long  bnstles  racemes  several  narrow  terminal 
loosely  flowered  drooping  I'-a^'long  calyzpur 
plish  BlamenssorsometimesS  stjlei  partedtobe- 
loirthemiddle  ach en e  lenticular  broadly  ovoid  or 
obovoid  ly'-iji"  long  short  pointed  thick 
smooth  and  stiining 

In  inarehes  Ontario  to  Rhode  Island  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania  Ascends  to  looo  Tt  in  PenuHyUa 
nia.    Also  in  Michigan     July-Sept 

13     Polygonum  setftccum  Baldw. 

Bristly  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1330.) 

Polygonum  ulatenm  Baldw.;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 
I   455-      "817- 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  strigose-pubescent 
above  stem  J'^"  high,  erect,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  a'-9'  long,  mostly  short-petioled, 
acuminate  at  bath  ends,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cyltndric,  long,  strigose, 
fringed  with  very  long  bristles;  racemes  few, 
terminal,  i'-3ji'  long,  erect,  linear-oblong, 
sometimes  geminate,  rather  loosely  flowered; 
cal}x  white  or  pink;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted 
to  below  the  middle;  achene  3-angled,  oblong  or 
obovoid,  short,  thick- pointed.  %"-^"  long, 
minutely  reticnlated  and  rather  dall,  or  smooth 
and  shining. 

In  swamps,  southern  Missouri  to  Louisiana,  east 


o  North  Carolina  and  Florida.    June-Sept. 


14.  Polygonum  Opelousilnum  Riddell. 
Opelotisas  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1331.) 

Polygonum    Opeloutanum  Riddell;   Small,    Bull. 
ToiT.  Club,  19:  354.      189a. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout, 
stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly  or 
considerably  branched,  I'-i"  tall,  becoming 
woody  below.  Leaves  linear  or  linear. lanceo- 
late, I>i'-5'  long,  sessile,  ciliate;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric,  Btrigose,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  spicate 
racemes  panicled,  erect,  often  geminate,  }i'-*' 
long,  not  densely  flowered;  calyx  white,  pedi- 
celled,  s-parted  to  below  the  middle;  stamens  8 
or  fewer,  included;  style  deeply  3-parted;  achene 
3-angled  or  rarely  4-anKled,  broadly  ovoid  or 
abovoid,  X"  loiiSi  black,  smooth  and  shining. 


o  Louisiana,  Texas  and  Mexi' 


July- 
36 


POLYGONACEAE. 


S6o 

15.  Polygonum  hydropiperoldes  Michx.     Mild  Water  Pepper.    (Fig,  I332.> 

p.  hydropiperoides  Michi.  Fl,  Bor.  Am.  i;  139.       180J. 
fblygOHutn  mile  Fen.  Syn.  l:  440.      1805. 

Perennial,  glabroui  or  ■trigillow,  atem  erect,  decmn- 
bent  or  proatnite,  aiinple  or  branched  above,  slender, 
I's'  long.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate,  3'-6'  long, 
ahoit-petioled,  acate  at  apex,  ciliate,  pnbcacent  with 
appreased  hairs  on  the  midrib  beneath;  ocreae  cylio- 
dric,  loose,  atrigoae,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  racemei 
panicled,  terminal,  erect,  narrow,  more  or  leas  inter- 
rupted, i}i'-y  long:  caljx  pink  or  greenish;  stamens 
8;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middlejschene  3-angled, 
ovoid  or  oblong,  \"-l'^"  long,  smooth,  shining. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  New  BmnHwick  to  Minnesota 

and  California,  south  to  Florida  and  Uexico.    June-Sept 

Polygonam  bydroplpertides  Kuwfinl  Small,  Hem.  Dept 

Bol.  Col.  Coll.  l:  B[.     1805. 

More  robnst  than  the  type,  stem  i°-i°lonf.  clothed  with 
stout  appressed  hairs;  leaveH  lanceolate,  obtnae;  oeteo- 
lae  more  or  less  ciliate;  calyx  white  or  whitish,  often  con- 
spicuous. Quebec  to  West  Virginia  and  Indiana.  Also 
in  California. 


16.    Polygonum  Hydr6piper  L. 
Polyeonum  Hydropiper  L.  Sp.  PI.  361. 

Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect,  simple 
red  or  reddish,  sometimes  green,  \ 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nn- 
duUtc  or  alightlj  crisped,  punctate,  ciliate,  very 
acrid,  ocreae  cyliodtic,  fringed  with  short  bristles, 
sometimes  slightly  pubescent,  usually  swollen  at 
the  base  by  the  development  of  several  flowers 
within;  racemes  panicled,  i'-3'  long,  narrow, 
drooping,  interrupted;  calyi  green,  3-5-parted 
(nsually  4-parted)  conspicuously  punctate;  stamens 
4  or  sometimes  6;  style  short,  j-3-parted;  achene 
lenticular  or  3-angled,  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid, 
slightly  gibbous,  \%"-i%"  long,  granular,  dull. 

In  moist  waste  places,  almost  tbronghout  North 
America.  Naturalized  from  Europe  in  our  area,  per- 
haps Indigenous  in  the  far  Northwest.    July-Sept. 


Smart-weed.    Water  Pepper.    (Fig.  I333.> 


>r  branched, 
'-24'    tall. 


17.  Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.    Dotted 

or  Water  Smart-weed.  (Fig.  1334..) 
p.  punclalum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  455.  1817. 
i*.  flirreH.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  3:  179.      1817.    Not  I^m. 

Annual  or  pcFcnnial,  glabrous  or  veiy  nearly  so, 
atem  erect  or  ascending,  rarely  prosttUe,  ^niple  K 
branched,  i^-s"  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, I'-S' long,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
petioled,  ciliate,  conspicuously  punctate,  acrid,  the 
midrib  often  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  ocroe  cy- 
lindric;  falling  away  at  maturity;  fringed  with  toog 
bristles;  racemes  terminal,  narrow,  erect  or  alight); 
drooping;  loosely  flowered,  >i'-3'  long;  oJyi 
greenish;  stamens  8;  style  3-3.parted  to  the  bsoe; 
achene  oblong,  short,  thick,  lenticular  or  3-u^ed, 
t%"  long,  smooth,  shining. 


•  Isptostiehyiua  (Meisn.  |  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  19;  356. 
-^•^mtrt^m.  I^lottadmm  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  108.      1856. 


l°-i°  l^B;  leaves  narrower;  racemes  very  slender  and  mnctiK- 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

"  long,  obloDg,  shining.    Ver 

PotygoDum  panctltnm  laUatiat  Small,  Bull.  Toir.  Club,  ai:  477. 
I-amr  and  stoulcr  than  the  type,  leafy;  Htem  a°-5''  ta!' 
leaves  2-8'  long;  racemes  thicker,  1-4  long,  interrupted  lieli 
somewhat  obovoid;  calji-geEments  white.    Maasachusetta 

18.   Polygonum  orient&le  1,.     Prince's 
Feather.     (Fig.  1335.) 
Polygonam  oritnlale  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.      1753. 

Aanual,  more  or  less  hispid,  stettt  erect,  i''-8°Udl, 
brancbed.  Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  3'-ii' 
long,  petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ciliate;  peti- 
oles slightly  winged:  ocreae  cjlindric,  loose,  with 
or  without  ft  spreading  border,  ciliate;  racemes 
panicled,  oblong-cylindric,  i'-4'  long,  dense,  droop- 
ing; flowers  large  for  the  genus,  calyx  dark  rose- 
color  or  crimson;  stamens  7,  exaerted;  style  S'Cleft 
toabovethemiddle  included  stigmaslarge  achene 
orbicular  or  broader  than  long  lenticular  flat 
nearly  i^  in  diameter  finely  reticulated  and 
rather  dull 

In  waste  places  escaped  from  gardens  throughout 


19     Polygonum  Virginidnum  L.     Virginia 

Knotweed      (Fig.  1336.) 
Polygonum  yirgtmaaum  L  Sp  PI.  360.      1753. 

Annual  nearly  glabrous  or  strigose-pnbescent,  stem 
erect  or  arching  simple  or  branched  above,  i°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
short  petioled  acuminate  at  the  apex,  a'-6'  long, 
sparingly  ciliate  ocreae  cylmdric,  strigose,  fringed 
with  short  bnstlea  racemes  spicate,  erect,  terminal 
and  axillary  naked  greatly  elongated  and  inteimpted, 
sometimes  12  long  calyx  curved,  greenish  or  rose- 
color  4-clen  Btamenss  style  long,  exserted,  s-parted 
to  the  base  its  branches  at  length  curled;  achene  a" 
long  ovate-oblong  lenbcular  strongly  biconvex,  dark 
brown  or  cream-colored  smooth,  shining. 


ao.   Polygonum  aviculdre  L.     Knot- 
grass.    Door-weed.     (Fig.  1337.) 
Polygonum  avictilarc  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.      1753. 

Annual  or  commonly  perennial,  slender,  gls- 
bions,  dull  green  or  bluish  green,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  simple  or  branched,  4'-3°  long. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  3"-io" 
long,  nearly  sessile  or  short-petioled,  jointed  to 
the  ocreae,  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  acute 
at  the  apex,  not  conspicuously  veined;  ocreae  ob- 
lique, silvery,  3-parted  or  at  length  lacerate; 
clustera  axillary,  1-5-flowered;  flowers  small, 
short-pedicelled ;  calyx  green,  5-parted,  the  lobes 
with  white  or  pink  borders;  stamens  5-8;  style 
short,  3-parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  3-8ngled, 
ovoid,  i"  long,  acute,  reticulated. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  common 
almost  thronghont  North  America,  Asia  and  Europe. 
June-Oct. 


POLVGONACEAE. 

11^31.   Polygonum  littor&le   Linlc.     Shore 

Knotweed.     (Fig.  1338.) 

polygonum  lilloratc  Link  ia  Schrad.  Jouni.  i:  51. 

'799- 

Annual  or  perennial,  stoat,  glabrons,  bright 
green  or  slightly  glaucous,  stem  i°-4°  long,  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  diffuiel]'  branched  from  i 
woody  base,  striate.  Leaves  obtong,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  oblanceolate,  i"-C)"  long,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  mostly  acuminate  at  the 
base,  prominently  veined,  often  crisped,  jointed 
to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  3- parted,  at  length 
lacerate;  flowera  axillary,  a-6  in  each  cluster; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  whitish -margined  or  car- 
mine; stamens  8;  style  short,  3-parted  totbebase; 
acbene  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  i%"  long,  more 
or  less  narrowed  at  the  base  and  apex. 

On  shores  and  in  waste  places.  New  Brunswick  to 
Minnesota  and  Califomia,  south  to  VitBinia,  Illinois 
and  Kansas.    Also  in  Europe.    Ang.-Sept. 


33.   Polygonum  Bellirdi  All.      Bellard's 

Knotweed.     (Fig.  1339.) 
Polygonum  Bellardi  All.  Fl.  Fed.  a;  »05.  pi.  90.  /.  2- 

Annual,  dingy  green,  stem  Blender,  prostrate  or 
spreading,  i°-3°  long,  simple  or  diffusely  branched, 
striate.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, short-petioled,  i"-io"  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
acuminate  at  the  base,  distant,  prominently  veined 
beneath,  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  sil- 
very, slightly  lacerate  when  young,  becoming  much 
incised  when  old;  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  wbite-maTgioed;  stamens  S; 
style  3-parted  to  the  base,  very  short;  achene  ovoid 
or  oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  rather  pointed  at  both 
ends,  l"-l}i"  long,  reticulated  and  rather  dull. 


33.   Polygonum  maritimum  L.     Seaside  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1340,) 


Polygonum  mar 
Polygonum  glau 


BHWL.  Sp.  PI.  361.    1753. 
n  NutL  Gen.  i:  954.     1818. 


Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  glaucous,  gla- 
brous, root  usually  deep,  woody,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  branched,  S'-io'  long,  deeply 
striate.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  intemodes,  3"-i3"  long, 
fleshy,  veined  beneath,  somewhat  rugooe  above, 
conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae,  the  margisj 
oAen  revolute;  ocreae  large,  silvery,  3-parted  or 
at  length  lacerate,  becoming  brown  at  the  base; 
flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils,  becoming  slen- 
der-pedicelled;  calyx  white  or  pinkish;  stameu 
8;  style  short,  3-parted;  achene  3-angled,  ovoid  or 
narrowly  ovoid,  iji"  long,  acute  or  acuminatt, 
smooth,  shining,  longer  than  the  calyx. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY, 


563 


24.   Polygonum  R&yi  Babingt,     Ray's  Knotweed,     (Fig,  1341,) 


Ferennial  or  atitiiial,  glabrous,  slightly  glau- 
cous, stem  3'-34'  long,  prostrate,  usually  much 
branched,  striate.  Leaves  ovate -lanceolate  or 
oblong,  3"-rs"  long,  short-petioled,  acute  or 
obtusish  at  the  npex,  veined  beneath,  iucou- 
spicuouslj  so  above,  shorter  than  the  intemodes, 
inconspicuously  jointed  to  the  octeae;  ocreae 
3-parted,  becoming  lacerate,  silvery,  brown  and 
glaucous  at  the  base  when  old;  flowers  3-4  to- 
gether in  the  aiils;  stamens  5  or  6;  style  short, 
3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  ovoid,  3-angled, 
i"-2"  long,  slightly  granular  but  shining,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

In  waste  placee.  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island  to  Britisb  Columlna.  south  along  the 
Atlantic  Coast  to  Vii^nia.  Naturalized  from 
Europe  ?    May-Sept 


25.   Polygonum  er^ctum  L.     Erect 
Knotweed.     (Fig,  1342,) 
Polygonum  erectum  L-  Sp,  PI.  363.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  S'-s" 
high,  terete,  nearly  simple  or  much  branched. 
Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  subsessile  or 
short-petioled,  3"-i8"  long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at 
the  apex,  conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae; 
ocreae  oblique,  funnelform,  soon  lacerate,  silvery 
when  young;  flowers  i-a  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  greenish,  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  6  (some- 
times 5)  style'  very  short,  3-parted  to  near  the 
base;  achene  ovoid-pyramidal,  3-angled,  iji" 
long,  reticulated  and  dull,  invested  by  the  calyx, 
or  the  apex  slightly  protruding. 


26.  Polygonum  exsirtum  Small,     Long- 
fruited  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1343.) 

P.  exierlutn  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  ai:  172.      1894. 

Annual,  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  slender,  brownish,  erect  or  nearly  so,  con- 
spicaously  striate,  branched,  i}j°-3'' tall.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  rarely  oblanceolate,  '/i'-i}i'  long,  acute 
or  ctispidate  at  the  apex,  acuminate  at  the  base, 
nearly  sessile;  ocreae  3-4-parted  when  young,  soon 
lacerate,  silvery,  becoming  brownish;  calyx  green- 
ish, or  white,  6-parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  5 
or  6,  included;  style  3-clert  or  3-pBrted,  very  short; 
achene  3-angled,  narrowly  pyramidal,  aX"-J" 
long,  more  or  less  constricted  above  the  middle, 
chestnut-brown,  smooth,  shining,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  at  length  twisted. 

Northwest  Teiritoty,  south  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  Nebraska  and  on  the  Atlantic  ooasc,  in  brackish 
marshes,  from  Maine  to  New  York,     Aug, -Oct, 


POLYGONACEAE. 

27.  Polygonum  ramosiBsimum  Michx. 
Bushy  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1344.) 

p.  ramoHssimum  Michx.  FI.  Bor.  Am.  i:  937.      »3oj. 

Annual,  bright  green  or  yellowuh  gieen,  gla- 
brous, stem  erect  or  Bsccnding,  nsaallr  veij  much 
brancbed,  slender,  striate,  usnally  rigid,  4'-4°  talL 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  short-petiolcd, 
3"-ao"  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  persistent, 
conspicuonsi  J  jointed  totheocreae;  ocreae  obliqae, 
fuanelform,  few-nerved,  becoming  deeplj'  lacerate; 
flowers  several  together  in  the  azillarr  dnsters, 
short- pedict lied;  calyn  5-6-parted,  greenish-white; 
stamens  6  or  fewer;  atyle  ver?  short,  3-paited  to  the 
base;  achene  3-angled,  acute,  sometimes  slightly 
protruding  beyond  the  caljx,  nearly  \^"  long, 
black,  reticulated,  dull. 

In  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territoiy. 

New  Mexico  and  California,  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast 

from  Maine  to  New  Jersey.    July-Sepl. 

PolyEonnm  ramoslsslniiim  pmUflcnm  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Clnb,  31^  17:.      1S94. 

Bushy,  much  branched,  stem  nearly  erect,  its  intemodcs  short,  its  nodes  giving  off  a  or  mote 

branches;  leaves  narrawCT;  Sowers  ancl  achenes  more  numerous.    Nebraska  and  Kansas;  also  01 

the  coast  of  Maine. 

28.   Polygonum  campdrum  Meisn. 

Prairie  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1345.) 

p.  camporum  Meisn.  in  Mart.  PI.  Bras.  5: 11.     1S55. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  stem  mostly 
erect,  slightly  striate,  much  branched,  some- 
times slightly  glaucous,  3°-3<'  tall.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  soon  falling  away, 
sabsessile,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  veined  be- 
neath, 3"-i2"  long;  ocreae  funnelform,  early 
lacerate  and  fugacious,  dark  brown;  flowers  sev- 
eral together  in  the  axillary  clusters,  elender-ped- 
icelled;  pedicels  short;  stamens  8;  style  short, 
3-parted:  achene  pyramidal-ovoid,  3-angled, 
black,  nearly  i)i"  long,  smboth,  shining. 


ag.   Polygonum  t£nue  Michx.     Slender 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1346.) 

Polygonum  lenue  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:  838.       1803. 

Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  rough  about  the 
nodes,  stem  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect,  simple 
or  branched,  somewhat  4-angled,  4'-i3'  tall. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  i"-\i"  long,  articulated  to  the 
ocreae,  i-ribbed  with  a  lateral  impression  on  each 
side  of  the  rib,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous  or 
serrulate;  ocreae  funnelform,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
several  in  tbe  axillary  clusters,  green,  subscssile; 
calyx-lobes  whitish ;  stamens  S;  style  3-parted  nearly 
to  the  base,  its  branches  diverging;  fruit  erect; 
achene  3-angled,  black,  \"-\%"  long,  reticulated 
on  the  angles,  the  centre  of  its  faces  smooth. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


30.    Polygonum  Dougl&sii  Greene. 
Douglas'  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1347-) 


(if.)  1:1 


Douglasii  Greene,   Bull.   Cal.  Acad. 


Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  gla- 
brous, somewhat  rough  at  the  nodes,  sometimes 
slightly  glaucous,  stem  erect,  8'-i8'  tall,  simple 
or  tistially  much  branched,  almost  terete. 
Leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  _(i'-a' 
long,  subsessije,  rather  thin,  Hat  or  revolute, 
with  no  lateral  impressions  parallel  to  the  mid- 
rib; ocreae  oblique,  short,  soon  lacerate;  clus- 
ters axillary,  several-flowered;  the  flowers  and 
fruit  deflezed;  calyx  green  with  white  or  rose- 
colored  margin;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted; 
achene  3-angled,  rV"-3"IoDgi  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  black,  smooth  and  shining. 


Northwest  Territon'  and  British  Columbia  to  New 
Mexico  and  Indian  Territory,  east  throuKh  Ontario 
to  northern  New  York  and  Vermont.    June-Scpt. 


31.   Polygonum  Conv61vulu3  L.     Black  Bindweed.     (Fig.   1348.) 


Polygonutn  Convolvultis  L.  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  scurfy,  stem  tvining  or  trail- 
ing, 6'-3°  long,  mostly  branched,  the  internodes 
elongated.  Leaves  ovate-sagittate  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate-sagittate,  long-petiolcd,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  >i'~3'loogi  ocreae  ob- 
lique, short,  rough  on  the  margin;  axillary  clusters 
or  racemes  loosely  flowered;  flfiwers  greenish,  pen- 
dulous on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted,  closely 
investing  the  achene,  the  outer  lobes  slightly  or 
not  at  all  keeled;  stamens  8;  style  short,  nearly 
entire;  stigmas  3;  achene  3-angled,  obovoid-pyiam- 
idal,  i%"  long,  tbick-pointed,  black,  granular, 
rather  dull. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  ([ronnds,  nearly  throughont 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Native  of  Asia.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed!    Calyx  rarely  6-parted.    Jnly-Sept. 


32.    Polygonum    cilindde    Michx. 
Fringed  Black  Bindweed.    (Fig.  1349.) 

!•.  eilinode  Michx.  Fl,  Bor.  Am.  i:  241.       1803. 

Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent,  stem  red  or 
reddish,  twining  or  prostrate,  I'-io"  long. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  rather 
long-petioled,  undulate,  finely  ciliate,  i''-4' 
long,  or  the  upper  smaller;  ocreae  small,  armed 
-with  reflexed  bristles  near  the  base;  racemes 
mostly  panicled,  axillary  and  terminal,  inter- 
Tupted;  calyx  whitish;  style  short,  3-parted  to 
the  base;  achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal  or 
ovcnd,neBrlyi>j"  long,  very  smooth  and  shining. 

In  rocky  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Minne- 
sota and  Pennsylvania,  south  in  the  Alkghanies  to 


POLYGONACEAE. 

33.   Polygonum  8c4ndens  L.     Climbiag 
False  Buckwheat.     (Fig.  1351.) 

Polygonum  scandrns  L.  Sp,  PI,  J&I.      I7SJ- 

Perennial,  glabrous,  ttein  climbiDg,  a°-3o''  long, 
rather  stout,  striate,  brancbed.  roncb  on  the  ridge*. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  \'-if 
long  or  the  npper  smaller,  the  laiger  tong-petioled, 
finely  pnnctate,  the  margins  scabrous;  ocreae  oblique, 
smooth  and  glabroua;  racemes  usually  numerous  aod 
panicted,  interrupted,  leafy,  a'-S'  long;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, long-pedicel lej;  calyx  5-parted,  tbe 
tbree  outer  segments  verj'  strongly  ninged  and  decar- 
rent  on  the  pedicels,  especially  in  fmit;  stamens  S; 
style  almost  i]one;stigmas3;fruiting  calyx  5"-6''' long, 
the  wings  crisped,  not  incised;  achene  a"-3j4"  long, 
3-ang1ed,  rather  blnnt  at  both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 

In  woods  and  thieketa.  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  the 
Rocli;  Mountains,  south  to  Florida,  Nebraska  and  Texas. 
Aug. -Sept. 

34.   Polygonum  dumetdrum  L.     Copse  or  Hedge  Buckwheat.    (Fig.  1350.) 
polygonum  dume/orum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  3.  512.      1763. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  similar  to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, stem  extensively  twining,  a°-ia°  loog,  striate, 
much  branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  has- 
tate, and  sometimes  inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  i'-3ji'  long,  long  peli- 
oled,  or  the  uppersmaller  and  nearly  sessile;  ocreae 
oblique,  smooth;  racemes  mostly  axillary,  nnmer- 
ous,  much  intcrmpted,  leafy-bracted,  2'-$'  long; 
_  flowers  yellowish  green,  pendulous;  calyx  5 -parted, 
the  three  outer  segments  winged  or  keeled  and 
much  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  S;  style  short, 
3-parted;  fruiting  calyx  3"-4"  long,  the  wings 
nearly  flat,  not  incised;  achene  oblong,  3-angled, 
3"  long,  inclined  to  be  pointed  at  both  ends,  black, 
smooth,  shining. 

Prairies  of  Illinoisand  about  St,  Louis,  Mo.  Also  in 
the  vicinity  of  Knoiville,  Tenn.  Naturalited  from 
Europe?    July-Sept. 

35.  Polygonum  crist^tum  Engelm.  & 

Gray.     Crested  False  Buckwheat. 

(Fig.  1352.) 

Polygonum   crislalum    Engelm.    &    Gray,   Bosl. 
Jbura.  Nat.  Hist.  5:259.      >847- 
Perennial,  scurfy,  stem  slender,  tnining,  3°- 
10°  long,  more  or  less  branched.     Leaves  trian- 
gular  or  ovate,  i'-5'  long,  acnminate  at  the 
apex,  undulate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
rather  long-pelioled;   ocreae  cylindric- funnel- 
form;  flowers  in  axillary  simple  or  compound 
often  naked  racemes  I'-s'long;  pedicels  about 
i}i"   long,  jointed    near  the   middle;    calyx 
greenish -white,  3"-2}i"  long,  5-paited  to  near 
tbe  base,  the  j  outer  segments  keeled  and  at 
maturity  winged;   stamens  8,  included;   style 
none;  stigmas3;  fruiting  calyx  3"-4"  long,  its 
wings  incised;  achene  3-acgled,  oblong,  black, 
smooth,  shining,  about  iji"  long. 
Sandy  woods  and  rocky  banks,  southern  New  York  to  Georgia,  the  Indian  Territory  and  TciM. 
Ang.-Oct. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


36.    Polygonum  Zuccarinii  Small 
Folygonmn  cuspidalum  Sieb,  &  Zucc.  Fl.  Jap.  Faro. 

Nat.  1:84.      1846.    NotWillii.  1825. 
Polyeotium  Zuccarinii  Small,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot  Col. 

Coll.  1:158.    pi.  66.     1695. 

Perennial,  glabroiu,  more  or  less  scurfj,  atem 
stout,  erect,  woody  below,  terete  or  slightly 
angled,  mucb  branched,  ^"Si"  tall.  Leaves  ob- 
loDg-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  a'-S* 
long,  acuminate-cuspidate  at  tbe  apex,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  reticnlate-veioed  on 
both  surfaces,  their  margins  undulate;  ocreae 
oblique,  smooth,  fugacious;  racemes  mostly  ter- 
minal, panicled,  3^-4'  long,  or  axillary,  many- 
flowered,  more  or  less  pubescent;  flowers  green- 
ish-white, long-pedicelled;  outer  segments  of  the 
5-partcd  calyx  very  broadly  winged  in  fruit; 
stamens  S;  style  3  parted;  achene  3-angled,  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  oblong-pyramidal,  i>("-i^" 
long,  black,  smooth,  shining. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  near  Philadelphia.  Fa.. 
Schenectady.  N,  Y.,  and  Atlantic  Highlands,  N.  J. 
Native  of  Japan.    July-Oct. 


Polygonum  sagittittum  L.     Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb. 


(Fig.  1354.) 

Polygonum  sagillalum  L.  Sp.  PI.  363.      1753. 

Annual,  light  green,  stem  slender,  weak,  de- 
cumbent, or  climbing  over  other  plants  by  the 
abundant  sbaip  recurved  prickles  which  arm  its 
4  prominent  angles.  Leaves  lanceolate-sagittate  or 
oblong-sagittate,  J^'-j'  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  slightly  rough  on  tbe  margins,  the  lower  pe- 
tioled,  the  upper Bubsessile;  petioles  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  midribs  prickly;  ocreae  oblique,  not 
ciliate,  fringed  at  the  base  by  a  few  bristle-like 
prickles;  flowers  in  rather  dettae  terminal  heads  or 
racemes;  calyx  greenish  or  rose-colored ;  stamens 
usually  8;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle; 
achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal,  thick-pointed, 
\%"  long,  dark  red,  smooth,  shining. 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to  the 
Northwest  Temtory,  south  to  Florida  and   Y 


July-Sept 


38,    Polygonum   arifdlium   L,     Halberd- 
leaved  Tear-thumb.     (Fig.  1355.) 
Polygonum  arifolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 

Perennial,  stem  ridged,  reclining,  2*'-6''  long,  the 
ridges  armed  with  recurved  prickles.  Peduncles 
mnd  pcdicelsglandularorpubescent;  leaves  broadly 
hastate,  long-petioled,  t'-io'  long,  pubescent  or 
glabrous  beneath,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acnmi- 
nate;  petioles  and  stronger  nerves  pHckly;  ocreae 
oblique,  fringed  at  tbe  summit  with  short  bristles 
and  at  the  base  with  slender  prickles;  flowers  in 
terminal  and  axillary  heads  or  racemes;  calyx  rose- 
colororgi«enisb,4-parted;  stamens  6;stylei-paTted. 
achene  lenticular,  broadly  obovate,  3"  long,  strongly 
Ixconvex,  dark  brown,  smooth,  shining. 


568 


POLYGONACEAE. 


POLYGONELLA  Michx 


.  Bor.  Am.  a;  240.       1803. 

Annual  or  perenniBl  glabrous  herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  erect  branched 
nsnaUy  conspicaousljr  jointed  stems,  alternate  narrow  leaves  articnlated  to  the  naked  ocrtu, 
and  small  white  or  greenish  Strwcrain  ■lender  panicled  racemes,  Caljz  nneqnallj'  5-parted, 
persistent,  its  segments  petalloid,  loosely  investing  the  acheue  or  its  base  in  fruit,  the  three 
inner  calyx -segments  often  winged.  Stamens  8.  included:  filaments  filiform,  or  much  dilated 
or  auricled  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong,  small.  Style  3-parted,  short  or  alinoct  wanting; 
stigmas  capitate;  ovary  i-celled,  ovule  solitary.  Achene  j-angled,  smooth.  Embryo  slen- 
der, nearly  straight,  situated  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  seed.     [Dimiantive  of  FolygODun.] 

Five  or  six  apecies,  natives  of  North  America. 
Annual:  inner  sepals  not  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  refleied.  i.  P.  arliculala. 

Ferenuial;  inner  sepals  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  divergent. 


I.   Polygonella  articul&ta  (L.)  Meisn. 
Polygonum  arliculatum  I,.  Sp.  PI,  363.      1753. 
FOlyXontlla  arliculala  Meisn.  Gen.  3:  218.       i836-'4,!. 

