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*>\^'
*
AN , -^
INTRODUCTION v c • ^ .
TO THE STUDY OP THE
ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE,
COMFRISINQ
AN ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR, SELECTIONS FOR READING, WITH
EXPLANATORY NOTES AND A VOCABULARY.
STEPHEN H. CARPENTER,
Prof essor of Logic and English Literature in the University of WisconHn %
and Author of "English of the XlVth Century}*
• *•
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY GINN AND* Ht?AT?H. '
1880.
[ THE NF*
.V
YG
KK
? mi
'i
^
ACTOR, i *' > — 4V !3
TO.DEN f C - - ^ 3.
R K.I L
Bntered according to the act of Congress, In the year 187B,
BY STEPHEN H. CARPENTER,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
.'• •••
• «
«
* '■ ' * 1 - » ' •
w \ - - - '
\ ,*s$B&4otar?feB8,
MADI802T, WIS.
PBXS8 OF
JOHN -WTLSON AJTD SOH,
OAMBUDGS.
PREFACE.
This book has been prepared to serve as an introduction
to the study of Anglo-Saxon; it makes no claim to
originality, but only aims to present in an elementary
form the well-understood principles of Anglo-Saxon
grammar. It is designed rather to prepare the way for
more advanced works on the subject, like those of Dr.
March, than to supersede or come into competition with
them. From its great age, its wonderful continuity of
development, and the opportunity afforded for illus-
tration by kindred dialects, the Anglo-Saxon offers a
tempting field to the student of Comparative Philology,
and one which will amply repay any toil that may be
bestowed upon it; but in order that the student may
advantageously cultivate this field, a certain amount of
preparation is indispensable; which preparation it is the
aim of this book to afford.
The extracts for reading have been selected so as to
gradually increase in difficulty. Beginning with ideas
which are familiar, the student passes to those which are
less readily apprehended, and then to selections which
require more labor on his part. Anglo-Saxon poetry is,
as a rule, quite difficult, and I have endeavored to lead
iv Preface.
up to these difficulties gradually, by giving both the
prose and the poetic version of Boethius's Metres, thus
acquainting the student with the poetic form without the
difficult labor of translating wholly unfamiliar passages.
In making these selections I have been somewhat re-
stricted by the elementary character of trie book, but I
have endeavored to admit nothing devoid of interest.
Hoping that this work may be of service in facili-
tating the study of Anglo-Saxon, and may increase our
estimate of the value of the inheritance which we have
in our mother-tongue, the author leaves his work with
the public, saying with King Alfred, "And nu bit and
halsaft aelcne para }>e j>as b6c nfedan lyste, past he him ne
wlte gif he hit rihtlf cor ongite ponne he mihte ; for pam
pe aelc mon sceal be his andgites masSe and be his aemet-
tan sprecan past he sprectS and d6n past he de*$."
University op Wisconsin,
Makch, 1875.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
grammatical introduction 1
Selections fob Reading —
Sermon on the Mount 49
Reign of King Alfred 56
Character of William the Conqueror . . 67
Narratives of Ohthere and Wulfstan . . 72
Conversion of the Saxons 78
Conversion of the North Angles .... 87
Account of the Poet Caedmon .... 99
On the Beginning of Creation . . . .105
Assumption of St. John 112
From Alfred's Metres of Boethius . 120
Description of Paradise 134
The Creation 137
Satan's Rebellion and Punishment . . • 140
The Flood 145
The Escape of the Israelites . ... 151
Explanatory Notes 163
Vocabulary 173
GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.
i. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet has twenty-four letters,
as follows: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O,
P, R, S, T, U, W, X, Y, and D, «, p, J>, representing the
two sounds of th, as heard in thine, thin*
2. An accent is found in A.-S. mss., generally placed
over the long vowels, but too capriciously to indicate
any law ; it is used in this work to denote a long vowel.
3. The Vowels were probably sounded thus: —
_ a as in what.
^ ae as in fat.
■-• & like aw in straw, passing nearly to long 0, as in
note.
6 se like a in fate.
au like ow in now.
e as in met.
-+ 6 as in mete (as cwen, queen, Gothic kwino).
e before a vowel not forming a diphthong (break-
ing) like consonantal y ( j).
3 eo like German ce.
e6 like ee in seen (se6n to see).
ea as in swear.
ea like a preceded by S.
i as in dim.
2 Grammatical Introduction.
1 as in dime (sometimes as in machine, (so heora,
i before a vowel like consonantal^- (j) (so test for
east),
iw like ew in new.
o as in -whole.
6 like oo in foot.
u asin/»//.
u as in fool,
y and y like French u, coalescing finally with i, I.
Note 1. The simple vowels are a, i, u ; a strengthens to a;
(a). 6, breaks to ea, and weakens to as, o, e; i strengthens to i.
a (»), breaks to eo, weakens to e; n strengthens to e6 (u), ea
(e"), weakens to o. y is i-xtmlaut of u. Ea and eo seldom coa-
lesce into perfect diphthongs.
Note 3. " Radical short a can only stand before a single con-
sonant and tt, tc, when this consonant, or these letters are again
followed in the inflection by a, o, u, in nouns, a, o, n, e, in ad-
jectives, a, o, u, ia, in verbs ;" in other cases, te is used instead of
a; before m, n, a may change to o, as man, man; before I and r,
followed by another consonant, a may change to ea,
4. The Consonants have generally their present sounds,
but the following peculiarities are to be noted: c is al-
ways sounded like k; cw like qu} $ like th In thine,
and J> like th as in thin, but these characters arc used
quite interchangeably: g at beginning of words is gen-
erally hard, but is sometimes soft as in the pronouns ge,
git, — at the end like German soft g-, almost passing" into
y, as dieg, day ; h at beginning of words, a strong aspi
rate, — at end, a guttural, like German chj h s
stands for final g, as burn, gen. burge; hw li
Grammatical Introduction.
1 ETYMOLOGY.
5. The Parts of Speech are the Noun, Adjective, Pro-
noun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and In-
terjection.
NOUNS.
Declension,
6, Nouns vary in form, to denote the relations of
Gender, Number and Case. There are three genders,
Masculine, Feminine and Neuter; three numbers, Sin-
gular, Dual (two) and Plural; six cases, Nominative,
Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative and Instrumental.
Note. The gender in A.-S. is grammatical, and is not de-
termined by the sex of the object.
•j. Nouns have two numbers, singular and plural; only
pronouns have the dual, used to denote two taken to-
gether.
8. The Cases are used to denote the following rela-
tions:
Nbm. subject of a sentence.
Gen. modern possessive, or denoting the relation ex-
pressed by the preposition of
Dot. denoting the relation usually expressed by prep-
ositions to or for.
Ace. modern obje^
(native.
sssed by
4 Grammatical Introduction.
9. There are four Declensions of Anglo-Saxon Nouns,
distinguished by the ending of the Genitive singular —
The first ends in es the second in e
The third in a the fourth in an
Note. The fourth declension is called weak; the others,
strong.
10. In the first declension are found only masculine
and neuter nouns; in the second, only feminines; in the
third, masculine and feminine; in the fourth, masculine
and feminine.
Note. The first, second, and third decl. comprise the vowel
stems (a (ia), i, u) ; the fourth, the consonant stems; in this
declension are found four neuters, eage, eare, lunge, clywe.
11. The following is a
Summary of Case Endings:
Decl. I
Decl
. n.
Decl. III.
Decl. iy.
Sing.
Mas.
Neut.
Fern.
Mas. Fern.
Mat. Fern.
N.&V.
— ,e
— e
U,
—
u, —
a, e
Gen.
es
es
e
e
a a
an
Dat.
e
e
e
e
a,u a, —
an
Ace.
— >e
— ,e
u, e
e,—
u —
an
Inst.
e
6
e
e
a a, —
an
Plural,
•
N.A.V.
as
— >*
a,e
e, a
u, 0, a ft
an
Gen.
ft
a
ft
ena
ft, ena ft
ena
D.&I.
um
um
um
um
um
Note. The dative plural sometimes ends in on, un, or an.
In late A.S. the a of the gen. pi. sometimes weakens to e, as hu
fela lande [landa] (p. 69), of how many lands; and finally drops,
as seofon fdt [fdta] mal (p. 68), a portion of seven feet.
Grammatical Introduction. J
First Declension. Gen. Sing. es.
12. Masculines.
i. St6l, stool. 2. Daeg, day. 3. Bere, barley.
Sing. PL Sing. PL Sing. PL
N. st61 st61-as daeg dag-as bere ber-as
G. st6l-cs st6l-a daeg-es dag-a bere-s ber-a
D. st6l-e st6l-um daeg-e dag-um bere ber-um
A. st61 st6l-as daeg dag-as bere ber-as
I. stol-e st61-um daeg-e dag-um ber-e ber-um
4. Byre, son. 5. F6t, foot. 6. Bea-h, ring.
Sing. PL Sing. PL Sing. PL
N. byre byre (as) f6t ftt be&h beag-as
G. byr-es byr-a f6t-es f6t-a be&g-es be&g-a
D. byr-e byr-um f<et f6t-um be&g-e be&g-um
A. byre byre (as) f6t £6t be&h beag-as
I. byr-e byr-um f6t-e f6t-um be&g-e be&g-um
Notb. Pet is for fet-e.
13. Neuters.
7. Word, word. 8. Faet, vat. 9. Rice, kingdom.
Sing. PL Sing. PL Sing. PL
N. word word faet fat-u rice ric-u
G. word-es word -a faet-es fat-a ric-es ric-a
D. word-e word-um faet-e fat-um ric-e ric-um
A. word word faet fat-u rice ric-u
I. word-e word-um faet-e fat-um ric-e ric-um
Note 1. Like st61 are declined masc. monosyllables, deriva-
tives in 1, m, n, r, ing, els, a$, dS, 0$, eS, od, ot, et, — h, oc, uc,
— u(o). Derivatives in e$ and els often drop as in the nom.
and ace. pi. ; as, hseleS for hseleftas, faetels for faetelsas. Like daeg
are declined hwael, ma3g, pae$, stsef, etc. Like bere are declined
bryne, cese, cwede, ele, ege, ende, esne, haele ; derivatives in ere,
words compounded with scipe. Like byre are inflected words used
/
6 Grammatical Introduction.
only in the plural, as Dene, Danes; words compounded with
ware, as Cantware, Kent-men, though these latter sometimes
form the ace. pi. in as. Like fdt are declined td$, man. Like
word are declined neuter monosyllables ; derivatives in — h, el,
ol, en. er, or, ur, od, ed, et, ot, eld. Like fset are declined
bsec, bse6, faec, faes, glaes, etc.
Note 2. Byre and f6t are from stems in i ; nouns like Bere
are from strengthened stems in ia; other stems in first decl.
end in a.
Note 3. Feoh, cattle, takes gen. feds, dat. fed, ace. feoh,
pi. wanting.
Note 4. Some nouns take a or u in nom. and ace. pi., as
deofol pi., deofla, deoflu; cild, cildra, cildru.
Note 5. Words ending in an unaccented short vowel are
frequently syncopated, as engel, gen. engles ; tacen, tacnes ;
tungol, tungles ; segen, segnes.
Note 6. Metathesis takes place in the plural of some nouns
ending in sc, as fisc, a fish, pi. fixas (ficsas).
Note 7. Some nouns in ed take y in the pi., as fednd,
pi. f^nd.
Note 8. Some neuters like lim, brim, hliS, take eo in
plural — (u-umlaut) as, leomu, etc.
Second Declension. Gen. Sing. e.
14. Feminines.
I. GtfMyglft.
2. Dsed, deed. 3. Duru, door.
Sing. PL Sing. PL
N. gif-u gif-a (e) dsed dsed-a
G. gif-e gif-a (ena) dsed-e cUed-a
D. gif-e gif-um d&l-e dsed-um
A. gif-u (e) gif-a (e) dsed-e ds§d-a
Sing. PL
duru dur-a
dur-e dur-a
dur-a (e) duru-m
duru (e) dur-a
Note. Nouns like gifu are from stems in a ; like dsed irom
stems in i; duru has stem in u.
\
\V
Grammatical Introduction.
15. Anomalous Nouns. Second Dkcl.
SINGULAR.
Plural.
N.A.
Gen.
Dat.
if. A.
Gen.
/>a/.
boc
b6ce
bee
bee
boca
b6cum
book
br6c
broce
brec
brec
brdca
brocuin
breeches
burh
burge
byrig
byrig
burga
burgum
burg
cu
COS
<tf
of
ciina
cum
cow
gos
g6se
ges
ges
g6sa
g6sum
goose
lU9\
luse
tf* .
tfs
lusa •
lusum
louse.
111 lis
miisev
nrfs
m^s\
nmsa
miisum
mouse
turf*
turfe
tyrt
tyrf
turfa>
turfum
turf
Note 1. Like gifu and denu, decline all feminines in u; de-
rivatives in 1, n, r, s, nes, nys, ung, ing, etc. Words in ung some-
times take the dative singl. in a, and the nom. and ace. pi. in as.
Like dted are declined monosyllables ; derivatives in oc, n, en,
es,U.
Note 2. To this declension belong nouns in o indeclinable
in the singular, as braedo, breadth ; the plurals are rare.
l^hird Declension. Gen. Sing. a.
16. Masculine. Feminine.
1. Sunu, son. 2. Wudu, wood. 3. Hand, hand.
Sing. PI. Sing. PI. Sing. PI.
N. sunu sun-a wudu wud-as hand hand-a
Q. sun-a sun-a (ena) wud-a (es) wud-a (ena) hand-a hand-a
D. sun-a sunu-m wud-a wudu-m hand-a hand-um
(hand)
A. sunu sun-a wudu wud-as hand hand-a
I. sun-a sunu-m wud a wudu-m
Note. This declension is very irregular, showing a constant
tendency to merge into the others.; stems all in u.
6 Grammatical Introduction.
only iu the plural, as Dene, Danes; words compounded with
ware, as Cantware, Kent-men, though these latter sometimes
form the ace. pi. in as. Like t6t arc declined td5, man. Like
word are declined neuter monosyllables ; derivatives in — h, el,
ol, en. er, or, ur, od, ed, et, ot, eld. Like fait are declined
hiec, baei, fieo, fses, glses, etc,
Note 2. Byre and fdt are from sterna in i ; nouns like Bcre
are from strengthened stems in ia; other stems in first deel.
end in a.
Note 3. Feoh, cattle, takes gen. feds, dat. fed, ace. feoh,
pi. wanting.
Note 4. Some nonns take a or u in nom. and ace. pi., as
deofol pi., deofla, deoflu; cild, cildra, cildru.
Note 5. Words ending in an unaccented short vowel are
frequently syncopated, as engel, gen. engles ; t&cen, tacnes ;
tungol, tungles ; segen, segnes.
Note 8. Metathesis takes place in the plural of some nouns
ending iu sc, as rise, a fish, pi. fixas (ficsas).
Note 7. Some nouns in ed take y in the pi., as feoud,
pi. fynd.
Note 8. Some neuters like lim, brim, hliS, take eo in
plural — (u-umlaut) as, leomu, etc.
Second Declension. Gen. Sing: e.
14. Femixines.
1. Gifu, gift. 2. D£d, deed. 3. Duru, door.
Sing. PI. Stag. PL
N. gif-u gif-a (e) deSd dicd-a dura
G. gif-e gif-a (ena) daSd-e daed-a dura
D. gif-e gif-um da5d-e dned-um dur-a (e) dui
A. gif-u (e) gif-a (e) da5d-e d;ed-a duru (e) dtn
Note. Nouns like gifu are from
stems in i; duru has stem in 1
Grammatical Introduction.
15. Anomalous Nouns. Second Dbcl.
b6c
boce
bee
bee
boca
bocum
book
br6c
broce
brec
brec
bro'ca
brocum
breeehe*
burh
burge
byrig
byrig
burga
burgum
burg
cii
ciis
0?
c,
ciina
ciira
cow
S 6e
g&o
g6s
ges
g6sa
g 6sum
goose
lu*
liise
1ft .
lys
liisa >
lusum
lou»e
uiiis
uiiisev
mys
my 9l
musa
mu'suni
mi»u.e,
lurft
turfe
lyrt
tyrf
turfa>
turfam
turf
Note 1. Like gifu and denu, decline all feminities in u; <le-
rivati ves in 1, n, r, 9, nes, ays, ung, ing, etc. Words in ung some-
times take the dative siDgl. in a, and the nom. and ace. pi. in as.
Like difed are declined monosyllables; derivatives in oc, d, en,
es,«.
Note 2. To this declension belong nouns in indeclinable
in the singular, as brsedo, breadth ; the plurals ore rare.
7'Mrd Declension. Gen. Sing. a.
16. Masculine. Feminine.
I. Sunn, son. 2. Wudu, wood. 3. Hand, hand.
Sing. PI. Sing. PI. Sing. PI.
K. sunn snn-a wudu wud-ss hand hand-a
O. snn-a sun.a(ena) wud-a(es) wud-a(ena) hand-a hand-a
JD. sun a snnn-m wud-a wudu-m hand-a hand-urn
(hand)
A. sunu snn-a wudu wnd-as hand hand-a
a aunu-ni wild- a wudu-m
This declension is very irregular, showing a constant
tendency to merge inLatha others; stems all iu a.
6 Grammatical Introduction.
only in the plural, as Dene, Danes; words compounded with
ware, as Cantware, Kent-men, though these latter sometimes
form the ace. pi. in as. Like fdt are declined tdS, man. Like
word are declined neuter monosyllables ; derivatives in — h, el,
ol, en. er, or, ur, od, ed, et, ot, eld. Like fset are declined
baec, bse6, faec, faes, glaes, etc.
Note 2. Byre and fdt are from stems in i ; nouns like Bere
are from strengthened stems in ia; other stems in first decl.
end in a.
Note 3. Feoh, cattle, takes gen. feds, dat. fed, ace. feoh,
pi. wanting.
Note 4. Some nouns take a or u in nom. and ace. pi., as
deofol pi., deofla, deoflu; cild, cildra, cildru.
Note 5. Words ending in an unaccented short vowel are
frequently syncopated, as engel, gen. engles ; tacen, tacnes ;
tungol, tungles ; segen, segnes.
Note 6. Metathesis takes place in the plural of some nouns
ending in sc, as fisc, a fish, pi. flxas (ficsas).
Note 7. Some nouns in ed take y in the pi., as fednd,
pi. f^nd.
Note 8. Some neuters like lim, brim, hliS, take eo in
plural — (u-umlaut) as, leomu, etc.
Second Declension. Gen. Sing. e.
14. Feminines.
1. Gifu, gift 2. Daed, deed. 3. Duru, door.
Sing. PL Sing. PL Sing. PL
N. gif-u gif-a (e) daed dsed-a duru dur-a
G. gif-e gif-a (ena) dsed-e dsed-a dur-e dur-a
D. gif-e gif-um daed-e dsed-um dur-a (e) duru-m
A. gif-u (e) gif-a (e) da&l-e da§d-a duru (e) dur-a
Note. Nouns like gifu are from stems in a ; like daed from
stems in i; duru has stem in u.
s
Grammatical Introduction.
15. Anomalous Nouns. Second Decl.
SlNGTTLAB.
P
LUBAL.
N.A.
Gen.
Dot.
if. A.
(?«n.
Dot.
boc
boce
bee
bee
boca
b6cum
book
br6c
broce
brec
brec
brdca
brocuin
breeches
burh
barge
byrig
byrig
burga
burguin
burg
cu
cus
<tf
cf
ciina
cum
cow
gos
g6se
ges
ges
gosa
g6sum
goose
lllS\
luse
V* .
tfs
lusa >
lusum
louse.
111 lis
miise v
m^s
m^s\
miisa
miisum
mouse
turft
turfe
tyrt
tyrf
turfa>
turfum
turf
Note 1. Like gifu and denu, decline all feminines in u; de-
rivatives in 1, n, r, s, nes« nys, ung, ing, etc. Words in ung some-
times take the dative singl. in a, and the nom. and ace. pi. in as.
Like died are declined monosyllables ; derivatives in oc, n, en,
es, "8.
Note 2. To this declension belong nouns in o indeclinable
in the singular, as brsedo, breadth ; the plurals are rare.
l^hird Declension. Gen. Sing. a.
16. Masculine. Feminine.
1. Sunu, son. 2. Wudu, wood. 3. Hand, hand.
Sing. PI. Sing. PI. Sing. PL
N. sunu sun-a wudu wud-as hand hand-a
Q. sun-a sun-a (ena) wud-a (es) wud-a (ena) hand-a hand-a
D. sun-a sunu-m wud-a wudu-m hand-a hand-um
(hand)
A. sunu sun-a wudu wud-as hand hand-a
I. sun-a sunu-m wud-a wudu-m
Note. This declension is very irregular, showing a constant
tendency to merge into the others,; stems all in u.
8
Grammatical Introdvction.
17. Anomalous Nouns. Third Decl.
Plural.
N. A. Gen. Dat.
sumoras sumora sumorum
winter wintra wintrum
feldas felda feldum
Singular.
N.A.
Gen.
Dat.
sumor
sumores
sumora
winter
wintres
wintra
feld
feldes
felda
Fourth Declension. Gen. Sing. an.
18. Masc. Fem. Neut.
1. Hunt a, hunter. Tunge, tongue. Edge, eye.
PL Sing. PL Sing. PL
hunt- an tunge tung-an edge edg-an
hunt-en a tung-an tung-ena edg-an edg-ena
hunt-um tung-an
hunt-an tung-an
Notb 1. Compare this Declension with the definite declen-
sion of adjectives.
Notb 2. To this declension belong certain monosyllabic
roots, as clife, clufe, derivatives in 1, n, r, s, ig, w, all adding a or
e in the nominative.
Sing.
N. hunt-a
O. hunt-an
D. I. hunt-an
A. hunt-an
tung-um eag-an edg-um
tung-an edge eag-an
19. Anomalous Nouns.
Singular. Plural.
IT. A.
Gen. Dat. N. A. Gen.
Dat.
feeder
feeder (es) feeder feederas feedera
feederum
br6$or
br6$or brewer brdSru (a) br6$ra
br6$rum
m6dor
m6dor meder m6dra (u) m6dra
m6drum
d6hter
d6htor dehter d6htra dohtra
ddhtrum
sweostor sweostor sweostor sweostra sweostra (ena) sweostrum
sc6 (e6) ac6s (e6s) sc6 (e6) sc6s (e6s) sce6na sc6um
(sce6n)
safes
ed(eds)
ssfe (sfifes) ssfe ssfe
ed (eds) ed ed
* (law) fife fife
be6 bean —
(sfifea)
sfifem
ea
earn
be6n
[plural wanting]
be6na be6um
Grammatical Introduction. 9
adjectives.
20. In Anglo-Saxon, as in German, Adjectives have
two forms of Declension: the Definite form, used
when the noun modified by the adjective is limited by
some definitive word, as a demonstrative or possessive
pronoun; the Indefinite form used in all other cases.
21. The forms of the Definite Declension are the
same as in the Fourth Declension of Nouns. The in-
flection of the Adjective in the Indefinite Declension, as
in the other Teutonic languages, resembles the pronom-
inal rather than the substantive forms.
22
. Definite Declension.
Se g6da, the good.
Singular.
Plural.
Mas.
Fern. Nevt.
M. F. If.
N.
g6d-a
g6d-e g6d-e
g6d-an
G.
g6d-an
g6d-an g6d-an
g6d-ena
D.L
g6d-an
god-an g6d-an
g6d-um
A.
g6d-an •
g6d-an g6d-e
Se smala, the small.
g6d-an
Singular.
Plural.
Mm.
Fern. IfetU.
M. F. Jf.
N.
smal-a
smal-e smal-e
smal-an
G.
smal-an
smal-an smal-an
smal-ena
D.L
smal-an
smal-an smal-an
smal-um
A.
smal-an
smal-an smale
smal-an
Note. Some adjectives of this declension suffer contraction,
as fffigera, togr*,fair; famiga, famga, foamy, etc Some double
the final consonant, as grim, grimma.
IO
Grammatical Introduction.
23. Indefinite Declension.
1.
G6d, good.
■
SINGULAR.
Plural.
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
M.F.
Neut.
N.
g6d
g6d (u)
g6d
g6d-e
g6d-u
G.
g6d-es
g6d-re
g6d-es
g6d-ra
g6d-ra
D.
g6d-um
g6d-re
god-um
g6d-um
g6d-um
A,
g6d-ne
g6d-e
g6d
g6d-e
g6d-u
I.
g6d-e
g6d-re
god-e
g6d-um
g6d-um
2. Smael, small.
»
Singular.
Plural.
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
M.F.
Neut.
N.
smael
smal-u
smael •
smal-e
smal-u
G.
smal-es
smael-re
smal-es
smael-ra
smael-ra
D.
smal-um
smael-re
smal-um
smal-um
smal-um
A.
smael-ne
smal-e
smael
smal-e
smal-u
I.
smal-e
smael-re
smal-e
smal-um
smal-um
Note 1. The u of the feminine singular and neuter plural
quite often weakens to «, and sometimes drops. The termina-
tion e has weakened from an original a, which is still occasion-
ally found; as (dat. sing, fem.) micelrafor micelre (p. 105, 1. 25)
(ace. pi.), ealla for ealle (p. 123, 1. 4). The Participles, when
used as Adjectives, have both declensions.
Note 2. Adjectives in e, as blfSe, retain the e in the nomina-
tive singular of the three genders, and in the ace. sing, neuter.
Noie 3. In late A.S. the inst. often takes the place of the
dative; as, mid aenige men (p. 67, 1. 20).
24. Comparison.
The Comparative degree of Adjectives is regularly
formed by adding to the positive indefinite, ra for the
masculine and re for the feminine and neuter. The
Comparative has only the Definite declension.
Grammatical Introduction. u
The Superlative degree is regularly formed in the
definite declension by adding to the positive, esta, estc y
este, (osta, oste, oste) ; in the indefinite, by adding to the
positive est (ost), as,
SwiiS, great.
Mas. Fern. Neut.
Compar. se swtf$-ra se6 swf8-re past swift-re
Sup. Def. se swift-esta se6 swfft-este faet swffc-este
swfft-osta swifc-oste swiS-oste
Sup. Ind. swiiS-est, swffi-ost
Note. In A.-S. the idea of comparison was carried much
further than in the modern use, — the comparative termination
being used in the formation of other relative words, as o$er,
second, hwarSer, which one of (he two? cefer, ever, ofer, over, etc.
So also the ordinals are all superlative forms, as fyr-sta, Jfraf.
25. Irregular Comparison.
Some adjectives become irregular in comparison,
through the influence of vowel-change — a changing to
e; ae to a; e& into y or f ; ea, eo, u, to y; others are
defective, the positive and comparative being formed
from different roots.
Forms in ma (me) are relics of an old superlative
form, which has been taken as a positive, and again
compared.
The following are irregular, through vowel-change:
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
lang
lengra (leng)
lengest
long
Strang
strengra
strengest
strong
eald
yldra
yldest
old
neah
nearra (n^ra)
nyst (nyhst)
nigh
neah
near
next (nehst)
heah
h^rra
hyhst
tiigh
12
Grammatical Introduction.
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
e&fte
ySra (£5)
/Sest (e£$ost)
easy
feor
fyrre
fyrrest
far
geong
gyngra
gyngest
young
sceort
scyrtra
scyrtest
short
soft (seft)
seftra
seft est
soft
The following are irregular, the different forms being
referrible to different roots:
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
g6d
betera (bet)
betst
good
yfel
wyrsa
wyrst
evil
micel
mara (ma)
msest
much
lytel
lsessa
laest
little
The following are from Adverbs:
Adverb. Pot.
Comparative.
Superlative.
a
fi§rra (aer)
arrest
&D€T
arfterra
aeftemest
after
fore
fyrra
forma, fruma, fyrst
fore
feor feor
fyrre
fyrrest
far
forS
furSor
forftmest
forth
From Superlatives, assumed as Positives:
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
seftuma
seftra
aeftemest
after
hindema
hindera
hindemest
hind
innema
innera
innemest
inner
tltem a
utra
^temest
outer
midma
midmest
tnid
niftema
ni$ra
ui^mest
nether
So also compounds with weard, as —
forSweard
furSor
furSum, forflmest
norftweard
norSor
norSmest
liteweard
utra (litor)
litem a, iltemest
nrSeweard
niftra (nt&or) niftema, niftemest
Grammatical Introduction.
*J
26. Numerals.
Cardinals.
1 an
2 twegen, twfi, tu
3 >ri, >re6
4 feower
5 fif
6 six
7 seofon (syfone)
8 eahta
9 nigon, nigen
10 tf n, ten
11 endleofan (ellefan)
13 twelf
13 >re6tyne
14 feowertyne
15 fiftyne
16 sixtyne
17 seofontyne
18 eahtatyne
19 nigontyne
20 twentig
21 an and twentig
30 )>ritig, >rittig
40 feowcrtig
50 fif tig
60 sixtig
70 hundseofontig
. 80 hundeahtatig
90 hundnigontig
100 hundteonttg, hand
101 hand and an
110 handendleofantig
120 hundtwelftig
130 hund and >ritig
200 twa hund
Ordinals.
forma, fyrsta '
ofier
frridda
feowertta
fifta
sixta
seofotta (eUa)
eahtotfa (e«a)
nigotSa (e$a)
teotta
endleofta
twelfta
Jrodteotia
feowerteotia
fifteoSa
sixteofla
seofonteofta
eahtateofta
nigonteofta
twentigotSa
an and twentigotta
t>ritigo$a
feowertigofta
fiftigoda
sixtigofta
hundseofontigotta
hundeahtatigofta
hundnigontigotta
hundteontigfta
an and hundteontigotta
hundendleofantigotfa
hundtwelftigofla
hund and britigofta
twa hundteontigofta
1000 Jnfsend
Note. Combined numbers are sometimes connected by eac or
and, meaning added to; sometimes by the next higher ten, and
vuia, las or butan, denoting less.
i4 Grammatical Introduction.
27. An ordinal before healf numbers the whole
which the half is to be taken, e. g., pridde healf, two an
a half, but when the cardinal is used the number is n<
diminished, as J?re6 healf, three halves. This same idioi
holds good when the number is to be subtracted, as, r
he61d fset rfce oSrum healfum laes J>e frittig wintra, h
held the kingdom one year and a half less than thin
years.
Note. Sum, bofore a cardinal, renders the number indefinit
as, he haefde sume hand scipa, he had about a hundred ships : :
also swilce, as, swilce J>rittig wintre, about thirty years of age:
cardinal limiting sum numbers the whole of which sum denot
a part, as, he eode syxa sum, he went one of six — with five othei
28. Declension of Numerals.
i. &n, one;
Singular.
in plural,
all.
Pi.URAL.
Mas.
Fern,
Neut.
M. F. N.
N.
an
an
an
ane
G.
anes
anre
anes
aura
D.
anum
anre
finum
anum
A.
anne
ane
an
ane
I.
4ne
anre
ane
anum
2. Twegen, twain. 3. preo, three.
Mas. Fern. Neut. Mas. ' Fern. Neut.
N.A. twegen tw& twa(tu) J?ry(i, e6) J?re6 |>re6
G. twegra twegra twegra J?re6ra J>re6ra )>re6r;
D. twam twain twam prim J? rim prim
Note 1. Twega is sometimes found instead of twegra.
Note 2. Begen, both, is declined like twegen. Cardinals, fro
feower to twelf, and fr^m J>reotyne to nigontyne are used as ind
clinables ; but they are sometimes inflected, like bere in the i r
declension o° nouns.
I
Grammatical Introduction. is
pronouns.
Personal Pronouns.
29. The Personal Pronouns are ic, J>u, and he, heo, hit,
Ai, she, it. Ic and pu retain the dual forms; they are
thus declined:
1. Ic, /. 2. pu, thou.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. ic J>iS wit git we ge
6. min pin uncer incer user, ure e6wer
D. me p6 unc inc us e6w
A. mec, me pec, J>e unc (it) inc (it) usic, us e6wic, e6w
3. He, he; he<5, she; hit, //.
Singular.
Mom.
Fern.
Neut.
N.
he
hc6
hit
G.
his
hire (heore)
his
D.
him (heom)
hire (heore)
him (heom)
A.
hine
hf, heo, hie
hit
1
hy (he6)
Plural.
Mas. Fern. Neut.
rtf (he6)
N.
hie
(hig, hi, heo)
G.
heora (hyra, hira, hiora)
D.
him (heom)
A.
hie
(hig, hi, heo)
Note. The instrumental h^, he6, occurs only in a demon-
strative sense, as heocLeg, to-day. The pronoun he was originally
a demonstrative, and still retains somewhat of this force.
30. The reflexive pronoun is wanting, although the
possessive, sfn, indicates the former use of the regular
id
Grammatical Introduction.
reflexive sin, se, sec. Its place is now supplied by tin
personal pronouns, to which for the sake of emphasis^
self is sometimes added. Self, in the nominative, takes
both adjective declensions; in the oblique cases it fol^
lows the indefinite only. Self is also used as a demon-
strative.
Possessives.
31. The genitives mln, fin, sin, user (ure) eower, un«
cer, incer, are used as possessives, and are inflected thus J
1. Min, mine.
Singular.
Mas. Fern. Neut.
N. min min min
G. mines minre mines
D. minum minre minum
A. minne mine min
I. mine mine
Plural.
m ; f. if.
mine minu (mine)
minra minra
minum minum
mine minu (mine)
2. user, our.
Singular.
Mas. Fern. Neut.
N. user (ure) user (ure) same as mas.
G. useres (usses, tires) userre (usse, urre) same as mas
D. userum (ussum, urum) userre (usse, urre) same as mas
A. userne (urne) usere (usse, ure) user (ure)
I. usere (usse, ure) same as mas.
Plural. N. A. lire ; G. lirra (lissa) ; D. lirum.
Note, pin and sin are inflected like min. User suffers assim-
ilation of r to s, and then is contracted ; edwer, uncer and ince»
are declined regularly according to the ia&e&aite focta\i%vMu
Grammatical Introduction.
Demonstratives.
n
32. Two demonstrative pronouns are found in Anglo-
Saxon, both of which are derived from the same root
i. Se, se6, paet.
, Ms.
SINGULAR,
Plurat*.
Mat.
Fern. Neut
k
m. f. ir.
N.
se
se6 paet
pa
G.
Jwes
psere paes
•
para (paera)
D.
J>am ()>£em)
psere, (pa) pam (paem)
pam (paem)
A.
pone (fane) J>d Jaet
1*
L
#(!*)
— py(l^)
pam (paem)
2. pes, pe6s, J>is,
, Mw.
