The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization

5^0

C98
pt'Z

A SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES
OF THE
CLASS REPTILIA
J. E. Gray

I UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC. • Ann Arbor, Mich.

BIOLOGY

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THE

ANIMAL KINGDOM

ARRANGED IN CONFORMITY WITH ITS
« ORGANIZATION,

BY THE BARON CUVIER,

MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, ate. &c &c.

WITH

ADDITIONAL DESCRIPTIONS

OF

ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO NAMED, AND OF
MANY NOT BEFORE NOTICED,

BT

EDWARD GRIFFITH, F.L.S., A.S.,

CORRESFONOXKO MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIEKCES
OF PHILADELPHIA, &C

AND OTHERS.

VOLUME THE NINTH.

LONDON :

PRINTED FOR WHITTAKER, TREACHER, AND CO.
AVE-MARIA-LANE.

MDCCOXXXl.

A

pf.

Bib I !> P V

LIST OF PLATES IN TIIE NINTH VOLU3iE.

C. f £ . To face Fagc

^ Head of Oenus Coecilia, &c. 2ll4

Dunrille's Pseudopus 807

/Punctated Amphisbcena 326

j Vertebra of Boa-Constrictor, &c 326

\ The Jiboya 330

Peron's Python : 331

The Common Snake, &c 334

Wanna Pam Snake 336

Brazilian Varied Snake ; ib.

Striped-headed Coluber ib.

Ornamented Snake ib.

'. Banded Bungarum 385

1 Spiral Hydrus 386

! White Faced Homed Frog, and Agua Toad 395

■ Green Frog 442

I Variable or Green Toad 400

!pipa.... 464

: Gigantic Salamander .-»i 475

; Harlan's Menobranchus ib.

iAxoltl ib.

JERRATA IN THE PLATES.

Chreen Lizard, &c. For Lachydromusy read Tachydromus, bis. To the
Chuckeerabora, add " La Vipere elegante, Daud. Russ. vij."

ERRATA.

Page

L'.ite

68

9 and 20

for teutoria read

tentoria

96

3

.. Tierce

Fierce, and for ferx read ferox

204

25 .

bicarivata

bicarinata

223

32

Alolychrus

Polyclirus

255

19

. . _ arms ' . .

anus

267

17

Bathrops

Bothrops

A

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES

OF THE

CLASS REPflLIA.

By J. E. Gray, Esa. F.G.S., &c, &c.

iST.-S. — In the following List those species alone are included,
. which have either been seen* by the author, or which have
been welljigured or described.

REPTILES.

Vertebrated animals, respiring by lungs, having warm red
blood, heart with one ventricle anu two auricles and the
skin covered with scales.

• la formjng this list, the collection of reptiles of the British Museum,
the College of Surgeons, and of Mr. Bell, in London, of the Gardens of
Plants and Ecole de Medicine at Paris, of the Royal Museum of Leyden
and Berlin, and the Free Town of Francfort, have been studied with at-
tention through the kindness of their several keepers. — J. £. Gray.
Oct. 183a

B _ 1

CLASS REPTILIA.

Section I. Cataphracta.
Body covered with two shields. The vent longitudinal or
circular : the ossa quadrata, and the pterygoid processes
forming part of the skull ; the organs of generation simple
and single in both sexes.

Order I. Testudinata, or Tortoises.

Ribs, vertebrae and sternum united together in a bony case,
enclosing the body , and protecting the head and limbs ; the
jaws toothless.

The case is usually covered with horny shields, which are
granular in the newly -hatched animal, and which increase in
size by the addition of layers on the under side of the edge,
and having the first formed granular part marked on their
surface ; this part is called the areola. The shields of the
upper shell are called, from their position, discal, consisting of
the vertebrae or central series, and costal, composed of the two
lateral series and marginal plates, which have often an ad-
ditional small narrow plate placed on the back of the neck,
called the nuchal plate.

The under shell is usually covered with six pair of shields,
one called the gular (which have sometimes an additional
intergular plate between them), the second the humeral, the
third the pectoral, the fourth the abdominal, the fifth the
femoral, and the sixth the anal plates ; the suture between
the upper and lower shell is generally covered by the end of
the pectoral and abdominal plates, and there is a small
plate placed at each end of it, the front called the axillary,
and the hinder the inguinal plate.

Genus I. Testudo.

Feet club-shaped, claws five before, four behind blunt ; jaws
homy. Shells hemispherical, solid, covered with horny
plates ; the hinder marginal plate broad, incurved.
2

ORDER OPHfDIA,

I. Shell mid sternum immoveahley sternal plates in the
gular pair being separate. Testudo.

Indian Tortoise. Test. Indica, Lin. Test. Retusa, Merrem.
Test. Elephantopus, Harlan. Test. Nigra, and Test.
Calif ornicr^ Gaimard. Test. Gigantea, Schw. and Test.
Dussumieriy Schegel. Shaw, t. 3. Frey. Voy. t.

Shell black, nuchal plate, often deficient; pectoral plates
short. India, naturalized in California, Isle of France and
Galapago Isles. Length three Jeet.

Hercules Tortoise. Testudo Hercules^ Spix. Braz. t. 14.
Test. Carbonaria, Spix. t. 16.

Shell subquadrate, depressed, contracted in the sides, black,
areola yellow, rarely exceeds three quarters of an inch in
width. Nuchal plate none. Sternum behind roundly lobed,
leg red spotted, length twenty -four inches. South America,
Var. Truncata. Shield and bones beneath elevated, coni-
cal, truncated.

Tabular Tortoise^ Shaw. Test. Tabulata, Walb. Schoepf.

t. 12. f. 2. t. 13. T. Sculpta, Spix. t. 15. T. CagadOy

Spix. t. 17. Young, T. denticulata, Lin.
Shell oblong, depressed, deeply grooved ; black brown
areola large ; the sternum behind rather acutely lobed.
Brazils. ' - .' ,

Schweiger Tortoise. Test. Schweiger^, n.

Shell oblong, depressed, pale brown, obscurely brown dotted ;
beneath brown rayed; areola small central; sternum before
acutely cut. Hab. ' ?

Gopher Tortoise. Test. Polyphemus, Bartram. T. depressa,
Lesueur, Mss. Guerin. Icon. 1. 1. f. i. T. Carolina, Leconte
Mu3. Paris.

Shell oblong, depressed pale brown grooved ; nuchal plate

B 2 3

CLASS REPTILIA.

broad, square ; frontj^of sternum projecting ; tail obsolete.
North America.

Bell-shaped Tortoise. Test, Marginata. Schoepf. t. 11, 12,
f. 1. T. Graji. Herm. T. Gracce, Lacep. T. Campanu-
lata, Walb.

Shell oblong, ventricose ; hinder margin flattened, expanded
toothed ; shields grooved ; blackish yellow varied ; areola
yellow, contracted ; nuchal plate, very slender, long.

Egypt? , .

Radiated Tortoise, Shaw. Test Radiata, Shaw. Zool. t. 2.
J. Coui, Daud. T. Calcarata^ Merrem.

Shell hemispherical ; black, yellow rayed, areola sunk ; nu-
chal plate none. Madagascar.

Siilcated Tortoise. Test. Sulcata, Shaw, Miller, Cym.
Phys. t. Test. Calcaratay Merr. \Test. radiatal Var,
Gray, Syn. Rept.

Shell sub-globular, yellow ; shield rather convex, deeply
grooved ; areola small, superior ; nuchal plate none. Sene-
gal. Dongola. Dr. Ruppell.

Leopard Tortoise. Test. Pardalis, Bell. Zool. Jour. t. J 5.
T. armata, Boie Mss. Test. Bipunctata, Cuv. R.A.

Shell hemispherical ; yellowish, black spotted ; nuchal plate
none. Cape of Good Hope. ■ :

Starred Tortoise. Test, Stellata, Test. Actinodes, Bell.
Z. Jour. t. 23. Test. Elegans, Shaw, t. 6. f. 1. and
Schoepf. t. 26. T. Stellata,' Schw.

Shell globular ; shields convex, grooved ; black, yellow-
rayed ; areola yellow, large ; nuchal plate none. India.
Ceylon.

4 ■ . ~ •

. ORDER OPHIDIA.

Geometricai Tortoise, Shaw. Test. Geometrica, Lin.

— Shaw. t. 1. f. 1. Jun. T. Luteolay Daud.
Shell globular oblong, black ; shields yellow-rayed ; nuchal
plate long; i9 nuchal plate short. Test. Tentoria, Bell. Z.
Jour. t. 26. Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar.

Greek Tortoise. Test. GrcBca, Lin. T. Carolina, Herm.
T. Geometrica, Brunn. Test. Hermnnni, Schn. Edw.
t. 204. Shaw. t. 1.

Shell oblong, globose; black, yellow-rayed; nuchal plate,
slender ; caudal plate incurved. Var. /3 hinder margin ex-
panded, Schoepf. t. 9. Inhab. South of Europe, Var. no
nuchal plate. Test. Zolhafa,Yorsk.

Areolated Tortoise, Test. Areolata, Thumb. Schoepf.

t. 23.

Shell oblong, rather depressed ; shields yellowish, deeply
grooved ; areola brown ; sutures deep ; nuchal plate, nar-
row. Var. /5 greenish ; hinder lobe of sternum mobile. Cape
of Good Hope, variable in number of dorsal and marginal
plates.

Marked Tortoise. Test. Signata, Walb. SchoefF. t. 28.
T, Cafra ? and T. Juvencella ? Daud.

Shell rather depressed ; dorsal shields flattish ; yellowish,
black-rayed; areola blackish; nuchal shields narrow.
Africa? ....

II. Dorsal shell and sternum both solid ; sternal plates
eleven, the gular pair produced united into one. Chersina.
Gray.

Angular Tortoise, T. {Chersina) Angulata^ Dumeril.
Test. Bella, Gray Spec. Zool. t. 3, f. 1. Test. Pusilla,
Lin. T. miniata, Lacep.

Shell oblong, ventricose ; black, shields grooved ; areola
yellow ; nuchal plate very narrow. Cape of Good Hope.

5

CLASS REPTILIA.

III. Hinder part of dorsal shell mobiles united to the ante-
rior by a carious ligamentous suture; sternum solid,
shields twelve. Kinyxis. Bell.

Homer's Tortoise. Test. {Kinyoeis) Homeana. Bell.
Lin. Trans, xiv. t. f. 2.

Shell brown ; hinder edge reflexed ; vipper edge of fifth ver-
tebral plates prominent ; nuchal shield long, narrow ; front of
sternum expanded. Demerara. Guadaloupe.

Bells Tortoise. Test. {Kinyxis) Bellianay Gray.

Shell brown, edge hardly expanded ; centre of hinder verte-
bral plates convex ; nuchal shield long, narrow ; front of
sternum, narrow. Inhab. ? — Mus. Gray.

Worn Tortoise. Test. (Kinyxis) Erosa.

Shell brown ; hinder edge reflexed, denticulated ; centre of
fifth vertebral plates prominent ; nuchal shield none. Young,
back rounded. K. Castanea. Bell. 1. c. t. f. 1. Test.
Denticulata, Shaw. Zool. t. 13. Test. Erosa, Schw. Inhab.

IV. Dorsal shell solid; front lobe of sternum mobile.

Pyxis. Bell.

Radiated Box Tortoise. Test. (Pyxis) Aranoides, Bell.
Lin. Trans, xv. t. 1 6.

Shell hemispherical, varied black and yellow; length 6,
breadth 4 inches. Inhab.

Genus II. Emys.

Feet palmated ; claws five— four, sharp ; nostrils pervious;
jaws homy ; shell polid, covered with horny plates, marginal
plates twenty-three or twenty-five, hinder pair free ; sternal
shields eleven or twelve ; neck retractile ; pelvis only attached
to the vertebra.
6

ORDER OPHIDIA.

I. Shell hemispherical ; sternum rounded before, divided by
i a transverse suture ; both lobes mobile, and united, to the
hack shell by a cartilaginous suture ; sternal plates twelue.
Cistuda, Gray.

American Box Terrapin, E. {Cistuda) Carolines, Test.
Carolince, Lin. Test. Brecicaudata, Lacep. Test. Clausa,
and T. Irregulata, Daud. Terrapene Carolince, Ter,
Nebulosa, and Ter. Guttata, Bell. Edw. t. 205.

Shell hemispherical, brown yellow varied, convex, lowly
keeled ; marginal plates twenty-six or twenty-seven. North
America ; Var. /9. fusca, brown, rot spotted.

Eastern Box Terrapin. K. {Cistuda) Amhoinensis, lUust.
Ind. Zool, t. f. 1. Emys Couro, Schw. Terrapene Bico-
lor. Bell. Zool. Jour. ij. t. 14. Test- Amboinensis, Daud.

Shell hemispherical, slightly tri-keeled, blackish, margin
expanded, broad ; nuchal plate linear ; sternum yellow and
black varied ; head with two yellow lines on each side. Java
and Penang, Var. Leveriana. Shell oblong, with back flat-
tened, not keeled, i :• v»

Three-banded Box Terrapin. E. {Cistuda) Trifasciata,
Gray. Sternothcerus Trifasciatus, Bell. Zool. Jour. iij.
t. 13. . '

Shell oval, keeled, dull yellow, varied with black and red-
dish, with three dorsal streaks ; sternum behind nicked ; head
yellow, with two brown bands on each side. Inhab. —

European Box Terrapin. E. {Cistuda) Europea. Testudo
Europea, Schn. Test. Flava, Lacep. T. Punctata,
Gotw. T. Orbicularis, Linn. ? T. Lutaria, Merrem. T.
Meleagris, Shaw, Zool. t. 5. Jun. T. Pulchella, Schoeff*.
t. 26.

Shell depressed, oval, yellow spotted ; sternum behind nicked

7

CLASS REPTILIA.

before rounded ; body and head black and yellow spotted ; tail
long. South of Europe. These are the only Water Tor-
toises known which have concave sternums.

II. Sternum united to the hack shell hy a horny sutui e ;
■ solidy before and hehijid lobed ; sternal plates twelve.
£mys.

A. Margin of shell acutely toothed ; sides of sternum rounded*
Found in the Old World.

Spinous Terrapin. Emys Spinosa, Gray^ Illust. Ind.

Zocl t.

Shell suborbicular, pale brov»'n ; edge shai-ply toothed ; areola
with a central spine. Penang. . . _ .

Dhor Terrapin. Emys Dhor, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Shell suborbicular, hinder edged, acutely toothed; areola
punctate ; brown, black spotted: India.

Spengler Terrapin. Emys Spengleri. Test. Spengleriy
Walb. t. 3. Test. Serrata, Shaw, t. 9. T. Tricarinata,
Bory, Atlas, t.

Shell oblong, pale brown ; tri-keeled ; hinder margin deeply
toothed. Africa.

Thick-necked Terrapin. Emys Crassicollis, Bell, Gray,
Illust. Ind. Zooi. t.

Shell ovate, black, tri-keeled; hinder edge toothed. Su-
matra.

Thuryi Terrapin. Emys Thuryi, Gray, Illust. Ind.

Zool. t.

Shell oblong, black, slightly tri-keeled ; hinder edge slightly
toothed; head blackish, eyebrow and chin yellow lined*
Bengal.
8

ORDER OPHIDIA.

Hamilton's Terrapin. Emys Hamiltonii, Gray, Illust.

- Ind. Zool. t.
Shell oblong, black, yellow-rayed ; hinder edge toothed ;
head, and body, and limbs yellow spotted. India.

Eyehearing Terrapin. Emys Occilifera^ Kubl. Beytr.

Shell hemispherical ; behind toothed ; above with blackish
eyed rings, beneath yellow ; a doubtful species.

B. Shell margin entire; sternum with the sides keeled.
Living in the Old World.

Tented Terrapin. Emys Tecta^ Bell, Gray, Illust. Ind.

Zool. t.

Shell ovate, oblong, solid ; olive, beneath varied brown and
red ; animal red and yellow lined.

Lined Terrapin. Emys Lineatd^ Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Shell oblong, olive ; head blueish ash ; chin and cheeks yel-
low varied ; nape and eyebrow scarlet lined. India.

Batagur Terrapin. Emys Batagur, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.
Shell suborbicular, depressed, pale olive; margin dilated;
body ash ; chin and lips yellowish. Var. jS Test. Baska.
Shell oblong, ovate.

Common Terrapin^ or Mud Tortoise. Emys vulgaris. Test.

Lutaria, Lin. ?
Shell ovate, olive, black dotted, clouded and ringed with
• blackish and orange, head and limbs orange lined. Adult
smooth, young rugose. South of Europe. Spain.

Caspian Terrapin. Emys Caspia, Ruppell. Test. Caspia,
Gmel. Trav. t. bad.

Shell oblong, slightly contracted on the sides, olive yellow
netted ; beneath black, irregular yellow spotted, head olive
bro\/n, with narrow sub-concentric yellow lines. Caspian
Sea. Dr. Ruppell.

9

ORDER OPHIDIA.

C Shell margiii suh-entire ; stemttm sides rounded. Living
in the New World.

Rough Terrapin. Emys Scabra, Lacep. t. 8. f. 2. Emys
Darsata^ Schoepft.

Shell ovate oblong, acutely keeled ; head with a fork band
over each eye. South America.

Dotted Terrapin. Emys Punctularia, Schweiger,
(not figured.)

Shell oblong, convex, brown ; shield blackish edged ; head
with red lines and spots. South America.

Marbled Terrapin. Emys Marraorea^ Spix, t. 10.

Shell oval, greenish, varied with black and yellow ; shields
yellow edged ; head with yellow lines. ^Brazils.

Muhlenberg''s Terrapin. Emys Muhlenbergii, Schw.
Emys Bipunctata, Say. SchoefF, t. 31.

Shell oval, low, side contracted ; shields grooved, varied
with yellow ; head blackish, with two yellow spots. North
America.

Spotted Terrapin. E?nys Guttata, Schw* Test. Punctata.
. ' Bosc. SchoeflP, t. 5.

Shell low, oval, smooth, black, yellow dotted ; head yellow
spotted. North America.

Painted Terrapin. Emys Picta, Schw. SchoefF, t. 4.

Shell oblong, flattish, smooth, olive ; shields pale edged ;
head and neck yellow lined. Young. Cinereous Tortoise,
Brown, lUust. 48. North America.

Specious Terrapin. Ewys Speciosa, Gray, Syn. Rept.

Shell oval, flattish, keeled ; shields grooved, black, yellow
spotted ; beneath yellow with black areola. North America ^
10

€LASS REPTILIA.

Concentric Terrapin. Emys Coficentrica, Schw. SchoefF.
t.45. Test, Palustris, Gmel. T. Centrata, Bosc.

Shell oval, side edges recurved ; shield, brown ringed ; head
and limbs ash, black speckled. North America. Var. polita
shell, black polished. . ;.

Reticulated Terrapin. Emys Reticulata, Gray. Test.

Reticulata, Latr. Daud. t. 22, f. 3.
Shell oblong, olive, pale netted ; beneath yellow, with four
round black spots on side of the margin, and one at each end
of the sternocostal suture. North America.

Banded Terrapin. Emys Vittata, Gray, Syn. Rept.

Shell oblong, olive; behind doubly toothed, varied with
unequal yellow lines ; beneath yellowish, with squarish eyed
spots on the sutures of the marginal plates, and roundish
ones on the end of the symphysis ; head and feet yellow
lined. North America ?

Furrowed Terrapin. Emys Decussata, Gray.

Shell oblong, pale browri, shields rugulose ; beneath yel-
lowish, with subocellated spots, on the sutures of the margi-
nal plates ; animal greenish. North America.

Lettered Terrapin. Emys Scripta, Gray. Test. Serrata,

Daud. t. 21. f. 1. Schoeff. t. 3. f. 5. Jun.
Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, brown, sides yellow
banded ; beneath yellow, with a series of roundish spots on
the middle of each marginal plate, or two on the gular plates,
and four on each sternocostal symphysis. North America.

Serrated Terrapin. Emys Serrata, Gray.
Shell oblong, longitudinally rugulose, irregularly cross-
banded ; beneath yellowish, with a serieii of subocellated
spots on the sutures of the marginal plates, and dark-edged
pale lines on the symphysis. North America.

11

CLASS REPTILIA.

Ornamented Terrapin, Emys Ornata, Gray.

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose olive ; vertebral shields,
irregularly ringed ; beneath, pale yellow, with an irregular
black band down the centre, and on each side, and squarish-
eyed spots on the suture of the marginal shields. South
America. Young, beautifully orange and green-ringed.

Rugose Terrapin. Emys Rugosa. Test. Rttgosa, Shaw,

Zool. t.

Shell oblong, rugulose ; black, with yellow lines and dots ;
beneath yellow with black dots and lines ; Var. ^ shell livid,
black dotted. North America.

Lake Erie Terrapin. Emys Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept.

Shell oval, smooth, tuberculately keeled ; behind, toothed ;
olive, with anastamosing black-edged pale lines ; beneath,
yellow, shields, black edged, margin, black ringed ; head,
yellow lined. $ Emys Geographicay Lesueur, Jour. Acad.
N. Philad. t. North America.

BelVs Terrapin. Emys Belliii Gray, Syn. Rept.

Shell oblong; dorsal line, depressed; olive, netted with
green and black dots ; beneath blackish, yellow dotted, sur-
rounded by an irregular yellow margin.

White Spotted Terrapin. Emys Kinosternoides, Gray,

Syn. Rept.

Shell oblong, pale brown, with black-edged white keel, and
side-spots, and with a dentated white edge ; beneath yellow
spotted ; sternum rounded at both ends. ( ?)

Ring-bearing Terrapin. Emys Annulifera, Gray, Syn.

Rept.

Shell oblong, depressed ; pale brown, yellow lined with
12

ORDER OPHIDIA.

yellow ring placed across the sutures of the vertebral plates ;
beneath pale brown, varied with darker brown. ( ^ ?)

III. Sternum united to the hack shell by a horny suture ;
before rounded, behind rounded, or slightly nicked,
divided by one or two cross sutures ; sternal plates^ eleven
gular pair united. Kinosternon. Spice.

Three-keeled Kinosternon. E. {Kinosternoii) Scorpoides.
Test. Scorpoides, Lacep. Test. Tricarinata, Daud. Ki-
nosternon Shavianum, Bell. Kin. Longicaudatum, Spix,
t. 12 ? Shaw Zool. t. 15. Jun. Test. Retzii, Daud.
Shaw, t. 11.

Shell oblong, olive polished, rather compressed three-
keeled, keels continued, dorsal shields long, hexangular, sub-
imbricate ; sternum as broad as the opening of the shell.
South America.

Three Ridged Kinosterncn. E. (Kinosternon) Triporcata,
Gray. Terrapena Triporcata, Wiegmann, Mus. Berl. j

Shell, oblong, olive, with three very high compressed ridges ;
sternum cross shaped, very narrow ; the largest species of
the genus.

Pennsylvanian Kinosternon. E. (Kinosternon) Penn-
sylvanica. Test, Pennsylvanica, Bosc. Test. Subrufa,
Lacep. Edw. t. 287* Var. Test. Glutinata, Daud.
Test. Boscii, Merrem.

Shell oval, brown ; dorsal shields, flattened ; sternum,
rather narrower than the opening of the back shell ; behind
nicked. North America.

Musky Kinosternoni E.. {Kinosternon) Odoratum. Test.
Odorata, Bosc. Cistuda Odorata, Say. Sternotheros
Odoratue, Bell.

Shell ovate, keeled ; sides declivate ; sterniun very narrow ;

13

CLASS REPTILIA.

before acute, behind acutely nicked ; head brown, yellow
lined on each side. North America.

IV. Sternum very narrow^ cross-shaped, rounded at
both ends, united to the bacJc shell by very long bony processes.
Sternal plates Jive pair, and a pair over the symphysis.
Chelydrs Schw. ... •

Serrated Alligator Tortoise. Emys (Chelydra) Serpen-
■ Una. Test. Serrata, Penn. Chelydra Lacertina, Schw.
Young. , Test. Serpentina. Lin. Shaw, t. 29-

Shell oblong ; "rertebral shields flat ; upper edge of costal
plates, prominent ; behind bluntly six toothed. Young
sharply three-keeled and toothed. North America.

III.— Chelys, Gray.

Feet palmated ; claws five — four, sharp ; nostrils sub-tubu-
lar ; shell solid, covered with horny plates ; hinder pair of
marginal plates separate ; sternal plates thirteen, with an
intergular one ; neck contractile on the side ; pelvis attached
to the sternum and vertebrae.

I. Lips horny ; sternum front, and. sometimes hinder
lobes mobile ; intergular plate manjinal. Sternotherus,
Bell (part.) Gray.*

Chestnut Chelys. Ch. (Sternotherus) Castaneus, Gray.
Emys Castaneus, Schw. Festudo Subjiiger, ^ Daud.
, Ster7wtheru8 Castaneus, Bell. Zool. Jour. t. 14.

Shell oval, sharply keeled, convex, chestnut ; shields
radiately rugose ; areola black. Var. /S hinder lobe, mobile.

♦ I have used as the name of the sub-genera those which have been
given by authors to what they considered genera in this family; but I
have generally restricted their signification, so as to render them more
definite.

'14

ORDER OPHIDIA.

Teat. Suhnigeu Lacep. 2. O. t. 7- f* r. Test. Nigricafis,
Merrem.