Annual,  glaucous,  stem  slender,  wiry,  erect  or 
sometimes  diffusely  spreading,  simple  or  branched, 
striate  or  slightly  angled,  4'-io'  long.  Leaves 
linear  or  linear-subulate  (apparently  filiform  from 
the  revolute  margins),  sessile,  4"-io"  long,  jointed 
to  the  summits  of  the  ocreae,  cylindric,  slightly  ex- 
panded at  the  summit;  racemes  nameroas,  erect, 
maay-flowered,  l'-l>i'  long;  ocreolae  crowded  or 
imbricated ;  pedicels  reflexed ;  calyx-segments 
white  with  a  dark  midrib,  loosely  investing  the 
achene,  not  winged  in  fmit;  achene  aairowly  ovoid- 
pyramidal,  pointed,  i"  long,  bronm,  amooth, 
shining. 

In  sands  of  the  seashore  and  sandy  soil  along  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Florida,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes.    July-Oct. 


Coast  JoiEtweed, 


,  P.  AiHrricanit, 

(Fig.  1356.) 


Polygonella  Americina  (F.  &  M.)  Small. 
■  (FiS-  1357.) 


Southern  Jointweed. 


GoHopyrii, 

Petersb.  (VI,)  4:  144.      1840, 
t4lla  ericoidts  Eneelm.  & 
S:  130.      ia45- 
P.  Americana  Small 


c    M.   Mem.   Acad, 
Gray,  Bost.  Joum.  > 


olyfntlla  eri 

"  '"'  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  s:  141.  1894. 
Perennial  by  a  long  slender  root,  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  wiry,  somewhat  flexuous, 
iJ4°''4°  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched,  covered 
with  a  ridged  more  or  less  scaly  bark.  Leaves  linear 
or  linear-spatulate,  %'-\'  long,  often  fascicled  on 
short  branches,  sessile,  rather  fleshy,  obtuse  and  revo- 
lute at  the  apex;  ocreae  scarious-margined,  split  on  one 
side;  racemes  \'-t,'  long,  dense,  divergent;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  its  three  inner  segments  developing  or- 
bicular cordate  wings,  the  two  outer  reflexed  in  fruit; 
pedicels  divergent,  jointed  below  the  middle;  achene 
elliptic -oblong,  i%"  long,  chestnut-brown,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 

lo  Georgia  and  Alabama.     Aug. -Oct. 


8.  BRUNNICHIA  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  i:  213.  pi.  45.  f.  2.       1788. 

Perennial,  glabrous  herbs  with  elongated,  grooved  much  branched  stems  climbing  by 
tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  alternate  entire  broad  cordate  petioled  leaves,  the 
ocreae  obscure  or  wanting,  and  small  perfect  flowers  in  panicled  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes,  the  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate-subulate  bracts.  Pedicels  slender, 
jointed  near  the  base.  Calyx  ^-parted,  much  enlarged,  coriaceous  and  winged  on  one  side 
in  fruit,  closely  investing  the  acbene,  the  segments  spreading  when  fresh,  converging  when 
dry.     Stamens  7-10,  mostly  8;  filaments  filiform,  mnchdilaled  at  the  base;  anthers  ovate- 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.  569 

oblong.  Style  3-parted,  the  Btigmas  s-cleftat  the  anntmit;  ovary  imperfectly  a-celled;  ovule 
solitary,  peadulous.  Achene  3-aiigled.  Seed  irregularly  6.grooved,  the  embryo  in  one  of 
it9  angles.     [Name  in  honor  of  M.  T.  Brnnnicfa,  Norwegian  naturalist.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  southeastern  North  America,  the  other  of  tropical  Africa, 
t.   Brunnichia  cirrhdsa  Banks.     Brunnichia.     (Fig.  1358.) 
Bmntiichia  ctrrhosa  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  i; 

»i3,  fit.  4S.  /.  1.     178S. 
Rajanta  ovala  Walt.  PI.  Car.  347.      lySS. 

Stem  6''-ao°  long,  somewhat  woody,  rather 
tough,  slender,  grooved.  Tendrils  numerous,  fili- 
form; leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  i'-6'  long,  petioled,  slightly  pubescent 
beneath;  ocreae  obsolete  or  represented  by  a  ring 
of  short  bristles;  racemes  2'-6'  lonfj;  flowers  in 
fascicles  of  from  3-5;  calyx  campanulate,  3"-4" 
long,  greenish,  j-parted,  its  base  strongly  winged 
alongoneside;  stamens  exserted;  achene  oblong- 
ovoid,  3"  long,  brown,  smooth,  closely  invested 
by  the  persistent  and  coriaceous  calyx  which  be- 
On  banks  of  streams,  soulheni  IllinoiB  to  Arkan- 
sas, east  to  South  Carolina  and  Florida,  May-June. 
Vruit  mature  in  August. 

Family  15.     CHEKOPOWACEAE  Dwmort.  Anal.  Fam.  15.      1829. 
GoosKFOOT  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  angled  striate  or  terete  steins. 
Leaves  alternate  ot  sometimes-opposite,  elcstipulate,  simple,  entire,  toothed  or 
lobed,  mostly  petioled  (in  Salicortiia  reduced  to  mere  ridges).  Flowers  perfect, 
pistillate,  polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  green  or  greenish,  regu- 
lar or  slightly  irregular,  variously  clustered,  commonly  in  panicled  spikes,  bract- 
less  or  bracteolate,  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  none.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, 2-5-lobed,  a-5-parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal,  wanting  in  the 
pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  divisions  of 
the  calyx,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled,  lon- 
gitudinally dehiscent.  Disk  usually  none.  Ovary  mostly  superior  and  free 
from  the  calyx,  i-celled;  ovule  .solitary,  amphitropous;  styles  1-3;  stigmas  capi- 
tate, or  2-3-lobed  or  divided.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous  peri- 
carp. Seed  vertical  or  horizontal;  endosperm  mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting;  embryo 
partly  or  completely  annular  or  conduplicate,  or  spirally  coiled. 

About  75  genera  and  550  species,  ot  wide  geographical  distribution. 
*  Embryo  annular  or  conduplicate,  not  apirally  coiled;  cndoaperrD  copious  (except  In  Salicornia). 
Leafy  herbs;  endosperm  copious. 

Fruit  enclosed  by  or  not  longer  than  the  calyx  or  bractlets. 

Flowers  perfect  ot  some  of  them  pistillate;  calyx  herbaceous  or  fleshy. 
Calyx  3-5-lobed  or  2-5-parted;  stamens  1-5. 

Fruiting  calyi  wingless,  its  segments  often  keeled. 

Calyx  herbaceous  or  but  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit;  flowers  in  panicled  spikes. 

1,  Chenopodinm. 
Fruitingcalyidiy,  strongly  teticulatcdj  leaves  pinnatifid.  a.  Koabuva. 

Calyx  very  fleshy  and  bright  red  in  fruit:  flowers  densely  capitate. 

3,  Blilsim. 
Fruiting  calyx  horizontally  winged.  4.  Cycloloma, 

Calyx  of  I  sepal;  stamen  I.  5.  Monolepis. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;   calyx  of  pistillate  flowers  none;  fruit  enclosed  by  1 
bractlets. 
Bractlets  flat  or  convex,  not  silky. 


s  fitif. 


flerbs:  flowers  perfect,  btacteolate. 

Fruiting  calyx  wingless;  leaves  fleshy,  not  spiny. 

Fruiting  calyx  bordered  I)}-  a  thin  horizontal  wing;  leaves  very  spiny. 


6.  Alripl'x. 

7.  Enrol ia. 

9.  Corisfiertniint. 

10.  Salicornia. 


570 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


I.  CHENOPODIUH  L.  Sp.  PI.  218.  1753. 
Annual  or  perennial,  gteea  and  glabrous,  nbite-mealy  or  glandalar-pabeacent  herbs,  witb 
alternate  petioled  entire  sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately  lobed  leaves.  Ploweis  very  soull, 
frreen,  perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal,  ofleu  pauicled  or 
compound  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  a-5-lobed,  embracing  or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its 
segments  or  lobes  herbaceous  or  slightly  fleshy,  often  Iceelcd  or  ridged.  Stamens  1-5;  fila- 
ments  filiform  or  slender.  Styles  2  or  3;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical,  sometimes  in  both  posi- 
tions in  different  flowers  of  the  same  species,  firinly  attached  to  or  readily  separable  from  tbe 
pericarp;  endosperm  mealj,  farinaceous;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  annular. 
{Greek,  goose-foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.] 


nthew 


Besides  the  following,  » 


inplate  rl 


6.  C.  Frtmonlii  inm 
2.  C.  glaucum. 
^  C.leplophyllui 

\.  C.  polyspertHUi 


C.  rubtf.-- 

C.  hybridum. 

C.  BonUS-HenrUaS. 


13.  C.  Bolrys. 


K  Embryo 
Leaves  white. mealy  on  the  lower  surface. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  sinuate  .toothed  or  lobed. 
Sepals  strongly  keeled  in  fruit. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed;  stem  erect,  tall. 
Pericaip  readily  detached  from  the  seed;  stem  low. 
Sepals  not  keeled  in  fruit;  stem  decumbent. 
Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  linear  ot  oblong. 
Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces  when  mature. 
Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  sinuate,  toothed  or  incised. 
Stamens  j;  calyx  not  fleshy. 

Pericarp  readily  separable  from  the  seed. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate;  calyx. lobes  scarcely  keeled.     5.  C.  Btrscianvm. 
Leaves  triangular-hastate;  calyx-lobes  keeled,  6.  C.  Fretnonlii. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  lo  the  seed. 

Flower-cluster*,  at  least  the  upper,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

leaves  oblong,  rhombic-ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  merely  acute.  I,   C.  albvm  i-iride. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  cuspidate  or  bristle-lipped.  7.  C.  Berlanditri. 
Leaves  triangular-ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base.  8.  C.  urbicum. 
Spikes  loosely  panicled  in  the  axils,  the  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Stamens  only  i  ot  1:  calyx  slightly  fleshy,  red.  " 

Leaves  very  coarsely  2-6-toolhed. 

Leaves  broadly  triangnlat-hastate.  entire  or  merely  undulate. 
*  *■  Embryo  nn  Incomplete  ring. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed;  flowers  in  long  loose  panicles. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  flowers  in  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes. 

Spikes  home  in  the  axils  ot  the  numerous  small  upper  leaves.  14.  C.  ambrosioidei. 

Spikes  in  large  commonly  leafless  terminal  panicles.  15.  C.  anihelminlicum. 

I.  Chenopodium  dlbum  L.     Lamb's  Qtiarters.    White  Goosefoot.    Pigweed. 

(Fig-  1 359-) 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Sp.  PI.  2IQ.       1753. 

Annual,  pale  green,  stem  usually  slender,  stri- 
ate and  grooved  at  least  when  dry,  erect,  com- 
monly mnch  branched,  i°-io°  tall,  the  branches 
aacending.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  3- 
nerved,  white- mealy  beneath,  dentate,  sinuate  or 
lobed,  or  the  upper  entire,  i'-4'  long;  petiole 
often  as  long  as  tbe  blade;  spikes  terminal  and 
axillary,  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled; 
calyx  about  ^"  broad  in  fruit,  its  segments 
strongly  keeled,  usually  completely  enclonng 
tbe  atricle;  seed  horizontal,  black,  shining, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  a 
complete  ring. 

In  waste  places.  A  common  weed  throughout 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Natur- 
alized from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  Widely 
distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  regions. 
Stem  often  purple-streaked.  June-Sept. 
Chenopodium  Album  viride  (L.)  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  71.  1849. 
Chenopodium  viride  L.  Sp.  PI.  2iq,      1753, 

"'    It  brighter  preen ;  leaves  green  on  both  sides  or  but  slightly  mealy  beneath.    Kange  of  the 


type. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 
3.    Chenopodium  glatlcum  L.     Oak-leaved  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1360.) 

Cheaopodium glaucum  L.  Sp.  PI.  am.       1753- 
Blitum glaucum  Koch,  Syn.  FI.  Germ.  608.      1837. 

AoDaal,  succulent,  stem  asually  much  branched, 
decumbent  or  proatrate,  or  with  erect  branches,  4'- 
18'  high.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, slender-petioled  or  the  uppermost  nearly 
sessile,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  white-mealy  beaeatfa,  dark  green  above, 
I'-a'  long,  the  lower  or  all  of  them  sinuate-dentate 
or  lobed;  flowers  in  small  axillary  often  branched 
spikes,  the  clusters  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
or  the  upper  panicled;  calyx  about  %"  broad,  its 
segments  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  neither  fleshy 
nor  keeled  in  fruit;  utricle  brown,  depressed,  its 
eummit  not  completely  covered  by  the  calyx;  seed 
of  lateral  flowers  vertical,  thick,  somewhat  ex- 
aerted,  that  of  terminal  flowetB  commonly  horizon- 
tal; embryo  a  complete  ring. 

A  weed  in  waste  places  throughout  North  America 
except  the  extreme  north.    Naturalized  from  Europe; 
now  found  in  most  cultivated  aieas  of   the   globe. 
June-Sept. 
3.   Chenopodium  leptoph^Uum  (Moq.)  Nutt.     Narrow-leaved  Goosefoot. 
(Fig.  1361.) 

Chinobodiutn  album  var.  leplophyllum  Moq.  in  DC. 

Prodr.  13;  Part  3.  71.      1849. 
Chenopodium  UptophyHum  Nutt.;  Moq.  in  DC,  Prodr. 

13:  Fart  3,  71.    As  nj-nonym.    1S49. 
Chenopodium    Upiobhyllum    var.    oblongi/olium    S. 

Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  95.      1S74, 

Annual,  scarcely  succulent,  stem  slender,  usually 
erect,  striate  or  grooved,  at  least wheo  dry,  branched, 
^'-1%"  tall,  mealy  above,  the  branches  erect-ascend- 
ing. Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  white-mealy  beneath, 
green  above,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  the  lower  ob- 
tuse, entire  or  the  lower  rarely  toothed,  sbort-peti- ' 
oled,  >4'-ij4'long.  i"-3"wide,  1-3-nerved;  flowers 
in  continuous  or  interrupted  axillary  and  terminal 
simple  or  branched  spikes;  calyx  about  %"  broad, 
its  segments  strongly  keeled  and  nearly  covering 
the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  readily  detached  from 
the  pericarp;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  drj;  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territory  to 
Missouri.   New  Mexico  and   Arizona.    Also   on   the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  on  sands  of  the  seashore, 
Connecticut  to  New  Jersey.    July-Sept. 
Chenopodium  laptoph^llum  ■ubtUbmin  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad,  g:  95. 
scarcely  mealy  or  quite   green;   flowers 


loosely  clustered.     Western  Nebtaslia  and  Colorado. 

4.    Chenopodium  polysp£rmum  L. 

Many-seeded  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  136a.) 

Chenopodium polyipermum  L.  Sp.  PI.  3J0.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  not  mealy,  stem  stout  or  slen- 
der, erect  or  decumbent,  commonly  much  branched, 
striate,  6'-3°  high.  Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or 
ovate,  slender-petioled,  entire,  thin,  green  on  both 
aides,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  I'-y  long,  i"-i)i'  wide; 
flowers  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal  panicles; 
calyx  less  than  1"  wide,  its  segments  oblong,  sub- 
acute or  obtuse,  somewhat  scarious,  not  keeled,  not 
completely  covering  the  top  of  the  fruit;  seed 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp,  horizontal;  embryo 
a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Ma-ssacbusetts  to  New 
Jersey,    Adventive  from  Europe.    July-Sept, 


CHENOPODIACE  A  E. 

5.  Chenopodium  Bosci&num  Moq.     Bosc's 
Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1363.) 

Chenopodium  Soicianum  Moq.  Bnnm.  Chrnop.  31.    184a. 

Anonal,  light  green,  stem  ■lender,  erect,  •trUle,  ns- 
aally  much  braoched,  i°-3°  tall,  the  branches  very 
slender,  divergent  ot  aacending.  Leaves  thin,  green 
on  both  aides,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acnteor 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender- 
petioled,  i'-7ii'  long,  the  lower  ainuate-dentate  or 
nearly  all  ot  them  entire^  flowera  in  slender  terminal 
and  aKJllary  spikes;  calyx'segments  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse,  acaiiona-maigined,  not  at  all  keeled,  or  scarcely 
so  in  frait,  herbaceous,  nearly  covering  the  utricle; 
seed  horizontal,  readily  separating  from  the  pericarp, 
black,  shining;  embryo  completely  annular. 

In  woods  and  tbickels,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Indiana  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  sod 
Teias.    Jnly-Sept. 

6.    Chenopodium  Fremdntii  S.  Wats.     Fremont's  Goosefoot,     (Fig,  1364.) 

Chenopodium  Frentonlii  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  E»p. 
287.      1871. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  very  nearlj'  so,  light  green, 
stem  stout  or  slender,  erect,  grooved,  branched,  i°- 
3°  tail.  Leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  broadly 
triangular-haatate,  sinuate-dentate  or  the  upper  en* 
tire,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slender- petioled,  i'-4'  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  the  uppeimoat  sometimes  very 
small,  oblong  or  lanceolate  and  acute;  spikes  slen- 
der, axillary  to  the  upper  leaves  and  in  terminal 
panicles;  calyx  ^"  wide,  its  aegments  keeled  in 
fruit,  and  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle;  pericarp 
easily  separable  from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal, 
shining;  embryo  completely  annular. .,, 


Cheaopoditun  Frem^tii  ioclnum  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am,  Acad.  9: 94.      1S74. 
^  Low,  stems  stout  and  much  branched,  the  branches  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  densely 
white-mealy;  li^avcs  !,  '-i'  long.     Range  of  the  type.     Possibly  a  distinct  species. 

7.  Chenopodium  Berlandiiri  Moq.    Ber- 
landier's  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1365,) 

Chenopodium  Btrlandieri  Moq.   Ennm.  Cfaenop.  aj. 

Annual,  slightly  mealy  when  young,  green  when 
n  ,  old,  stem  erect,  commonlymnch  branched,  lyi'-i" 
y^  tall,  the  branches  slender,  ascending.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, oblong  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  slender-peti- 
oled,  thin,  some  or  all  of  them  cuepidate-acnminate 
at  the  apex  or  bristle-tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sinuate-dentate  or  entire,  }j'-i>j'  long;  flowers  in 
rather  loose  terminal  panided  spikes;  calyx  nearly 
i"  broad,  its  segments  keeled,  completely  enclosing 
the  utricle;  pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  horizon- 
tal seed;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 


June-Sept. 


them  Missouri  to  Texas,  and  in  Flor. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY, 

8.    Chenopodium  tjrbicum  L.     Upright 

or  City  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1366.) 
Chenopodium  urbicum  T,.  Sp.  PI.  Si8.     1753- 

Antiaal,  green  or  bnt  slightly  mealy,  stem  com- 
monly stout,  erect,  branched  or  simple,  chanoekd, 
I'-i'  tall.  Leaves  hastate  or  triangular-ovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  subcordate  or  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  stout- petioled,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  dentate  or  the  uppermost  entire,  the 
larger  s'-s'  long;  spikes  in  terminal  and  axillary 
narrow  erect  panicles,  the  upper  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  }i"  broad,  its  segments  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, herbaceous,  not  keeled  and  not  entirety  en- 
closing the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  rather  firmly 
attached  to  the  pericarp,  its  margina  rounded; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  especially  in  the  cities.  Nova  Sco- 
tia and  Ontario  to  southern  New  York.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  Much  less  common  than  the  following 
species.    June-Sept. 

g.  Chenopodium  mur&le  L.  Nettle- 
leaved  Goosefoot,  Sowbane.  (Fig.  1367.) 
Chenopodium  murale  L.  Sp.  PI.  ai9.      1753. 

Annual,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy,  some- 
what scurfy  above,  stem  erect  or  decumbent, 
usually  br&nched,  1°-^'^"  high,  leafy  to  the 
summit.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright 
green  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  sharply  and  coarsely  sinuate-dentate, 
broadly  cuneate  or  snbtmncate  at  the  base, 
slender-petioled,  a'-4'  long;  flowei«in  loose  ax- 
illary panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  often  not 
longer  then  the  petioles;  calyx-segments  not  en- 
tirely enclosing  the  utricle;  seed  sharp-edged, 
horizontal,  Srmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  em- 
bryo completely  annular;  stamens  5. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  to  Hich^n  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Widely  distrilmted  as  a  weed  in 
civiliied  regions.    Jnne-Sept. 

10.   Chenopodium  h^bridum  L.     Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1368,) 
Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  bright  green,  not  mealy,  sometimes 
more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  slender,  erect,  uauslly 
branched,  a°-4^°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-OvBte,  loDg'-acnmiiiate  at  the  apex,  truncate 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  thin,  slen- 
der-petioled, sharply  dentate  with  1-4  large 
acute  teeth  on  each  side,  or  the  upper  lanceo- 
late and  entire,  the  lower  4'-7'  long;  flowers  in 
large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  calyx 
about  i"  broad,  in  segments  oblong,  rather  ob- 
tnse,  herbaceous,  slightly  keeled,  incompletely 
covering  the  fruit;  stamens  5;  seed  horizontal, 
sharp-edged,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  sometimes  in  waste  places, 
Quetwc  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  southeastern  New  York,  Ken- 
tncky.  Kansas.  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Also  in 
Europe.    July-Sept. 


574 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


II.  Chenopodium  r^brum  L.     Red 
Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1369.) 

Chenopodium  rubrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ii8.       I753. 
Btilatn  rubrum  Reichb.  Fl.  Genn.  Exc.  ^i.  iSyt-jz. 

Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshj,  not  meal}', 
stem  erect,  leafy,  I'-a^"  t«ll,  often  much 
brancbed, thebiaacbesitrictoraBcending.  Leaves 
thick,  tJ^'-4'  long,  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-laa- 
ceoUte,  petioled,  acute  Bcuminate  or  obtuse  tit  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  coaisclj  sinuate-den- 
tate or  the  upper  entire;  flowers  in  erect  componnd 
leafy-bracted  Bxillary  and  teitniaal  spikes  often 
exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  j-s-parted,  its  seg- 
ments slightly  fleshy,  red,  not  keeled,  obtuse,  about 
asloDg  as  the  utricle;  Btameiis  lors;  stigmassbort; 
seed  horizoutal.  shining,  rather  sharp-edged,  sepa- 
rating from  the  pericarp;  embryo  annular. 

On  the  seacoast.  Newfonndland  to  New  Jersey,  and 
in  saline  soil  in  the  interioracross  the  continent,  soutb 
to  central  New  York,  Nebraska  and  British  Columbia. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    July-Sept. 

13.    Chenopodium  B6nus-Henricus  L.     Good  King  Henry.     Perennial 
Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1370,) 
Chenobodiu 
BHIum  Bon 

1830-31. 

PereoDial  by  a  thick  rootstock,  glabrous,  dark 
green,  not  niealy;Btem  erect,  usually  stout,  simple  or 
little  branched,  channeled,  i°'3}j°  tall.  Leaves 
broadly  triangular-hastate,  palmately  veined,  entire 
or  undulate  ^ rarely  with  i  or  1  small  teeth),  the 
apex  and  basal  lobes  usually  acute,  the  lower  long- 
petioled  (petiole  often  twice  as  long  as  the  blade), 
the  upper  much  smaller  and  short-patioled;  flowers 
in  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  panicled,  com- 
monly dense  spikes  sometimes  3'-4'  long;  calyx  4- 
S-parted,  the  segments  not  longer  than  the  fmit; 
stigmas  elongated;  aeed  vertical,  or  that  of  termi- 
nal flowers  horizontal,  black,  shining,  blunt-edged; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places.  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  Bouthem  New  York.  Naturaliied  from 
Europe.    June-Sept. 

13.    Chenopodium   Bdtrys  L.      Feather 

Geranium.   Jerusalem  Oak.    (Fig,  1371.) 
Chenopoditttn  Botrys  L.  Sp.  PI.  119.      1753. 

Annual,  green,  glandutar-pnbescent  and  visdd, 
strong-scented;  stem  slender,  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  8'-2°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
deeply  and  usually  irregularly  pinnately  lobed, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  petioled,  yi'-^  long, 
or  the  uppermost  much  smaller,  the  lobes  mostly 
obtuse  and  dentate;  flowers  very  small,  in  numer- 
ous loose  axillary  cymose  panicles  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves;  calyx  3-5-parted,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  very  pubescent,  rather 
longer  then  the  utricle;  seed  horizontal  or  verti(»], 
lirmty  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  an  incom- 
plete ring. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  Ore- 
gon, southeastern  New  York,  Kentucky  and  Meiico. 
Naturaliied  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  The 
leaves  fait  in  autumn,  leaving  the  panicles  as  narrow 
naked  wands.  Also  called  Turnpike  Geranium,  July- 
Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  ; 

14.  Chenopodium  ambrosioldes  L.     Mexican  Tea.     (Fig.  1372.) 

Chenopodium  OBibrosioides  L.  Sp,  PI.  aig.    1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  slightly  glandular-pu- 
.  bescent,  green,  not  mealy,  slrong-scented, 
stem  much  branched,  aacendiog  or  erect, 
leafy,  2°-3°  high,  angular  and  grooved. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  short  peti- 
ole, repand- dentate,  undulate  or  the  upper  en- 
tire, I'-iH'  long,  the  upper  numerous  and 
much  smaller;  flowers  in  small  dense  axillary 
spikes,  mostly  shorter  than  ttae  subtending 
leaves;  calyx  usually  3-parled,  completely  en- 
closing the  fruit;  pericarp  readily  separable 
from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical, 
shining;  embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Florida. 
west  across  the  continent  to  California.  Natu- 
ralized from  tropical  America.  Introduced  as  a 
weed  also  into  soulhem  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug.- 
Oct. 

15.  Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L.     Wormseed.     (Fig,  1373.) 
Chenopodium  anlhrlminlicuiu  L.  Sp.  PI.  aao.   1753. 

Chenopodium  anibtoiioides  vai,  anthelminticum 

A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  408.      1867. 

Annual  or  sometimes  perennial,  rather  dark 
green,  similer  to  the  preceding  species  and  per- 
haps intergrading  with  it,  stem  somewhat 
stouter,  2ji°-3>i°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate  at  the  apex 
and  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled, 
coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  a'^5'  long,  the 
lower  i'  or  more  wide,  the  upper  gradually 
smaller,  the  uppermost  commonly  tinear-lanceo- 
late  and  entire;  flowers  in  linear  usually  bract- 
less  panicled  spikes,  or  the  lower  spikea  leafy- 
hracted;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical;  embryo  an 
incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  southern  Kew  York  and  southern 
Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Floridaand  Mexico. 
Naturaliied  from  Europe.    Aug. -Oct. 

2.    ROUBIEVA  Moq.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (11.)  i:  292.      1834. 

A  perennial  herb,  glandular-pubescent,  strong-scented,  prostrate,  and  diffusely  branched, 
with  narrow  small  short-petto  led  deeply  pinnatilid  lea^-es.  Flowers  small,  green,  perfect,  or 
pistillate,  solitary,  or  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  3-5-toOtbed,  narrowed 
at  the  throat,  in  fruit  becoming  obovoid,  strongly  reticulated  and  closed.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  3,  exserted.  Wall  of  the  pericarp  thin,  glandular.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  a  com- 
plete ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm.     [Name  in  honor  ofG.  J.  Ronbieu,  French  botanist.] 

A  Dionotypic  genus  of  South  America,  often  included  in  Chenopodium. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 

I.  Roubieva  multifida(L.)  Moq.   Cut- 
leaved  Goosefoot,     Roubieva. 
(Fig.  1374.) 
Chenofiodium  mullijidum  L  Sp.  PI.  Mo.      1753. 
Soubiefa  mullifida  Uoq.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  dl,}  1: 
*i%  pi.  >o.     1834. 

Usually  mnch  branched,  very  leafy,  proi- 
trale,  or  the  branches  ascending,  6'-i8'  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblongin  outline,  ^'-1^' long,  i^"-4"  wide, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  linear-oblong;  acnte  en- 
tire or  toothed  lobea;  flowers  1-5  together  in 
the  axils,  sessile,  less  than  )i"  broad,  some 
perfect,  some  pistillate;  fruiting  calyx  oboroid, 
obtuse,  3-nerved  and  stroDgly  redcn  late-veined, 
%"  thick;  utricle  compressed. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  southern  New  York 
to  Viiginia.  Naturalized  oradventive  from  tropi- 
cal America.    June-Sept. 

3.   BLITUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  2.      1753. 

Annual  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  succulent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  has- 
tate petioled  rather  light  green  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  or  reddish,  aggregated  in  glo- 
bose ajrillary  sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  beads  forming  an  interrupted  spike.  Calyx  a-j- 
lobed,  becoming  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit  Stamens  1-5.  Pericarp  separating  from 
the  seed.  Seed  vertical,  shining.  Embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[The  classical  name  of  orache.] 

One  01  perhaps  two  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Europe. 

1.  BHtum  capitatum  I,.  Strawberry  Elite.  (Fig.  1375.) 
Bliluni  capitalum  L,  Sp.  PI.  3.  1753. 
CAeno/orflMmfa/iVa/HmAschers.Fl.  Brand. 571.  iS6j. 
Stem  ascending,  erect,  or  prostrate,  6'-!°  long, 
commonly  much  branched,  the  branches  ascend- 
ing. Leaves  usually  longer  than  wide,  Iji'-j' 
long,  rather  thin,  sinuate-dentate,  or  the  upper  or 
sometimes  all  of  them  entire,  cordate  or  rcnifonn, 
the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acute  or  acuminate; 
lower  petioles  often  longer  that  the  blades;  heads 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  on  the  sides  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  or  branches,  i"'3"  in  diameter 
in  flower,  becoming  bright  red  and  5"-8"  in  di- 
ameter in  fruit,  and  then  somewhat  resembling 
strawberries;  seed  compressed,  ovate,  enclosed  by 
the  cslyx,  or  when  quite  mature  slightly  exserted. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  Utah  and  to  Nevada.  Also  in  Europe. 
June-Aug. 