SlNOULAB.
Plural.
Mas.
i^Wl.
Neut.
M. F. N.
N.
pes
J>e6s
pis
pas
G.
pises
pisse
pises
pissa
D.
pisum
pisse
pisum
pisum
A.
. pisne
pas
pis
pas
I.
pys
pys (pe<5s)
pisum
Note 1. Se, serf, stand for pe, pe6: se6 is retained in she.
The genitive and dative singular of te6s, are contracted forms,
contracted thus: pisere pisre; pisse by assimilation; in like man-
ner, the genitive plural is contracted from tfsera, Msra, pissa.
paet and pis are found with pi. verbs ; as, p«t wseron ealle Fin-
nas (p. 73, 1. 2).
Note 2. We find in the adverb and preposition geond a relic
of an old demonstrative. Compare German jener. Yon is still
used as a demonstrative at the South ; e. g., yon house for that house.
Relatives.
33. The demonstrative se, se6, past, and the indeclin-
able pe, are used as relative pronouns, pe is also used
in conjunction with se, se6, pact, in all cases, thus:
/<?
Grammatical Introduction.
Singular.
PLURAL
Mas. Fern.
JT«^.
If. F. IT.
N.
se pe (sepe) se6 pe
paet pe, paette
pape
G.
paes pe paere pe
paes pe
para pe
D.
J>am pe paere pe
pam pe
pam pe
A.
pone pe pa; pe
past pe, paette
pa pe
Note 1. pe is similarly used with the personal pronouns he,
hed, hit, as >e his, whose ; for se J>e is found $e )>e, as De he wille
(p. 128,1. 8).
Note 2. Sw£, retained in tvho-so, is also used as an indeclin-
able relative.
Interrogatives.
34. The interrogatives are hwa, who, hwaet, what,
hwaeSer, which of two, hwylc, what sort of? Hwaefter
and hwylc follow the indefinite declension.
1. Hw&, hwaet.
•
Singular.
Mas. Fern,
Neut.
N.
hwa
hwaet
G.
hwaes
hwass
D.
hwam (hwaem)
hwam (hwaem)
A.
hwone (hwaene)
hwaet
I.
...
hwy (hwe)
2. HwaeSer.
•
>
Singular.
Mas.
Fern,
Neut.
N.
hwaefcer
hwae$er(u)
hwaefter
G.
hwaeBeres
hwaeflerre
hwaso*eres
D.
hwseSerum
hwaefcerre
\^«&fcYVVK\
4.
hw&fteme
hwaeftere
Yvvj«&ex
Grammatical Introduction. 19
Plural.
Mas. Fern. Neui.
N. hwaeoere hwaefteru
G. hwaeoerra hwaeoerra
D. hwaeoerum hwaeoerum
A. hwaettere hwaefteru
Note. HwaeSer is frequently contracted, as hwaeflres for
hwaetteres.
Indefinites.
35. The Indefinite Pronouns are am, one, some one/
anra gehwylc, every one; ooer, another; sum, a; hit
sume, somewhat; self and sylfa, intensive, like Latin,
ipse; man, used as an indefinite subject, like German
man, French on; wiht, something; jenig, nsfcnig, manig,
any, none, many; hwaet-hwaegu, somewhat ; hwass-hugu,
some one's. Here also belong compounds with sw4, as,
swa-hwa-sw&, whosoever; swa-hwaet-sw&, whatsoever ;
swa-hwylc-sw&, of what-sort-soever ; swa-hwaeoer-sw&,
whichsoever of the two* so also ge-hwa, ge-hwylc, ge-
hwaeSer, some one, any one, either.
Note 1. From the demonstrative. sw& and the adj. lie comes
swyle, such; from the inst. bf and lie, J>yiic, J>ylc, this-like, such;
J»us with lie forms Jmslic, such; with ger&d, J>usger£d, of this sort;
a-gc forms compounds thus : with lie, aelc (agelic), each one; with
hwyle, aeghwyle, whosoever; with hw&, seghwa, whosoever; with
hw«vSer seghwaefter, each.
Note 2. Snm is used, (1) as an indefinite article ; (2) as an in-
definite pronoun ; (3) with numerals.
Note 3. From the demonstratives and interrogatives a corres-
ponding series of adverbs is formed, as J>aer, )>33s, >&, )>onne, >onan,
there, since, while, then, thence.
2o Grammatical Introduction.
VERBS.
36. Anglo-Saxon Verbs form only the Active Voice
by inflection: the Passive Voice is formed by the auxil-
iary verbs beon, wesan and weorftan.
37. Four Modes are formed by inflection : the Indica-
tive, which simply predicates; the Subjunctive, which
predicates contingently, and in subordinate clauses; the
Imperative, which commands; and the Infinitive, the
substantive form of the verb. To the verb also belong
Participles, present and past, and the gerund, or dative
case of the infinitive.
38. But two Tenses are formed by inflection: the
present, which is also used as a future; and the past,
which is also used as a perfect. A future is also formed
by sceal and wille with the infinitive ; and a perfect and
pluperfect, with haebbe, haefde, as at present.
39. There are two Numbers, Singular and Plural, the
Dual being found only in the pronouns.
40. There are three Persons: first, second and third.
Conjugation of Verbs.
41. The Principal Parts of a Verb are the Present
InfinTdve, the first person singular of the Past tense
(and in the Second Conjugation the first person plural
also), and the Past Participle.
42. Verbs in Anglo-Saxon may be arranged in two
Conjugations, according to the method of forming the
Past tense.
43. The First Conjugation forms the past tense by
adding ode (ede), de (te) to the present stem; and the
Grammatical Introduction. 21
past participle by dropping final e from the past tense.
This conjugation originally formed its past tense by the
aid of the auxiliary did, as I lov-ed, I love-did.
44. The Second Conjugation forms the past tense by
a change of the vowel of the present stem; the past
participle ends in en. This conjugation originally
formed its past tense by reduplication.
45. The second and third persons of the present in-
dicative singular often suffer vowel change.
The vowels e, eo a ea e& & 6 e6 u u
change to i y e e (y) 6 (y) se 6 y y y
46. If a radical ending in t, d or 8, comes in immedi-
ate contact with st or $ (for est, e8), the following rules
apply : After /, st stands but $ drops, as itst, it (for itfc) ;
(/before st generally drops; before 8, both change to /,
as rit for ridtS; b* before st and $ drops, as cwist, for cwiost
and cwifc for cwifcS; st before st drops, as birst for birstst,
before $ rejects $, as birst for birstfc ; nd before st or o*
becomes' nt, as stenst, stent, for standest, stands.
First Conjugation.
47. There are two Cases under the First Conjugation.
The First forms the past tense by adding de to the pres-
ent stem, with the connecting- vowel o, or e, or directly
to the stem.
48. The Second Case forms its past tense by adding
te to the present stem ; it includes all verbs whose roots
end in c, t, p, x. Verbs whose root ends in c change c to
h, in the past tense, as tsecan, tsehte, teach, taught.
Note. Certain verbs, with a loug radical syllable for §, take 6
\n the past tense, as, secan, s6hte, to seek.
22 Grammatical Introduction.
Paradigms of Verbs.
49. Case I. Past Tense in de.
I. L,ufian, to love. 2. Nerian, to save. 3. Hyran, to hear.
PRINCIPAL PASTS.
fnf.Pre*.
Past Tent*.
Past Part.
lufian
lufode
(ge)lufod
nerian
nerede
nered
hyran
hyrde
hyred
Indicative Mode.
Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.
1. ic lufige nerie hyre 1, 2, 3. we, ge, hi, lufiafc (lufige)
2. Jm lufast nerest hyrest neriafc (nerie)
3. helufaft nerefc hyreS hyraB (hyre)
Past Tense.
1. ic lufode nerede hyrde 1,2,3. we, ge, hi,lufodon
2. pu lufodest neredest hyrdest neredon
3. he lufode nerede hyrde hyrdon
Subjunctive Mode.
Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.
I, 2, 3. lufige nerie hyre 1, 2, 3. lufigen nerien h^ren
Past Tense.
I, 2, 3. lufode nerede h^rde 1, 2, 3. lufoden nereden
[hyrden
Imperative Mode.
lufa nerie h^r lufiaS neriafc hyrafc
lufige nerie hyre
Infinitive Mode.
Present. Gerund.
lufian nerian hyran to lufianne to nerianne to hyranne
Grammatical Introduction. 2j
Pabttceples.
Present. Past.
lufigende neriende hyrende lufod nered hyred
Note 1. The first form given under the Indicative Present
plural, and the Imperative plural is used when the pronominal
subject precedes the verb, or is omitted ; the second, when the
pronoun immediately follows the verb.
Note: 2. In the Indicative Present second person singular, o
is sometimes found for a, as talost for talast. In the past tense,
some verbs take a instead of 0, as a connecting vowel.
Note 3. The Subjunctive plurals sometimes end in on or an.
Note 4. A periphrastic future tense is also formed with sceal
or wille, with the infinitive ; a perfect with haebbe, and a pluper-
feet with hsefde and the past participle, as ic haebbe gelufod,
haefde gelufod, I have loved, had loved.
Note 5. The intensive prefix ge is generally used with the past
tense and past participle, but may be used with all the tenses.
50. The Preterite Verbs, cunnan, sculan and willan,
are thus conjugated :
1. Ind. Pres. Ic can, J>u canst (cunne) he can; we
cunnon; Past. Ic ctioe, pu* cuftest, he cufle; we cufton.
Subj. Pres. 1,2,3. cunne, cunnen; Past. 1,2,3. cu ^ e i
cuben (on). Inf. cunnan. Part. (ge)cu$.
2. Ind. Pres. Ic sceal, pri scealt, he sceal; we sculon
(sceolon); Past. Icsceolde (scolde), fu sceolde (scoldest),
he sceolde (scolde), we sceoldon (scoldon). Subj. Pres.
1, 2, 3. Scyle (scule), scylen (sculen); Past. 1, 2, 3.
Sceolde (scolde), sceolden). Inf. Sculan.
3. Ind. Pres. Ic wille (wile), }>u wilt, he wille (wile),
we willaft; Past. Ic wolde, |>u woldest, he wolde, we
woldon. Subj. Pres. 1, 2, 3. wilie (wile), willen (wil-
lan); Past. 1, 2, 3. wolde, wolden (on). Inf. willan.
Note. CuSe is for cunde. Like cunnan, conjugate also, unnan,
ge-unnan, to grant, of-unnan, to refuse. Willan also has a negative
form, nyllan, to be unwilling. Ind. Pres., nelle, nelt, nele, nellaft;
Ptut, nolde, noldon ; Subj. Pre$., nelle, nyllon.
24 Grammatical Introduction.
51. The Irregular Verbs, d6n, to^do, gangan (g&n), to
go, buan, to dwells are thus conjugated :
1. Ind. Pres. Ic d6, fu dest, he deft (d6), we d6$ ;
Past. Ic dide, fu didest, he dide, we did on. Subj. Pres.
d6, d6n; Past, dide, diden. Imper. d6, d68. Inf.
Pres. d6n. Ger. to d6nne. Part. TVe*. (d6nnde);
Past. ged6n.
2. Ind. Pres. Ic g& (gange), J>u gafest, he gafcft (ga), we
g£5 (gangafc); Pay/, ic eode (gengde), J>u eodest (geng-
dest), he eode (gengde), we eodon (gengdon). Subj.
Pres. gange, gangen; Past, eode, eoden. Imper.
gang (ga), gaV5. Inf. Pres. gangan (g&n). Ger. to
ganganne. Part. Pres. gangende; Past. (ge)g&n
(gegangen).
3. Ind. Pres. Ic bue, J>ti byst, he by$ (bue), we buaft;
Past. Ic bude, fu bud est, he bude, we budon. Subj.
Pres. bu, bun; Past, bude, buden. Imper. bu, buaft.
InF.Pres. buan. G*r. to buanne. Part. P/w. bunde.
.Pas/, gebun.
Case II. Past Tense in te.
52. This case includes all verbs forming the past tense
in te.
I. M6tan, to meet. 2. Bringan, to bring. 3. Reccan,
to relate.
Principal Parts.
Pres. Inf.
Past Tense.
Past Part.
me 1 tan
m6tte
ge-m6t
bringan
brohte
(ge)broht
xeccan
reahte (rehte)
(ge)reaht
Grammatical Introduction.
V
Indicative Mods.
Pbeskht Tense.
Singular.
1. m&e bringe recce
2. mutest bringest reccest (r6cst)
3. me'tefl bringe©" recceS (r6d5)
Past Tejtsb.
1. me*tte br6hte reahte
2. me*ttest br6htest reahtest
3. mette br6hte reahte
Plural,
1,2,3. me*ta$
bringati
reccati
1, 2, 3. mutton
br6hton
reahton
Subjunctive Mode.
Present Tense.
1,2, 3. m&e bringe recce 1, 2, 3. m&en bringen reccen
Past Tense.
1, 2, 3. m&te br6hte reahte 1, 2, 3. me'tten br6hten reahten
Imperative Mode.
m6t bring rece m6ta$ (e) bringaS (e) recca"5 (e)
Infinitive Mode.
Present. Gerund.
m6tan bringan reccan to m&anne to bringanne to rec-
[cenne
Participles.
Present. Past.
m£tende bringende reccende mette br6ht reaht
Note. The Past tense often changes the vowel of the present,
as e into ea, € into 6 ; sometimes i and y into o.
53. The Irregular Verbs, magan, to be able, motan
(must), witan, to know, and &gan, to own, are thus conju-
gated :
1. Inv.Pres. Ic maeg, fti meant (miht), he macg, we
26 Grammatical Introduction.
magon; Past, ic meahte, J>u meahtest, he meahte, we
meahton. Subj. Pres. maege, magen (maegen); Past.
meahte, meahten. Inf. magan.
2. Ind. Pres. Ic m6t, J?u m6st, he m6t, we m6ton ;
Past, ic m6ste, pti m 6s test, he m6ste, we m6ston. Subj.
Pres. m6te, m6ten ; Past. m6ste, m6sten. Inf. m6tan.
3. Ind. Pres. Ic wat, pii w&st, he wat, we witon;
Past, ic wiste, pii wistest, he wiste, we wiston. Subj.
Pres. wite, witen (on) ; Past, wiste, wisten. Inf. Pres.
witan. Ger. to witanne. Part. Pres. witende; Past.
(ge)witen.
4. Ind. Pres. Ic ab, Jm age, he ab, we &gon; Past.
Ic abte, J>u abtest (abst), he abte, we ah ton. Subj Pres.
age, &gen; Past. abte, abten. IsY.Pres. agan. Ger.
to aganne. Tart. Pres. amende; Past. &gen.
N )TE. For meahte, etc., mihte, etc., is found ; and for wiste,
etc., wisse, etc. Witan is also conjugated negatively, nitan (nytan)
not to know,
54. Here belong also the following verbs:
1. Durran, to dare. 2. purfan, to need. 3. Dugan, to
be good for.
1. Ind. Pres. S. dear, dearst, dear. PI. durron. Past, dorste,
dorstest, dorste. PI. dorston. Sub. Pres. S. durre. PI. dur-
ren. Past S. dorste. PI. dorsten.
2. Ind. Pres. S. pearf, >earft (Jmrfe), J>earf. PI. Jrnrfon. Past.
8. J>orfte, J*>rftest, )>orfte. PI. J>orfton. Sub. Pres. S. )>urfe. PI.
>urfen. Past. S. J>orfte. PI. J>orften.
3. Ind. Pres. S. deali, duge, deah. PI. dugon. Past. S. dohte,
ddhtest, dohte. PI. dohton. Subj. Pres. S. duge. PI. dugen
(on). Past. S. dohte. PI. dohten(on). Part. Pres. dugende.
Grammatical Introduction. 2j
Second Conjugation.
55. The Second Conjugation includes all those verbs
which form the past tense by changing the vowel of the
present. It is subdivided into six cases, classified accord-
ing to the vowels found in the Past tense, singular and
plural, and in the Past Participle. They may be further
grouped into two groups: in the first three cases, the
vowel in the Present Infinitive and Past Participle is the
same, and the same letter is found in all the persons and
numbers of the past tense (the third case lengthening
the vowel in the plural); in the second group, including
the last three cases, the vowel of the participle differs
from the vowel of the infinitive, and the vowel in the
second person singular and the entire plural of the past
tense differs from the vowel in the first and third persons.
56. The following table presents the classification of
the Verbs of this Conjugation, according to the vowels
of the Principal Parts:
Pbbs. Inf.
Past Txhsb.
Past Past.
Singular.
Plural.
Case I.
e<5(e)
e<5(e)
pe inf.
CLO lllli
II.
a. ea
6
6
as inf.
III.
i,e
ae
£
as inf. [0]
[a
a
»]
IV.
i
&
1
1
V.
•
1
a
u
u
^7T <
[ A.
eo [e i]
A. ea )
VI. <
B.
e6 |i ul
B. e&f
u
Note 1. The first case embraces the so-called reduplicative
verbs.
Note 2. In the third case liquid roots quite generally take o
in the participle.
Note 3. In place of «, fife, of the third case, ea, ea, are some*
times found, as gifan, geaf, ge&fon, gifen.
Note 4. The Participle in the sixth case sometimes takes short
u in place of short 0.
28
Grammatical Introduction:
57. The following Paradigms exemplify the above
six cases;
Paradigms.
First Group. Inf. and P. P. same Vowel,
1. Healdan, to hold. 2. Dragan, to draw. 3. Helan,
to hide.
^ Principal Parts.
Pres. Inf.
healdan
dragan
helan
Past Sing.
he6ld
dr6h
hal
Past Plu.
he6ldon
dr6gon
hsfelon
Past Part.
healden
dragen
holen
Indicative Mods.
Present Tense.
Singular, Plural.
1. healde drage hele 1, 2, 3. healdaft (healde)
2. hyltst draegst hilst dragaft (drage)
3. hylt (healt) draegfc hilS helaS (hele)
Past Tense,
1. he61d
dr6h %
hael
1, 2, 3, he61don
2. he61de
dr6ge
hsele
dr6gon
3. he61d
dr6h
hjel
haelon
Subjunctive Mode.
Present Tense.
1,2,3. healde drage hele 1, 2, 3. healden dragen helen
Past Tense.
1,2,3. heolde dr6ge hsfele 1, 2, 3. he6lden dr6gen ha^len
Imperative Mode.
heald drag hel healdaft (e) dta^aft ^ \v^\3& V^
Grammatical Introduction. 29
Infinitive Mode.
Present. Gerund.
healdan dragan helan to healdanne to draganne to
[helanne
Participles.
Present. Past.
healdende dragcnde helende (ge)healden dragen holen
58. Second Group. Inf. and P. P. different Vow.
4. Drifan, to drive. 5. Bind an, to bind. 6. Helpan,
to help.
Principal Parts.
Pres. Inf. drifan bindan helpan
Past Sing, draf band healp
Past "Pi. drifon bundon hulpon
Past Part. drifen bunden holpen
Indicative Mode.
Present Tense.
Singular. Plural.
*• drife binde helpe 1,2,3. drifaft (e),binda$ (e)
2 - drifst bindst hilpst helpaft (e)
3- drift bint hilpS
Past Tense.
*• draf band healp 1, 2, 3. drifon, bundon, hulpon
2. drife bunde hulpe
3» draf band healp
Subjunctive Mode.
Present Tense.
1,2,3. drife binde helpe 1,2,3. drifen binden helpen
Past Tense.
h fy 3' drife bunde hulpe 1,2,3. <toftfen \>\m&«ft. Yv\S\^xv
jo Grammatical Introduction.
Imperative Mode.
drif bind help drifaS(e) binda«(e) helpa«(e)
Infinitive Mode. i
Present. Gerund.
drffan bind an helpan todrlfanne tobindanne to
[helpanne
Participles,
Present. Poet.
drlfende bindende helpende (ge)drifen bunden holpen
Note 1. It will be observed that the vowel which is found in
the plural of the Indicative Past, is also found in the second per-
son singular of that tense, and throughout the Subjunctive Past
Note 2. Verbs will be found under Case 1, which, owing to
contraction, appear to be exceptions, as f6n(for fangan),^**, feng,
pp., fangen ; so hdn, for hangan.
Note 3. Verbs belonging under Case 2, beginning with sc,
sometimes form the past in e6 (what is called the breaking of the
vowel), as scyppan (for scapan) takes in the past, either sc6p or
scedp. Here also belong contracted verbs, like slean for sle&han.
Some liquid roots also take o in the p. p., as swerian, p. p. ge
sworen.
Note 4. Verbs under Case 3, with liquid roots, usually form
the p. p. in o, but sometimes they also retain the vowel of the
pres. inf., as helan, to hide, p. p. holen or helen ; some other verbs
also form the p. p. in o, as brecan, to break, p. p. brocen ; ® some-
times shifts to ea, as gifan, geaf ; cuman, to come, changes a, &, in
the past tense, to o, 6, thus com, c6mon, for cam, camon — a
change quite common in A.-S. before m and n. Niman, to take
(neoman), takes numen in p. p.
Note 5. Case 4 includes verbs with long *' in the present
infinitive — for ai, as the past tense shows.
Note 6. Case 5 includes verbs with short % in the infinitive
present, usually ending in a double liquid or a liquid and a mute.
Note 7. Case 6 closely resembles case 3 ; it includes verbs
having eo, ed, in pres. inf., and others with e or i ending in a
double liquid, or a liquid and a mute, which shift se in the past
tense to ea. Some verbs in eos change * to r in the p. pi. and p. p.,
as cedsan, ceas, curon, coren ; so hrcdsan.
Grammatical Ijttroductiok. ji
ISottb 8. The following is Koch's classification :
I- ItBDUTLIGATITB VXBBS.
II. Othbb Strong Vkbbs.
Inf.
Past.
P.P.
Inf.
Pott 8.
Pi.
P.P.
I. a,ea
eo,6
a,ea
i, e, eo
a,ea,tB
u
u, o
II. &
eo t 6
k
i,e
a, 83
a\83
o
III. 83
eo,e
83
i.e
ae t a
£
e
IV. ea
eo
ea
a,ea
6
6
a,ea
V. 6
eo,6
6
i
6
i
•
i
VL 6
eo
6
eo.u
ei
a
Conjugation of Beon, Wesan, Habban.
59. The verb to be, in Anglo-Saxon, is formed from
four stems which, however, arise from two roots — com-
pare Latin sum, fui. The forms from beon usually
have a future force.
Indicative Mode.
Present Tknsr.
Singular. Plural.
*• eom beom (beo) haebbe (habbe) sind sindon beon* (beo)
3 * eart bist haefst (hafast) habbao" (hafiaft)
3 s is bi5 risefc" (hafaS) (haebbe, habbe)
Past Tinsr.
*• Vraes hsefde wseron hsefdon
3 * Vrsfere hsefdest
3* 'Waes hsefde
Subjunctive Mode.
Prbsknt Tknsr.
*>*>3« l>eo 9 sfe (sf, sig, se6) 1, 2, 3. beon, sfen (sin)
habbe (haebbe) habben, haebben (habbon)
Past Tjensb.
• «. %* wsere hsefde wsferen (on) hsefden
3* Grammatical Introduction.
Imperative Mode.
beo wes hafa beotS (beo) wesatS (wese) habbao* (e)
Infinitive Mode.
Present. Gerund.
beon wesan habban to beonne to wesanne to habbanne
Participles.
Present. Past.
beoncle wesende habbende (ge)wesen (ge)hsefed
Note 1. Eom is also inflected negatively, neom. Habban also
takes a negative form, nabban.
Note 2. WeorSan, to become, is thus conjugated: Ind. Pres.
weortSe, wyrst, wyrS ; weorSaft (e). Past. wear$, wurde, wear5;
wurdon. Stibj. Pres. weorfle ; weorflen. Past, wurde ; wurden.
Infia. Pres. weorSan. Oer. to weorSanne. Imper. weor$, weor$.
a$ (e). Participles Pres. weorSende. Past, geworden. This
verb also forms: foetus e*£, hafa$ geworden, wearS geworden;
foetus erat, wajs geworden.
6b. Passive Voice.
The Passive is formed in Anglo-Saxon by the verb
to be and the Past Participle, -^lfric, the grammarian,
gives the Passive, thus:
Ind. Pres. Ic eom gelufod (amor),
Past. Ic waes gelufod (amabar)
Perf. Ic wses fulfremedlice gelufod (amatus sum)
Plup. Ic waes gefyrn gelufod (amatus eram).
Put. Ic beo gelufod (amabor)u
Subj. Pres. Eala gif ic beo gelufod gyt (utinam amer)
Past. Eala gif ic wsere gelufod (utinam amare*)
Perf. Eala gif ic wsere fulfremedlice gelufod
(utinam amatus essem)
Conj. Pres. ponne ic eom nu gelufod (cum amen)
Past. p& \k ic waes gelufod (cum amarer)i
Put. ponne ic beo gelufod gyt (cum amatus ero)
Grammatical Introduction.
S3
^VK-XlAT.
ltf*- J*res.
Tost.
Fut.
Ger.
Particip.
Si J»u gelufod (amare)
Beon gelufod (amari)
Gefyrn ic wolde paet J?u wsere gelufod (olim
volui te amatum esse)
Ic wille beon gelufod (amatum iri volo)
He is to lufiganne (amandus est ille)
Se pe sceal beon gelufod (amandus).
List of Verbs for Practice.
61. We give below a list of Verbs, for practice in
Conjugation, and to familiarize the reader in the vowel-
changes :
First Conjugation.
Case i. Past Tense in ode, ede, de.
Pres. Inf.
Past Ind.
Jfilan
aelde
to set on fire
andian
andode
to envy
ascian (axian)
ascode(axode)
to ask
beh^daa
behydde
to hide
Wetsian
bletsode
to bless
Windian
blindode(ade)
to blind
bodian
bodode
to announce
byrigan
byrigde
to taste
eglan
eglede
to ail
f «gnian
fsegnode
to rejoice
frefriaa
frefrode
to console
fyllan
fylde
to fill
hi ngrian
hingrede
to hunger
l&ran
lserde
to teach
n emnan
• nemde
to name
on *ynan
ontynde
to open
8ec gan
saede
to say
^Idrian
wuldrode
to glorify-
*3r*igan
wyrigde
to curse
^Otb. The connecting vowel o is sometimes changed to a
34
Grammatical Introduction.
62. Case 2. Past Tense in te.
Pres.Inf.
Pastlnd.
betan
bette
to amend
bringan
brohte (brang)
to bring
bycgan
bohte
to buy
ehtan
ehte
to persecute
faestan
fseste
to fast
geneahlsecan
geneahlsehte
to draw neai
onlihtan
onlihte
to light
recan
rohte
to reck
secan
sohte
to seek
settan
sette
to place
syltan
sylte
to salt
t&can
t&hte
to teach
wyrcan
worhte
to work
tyrstan
J>yrste
to thirst
Second Conjugation.
63. Case i. Past Tense in e6, 6.
Inf.
Ind.Pres.il.
3.
Past Tense.
Past Part.
be&tan
be&te
be&teft
be6t
ge(be£ten)
beat
cn&wan
cnawe
cn8ew5
cneow
cnawen
know
feallan
fealle
fyl*
fe61l
feallen
fall
gr6wan
gr6we
grewS
gre6w
gr6wen
grow .
heawan
heawe
heaVeS
he6w
heowen
hew
hle&pan
hleape
hlypS
hle6p
hleapen
leap
sw&pan
sw&pe
sweeps
swe6p
swapen
sweep
wealdan
wealde
wylt
we61d
wealden
wield
weaxan
weaxe
wyx$
we6x
weaxen
wax
wepan
wipe
wep«
we6p
wepen
weep
hangan
hange (h6) heftS
h6ng
bangen
hang
hatan
bate
h&t
h§ht (bet)
haten
command
l&tan
ltete
l&t
let
listen
let
Note. Here also belongs brfledan, bred (breed), (pi., bredon,
brudon), bn&den (gebrsed).
Grammatical Introduction.
35
Case 2. Past Tense in 6.
Inf.
Ind. Pro., 1.
8.
PflW*.
Past Part*
faran
fare
fterS
f6r
(ge) faren
fare
gal an
gale
gBdVS
g61
galea
sing
grafan
grafe
graft
gr6f
grafen
grave
hlihhan
hlihhe
hlih*
hl6h
lileahen
laugh
(hleahhan
)
(pi. hlogon)
(hlregen)
leahan
leabe
leh*
16h (gon)
leahen (Uegen]
l blame
scacan
scace
scaecS
scoc
(sce6c)
scacen
shake
sceadan
sceade
scyt
sceod
sceaden
shade
scyppan
scyppe
scypfl
sc6p
sceapen
shape
(sceapan)
(sce6p)
dean
slea
stfhfl
sl6h
slegen
slay
(sleahan)
(pi. 8l6gon)
standan
stande
stent
st6d
standen
stand
wacsan
wacse
weextf
w6sc
waescen
wash
Note. Verbs beginning with sc sometimes divide the vowel o
into eo (breaking) as above. Short a is sometimes replaced by
short n in the p. p., as dragan, dr6g, dregen, draw; so also, hlad>
an, hl6d, hleeden, lade; wadan, wod, waeden, wade. Verbs, with
short e, or i, also sometimes take a or ae in the p. p., as hebban,
h6f, hafen, heave; steppan, st6p, stapen, step; so also hlihhan, and
leahan, given above.
65. Case 3, Past Tense. Sing., ae. Pl., afe.
/v.
cnedan
drepan
etao
#fau
Jesar*
metan
•Pi^can
derail
Ind. Pre*.* 1.
3.
Past
Past Part.
cnede
cnit
cnsed
cneden
knead
drepe
drip*5
draep
drepen
strike
ete
it (iteS)
set
eten
eat
gife
gif«
geaf (83, a)
gifen
give
lese
list
lies
lesen
lease
m€te
mit
inset
meten
mete
swefe
swifS
swaef
swefen
sleep
sprece
spricS
spnec
sprecen
speak
trede
trit
traed
treden
tread
wefe
wifS (e«)
waef
wefen
MM0A6
(wese
weseft)
W838
ge 'wea&ii
be
36
Grammatical Introduction.
Liquid Roots take P. P. in o.
/fir.
Ind. Pre*., 1.
8.
Past.
Past Pari.
beran
bere
birS
baer
boren
bear
cwellan
cwele
cwirS
cwsel
cwolen
(cwelen)
JdU
helan
hele
hel$
hart
liolen
(helen)
hide
sceran
acere
scirS
scar (scear;
scoren
shear
stelan
8 tele
stil«
start
stolen
steal
teran
tere
tii-«
tser
toren
tear
Note. We sometimes find ae resolved into ea, in the past tense,
as in gifan, gice; gitan, geat, geten, get; verbs in sc are particu-
larly liable to this change, as sceran, scear, scoren; so also seon,
seah, gesewen, see. Short i, in the inf., often changes to short e in
the p. p., as biddan, baed, beden, pray; licgan, Iseg, legen, lie ;
sittan, saet, seten, sit; Hcgan, J>eah (>ah) (pi., J>segon, Hgdon) K'gen,
taste. Wrihan, with i in the inf., is conjugated thus: wrihan,
wreah (pi., wn&gon), wrigen, cover. Brecan follows the analogy
of liquid roots, and has brocen in the p. p. Niman, take, and
cwiman (cuman), come, have a, a, (o, 6), in the past, and u in the p. p.
66. Case 4. Inf., f. Past Sing., a. Pl.,L P. P., i.
Ind. Prea. %
1. 3.
Post Sing.
PL
Post Pan
L
bide
bideS
bad
bidon
biden
bide
bite
bit (eS)
bat
biton
biten
bite
blice
blicS
blac
blicon
blicen
shine
cide
cit
cad
cidon
ciden
chide
dwine
dwineft
dwan
dwinon
dwinen
dwindle
drife
drifS (e«)
draf
drifon
drifen
drive
flite
flit
flat
fliton
fliten
contend
gine
gin$
gan
ginon
ginen
yawn
glide
glided
glad
glidon
gliden
glide
gripe
griped
grap
gripon
gripen
gripe
li$e
li3 (e$)
la«
liflon
liffen
sail
ride
rit
rad
ridon
riden
ride
ripe
ripeS
rap
ripon
ripen
reap
seine
seined
scan
scinon
scinen
shine
Grammatical Introduction.
Si
i. Pres.
,1,8.
Past Sing.
P/.
Past Part.
slideS
slfid
slidon
sliden
slide
e
snicett
snac
snicon
snicen
sneak
te
smites
sm&t
smiton
smiten
smite
>(te6)
tin*
t4h
tigon
tigen
accuse
tev
write*
wr&t
writon
writen
write
¥ote. Te6han is also conjugated according to the sixth case:
it, te&h, tugon ; pp., togen.
. Case 5. Inf., i. Past Sing., a. Pl., u. P. P., u.
nd.Pres.
, 1, 8. Past Sing.
Past PI.
Past Pari.
rince
acwincft
acwanc
acwuncon
acwuncen
quench
nge
brings
brang
brungon
brungen
bring
me
blinS
blan
blunnon
blunnen
cease
me
brin*
bran
brunnon
brunnen
burn
nbe
climb*
clamb
clumbon
clumben
climb
ige
cling*
clang
clungon
clungen
cling
ice
crince*
crane
cruncon
cruncen
cringe
ice
drinc*
dranc
druncon
druncen
drink
e
fint
fand
fundon
funden
find
e
frin*
fran
frunon
frunen
ask
ide
grint
grand
grundon
grunden
grind
ie
rin*
ran
runnon
runnen
run
;e
sing* .
sang
sungon
sungen
sing
tne
spin*
span
spunnon
spunnen
spin
ce
stinc*
stanc
stuncon
stuncen
stink
de
wint
wand
wundon
wunden
wind
ne
win's
wan
wunnon
wunnen
win
ote. Some verbs, containing r, suffer metathesis: sobyrnan,
brinnan ; yraan, arn, urnon, urnen, for rinnan, etc. Frinan
js also frignan and fregnan in the pres. inf.; fhegn (fraegn),
tgon (frugnon), in the past; and frungen (frugnen), in the pp.
3»
Grammatical Introduction.
68. Case 6. Past Sing., ca (ea). Pl., u. P. P., o.
A.
Ind.Pres.,
1. 8.
Past Sing.