. 11^ Jaws horny ; sternum solid ; intergular plates six
sided hetween the gular and pectoral plates. Chelodina.

Long-necked Chelys. Ch. {Chelodina) Longicollis, Gray.
• Testudo Longicollis, Shaw. New Holland, t. 7*

Shell oblong flat ; sternum yellow, shields brown edged.

III. Jaws horny ; sternum solid, intergular plate small,
marginal ; nostrils short, tubular. Hydraspis. Bell.

Species of the Old TVorld or its Islands.

Cape Chelys, Ch^ (Hydraspis) Subru/a. n. Test. Sub-
rufa, Lacep. Q. 0. 1. 12. Test. Lndica, Daud. — Jun. Test.
Galeata, $choeff. t. 3. f. 1. Test. Scabra, Retz. T:
Senegalensis, Daud. ; and Emys Olivacea, Schw.

Shell oblong, low, pale brown, smooth ; nuchal plate,
none ; vertebral plate depressed. Cape of Good Hope.
Senegal.

Adamsoh's Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Adamsonii, Emys
Adamsonii. Schw.

Shell low, oval, very broad behind, yellow, black spotted ;
nuchal plate none ; vertebral plates keeled, first um-shaped,
hinder triangular. Africa. Nigritia.

Macquary'^s Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Macquarii. Emys
Macqvarii. Cuv. R. A.

Shell oval, depressed, contracted in front, behind subden-
tate, dark olive ; shields rugulose ; dorsal line sunk ; nuchal
plate narrow. New Holland.

15

CLASS REPTILIA.

Species of America.

Flat Headed Chelys. Ch. (Hydrastis) Planiceps. Test.

PUnicevs. or T. Platycephala. Sclin. Berb. Naturf. t.

16. T.Martinella, Cuv. R. A. Emys Discolor, Thumb.

E.Caniculata? Spix, t. 8. E. Carunmlata, Cuy.B.. A.

Emys Geoffroyana, Schw.
SheU oblong, flattened, black brown, centre concave ; nu-
chal plate narrow; sternum yellow edged. E. Jspera,
Cuv. R.A. is a variety with larger warts in the neck.

Depressed Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Depressa, Gray. Test

Depressus. Pr. Max. t. not Spix.
Shell eUiptical, pale brown, black rayed ; nuchal plates
narrow ; head and neck black spotted. Brazils.

Radiated Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Radi^lata, Gray. Emys.
Radiolata, Mikan. Pr. Max. T. Depressa, Spix, t. 3. i. 12.

Shell oval, slightly narrowed before, yellowish, black rayed ;
nuchal plate distinct ; neck beneath yellow, eyelids streaked.
Brazils.

Red Footed Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Rufipes, Gray,

Spix, t. 6, Jun. Emys Stenops, Spix, t. 9, f- 3, 4.
Shell elliptical, keeled in front, brown, beneath yellowish;
nuchal shield linear ; head and neck thick, oHve brown,
beneath yellowish. South America.

Green Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) nridis. Gray. Emys Viri-

dis, Spix, t. 2, f. 4. ; t. 3,f.l.
Shell elliptical, olive green, brown dotted; nuchal shield
linear ; intergular shield large, cordate. Brazils.
J6

CLASS REPTILIA.

Expanded Chelys. Ch. {Hydrapsis) Expansa, Gray. Emys
ExpansQy Schw. E. Amazonica^ Spix, t. 1. E. Tracaxa.
[ Spix, t. 5, f. 1. 2.

Shell ovate, depressed, brown, black spotted ; mprgin very
much expanded ; nuchal shield none ; nose longitudinally
grooved, Var. /S Emys Erythrocephala, Spix, t. 7, is perhaps
the same. It is from a stuffed specimen. Brazils.

DumeriCs Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Dumerilliana, Gray.
Emys Icterocephala, Spix, t. 4.

Shell ovate, black, discal shields flat, hinder margin
expanded ; bead globose ; nose convex, smooth. Brazils.

Cayenne Chelys. Ch. (^Hydraspis) Cayennensis, Gray,
Emys Cayennefisis, Schw.

Shell ovate, convex, tuberculately keeled ; smooth, yellow
green, black varied ; nuchal shield none ; head brown, with
two yellow spots. $ Emys Gibba, Schw. Shell black. Guiana.

Demerara Chelys. Ch. (Hydraspis) Lata, Bell MSS.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, black ; head and neck black
orange spotted. Demerara. Bell.

Consult also, 1, EmysBitentaculata, Cuv. MSS. — 2, Emys
Barbatula, Gravenhorst, Delic. t. 5. f. 3. 4.-3. Emys Con-
striata, Cuv. MSS. — 4. E. Maximiliana, Michan, and — 5,
Hydraspis Pachyura, Boie MSS.

IV. The beak very broad, depressed, covered with soft lips ;
the nostrils long, tubular ; intergular plate marginal ;
Chelys, Dumeril.

Brazilian Matamata. Chelys Matamata, Test. Matamata,
Brong. Jour. H. N. 7> t. 13. Ch. Fimbriata, Schn.

Shell oblong ; shields elevated acute, forming three keels.
South America.

c 17

CLASS REPTILIA.

IV.—Teionyx. GeofF.
Feet palmated, claws three, sharp ; the shell covered with
a soft skin expanded on the edge into a flexible margin.
Living in fresh water in tropical climates.

I. The margin of the shields cartilaginous and the ster-
num narrow. Trionyx, Gray.

Fierce Trioriyx. Trionyx Ferox, Merrem. Pen. Phil. Trans.

Ixi. t. 10. Trionyx Georgicus, Geoff^.
Shell rather convex, obscurely keeled ; front and hinder mar-
gin wanting; sternum callosities four, two hinder, large,
united into one. Trionyx Spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus.
xi. appears to be the young, as may also be Test. Brong-
niartii, Sch. and T. Carinatus, GeofFroy.

Armless Trionyx. Trionyx Muticus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus.

XV. t.
Shell elliptical, confounded with the neck, and armless in the
front ; sternal callosities four, two hinde.: large, united toge-
ther. North America.

Egyptian Trionyx. Trionyx j^gtjptiacus, GeofF. Rept.

Egypt, t. 1. Test. Triunguis, Forsk.
Green, white spotted ; shell convex, slightly keeled ; sternum
callosities four, the hinder ones triangular, separate. Egypt.

Indian Trionyx. TrUmyx Indicus, Gray, Illust. Ind.

Zool. t.
Olive green, with black-edged irregular pale tortuous and
forked streaks; sternal callosities four, the hinder ones
rounded triangular. India.

Hurum Trionyx. Trionyx Hvrum, Gray, Illust. Ind.

Zool. Trionyx Gangeticus, Cuv. Oss. Fos.
Dull brown ; head green, with two yellow spots on each side
18

CLASS REPTILIA.

over the eyes ; sternum with four callosities, the ^ lateral
truncate on the inner hinder angles, and the hinder ovate-
triangular. India.

Javan Tr'wnyx, Trionyoc Javanicun, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv.
t. Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Dull green, with numerous narrow lines of minute white
granular specks. Head green, with five or six diverging black
lines, and a streak between the eyes. Sternal callosities two,
linear, lateral. When young, back black ocellated. Java
and India.

Flat Trionyx, Trionyoo Subplanus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv.
Illust. Ind. ZooL t.

Shield nearly flat ; front edge smooth ; sternum without any
callosities. India.

Euphratic Trionyx. Triony-v Euphraticus, Geoff. Test.
Raschtf Oliv. Voy. t. 41. This needs a better description.
Euphrates.

Margin of the shield with a series af small hones in front
and behind^ limbs covered, when withdrawn, by the valves
on the side of the sternum. Emyda. Gray.

Punctuated Trionyx. Tri. (Emyda) Punctatus, Lacep.
Q. O. t. 7- f- 1- Schoepf. t. CO. A. B. Trionyx Coroman-
delicus, Geoff. Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Peep green, occiput white spotted ; sternum with seven
large callosities, the hinder of them united. India.

N. B, — M. Cuvier informed me on his late visit to this
country that there has been lately received at the Paris
Museum a species of this genus, with 4 claws on each foot ;
it will form a section {Tetraonyai), and it may be indicated
by the name of Trionyx {Tetraonyx) Cuvieri.

c 2 ' 19

CLASS REPTILIA.

6. Chelonia, Brongn.

Feet fin-shaped, compressed ; shell with a bony margin all
round, and a ring-like sternum.

Living in the sea ; eating algce and mollusca.

I. Shell covered with a leathery skin. Sphargis, Merrem.
Coriaceous Turtle, Ch. {Sphaigis) Coriacea. Testudo
Coriacea. Lin. Pen. Brit. Zool. 4. t. 1.

Shell with three longitudinal dorsal ridges ; when young the
skin granular, and fins very long. See Schoepft. t. 29. Me-
diterranean Ocean.

II. Shell covered with horny scales. Chelonia.

A. shields depressed. Chelonia.

Green Turtle. Chelonia Mydas. Testudo, Lin. Lacep. 2. O.

t. 1. f. 1

Shell cordate, greenish brown, slightly keeled, shelving on
both sides ; lower jaw deeply denticulated. Varies first in
the number of the dorsal shields, and thus Test. Atra, Lin.,
and Test. Multiscutata, Kuhl. Second in the number of
sternal shields, thus Test. Cepediana, Daud. Sometimes
the shields are variously coloured, and thus Chelonia Virgata,
Dumeril, and Chelonia Radiata, Ch. Maculosa and Ch.
Lachrymata, Cuv., R. A. Testudo Japonica, Thumberg,
appears to be only a variety with the shields so thin, that he
mistook the sutures of the bones for the edge of the scales.

Loggerhead Turtle, Chelonia Caretta, Testudo Carettaf
Liri. Schoepf. 1. 16.

Shell convex, vertebral shields gibbous ; head very large ;
when young the nose produced, Testudo Nasicornis, Lacep.
Edw. t. 206, Var. Vertebral shields sometimes seven.
Chelonia Olivacea, Eschscholtz Atlas, t. 3. Mediterranean
and other seas.
20

CLASS REPTILIA.

' B. Shields Imbricate.
4. Imbricated Turtle. Chehnia Imbricata., Schw. Testudo,
Schoepf. t. 18, a.

Shell elliptically keeled ; shields yellow, spotted and rayed.
In the young, the ends of the shields are obliquely truncated,
and scarcely imbricate, Caretta Nasicoriiis^ Merrem. Schoepf.
t. 17> f« 1- Indian and Atlantic Ocean,

Ord. 3. Emydosauri.

Vertebrae of the back and the ribs free, mobile ; the mouth
toothed ; the feet digitate, webbed ; above and beneath co-
vered with imbeded squarish plates, with small scales on the
sides.

Gen. 1. Crocodilus.

Toes 4, 5, claws 3, 3 ; tail compressed, above keeled, ser-
rated ; teeth couical in a single series ; tongue fleshy.

1. The head depressed ; the canine teeth of the lower jaw

received in a pit in the upper jaw. Alligator.

* Feet digitate. South America.

Spectacled Alligator. Croc. (Alligator ) Sclerops, Schw.

Seba, 1, t. 104, f. 10, Spix. Braz.

With a cross rib between the orbits ; nape with a band of
shields. South America and Frazils. The frontal cross
rib varies in shape.

Eye-browed Alligator. Croc. {Alligator) Palpebrosus, Cuv.

Eyelids bony ; nape with a band of shields, each bearing a
crest. Var. the nuchal shields are sometimes irregular. Croc.
Trigonatus, Sehsi,\,t. i08,{. 3. Guicna.

+ Feet, subpalmated. North America.

Pike-muzzled Alligator. Cayman Croj. (Alligator) Lucius,

Cuv. Croc. Cuvierii Leach Zool. Misc. t.

Head depressed, parabolic, nuchal shields 4. North America.

21

CLASS REPTILIA.

II. The head oblong ; canine teeth of the lower Jaw received
in a notch in the edge of the upper ; feet palmated.
Crocodilus.

Common Crocodile. Crocodilus Vulgaris , Ann. Mus. x.

t. 3.
The head equal, broad ; nuchal plates six ; cervical six, sub-
equal ; the dorsal shields quadrate, six rowed, Africa and
India.

RuppelVs Crocodile. Croc. Octophractus, Ruppell, MSS.

The head equal, lon^- ; nuchal plates four, cervical eight,
unequal ; the dorsal shields slightly keeled. Africa, Don-
gola, and Senegal.

Double-crested or Indian Crocodile. -Crocodilus Bipurcatus,

Cuv.

The forehead with two nearly parallel longitudinal ridges ;
nuchal shields six ; dorsal sliields ovate, eight rowed. India
and its islands.

Rhombic Crocodile. Crocodilus Rhombifer^ Cuv.

The forehead convex, with two diverging ridges; nuchal
shields six ; dorsal scales quadrate, six rowed ; scales of the
limbs thick, keeled.

Siam. Crocodile. Crocodilus Galeatus, Cuv. Hist. Anim.

Par. 6, a.

Crown of the head with a two-toothed elevated crest ; nuchal
shields six. India. Siam.

Two-shielded Crocodile. Crocodilus Biscutatns, Cuv.

Nuchal shields two ; the middle dorsal scales quadrate,
the outer irregular, scattered.

West Indian Crocodile. Crocodilus Acutus, Cuv. Geoff.
Ann. Mus. Par. II. t. SJ.

Head produced, convex at the base; middle dorsal scales
22

CLASS REPTILIA.

quadrate, outer irregularly scattered; nuchal scales six.
West Indies. ,

Armed Crocodile. Crocodilus Cataphractus, Cuv. Oss.

Foss. f.

Head produced ; nape with four bands of bony shields like
the Alligators. Mus. Col. Surgs.

Flat-headed Crocodile, Croc. Planirostris, Graves.

Head, base, flat ; shields tubercular ; uuchal plates six, dis-
tant. Africa ? "

Intermediate Crocodile. Crocodilus Intermedius, Graves.

Head produced, sub-cylindrical ; dorsal shields, six-rowed,
nuchal, six. America .'*

III. Head long, produced, muzzle cylindrical ; teeth and
feet like Crocodiles. Gavialis.

Common Gavial. Croc. (Gavialis) Gangeticus.

The nuchal shield united to the dorsal plates ; the crown
and orbits appear to dilate with age. See Faugas. Hist.
Mont. St. Petri, t. 46, 48 ; from whence Croc. Tenuirostris,
Cuv. Ganges.

Order III. ? Enaliosauei. Conyheare.

Vertebrae of the back and the ribs free, mobile ; the mouth
toothed ; the feet fin-shaped. Only found in the fossil state ;
perhaps not of this section.

Gen. 1. IcHTHYSAURUs, Koenig.

Head large ; teeth conical, placed in a groove ; neck short.

For the anaton.y and species of this genus, consult Home
Phil. Trans. Conybear. Geolog. Trans, and Cuv. Os. Fo&.
vol 5.

Ichthyosaurus Communis, Conybeare. Cuv. Os. Fos. t. 29.
f.1,9.

23

CLASS REPTILIA.

Ichthyosaurus Platyodon, Conybeare, teeth compressed.
Cuv. Os. Fos. t. 2L;. f. 4, 5.

Ichthyosaurus Tenuirostris_, Conybeare, Cuv. Os, Fos.
1 29. f. 8, 9.

Ichhyosaurus Intermedius, Cuv. Os. Fos. t. 29- f- 2, 5.

Ichthyosaurus Latifrons, Koenig. Icon. Sect. t. f. ined.
Mus. Brit. ■ ■ ■ '

Ichthyosaurus Grandipes, Sharp. Geol. Trans. 1830.

Gen. 2. Plesiosaurus, Conybeare.
The head small ; neck very long, of many vertebrae ; the
teeth placed in pits.

For the anatomy of this genus, consult Conybeare, Geolog.
Trans, and Cuv. Os. Fos. v.

Plesiosarus Dolichodeirus, Conybeare, Geolog. Trans. Cuv.

Os. Fos. v. t, 31 and 32. f. i, 2, &c. Lyme Regis.

Plesiosaurus Recentior, Conybeare, Kimmeridge.
Plesiosaurus Carinaius, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 486.
Plesiosaurus Auocois, Cuv. L. c. v. 486.
Plesiosaurus Pentagonus, Cuv.
Plesiosaurus Trigonus, C'jv.

Gen. 3. Saueocephaluc, Harlan. Saurodon, Hay.

Teeth like incisors, placed in pits with a regular hole on
the inner edge of the Alveola.

Saurocephalus lanciformis. Hay. Amer. Phil. Trans, y.
1. 16. Saurocephalus, Leanus, 1. c. 1. 16.

Section 11. Squamata.

Tongue free, organs of generation double, ossa quadrata
separated from the skull.

Order I. Sauri.
Mouth not dilatatile, skin covered with various unequal scales.
24

CLASS REPTILIA.

~~ Division I.

Tongue long, deeply bifurcatedy teeth placed on the inner
edge of the jaws *

Gen. I. Mo3jiTOR.

Tongue retractile, head covered with small polygonal shields.
Inhabiting the old world, living near water,

1. Tail compressed, nostrils subapical, or medial, open;

Monitor, nob.

Two Banded Monitor, Mon. bivittatus, nob. Ttipinambis
bivittatus. Kuhl.

Black, with five cross rows of white spots or rings, back of
head spotted, above banded ; cheeks, with two black
streaks; nostrils subapical, India. Jun., more spotted. Tup.
ewilis. Reinw. Mss. Mus. Brit.

Laced Monitor, Mon. Varia,u. Lacerta Varia, Shaw. White.
Voy. t. p. 253. Phil. Voy. t. at p. 279.

Nostrils one-third from the tip of the nose ; toes short ; sub-
equal. New Holland. 1 up, Marmoratus, Oppel. of
Manilla, appears to be a variety. Mus. Brit.

Yellowish Monitor, Mon. Flavescens, nob. Uran. Russelii,

Schegel.

Yellowish, brown netted, scales very large ; toes very short,
nearly equal, India. Mus. Ruppel.

Eyed Monitor, M'in. Ocellatus,Yon Heyden Ruppel Atlas, t.

Yellowish brown, with pale eyed spots, dorsal scales oblong,

* All the species of the genera of this section require a complete re>
examination, the following is only an attempt at noting the species
which I have seen named in collections.

25

CLASS REPTILIA.

surrounded by small granular scales, ventral scales square.
Dongola, Senegal. Mus. Ruppel.

" Chrsen Spotted Monitor ^ Mon, Chlorostigma, nob.

Black ; head, body, and tail, white spotted ; scales, rather
large; toes very unequal, nostrils one-third from the tip.
Young, belly whitish, black spotted. Rawack, Mus. Paris.

Timor Monitory Mon. Timorensis, nob. Tup. virido-
maculatusy Daud.

Like T. Bengalensis, but the scales are larger, especially
those of the tail, toes longer, nostrils more than one-fourth
from the tip. Timor. Mus. Paris.

. . , Green Monitor. Mon. Viridis.

Nostrils medial, scales large, yellow, with large dark spots,
Mus. Leyd.

Elegant Monitor. Mon. Eccanthematica, n. Lac. Eocanthe-
matica, Bosc, t. 5, f. 3. Tup. Cepedianus, Daud.
t. 29- Lac. Argua, Daud. from Seba J , t. 85. f. 3. Uran
Elegans, Mer.

Nostrils medial, with a black streak from the eye ; head with
black edged white spots, throat black spotted, belly black
banded. Africa.

Brown Spotted Monitor, Mon. j^engalensis, n. Tup. Ben-
galensis, Daud. Uran Punctatus, Mer.

Nostrils medial, head black, dotted ; back, black dotted and
slightly eyed ; throat black dotted ; scales rather large ; toes
short. India. Lac. Dracaena, Lin. fron. Seba. 1, t. 101, f. 1,
now in Mus. Par. The Tup. Candivertus, Daud. has the
nostrils medial, and is verv like this species.
26

CLASS REPTILIA.

Clouded Monitor. Mon. Nehulosus.

Nostrils medial, above green brown, white dotted, loins and
base of tail, with bands of eyed spots ; beneath white, black
netted, toes unequal, rather long, head long, angular. Java.
Mus. Pa'-. . .

Ornamented Monitor. Mon. Ornatits, Tup. Ornatus, Daud.
Ann. Mus. II. t. 48. Lac. Capensis, Sparrm.

Nostrils medial, above black, beneath white ; throat, with nine
black bands, nape, with four or five curved lines, and with
seven bands of round white spots. Africa. Mus. Leyd.

Nilotic Monitor. Mon. Niloticus, Lac. NiloticuSf Hasselq.
Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 3, f. 1.

Pale, varied and eyed with brown ; toes very unequal.
North Africa and India. Mus. Brit.

Heraldic Monitor. Mon. Heratdicus.

Nostril submedial, rather nearer the eyes ; head with regular
and variously placed white lines ; nape and back with a ring
of eyed white spots Toes short, subequal. * Be'iga^ Mus.
Paris.

Varied Monitor. Mon. Pulcher, Leach. Uran Eiegans,
Merrem. Lac. Monitor, Linn. Tup. Stellatus, Daud.
n. t. 31 ? Seba, 1. 1. 94, f. 1, 2. y. t. 30. f. 2. y. 68. f. 2.

Nostrils submedial, brown ; head and neck with concentric
white rings of dots ; back, white dotted, with nine bands of
round white dots; beneath white, brown dotted. Central
and South Africa. Mus. Brit.

II. Tail round, nostrils large, valvular, placed near the
orbits. Psaramosaurus.

Grey Ouran. Mon. (P-j Scincus^ Licht. Tup. Grisseus,
Daud. Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 3.f. 2. t. 4. f. 14, 15.

27

CLASS REPTILIA.

Grey, dotted with brownish scales, nearly square, edged with
email grains. North Africa. Mus. Brit.

White throated Ouran. Mon. P. Albogularis. Tup. AlbO'
gularis, Daud. iij. t. 32.

Head, and neck, beneath, and sides, whitish, brown, dotted
with two white lines, from the eye to the nape. Inhab.

N.B. The Dragon figured by Klein Tent Herpet, t.
is ian animal of this genus which has had the head united to
the skin of the body, just behind the fore legs, so that it
appears only to have two legs.

Gen. II. HoLODEEMA. Wiedeman.

Tongue contractile.'* Head broad, depressed, covered with
crowded, irregular, many sided, convex, tubercular shields.
Palate not toothed ; body squamulose with parallel trans-
verse ridges of larger distant tuberiform long scales ;
abdominal scales, four sides, smooth ; femoral pores none ;
tail round. . _

Horrid Monoonllo. Holoderma Horridum. Wied. Tacky-
dermun Horridum^Yy 3igier, 11. i.\Q.

Brown, yellow spotted, tail with close yellow rings. New
Spain.

Gen. 111. Teius.

Tongue contractile, head shielded, palate mostly toothed.
Femoral pores distinct. Found only in America.

I. Abdominal scales square, as long as broad , smooth ; dorsal
scales Reeled. Tail compressed^ keeled. Crocodilurus,
Spix. Ada Gray.

Great Dragon, Lacepede. Common Ada, Teius (A.)
Crocodilus, Merrem. Lacep. t. 9. Daud. t. 28.

Back with scattered keeled scales. Guiane.
28

CLASS REPTILIA.

Double Crested Ada. Teius (A.) Bicarinata, Lac. Bica-
rinata, Gm. Tup. LacertinuSy Daud. Croc. Amaxoni-
cusy Spix, t. 21.

Back with equal keeled scales, belly with eight series of
scales. South America. Young, side of body spotted.
Croc. OceUatuSy Spix, t. 22. f. 1.

II. Abdominal scales smooth, longer than broad; dorsal
scales smooth; tail roufid ; collar small. Teguixin.

Variegated Safeguard. Teius. {T.) Monitor, Merrem.
Lacerta Teguixin, Lin. Seba, i. t. 96. f. 23. t. 97* f« 1>
5. t. 99. f. 1. Tup. Nigropunctatus, Spix, t. 20.
Pr. Max. Beytr. t.

Black, with bands of yellow spots ; beneath yellow ; tail,
black and yellow-banded. Tup. Maculatus, Daud. Tup.
Monitor y Spix, t. 19., appears to be the young.

According to Mr. Caup''s account of his genus Eocypuestes,
which he says, has the scales of the Monitor, and the tongue,
teeth, head, plates, and country of Teius, it roust belong to
this subgenus. He described the back as finely and equally
scaled, and the palate toothless.

III. Abdomirial scales smooth, broader than long ; tail
round ; dorsal scales smooth ; collar none. The young
streaked with black on the sides. Ameiva.

The Ameiva. Teius Ameiva Vulgaris., Licht. Spix, t. 23.
Lac Ameiva, Lin. Ameiva ArguSy Fitz.

Green, black spotted, sides with four bands of black-edged
white spots. Young Teius OceUifer, Spix.

Lettered Ameiva. Teius {A.) Litterata, Daud. Seba, i.

29

CLASS REPTILIA.

- t. 83. and Lac. GutturosOi Daxid. from Seha. ij. t. 103,
f. 3,4.

Blue green, varied with oblong black dots ; sides with white-
eyed black cross-bands; neck beneath plaited. South
America, not Germany.

Blue-headed Ameiva. Teius {A.) Cceruleocephalus, Seba. i.

t. 91,f. 3.

Head blue ; dorsal line white, with two yellow lines along
each side ; thighs white spotted.

Blue Ameiva. Teius {A.) Cyaneus^ Lacep. i. t. 31, Seba.

ij. t. 105, f. 2.