4.    CYCLOLOMA  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop. 


An  annual  diffusely  branched  glabrous  or  cobwebby- pubescent  herb,  with  alternate  peti- 
oled irregularly  toothed  leave9,'and  small  sessile  bractless  flowers  in  panlcled  interropted 
spikea.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  keeled  in  flower,  a  thin  horizontal  irregularly  dentate  wii^ 
developing  below  them  in  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  1-3.  Fruit  (except  its  summit)  enclosed 
by  the  calyx,  depressed,  ^eed  horizontal;  embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[Greek,  circle-border,  alluding  to  the  calyx-wing.] 

A  monotypic  genua  of  north  central  North  A 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

1.    Cycloloma  atripHcifdlium  (Spreng.) 
Coult.     Cycloloma.     (Fig.   1376.) 

ffoMa  alriplici/oliaSpKng.'SactT.  Fl.SaX.  3:  iS.  i8ai. 
Cycloloma  plalyphyllum  Moq.  Enum,  Chenop.  i8.  1840. 
C.  atriplictfoltum  Conlt.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 143.  1894. 

Pale  green  or  becoming  dark  purple,  bushy- 
brancbed,  6'-2o'  high,  the  atem  and  branches  angu- 
lar and  striate.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles, 
irregularly  sinnate-dentate  witb  acute  teeth,  t'-i' 
long  or  the  upper  much  smaller;  spikes  numerous 
in  terminal  panicles,  loosely  flowered,  i'-3'  long, 
slender;  fruit,  including  the  winged  calyx,  3"  broad; 
calyx-lobes  not  completely  covering  the  summit  of 
the  utricle,  which  appears  as  a  5-rayed  area. 

Alooic  streams  and  on  banks,  Manitoba  to  Indiana 
and  Ittinois,  west  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  Nebraska 
and  Arizona.    Summer, 

5.  MONOLEPIS  Schrad.  Ind.  Sem.  Gott.  4. 
Low  annual  branching  herbs,  with  small  narrow  alternate  entire  toothed  or  lobed  leaves, 
and  polygamous  or  perfect  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  a  single  peniatent 
herbaceous  sepal.  Stamen  i.  Styles  3,  slender.  Utricle  flat,  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the 
smooth  vertical  seed.  Embryo  a  very  nearly  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its 
radicle  tnmed  downward.    [Greek,  single-scale,  from  the  solitary  sepal,] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  western  North  America,  the  following-  one  reaching  our  Hmits. 
I.    Monolepis  NuttalliUna  (R.  &  S.) 
Greene,     Monolepis,     (Fig,  1377.) 

Blilum  chenopodioides  Natt.  Gen.  i:  4.      rSi8.      Not 

Btitunt  NuitaUianum  R.  &  S.  Mant.  i:  65.      igi2. 
Monolepis  chenopodioides  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part 

J,  83.      I8w. 
Monolepis  Nullalltana  Greene,  PI.  Fran.  r6e.      rSgi. 

Slightly  mealy  when  young,  pale  green,  glabrons 
or  nearly  so  when  old;  stem  s'-n'  high;  branches 
many,  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline, 
short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  yi'-ijii'  long, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  lin- 
ear or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  3-4  times 
as  long  as  the  ascending  lateral  ones;  flowers  clns- 
tered  in  the  axils;  sepal  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
acute  or  subacnte;  pericarp  minutely  pitted,  about 
^"broad;  marginsof  the  seed  acute. 

In  alkaline  or  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest 
Terrjtoiy  to  Minnesota.  Nebfaska,  New  Mexico  and 
southern  California.    June-Sept. 

6.   ATRIPLEX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.      1753. 

Annual  orperennial  herbs  or  tow  shrubs,  often  scurfy-canescent  or  silvery.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled  or  sessile,  or  some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small, 
green,  in  ponicled  spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  con- 
sisting of  a  3-s-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens;  filaments  separate  or  united 
by  their  bases;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  3 
bractlets  whictk  enlarge  iu  fruit  and  are  more  or  less  united,  sometimes  quite  to  their  summits, 
their  margins  entire  or  toothed,  their  sides  smooth,  crested,  tubercled  or  winged;  perianth 
none;  ovary  glotxMe  or  ovoid;  stigmas  1.  Utricle  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the 
fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical  or  rarely  horizontal;  embryo  annular,  the  radicle  pointing 
upward  or  downward;  endosperm  mealy,    [From  a  Greek  name  of  orache.] 

About  130  species,  of  very  wide  geoeraphic  distriburion.    Besides  the  following,  some  45  others 

Annual  herbs;  stems  or  branches  erect,  ditTuse  or  ascending. 

Leaves  hastate,  ovate,  rhombic-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Plants  grreen,  glabrons  or  sparingly  scurfy,  not  silvery;  leaves  slender-petioled. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  wide.  r.  A.  palula. 

Leaves  triangulaT-hastate,  the  lower  only  1-3  times  as  long  as  wide.       a.  A.  haslala. 


578  CHEXOPODIACEAE. 

Plant  very  scurf  J';  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  shon-pctioled.  \  A. 

Plants  densely  silvety;  leaves  hastale,  entire  or  little  tcmthed. 

Stamiaate  spikes  dense,  short;  leaves  pelioled.  4.  A. 

Staminate  spikes  elonKated  interrupted;  upper  leaves  sessile ,  ,s.  A. 

Leaves  oblong,  densely  silvery,  entire;  plant  of  sea  Seaches.  6.  A. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire;  plants  of  the  tvestem  ] 

Fruiting  btactlets  subotbiculor,  wingless,  their  sides  crested  or  tabercled.  7.  A. 

Fruiting  bractlets  appendaged  by  4  vertical  reticulated  wings.  8.  A. 

1.    Atriplex  pfitula  L.     Spreading  Orache.     (Fig.  1378.) 

Alrithx palula  U  Sp,  PI.  1053,       1753. 
Alrtpltx  litloralis  I,.  Sp.  PI,  1054-      '753- 

Annual,  dark  green,  gUbtons  or  somewhat  scurf  J 
above;  stem  mncb  bratiched,  diffuse,  ascending  or 
sometimes  erect,  i'-^,"  long,  I.eaTes  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  or  the  uppermost 
nearly  sessile,  entire,  sparingly  toothed,  or  3-lobed 
below  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  cuneate  st  the  base,  I'-s'  long,  3"-i^'  wide; 
flowers  in  panicled  interrupted  slender  mostly  leaf- 
less spikes,  and  usually  also  capitate  in  the  upper 
axils;  fruiting  bractlets  united  only  at  the  base, 
fleshy,  triangular  or  rhombic,  3"-4"  wide,  their  sides 
often  tubercled;  radicle  of  the  embryo  ascending. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast.  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario 
to  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  Naturaliied 
from  Europe,  or  perbap  indigenous  northward.  Native 
also  of  Asia.      Much  less  "         ''       '  "' 

species.    July- Aug, 


than  the  following 


a.    Atriplex  hast^ta  L. 
Atriplex  kaslala  L.  Sp.  PI.  1053.      1753. 
A.  palulum  vai.  haslalum  fi..GTAy,'KAD.  Ed.;,  409.  TS67. 
Atriplex  paluta  var.  subspicala  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  9:  107.      1874. 

Annual,  pale  green,  or  purple,  somewhat  scnrfy, 
at  least  when  young;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
branched.  i''-2}i''  tall.  Leaves  slender-petioled, 
acuminate,  the  lower  broadly  triangular-hastate, 
seldom  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed,  i'-4'  long,  truncate  or  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  basal  lobes  divergent,  acute  or  acu- 
minate; upper  leaves  sometimes  triangular-lanceo- 
late; inflorescence  as  in  the  preceding  species;  the 
fruiting  bractlets  sometimes  broader. 

In  salt  meadows  and  waste  places  mostly  near  the 
coast.  New  Brunswick  to  South  Carolina,  and  in  saline 
soil,  Manitoba  to  Britisli  Columbia.  Nebraska  and 
Utah.  Also  in  Europe.  The  western  plant  is  more 
scurfy  than  the  eastern.     Aug. -Oct. 


Halberd-leai-ed  Orache.     (Fig,  1379.) 


3.   Atriplex  rdsea  L.     Red  Orache. 

(Fig.  1380.) 

Al'iplc.v  rosea  L,  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1493.       1763- 

Annual,  pale  green  and  very  scurfy,  stem  erect  or  de- 
cumbent, usually  much  branched,  t°-iji°high.  Leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic- ovate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  ses- 
sile, coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  ii'-i}i' 
long,  X'-3fi'  wide,  often  turning  red;  flowers  mostlj 
in  axillary  capitate  clusters,  often  dense,  or  some  io 
few  terminal  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular- ha  state,  .itrongly  veined,  mealy-white,  dry, 
about  3"  broad,  united  ouly  at  their  bases,  their  margins 
toothed  or  lacerate  and  sides  tubercled. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 
4.   Atriplex  argintea  Nutt.     Silverj'  Orache. 
Atriplex  argtitlea  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  193.      i8i3. 

Animal,  pale,  densely  silvery-scurfy  or  becom- 
ing smooth,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  bushy- 
brancbed,  d'-x/  high,  angular.  Leaves  finu,  tri- 
Bngular-hastate  or  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  snbtruncate  at  the  fpse, 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or  sparingly 
dentate,  Ji'-a'long,  the  basal  lobes  short;  flowers 
in  capitate  axillary  clusters,  or  the  staminete  in 
sbort  dense  spikes;  Truiting  bractlets  suborbicu- 
lar,  rhombic  or  broader  than  high,  a"-4"  wide, 
united  nearly  to  their  summits,  the  margins 
sharply  toothed,  the  sides  sometimes  tubercled 
or  crested;  radicle  of  the  embryo  pointing  down- 


In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Utah. 
June-Sept. 


(Fig. 


5.   Atriplex  expfinsa  S.  Wats.     Sessile- 
leaved  Orache.     (Fig.  1382.) 

Alripiex  expansa  S.Wats.  Ptoc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  116. 

:874- 

Annual,  densely  silvery-scurfy,  similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  but  stouter,  the  stem  erect, 
widely  branched,  sometimes  6°  talL  Leaves  thin, 
triangular-hastate  or  rhombic-ovate,  toothed  or 
entire,  sessile  or  the  lower  very  short- petioled, 
yi'-\yi'  long  and  nearly  as  wide  at  the  base; 
pistillate  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  stami- 
nate  mostly  in  slender  interrupted  solitary  or 
paniclcd  spikes  sometimes  4'  long;  fruiting 
bractlets  broad,  united  nearly  to  their  summits, 
tubercled,  their  margins  strongly  toothed. 

Western  Kansas  (according  to  A.  S.  Hitchcock)  to 
Chihuahna  and  New  Mexico,  west  to  California. 
July-Ocl. 


6.   Atriplex  aren&ria  Nutt.     Sea-beach 

Atriplex.     (Fig.  1383.) 
Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.  Gen.  I:  198.      1818. 

Annual,  pale,  densely  sit  very-scurfy,  stem 
bnshy-brancbed,  6'-iS'  high,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  decumbent,  angular,  slender.  Leaves 
oblong,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  very 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  >i'-iJi'long,  2}4"-io" 
wide,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral 
veins  few  and  obscure;  flowers  in  anillary  clus- 
ters much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  fruiting  bract- 
lets triangular  wedge-shaped,  broadest  above, 
a"-3"  wide,  united  nearly  to  the  several -toothed 
summits,  their  margins  entire,  their  sides  reticu- 
lated, or  sometimes  crested  or  tubercled;  radicle 
of  the  embryo  pointing  downward. 

On  sandy  sea  beaches,  Xova  Scotia  (?);  M».ssa- 
chuaetts  to  Florida.    July-Sepl. 


58o  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

7.   Atriplex  Nuttillii  S.  Wats.     NuttaU's  Atriplex.     (Fig.  1384.) 


A  finely  scurfy  pale  gieen  slinib,  i  "-l^i"  tall, 
the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  rather  atiff, 
•trtetc  or  terete,  leafy,  the  bark  nearly  whitt. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear-obloag  or  obUnceoUte, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  tbe 
base,  sessile,  entire,  Ji'-2'  long,  i"-^"  wide; 
flowers  in  terminal  spikes  and  capitate  clustered 
in  the  axils,  often  strictly  dioecious;  fruiting 
bractlels  ovate  or  suborbicular,  united  to  above 
the  middle,  \%"-i%"  broad,  the  margins 
toothed,  the  sides  crested,  tubercled  or  spiny. 

In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  Northvest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Nevada. 

Aug.  -Oct. 


8.   Atriplex  caniscens  (Fursh)  James. 
s  Pufsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  370. 


Busily  Atriplex.     (Fig.  1385.) 


Atriplex  can 

(It)  J:  178. 


1815. 


G,  Trans.  Am.  Phil,  Soc. 


A  pale  densely  scurfy  shmb,  I'-s"  high,  re- 
sembling the  preceding  species  and  with  simi- 
lar foliage.  Flowers  in  short  terminal  spikes 
and  in  axillary  clusters,  commonly  dioecious, 
sometimes  monoecious;  bractlets  ovate  in 
flower,  united  nearly  to  their  summits;  in  fruit 
appendaged  by  4  broad  thin  distinct  wings, 
which  are  i"-^"  broad  at  the  middle  and  osu- 
ally  about  twice  as  high,  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  not  tubercled  nor  crested,  toothed  near 
their: 


In  dry  or  saline  soil.  South  Dahotaand  Nebraska 
to  New  Mexico  and  Mexico,  west  to  Nevada  and 
California,    July-Scpt 


7.    EUROTIA  Adans.  Fam.  Pi.  2:  z6o.     1763. 

pubescent  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  narrow  leaves  and  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  flowers,  capitate  or  spicate  in  the  axils.  Staminale  flowers  not  bracteolate, 
consisting  of  a  4-parled  calyx  and  as  many  cxserted  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  3-bracteolate, 
the  bracttets  united  nearly  or  quite  to  their  summits,  densely  covered  with  long  silky  hairs, 
a-horned;  calyx  none:  ovary  ovoid,  sessile,  pubescent;  styles  i,  exserted.  Seed  vertical; 
embryo  nearly  annular  in  (he  mealy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward.  [From  the 
Greek  for  hoariness  or  mould.] 


a  Europe. 


n  species,  the  folloning  o 


ti  North  America,  the  other  of  wet 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 


1.   Eurotia  lan^ta  (Pursh)  Moq     Amencan 

Eurotia.     White  Sage      (Fig   1386) 
Diotis  lanata  Parah,  F).  Am  Sept  603      1814 
Eurolia  lanala  Moq.  Enum   Chenop  8:        1B4P 

A  Stella te-pubesceot  erect  much  branched  shrub 
i°-3°  bigh,  the  haira  long  white  when  young  be 
coming  reddish  brown,  the  branches  ascending  very 
leafj.  Leaves  linear  or  linear  lanceolate  short 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile  obtuse  at  the  apex  nai 
lowed  at  the  base,  J^'-a  long  3  -s,yi  wide  their 
margins  revolute,  the  raidvem  prominent  the  lateral 
veins  few;  flowers  densely  capitate  in  the  npper 
axils,  forming  terminal  leafy  spikes  bracts  lanceo- 
late, t"-4"  long  in  frnit  appendaged  by  4  tnRs  of 
spreading  hairs;  calyx-lobesacute  pubescent  utricle 
loose,  the  pericarp  readily  separating  from  tbe  large 
seed. 


8.  KOCHIA  Roth;  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  i:  307.  pi.  2.  1799. 
Perennial  or  annnal  herbs  or  low  shrnl»,  with  alternate  sessile  narrow  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  or  pistillate  flowers,  sometimes  bracteolate,  clustered  in  the  axils.  Calyx  s-lobed, 
herbaceous  or  membranous,  wingless,  or  sometimes  developing  a  horizontal  wing,  enclosing 
the  fruit  Stamens  3-5,  their  filaments  linear.  Oraty  ovoid,  narrowed  upward  into  the 
style;  stigmas  3.  Utricle  pear-shaped  or  oblong,  the  pericarp  membranous,  not  adherent 
to  the  seed.  Seed  inverted;  the  testa  thin;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  little  or  none. 
[Name  in  honor  of  W.  D.J.  Koch,  1771-1849,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Erlangen.] 


I,  Kochia  Scop&ria  (L.)  Roth.    Kochia. 
(Fig.  1387.) 

Chenopodium  Scoparta  L.  Sp.  PI.  211.     1753. 
Kochia  Scofiaria  Roth;  Schrad.  Neues  Joum.  Bot 
3-  85.     l8oq. 

Annual,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrate,  stem 
erect,  slender,  rather  strict,  branched,  leafy,  l°- 
3>j°  tall.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  cili- 
ate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  I'-a'  long,  \"-i," 
wide,  the  upper  gradually  smaller;  flowers  sessile, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming 
short  dense  bracted  spikes;  fruiting  calyx-seg- 
ments each  with  a  short  triangular  horizontal 
wing. 

In  waste  places,  Ontario,  Vermont  and  northern 
New  York.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Native  also 
ot  Asia.     Julj-Sept. 


9.   CORISPERMUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  4.       1753. 

Annnal  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  entire  i-nerved  leaves,  and  perfect  bractless  small 
green  flowers,  solitary  in  tbe  npper  axils,  forming  terminal  narrow  leafy  spikes,  tbe  npper 
leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower.  Calyx  of  a  solitary  thin  broad  sepal,  or  rarely  3. 
Stamens  t-3,  rarely  more,  and  one  of  them  longer.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  2.  Utricle  ellipsoid, 
mostly  planoconvex,  the  pericarp  firmly  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed,  its  maq^ns  acute  or 
winged.  Embryo  annular  in  tbe  somewhat  fleshy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward. 
{Greek,  bug-seed.] 

At>out  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  subarctic  zones.  Onl;  the  following  is 
knoivn  to  occur  in  North  .\mcrica. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 
Corispermum  hyaaopirdlium  L-     Bug-seed.     (Pig.  1388.) 
Coris/nrmuBi  hyssopifolium  t,.  Sp.  Pt.  4. 


17S.V 


Glabrous  or  pubescent,  rather  pale  green, 
•omewhat  fleshj,  atem  striate,  erect,  sometimes 
zigzag,  usoallj  much  branched,  6'-a°  tall,  the 
branches  slender,  ascending  or  divergent,  spar- 
ingly  leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sesaile, 
Ji'-a'  long,  i"-a"  wide,  cuspidate  at  the  apen; 
upper  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  apprcssed-as- 
cending,  or  at  length  spreading,  acute  or  acami- 
nate  at  the  apex,  %'-yk'  long,  scarious-mar- 
gined;  utricle  i"-a"  long,  %"-\"  thick,  nar- 
rowly winged,  obtnse,  subacute  or  mucrooate 
by  the  persistent  styles. 

In  sandy  soil,  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes  to  the 
Koithwest  Territory,  Arctic  America  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Kansas.  Texas  and  Arizona. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  sniall-fruited  lorm 
(var.  microcarpum  S.  Wats. )  occurs  from  Kansas 
southward.    July-Sept. 


10.    SALICORNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  3. 


1753- 


Fleshy  glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  mere  opposite  scales  at  the  nodes,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  ones,  forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateiHl  ones  staminale. 
Calyx  obpyramidal  or  rhomboid,  fleshy,  j-^-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit, 
deciduous.  Stamens  a,  or  sometimes  solitary,  exseiied;  filaments  cylindric,  short;  anthers 
oblong,  large;  ovary  ovoid;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Utricles  enclosed  by  the  spongy  fruiting 
calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous.  Seed  erect,  compressed;  embryo  conduplicate;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Name  Greek,  salt-bom;  from  the  saline  habitat,  and  hom-like  branches.] 


n  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 


Annuals;  stem  erect. 

Scales  very  short,  acute  or  blunt; 

Scales  mucronatc. tipped;  spikes  : 
Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock;  sten 


ipikcs  i"->'A"  in  diamcK 
-3"  in  diameter, 
i  trailing  or  decumbent. 


I.  5'.  herbttcta. 
a.  J.  BigelPi-ii. 
3.  S.  ambigHa. 


Salicomia  herbScea  L.     Slender  Glasswort.     (Fig.  1389.) 


Salicoruia  Europaea  var.  herbacca  L  Sp.  PI.  3.    1753. 
Saluoraia  herbatea  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  5.     1762. 

Annua],  S'-a"  tall,  stem  erect,  much  branched, 
the  branches  slender,  ascending  or  nearly  upright, 
their  joints  3-4  times  as  long  as  thick.  Scales  acute 
or  rather  obtuse,  1"  long  or  less,  broadly  ovate  or 
wider  than  long;  fruiting  spikes  i'-3' long,  about 
I'/i"  in  diameter;  middle  flower  of  the  3  at  each 
joint  twice  as  high  as  the  lateral  ones,  reaching 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  joint;  utricle  pubescent. 

In  salt  marslies,  .\nlicosli  to  Georgia;  about  salt 
springs  in  central  New  Yolk ;  in  saline  soil  from  Mani- 
toba to  Briti^'h  Columbia,  south  to  Kansas  and  Utah, 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  plant  often  turns  bright 
red  in  autumn,  forming  vividly  colored  areas  in  the  salt 
marshes,  hence  called  Marsh  Samphire.    July-Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  583 

a.    Salicomia  Bigeldvii  Torr.     Bigelow's  Glasswort.     (Fig.  1390.) 


Salicornia  Virginica  Moq,  in  DC.  Prodr.   13: 
Part  I,  145.     1B49.     Not  I.    \-!M. 

Salicornia  Bigetovii  Torr.  Bot.  Mei.  Bound. 

SUTV.   184.         1859. 

Annual,  stem  and  branches  stout,  erect  or 
nearly  90,  j'-ij'  tall.  Scales  ovate  or  trian- 
giilar-orate,  sharply  mucronate,  i"-i}i" 
long,  at  length  spreading;  fruiting  apikes 
}i'-i}4'  long,  2"-2"  in  diameter,  their  joints 
not  longer  than  thick;  middle  flowerslightly 
higher  than  the  lateral  onea,  reaching  very 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  joint;  ntride 
pubescent. 


3.   Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.     Woody  Glasswort.     (Fig. 


mbigua  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  : 


Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock,  stem  trail- 
ing or  decumbent,  e'-j"  long,  the  branchea 
ascending  or  erect,  slender,  nearly  or  quite 
Mmple,  rather  long-jointed,  3'-8'  long. 
Scales  broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  high> 
acute  OT  obtnse,  appressed  or  slightly  diver- 
gent; fruiting  spikes  Ji'-i  Ji'  long,  about  2" 
in  diameter,  their  joints  not  longer  than 
thick;  flowers  all  about  equally  high  and 
about  equalling  the  joints. 


On  wa  beaches  and  salt  meadows,  Massachu- 
setts to  Florida  and  Texas,  and  00  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Perhaps  identical  with  S./rulicoin  L., 
of  Europe,    Aug, -Sept. 


11.   SARC6bATUS  Nees  in  Max.  Reise  N.  A.  i:  510.       1839. 

An  erect  much  branched  shrub,  with  spiny  branches,  alternate  linear  fleshy  entire  ses- 
sile leaves.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  terminal  ament-like  spikes, 
the  pistillate  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  rarely  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  without  a 
calyx;  stamens  j-5  together  under  peltate  rhombic-ovate  acute  spirally  arranged  scales; 
filameota  short.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  calyx  compressed,  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, slightly  3-lipped,  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  3  subulate  exserted  papillose  stigmas,  ap- 
pendaged  by  a  narrow  border  which  expands  into  a  membranous  borizoutal  wing  in  fruit. 
Seed  vertical,  the  testa  translucent,  double;  embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral,  green;  endo- 
sperm none.     [Name  Greek,  flesh-thorn,  from  the  fleshy  leaves  and  thorny  stems.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  weBlem  North  A 


CHENOPODIACEAH. 

I.  Sarcobatus  vermiculfttus  (Hook.) 

Torr.     Grease- wfood. 

(Fig.  1392.) 

Balis  (?)  vermicutala  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  a:  u6. 

18,18. 
Sarcobalus  venaicularis  Torr.  Bmoiy's  Bep.  ijo. 

GUbroiu  or  the  young  foluge  ■omewhat  pn- 
bescent,  much  branched,  a°-io°  high,  the 
branches  slightly  angled,  leafy,  nearly  white, 
some  of  tb«m  leafless  and  spine-like.  Stem 
l'-3'  in  diameter;  wood  yellow,  very  hard; 
leaves  obtnse  or  subacute,  Ji'-IJi'  long,  i"- 
1%"  wide,  nsiTowed  at  tbe  base;  spikes  ot 
staminate  flowers  %'~i'  long,  i)i"-a"  in  dia- 
meter, cylindric,  short-pedunded  or  sessile; 
wing  of  the  calyi  4"-6"  broad  when  maliire, 
conspicuously  "reined. 

In  dry  alkaline  and  saline  soil,  western  Ne- 
biaska,  Wyoming;  to  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 
Woodextensively  used  for  fuel,  for  want  of  better, 
in  the  repons  w&ere  it  occurs.  June-July.  Fruit 
mature  Sept.-Oct. 

la.  DdNDIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  a:  261.  1763. 
[SuAEDA  Forsk.  Fl.  AEg.  Arab.  69,  pi.  jSb.  J775.] 
Fleshy  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear  thick  or 
nearly  terete  entire  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  bracteolate  flowers,  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  s-parted  or  s-cleft,  tbe  segments  sometimes  keeled  or 
even  slightly  winged  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Styles  usually  3,  short 
Pericarp  separating  from  the  vertical  or  horizontal  seed.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral 
Endosperm  wanting  or  very  little.  [In  honor  of  Jacopodi  Dondi,  Italian  naturalist  of  the 
fonrtecDth  century.] 


About  50  specie! 


le  6  others  occur 


Perenr 

1.  Dondia  Americflna  (Pers.)  Brit, 
ton.     Tall  Sea-Blite. 

(Fig.  1393- ) 
Salsola  talsavai.  Ameritana  Pers.  Syn. 


180s. 


.874. 


Annual,  dark  green  or  purplish  green, 
not  glaucous,  stem  erect,  strict,  i''-3''  tall, 
pale  green  or  nearly  white,  branched,  the 
branches  slender,  very  leafy,  ere<^t-a9cend' 
ing  or  sometimes  recurved,  more  or  le 
cnnd.  Leaves  of  the  stem  linear-subulate, 
yi'-iyi'  long,  those  of  the  branches  much 
shorter,  somewhat  3-angled,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, widest  just  above  the  base,  the  upper 
surface  flat;  sepals  purple-green,  glau 
acutely  keeled  or  almost  winged;  seed 
orbicular,  black,  shining,  >i"  broad. 


On  Si 


larsbes  and  alone  I'alt  water  ditches, 
a  to  New  Jersey  and  probably  fur- 
Aug.-Sept, 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  585 

2.    Dondia  maritima  (L.)  Dnice.     Low  Sea- Elite.     (Fig,  1394.) 


Chcnopod 

um 

mariliiuum 

L.  Sp.  PI 

121 

1753 

aril 

tua  Dumort 

Fl 

BelK. 

,827. 

Dondia  m 

art 

ma  Drace, 

Ann 

Scot 

Nat 

HUt 

Annua],  pate  green  and  somewhatglaucons, 
stem  erect  or  decumbent,  husbj-branclied, 
5'-i5'  bigh,  becoming  brownish,  tbebrancbes 
ascending.  Leaves  $"-ii"  long,  tboK  of 
tbe  brancbes  not  conspicuously  shorter  than 
the  upper  ones  of  tbe  stem,  3-Bngled,  bioad- 
eat  at  the  base;  sepals  pale  green,  rounded  or 
veiy  obtusely  keeled,  somewhat  roufjhened; 
seed  orbicular,  dark  brownish  red,  shining, 
about  i"  in  diameter. 

On  sea  beaches,  stony  and  muddy  shores,  and 
in  salt  marahes,  Maine  to  soutlieni  New  York. 
Also  on   the   coasts  of   Europe.     Out  plant  is, 


3.    Dondia  deprissa  (Pursh)  Britton.     Western  Elite.     (Fig.  1395.) 


Salsola  dtpiessa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  197.   1814. 

Suaeda  depressa  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  194. 
1871. 

Perennial  hy  a  deep  slender  woody  root  or 
sometimes  aoDual,  branched  from  the  base 
and  usually  also  above,  6'- 2°  tall,  the 
branches  decnmbent  or  ascending,  usually 
very  leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  }i'-\' 
long,  broadest  at  or  jtist  above  the  base,  or 
tbe  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and 
commonly' much  shorter;  sepals  acute,  one 
or  more  of  them  strongly  keeled  in  fruit; 
seed  about  }i"  in  diameter,  rather  dull,  min- 
utely reticulated. 

In  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and 
Nevada.    June -Aug. 


13.   SALSOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  222.       1753. 

Annuel  or  perennial  bushy-branched  herbs,  with  rigid  subulate  prickle-pointed  leaves, 
and  sessile  perfect  3-bracteolate  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  sometimes  several  together. 
Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  appendsged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit 
and  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  depressed;  styles  2.  Utricle  flattened.  Seed 
horizontal;  embryo  coiled  into  a  conic  spiral;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Latin,  a  diminutive 
of  salsus,  salty.] 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


I.    Satsola  KMi  L.     Saltwort.     (Fig.  1396.) 


Saliola  Kali  L.  Sp.  PI.  »3a.      1753. 