Past PL
Past Pari,
^
beorge
byrg-S
bearg(h)
burgon
borgen
guard
ceorfe
cyrfB
cearf
curfon
corfen
carve
deorfe
dyrlS
dearf
durfon
dorfen
suffer
eorne
yrneU
earn
urnon
eornen
run
(yrne)
(arn)
(urnen)
feohte
fyht
feaht
fuhton
fohten
figU
meorne
myrn'S
mearn
murnon
mornen
mourn
speorne
spynrS
spearn
spurnon
spurnen
spurn
8teorfe
styrfB
stearf
sturfon
storfen
starve
belle
bilS
beal
l)ullon
bollen
bellow
delfe
dilfS
dealf
dulfon
dolfen
delve
helpe
kilpff
healp
hulpon
holpen
help
melee
milcS
mealc
mulcon
molcen
milk
melte
milt
mealt
multon
molten
melt
swelte
swilt
swealt
swulton
swolten
swelter
gilde
gilt
geald
guidon
golden
pay
gille
gil*
geal
gullon
gollen
yell
gilpe
gilp«
gealp
gulpon
golpen
boast
be6de
be6de$
0>yt)
befid
B.
budon
boden
bid
buge
buge*
befih
bugon
bogen
bow
(be6ge)
ceose
cedseS
(cys$)
ceas
curon
coren
choose
cne6de
cnyt
cne&d
cnudon
cnoden
knot
dreoge
dreogeU
(dryhS)
dre&h
drugon
drogen
suffer
fle6he
flykff "
flefih
flugon
flogen
flee
freose
fryst
freas
fruron
froren
freeze
ge6te
g?t
ge&
guton
go ten
pour ox
leoae
lyst
leas
luron
loren
lose
Grammatical Introduction.
Ind. ttvt.,
1. 8.
Part 5<n^.
Past PI.
Past Pari.
re6ce
rye*
reac
rucon
rocen
reek
sce6te
sc&etf
(sc^t)
scea"t
scuton
scoten
shoot
#6$e
8e6«e«
se&S
gudon
soden
seethe
siue^ce
smyctf
smeac
smucon
smocen
smoke
leohe
tfh*
tefih
tagon
togen
tug
dufe
ti^fB
deaT
dufon
dofen
dive
Idee
lyc«
leac
lucon
locen
lock
lute
\ft
le&t
luton
loten
Una
acdfe
scyfB
sce&f
gcufon
scofen
shove
idee
syc"5
seac
sucon
socen
suck
39
Note. The exceptions under this case are, a for ea", in the past,
and u for o, in the participle, as hlemman, hlam hlummon hlum-
men (hlommen), to made a noise.
68 (a) General Notes on the Verb.
1. The original ending of the Ind. p. pi. was un ; this weak-
ened to on (an, § 3, n. 2) . The original form is sometimes found,
Mhi'eorfcan agun (p. 49, 1. 6), they shall own the earth.
2. The original ending of the subj. p. pi. was an (on, § 3,
n. 2); as, «rj>am ealle Mng gewurFan (p. 50, 1. 4), before all
things take place : on is often f ouud for en, as so>lfce bonne ge
feston (p. 52, 1. 30).
3. The pp. sometimes ends .in an; as, hit wsere begytan,
(P« 67, 1. 24), it were procured.
1 The pres. inf. sometimes ends in on for an.
40 Grammatical Introduction.
SYNTAX.
69. The Anglo-Saxon syntax corresponds very closely
with the Latin.
Note. The statement of familiar principles is omitted, (as ihm
a verb must agree with its subject), and attention is mainly gives
to those uses of the genitive and dative cases of nouns, and 1
the subjunctive mode of verbs, which are not clearly recognizee
in modern English.
NOUNS.
Genitive Case.
70. A noun limiting the meaning of another noun ue
put in the genitive.
Note. This genitive may be subjective; as, Godes gife, Gh<TJ
grace; or objective; as, Godes egsa, the fear of God,
71. A noun added to another noun to express an attri-
bute is put in the genitive.
Note. As: hwites lichaman and fsegeres andwlitan men; — -
lamb anes geares. This genitive stands also in the predicate
his lichama wees J>ses ylcan gecyndes. Here also belong noun *
denoting material.
72. Interrogative and indefinite pronouns denoting
part take a genitive of the whole.
Note. As: hwaet g6des do ic? hwyle manna? gumena aeg-
hwylc; fienig J>oera engla.
73. Adjectives denoting plenty or want; also those
denoting an operation of the mind, take the genitive.
Note. Here belong those denoting knowledge, ignorance,
remembering, forgetting, desire, love, fear, sorrow, pride, shame,
tfuilt, inuocence, worth, merit, demerit, etc.
Grammatical Introduction. 4*
1^ -^V noun in the genitive may be added to an ad-
jfcCUVfc to denote that in which the attribute inheres.
^° T fc. As: m6des milde; msegenes Strang.
75» Cardinals, ordinals, and adjectives used partiti rely,
are followed by the genitive.
Note. Here belong also indeclinables or neuters, denoting
quantity or number, as m&, fela, fed, lyt: — >»t ealond, is six mila
micel; >u >aet fser gewyrc fifliges wid, >rittiges he&h, J>reo hund
lang, elngemeta ; fela manna wat ; )>e&h hyra fed wfieron ; J>»r by8
wundra ma.
76. Verbs denoting an operation of the mind ; as, to
fear, rejoice, be ashamed, boast, wonder, care for reck,
rue, wish, yearn for, remember, tempt, enjoy; also those
denoting rule or superiority, take the genitive.
77. Verbs denoting to need, want, be deprived of,
cease, refuse, deny, miss, behove, take the genitive.
Note. Here also belong abidan, to wait for; sethnnan, to
touch; hleahhan, to laugh; and on-fangan, to receive.
78. Verbs of sharing and touch, and those affecting a
part, are followed by the genitive.
79. Be6n denoting possession takes a genitive of the
possessor.
Note. As: heo and hire beam s^ >®s hlafordes.
80. Adverbs of place and quantity may take the gen-
itive.
Note. As: aeghwser eor&an ; ic gife him bsBs leohtes genoh.
81. Prepositions denoting locative relations, as innan,
utan, wi$, may take the genitive.
Note. As: innan landes, o^Se utan landes; >a gewendon hi
wi% baes cildes.
4* Grammatical Introduction.
Dative and Instrumental.
82. Nouns denoting cause, manner, means, instrument
and accompanying circumstance, are put in the dative
or instrumental.
Note. The dative case absorbed the instrumental, so that the
syntax of both cases is given together.
83. Nouns denoting measure of difference, time when
and place where, are put in the dative or instrumental.
Note. As : ket torhte loud is twelfum herra folde fae^m -rimes;
her gefor Alfred six nihtum tier ealra h&ligra nisessan. This con-
struction sometimes takes the dative with a preposition, as her on ,
Hsuin geare ; time when is sometimes put in the genitive.
84. Adjectives denoting nearness, likeness, compari-
son, plenty, want, pleasure, pain, trust, distrust, etc., may
take the dative or instrumental.
Note. Full, wyrSe and scyldig, take a genitive, dative or in-
strumental, denoting guilty of, guilty towards, or guilty by.
85. The comparative degree may take a dative.
Note. The genitive is sometimes found; as, setfe is Isessa on 1
Godes rice, se is his mara, Lk. 7, 28 ; but the construction of J>onne !
with the nominative is more common ; as, hu ne synt ge seiran ]
>onne hig ? \
i
1
86. Verbs denoting to bid, say, command, wield, an-
swer, praise, hear, obey, worship, serve, follow, give,
show, appear, help, pity, honor, fear, respect, please,
trust, etc., take the dative.
87. Verbs denoting nearness and likeness, take the
dative.
88. Be6n denoting possession, and verbs denoting to
belong to, behove, befit, seem; also to need, to happen,
take the dative.
Grammatical Introduction. 4&
89. Certain verbs take a reflexive dative ; as, to take, go,
ear, &c. ; as, he him hamweard ferde.
90. Words used absolutely are put in the dative.
Note. As: Mnra dura belocenre. Sometimes the instrn-
nental is used with the dative, as Msum J>us gecUSne.
Accusative Case.
91. Extent of time and space are put in the accusative.
Note. Sometimes in the dative, as above.
92. The accusative is used after verbs and adjectives
to denote precisely the limit of their signification.
Note. This is an imitation of the Greek construction ; as, gros
nngrene.
93. Active verbs take an accusative of the direct ob-
ject.
94. Verbs of motion take an accusative, denoting
where the motion ends.
Note. As: hi noldon "Bone reftan cwellere eft gecyrran, they
would not return to the cruel murderer.
95. Intransitive verbs may take an accusative of cog-
nate meaning.
Note. As: he lifde his lif ; and cyninges Icgnas oft rdde
onridon: also, sometimes a dative ; as, men lib ban >am life.
9.6. The subject of an infinitive is put in the accusative.
97. Impersonate of appetite or passion take an accusa-
tive of the person affected.
98. Verbs of naming, teaching, etc., take two accusa-
tives, one denoting the person, and the other the thing.
44 Grammatical Introduction.
99. Factitive verbs take two accusatives, both denoting
the same person or thing,
100. The accusative is used with prepositions imply-
ing motion and extent.
Genitive and Dative.
101 Verbs of granting, refusing and thanking, take
a dative of the person and genitive of the thing.
Note. The dative marks the person interested, and the geni-
tive the aim or motive of the interest; as, ic feores \4 nnnan
wille; ic >ancige Gode and eow eallum J>©s friftes.
Genitive and Accusative.
102. Verbs of asking, accusing, convicting, acquitting,
depriving, reminding, and impersonals of feeling, take
the accusative of the person and genitive of the thing.
Note. As: he hine bidde fultumes; tykS me untreowfta, fa
accuseth me of untruths; hine his rices he benam ; >set he nanes
Mnges ne lyste. Impersonals of feeling sometimes take a dative
of the person and a genitive of the cause of the feeling, as, Da of-
jmhte Gode mancynnes yrmfta; him of-J>uhte >oes skepes.
Accusative and Dative.
103. Any verb, together with the accusative of the
direct, may take a dative of the indirect object.
Note. Here belong all verbs which require a secondary ob-
ject; as, to give, show, say, order, etc.
Grammatical Introduction. 45
"s
VERBS.
Subjunctive Mode.
104. In principal sentences the subjunctive is used to
make a contingent assertion.
Note. This uncertainty may incline on the one hand towards
desire, on the other towards doubt
105. In subordinate sentences the subjunctive mode is
used —
(1). In substantive sentences.
(2). In conditional sentences.
(3). In relative sentences of general application.
(4). In temporal sentences with bonne, aer, oS, wis.
(5). In concessive sentences.
(3). In final sentences, expressing purpose.
(7). In consecutive sentences, to express a result.
(8). In comparative sentences indicating an imagined compari-
son.
(."). In indirect questions.
Note. As: W is betere fy&t in tfnra lima forweorSe; gyf hwa
sla (strike) \% ; syle J>am J>e \& bidde ; bonne J>u faste smyra J>Sn
heafod ; )>eah J>e he gedng s^ ; begymaft J>set ge ne d6n e6wre riht-
wisnesse beforan mannum ; gif man s^ dumb oftSe deaT geboren,
\>sdt he ne mfiege his synna geandettan ; her wees se m6na swilce
he wsere mid bl6de begoten (covered) ; he acsode hwser Crist aoen-
ned w«ere.
106. In conditional sentences the present subjunctive
in the protasis, denotes possibility; the past, impossibil-
ity of realization.
Note. The indicative proposes as real, the subjunctive as
supposed.
4§6 Grammatical Introduction.
PROSODY.
107. Anglo-Saxon verse is alliterative. Each verse is ;
divided into two sections; and a perfect verse has three
alliterative words — two in the first section, and one in
the second. In reading, the alliterative words are to be
marked by a stress of voice.
Note. The letter which begins the alliterative words is called
the rime-letter ; the one in the second section is called the chief
letter, the others, sub-letters. For examples, see the poetic selec-
tions.
108. Perfect vowel alliteration requires the words to
begin with different vowels.
Note. As: yfelne mid eldum, he waes aeghwsem ]£&
But sometimes we find the same vowel repeated; as—
And hi fiene on daege ©ton symle.
109. Sometimes double alliteration is found, and occa*
sionally final rhyme, as —
para J>e lyft and fl6d laedaft and f&daft.
Ne synn, ne sacu, ne sax wracu.
i
SELECTIONS FOR READING.
THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.
MATT. V— VII.
U.D. 996.]
S6j>lfce "66 se Hselend ges6h $a menigu, he ast&h on
Bone munt ; and $& he sset, $a\ geneals&hton his leorning-
cnihtas to him. And he ontynde his mu)>, and lserde hi.
and cwaej>: Eadige synd $a g&stlican fear fan, forfcam
hyra ys heofena rice. Eadige synd fca lipan, forfcam $e
hi eorfan &gun. Eadige synd "6a $e nu we"paj>, fbrSam
8e hi beop gefreYrede. Eadige synd $a tSe for rihtwis-
nysse hingriap and pyrstap, forSam fce hi beof gefyllede.
Eadige synd $a mild-heortan, forSam t5e hi mfld-heort-
nysse begytap. Eadige synd fca claBn-heortan, forSam ?Sr
hi God geseof. Eadige synd $5a gesybsuman, forfcarti
8e hi beoJ> Godes beam genemnede. Eadige synd $5a $c
ehtnysse poliaj? for rihtwlsnysse, forSam $e hyra ys
heofonan rice. Eadige synd ge, "Sonne hi wyriaf eow,
and ehtaf eow, and secgeaf sMc yfel onge"n eow leogende,
for me ; geblissiaf and gefaegniap, forSam t5e eower m6d
ys mycel on heofonum; swa\ hi ehtun fca witegan fce
bef6ran eow wroron.
Ge synd eorfan sealt; gyf "Saet sealt aVvvyrp, on fcam fce
hit gesylt bij>, hit ne maeg syfcSan to n&hte, buton fcaet
hit sy ut-aVworpen, and sy fram mannum fortreden. Ge
synd middan-eardes leoht; ne maeg se6 ceaster beon
behyd 8e byf uppan munt &set ; ne hi ne aalap hyra leoht-
faDt, and hit under cyfe settap, ac ofer candel-staef, "Saet hit
onlihte eallum 8am "Se on Cam huse synd. Sw4 onlihte
eower leoht bef6ran mannum, $aet hi geseon eowre g6dan
weorc, and wuldrian eowerne faeder "Se on heofonum ys.
4
so The Sermon on The Mount.
Nelle ge wenan Saet ic come towurpan Sa », oSSe Sa
witegan; ne com ic n& towurpan, ac gefyllan. S6fes on
eornost ic secge cow, aarSam Se gewite heofon and eorfe,
kn i, oSSe a\n prica, ne gewlt fram Saere 83, serSam ealle
J? ing gewurSan. Eornostlice se Se towyrpp kn of Sysum
laestum bebodum, and Sa men sw6 l&rp, se byj> laest gen-
emned on heofonan rice; s6plice se Se hit d6p, and laarj>,
se bij> mycel genemned on heofonan rice. S6j>lice ic
secge eow, buton eower rihtwisnys mare sy Sonne Saera
writera and Sundor-halgena, ne gk ge on heofonan rice.
Ge gehyrdon Saet gecweden waes on ealdum tidum,
Ne ofsleh Su; se Se ofslihf, se byp d6me scyldig. Ic
secge eow, s6plice Saet aslc Se yrsap hys bre"Ser, byj> d6me
scyldig; s6plice, se Se segj> hys breSer, Du awordena, he
bip gepeahte scyldig ; se Se segf, Du stunta, se byp scyl-
dig helle ff res. Eornostlice gyf Su bringst Sine \kc to
weofode, and Su Saer gepencgst, Saet Sin br6Sor hsdfp 8§nig
ping ag6n S6, lset Saer Sine 14c bef6ran Sam altare, and
gang aar and gesybsuma wiS Sinne br6Ser, and Sonne
cum Su sySSan and bring Sine Ike. Beo Su onbugende
Sinum wiSerwinnan hraSe, Sa hwile Se Su eart on wege
mid him, Se-laes Se Sin wiSerwinna S6 sylle Sam deman,
and se derna S6 sylle Sam fene, and Su sf on cwertern
send. S6fes ic secge S£, Ne gaast Su Sanone, aer Su
agylde Sone ytemestan feorpling
Gyf Sin swySre eage S<§ &swfcie, 4hola hit ut, and
awurp hyt fram S6; s6flice S6 ys betere, Saet kn Sinra
lima forwurSe, Sonne eal Sin lichama sy on helle fisend.
And gyf Sin swiSre hand S6 aswicie, axeorf hi of, and
a/vvurp hi fram Se" ; witodlice S6 ys betere, Saet kn Sinra
lima forwurSe, Sonne eal Sin lichama fare to helle.
S6flice hit ys gecweden, Swk hwyle swk his wif for-
laat, he sylle hyre hyra hiw-gedales b6c. Ic secge eow
to s6pum, Saet selc Se his wif forlsct, buton forlegenysse
The Sermon on The Mount. j/
Jingum, he dfy Saet heo unriht-haamp, and se unnht-
haam)?, Se forljetene aefler him genimj>.
Eft ge gehyrdon^ Saet gecweden wees on ealdum cwy-
dum, Ne forswere Sti, s6flfce Drihtne Sti agyltst Sine
ftjas. Ic secge eow s6)>lice, Saet ge eallunga ne swerion;
ne furh heofon, forSam Se heo ys Godes prym-setl ; Ne
furh eorpan, forSam Se heo ys hys f6t-scamul ; ne Jmrh
Hierusalem, forSam Se heo ys mseres cyninges cester ;
Ne Sti ne swere Jtarh Sin heafod, forSam Se Sti ne miht
ifenne locc ged6n hwitne, oSSe blacne ; S 6}? lice sf eower
spr&c, Hyt ys, hyt ys; Hyt nys,hyt nys; s6flfce gyf Saer
mare byj>, Saet bip of yfele.
Ge gehyrdon Saet gecweden waes, Eage for eage, and
t6p for t6j>. S6pllce ic secge eow, ne winne ge ong6n Sa
tie eow yfel d6p; ac gyf hw& S6 slea on Bin sw^Sre
wenge, gegearwa him Saet 6Ser; and Cam Be wylle on
d6me wiS "S6 flftan, and niman Sine tunecan, ljet him t6
tMnne waefels; and sw& hw4 sw4 S6 genyt ftisend stapa,
g& mid him 6Sre tw& pusend. Syle Sam Se S£ bidde,
and Sam Se [wylle] aet S6 borgian ne wyrn S6 him.
Ge gehyrdon Saet gecweden waes, Lufa Sinne nextan,
and hata Sinne feond. S6f lice ic secge eow, lufiap eowre
fynd, and d6j> wel Sam Se eow yfel d6j>, and gebiddaf for
eowre ehteras, and tselendum eow; Saet ge syn eowres
faeder beam Se on heofonum ys, se Se de"J> Saet his sunne
up-&spring]> ofer Sa g6dan and ofer Sa yfelan, and he laet
rinan ofer Sa rihtwisan and ofer Sa unrihtwisan. Gyf ge
s6j)lice Sa lufiap Se eow iuflap, hwylce m£de habbaf ge ?
hu ne dtp manfuile swa? And gyf ge Saet an d6j> Saet
ge eowre gebr6Sra wylcumiap, hwaet d6 ge mare? hu
ne d6|> hseSene swa? Eornostlice beof fulfremede, swa
eower heofonlica faeder is fulfremed.
Beg^maf, Saet ge ne d6n eowre rihtwfsnesse bef6ran
manmim, Saet ge s^n geherede fram him, elles naebbe ge
5*
The Sermon on The Mount.
me'de mid eowrum faeder Se on heofonum ys. Eornusfcj
lfce Sonne Su "Sine aelmessan sylie, ne bla/we man b^manj
bef6ran S^, sw& liceteras d6]> on gesomnungum and onj
wlcum, Saet hf sin ge-&rwurJ>ode fram m annum ; s6j> ic j
secge eow, hi onfengon hyra me'de. S6plice Sonne M
Sine aelmessan d6, nyte Sin wynstre hwaet d6 Sin sw^rc:
Saet Sin aelmesse sy on diglum, and Sin faeder hit ftgylt
S6, se Se gesyhj? on diglum. And "Sonne ge eow gebid-
don, ne beo ge swylce liceteras, Sa lufiap Saet hig gebid-
don hi standende on gesomnungum and strjeta hyrnum,
Saet men hig geseon; s6p ic secge eow, hi onfengon
hyra me'de. Du s6f lice Sonne Su S6 gebidde, gang into
Sinum bed-clyfan, and Sinre dura belocenre, bidde Sinnc
faeder on diglum, and Sin faeder Se gesyhf on diglum,
hyt &gylt Se\ S6j?lice Sonne ge eow gebiddon nellon
ge sprecan fela, sw& sw& haBSene, hig wenap Saet hi sin
gehyrede on hyra menigfealdan spr&ce. Nellen ge
eornostlice him ge-efenlgecan, s6flice eower feeder wtt
hwaet eow pearf ys, aarSam Se ge hyne biddaf. Eorn-
ustlice gebiddaj? e6w Sus: Faeder ure Su Se eart on
heofonum, si Sin nama gehalgod; to-becume Sin rice;
gewmve Sin willa on eorfan sw& sw& on heofonum;
firne daeghwamlican hlaf syle us to-daeg; and forgyf us
fire gy ltas, swa sw& we forgyfaj? urum gyltendum; and
ne gelged Su us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. S6Jh
lice. Witodlice gyf ge forgyfaf mannum hyra synna,
Sonne forgyf)? eower se heofonlica faeder eow eowre gyl-
tas. Gyf ge s6f lice ne forgyfaf mannum, ne eower faeder
ne forgyf)) eow eowre synna.
S6flice Sonne ge faeston, nellon ge wesan swylce
iease-licceteras, hig fornymaf hyra ans^na, Saet hig
aeteowun mannum faestende; s6flice ic secge eow, Saet
hig onfengon hyra m6de. Du s6flice Sonne Su faeste,
smyra Sin heafod, and J>weah Sine ansyne; Saet Su ne
The Sermon on The Mount. 53
sy gesewea fram mannum faestende, ac ftinum feeder $e
ys on diglum, and $fn fsedcr $e gesyhj? on diglum, hyt
&gylt fce\ Nellen ge gold-hordian eow gold-hordas on
eorpan, fcaer 6m and mop J>e hit fornimp, and $aer )>eofas
hit delfap and forstelap; gold-hordiaj? eow s6plice gold-
hordas on heofenan, tSaer nafior 6m ne mofpe hit ne for-
nimf, and fiar )>eofas hit ne delfap, ne ne forstelaf.
Wltodlice $aer Bin gold-hord is, fcaer is fcin heorte.
Dines lichaman leohtfaet is "Sin eage; gyf "Sin eage bip
anfeald, eall fcin lichama bip beorht; gif Sin eage s6plice
bij> m&nfull, eall Sin lichama byj> Jrf sterfull. Eornustlice
gyf Saet leoht Se on Se is synt p^stru, hu mycle beof Sa
Jr^stru ?
Ne maeg n&n man tw&m hlaibrdum peowian, oSSe he
s6plice aenne hatap, and 6Serne lufap; oSSe he bip anum
gehyrsum, and 6Srum ungehyrsum. Ne magon ge
Gode peowian and woruldwelan. ForSam ic secge eow,
Saet ge ne sin ymbhydige eowre sawle, hwaet ge eton;
ne eowrum lichaman, mid hwam ge syn ymbscrydde.
Hu nys se6 s&wl s6lre Sonne mete, and eower lichama
betera "Sonne Saet reaf ? Behealdap heofonan fuglas, for-
6am Se hig ne sawap, ne hig ne ripap, ne hig ne gadriap
on berne; and eower heofonlica faeder hig f6t. Hu ne
synt ge selran Sonne hig ? Hwylc eower maeg s6plice
gepencan Saet he ge-eacnige &ne elne to hys anlicnesse?
And to hwi synt ge ymbhydige be reafe? Besceawiap
seceres If Han, hu hig weaxap. Ne swincap hig, ne hig
ne spinnap; Ic secge eow s6plfce, Saet furSon Salomon
on eallum hys wuldre naes oferwrigen sw& sw4 &n of
Syson. S6plice gyf aeceres weod, Saet Se to-daeg is, and
bip to-morgen on ofen asend, God scryt, ealfi, ge ge-
hwajdes geleafan,Sam mycle mk he scryt eow? Nellen
ge eornustlice beon ymbhydige, Sus cweSende, Hwaet
ete we? oSSe, Hwaet drince we? oSSe. Mid hwam beo
.« The Sebmox ox Tbe Mount.
mMe mid cow rum fxdcr 8e on heofonum ys. Eornust-
Her feinne Mi Mnc ^Imessan sylle, ne blawe man bjman
heforan N', mi liccteras d6j> on gesomnungum and oa
wlnim. frt hi sin gc-arwurpode fram mannum; s6p it
«cge fnw. hi onffngon hvra mfde. Sfiflice fionne M
ttn* a"lme«an tI6. nyte tin wynstre hwiet do Sin swylire:
**t Pin *lmc*sc »v on diglum, and (iln fseder hit igylt
K.Kh gcyhp on diglum. And Sonne ge eow getrid-
don. nc Urn ge nwylce licctcr.n.% 8a lufiaji S»t hig gebid-
don hi Maude rule on gesomnungum and straeta hymum,
8*t men hig geseon; s6f> ic secge eow, hi onfengoo
hvra rm'-Jc. I)u $6|>lice Sonne Su 66 gebidile, gang into
flnum hrd-clyfan, and SInre dura belocenre, bidde 8lnne
frder on diglum. and Mn fxder 8e gesyhp on diglum,
hvt igvli W- S6f!ice Fonne ge eow gebiddon nellon
ge sprccan Aria, swa swa haMtene, hig w^naf S«t hi sin
gchirvdc on hvra menigfealdan spn&ce. Nellen ge
om.-Ktiice him gc-efcnli£can, soplicc cower fader wit
hwM cow fcarf ys lerBam 8e gc hyne biddaf. Eora-
u-iiioc gcbiddap cow Bus: Fasder ure $u 8e eart on
hcofnnum.fi Sin nama gehilgod; to-becume 8in rice;
gewur c Wn wills on corfan swa swa on heofonum;
irat dcghwamllcan hlftf sylc us to-dajg; and forgyf us
Ore pylias. *w« *w-i we forgyfa(> urum gyltendum; and
nc gei.-vd Su us on costnungc, ac alys us of yfele. Sb}- 1
lict. Wjiodfice gyf ge forgyfaf mannum hvra synna, I
Sonne Iorgyf)> cower sc hcofonliea faedcr eow eowregytJ
las. Gyf gc stylice ne forgyfa|> mannum, ne eowcr fjedw J
ne fvrpyfy cow eowre synna.
Strife* >onnc ge fff-ton, nellon ge wesan *w*'"
'.ca*e- 1:.: cetera*, hig fornymajt hyra an , '■■
*:;vw;m mannum fjestende; s£|>lice J
h:; or.lYngon hvra mAlc. Dfi -,■
KT.JT* cin \veaioi, and 1
5* The Sermon on The Mount.
mexie mid eowrum faeder Se on heofonum ys. Eornust*]
lice Sonne Su Sine aelmessan sylle, ne bl&we man b;fman J
bef6ran S^, sw& liceteras d6j> on gesomnungum and on
wlcum, t5set hi sin ge-arwurJ>ode fram m annum ; s6f ic
secge eow, hi onffcngon hyra m&le. S6)?llce Sonne 8fi
Sine aelmessan d6, nyte Sin wynstre hwaet d6 Sin sw^Sre:
Saet Sin aelmesse sy on diglum, and Sin faeder hit ftgylt
S6, se Se gesyhp on diglum. And Sonne ge eow gebid-
don, ne beo ge swylce liceteras, Sa lufia)> Saet hig gebid-
don hi standende on gesomnungum and strata hyrnura,
Saet men hig geseon; s6j> ic secge eow, hi onfengon
hyra mexie. Du s6flice Sonne Su Se" gebidde, gang into
Sinum bed-clyfan, and Sinre dura belocenre, bidde Sinne
faeder on diglum, and Sin faeder Se gesyhf on diglum,
hyt &gylt S6. S6flice Sonne ge eow gebiddon nellon
ge sprecan fela, swa\ swa haaSene, hig wgnap Saet hi sin
geh^rede on hyra menigfealdan spraece. Nellen ge
eornostlice him ge-efenlaecan, s6j>lice eower faeder w&t
hwaet eow fearf ys, serSam Se ge hyne biddaj. Eorn-
ustlice gebiddaj? e6w Sus: Faeder ure Su Se eart on
heofonum, si Sin nama gehalgod ; to-becume Sin rice;
gewwve Sin willa on eorfan sw& sw& on heofonum;
firne daeghwamlican hlaf syle us to-daeg; and forgyf us
fire gyltas, swa sw& we forgyfap urum gyltendum ; and
ne gelged Su us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. S6J>-
lice. Witodlice gyf ge forgyfap mannum hyra synna,
Sonne forgyf)? eower se heofonlica faeder eow eowre gyl-
tas. Gyf ge s6flice ne forgyfaf mannum, ne eower faeder
ne forgyfy eow eowre synna.
S6flice Sonne ge faeston, nellon ge wesan swylce
lease-licceteras, hig fornymaf hyra ansyna, Saet hig
aeteowun mannum faestende; s6plice ic secge eow, Saet
hig onfiSngon hyra mecle. Du s6flice Sonne Su foeste,
sm^ra Sin heafod, and J>weah Sine ansyne; Saet Su ne
The Sermon on The Mount. jj
sf gesewea fram mannum faestende, ac Sinum feeder t$e
ys on diglum, and Sin fseder 8e gesyhp on diglum, hyt
a\gylt S6. Nellen ge gold-hordian eow gold-hordas on
eorpan, Saer 6m and moppe hit fornimp, and Saer peofas
hit delfap and forstelap; gold-hordiap eow s6plice gold-
hordas on heofenan, Saer n&Sor 6m ne moppe hit ne for-
nimp, and Car peofas hit ne delfap, ne ne forstelap.
Wftodlice Saer Sin gold-hord is, Saer is Sin heorte.
Dines lfchaman leohtfaet is Sin eage; gyf Sin eage bip
anfeald, eall Sin lichama bip beorht; gif "Sin eage s6plice
bip manful 1, eall Sin lichama byp f^sterfull. Eornustiice
gyf Saet leoht tSe on Se is synt p^stra, hu mycle beop 8a
p^stru ?
Ne maeg n&n man tw&m hlafordum peowian, oSSe he
&6plice aenne hatap, and 68erne lufap; oSSe he bip anum
gehyrsum, and 6Srum ungehyrsum. Ne magon ge
Gode peowian and woruldwelan. ForSam ic secge eow,
foet ge ne sin ymbh^dige eowre s&wle, hwaet ge eton;
ne eowrum lichaman, mid hwam ge syn ymbscr^dde.
Hu nys se6 s&wl s61re Sonne mete, and eower lichama
betera Sonne Saet reaf ? Behealdap heofonan fuglas, for-
8am Se hig ne s&wap, ne hig ne ripap, ne hig ne gadriap
on berne; and eower heofonlica faeder hig fie*t. Hu ne
synt ge selran Sonne hig? Hwylc eower maeg s6plice
gepencan Saet he ge-eacnige &ne eine to hys anlicnesse ?
And to hwi synt ge ymbh^dige be reafe? Besceawiap
teceres lilian, hu hig weaxap. Ne swincap hig, ne hig
ne spinnap; Ic secge eow s6plfce, Saet furSon Salomon
on eallum hys wuldre naes oferwrigen sw4 sw4 &n of
Syson. S6plice gyf aeceres weod, Saet Se to-daeg is, and
bip to-morgen on ofen asend, God scryt, eal& ge ge-
hwakles geleafan,Sam mycle mk he scryt eow? Nellen
ge eornustiice beon ymbhydige, Sus cweSende, Hwaet
ete we? oSSe, Hwaet drince we? oSSe. Mid hwam beo
54 Tee Sermok aw The Mount.
we oferwrogcne? S6}iSce ealle 56s fing )>eoda se*ca)>;
witodlice cower fader wit tet ge eaira 6yssa pinga
bepurfon. Eornustlice seca} erest Godes rice and hys
rihtwisnesse, and ealle 64s Jing eow beof ter-to ge-eac
node. Ne beo ge n* hogiende ymb 6a morgenlfcan
neode, stylice se morgenlica dieg caraf ymb hyne sylfhe;
sghwylc daeg haei} gen6h on hys agenum ymbhogan.
Nellen ge deman,5aet ge ne syn fordemede; witodlice
5am ylcan d6me 6e ge demaf , eow bij> gedemed, and on
5am ylcan gemete 6e ge meta|>, eow bjf gemeten. To
hwi gesihst 6n 6«t mot on Sines br65or eagan, and 6u ne
gesyhst 5one beam on 6inum agenum eagan? 066e
humeta cwyst 66 to 51num bre*5er, Br66ur, fafa 6aet ic
ut-ad6 6®t mot of 5inum eagan, 6onne se beam bij? on
5inum agenum eagan ? La 6u liccetere, ad6 serest ut
5one beam of 6inum agenum eagan, and behawa 6onne
5aet 5u ut-ad6 6aet mot of 51nes br65ur eagan. Nellen
ge syllan 6aet halige hundum, ne ge ne wurpen eowre
mere-grotu tof6ran eowrum swynon, 6e-laes hig mid
hyra f6tum hig fortredon, and hig 6onne ongean ge-
wende eow toslyton. Biddap, and eow bip geseald;
s£ca]>, and ge hit findaf ; cnuciap, and eow bif ontyned.
Witodlice jelc 6aera 6e bit, he onfehp; and se 6e se"c}>, he
hyt flnt; and "6am cnuciendum bif ontyned. Hwylc
man is of eow, gyf his sunu hyne bit hlafes, sylst 6u
him stan? 066e gyf he bytt fisces, sylst 6u him naed-
dran? Eornustlice nu ge, 6e yfele synt, cunnan g6de
sylena eowrum bearnum syllan, mycle m& eower fseder
6e on heofenum ys sylef g6d 6am 6e hyne bidda)??
Eornustlice ealle 6a 6ing, 6e ge wyllen 6aet men eow
d6n, d6f ge him 6aet sylfe,6aet ys s6flice se and witegena
bebod.