Bluish, sides with roundish white spots.

Side-streaked Ameiva. Teius {A^ Lateristriga, Cuv.
Seba, i. t. 90, f. 7. (Spix, t. 24, f. 1 ?)

With a dark white-edged line on each side.

Striped Ameiva. Teius {A.) Lemniscatns, Lac. Lemnisca-

tus, Gmel. Seba, i. t. 92, f. 54. Daud. ij. t. 36, f. 1.
Dusky blue, back with eight white lines, tail round, limbs
white spotted, with three white lines.

Three-streaked Ameiva. Teius {A.) Tritceneatus, Spix.

t. 24, f. 2.

Checkered Ameiva. Teius (A.) Tesselata, Say, Long.

Exp. ij. 50.

Black, with nine or ten longitudinal, and eighteen or twenty
cross lines ; dorsal scales small, beneath whitish. Tail long,
brownish olive, black spotted. North America, Say.

Blue and black Ameiva. Teius (A.) Cya7iomelas^ Pr. Max.

Beytr. v. t.
Head short ; tail and back black, with a central broad band,
and the sides with two narrow whitish blue streaks. Brazils.
90

CLASS REPTILIA.

Green Ameiva, Teius {A.^ Viridis, Merrem. Lacerta.
Teyou, Daud. Ameiva Teyu, Lecht.

Top of head and dorsal line green ; body olive violet, with
six white longitudinal lines ; throat and belly silvery white.

Collared Ameiva y Teius (A.) Collaris. Agama Collaris, Say,

Long. Exp.

Olive, with five or six alternate broad dusky and narrow
yellow or grey spotted fibrous bands ; sides greenish yellow ;
sides of neck fibrous, varied with red and black bands, be-
neath pale. North America, Arkansa Territory.

IV. Abdominal scales lanceolate^ heeled ; tail round ; collar
distinct. Kentropyx, Spix.

Intermediate Centropyce. Teius (C) Intermedius, Schlegel.
Back with three pale lines ; dorsal scales minute. Surinam,
Mus. Leyd.

Spurred Centropyoo. Teius (C) Calearatus, Spix. t. 22,

f. 2.

Scales of the back and throat granular. Males with two
small spine-like scales on each side of the vent ; scales of the
belly^ legs, and tail, keeled, green ; sides of the back blackey.
Brazils.

Striated Centropyx. Teius (K.) Striata. Lacerta Striata,
Daud. Pseudo-Ameiva Striata, Fitz. Merrem. Wetter.
Ann. i. t. 1, Pr. Max. Beytr. xiii.

Grey, sides blue, with two longitudinal brown lines ; abdo-
minal scales twelve rows ; dorsal scales keeled.

Genus IV. Laceeta.

Tongue contractile ; head shielded ; palate toothed ; lateral
line, none ; the bones of the skull advanced over the temples

31

CLASS REPTILIA.

and orbits ; femoral pores distinct. Inhab. temperate parfj
of Old World.

1. Back with granular scales ; belly with a collar of large
plates ; femoral pores numerous. Lacerta.
A. collar separate the ivhole length from the chest-plates
■ hy small granular scales ; the frontal plate nearly as
broad before as behind.

Eyed Lizard. Lac. Ocellata, Edw. t. 202.
^elly with eight or ten rows of plates ; occipital plate large,
Young. Lac. Leplda^ Daud. iij. t. 37- f. 1. South of Europe.
Lac. Rhombicay Merrem, Lac. Jamaicensis, Daud., are from
Edwards' figure.

Green Lizard. Lac. Viridis, Lin. Daud. t. 34., and Lac.
Bilineata, Daud. t. 55. i. 1.

Scales of back slender, keeled ; of tail, sharply keeled ; col-
lar free, serrated ; occipital plate rudimentary ; abdominal
plates six-rowed ; hinder legs not reaching the armpits. Eu-
rope. Length, twelve inches. •

Wall Lizard. Lac. Muralis, Merr. Daud. iij. t. 8. f. 1.
Lac. Vivipara, Jacc^. Act. Helv. j. t. 1.

Scales of back and sides smooth ; of the tail, octant above,
slightly keeled ; collar entire, adnate ; belly, scales six-rowed ;
hinder legs reaching the armpits ; length five inches.

Schreber'*8 Lizard. Lac. Schrebersiana, Edw. An. Sci. t. 5.
f. 5. Lac. Fusca, Daud.

Occipital plate rudimentary; abdominal plates six-rowed ;
temples covered with granular scales and a cheek-plate ; hind
legs long. Mus. Par.

Cape Lizard. Lac. Lalandii, Edw. An. Sci. t. 5. f. 6, and

t. 8. f. 5.

Occipital plate rudimentary ; abdominal plates six rowed ;
32

CLASS REPTILIA.

temples covered with granular scales only ; hind legs short,
ith medial scales before the vent. Cape. Length thirteen
inches. .

Duges Lizard. Lac. Dugesii, Edw. t. 6. f. 2.

Occipital plate rudimentary ; belly plates, six-rowed ; temples
with granular plates only ; hind legs long ; one medial
plate before the vent. Madeira.

Edwards* Lizard. Lac. Edwardsiana^ Duges.

Abdominal plates eight-rowed ; scales of back imbricate,
pointed ; four sub-maxillary plates on each side ; limbs
slender ; thighs cylindrical. Shore of the Mediterranean.

B. Collar free the whole length ; the frontal plate small, and
narrowed behind.

Olivier'' 8 Lizard.^ Lac. Olivieri, Ardouin. Sav. Rept.
Egypt, t. 2. f. a

Abdominal plate six or eight-rowed ; one large medial scale
before the vent. North Africa.

Savigny's Lizard. Lac. Savigniiy Ardouin. Sav. Rept.
. ; : Egypt. 1. 1. f.8.

Abdominal plates six or eight-rowed ; three larger medial
plates before the vent. Egypt.

Shielded Lizard. Lac. Scutellata, Ardouin. Sav. Rept.
Egypt, t. 1. f. 2.

Abdominal plates twelve or fourteen-rowed ; interparretal
plate rudimentary ; three large medial scales before the vent ;
the hinder larger than the side ones. .Egypt.

DumerilPs Lizard. Lac. DiimeriUii, Edw.

Abdominal plates twelve or fourteen-rowed ; interparretal
pL tea rudimentary ; three larger medial scales before the

» 33

CLASS REPTILIA.

. vent, the hinder smaller than the side ones. Senegal. Mus.
Par.

KnoaPs Lizard. Lac. Knoxii, Edw. t. 6. f. 8.

Abdominal plates twelve or fourteen-rowed ; interparietal
plates large. South Africa.

Variable Lizard. Lac. Variabilis, Licht. L. Variahilis,
L. Jrguta, L. Velooc, and Z. Cruenta, Pallas.

Abdominal plates fourteen or six teen- rowed ; head rather
acute ; scales small, rather triangular or roundish, smooth ;
caudal scales closer keeled. Perhaps L. Deserti, Lepech, and
L. Corunea, Merrem. Tartary.

C. Collar united in the middle to the abdominal plates, free

on the sides.

Panther Lizard. Lac. Pardalis, Licht.

Abdominal scales ten rowed ; head rather acute ; scales of
the back smooth ; of the tail rhombic above, keeled ; tail
little longer than the body. Egypt.

Bosc^s Lizard. Lae. Boscii, Daud. iij. t. Q6. f. 2. Lac.

Velow, Edw. Savig. Kept. t. 1. f. 9.
Abdominal plates ten-rowed ; scales keeled ; cervical ones
small ; dorsal large, rhombic, blunt ; tail twice as long as
the body. Egypt.

Red-spotted Lizard. Lac. Ruhropunctata, Licht. Savign.
Kept. Egypt, t. 1. f. 1 .?

Abdominal plates ten-rowed ; head acute ; scales of the back
small, smooth ; of the tail large, sub-quadrate, olive, keeled ;
tail twice as long as the body. Egypt.

Spotted Lizard. Lac Guttulata, Licht. Sav. 1. 1. f. 8 .^

Abdominal plates eight-rowed ; head rather acute ; scales of
34

CLASS REPTILIA.

back very small ; of tail sub-rhombic, above keeled ; tail long.
Egypt. ^ .

Grammic Lizard. Lac. Grammica, Liclit. Sav. 1. 1. f. ^.

Abdominal plates fourteen or twenty-rowed ; heed acute ;
scales of the back small, scarcely keeled ; of tail rhombic,
keeled ; collar sometimes obsolete ; tail half as long again as
the body. Egypt.

Indian Lizard. Lac. Leschenaultiiy Edw. t. 6. f. 9.
Abdominal plates six-rowed. Inhab. Coromandel.

II. Back with granular scales; belly with small plates ;

collar indistinct. Psammodrom'us. Fitz.

Spanish Lizard. L. (Fsammodromus) Hispanicus, Fitz

MSS. See also Var. of Zac. ^rammca, Licht.
Blackish blue, lighter underneath. Spain,

III. Back and tail with keeled scales, belly with smooth
imbricate scales, collar none, femoral pores numerous.
Algyra Cuv.

Common Algyra. Lac. (^Algyra) Cuvieri, Lac. Algyra, Lin.

Tail long, round, brown, beneath yellowish, with two yellow
streaks on each side ; length four inches. Spain.

IV. Back and tail with lanceolate imbricate keeled scales,
abdomen with smooth imbricate scales, collar none^feiuoral
pores none. Tropidosaurus, Boie.

Mountain Lizard, Lac. (^Tropidosaurus) Montanus, Boie.
Olive dark metallic green, blackish on the sides, and with a
narrow black dorsal, and two narrow white lines on each side.
Java. I have seen this genus both at Paris and Leyden, it
has much more the appearance of a scinct than a lizard, but
I could not see its tongue, which I suppose caused Cuvier to
place it in this group.

D 2 35

CLASS REPTILIA.

Gen. V. Tachydeomus. Oppel.

Tongue contractile ; head shielded ; back, belly, and tail, with
square keeled scales ; lateral line distinct, with small scales ;
femoral pores one on each side the vent ; body very long ;
feet very far apart and small.

Chinese Tachydrome. Tachyodromus Sexlineatus, Daud.

iij. t. 39.

Silvery, with six brown bands. Tail three or four times as
long as the body. Java and China. Common in insect boxes
from China. The other species, Quadrilineatus, Daud. in
the Paris Museum, is in too bad a state to distinguish it
from the former. Is this Lac. Sept. of Linne .'*

Section 11.^
Tongue short, contractile, end slightly lobed.

Gen. I. Iguana.

Teeth three lobed or toothed, placed in the inner edge of the
jaw. Body and head compressed, palate mostly toothed.

A^ Ribs simple ; throat dUatile ; head short ; back crested ;
palate toothed ; femoral pores numerous. Iguana, nob.

1. TaU equally scaly ; toes unequal ; head shields jlatish ;
dewlap denticulated. Iguana.

Common Guana. Iguana Tuherculata, Laur. Squamosa,
t. 5, I. Viridis, t 6, and I. Emargirata, t. 8, Spix.

Sides of neck with con.'' ex scales ; front edge of dewlap
toothed ; sides of lower jaw with orbicular plates. Var.
Nose plates prominent, hornlike. Iguana Corriuta, Em.
t. 4. f. 4. Young, doisul spines lower. Iguana Ccerulea,
Daud. and /. Lophyroides, Spix, t. 9. South Ainerica, Mus.
Brit,
36

CLASS REPTILIA.

Smooth-necked Guana. Iguana Delesatissima, Laur. J
"^Nudicollisy Merrem. Mus. Bresl. 1. 13. f. 1.

Sides of neck smooth ; front of dewlap slightly toothed ;
sides of lower jaw with small plates. Brazils and Gauda-
loupe.

% Tail equally scaly ; toes unequal ; head shield, jlaU
ish ; dewlap entire. Brachylophus. {Les Brachylophes.)
Cuv.

Banded Guana. Iguana {Bi'achylophus.) Fasciatus,
Brongn. Bui. Soc. Philom. t. 61. f. 1.

Green, brown banded. South America, not Java, as said by
Brongniart. Mus. Brit.

4. Tail compressed, with rings of spinous scales ; toes
nearly equal.; head shields conveof. Amblyrhynchus,
Bell.

Rough headed Guana. Iguana (A.) Cristatus, n. BelU
Zool. Jour, i. t. 12.

Brown, sides and belly yellow ? Galapagos.

Black Guana. Iguana {A.) Ater, nob^
Nearly black ; beneath dusky. Galapagos.
B. Ribs simple, throat with a cross fold.

I. Head long, scuteUated ; hack crested ; tail with rings of
spinous scales ; back with square scales ; Jemoral pores
distinct. Cyclura nob.

Palate toothed. Ctenosaura. Weigmann.

Cycluroid Guana. Iguana. (Ctens.J Cyclurcides. n. Cteno-
saura Cycluroides. Wiegmann, Iris xxi.

Dorsal crest continued ; scales of back and sides, obsoletely

37

CLASS EEPTILIA.

keeled ; of sacrum mucronate. Palatine teeth many, small ;
tail very long and round, crested with a series of spines.
Mus. Berl.

Spiny Tailed Guana. Iguana. (Ctenosaura) Acanthura.
Lac. Acanthura. Shaw. Zool. iij. 326. Cyclt^ra
Shawii, Gray Ann. Phil.

Pale brown ; dorsal crest interrupted over the sacrum ;
tail cylindrical^ with a ring of depressed scales between each
ring of spiny ones ; palatine teeth few, large. Mus. Brit.

Armed Iguana. Iguana (Ctenosaura) Armata.

Head long, pyraraidical ; tail with rings of spines, having
two rings of depressed scales between them at the base ;
teeth three or five lobed ; palatine teeth small, in one row.
Mus. Bell.

Allied Iguana. Iguana (Ctenosaura) Similis.

Grey, black dotted, body with four oblique dark bands ;
occiput forming a concave band behind ; dorsal crest low
but continued over the sacrum. Teeth blunt, three lobed ;
palatine on two raised lines on each side. Head two, body
nine inches. Mus. Bell.

Lancet Toothed Iguana. Iguana (Ctenosaura) Lanceolata,

Grey, black dotted. Tail black banded, base black spotted ;
head scales rather large, convex ; dorsal crest, completely
interrupted over the sacrum. Palatine teeth, in two bunches ;
the teeth of the jaw, long lanceolate sharp-edged, two or
three lobed ; femoral pores six. Length of body and head
fourteen, of tail twenty-four inches. Mus. Bell.

BelVa Iguana. Iguana (Ctenosaura) Bellii. Gray MS.

Grey, black netted ; dorsal and caudal crest of short, broad
scales, interrupted over the sacrum. Scales of the occiput and
88

CLASS REPTILIA.

sides of the head, convex ; scales of the mastoid ridge, small,
conical. Palatine teeth in two bunches ; tail, base smooth,
middle and end with distant rings of slightly elevated scales,
having four rings of small scales between each ; toes short,
thick. Mus. Bell. Length of body eighteen inches.

Iguana Cyclura of Cuvier may be probably one of these
species, but his account of it is too general to distinguish it.

Palate toothless. Cyclura. Harlan.

. Keeled Guana. Iguana (Cyclura) Carinata. Cyclura
Carinata. Harlan. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. iv. t. 15.

Deep dirty brown ; dorsal crest interrupted over the shoul-
ders and loins ; scales of body uniform ; legs and feet
minutely square. Tail above keeled, with three rings of de-
pressed scales between each ring of spiny scales. Inhab.
Turk's Islands, Bahama.

Round Guana. -Iguana (Cyclura) Teres y n. Cyclura

Teres. Harlan. 1. c. t. J 6.
Dark green, teeth small, uniform pointed ; dorsal crest in-
terrupted over the loins ; scales of the sides square, of the
thighs and legs bristly. Tail cylindrical, with tv/o rings of
depressed scales between each rings of spines. Tampico.

Clouded Guana. Iguana (Cyclura) Nuhila. Gray.

Blue with oblique bands of roundish spots ; tail compressed,
with four rows of small depressed scales between each ring
of spines. South America ? Brit. Mus. Figured here under
the name of Clouded Lizard. L. Nehulosa.

II. Head covered with convex scales, and often some ^aper-
ciliary plates ; hack, covered with small scales slightly
crested, femoral pores none, Ophyessa, Boie.

1. Tail, simple, compressed, dorsal scales, minute, (Xiphura,

nob.)

39

CLASS REPTILIA.

Sword Tailed Ophyessa. Oph. Superciliosay Lacerta, Lin.
from Seba, I. t. 199. f. 4. Lophyrus JCiphurus, Spix,
t. 10, good.

Head with sub-equal, keeled scales, occiput with cross rows of
convex tubercles. Back with small, belly and limbs and tail
with larger keeled scales. Brazils. Mus. Brit.

Pearly Ophyessa. Oph. Margariiaceus, Lophyrus, Spix,

t. 12, f. 2.

Back and tail sb'ghtly crested, supercilliary scales, small.
Brazils. Loph. Auronitens, Spix, t. 13, scarcely appears to
differ from this except in age.

Lozenge Ophyessa. Oph. Rhomhifer, Lophyrus, Spix, Braz.
t. 11, adult. Loph. Alhomuxillaris, Spix, t. 13, f. 2.
Young, Agama Catenata, Pr. Max. t.

Brown, beneath paler, limbs pale banded, back with two
sinuous, bro^v^l bands, forming a scries of rhombic spots,
super-orbital scales small. Brazils.

9. Tail round, slender, with imbricate scales. Plica, nob.

Brazilian Ophyessa. Oph. Braziliensis.

Head with rather convex, keeled scales, superciliary ones
rather smaller, bluish; chest, inside of legs, belly, and vent,
whitish. Scales of back and throat granular, of belly rather
larger, of limbs and tail largest, keeled ; tail round; back and
loins with a small toothed crest. Brazils.

Painted Ophyessa. Ophyessa Picta, Agama, Pr. Max. t.
Lophyrus Ochrocollaris, Spix, t. 12, f. 2. L. Panthera.
Spix, Braz. t. 13, f. 1. Young.

Brown ; body, face and limbs darker banded ; beneath pale.
Superciliary scales oblong; occipital plate, distinct; back
slightly crested. Brazils.
40

CLASS REPTILIA.

Umber Ophyessa. Ophyessa Plica. Lac. Plica, Lin. Agama
Plica, and A. Umhray Daud. Loph. Agamoides, Gray.
Ann. Phil.

Back with minute scales, sides of neck behind the ear with
four bundles of spines. . • . . .

3. Tail round, tapering, with spinose, whorled scale ; ears
spinose in Jront, hack and helly scaly. Tropidurus, Pr.
Mace. . . .

Palate toothed, Oplurus, Cuv.

Collared Tropidurus. Trop. Torquatus, Pr. Max. t. Agama
Taraguira, Licht.

Green ; black stripe on each side the neck ; eyelid black
rayed, back with lines of spot when young. Mus. Brit. See
Agama Nigricollis, Spix, t. 16, f. 2, but Spix says it has
no palatine teeth. This may be, Ephimotes, Cuvier 47,
but certainly it has no pores.

Tubercular Tropidurus. Trop. Tuberculata, Gray. Agama
Tub. Spix, t. 15, f. 1, 5 2, <?

^reen, black spotted ; streak on side of neck black ; scales
of back and feet keeled ; the dorsal ones the largest.
Brazils.

Cuvier'*s Tropidurus. Trop. Cuvieri, Gray. Oplurus Tor-
quatus, Cuv. ij. 48. Seba. j. t. 94. f. 4. Cop. Shaw Zool
t-69.

Dorsal scales minute, keeled ; caudal scales large, keeled ;
with a black half collar on each side the neck. Braz.

%♦ ** Palate toothless,'''' Spix.

Half-banded Tropidurus. Trop. Semitceniatus. Agama
sem,., Spix, t. 15. f. 1.

41

CLASS REPTILIA.

Green-brown, smooth ; dorsal line blue ; dorsal scales mi-
nute ; abdominal rather larger ; caudal largest, keeled.

Cyclufoid Tropidurus. Trop. Cylurus. Agama Cyclurus.

Spix, t. 17. f. 1.

Olive brown, longitudinally keeled; back and tail black-
banded ; beneath bro^vn. See also Seba, t. 97- ^- ^' Pr« Max.
Bon. Trans, xiv. t. 15.

4, Tail tapering, with large verticillate spinose scales ; head
and body with minute granular scales. ■ Uranocentron,
Caup» Doryphorus, Cuv.

Long-tailed Doryphorus. Gph. (Jurari) Azureus. Agama
Azureus, Daud. iv. t. 46.

Bright blue, spotless ; tail long. Inhab. Surinam.

Short-tailed Doryphorus. Oph. Uran. Brevicaudatus. Agama
Brevif Daud. iv. t. 47- Lac. Azurea, A. Gmel.

Blue, black-banded ; tail short, depressed. Mus. Col. Surg,

III. Head with numerous small regular shields ; hade and
tail with large keeled spines, converging towards the hack,
and forming a crest ; femoral pores none. Leiocephalus,
Gray.

Keeled Leiocephalus. Leiocephalus Carinatus, Gray. Ann.

Phil.

Green, blackish-banded ; dorsal scales large, broad, keeled ;
keels forming oblique ridges ; the vertebral keel the highest.
? Mus. Brit.

IV. Head covered ivith small shields ; hack arid tail with large
keeled scales ; belly with smooth scales ; tail long, with
imbricate keeled scales ; femoral pores large. America.
Tropidolepis, Cuv. Scelophorus, Wiegmanii.

42

CLASS REPTILIA.

Northern Tropidolepis. Tropidolepis Undulatus, Gray.
Agama Und.y Daud. Lacerta Hyacenthina, and Lac.
Faciata, Green.

Ash, with irregular brown cross-bands ; head with regular
flat plates. North America. Mus. Brit.

Thorny Tropidolepis. Tropidolepis Aculeatus, Gray.

Head with convex irregular scales : eyebrow plates band-
like, back with a crest of short compressed scales ; scales of
body and limbs dagger pointed. Martinique.

Cuvier places Agama Nigricollisy and A. CycluruSj Spix,
in this genus ; but Spix says they have no femoral pores,
they are more like Ophyessa.

Collared Tropidolepis. Trop. Torquatus, Gray. Scelopho-
ru8, Weigmann. Iris xxi. Tecoirin Hernandez.

Olive brown, with a black collar, in an orange band ; dorsal
scales large, keeled ; rhombic, smooth, tip denticulated.
Mexico. Mus. Brit.

Spinous Tropidolepis. Trop, Spinosus, Gray. Scelophorus,

Weigmann.

Grey brown, back witli a series of brown spots ; scales rhom-
bic, tooth-edged ; apex longly pointed, acute ; abdominal ones,
smooth truncate. Mexico.

Side Streaked Tropidolepis. Trop. Pleurostictus, Gray.
Scelophorus, 'W^Qgoiwan.

Olive grey ; sides black and yellow spotted ; scales rhom-
bic, keeled, tooth-edged, mucronate ; those in base of tail
largest. Mexico.

Green Tropidolepis. Trop. Grammicus. Gray. Scelerop-
horus. Weigmann.

Shining coppery olive, with black flexuous cross lines;

43

CLASS REPTILIA.

.scales rhombic keeled, mucronate. Variety, scales smaller
Mexico. Mus. Brit.

^neous. Tropidolepis. Trop. jEneus, Gray. Sclerop-
horusy Wiegmann.

Shining coppery ; scales ovate, lanceolate, keeled, toothed.
Mexico.

Banded Tropidolepis. Trop. Scalaris^ Gray. Sclerop-
horns, Wiegmann.

Grey brown ; side band white, with white edged brown
semi-lunar spots ; scales ovate, keeled entire. Mexico. Mus.
Brit.

Belfs Tropidolepis. Trop. Bellii, Gray.

Metallic green, scales of the back and upper part of the
body, and tail long, strongly keeled, dagger pointed, the
keels foriTiiug 14-16 ridges ; of the belly broad, blunt, those
of the limbs and tail smaller, becoming larger near the end ;
length 10 inches. Mus. Bell.

Banded Tropidolepis. Trop. Fasciatus, Gray.

Pale brown ; back with wavy cross bands ; head varied, pale
and dark brown ; scales of back tail and limbs moderate
keeled, keels 18-20; continued, oblique, entire; of the limbs
and tail smaller. Mus. Bell.

-V. Heady short; round, dilated behind, covered with
conveo! scales, and crowned with spines. Body and tail
short, depressed, covered with irregular keeled spines ; belly
with larger scales, fringed on each side ; pores distinct,
palate toothless. Phrynosoma. Weigmann, America.

Douglass'' Toad Lizard. Phry^iosoma Douglassi, Gray.
Agama Bell. Lin. Trans, good.

Yellow ; brown spotted. Mus. Brit.
44

• CLASS REPTILIA.

Orbicular Lizard^ or Homed Toad Lizard. Phrynosoma
Cornuta. Gray. Agama cornuta. Harlan. Journ. Acad.
N. S. Phil. good.

Brown ; with two large hornlike spines behind the head.

Mus. Brit.

Common Toad Lizard. Phrynosoma Buffbnium, Weigm.
Isis, xxi. Seba, 1. t. 83. f. 1,2.

Scales of the belly keeled ; spines on side of body two rowed,

short, straight, three sided. Surinam. Mus. Berl.