Annual,  gtabrous  or  oflen  pubescent,  loosely 
mucb  branched,  i°-3°  bigb,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  spreading,  mostly  stout,  aomevhat 
ridged.  Leaves  dull  greeu  or  gra]>ish,  3"-io" 
long,  succulent,  laucealate-subnlate,  swollen  at 
the  base,  the  midvein  ezcurrent  into  a  stout 
yellowish  green  prickle;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils;  wing  of  the  persistent  calyx  nearly  orbi- 
cular, lobed,  becoming  lacerate,  not  conspicu- 
ously veined,  a"-4"  in  diameter;  calyx  coria- 
ceous, not  conspicuously  veined,  its  wing  not 
longer  than  the  ascending  lobe. 

On  » 


2.  Salsola  Tr&gus  L.     Russian  Thistle. 

(Fig.  1397) 
Salsola  Tragiit  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  313.      1762. 
Satsola  Kali  var.  Tragus  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13; 


Parts, 


1849. 


Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  bushj 
branched,  the  branches  usually  slender.  Leaves 
and  outer  branches  usually  bright  red  at  matn- 
rity;  leaves  not  noticeably  swollen  at  the  base, 
linear,  prickle-tipped,  less  fleshy;  calyx  meiU' 
branous,  conspicuously  veiny,  its  wing  longer 
than  the  ascending  lobe. 

In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places.  New  Jersrj 
to  Ontario,  the  Northwest  Teiritory  and  Kansas.  .1 
wery  troublesame  weed  in  man^  parts  of  the  Cenlial 
and  Western  States.  Natncaliied  from  noitheni 
Europe  or  Asia.    July-Sept. 


Family  16.     AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  204.     1805. 
Amaranth  Family. 

Herbs,  some  exotic  genera  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  simple 
mostly  entire  thin  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  perfect,  monoecious, 
polygamous,  or  dioecious,  bracteolate,  variously  clustered,  usual]}'  in  terminal 
spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  herbaceous  or  membranous,  2-5- 
parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  tiiiited  at  the  base,  equal,  or  the  inner  ones 
smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite  the  calyx- segments,  hypogynous;  fila- 
ments distinct,  united  at  the  base,  or  into  a  tube;  anthers  r-celled  or  2-celled. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose,  1 -celled;  ovule  solitary  in  the  following  genera,  ain- 
phitropous  (several  in  some  tropical  genera);  style  short,  elongated  or  none; 
stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  indehiscent, 
i-seeded  in  our  genera.  Seed  mostly  smooth;  embryo  annular;  endosperm 
mealy,  usually  copious. 

About  40  genera  and  415  species,  widely  dislribuled,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions. 
Antheis  j-eel!ed-  leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  5 parted  ot  of  5  sepals.  i.  Amaranllias. 

Calyx  of  the  pistillate  Rowers  wanting.  3.  Acnida, 

Anthers  i-celled;  lea\-es  opposite, 

FlDwers  in  small  anillary  clusters.  j.  Cladothrix. 

Flowers  variously  spicate  or  paniculate. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  filaments  united  into  a  lube.  4.  Froftichia. 

Calyx  5-parled;  filaments  united  at  the  base.  5.  Iresine. 


AMARANTH   FAMILY. 


587 


I.  AMARANTHUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  989.  1753. 
Annual  brmnched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  (glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  most  of  the 
species  weeds,  with  altertiaCe,  petioled  pinnately  veined  entire,  undulate  or  crisped  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  polygamous  or  dioecious  green  or  purplish  mostly  3-bracteolate 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  azillarj  clusters.  Calyx  of  3-5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens 
3-5;  antbers  3-celled,  longitadinally  dehiscent  Styles  or  stigmas  1  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  iiidehiacent,  3-3  beaked  bj  the  perais- 
tent  styles.    £mbiyo  annular.    [Greek,  unfading  flower,  from  the  dry,  unwitbering  bracts.] 


Besides  the  fullowing  s< 


■3  others  occui 


Utricle  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  awajas  a  lid. 

PloH'ers,  at  leant  the  upper,  in  dense  terminal  spikes. 
Axils  not  spine -bearing, 

-   ■  »ii  V'-^"  thick. 


"  thick. 


6.  A.  Torrni. 

7.  A.  Falmeri. 


Spik< 

Spikes  slender,  . 
A  pair  of  stout  spinet 
Flowera  all  in  small  axillary  clusters,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Plant  prostrate:  sepals  4  or^. 
Plant  erect,  bushy -branched;  tepals  3. 
t'tnde  indehiscent,  membranous,  coriaceous  or  fleshy. 

Upper  flowers  in  terminal,  more  or  less  elongated  spikes. 

Sepals  5,  clawed;  flowers  dioecious;  aouthn-estem  species. 
Bracts  cuspidate -tipped,  short. 
Bracts  subulate,  long  and  sharp. 
Sepals  a  or  3.  oblong  or  spatulate;  flowers  monoecious  or  pol3-gamous. 

Utricle  smooth,  dry,  scarious.  ..  __ 

Utricle  fleshy,  j-5-nerved.  9.  A.  dtflexns. 

Flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusteia  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Plant  not  fleshy;  stem  prostrate;  leaves  crisped.  10.  A.  crispxis. 

Sea-coast  fleshy  plant;  stem  short,  erect;  leaves  not  crisped.  11.  A.  pumilus. 

I.    Amaranthus  retroflixus  L,.     Rough  Pigweed,     (Fig.  1398.) 

Atnaranlhus  retroflexus  L.  Sp.  PI.  99I.      1753. 

Roushiah-puberuleut,  rather  light  green,  stem 
■tout,  erect  or  ascending,  commonly  branched,  i°~ 
10°  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  slcnder-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  cnneate  at  the  base,  the 
larger  3'-6'  long,  their  margins  undulate  or  entire; 
flowers  green,  densely  aggregated  in  terminal  and 
asitlary  spikes,  which  are  sessile,  stout,  obtuse 
or  subacute,  ovoid-cylindric,  erect  or  ascending, 
>i'-2j^'  long,  4"-7"  thick;  bracts  subulate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  5  scarious  narrowly  oblong  or  slightly 
spatalale  mucronate-tipped  and  often  emarginate 
sepals;  stamens  5;  utricle  slightly  wrinkled,  thin, 
circumscissile,  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

A  weed,  in  cultivated  and  waste  soil,  throughout 
.North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Eu- 
rope.   Naturalized  from  tropical  America.    Aug. -Oct. 


Amaranthus  h^'bridus  L.      Slender 
Pigweed.     (Fig.  1399.) 


^.'"■'■ 


1753. 


1790- 


-.  — .Uackys  var-  hybridus  S.   Wats.   i..  ... 

Gray,  Man,  Ed.  6,  438,       1690, 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  darker  green, 
or  purple,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  usually 
slender,  erect,  usually  branched,  a^-S"  tall.  Leaves 
bright  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  usually 
smaller,  slender- petioled;  spikes  linear-cylindric,  axil- 
lary  and  forming  dense  terminal  panicles,  ascending, 
somewhat  spreading  or  drooping;  bracts  subulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  5  oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals; 
stamens  5;  utricle  scarcely  wrinkled,  circumscissile. 

A  weed,  in  waste  grounds,  range  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies.   Natnraliied  from  tropical  .America.    Aug.-Ocl. 


Atnaranlhits  fianii 

Ploweia  and  fo: 
and  bracts  shorter. 


Naturalized  fi 
weed  south  wai 

4.   Amaranthus  blitoides  S.  Wats. 

Prostrate  Amaranth.     (Fig.  1401.) 

A.  btiloidez  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  la:  173.     1877. 

Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  rather  pale  greeo, 
stem  diSusel]'  branched,  prostrate  aad  spreading 
ou  the  ground,  ridged,  6'-a°  long,  often  forming 
mats.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  %'-i'  \ou%, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slen- 
der petioles,  sometimes  longer  than  the  blades; 
flowers  in  small  axillatj'  clusters  mostty  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  4  or  5  oblong-lsnceolate  acute 
or  cuspidate  sepals;  stameas  3;  utricle  nearly 
smooth,  circumscissile,  equalling  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  especially  along  the  principal 
routes  of  travel,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  New  Jersey.  Missouri  and  Kansas. 
Naturalized  from  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
B  to  be  indigenous  from  Utah  and 
Colorado  t-  ^'-   --      * 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


le  &  Bray,  Men.  Ton.  Club,  5;  145.      1894. 

iindant. 

3.   Amaranthus  spindsus  I,.     Spiny 
Amaranth.     (Fig.  1400.) 
Amaranlhus  spinosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  99'-      '753- 

Rather  dark  green,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pn- 
bescent  above,  stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
ridged,  tisually  much  branched,  aometimes  red,  1°- 
4°  high.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  acute  at  both  ends,  t'- 
3'  long,  with  a  pair  of  rigid  stipular  spines  V'~i' 
long  at  each  node,  the  midvein  excurrent;  flowers 
in  nnmerons  capitate  axillary  clnateiB,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  petioles  and  in  dense  terminal 
linear-cylindric  spreading  or  drooping  spikes  I'-f/ 
long;  bracts  lanceolate- subulate  about  as  long  is 
the  5  scarious  oblong  muerouate-tipped  i-nerved 
sepals,  and  the  tfiin  imperfectly  circumscissile 
utricle;  stamens  5. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Pean- 

S-lvania.  Ohio  and  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico, 
aturalized  from  tropical    America.       A   troublesome 
Sept. 


Amaranthus  graecizans  L. 
ble-weed.      (Fig.  1402.) 


tnlhusg, 


:albus%.  i 


,  i^aj.      1763- 


Glabrous,  pale  green,  stem  erect,  bushf- 
branched,  whitish,  6'-2°  tall,  the  branches  slen- 
der, ascending.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate  or 
obovate,  J^'-i}i'  long,  slender-petioled,  papil- 
lose, the  midvein  excurreut;  flowers  polyga- 
mous, several  together  in  small  axillary  cluster 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  commonly  not  longer 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  subulate,  pun£eDt- 
pointed,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  3 
membranous  sepals;  stamei:s  3;  utricle  wrinkled, 
circumscissile,  longer  than;  he  sepals. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  soi.,  thioughout  North 
America.  Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 
The  leaves  fall  away  in  autumn,  and  on  the  western 
plains  (he  plant,  thus  denuded,  is  freely  uprooted 
and  blown  before  the  wind,  whence  the  popaUr 
name.    June- Sept. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY. 
6.    Amaranthus  T6rreyi  (A.  Gray)  Bentli.     Torrey's  Amaranth. 

(Fig.  1403.) 

Amtlogyne  Torreyi  A,  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  5:  167. 

]86i. 
Atnaranlut  Torreyi  Benth.;  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  a:  <r 

1880. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  sa,  stem  stout  or  slender, 
erect,  grooved,  nsnally  much  branched  above,  i°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  rhombic-lanc«olate, 
thin,  narroved  above  to  a  rather  blunt  apex,  mostly 
cnneate  at  the  base,  1%'-^'  long,  %'-i'  wide,  slen- 
der-petioted;  flowers  dioecious,  borne  in  terminal 
■lender  sometimes  panicled  spikes  and  in  small  ax- 
illary clusters;  bracts  shorter  than  or  about  equal- 
ling the  s  sepals,  cuspidate;  sepals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate,  clawed,  obtuse 
or  emarginate,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  nar- 
rower and  subacute;  utricle  dry,  indehiscent. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Nebraska  to  Nevada,  south  to 
Mexico.    Plant  with  the  aspect  of  Aenida,    june-Aug. 


Amaranthus  Pilmeri  S.  Wats.      Pa 
mer's  Amaranth.     (Fig.  1404.) 

[  Palmeri  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  1 


274- 


1S76. 


Somewhat  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  a^-s"  tall,  usually  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  prominently  veined,  slender-petioled,  the 
lower  petiole  often  longer  than  the  blades;  flowers 
dioecious,  borne  in  elongated  erect  or  drooping 
spikes  often  i'  long  or  more,  and  some  of  them 
commonly  in  small  clusters  in  the  upper  axils; 
bracts  subulate,  spiuy-avmed,  spreading,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  5,  spatulate,  clawed; 
utricle  dry,  indehiscent. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Kansas  (according  to  A.  S. 
Hitchcock)  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  west  to  California. 
June-Sept, 


8.   Amaranthus  lividus  L.     Purplish 
Amaranth,     (Fig,  1405.) 

Amaranlhus  lividus  L.  Sp.  PI.  990.      :753. 
Euxolus  lividus  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13;  Part  2,  275. 
1849. 

Glabrous,  rather  succulent,  purplish-green,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  i°-3''  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
entire,  I'-y  long,  strongly  emargiuate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  dense  terminal 
apikes  and  in  capitate  axillary  clusters  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
3  or  3  oblong  or  spatulate  sepals;  utricle  dry,  scar- 
ious,  smooth,  indehiscent,  longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places 
New  York.    Adve 

Sept. 


lo.   Amaranthus  crispus  (Lesp.  &Thev.) 
(Fig.  1407.) 

Eu^olHS  crispus  Lenp.  &  Thev.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France, 

(1: 656.      1859. 
Amaianltis crispus  Braun;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  418. 

:89o. 

Pubescent,  stem  copiously  branched,  slender, 
spreading  oa  the  ground,  prostrate,  forming  mats 
^'-x'/i"  in  diameter.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  acute  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base, 
petioled,  4"-i'  long,  their  margins  remarkably 
crisped;  petioles  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
blades:  flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clnsters  shorter 
that)  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate,  cuspidate, 
shorter  than  the  5  spatulate  spreading  sepals;  sta- 
mens (always?)  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  indehiscent, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  New  York  city,  Brooklyn  and  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.  Also  in  France.  Native  region  unknown. 
June-Sept. 


AMARANTHACEAE. 

9.    Amaranthus  defl£xus  L.     Low 
Amaranth.     (Fig,  1406.) 
Amaranlktts  defltxus  L.  MonL  >:  395.      1771. 
Euxolus  deflexas  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  3:  41.       1836. 

Glabrous,  purplish -green,  rather  succulent,  stem 
usually  much  branched,  erect,  stout  or  slender, 
i°-3°  tall.  Leacea  ovate  or  oval  obtuse  rctuse  or 
emai^oate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  tbt 
base,  i'-3'  long,  yi'-iyi'  wide,  slender-petioled, 
the  petioles  often  as  long  as  the  blades  or  the 
lower  onea  longer;  flowen  polygamous  in  dense, 
mostly  short  and  thick  terminal  spikes  and  capi- 
tate in  the  axils;  bracts  shorter  than  the  3  or  3  ob- 
long or  spatulate  sepals  usually  very  short;  utricle 
fleshy,  3-5-nerv«d,  smooth,  indehiscent,  rather 
shorter  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast  along  the  coast,  Mss^a- 
chusettato  soulhem  New  Vork.  Also  in  California. 
Probably  adventive  from  tropical  Anierica.  Jnly-Scpt 


Crisp-leaved  Amaranth. 


II.  Amaranthus  pilmilus  Raf.     Coast 

Amaranth.     (Fig.  1408.) 
Amaranlus  pumiliis  JtiS.  Med.  Rep.  (n.)5*.^' 

1S08. 
Eh.voIus  fiitmilus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  38c.    iSfc 

Glabrous,  fleshy,  branched,  the  branches  pros- 
trate or  ascending.  3'-8'  long.  Leaves  ovate, 
rhombic-ovate  or  suborbicular,  most  of  them 
clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  prominently  veined,  peti- 
oled, 3"-io"  long,  the  veins  often  purple;  flowers 
few  together  in  small  axillary  clusters;  bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  shorter  than  the  5  oblonf; 
obtuse  sepals;  stamenss;  anthers  yellow;  utricle 
fleshy,  indehiscent,  faintly  5-ribbed,  slightly 
wrinkled,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals 
when  mature;  seed  very  large  for  the  genns. 

On  sea  beacliea,  Rhode  Island  to  North  Carolina. 
June-Si'pt, 


AMARANTH  FAMILY. 


59' 


a.    ACNIDA  L.  Sp.  1027.      1753. 
Annual,  erect  or  decumbent,  glabrotu  branching  herbs,  similar  to  the  dioecious  Amar- 
anths, with  alternate  petioled   thin   pionately  veined   leaves.     Flowers  smalt,  green,  1-3- 
bncted,  in  terminal  and  BxiHar]r,  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes,  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Staminate  flowen  consisting  of  5  scarions  erect  i-nen-ed  mucronate  sepals  longer  than  the 
bracts,  and  as  many  stamens;  filaments  subulate,  distinct;  anthers  3-celled.    Pistillate  floweia 
without  a  calyx;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose;  stigmas  3-5,  papillose  or  plumose,  short  or 
elongated.     Utricle  flohy  aud  indehiscent,  or  membranous  and  bursting  irregularly  or  cir- 
cumscissile;  seed  erect,  smooth  and  shining.     [Greek,  -without  nettle.] 
About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  Noith  America  and  the  West  Indies. 
it*  salt-marsh  p 
r  indebiscent,  r 


and  a  snuller  utricle,  may 


1.  Acnida  cann&bina  L.    Salt-marsh  Water-hemp.     (Fig.  1409.) 

Acnida  cannabina  L.  Sp.  PI.  1037.  1753, 
A.  rusocarpa  Micfax.  Fl.  Bor.  Am,  a:  234.  pi.  50.  180,1. 
Succulent,  stem  stout  or  slender  (sometimes  i'  in 
diameter  at  the  base),  usually  much  branched,  i°- 
10°  tall,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate  but  generally  blunt-pointed  and  apicolate 
at  the  apex,  2'-6'long,  %'-!%'  wide,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  petiole  usually 
shorter  than  the  blade;  staminate  spikes  I'-s'  long, 
osnally  dense;  sepals  oblong- lanceolate  or  ovate-ob- 
long, acute,  acuminate  or  obtusish,  cuspidate  or  mu- 
cronate; fertile  spikes  dense  or  loose;  stigmas  slender, 
papillose- hispid,  }i"  long;  utricle  fleshy,  indebis- 
cent, 3-5-angled,  subglobose  or  obovoid,  i"-a"  long 
when  mature,  becoming  black,  much  longer  than  . 
the  bracta- 

10  fresh 

>:376.a 

, es,  thr 

southern  Virginia- 

2.    Acnida  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Wood. 

Western  Water-hemp.    (Fig.  1410.) 

Amaraniut  lamarua'tms   Nutt.  Trans.  Am.   Phil.  Soc. 

(II.)S:  165.      1833-37. 
Acnida  lamariicina  Wood.  Bot.  &  Fl.  ^.     1873. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  much  branched, 
erect,  the  branches  usually  slender,  erect-«scending. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  3'-6'  long, 
mostly  loug-acuminale,  but  sometimes  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  mucronate  or  cuspidate- tipped,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  petioles  commonlyshorter  than  thehladea; 
spikes  mostly  loose  or  interrupted,  often  5'  long;  se- 
pals lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate;  atigmas  plumose, 
rather  short;  ntricle  membranous,  not  angled,  %"-\" 
long,  circumscissile;  bractleta  lanceolate,  cuspidate. 

In  Bvamps,  Illinois  to  South  Dakota,  Louisiana  and 
New  Mexico.    July -Sept. 

Acnida  tamariscina  tabsrcallta  (Moq.)  Uliue  &  Btb;',  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  157.      1895. 
Acnida  tuberculala  Moq,  in  DC.  Prodr.  13;  Part  %,  378.      1849, 
Acnida  lamariicina  var,  iubnuda  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6.  439,      189O. 

Tall,  elect,  somclimes  lo"  hiKb,  with  fleiuous  branches:  inflorescence  splcate;  utricle  ovoid, 
tut>ercled.  indehinceul.  Vermont  to  Manitoba,  Tennessee  and  Nebnuka.  This  and  the  following 
varieties  perhaps  constitute  a  distinct  species. 

Acnida  tamarlacins  concatenlta  (Moq.)  Uline  &  Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  30: 158.      1895. 
Acnida  cannabina  var.  concalenala  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2;  278.      1849. 
Mbnltlia  lamariicina  vat.  concalenala  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  413.       1867. 

Stem  often  decumbent;  flowers  Ibik^i',  in  separated  glomerules.    Range  of  preceding  variety. 

38 


593  AMARANTH.\CEAE. 

AcaU*  fMTl»dm»  piMbita  t'linc  &  Bny,  Bot.  Cu.  M:  15R.      1895. 
Stems  diSnse  snd  proatrate  or  somctimei  aacendiiic:  leares  nrely  over   i'   Ions,  spMiditi; 
Bowcra  in  aiilUrr  citutera  or  in  icpumled  Klomenilri.    Michis>n  Bnd  South  Dnkotn  to  HiHonri. 

3.   CLADOTHRIX  Xutt.;  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  359.       1849. 

Antmal  or  perennial  diffiisclj  brancbcd  ■tellate-pabeacent  beiba,  with  oppooite  entne  at 
■ligfatl  J  nndnlate  petioled  leaves,  and  very  small  perfect  3-brsctcd  floweis,  solitarjr  or  dintend 
in  the  axils.  Caljx  of  5  equal  pilooc  erect  dij  oblong  i-ncrved  septtla.  Stomeaa  5,  hypog;- 
nons,  their  filaments  united  at  the  base,  tbeir  anthers  i-ceUed.  Ovary  ntbglobcMe;  ■tfleduM; 
■dgma  capitate  or  a-lobed.  Utricle  globoae,  indehiacent.  [Greek,  branch-Iuir,  fimn  tic 
ttellate  pnbeacencc.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  soothwestem  North  America  and  Mexi' 

I.  Cladothrix  lanugiodsa  Xutt.    Cladothrix. 

(Fig.  1411.) 
Achyranlhes  lanMgiitota  Nutt.  TiaDS.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (11.) 

J:  166.      18M-37. 
Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Nutt.;    Moq.  in    DC.    Prodr,    13: 

Part  I,  ^.      1849. 

Perennial,  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  or  sometimes 
■nnnal,  stem  terete,  mnch  branched,  sometimes  thick- 
ened at  the  nodes,  the  branches  prostivte  or  ascending, 
4'-ii'  long.  leaves  orbicnlar,  broadly  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-ovate,  obtuse  or  acnie,  nsnally  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  inconspicooialy  veined,  rather  firm,  a"-i3" 
wide,  the  petioles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  blades; 
flowers  %"  broad  or  less,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils 
of  small  upper  leaves  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

In  dry  scril,  Kansas  to  Texas,  Arizona  and  Mexico. 
June-S^t. 

4.  PROELICHIA  Moench,  Meth.  50.      1794. 

Annual,  erect  woolly  or  silky,  branching  or  simple  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  entire  m 
slightly  nndulate  narrow  leaves,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  contracted  into  petioles.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  3-bracted,  often  bracteolate,  in  patticled  dense  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  nearlj 
terete,  5-clefl  or  5-toothed,  very  woolly,  its  tube  longitudinally  crested  and  sometimes  tnber- 
cled  infmit.  Stamens  5,  their  filaments  united  intoa  tube,  which  is  5-cleflat  the  summit  and 
bears  the  i-cel1ed  anthers  between  its  lobes.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  slender  or  wanting;  stigmi 
capitate  or  penicillate.  Utricle  indehiscent,  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  united  filaments.  [Name 
in  honor  of  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  German  botanist] 

About  13  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  iu  the  Sonthwesttra 
States. 

Stout.  i°-4''  tall;  nests  of  fruiting  calyx  continuous,  dentate.  t.  F.  Florida*!. 

Slender,  10' -ao*  tall;  crests  of  fruiting  calyx  interrupted.  3.  F.  gracilis. 

I.    Froelichia  Floriddna  (Nutt.)  Moq. 
Florida  Froelichia.     (Fig.  1412.) 
Opiolheca  Floridana  Nutt.  Gen.  a:  79.      181S. 
Froelichia  Floridana  Moq.  in  DC,  Prodr.  13:  Part  t,  4« 

1849. 

Stem  stout,  3°-4°  tall,  the  branches  alender,  erect- 
oscendiug,  leafless  above.  Upper  leaves  linear  or  Uii- 
eor-oblong,  sessile,  acute  or  actmiinate  at  both  ends, 
l'-3'  long,  the  lower  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuie 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  ^'-d'  long,  )i'-i'  wide,  narrowtd 
into  margined  petioles;  spikes  mostly  opposite,  nar- 
rowly ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  subacnte,  Ji'-i' 
long;  fruiting  calyx  with  prominent  longitudinil 
wing-like  toothed  crests. 

In  dry  soil 
Colorado,  soul 
June-Sept. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

3.  Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.     Slender 
Froelichia.     (Fig.  1413.) 

Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  a 
1849. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  stem  slen- 
der, braDched,  especiallj  from  the  base,  or  sometimes 
simple,  ic/-ac/  tall.  Leaves  all  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
acnte  at  both  ends,  9"--3'  long,  aesaile  or  the  lower 
commonly  spatulate,  obtusish  and  uanowed  into  very 
short  petioles;  spikes  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  H'-i'  long;  fruiting  calyx  with  5  longi-  ^^^ 
tudinal  rows  of  processes  or  these  confluent  into  inter-       n::^ 


Sept. 


5.    IRESINE  P.  Br.  Civ.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  358.      1756. 

Annual  or  perennial  tall  herbs,  with  opposite  broad  petioled  thin  leaves  and  very  small 
polygamous  perfect  or  dioecious  3-bracted  white  flowers,  in  large  terminal  panicles  or  pan- 
icled  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  pistillate  usually  woolly-pnbeacent.  Stamens  5,  rarely  less; 
filaments  united  by  their  bases,  filiform;  anthers  i-celled.  Utricle  very  small,  subglobose, 
indehtscent.     [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  puhescence.] 

Abontzo  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  recponH.  Besides  the  followinK  another  occurs 
in  the  southwestern  United  States. 

I.   Iresine  panicuUta  (L.)  Kuntze. 
Blood-leaf.     Juba's  Bush.     {Fig.  1414.) 

Celosia  paniculata  L.  Sp.  PI.  kj6.  1753. 
Irrsine  celosioides'U-  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  a.  1456.  1763. 
Iresine  paniculata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  Fl.  543.  1891. 
Annual,  stem  erect,  usually  branched,  slender, 
i°-5°  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  10,  Leaves  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  a'-d' 
long,  slender-petioled,  pinnately  veined,  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous;  flowers  very  numerous,  \"  broad 
or  less,  in  large  tenninel  much  branched  panicles; 
calyx  and  bracts  silvery,  dry;  pistillate  flowers 
white-villoua  at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 

In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Aug. -Sept. 

Family  17.  PHTTOLACCACEAE  Lindl.  Nat  Syst  Ed. 'a,  213.  1836. 
PoKEWEED  Family. 

Herbs  {some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees)  with  alternate  entire  mostly  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  polygamous  or  monoecious  usually  racemose 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  distinct  sepals,  its  segments  or  sepals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx -segments 
or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hypog^'nous;  filaments 
subulate  or  filiform,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celIed,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary  superior,  several -celled 
in  most  of  the  genera;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities,  amphitropous.  Styles  as 
many  as  the  carpels,  short  or  none;  stigmas  linear  or  fiUform.  Fruit  a  berry  in 
the  following  genus,  capsular  or  samaroid  in  some  tropical  genera.  Endosperm 
of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy. 

About  23  genera  and  8j  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 


594  PHYTOLACCACEAE. 

I.    PHYTOLACCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  41.       1753. 

Tall  pereniiial  herbs  (some  tropical  Bpecie*  woody),  with  ample  petioled  exstipuUlc 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemeg,  which  hy  the  TurtfaeT  growth  of  the  stem  be- 
come opposite  the  leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  t-3  bracted  above.  Catjrx 
of  4  or  5  peiBistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calj^;  anthen 
mostl7  oblong.  Ovary  sabglobose,  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels. 
Pruita  depressed-globose  5-15-celled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  i  in  each  cavity,  erect,  compressed; 
embryo  annular  in  the  mealy  endotpenn.  [NameGieek  and  French,  referring  to  the crimaciii 
juice  of  the  berries.] 

About  :o  species,  the  (ollowins  "f  eastern  North  America,  the  others  of  tropical  distribatjon. 

I.  Phytolacca  decfindra  L.  Poke.  Scoke.  Pigeon-berrj-.  Garget.  (Fig.  1415.) 

Phytolacca  decandra  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  a.  631.  176a 
A  glabrous  ■trong-smelling  snccnlent  erect 
branching  herb,  4°-i3°  tall,  the  root  pereo- 
uial,  large,  poisonous,  the  stem  stout,  its  pith 
divided  into  disks  separated  by  lens-shaped 
cavities.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pinnately  veined,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  8'-ii'  long;  petioles  ^^''-4' 
long:  racemes  peduncled,  3'-S' long;  pedicels 
divergent,  i"-(i"  long,  each  with  a  snbnlate- 
lanceolate  bractlet  at  its  base  and  usually  1 
similar  ones  above;  flowers  perfect;  calyi 
white,  i"-y  broad,  its  sepals  snboiliicolar, 
or  oval;  stamens  10,  slightly  ahorter  than  the 
sepals;  ovary  green,  lo-celled;  stories  recurved; 
berry  dark  purple,  5"-6"  in  diameter,  3"-4" 
high,  very  juicy,  its  10  carpels  conspicnoni 
when  dry. 

In  various  situationg,  Maine  and  Ontario  lo 
Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Sometimes  i 
troublesome  weed.    Natuwliwd  in  Europe,    Tir 

Suvshootsareeatenlikeasparasus.  Jnne-SepL 
rries  ripe  Aug. •Oct.    Also  called  tnkbeny. 

Family  la  NTCTAGIKACEAE  Lindl.  Nat  Syst.  Ed.  2,  213.  1836. 
Four-o'clock  Family. 
Herbs  (some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shrubs)  with  simple  entire  leaves,  and 
regular  Sowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  in  the  following  genera  sub- 
tended by  involucres  of  distinct  or  united  bracts.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior, 
usually  corolla-like,  its  limb  campanulate,  tubular  or  salverfonn,  4-*5-lobed  or 
4-5-tOothed.  Stamens  hypogj-nous;  filaments  filifonn;  anthers  a-celled,  dehis- 
cent by  lateral  slits.  OVary  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  sessile  or 
stipitate,  i-celled,  i-ovuled;  ovule  campylotropous;  style  short  or  elongated; 
stigma  capitate.     Fruit  a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp. 