GangaJ? inn Jmrh 6aet nearwe geat; forSon 6e 6aet geat
is swi6e wid, and se weg is swi6e rum 6e to forspilled-
The Sermon on The Mount. 55
nesse gels§t, and swySe manega synt Se Juirh Sone weg
farap. Eal& hu nearo and hu angsum is Saet geat, and
se weg, Se to life gelsedt, and sw^Se feawa synt Se
tfone weg findon. Warniaf eow fram leasum witegum,
tSa cumaf to eow on sceapa gegyrelum, ac hig beof
innane re&figende wulfas; fram hyra waestmum ge hf
undergytaf. Cwyst Su gaderaf man wfnberian of J>orn-
um, oSSe flc-seppla of pyrncinum? Sw& aMc g6d treow
byrj? g6de waestmas; and selc yfel treow byrp yfele waest-
mas. Ne maeg Sset g6de treow beran yfle waestmas, ne
-&et yfele treow g6de waestmas. yE'lc treow Se ne byrj>
g6dne waestm, s^ hyt forcorfen, and on fyr aworpen.
Wltodllce be hyra waestmum ge hig oncnaVwap.
Ne ga3j> sale Saera on heofena rice, Se cwyf to me,
Drihten, Drihten; ac se "Se wyrcf mines faeder willan Se
on heofenum is, se gasp on heofena rice. Manege
cweSap on Sam daege to me, Drihten, Drihten, hu ne
witegode we on Sinum naman, and on Sinum naman we
tit-aVwurpon deoflu, and on Sinum naman we worhton
mycle mihta? Donne cweSe ic to him, Daet ic >v
naafre ne cuSe ; gewitaj? fram me, ge "Be worhton unriht-
wysnesse. Eornustlice ©lc Saera Se S&s mine word
geh^rf, and Sa wyrcj?, bij> gelic Sam wisan were, se hys
hus ofer sta\n getimbrode. Dk com Saer ren, and mycele
fl6d, and Saer bleowun windas, and a-hruron on Saet hus ;
and hyt n& ne feoll, s6flice hit waes ofer st&n getimbrod.
And selc Saera Se gehyrp S&s mine word, and Sa ne
wyrcp, se Wf gelic Sam dysigan men, Se getimbrode hys
hus ofer sand-ceosel. Da\ rinde hit, and Saer comun fl6d,
and bleowun windas, and ahruron on Saet hus ; and Saet
hus feoll, and hys hryre waes my eel.
i
REIGN OF KING ALFRED.
FROM A.-S. CHRONICLE.
871. D4 feng Alfred, ^$elwulfing, t6 Westseaxna
rice, and paes ymb aenne m6n&$ gefeaht Alfred cyning
witS ealne pone here lytle werede aet Wilttine, and hine
longe on daeg geflymde, and p& Deniscan ahton w©l-
stowe geweald. And pass geares wurdon nigen folcge-
feoht gefohten wis pone here on py cynerice be sfiflan
Temese, btitan pam pe him Alfred, paes cyninges br6$or,
and anlfpige ealdormen and cyninges pegnas oft r&de
onridon, pe man nk ne rlmde. And paes geares waerun
ofslegene nigon eorlas and kxi cyning, and py geare na-
mon Westseaxe fri'S wifc pone here.
872. Her f6r se here t6 Lundenbyrig from Reading-
um and paer wintersetl nam ; and \k n&mon Myrce fritS
wiS pone here.
873. Her f6r se here on Norfihymbre, and he naffl
wintersetl on Lindesse aet Turceslge.
874. Her f6r se here from Lindesse t6 Hreopedtine,
and paer wintersetl nam, and pone cyning Burhre'd ofe*
sae adraefdon ymb twk and twentig wintra, pass pe he rice
haefde, and paet land eall geeodon, and he f6r t6 R6nie
and paer gesaet. And py ylcan geare hie sealdon Ce6l-
wulfe, amim unwisum cyninges pegne, Myrcna rice tb
healdanne, and he him a#as sw6r and gislas sealde, paet
hit him gearo waere, sw& hwylce daege swk hie hit hab-
ban wolden, and he gearo waere mid him selfum and on
eallum pam, pe him laestan woldon t6 paes heres pearfe.
875. Her f6r se here from Hreopedtine, and Healf-
Reign of King Alfred. 57
dene f6r mid sumum pam here on Norfcanhymbre, and
nam wintcrsetl be Tinan paere e&, and se here paet lond ge-
eode and oft hergode on Peohtas and on Straetcl6d wealas.
And f6r Godrun and O'scitel and Anwind, pfi. frl cynin-
gas of Hreopedune t6 Grantebrycge mid miclum here
and saeton faer kn gear. And ff sumere f6r Alfred
cyning fit on sae mid sciphere and gefeaht wi8 seofon
sciphlaestas and hiora &n gefeng and fk ofcre geflymde.
876. He"r hine bestael se here and int6 Werh&m West-
seaxna f6rde, and siftftan wr5 pone here se cyning frit$
nam, and p& gislas sealdon, pe on pam here weorfcoste
waron, t6 pam cyninge, and him p& &fcas sw6ron on pam
halgan be&ge, pe hie aer n&nre pe6de noldon, fast hf
hrseftlice of his rice f6ren ; and hi p& under pam hi nihtes
bestaelon paere fyrde, se gehorsade here, int6 Exanceas-
tre, and \f ylcan geare Healfdene NorBanhumbra land
gedaelde and ergende waeron and hiora tilgende.
877. Her com se here int6 Exanceastre from Wer-
ham and se sciphere seglode west ymbutan; and p& ge-
m6tte hie micel ^st on sae, and paer forwearft hundtwelf-
tig scipa aet Swanawic. And se cyning -/Elfred aefter
)>am gehorsodum here mid fyrde r&d 06 Exanceaster, and
hi hindan ofridan ne meahte, aer hie on pam faestene wae-
ron, paer him man t6 ne meahte. And hie him paer fore
gislas sealdon, sw& feala swa he habban wolde, and mi-
cele a#as sw6ron, and p& g6dne friS he6ldon. And p&
on haerfeste gef6r se here on Mercna lond and hit ge-
daeldoi sum, and sum Ce6lwulfe sealdon.
878. H6r hine bestael se here on midne winter ofer
iwelftan niht t6 Cyppanh&me, and geridon Westseaxna
lond, and gesaeton, and micel paes folces ofer sae adraef-
don, and paes oflres pone maestan dael hi geridon and him
t6 gecirdon, butan pam cyninge ^Elfrede, and he lytle
weorode uneaVSelice aefter wudum f6r and on m6rfaesten-
$8 Reign of King Alfred.
um. And faes ylcan wintres waes Ingwaeres br6tfor and
Healfdenes on Westseaxum, on Defenascyre, mid twen-
tigum scipum and prim scipum, and liine man faer ofsl6h
and eahta hund manna mid, and feowertig manna his
heres, and faer waes se gufcfana genumen, fe hi hraefen
he'ton. And faes on E&stron worhte yElfred cyning lytle
weorude geworc aet -/ESelinga-igge,, and of pam ge-
weorce waes winnende wi$ fone here and Sumorsaetena
se dael, se f aer n6hst waes. D& on f aere seofoftan wucan
ofer Eastron he ger&d t6 Ecgbyrhtes-st&ne be eastan
Sealwuda, and him c6mon faer ongean Sumorsaete ealle
and Wilsaete and Hamtunscire se dael, f e hire beheonan
sae waes, and his gefaegene waerun. And he f6r ymb fine
niht of f&m wicum t6 Igle&,and faes eft ymb ane niht t6
</E$andune, and faer gefeaht wi$ ealne fone here, and
hine geflymde, and him aefter r&d otS faet geweorc, and
faer saet feowertyne niht. D4 sealde se here him glslas
and micele aVSas, faet hi of his rice woldon, and him eax
geh^ton, faet hiora cyning fulwihte onf6n wolde, and hie
faet gelaeston sw&. And faes ymb f re6 wucan com se
cyning t6 him, Godrun, f rittiga sum fara manna, Je in
f am here weorSuste waeron, aet Aire, faet is wi$ ^EtSel-
inga igge, and his se cyning faer onfeng aet fulwihte, and
his crismlysing waes aet Wetm6r. And he faer waes twelf
niht mid fam cyninge, and he hine and his geferan mid
miclum feo weorSode.
880. H6r f6r se here of Cirenceastre on E&stengle,
and gesaet faet lond and gedaelde, and f f ylcan ge&re f6r
se here ofer sae, fe aer on Fullanhomme saet, on Fronc-
land t6 Gent and saet f aer an gear.
882. He"r f6r se here up andlang Maese feor on Fronc-
land, and f aer saet kn gear. And f y ylcan geare f6r Al-
fred cyning mid scipum ut on sae and gefeaht wi$ feower
sciphlaestas Deniscra manna, and f ara scipa tw& genam.
Reign of King Alfred. 59
and ^4 men ofslaegene waeron pe paer on waeron. And
twegen scipheras him on hand codon, and pa, waeron mi-
clum iorsiaegene and forwundode, aer hie on hand eodon.
8S5. Her t6dselde se foresprecena here on tw&, o5er
dad east, otter dsel to Hr6fesceastre, and ymbsaeton p&
ceastre, and worhton o6er faesten ymbe hie selfe, and hi
fe&h ceastre aweredon ottoast ^Eiirtd cyning com titan
did fyrde. Da eode se here t6 hiora scipum and forle^t
fot geweorc, and hi wurdon paer behorsode, and s6na
ty ylcan sumere ofer sae gewiton. And py ylcan geare
sende Alfred cyning sciphere on E&stengle. S6na sw&
hie c6mon on Stufe muftan, p& mutton hie sixtyne scipu
^vicinga and witS p& gefuhton ; and p a scipu eall geraeh-
*on, and p& men ofsl6gon. D& hie p& hamweard wend-
On mid p aere herehyfce, p& mutton hi micelne sciphere
^vicinga, and p& witS p& gefuhton py ylcan daege, and p&
Oeniscan ahton sige; and py ylcan geare se here on
ELastenglum braec fritS wi$ yElfred cyning.
886. Dy geare gesette ./Elfred cyning Lundenburg,
^nd him eall Angelcyn t6 gecirde, past btitan Deniscra
manna haeftnede waes, and he p& befaeste p& burh ^ESel-
irecle ealdormen t6 healdanne.
893. Her on pisum geare f6r se micela here, )>e we
^efyrn ymbe spraecon, eft of pam eastrice (Francna) west-
"weard t6 Bunnan, and paer wurdon gescipode, sw& past
hie asetton him on &nne si$ ofer mid horsum mid ealle,
and p& c6mon up Limine mu$an mid twa hund scipa and
fiftigum scipum. Se mtiSa is on eastweardre Cent, aet
paes micelan wuda eastende, pe we Andred hataS. Se
wudu is eastlang and westlang hundtwelftiges mila lang
ofcfce lengra, and prittiges mila brad. Se6 e&, pe we aer
ymbe spraecon, lift tit of pam wealde. On pa ea hie tu-
gon up hiora scipu 0$ pone weald feower mila fram pam
mtitSan titeweardan, and paer ahraecon an geweorc inne
6o Reigx of Kino Alfred.
on famfenne ; saeton fea/wa cirlisce men on, and waes slim*
worht. D& s6na aefter J>am com Haesten mid hund eaht-
atigum scipa and worhte him geweorc at Middeltune,
and se o$er here aet Apuldre.
894. On pe6s geare, paet waes ymb twelf m6nafi Jwbs
|>e hie on Jam e&strice geweorc geworht haefdon, Nor8-
hymbre and E&stengle haefdon ^Elfrede cyninge aVSasge-
seald, and E£stengle foregisla sex; and }>eah ofer ]>& tre-
6wa, sw4 oft sw4 \k o$re hergas mid ealle herige tit
f6ron, ponne f6ron hie oftSe mid, ofrSe on heora healfe ftn
Dk gegadrode Alfred cyning his fyrde, and f6r, paet he
bewicode betwih pkm tw&m hergum paer, paer he nghst
rymet haefde for wudufaestenne and for waeterfaestenne,
swa, paet he mihte aegfcerne geraecan, gif hie aenigne feld
seoan wold en. D£ f6ron hie sfSfcan aefter J>am weald<
hl6ftum and flocradum be sw4 hwaeftere efese, sw& hit=2
fonne fyrdle&s waes, and hi man e&c mid ofcrum floccui
s6hte maestra daga aelce ofifie on niht, ge of paere fyrd<
ge eax of pain burgum. Haefde se cyning his fyrd oi
tw& t6numen, swa, paet hi waeron symle healfe aet h&m,
healfe tite, bfitan f&m mannum, fe }>& burh he aid an sceol-
don. Ne com se here oftor eall tite of pam saetum ponnt
tuwa; 06 re sifte, p& hie aerest t6 londe c6mon, aer se6 fyr<
gesamnod waere, o'Sre sitte, \k hie of pain saetum farai
woldon. D£ hie gef§ngon micele herehyft, and p& wol-
don ferian norSweardes ofer Temese innan E&stseaxe.
ongean pa, scipu : p& forrad se6 fyrd hie foran, and hin
witJ gefeaht aet Fearnhame, and pone here geflymde ^
and pa herehyfte ahreddon. And hi flugon ofer Temes^^
butan aelcum forda, fa up be Colne on arine iggafc; \{
besaet se6 fyrd hie J>aer titan p& hwile \>e hie paer lengesi
mete haefdon. Ac hi haefdon pa hiora stemn gesetenn^
and hiora mete genotudne, and waes se cyning pa pyder—
weardes on faere mid paere scire pe mid him fyrdedon »
Reign of King Alfred. 6j
A he J>a waes pyderweardes, and sc6 otire iyrd waes ham-
weardes; pa Deniscan saeton paer behindan, for pam hiora
cyning waes gewundod on pam gcfcohtc, paet hi hinc ne
mihton ferian: p& gegaderodon pfi. pc on NorBhymbrum
bfigeafi and on E&stenglum sum hund scipa, and f6ron
sfift ymbutan, and sum feowertig scipa nor5 ymbutan,
and ymbsaeton &n geweorc on D6fenascyrc be nor8 paere
sas, and p&, pe sufc ymbutan f6ron, ymbsaeton Eaxan-
ceaster. D& se cyning fast hyrde, p & wende he hine west
tvi8 Eaxanceastres mid eallrc paere fyrde, butan swiSe
gewealdenum daele e&steweardes pacs folces. Da f6ron
&>r5 ot$ pe hie c6mon t6 Lundenbyrig, and pA, mid pam
Ourhwarum and pam fultume, pe him westan com, f6ron
c&st t6 Be&mfle6te. Waes Haesten p& faer cumen mid
His herge, pe aer aet Middcltune saet, and ciic se micela
liere waes p& faer t6 cumen, pc aer on Limencmuftan sa?t,
net Apuldre. Haefde Haesten aer geworht paet geweorc
«et Befimfle6tc, and waes p& ut afarcn on hergafi, and
'waes se micela here aet h&m. Da f6ron hi t6 and geflym-
don pone here and paet geweorc Abraecon, and genamon
eall paet faer binnan waes ge on feo, gc on wffum, ge eac
on bearnum, and brohton eall in t6 Lundenbyrig, and
pa scipu ealle o8$e t6braecon oSfce forbaerndon, oftBc t6
Lundenbyrig brohton o$$e tt Hr6fesceastre. And Haes-
tenes wif and his sunu twegen man brohte t6 pam
cyninge; and he hi him eft ageaf, forpam pc hiora waes
ofcer his godsunu, ofcer -/Efcelredes ealdormanncs. Haef-
don hi hiora onfangen, aer Haesten t6 Be&mfie6te c6me,
and he him haefde geseald gislas and aVBas, and se cyning
him eax wel feoh sealde, and e&c sw& p& he pone cnih
agcaf and pact wif. Ac s6na swfi hie t6 Bcamfle6t
c6mon, and fact geweorc geworht wa3s, swa hergode 1
on his rice pone ylcan ende, ]>e ./Eftelred, his cumpaed*
healdan sceolde. And eft o$re sifle he waes on herg
£2 fir/tf-v or Krso Alfred.
geler. i -- ;st vice rice, yk yk man his geweorc librae.
L-i se cyr.ir.^ hir.e Vi west wende mid paere fyrde wifl
E.o:^r.cs:.^:rt;s. -.va :c a: sjeue, and se here yk burh be-
se:en hK-:\Ie: )z he fi-r ;6 gefaren wxs, p& eodon hie t6
hiora >c:pu.T.. Da he £a wis pone here paer west abys-
govi w as*, und }u hergas waeron pa gegaderode begen t6
SceCbyrig on Eastseaxum, and paer geweorc worhton,
foron begen a*: ganiere up be Temese, and him com
mi eel eaca to aeg?er ge E&stenglum ge of Nortmym-
brum ; f6ron \k up be Temese, 06 part hie gedidon ait
Saeferne. Da up be Saeferne fk gegaderode ./Eftelr&i
ealdorman and A? elm ealdorman and </E8eln6$ ealdor-
man and fa cyninges pegnas pe p& at ham art Jam ge-
weorcum waeron, of a*lcre by rig be eastan Pedredan,.
ge be westan Sealwuda, ge be eastan ge e&c be nortian.
Temese, and be westan Saeferne, ge eac sum dael paes-
norftwcalcynnes; and yk hi yk ealle gegadrode waeron^
pa of-f6ron hie pone here hindan aet Buttingtune on —
Ssefernstafle, and hine paer utan besarton on aelce healfes^
on anum faestenne. Dk hie yk feala wucena sseton on* —
tw& healfe pare ea, and se cyning waes west on Defe —
num wis pone sciphere: ]>k waeron hie mid meteleastes^
gcwa2gde, and haefdon micelne dael paera horsa freten,
and p4 ofcre waeron hungre axwolen: Dfi, eodon hie tit t{
m annum pe on e&sthealfe paere ck wicodon and him wii
gefuhton. And ]>k cristenan haefdon sige, and paei
wcarfi Ordhelm, cyninges pegn, ofslaegen, eke monig<
oSrc cyninges fegnas, and se dael, pe paer aweg com^
wurdon on flc&mc generede. T>k hie on Eastseaxer
c6mon t6 hiora geweorcc, ]>k gegadrode se6 \kf on East-
cnglum and of Norfchymbrum micelne here onforao.
winter, and befscston hiora wif and hiora scipu and hiora,
fooh on E&stenglum and f6ron &nstreces daeges and
nihtcs, past hie gedidon on &nre westre ceastre, on Wir-
Reign of King Alfred. 63
healum, se6 is Le'gaceaster gehaten. D& ne mihte se6
fyrd hie n& hindan offaran, aer hie wseron inne on Jam
geweorce, besaeton pe&h paet geweorc titan sume twegen
dagas, and gen&man ce&pes eall paet pair butan waes, and
pi men ofsl6gon, pe hie foran forridan mihton butan ge-
weorce, and paet corn eall forbaerndon and mid hiora
horsum fraeton on aelcre efennehfce; and paet waes ymb
twelf m6na"5 paes J>e hie aer hider ofer sae c6mon.
895. And p& s6na aefter pam on pysum geare f6r se
here of Wirheale innan Norfcwealas, forpam hie pier
sittan ne mihton, paet waes for py pe hie waeron benu-
i&ene aegtter ge paes ceapes ge pass cornes, pe hie geherg-
°d hsefdon. D& hie p& eft ut of Norftwealum wendon
**iid paere herehyfce pe hie paer genumen haefdon ; pa. f6r-
O11 hie ofer Norfchymbra land and E&stengla, swfi, sw& se6
fyrd hie geraecan ne mihte, 0$ pact hie c6mon on E&st-
^eaxna land e&steweard on &n Igland, past is ute on paere
%33, paet is Meresig haten. And swa se here eft ham.
Xvreard wende, pe Eaxanceastre beseten haefde, yk her-
godon hie up on SuSseaxum ne&h Cisseceastre, and pa
lurhware hie geflymdon and hiora manig hund ofsl6gon
and hiora scipu sumu genamon. D& py ylcan geare on-
foran winter p4 Deniscan, pe on Meresige saeton, tugon
fieora scipu up on Temese,and pft up on Ligan; past waes
*mb tw4 g6r paes pe hie hider ofer sae c6mon.
896. On py ylcan geare worhte se foresprecena here
geweorc be Ligan, twentig mila bufan Lund enby rig.
D& pass on sumera f6ron micel dael para burhwara and
eac sw4 ofcres folces, paet hie gedidon aet para Deniscena
geweorce, and paer wurdon geflymde, and sume feower
cyninges pegnas ofslaegene. Da. paes on haerfeste p&
wicode se cyning on nea-weste paere byrig p& hwile pe
hie hiora corn geripon, paet p& Deniscan him ne mihton
paes rfpes forwyrnan. D& sume daege r&d se cyning up
6* Eeks of Kisg Alfred.
be foere ck and gehiwode, hwaer man mihte fk ck fox
wjrcazu fztt hie ne mihioa }i sopa fit brengan, and hi
fk swi didon, worhroa fk twa geweorc on tw& healf
faere c4s. SXi hie fk fart geweorc rarCum ongunnei
haefdon and faer t6 gewicod haefdon, fi ongeat se here
fart hie ne mint on fk sopa fit brengan : fi forleton hi h
and eodon ofer land, fort hie gedidon jet Cwatbrycge b
Saefern, and faer geweorc worhton. Da rad se6 fyr<
westweard setter fam herige, and fk men of Lunden
byrig gefetedon fk scipu, and fk ealle, pe hie alaedan n
mihton, t6bnecon, and fk pe faer staelwyrfce waeron bin
nan Lundenbyrig gebrohton. And fk Deniscan haefdoi
hiora wif befaest innan Eastengle, aer hie ut of pam ge
weorce foron ; fa saeton hie pone winter set Cwatbrycgc
part waes ymb pre6 ger paes pe hie on Limene muftai
c6mon hider ofer sae.
897. D& paes on sumera on pisum geare, t6f6r se hen
sum on Eastengle, sum on Xor&hymbre, and fk pe feoh
lease waeron him paer scipu begeton, and su$ ofer si
f6ron t6 Sigene. Naefde se here, godes pances, Angel
cyn ealles forswifce gebrocod; ac hie waeron micel
swiSor gebrocode on pam prim gearum mid ceape
cwylde and manna, eallra swifcost mid pam paet manig
para selestena cyninges pegena, pe paer on londe waeror
forfcf<6rdon on pam prim gearum ; para waes sum Swffcul:
biscop on Hr6fesceastre, and Ce6lmund ealdorman oi
Cent, and Beorhtulf ealdorman on Eastseaxum, ant
Wulfr6d ealdorman on Hamtunscyre, and Ealheard bis
cop aet Dorceceastre, and Eadulf cyninges pegen 01
Sufcseaxum, and Beornwulf wicgefera on Winteceastre
and Ecgulf cyninges horspegn, and monige ea-c mi(
him, peah ic fk gepungnestan nemde. py ylcan gear*
drehton fk hergas on E&stenglum and Norfchymbrun
Wcstseaxna lnnd swfSe be pam sutSstaetSe mid staelher
Reign of King Alfred. 65
gum; ealra swiftost mid pam aescum, pe hie feala geara
*r timbrodon. Da h6t yElfred cyning timbrian lange
scipu onge"n pa aescas, pa waeron fulneah twa swa lange
swa pa oftru; sume haefdon sixtig ara, sume ma; pa
tvaeron aegSer ge swiftran ge unwealtran ge eac hyran
|>onne pa oflru; naeron natter ne on Frisisc gescaepenc
Jie on Denisc, butan swa him selfum puhte, paet hie nyt-
WyrSoste be6n meahtorf. Da- aet sumum cyrre paes ylcan
geares c6mon paer scipu six t6 Wiht, and paer mycel yfel
gedidon aegber ge on D6fenum, ge wel hwaer be pam
saeriman. Da he"t se cyning faran mid nigonum t6 para
xiiwena scipa, and forfaran him pone mu8an foran on
"Citer mere; pa f6ron hie mid prim scipum ut ongen hie,
and pre6 st6don aet ufeweardum pam mufcan on dry-
genum. Waeron pa men uppe on londe of agane: pa
gefengon hie para preora scipa twa aet pam mutSan ute-
weardum, and pa men ofslogon, and paet an 68wand.
On pam waeron eac p& men ofslaegene butan flfum; pa
c6mon for py onweg, pe" para oSerra scipu asacton : pa
wurdon eac swffce uneaSelice aseten. pre6 asacton on
pa healfe paes de6pes, pe pa Deniscan scipu aseten waeron,
and pa o$ru ealle on ofire healfe, paet heora ne mihte nan
t6 ofcrum. Ac pa paet wseter waes aebbod feala furlanga
from pam scipum, pa eodon pa Deniscan from pam prim
scipum t6 pam 08 rum prim, pe on heora healfe beebbode
waeron, and hie pa gefuhton paer. Daer wear5 olslaegen
Lucnmon cyninges gereTa, and Wulf heard Frisa, and
^bbc Frisa, and ^E^elhere Frisa, and -<©5elfer$ cyning-
es genmt, and ealra manna Frisiscra : nd Engliscra
sixtig and twegen, and para Deniscra hundtwelftig. Da
com pam Deniscum scipum peah aer fl6d t6, aer pa crist-
nan mihton heora ut ascufan, and hie for py ut 6$re6won.
Da waeron hie t6 pam gesargode, paet hie ne mihton
SuSseaxna land utan ber6wan ; ac hiora paer twa sae on
66 Reign of Kino Alfred.
lond bedriif, and |>& men man laedde t6 Winteceasti
pam cyninge, and he hie paer ah6n het. And p 4 men «
on on Eastengle p e on f am 4num scipe waeron swifce
wundode. ))y ylcan geare forwearfc n6 laes ponne t\
tig scipa mid mannum mid ealle be ]>am suftriman.
901. He"r gef6r JElfred, Afiulfing, six nihtuir
ealra haligra masssan. Se waes cyning ofer eall Ar
cynn butan pam daele, pe undeY Dena onwealde ^
and he6ld paet rice oft rum healfum laes pe prittig wi
and p& fi§ng E&dweard, his sunu, t6 rice.
Ac forhwon feallefc se snaw, fold an beh^defc,
BewrihB wyrta citi, waestmas getigeft,
Geftfft hi and gefcreataS, Saet hi fcrage beofc
Cealde geclungen: ful oft he gecostaft e&c
Wilde6ra worn, waetum he oferhraegeft ;
GebryceS burga geatu, bealdlice fereft,
ReafaS swifcor mycle, p onne se swiftra nip
Se hine gelsedefc on $a lafcan wic,
Mid $&m fsecnan feonde t6 willan?
Lytle hwile leaf b6oS gr6ne,
ponne hi eft fealewiaS feallafc on eorfcan.
And forweorniaS, weorSaS to duste:
Sw4 ponne gefeallaS pa pe firena fier
Lange lasstafc, lifiafc him in mane;
HydaS healigestre6n, healdafc georne
On faestenne, fe6ndum t6 willan;
And we"nafc wanhogan paet hi wile wuldorcyi
^Elmihtig God 6ce gehyran.
CHARACTER OF WILLIAM, THE CONQUEROR.
FROM A.-S. CHRONICLE.
1087. -^Efter ure Drihtnes Hselendes Cristes gebyrtide
An Jtisend wintra and seofan and hundeahtatig wintra,
°a f&m an and twentigan geare, paes pe Willelm weolde
a nd stihte Engleland, sw& him God u$e, gewearfc switSe
flefelic and swifte w6lberendlic gear on pissum lande.
Styylc co$e com on mannum, pajt fullneah aefre pe o$er
'Han wearS on p&m wyrrestan yfele, past is on p&m drife,
^nd paet sw& strangllce, paet manige men swulton on pam
yfele. Syfrftan com p urn pa mycclan ungewiderunge, pe
comon sw& we bef6ran tealdon, swrSe mycel hunger ofer
^all Engleland, paet manig hundred manna earmiice
*lea$e swulton J>urh pone hunger. Eala, hn earmiice
and hu hre6wlic tid waes p&. Da fa wreccae men laegen
fbrdrifene fullneah to dea#e, and sifrBan com se scearpa
Hungor and adyde hi mid ealle. Hw&m ne maeg ear-
raian swylcere tide? Oftfce hw& is swfi, heard-heort paet
lie maeg wepan swylces ungelimpes? Ac swylce ping
gewurSaS for folces synna, paet hi nellaft luflan God and
rihtwisnesse ; sw& sw& hit waes on pam dagum, paet litel
rihtwfsnesse waes on pisum lande mid aenige men, buton
niid munecan &ne, paer paer hi wel ferdon.
Se cyng and fa heafod men lufedon swffte and ofer
swifie gitsunge on golde and on seolfre, and ne r6htan
hti synllce hit wsere begytan, buton hit come to heom.
Se cyng sealde his land sw& de6re to male sw4 heo de6r-
^t mihte ; ponne com sum oSer and beade mare )>onne
J* ofcer aer sealde, and se cyng hit let pam men pe him
^^re bead; )>onne com se pridde, and bead ge"t mare,
_ •
08 Character of William, The Conqueror.
and se cyng hit let y&m men to handa fe him ealra mses^
bead, and ne r6hte na hu swifce synlice J>a gerefan hit b^*.
geatan 6f carme mannum, ne hu manigc unlaga hi dy-
don. Ac sw& man swytior spaec cmbe rihte lage, sw& man
dyde marc unlaga. Hi arerdon unrihte t6llas,and man-
igc otSre unriht hi dydan fe sindon e*arfofe to areccenne.
E&c on fam ilcan geare, aetf6ran haerfeste, forbarn paet
halige mynster Sancte Paule, fe biscopst6le on Lundene,
and manige ofcre mynstres, and pset mceste dsel and faet
rotteste eal faere burh. Swylce e&c, on f&m ilcan timan,
forbarn fullneah aelc hcaibd port on eallum Englelande.
Eala hrc6wlic and wependllc tid waes paes geares,pe swfc
manig ungclimp waes forSbringende !
Eae, on pam ilcan geare, tof6ran Assumptio Sancte
Marie, f6r Willelm cyng of Normandige into France
mid f) rde, and hcrgode uppan his Agenne hlaibrd, Phil-
ippe ]>L.7i cynge, and sl6h of his mannum mycelne d«&l,
and forbaernde pa burh Mapante, and ealle J>a halige myn-
stres pe waeron innan paere burh, and twegen halige men,
pe hyrsumodon Gode on ancer-settle wuniende, par
waeron forbaernde. Dissum pus ged6ne, se cyng Wil-
lelm c6rde ongean to Normandige. Hre6wlic ping he
dyde, and hre6wlicor him gelamp. Hti hre6wlicor?
Him geyfelade and him stranglice e"glade. Hwaet rnxg
ic tellan? Se scearpa dea$, pe ne forl^t ne rice men ne
heane, se hine genam. He swealt on Normandige, on
pone nextan daeg after Nati vitas Sancte Marie, and man
bebyrgede hine on Capum, aet Sancte Stephanes mynstre;
&rer he hit araede, and siSflan manifealdlice gegodade.
Eala, hu leas, and hu unwrest is pisses middaneardes
wela! Se pe waes serer rice cyng, and maniges landes
hlaibrd, he naefde fa ealles landes buton seofon f6t m$l
and se pe waes hwilum gescryd mid golde and mid giro
mum, he laeg |>a oferwrogen mid moldan!
Ghabacteb of William^ The Conqueror. 69
He laefde after him ]>re6 sunan, Rodbeard h£t sc yld-
esta, se waes eorl on Normandige aefter him. Se ofccr
h&Willelm, ]>e bjfcr aefter him on Engleland J>one cine-
helm. Se pridda he"t Heanric, p&m se faeder becwatfS ger-
suman unateallendlice.
Gif hw4 gewilnigeft to gewltanne h<i gcd6n man he
was, o$$e hwilcne wurfcscipe he haefde, otiSe hu fela
lande he waere hl&ford, fonne wille we be him awn tan
sw& swa- we hine ageaton, )>e him on l6codan, and ofcre
hwile on his hfrede wunedon.
Se cyng Willelm, pe we embe spr£ca$ waes swftte wis
man, and swftte rice, and wurfcfulre and strengere ponne
Jenig his foregenga waere. He waes milde p&m g6dum
mannum pe God lufedon, and ofer eall gemett stearc J>£m
mannum J>e wiScwsadon his willan. On )>&m ilcan stcde
pe God him geufle faet he m6ste Engleland geg&n, he
arerde mserc mynster, and munecas paer gesaette, faet hit
wel geg6dade. On his dagum waes faet m&re mynster
on Cantwarbyrig getimbrod, and eax swifce manig 6$er
ofer eall Engleland. E&c pis land waes swifce afylled
mid munecan, and fa leofodan heora lif aefter Sanctus
Benedictus regule, and se Cristend6m waes swilc on his
daege paet aelc man hwaet his h&de to belumpe folgode,
se J>e wolde. Eax he was switte wurfcful ; priwa he bajr
his cinehelm aelce geare, sw& oft sw4 he waes on Engle-
land. On Eastron he hine bser on Winceastre; on Pen-
tecosten on Westmynstre; on midewintre on Gler.we-
ceastre; and paenne waeron mid him ealle fa rice men
ofer eall Engleland, arcebiscopas, and le6dbiscopas, abbo-
das, and eorlas, pegnas and cnihtas.
Swilce he waes eax swifte stearc man and raefle, sw4
|>aet man ne dorste n&n ping ongean his willan d6n. He
haefde eorlas on his bendum pe dydan ongean his willan.
Biscopas he saette of heora biscoprlce, and abbodas of
i
70 Character of William, The Conqueror.
heora abbot! rice, and pegnas on cweartern, and set nex-
tan he nc spftrode his 4gene broBor, Odo h6t He was
swi5e rice biscopon Xormandige; on Baius waes his bis-
copst6l, and waes manna fyrmest to e&can y&m cynge,
and he haefde eorld6m on Engleland; and ponne se cyng
waes on Xormandige, |>onne waes he maegeste on fisum
lande; and hinc he saette on cweartern.
Betwyx ofcrum pingum nis na to forgytanne Jraet g6de
frifce J>e he macode on |>isum lande, swa J>aet a\n man, J>e
hir-self aht waere, miht faran ofer his rice mid his b6-
sum full goldes ungedered ; and nan man ne dorste sle&n
ofcerne man, naefde he naefre sw& mycel yfel ged6n wi$
f one oSerne. He rixode ofer Engleland, and hit mid his
geapscipe sw& Jmrhsmeade, paet naes an hid landes innan.