Orbicular Toad Lizard. Phrynosoma Orbiculare, Weig-

mann.
Abdominal scales smooth ; spines on side of body one rowed,
large, recurved, rather compressed. Mexico. Mus. Berl.

C Ribs forming complete circles ; head scutellated ; throat

extensile*

I. Head hooded; back crested ; pores o. ; toes margined on

the side. Basilicus, nob. (part Cuvier.)

Mitred Basilisc. Bas. Jmericanus, Laur. Lac. Basili-
cus, Lim. Seb. i. t. 100. f. 1. Guiana. Mus. Brit.

Banded Basilisc. Basiliscus Vittatus, Boie.
Blue, with two series of spots down the sides of the back,
and white streak along each side of the dorsal ridge, another
edging the two lips and extended to the shoulders ; beneath
white ; throat brown marbled. Dorsal ridge scarcely ele-
vated ; hood small. Length about nine inches. Mus. Berl.

II. Head squarish, occiput compressed, produced into a
crest ; bade lowly crested ; pores none> Chamoeleopsis,
Wiedemann, MSS. Mus. Berl.

Hemandy's Chameleopsis. Chamoeleopsis Hernandesii,

' Wiedemann, MSS. Gray. Mus. Brit.
Black, white speckled ; scales minute, thin. Mexico. Mus.
Brit.

45

CLASS REPTILIA.

411. Head elongate^ simple ; toesy last Joint hut one dilated,
pear-shaped beneath. Anolis, Merrem. Anolius, Cuv.

Equestrian Anolis. Anolts Eqicestris, Merrem. Cuv. R.A.

t. 5. f. 2.
Purple ash, scapular band white ; dorsal line toothed.

Edwards Anolis. Anolis Edwardsii, Merrem. Edw. Glean.

i. t. 245. f. 21.
Uniform. slate colour, and nearly allied to Equestris.

Two-spotted Anolis. Anolis Bimaculata, Daud. Lac.
Bimaculata, Sparmann, Swed. Acad. v. t. 4. f. 1. bad.

Cuvier's Anolis. Anolis Cuvieri, Merrem. Anol. Velifer,
Cuvier, R.A. t. 5. f. 1.

Lined Anolis. Anolis Lineatus, Daud. Rept. t. 48. f. 1.
Lac. Strumosa, Lin. Seba, ij. t. 24. f . 4 ?

Dotted Anolis. Anolis Punctatus, Daud. t. 40. f. 2.

Gouty Anolis. Anolis Fodargicus, Daud. Catesby Car. t. 3.

Violet Anolis. Anolis Violaceus, Spix, Braz. t. I7. f. 2.

Brazils.

Green Anolis, Anolis Viridis, Pr. Max. Good.
• . Brazils.

All these species are so very much alike that it is impossible
to distinguish them without long descriptions ; indeed the
genus requires a complete revision, which I hope shortly to
be able to publish : the following is very distinct.

Slender Anolis. Anolis Gracilis, Pr. Max.

Head elongate, slender, two keeled in front ; back slightly
keeled. Dull brown., with seven cross-bands of white spots ;
throat orange. Brazils.
46

CLASS REPTILIA.

IV. Head angular ; body with smooth scales^ larger be-
neath ; back simple ; tail round ; toes simple ; femoral
pores distinct. Polychrus, Cuv.

Common Marble. Polychrus Marmoratus, Lac. Lac. Mar-
morata, Lin. Spix, Wagler, t. 21.

Eyelids black rayed ; scales above, small, blunt, beneath
lanceolate, keeled, of the tail largest. P. Virescens and P.
Strigiventer, Wagler, and P. AcutlrotriSi Spix, t. 14. appear
to be scai-cely distinct, though they are said to have no femoral
pores. Polychrus Fasciatus, La Porte, if from Molucca, must
be an Agama. See also Jgama Molmaii, Lesson. Bui. Sci.
from Chili.

Genus III. — Gecko.

Head and body depressed ; scales small, tubercular, usually
larger beneath ; toes five, sub-eq^ual, generally furnished with
transverse scales beneath ; claws retractile ; throat simple ;
palate toothless ; eyes large, nocturnal.

Toes with a single row of broad cross scales beneath ; last
joint compressed, attached. Platydactylus nob.

A. Toes free, clawless, dilated; thumb small. Phelsuma.

Clawless Platydactile. Gecko Inunguis, Cuv. R. A. t. f. 1. .

Femoral pores none. Violet ; beneath white, with a black
streak on each side. Isle of France.

Eyed Platydactyle. Plat. Ocellatus. Gecko, Cuv. R. A.

tf. 4. ~ ■ '■

Femoral pores none. Grey, with white-eyed brown spots.
Isle of France.

Cepedian Platydactyle. Plat. Cepedianus. Gecko, Merr.
Cuv. R. A. t. f. 5.

47

CLASS REPTILIA.

Orange, marked with blue, and a white streak on the side ;
femoral pore distinct. Isle of France.

. Ornametited Platydactyle. Plat. Ornatus. Phelsumaf Gray.

Ann. Phil.

Brown ; back with six rows of red oval spots. New Holland.

B. Toes, Jirst and fourth clawed, free, dilated ; pores no-ne^

Tarentola, Gray.

Fasciculated Gecko. Plat. Fascicularis. Gecko, Daud.

Grey ; head rough ; back with twelve series of groups of
three or four small acute spines. South of Europe.

Annulated Gecko. Plat. JEgyptiacus. Gecko, Cuv. Gecko
Annulaire, Geoff. Egypt, t. 5. f. 7-

Grey; scales granular, with rows of large, flat, simple, round
tubercules. Egypt.

American Gecko. Platydactylus Americanus, Gray.

Pale, lined and varied with brown; scales granular, with
twelve or fourteen close rows of blunt, simple, equal tu-
bercles. New York. Mus. Par.

C. Toes clawed, thumb clawless, suhanal pares distinct.

Gecko.

Toes free, dilated the whole length. Gecko, Gray.

Common Gecko. Gecko Guttatus, Daud. t 49. Lac.

Gecko, Lin.

Body black, with white spots; scales minute, with low
rounded simple tubercles. Java. Mus. Brit.

Chinese Gecko. Gecko Reevesii.

Black, with cross band of white spots, and some obscure
rather larger tubercular scales. China.
48

CLASS REPTILIA.

Madagascar Gecko. Gecko Madagascariensis. Gray.

Scales smoo,th, with large tubercles on the sides ; femoral
and subanal pores in two straight diverging lines ; young,
with a black a.id white lateral line. Madagascar. -

Banded Gecko. Gecko vittatus, Houttyn. Act Ulys. ix. t.
11. f. 2. Daud. iv. t. 50.

Brown, with a white dorsal band, forked over the head and
the base of the tail. Java.

D. Toes free^ scarcely dilated. Eublepharis, Gray.
Stenodactylus, Part. Licht.

Hardwicke''s Gecko. Kublepharis, Hardwickii, Gray.

Grey, brown banded ; back tubercular. Java.

Ascolohates Stenodactylus. Licht. Savigny, Egypt. Phyllo-
dactylus Marmoratus. Mus. Franc. St. gvAtatus, Cuv.

Scales above small; white spotted; tail, black, with irre-
gular white rings. Egypt.

'H. Toes dilated, webbed, sides of body and tail margined.
Pteroplura, Gray. Ptychozoon, Kuhl.

HorsJield''s Gecko. Pte. Horsfeldii, Gray. Lac. Homalo-
cepkalOi Creicht.

Brown, with darker cross bands ; beneath pale ; tail, when
reproduced, roundish, not pinnated.

E. Toes and thumb clawed, subwebbed, sides sub^nned.
Leache^s Gecko. Gecko Leachianus, Cuv.

Grey, with large white spots ; scales uniform, smooth.

II. Toes, with a series of cross scales, divided by a groove,
beneath, last Joint compressed, sheathed. Thecodactylus.

£ 49

CLASS REPTILIA.

a. Toes dilated to base, scales under toes transverse, tkumh
clawless, femoral pores, none. Thecodactylus, Cuv.
Smooth Sheath claw. Thecadactylus lasvis, Daud.

Tail round, conical ; grey, brown marbled ; tail when repro-
duced, turnip shaped. Gecko rapicauda, Daud. iv. t. 31.

b. Toes, base, slender ; scales 2 or Z at the tips. Phyllodac-

tylus. Gray.
Beautiful sheath claw. Phyllodactylus pulchellus. Gray,

Soic. Zool.

c. Tail round, femoral pores, no7ie.
Porphyry sheath clatv. Thee, porphyreus. Gecko, Daud.
Pale reddish, marbled with many roundish pale spots, Java.

d. Scales under the toes radiating, toes, slender, tail
round, slender, femoral pores, distinct. Ptyodactylus, Cuv.
Egyptian sheath claw. Thecodactylus Lohatus, Gecko,
Geoff. Kept. Eypt. t. 3, f. 5. Gecko Jzcolobates, Merrem.
Pale brown, with larger scattered scales. Egypt. Ptyodac-
tylus Guttatus, Ruppel. t. 4, appears scarcely distinct.
6. Toes bare, webbed; tail, body, and limbs, margined.

Uroplates.
Fimbriated sheath claw. Thecodactylus Jimbriatus, Gecko,

Daud. iv. t. 52.

Pale brown, scales minute, with scattered larger ones. Mada-
gascar, Mus. Brit. Gecko Sarroube, appears to differ very
little, if at all, and Lacerta Caudiverbera, Seba, ij. t. 103,
f. 2, is only known from La Feuille's account.
III. Toes, base dilated, with a double row of oblique scales

beneath, last joint compressed. Hemidactylus.
Warty Gecko. Gecko Verrucosus, Cuv. Lac. Turcica.

Lin. Edw. t. 204 ?
Reddish grey ; back scattered with roundish tubercles ;
subanal pores only.
50

CLASS KEPTILIA.

Mahuia Gecko. Gecko Mabuia, Cuv.

Grey, varied with brown ; back with about six or seven rows
of small scattered tubercles on each side. South America.
It is very diflBcult to determine the species of this genus
as the individuals vary in the size of the larger tubercular
scales, and in the presence or absence of the femoral pores,
which have hitherto been considered good specific characters.
They are however named as follows. Thecodactylus Policaris,
Spix, t. 18. f. 2. Gecko Aculeatus, Spix, t. 18. f. 2, 3.
Gecko Spinicauda, Houttyn, Act. Ulys. ix. t. Gecko
Trihedrus, Daud. Stellio Platyurus, Schn. Stellio Argyro-
pus. Tiles. Mem. Acad. Peiersb. viii. t. ii. a., and HemU
dactylus Gronosus, Ruppell. Atlas, t 5. f. 1. The two last
are said to have no pores.

Margined Hemidactyle. Hemidactylus Marginatus, Cuv.
Sides of body and tail, hinder edge of thighs and legs,
slightly fringed. Bengal. Mus. Ind. Comp.

IV. Toes slender, compressed, free, and fringed on the
edgCy end compressed, bent and arched. Cyrtodactylus,
Gray.

a. Tail round ; pores none. Cyrtodactylus, Gray. Gonyo-
dactylus, Kuhl. Stenodactylus, Lichi. Gymnodactylus,
Spia^.

Beautiful Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylus Pulchellus, Gray,

Zool. Jour.

Pale, with chocolate cross-bands. India.

Marbled Cyrtodactyle. Marmoratus Gonyodactylus, Kuhl.

. MSS.

A^sh brown, marbled with darker spots, beneath ash. Java.

Eyed Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylus Ocellatus, Gray.

Pale brown, with ocellated yellowish spots. INIus, Brit.

K 2 51

CLASS REPTILIA.

Brazilian Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylufi SpLviiy Gray. Gym,'
nodactylus Geckoides, Spix, t. 18. f. 1.

Brown, back with six series of small angular warts. Brazils.

Piping Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylus ? Pipiens. Stenodacty-
lu8, Licht. Lac. Pipiens, Pallas.

Tail, not annulated.

b. Tail depressed, subanal pores distinct. Phyllurus, Cuv.

Flat-tailed Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylus Platura. Lacerta,
Shaw. Agama, Merrem. Phyllurus Cuvierii, Bory.
White Voy. t. 32. f. 2.

Tail cordate ; grey, brown marbled, scales, with scattered
pointed tuber<:les.

yHius's Cyrtodactyle. Cyrtodactylus Nilli. Phyllurus ^
Bory. Diet. Class, t.

Tail bluntish, spathuliform, above brick-red with a black
half collar and three bands.

c. Toes free, ending in a small simple round disk, without
any plates beneath; clau^s retractile. Sphoeriodactylus,
Gray.

Banded Spheriodactyle. Spheriodactylus Sputator. Gecko,
Lacep. 2. O. t. 28. f. 1.

Reddish, with brown cross-bands.

See also Lac. Sputator Var. Lacep. Kept. i. t. 28. f. 2. Lac.
Sputator, Sparmann. Nov. Act. Stock. 1784. t. 4. f . 1, 3.

Gen. IV. — Chameleon.

Teeth placed on the upper edge of the jaws ; toes united
into two groups to the claws; tail prehensile; body com-
pressed, covered with squarish scales. Africa or India.
62

CLASS REPTILIA.

a. With a series of spines along the belly a7id chin.
Common Chameleon. Chameleo Vulgaris. Lac Jfricana.

Occiput keeled, arched ; scales equal. Grey, banded and
streaked with yellow. Africa and India.

Beaded Chameleon. C. Verrucosus, Cuv. Ch. Monilifer, Boie.
Occiput keeled, arched ; with larger scales on the sides.

Senegal Chameleon. Chameleo Senegalensis. Ch. planiceps.
Mer. Seba, 1 . t. f. 2. Ch. Gymnocephalus, Lacep.

Occiput flat ; side parallel edges not margined. Senegal.
Cham. Galeoratus appears to be a variety of this species.

Eared Chameleon. C. Dilepis. Leach. Gray. Spic. Zoo!, t.
f. 4. Ch. Planiceps. Merrem. C. Bilohus. Kuhl.

Occiput flat, rather wider behind, under edged with two
flaps ; a white band on each side. Interior of Africa.

Streaked-sided Chameleon. Chameleo Lateralis, Gray.

Lead colour, sides white streaked ; occiput compressed,
slightly keeled ; scales granular, with a series on the back.

b. With a series of processes on throct, none on belly or tail.

Panther Chameleon. C. Tigris. Kuhl. Gray. Spic.

Scales minute, regular ; brown, with minute black specks.

Cape Chameleon. Chameleo Pumillus. Daud. iv. t. 53.
Ch. Margaritaceus. Mer. Seba, i. t. 32. f. 4, 5.

Scales minute, larger on the sides ; olive varied. Var.
With larger processes on the head. Ch. Pardalis, Cuv.
C. Fimbriatus. Wied. Cape of Good Hope.

Brookes Chameleon. Chameleo Brookesii, Gray. Spic.
Zool. t. 3. Cham. Superciliaris^ Kuhl.

Scales minute ; back with a series of processes on each side ;
eyebrows produced into horns. Mus. Brit.

53

CLASS REPTILIA.

c. Without any sjnnes on the chest, belly, or tail.

Two Horned Chameleon. Cham. Bi/idus, Brongn. Daud.
t. 54. Ch. Bifurcus, Kuhl.

Scales square ; occip\it flat, dilated behind ; the sides with
groups of white scales; male vvith two compressed horns
over the nostrils ; female hornless. Isle of France.

Hooded Chameleon. Cham. Cucullatus, Gray.

Scales oval, unequal ; occiput compressed, flattened, with
2 flat processes on each side of its hinder edge, nose pro-
duced. Madagascar. Mus. Brit.

T%ree Horned Chameleon. Cham. Owenii, Gray.

Scales square, small ; head short, with three long, conical,
curved horns over the nostrils. 1^'ernando Po.

Parson's Chameleon. Cham. Parsonii, Cuv. Fos. v.
f. 30, 31. Phil. Trans, viii. t. 8.

Scales ovate, equal ; occiput flat, truncated behind ; eye-
brow crest, produced and elevated on each side the muzzle
into a long irregular lobe. Mus. Bell., and Col. Surg.

Gen. V. Agama.

Teeth placed on the edge of the jaws, toes free, long,
head and body depressed, covered with imbricate scales.
Old World.

A. Femoral pores, none.

a. Head, lyrate, hack and tail crested. Lyriocephalus.

Scutated Lizard. Lac. Scutata, Lin. Seba, 1, t. 109.

Nose with two rounded tubercles, body with cross bands of
larger scales, Mus. Fort. Pitt. Chatham.
54

CLASS REPTILIA.

b. Head, lyrate, ears distinct, back and tail crested, Agama.

— Gariocephalus, Boie.

Agama Tigrina, Merrem.. Shaw, t. 68. Lophyrus gigas,

Boie.

Pale brown, with transverse spotted bands.

Lophyrus Kuhlii, Boie, MS.

Crest less elevated, back with five or six oblique white
bands.

c. Cytophanes.
Cyrtophanus Cristatus, Boie. Jgama
Cristata, Merrem. Seba, 1, t. 94, f. 4.

Scales of body, smooth, of limbs and tail, larger and keeled.
d. Back scales large, shelving upwards. Calotes, Boie.

Common Calotes. Calotes Ophiomachus, Kaup. Lac. Calotes,
Lin. Seba, 1, t. 93, f. 2.

Blue, sides white banded, with two rows of compressed spines
behind the ears, scales large, rounded, vertical on back.

Indian Calotes. Calotes Tiedemani, Kaup. Isis. xx. t. 8.
Young. Agama Versicolor, Daud. t. 44. Ag. JF7avigu-
laris. Baud, and Agama Indica, Gray.

Brown, varied with spots, with two or three groups of small
conical spines over the ears. India.

Smaller Calotes. Agama Minor, Gray, Zool, Jour.

Tail short, back brown, with larger brown spots.

e. Back scales, small, horizontal. Bronchocela, Kaup.

Blue Calotes, Agama Cristatella, Kuhl. Seba, 1, t. 89, f. 1.

Blue, not banded, nuchal crest, very smaU, low, scales of
body, keeled, smaller than on tail and limbs.

55

CLASS REPTILIA.

Long-legged Calotes. Agama rultuosay Harlan. Jour. Acad.
Phil. iv. 1. 19. Agama Calotes^ Kuhl. Seba, 1, t. 89, f. 2.
Calotes Gutturosa, Cuv. Guerin, Icon. t. 7> f- 3.

Blue ; crest short, scales, all keeled. India. Le Geleote,
Lacep. 1, t. 12, is perhaps this species. Agama Gutturosa,
according to Merrem and Lichterstein, is an American species^
and is not this. Seba, 1, t. 89, f. 1, is an Iguana. Col. Gut-
turosa, Mus. Berl. witli a blue neck, is white banded.

KuhVs Calotes. Calotes Tympanistra, Kuhl.

Blue ; crest, very small, scales of belly subequal, keeled.
Mus. Berl.

f. Acanthosaura.

Armed Calotes. Agama Armata, Gray, Zool. Jour. When
young, with very thin scales. Calotes Lepidogaster, Cuv.
R. A. Tropidogaster. Mus. Paris.

Head, with long cylindrical spines over eyes, a dorsal crest.

g. Agama.

Tubercular Agama. Agama Tuberculata, Gray Zool. Jour.

Head moderate ; scales of back rather smaller than on limbs
and tail ; of neck and nape with ridges of rather larger
triangular scales ; under side of legs with short strong keeled
scales. India. Mus. Brit.

Obsoletely Crested Agama. Agama Dorsalis, Gray.

Head large, dilated behi[id ; scales rather small, smooth ;
nape, and back, and tail with very obscure crest of rather
larger scales. India. Mus. Brit.

Occipital Agama. Agama OccipitaliSy Gray.

Head moderate ; scales of back broad, ovate, lanceolate, keeled,
5&

CLASS REPTILIA.

spinose, of head smootli and thin ; nape with a very obscuie
crest, and bundle of short three-sided spines. Africa.
Mus. Brit.

Common Agama, Agama Spinosa. Lac. Agama, Lin. ?

Brown ; head moderate ; scales of back large, smooth ; of
limbs larger, keeled ; of belly moderate, nearly smooth ; nape
with a slight crest ; back of head and sides of neck with
blundle cf long subulate scales. Africa. Brit. Mus.

Sitana. Cuv. Semiphorus. Wag.

Pondichery Sitana. Agama Pondicerana, Nob.

Body and limbs with keeled imbricate scales ; fulvous with
two series of large rhombic brown spots. Male with very
large pouch extending to between the front legs. Hence the
genus Sitana f Cuvier, called Tropidosaura in Mus. Paris.

b. Head rounded^ depressed ; ears distinct ; hack with hand
of larger scales ; tail with whorled bands of large spinous
scales. Stellio.

Common Stellio. Lac. Stellio^ Lin. Stellio Vulgaris^ Daud.

Olive spotted with black. Rup. Atlas, f. 2.

c. Head ovate lyrate ; ears distant ; hack and tail not
crested ; tail tapering, with imbricate scales. Trapelus.

Cape Agama. Trapelus hispidus, Kaup. Iris. xx. t. 7-
Agama Orbicularis, Merr. ? Seba, j. t. 83. f. 1, 2.

Scales unequal, with trihedral spinous scales. Cape.

Yellow-striped Agama. Ag. Ater, Daud. Ag. Suhspinosa,
Gray, Ann. Phil. 1827. Trapelus Suhhispidus, Kaup.

Brown, striped with a yellow dorsal line and red spot on
each side ; scales small ; of occiput large, ovate, smooth.

67 .

CLASS REPTIL][A.

Mutable Agama. Ag. Ruder ata^ Oliv. Voy. t. 29, Trapelus
Mutahilis, Cuv. T. ^gyptiacus, Geof. Rept. Egypt.
t. 5. Ag. Orbicularis^ Daud. t. 45. Ag. Deserta, Licht. .'*

Tail one-half as long again as the body ; scales of the head

convex ; of the body unequal, irregular. Egypt. Mus. Brit.

Trap. Savlgnii, Ardouin. ^avigny Rept. Egypt, f. 3 and 4,
scarcely appears to differ.

SuppePs Agama. Agama Sinaita, Ruppel. t. 3. Agama
Straminea. Mus. Berl.

Brownish grey, with paler spots ; dorsal scales unequal,
slightly keeled, margined ; edge of ear one-spined ; a scaleless
pit before the shoulder. Egypt. Perhaps same as former.

Sand Agama. Agama Arenaria, Van Heyden.

Yellowish grey, spotless ; dorsal scales equal, slightly
keeled, not margined ; edge of ears one-spined ; but pit before
the shoulder with scales. Egypt.

Aral Agama. Ag. Aralensis, Licht. Lac. Sanguinolenta,

Pall..?

Body dirty straw colour ; reddish, spotted ; scales equal,
semicircular, keeled, ending in a spine ; tail black ringed.

Slender Agama. Agama Agilis, Oliver. Voy. Savigny
Rept. Egypt, f. 5. Agama Isodactyli. Mus. Berl.

Scales small, equal, nearly smooth ; tail long, slender, black
banded ; legs, especially the hinder, long and slender. Egypt

d. Head round depressed ; ears covered ; claws sharp ;

bacJc and tail with irregular scales. Phrynocephalus.

* Margin of lips produced ; toes fringed ; claws long.

Eared Phrynocephale. Ph. Auritus, Kaup. Lac. Aurita,
and Lac. Mystacea^ Pallas. Lac. Lobata. Shaw.

Brown with a small lobe on each side the neck.
58

CLASS REPTILIA.

** Margin of lips simple, claws moderate.
PaUa8''8 Phrynocephalc. P. Caudevolvula. Lac. Caude-
volvula, Pallas. Lac. Guttata, Lepech. Reis, t. 22.

Scales of body very minute, smooth ; tail long, smooth.
Eyed Phrynocephalc. Ph. Ocellatus. Agama. Licht.

With unequal sized black-eyed white spots.

Ural Toad Lizard. P. Uralensis, Kaup. Lac. Uralensis,
Lepech. Rees, t. 22. Lac. Helioscopea, Pallas?

Scales of back unequal. Buchara.

e. Head roundish ; throat three pouched ; sides ivith wing-

like expansions supported by the ribs. Draco, Lin.

Short'Pouched Dragon. Draco Abbreviata, Gray, ZooL
Jour. Draco Fimbriatus, Kuhl ?

Scales large ; thighs fringed behind ; throat pouches short,
central reaching to the thorax. Wings spotted beneath.

Banded Dragon. Draco 5 Fasciatus, Gray, Zool. Jour.
Draco Viridis, and Draco Fuscus, Daud. t. 41 .''

Wings ash, with four continued blackish bands.

Lined Dr^^ofi. Draco Linsctizis X)aud.

Back ash ; wings brown, with numerous white lines ; scales
of tail large, blunt, and uniform.

Timor Dragon. Draco Timorensis, Kuhl.

Middle dorsal scales larger, keeled. Brownish ; wings and
body glaucous, ana brown marbled ; pouch black. Kuhl.

Black Pouched Dragon. Draco Hcematopogon., Boie. Is
peculiar for a black spot on each side of the throat pouch.

B. Femoral Pores distinct.

f. Head long ; eyes large ; tail round ; back and tail with

irregular imbricate scales. Gemmatophora

59

CLASS REPTILIA.

Bearded Gemmatophore. Gem. Barbata. Jgamaf Cuv.

Back with cross bands of larger scales ; scales of throat,
sides, and back of ears elongated, bristle pointed. New
Holland, Mus. BelL and Col. Surgeons.