About  17  genera  and  250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  America. 
Involucre  of  united  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  equal.  1.  Allioniti- 

Involucre  o(  sepamte  biacts;  pairs  of  leaves  mostly  unequal.  i.  Abfonit. 

X.   ALLIONIA  Loefl.  Iter  Hisp.  181.       1758. 
[OxYBAPHUS  L'Her.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  185.     1797.] 

Forking  herbs,  with  opposite  equal  leaves,  and  involucres  in  loose  terminal  panicles, 
Involucre  ^-lobed  (of  5  partially  united  bracts)  3-5-flowered,  becoming  enlarged  aud  reticD- 
late-veineiJ  after  flowering.  Perianth  campanulate,  its  tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  it! 
limb  corolla-like,  deciduous.  Stamens  3-5,  generally  3,  unequal,  hypogynous.  Fmit  ob- 
ovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed,  pubescent  in  our  species.  [Name  in  honor  of  Cbss, 
Allioni,  1715-1804,  a  botanist  of  Turin.] 

Atiout  30  species,  natives  of  North  and  South  America,  one  Asiatic. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  oblong-ovate,  all  petioled. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  petioled. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence. 

Plant  densely  pubearent  all  over. 


high;  branches  erect-ascending. 


Plant  tall. 

Plants  tow,  4'-io'  high,  diffuselv  blanched;  branches  divergent. 

Involucres  axillary,  their  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute. 

Involucrea  clustered  at  tbe  ends  of  branches,  lobes 


I 

A 

nyctagi 

3 

A 
A 

albida. 
Ainu/a. 

4 

A 

linearis 

obtuse 

% 

A 
A 

Bodini. 
Bum. 

FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 


1.    AUionia  qyctaginea  Michx. 
Alhonia  nyctagiHta  Micbi.  Ft.  Bor,  Am.  i:  lo 
Oxybapkus  nyctaginettt  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  419. 

Stem  angled,  often  4-sided  below,  rather  slender, 
glabronaorbntBlightlypubeecent,  I'-s'UU.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  a'-4'  long,  i'-3'  wide,  acnte  at  the 
apex,  cordate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  all 
petioled  except  the  small  bract-lilce  uppermost  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  bo;  peduncles  and  pedicels  com- 
monly somewhat  pubescent;  involucre  shorter  than 
the  flowera;  perianth  red;  stamens  3-5,  esseited; 
style  exierted;  fruit  oblong  or  narrowly  obovoid, 
very  pubescent. 

In  dry  soil.  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory.  Illi- 
nois, Louisiana,  Texas  and  New  Mexico,    May-Aug. 
Allionla  nyctasine*  orita  (Fursh)  Motodk.  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  J:  146.       1894- 
Atlionia  ovala  Pursh,  FI.  Am.  Sept.  97.    1814. 
Orybaphus  nyclagineiii  var.  oblongi/olius  Torr.  Bol. 

Mcx.  Bound.  Surv.  174.    1859. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
not  at  all  cordate  at  the  base;  inflorescence  very  pubes- 
cent.   Nebraska  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 


Heart-leaved  Umbrella-wort. 

1S03. 


2.  Allionia  &lbida  Walt.    Pale  Umbrella- 
wort.     (Fig.  1417.) 
Allionia  albida  Walt.  FI.  Car.  84.      1788. 
Orybaphus  albidus  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  », 
434.      1849. 

Stem  erect,  furrowed  or  striate,  4-sided  below, 
i''-3°  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  the  pe- 
duncles and  branches  commonly  more  or  less 
glandular  and  viscons.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 3-veined  from  the  base,  glabrous, 
pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
short-petioled;  involucre  much  enlarged  in  fmit, 
pubescent,  ciliate,  becoming  whitish  and  purple- 
veined;  perianth  pink  or  lilac;  stamens  and  stvie 
often  exserted;  fruit  with  5  or  6  obtuie  hispid 
ribs,  roughened  in  the  furrows. 

South  Carolina  to  South  Dakota  and  Colorado, 
south  to  Florida,  Missouri  and  Texas.    May-Aog. 


3.   Allionia  hirsilta  Pursh.     Hairy  Um- 
brella-wort.    (Fig.  1418.) 

Allionia  hirtula  Pufsh,  FI.  .\\a.  Sept.  718.     lSr4. 
Oxybaphus  hirsflus  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr,  13;  Part  3, 


433. 


1849. 


Stem  slender,  i"-},"  tall,  erect,  angled  and  stri- 
ate, glandular-pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes, 
occasionally  glabrate  toward  the  base.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  sometimes  short-petioled, 
pubescent,  i'-3'loug;  branches  and  petioles  very 
pubescent;  inflorescence  usually  contracted; 
stamens  often  5;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  the  ribs 
obtuse,  sometimes  with  low  intermediate  ribs  in 
the  furrows. 


NYCTAGINACEAE. 


4.  AUionia  lineikris  Pursh.     Narrow-leaved 
Umbrella- wort.     (Fig.  1419. ) 


Oxybafihus  ttngusli/oliui  Sweet,  Hort.  BriL  4*9.     1830, 

Stem  slender,  terete  or  somewhat  4-atigled  below, 

g1abrou3,Klaucous,i°-4jf  °  tall, erect,  the  brancheauid 

peduncles  sometimes  puberulenl.  Leaves  tin  ear,  thick, 

j-nerved,  I'-afi'  long,  iJi"-4"  wide,  obtuse  or  acnte 
at  the  apex, sessile  or  the  lower  occasionallj  short-peti' 
oled;  involucre  about  3-flowered,  green  before  flow- 
ering; perianth  purple,  longer  than  the  involucre;  sta- 
mens and  style  exserted;  fmit  commonly  roughened 
in  the  furrows  between  the  5  prominent  ribs. 

In  dry  soil.  Minnesota  to  Utah,  south  to  Texas  ai 


Meii 


Ju. 


-Aug, 


5.  AlUonia  Bddini  (Holzinger)  Morong.    Bodin's Umbrella-wort.  (Pig. 1430.) 

OxybaphHi  Bodiai  Holzintfet,  Contt.  Nat.  Herb.  1:  387. 

Pl.  SI.      .893- 
Atlionia  Bodini  Morong,  Mem.  Ton.  Club,  J:  3ss   1891. 

Low,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  stem  whit- 
ish, diffusely  branched,  slender,  I'-j'  high,  the 
branches  divergent.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile, 
Ji'-lX'  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  slightly  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  fleshy;  involucres  solitary  and  short-pe- 
duncled  in  the  upper  axib,  finely  pubescent,  about 
3"  broad  when  matnre,  5-lobed  to  about  the  middle, 
thelobesovate-oblong,  acnte;  fmit  narrowly  obovoid, 
obtusely  5-ribbed,  very  pubescent,  1%"  high. 

In  dry  soil,  eastern  Colorado  and  western  Kansas. 
Jnne-July. 


6.    AUionia   Bushi  Britten.     Bush's 
Umbrella-wort.     (Fig.  1421.) 

Bushi  Btitton,  Bull.  Tort,    Club, 


Alii 


23i. 


Low,  glabrous,  somewhat  fieshy,  stem  nearly 
white,  diffusely  branched,  about  8'  high,  the 
branches  slender,  widely  divergent.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  sessile,  i'-3'  long,  i"-iji"  wide, 
blunt,  their  width  almost  uniform  from  base  to 
apex;  involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  at  first  campanulate  aud  longer  than  the 
flowers,  at  length  rotate  and  becoming  lo"  broad, 
membranous,  pubescent,  finely  reticulate-veined, 
their  short  lobes  semicircular,  rounded,  the  mid- 
veins  prominent 

In  dry  ground;  JaclcHon  Co.,  Missouri.    Aug. 

3.  ABRONIA  Juss.  Gen.  44S.  1774. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  thick  entire  leaves,  one  of  each  pair 
somewhat  larger  than  the  other.  Stems  ascending,  erect  or  prostrate,  branching,  mostly  glan- 
dular-pubescent, with  clustered  or  solitary  numerous-flowered  involucres  on  long  axillaiy 
peduncles.  Flowers  sessile,  usually  conspicuous.  Perianth. tube  elongated,  tubular  or  fun- 
nelform,  the  limb  spreading,  globed,  the  lobes  obcordate  or  emarginate.    Stamens  3-5,  ud- 


FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY. 


597 


fCf>7-. 


eqnal,  iuserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong,  included.  Stjle  filiform. 
Fruit  dry,  i-j-ininged,  the  wings  broad  or  narrow,  reticniate-veined.  Seed  cylindric,  smooth, 
shining.     [Name  from  the  Greek,  graceful.] 

About  15  species,  all  American.    Besides  the  followinK.  some  10  others  occur  in  western  North 

Perennial:  flowers  white;  wings  of  the  fruit  i"  broad  or  less.  i.  A.  fragratis. 

Annual;  Sowers  pink;  wings  thin,  4"-/"  broad,  very  conspicuous.  3.  A.  micrantha. 

I.    Abronia  frdgrans  Nutt.     White 
Abronia.     (Fig.  1423.) 

Abroaia  fragraas'^<M..\  Hook.  Kewjourn.  Bot.  5: 

J61.      1853. 

Perennial,  viacid- pubescent,  stem  erect  or  as- 
cending, usually  much  branched,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  oblong- elliptic,  petioled, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  truncate  or  rounded 
Bt  the  base,  \'~2yi'  long;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
5  or  6,  large,  ovate  or  obovate,  white;  flowers 
white,  very  numerous  in  the  involucres,  5"-io" 
long,  fragrant,  opening  at  night;  fruit  4"-5" 
high,  coriaceous  with  5  or  sometimes  fewer,  un- 
dulate coarsely  reticulated  wings  about  i"  wide, 
which  do  not  close  over  its  summit. 


3.  Abronia  micr&ntha.     (Torr. )  Chois. 
Pink  Abronia.     (Fig.  1423.) 

Tripteridium  micranlhum   Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  96. 

■S45- 
Abronia  micranlAa  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part 

2, 436.       1849. 
Abronia  Cyclopiera  A.  Gray,  . 

15: 319-      '853. 

Annual,  glabrous  below,  n 
lar-pnbescent  above,  stem  as 
i°-i°  high.     Leaves  similar 
ceding  species   in  size  and  outline;   involuctal 
bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate;  flowers  several   or   numerous,  about   9" 
long,   bright    pink;    calyx-limb   4"-S"   broad; 
fruit  nearly  i'  high,  its  3-4  membranous  wings    H 
4"-7"  broad,   en  tire- margined,    shining,   very 
conspicuous,  glabrous,  united  over  the  body  of 
the  fruit,  beautifully  reticulate-veined. 


ni.  ]oum.Sci.  (II.) 

are  or  less  glandu- 
le n  ding,  branched, 
o  those  of  the  pre- 


Family  19.     AIZOACEAE  A.  Br.;  Aschers.  Fl.  Brand.  60. 
C*RPHT-WEKD  Family. 


1864. 


Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  mostly  prostrate  and  branching,  with  (in 
our  species)  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves  and  solitary  cymose  or  glomerate  per- 
fect, small  regular  flowers.  Stipules  none  or  scarious,  or  the  petiole-bases 
dilated.  Calyx  4-5-cleft  or  4-5-parted.  Petals  small  or  none  in  our  species. 
Stamens  perigynous,  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  fewer,  or  more  numerous. 
Ovary  usually  free  from  the  calyx,  3-5-ceIled,  and  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell 
in  oiu"  species.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  loculicidal  or  circumscissile  dehiscence. 
Seeds  amphitropous;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  membranous;  endosperm  scanty  or 
copious;  embr^'o  slender,  curved. 

32  genera  and  about  500  species,  mostly  of  warm  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

».  litotlugo. 


598 


ATZOACEAB. 


I.    SESUVIUM  h.  Syst.  Ed.  lo,  1058.       1759. 

Fleshy  decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs,  witli  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  or  clnstered  axil- 
lary piotc  or  purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petiole*  oftea  dilated  *nd  connate  tt 
the  base.  Caljz-tube  top-sbaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obloug,  obtuse.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
5  60,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  caljx.  Filamenta  filiform,  Bometimci  united  at  the  base. 
Ovary  3-5-celled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  membianons,  oblong, 
3-5-celIed,  circnmficissilc.     Seeds  round-renifomt,  smooth;  embiyo  annular. 

About  4  species,  natives  of  sea-coasts  and  saline  regions.  Besides  the  [ollowinfi;,  another  occnrs 
In  the  Southern  Slates  and  iti  the  Blkaline  Brcas  of  the  Far  West. 

1.    Sesuvium  maritimum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Sea  Purslane.     (Fig.  1424.) 

Pkarnaceum  maritimum  Walt.  Fl.  Car. 

117.      1788. 
Sesuvium  penlaidrum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  & 

Ga.  1:556.      iBli. 

1  B.S.P.  Piel.  C»t 

Annual,  glabrons,  decnmbent  or  as- 
cending, rarely  erect,  branches  a'-ii' 
long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatnlate, 
entire,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  or 
the  upper  ones  sessile,  ^"-la"  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  about 
i"  broad,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils; 
stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes;  capsule  ovoid,  about  a"  high, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 


3.   MOLLUGO  L.  Sp.  PI.  89.      1753. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual,  much  branched,  with  verticillate,  or  in  some  species  basal  or  al' 
temate  leaves,  and  small  cymose  or  axillary  whitish  flowers.  Stipules  scarioos,  membiau- 
OUB,  deciduous.  Calyx  5 -parted.  Sepals  persistent,  scarious-margined.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  3-5,  when  3  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  when  5  aftemate  with  the  sepals. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  globose,  usually  3-celled.  Capsule  usually  3-ceIled,  3-valved,  loculiddalty 
dehiscent.    Seeds  small,  the  testa  smooth,  granular  or  sculptured. 

About  II  species,  most  of  tbem  of  tropical  dislribullon.  Besides  the  tolloirini;,  another  occura 
in  the  Soullmescem  States. 


I.   Mollugo  verticillSta  L.     Carpet- 
weed.     (Fig.  1425.) 

Jtfollugo  z'erliciUala  L.  Sp.  PI.  89.      1753- 

Prostrate,  glabrous,  not  fleshy,  much 
branched,  spreading  on  the  ground  aud 
forming  patches  somelitoes  20'  in  diameter. 
Leaves  verticillate,  in  5's  or  6'b,  spatulate,  ob- 
ovate or  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  6"-i3"  long, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole;  Sowers  axillary,  less 
than  1"  broad;  pedicels  filiform;  sepals  ob- 
long, slightly  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsule, 
which  appears  roughened  by  the  projecting 
seeds;  seeds  reniform,  usually  smooth  and 
shining. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds.  New 
Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Teias  and  Meiico.  Native  of  the 
r  parts  of  America,  now  widely  distrib- 


Index  of  Latin  Names. 


[Classes  and  Fi 

imili 
400 

es  in  SMALL  capitals; 

genera  in  haayy  face ;  s] 

AlMuna    , 

Agrostis 

AlUum 

• 

Americana 

401 

EUiottiana 

160 

tricoccum 

412 

Abies 

56 

exarata 

160 

vineale 

413 

alba 

54 

Jiliformis 

142 

Allosorus 

balsamea 

57 

hyemalis 

161 

acroslichoides 

28 

Canadensis        54,  56 

Indica 

154 

Alnus 

5"  ^ 

Caroiiniana 

56 

intermedia 

162 

Alnobetula 

512 

Fraseri 

57 

juncea 

154 

l^lutinosa 

513 

Mariana 

55 

latifolia 

150 

incana 

512 

nigra 

5^ 

longifolia 

151 

maritima 

513 

Abronia 

Mexicana 

142 

rugosa 

512 

Cycloptera 

597 

Novae- Angliae 

162 

serrulala 

512 

fragrans 

597 

pauciflora 

144 

viridis 

512 

micrantha 

597 

perennans 

161 

Alopecurus 

148 

Achroasthes 

475 

racemosa 

143 

agrestis 

148 

monophylla 

475 

rubra 

161 

alpinus 

149 

onifolia 

476 

rupestris 

161 

arislulatus 

149 

Achyranthes 

sea  bra 

161 

fulvus 

149 

lanuginosa 

592 

serotina 

156 

geniculatus 

149 

Acnida                589 

,591 

Spica-venti 

167 

Mo  nspeliensis 

157 

cannabina 

591 

sobolifera 

142 

pratensis 

^ 

Floridana 

591 

sylvatica 

159 

Amaranthaceae 

rusocarpa 

591 

tenuiflora 

144 

Amaranthus 

587 

tamariscina 

591 

Virginica 

153 

albus 

588I 

tuberculata 

591 

vulgaris 

blitoides 

588 

Acorus 

364 

Aira 

168 

crispus 

590, 

Calamus 

364 

aquaitca 

194 

chloroslachys 

587 

Acrostichum 

alropurpurea 

170 

deilexus 

1 

aipinum 

10 

caespHosa 

169 

graecizans 
nybridus 

areolatutn 

20 

caryophyllea 

160 

587 

hvperboreum 
Ilvense 

10 
10 

coerulea 
cnstata 

187 
194 

hypochoHdriacus  587 
lividus                    589 

platyneuros 

23 

flexuosa 

170 

Palmeri 

589 

polypodioides 

33 

melicoides 

210 

paniculatus 

580 

Thelypteris 

15 

nilida 

193 

pumilus 

590 

Adiantum 

27 

oblusala 

192 

retroflexus 

587 

Capillus-Veneris 
neaatum 
A^cea 

27 

praecox 

169 

spinosus 

588 

27 

purpurea 

185 

tamariscinus 

591 

533 

subspicala 

171 

Torreyi 

589 

pumila 

533 

Aizoaceae 

597 

Amaryllidaceae 

443 

Aegilops 

Aletris 

425 

Amaryllis 

1 

aroma  tica 

177 

aurea 

426 

\     Atamasco 

444 

Agave 

Virginica 

445 

fannosa 

425 

Amblogyne 

445 

Alisma 

84 

Torreyi 

589 

Agro^jrroB 

226 

cordifolia 

86 

Amianlhium 

(inc.  Trtticum) 

Plantago-aquatica   85 

leimanlhoides 

406 

caninum 

228 

tenellum 

85 

m  uscaeloxicu  m 

403 

da.systach3mm 

227 

subulata 

92 

Nuttallii 

405 

glaucum 

226 

Alismaceae 

84 

AmmophUa 

166. 

re pens 

226 

AUionia 

594-6 

arenaria 

166! 

tenenim 

227 

albida 

595 

arundinacea 

166 

unilaierale 

228 

Bodini 

596 

Amphicarpon 

109 

violaceum 

227 

Bushi 

596 

Amphicarpon 

no 

Agrostis 

159 

hirsuta 

595 

Purshii 

no 

airoides 

155 

linearis 

596 

Anacharis 

alba 

159 

nyctaginea 

595 

Canadensis 

93 

algida 

150 

ovala 

595 

Andropogon 

100 

altissima 

162 

Allium 

411 

alopecuroides 

98 

arachnoides 

160 

Canadense 

414 

ambiguus 

178 

aspera 

151 

cemuum 

413 

argenieus 

lOI 

asperifolia 
brevi/olia 

160 

mutabile 

414 

aigyraeus 

101 

153 

Nuttallii 

414 

avenaceum 

104 

canina 

160 

orn  ilhogaloides 

415 

Belvisii 

lOI 

compressa 

156 

reticulatum 

415 

dissitiflonis 

102 

cryplandra 
diffusa 

155 

Schoenoprasum 

412 

Elliottii 

103 

143 

stellatum 

413 

furcatus 

102 

elata 

162 

striatum^ 

415 

glaucus 

103 

Andiopogon 

glomeratus  102 

Hallii  101 

Halepensis  104 

Jamesii  103 

macrourum  102 

maritimus  101 

provincialis  102 

saccharoides  103 

scoparius  loi 

Torre3ranu8  103 

vaginatus  102 

Virginicus  102 

Androstephium  415 

coeruleum  410 

violaceum  416 

Angiospermae  61 

A  nonyma 

aquatica  526 

capitata  443 

Antnoxantham  131 

odoratum  131 

Apera  107 

Spica-venti  167 

Aplectnim  481 

hyemale  481 

spicatum  481 

Araceae  360 

Arceuthobium 

minutum  535 

pusillum  535 

Arctaerostit  157 

latifolia  157 

Arethusa  469 

bulbosa  469 

spicata  481 

see  Pogonia  467-8 

Arisaema  361 

atrorubens  s^t 

Dracontium  361 

triphyllum  361 

Aristida 
Americana 

iMisiramea  134 

desmantha  137 

dichotoma  133 

dispersa  130 

fasciculaia  136 

gracilis  133 

lanata  135 

lanosa  135 

oligantha  135 

purpurascens  134 

purpurea  135 

ramosissima  134 

stricta  136 

tuberculosa  136 

Aristolochiaceae  537 

Azittolochia  539 

Clematitis  540 

macrophylla  540 

Serpentaria  540 

Sipho  540 

tomentosa  541 

Arrhenatherom  173 

avenaceum,  173 

elatius  173 


6oo 


INDEX  OF  LATIN   NAMES. 


361 

362 
233 
233 
233 

209 
184 
233 


538 
539 
538 
53' 


428 
428 

13-18 
22 
26 

24 
26 

23 


Arum 
Dracontiutn 
iriphyllum 
Vtrfrinicum 

Arandinaiia 
macrosperma 
tecta 

Arundo 
J'estucacea 
Phragmiies 
tecta 
see  CaUmagrostis 

163-^ 

Atamm 
arifolium 
Canadense 
macranthum 
Virgfinicum 

Asparagnt 
officinalis 

Aspidium 
see  Dryopteris 

Aspleniam 
acrostichoides 
angustifolium 
Bradleyi 
cbeneum 
ebenoides 
Pilix-foemina 
fontauum  25 

montanum  25 

I>arvulum  23 

pinnatifidum  22 

platjrneuron  23 

rhizophylla  21 

Rata^murafiff  25 

thelypteroides  26 

Trichomanes  24 

viride  24 

Asprella 
Hystrix  233 

Virginica  129 

Atheropogon 
oligostachyus         180 

Atxiplex  578 

arenaria  579 

arierentea  579 

canescens  580 

expansa  579 

hastata  578 

littoralis  578 

Nuttallii  580 

patula  578 

rosea  578 

ATena  172 

elatior  173 

fatua  173 

flavescens  171 

mollis  171 

palustris  171 

Penns^lvanica       171 
Smithii  172 

s pi  cat  a  174 

striata  172 

AzoUa  35 

Carol  i  nana  35 

Batis 
vermiculata  584 

Beckmannia  181 

erucaeformis  181 

Belamcanda 

Chine  nsis  453 

Betulaceae  506 

Betula  508 

alba  508 

Alnobettila  512 

Alnus  512, 513 

glandulosa  510 

lenta  510 

lutea  510 

Michauxii  311 

nana  511 

nigra  509 

occidentalis  509 

papyracea  509 


5" 
512,  513 

20 


Betula 

papyrifera 
populi  folia 
pumila 
viridis 

Blechnum 
yirginicum 

Bletia 

aphylla  481 

Blitum  571, 576 

Bonus- Henricus  57A 

capitatum  570 

chenopodioides  577 

glaucum  571 

Nuttallianum  ^Tj 

rubrum  574 

Boehmeria  533 

cylindrica  534 

Bodychium  2 

boreale  2 

gracile  4 

lanceolatum  4 

Lunaria  3 
matricariaefolium     3 

simplex  2 
tematum  and  var.     3 

Virpinianum  4 

Boutefoua  179 

curtipendula  180 

hirsuta  180 

oligostachya  180 

racemosa  180 

Brachyelytnim  146 

aristatum  146 

i.    erectum  146 

Briza  199 

Canadensis  211 

media  199 

minor  199 

;  Bromeliaceae  374 

Bxomus  219 

asi>er  220 

I     breviaristatus  223 

brizaeformis  223 

I     ciliatus  219 

erectus  220 

giganteus  218 

hordeacetis  222 

I      Kalmii  221 

\      mollis  222 

Porteri  221 

purgans  219,  221 

racemosus  222 

Schraderi  224 

secalinus  222 

!      squarrosus  223 

sterilis  221 

tectorum  220 

unioloides  224 

Broussonetia  529 

papyrifera  529 

Bnmmchia  568 

cirrhosa  569 
i  Buchloe 

dactyloides  183 

BulbiliB  183 

I     dactyloides  183 

Burmanniaceae     455 

Burmamiia  455 

bi  flora  456 

Calamagroetis  163 

arenaria  166 

brevipilis  166 

breviseta  164 

Canadensis  163 

cinnoides  165 

confinis  165 

Lapponica  165 

I      Lan((sdorfii  164 

longifolia  167 

Macouniana  163 

neglecta  165 

Nuttalliana  165 

Fickeringii  164 

Porteri  164 


CalamagroctU 

robusta 

stricta 

sylvatica 
Caumovilfa 

bre\'ipilis 

longifolia 
CaUa 

palustris 

sagittae/olia 
Calligonum 

canescens 
Calochortus 

Gunnisoni 

Nuttallii 
Calopogon 

pulchellus 
Calymenia 

angustifolia 
Cal3rp80 

borealis 

bulbosa 
Camassia 

Fraseri 
CamptcMonis 

rhizophy^llus 
Campulosus 

aromaticus 
Cannabis 

sativa 
Capriola 

Dactylon 
Carex 

abacta 

abbreviata 

acutiformis 

adusta 

aestivalis 

alata 

alba  setifolia 

albicans 

albolutescens 

Albursina 

alopecoidea 

alpina 

altocaulis 

ambusta 

amphibola 

angustata 

aperta 

anceps  var. 

aquatilis 

arcta 

arctata 

a  rid  a 

arenaria 

ar^yrantha 

anstata 

Asa-Grayi 

Assiniboinensis 

Atlantica 

at  rata  ovata 

atratiformis 

atro/usca 

aurea 

Backii 

Baileyi 

Bar  rat  tit 

Bellardi 

Bella-villa 

Bicknellii 

bicolor 

Bigelovii 

blanda 

Boottiana 

bromoides 

brunnescens 

bullata 

Buxbaumii 

caespitosa 

canescens 

capillaris 

capitata 

Carey  ana 

Caroliniana 


Carez 


165 

castanea 

319.320 

165 

cephaloidea 

348 

164 

cephalophora 
chord  orhiza 

349.344 

166 

341 

166 

Collinsii 

292 

167 

communis 

333 

363 

comosa 

301 

363 

compacta 

296 

362 

concinna 

332 

conjuncta 

342 

580 

conoidea 

325 

421 

costata 

316 

422 

costellata 

316 

422 

Crawei 

323.360 

crinita 

314.  315 

480 

cristata 

357 

cristatella 

357 

596 

Crus-corvi 

343 

477 

cryptocarpa 

3H 

477  1 

curta  var. 

351 

477 

cuspidata 

3" 

DaWsii 

318 

423 

debilis 

320,321 

21 

decomposita 

343 

21 

deflexa 

334 

177  i 
177 

Dewey  ana 
digitalis 

530 

distans 

324 

530 

Douglasii 

342 

175 

£>rummondiana  338 

175 

durifolia 

V^ 

284-360 

ebumea 

332 

292 

echinata  var. 

350 

324, 

Eleocharis 

346 

303 

Emmonsii 

334 

357 

exilis 

340 

317 

extensa 

323 

359; 

festucacea 

359 

332 

filifolia 

339 

334 

filiformis 

305 

359 

Jilipendula 

3U 

329 

flaccosperma 

322 

^^^1  «JtO 

flava 

323,324 

306 

flexilis 

319 
357,358 

326 

foenea 

297 

folliculata 

293 

321 

formosa 

318,  320 

308 1 

Frankii 

301 

308 

Fraseri 

336 

327 

Fraseriana 

336 

309 

fulva 

324 

352 

fusca 

307 

320 

gigantea 

294,295 

355 

glabra 

321 

342 

glareosa 

353 

357 

glauca 

315 

302 

glaucodea 

322 

293 

globularis 

293 

IS     319 

Goodenovii 

309 

350 

gracilis 

299 

306  1 

gracillima 

317 

306 

grandis 

295 

313 

granulans 

322 

331.  295 

gravida 

345 

338 

Grayi 

293 

299 

grisea 

321, 322 

312 

gynandra 

315 

284 

gynocrates 
Haleana 

340 

2<M 

322 

360 

Halei        294,  322,  343 

331! 

Hartii 

299 

310 

Haydeni 

308 

327 

Heleonastes 

352 

336 

heterostachya 

E             323 

354 

hirsuta 

316,  317 

351  , 

hirta 

306 

298 

Hitchcockiana      325 

307 

Hoppneri 

310 

309 

Houghtonii 

305 

351,  352 

hyperborea 

310 

320 

hystricina 

300 

fJ 

incurva 
interior 

341 
350,351 

3^7  , 

intumescens 

293 

INDEX  OF  LATIN   NAMES. 