Engle lande past he nyste hw& heo haefde, 6$tSe hwaes heo
wuro" waes, and sytSfcan on his gewrit gesaet. Brytland
him waes on gewealdc, and he paerinne casteles ge-
wrohte, and paet mancyn mid ealle gewealde. Swilce ea\c
Scotland he him underpeodde for his mycle strengfe.
Normandige faet land waes his gecynde, and ofer pone
eorld6m fe Mans is gchaten, he rixode; and gif he m6stes
fa gyt twa gear libban, he haefde Yrlande mid his wer—
scipe gewunnon, and wiSutan aelcum wa3pnum.
Witodlicc on his timan haefdon men mycel geswinc
and swiSe manige te6nan. Castelas he 16t wyrcean, ancl
earme men swi$e swencean. Se cyng waes sw4 swiSe
stearc, and benam of his underj>e6ddum manig marc:
goldes, and ma; hundred punda seolfres, paet he nam be^
wihte, and mid mycelan unrihte of his landle6de for lit-
telre ne6de. He waes on gitsunge befeallan, and graed-
incsse he lufode mid ealle. He saette mycel de6r fri$-
and he laegde laga JaerwiS, paet sw4 hwa- sw& sl6ge heor'l
o#5c hinde, j>aet hine man sceolde blendian. He forbeacl
psi heortas, swylce eax pa haras; sw4 swifce he lufode f
Character of William, The Conqueror. 7 j
heade6r swilce he waere heora faeder. E&c he saette be
Jam haran paet hi mosten fre6 faran. His rfce men hit
msendon, and pa earme men hit beceorodan. Ac he waes
sw£ stiS paet he nc r6hte heora ealra ni5 ; ac hi m6ston
mid ealle pes cynges wille folgian gif hi wolclon lihban.
o88e land habban, otSSe eahta, ofcfte wel his seht. Walfi,
w4 paet senig man sceolde m6digan sw&, hine sylf up
ahebban, and ofer ealle men tellan! Se aelmihtiga God
<$5e his sa/wle mildheortnesse, and d6 him his synna for-
gifenesse. D&s ping we habbaS be him gewritene, aeg-
8er ge g6de ge yfele, paet pa g6dan men niman aefter
heora g6dnessc, and forfleon mid ealle yfelnesse, and
gin on pone weg pe us laxle* to heofonan rice.
^Efter his deafle, his sunu, Willelm het eallsw& pe
feder, feng to p&m rice, and wearfc gebletsode to cynge
fram Landfrance, arcebiscop, on Westmynstre, prim da-
gum ser Michaeles Maessedaeg, and ealle pa men on En-
glelande him to abugon, and him &$as sw6ron. Disum
pus ged6ne, se cyng ferde to Winceastre and sceawode
paet madmehus and pa gersuman pe his faeder a?r gegade-
i*ode; Da wseron unasecgendlice cenige men hu my eel
J>aer waes gegaderod, on golde, and on scolfre, and on fa-
tum, and on paellum and on gimmum, and on manige
o$re de6rwur6e pingum, pe earfofce sindon to ateallanne.
Se cyng dyde pa sw& his faeder him bebeaxl rer he de&d
'Waere; daelde pa gersuman for his faeder s&wle to aelcum
rnynstre pe waes innan Englelande, — to sumum mynstre
ten marc goldes, to sumum six, to aelcum cyrican uppe
land sixtig penegas, and into aelccre scire man seonde
hundred punda fe6s to dselanne earme mannum, for his
s&wle; and ser he forftferde, he beaxl paet man sceolde un-
lesan ealle pa men pe on haeftnunge waaron under his
anwealde.
NARRATIVES OF OHTHERE AKD WULFSTAN.
FROM KING ALFRED'S OROSIUS.
[A.D. 8R7?]
Ohthere sdede his hlaforde JEltrede cringe, paet he
ealra Norftmanna norftmest bude. He cwdbfc ]>aet he ,
biide on pam lande norftweardum wi$ pa West-saj; he
sakle f eah fast f aet land sy swyfce lang norS f anon, ac hit '
is eall weste, buton on feawum stowum sticcemaelum
wiciafc Finnas, on huntafce on wintra, and on sumera on
fiscolLe be faere ssb. He ssede fast he set sumum cyrre
wolde fandian, hu lange fast land nortS-rihte lsege, o$$e
hwaef er senig man be norSan f am westene bude ; fa f6r
he nor$-rihte be f am lande, let him ealne weg fast weste
land on faet ste6rb6rd, and fa wfd-sse on baecb6rd, yvf
dagas : fa waes he sw& feor norS sw& fia hwael-huntan fyr-
rest farafc. pa f6r he f a-gyt nor5-ryhte swfi, feor sw& he
mihte on f&m 06 rum frim dagum geseglian; fabe&h p»t
land f aer easte-ryhte, o$$e se6 saa in on faet land, he nyste
hwaefer, buton he wiste faet he f aer b&d westan windes,
o$$e hw6n norftan, and seglede f anon east be lande, sW&
swfi, he mihte on feower dagum geseglian; pasceoldehe
bid an ryhte norSan windes, forSan faet land f aer be&h
sufi-rihte, ofcfte se6 sse in on fast land, he nyste hwaefer.
pa segiede he fanon sufi-rihte be lande, swU sw& he
mihte on fKf dagum geseglian. Da laeg f aer an mycel e&
up in faet land; fa cyrdon h^ up in on tSa eft, forttain hj
ne dorston forft be f aere e& seglian for unfrifte, forfaffl
fast land waes eall gebun on oSre healfe faere e&. Ne
mette he aar n&n gebun land sySSan he fram his ftgnuffl
h&me f6r; ac him waes ealne weg weste land on part
Nabbativbs of Ohthere and Wulfsta v. 73
ste6rb6rd, butan fisceran and fugeleran and huntan ; and
fatwaeron ealle Finnas, and him waes & wfd-s® on pait
baecb6rd.
Da Beormas haefdon swffte well gebun hyra land, ac hi
nedorston paer-on cum an; ac fcara Terfinna land waes
call weste, butan paer huntan gewicodon, oftfce fisceras,
o$fe fugeleras. Fela spella him seedon pa Beormas aeg-
fer ge of hyra agenum lande ge of pam landum pe ymb
y titan wseron ; ac he nyste hwaet p aes s68es waes, forpam
e hit sylf ne gese&h. pa Finnas, him puhte, and pa
teormas sprsecon neah an ge$e6de.
Swifcost he f6r fcyder, to-e&can foes landes sceawunge,
>r pam hors-hwaBlum, forpam hi habbafc swyfie ae^ele
in on hyra t6$um. pa tefc hy br6hton sume pam cyn-
lge ; and hyra h^d bifc swifte g6d to scip-rapum. Se
wael bits micle laessa ponne oftre hwalas ne bi8 he lengra
nnne syfan elna lan£. Ar on his dgnum lande is se
etsta hwael-huntaft ; fa be6$ eahta and feowertiges elna
rage, and pa msestan fiftiges elna lange; para he ssedc
ct he syxa sum ofsl6ge syxtig on tvvam dagum. He
raes swifte spedig man on p 4m aehtum pe heora speda oa
e6$, paet is, on wilde6rum : he haefde p a-gy t, pa he pone
yning sohte, tamra de6ra unbebohtra syx hund. Da
e6r hi hataS hrdnas, para wseron syx stael-hranas ; pa
>e6fi swySe dyre mid Finnum, forpam hy f65 pa wildan
lr&nas mid. He waes mid p&m fyrstum mannum on pain
ande, naefde he peah md ponne twentig hryfcera, and
wentig scedpa, and twentig swyna; and pact lytle paet he
:rede he erede mid horsum ; ac hyra ar is msest on Jam
jafole pe $a Finnas him gyldaft, paet gafol bi$ on de6ra
ellum, and on fugela fefterum, and hwaeles bdne, and on
>4m scip-rdpum pe be6$ of hwaeles hyde geworht, and
>f seoles. yEghwilc gylt be his gebyrdum ; se byrdesta
fceal gild an fifty ne mearfies fell, and flf hrdnes, and an
i
74 Nabeatives of Ohthere and Wulfstan.
beran fell, and tyn ambra fefcra, and berenne ky rtel, otftte
yterenne, and twegen scip-rapas, aegfer sy^ syxtig elna
lang, ofer sy of hwaeles hyde geworht, ofier of seoles. ■
He sakie f aet Norftmanna land waare swyfce lang and
swifce smael. Eall f aet his man afer ofctte ettan o$$e eriau
mapg, f aet lifc wi$ fa sa?, and fast is feah on sumum stow-
um swyfce cludig,and licgaft wllde m6ras win" eastan, and
wiS uppon emnlange fam bynum lande. On f&m m6-
rum eardiaS Finnas. And faet byne land is easteweard
bradost, and sy mle sw& nor&or sw4 smael re : easteweard
hit mseg be6n syxtig mi la brad, oSfce hwene brsedre, and ]
middeweard fritig o$$e bradre; and nortteweard, he
cwaafc, faer hit smalost waere, faet hit mihte be6n fre6ra
mila brad to fam m6re, and se m6r syfcfan on sumum
stowum sw& brad sw& man mzeg on twam wucum ofer-
feran; and on sumum stowum sw& brad sw4 man ma3g
on syx dagum oferferan.
Donne is to-emnes J>am lande sufceweardum on o$re
healfe f aes m6res Sweoland, of f aet land norSweard, and
to-emnes J>am lande nortteweardum, Cwenaland. Da
Cwenas hergiaS hwilum on f& Northmen ofer J>one m6r,
hwilum f& Norgmen on hy. And faer sind swifce micle
meras fersce geond fa m6ras ; and beraft fa Cwenas hyra
scypu ofer land on fa meras, and fanon hergiafc on pa
NorSmen. Hy habbaft swyfie lytle scipa, and swi$e
leohte.
Ohthere sasde f aet se6 scfr hatte Halgoland, f e he on
bude. He cwaafc fast n&n man ne bude be norfcan him.
Donne is &n port on sufceweardum fam lande, fone man
hset Sciringes-heal; fyder he cwsefc fast man ne mihte
geseglian on &num m6nfte, gyf man on niht wicode, and
aelce da3ge haefde ambyrne wind. And ealle fa hwile he
sceal seglian be lande; and on faet ste6rb6rd, him bi$
arrest Isaland, and fonne fa igland fe synd betwux Isa-
Narratives of Ohtherb akd Wulfstan. 7s
lande and fissum lande. Donne is fis land 08 he cym5
to Sciringes-heale, and ealne weg on faet baecb6rd
NorSwege. Wi$ suftan fone Sciringes-heal fyl5 swy5e
mycel sse up in on faet land, se6 is bradre fonne aenig
man oferseon maege; and is Gotland on ofcre healfe on-
gean, and si&Sa Sillende. Se6 ssb lift manig hund mfla
up in on faet land.
And of Sciringes-heale, he cw®8 fast he seglode on
fif dagum to fam porte fe man hast ast -Hasfium, se stent
betuh Winedum and Seaxum and Angle, and hyrfc in on
Dene. Da he fiderweard seglode fram Sciringes-heale,
fa wass him on fast bascb6rd Denamearc, and on fast
ste6rb6rd wld sse fry dagas ; and fa twegen dagas oar he
to Hasf um come, him waes on fast ste6rb6rd Gotland and
Sillende and iglanda fela. On f&m landum eardodon
Engle, &r hi hider on land comon. And hym waes 6a
twegen dagas on fast bascb6rd fa igland fe in Dene-
mearce hyraft.
Wulfstan ssede fast he gef6re of HasSum, faet he
wsere on Truso on syfan dagum and nihtum, fast fast scyp
waes ealne weg yrnende under segle. Weonodland him
waes on ste6rb6rd, and on bascb6rd him wass Langaland,
and Lseland, and Falster, and Sc6neg, and fas land eall
hyrafc to Denemearcan. And fonne Burgendaland wass
us on bascb6rd; and \& habbaft him-sylf cyning. Donne
after Burgendalande wseron us fas land pa synd hatene,
&rest Blecinge'g, and Meore, and Eowland, and Gotland
on bascb6rd, and f&s land hyraft to Sweon. And Weon-
odland wass us ealne weg on ste6rb6rd 06 Wisle-muflan.
Se6 Wisle is swyfic mycel e&, and heo tolift Witland and
Weonodland; and fast Witland belimpeS to Estum, and
se6 Wisle lift tit of Weonodlande, and lift in Estmere;
and se Estmere is huru fiftene mila brad. Donne cymeS
Ilfing eastan in Estmere, of f am mere J e Truso standeft
76 Narra tttes or Obthebe jutd WmnTAV.
in stade, and cumad tit samod in Estmere, Fifing eastao
of Eastlande, and Wisle sudan of Winodlande; and
}>onnc benimd Wisle Ilfing hire naman, and liged of pam
mere west and nort on sa»; forty hit man haet Wisle*
mudan.
Daet Eastland is swyfce mjcel, and faer bifc sw^e
manig burh, and on aelcere byrig bid cyning, and p«f
bilS swy^e mycel hunig and fiscal; and se cyning and fa
rfcostan men drincad myran meolc, and J?a unspedigan
and fa pe6wan drincad meclo. Daer bid swyde mycel
gewinn betweonan him, and ne bid iter naenig ealo ge-
browen mid Estum, ac paer bid meclo genoh. And paer
is mid Estum deaw, J>onne paer bid man dead, past he lit5
inne unforbaerned, mid his magum and freondum, m6n&8,
gehwilum tw6gen : and pi cyningas and p& odre heih-
dungene men sw& micle lencg sw& hi maxan spgda hab*
bad, hwilum healf gear past hi be6d unforbaerned, and
licgad bufan eordan on hyra husum. And ealle fa hwile
pe paet lie bid inne, paer sceal be6n gedrync and plega, 08
done dacg pe hi hine forbaernad. Donne py ylcan dag hi
hine to jam ade beran wyllad, ponne todaalad hi his feoh
paet paer to lafe bid, aefter pam gedrynce and p&m plegan,
on flf odde syx, hwilum on m&, sw4 sw4 paes fe6s andefn
bid. Alecgad hit ponne forhwaega on aure mile pone
maestan dsel fram pam tune, ponne oderne, ponne p#ne
priddan, oppe hyt eall aled bid on paere anre mile; and
sceal be6n se laesta da3l nyhst pam tune de se dead a man
on lid. Donne sceolon be6n gesamnode ealle da men de
swyftoste hors habbad on pam lande, forhwaega on fit
milum, odde on syx milum fram pam fe6. Donne aernad
hy ealle toweard pam fe6; donne cymed se man se paet
swifte hors hafaS to pam serestan dsele and to pam maes-
tan, and swa aelc aefler oSrum, od hit bid eall genumen;
i nd se nimd pone laestan dfel se nyhst dam tune daet fe6h
Narratives of Ohthere and Wulfstan. 77
gescrneS. And ponne rideS aelc hys weges mid San fe6h,
and hyt motan habban call; and forSy paer be6S pa swy fl-
an hors ungef6hge dyre. And ponne his gestrc6n be6S
pus eall aspended, ponne byrS man hine ut, and forbaer-
ncS mid his waepnum and hraegle, and svviSost eallc his
sped a hy forspendaS mid pam langan legere paes de&dan
mannes inne, and pass pe h^ be p&m wegum alecgaS, J>e
6a fremdan to aernaS and nimaS. And paet is mid Estum
pe&w, paet paer sceal aelces geSe6des man be6n forbaerned;
and gyf paer man &n b&n findeS unforbaerned, hi hit
sceolan miclum gebetan. And paer is mid Eastum 4n
maegS past hi magon cyle gewyrcan, and py paer licgaS
pa deadan men sw& lange and ne fuliaS, paet hy wyrcaS
pone cyle hine on; and peah man asette twegen faetels
full calaS oSSe waeteres, hy ged6S paet oper biS ofer-fro-
ren, sam hit sy sumor sam winter.
M6dor ne rsedeS Sonne heo magan cenneS,
Hu him weorpe geond woruld wfdsiS sceapen.
Oft heo to bealwe beam afSdeS,
Selfre to sorge, siSfian dre6geS
His earfoSu orlegstunde;
Heo Saes eaforan sceal oft and gelome
Grim me gre6tan, Sonne he ge6ng fareS,
Hafafl wilde m6d, w6rige heortan,
Sefan sorhfulne, slideS geneahhe
Werig, wilna le&s, wuldres bedfieled;
Hwllum hygege6mor healle weardaS,
LifaS le6dum feor; locaS geneahhe
Fram Sam unlaadan sengan hl&ford. [cenneS
For San nfih se6 m6dor geweald Sonne heo magan
Bearnes blasdes; ac sceal on gebyrd faran
A'n aefter a\num Saet is eald gesceaft.
CONVERSION OF THE SAXONS.
jELFRICTS HOMILY, IV. ID. MART.
.ad. 1«0.]
Gregorius se halga papa, Engliscre fteode apostol,
on f*isum andwerdan daege, aefter menigfealdum gedeorf-
um, and halgum gecnyrdnyssum, Godes rice gesselig-
licc astah. He is rihtlice Engliscre fceode apostol, forftan
5e he, f urh his raed and sande, 6s fram deofles biggeng-
um otbraxl, and to Godes geleafan gebigde. Manega
halite lx*c c\^a5 his drohtnunge and his halige lif, and
cue %% Historia Angloram," $a t5e yElfred cyning of Le-
dene on Engiisc awende. Seo b6c sprecS genoh swute*
'.ice be Msum halgan were. Nu wylle we sum fcing
soon '.ice cow be him gereccan, forftan Se seo foresaede
Nv nis cow eaiium cu^}»eah $e heo on Englisc awend sy.
IVs eadiga papa Gregorius was of aefcelborenre maegfle
and eoxxfo>;re acenned; Romanisce witan waeron his
ir.a^os; his foxier hatte Gordianus, and Felix, se eaw-
lo-v'o |v»i\k \xa?s his rifta faeder. He waes, swa swa we
oxx oxlcn, for woruMo axVlboren, ac he oferstah his aeflel-
boivnnx s>c mid halgum i v cawum, and mid g6dum weorc-
um oos^on^dc. Grogorius is Grecisc nama, se sw>f
on \ edetuun ^civorde, %% Uigilantius," fart is on Englisc,
" \Yo» ohw" Ho \v;w swii v e wacol on Godes beboduin,
iVivVt ho w If horii;cndHce leofode, and he wacollice ymbe
in.ino^io \Vxvlo |H\irlc hogode, and him lifes weig ge-
nuiitolodo. \\c \v;rs from cildhade on boclicum larum
yolxd* t\\\\\ ho on v\rre Ure swa gesa?liglice fceah, J>aet on
»mIio Uohuna hx uj: n;rs nan his gelica geouht. He ge-
\ \\\>w\y\l\A\W ivOoi xx\mo larooxva gobisnungum, and naes
Itti #\\w\ k i\\ ^ol^MUxvdo his Uro on txsthafelum gemynde.
Conversion of the Saxons. 7S>
He hl6d fca mid purstigum breoste $a flowendan l&re, fce
he" eft aefter fyrste mid hunig-swettre protan paeslice bealc-
ette. On geonglicum gearum, fcafia his geogofc aefter
gecynde woruld-fcing luflan sceolde, fa ongann h6 hine
sylfhe to Gode gefceodan, and to etSele paes upplican lifcs
mid eallum gevvilnungum orSian. Witodlice aefter his
feeder forSsifce he" araerde six munuc-lif on Sicilia-lande,
and J>aet seofofce binnon Romana-burh getimbrode, on
8am he sylf regollice, under abbodes haesum drohtnode.
Da seofon mynstru he gelende mid his &genum, and
genihtsumlice to daeghwomlicum bigleofan geg6dode.
Done ofer-e&can his aehta he" aspende on Godes pearfum,
and ealle his woruldlican aSelborennysse to heofonlicum
wuldre awende. He eode ser his gecyrrednysse geond
Romanaburh mid paellenum gyrlum, and scinendum
gymmum, and readum golde gefraetewod ; ac aefter his
gecyrrednysse he fienode Godes fcearfum, he sylf fcearfa,
mid w&cum waefelse befangen.
Swa fulfremedlice he* drohtnode on anginne his gecyr-
rednysse swa ]>aet he mihte fca gyu beon geteald on ful-
fremedra halgena getele. He lufode forhsefednysse on
mettum,and on drence, and waeccan on syndrigum gebed-
um: faer to-eacan he" tSrowade singallice untrumnyssa,
and swa he* stiftlicor mid andwerdum untrumnyssum of-
sett waes, swa h6 geornfullicor paes ecan lifes gewilnode.
Da undergeat se papa, fe on f am timan j>aet apostolice
setl gesaet, hu se eadiga Gregorius on halgum maeg-
num fceonde waes, and he $a hine of fcaere munuclican
drohtnunge gen&m, and him to gefylstan gesette, on dia-
conhade geendebyrdne. Da gelamp hit, aet sumum saele,
swa swa gyt for oft deft, f aet Englisce c^pmenn brohton
heora ware to Romana-byrig, and Gregorius eode be
tere strget to £am Engliscum mannum, heora Sing
sceawigende. Da geseah he betwux $am warum cype-
So Conversion of tm Saxons-
cnihtas gesette, fa waeron hwites lichaman and faegerci
andwlitan menn, and aeftellice gefexode. Grcgorius 8a
bcheold fair a cnapena wlite, and befr&n of hwilcere f eode
hi gebrohte waeron. Da saede him man feet hi of Engla-
landc waeron, and J>aet 8aere 8eode mennisc swa wlitig
waere. Eft fa Gregorius befr&n, hw«8er faes landes folc
Cristen waere 8e hae8en ? Him man saede, fast hi hseSene
waeron. Gregorius 8a of inneweardre heortan langsume
siccetunge teah, and cwae8, Walawa, fast swa fsegere*
hiwes menn sindon Cam sweartan deofle under8eodde. .
Eft he" axode, hu 8aere 8eode nama waere, fe hi of-co-
mon? Him waes geandwyrd, faet hi Angle genemnode
waeron. Da cwae8 he, Rihtlice hf sind Angle gehatene,
forSan 8e hi engla wlite habbaft, and swilcum gedafenati
faet hi on heofonum engla geferan beon. G^t 8a Greg-
orius befr&n, hu 8aere scire nama waere, fe 8a cnapan of-
alaedde waeron. Him man saede, faet 8a scirmen waeron
Dere gehatene. Gregorius andwyrde,Wel hi sind Dere
gehatene, forSan 8e hi sind fram graman generode, and
to Cristes mildheortnysse gecygede. Gyt 8a he befran,
Hu is Saere leode cyning gehaten? Him waes geand-
swarod, faet se cyning ./Elle gehaten waere. Hwaet 8a,
Gregorius gamenode mid his wordum to 8am naman,
and cwaeS, Hit gedafenaS faet Alleluia sy gesungen on
8am lande, to lofe faes ^Elmihtigan Scyppendes. Greg-
orius 8a sona eode to 8am papan faes apostolican setles,
and hine baed, faet he Angelcynne sume lareowas asende,
8e hi to Criste gebigdon, and cwae8, faet he* sylf gearo
waere faet weorc to gefremmenne mid Godes fultume,
gif hit 8am papan swa gelicode. Da ne mihte se papa
faet geSafian, f cah 8e he" eall wolde ; for8an 8e 8a Ro-
maniscan ceaster-gewaran noldon ge8afian faet swa ge-
togen mann, and swa ge8ungen l&reow fa burh eal lunge
forlete, and swa fyrlen wraecsi8 gen&me.
Conversion op the Saxons. Si
-^Efter Cisum gel&mp paet mi eel mann-cwealm becom
ofer Caere Romaniscan leode, and ©rest Cone papr\n Pela-
gium gest6d, and buton yldinge adydde. Witodlice aef-
ter Caes papan geendunge, swa micel cwealm wearS pass
folces, paet gehwaer stodon aweste hus geond fa burh,
buton bugigendum. Da ne mihte swa-Ceah seo Romana-
burh buton papan wunian, ac eal folc Cone eadigan Greg-
orium to Caere geCincCe Anmodlice geceas, ]>eah Ce he"
mid eallum maegne wiCerigende waere. Gregorius Ca
asende aenne pistol to Cam casere Mauricium, se waes his
gefaedera, and hine halsode, and micclum baed, fast h6
naefre Cam folce ne geCafode paet he mid ]>aes wur&myntes
wuldre geuferod waere, forCan Ce he 1 ondred paet he Curh
Bone micclan h&d on woruldlicum wuldre, pe he »er
awearp, set sumum saele bepaeht wurde. Ac Caes caseres
heahgerefa, Germanus, gelaehte Cone pistol aet Gregories
aerendracan, and hine totser; and siCCan cydde fam ca-
sere, J>aet paet folc Gregorium to papan gecoren haefde.
Mauricius Ca se casere paes Gode Cancode, and hine ge
had i an het. Hwaet Ca, Gregorius fleames cepte, and on
dym-h6fon aetlutode; ac hine man gelaehte, and teah to
Petres cyrcan, paet he Caer to papan gehalgod wurde.
Gregorius Ca asr his h&dunge faet Romanisce folc, for
flam onsigendum cwealme, Cisum wordum to bereow-
aunge tihte : Mine gebroCra pa leofostan, us gedafenaC
paet we Godes swingle, pe we on aer towearde ondraedan
sceoldon, paet we huru nu andwerde and afandode on-
draedan. Geopenige ure sarnys us infser soCre gecyrred-
nysse, and paet wite Ce we CrowiaC tobrece ure heortan
heardnysse. Efne nu Cis folc is mid swurde paes heofon-
lican graman ofsiegen, and gehwilce aenlipige sind mid
faerlicum slihte aweste. Ne seo &dl Cam deaCe ne fore-
staepC, ac ge geseoC paet se sylfa deaC paere &dle yldinge
forhradaC. Se geslagena biC mid deaCe gegripen, serCan
82 Conversion of thh Saxons-
6e he to heofungum softre behreowsunge gecyrran masge.
H6gia8 for8i hwilc se becume aetforan gesihfte J>aes strec-
an D6man, se8e ne maeg paet yfel bewepan tSe h6 ge*
fremode. Gehwilce eor5-bugigende sind aetbrodene,
and heora hus stand aft aweste. Faederas and moddru
bestandaft heora bearna lie, and heora yrfenuman him
sylfum to forwyrde forestaeppa8. Uton eornostlice fleon
to heofunge so8re daklbote, |>a hwile 8e we moton, &r$an
|>c se faerlica siege us astrecce. Uton gemunan swa
hwcet swa we dwehgende agylton, and uton mid w6pe
gewitnian paet paet we m&nfullice adrugon. Uton for-
hradian Godes ansyne on andetnysse, swa swa se witega
us manaft: Uton ahebban ure heortan mid handum to
Gode; paet is, paet we sceolon 8a gecnyrdnysse ure bene
mid geearnunge g6des weorces up-araeran. He forgiffc
truwan ure forhtunge, se8e purh his witegan clypafy
Nylle ic faes synfullan dea8, ac ic wille paet h6 gecyrre
and lybbe.
Ne geortruwige nan man hine sylfne for his synna
micelnysse : wi tod lice 8a ealdan gyltas Niniueiscre fceode
Sreora daga bereowsung adilegode; and se gecyrreda
scea8a on his deaftes cwyde paes ecan lifes mede geear-
node. Uton awendan ure heortan; hraedlice bifc se
Dema to urum benum gebiged, gif we fram urum
Swyrnyssum beo8 gerihtlaehte. Uton standan mid ge-
maglicum w6pum ongean 8am onsigendum swurde swa
miccles domes. So81ice gem&gnys is f am so8an Demaa
gecweme, peah 8e heo mannum un8ancwurSe sy, for8an
8e se arfaesta and se mildheorta God wile fast we mid
gemaglicum benum his mild heo rtnysse ofg&n, and he"
nele swa micclum swa we geearnia8 us gey rsian. Be
8isum he" cwav8 8urh his witegan, Clypa me on daege
8inre gedrefednysse, and ic 8e ahredde, and 8u msersast
me. God sylf is his gewita J?aet he miltsian wile him to
Conversion of the Saxons. 83
clypigendum,sefte m&naft past we him to clypian sceolon.
ForSi, mine gebrofcra pa leofostan, uton gccuman on 5am
feoroan daegc pysre wucan on aerne-rrierigen, and mid
estfullum mode and tearum singan seofonfealde lxtanias,
paet se streca Dema ns ge&rige, ponne h6 gesihfc paet we
sylfe ure gyltas wrecafc.
Eornostlice fcafca micel menigu, aegfler ge preosthades
ge munuchades menn, and fast laVwede folc, setter foes
eadigan Gregories hasse, on pone wodnes-dasg to fiam
seofonfealdum letanium gecomon, to Sam swifce awcddc
8e foresceda cwealm, paet hund-eahtatig manna, on foere
fare tide feallende, of life gewiton, $a hwile pe paet folc
15a letanias sungon. Ac se halga sacerd ne geswac fret
folc to manigenne fast hi fcsere bene ne geswicon, oftpaet
Godes miltsung pone refcan cwealm gestilde.
Hwaet $a Gregorius, sift (5 an he papanhad underfeng,
gemunde hwaet h6 gefyrn Angel-cynne gemynte, and
faerrihte fcaet luftyme weorc gefremode. He na to tiaes
hw6n ne mihte pone Romaniscan biscop-st6l eallunge
forlaetan, ac h6 asende ofcre bydelas, geftungene Godes
fteowan, to ftysum iglande, and he sylf micclum mid his
benum and tihtingum fylste, fast fcaera bydela bodung
forSgenge, and Gode waestmbaere wurde. Daera bydela
naman sind pus gecigede, Augustinus, Mellitus, Lauren-
tius, Petrus, Iohannes, Iustus. Das lareowas asende se
eadiga papa Gregorius, mid manegum oSrum munecum,
to Angelcynne, and hi fiisum wordum to ftaere fare tihte :
Ne beo ge afyrhte fiurh geswince paes langsuman faer-
eldes, ofcfce purh yfelra manna y mbe-spraece ; ac mid ealre
anraednysse and wylme paere softan lufe pas ongunnenan
fcing purh Godes fultum gefremmafc. And wite ge paet
eower m£d on fiam ecan edleane swa miccle mare bif5,
swa micclum swa ge mare for Godes willan swincaS.
GehyrsumiaS eadm6dlice on eallum tJingum Augustine,
74 Narratives of Ohtuere and Wulfstan.
beran fell, and tyn ambra fefcra, and berenne kyrtel, ofrSe
yterenne, and twe"gen scip-rapas, segper sf syxtig elna
lang, oper sy of hwaeles hyde geworht, otter of seoles.
He stede paet NorSmanna land waare swytte lang and
swfite smael. Eall paet his man aper ofcite ettan oftfte eriaii
ma?g, paet li$ wi$ pa sg§, and paet is peah on sumum stow-
um swyfte cludig, and licgafc wilde m6ras wlS eastan, and
wit5 uppon emnlange pam bynum lande. On p&m m6-
rum eardiaft Finnas. And paet byne land is easteweard
br&dost, and symle sw& nortfor sw& smaelre : easteweard
hit mseg be6n syxtig mila br&d, ofrSe hwene brsedre, and
middeweard pritig oftfte bradre; and norSeweard, he
cwa3$, paer hit smalost waere, paet hit mihte be6n pre6ra
mila br&d to pam m6re, and se m6r syfcpan on sumum
stowum swa\ braxl sw& man maeg on tw&m wucum ofer-
feran; and on sumum stowum sw4 brad sw4 man mfieg
on syx dagum oferferan.
Donne is to-emnes pam lande sufceweardum on o$re
healfe paes m6res Sweoland, op paet land norfcweard, and
to-emnes pam lande nortteweardum, Cwenaland. Da
Cwenas hergiaft hwilum on p& Norftmen ofer pone m6r,
hwilum p& NorSmen on hy. And paer sind swifte micle
meras fersce geond pa m6ras; and beraft pa Cwenas hyra
scypu ofer land on pa meras, and panon hergiaS on pa
NorSmen. Hy habbafc swyfie lytic scipa, and swifce
leohte.
Ohthere saade past se6 scfr hatte Halgoland, pe he on
bude. He cwa3$ past n&n man ne bude be norftan him.
Donne is an port on sufleweardum pam lande, pone man
haet Sciringes-heal; pyder he cwsefc paet man ne mihte
geseglian on A-num m6nfte, gyf man on niht wicode, and
aelce dasge haefde ambyrne wind. And ealle pa hwile he
sceal seglian be lande; and on paet ste6rb6rd, him bi$
rarest Isaland, and ponne pa igland pe synd betwux Isa-
Narratives of Ohthere and Wulfstan. 7s
lande and pissum lande. Donne is pis land 08 he cym5
to Sciringes-heale, and ealne weg on paet baecb6rd
NorSwege. Wift sufcan pone Sciringes-heal fylft swySe
mycel s& up in on paet land, se6 is bradre ponne senig
man oferseon msege; and is Gotland on ofcre healfe on-
gean, and si $3 a Sillende. Se6 sa3 115 manig hund mfla
up in on paet land.
And of Sciringes-heale, he cwseft paet he seglode on
fif dagum to pam porte pe man haet aet-Haefcum, se stent
betuh Winddum and Seaxum and Angle, and hyrfc in on
Dene. Da he piderweard seglode fram Sciringes-heale,
pa waes him on paet baecb6rd Denamearc, and on paet
ste6rb6rd wld saa fry dagas ; and pa twegen dagas asr he
to Haepum come, him waes on paet ste6rb6rd Gotland and
Sillende and iglanda fela. On p&m landum eardodon
Engle, ger hi hider on land comon. And hym waes $a
twegen dagas on past baecb6rd pa igland pe in Dene-
mearce hyraS.
Wulfstan ssede paet he gef6re of Haefcum, past he
wsere on Truso on syfan dagum and nihtum, paet paet scyp
waes ealne weg yrnende under segle. Weonodland him
waes on ste6rb6rd, and on baecb6rd him waes Langaland,
and Lgeland, and Falster, and Sc6neg, and pas land eall
hyrafc to Denemearcan. And ponne Burgendaland waes
us on baecb6rd ; and \k habbafc him-sylf cyning. Donne
aefter Burgend aland e wseron us pas land pa synd hatene,
Surest Blecinge'g, and Meore, and Eowland, and Gotland
on baecb6rd, and pas land hyraS to Sweon. And Weon-
odland waes us ealne weg on ste6rb6rd 0$ Wisle-mufcan.