Muricated Gemmatophore. G. Muricata, Lac. Muricata,
Shaw. Zool. A. Grandoculis, Lac. and A. Jacksoniensis,
Kuhl.

Black brown, with a series of pale spots ; back with longitu-
dinal series of elevated scales. New Holland.

g. Head long, having a large pleated frill on each side of the
neck behind the ears. Back and tail with irregular
scales. Clamydosaurus.

Frilled Lizard. Clamydosaurus Kingii, Gray, Kings. Voy.
Pale brown, scales keeled, of back limbs and tail larger, of
belly small, and of sides smallest. Frill with large keeled
scales on both sides. New Holland. Mus. Brit. Mr, Frazer.

h. Head squarish ; back aiid tail compressed, crested. Lophura.

Amboina Lophura. Lophura Amboinensis. Lac. Javanica,
Homsted. Lac. Lophura, Shaw, Zool. t. 62.

Tail above compressed, fin-shaped.

Cuvier'^s Lophura. Lophura Cuvieri, Gray, Mus. Paris.

Brown green spotted ; body with four or five oblique, bands
of blue-eyed spots ; scales of body and tail small subequal ;
back and end of tail with a series of distant, short, compressed
spines. Tail compressed, interrupted by distant rings, upper
and lower edge two keeled. Cocliin China.

Lesueurs Lophura. L. Lesueurii, Gray, Mus. Paris.

Dark brown, varied with pale netted lines; scales of head
conical, with scattered acute conical tubercles on the head and
60

CLASS REPTILIA.

neck ; back with a crest of short compressed spines, forming
a double crest about two-thirds the length of the back, sides
with eight or nine cross bands of oval larger keeled scales,
and others similar across the base of the tail and limbs.
Paramatta, Lesueur.

Beautiful Lophura. Lophura Concinna, Physignathus
Concinnus, Cuv. R. A. t. f. Ph. Iguanoides» Mus.
Paris.

A crest of conical compressed scales the whole length of the
back ; head with granular scales. Body and tail with small
squarish scales, the scales of the tail becoming larger near the
end ; tail much compressed ; young with scarcely any crest.
Dark blue, with some oblique white bands on the side, and
whitish beneath, with some rather larger compressed scales on
the side of the chin.

i. Head short, arched ; hack, with minute scales, not crested;
tail with whorled scales. Uromastyx.

* Scales of tail large, spinose, Uromastyx. Cuv. Mas-
tigura. Flern.

Common Uromastyiv. Uromustyx Spinipes, Merrem. U.
Acanthinurus, Bell. Zool. Jour. Stellio Spinipes, Daud.
Geoff. Egypt, t. 2.

Olive dull greenish brown, subcaudal segment, with subden-
tate scales, placed in two or three series. North Africa.

Two Coloured Uromastyx. Uromastyx Dispar.
Tail like the former, male, black brown ; female, ash yellow.

Ornamented Uromastyx. Uromastyx Ocellatus, Licht.
Uromastyx Ornatus, Heyden, Ruppel, Trav.

Dull green, body brown, ringed subcaudal segment consists
of a single series of armless scales. Africa. Dongola.

61

CLASS REPTILIA.

Black Uromaatyx. Uromastyx Niger , Merrem. Stellio

Niger, Daud.

Tail twice as long as the body, with twenty-seven rings of
spines ; toes long, sub-depressed ; scales small, rhombic.

Hardwiclcs Uromastyx. Uromastyx Hardwickii, Gray,
Zool. Jour. U. Reticulatus, Cuv. R.A.

Greenish, marbled with black dots; a large black spot in
front of each thigh. Hindostan.

•Cuvier indicates Uromastyx Grisseus^ from New Holland,

** Tail with rings of small armless spines. Lecolepis,
Cuv. Cynosaurttf Schegel.

BelVs Uromastyx. Uromastyx Bellii, Gray, Zool. Jour.
Lecolepis Guttatus, Cuv. Guerin. Icon, t. 7* ^- Giittato
Lineatus, Mus. Paris. Cyn. Punctatus, Schegel. Mus.
Leyd.

Olive ; back, with three lines alternating with black edged
white spots ; limbs white-eyed ; sides black spotted.

Reeves Uromastyx. Uromastyx Revesii, Gray, Mus. Brit.
Olive, with a series of bright red spots down each side.

Spotted Uromastyx. Uromastyx Maculatus, Gray. Leco-
lepis Maculatus, Cuv. Mus. Par.

Pale brown *; head, with a black streak from the eye to the
neck ; back, legs and tail with six rows of oblong black spots,
sddes of the legs black netted. •

Order II. Ophiosauri.
Mouth not dilatable, skin covered with regular equal scales.

Section I.

Body with equal similar scales, above afid below, and a
compressed line of small scales on each side ; tongue
short, contractile, two cut. Ptygopleura.
62

CLASS REPTILIA.

Gen. I. ZoNURus.

Teeth placed on the side of the jaws ; legs four, moderate ;
ears, exposed ; vent medial.

1. Toes 5, 5; femoral pores distinct; tail with spinose

whorled scales. Africa. Zonurus.

Common Zonurus. Lac. Cordylus, Linn. Cordylus Gris-
seus, Seba, i. t. 48. f. 4.

Brown with a yellow line down the back ; the scales nearly
equal. Cor. Niger, Cuv., is from a badly preserved speci-
men, and Cor. Dorsalis, from a good coloured specimen. Cape.

Armed Zonurus. Zonurus Cafaphractus. Bonn. Trans.

Head with large scales ; scales of the body large and hard,
of the sides three toothed; of the thighs, neck, and tail,
ending in a trigonal spine. . \ -

Small scaled Zonurus. Zonurus Microlepidotus. Gray.
Dorsal scales about half the size of ventral, bluntly keeled.

2. Toes 5, 5, femoral pores distinct ; tail unarmed. Cicigna,

Gray, 1815. Gerrhosaurus, Wiegmann.

Common Cicigna. Cicigna Sepiformis. Scincus, Merrem.
Lac. SepSy Lin. Gerrhosaurus Flavigularis, Weigmann.

Olive brown, beneath white, chin^ throat, and upper lateral
scales, yellow ; fore, middle, and hinder toes longest.

Smooth Cicigna. Cordylus LcBvigatus, Cuv.

Brown, with four black and yellow lines on each side the back,
and two series of black and yellow spots ; scales obliquely
four sided, keeled. Perhaps the same as former.

63

CLASS REPTILIA.

Madagascar Cicigna. Cicigna Madagascariensis. Gray.
Green, with yellow lines on each side the back ; back and
sides brown spotted ; scales smooth ; when young, scales
keeled ; variety. /S Ornala. Back with five yellow and six
black lines, and sides black, yellow spotted. Madagascar.
Mus. Brit.

C. Toes 5, 5 ; femoral pores y none ; tail with whorled,
unarmed scales. America. Gerrhonotus, Wiedman.

Burnet s Gerrhonote. Gerrhonotus Burneitii, Gray.

Scales of back, and sides of body and tail, obliquely four
sided, slightly keeled ; dark brown ; sides, with dark band
and cross rows of white spots beneath.

Depp's Gerrhonote. Gerr. Deppii, Wiegm. Isis. xxi.

Dorsal scales four angular, smooth ; olive black, irregularly
white spotted, beneath white ; tail round, white ringed.
Mexico.

Retired Gerrhonote. Gerrho7iotus Taniatus. Wiegm.

Dorsal scales four angular, smooth ; bluish, with black
angular cross bands ; tail black, ringed.

Blue Gerrhonote. Gerrhonotus Cceruleus, Wiegm.

Dorsal scales, four angular ; olive bluish, with three series
of black spots ; tail round, hemeolate. Brazils.

Rough-necked Gerrhonote. Gerrhonotus Rudicollis, Wiegm.

Head rough, with elevated shields ; scales four, angular ;
placed in cross series. Grey green, base of tail, four angular.

Imbricate Gerrhonote. Gerrhonotus Imbricatus, Wiegm.

Head shields elevated ; dorsal scales keeled, four angular,
olive grey, tail, hemiolate. Mexico. Brit. Mus.
64

CLASS REPTILIA.

Smooth-headed Gerrhenote. Gerr. Leiocephalus, Weigm.

Head smooth, scales four angular, in cross series, of middle
of back keeled, of nape and sides smooth; grey green,
bluish beneath, with nine longitudinal lines. Mexico.

Toes 4, 4, femoral pores — Sauroiphis Fitz. Tetradactylus,

Merrem.

New Holland Saurophis. Saurophis Lacepedii, Lac.
Tetradactylus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. ij. t. 59. f. 2. Tetradac-
tylus ChalcidiceSf Merrem.

Gen. II. Ophtsaurus.
Teeth on the side of the jaw ; legs rudimentary ; ears dis-
tinct ; lateral line distinct ; vent medial.

a. Hinder extremities only rudimentary, on the side of the

vent, undivided. Pseudopus, Merrem.
Pallas* s Scheltopusik. Pseu. Serpentinus, Merrem. Ps. Pal-

lasii, Cuy. Lac. apoda, Pall. Nov. Com. xix. t. 9.
Scales smooth ; caudal scales square ; front feet rudi-
mentary, length two feet. Russia.

Durville's Pseudopus. Pseutopus Durvillii, Cuv.

Brown ; dorsal and caudal scales keeled, rough. Brit. Mus.

6. Legs none. Ophisaurus, Daud. Hyalinus, Merrem.

Common Glass Snake. O. Ventralis, Daud. Anguis, Linn.

Yellow green, black spotted. Sometimes the spots form con-
tinued lines. Oph. Striatalus and Oph. Punctatus, Cuv.
MSS. differ very little, if at all, from this species.

Gen. III. Chalides.
Teeth on the side of the jaws .'' Legs four, distinct ; ears hid
under the skin ; vent medial, linear.

a. Toes 5, 5. Chalcides, Fitz.
Common Chalcides.

Ferruginous with six dorsal lines.

F 65

CLASS REPTILIA.

b. Toes 4f, 5 ; femoral pores distinct. Heterodactylus.
Spixs Heterodactyle. Het. Imbricatu^f Spix, Braz. t. 27.

Olive brown ; sides of body and tail yellow-lined ; tail
long ; central dorsal scales acutely keeled. Brazils.

c. Toes 4, 4. Brachypus, Fitzinger.

Common Brachypus. Bra. Abdonmialis, Thunb.

Brown, with stripes on the belly.

d. Toes very smalLrudimentary, 5 before, 3 behind. Chalchis
and ColobuSf Merrem. Cophias, Fitz.

Annulated Chalchides, Shaw. Cophias Flavescens, Gruy.
Le Challide, hacep. t. 82. Chamoesaura Cophias, Schn. —
Chalchide Menodactylus, Daud. Chalchydes Flavescens,
Bonnat. Chalchide Tridactylus, Daud. Colobus Daudini,
Merrem. Guiana.

Gen. IV. Amphisb<ena.

Teeth in sockets ; ears hid ; vent roundish, subterminal.

a. Legs two, very small ; suhanal pores distinct Chii otes.

Worm-like Bimane. Lacerta Lumbricoides, Shaw. Cha-
masaurus Propus, Schn. Lacep. t. 41. x^Iexico.

6. Legs none, suhanal pores distinct ; thoracic rings regular.
Amphisboena, Lin.

White Amphisboena. Am. Alba, Lin. Lacep. ij. t. 21. f. 1.
Eyes small ; occiput smooth. Perhaps same as-next.
Sooty Amphisboena. Amph. Fuliginosa, Linn. Seba,
1. 18. f. 2. t. 100. f. 3. t. 83. f. 4.

Eyes small ; occiput grooved ; black, white-varied.

See Amp.favescens. Pr. Max. t. Amp. pathyura. Wolf. —
Amp. punctata. Bell. — Amp. vermicularis, Wagler. —
Ampt. Cinerea, Vandelle. Atnp. cooyura, Wagler, Braz.
t. 25. f. 1. Blafius, Wagler.
66

CLASS nEPTILIA.

Blind Amphisbcena. Amph. Ccecay Cuv.
Eyes none. Martinique.

c. Legs and suhanal pores none ; thoracic rings irregular ;
the plates united together in front. Lepostenion, Spia^.

Dotted Leposternon- Lepostcrnon Microcephalus, Spix

Amph. Punctata, Pr. Max.
Blue gray, with numerous black dots.

Sharp-nosed Leposternon. Leposternon Oxyrhychuz. Dekay
Siliman Jour. xiv. 907.

Yellowish ; back with three longitudinal grooves ; nose
pointed, not mucronate.

11. Body covered with imbricate scales.
Gen. V. SciNcus.
Body covered with uniform imbricate scales ; head long ;
tongue short, contractile, two-cut.

A. Legs four ; ears distinct.

a. Toes 5, 5, margined ; muzzle acute, produced. Scincus.

Shop. Seine. Scincus Officinalis, Linn. Egypt.

b. Toes 5, 5 ; muzzle rounded ; body moderate ; scales
very hard, bony ; tail broads depressed. Trachydosaurus.

Rugose. Trachydosaurus. Tra. Rugosa, Gray. King"'s Voy.
Scincus Pachyurus. Peron MSS.

c. Toes 5, 5 ; muzzle rounded ; body moderate ; scales

thin, silvery ; tail conical Tiliqua, Gray.

New Holland Tiliqua. Tiliqua Whitii. Lacerta Scin-
coides, ^Shaw. White Jour, at p. 242. Cyclodus, Wag-
ler. Sc. Tuberculatus, Merrem.

Large ; pale ; scales larg^, whitish ; six series on the
back of neck. New Holland. Brit. Mus. Cyclodeus
Flacigularis, Wagler, t. 6, appears to differ little from this.

F 2 67

CLASS REPTILIA.

Black and yellow Tiliqua. Tiliqua Nigroluteus. Sci7icu$y
Quoy and Gaim. Frey. Voy. t. 41. New Holland.

New Holland Tiliqua. Tiliqua Crotaphomelas. New Hol-
land.

Indian Tiliqua. Tiliqua carinatus, Schn. Gray, Zool, Jour.
Scincus rufesce7is, Cuv. S. inulticaYinatus, Sc. li-
neaiuSf and Sc. nigro fasciatus, Kuhl. Mus. Par.

Greenish, with a yellow line along each side, scales, three

keeled. India, Java, &c.

Cape Tiliqua. Tiliqua Capensis, Gray. Sc. trivittatus,

Cuv.
Brown, with three longitudinal pale lines, on the back and
tail, with black spot between the lines. Cape.

Three Streaked Tiliqua. T. trivittatus, Gray, Zool, Jour.

Pale brown, with three broad black edged yellow streaks on
back and tail ; sides, pale black spotted. India.

Ribbon Galley-Wasp. T. tceniolata, Lac. tceniolata. White,
Jour. t. ap. p. 245. Sc. octolineatus, Daud. Sc. decern-
lineatus, Lacep. Sc. undecemstriatus, Kuhl.

Brown, back with ten or twelve white bands, with black
sides, the two dorsal ones on each side uniting into one over
the eyes, scales thin polished. New Holland.

Many scaled Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua multiscufatics Sc. Cuv.
Anolis parci, Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 4. f. 4.

Large Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua Cyprinus Sc. Cuv. Anolis
gigantesque, Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 3. f. 3.

Scales smooth, tail longer than the body, brown, with a pale
line on each side. Egypt*

Eyed Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua ocellatus Sc. Schn. Sc.
variegatusy Cuv. Daud. t. 5G. Anolis mnrhre, Geoff.
68

CLASS REPTILIA.

Kept. Egypt, t. 5. f. 1. Savigny, Rept. Egypt, t. 2. f. 2.
Sc. TUiguguSf Merrem. Oliv. Voy. 1. t. 16.

Pale brown, with semilunar, black spot divided in the centre,
by a short whitish band. South of Europe, and Egypt.
See also Sc. vittatusy Oliver, Voy. t. 29. f. 1. Varied with
a pale line on each side the back. Brit. Mus.

Common Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua occidua, Lacerta occidua,
Shaw, Sloane, Jam. y. t. 273. f. 9. Sc.fossar. Merrem.

Large ; pale brown ; scales moderate, about twelve series of
scales on the back of the neck. Brit. Mus. Jamaica.

Lacepedes Galley-Wasp. Sc. Mahouya, Sh. Lacep. t. 24.

Smooth, greenish brown, back black dotted, and a brown
band from the temple over the shoulder.

Doubled GaUey-Wasp. Tiliqua histriatus Sc. Spix, t. 26.

f. 1.
Coppery brown with a broad black sireak from the nostrils
to the nose, edged with white on each side. Brazils.

Five lined Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua quinquelineaius, Lacerta
quinquelineatuSf Lin.

Greenish blue, with five dorsal Imes, the central one forked
over the head. Tail reproduced, blue. Lacerta fasciata^
Lin. Catesby, Car. t. 67-

Seven Striped Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua hom^locephalus,

Wiegmann.

Olive brown, with seven black longitudinal streaks.

Black spotted Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua nigro-punctatus

Sc. Spix, t. 26. f. 2.
Black brown, golden, with an unconspicuous black hand
along each side to the thigh, back, black punctate, tail short.

69

CLASS REPTILIA.

Coppery Galley-Wasp, Tiliqna tenea, Gray.
Golden green ; back with five lines of black spots, sides from
the eyes, with a dark brown band, beneath pale, sides of
belly black spotted. Brazils. Brit. Mus.

Sloan's Galley-Wasp. Tiliqua Sloanii, Sc. Daud. t. 55. f. 2.
Pr. Max. X. 11. t. 1. f. 1.

Golden green, with four longitudinal black streaks extended
over the base of the tail, paler beneath, scales thin, smooth,
Toes short thick. Brit. Mus.

Red-headed Galley Wasp. Ti. Erythrocephala. Sc. Ery-
throcephalus, Gilliams, Jour. Acad. N.S. Phil. i.

Reddish brown cupreous, beneath whitish, head above red.

Two Coloured Galley Wasp. Ti. Bicolor. Sc. Harlan.
Acad. N. S. Phil. iv. t. la f. 1.

Dusky brown, darkest on the head, beneath silvery, two
longitudinal whitish lines on each side tlie body ; tail taper-
ing with two obsolete lines on the hinder part of the thighs.

Lateral Galley Wasp. Tiliqua Lateralis. Scincus, Say
Sc. unieoloTf Harlan.

Light brown, with blackish lateral lines, beneath greenish
white ; a cross row of scales behind the plates larger than
the remaining cervical scales.

BelVs Galley Wasp. Tiliqua Bellii, Gray.
Pale brown, with irregular cross bands of small white scales,
with central black bands, sides varied with dark brown,
scales small, smooth, about four series on back of neck.

Double-streaked Galley Wasp. Tiliqua bistriatus. Gray.

Brown, sides with two narrow streaks, back with five series
€^ black spots, with a central yellow triangle in each.

70

CLASS REPTILIA.

Thin Scaled Galley Wasp. Tiliqua Tenuis, Gray.
Pale browii, back with irregular black spots, forming a band
on each side the back, scales thin polished.

Fine Scaled Galley Wasp. Tiliqua Microlepis, Gray.

Pale, with numerous irregular transverse brown bands ; head
very depressed, forehead flat, eyes large, tail slender, toes
very unequal. Scales very thin, closely adpressed keeled.

Banded Galley Wasp. Tiliqua Fasciatus.

Silvery blue, head with three, neck with one, back and tail
with six broad black bands, toes, hinder rather unequal, five
last in Brit. Mus.

Spix has placed his genus Lepidosoma near the Scinks.
In one of my notes made on the animal at Paris I have re-
marked that it is nearly allied to Polychrus, but has no pores
or keeled scales.

d. Toes 4, 5, rest like Tiliqua, but no eyelids. Gymno-
._ tholamus, Merrem.

Four-lined Galley Wasp. Gym. quadrilineatus, Merren.
Lacerta lineata, Lin. Seba, y. t. 41. f. 6. Lac. quadrilinea-
tus, Lin. Pr. Max. Beytr. xiii. f. 2. Sc. Cyanurus, Sching.

Blackish, with four yellowish dorsal bands.

c. Toes 5, 5, muzzle rounded, body very long slender,
feet small, far apart, ears distinct. Lygosoma, Gray.

Short-footed Lygosoma. Scincus Brachypus, Schn. Geofl^.
Kept. Egypt, t. f. 9, 1 0. Spoenops Capistrata, Wagler.

Hinder toes unequal, long ; pale brown, with narrow brown
longitudinal band, and a black streak through each eye.

Dotted Lygosoma. Lygosoma Punctata, Gray.
Hind toes unequal, long ; pale brown, with many series of
minute dark spots ; head brown ; tail long, dotted.

71

CLASS REPTILIA.

Scincord Lygosoma. Lygosoma Scincoides^ Seps. Cuv.

Ears large; hind toes unequal, long. Pale brown, with
black slender bands formed of spots on the centre of each
scale. Mus. Paris.

Lygosoma Serpens, Lacerta Serpens, Gmel. Bio. Nutur-

fosh. y. t. 2.
Hinder toes subequal short.

Golden Ligosoma. Ly. Aurata, Gray. L. Serpens, Gray.

Golden brown, with many longitudinal black lines, one be-
tween each series of scales ; hind toes unequal, rather short.

/. Toes 4, 4, or 3, 3 ; body very long and slejider ; feet far
apart: ears distinct. Seps.

Four-toed Seps. Seps Peronii, Fitz.
Toes 4, 4, hinder unequal ; golden brown, with streaks ;
sides brown and white spotted ; beneath white, with cross
black spots.

Peron^s Seps. Tridactylus Decresiensis, Peron.
Toes, 3. 3 ; hinder unequal, one short and two long, sub-
equal ; pale brown, with long dark lines ; beneath netted.

Common Seps. Seps Chalcides Zygnis, Yitz.
Grey, with four longitudinal lines on the back. Brit. Mus.

Striated Seps. Seps Striata. Zygnis Striata, Fitz.
Grey, with eight or nine equal spaced dorsal lines.

g. Toes 3, 3 ; body long ; feet far apart, slender ; ears 0 ;
femoral pores 0. Saiphos, Gray. Cophias, Fitz.

Lacertine Saiphos. Saiphos Equalis, Gray. Seps Equalis,
Gray Ann. Phil. Anguis Lacertina, E. W. Gray, MSS.

Grey ; scales of the head equal ; toes short, subequal. Brit.
Mus.
72

CLASS REPTILIA. -

h. Feet four^ undivided, oblong, scaly ; scales of body and
tail keeled, pointed subverticulate. Monodactylus,
Merrem. Chamae Saura, Fitzinger.

Anguine Monodactyle. Monodactylus Anguinus. Lacerta
Anguinus, Linn. Lac. Monodactyle, Lacep. Ann. Mus.
ij. t. 49. f. 1. The scales of the back in straight, and
those of the belly in oblique whorles.

Gen. VI. BiPEs.

Feet two, posterior imperfect ; scales uniform, imbricate,
the ventral rather the largest ; head long ; tongue short,
contractile, two-cut.

a. Feet undivided, oblong ; scales smooth ; femoral pores
none ; ears o ; Ophoides, Wagler. Pygopus, Spioj.

Brazilian Bipes. Ophiodes Striatus, Wagler. Pygopus
Cariococca, Spix, t. 28. f. 1., adult. Pygopus Striatus,
Spix, t. 28. f. 2. Young. Seps fragilis, Raddi. Pseu-
dopus Olfersii, Licht. Brazils. Mus. Brit. Bipes
Lineata, Cuv. Mus. Paris. The lines become double near
the head.

Wagler cites another species, O. Gronovii, Wagler. Pygo-
pus Striatus, Fitzinger. Pygodactylus Gronovii, Merrem. ;
but I have not seen it.

h. Feet undivided, oblong; scales smooth; femoral pores
none ; ears distinct. Delma, Gray,

Frasers Bipes. Bipes Fraseri, Gray. Brit. Mus.

Tail one-third longer than the body ; black ; beneath paler ;
head with four narrow pale cross bands. New Holland.

c. Feet undivided, oblong : scales of back keeled ; femoral
pores distinct. Pygopus, Merrem.

New Holland Bipes. Pygopus Lepidojms, Merrem. Bipes

73

CLASS REPTILIA.

LepidopuSf Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. t. 65, Tail when perfect,
longer than the body.

d. Feet with two unequal toes ; scales Tceeled ; femoral pores
none. Bipes, Merrem. Scelotes, Fitz. Fygodactylus,
Merrem. Zignis, Wagler.

Cape Bipes. Bipes Anguinus, Merrem. Anguis Bipes,
Lhin. Lacerta Bipes, Gmel. Seba, j. i. 85. f. 3.

Golden brown ; back with ten longitudinal black lines, of
which the four lateral are the most distinct. The feet are
considered as the generative organs by Seba. Seps. Se.:::^
lineata. Harlan. Jour. Acad. N. S. Philad. iv. 1. 10. f. 1.,
according to Cuvier is a variety.

Gen. VII. Anguis.

Legs o. ; body and tail covered with smooth imbricate scales ;
femoral pores none.

a. Ears distinct. Siguana.
Otto'^s Blind-worm. Siguana Ottonis, Gray.
Brown, with darker lines ; beneath paler ; tail ralher longer
than the body. Breslau. Discovered by Dr. Otto.