6oi 


313 

337 
320 

302 

353 
356 

305 

329 
322 

349 
309 
356 

339 

313,  331 
312 

331 

319 
294 
294 
294 
299 
315 
313 
344 
314 
344 
327 

334 
296 

296 

292 

311 
295,  296 

358 
312 

297 


Caiez 

irrigua 

Jamesii 

Knieskerni 

laeviconica 

lasropina 

lagopodioides 

lanusrinosa 

laxicultnis 

laxiflora   327-329; 

Leavenwoithii 

lenticularis 

leporina 

leptalea 

limosa 

littoralis 

livida 

longrirostris 

Louisianica 

lupuliformis 

lupulina 

lurida 

macrokolea 

Magellanica 

marcida 

maritima 

maxima 

Meadii 

media 

m^embranacea 

me  mbranopacta 

Michauxit 

Micha  uxia  na 

microglochin 

miliacea 

miliaris 

mirabilis 

misandra 

monile 

Muhlenberg^i 

muricata 

Musking^mensis 

tnutica 

nardina 

Nebraskensis 

nigro-marg^nata 

Norvegica 

Novae-Angliae 

oblita 

Oederi 

Olneyi 

oligantha 

oligocarpa 

oligosperma 

oz'aia 

oxylepis 

X>allescens 

paludosa 

panicea 

Parryana 

pauciflora 

pedicellata 

Peckii 

pedunculata 

Pennsylvanica 

picta 

plantaginea 

platyphylla 

podocarpa 

polvstachya 

potymorpha 

polytricnoides 

Porteri 

praecox 

prairea 

prasina 

pratensis 

Pseudo-Cyperus 

300,301 
ptychocarpa  330 

pubescens       336, 317 
pulla  295, 296 

Raeana  295 

ramosa  344 

rariflora  312 


Carex 

Redowskyana         340 
retrocu9'i>a  329 

retroflexa  347 

retrorsa  294,  298 


355 
322 

340 

308 

335 

351 

324 
321 

323 

207 

285 
325 

306 

318 

324 

303 

330 

307 
292 

333 
334 
333 
333 
336 

329.  330 
330 
313 

29*,  352 
326 

339 
315 
335 
344 
3" 
354 


285, 


Richardsoni 

rigida 

riparia 

rosea 

rostrata 

nipestris 

sabulosa 

salina 

Saltuensis 

Sartwellii 

saxatilis 

scabrata 

sea  trior 

Schweinitzii 

scirpoidea 

scoparia 

setacea 

seti  folia 

Shortiana 

siccata 

silicea 

Smithii 

sparganioides 

squarrosa 


358-360 


332 

309 

303 

347 
292 

338 
358 
310,  3" 
326 
346 
296 

304 
346 
300 

356,358 
346 
332 
303 

355 
358 
317 
348 

y>i,  302 

St  ell  u  lata  var.        350 

stenolepis  301 

stenopnylla  341 

sterihs  350 

Steudelii  337 
stipata 
straminea 
striata 
stricta 

strictior  321 

styloflexa  328 

stylosa  307 
subspathacea          310 

subulata  292 

Sullivantii  317 

supina  338 
sychnocephala       360 

tenella  346 

tenera  358 

tentaculata  299 

tenui  flora  352 

tenuis  320,  321 

teretiuscula  344 

tetanica  326, 327 

Texensis  347 

Torreyana  318,  324 

Torreyi  324 

torta  311,  314 

tribuloides  356, 357 

triceps  316,  317 

trichocarpa  302 
trisperma 
Tuckermani 

typhinoides  302 

umbellata  335 

utriculata  297 

iirsina  353 

Vahlii  306 

vaginata  326 

varia  333,  334 
venusta  minor      321 

verrucosa  315 

vestita  304 

virescens  316,  320 

viridula  324 

vulgaris  309,  310 

vulpina  342 

vulpinoidea  345 

Walteriana  304 

Willdenovii  337 

Xalapensis  349 

xanthocarpa  345 

xanthophysa  292 

xerantica  355 

xerocarpa  3^ 

Carpinus  506 


Carpinus 

Caroliniana 

I'irginiana 
Carva 

afba 

amara 

olivae/ormis 

Porcina 

tomentosa 
see  Hicoiia 
Castanea 

dentata 

pumila 


506 
507 

485 
485 
484 
487 
486 

485-6 

514 

515 

515 
vesca  var.  Amer.  515 

Catabrosa  194 

aquatica  194 

Caulinia 

fl exit  is  81 

Guadalupensis  81 

Celosia 

paniculata  59^ 

Celtis  526 

Mississippiensis  527 
occidentalis    526,  527 

pumila  526 

Cenchrus  127 

Ca  rot  in  tan  us  1 27 

racemosa  105 

tribuloides  127 

Ceratochloa 

breviaristata  223 

Ceresia 

ft  ui  tans  106 

CnamaeGypaxis  58 

sphaeroidea  59 

tnyoides  59 

Chamaeliriom  402 

Carol  inianum  402 

luteum  402 

Chamaeraph  is 

glauca  126 

Italica  127 

verticillata  126 

viridis  126 

Cheilanthes  30 

AlalMimensis  30 

dealbata  32 

gjacilis  31 

lanosa  31 

lanuginosa  31 

tomentosa  31 

Chenopodiaceae  569 

Chenopodium  570 

album  570,  571 

ambrosioides  575 

anthelminticum  575 

Berlandieri  572 

Bonus-Henricus  574 

Boscianum  572 

Botiys  574 

capi  latum  576 

Fremontii  572 

glaucum  571 

hybridum  573 
leptophyllum  548,  571 

585 


mantimum 

multifidum 

murale 

polyspermum 

Scoparia 

rubrum 

urbicum 

viride 
Chloris 

curtipendula 

verticillata 
Choripetalae 
Chrosperma 

muscaetoxicum 
Chiysopogon 

avenaceus 

nutans 
Cinna 

arundinacea 

glomerata 


576 
573 


574 
573 
570 

180 

482 

402 

403 
103 
104 
104 

158 
158 

102 


Cinna 

lateralis 

lati  folia 

pendula 
Cladium 

manscoides 
Cladothrix 

lanuginosa 
Clintcmia 

borealis 

ciliata 

umbellata 

umbellulata 
Coix 

dactyloides 
Col  podium 

lati/olium 
Comandra 

livida 

pallida 

umbellata 

COMMELINACEAE 

Commelina 

agraria 

communis 

dubia 

erecta 

hirtella 

longifolia 

nuaiflora 

ViiTginica 

Willdenovii 
Comptonia 

peregrina 
Conostylis 

Americana 

CONVALLARIACEAE 

CoDTallaria 

biflora 

commutata 

majalis 

racemosa 

stellata 

trifolia 
Cooperia 

Drummondii 
Cobrosmanthus 

nerbaceus 

tamni/olius 
Coralloiluza 

Corallorhiza 

if  ma  la 

Macraei 

multiflora 

odontorhiza 

striata 

Wisteriana 
Corispennum 

hyssopifolium 
Cornucopiae 

altissima 

hiemalis 

Perennans 
Corylus 

Americana 

rostrata 
Crypsis 

schoenoides 

squarrosa 
Cryptogramma 

acrostichoides 
Ctenium 

Americanum 
Cupressus 

aisticha 

thyoides 
Cycloloma 

atriplicifolia 

platyphyllum 
Cymbidium 

'  hyemale 

odontorhizon 

pulchellum 
Cynodon 

Dactylon 


102 
158 


281 
592 
592 
428 
428 

429 
429 

429 

98 

157 
536 
537 

536 
374 
375 
375 

375,  376 
380 

375.  376 
375 
375 
375 
370 

489 

446 
427 
434 
433 
434 
434 
429 
430 
4.30 

444 
444 

439 
439 
477 
478 
478 
479 
479 
478 
479 

i 

582 

162 
161 
161 
507 

■i 

28 
177 

58 

59 
576 
577 
577 

481 

478 
480 

175 


6o2 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


Cymmumu  200 

Aefryptius  182 

cristatus  200 

Indicus  181 

Cyperaceae  234 

Cypenis  234 

acuminatos  239 

a  H status  237 

a  ru  ndinaceus  247 

Baldwinii  246 

cat  carat  us  238 

compressus  238 

cylindricus  245 

dentatus  240 

diandrus  236 

echinatus  246 

Engelmanni  243 

esculentus  241 

erythrorhizos  241 

ferox  242 

ferruginescens  242 

filicuimis  245 

flavescens  235 

flavicomus  237 

fuscus  239 

Grayi  246 

Halei  241 

Hallii  240 

Haspan  239 

Houghtoni  246 

Hydra  240 

inilexus         ^  237 

Lancastriensis  244 
Michauxianus      242 

microdontus  237 

Nuttallii  236 

ovularis  245 

parvus  242 

phymatodes  241 

pseudovesretus  238 

refractus  244 

retrofractus  244 

rivularis  236 

rotundus  240 

Schweinitzii  238 

spathaceus  247 

speciosus  242 

strigosus  243 

Torrevi  245 

Cypripedum  457 

acaule  457 

album  458 

arietinum  457 

but  bos  um  477 

candidum  458 

hirsutum  458 
parviflonim 
pubescens 

regrinae  458 

spectabile  458 

Cystopteiis  12 

bulbifera  12 

fragrilis  13 

montana  13 

Dactylis  200 

glotnerata  200 

see  Spartina  175-7 

Dactyloctenium  182 

Aegyptium  182 

Aegyptiacum  182 

Dantnonia  173 

Alleni  174 

compressa  174 

sericea  174 

spicata  174 

Deschampsia  169 

atropurpurea  170 

caespitosa  169 

flexuosa  170 

Deyeuxia 

Macouniana  163 

Diarrhena 

Americana  196 

Dichromena  256 

colorata  256 


Dichromena 

latifolia 

leucocephala 
Dicksomia 

pUosiuscula 

punctilobula 

DiCOTYLEDONES 

Digitaria 
jili/ormis 
humi/usa 
paspaloides 
sangiiinalis 

DiOSCOREACEAB 

Diotcorea 

villosa 
Diotis 

lanata 
Diplachne 

fascicularis 

rigida 
Ditporum 

lanuginosum 

trachycarpum 
Distichlis 

maritima 

spicata 
Dondia 

Americana 

depressa 

maritima 
Dracaena 

borealis 

umbellulata 
Dracontium 

foetidum 
Dryopteris 

acTostichoides 

aculeata 

Boottii 

Braunii 

cristata 

dilatata 

Filix-mas 

fragrans 

Goldieana 

intermedia 

Lonchitis 

mai^nalis 

Noveboracensis 

simulata 

spinulosa 

Thelypteris 
Dulichium 

anindinaceum 

spathaceum. 
I>upatya 

fiavidula 
Dupontia 

Cooleyi 

Fisheri 
Eatonia 

Dudleyi 

nitida 

obtusata 

Pennsylvanica 
Echinodonis 

cordifolius 

parvulus 

radicans 

rostratus 

tenellus 
Eleocharis 

acicularis 

acuminata 

albida 

atropurpurea 

capitata 

compressa 

Engelmanni 

equisetoides 

intermedia 

interstincta 

melanocarpa 

microcarpa 

mutata 


Eleochazia 

257       ochreata 

256       olivacea 
12 1     ovata 
12 1     palustris 
12       pauciflorus 

482 1     pygmaea 

I     quadranfrulata 

III       Kobbinsii 

1 1 1       rostellata 

109       tenuis 

III  I      Torreyana 

446  ■     tortilis 

447  tricostata. 
447       tuberculosa 

Watsoni 
581       Wolfii 
186  ;  Eleogenus 
186 1     ocnreatus 
190   Eleutine 
431       Aegyptia 

431  Indica 

432  mucronata 
198    Elodea 

198  :      Canadensis 

198   Eljrmus 

584       Americanus 

584  I     arenarius 
585 1     Canadensis 

585  condensatus 
elymoides 

428  glauci/olius 

429  glaucus 

i     Hystrix 
363       Macounii 
[3       Sibiricus 
Sitanion 
striatus 
Virginicus 

5  Elyna 

6  Bellardi 
8       spicata 

7  :  Elytrospermum^ 

6  Catijornicum 

7  Bpipactis 

8  convallarioides 

4  I     Helleborine 

7  latifolia  var. 

5  .     vindiflora 

6  Equisetaceae 

8  EqoiBetum 
5       arvense 

247       fluviatile 
247       hyemale 

247  laevigatum 

372  limosum 

373  littorale 
209 ,  palustre 
210  pratense 
209       robustum 

192  scirpoides 

193  sylvaticum 
193  ;     variegatum 

192  ,  Eragrostis 

193  campestris 

85  capillaris 

86  I      Carol iniana 

85  curtipedicellata 

86  Eragrostis 
86       erythrogona 
85       Frankii 

248  j      hypnoides 

252  major 

255       megastachya 

254  minor 
250       oxyUpis 

250  pectinacea 

255  I      pilosa 

251  I     poaeoides 
248       Purshii 
255       refracta 

248  reptans 

254       secundiflora 

253  sessilispica 

249  I  tenuis 


249 
250 
251 

262 
262 

249 
249 
256 

255 

253 

253 

254 

253 
252 

252 

249 
181 
182 
181 
182 

93 
230 

231 
232 

231 
232 
232 
231 
231 

233 
231 

231 
232 

230 

210 
283 
2^4 
284 


Erm|;ro«ti8 

tnchodes 
Eiianthua 

alopecuroides 

brevibarbis 

compactus 

saccharoides 
Eriocaulaceae 
Eriocaolon 

anceps 

articu  latum 

compressum 

decangulare 

flavidulum. 

gnaphalodes 

septangulare 
Eilochloa 

polystachya 

punctata 
Eriocoma 

cuspidata 
Eziogonum 

alatum 

Alleni 

annuum 

brevicaule 

campanulatum 

cemunm 

corymbosum 

effusufn 

navum 

gnaphaloides 

Jamesii 

lachnog^um 

Lindhetmerianum 


t 

99 
99 
99 
371 
371 
373 
371 
37» 
372 
373 
372 

371 
no 

110 

no 

141 
542 
5I2 

543 
544 
546 
546 
S»6 
544 
544 
545 
545 


longi  folium 

fnicranthum\ 

microthecum 

multiceps 

Parviflorufn 

pauciflorum 

sericeum 

Texan  um 

Exiophorom 
alpinum 
capitatunt 
cyPerinutn 
fH'acile 
latifolium 
polystachyon 
russeolum 
Scheuchzeri 
triquetrum 
vaginatum 
Virginicum 

Erytlurofnium 
albidum 
American  um 
angustatum 
brae  tea  turn 
mesachoreum 
propullans 

Eurotia 
lanata 

Euxolus 
crispus 
deflexus 
lividus 
pum.il  us 

Fagaceae 

Fagopyrum 
esculentum 
Fs^^pyrum 
Tatancum 

Fagus 
Americana 
Casta  nea 
ferruginea 
pumtla 

Festuca 
decumbens 
diandra 
duriuscula 
elatior 


544 
543 
546 

544 
545 
545 
545 

543 
271 

271 

272 

271 

273 

273 

273 
272 

272 

273 
272 

273 
419 

420 
420 
420 
420 
421 
421 
580 
581 

590 


59» 
513 
553 
553 
553 
554 
514 
514 
515 
514 
515 
215 
185 
196 
217 
217 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


603 


fascicularis 

186! 

fluUans 

^'3 
218' 

gigantea 

Mynros 

216 

nutans 

218 

octoflora 

216 

ovina 

217 

pratensis 

217 

rubra 

216 

scabrella 

217  ' 

Shortii 

218. 

lenella 

216    ; 

unioloides 

224 

FimtoistyUs 

^ 

autumnalis 

Baldwiniana 

360 

capillaris 

258 

castanea 

259! 

congesta 

260 

laxa 

260' 

spadicea 
^hlii 

259 

260 

FzitilUria 

419 

alba 

422 

atropurpurea 
Froelicnia 

419 
592 

Floridana 

592 

g^racilis 

593 

Fnixena 

274 

hispida 

274 

simplex 

274 

squarrosa 

274 

jyemaiingia 

452 

Chinensis 

453 

380 

480 
481 
481 

484 


Gisopteris 
palmaia  7 

dyceria 
see  PaaiciiUria  210-214 

Oonopyrum 

Americanutn  568 

Goodyera 
see  Peramium      474-5 

Oraminbab  94 

Giapliephoinim  210 

fesiucaceum  209 

flexnosum  186 

melicoideum  210 

Gymnopogon  178 

ambiffuus  178 

brevifolius  17Q 

racetnosus  178 

Gymnospermae        49 

Gyroftachyt  470 
(inc.  Spiranthes) 

cemua  471 

gracilis  472 

laiifolia  470 

odorata  471 

plantaginea  470 

praecox  471 

Romanzoffiana  470 

simplex  472 

Gym  nosiich  u  m 

Hyslrix  233 

Gyxotheca  442 

capitata  443 

tinctoria  443 

Habenaiia  400 
(inc.  Orchis  in  part) 

blephariglottis  465 

bracteata  463 
ciliaris             464, 465 

clavellata  463 

cristata  464 

dilatata  462 

Jimbriata  466 

flava  464 

grandi  flora  466 

Hookeriana  461  ' 

hyperborea  462 1 

integra  463 1 

lacera  465 

leucophaea  465 

nivea  462 


485 
485 


Habenaria 
obtusata  461 

orbiculata  461 

peramoena  466 

psy^codes  466 

trtdentata  463 

zn'rescens  464 

znridis  463 

Haemodoraceae    442 

Hamilionia 
oleifera  537 

Heleochloa  147 

schoenoides  147 

Helonias  401 

asphodeloides         401 
bullata  402 

graminea  403 

Hemerocallis  410 

flava  41 1 

fulva  411 

Hemicarpha  275 

micrantha  275 

subsquarrosa         275 

Heteranthera 
dubia 

f^raminea 
imosa 

reniformis 
Hexalectiit 

aphyllus 

sguamosus 
Hicoria 

{inc.Carya  (Sfjug- 
lans  in  part) 

alba  486 

aquatica  485 

glabra  486, 487 

laciniosa  486 

microcarpa  486 

minima 

ovata 

Pecan 

sulcata 
Hierockloe 

aipina 

borealis 

pauciflora 
Holcua 

aipinus 

Halepensis 

lanatus 

lax  us 

odoraius 
Homalocenchrut 

(inc.  Leersia) 

lenticularis 

oryzoides 

Viiginicus 
Homotropa 

macranthum 
Hordeum 

jubatum 

murinum 

nodosum 

pratense 

pusillum 
Hamulus 

Lnpulus 
Hyacinthus 

botryoides 

racetnosus 
Hydrocharis 

cordi/oha 

Spongia 
HjrmenMallis 

occidentalis 
Hymenophylla 

ceae 
Hypopeltis 

obtusa 
Hypoporum 

verticillatum         283 
Hypoxia  445 

erecia  446 

hirsuta  446 


Hystiix  233 

Hystrix  233 

Iresine  593 

celosioides  593 

panicnlata  593 

IRIDACEAE  447 

Iris  447 

aphylla  450 

Caroliniana  449 

cristata  451 

cuprea  450 

Duerinckii  450 

fulva  450 

Germanica  450 

gracilis  450 

hexagona  448 

Hookeri  449 

lacustris  451 
Missouriensis        449 

?rismatica  450 

seud&corus  451 

vema  452 

versicolor  448 
Virginica       448,  450 

ISOETACEAE  45 

laoetea  45 

Braunii  46 

Butleri  48 

echinospora  46 

Engelmanni  48 

lacustris  46 

macrospora  46 

melanopoda  48 

muricata  47 

riparia  47 

saccharata  47 

Tuckermani  46 

Ixia 


132 
132 
132 
168 
132 

1^ 

197 
132 

128 

129 
129 
129 

539 
228 
229 


2'. 

228 

229 

529 
530 

424 
425 

94 
94 

444 
445 


II 


Juncus 
Gerardi  385 

Greenei  387 

gymnocarpus         383 
Leersii  383 

longistylis  388 

mar^natus  388 

mantimus  384 

me^acephalus392. 394 
mihtaris  391 

nemorosus  397 

nodosus 
parinjlorus 
I>elocarpus 
pilosus 
polycephalus 
repens 

Richardsonianus 
robustus 
Roemerianus 
scirpoides 
secundus 


acuta 

Chinensis 
Izophonis 

(inc.  Setaria) 

glaucus 
I     Italicus 
I     vertidllatus 
I     viridis 

JUGLANDACEAE 

,  juglana 
cinerea 
nigra 
tomentosa 
see  Hicoiia 

JUNCACEAE 

Juncoidefl 

(inc.  Luzula) 
campestre 
hyperboreum 
nemorosum 
nivale 
parviflorum 
pilosum 
spicatum 
Juncus 
acuminatus 
aipinus 
aristulatus 
articulatus 
asper 
Balticus 
biglumis 
brachycarpus 
brachycepnalus 
bufonius 
bulbosus 
Caesariensis 
campestris 
Canadensis 
castanens 
conglomeratus 
debilis 
dichotomus 
diffusissimus 
effusus  382, 

Engelmanni 
filimrmis 


452 

453 
125 

126 

126 
126 

483 
483 
484 

483 

486 

484-487 

396 

398 
398 

397 
396 
397 

395 


391 


392 
397 
390 
396 
393 
388 
391 

393 

I 

383 
397 


392 
385 


389 
393 

390 
392 
398 


383 


setaceus 

Smithii 

spicatus 

stygius 

subtilis 

tenuis 

Torreyi 

trifidus 

triglumis 

Vaseyi 
Juniperut 

communis 

nana 

Sabina 

Sibirica 

Vii^niana 
Kobreaia 

bi  partita 

caricina 

scirpina 
Kochia 

Americana 

atriplicifolia 

Scoparia 
Koelena 

cristata 

nitida 

Pennsylvanica 
Koenigia 

Islandica 
Korycazpna 

arundinaceus 

diaodrus 
Kyltinga' 

maculata 

ovularis 

pumila 
Lachnanthes 

tinctoria 
Lachnocaulon 

anceps 

Micnauxii 
Laportea 

Canadensis 
Lappago 

racemosa 
Larix 

Americana 

laricina 
Leersia 

see  Homalocenchrut  1 29 
Leitneriaceae  489 
Leitneria  489 

Floridana  489 

Lemnaceae  365 

Lemna  365 

Angolensis  365 

gibba  367 

minor  366 

paucicostata  365 

perpusilla  366 

polyrhiza  365 

trisulca  366 


59 

60 
60 
60 
60 

^* 
284 

284 
284 

^^ 
581 

577 
581 

193 
194 

194 
193 

542 

196 
196 
247 

275 
245 
247 

443 
373 
373 
373 

5.13 

105 

54 
54 
54 


6o4 


INDEX   OF  I.ATIN   NAMES. 


Valdiviana  366 

Lemotr^s 

hyacinthina  433 

Le'ptanthus 
see  Hetenmthera     380 

Leptochloa  182 

mucronata  182 

Le^torchis  476 

lilii  folia  476 

Loeselii  477 

LepturuB  225 

nlifonnis  226 

paniculatus  179 

Leucocrinum  41 1 

montanum  411 

LiLiACEAK  410 

Liliam  416 

andinum  417 

Canadense  417 

Carolinianum  410 

Catesbaei  417 

Grayi  418 
Philadelphicum  416 
superbum  *      417, 418 


tig^num 

umbellatum 
Limnobium 

Spongia 
Limodoruin 

praecox 

tuberosum 

uni/oliutn 
Li  Paris 

iiliifolia 

Loeselii 
Lipocarpha 

maculata 
Liquidambar 

aspienijfolia 

peregrina 
Listera 

australis 

convallarioides 

cordata 
Lolium 

perenne 

temulentum 
Lophiola 

Americana 

aurea 
Lophiocarpus 
Lophotocarpus 

calycinus 

LORANTHACEAE 

Luzula 

see  Juncoidet 
Lycopodiaceae 
Lycopodiom 

alpinum 

alopecuroides 

annotinum 

apodum 

Carolinianum 

clavatum 

complanatum 

denaroideutn 

inundatum 

lucidulum 

obscurum 

rupestre 

sabinaefolium 

selaginoides 

SeIag:o 
Lygodium 

palmatum 
Madura 

aurantiaca 
Macounastrum 

Islandicum 
Ma  ianihem  u  m 

Canadense 
Malaxis 

uni folia 
Manisuiis 


419 

417 
94 

480 
471 


480 

476 

477 
275 
275 

489 

489 
472 

473 

473 

473 
225 

225 

225 

446 

446 

446 

86 

86 

87 
534 

396 
39 
39 
42 

41 
42 

45 

43 

43 

43 

41 

41 
40 

41 
44 
42 

44 
40 

/ 
7 

529 
541 
542 

431 

476 
100 


Bfanisuris 

rugosa 
Marantaceae 
Mariscus 

cylindricxis 
Mariscus 

echinatus 
Marsileaceae 
ICarsilea 

mucronata 

naians 

quadri  folia 

vestita 
Mayacaceae 
Mayaca 

Aubleti 

Michauxii 
Medeola 

Viririniiina 
Melanthaceae 
Melanthium 

glaucuni 

hyhridum 

lati  folium 

tn  uscaeioxicu  m 

parviflorum 

racemosum 

Vimnicum 
MeUca 

altissima 

diffusa 

mutica 

porvi  flora 

Porieri 

Smithii 
Microstylis 

monophylla 

oph  ioglossoides 
Milium 

amphicarpon 

ciltatum 

compressum 

effusum 

punctalum 
Milla 

coerulea 
Molinia 

coerulea 
Monocotyledones  62 


100 
454 

245 
246 

33 
34 
34 
33 
34 

% 

435 
435 
399 
406 

405 
407 
407 

403 
407 

400 
406 
194 

195 

195 

195 

195 

195 
172 

475 
476 

141 

no 

no 

109 

141 

no 

416 
187 
187 


Myrica 

cerifera  488 

Gale  487 

Myriopteris 

gracilis  31 

Naiadaceae  65 

Naias  80 

flexilis  81 

gjacillima  81 
Gaudalupensis         81 

Indica  81 

major  80 

marina  80 

Nardus  224 

stricta  224 

Nasm^'ihia 

articulata  371 

Narihecium 

A  merica  num  401 

glutinosum  400 

ossi/ragum  401 

pubens  400 

Naxia  105 

racemosa  105 

Nemaatylia  452 

acuta  452 

gemmiflora  452 

Aeottia 
see  GjrrMtachjrs  470-2 


Mollugo 
verticillata 

Monolepis 
chenopodioides 
Nuttalliana 

MORACEAE 

MoruB 

alba 

papyri/era 

mora 
Muhlenbergia 

ambigua 

capillaris 

comata 

debilis 

diffusa 

erecta 

glomerata 

gjacillima 

Mexicana 

microsperma 

pungens 

racemosa 

sobolifera 

sylvatica 

tenuiflora 

Willdenovii 
Munroa 

squarrosa 
MuBcari 

botr>'oides 

racemosum 

MVRICACEAE 

Mytica 
asplenifolia 
Carolinensis 


598 
598 
577 
577 
577 
527 

F 

141 

143 

145 
144 

145 
144 

146 

143 
145 
142 

145 
146 

143 
142 

143 
144 

183 

424 
424 

425 
487 
487 
489 
488 


pubescens 
Nephrodium 

acrosiichoides 

lanosum 

punctilobulu  m 
Nctholaena 

dealbala 

nivea 
Nothoscordum 

bivalve 

striatum 
I  Nyctaginaceae 
'  Oakesia 

puberula 

sessilifolia 
Onodea 

sensibilis 
I     Struthiopteris 
I  Onychium 

densum 
Ophioglossaceae 
,  OphioglosBum 
I     vulgatum 
!  Ophrys 
I     cernua 
I      Corallorhiza 

cordata 

Iiliifolia 
j     Loeselii 
I      monophyllos 
Oplotheca 

Floridana 
Orchidaceae 
:  Orchis 

fissa 

rotundifolia 
,     spectabilis 


474 

14 

31 
12 

32 
32 
32 
415 
415 
415 
594 

410 

n 

9 
.9 

30 
I 
I 
I 

478 

473 
476 

477 

475  1 

592 
456 

459 
466  I 

460 
459 


see  Habenaria  460-6 

Omithogalum  423 1 

bivalve  415  . 

hirsutum  446  ' 

nutans  424 

umbellatum  423 

Orontium  364  1 

aquaticum  364 

Oryzopsis  139 

asperifolia  140 

Canadensis  139 

cuspidata  141 

juncea  139  ' 

melanocarpa  140 

membranacea  141  ' 

micrantha  140 : 

Osmundaceae  4 

Osmunda  5 

cinnamomea  5  , 


Osmunda 

Claytoniana  6 

interrupta  6 

lanceolata  4 

Lunaria  3 

refiralis  5 

Struthiopteris  9 

ternata  3 

Virginiana  4 

Ostiya  507 

Virginiana  507 

Virginica  507 

Oxybaphus 

see  AlHonia       594-6 

angustifolius  596 

Bodini  59S 

hirsutus  595 

0»yria  553 

digyna  553 

reniformis  553 

Paepafanthus  373 

flavidulus  373 

Pancratium 

Carolinianum  445 

occidenta/e  445 

Paniculatia  210 
(inc.  Glyceria) 

acutiflora  213 

Americana  213 

angustata  215 

Canadensis  211 

distans  215 

elongata  212 

fluitans  213 

laxa  21 1 

nervata  212 

obtusa  2n 

pallida  213 

Panicum  112 

agrostidiforme  115 

agrostoides  115 

amarum  122 

anceps  1 15 

angustifolium  122 

autumnale  124 

barbulatum  120 

boreale  119 

cambestre  123 
capillare          123,  124 

carinatum  114 

clandestinum  i  iS 

colon  um  113 

comm  utatum  1 1 7 
consanguineum     122 

Crus-galli  113 

Curtisti  114 

Dactvlon  175 

debile  125 

depauperatum  121 

dichotomum  120 

diffusum-  124 

digitarioides  114 

diitaricatum  114 

divergens  124 

elongatum  115 

filiforme  m 

flexile  124 

gen  iculatu  m  1 23 

gibbum  125 

glaftrum  in 

flaucum  126 

ians  114 

hirtellum  113 

hispidum^  n3 

involutum  121 

Italicum.  127 

languinosum  131 

latifolium  115 

laxiflorum  119 

linear e  \\\ 

longifolium  116 

macrocarpon  117 

melicarium  iii 

microcarpon  1 16 

miliaceum  133 


INDEX   OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


605 


Panicam 
minus  124 

n^fi'osutn  117 

nitidum  120 

nudum  124 

obtusum  114 

pauci/lorum  118 

pedunculatum  118 
Porterianum  117 

proliferum  1 23 

pubescens  121 

ramulosum  120 

rostratum  115 

sanguinaU  iii 

sioparium  118,  121 
Scribnerianum  118 
sphaerocarpon  116 
stricium  121 

vemicosum  125 

veriicillatu  in  1 26 
virgatum  122 

inride  126 

viscidum  121 

Walteri  113,  117 

Wilcoxianum  119 
zanthophysum       118 

Pardanthus 
Chinensis 

Parietaria 
Pennsylvanica 

Paspalum 
ambiguum 
arenarium 
ciliatifolium 
compressum 
dasyphyllum 
debile 
dilatatum 
distichum 
ElHottii 
Jili/orme 
Ploridanum 
flu  i  tans 
laeve 
longipedunculatum 