Se6 Wisle is swyfic mycel e&, and heo toliS Witland and
Weonodland; and paet Witland belimpeS to Estum, and
se6 Wisle lift ut of Weonodlande, and lift in Estmere;
and se Estmere is huru flftene mila brad. Donne cvmeS
Ilfing eastan in Estmere, of pam mere \ e Trtiso standee
76 Narra tives or Obthere and Wxjlfbtav.
in stafte, and cum aft fit samod in Estmere, Ilfing eastan
of Eastlandc, and Wislc suftan of Winodlande; and
pontic benimft Wisle Ilfing hire naman, and ligeft of pam
mere west and norft on sea; for&y hit man haet Wisle-
muftan.
Daet Eastland is swj'ite my eel, and faer bits swyfte
manig burh, and on aelcere byrig bift cyning, and f«r
bift swyfte mycel hunig and fiscaft ; and se cyning and pa
rlcostan men drincaft myran meolc, and fa unsp6digan
and fa fe6wan drincaft m&io. Daer bift swyfte mycel
gewinn betweonan him, and ne bift fcaer raenig ealo ge-
browen mid Estum, ac f aer bits me'do genoh. And faer
is mid Estum fte&w, fonne faer bift man dead, f aet he lift
inne unforbaerned, mid his magum and fre6ndum, m6n&ft,
gehwilum tw6gen: and f& cyningas and f& oftre he&h-
ftungene men sw4 micle lencg sw& hi maran sp6da hab-
baft, hwilum healf gear f aet hi be6ft unforbaerned, and
licgaft bufan eorftan on hyra husum. And ealle fa hwile
f e f set lie bift inne, faer sceal be6n gedrync and plega, 08
ft one dacg fe hi hine forbaernaft. Donne fy ylcan daeg hi
hine to |,am axle beran wyllaft, f onne tod&laft hi his feoh
faet f aer to lafe bift, aefter fam gedrynce and f&m plegan,
on fif oftfte syx, hwilum on m&, sw& sw4 f aes fe6s andefn
bits. Alecgaft hit fonne forhwaega on 4nre mile fone
maestan daal fram fam tune, fonne ofterne, fonne faene
friddan, offe hyt eall aled bift on faere &nre mile; and
sceal be6n se laesta dsel nyhst fam tune fte se dead a man
on lift. Donne sceolon be6n gesamnode ealle fta men fte
swyftoste hors habbaft on fam lande, forhwaega on fit
milum, oftfte on syx milum fram fam fe6. Donne sernaft
hy ealle toweard fam fe6; "Sonne cymeft se man se fact
swifte hors hafaft to fam serestan dgele and to fam macs-
tan, and swa aelc aefter oftrum, oft hit bift eall genumen;
rnd se nimft fone laestan drel se nyhst ftam tune ftaet fe6h
Narratives of Oethere and Wulfstan. 77
geaerneS. And fonne ridcS aelc hys weges mid San fe6h,
and hyt motan habban eall; and forSy paer be6S fa swyft-
an hors ungef6hge d^re. And fonne his gestrc6n be6S
Jms eall aspended, fonne byrS man hine ut, and forbaer-
ncS mid his waepnum and hraegle, and swlSost eallc his
sp&la hy forspendaS mid f am langan legerc faes deadan
mannes innc, and paes fe h^ be )>&m wegum alecgaS, )>e
8a fremdan to aernaS and nimaS. And ]>aet is mid Estum
fe&w, paet J>aer sceal aelces geSe6des man be6n forbaerned ;
and gyf faer man an b&n findeS unforbaerned, hi hit
sceolan miclum gebetan. And ]>03r is mid Eastum an
maagS paet hi magon cyle gewyrcan, and )>y faer licgaS
" J?a deadan men sw& lange and ne fuliaS, faet hy wyrcaS
J>one cyle hine on; and feah man asette twe"gen faetels
full ealaS oSSe waeteres, hy ged6S faet of er biS ofer-fro-
ren, sam hit sy sumor sam winter.
Modor ne r&deS Sonne heo magan cenneS,
Hu him weorfe geond woruld wldsiS sceapen.
Oft heo to bealwe beam afSdeS,
Selfre to sorge, sift? an dre6geS
His earfoSu orlegstunde;
Heo Saes eaforan sceal oft and gelome
Grimme gre6tan, Sonne he ge6ng fareS,
Hafa$ wilde m6d, werige heortan,
Sefan sorhfulne, slfdeS geneahhe
W6rig, wilna le&s, wuldres bedseled;
Hwilum hygege6mor healle weardaS,
LifaS le6dum feor; locaS geneahhe
Fram Sam unlsedan sengan hlaford. [cen
ForSan n&h se6 m6dor geweald Sonne heo ma
Bearnes bl&des; ac sceal on gebyrd faran
A'n aefter anum Saet is eald gesceaft.
CONVERSION OF THE SAXONS.
iELFRICT8 HOMILY, IV. ID. MART.
[A.D. 1000.]
Gregorius se h&lga papa, Engliscre Seode apostol,
on Sisum andwerdan daege, aefter menigfealdum gedeorf-
um, and halgum gecnyrdnyssum, Godes rfce gesaelig-
lice astati. He is rihtlice Engliscre Seode apostol, forSan
Se he, Jmrh his rged and s&nde, us fram deofles biggeng-
um aetbraed, and to Godes geleafan gebigde. Manega
halige b6c cySaS his drohtnunge and his halige lif, and
eac " Historia Anglorum," Sa Se yElfred cyning of Le-
dene on Englisc awende. Seo b6c sprecS genoh swute-
lice be Sisum halgan were. Nu wylle we sum Sing
scortlice eow be him gereccan, forSan Se seo foresaede
b6c nis eow eallum cuS,peah Se heo on Englisc awend sy.
Des eadiga papa Gregorius waes of aeSelborenre maegSe
and eawfaestre acenned; Romanisce witan waeron his
magas; his feeder hatte Gordianus, and Felix, se eaw-
faesta papa, waes his fifta faeder. He waes, swa swa we
cwaedon, for worulde aeSelboren, ac h6 oferst&h his aeSel-
borennysse mid halgum Seawum, and mid g6dum weorc-
um geglengde. Gregorius is Grecisc nama, se sw&gS
on Ledenum gereorde, " Uigilantius," paet is on Englisc,
" Wacolre." He waes swiSe wacol on Godes bebodum,
SaSa he sylf herigendlice leofode, and h6 wacollice ymbe
manegra Seoda pearfe h6gode, and him lifes weig ge-
swutelode. He waes fram cildh&de on b6clicum l&rum
getyd, and he" on Saere lare swa gesaeliglice Seah, )>aet on
ealre Romana-byrig naes n&n his gelica geSuht. He ge-
cneordlaehte aefter wisra lareowa gebisnungum, and naes
forgytol, ac gefaestnode his lare on faesthafelum gemynde.
Conversion of the Saxons. 7^
He hl6d 6a mid Jmrstigum breoste 6a flowendan lare, 6e
h6 eft aefter fyrste mid hunig-swettre frotan paeslice bcalc-
ette. On geonglicum gearum, 6a6a his geogo6 aefter
gecynde woruld-6ing lufian sceolde, fa ongann he* hine
sylfne to Gode gefteodan, and to e6ele J aes upplican lifes
mid eallum gewilnungum orSian. Witodlice aefter his
faeder for6si6e h6 araejrde six munuc-lif on Sicilia-lande,
and fast seofo6e binnon Romana-burh getimbrode, on
8am he sylf regollice, under abbodes haesum drohtnode.
Da seofon mynstru he gelende mid his &genum, and
genihtsumlice to daeghwomlicum bigleofan gcg6dode.
Done ofer-e&can his aehta he* aspende on Godes pearfum,
and ealle his woruldlican a6elborennysse to heofonlicum
wuldre awende. He eode «er his gecyrrednysse geond
Romanaburh mid paellenum gyrlum, and scinendum
gymmum, and readum golde gefraetewod; ac aefter his
gecyrrednysse he 6enode Godes 6earfum, he sylf fcearfa,
mid wacum waefelse befangen.
Swa fulfremedlice I16 drohtnode on anginne his gecyr-
rednysse swa \ aet he mihte 6a gyu beon geteald on ful-
fremedra halgena getele. He lufode forhaBfednysse on
mettum,and on drence, and waeccan on syndrigum gebed-
um: faer to-eacan h6 6rowade singallice untrumnyssa,
and swa he" sti61icor mid andwerdum untrumnyssum of-
sett waes, swa h6 geornfullicor faes ecan lifes gewilnode.
Da undergeat se papa, fe on fam timan paet apostolice
setl gesaet, hu se eadiga Gregorius on halgum maeg-
num 6eonde waes, and he 6a hine of 6aere munuclican
drohtnunge gen&m, and him to gefylstan gesette, on dia-
conh&de geendebyrdne. Da gelamp hit, aet sumum saele,
swa swa gyt for oft de6, paet Englisce c^pmenn brohton
heora ware to Romana-byrig, and Gregorius eode be
Ssere strset to £am Engliscum mannum, heora 6ing
sceawigende. Da geseah he betwux 6am warum cype-
i
So Conversion of tb& Saxons-
cnihtas gesette, fa wasron hwitcs lichaman and fsegeres
andwlitan menn, and asSellice gefexode. Gregorius Ca
beheold pasra cnapena wlite, and befr&n of hwilcere f eode
hi gebrohte wasron. Da ssede him man past hf of Engla-
lande wasron, and fast Sasre Seode mennisc swa wlitig
was re. Eft ta Gregorius befr&n, hwasSer pass landes folc
Cristen wasre Se haeSen ? Him man ssede, fast hi hosSene
wasron. Gregoi'ius Sa of inneweardre heortan langsume
siccetunge teah, and cwaeS, Walaw&, past swa fasgeres
hiwes menn sindon "6am sweartan deofle underSeodde.
Eft he" axode, hu Sasre Seode nama wasre, |>e hi of-co-
mon? Him wass geandwyrd, past hi Angle genemnode
wasron. Da cwasS he, Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene,
forSan Se hi engla wlite habbaS, and swilcum gedafenaS
past hi on heofonum engla geferan beon. G^t t$a Greg-
orius befran, hu Sasre scire nama wasre, pe "5a cnapan of-
alaedde wasron. Him man ssede, fast Sa scirmen wseron
Dere gehatene. Gregorius andwyrde,Wel hi sind Dere
gehatene, forSan Se hi sind fram graman generode, and
to Cristes mildheortnysse gecygede. Gyt Sa he befr&n,
Hu is Sasre leode cyning gehaten? Him wass geand-
swarod, fast se cyning JEA\q gehaten waere. Hwaet Sa,
Gregorius gamenode mid his wordum to Sam naman,
and cwasS, Hit gedafenaS fast Alleluia sy gesungen on
Sam lande, to lofe pass yElmihtigan Scyppendes. Greg-
orius Sa sona eode to Sam papan pass apostolican setles,
and hine basd, past he Angelcynne sume lareowas asende,
tSe hi to Criste gebigdon, and cwasS, past he" sylf gearo
wasre fast weorc to gefremmenne mid Godes fultume,
gif hit Sam papan swa gelicode. Da ne mihte se papa
fast geSafian, pcah Se he" eall wolde ; forSan Se Sa Ro-
maniscan ceaster-gewaran noldon geSafian fast swa ge-
togen mann, and swa geSungen lareow fa burh eallunge
forlete, and swa fyrlen wrascsiS gename.
Conversion of the Saxons. 81
./Efter Cisum gel&mp f set micel mann-cwealm becom
ofer Caere Romaniscan leode, and arrest Cone papan Pela-
gium gest6d, and buton yldinge adydde. Witodlice aef-
ter Caes papan geendunge, swa micel cwealm wearC faes
folces, J>aet gehwaer stodon aweste hus geond fa burh,
buton bugigendum. Da ne mihte swa-Ceah seo Romana-
burh buton papan wunian, ac eal folc Cone eadigan Greg-
orium to Caere geCincCe aumodlice geceas, feah Ce he
mid eallum maegne wiCerigende waere. Gregorius "6a
asende aenne pistol to 8am casere Mauricium, se waes his
gefaedera, and hine halsode, and micclum baed, \ aet he
naefre Cam folce ne geCafode paet he mid |>aes wurCmyntes
wuldre geuferod waere, forCan Ce he* ondred )>aet he Curh
Cone micclan h&d on woruldlicum wuldre, fe he a3r
awearp, aet sumum saele bepaeht wurde. Ac Caes caseres
heahgerefa, Germanus, gelaehte Cone pistol aet Gregories
aerendracan, and hine totser; and siCCan cydde fam ca-
sere, f aet f aet folc Gregorium to papan gecoren haefde.
Mauricius Ca se casere faes Gode Cancode, and hine ge
hadian het. Hwaet Ca, Gregorius fleames cepte, and on
dym-h6fon aetlutode; ac hine man gelaehte, and teah to
Petres cyrcan, faet he Caer to papan gehalgod wurde.
Gregorius Ca aer his h&dunge |>aet Romanisce folc, for
Cam onsigendum cwealme, Cisum wordum to bereow-
sunge tihte : Mine gebroCra fa leofostan, us gedafenaC
J>aet we Godes swingle, ]>e we on a?r towearde ondraedan
sceoldon, paet we huru nu andwerde and af&ndode on-
draedan. Geopenige ure sarnys us infser soCre gecyrred-
nysse, and f aet wite Ce we CrowiaC tobrece ure heortan
heardnysse. Efne nu Cis folc is mid swurde J>aes heofon-
lican graman ofslegen, and gehwilce aenlipige sind mid
faerlicum slihte aweste. Ne seo adl Cam deaCe ne fore-
staepC, ac ge geseoC paet se sylfa deaC \ aere &dle yldinge
forhradaC. Se geslagena biC mid deaCe gegripen, 83rCan
6
82 Conversion of the Saxons.
5e he to heofungum sofcre behreowsunge gecyrran maege.
H6gia$ forfci hwilc se becume aetforan gesihiSe J>aes strec-
an D6man, se$e ne maeg ]>aet yfel bewepan fce h6 ge-
fremode. Gehwilce eorS-bugigende sind aetbrodene,
and heora hus stand a$ aweste. Faederas and moddru
bestandaft heora bearna lie, and heora yrfenuman him
sylfum to forwyrde forestaeppaS. Uton eornostlice fleon
to heofunge sofcre daedbote, fa hwile Se we moton, aer5an
Je se faerlica siege us astrecce, Uton gemunan swa
hwaet swa we dwehgende agylton, and uton mid w6pe
gewitnian paet Jaet we m&nfullice adrugon. Uton for-
hradian Godes ansyne on andetnysse, swa swa se witega
us mana8: Uton ahebban ure heortan mid handum to
Gode; Jaet is, paet we sceolon 5a gecnyrdnysse ure bene
mid geearnunge g6des weorces up-araeran. He forgiffc
truwan ure forhtunge, sefce Jurh his witegan clypaB,
Nylle ic paes synfullan dead, ac ic wille Jaet h6 gecyrre
and lybbe.
Ne geortruwige n&n man hine sylfne for his synna
micelnysse : witodlice 6a ealdan gy ltas Niniueiscre fceode
ftreora daga bereowsung adilegode; and se gecyrreda
sceafta on his deafces cwyde Jaes ecan lifes mede geear-
node. Uton awendan ure heortan; hraedlice bits se
Dema to urum benum geblged, gif we fram urum
Swyrnyssum beoft gerihtlaehte. Uton standan mid ge-
maglicum w6pum ongean 6am onsigendum swurde swa
miccles domes. Sofclice gem&gnys is Jam softan Deman
gecweme, peah $e heo mannum unftancwurSe sy, for&an
Se se arfaesta and se mildheorta God wile Jaet we mid
gem&glicum benum his mildhcortnysse ofgan, and h6
nele swa micclum swa we geearniaS us geyrsian. Be
$isum h6 cwaiv<5 $urh his witegan, Clypa me on daege
Sinre gedrefednysse, and ic fte ahredde, and Su msersast
me. God sylf is his gewita Jaet he miltsian wile him to
Conversion of the Saxons. &3
elypigendum, seSe m&naS past we him to clypian sceolon.
For8i,mine gebroSra pa lcofostan, uton gecuman on Sam
ieorSan daegc pysre wucan on aernc-merigen, and mid
estfullum mode and tearum singan seofonfealde lactam as,
J«t se streca De*ma us gearige, ponne he" gesihS \ aet wc
sjife ure gyltas wrecaS.
Eornostlice SaSa micel menigu, aegSer ge preosth&dcs
ge munuchades menn, and fast laawede folc, aeftcr Sass
eadigan Gregories haese, on pone wodnes-daeg to Sam
seofonfealdum letanium gecomon, to Sam swiSe aweddc
se foresaid a cwealm, past hund-eahtatig manna, on Saere
&nre tide feallende, of life gewiton, Sa hwile pe paet folc
Sa tetanias sungon. Ac se halga sacerd ne gesw&c ] aet
folc to m&nigenne paet hi Saere bene ne geswicon, oSpaet
Godes miltsung pone reSan cwealm gestilde.
Hwaet Sa Gregorius, siSSan he* papanhad underfeng,
gemunde hwaet he" gefyrn Angel-cynne gemynte, and
Saerrihte Saet luftyme weorc gefremode. He na to Saes
hw6n ne mihte pone Romaniscan biscop-st6l eallunge
forlaetan, ac he* asende oSre bydelas, geSungene Godes
Seowan, to Sysum iglande, and he sylf micclum mid his
benum and tihtingum fylste, paet Saera bydela bodung
forSgenge, and Gode waestmbaere wurde. Daera bydela
naman sind pus gecigede, Augustinus, Mellitus, Lauren-
tius, Petrus, Iohannes, Iustus. Das lareowas asende se
eadiga papa Gregorius, mid manegum oSrum munecum,
to Angelcynne, and hf Sisum wordum to Saere fare tihte :
Ne beo ge afyrhte Surh geswince paes langsuman faer-
eldes, oSSe purh yfelra manna ymbe-spraece; ac mid ealre
anraednysse and wylme paere soSan lufe fas ongunnenan
Sing purh Godes fultum gefremmaS. And wite ge faet
eower me*d on Sam ecan edleane swa miccle mare biS,
swa micclum swa ge mare for Godes willan swincaS.
GehyrsumiaS eadm6dlice on eallum Singum Augustine,
1
84 Conversion of the Saxons.
pone 8e we eow to caldre gesetton: hit fremafc eowru
sawlum swa hwset swa ge be his mynegunge gefyllaft
Se yElmihtga God, purh his gife, eow gescylde, and ge
nnne me paet ic mote eoweres geswinces wsestm on t$a;
ecan efcele geseon, swa f aet ic beo gemet samod on bli
eoweres edleanes,$eah $e ic mid eow swincan ne maege^
forfcon Se ic wille swincan. Augustinus $a mid his gefer —
urn, paet sind gerehte feowertig wera, ferde be Gregori
hsese, oSpaet hi to ftisum iglande gesundfullice becomon—
On Cam dagum rixode -/Epelbyrht cyning on Cant —
warebyrig riclice, and his rice waes astreht fram t5ae
micclan e& Humbre oft su$ sa3. Augustinus hsefde ge —
numen wealhstodas of Francena rice, swa swa Greg
rius him bebead; and he" iSurh ftaera wealhstoda mu$ fan
cyninge and his leode Godes word bodade: hu se mild-
heorta Haelend, mid his &genre ftrowunge pysne scyldig-
an middaneard alysde, and geleafFullum mannum heofon
an rices infaer geopenode. Da andwyrde se cynin
yEfielbriht Augustine, and cwaeft, paet he" faegere won
and behat him cydde; and cwoeft, )>aet he" ne mihte sw
hraedlice pone ealdan gcwunan $e he* mid Angel-cynn^S
heold forlaetan; cwaeC fast h6 moste freolice $a heofonlicr —
an lare his leode bodian, and paet he him and his geferairx
bigleofan ftenian wolde ; and forgeaf him $a wununge orx
Cantwarebyrig, seo waes ealles his rices heafod-burh.
Ongann fca Augustinus mid his munecum to geefenlaec-
enne paera apostola lif, mid singalum gebedum, and
wasccan, and faestenum Gode Ceowigende, and lifes word
pam $e hi mihton bodigende, ealle middaneardlice Sing",
swa swa aelfremede, forh6gigende, t>a l>ing ana pe hi to
bigleofan beh6fedon underf6nde, be Sam $e hi taehton
sylfe lybbende, and for Caere soSfaestnysse $e hi boded on,
gearowe waeron ehtnysse to fcoligenne, and deaSe swelt •
an, gif hi Sorfton.
Coxvebsion of the Saxons. 8$
I
■m Hwaet Sa gelyfdon forwel menige, and on Godes nam-
■ aii gefullode wurdon, wundrigende faere bilcwitnysse
F Aeora unscaeSSigan lffes, and swetnysse heora heonfon-
^can lare. Da aet nextan, gelustfullode Sam cyninge
■^fielbrihte heora claene llf and heora wynsumc behat,
I'asoSlice wurdon mid manegum t&cnum gescSdc; and
He $a gelyfende wearS gefullod, and micclum 15a cristen-
^11 gearwurBode, and swa swa heofonlice ceaster-gewar-
^.n lufode: nolde swa-Seah naennc to cristendome ge-
Headian; forSan Se h6 ofaxode aet Sam lareowum his
Viaele J>aet Cristes Seowdom ne sceal beon gencadad, ac
sylfwilles. Ongunnon Sa daeghwomlice forwel menige
«fstan to gehyrenne Sa halgan bodunge, and forleton
"heora haeSenscipe, and hi sylfe geScoddon Cristes gelaS-
unge, on hine gelyfende.
Betwux Sisum gewende Augustinus ofer sse to Sam
ercebiscope Etherium, and h6 hine gehadode Angel-
cynne to ercebiscope, swa swa him Gregorius rer gewis-
sode. Augustinus Sa geh&dod cyrde to his biscop-stole,
and asende aerendracan to Rome, and cydde Sam eadigan
Gregorie J>aet Angel-cynn cristendom underfeng, and he
eac mid gewritum fela Singa befran, hu him to drol.tni-
genne waere betwux Sam nig-hworfenum folce. Hwaet
$a Gregorius micclum Gode Sancode mid blissigendum
Hiode, paet Angel-cynne swa gelumpen waes, swa swa he
s^rlf geornlice gewilnode, and sende eft ongean aerend-
racan to Sam geleafFullan cyninge yEpelbrihte, mid ge-
Vvritum and menigfealdum laxum, and oSre gewritu to
-Augustine, mid andswarum ealra Sacra Singa be he" hine
V)efr^n, and hine eac Sisum wordum m&nodc : BroSer min
^e leofosta, ic wat pact se ./Elmihtiga God fela wundra
f urh Se fasre Seode Se h£ geceas geswutelaS, Jaes Su miht
blissigan, and eac Se ondnedan. Du miht blissigan ge-
wisslice faet Saere Seode sawla Jurh Sa yttran wundra
86 Conversion of the Saxons*
beoS getogene to Saere incundan gife. Ondrsed Se swa-
Seah paet Sin m6d ne beo ah&fen mid dyrstignysse om
Sam t&cnum f c God Surh Se gefremaS, and fu Sonon on
idelum wuldre bcfcalle wiSinnan, ponon Se Su wiSutan
on wurSmynte ahafen bist.
Gregorius asende eac Augustine halige lac on maesse-
reafum, and on b6cum, and Saera apostola and martyra
reliquias samod; and bebead, past his aeftergengan symle
Sone pallium and pone ercehad aet Sam apostolican setle
Romaniscre gelaSunge feccan sceoldon. Augustinus ge-
sette asfter Sisum biscopas of his geferum gehwilcum
burgum on Engla Seode, and hf on Godes geleafan.
Seonde Surhwunodon oS Sisum daegSerlicum daege.
Se eadiga Gregorius gedihte manega halige traht-b^c,
and mid micelre gecnyrdnysse Godes folc to Sam ecan.
life gewissode, and fela wundra on his life geworhte,
and wuldorfullice faes papan setlcs geweold Sreottyne
gear, and six monSas, and tyn dagas, and siSSan on Sisum
dacge gewat to Sam ecan setle heofenan rices, on Sam he
leofaS mid Gode ^Elmihtigum k on ecynsse. Amen.
Yldo be6S eorSan g&ghwges craeftig,
Mid hySendre hildewraesne,
Rumre racenteage rgeceS wide;
Langre linan lisseS eal Saet heo wile;
Be&m heo abre6tcS, and bebriceS telgum;
AstyreS standendne stefn on siSe,
AfylleS hine on foldan; friteS aefter Sam
Wildne fugol; heo oferwigeS wulf
Heo oferbideS stdnas, heo oferstigeS style
Heo abiteS Iren mid 6me, d6S usic sw4.
CONVERSION OF THE NORTH ANGLES.
FROM ALFRED'S TRANSL. OF BEDE'S ECCL. HIST.
II., 9. paere tide eax swylce NorSanhymbra pe6d mid
**cora cyninge Eadwine Cristes geleafan onfeng, pe him
J^aulinus, se halga biscop, bodade and laerde. pam
Ci^ninge se6 onfengnes Cristes geleafan, and paes heofon-
lican rices eac swylce on halsunge, geweox meaht eor8-
lices rices, sw& fast naenig Angelcyninga aer him eall
ISreotone gemaero on anweald onfenge, ofcftc hcora
raaegtte on, Angelcynnes o55e Britta, eardodon; eall paet
\\e on anweald onfeng, ge e&c swylce Monige, Britta
c^aland, Angelcynnes rice underpe6dde, sw& we aer be-
tforan saegdon.
pisse pe6de, paet is NorSanhymbrum, waes se aeresta
intinga to onf6nne Cristes geleafan, paet se forcsprecena
lieora cyning Eadwine waes mid maegsibbe gcpe6ded
Cantwarena cyningum : onfeng he |>anon to wife y£5el-
^urge, ^Eftlbyrhtes dohtor paes cyninges, se6 oSre naman
^ses Tate haten.
pa he aerest his aerendracan sende to E&dbalde hire
breSer, sc waes pa Cantwara cyning, and pisse faemnan
gemanan baed and wilnade; and \k andswarode he, paet
J'aet alyfed ne waere, past cristenu faemne haefcenum men
to wife seald waere, py laes se geleafa and p& gerynu pais
heofonlican cyninges mid paes cyninges gemanan aidlad
^aeren, se pe paes s63an cyninges bigang ne cufte. p& pa
^rendracan p& eft pas word Eadwine saegdon, p& geh£t
**e s6na, paet he naht wrSerweardes d6n wolde pam
Cr »stenum geleafan, pe se6 faemne beeode, ac paet heo
88 Conversion of the North Angles*
m6ste pone geleafan and bigang hire aefaestnisse miir: i(
eallum hire geferum, pe hire mid comen, py cristens^^^i
peawe lifigean and pone wel healdan; ne he n6ne wi$s6--^™
past he silfa c&c swylce p& ylcan aefestnisse underfeng — ~j
gif wise witan paet funden, paet heo haligre and goc 1
le6fre gemcted be6n mihte.
p4 waes se6 faemne gehaten and aefter faece E&dwii n
onsended, and aefter pon pe hi aer funden haefdon wa«s
geh&lgod to biscope gode se le6fa wer sanctus Paulini^K-s,
se mid hi fie" ran sceolde to pon pe he p& faemnan and hi ^^E-e
gef£ran aeghwae&er ge mid pk ma3rsunge heoibnlfcra g ^e-
ryna ge mid his daeghwamlicre lare trymede, paet heo d»n
pam gemanan para haeftenra besmiten ne waere. f^&
com he mid pa foresprecenan faemnan to Eadwine pSLMra
cyninge sw& swa he waere gesiiScundllcre gegaderung- «;
ac he mare mid ealle his m6de behe6ld, paet he p4 peod. ^,
pe he ges6hte, to ongitenisse paes s6ftan godes and 'tzo
Cristes geleaian purh his lare gece'gde.
Mid py he pa se Biscop on p& maegfce com mid pa faermn-
nan, p& wende he switte, paet he aeghwaefler ge his gefer^*.n
p& pe mid hine comon purh drihtnes gife gehe6lde, paet W
ne asprungen fram heora geleafan, and gif he hwyl^e
mihte paera haefcenra paet he purh his lare to Cristes g£" <-
le&fan gecirde; ac sw& se Apostolus cwi$e$: peah pe i^ e
sw& mycelre tide wunne on his lare, paet god pa m6d paB~ Ta
ungeleafsumra ablende, py laes him seine se6 onlyhtr^- es
Cristes godspelles and his wuldres.
pa- waes py aefteran geare, com man on NorSanhymL^* ra
maegfie, waes his nama Eomaer; waes he sended fr^^* 11
Westseaxna cyninge se waes haten Cwichelm, paet "3i e
sceolde Eadwine pone cyning samod ge life ge rice beni^^ n "
an. Haefde he and waeg mid hine twigecgde handset ax
gesettred, paet gif se6 wund to lyt genihtsumode to p - a3S
cyninges deaVSe, paet paet attor gefultumade. Com he t0
Conversion of the North Angles. 8g
fam cyninge py aerestan E&sterdaege be Deorwcntan
Jwre e&, paer waes pa cyninges ealdorbotl. p& eodc he
in, sw& sw& he his hlafordes aerende secgan sccolde, and
mid py he ]>& geswippre miiSe licettende aerend wrehte
and le&se fleswede, p& astod he scmninga and getogcne
py waepne under his sceate raesde on pone cyning. p&
paet p& Lilla geseah, se cyninges pegn him se holdesta,
naefde he scild aet hand a, past he pone cyning mid ge-
scildan mihte, sette p& his lichoman betwih, beforan pam
stinge, and he purhstong pone cyninges pegn and pone
cyning gewundade. psi waes he s6na mid aeghwanon
mid waepnum ymbhyped ; hwaet he pa\ eac on pam inge-
rece otterne cyninges pegn, se waes ForShere haten, mid
py m&nfullan waepne acwealde.
p& waes paere ylcan nihte para h&lgan Eastrena, paet
se6 cw£n cende dohtor pam cyninge, paere nama waes
E&nflaed. Mid py he p& se ylca cyning on paes biscopes
andweardnesse pancunge dide his godum for paere dehter
pe him acenned waes, ongean pon ongan se biscop pan-
cunge d6n drihtne Criste and pam cyninge cyftan, paet
he )>aet mid his be'num aet him onfenge, paet heo, se6
cw6n, gesund and butan hefigum sare paet beam cende.
•
p& se cyning pis gehyrde, ]>& ongan he lustfullian paes
biscopes wordum and gehet hine silfne de6fulgildum
wiftsacan, and paet he wolde Cristes pe6wd6m gece6san 1
gif he him lif and sige forgeafe on pam gewinne, pe he
gehogod haefde wiS pam cyninge, pe se myrdra aer fram
sended waes, se pe hine gewundade; and pa ylcan his
dohtor Criste to gehalgianne pam biscope to wedde ge-
sealde, paet he paet gehat gelaestan wolde. Se6 waes ge-
fullad py halgan daege aet Pentecosten aerest manna of
NorSanhymbra pe6de mid endlifum faemnum of paere
cwe"ne hirede, heo waes twelfte. paere tide e&c waes se
cyning gehaeled fram paere wunde, pe him aer ged6n
go Conversion of the North Angles.
waes: p& gesomnade he his fyrd wift Westseaxum and
pider com, and s6na paes pe he on hi feaht, waeron him
ealle his fynd gecyftde, pa pe aer emb his feorh syredon,
and he )>a sume ofsloh, sume on anweald onfeng.
And he sigefast swa eft h&m ferde, na lass paet he
s6na in stepe and ungepeahtendlice pam gerynum onf6n
wolde paes cristenan geleafan, peah pe paet waere, paet he
ofer J>aet de6fulgildum ne pe6wde, sifrSan he hine to
Cristes J>e6wd6me geh&tenne haefde; ac he aerest georn-
lice & of tide aeghwaefter ge fram |>am arwurpan were,
sancte Pauline, paet riht leornade paes h&lgan geleafan, ge
e&c mid his ealdormannum, fa pe he wiseste and snoter-
este wiste, paet he gelomlice mid him peahtade and
sohte, hwaet be pisum pingum to d6nne waere; ge he e&c
silfa, mid py he waes on gecynde se gleaweste man, oft
lange ana saet swigende muSe ac midde inneweardre
heortan manige p ing sprecende, sme&de hwaet him selest
to d6nne waere, and hwylc aefestnes him to healdenne
waere.
12. Swylce eac waes sum godspraece and heofonlic on-
wrigenes, pe him iu se6 godcunde arfaestnes onwre&h, fat
he wrecca waes mid Redwalde, E&stengla cyninge; se6
swifte gefultumade his andgit to onf6nne and to ongi-
tanne pa monunge paere halwendan lare. Mid py he p&
se biscop Paulinus geseah, paet he unyftelice mihte pa
heanesse paes cynelican m6des to e&dmodnesse gecirran,
paet he onf6n wolde his ecre haelo and pam geryne paere
liffaestan r6de Cristes, and he samod for his haelo, paes
cyninges and paere pe6de, pe he fore waes, ge mid worde
trymnesse mid mannum wan, ge eatc mid pa godcundan
arfaestnisse mid worde his gebeda, paet he for hi pingade:
|?a aet nyhstan geleornade he on g&ste and him onwrigen
waes, hwylc onwrigenes giu heofonlic aetywde pam
cyninge p& he wrecca waes. Ne ylde he hit leng, ac
Conversion of the North Angles. 9 1
code s6na to f am cyninge and hine manode, faet he his
geh^t gefylde, fe he on f aere onwrigenesse gehet )>e him
atywed waes, gif he faere tide yrmfco beswicode and to
hednesse cynerfces become. Waes f is godgespraece and
/*6s onwrigenes fises gemetes:
Mid fy hine ehte ./Efcelfrifc, se fe aer him cyning waes,
and he f urh missenlfce stowe manigra geara tide flyma
waes; f& gesohte he aet nyhstan and com to Raed wolde,
E&stengla cyninge, and hine ba&d, faet he his lif gescilde
wifc swa micles ehteres saetningum ; and him geh6t, faet
he swa d6n wolde, swa he hine bad. ./Efter fam fa
-/Ettelfrifc se cyning hine faer geacsade, faet he mid Raed-
wolde fone cyning waes, fa sende he s6na aerendracan to
him and mycel feoh wifc fam fe he hine ofsloge, o$5e
hine him to cwale ageafe ; ne he hwaefcere awiht on J>am
fremode. Sende he eft aefterran s!5e aerendracan, sende
friddan sftSe and m&ran gife mycle fonne he him aer
sende witS his cwale, and h6t eke him onbe6dan, fast he
hine wolde mid fyrde to gefcohte gesecan, gif he his
word and his gife forhogode. \)& waes his m6d aeg-
hwaefcer ge mid fam be6tungum gebreged, ge mid fam
gifum gewemmed, fast he gefafode faes cyninges bene
and geh£t, fast he E&dwine ofsloge oftSc his fe6ndum to
cwale ageafe.
pft waes sum cyninges fegn, his fre6nd se tre6westa,
fe fas fing gehyrde and ongeat. pk eode he to his inne,
faer he hine restan wolde, and waes foreweard niht, and
\ ine acigde ut, and him saede and cyfcde, hu hine man
ynibe ged6n wolde; cwaeS him f& to: " Gif fu wilt, on
f&s seolfan tid, ic p6 alaede of fisse maegfce in fa stowe,
faer f6 naefre ne Raedwold ne ^EBelfrifc gemetan magon."