6. Ears hidden by the skin. Anguis.

Common Blind-worm. A?iguis Fragilis, Lin. Anguis
Eryijo, Daud., the young. Anguis clivica, Wolf. A. Li-
neata, Laur. -

Silvery grey, when young with a black dorsal line and black
sides. Europe.

American Blind-worm. Anguis Erycc, Linn., said to have
four nostrils, I have not been able to see them.

Gen. VIII. ToETaix.
Body long, cylindrical ; back covered with imbricate scales ;
74

CLASS REPTILIA.

beneath with a series of larger scales ; tongue short, contrac-
tile, two-cut ; head long.

a. Tail blunts with a single series of larger scales beneath ;
Anilius Oken. Tortrix Oppel., not Linn. Ilysia, Hem,'
prick. Torquatrix, Haworth. Cylindrophis, Wagler.

Scytale Coral Snake. Anilius Scytale. Anguis, Linn.
Mus. Adolph. t. 6. Daud. vii. t. 87. Seba, ji. t. 20.

With irregular black and white rings. S. America.

Common Coral Snake. Anilius Corallinus. Anguis, Laur.
Seba, ij. t. 73. f. 1. 2, 3. S. America.

Black Coral Snake. Anilius Rufus. Atiguis Ater, Cuv.
Seba, ij. t. 25. f. 1. t. 7- f- 3. Anguis Riifa, Laur. A. Stri-
atU8, Gmel. Eryoc Rufus, Daud. Tortrix Rufa, Men*.
Illysia Rufa, Mempr. Cylindrophis Resplendens, Wag-
ler. Russel Ind. Serp. ij. t. 27. t. 28.

Copper colour, with white spot on tail.

Spotted Coral Snake. Anilius Maculatus. Anguis, Linn.
. Mus. Adolph. t. 21. f. 3. and A. Tessellata, Laur. Seba,
j. t. 53. f. 7. ? ij. t. 100. f. 2 Russell, ij. t. 89.

Yellow, with black dorsal band.

Dotted Coral Snake. An. Melanostictus. Anguis, Schn.
Eryx, Daud. Tortrix Punctatus, Cuv., from Seba,
ij. t. 2. f. 1, 4. Ind. Serp. j. t. 42.

Pale, yellowish punctated, with different coloured spots.

Black-eared Coral Snake. Anilius Melanotis. Cylindro-
phis, Wagler. Tortrix, Remw. MSS.

Like L. Resplendens ; but tip of tail black ; occipital band
red; forehead black, and bands of body nearer together.

Indian Coral Snake, Anilius iMtta, Tortriv, Cuv. Seba,
ij. t. 30. f. 3. Russel, t. 46.

75

CLASS llEPTILIA.

b. Tail obliquely truncated, with a double series of larger
scales beneath ; muzzle pointed. Uropeltis, Cmv.

Cuvier has indicated, but not described, two species of tliis
genus.

Gen. IX. AcoNTiAs.

Body sub-cylindrical, covered with uniform imbricate scales ;

tongue .'* head short, blunt, masked ; ears hid ;

tail short.

Cape Pintado Snake. Acontias Meleo.gris, Merrem. Anguis,
Linn. Eryx. Daud.

Eyes distinct ; back with eight lines of black spots. Cape.
Netted Piiitado Snake. Acontias Reticulata, Merrem.
Eyes distinct ; scales rough.

Blind Pintado Snake. Aconiiais Ccecus, Cuv.
Eyes covered. Africa.

Gen. X. Typhlops.

Body sub-cylindrical, covered with uniform imbricate scales;
tongue long, forked ; muzzle produced ; vent subterminal.

a. Head same size as body, blunt.

Bramin Typhlops. Typhlops Braminus, Cuv. from Russel.
t. 43. Eryx, Daud., and Tortrix Russelli, Merrem.

h. Muzzle depressed and blunt, with ma7iy plates in front,
Stenostoma, Spix.

Netted Typhlops. Typhlops Reticulatus, Merrem. Anguis.
Cuv. Sch. Phys. Seer. t. 757. f. 4.

Ash Typhlops. Ty. Cinereus, Merrem.
Ash coloured.
76

CLASS REPTILIA.

Banded Typhlops. Ty. Fasciatus, Merrem.
Body equal, tail ending in a spine.

Yellow Typhlops. Ty. Crocotatus. Anguis, Schn. T.

RostraliSf Merrem.
Body depressed, and then compressed, tail acute.

White-bellied Typhlops. Typhlops Leucogaster, Prin.

Max. Beytr. j. 495.
Olive brown, beneath white.

Cuvier here also indicates, by name, two und escribed species.
T. Undecimstriatus and T. Leucorrhous.

c. Muzzle covered with a single sharp edged plate in front.

Typhlops.
Worm-like Typhlops. Ty. Lumhricalis. T. Vermicularis,
Merrem. Le Lombric. Anguis, Lacep. ij. t. 20. f. 1.
Seba, t. 86. f. 2.
Tail conical, blunt.

White-fronted Typhlops. Typhlops Albifrons. Stenosoma

Albifrons, Spix, Braz. t. 25. f. 3.
Forehead white.

d. Muzzle ending in a conical point ; eyes quite hid ; tip
of tail enveloped in an oval horny shield. Rhinophis,
Wagler.

Phillipine Typhlops. Typhlops Phillipinus, Cuv.
Blackish ; length eight inches. The Phillipines.

Sharp-nosed Typhlops. Ty. Oxyrhynchus^ Merrem.

e. Muzzle covered with a single large conveoG shield ; eyes

none. Typhlina, Wagler.

Seven-streaked Typhlops. Typhlops Septemstriatus, Merr.
Tail ending in a spine.

Lined Typhlops. Typhlops Lineatus Acontias, Reimw.

77

CLASS REPTILIA.

Order Ophidii. Serpents.*

The jaws very dilatile; the mastoid bones free from the,
skull, and the branches of the lower jaws free in front ;
legs o, body with a row of larger scales benenth.

I. Upper jaw toothless, fangs large, distinct vertebral
plates broad ; tail short, conical, Venemous.

Gen. 1. Crotalus. Rattle-snakes.
Head broadly triangular, with a large pit before the eyes.

A. Tail with a rattle, head covered with scales like the back.

Crotalus. New World.

Common Rattle Snake. Crotalus Horridus, Lin. Cates-

by, ij. t. 41. Crot. Catesbaei. Hempr. Lozenge spotted

Rattle-snake. Crotalus Durissus. Cr. Horridus. Pr. Max.

Ch. Rhombifer, Boie. Cr. Cascavella, Spix, t. 24. add

Cr. Confluentus, as North America, and Boie has indicated,
in the Leyden Mus. C. Atricaudatus, and C. Drijinus ;
and Humboldt in his Zoological observation describes Cro-
talus Loeflingii. Crot. Strepitans, Daud. Seba, ij. t. 96.
f. 2, is said to be Boa Canina ; and Crot. triseriatus^ Weig-
mann. Is referred to Mexico.

B. Tail with a rattle, head with shields. Crotalophorus,

Gray. Caudisona, Fit%.

Miliar Rattle-snake. Crotalophorus Miliaris. Crofalus, Lin.
Catesby, ij. t. 42. Mus Brit. See also Crot. Tergeminus,
Say. North America.

* It has been found absolutely necessary to omit the specific characters
of the ensuing divisions of this class £o.

The Catalogue on the Species, is greatly dependant on the one pub-
lished by Boie, in the Iris, Vol. xx. The species are separated by a short
dash, thus . J. E. G.

78

CLASS REPTILIA.

C. Tail ending in a spine ; subcaudal plates simple, one
rowed, head with shields behind the eyes. Tisiphone Fitz.
Cenchris. Daud. — Ancistodan, Pallas.

Catesby's Tisiphone. Tisiphone Shausii, Gray. Coluber
Tisiphone, Shaw. Catesby Car. ij. t. 45. Peleas Niger
fusens, Merrem. Cenchris Mockeson, Daud, t. 60, and
t. 7^- ^' 3> '*• — See also Tisiphone Cupoea, Fitz. South
America.

D. Tail ending in a spine ; snhcaudal plates double and

single ; head with scales. Lachesis.

L. Rhombeata. Pf. Max. Crotalus Mutus, Lin. Boa
Mutus, Lacep. Scytale Catenata, Licht. Lachesis Mutus,
Daud. Cophias Crotalinus, Merrem. Curuacea, Margr.
Bothrops Suruacea, Wagler. Braz. t. 23.

E. Tail simple ; sub-caudal plates double ; head scaly. Co-
phias, Merrem. Crassedocephalus, Fitzenger. Bothrops,
Spio!^. Trigenocephalus, Oppel, Alecto, Megaera, Atropos,
and Tropidolaemus, Wagler.

American.

Cophias Lanceolatus. Coluber, Lacep. ij. t. 5.f. 1. Vipera,

Daud. Col. Megaera, Shaw. Brazils. Cophias Maegera.

Bothrops, Spix, t. 19. Cophias Furia, Boie. Bothrops,

Spix, t. 20. Cophias Leucostigma. Bothrops, Spix,

t. 21. f. 1. Cophias Tessalatus. Bothrops, Spix, t. 2J.

f. 2. Cophias Taeniatus. Bothrops, Spix, t. 21. f. 3.

Cophias Triangulum, Boie. Mus. Leyd. Vip. Brasiliana,

Lacep. Cophias Jacaraca, Pr. Max. adult and jun.

Col. Atrox, Pr. Max. not Merrem. Cophias Atrox, Mer-
rem. Col. Atrox, Linn. Mus. Adolph. j. t. 23. f. 9. Vip.
Atrox, Laur. Col. Ambiguum, Weigl. Vip. Weigelii,
Daud. Vip. Tigrina, Daud.— Vipera Tigrina, Licht.
Cophias Neuweidii. C. Bothrops, Spix, t. 21. f. 1.

79

CLASS REPTILIA.

Cophias Leucurus, Boie, Bothrops, Spix, t. 22. f. 2. appears
to be the young. Cophias Bilineatus. Pr. Max. Vipera
Chloris, Gravenhorst. ,

Asiatic f

Cophias Trigonocephalus, Merrem. Col. Capite Trian-
gularis, Lacep. t. 5. f. 2. Col. Trigonocephalus, Dau.
Vip. Trigonocephalus, Daud. Sch. P. S. t. 749. f. 11.

Inhab. Isle of St. Eustach. Asia. Boie Cophias Viri-

dis, Merrem. Trimesurus Viridis, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv.
t. 56. f. 2 Coluber gramineus, Shaw. Brodro. Pam.
Russel, t. 9 Green, with a narrow yellowish line on each side.

Coph. Punicea, Boie. Atropos, Wagler. Java. Cophias

Sumatrana, n. Col. Sumatranous, Raffles. Coph. Wagleri,

Boie. Seba, ij. t. 68. f. 4. Tropidoliemus, Wagleri.

Cophias Russelii, n. Russel, ij. t. 22. Inhab. Phillipine
Islands. Mus. Paris.

JF, Tail, end simple ; suhcaudal plates double ; head shielded
Trigonocephalus, Fitx.

Old World.

Trigonocephalus Rhodostoma, Reinw. Vipera Pretextata,

Gray. India. Trigon. Hypnale, Boie. Cophias Hypnale,

Merrem. Col. Lebetinus, Linn. Vipera Lebetina, Daud.

Inhab. North Africa and Southern Europe and Asia.

Trigonocephalus Haly., Boie. Col. Halys, Pall. Vipera
Halys, Daud. Vipera Aspis, B. Pallasii, Merrem. Lichten,

Reese. Siberia. Trigonocephalus Blomhoffi, Boie. Iris.

1826, 214. Bui. Sci. Nat. x. 151. Japan. Trigonoce-
phalus Orophyas, Oppel. Boie. Trigonocephalus Boeii,

Boie. Iris. xx. 561. Inhab. Levant. Olivier.

American.

Trigonocephalu.s Cacodaemon, Boie. Col. Cocadaemon.
80

CLASS REPTILIA.

Shaw. Pelais Niger, Merrem. 2 Catesby, Car. t. 44.

Scytale Niger, Daud. Trigonocephalus Boiei. Tris, xx.

561. Inhab. Carolina.

Gen. II. ViPERA.

Head broad, without any pit ; covered with scales or
small shields.

A. Head covered with scales like the haclc ; suhcaudal plates
double ; nostrils large. Vipera. Echidna, Merrem. (not
Geoffrey.) Cerastes, Wagler !

Vipera Nasicornis, Daud. Coluber, Shaw. Nat. Misc. t.

94. Zool. t. 104. Brit. Mus. Vipera Russelii. Coluber,

Shaw. Zool. t. 108. Russel Ind. Serp t. 7. Col. Trinocu-
lus, Schn. Vipera Elegans, Daud. Col. Triseriatus,

Herm. Bengal. Brit. Mus. Vipera Cerastes ; male with

horn before the eyes. Col. Cerastes, Hasselq. Ellis Phil
Trans 4. vi. t. 14. Shaw Zool. t. 103. Lacep. ij. t. 1. f. 9.
Daud, vi. t. 47* f. 1. Col. Cornutus, Hasselq; female horn-
less. Col. Vipera, Hasselq. Aspis Cleopatra, Laur. Col.
Egypticus, Lacep. Vipera -^gytia, Latr. Vipera -^gyp-

tica, Daud. North Africa. Brit. Mus. Vipera Lopho-

phris, Cuv. Vipera Flava, Merrem. ? Paterson, Africa, t.

15. Vipera Arietans, Echidna, Merrem. Vipera Inflata,

Burchel. Seba, ij. t. 30. f. 1. Col. Intumescens, Donnd.
Vipera Severa, Daud. Col. Dubius, Gmel. Col. Hebriacus,

Lacep. Col. Bitis, Bonnat. Vip. Brachyura, Cuv.

Vipera Daboia, Daud. Daboia Lacep. t. 13. f. 2. Col.

Braziliensis, Lacep. t. 4. f. 2. Vipera Ocellata, Latr.

Aspic, Lacep. ij. t. 2. f. 1. Vipera Atropos. Coluber,

Linn. Mus. Adolph. t. 13. f. 1.

B. Head covered with granular scales; suh-caudal plates

double ; nostrils moderate, Berus.

G 81

CLASS REPTILIA.

. Berus Vulgaris. Col. Berus, Lin. Var. Col. Aspis, Linn.

Sturm Fauna, t. Berus Ammodytes. Col. Ammodytes,

Jacq. Coll. iv. t. 24, 25. Vip. lllyrica. Aid. Sturm
Fauna, t.

C. Head covered with scales, with three larger scales on the
Jbrehead ; sub-caudal plates double ; nostrils moderate.

Pelias, M err em.

Pelias Chersea. Col. Berus, Laur. and Baud. Col. Cher-
sia, Linn. Sturm. Fauna, Pelias Berus, Merrem. Vipera
Berus, Fitz. Var. black. Col. Prester, Linn. Sturm
Fauna.

D. Head covered with small scales ; sub-caudal plates
simple. Echis, Merrem. Scytale, Daud. Pseudoboa,
Schn.

Echis Carinata, Merrem. Pseudoboa Carinata, Schn.
Scytale Bizonata, Daud. t. 70. Boa Horatta, Shaw. Rus-

sel, t. 2. India. Echis Krait, Merrem. Boa Krait,

Williams. Pseudoboa, Schn. Scytale, Daud. India.

Jlchis Arenicola, Boie. GeofF. Kept. Egypt, t. ^.i.\. Sa-
vigny, t. 4. f. 1 — 4. North Africa.

E. Head covered with scales in front ; tail ending in a
hook ; sub-caudal plates simple and double. Acanthopis,
Daud. Ophrias, Merrem.

Acanthopis Cerastinus, Daud. v. t. 77- Merrem. Beytr. ij.
t. 9. Boa Palpebrosa, Shaw. Ophria Acanthropis, Mer-
rem. Boa Aculeata, E. W. Gray MSS. 1796. Mus. Brit.

New Holland. Acanthopis Brownii, Leach Zool. Misc.

j. t. 3. Boa Antartica, Shaw. New Holland.

Gen. 3. Naia.

Head moderate, without any pit, covered with large regu-
lar shields.
82

CLASS REPTILIA.

A. Head broad ; rieck ruyt dilatile ; sub-caudal plates double.
Sepedon, Merrem. Ophis, Spix. Naia, Boie. Haemaca-

. thus, Flem. Causus, Wagler.

Sepedon Rhombeata, Licht. Col. Vip. Nigrum, Licht.
Scheush. Ph. Sac. iv. t. 7^7- Naia Rhombeata, Boie.

Mus. Leyd. Sepedon Hoemachates, Merrem. Hoema-

chate, Lacep. L. O. ij. t. 3. f. 2. Vipera Hoemachates,
Seba, ij. t. 58. f. 1, 3. Naie Hoemachate, Boie. Sepe-
don Porphyraceus. Coluber Shaw, Zool. iij. 423.

Sepedon Merremii. Ophis Merrerai Spix, Braz. t. 17-

B. Head narrow ; neck dilatile ; dorsal scales linear ; tail
conical; sub-caudal plates two-rowed. Naja, Daud.
Uraeus and, Aspis, Wagler.

Naia Tricuspidans, Merrem. Col. Naja. Latr. Rus-
sel, I. S. j. t. 5 and 6. ij. t. 1. Daud iv. t. 60. Lacep. ij.
t. 3. f. 1. Has been divided into two several species by

Laurente. Naja Haje, Merrem. Col. Haje, Hasselq.

Vipera Haje, Daud. Geoff. Rept. Egypt, t. 7- Savigny,

t. 3. Africa. Naja Nivea, Cuv. Boie. Isis, xx. 557-

Vipera Flava, Merrem. Cape of Good Hope. Naja

Spectatrix. Reinw. Boie. Iris, xx. 557* Elaps Fuscus,

Merremr Col. Castaneus, Oppel. Russel. ij. t. 36. Naie

Latratus. Boie. Col. Latratus, Kuhl. Beytr. 69.

C. Head narrow ; neck not dilatile; dorsal scales equal;
tail conical^ moderate ; sub-caudal plate two-rowed
Elaps. - "

Elaps Anguiformis, Schn. Elaps Lacteus. Col. Do-
micella, Lin. Col. Domicellarum, Lac. Col. Lacteus, Lin.
Mus. Adolph. t 17. f. 1. Seba, ij. t. a5. f. 2. 54. f. 1.

Elaps Lcmniscatus, Cuv. Col. Leraniscatus, Lin.

Seba, j. t. 10. ij. t. 76. f. 2. Elaps Surinamensis, Cuv.

c 2 83

CLASS REPTILIA.

Seba, ij. t. '6. f. 2, and t. 86. f. 1. Col. Sarinamensis,

Merrem, n. 184. Inhab. Surinam. Mus. Leyd. (Perhaps

▼ar. of former.) Elaps Lalonius. Col. Latonius, Merr. j.

t 2. Seba, 3. ij. t. 34. f. 4. t. 43. f. 3. Col. Lubrici's,

Merrem. Cape of Good Hope. Elaps Flavius. Col.

Flavius. Elaps Micurus. Micrurus Spixii, Waglcr,

Spix, t. 18. Elaps Ibibaboca, Merr. Inhab. Bra-
zils. Elaps Corallinus, Merrem, 10. Pr. Max.

Elaps Corallinus Merrem, 61. Vipera Psyches, Daud.

t. 100. f. 1. Inhab. Brazils. Mus. Leyd. Elaps Coc-

cineus, Merrem. E. Collaris, Boie. n. 5. Elaps

Furcatus, Schneider. Russel, ij. t. 19. Java Elaps

Bivirgatus, Kuhl. Boie. Isis, xx. 556- Java. Elaps Boie

nob. Elaphoides Fusca, Boie. Isis, xx. Java. — Elaps
Chalybeum, Latostoma, Wagler.

2>. Head indistinct ; bodi/ cylindrical ; dorsal scales equal ;
tail compressed, two-edged ;_ caudal plates two-rowed.
Platurus, Latr.

Platurus Laticaudatus. Col. Laticaudatus, Lin. Hydrus
Colubrinus, Shaw. Platurus Faciatus, Boie. Daud. viii.

t. 85. Lin. Mus. Alolph. j. t. 16. f. 1. Platurus Semi-

faciatus, Reinw. Boie. (Mus. Leyden,) adult. Laticauda
Scutale, Laur. Bechst. ij. t. 20. f. 1. Shaw, Zool. ij.
t. 233.

jB. Head distinct ; hodi^ fusiform ; dorsal scales — ^ ; tail

conical ; caudal plates partly double, partly simple. Tri-
mesurus, Lacep.

Trimesurus Leptocephalus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. t. 56. f. I.

F. Head distinct ; body fusiform ; dorsal scales ;

tail conical ; caudal plates all simple. Oplocephalus,
Cuvier.

Oplocephalus Cuvieri, nob. Mus. Paris.
84

CLASS REPTILIA.

II. Upper jaw toothed, fangs none, or small.

Cen. 3. CoLUBEE.

Ventral shields broad, anal spurs none, tail, usually conical,
and elongate.

^. Body subcylindrical, scales equal, suhcaudal plates,
double or single, head moderate, above shielded.

a. Head regularly shielded, nose acute, recurved. Heterodon.

Coluber constrictor, Lin. (Ed. 10.) Boa contortrix, Lin.
(Ed. 12.) Col. Heterodon, Daud. Heterodon platyrhincus,

Latr. Boa porearia, Lacep. Catesby, 7* t. 5Q. Heterodon

simus. Col. simus, Lin. Merrem. 96. Col. borealis, Schoeff.

Heterodon nasua, Vipera nasua, Oppel. Rhinostoma

flasua, Wagler. Rhinostoma proboscideura, Fitz.

h. Head regularly shielded, nose rounded. Coluber.

A. Head distinct, oblong, ovate before, slightly truncated,
gape, very wide, body long, cylindrical, tail half as long
as the body, continued, acute, scales imbricate lanceolate,
mostly keeled, placed in longitudinal series, abdominal
shields, simple, arched. Tropidonotus, Kuhl.

European.

Trepidomurus natrix. Col. natrix, Lin. Col. murorum.

Col. mur. Fitz Col. Oppelii, Dumeril. C. Murorum,

Mus. Col. Viperinus, Daud. Latr. Col. pseudo echidna,

Herm. Col. hybridus, Merrem. Tr. scaber, Boie.

Col. scaber, Lin. Mus. Adolph. 1. 10, f. 1. Dacypeltis scaber,
Wagler.

Asiatic.

Tr. melanozostus, Gravenh. Iris, 182G, 206. Tn

funebos, Oppel. Tr. chrysar^us, Kulil. Trop. sub-

85

.CLASS REPTJLIA.

miniatus. Col. subminiatus, Reinw. n. 5. Col. stola-

tus, Lin. Mus. Adolph. t. 22. f. 1. Coronella cervina,
Laur. Col. malpolon, Lacep. C. cervinus. Gm. Vipera

stolata, Lat. Col. sibitans, Lat. Tr. cyanocephalus,

Boie, n. 5'. Col. paliistris, Mer. 121. Hydrus palustns,

Schn. Col. Braminus, DauJ. Russel, t. 20. Tr. spilo-

gaster, Boie, n. 5. Tr. rhodomelas, Kuhl. and V. H.

n. 5. Tr. trianguliferus. Col. trianguligerus, Reinw.

— Tr. Mortuarius, Kuhl. Russel, t. 28 Tropidonotus

hypostictus, Boie, n. 5. Tropidonotus piscator, Mer. Hy-
dros piscator, Seb. Enchydus piscator, Latr. Col. anastomo-
satus. Baud. Russel, t. 33. Tropidonotus dora. Col. dora,

Merrem, 104. Russel. Tropidonotus, t. 5, lugubris, Oppel.

——Tropidonotus lacrimans, Oppel. Tropidonotus vibi-

kari, Boie, Iris, 1826. 207- Tropidonotus tigrinus, Boie,

Do. 206.

American.

Col. variabilis, Pr. Max. — — Tropodontus tesselata. Coro-
nella tesselata. Laur. Col. viperinus, Baud. Col. Hydrus, Pal-
las. Natrix cherscoides. Var. bivittatus and Natrix occellata,

Wag. Trop. aestirus, Boie. Col. asstirus, Lin. Catesb. Col.

subrirides, Lac. Tr. poecilostoma. Col. poecilostoma,

Pr. Max. Natrix sculptura, Wag. Col. saurita, Lin.

Ribon Snake, Cates. Baud. vi. t. 81. f. 2. Tr. vittatus.

Col. vittatus, Lin. Mus. Adolph. t. 18. f. 2. Scheuchz,
t. 66. f. 8. Seba, t. 15. f. 3. Col. fasciatus, Lin. Wam-
pum Snake, Cates= f, .58. Dirty yellow with two white lines
down the back, and cross black bars. Tr. Nattereri, Pr.

Max. Tr. parietalis. Col. parietalis, Say, Isis, 1824, 255.

— Tr. proximus. Col. proximus. Say, Isis, 1824. Tr.

ordinatus. Col. ordinatus, Lin. Tr. dimidiatus, Boie.

Tr. porcatus, Boie. Col. porcatus, Latr. Cates. Col.
crythrogaster, Sh.

86

CXASS REPTILIA.

B. Head distinct ; gape very small ; tail half the length
of the body ; scales placed in longitudinal series, mostly
Smooth, abdominal shields angularly recurved. Coluber.

American.

■ Col. punctatus, Lin. Col. cyaneus, Lin. Col. viridi-

caeruleus, Lac. Seba, I7. t 48. f. 2. Col. azurus, Lac.