108 
macros prrm  u  m 
membranacenm 
Micha  uxia  num 
mucTonatum 
ovatum 
paspaloides 
piatycaulon 
pubescens 
sanguinale 
setaceum 
Iristachyum 
Walterianum 

PeUaea 
atropurpurea 
densa 

fracilis 
telleri 
Peltandra 

alba 

sasrittae  folia 

undulata 

Vitig^nica 
Peramium 

(inc.  Goodyera) 

Menziesii 

pubescens 

repens 
Phalaris 

Americana 

arundinacea 

Canariensis 

Caroliniana 

erucaeformis 

intermedia 

oryzoides 

ticta 
Pharnaceum 

maritimum 
Phegopteris 


453 
534 
534 
105 
III 
108 
107 
109 
107 
108 
107 
106 
109 
III 
108 
106 
108 


108 
106 
109 
106 
107 
109 
109 
107 
III 

107 
109 

106 

29 

29 
30 
29 

362 
362 
362 
362 
362 

474 

475 
474 
474 
130 
130 
130 
131 
130 

iSi 

130 
129 
130 

18 


Phegopteris 

catcarea 

Dr>'Opteris 

hexagonoptera 

Phegopteris 

polypodioides 
Philotria 

Canadensis 
Phippsia 

algida 
Phleum 

alpinum 

pratense 

schoenoides 
Phoradendron 

flavescens 
Phragmites 

communis 

Phragmites 
Phvtolaccaceae 
Phytolacca 

aecandra 
Picea 

alba 

Canadensis 

Mariana 

nigra 

rubra 
Pilea 

pumila 

PiNACEAE 

PinuB 
alba 

austral  is 
balsamea 
Banksiana 
Canadensis 
divaricata 
echinata 
Fraseri 
inops 
laricina 
mi  lis 
niera 
palustris 
pendula 

^  ponderosa 
pungens 
resinosa 
rigida 
rubra 
Strobus 
Taeda 
Virginiana 

Planeia 
aquatica 

Platanihera 

see  Habenaria  461,  465 
I     holopetala  465 

!      rotundifolia  460 

Pleuropo^on  196 

Sabinii  196 

Poa  201 

abbreviata  202 

airoides  215 

alpina  203 

alsodes  207 

andina  208 

angustata  215 

annua  201 

aquatica  212 

arida  208 

autumnalis  206 

brevi  folia  207 

Buckleyana  208 

caesia  205 

'     capillaris  188 

Caroliniana       188-9 
cenisia  203 

Chapmaniana         202 
compressa  202 

cr  is  lata  202 

debilis  206 

distans  214 

elongata  21 2 


19 
19 
19 
19 
19 
93 
93 
150 
150 

147 
148 

147 
147 
535 
535 
184 
184 

184 

593 

594 

594 

54 

54 

54 

55 

55 

55 

533 
49 
50 

54 
51 
57 
52 
56 
52 
52 
57 
52 

54 
52 
55 
51 
54 
5' 
53 
51 
53 
55 
50 

53 
52 

525 
526 


Poa 

Eragrostis 
!      flava 

flexuosa 
\     glauca 

glumaris 

nypnoides 

interrupia 
\     laxa 

maritima 

nemoralis 

nerz'ata 

obtusa 

pectinacea 

pilosa 

pratensis 

pseudopratensis 

refracta 

seslerioides 

serotina 

sylvestris 

tenui folia 

tenuis 
'     trichodes 

trivialis 

Wolfii 
Pogonia 

affinis 

divaricata 

ophioglossoides 

pendula 

trianthophora 

verticillata 

POLYGONACEAE 

PolyjEonatum 

binorum 

commutatum 

giganleum 
PMygoneUa 

Americana 

articulata 

ericoides 
Polygonum 
1     acre 

amphibium 

ari  folium 

articulatum 

aviculare 

Bellardi 

campomm 

Carejri 

cilinode 

Convolvulus 

cristatum 

cuspidatum 

densiflorum 

Douglasii 

dumetorum 

emersum 

erectum 

exsertum 

Fagopyrum 

glaucum 

Haitwriprhtii 

Hydroi)iper 

hydropiperoides 

incanum 

incamatum 

lapathifolium 

littorale 

longistylum 

maritipium 

mite 

Muhlenbergii 

nodosum 

Opelousanum 

orientale 

Pennsylvanicum 

Persicaria 

persicarioides 

Portoricense 

punctatum 

Rayi 

ramosissimum 

sagittatum 


205 
206 

205 
208 
192 
191 


212 
211 
190 
188 
204 
204 
191 

184 
205 
206 
208 
188 
191 
204 


468 
468 

467 
467 


Polygonum 

189       scandens  566 

setaceum  559 

Tataricum  554 

tenue  564 

Virp^nianum  561 

viviparum  555 

Zuccarinii  56 

203     POLVPODIACEAE 

214    Polypodium 
205       bulbi/erum 

cristatum 

dilatatum 

Dryppteris 

Filix-foem  ina 

Filix-mas 

fontanum 

fragile 

fragrans 

hexagonoptera 

incanum 

Lonchitis 

marginale 

montanum 

Nofeboracense 
207  i     obtusum 
467       Phegopteris 

polvpodioides 

Pobertianum 

spinulosum 

vulgare 

467  Polypogon 

468  Monspeliensis 
541    Poly sti  chum 

433     PONTEDERIACEAE 

433  Pontederia 

434  cordata 
434  ,     I  and  folia 
568 1     limosa 
568   Populus 
568       acuminata 

alba 

angulata 

angusti  folia 

Atheniensis 

balsamifera 

candicans 

Carolinensis 

deltoides 

dilatata 

grandidentata 

heterophylla 

monilifera 

nigra 

tremuloides 

556  Potamogeton 
565  :     alpinus 

amplifolius 

angustifolius 

CkLyiamH 

comhressus 

contervoides 

crispus 

diveisifolitis 
560 ;     Paxoni 
560       filiformis 

557  I    flabellatus 
557  '     fluitans 

foliosus 

Fnesii 

gemmiparus 

srramineus 

neterophyllus 

Hillii 

hvbridus 

Illinoensis 

interruptus 

lateralis 

lonchites 

lucens  70 

major  74 

Mysticus  71 

natans  66 

Niagarensis  73 

Nuttallii        67 


568 

554 
560 

555 

% 

561 
562 

564 


>5 
565 
566 

567 


566 

556 

563 

563 

553 
562 

556 


32 
12 

16 

18 

19 
26 

17 

25 

13 
16 

19 

14 
17 
13 
15 
II 

19 
33 

32 
157 
157 

13 
379 
379 
379 

380 
490 
491 
490 

493 
491 

492 
491 
491 

493 

493 

493 
492 

492 
493 
493 
492 

% 

67 
70 

<fl 

72-74 

72 

76 
68 


557 
562 

558 
562 
560 
556 
557 

559 
561 

557 
558 
553 
556 
560 

564 
567 


68 
73 

% 

73 
76 
70 

78 


6o6 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


PoUmogeton 

Oakesianus 

obtusifolius 

Panorwitanus 

pauciflorus 

pectinatus 

perfoliatas 

praelongus 

pulcher 

pusillus 

Kobbinsii 

rufescens 

mtilus 

spathulaefonnis 

Spirillus 

trichoides 

Tuckermani 

Vasejri 

Zizii 

zosteraefolius 
Prosarles 

lanuginosa 

trachycarpum 
PsUocarya 

nitens 

rynchosporoides    257 

scirpoiaes  258 

Pteridophyta 
Pteris 

Alabamensis 

aquilina 

atropurfmrea 

cauaatd 


66 

7Z 
75 
7Z 
77 
71 

67 
74-76 

78 
68 

74 
69 
77 
72 
72 

74 
70 
72 

431 
432 
257 
257 


i' 
^ 


547 
549 
549.550 
551 
551 


gracilis 

Slelleri 
PucdneUia 

airoides 

angustata 

distans 

maritima 
Pymlaxia 

oleifera 

pubera 
QtiAiiiaaia 

hyacinthina 
Qaercus 

acuminata 

alba 

ambigua 

a^uatica 

btcolor 

Brittoni 

coccinea 

digitata 
falcata 

heterophylla 

ilicifolia 

imbricaria 

laurifolia 

Leana 

lyrata 

macrocarpa     520. 521 

Marvlandica  518 

Michauxii 

minor 

Muhlenbergii 

nana 

nigrra  518,  519 

obtusiloba  520 

olivaeformis  521  , 

palustris  516, 520 

Fhellos 

platanoides 

prinoides 


29 

29 

214 

215 

215 

214 

214.  215 

537 

537 

537 
422 

423 
515 
522  j 
520! 
516 

519, 
521 

518 
517! 

518 

518 
520 

519 
520 

521  I 


522 
520 
522 
518 


Prinus 
rubra 
Rudkini 
Stella  la 
Texana 
tincloria 
tridentata 
velutina 
znrens 
Virginiana 
Rajania  ovala 


518,  519 
521 

5231 
520,  522 
516,  518  I 
518 
520 

517 

517 
520 

517 
523 
523 
569 


Raxoomoftkya  535 ! 

pusilla  535 

Redlbldia  186 

flezuosa  186 

Renealmia 

usneoides  374 

Roitboellia 

filiformis  226 

rugosa  100 

Rooueva  575 

multifida  576 

Rumez 

Acetosa 

Acetosella 

altissimus 

Britannica 

conglomeiatus 

crispus 

digynus 

Engelmanni 

hastatulus  548 

hydrolapathunt     $30 

maritimus  552 

obtusifolius  552 

occidentalis  550 

orbiculatus  550 

Patientia  550 

persicarioides        552 

pulcher  552 

salicifolius  549 

sanguineus  551 

venosus  548 

verticillatus 
Ruppia 

maritima 

lacustris 

occidentalis 
Rynchospoca 

{inc.  iUfChoenus) 

alba 

axillaris 

capillacea 

cephalanlha 

comiculata 

C3rmosa 

fusca 

glomerata 

^jacilenta 

inexpansa 

Knieskemii 

tnacrostachya 

nitens 

oligantha 

pallida 

paniculala 

scirpoides 

Torreyana 
Sagittaxia 

ambi^a 

an  foil  a 

calycina 

cristata 

cuneata 

Engelmanniana 

falcata 

^raminea 

neterophylla 

lancifolia 

latifolia 

longiloba 

longi  rostra 

natans 

platyphylla 

pitbescens 

pusilla 

radicans 

/igida 

sagittaefolia  • 

suDulata 

teres 

variabilis 
Salicaceae 
Salicomia 

ambigua 

Bigelovii 


Salicomia 

Europaea  var. 

fruticosa 

herbacea 

mucronata 

I'irginica 
Saliz 

adenophylla 

alba 

amygdaloides 

angustata 

arctica 

argyrocarpa 

Babylonica 

balsamifera 

Barclayi 

Bebbiana 

Brownii 

Candida 

coerulea 

cordata 

Culleri 

desertorum 

discolor 

eriocephala 

falcata 

fluviatilis 

ftagilis 

glauca 

gracilis 

glaucophylla 

herbacea 

humilis 

lon^ifolia 

lucida 

Missouriensis 

myrtilloides 

nigra 

petiolaris 

phylicifolia 

pnnoides 

purpurea 

reticulata 

rostrata 

sericea 

tristis 

Uva-ursi 

vestita 

viminalis 

vitellina 

Wardii 
SalaoU 

depressa 

Kali 

salsa  var. 

Tragus 
Salviniaceae 
SalYinU 

natans 
Santalaceae 
Sarcobatus 

vermiculatus 
Satyrium 

repens 
Saururaceae 
SauruiuB 

cemuus 
Savaataiia 

alpina 

oaorata 

pauciflora 
ScnedouiarduB 

paniculatus 

Texanus 


582 

583 
582 

583 
583 
493 


495 
503 
502 

500 
496 

504 


% 


502 

496 

503 
505 
500 
499 
499 
494 

497 
496 

501 
500 
503 

4' 

497 
495 
^l 
505 
494.495 

500 
500,502 

499 
497 

499.  503 
499 

501 
496 

495 
585 
585 

5^ 
584 

586 
34 
34 
34 


584 

474 
482 

482 

482 

131 
132 

132 
132 
179 
179 
179 

Scheuchzeriaceae  82 

Scheuchzeria 
palustris 

SCHIZAEACEAE 

Schizaea 

pusilla 
Schoenus 

mariscoides 

rufus 
Schoenus 

see  Rynchospora  276-80 


84 

84 

/ 

7 

7 

281 
267 


Schollera 
graminea  380 

Scilla 
Erase  ri  423 

SdrpoB  261 

acicularis  252 

acuminalus  255 

Americanus  265 

atropurpureus      250 
atrovirens  269 

autumnalis  260 

caespitosus  262 

Califomicus  267 

campestris  267 

Canbyi  266 

capillaris  258 

capitatus  250 

castaneus  259 

Clintoni  263 

cylindricus  266 

cyperinns  271 

deoilis  264 

divaricatus  270 

equisetoides  248 

Eriophorum  271 

fluviatilis  268 

glaucescens  252 

Hallii  264 

intermedins  25 

interstinctus 
lacustris 
Uptolepis 
lineatus 
maritimus 
fnicranthus 
microcarpus 
mucronatus 
mutatus 
nanus 
nitens 
Olnejri 
ovatus 
palustris 

gBLUciflorus 
eckii 

planifolius 

polyphyllus 

pungens 

guadrangulatus 

retrofractus 

robustus 

rostellaius 

rufus 

Smithii 

spadiceus 

subtenninalis 

supinus 

sylvaticus 

Tatora 

tenuis 

Torreyi 

tortilis 

tuberculosus 

yahlii 

validus 

Wolfii 
Sderia 

laxa  282 

oligrantha  ^i 

pauciflora  283 

reticularis  2S2 

Torreyana  282 

triglomerata  282 

verticillata  283 

Scolochloa  209 

festucacea  209 

Scolopendrium  21 

Sclopendrium         21 

vulgare  21 

Selaginellaceae    44 
Selaginella  44 

apus  45 

rupestris  44 

selaginoides  44 

spinosa  44 


266,  268 

% 

251 
251 
262 
270 

265 
249 

256 
267 
264 
259 

26^ 
268,269 
267 
255 
265 
253 

260 
266 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


607 


SeraPfos 

viridifiora 
Sesleria 

dactyloides 

maritimum 
peniandrum 
Setaria 
dactyloides 


469 
183 


seeLrophorot   126-127 
■     ■    '  184 

184 

185 

453 

453.454 


SiesUngia 

decumbens 

parpnrea 

Beslerioides 

stricta 
SJayriwchinm 

anceps 

ansnistifolium 

Atlanticum 

Bertnudiana 

Srraminoides 

mucronatum 
Sit  anion 

elytnoides 
Smilacbas 
Stnilacina 

bi/olia 
see  Vagneza 
Smilaz 

Bona-nox 

caduca 

edrrhata 

g^lauca 

hastata 

berbacea 

bispida 

lanceolata 

laiirifolia 

Pseudo-China 

pulverulenta 

guadrangularis   446 

rotundifolia  440 

spinnlosa 

tamnifolia 

tatnnoides 

Walteri 
SorghmD 

avenaceum 

Halepense 

nutans 
Sparganiaceae 
Spareanium 

androcladum 

angusti/olium 

eurycarpum 

fitixtans 

minimum 

simplex 
Spartiiia 

altemiflora 

cynosuroides 

glabra 

gracilis 

juncea 

patens 

poly8tach3ra 

stricta 
Spathyema 

foetida 
Spermatophyta 
Spiranthes 

decipiens  475 

graminea  var.       471 

see  Gyrostacbys  470 

Spixodela  365 

polyrhiza  365 

Sporoboltts  150 

(inc.  Vilfa') 

airoides  155 

arigrutus  154 

asper  151 

asperifolius  156 

brevifolius  153 

compressns  156 

cryptandnis  155 


454 
454 
453 
453 
454 

232 

438 

431 

441 
440 

439 
440 

441 

439 
440 

442 

441 

441 

439 


440 

439 
441 

442 

104 

104 

104 

104 

^^ 
64 
64 

64 

64 

64 

175 
177 

175 

176 
176 
176 
176 

177 

363 

363 

49 


Sporobolut 

cuspidatus 

depauperatus 

beterolepis 

Indicus 

junceus 

longifolius 

minor 

neglectus 

pilosus 

serotinus 

vaginaeflorus 

Viiginicus 
Stenanthiom 

angusti/oliu  m 

gramineum 

robustum 
Stenojphyllas 

capiliaris 
Stipa 

avenacea 

barbala 

bicolor 

capiliaris 

comata 

juncea 

Macounii 

membranacea 

Richar^sonii 

spartea  138, 

Virginica 

viridula 
Stieptopas 

amplexifolius 

lanuginosus 

roseus 
Suaeda 

depressa 

linearis  var. 

maritinia 
i  Sympiocarpus 

foetidus 
Syntherisma 

filiformis 

glabra 

linearis 

praecox 

sanguinalis 

serotina 

villosa 
iTaxaceae 
'Taxodium 

distichum 
Taxus 

baccata 

brevifolia 

Canadensis 

minor 
ThalU 

dealbata 
Thesium 

umbellatum 
Thuja 

occidentalis 
TillandaU 

usneoides 
Tipulaiia 

discolor 

unifolia 
TofieldU 

glutinosa 

palustris 

pubescens 

racemosa 
Toxylon 

pomiferum 
Trachynolia 

polystachya 
Tradescantia 

brevicaulis 

flexuosa 

montana 

pilosa 

rosea 

Virginiana 


153 
153 
155 
154 
154 
151 
152 
152 

156 
152 
153 
403 
403 
403 


THchochloa 

microsperma 
TYichodtufH 

see  Agrofltis 
Tiichomanet 

radicans 
Tricuspis 

purpurea 
Tnelochin 

elata 

maritima 

pfidustris 

striata 

triandra 
TxiUium 


cemuum 
erectum 
erythrocarpum 
258       grandiflorum 
nivale 
recurvatum 
rhomboideum 
sessile 
undulatum 
Triodia 
cuprea 
decumbens 
stricta 
Tripaacnm 


145 

159 
6 
6 

P 
P 

83 
435 
437 


137 

138 
138 


139 
137 
141 

137 


437 
436 
436 

436 
438 

184 

185 
185 


137  iTiMacnm  97 
139       oactyloides              95 

138  I  Tripterella 


138 1     coerulea 
432  I  Tripteridium 

432  {     micran/hum 
431    Txiaetnm 

433  flavescens 
palustre 

5S5       Pennsylvanicum 

Pratense 

subspicatum 
Triticum 

see  Agropyron  226, 
Tsuga 

Canadensis 

Caroliniana 
Typhaceae 
Typha 

an^stifolia 

latifolia 
Udora 
Ulmaceae 
Ulmus 

alata 

Americana 

campestris 

fulva 

pubescens 

racemosa 
Undnia 

microglochin 
Unifolium 

Canadense 
Uniola 

gracilis 

Taxa 

latifolia 

paniculata 

spicata 

stricta 
Urachne 

asperifolia 

micrantha 

racemosa 
400   Urticaceae 
528  i  Urtica 


584 
585 

363 
no 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

III 

61 

% 

61 
61 
61 
61 
61 

455 
455 

536 

58 

58 

374 

374 

479 

480 

480 

399 
400 

399 
400 


524 


529 


chamaedryoides 


cylindrica 
176  j     divaricata 

377  dioica 

378  gracilis 
378       pumila 

377  urens 

378  i  Urticastrum 
378       divaricatum 
377  I  Uvulaiia 

39 


UTOlaxia 

amplexifolia  432 

graiidiflora  409 

perfoliata  409 

puberula  410 

sessilifolia  409 

Vagneim  429 
(inc.  Smilacina) 

amplexicaulis  429 

racemosa  429 

stellata  430 

trifolia  430 

Vallisnsriaceae     92 


Vallisnaiia 

spiralis 
Vaseya 

comata 
Veiatnnn 

a  ngusti/oliu  m 

luteum 

parvijlorum 

viride 

Woodii 
Vil/a 

see  Spotobolus     152-6 
yiscum 

flavescens 
Windsoria 

stricta 


Pallida 
Wood 


oodsia 
456       alpina 

glabella 
597       hvperborea 

170  Ilvensis 

171  obtusa 
171       Oregana 
171 1     scopulina 
171    Woodwardia 
171       angusti/olia 

areolata 
228       Virginica 

55  WoMBa 

56  Brasiliensis 
56  Columbiana 
62   Xanthosoma 

62  sagitta^folia 

63  Xerophyllum 

62       aspthodeloides 
93       seti/olium 
523   Xyridaceae 


Xyxis 


525       Caroliniana 
524       communis 

524  difformis 

525  elata 
525       fimbriata 
524 ;     flexuosa 

284  Jupacai 

285  montana 

430  torta 

431  Yucca 

197       angusti/olia 
197       baccata 
197       filamentosa 

197  glauca 

198  ZannicheUia 
198 ;     palustris 
198  Zephyranthes 

Atamasco 

140  Zizania 
140       aquatica 
140       miliacea 


530 

531 

532 

534 

533 

531 

531 

533, 

532 

532 

533 
4^ 


Ziianiopsis 

miliacea 
Zoatora 

marina 
Zygadenus 

elegans 

glaberrimus 

glaucus 

leimanthoides 

NutUUii 

venenosus 


92 
93 

144 
407 

403 
402 

407 

408 

408 


535 


185 
213 

9 
10 

10 

10 

10 

II 

II 

II 

20 

20 

20 

20 

367 
367 

362 
401 
401 
401 
368 
368 
370 
369 
369 
370 
370 

369 
370 

369 
370 
426 

427 
426 

427 
427 


443 

t^ 

128 
128 

\% 

82 

82 

404 

405 
404 

405 
406 

405 
405 


Index  of  English  Names. 


Abele  490 

Abronia  597 

Adam-and-Eve  481 

Adam's  Needle  427 
Adder's  Mouth  475-6 
Adder's  Tongue 

Family  i 

Adder's  Tongue    2,  420 

Agave  445 

Alder  512-3 

Allionia  595 

Alpine  Bistort  555 

Amaranth  Family  586 

Amaranth  5BB-90 

AmaryllisPamily  443 

Amphicarpon  no 

Anorostephium        416 

Arbor-vitae  58 

Arctagjostis  157 

Arethusa  469 

Aristida  133-7 

Branched  134 

Bushy  136 

Erect  136 

Few-flowered         135 

Forked  134 

Purple  135 

Purplish  134 

Sea-beach  136 

Slender  133 

Western  137 

Woolly  135 

Arrow-arum  362 

Arrow-grass  Family 

82 
Arrow-erass  83 

Arrow-nead  82-90 

Arrowroot  Family 

454 
Arum  Family         360 

Arum  j6^3 

Asarum  538-9 

Asparagus  428 

Aspen  492 

Asphodel  399, 401 

Atamasco  I,ily  444 

Atriplex  579-80 

Azolla  35 

Bald  Cypress 
Bald  Rush 
Balm-of-Gilead 
Balsam  Fir 
Balsam  Poplar 
Barley 

Bastard  Toad-flax 
Bayberry  Family 
Bayberry 
Beaked  Rush 

Brown 

Capillary 

Capitate 

Clustered 

Few-flowered 

Grass-like 

Knieskem's 

Nodding 

Pale 

Slender 


280 


Beaked  Rush 

Torrey's 

White 

Beckmannia 

Beech  Family        513 

Beech  506, 514 

Beech-fern  19 

Bellwort  409-10 

Bindweed  565 

Birch  Family  506 

Birch  508-1 1 

American  White    508 

Black  510 

Canoe  509 

Cheny  510 

Dwarf  51 1 

Glandular  510 

Gray  510 

Low  511 

Paper  509 

Red  509 

River  509 

Scrub  510 

Sweet  510 

Western  Red  509 

Yellow  510 

BiRTHWORT  Family 


537 
540 
555 
485 
3 

402 


257-8 
491 

57 
491 

228-9 

536 


Birthwort 
Bistort 
Bittemut 
Blackberry  I,ily 
Black  Walnut 
Blazing-star 

Blite  576,  584-5  , 

Blood-leaf  593 ' 
Bloodwort  Family 

442 

Blue  Beech  506 

Blue-eved  Grass  453 

Blue  Flag  448-50 

Bog-asphodel  401 

Bouteloua  180 

Brachyelytrum  146 

Brake,  Bracken  28-30 

Brome  Grass  219-24 

Barren  221 

Com  223 

Downy  220 

Fringed  219 

Hairy  220 

Quakegrass  223 

Schrader's  224 

Smooth  221 

Upright  220 

BrunUichia  569 

Buckwheat  Family 


277 
279 
278 
279 
278 
277 
280 
278 
280 
277 
279 


Buckwheat 
Buffalo-nut 
Bugseed 
Bulrush 

Bog 

California 

Canby's 

Dark-green 

Great 

I>afy 


553-^»  566 


265 
266 

267 
266 

269 
266 
269 


Bulrush  I 

Olney's  265  \ 

Peck's  270 ; 

Prairie  267 

Reddish  270 

River  268 

Salt  Marsh  268 

Small-fruited  269 

Spreading  270 

Torrey's  265 

Wood  268 1 
Bunch-flower 

Family     399 
Bunch-flower  406-7 

Bur-head  86 : 
BuRMANNiA  Family     | 

Burmannia  456 

Bur-reed  Family  63 
Bur-reed  63-4 

Calamus-root  364 

Calypso  477 

Cane  233 

Carpet-weed  Family 

597 
Carp>et-weed  598 

Carrion-flower  439 

Catbrier  440 

Cat-tail  Family  62 
Cat-tail  62-3 

Cedar  58-60 

Chain-fern  20 

Chair-maker's  Rush  265 
Cheat,  Chess  219-24 
Chestnut  515 

Chickweed,  Indian  598 
Chinquapin  515 

Chive  Garlic  412 

Chives  412 

Chloris  178 

Christmas-green  43 
Cladothrix  592 

Clearweed  533 

Cliff-brake  29-30 

Climbing  False 

Buckwheat    566 
Climbing  Fern 

Family       7 

Climbing  Fern  7 

Clintonia  428-9 

Club-moss  Family  39 

Club-moss  40-3 

Club-rush  262 

Clinton's  263 

Chairmaker's         265 

Dwarf  262 

Few-flowered         262 

Hall's  264 

Red  267 

Smith's  264 

Tufted  262 

Water  263 

Weak-stalked         264 

Wood  263 

Colic-root  425-6 

Comandra  536-7 

Conifers  49*53 

Cooperia  444 


Coral-root  47S-9 

Crested  481 

Early  478 

Large  479 

Small-flowered      47S 
Striped  475 

Wister's  47B 

Cork-elm  524 

Cork-wood  Family 

4«9 
Cork-wood  4S9 

Cotton-c^rass  271-3 

Cotton-wood  491-3 

Couch-rrass  226 

Crested  Dwarf  Iris  451 

Cucumber-root,    In- 


dian 435 

Curly-grass  7 

Cycloloma  577 

Cypress  58 

Cypcnis  234 

Awned  237 

Baldwin's  246 

Brown  239 

Coarse  242 

Coast  237 

Elegant  237 

Ensrelm^nn's  243 

Flat  238 

Globose  245 

Gray's  246 

Hale's  241 

Hall's  240 

Houghton's  246 
Lancaster 
Low 

Marsh  238 

Michaux's  242 

Nuttall's  236 

Pine-barren  245 

Red-rooted  241 

Reflexed  244 

Rough 

Schweinitz's 

Sheathed  239 

Shining  236 

Short-pointed        239 

Slender  245 

Straw-colored        243 

Toothed  240 

Yellow  235,  241 

Cypress  58 

Cystopteris  12-13 

Darnel  225 

Day-flower  375-6 

Day  Lily  11 1 

Dichromena  256^ 

Diplachne  186 

Disporum  431-2 

Ditch-moss  93 

Dock  54^51 

Bitter  552 

Bloody  551 

Broad-leaved  552 

Clustered  551 

Curled  jst 

Fiddle  jgi 

Golden  591 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


609 


Dock 

Great  Water  550 

Pale  549 

Patience  550 

Peach-leaved  549 

Red- veined  551 

Sour  548 

Smaller  Green  551 

Swamp  549 
Tall 
Veined 

Water  550 

Western  550 

White  550 

Willow-leaved  549 

Door-weed  561 

Dragon -root  361 

DucKWEBD  Family 

365 
365-7 


Duckweed 

Dulichium 

Dnpatya 

Dupontia 

Dutchman's  Pipe 

Eatonia 

Eel -grass 

Elm  Family 

Elm 

Elyna 

Equisetum 

Eragrostis 

Blunt-scaled 

Capillary 

Clustered 

Creeping 

Frank's 

Hair-like 

Low 

Meadow 

Prairie 

Purple 

Pursh'fl 

Short-stalked 

Strong-scented 

Tufted      - 
Eriogonum 

Allen's 

Annual 

Branched 

Crisp-leaved 

Few-flowered 

James' 

Long-leaved 

Long-rooted 

Narrow -leaved 

Nodding 

Slender 

Winged 

Yellow 
Eurotia 
False  Aloe 
False  Buckwheat 
False  Garlic 
False  Hellebore 
False  Nettle 
False  Oat 
Feather  Geranium 
Fern  Families 
Fern 

Beech 


247 

373 
209 

540 
192-3 
82,93 

523 

284 

39 
188 
192 
188 

191 
192 

188 

z 

191 
190 
190 

189 

189 

188 

542-6 

543! 