CwaeB he to him : " On f ance me sindon f f ne word and
fin lufu; and hwaeSere ne maeg ic faet d6n, faet fa me
forest, f8Bt ic aerest fa tre6wtte forlaete, fe ic to swa mi-
9 2 Conversion of the North Angles.
clum cyninge genam, mid py he me nawiht yfeles elide
ne l&$es aety wde ; ac gif ic de&6 prowian sceal, le6fre me
is, paet he me to dea<5e gesylle, ponne unaeSelra mail.
OflSe la hwider maeg ic nu leng fle6n ? manigra geara
tida ofer ealle Breotone ic flyma waes, paet ic me his h&e
bearh and wearnode ! "
p& eode se his fre6nd on weg fram him, and he E&d-
wine ana paer ute gewunode. Saet swiSe unr6t on stane
beforan pasre healle dura, and ongan mid manegum
haetum his gepohta geswenced be6n, and ne wiste,
hwider he eode ofcfie hwcet him selest to donne waere.
Mid py he p& lange swigendum nearonessum his m6des
and mid py blindan fyre soden waes, p& geseah he sem-
ninga on middre nihte man wi$ his gangan uncuftes
hrsegeles and andwlitan. p& he pa\ to him com, pst waes
he forht geworden. p& eode he to him, grette hine and
fraegn, for hwon he on paere tide, pe ofcre men slaepon, on
st&ne waccende ssete? pa frsegn he hine, hwaet paes to
him belumpe, hwaeSer he wacode pe slepte, and hwaefcer
he pe ute pe inne ssete? p& andswarode he and cwaefc
him to: " Ne tala pu me, paet ic ne cunne pone intingan
)>inre unr6tnesse and pinre wacone and anlepnesse and
fines utsetles; ac ic cuSlice wat, ge hwaet pu eart ge for
hwon pu gnornast, and hwyle toweard yfel pu pe on
ne&hnisse forhtast. Ac gesege me, hwylce mede pu
wille sillan pam men, gif hwyle si, pe pe* fram pisurn
nearonessum alyse, and Rcedwolde on mod beswape, pset
he p6 n&n wiht laVSes ne d6, ne pe* pinum fe6ndum to
cwale ne agife?" p& andswarede he and cwaeft, past he
eall g6d, pe he mihte, for mede pyslicre fremsumnesse
sillan wolde. p4 set^cte he pa git his gespraec and
cwsefc : "And gif he pe" eax, adwaesctum pinum fe6nd-
um, on s65e cyncrice gehateS, swa paet nales paet on eaJlc
pine yldran, ac ealle cyningas, pa pe on Breotone wasron
Conversion of the North Angles. gj
is j>6, in mihte and on rice feor oferstlgest ? " p& was he
Eidwine bealdra geworden on psere frignesse and s6na
gehgt, se pe him sw& micle fremsumnisse forgeafe, paet
he him paes wolde wurSllce pancunge d6n. CwaeS he
j>riddan si$e to hiin, se pe wifc him spraec: "And nu,
gif se man, se f e pe* pyslice gife and sw& micle s6fclfce pe"
t6wearde forecwiS, eax swylce gepeahte pinre haelo and
beteran lffes and nyttran pe" aetywan maeg, ponne jfenig
pfnra maga o$5e pinra yldrena sfefre gehyrde, cwist pu,
hwaefier pu his p& halwendan monunge onf6n wille and
him hyrsum be6n? " p4 ne ylde he E&dwine n&nuht, ac
s6na geh6t, paet he wolde on eallum pingum him ge-
hyrsum be6n and his lare lustllce onf6n, se pe hine fram
sw& monegum yrmftum and te6num generede and to
he&nisse cynerlces forS gelaedde.
p& he p& pisse andsware onfeng se pe mid hine spraec,
J>& in staepe sette he mid p& swiftran hand him on paet
heaibd and pus cwaefc: " ponne pis taxen )>yslic pe* to-
cume, ponne gemune pu pisse tide and uncres gespraeces,
and ne ylde pu, paet )>u p& ping gefylle, pe )>u me gehe*te."
pk he p&s word gespraec, p& ne wiste he semnyiga hwar
he com, wolde J>set he on )>am onge&te paet, fast man ne
waes se pe him aetywde, ac p aet hit g&st wass. And mid
py he p& se ge6nga aefceling 4na pser p& git sa3t, and waes
swf5e gefe6nde be psere frofre, pe him gehaten waes, ac
hwaeflere sorgiende m6de geornlice pohte hwaet se waere
ofcfce hwanon he c6me, se pe pas )>ing to him sprecende
waes; p& com eft t6 him se foresprecena his fre6nd, and
mid bli8e andwlitan hine halette and grette, and pus
cwaefc: "Aris and gang in, gerest pinne lichoman and
fin m6d butan sorgum, forpam paes cyninges heorte is
oncirred, ne wille he p6 naruiht la#es ged6n; ac he ma-
wile his tre6we and his gehat wi$ pt§ gehealdan, and p6
feorhhirde be6n." Sae^ie him p& aefler pam paet: " Se
94 Conversion of the North Angles.
cyning his gepohte big pam, pe ic pe aer saede, paer^=
cwe"ne on degolnisse onwre&h; p& onwende he6 hine franca
paere yfelan ingehygde his m6des, laerde hine and man-
ode, paet J>aet nasnig ping ne gedafenade ne gerise swik
aefcelum cyninge and sw4 gepungenum, paet he sceolde his
fre6nd pone betstan on nyde gesettan on gold bebycgean,
and his tre6we for feogitsunge and lufan forle6san, se6
jwc dyrwurSre waere and mare eallum matSmum."
Hwaet sceolon we pass mare secgean? dide se cyning
sw& sw4 hit aer cweden waes, n& lass past an past he
pone wreccan, pe hine ges6hte, to cwale ne gesealde;
ac e&c swylce him gefultumade, paet he to rice be-
com. Forpam s6na sifcSan p4 aerendracan h&m cirdon,
pe his cwale aerendedon p& gebe6n Raedwold his
fyrde and micel werod gesomnade to gewinnanne
wiS yESelfrifc. pk f6r he him to geanes ungelfce
werode, forpam he ne wolde him first atyfan, paet he
m6ste his werod eall gesomnian; p& gef6ron hi tosomne
and gefuhton on gemaere Myrcna pe6de aet e&stdaele
paere e&, pe is Idle nemned, and paer man yEtSelfriS pone
cyning ofcl6h. Swylce eac on pam ylcan gefeohte man
sl6h Raedwoldes sunu, se waes Raegnhere haten. And
sw& he Eadwine aefter pam godgespraece, pe he aer on-
feng, na lass paet &n past he him p& saetnunge p4 gewearn-
ode pass unholdan cyninges; ac swylce eac aefter his
slaage him on pass rices wuldor aefter fyligde.
Mid py he pa Paulinus se biscop godes word bodade
and laerde, and se cyning ylde p& git to gelyfanne and
purh sume tid, swa sw'i we aer cwaedon, gelimplicum
&na saet and geornlice mid hine silfne smeade and pohte,
hwaet him selost to d6nne waere, and hwylc aefaestnis him
to healdenne waere; pa waes sume daege se godes wer
ingangende to him, paer he ana saet, and sette his p&
swfftran hand him on paet heaibd, and hine acsode,
Conversion of the North Angles. 95
hwae&er he paet taxen ongitan mihte? p& oncne6w he
hit s6na swe6tole and waes swifce forht geworden, and
him to f6tum fe6ll. And hine se godes man up ah6f and
him cufclf ce to spraec and pus cwaefc : " Hwaet pu nu
hafast Jmrh godes gife plnra fe6nda hand a beswicene,
J>e pu pe* ondrede, and J>u Jmrh his sylene and gife fam
rice onfenge, J>e Jm wilnadest! ac gemune nu, paet pu
paet drihtne gelaeste, paet J>u gehete, paet fu ^nf6 his ge-
leafan and his bebodu healde, se pe p6 fram hwilendlic-
um earf6$um generede and eax on are hwilendlices rices
ah6f; and gif ]>u forS his willan gehyrsum be6n wilt,
}K>ne he purh me pe* bodafc and lasreS, he ponne pe eax
fram tintregum genereft aMcera yfela and pe dsfclnimende
gede*S mid hine pass e"can rices on heofonum."
13. p& se cyning p&s word gehyrde, p& andswarode he
him and cwaeS, paet he aegfcer ge wolde ge scolde fam
geleafan onf6n pe he laerde; cwaeS, paet he wolde mid his
fre6ndum and mid his witum sprsfcce and gepeaht habban,
and gif hi mid hine paet gep&fian woldon, baet hi ealle
aetsomne on lifes wyllan geh&lgode wseron. p& dide se
cyning sw4 sw4 he cwaeS, and se biscop p?-t gep&fode.
p& haefde he gespraece and gepeaht mid his witum, and
synderlice waes fram him eallum frignende, hwylc him
puhte and gesewen waere pe6s niwe lar an<* J>sere god-
cundnisse bigang, pe paer laired waes? Him p& andswa-
rode his ealdorbiscop, Ce*fi waes haten: " Greseoh pu,
cyning, hwylc pe6s I4r si, pe us nu bod ad is. ) c b<§ sofclice
andette, pset ic cufclice geleornad haebbe, paet ealUnga
naVwiht maegenes ne nytnesse hafaS se6 aMaestnis. p*. we
6$ pis haefdon and beeodon, forpam naenig J fnra pe**na
ne&dlicor ne gelustfullode hine silfne to ura goda \)i-
gange ponne ic; and naht fam laes manige sir don, f>& *e
m&ran gife and fremsumnisse set pe* onfengo^ ponne , •,
and on eallum pingum maran gesynto haefde ~. Hwa?t
96 Conversion of the North Angles.
ic wat, gif tire godas aenige mihte haefdon, ponne woldon
hi me ma. fultumian, forpam ic him geornllcor pe6dde
and hyrde. Forpam me pyncefl wislic, gif pu geseo
P& ping beorhtran and strengran, pe tis niwan bodade
sindon, paet we p&m onf6n."
pisum wordum ofcer paes cyninges wita and ealdormann
gep&funge sealde and to psere spraece feng and pus cwa#
" pyslic me is gesewen, cyning leofosta, pis andwearde
lif manna on eorSan to witSmetenisse psere tide, pe ts
uncuft is, sw4 gelic sw& pu aet swaesendum sitte mid pfnum
ealdormannum and pegnum on wintertide, and si fyr
onaeled, and pin heall gewyrmed, and hit rine and sniwe
and styrme tite; cume ponne &n spearwa and hraefclice
poet hfis purhfle6, purh oflre duru in, purh o5re fit gewite:
hwaet he on p4 tid, p4 he inne byfc, ne bytS rined mid p^
storme .paes wintres! ac paet by3 kn e&gan bryhtm and
]?et lacste faec, and he s6na of wintra in winter eft cyme$.
Sw£ ponne pis manna lif to medmyclum faece setywefc:
hwaet psfer forege"nge, o$$e hwaet psfer aefterfylige, we ne
cunnon. Forpam gif pe6s niwe l&re &wiht cfiSlicre and
gerisenlicre bringe, heo paes wyrSe is, paet we pjfere fyli-
gean."
pisum wordum gelicum o$re ealdormen and pass
cyninges peahteras spraecon, p& get to geyhte Ceaii and
cwaeft, paet he wolde Paulinus pone bisceop geornlicor
gehyran be pam gode sprecende, pe he bodade; p4 h6tse
cyning sw& don. p& he p4 his word gehyrde, p& clypode
he and pus cwaeft : " Geare ic paet ongeat, paet paet nawiht
w T aes, paet we beeodon, forpam sw& micle sw4 ic georn-
licor on pam bigange paet silfe s6$ s6hte, sw4 ic hit laes
mette. Nu ponne ic openlice andette, paet on pisse l&re
paet silfe s6fc scinefc, paet tis maeg syllan p& gife ecre eadig-
nisse and e*ces lifes haelo. Forpam ic laere nu, cyning
le6festa, paet paet tempel and p& weofedu pa. pe we butan
Conversion of the North Angles. 97
waestmum senigre nytnisse halgodon, paet we p& hratie
forlc6san and on fyre forbaernan."
Hwaet he p& se cyning openlice andette pam biscope
and him eallum, past he wolde fsestlice pam de6folgildum
wftsacan and Cristes gele&fan onf6n! Mid py he p& se
cyning fram pam foresprecenan biscope s6hte and acsode
heora halignesse, pe hi ser beeodon, hw4 hit, p& wigbed
and psl heargas p&ra de6folgilda mid heora hegum, pe* hi
ymbsette wseron, aldlian sceolde and toweorpan; p&
andswarode he se biscop: "Efne ic p& godas lange mid
dysignisse beeode oft pis; hw4 mseg hi gerisenllcor nu
toweorpan to bysne ofcra manna ponne ic silfa purh p&
snyttro pe ic fram pam s6$an gode onfeng? And he p&
s6na fram him awearp p& idlan dysignisse, pe he ser
beeode, and pone cyning baed, paet he him wsepen sealde
and geste*dhors, paet he mihte on cuman and pset de6fol-
gild toweorpan, forpam pam bisceope ne was alf fed, paet
he m6ste wsepen wegan, n6 aelcor butan on myran ridan.
pa sealde se cyning him sweord, pset he hine mid be-
gyrde, and nam him spere on hand and hle6p on pass
cyninges st6dan and to p&m de6folgildum rad. p& paet
folc hine p4 geseah sw4 gescyrpedne, p4 wendon hi, piet
he tela ne wiste, ac part he wedde. S6na pses pe he ge-
lihte to pam hearge, p4 sceat he mid his spere, pact hit
sticode fseste on pam hearge, and waes swlSe geie6nde
]>aere ongitenisse pass s6$an godes biganges, and he p&
he*t his geferan toweorpan ealne hearh and ]>& getimbro,
and forbaernan. Is se6 st6w git sete6wed giu para de6f-
olgilda n&ht feor e&st fram Eoforwicceastre begeondan
paere e&, and git to dseg is nemned Godmundingaham,
p£r se bisceop purh paes s6$an godes onbryrdnisse to-
wearp and fordide p& wigbed, pe he silf ser geh&lgode.
p& onfeng E&dwine cyning mid eallum p&m seSelingum
his pe6de and mid micle folce Cristes gele&fan and ful-
7
98 Conversion of the North Angles.
luhtes baefte. py endlyftan ge&re his rices he waes ge-
fullod fram Pauline pam biscope, his I4re6we, on Eofer-
wicceastre py halgestan easterdaBge on Sanct P£tres cyr-
icean paes apostoles, p& he paer hraefce geweorce of treowe
cyricean getimbrode, sffcfcan he gecristnad wses.
Feower tfda synd getealde on anum geare, pe synd
ver, aestas, autumn us, hiems. Ver is lencten-tid, se6
haeffc emnihte; asstas is sumor, se haefft sunn-stede; au-
tumnus is haerfest pe haeffc oftre emnihte; hiems is winter
se hsefft operne sunn-stede. On pysum feower tidum
yrn$ se6 sunne geond mistlfce daslas, bufon pisum ymb-
hwyrfte, and paes eorSan getemprafc, s6$lice purh Godes
fore-sceawunge, fast heo symle on n&nre stowe ge-
wunige, and mid hyre haetan middan-eardes waestmas
for-baerne. Ac heo gae5 geond stowa, and temprafc J>a
eorSlican waestmas aegfier ge on waestme ge on ripunge.
ponne se daeg langaft, ponne gaeft se6 sunne noriS-weard,
ofcpaet heo becymfc to pam t&cne pe is gehaten cancer, paer
is se sumerllca sunn-stede ; for pam pe heo cym8 paer on-
gean eft sfrSweard and se daeg ponne sceortafc ofcpaet se6
sunne cym$ eft su$ to fam winterlicum sunn-stede and
paer eft stent. Donne heo norS-weard bytS, ponne maca<5
heo lenctenlice emnihte on midde-weardum hyre ryne.
Eft ponne heo sutf-weard by$, ponne macafc heo haerfest-
lfce emnihte. Sw4 heo suiSor bi$, sw4 hit swlSor win-
terlaecft, and gae$ se winterlica cyle sefter hyre; ac ponne
heo eft ge-went ongean, ponne todraeffc heo pone winter-
lican cyle mid hyre h&tum le6man.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE POET &EDMON.
FKOM ALFRED'S TRANSL. OF BEDE'S ECCL. HIST.
U.D.887?] *
IV, 23. Waes ymb syx htind wintra and hund-eahtatig
from faere Dryhtenlican menniscnesse, faette seo aerfeste
Cristes feowe, Hild, Abbudisse f aes mynstres f e is cwed-
en Streoneshalh, swa swa we beforan saedon, aefter
monigum heofonlicum dsedum fce heo on eorfan dyde,
to onfonne f aes heofonlican lifes mede, and heo of eorfan
alaedded, leorde, fy fifteofan daege kalendarum Decem-
brium, mid fy heo haefde syx and syxtig wintra, faem
wintrum todaeldum efenlice daele; freo and frittig fa
aerestan heo aefellice gefylde in weoruldh&de drohtiende,
and efen feolo fa aefter-fylgendan heo aefelicor in munuc-
life Drihtne gehalgade. Waes heo eac swylce aefele in
weoruld-gebyrdum, fast heo waes Edwines f aes cyninges
nefan dohtor, se waes Hereric haten; mid fy cyninge he
tobodunge, and to lare faere eadegan gemynde Paulinus,
faes aerestan biscopes Norfan-hymbra, Cristes geleafan
and geryno onfeng, and fone unwemme geheold, o$f aet
fe he geearnode faet he to his gesihfce becom.
Da heo fa Hild weoruldhsid forleort, and Gode &num
geteohode feowian, fia gew&t heo in East-Engla maegfe,
forfon heo waes faes cyninges maege; wilnade fanon, gif
heo meahte, fast heo wolde hire efel forlaetan, and eal
faet heo for weorulde haefde, and wolde cuman in Gallia
rice, and in Cale Sam mynstre in elfeodignesse for
Dryhtne lifian, faet heo fy e$ meahte fast ece efel in
heofonum geearnian; forfon fe in faem ylcan mynstre
hire sweoster Hereswyfc, seo waes Aldwulfes modor,
ioo An Account of the Poet Caedmon.
East-Engla cyninges, regollicum feodscypum under-
feoded, in fa tid bad fone ecan sige, "8aere bysene heo
waes onhyrgende in foresetnesse elfeodunge, and eall
ger in f aere foresprecenan maegfe East-Engla haefd waes,
o$f yet heo efl from Aidane f aem biscope waes h&m ge-
lafad and gesponnen.
Da onfeng heo anes hiwscipes stowe to norSdaele
Wire faere ea, and faer efenlice an gear munuc-lif
dyde mid feawum hire geferum. -/Efter fyssum heo
waes geworden abbudisse in faem mynstre fe is geciged
Heortea. Diet mynster waes geworden and getimbred
noht micle afcr fram Hegu faere aerestan Cristes feowe,
seo aerest wifa is saegd in Norfan-hymbra msegfe J>aet
heo munuc-hade and halig refte onfenge, f urh halgunge
Aidanes faes biscopes. Ac heo nalaes aefter med-micelre
tide )>aes fe f aet mynster getimbred waes, gewat to faere
ceastre fe in Englisc is haten Kalcacester and hire faer
wic fi-sette, f aet heo Gode inlifde. Da feng to faes myn-
stres gerece Hild, seo Cristes feowe, and heo )>aet sona
mid regollice life gesette and geendebyrdade, swa swa
heo aet gelaeredum waepned-monnum geleornian mihte;
forfon fe Aidan se biscop and monige of re aefeste weras
and g6de, fa fe hie cufon, for hire snytro and wisd6me,
and fore lufan faes godcundan feowdomes, hi gelomlice
neosodan and sohton, and hie georne lufedon, and hie
geornlice tydon and laerdon.
IV, 24. On f isse abbudissan mynstre, waes sum broSor
synderlice mid godcundre gyfe gemaered, and geweorf-
ad ; for)>on he gewunade gerisenlice leo$ wyrcean, fa f e
to aefaestnesse and to arfaestnesse belumpon; swa faette
swa hwaet swa he of godcundum stafum furh boceras
geleornade, fast he aefter med-miclum faece in sc6p-ge-
reorde, mid fa maestan sw^tnesse and inbryrdnesse ge-
glengde, and in Englisc gereorde wel gehwaer for$-
An Account of the Poet Caedmon. ioj
brohte; and for his leoB-songum, monigra monna mod
oft to worolde forhohnesse, and to gefeodnesse faes heo-
fonlican lifes onbaernde waeron. Ond eac sw vice monige
ofcre aefter him in Ongel-feode ongunnon sefeste leofc
wyrcan, ac naenig hwaefere him fat gelice d6n meahte;
forfon he nalaes from monnum ne furh mon gelaered
waes, faet he pone leotScraeft geleornade; ac he waes god-
cundlice gefultumod, and Jmrh Godes gyfe fone song-
craeft onfeng; ond he forfon nsefre noht leasunga, ne
ideles leof es wyrcan meahte, ac efne fa am fa f e to aefest-
nesse belumpon, and his fa aefestan tungan gedafenode
sing an.
Waes he se mon in weoruldha.de geseted 08 fia tide fe
he waes gelyfedre yldo, and he naefre aenig leoS geleorn-
ade; and he forf on oft in gebeorscipe, fonne f aer waes
blisse intingan gedemed, faet hie ealle sceoldon furh en-
debyrdnesse be hearpan singan, Sonne he geseah fa
hearpan him nealaecan, fonne ar&s he for scome from
faem symble, and ham eode to his huse. Da he faet fa
sumre tide dyde, fast he forlet faet hus f aes gebeorscipes,
and ut waes gongende to neata scypene, fara heord him
wses faere nihte beboden, $a he fa fier in gelimplicre
tide his limu on reste gesette and onslaepte, fa st6d him
sum mon aet, furh swefh, and hine halette and grette,
and hine be his naman nemde, Caedmon, sing me ast-
hwegu. pa andswarode he, and cwaefc. Ne con ic noht
singan, and ic for f on of fyssum gebeorscipe ut-eode,
and hider gew&t, forfon ic noht cufle. Eft he cwaeft,
se$e mid him sprecende wass, Hwaefiere fu meaht me
singan. Cwaefc he, Hwast sceal ic singan. CwaeS he,
Sing me Frumsceaft. Da he fa fas andsware onfeng,
$a ongan he sona singan, in herenesse Godes Scyppen-
des, fa fers and fa word fe he nsefre ne gehyrde, fara
endebyrdnes fis is.
i02 An Account of the Poet Caedmon
Nu we sceolan herian heofon-rices Weard,
Metodes mihte, and his m6d-gefonc,
Wera Wuldor-Faeder; swa he wundra gehwaes,
Ece Dryhten, ord onstealde.
He icrest gesceop, eorSan bearnum,
Heofon to hrofe, halig Scyppend ;
pa middangeard, moncynnes Weard,
Ece Dryhten, aefter teode
Firum foldan, Frea ./Elmihtig.
Da ar&s he from f aem slaepe, and eall fa f e he slaepende
song faeste in gemynde haefde, and faem wordum sona
monig word in past ylce gemet, Gode wyrf es songes, to-
gefeodde. Da com he on marne to fam tun-gerefan,
sefe his ealdormon waes, him saede, hwylce gyfe he t>n-
feng, and he hine sona to f aere abbudyssan gelaedde, and
hire fast cyfcde and saegde. pa het heo gesomnian ealle
.fa gelaerdestan men and fa leorneras, and him and-
weardum het secgan faet swefn, and past leoft singan,
f aette eallra heora dome gecoren waere, hwaet ofltSe hwon-
on faet cumen waere. Da wa3s him eallum gesegen,
swa swa hit woes, faet him waere from Dryhtne sylfum
heofonlic gifu forgifen. Da rehton hie him and saegdon
sum halig spell, and godcundre lare word : bebudon him
fa, gif he mihte, faet he him sum sunge, and in swin-
sunge leofcsonges faet gehwyrfde. Da he fa haefde fa
wisan onfangene, fa eode he h&m to his huse, and com
eft on morgen, and, fy betstan leoSe geglenged, him
asong and ageaf faet him beboden waes.
Da ongan seo abbudysse clyppan and lufian fa Godes
gyfe in f aem men, and heo hine fa monode and laerde,
faet he weoroldhad forlete, and munuchade onfenge;
ond he faet wel fafode: and heo hine in faet mynster on-
feng mid his g6dum, and hine gefeodde to gesomnunge
f ara Godes f eowa, and het hine lsferan faet getael f aes hal-
An Account of the Poet Caedmon. ioj
gan staeres and spelles; ond he eall fast he in gehernesse
geleornian mihte, mid hine gemyngade, and, swa cloone
nyten eodorcende, in faet sw&este leofc gehwyrfde, and
his song and his leoft wasron swa wynsum to gehyrenne,
J»aet fa sylfan his lareowas aet his mu$e writon and leor-
nodon. Song he aferest be middangeardes gesceape, arid
be fruman moncynnes, and eall faet staer Genesis, faet is
seo afcreste Moises b6c, and eft be utgonge Israela folces
of^Egypta londe, and be ingonge faes gehat-londes, and
be oftrum monigum spellum faes halgan gewrites canones
b6ca, and be Cristes menniscnesse, and be his f rowunge,
and be his up-astignesse on heofonas, and big faes Hal-
gan Gastes cyme, and fara apostola lare; and eft bi fam
ege f aes toweardan d6mes, and be fyrhto faes tintreglican
wites, and be sw&nesse faes heofonlican rices, he monig
leofc geworhte; and swylce eac ofer monig be fam god-
cundum fremsumnessuin and d6mum he geworhte. On
eallum fam he geornlice gymde faet he men atuge fram
synna lufan and man-daeda, and to lufan and to georn-
fullnesse awehte g6dra daeda; forfon he waes se mon
swifte aefest, and reogollicum feodscypum eafcmodlice
underf coded; and wi$ fam fa Se on of re wisan d6n
woldon, he waes mid wylme micelre ellenw6dnesse on-
baerned, and he forfon faegere ende his lif betynde and
geendade.
Forfon fa fcaere tide nealehte his gewitenesse and forS-
fore, $a waes he feowertyne dagum aer, faet he waes
licumlicre untrymnesse f rycced and heflgad, hwaef ere to
fon gemetlice, faet he ealle fa tid mihte ge sprecan ge
gangan. Waes faer on neaweste untrumra manna hus,
on fam hyra feaw waes faet hi fa untruman^ and fa fe
aet foroTore waeron, inlaedan sceoldan, and him faer aet-
somne f enian. Da baed he his f 6n, on sefenne f aere nihte
fe he of worulde gangende waes, fast he on fam huse
104 An Account of the Poet Caedmon.
him stowe gegearwade, paet he restan mihte. Da wund-
rade se pen for hwon he J>aes baede, forpon him puhte
pa^t his forSfore swa neh ne waere, dyde hwaepere swa
swa he cwaetJ and bebead : ond mid py he )>a paer on reste
eode, and he gefeonde mode sumu ping aetgaedere mid
him sprecende and gleowiende waes pe paer ser inne wse-
ron, )>a waes ofer middeniht paet he fraegn, hwaeper hi
aenig husel paer-inne haefdon ? Da andswarodon hie and
cwaedon, Hwilc pearf is pe husles? Ne Jrinre forflfore
swa neh is, nu pu pus rotlice and pus glaedlice to us sprec-
ende eart. CwaeS he eft, Berafc me hwaepere husel to.
Da he hit on handa haefde, fa fraign he, hwaeper hi ealle
smylte m6d, and butan eallum incan, blifce to him haef-
don? Da andswarodon hi ealle, and cwaxlon, past hi
naenigne incan to him wistan, ac hi ealle him switte blifie
m6de waeron, and hi wrixendlice hine baedon paet he
him eallum blit$e waere. Da andswarode he, and cwae5,
Mln j bropro pa leofan, ic eom swiSe blipm6d to eow and
to eallum Godes monnum. And he swa waes hine ge-
trymmende mid py heofonlican wegneste, and him opres
llfes ingang gearwade. Da gyt he fraegn, hu neh paere
tide waere, paette pa broftor arisan sceoldon, and Godes
folc lzferan and heora uht-sang singan? Andswearodon
hi, Nis hit feor to pon. Cwaefc he, Tela, utan we wel
paere tide bidan; and pa him gebaed, and hine gesenade
mid Cristes r6de-t&cne, and his heafod onhylde to pam
bolstre, and med-mycel faec onslaepte, and swa mid still-
nesse his lif geendade. Ond swa waes geworden, paette
swa swa he hluttere m6de and bylewite and smyltre
willsumnesse Drihtne peowde, paet he eac swylce swa
smylte dealte middangeard waes forlaetende, and to his
gesyhSe becom.
ON THE BEGINNING OF CREATION.
FROM .fiLEBIC'S HOMILIES.
U.D. 1000.]
An angin is ealra pinga, past is God yElmihtig. He
is ordfruma and ende ; he is ordfruma, forfii pe he waes
aire; he is ende butan aelcere geendunge, forSan pe he
bi6 aefre ungeendod. He is ealra cyninga Cyning, and
ealra hlaforda Hlaford. He hylt mid his mihte heofenas
and eorfcan, and ealle gesceafta butan geswince, and he
besceawafc pa niwelnyssa pe under pyssere eorSan sind.
He awecft ealle duna mid anre hand a, and ne mieg nan
ping his willan wifcstandan. Ne maeg nan gesceaft ful-
fremedlice smeagan ne understandan ymbe God. Mar-
an cyfcfce habbaft englas to Gode ponne men, and peah-
hwefcere hi ne magon fulfremedlice understandan ymbe
God. He gesceop gesceafta pafta he wolde; purh his
wisdom hi geworhte ealle ping, and purh his willan h6
hi ealle geliffseste. Deos prynnys is &n God ; pa3t is se
Faeder and his wisdom of him silfum ajfre acenned;
and heora begra willa, paet is se Halga Gast ; he nis na
acenned, ac he gae$ of fam Faeder and of pam Sunu ge-
lice. Das pry hadas sindon an yElmihtig God, se ge-
worhte heofenas and eorSan, and ealle gesceafta. He
gesceop tyn engla werod, paet sind englas and heah-
englas, throni, dominationes, principatus, potestates, vir-
tu tes, cherubim, seraphim. Her sindon nigon engla
werod ; hi nabbaft naenne lichaman, ac hi sindon ealle
gastas swifte strange and mihtige and wlitige, on micelra
faegernysse gesceapene, to lofe and to wurftmynte heora
Scyppende. Daet teofte werod abreaS and awende on
rod On the Beginning of Creation.
yfel. God hi gesceop ealle g6de, and let hi habban
agenne eyre, swa hi heora Scyppend lufedon and fil-
igdon, swa hi hine forleton. Da waes J?ses teoftan wer-
odes ealdor swiSe faeger and wlitig gesceapen, swa fast
h6 waes gehaten Leohtberend. pa began he to modi-
genne for paere faegernysse J>e he hsefde, and cwaetS on
his heortan J>aet h6 wolde and eafce mihte beon his Scyp-
pende gelic, and sittan on ]>am norS-daele heofenan rices,
and habban andweald and rice ongean God yElmihtigne.
pa gefaestnode he J>isne raed wi$ ]?a3t werod J>e he" bewiste,
and hi ealle to pam raede gebugon. Da$a hi ealle haef-
don pysne raed betwux him gefsestnod, \>a becom Godes
grama ofer hi ealle, and hi ealle wurdon awende of patn
faegeran hiwe, J?e hi on gesceapene waeron, to lafclicum
deoflum. And swiSe rihtlice him swa getimode, pafca
he wolde mid modignyss* beon betera J>onne he ge-
sceapen waes, and cwasfc, ]?aet he mihte beon f am -/Elmih-
tigum Gode gellc. pa wear5 he and ealle his geferan
forcufran and wyrsan ponne aenig o5er gesceaft; and pa
hwile pe he smeade hu he mihte daelan rice witS God, J>a
hwile gearcode se JElmihtiga Scyppend him and his
geferum helle wite, and hi ealle adraefde of heofenan
rices myrhfce, and let befeallan on J>aet ece fyr, pe him
gegearcod waes for heora ofermettum. pa sona pa nigon
werod, Je Sser to lafe wseron, bugon to heora Scyppende
mid ealre eaSmodnesse, and betaehton heora raed to his
willan. pa getrymde se ^Elmihtiga God ]?a nigon engla
werod, and gestapelfaeste swa paet hi naefre ne mihton ne
noldon sy Sflan fram his willan gebugan ; ne hi ne magon
iu, ne hi nellaS nane synne gewyrcan, ac hi aefre beofl
ymbe paet 4n, hu hi magon Gode gehyrsumian and him
gecweman. Swa m'hton eac ]>a o5re, ]?e ser feollon,
d6n, gif hi woldon; forpi fce God hi geworhte to wlite-
gum engla gecynde, and let hi habban agenne eyre, and
On the Beginning of Creation. 107
hi naefre ne gebigde, ne 111 nydde mid nanum f ingum to
f am yfelan raede; ne naefre se yfela raed ne com of Godes
gefance, ac com of faes deofles,swa swa we ser cwsedon.
Nu fencft manig man and smeaS hwanon deofol come;
fonne wite he faet God gesceop to maeran engle fone fe
nu is deofol; ac God ne gesceop hine na to deofle; ac
fa$a he wass mid ealle ford6n and forscyldgod f urh fa
miclan upahefednysse and wiSerweardnysse, fa wearS
he to deofle awend, sefte ser waes majre engel geworht.