Col. caninana, Merr. Seba, ij. t. 20. f. 1. &c. C. puUa-

tus, Lin. Mus. Adolph. Col. peruvianus. Sh. Col. plutoni-
cus, Daud. C. humanus and C. coronatus, Gm. Spiletes
pullatus, Wag. Col. Nova Hispaniae, Gm. Col. leucomelas,

Gm. Col. variabilis, Pr. Max. Col. Lichtenstenii, Pr.

Max. Wag. Col. capistratus, Lich. Col. bifossatus,

Radd. Col. pantherinus, Merr. Col. scurrula. Wag.

Natrix scurrula, Wag. Braz. t. 8. — —Col. pileatus, Pr.
Max. i. 344 Col. olfersii, Hemp. Col. olivaceus, Olfers.

Philodryas olfersii. Wag. Col. plumbeus, Pr. Max.

Col. triangulum, Lac. Col. corais, Daud. Boie. Isis,

1826, 538.— Col. getulus, Da:ud. Col. bahaiensis,

Spix. Braz. t. 10. f. 1. Col. variabilis, Kuhl.

Africa.

Col. Hippocrepis, Lin. Col. can us, Lin. Periops hippo-

crepis, Wag. Lin. Mus= Adolph. Col. barbarus, Boie.

Col. Geoffroyii. Coulevre aux raies parelleles, Geoff.

Rept. Egypt. Periops, Wag. Col. trabalis, Pall.

Var. a. fuliginosus, Oppel. b. minochronis, Cuv.

European.

Col. Elaphis. Col. scalaris, Sh. Col. Meifrenii, Oppel.

Col. bilineatus, Dumeril. Col. flavescens. Scop. Col.

viridiflavus. Scop. Col. personatiis, Daud. young, Col. atro-

virens, Metaxa. Zamerinus viridiflavus. Wag. Col. uEscu-

lapii, Lacep. not Lin. Metaxa. Zamenis iEsculapii, Wag;

87.

. ...... -.,/

CLASS REPTILIA.

Asiatic. .

Col. Oppelii, vVag. Russel, ii. t. 30. Col. melaHo-

pis, Oppel. Col. flavolineatus, Rienw. Col. trivergatus,

Boie. Iris, 1826, 209. Col. clamacophorus, Do. 210.

Col. vulneratus, Do. 212. Col, conspicillatus, Do.

211. Col. canus, Lin. Merrem. i. t. 7« C. cinarascens, Lacep.
C. ammobates, Shaw, Seba, ii. t. 3. f. 2. t. 78. f. 2. young
C. margaritaceus, Daud. B. ij. t. 9- C. crucifer, Sh. C.

•Parias, Hem. Col. radiatus, Russel, t. 42. Col. mu-

cosus, Lin. Col. melanurus, Oppel. Col. cancella-

tus, Oppel. Col. korros, Rein. Col. Saturninus, Merr. 84.

Col. tricolor, Boie. Col. geminiatus, Oppel. Isis,

1826. Col. oxycephalus. Rein. Gonyosoma viride. Wag.

t. 9. ^ -Col. trabalis, Pallas. Col. Helena, Daud. Rus.

t. 32. -Col. obscurus, Daud. Rus. t. 18.

C. Head large, distinct, depressed ; gape very wide ; nostrils
large, open ; body fuciform, thick ; tail shorter than half
the length of the body ; scales equal, placed in oblique
transverse series. Xenodon, Boie,

American, Ophis, Wagler.

Col. severus, Lin. Col. versicolor, Lin. Sch. Phy. Sac.

t. 661. f. 7. Seba, j. t. 85. f. 1. X. Merremii, Ophis

Merremii, Wag, Spix, Braz. t. 17. Col. rhapdocepha-

lus, Pr. Max. Braz. i. 351. Dipsas scholti, Fitz.

X. aneus, Boie, n. 5. X. ocellatus, Boie. X. sauro-

cepbalus, Boie. Col. saurocephalus, Boie, Pr. Max.

D. Asiatic, Xenodon, Wagler.
Xenodon inornatus, Boie. Col. inornatus, Kuhl.

Head short, blunt, and narrow : tail short, coiAinued,

Oligodon, Boie.

O. bitorquatus, Boie. O. atriventus, Boie. Col. atri-

88

CLASS REPTILIA.

ventus, Daud. Merr. Seba, ij. t. 86. f. 5. Col. lutrix, Lin. ?
Homalosoma arctiventris. Wag. Elaps Lutonia and E. Duber-

ria, Sch. Duberria arctiventris, Fitz. O. punctatus.

Col. punctatus, Latr. Homolosoma punctatum, Wagler.

E, Head, very long, very distinct ; gape very, wide ; tail,
very long ; scales small and oblique series, partly
keeled. Herpotodryas, Wag. Erpetodryas, Boie. Inhab.
South America.

C. carinatus, Boie. Col. carinatus, Lin. Merr. Seba, ii*
t. 54, t. 56, f. 3, t. 71, f. 12. C. fuscus, Lin. Col. sub-

fuscus, Lacep. Natrix bicarinatus. Wag. E. laevicoUis,

de Col. laevicollis, Pr. Max.- E. exoletus, Lin. Mus.

Adolph. Col. bicarinatus, Pr. Max. Col. carinatus, var.

Merr. Natrix exoleta, Lau. — 7-C0I. quadricarinatus, Fitz.
Erpet, Boie. Col. pyrrhopogon. Pr. Max. — — Col. sex-
carinatus, Pr. Max. Natrix cinnamomea. Wag. Without
epidermis, back with six series of keeled scales.

F, Tail conical, sub-caudal plates Jirst simple, then two

rowed, dorsal scales uniform. Hurria. Daud.

Hurria bilineatus, Daud, Rup. Hurria Nympha, Mer.

Col. Nympha, Daud. from Russel, t. 36, 37-

G, Head scarcely distinct from the body, gape small or
• moderate, teeth colubrine, the hinder rather larger, scales

imbricate, very smooth, abdomen arcuate, Coronell^ Laur.
Erythrolampus Liophis and Cloelia, Wag.

American. . -

Con venustissima. Col. venustissima, Pr. Max. Col. bina-

tus, Lich. Col. agilis, Lin. Col. ^Esculapii, Lin. Mus.

Adolph. t. 21. Ccl poecelogyrus, Pr. Max. Liophis poe.

Wag. Body marbled the whole length. Col. formosus,

Pr. Max. Ery. formosus. Wag. Col. cloelia, Daud.

89

CLASS REPTILIA.

t. ^8. Col. melanocephalus, Lin, Mus. Adolph. t. 15,

f. 2. Col. capite niger, Lacep. Cloelia melanocephalus,

Wag. Col. cobella, Lin. Elaps Cob. Sch. Cerastes

Cob. Laur. Merr. Col. serpentious, Daud. Cates. Leo-
phis Cobella, Wag. Col. miliaris, Lin. Col. Merremii,

Pr. Max. Col. Dictyodes, Id. Natrix chiametla, Wag. t. 2,
f. 2. Col. aramobates, Shaw. Liophis miliaris. Wag.

Natrix Forsteri Wag. t. 4, f. 1. Liophis Forsteri, Id.

Col. typhlus, Lin. Lac. Col. viridissimus, Lin. Mer. 1,

t. 12. Col. lanthinius, Daud. Chlorosoma viridissima. Wag.
Col. crassicaudatus, Mer. C. Africanus, Bonat. Seba, ij.
35, f. 4. Col. Reginae, Lin. Liophis Reginae, Wag.
Natrix semilinea, Wag. t. 11, f. 2. Natrix alamensis,

jun. Wag. t. 10, f. 3. Col. Boddartii, Scitz. Col.

doliatus, Daud. Pr. Max. 368. -Col. meleagris, Sh. from

Seba, ij. 32, f. 1, 56 Col. orythrogastra, Pr. Max.

Natrix occipitalis. Wag. Spix, Braz. t. 6. Cloelia occi-
pitalis, Wag. Col. melanocephalus, Boie. Elaps melanoce-
phalus, Wag. t. 2, f 1. Cloelia dorsata, Wagler. Col.

lineatus, Lin. Col. Nicandri, Mer. Col. bicinctus,

Herm. Col. raninus, Boie, from Seba, ij. t. 9. Elaps

triscalis, Mer.

Africa.

Col. annulatus, Lin. Mus. Adol. t. 8. Col. ignobiHs. Laur.
Col. atrofuscus, Lacep. C. caudiolus, Lac. C. orientalis,
Gm. C. epidaurius, Herm. Seba, Thes. i. t. '^2? ij. t. 9,

t. 13, t. 52, 57, 82, f. 2. Col. rufulus, Lich. Col.

1823. Col. rufescens, Gm. Coron. Kotamboija, Laur.

C. Hitambocia, Gm. Seba, t. 33, f. 6. Col. Aurora, Lin.

Cloelia aurora. Wag. Lin. Merr. Adol. 19. Seb. ij. 22.

Col. annulatus, Boie. Lin. Mus. Adolph. i. t. 8. Seba, i. t. 54.

Merrem, t. 11. Oxyrhopus annulatus, Wagler. Cor.

Petolarius. Coluber pet. Lin. lb. t. 6. Col. pethola, Bech.
90

CLASS REPTILIA.

Lacep. t. 3. Oxyrhopus pet. Wagler. ^Col. rhombeatus,

Boie. Col. rhom. Lin. lb. t. 24. f. 1.

Asiatic,

Col. Baliedeira, Boie. Col. bal., Kuhl. Col. octolinea-

tus, Boie. Elaps oct., Schneid. Russel, 4, 38. — —Col.

Bilineatus, Boie. Col. bilineatus, Lac. Col. taeniolatus,

Boie. Col. taen. Russel, t. 19.

European.

Col. meridionalis, Daud. Col. Isevis, Lacep. Col.

tessalata, Lat.

H. Head not distinct from body ; no hind frontal scale ; body
cylindrical, tail very short, blunt abdominal shields, entire
caudal shields, in two rows, scales smooth. Calamaria,
Boie.
Col. Linnae, Boie. Col. calamarius, Lin. Mus. Adol. 1. t. 6.

f. 1. Anguis calamaria, Laur. Col. lumbricoides, Boie.

Col. tessalata, Boie. Col. maculosa, Boie. Col.

multipunctata, Boie. Col. virgulata, Boie. Col. reti-
culata, Boie.

/. Head not distinct ; eyes small ; tail short, acute. Brachy-
orrhos, Kuhl. Atractos, Wagler.

Br. Albus, Kuhl. Col. albus, Lin. Mus. Adol. t, 14, f. 2.

Anguis alba, Laur. Mer. t. 7- Col. brachyurus, Shaw.

Br. dimidiatus, Kuhl. Col. dimidiatus, Oppel. Br.

Kuhlii, Boie. Br. brachyurus, Kuhl. Br. Decussata,

Kuhl. — '■ — Br. torquatus. Br. badius, Boie. Br. flam-

migerus, Boie. Br. trilineatus, Atractus trilineatus, Wag-
ler. /m, 1828. Br. Schach, Boie.

' K. Body, long; sub-compressed; tail continued short, abdomi-
nal shields convex ; scales rhomboidal, nearly square, inu

hricate. Lycodon, Boie.

91

CLASS REPTILIA.

Col. Maxiiniliana, Merr. Col. audax, Daud. Col. cancel-
latus, Merr. Col. cattenularis, Daud. Tar tutta, Russel,

1, 1 15. Lycedon Hebe, Boie. Col. Hebe, Daud. Col.

fasciolatus, Sh. Russel, 1, t. 21. Lycodon aulicus, Boie.

Col. aulicus, Lin. Mus. Adol. t. 12, f. 2. ; Seba, t. 91. f. 5.

Nat. aulica, Laur. Lappiata, Lacep. Lycodon subcinctus,

Boie. Col. sub. Rein; Seba, t. 109, f. 7; Russel, ij. t. 41.

Ophites, sub. Wagler. Lye. capucinus, Boie ; Russel, 11,

t. 37. Col. aulicus, Kuhl. Lye. fuliginosus, Boie.

Lye. pethola. CoL pethola, Lin. ; Seba, t. 28, f. 2, t. 54^;
f. 4, t. 110 ; f. 3. : ii. t. 38, f. 2. Cor. pethola, Laur.—

Lye. leucocephalus. Col. leucocephalus, Merr. Lye.

Russelii. Col. Russelius, Daud. Katla tutta, Russel, 1, t,

38. — —Lye. unicolor, Boie; Russel, ij. 39. Lye. malig-

nus, Boie. Col. Malignus, Merr. Lye. macrochinus.

Col. macro, Boie. Lye. galathea, Boie. Col. galathea,

Daud. Russel, 1, t. 26.

Z. Nose rounded ; head shielded ; shield triangular, larger
than the dorsal scales ; tail conical. Xenopeltis.

Xen. Concolor Rein. Boie. Isis. 564. Xen. Unicolor.

Rein. Boie. lb. 564. CoL alvearius Oppel. Xen. leu-
cocephalus, Rien. Boie. Isis, 564.

M. Head ovate indistinct , shielded ; body cylindrical^ scales
equals tail conical^ with a single series ofsuhcaudxil scales.
Scytale. Merr. not Daud. Pseudoboa. Schn.

Scytale coronata. Mer. Seba, ij. t. 41. f. J. Pseudoboa

coronata. Schn. Scy. coronata. Pr. Max. Hurria

carinata. Kuhl. Ceraspis carinata. Wag. Scy. Bra-

chyorrhos, Boie. Isis, 20. Aspidura Brachyorrhos. Wao-.

N» Head regularly shielded ; body long ; slejider scales,
equal ; head long ; muzzle acute ; tail very long ; subcau-
92 -

CLASS REPTILIA.

dal plates in two rows. Dryophis. i^i7i^. Dryinus, jl/er.
Oxybelis, Wag.

Col. fulgidus, Daud., t. 80. Seba, ij. t. 53. Col. nasu-
tus, Shaw, and Col. purpurascens, Shaw. Dryophis fulgidus.

Wag. Col. acuminatus. Pr. Max. Dryinus -^Eneus.

Spix. Braz. Oxybelis OEneus, Wag. Dryinus auratus.
Bell. Dryophis Panthoraria, Kuhl.

O. Head very long, regularly shielded ; body very long ; dor-
sal scales triangular, lateral scales linear.

Muzzle acute appendaged. Passerita.

Dryinus oxyrhynchus, Bell. Dryophis nasutus, Boie.
Col. nasutus, Russel, 1. t. 12. Tragops, Wagler. Dryinus
nasutus, Merr. Dryophis Russelii, Bottla. Passericki,

Russel, 1. 13. Dry. pavoninus. Cuv. Boie. Tragops, Wag.

Dry. xanthozonica, Kuhl. Tragops, Wag. — — Dry. pra-

sina. Rein. Russel, ij. t. 25. Seba, ij. t. 53. f. 4. Dry. nasutus.
Bell. Tragops, Wag. D. rostratus, Reinw.

Muzzle blunt, rounded : ventral plates angularly keeled
on the sides. Ahoetula. Leptophis, Wagler.

Ahae Linnei. Col. ahaetuta, Lin. Natrix ahaetula, Laur.

Boiga. Lacep. ij. t. 2. Dendrophis ahaetula, Boie. Ahae.

Richardi. Col. Richardi, Bory. Ahae. liocercus. Col.

liocercus, Pr. Max. Dendrophis lio, Boie. These two are

considered by Wagler as varieties of the first. Col. cara-

carus, Gm. Seb. ij. Bungarus filiforrais, Oppel. Daud.

periophthalmica, Boie.

Psamnophis, Boie.

Psam. Girondicus, Boie. Col. Girond, Daud. Col. Gal-

licus. Hem. Zacholus Girondicus, Wagler. Coronella

Austriaca, Laur. Zacholus Austriacus, Wagler. Col. Cru-

eifer, Daud. Mer. Seba, j. t. 109. f. 8. Col. moniliger,

Lac. Col. sibelans, Seba, ij. t. 56. Macrosoma elegans,

93

CLASS REPTILIA.

Leach. Col. elegans, Sch. — Psam. pulverulenta, Kuhl, Boie.

Isis. XX. 547. Psam. schokari, Boie. Col. schokaH,

Forsh. Psam. lacertina, Boie. Col. lac. Spix, t. 5. Co-

dopeltes, Lac. Wag. Geoff. Egypt, t. 5. f. 2. Psam. rhom-

beatus. Col. Rhom. Lin. Mus. Ad. t. 24. f. 2. Col. Tyria,

Kuhl. Coclopeltis, Wagler. Col. condanarus, Mer. Russel,

t. 27. j. t. 27. Psam. bicolor. Wag.

Dendrophis, Bote.

Den. chaireacos, Boie. Russel, ij. t. 26. Elaps bilineatus,

Sch. Den. maniar, Russel, ij. 25. Leptophis mancas.

Bell. Zool. Jour. Den. tristis. Col. tristis, Daud. Col.

scandens, Mer. Russel, t. 31. Den. formosa, Rien. Boie.

• Den. picta, Boie. Col. pictus, Gm, Col. decorus, Sh.

Col. coeruleus. Bonnat. Dips. Schokari, Kuhl. Bungarus

filum, Oppel. Seba, j. t. 99. Den polychroa, Boie.

Den scandens, Col. scandens, Mer. Russel, j. t. 31.

Ventral plates two keeled. Chysopelea, Boie.
Col. omatus, Mer. Col. Ibibcea, Daud. Russel, ij, f. 2.

Seba, j. t. 94. ij. t. 7. f. 1. 1. 56. f. 1. t. 61. f. 2. Chrys.

rhodbpleura, Rern. Chup. pardalis, Boie. Chry. para-

disi, Boie. Isis, 20. 547. Seba, i. 94. f. 7. i. j. 61 . f. 2.

P. Head very high, above Jlat, shielded before, truncate ; body
compressed, with one or three series of longer vertebral
scales, lateral scales imbricate. Amblicephalu^, Kuhl.
Pareas, Wag.

A. carinata, Boie. Dipsas carinata, Kuhl. Pareas car.

Wag. A. mikani. Col. mikani, Fitz. A. coccineus.

Col. coccineus, Blum. A. loevis, Khul. A. Nattereri.

Col. Natereri, Mikan. Dryophyllax Nattereri, Wag.

Natrix punctatissima, Wag. t. 14. Col. lineolatus, Oppel.

Thammodynastes punctatissima. Wag. Rhinostomus pro-

biscidens, Fitz.
94 %

CLASS REPTILIA.

Q. Head ^skort and broad, above shielded ; body long, com-'
pressed; vertebral scales square; lateral scales linear.
Dipsas. .

a. Subcaudal scales double. Dipsas, Laur. Bungarus,

Oppel. ■ t

Dipsas Indica, Laur. Col. bucephalus, Shaw, Seba, i.

t. 43. Col. atrox, Gmel. Dipsas bucephalus, Boie.

Dipsas dendrophila, Rein. Wagler, t. 8. Col. peruvianus, Sh.

Dip. Drapiezii, Boie, Isis, xx. 549. Dipsas multo-

maculata. Rein. Russ. t. 23. Dipsas cynodon, Cuv. Boie,

Isis. Dipsas trigonatus, Boie. Dipsas irregularis.

Col.irreg, Mer. t. 4. Hurria pseudotriga, Daud. Dip. cen-

choa, Boie. Col. cenchoa, Lin. Seba, ij. t. 16. f. 2. Dip.

Catesboei. Col. Cates. Weig. Bungarus, Oppel Dip.

nebulatus. Col. nebulatus, Lin. Dip. compressus, Boie.

Col. compressus, Daud. Dip. Savignii, Boie.

b. Sub-caudal plates simple, fangs, with the teeth. Bunga-

rus, Daud.

Bungarus caeruleus, Daud, Boie, Russel, 1. 1. Boa latotecta

Herm. Bungarus annularis, Daud. Russel, t. 3.

Bung, semifasciatus, Oppel. Seba. Col. candidus, Lin.

R. Head, scales, with small plates over the face and between
the eyes, with plates, simple, double, a simple and double.
Cerebus, Cuv. Homolopsis, Boie.

Col. Cerberus, Daud. Hydrus rhynchops, Schn. Euby-
dris rhynchops, Latr. Hydrus cinereus, Sh. Python rhyn-
chops, Mer. Homalophis rhinchops, Boie. Homolopsis

obtusatus, Boie. Hem. erythrogammus, Boie. Col. ery-

throgammus, Daud. Hern, carinicaudatus, Boie. Col.

carinicaudatus, Pr. Max. Col. monilis, Lin. Col. buc-

catus, Lin. Mus. t. 19. Vipera buccata, Daud. Vipera

95

CLASS REPTILIA.

semifasciata, Merr. Col. varius, Merr. Seba. Col. angu-

latus, Lin. Merr. t. 9. Natrix aspera, Spix. Braz.

Homolophis aer, Boie. Col. aer, Oppel. Col. plicatus,

Lin. Mus.t. 6. f. 1. Bali. Lacep. Elaps plicatilis, Sclm.

Cerastes plicatilis, Laur. Col. -^neus, Spix. Horn.

moluroides, Boie. Col. molurus, Lac. 1. 10. Horn, plumbea,

Kuhl, Boie. Horn. Jara, Boie. Col. Jara, Shaw, Kussel,

t. 14. Col. Linnaei, Merrem.

Genus, Boa.
Ventral shields narrow ; body thick ; anal spurs distinct ;
nostrils opical ; subcaudal plates simple, a double tail
conical.

Body compressed fusiform ; head depressed ; tail prehensile ;
hack of the head scaly ; subcaudal plates simple. Ame-
rica. Boa.

Muzzle covered with scales ; labial scales flat. Boa, Wagler.
Boa constrictor, Lin. Devin or Boa, Empereur, Daud.

Muzzle covered with scales ; labial scales pitted. Epicrates,
Wagler.

Epicrates Cenechria. Boa cenchris, Lin. Daud. Seba. Boa
cenchrya, Pr. Max.

Muzzle covered with plates ; labial scales flat. Eunectes,

Wag,

Eunectes murina. Boa murina. Boa scytale, Linn. Seba.

Boa ar.acondo, Daud. Boa aquatica, Pr. Max. Eunectus

lateristrigota. Boa lateristriga, Boie.

Muzzle covered with plates ; labial scales pitted. Xiphos-

oma, Wag.

Xiphosoma canina. Boa canina. Lin. Boa hypnale, Lin.

Xip. araramboya, Wag. Xiph. hortulana. Boa hortulana.

96

CLASS REPTILIA.

Lin. Sel. Vipera et Echidna caerulescens. Mer. Vip.
moderans and Boa elegans, Daud. Coluber glaucus, Gni.

Xiphes dorsale, and X. ornatum, Wag. Xip. Merrem.

Corallus obt\isirostris, Daud. accidental deformity.

Body much compressed^ heeled ; head obliquely cut heJmid
and truncated in fronts covered v^i^h sizall shields in
front ; siih-caudal plates simple. Cenchris, Gray^ Engy-
rus, Wagler. India.

Cenchris regia, Boa regia, Shaw. Boa carinata, Merrem.

Wetter, Amer. t. 9. Cenchris ocellata, Boa ocellata,

Oppel. Boa carinata, Var. C. Mer.

Body fusiform; head covered with scales; muzzle with
small plates ; sub-caudal plates^ two rowed. Python. Asia.

a. Labial scales with deep pits, dorsal scales rhombic. Con-
strictor, Wagler.

Python Schneideri, Mer. Boa reticulata and Boa rhom-
beata, Schn. Python Javanicus, Kuhl. Seba, t. 62. Col.

Javanicus, Shaw. Python Poda, Boie, Pedda Poda.

Russel. t. 23. Col. boaformis, Sh. Python Tigris, Daud.

Python bivittatus, Kuhl. Col. Seboe, Lin. Python

amethystina, Schn.^ Boa orbiculata, Schn. Bora, Russel,

t. 39.

a. Labial scales equal, flat. Python, Wagler.

Python Peronii, Cuv. Wag. Python punctatus, Mer. K. H.

Body fusiform ; head covered with keeled scales like the
back ; tail short ; sub-caudal plates simple ; spurs dis-
tinct. Gongylophis, Wagler, Boa, part Cuv. Asia.

Boa conica, Schn. Boa ornata, Daud. Boa viperina, Shaw.
Padani Cootoo, Russel, t. 4. Mus. Brit.

Body cylindrical ; head covered like the back with small

I 97

.■...«'■

!l| CLASS REPTILTA.

scales ; muzzle shielded, tail short. Eryx and Clothonia,
I/aud.

Eryx jaculus and E. turcica, Daud. Boa Tartarica, Lich.

but Cuvier states that this is without spurs.' Eryx angui-

formis. Boa anguiformis, Schn. Eryx Indica, Cuv.

Hydrus, Water ok Sea Snakes.

Ventral shields narrow, formed of two united scales ; body
compressed; anal spurs none; tail compressed, except in
Achrocordus ; nostrils vertical operculated.

A. Head smalls shielded ; body covered ivith scales. Hydro-

phis, Hydrus, Wagler.

a. Abdomen with two rows of larger scales.

Hydrus major, Sh Hyd. nigrocinctus, Men*, from

Russel, t. 6. Anguis Xiphura, Herm. Hyd. chloris, Mer.