544 

545 

544 

545 

543 

543 

546 

546 

546 

544 

542 

545 

581 

445 
566 

408 

534 
171 

574 

1-33 

1-33 

19 


Brake,  Bracken  28-30 

Bristle 

Brittle 

Chain 

Christmas 

Cinnamon 

Clayton's 

Cliffbrake 

Climbing 

Curly-grass 

Cystopteris 

Goldie's 

Grape 

Hartford 

Hart's  Tongue 


6 

13 
20 

14 

5 

6 

29-30 

7 

7 

12-13 

17 
2-4 

7 
21 


Fern 

Hay-scented  12 

Holly  14-15 

Lady  •  26 

Lip  30-31 

Maiden -hair  27 

Male  17 

Moonwort  3 

New  York  15  ^ 

Oak  19 : 

Ostrich  9  - 

Polypody  32-3 

Rock-brake  28 

Royal  5 

Sensitive  9 

Shield  15-18 

Spleenwort         22-26 
Sweet  489 

Venus-hair  27 ; 

Walking  21 

Wall  Rue  25 

Wood  17 

Woodsia  lo-i  i 

Field  Sorrel  547 

Filmy-Fern  Family  6 
Fimbristylis  259-60 
Fiorin  159 

Firs  57 

Flag  364, 448-51 

Fleur-de-lis  447. 450 
Florida  Moss  374 

Flower-de-luce  447 

Fly-poison  403  ' 

Four-o'clock  Fam- 
ily 594 
Fox-tail           126,  148-9 
Fraj^rant  Hickory     486 
Pritillaria                  419 
Froelichia              592-3 , 
Frog's-bit  94 
Fuirena                      274 
Gai^et                        594 
Garlic                     412-15 
Geranium,  Feather  574 
Glasswort                582-3 
Golden  Club              364 
Good  King  Henry    574 
GoosefootFamily  569 
Goose  foot               570-6 
Berlandier's           572 
Bosc's                     572 
City                          573 ! 
Cut-leaved              576 1 
FeatherGeranium  574 
Fremont's               572 
Good  King  Henry  574 
Jerusalem  Oak       574  ; 
Many-seeded          571 
Maple-leaved         573 1 
Narrow-leaved       571  ; 
Nettle-leaved         573 
Mexican  Tea          575 
Oak-leaved             571 
Perennial                574 
Red                          574 
Turnpike  Geranium 

574 
Upnght  573 

White  570 

Wormseed  575 

Grape-fern  2-4 

Grape-Hyacinth     424-5 

Graphephorum  210 

Grass  Family    94-233 

Grass  94-233 

Arctajgrostis  157 

Aristida  I33~7 

Barnyard  113 

Barley  228-9 

Bear  427 

Beard      98,  101-3,  157 

Beckmannia  181 

Bent  160-2,  167 

Bermuda  175 

Black  385 


Grass 
Black  Oat 
Blue-eyed 
Blue 

Blue-joint 
Bottle-brush 


138 

453-4 
202,  204 

163 

233 


Brachyelytrum       146 


219, 


109,  III, 


Brome 

Bouteloua 

Buffalo 

Bur 

Canary 

Cane 

Carnation 

Catch-fly 

Chess 

Chloris 

Cockspur 

Couch 

Cotton 

Cord 

Crab, 

Curly 

Darnel 

Diplachne 

Dog's-tail 

Dog's-tooth 

Dropseed 

Dupontia 

Eatonia 

Eel 

Hgyptian 

Eragrostis 

False  Oat 

False  Red-top 

Fescue 

Finger 

Fiorin 

Fox-tail 

Gama 

Goose 

Grama 


144 


219-24 
180 

183 

127 

1 30-1 

233 
330 
129 
221-3 
178 

113  i 
226! 

271-3  I 
176. 
181 

7 
225 

186 

200 

175 

.  154-6 

209 

192-3 

72,93 
182 

188-92 

171 

205 

216-8 

III 

159 
126,  148-9 

98 
214 
180 

Graphephorum      210 
Gymnopogon      178-9 
Hair  145,  161,  168-170  ! 
Hard  226 

Heather  185 

Hedgehog  1 27 

Herd's 
Holy 

Hungarian 
Indian 
Indian  Rice 
Ivray 
Johnson 
Joint 
June 
Koeleria 
Kory  carpus 
I^ptochloa 
Lyme 
Manna 
Manisuris 
Mat 

Mat-weed 
Marsh 
Meadow 

201-7,  212,  214-5 
Melic  195 

Mesquite  180 , 

Millet 

no,  123,  127,  III 
Molinia  187 

Mountain  Rice  139-41 
Muhlenbergia  142-6 
Munro's  183 

Nard  224 

Nimble  Will  144 

Nut  241 

Oat  138, 171-4,  198 
Orchard  200 

Oryzopsis  141 

Panic  1 1 3-1 25 

Phippsia  150 

Phleum  148 


Grass 
Pigeon  126 

Pleuropogon  196 

Plume  99 

Porcupine  139 

Povertjr  133 

Prickle  105 

Quake,  Quaking    199 
Quitch  226 

Rattlesnake  21 1 

Ray  225 

Redfieldia  186 

Red-top    159,  184,  205 
Reed        128,  130,  158, 
163-7, 176,  184 
Rice  128,  139-40 

Rice  Cut  1 29 

Rush  Cat's-tail       147 
Rush  1 51 -4 

Rye  225, 230 

Sand  185 

Sand-reed  166 

Salt-meadow  176 

Schedonnardus      179 
Scolochloa  209 

Scutch  175 

Scutch  Cane  233 

Sea  Oats  19S 

Seneca  132 

Sieglingia  185 

Small  Cane  233 

Smut  154 

Soft  lU 

Spear  201-3,  205-8, 214 
Spike  197-8 

Squirrel-tail  229 

Stagger  444 

Star  380,  425,  446 


Stipa 

Sweet  Vernal 

Terrell 

Thin 

Timothy 

Toothache 

Tumble-weed 

Velvet 

Water  Oats 

Wheat 

White 

Whorl 

Wild  Oat 

Wild  Rye 

Windlestraw 

Wire 

Wirebent 

Witch 

Wool 

Yard 

Yellow-eyed 
Grass-pink 
Grass- wrack 
Grease  wood 
Green  Arrow-arum   362 
Green  Brier  440-2 

Green  Dragon  361 

Ground  Hemlock       61 


137-8 

'31 
230 
161 

147 
177 

123 

i^ 

128 

227-8 

129 

194 

173-4 
230-2 

167 

181 

224 

123 

%\ 

369-70 

480 

82 

584 


154. 


Ground  Pine 
Gymnopogon 
Hackberry 
Hair  Grass 

Early 

Long-awned 

Mountain 

Rough 

Silvery 

Tufted 

Wavy 
Hartford  Fern 
Hart's-tongue 
Hazel-nut 
Hellebore 
Helleborine 
Hemicarpha 
Hemlock 
Hemp 


41 

178-9 

526 

169 

145 
170 

161 

168 

169 

170 

7 
21 

507-8 
408 
469 

275 
56,61 

530,  591 


6io 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


486 

485 
486 

486 

486 

484 
487 

485 

485 
486 

485 
486 

485 
530 

506-7 
276 
440 


Hickory 

Big  Shasr-bark 

Bitter-nnt 

Prafirratit 

King-nut 

Mocker-nut 

Pecan 

Pig-nut 

Shag-bark 

Shell-bark 

Small-fruited 

Swamp 

White-heart 

White  Walnut 
Hop 

Hop-Hornbeam 
Hornbeam 
Homed  Rush 
Horsebrier 

Horsetail  Family  55 
Horsetail  35-7 

Hyacinth  423-5 

Hymenocallis 
Indian  Chickweed 
Indian  Cucumber- 
root 
Indian  Poke 
Indian  Turnip 
Inkbcrry 
Iresine 
Iris  Family 
Iris 

Iron-wood 
Ivray 

}ack-in-the-pulpit 
erusalem  C>ak 
Joint-weed 
Juba's  Bush 
Juniper 


King-nut 

Knotgrass 

Knotweed 

Bellard's 

Bushy 

Douglas' 

Erect 

Japanese 

Long-fruited 

Prairie 

Ray's 

Seaside 

Shore 

Slender 

Virginia 
Kobresia 
Kochia 
Koeleria 
Korycarpus 
Kyllingia 
Ladies'  Slipper 

Large  Yellow 

Ram's-head 

Showy 

Small  White 

Small  Yellow 

Stemless 
Lady-fern 
Lady's  Thumb 
Ladies'  Tresses 

Fragrant 

Grass-leaved 

Hooded 

Little 

Nodding 

Slender 

Wide-leaved 
Lamb's  Quarters 
Larch 
Leek 
Leitneria 
Leptochloa 
Iveucocrinum 
Lily  Family 
Lily 

Asa-Gray's 


361 
594 
593 
447 
451-2 
507 
225 

361 

gS 

593 

486 
561 
561 
562 

564 
565 
563 
567 
563 
564 
563 
562 
562 

564 
561 
284 

581 
194 
196 
247 

457 
458 

457 
458 
458 
459 
457 
26 

558 
470-2 

471 

471 
470 

472 

471 
472 

470 

570 

54 

412 

489 
182 
411 
410 
411-44 
418 


Lily 

Atamasco  444 

Blackberry  453 

Canada  417 

Carolina  418 

Day  41 1 

Mariposa  422 

Philadelphia  416 

Red  416-17 

Southern  Red  417 

Tiger  410 

Turk's-cap  418 

Western  Red  417 

Wild  Yellow  417 

Wood  416 

Yellow  417 

LiLY-OF-THE- Valley 

Family  427 

Lily-of-the- Valley    43 1 , 

434 
Lip-fern  30-31 

Lipocarpha  275 

Lizard 's-Tail  Fam- 
ily 482 
Lizard's- tail  482 

Long-moss 
Lopniola 
Lophotocarpus 
Macounastrum  542 

Maiden-hair  Fern  27 
Mariposa  Lily  422 

Marsh  Samphire  582 
Marsilea  Family  33 
Marsilea  33-4 

Mayaca  Family 
Mayaca 
Mat- weed  166 

Meadow  Grass 

201-7,  212-15 

Annual  201 

Arctic  215 

Flat-stemmed         202 

Fowl  205 

Grove  207 

Prairie  204 

Reed  212 

Roughish  204 

Slender  215 

Spreading  214 

Wavy  203 

Wood  205 

Melanthium  407 

Mexican  Tea  575 

Millet    100, 123, 127, 141 

Mistletoe  Family 

534 

Mistletoe  535 

Moccasin  Flower      457 

Mocker-nut  486 

'  Molinia  187 

Monolepis  577 

i  Moonwort  3 

!  Moss,  Long,  Florida  374 

;  Moose  Elm  525 

i  Mountain  Rice      139-41 

Mud  Plantain  380 

Muhlenbergia       142-46 

Filiform  145 

Hairy  144 

Marsh  143 

Meadow  142 

Minnesota  143 

Prairie  146 

Rock  142 

Slender  144 

Small-seeded  143 

Wood  143 

Mulberry  Family  527 

Mulberry  528-9 

Naias  80-1 

Necklace  Poplar       493 

Nemastylis  452 

Nettle  Family       530 

Nettle  531-34 

Noah's  Ark  457 


Notholaena  32 

Nut-grass  241 

Nut-rush  281-3 

Oak  516-2^ 

Barren  518 

Basket  522 

Bear  518 

Black  517 

Black-jack  518 

Bur  521 

Chestnut  522-3 

Cow  522 

Iron  520 

Jerusalem  574 

Laurel  519 

Live  523 

Mossy-cup  521 

Overcup  521 

Pin  516 

Post  520-1 

guercitron  517 

ed  516 

Rock  Chestnut  522 
Scarlet  517 

Scrub  518 

Scrub-chestnut  523 
Shingle  520 

Spanish  518 

Swamp  516-21 

Texan  Red  517 

Water  519 

White  520-1 

Willow  519 

Yellow  522 

Oak  Fern  19 

Oat  138 

False  171 

Purple  172 

Sea  198 

Smith's  172 

Wild  173 

Oat  Grass  173-4 

Black  138 

Oil-nut  484.537 

Onion,  wild        413-415 
Orache  578-9 

Orchid  Family       456 
Orchis  459-66 

Bog  461,  462 

Crane-fly  480 

Crested  Yellow  464 
Fen  477 

Fnngeless  Purple  466 
Hooker's  461 

Large  Purple-fringed 

466 
Large  Round-leaved 

461 
Leafy  Green 
Long-bracted 
Northern  Bog 
Pale  Green 
Prairie  White-fringie 

465 
Purple-fringed       466 

Ragged  465 

Showy  459 

SmallGreenWood  463 
Small  Northern  Bog 

461 
Small  Pale  Green  464 
Small  Round-leaved 

460 
Small  So.  Yellow  463 
Smaller  Purple- 
fringed  466 
Southern  Small 

White  462 

Tall  Leafy  Green  462 
Tall  White  Bog  462 
Tubercled  464 

White-fringed        465 
Yellow-fringed       464 
Oryzopsis  141 

Osage  Orange  529 


462 

463 
461 


Osier                    49^-9>i 

Ostrich-fern 

Q 

Panicum,  Panic  Grass ' 

I] 

14-^5 

Agrostis-like 

"5 

Barbed 

120 

Beaked 

"5 

Blunt 

114 

Diffuse 

124 

Forked 

120 

Gaping 
Gibbous 

114 

125 

Hairy 

131 

Hispid 

118 

Large-fruited 

117 

lAx-flowered 

119 

Long 

115 

Long-leaved 

116 

Narrow 

114 

Narrow-leaved 

123 

Northern 

119 

Porter's 

117 

Round-fruited 

116 

Scribner's 

118 

Sea-beach 

132 

Shining 

130 

Slender 

118 

Small-fruited 

116 

Spreading 

123 

Starved 

131 

Tall  Smooth 

132 

Variable 

117 

Velvety 

121 

Warty 

125 

Wilcox's 

119 

Wiry 

124 

Wood 

124 

Paper  Mulberry 

529 

Paspalum 

IQ5 

Ciliate-leaved 

107 

Crab-grass 

'°9 

Field 

loft 

Flat 

109 

Florida 

108 

Joint-grass 

106 

Long-stalked 

108 

Slender 

107 

Tall 

107 

Walter's 

106 

Water 

106 

Pecan 

484 

Pellitory 

534 

Persicaria 

555 

Bristly 

559 

Carey's 

559 

Dense-flowered 

556 

Dock-leaved 

557 

Hart  Wright's 

^ 

Lady's  Thumb 

558 

Long-styled 

558 

Opelousas 

559 

Pale 

557 

Pennsylvania 

557 

Slender  Pink 

557 

Southwestern 

558 

Swamp 

556 

Water 

555 

Phippsia 

'5? 

Phleum 

148 

Pickerel-weed 

Family 

379 

Pickerel-weed 

379 

Pig-nut 

487 

Pigeon  Berry 

594 

Pigweed              570 

»  587 

Pine  Family 

T><MA 

49 

rine 
Bull 

52 

Canadian 

51 

Candlewood 

53 

Frankincense 

53 

Georgia 

51 

Gray 

52 

Ground 

41 

Hard 

51 

INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES, 


6ll 


Pine 

Hickory  53 

Hudson  Bay  52 

Jersey  52 

I^abrador  52 

IfihloWy  53 

I/>ns^-leaved  51 
Northern  Scrub       52 

Old-field  53 

Pitch  53 

Red  51 

Sap  53 

Scrub  52 

Short-leaved  52 

Southern  51 

Spruce  52 

l^ble-mouutain  53 

Torch  53 

ViilBrinia  51 

Western  Yellow  51 

Weymouth  50 

White  50 

Yellow  51 
Pine- APPLE  Family 

374 
Pink,  Swamp  402 

Pipe-vine  541 

PiPEWORT  Family  371 
Pipewort  371-3 

Planer-tree  526 

Plantain  85,  474-5 

Pleuropogon  196 

Pogoma  467-8 

Poi;e-wbbd  Family 

593 
Poke,  Pokeweed 

Poke,  Indian 

Polypody  32-3 

PoNDWEED  Family  65 

Pondweed  66-81 


Red-root 

Red-top 

Reed 


443 

I59»  154 
128,  166,  184 


Alga-like 

Blunt-leaved 

Capillary 

Clasping-leaved 

Curled-leaved 

Eel-grass 

Faxon's 

Fennel-leaved 

Filiform 

Floating 

Fries' 

Hill's 

Illinois 

Interrupted 

Laive-leaved 

Lealy 

Long-leaved 

Mystic  Pond 

Northern 

Nuttall's 

Oakes' 

Opposite-leaved 

Rannesqne's 

Robbins' 

Shining 

Slender 

Small 

Spatulate-leaved 

Spiral 

Spotted 

Various-leaved 

Vasey's 

White-stemmed 

Ziz's 
Poplar 

Pnnce's  Feather 
Purslane,  Sea 
Putty-root 


72 

73 
76 

71 
72 

72 

68 

77 

77 
66 

74 
73 

72 
78 

67 
73 


71 
68 

67 
66 

75 

78 
70 

74 
75 
69 

77 

67 

69 

74 

71 
70 

490-3 
561 
598 
481 


Reed  Grass  163-7 

Bog  165 

Langsdorf's  164 

I/>ng-leaved  167 

Macoun's  163 

Narrow  165 

Nuttall's  165 

Pickering's  164 

Porter's  164 

Salt  176 

Sea  sand  166 

Short-haired  166 

Wood  158 

Rice  128 

Richweed  533 

Rock-brake  28 

Roubieva  576 

Royal  Fern 

Family 

Royal  Fern 

Ruppia 

Rush  Family 

Rush 
Awl-leaved 
Bald 
Baltic 
Bayonet 
Beaked 
Black-grass 
Bog 

Brownish-fruited 
Bulbous 


4 

5 

s 

382 
•  387 

257-8 
384 

391 
277-80 

382 

390 
390 


Sagittaria  90-9^ 

Saltwort  586 

Salvinia  Family     34 
Salvinia  34 

Samphire,  Marsh      582 
Sand-reed  166 

Sandalwood  Family 

536 
Savin  60 

Schedonnardus         179 
Scheuchzeria  04 

Scolochloa  209 

Scoke  594 

Scottish  Asphodel    399 
Scouring  Rush  38 

Sea-Blite  584-5 

Sea-Purslane  5^ 

Sedge  Family        234 
Sedge  292-360 

Alpine  306 

Arctic  Hare's-foot  353 


^uiLLWORT  Family  4^ 
yuillwort  45-8 

Quitch-grass  226 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 


Red  Cedar 
Redfieldia 


474-5 
60 

186 


Bulrush  265-70 

Canada  394 

Carolina  394 

Chair-maker's        265 

Chestnut  389 

Common  382 

Creeping  388 

Club  262-4 

Clustered  Alpine   389 

Diffuse 

Forked 

Glomerate 

Grass-leaved 

Greene's 

Highland 

Homed 

Jointed 

Knotted 

Long-styled 

Many-headed 

Mat 

Moor 

New  Jersey 

Nut 

Pennsylvania 

Richardson's 

Roemer's 

Scirpus-like 

Sea 

Secund 

Sharp-fruited 

Short-fruited 

Slender 

Small-headed 

Soft 

Spike 

Stout 

Thread 

Three-flowered 

Three-square 

Toad 

Torrey's 

Twig 

Two-flowered 

Vasey's 

Yard 

Wood 
Russian  Thistle 
Rye 
Sage,  White 


Assiniboia 

Awl-fruited 

Awned 

Back's 

Bailey's 

Barratt's 

Bent 

Bicknell's 

Bigelow's 

Black 

Black-edged 

Blackened 

Bladder 

Blunt  Broom 

Boott's 

Bottle 

Bristle-leaved 

Bristle-stalked 

Bristly 

Bristly-spiked 

Broad-leaved 

Broad-winged 

Brome-like 

Brown 

Browned 

Brownish 

Bur-reed 

Button 

Capitate 

Carey's 

Carnation-grass 

Carolina 

Cat-tail 

Chestnut 

Clustered 

Coast 

Collins' 

Crawe's 

Creeping 

Crested 

Curved 

Cuspidate 

Cyperus-like 

Dark  green 

Davis' 

Dense  Long-beaked 

360 
Dewey's 
Douglas' 
Downy  Green 
Drooping 
Drooping  Wood 
Dry-spiked 
Eastern 
Emmons' 
Fescue 
Few-flowered 
Few-fruited 
Few-seeded 
Fibrous-rooted 
Field 
Fox 

Fox-tail 
Fragile 


319 

343 
302 

338 

299 
312 

328 
360 
310 
306 
335 
297 
293 
356 
336 
297 
332 

339 
301 

346 

330 

359 

354 

307 

357 

348 
298 

339 
328 

330 

317 
302 

319 
344 
340 
292 

323 

341 

357 

341 

3" 
300 

321 
318 


354 
342 
316 

311 
320 

355 
350 

334 

359 
292 

325 
295 
333 
325 
345 


Sedge 
Frank's  301 

Fraser's  336 

Fringed  314 

Glaucescent  322 

Glaucous  315 

Golden-fruited  331 
Goodenough's  309 
Graceful  317 

Grass-like  330 

Gray  321 

Gray's  293 

Green  324 

Greenish-white  359 
Hairy-fruited  302 
Hairy  306 

Hair-like  320 

Handsome  318 

Hare's-foot  353, 356 
Hart  Wright's  299 
Hay 

Hayden's 
Heavy 

Hidden-fruited 
Hillside 
Hirsute 
Hitchcock's 
Hop 

Hop-like 
Hoppner's 
Houghton's 
Hudson  Bay 
Inland 

Involute-leaved 
James' 
Large 

Laige-panicled 
Leavenworth's 
I^enticular 
Lesser  Panicled 
Lesser  Prickly 
Little  Prickly 
Livid 
Long 

Long-awned 
Long-beaked 
Long-bracted 
Long-stalked 
Loose-flowered 
Loose-flowered 

Alpine  312 
Low  Northern  332 
Louisiana  294 

Magellan  313 

Marah  Straw  358 

Meadow  322 

Mead's  327 

Mud  313 

Muhlenberg's  349 
Muskingum  355 

Nard  340 

Narrow-leaved  321 
Nebraska  308 

Necklace  297 

New  England  334 
Nodding  315 

Northeastern  296 

Northern  ^34 

Northern  Clustered 

352 
Northern  Meadow  354 

Norway  351 

Oval-headed  349 

Pale  324 

Parry's  307 

Parti-colored  331 

Pennsylvania  333 

Plantain-leaved  329 

Pointed  Broom  356 

Porcupine  300 

Pubescent  336 

Rae's  295 

Raven 's-foot  343 

Redowsky's  340 

Reflexed  347 


345 

314 

355 
316 

325 

294 

294 
310 

305 
352 
350 
341 
337 
295 
343 
349 
309 
344 
348 
350 
331 
293 
313 
319 
323 
333 
327 


6l2 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


Sedge 
Retrorse 
Ribbed 
Richardson's 
River-bank 
Rock 
Rough 
Russet 
Sallow 
Salt-marsh 
Sand 
Sart  well's 
Schweinitz's 
Scirpus-like 
Seabeach 
Seaside 
Sharp-scaled 
Sheathed 
Short-leaved 
Short's 
Silvery 
Slender 
Slender-stalked 
Slender  Wood 
Soft  Fox 
Soft-leaved 


332 
303 
338 
3 


Southern  Glaucous 


299 
310 

342 

346 

300 

33: 


3i5 
326 
312 

303 

351 

305 

320 

328 

342. 

346 


315 
352 

329 
301 

34: 


Sparse-flowered 
Spreading 
Squarrose 
Stellate 
Straw 
Summer 
Swamp 
Texas 
Thicket 
Thin-fruited 
Thin-leaved 
Thread-leaved 
Three-fruited 
Torrey's 
Tuckerman's 
Tu5»sock 
Twisted 
Umbel-like 
Variable 
Variegated 
Velvet 
Vernal 
Walter's 
Water 

Weak  Arctic 
Weak  Clustered 
White-Bear 
White-scaled 
Willdenow's 
Wood's 
Woolly 
Yellow 

Yellow-fruited 
Yellowish 
Selaginella  Family 

44 
Selaginella 

Sensitive  Fern 

Serpentary 

Sheep-sorrel 


317 
303 
347 

330 
322 

348 
339 
353 

308 
3" 
335 
326 

307 
304 
335 
304 
309 
338 
353 
329 
355 

337 
326 

305 
323 
345 
292 


44-5 

9 
540 

547 


Shag-bark  485-6 

Shell-bark  Hickory  485 
Shield-fern  15-1S 

Sieglingia  185 

Silver-leaf  Poplar  491 
Skunk  Cabbage  363 
Slippery  Elm  525 

Small-fruited  Hickory 

486 
Smartweed  560 

Smilax  Family  438 
Smilax  439 

Snake-mouth  467 

Snake-root  540 

Solomon's  Seal 

430->.  433-4 
Sorrel  ^7-8. 553 

Southern  Hackberry 

527 

Sowbane  573 

Spanish  Bayonet  426 
Spear-grass     201-8,  214 

Alpine  203 

Arctic  203 

Buckley's  x» 

Chapman's  202 

Flexuous  206 

Glaucous  205 

I^rge-flowered  208 

Low  201-2 

Mountain  203 

Northern  2o§ 

Prairie  2c» 

Sea  214 

Short-leaved  207 

Sylvan  206 

Weak  206 

Wolf's  207 
Spiderwort  Family 

374 

377-8 

248 

256 

254 
250 

250 

251 
251 

248 

253 
255 
252 

251 
249 

250 
249 
249 
255 
253 
254 
253 
254 
252 
22-26 

429 

54-55 

444 


SUr-grass     380, 425, 446 
Star-of- Bethlehem 

Stenanthium  403-4 

Stenophyllus  258 

Stipa  137-8 

Strawberry  Blite       576 
Sugar-berry  526 

Swamp  Hickory        485 
Swamp  Pink  402 

Sweet  Fern  489 

Sweet  Flag  364 

Sweet  Gale  487 

Tacamflihac  491 

Tamarack  54 

Tape-grass  Family  92 
Tape-grass  93 

Te»r-thumb  567 

Thalia  455 

Three-square  265 

Thistle,  Russian,       586 
Timothy  147 

Toad-flax  536 

Tofieldia  400 

Trailing  Christmas- 
green    43 
123,588 


Spiderwort 
Spike-rush 

Beaked 

Black-fruited 

Bright  green 

Capitate 

Creeping 

Kngelmann's 

Flat-stemmed 

Knotted 

Large-tubercled 

Matted 

Needle 

Ovoid 

Pale 

Purple 

Quadrangular 

Robbins' 

Slender 

Small-fruited 

Three-ribbed 

Twisted 

White 

Wolf's 
Spleenwort 
Spikenard 
Spruce 
Stagger-grass 


Tumble-weed 
Turkey-beard 
Twayblade 

Broad-lipped 

Heart-leaved 

Large 

IvOesel's 

Southern 
Twisted  Stalk 
Umbrella-wort 
Uncinia 
Venus-hair 
Wahoo 
Wake-robin 
Walking-fern 
Wall  Rue 
Walnut  Family 


401 

473 
473 
473 
476 

477 

473 

432-3 

595-;6 

285 
27 

436-8 
21 

25 

483 


Walnut  483-5 

Water  Arum  363 

Water  Beech  506 

Water  Elm  526 

Water  Hemp  591 

Water  Hickory  485 

Water  Oats  128 

Water  Pepper  560 

Water  Plantain 

Family  84 
Water  Plantain  85 

Water  Thyme  93 

Water-weed  93 

Waxberry  488 

Wax-myrtle  488 

Wheat-grass  227-8 

White  Arrow-arum  362 
White  Hellebore  408 
White-heart  Hickory 

486 
White  Sage  581 

White  Walnut  484-$ 
Wild  Ginger  538 

Wild  Hyacinth  423 

Wild  Onion        413,  415 


Wild  Spikenard  429 

Willow  Family  490 

Willow  494 

Arctic  502 

Balsam  504 

Barclay's  504 
Bearberry 
Bebb's 

Bitter  497 

Black  494 

Blue  496 

Bog  505 

Bnttle  496 

Broad-leaved  503 

Crack  496 

Desert  500 

Dwarf  505 

Dwarf  Gray  499 

Furry  504 

Glaucous  499 

Glossy  495 

Ground  502 

Golden  Osier  496 

Hairy  498 

Heart-leaved  503 

Hoary  501 

Huntingdon  496 

Missouri  503 

Net-veined  497 

Northern  501 
Osier                496, 501 

Peach-leaved  495 

Prairie  498 

Purple  497 

Pussy  499 

Ring  496 

River-bank  497 

Rose  497 

Robert  Brown's  502 

Sage  499 

Sandbar  497 

Shining  495 

Silky  499 

Silver  500 

Slender  500 

Tea-leaved  502 

Ward's  495 

Weeping  496 

Whipcord  497 

White  496 

Wolffia  367 
Wood  Rush  396-8 
Woodsia                   lo-i  i 

Woolly  Pipe-vine  541 

Wormseed  575 

Yam  Family  446 

Yam-root  447 
Yellow-eyed 

Grass  Family  368 
Yellow-eyed  Grass  369- 

370 

Yellow  Flag  451 

Yew  Family  61 

Yew,  American  61 

Zannichellia  80 

Zizaniopsis  128 
Zygadenus              404-6 


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