Russel, t. 7- Hyd. obscurus, Merr. Russel, t. 8. Leio-

seloma obscura. Var. a. Fitz. Hyd. schistosus, Mer. from

Russel, t. 10. Hyd. cyanocinatus, Mer. from Russel.

h. Abdomen with two rows of larger scales united into a band.

Hydrus Shawii, Hyd. major, var. Sh. MSS. Hyd.

coerulescens, Sh. Mus. Brit. Hyd. leiolepis, Gray.

Hyd. lanceolatus. Gray. Mus. Brit. Hyd. spiralis, Shaw.

Hyd. doliatus, Mer. Distera, Lacep. Pelamis, Wag.

Hyd. striatus, Mer. Hyd. laevis, Mer. -^ — Hyd.

Brugmansii, Boie. Hyd. atricapillus, Rein.

B. Head large, depressed, dilated behind, shielded ; bod'j

with square plates. Pelamis, Hydrophis, Wag.

a. The central abdominal li^ie with a series of scales on each

side.

Pelamis bicolor, Daud. Hyd. platura, Lin. Pelamis

omatus. Gray, Mus. Brit. Pelamis gracilis, Hydrus gra-

98

CLASS REPTILIA. i

^1

cilis, Sh. Pel. Valakadin, Boie, Russ. t. 11. Disteria, Fitz.

Pelamis Rupelii, Hyd. Schiddil, Boie. Russ. t. 12.

Pel. melanurus/Hyd. melanurus. Wag. t. 3.

b. The central ahdominal line formed of a series of long

plates,

Pelamis fasciatus, Daud. Hydrus, Sh. Russ. t. 44. Anguis

laticauda, Lin. Pel. Kadll, Russ. t. 13. Pelamis

curtus, Hyd. curtus, Shaw. Pelamis carinatus, Hyd. cari-

natusj Cuv. Pel. Lindsayi. Gray. Mus. Brit.

c. Head and body covered with small keeled scajes ; tail com-

pressed. Chersydrus, Cuv.

Ch. granulatus, Mer. Achrocordus fasciatus, Sh. Hy-
drus granulatus, Schn.

d. Head and body covered with sm,all keeled scales ; tail

conical. Achrocordus, Horst.

Ach. dubius, Sh. Ach. Javanicus, Horst.

e. Head shielded, with two soft scaly tentqcula, ventral-

plates narrow ; tail long. Herpeton, Wagler.

Herpeton tentaculatus, Daud. Erpeton, Lacep. Merrem.

Amphibia.
Body with a naked skin.

Order 1. MutxVbilia.

Undergoing a transformation ; gills deciduous, covered
with a deciduous operculum.

Gen. 1. Rana.

Body thick, tailless; feet four, long ; sternum and clavicles
distinct. Larva elongate, fishlike, tailed and without legs ;
gills ibur on each side.

99

CLASS REPTILIA.

ji. Tongue and tympanum dist'mct ; mouth toothed ; skin
smooth ; toes clawless. Rana.

a. Toes simple, eyebrows rounded.

Green Frog. Rana esculenta, Lin. Common Frog.

Rana temporaria, Lin. Rana cultripes, Cuv. Rana

punctata, Daud. R. Daudini, Mer. Hypscaphelia, Boie.

R. plicata, Daud. R. Daudini, jS Mer. R. para-

doxa, Lin, R. tigrina, Daud. R. pipens, Daud. t. 18

R. cyanophlyctis, Schn. Bufo cyanopblyctis, Latr.

R. rudibunda, Pallas. Bufo, Scb. R. vespertina,

Pal. Bufo, Schn R pipiens, Lin. not Daud. R. maxima,

Gates. R. Catesbiana, Shaw. R. mugiens, Mer. R. pal-

mipes, Spix. R. Virginica, Gm. R. Halecina, Daud.

R. pipiens, Mer. Shad Frog, Bartram R. clamitans, Latr.

Daud. t. 16. Grunting Frog, Bartram. Argus Frog,
Shaw. R. ocellata, Lin. R. pentadactyla, Laur. R.
sonans, Bonnat. Cystygnathus, Wag. R. gruniens, Daud.

is thought by Harlan to be the same. R. melanota,

Raffinesque. R. cutricularis, Harlan. R. scapularis,

Harlan. R. flaviventris, Har. R. fontinalis, Leconte.

Spring Frog, Bartram. R. sylvatica, Leconte.

R. palustris, Leconte. R. pardalis, Harl. R. pumilla,

Leconte. R. Gryllus, Id. R, dorsalis, Harlan. Savan-
nah Cricket of the Americans. R. nigrita, Leconte.

R. typhonia, Daud. R. Virginica, Mer. Cystignathus,

Wagler. R. Gigas, Spix. R. coriacea. Id. R. pachy-

pus, Spix Cystignathus pachypus, Wag. R. sibilatrix,

Pr. Max. R. pygmoea, Spix. Cystignathus, Wagler.

R. rubella, Latr. R. Daudini, Mer. R. mystacea, Spix.

Cystignathus, Wagler. R. miliaris, Spix. R. laby-

rinthica, Spix. Cystignathus, Wagler. R. maculata,

Latr. Daud.
100

CLASS REFTILIA.

6. 7^oes simple ; eyebrows horned. Ceratophys.

America. Ceratophys cornuta, Pr. Max. C. varius, Boie.
C. cornuta. Lin. Seba, j. t. 72. f. 1. 2. Ceratophys dorsata, Pr.
Max. Back with separate shield-like plates, the front one the

largest. Ceratophys Spixii, Cuv. R. megastoma, Spix,

perhaps the same species. Cer. clypeata, Cuv. Mus. Par.

Cer. Boiei, Pr. Max. Cer. granosus, Cuv. Cer. scu-

tata. R. scutata, Spix. Hemiphractus Spixii, Wagler.

Asia. Cer. montanus, Megalophrys Montana, Kuhl. Wagler.

c. End of toes dilated. Hyla, Laurent. Calamita, Schn.

Tree Frogs.

Hyla arborea. R. arborea, Lin. Hyas, Wagler.

Hy la ranoeformis , Lau. Calamita, Mer. La Bossue, Lacep.

Seba. Hyla Indica, Gray.

Hy. bilineata Daud. Hy. Blochii, Daud. Calamita

cinereus, Schn. Cal. bilineatus, ^ Mer. Hyl. Scychel-

lerii, Peron. Hy. vermiculata, Peron. Hy. Lesche-

naultii, Gray. Hy. Peronii, Gray. H. pulchra. Gray.

Hy. bicolor, Daud. Phyllomedusa, Wagler. — — Hy.

boans, R. Boans, Lin. R. maxima, Lau. Calamita
maximus, Schn. Hyla palmata, Latr. Rana Zebra,

Shaw. Auletris, Wagler. Hy. venulosa, Latr. Rana

ven., Laur. Hy. viridi-fusca, Laur. Calamita Boans,
Schn. Hyla Boans, Mer. Rana. Meriana, Shaw. Rana

arborea, Var. Gm. R. squamigera, Walb. Hy. mar-

morata, Latr. Rana gibbosa, /S Gm. Hy. tinctoria,

Latr. Daud. Rana, Shaw. Rametta a tapiner, Lacep.

♦ Some of the Indian species deposit their «ggs on the under side of
leaves, hanging over water. General Hardwicke has observed them
place the eggs on a leaf which stood over a pail of water, so that the
young droDt into the water.

101

CLASS REPTILIA.

Hy. Surinamensis, Daud. Calamita, Mer. Hy. hy-

pochondrialis, Latr. Daud. Calamita, Mer. Hy. in-

termixta. Hy. ruber, Laur. La Rouge, Lacep. Hy.

sceleton, Laur. Hy. aurantiaca, Daud. Auletris,

"Wagler. • Hy. lactea, Laur. Rana lactea, Lin. Calam.

melanorabdotus, Sch. Hy. Boans, Daud. Hy. tibia-

trix, Laur. H. aurantiaca, Laur. Hy. lactea, Latr.

Daud. Hy. verrucosa, Daud. Hy. variegata, Daud.

Hy. lecophyllatus, Beirus. Hy. frontalis, Latr. Hy.

bufonia, Spix. Hy. geographica. Id. Hy. albomar-

ginata, Id Hy. papillaris, Id. Hy. pardalii, Id.

Hy. cinerascens. Id Hy. affinis. Id. — — Hy. trivi-

tata, Id. Hy. abbreviata. Id. Hy. lateralis, Daud.

Rana arborea, ^ Gm. Hyla viridis, Laur. Calamita Caroli-

nensis, Penn. C. cinerea, Schn. Rana bilineata, Shaw.

Hy. femoralis, Daud. — Hy. syuirella, Daud. H. occularis,

var Leconte. Hy. delitescens, Leconte. Hy. versicolor.

Id. — Hy. occularis, Latr. Hy. Quoyii, Bory. Hy.

Gaimardii, Id. Hy. Seuerii, Desm. Hy. bifasciata, Gray,

Mus. Paris.-- — Blue tree-frog. White's Journal, Hy. Cyanea,
Daud. R. austraciae, Schn. R. caiiulca, Daud.

White's specimen of the last mentioned seems to have
wanted a toe on its hind feet, and from this Fitzinger has
made of it a genus, under the name Calamita. Hyla violace-
poda, and Hyla erythropoda, of the French museum, ap-
pear to be nearly applied to, and probably the young of this
species. Hyla bufonoides of the Paris Museum, of which
H. centripoda of the same Museum may be a variety. Hy.
ocellata, and Hy. rubeola, all also of the same Museum, are
from New Holland.

d Tongue and tympanum distinct; mouth toothless. Nose
rounded. Bufo.

Common Toad, Rana Bufo, Lin. Bufo cinereus, Schn.
102

CLASS REPTILIA.

Bufo vulgaris, Laur. Bufo Roeselii, Latr. Daud. t. 27?

Bufo roseus, Wasserkrote, Meyer. Bufo fuscus, Laur.

Rana bombina, Gm. Roesel, Fro. t. 15. Pelobates fuscus,

Wagler. Bufo variabilis, Mer. R. variabilis, Pallas, t. 6,

f. 12. Bufo viridis, Laur. Rana viridis, S^ aw. Bufo Schre-
berianus, Laur. Rana sitibunda, Pallas. Bufo sitibundus,
Lepeche. See also GeofFroy Reptiles of Egypt, t. 4. B ufo
obstetricans, Laur. R. obstetricans, Sturm. Bombina ob-

stetricans, Mer. Alytes, Wagler Bvifo calaraita, Laur.

R. protentosa, Blumen. R. Bufo, var. Gm. B. cruciatus,
Schn. R. faetidissima, Hern. R. mephitica, Shaw. Bufo

salsus Schrank, Daud. Common on heaths near London.

Bufo marina, Daud. t. 37- B. maculiventris, Spix. Rana

marina, Lin, Bufo marinus, Sch., is from Seba; t. 76>f- 7> ^t

has toes like an Hyla. Copied R. maxima, Shaw. Bufo

ictericus, Spix, Brazils. B. lazarus. Id. B. stellateus.

Id. B. scaber,. Id. Bufo cinctus, Pr. Max. B.

Agua, Id. Bufo scaber, Daud. Bufo pustulosus, Laur.

Bufo melanostrictus, Schn. Seba.— — Bufo cognatus. Say,

Brickcoloured toad, Bartram. Bufo musicus, Latr. Daud.

Rana musica, Lin ? Bufo clamosus, Schn. Land-frog,

Bartram.- Bufo Bengalensis, Daud. Bufo marinus, Mer.

R. dubia, Shaw. Bufo flaviventris, Daud. B. chlorogaster,

Daud. Bufo praetextatus, Boie, MSS.

e. Nose acute, head rounded behind. Rhinella, Fitx. Oxy-
rhynchus, Spix.

Rhinella proboscideus, Bufo, Spix. Rhi. semilineatus,

Bdfo, Spix. Rhi. granulosus. Rhi. acutirostris

Rhi. nasicus all Bufo, Spix, t. 21, and 24.

/. Nose acute ; head with a crest extending on each side, to
the paratoids. Otilopha, Les Otilophes, Cuv.

Otilopha typhonia, R. typhonia, Lin, Seba. R. maigira-

103

CLASS REPTILIA.

tifera, Laur. Bufo margaritifera, Daud. OH. ocellata,

Tympanum, obscurely seen through the skin. Dark brown,
with white edged brown spots.

B. Tongue distinct; tympanum hidden; toes 3, inner clawed ;
mouth toothed. Dactylethra, Cuv. Engystoma, Fitz. not
Merrem. Xenopus, Wagler.

Xenopus Boiei, Wag. Pipra BufFonia, Mer. Bufo laevis,
Daud. Pipa Isevis, Mer. Engystoma ovalis, Fitz. ? — Rana

fasciata of Burchers Travels, may belong to this genus.

Xenopus ovalis, Rana ovalis, Schn. Microps unicolor. Wag.

C. Tongue distinct, tympanum hidden ; toes clawless ;

mouth large, eyebrows rounded. Bombinator.

B. igneus. Rana bombina, Gm. variegata, Lin. Bom-
binator Daudini, Bufo ventricosus, Daud. Engystoma ven-
tricosa, Fitz.

D. Month large ; eyebrows acute. S*rombus, Gray.

Ceratophys granulata, Cuv. C- Boiei, Pr. Max. Physa-
lamis Cuvieri, Fitz.

£. Mouth atid head small, paratoides no7ie ; toes, 5, 4. Bre-
viceps. Engystoma, part Fitz.

Breviceps gibbosus, Bufo gibbosus, Daud. Engystoma

dorsatum, Cuv. Seba. R. systoma, Schn. Breviceps mar-

moratum, Engyst. marmorutum, Cuv. not described^— — Bre.

granosus, Engyst. granosus, Cuv. Bre. Surinamensis, R.

Suninamensis, Daud. R. Bufonia, Mer. Bre. globulosus,

Bufo, glo. Spix, t. 19, f. 1. Chaunus marmoratus, Wagler.

Bre. albifrons, Bufo albifrons, Spix, t. 19, f. 2. Paludi-

cola albifrons, Wagler. Bufo ephlppium, Spix. This

species has only three toes on all the feet, and Fitzinger has
made .a genus of it, therefore, under the name of Brachy-
cephalus.
104

CLASS REPTILIA.

F, Tongue indistinct, tympanum, hidden, end of toes, four,
cut. Pipa, Daud. Asterodactylus, Wagler.

Common Pipa, R. Pipa, Lin. Seba, j. t. 77* ^^^ females

of this species hatch their eggs on the back. Pipa Curu-

cura, Spix, t. 22. The female of this species do not carry
their eggs on the back. Inhabits the bottom of ♦^^he lakes in
Brazil.

Gen. 2. Salamandua.

Body subcylindrical, tailed, feet four, short ; sternum clavi-
cules none. Larva, with four feet, gills, three on each side.

* Toes 4, 4. Salamandrina.
Salamandrina perspicilleta. Savi ; les trois doights, Lacep.
ij. t. 36, Molge tridactylus, Merrem. Salam. tridactylus,
Daud. See also, Salam. Savi, Gosse, with the toes half webbed.
Mus. Paris. .

♦• Toes 4, 5. Salammidra.

a. Skin smooth, paratoids glandular, with group of tuber-
clei> on the sides, in two series down the bach and tail,
each ending in a large pore, lateral line, simple.

Common Salamandra. Salamandra maculosa, Laur. Lac.
Salamandra. Lin. Black, yellow spotted.- Black Sala-
mandra. Salamandra atra, Laur. Sal. fusca Gesner, Sturm
fauna. Black may be only a variety.

6. Skin granular, granicles ending in a group of minute
pores, paratoids porous^ with a series of pores on each side,
forming a line betwee?i the legs.

Common Salamander. Salamandra palustris. Salam. cris-

tata, Latr. The Marbled Salamander. Salem marmorata,

Latr. Triton Gesneri, Laur., and the Alpine Salamander.

105

CLASS REPTILIA.

Salam. alpestris, Bechst. Lacep. t. 20, perhaps belong to this
section.

c. Skin and paratoids granular, each granule e?iding in a

large pore, lateral line porus. Pleurodeles ?

Spanish Salamander. Salaraandra major, nob, Mus. Brit.
Salam. fenestrata, Mus. Par. Inhab. Gibraltar, Mus. Col.
Surg, and Brit, length ten, or twelve inches. This species is
very like Pleurodeles Waltl. Michaellis, Isis, 1830, t. 2,
said to be found in the South of Spain, and said to differ
from the other Salamanders, by having fourieen perfect ribs,

d. Skin and paratoids smooth, with scattered granules,
each ending ifi a pore, place of lateral line occupied by a
large blood vessel.

Common Eft. Salamandra vulgaris. Sal. punctata, Latr.

The Webfooted Eft. Salam. palmata, Latr., scarcely

appears to be distinct.

e. Skin and paratoids smooth, minutely punctulated, the
pustules along the upper surface of the tail rather larger,
and more distinct.

Violet Salamander. Salamandra subviolocea, Barton.
Scargus Valeno. Mus. Par. Sal. Venenosa, Barton, Amer.
Phil. Trans, vi. t. 1. Brit. Mu*s.

/. Skin and paratoids smooth, minutely punctated, lateral
line none, toes long and free, Molge. nob.
Glutinous Salamander. M. glutinosa. Salamandra gluti-
nosa, Green. Mus. Brit. Red backed Salamander. Sala-
mandra Erythronota, Green. Brit. Mus. Cuvier says that

Salam. Japonica, Bechst. Lacep. ij. t. 10, f. 1, is allied to

this species. Ashy Salamander. Salamandra cinerea,

Green. Banded Salamander. Salamandra fasciata, Green,

.J.A.N. S.Phil. Mus. Brit.
106

CLASS KEPTILIA.

Probably the following American species belong to . this
~" section.

Punctate Salamander. Salam. symetrica. Sal. punctata,

Bechst. Lacep. ij. t. 10, f. 2. Tigerine Salamander.

Salam. tigrina, Green. N. America. Two lined Sala-
mander. Salam. bislineata, Green, New Jersey. Red
Salamander. Salem, rubra, Daud. Salam. rubiventris, Green.

North America- Variolated Salamander. Salam. vario-

Jata, Gilliams. Jour. Sic. Nat. Philad. 1, t. J8, f. 1, Pen-

sylvania. Cylindrical Salamander. Salam. cylindracea,

Harlan. South Carolina.- White faced Salamander. Sala

mandra frontalis. Sal. sinciput-alba, Green. Brown Sala-
mander. Salam andra fusca, Green, Jour. Acad. Philad.

New Jersey. Dorsal Salamander. Salamandra dorsalis,

Harlan. South Carolina. Painted Salamander. Sala-
mandra picta, Harlan. Pensylvania. Yellow Salaman-
der. Salamandra flavissima, Harlan. Pensylvania. — —
Capt. Beechy''s Salamander. Salamandra Beechii, Gray.

Spotted Salamander. Salamandra maculata. Green.

New Jersey. Mus. Brit. Brownish Salamander, Sala-
mandra subfusca, Green. New Jersey. Long Tail Sala-
mander. Salamandra longicaudata. Green. Black Sala-
mander. Salamandra nigra. Green. Pennsylvania.

Green's Salamander. Salamandra Greeni, Gray.-

g. Skin and paratolds smooth, minutely punctuated; late-
ral line none ; toes very short webbed.
Salamandra variegata. Gray. Sal. platy dactyl us. Cuv.
Mus. Paris. Brown, with irregular dorsal bands. Mexico.

Sect. II. Amphipneusta. Not undergoing trans/or'

motion.

Gen. I. Pboteus.
Gills free, persistent ; skull formed of several distinct bones ;

107

CLASS REPTILIA.

body rather depressed ; tail compressed ; legs four ; muzzle
depressed.

a. Toes 3 be/ore, 2 behind. Hydochthon.

Common Proteus. Proteus anguinus, Laur. Siren
anguinus, Sclin. See Configliachi, Monografra and Schrie-
ber's, Monograpli, Carniola.

b. Toes 4 before, 4 behind. Menobranchus, Harlan. Nec-

turus, Raffin. Phanerobranchus, Fit%.

Say's Menobranchus. Menobranchus lateralis, Harlan.
Triton lateralis. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iv. t. 21. Ann.
Lye. N. ij. 1. 16. Proteus of the Lakes, Mitchell, Silliman

Jour, iv. and vii. Salamandra alleghaniensis, Jun. Say.

Lacepedes Menobranchus. Menobranchus Lacepedii.

Proteus tetradactylus. Lacep. Ann. Mus. x. t.

c. Toes 4 before, 5 behind. Phyllhydrus, Brooks, Gyrinus.

Shaw not Lin. Siredon, Wagler.

Common Axolotl. Phyllhydrus pisceformormis. Siren
pisciformis. Shaw Zool. iij. t. 140. Misc. t. Axolotl Hum-
boldt. Obs. Zool. t. 12. Home Phil. Trans, and Lacep.
Anat. Siredon Axolotl, Wagler. Mexico. Consult also
Proteus Nove Caesarcenris, Green. Jour Acad. Phil, and
Siren operculata. Pal de Beauv. Amer. Phil. Trans, iv.

Ge7i. II. Siren.

Gills free, persistent ; skull of distinct bones : body sub-
cylindrical ; tail compressed ; legs two, anterior.

a. Toes 4, 4. Siren, Linii. Mursena, GmeL

Common Siren. Siren lacertina, Linn. Mud Isruana.

Ellis Phil. Trans. Intermediate Siren^ Siren intermedia,

Leconte Ann. Lye. New York ij. t. 1.
108

CLASS REPTILIA.

6. T^oes 3, 3. Pseudobranchus, Gray.

Striated Siren. Pseudobranchus striatus. Siren striata,
Leconte Ann. Lye. I^tw York, j. t. 4. Captain. Leconte
has unjustly and unscientitically attacked this genus. See
Ann. Lye. New York, ij. 133, though it was established
originally o'ii the authority of his erroneous account of the
Opcreula.

Gen. III. Amphiuma.

Gills none ; skull formed of a solid bony substance ; body
subcylindrieal ; tail compressed ; legs four.

a. Legs rather strong ; toes 4, 5, outer edge of the feet
fringed, Abranchus.

Large Hellbender. Abranchus horridus. Salamaridra
gigantea. Salamandra horrida, and Protonopsis horrida,
Barton. Menopoma Alleghaniensis, Harlan. Triton Alle-
ghaniensis, Daud. Molge gigantea, Merrem. Salamandra
Alleghaniensis, Michaux. Abranchus alleghaniensis, Leconte,
Ann. Lye. j. t. 17- -

6. Legs weak^ boneless. Amphiuma.

Common Congo Snake. Amphiuma means. Garden.
Florida and Georgia. Mus. Brit. Chrysodonta larvaformis,

Mitchel. Three Toes Congo Snake. Amphiuma tridac-

tylum. Cuv. Mem. Mus. xiv. 1. 1. Mus. Col. Surg. Four
footed. Siren. F v con. ^

- 4? Gen. IV. Cecilia. Linn.

Gills none, head depressed, formed of a solid bony sub-
stance ; legs none ; body cylindrical ; tail short, blunt ; vent
roundish, nearly terminal — perhaps this should be placed
near Amphisboena.

109

CLASS REPTILIA.

a. Muzzle blunt ; nostrils bearded ; body distinctly ringed.
Caecilia. Siphonops, Wagler.

Ringed Coecilia. Caecilia annulata, Spix, t. 27. f. 1.

Interrupted Ringed Caecilia. Caecilia interrupta, Cuy.

Bearded Caecilia. CaDcilia tentaculata, Linn. Amon. Acad. j.

t. 17. f. 1. Ccecilia albiventris, Daud. vii. t. 122. f. 2.

Glutinous Caecilia. Caecilia glutinosa, Lin. Mus. Adolpb, t. 4.
f. 1. Seba, t. 25. f. 2. Ceylon.— Two Banded Csecilia.

Caecilia bivittata, Cuv. America. Sharp-nosed Caecib'a.

Caecilia rostrata, Cuv.

h. Muzzle prominent, body slender, very lo7ig, smooth, ten-
iacula distinct. Ichtbyophis, Fitz. Caecilia, Wagler.

Worniiike Caecilia. Caecilia lumbricoides, Cuv. Daud.
t. 92, f. 2, Lin. Mus. Adolpb. t. 5, f. 2.

c. Muzzle depressed^ bearded ; body, rather fusiform, very
closely ringed, eyes small. Epicrium, Wagler.

Javanesse Caecilia. Caecilia hypocyana, Van. Hasselt, Isis.
I827. Epicrium Hasseltii^ Wagler, Java. Caecilia nasuta,
is said to be a fisb, the Sphagebranchus Coromandelicus of
Russel, t. 37.

■*3.

no

f

THE

ANIMAL KINGDOM.

Class REPTILIA.

Reptiles have the heart disposed in such a
manner, as that, on each contraction, it sends into
the lungs only a portion of the blood which it has
received from the various parts of the body, and the
rest of that fluid returns to the several parts, with-
out having passed through the lungs, and undergone
the action of respiration.

From this it results, that the oxygen acts less on
the blood than in the mammifera. If the quantity
of respiration in the latter animals in which the
whole of the blood passes through the lungs, before
returning to tlie parts, be expressed by unity, the
quantity of respiration in the reptiles must be
expressed by a fraction of unity so much the smaller,
as the portion of the blood sent to the lungs on each
contraction of the heart, is less.
:^iAs respiration communicates to the blood its heat,
and to the fibres their nervous irritability, so we find

VOL. IX. B

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