Da wdlde God gefyllan and geinnian fone lyre f e for-
loren waes of fam heofenlicum werode, and cwaeft f aet
h£ wolde wyrcan mannan of eorSan, pact se eorftlica man
sceolde gefeon and geearnian mid eadmodnysse fa wun-
unga on heofenan rice, fe se deofol forwyrhte mid mod-
dignysse. And God fa geworhte senne mannan of
l&me, and him on ableow gast, and hine geliffaeste, and
he wearS fa man gesceapen on sawle and on lichaman;
and God him sette nam an Ad&m, and he waes fa sume
hwile 4nstandende. God fa hine gebrohte on neorxna-
wange, and hine faer gelogode, and him to cwteS:
"Ealra faera finga feon neorxna-wange sindon fu most
brucan, and hi ealle beoft f e betsehte, butan arium treowe
fe stent on middan neorxna-wange: ne hrepa fu faes
treowes waestm, forfan Se fu bist deadlic, gif Su faes
treowes waestm geetst." Hwi wolde God swa lytles
finges him forwyrnan, fe him swa miccle oSre fing be-
taehte? Gyse hu mihte Ad&m to-cnawan hwaet he
waere, buton he waere gehyrsum on sumum finge his
Hlaforde. Swylce God cwaede to him, " Nast f u na
f aet ic eom f in Hlaford, and f set f u eart min f eowa, buton
fu do faet ic ]e hate, and forg&ng faet ic fe forbeode.
Hwaet maeg hit f onne beon faet f u forg&n sceole : ic f e
secge ; forgang J u anes treowes waestm and mid f aere
ea&elican gehyrsumnysse fu geearnast heofenan rices
ro8 On the Beginning of Creation.
myrhSu and pone stede pe se deofol of-afeoll purh unge-
hyrsumnesse. Gif Su ponne Sis lytle beb6d tobrecst, pu
scealt deaSe sweltan." And fa waes Adam swa wis paet
God gelaedde to him nytenu, and deorcynn, and fugel-
cynn, SaSa he hi gesceapene haefde; and Adam him
callum naman gesceop; and swa swa he hi pagenamode
swa hi sindon gyt gehatene. pa cwaeS God, " Nis na
gedafenlic paet pes man ana beo, and naebbe naenne ful-
tum; ac uton gewyrcan him gemacan, him to fultumc
and to frofre." And God pa geswefode pone Adam,
and papa he slep, pa genam he &n rib of his sidan, and
geworhte of pam ribbe aenne wifman, and axode Adam
hu heo hat an sceolde. pa cwaeS Adam, u Heo is bam of
minum b&num, and flaesc of minum flaesce; beo hire
nama Virago, paet is faemne; forSan Se heo is of hire
were genu men." Da sette Adam eft hire oSerne naman,
-/Eva, paet is lif : forSan Se heo is ealra lybbendra modor.
Ealle gesceafta, heofonas and englas, sunnan and m6n-
an, steor.an and eorSan, ealle nytenu and fugelas, safe
and ealle flxas, and ealle gesceafta God gesceop and ge-
worhte on six dagum; and on pam seofoSan daege he
geendode his weorc, and geswac Sa and gehalgode pone
seofoSan daeg, forSan Se he on Sam daege his weorc ge-
endode. And he beheold pa ealle his weorc Se he ge-
worhte, and hi waeron ealle swiSe g6de. Ealle Sing he
geworhte buton aelcum antimbre. He cwaeS, " Ge-
weorSe leoht" and Saerrihte waes leoht geworden. He
cwaeS eft " GeweorSe heofen " and paerrihte waes heofen
geworht, swa swa he mid his wisdome and mid his wil-
lan hit gedihte. He cwaeS eft, and het Sa eorSan p<et
heo sceolde forSlaedan cuce nytenu; and he Sa gesceop
of paere eorSan eall nytencynn, and deorcynn, ealle Sa Se
on feower f6tum gaVS; ealswa eft of waetere he gesceop
flxas and fugelas, and sealde Sam fixum sund, and Sam
On the Beginning of Creation. 109
fugelum fliht; ac he ne sealde nanum nytene ne nanum
fisce nane sawle; ac heora blod is heora lif, and swa
hraSe swa hi beoS deade, swa beoS hi mid ealle geend-
ode. paSa he worhte Sone man Ad&m he ne cwaeS n&
44 GeweorSe man geworht " ac he cwaeS,. " Uton ge-
wyrcan mannan to ure anlicnysse " and he worhte Sa
J>one man mid his handum, and him on ableow sawle;
forSi is se man betera, gif he g6de getSihtS, ponne ealle
5a nytenu sindon; forSan tJe hi ealle gewurSaS to nahte,
and se man is ece on anum dale, ]>aet is on Saere sawle;
heo ne geendaS naefre. Se lichama is deadlic purh Ad-
ames gylt, ac Seah-hwaeSere God araerS eft Sone licha-
man to ecum Singum on d6mes daeg. Nu cwaedon ge-
dwolmen past deofol gesceope sume gesceafta, ac hi
leogaS ; ne maeg he n&ne gesceafta gescyppan, forSan Se
he nis na Scyppend, ac is atelic sceocca, and mid leas-
unge he wile beswican and ford6n pone unwaran ; ac he
ne maeg nsenne man to nanum leahtre geneadian, buton
se man his agenes willes to his lare gebuge. Swa hwaet
swa is ongesceaftum wiSerweardlic gepuht and mannum
derige, fast is eall for urum synnum and yfelum geearn-
ungum.
pa ongeat se deofol fait Adam and Eva waeron to Sy
gesceapene paet hi sceolon mid eadmodnysse and mid
gehyrsumnysse gearnian Sa wununge on heofenan rice
Be he of-afeoll for his up-ahefednysse, fa nam he micel-
ne graman and andan to fam mannum, and smeade hfi
he hi ford6n mihte. He com Sa on naeddran hiwe to
pam twam mannum, aerest to Sam wife, and hire to cwaeS,
u Hwi forbead God eow paes treowes waestm, Se stent
on middan neorxna-wange?" pa cwaeS paet wif, "God
us forbead paes treowes waestm, and cwaeS paet we sceold-
on deaSe sweltan, gif we his on-byrigdon." Da cwaeS
se deofol : " Nis hit na swa )m segst, ac God wat genoh
no On tee Beginning of Creation.
geare, gif ge of $am treowe geetaft, fonne beo8 eowere
cagan geopenode, and ge magon geseon and tocn&wan
aegfier ge g6d ge yfel, and ge beo$ englum gelice."
Nasron hi blinde gesceapcne, ac God hi gesceop swa
bilewite pact hi ne cuSon nan Sing yfeles, naiSor ne on
gesihSe, ne on spraece, ne on weorce. Weaii$ peah met
wif Sa forspanen Jmrh fcaes deofles lare, and genam of
Saes treowes wasstme and geset, and sealde hire were,
and he geset. Da wieron hi butu deadlice, and cufton
aegfler ge god ge yfel; and hi wieron t$a nacode, and
him fcaes sceamode. pa com God and axode hwi he his
bebod tobraece? and adraefde hi butu of neorxna-wange,
and cwaefi, " ForSan $e fcu waere gehyrsum ftines wifes
wordum, and min bebod forsawe, pu scealt mid earfotS-
nyssum J>e metes tilian, and seo eorSe fe is awyriged
on )>inum weorce, sylft )>e Somas and bremblas. pu
eart of eorSan genumen, and J>u awenst to eorSan. pu
eart dust, and $u awentst to duste." God him worhte
fa reaf of fellum, and hi wajron mid fam fellum ge-
scrydde.
Da deadan fell getaxnodon J>aet hi wteron $a deadlice
pe mihton beon undeadlice, gif hi heoldon paet eafcelice
Godes bebod. Ne porfte Adam ne eal mancynn J?e him
sifrSan of-acom nsefre dea&es onbyrian, gif fast treow
moste stand an ungehrepod, and his n&n man ne onbyr-
igde; ac sceolde Adam and his ofspring tyman on aset-
tan tyman swa swa nu d6$ claene nytenu, and sifrSan
ealle buton deafle faran to Sam ecan life. Naes him ge-
sceapen from Gode, ne he naes genedd paet he sceolde
Godes bebod tobrecan; ac God hine \6t frigne, and
sealde him agenne eyre, swa hewaere gehyrsum, swa he
waere ungehyrsum. He wearfc ]>a deofle gehyrsum, and
Gode ungehyrsum, and wearS betaeht, he and eal man-
cynn, aefter fcisum life, into helle-wite, mid J>am deofle
On the Beginning of Creation. hi
hine forlaerde. pa wiste God hwaeSere faet he waes
rlaered, and smeade hu he mihte his and ealles man-
nnes eft gemiltsian.
On twam fingum haefde God faes mannes sawie ge-
>dod; faet is mid undeadlicnysse, and mid gesaelSe. pa
irh deofles swicdom and Adamcs gylt we forluron fa
ssaelfie ure sawle, ac we ne forluron n& fa undeadlic-
fsse; heo isece, and naefre ne geendaS, feah se lichama
sendige, f e sceal eft furh Godes mihte arisan to ecere
ununge. Adam fa waes wunigende on fisum life mid
eswince, and he and his wif t$a beam gestryndon aegfc-
' ge suna ge dohtra; and he leofode nigon hund geara
id frittig geara, and stiftan swealt, swa swa him aer be-
aten waes, for fam gy lte; and his sawul gewende to
elle.
Weland him be wurman wraeces cunnade
Anhydig eorl earfofa dreag,
Haefde him to gesiffe sorge and longaS,
Winter-cealde wraece, wean oft onfond,
Si$San hine Nifchad on nede legde,
Swoncre seono-bende, onsyllan mon.
Daes ofereode; pisses swa maeg.
We geascodan Eormanrices
Wylfenne gefoht; ahte wide folc
Gotena rices; faet waes grim cyning.
Saet secg monig sorgum gebunden,
Wean on wenan wyscte geneal^he,
paet pacs cyne-rices ofercumen waere.
Daes ofereode; pisses swa maeg.
ASSUMPTION OF ST. JOHN, THE APOSTLE.
FROM jELFRIC'S HOMILY VI. EAL. JAN.
[A D. 1000.]
Iohannes se Godspellere, Cristes dyrling, wearS on
Sysum daege to heofenan rices myrhSe, purh Godes neos-
unge, genumen. He waes Cristes moddrian sunu, and
he hine lufode synderlice. Witodlice Sisum leofan leorn-
ing-cnihte befaeste se Haelend his modor, papa he on rode
hengene mancynn alysde; past his claene lif Saes claenes
masdenes Marian gymde, and heo Sa on hyre swyster
suna Senungum wunod e.
Eft on fyrste, aefter Cristes upstige to heofonum, rixode
sum waelhreow casere on Romana rice, aefter Nerone, se
was Domicianus gehaten, cristenra manna ehtere: se
het afyllan ane cyfe mid weallendum ele, and pone maer-
an godspellere paeron het bescufan; ac he, Surh Godes
gescyldnysse, ungewemmed of Sam hatum baefte eode.
Eft SaSa se waelhreowa ne mihte Saes eadigan apostoles
bodunge alecgan, pa asende he hine on wraecsiS to anum
igoSe pe is Paftmas geciged, paet he Soer purh hungres
scearpnysse acwaele. Ac se ./Elmihtiga Haelend ne for-
le"t to gy meleaste his gelufedan apostol, ac geswutelode
him on Sam wraecsifte pa toweardan onwrigenysse, be
Saere he awrat $a b6c Se is gehaten Apocalipsis: and se
waelhreowa Domicianus on pam ylcan geare wearS
acweald aet his witena handum; and hi ealle anmodlice
raeddon paet ealle his gesetnyssa aydlode waeron. pa
wearS Nerva, swiSe arfaest man, to casere gecoren. Be
his geSafunge gecyrde se apostol ongean mid micclum
wurSmynte, seSe mid hospe to wraecsiSe asend waes.
Assumption of St. John, the Apostle, jij
Him urnon ongean weras and wif faegnigende and
cweSende " Gebletsod is seSe com on Godes nam an."
Mid fam Se se apostol Iohannes stop into Saere by rig
Ephesum, f aer baer man him togeanes anre wydewan lie
to byrigenne; hire nama waes Drusiana. Heo woes
swiSe gelyfed and aslmesgeorn, and fa Searfan, Se heo
mid cystigum mode eallunga afedde, dreorige mid w6pe
t5am lice folgodon. Da het se apostol Sa baere settan, and
cwsetS, " Min Drihten, Haelend Crist! Araere tSe, Drusi-
ana; aris, and gecyrr ham, and gearca us gereordunge
on finum huse." Drusiana fa ar&s swilce of slaepe
awreht, and, carfull be Saes apostoles hasse, ham ge-
wende.
On Sam oSrum dsege eode se apostol be faere straet, fa
ofseah he hwsfer sum uSwita laedde twegen gebroSru, fe
haefdon behwyrfed eall heora yldrena gestreon on deor-
wurSum gymstanum, and woldon Sa tocwysan on ealles
faes folces gesihSe, to wajfersyne, swylce to forsewen-
nysse woruldlicra sehta. Hit waes gewunelic on Sam
timan fast Sa Se woldon woruld- wisdom gecneordlice
leornian, faet hi behwyrfdon heora are on gymstanum,
and Sa tobraecon; oSSeon sumum gyldenum wecge, and
Sone on sas awurpan ; f e-laes Se seo smeaung f aera aehta hi
aet faere lare hremde. pa clypode se apostol Sone uS-
witan Graton him to, and cwaeS, " Dyslic biS faet hwa
woruldlice speda forhogige for manna herunge, and
beo on Godes dome geniSerod. Ydel biS se laecedom
fe ne maeg Sone untruman gehaelan; swa biS eac ydel
seo l&r Se ne gehaelS Saere savyle leahtras and unSeawas.
SoSlice min lareow, Crist, sumne cniht Se gewilnode
faes ecan lifes fysum wordum laerde, faet he sceolde ealle
his welan beceapian, and fast wurS Searfum daelan, gif
he wolde fulfremed beon,and he sySSan haefde his gold-
hord on heofenum, and Saer to-eacan faet ece lif."
i
ii4 Assumption of St. John, tee Apostle.
Graton fa, se uSwita, him andwyrde, fas gymstanas synd
to-cwysede for ydelum gylpe, ac gif Sin lareow is sotS
God, gefeg Sas bricas to ansundnysse, faet heora wurS
masge fearfum fremian." Iohannes fa gegaderode Saera
gymstana bricas, and beseah to heofonum, f us cweSende,
" Drihten, Hailend, nis Se nan Sing earfoSe; fu ge-ed-
staSelodest Sisne tobrocenan middangeard on finum ge-
leafFullum, furh t&cen faere halgan rode; ge-edstaSela nu
fas deorwurSan gymstanas, Surh Sinra engla handa, faet
Sas nytenan menn fine mihta oncnawon, and on fe ge-
lyfon." Hwaet, Sa faerlice wurdon Sa gymstanas swa
ansunde, feet furSon nan taxen f aere acrran tocwysednysse
naes gesewen. pa se uSwita Graton samod mid fam
cnihtum feoll to Iohannes fotum, gelyfende on God.
Se apostol hine fullode mid eallum his hirede, and he
ongann Godes geleafan openlice bodian. pa twegen
gebroSra, Atticus and Eugenius, sealdon heora gym-
stanas, and ealle heora aehta daeldon waedlum, and filig-
don fam apostole, and micel menigu geleaffulra him eac
to geSeodde.
pa becom se apostol cet sumum saele to faere byrig
Pergamum, faer Sa foresaedan cnihtas iu aer eardodon,
and gesawon heora Seowan mid godewebbe gefreate-
wode, and on woruldlicum wuldre scinende. Da wurd-
on hi mid deofles flan furhscotene, and dreorige on
mode, faet hi waedligende on &num waclicum waefelse
ferdon, and heora Seowan on woruldlicum wuldre scin-
ende wseron. pa undergeat se apostol Sas deoflican facn,
and cwaeS, " Ic geseo fast epwer m6d is awend, and eower
andwlita, forSan Se ge eowre speda fearfum daeldon, and
mines Drihtnes lare fyligdon: gaS nu forSi towuda,and
heawaS incre byrSene gyrda, and gebringaS to me."
Hi dydon be his haese, and he on Godes naman Sa gren-
an gyrda gebletsode, and hi wurdon to readum golde
Assumption of St. John> the Apostle, ijj
awende. Eft cwaeS se apostol Iohannes, " Ga8 to fc«e re
saVstrande, and feccaft me papolstanas." Hi dydon swa;
and Iohannes pa on Godes maegenfirymme hi geblet-
sode, and hi wurdon gehwyrfede to deorwurfcum gym-
mum, pa cwaeS se apostol, " Gafc to smifctSan, and fand-
iaS pises goldes and fcissera gymstana." Hi $a eodon,
and eft coraon, pus cweftende, " Ealle $as goldsmiSas
secgaS paet hi niefre ar swa claene gold, ne swa read, ne
gesawon : eac fcas gy m-wyrhtan secgaS part hi naefrc swa
deorwurSe gymstanas ne gemetton." pa cwaefi se apos-
tol him to, u NimaS pis gold, and $as gymstanas, and
farafi, and bicgaS eow land-are ; forftan pe ge forluron 6a
heofenlican sped a. Bicgafc eow paellene cyrtlas, paet ge
to lytelre hwile scinon swa swa r6se, paet ge hraedlice
forweornion. BeoS blowende and welige hwilendlice,
paet ge ecelice waedlion. Hwaet la, ne maeg se yElmihti-
ga Wealdend purhteon paet he do his fieowan rice for
worulde, genihtsume on welan, and unwiSmetenlice
scinan? Ac he sette gecamp geleaffullum sawlum, paet
hi gelyfon to geagenne pa ecan welan, 6a $e for his
naman pa hwilwendan speda forh6gia$. Ge gehaeldon
untruman on paes Haelendes naman, ge afligdon deoflu,
ge forgeafon blindum gesihfte, and gehwilce uncofte ge-
haeldon; erne nu is fceos gifu eow aetbroden, and ge sind
earmingas gewordene, ge $e waeron maere and strange.
Swa micel ege stod deoflum fram eow, past hi be eowere
hiese pa ofsettan deofolseocan forleton; nu ge ondraedafc
eow deoflu. pa heofenlican aehta sind us eallum ge-
maene. Nacode we waeron acennede, and nacode we
gewitaS. paere sun nan beorhtnys, and pass monan leoht,
and ealra tungla sind gemaene pam rican and $am heanan.
R6n-scuras, and cyrcan duru, fulluht, and synna forgyf-
cnys, huselgang, and Godes neosung, sind eallum ge-
maene, earmum and eadigum: ac se ungesaeliga gytsere
ii 6 Assumption of St. John, the Apostle.
wile mare habban fonne him genihtsumafc, fonne he
furSon orsorh ne bridS his genihtsumnysse. Se gytsere
haeffc aenne lichaman, and menigfealde scrud; he haeffc
ane wambe, and fusend manna bigleofan: witodlice
faet he for gytsunge uncyste nanum oflrum syllan ne
maeg, faet he hordafc, and nat hwam; swa swa se witega
cwaefc. 4 On idel bifc aelc man gedrefed se$e hordaS, and
nat hwam he hit gegaderafc.' Witodlice ne bi$ he faera
aehta hlaford, fonne he hi daelan ne maeg; ac he bi$
faera aehta fceowa, fonne he him eallunga feowafc: and
f aer to-eacan him weaxafc untrumnyssa on his lichaman,
fast he ne maeg setes otStSe wastes brucan. He caraft
daeges and nihtes faet his feoh gehealden sy; he gymfc
graedelic his teolunge, his gafoles, his gebytlu; he be-
rypS fa w&nnspedigan, he fulgaeS his lustum and his
plegan; fonne faerlice gewitt he of fcissere worulde, na-
cod and forscyldigod, synna ana mid him ferigende;
forSan fe he sceal 6ce wite fcrowian."
Efne SaSa se apostol fas lare sprecende waes, tJa baer
sum wuduwe hire suna lie to bebyrgenne. Seo dreorige
modor fa samod mid fam licmannum rarigende hi
astrehte aet f aes halgan apostoles fotum, biddende fast he
hire sunu on Godes naman araerde, swa swa he dyde fa
wydewan Drusianam. Iohannes fa of-hreow f aere meder
and fcaera licmanna dreorignysse, and astrehte his licha-
man to eorftan on langsumum gebede, and $a set nextan
aras, and eft up-ahafenum handum langlice baed. paSa
he fcus fcriwa ged6n haefde, "6a het he unwind an faes
cnihtes lie, and cwaeS : " Eala Su cniht, f u ne cuSest
ftinne Scyppend; fu ne cufiest manna Haelend; fu ne
cutest ftone soSan freond ; and forSi f u beurne on f one
wyrstan feond. Nu ic ageat mine tearas, and for fcinre
nytennysse geornlice baed, fast fu of deafce arise, and
fisum twam gebroftrum, Attico and Eugenio, cytte hu
Assumption of St. John, the Apostle. 117
micel wuldor hi forluron, and hwilc wite hi geeaniodon."
Mid Sam fa aras se cniht Stacteus, and fcoll to lohanncs
fotum, and begann to Sreagenne pa gebroftru ))e mis-
wende waferon, fus cweSende, " Ic geseah fa cnglas fe
eower gy mdon, dreorige wepan and Sa awyrigcdan
sceoccan blissigende on eowerum forwyrde. liow vvaes
heofenan rice gearo, and scinende gebytlu mid wistum
afyllede, and mid ecum leohte*: fa ge forluron furh un-
waerscipe, and ge begeaton eow Seosterfulle wununga
mid dracum afyllede, and mid brastligendum ligum, mid
unasecgendlicum witum afyllede, and mid anSraecum
stencum; on Sam ne ablinS granung and foterung daeges
o$Se nihtes: biddaS forSi mid inweardre heortan Sysne
Godes apostol, eowerne lareow, faet he eow fram Sam
ecum forwyrde araere, swa swa he me fram deaSe
araerde; and he eowre sawla, fe nu synd adylegode of
faere liflican Wc, gelaede eft to Godes gife and miltsunge."
Se cniht fa Stacteus, Se of deaSe aras, samod mid fam
gebroSrum, astrehte hine to lohanncs f6t-swaSum, and
fat folc forS mid ealle, anmodlice biddende fact he him
to Gode gefingode. Se apostol fa bebead Sam twam
gebroSrum faet hi Sri tig daga be hreowsunge daedbet-
ende Gode geofFrodon, and on fasce geornlice baedon,
fast Sa gyldenan gyrda eft to fan aerran gecynde awend-
on, and fa gymstanas to heora wacnysse. ^Efter Sritigra
daga faece, f afa hi ne mihton mid heora benum faet gold
and fa gymstanas to heora gecynde awendan, Sa comon
hi mid wope to fam apostole, fus cweSende, " Symle fu
taehtest mildheortnysse, and faet man oSrum miltsode; and
gif man oSrum miltsaS, hu micele swiSor wile God milt-
sian and arian mannum his handgeweorce! paet faet we
mid gitsigendum eagum agylton, faet we nu mid wep-
endum eagum behreowsiaS." Da andwyrde se apostol,
"BeraS Sa gyrda to wuda, and fa stanas to sae-strande:
u8 Assumption of St. John, the Apostle.
hi synd gecyrrede to heora gecynde." papa hi pis gedon
haefdon, "8a underfengon hi eft Godes gife, swa paet hi
adraefdon deoflu, and blinde and untrume gehaeldon, and
fela tacna on Drihtnes naman gefremedon, swa swa hi
aer dydon.
papa se apostol waes nigon and hund-nigontig geara,
pa aeteowode him Drihten Crist mid pam oSrum apostol-
urn, pe he of Sisum life genumen haefde, and cwaeS " Io-
hannes, cum to me; timais paet pu mid Sinum gebroSrum
wistfullige on minum gebeorscipe." Iohannes pa ar&s,
and eode wiS paes Haelendes; ac he him to cwaeS. "Nu
on sunnan-daeg, mines aeristes daege, pu cymst to me;"
and aefter pam worde Drihten gewende to heofenum.
Se apostol micclum blissode on 8am beh&te, and on pam
sunnan-uhtan aerwacol to Saere cyrcan com, and pam
folce, fram hancrede 08 undern, Godes gerihta laerde,
and him msessan gesang, and cwaeS paet se Haelend hine
on pam daege to heofonum gelaSod haefde. Het Sa d elf an
his byrgene wiS paet weofod, and paet greot utawegan.
And he eode cucu and gesund into his byrgene, and
astrehtum handum to Gode clypode, " Drihten Crist, ic
pancige Se paet pu me gelaSodest to pinum wistum: pu
w&st paet ic mid ealre heortan pe gewilnode. Oft ic Se
baed paet ic moste to Se faran, ac Su cwaede paet ic anbid-
ode, paet ic Se mare folc gestrynde. pu heolde minne
lichaman wiS aelce besmittennysse, and pu simle mine
sawle onlihtest, and me nahwar ne forlete. pu settest
on minum muSe Shire soSfaestnysse word, and ic aw rat
8a lare t5e ic of 8inum muSe gehyrde, and Sa wundra tSe
ic Se wyrcan geseah. Nu ic "Se betaece, Drihten ! pine
beam, 8a Se pin gela8ung, maeden and modor, purh waiter
and purh pone Halgan Gast, Se gestrynde. Onfoh me
to minum gebroSrum mid 8am Se Su come, and me ge-
laSodest. Geopena ongean me lifes geat, paet Saera
Assumption of St. John, the Apostle. 119
fceostra ealdras me ne gemeton. pu cs. rt Crist, fiaes lifi-
gendan Godes Sunu, Jni fe be Sines Faeder haese mid-
dangeard gehaeldest, and us fcone Halgan Gast asendest.
pe we heriaft, and panciaS pinra menigfealdra g6da geond
ungeendode worulde. Amen."
-/Efter dysum gebede acteowode heofenlic leoht bufon
5am apostole, binnon Caere byrgene, ane tid swa beorht
scinende, paet nanes mannes gesihS faes leohtcs leoman
sceawian ne mihte; and he mid ]?am leohte his gast
ageaf J>am Drihtne pe hine to his rice gelatfode. He
gewat swa freoh fram deaSes sarnysse of fcisum and-
weardan life, swa swa he waes aslfremed fram licham-
licere gewemmednysse. S6$lice syfrSan waes his byrgen
gemet mid mannan afylled. Manua waes gehaten se
heofenlica mete, J>e feowertig geara afedde Israhela folc
on westene. Nu waes se bigleofa gemett on lohannes
byrgene and nan Sing elles; and se mete is weaxende
on hire oft fcisne andweardan daeg. paer beofl fela tacna
seteowode and untrume gehaelde, and fram callum freccd-
nyssum alysede, purh fcaes apostoles fcingunge. paes him
getrbaS Drihten Crist, J?am is wuldor and wurSmynt
mid Faeder and Halgum Gaste & butan ende. Amen.
Is hwaefcere aefter gecynde on gesceapennysse aelc
lichamlice gesceafl "Be eorSe acenft fulre and maegen-
faestre on fullum monan ]?onne on gewanedum. Swa
eac treowa, gif hi beo$ on fullum monan geheawene,
hi beo$ heardran and lang-faerran to getimbrunge, and
switSost, gif hi beoS unsaepige geworhte. Nis Sis nan
wlglung, ac is gecyndelic Sing Jmrh gesceapennysse.
FROM ALFRED'S METRES OF BOETHIUS.
[A.D.887?]
Procemium. — Alfred cyning waes wealstod Jrisse oec
and hie of b6oledene on Englisce wende, sw& hio nu
is ged6n. Hwilum he sette word be worde, hwilum
andgit of andgite, sw& sw& he hit swe6tolost, and and-
gitfullfcost gereccan mihte for J>aem mistlfcum and man-
igfealdum weoruld-bisgum, J>e hine oft aegfcer ge on mode
ge on lichoman bisgodon. pa bisgu us sind swffce ear-
foS-rime )>e on his dagum on pa rlcu bec6mon pe he un-
der-fangen haefde; and feah \>& he p&s b6c haefde ge-
leornode and of Lasdene to Engliscum spelle gewende,
\>k geworhte he hf efter to le6Se, swa sw& heo nu ged6n
is. And nu bit and for Godes naman halsaft selcne para
fe J>&s b6c raedan lyste, fast he for hine gebidde, and him
ne wite gif he hit rihtlicor ongite J?onne he mihte; for
pam |>e, aalc mon sceal be his andgites maefle and be his
aemettan sprecan fast he sprecft, and d6n paet he d^tS.
I, i. Da liotS pe ic wrecca geo lustbaerlice song, ic sceal
nu heofiende singan, and mid swffte ungeradum wordum
gesettan. peah ic geo hwilum gecoplice funde, ac ic nu
wepende and gisciende of geradra worda misfo. Me
ablendan fas ungetreowan woruld-saelpa, and me p& for-
letan sw& blindne on pis dimme hoi! D& bereafodon
aelcere lustbaernesse p& $& ic him aefre betst truwode; ]>&
wendon hi me heora base to, and me mid ealle fromge-
witan! To hwon sceoldan mine friend secgan paet ic
gesaelig mon wsere ? Hu maeg se be6n gesaelig se fce on
pam gesaetfSum purhwunian ne mot?
From Alfred's Metres of Boethius. 121
Hwaet ic liofta fela lustllce geo
Sang on saelum, nu sceal siofigende,
W6pe gewaeged, wreccea giomor,
Singan s&r-cwidas. Me pios siccetung hafatt,
5 Agaeled pes geocsa, paet ic pa ged ne maeg
Gefegean sw& faegre, peah ic fela gio p&
Sette s6$-cwida ponne ic on saelum waes.
Oft ic nu miscyrre cu$e spraece,
And peah uncuSre aer hwilum fond;
10 Me p&s woruld-saelpa wel hwaer blindne
On pis dimme hoi dysigne forlaeddon,
And me p& berypton raedes and frofre,
For heora untreowum pe ic him aefre betst
Truwian sceolde ; hi me towendon
15 Heora bacu bitere and heora blisse from.
Forhwam wolde ge, woruld-frynd mine,
Secgan o$8e singan paet ic gesaelig mon
Waere on worulde? ne synt pa word s6$
Nu pa gesaelpa ne magon simle gewunigan.
II, 3. Da ongan se Wisdom singan and giddode pus:
Donne se6 sunne on h&drum heofone beorhtost scfneft,
ponne aSeostriaS ealle steorran, for pam pe heora beorht-
nes ne be6S nan beorhtnes for hire. Donne smylte
blaYweS sufcan-westan wind, ponne weaxafi swifte hra$e
feldes blosman; ac ponne se stearca wind cymft norfcan-
e&stan, ponne to-weorpS he swiSe hrafte paere rosan wlite.
Swat oft pone t6 smylton sac pses noiiSan windes yst on-
styrefc. Eala paet nam wuht nis faeste-standendes weorcos
& wuniende on worulde!
Da se Wisdom eft word-hord onleac,
Sang sofl-cwidas, and pus selfa cwaefc:
Donne se6 sunne sweotolost sclneS
Hadrost of heofone, hraefce be6$ afcistrod
*22 From Alfred's Metres of Boethius.
5 Ealle ofer eorfcan o$re steorran,
Forf am heora birhtu ne biS auht birhtnesse
To gesetanne wii5 f asre sunnan leoht.
Donne smolte blsewft suSan and westan
Wind under wolcnum, f onne weaxafc hrafte
10 Feldes blostman, faegen f aet hi m6ton.
Ac se stearca storm, fonne he strong cym$
Norman and e&stan, he genimeS hrafce
paere rosan wlite. And eac fa ruman sae
NorSerne yst, nede gebsedefc
15 paet heo strange geond styreS, on sta<5u beatefi.
Eala fast on eorSan auht faestlices
Weorces on worulde ne wunafc aefre!
II, 5. D4 se6 Gesceadwfsnes fca J>is spell asaed haefde,
fa ongan heo singan and fus cwaeft: Eala hu gesaelig
se6 forme eld was fises middangeardes, fa aelcum men
fuhte genoh on f aare eorflan waestmun. Naeron fa we-
lige hamas, ne mistlice swotmettas ne drincas; ne deor-
wyrfta hraeglahi ne girndan, forf am hi f4 git naeron, ne
hio nanwuht ne gesawon, ne ne geherdon. Ne gy mdon
hie nanes fyrenlustes, buton swi$e gemetlfce fa gecynd
beeodon. Ealne weg hi aeton aene on daeg, and fast waes
to aefennes. Tre6wa waestmas hi aeton and wyrta ; nalles
scir win hi ne druncon, ne n&nne waatan hi ne cirSon wift
hunige mengan, ne seolocenra hnegla mid mistlicum
bleowum hi ne gymdon. Ealne weg hi slepon ute on
tre6wa sceadum. Hluterra wella waeter hi druncon.
Ne geseab n&n cepa ealand, ne weroft, ne geherde nan
man fa get n&nne sciphere, ne furSon ymbe nan gefeoht
sprecan. Ne se6 eorSe fa get besmiten mid ofslegenes
mannes blode, ne man furSon gewundod; ne man ne
geseah fa get yfel willende men; nacnne weorSscipe
naefdon, ne hi nan man ne lufode. Eala fast ure tlda nu
From Alfred's Metres of Boethius. 123
\ mihtan weorfcan swilce! Ac nu manna gitsung is
/k byrnende sw& fast fyr on f aere helle, se6 is on f am
unte fe ./Etna hatte, on fam igland fe Sicilia hatte.
e munt bi$ simle swefle byrnende, and ealla fa neah
owa far ymbutan forbaernft. Eala hwaet se forma git-
re wsere, fe aerest fa eorftan ongan delfan aefter golde
id aefter gimmum, and fa frecnan de6rwur$nessa funde
asr behyd waes, and behelod mid faere eorSan!
S6na sw& se Wisdom f&s word haefde
Swetole areahte he f& siftftan ongan
Singan s6$-cwidas and fus selfa cwasfc:
Hwaet se6 forme eld fold-buendum
Geond eorftan sceat aeghwam dohte
p& f& anra gehwaem on eorS-waestmum
Genoh fuhte! Nis hit nu fa swelc.
Naeron fa geond weorulde welige h&mas,
Ne mislice mettas ne drincas,
► Ne hi fara hraegla huru ne gymdon,
pe nu driht-guman de6rost laetaft;
Forf am heora naenig naes fa gieta,
Ne hi ne gesawon sund-buende,
Ne ymbutan hi awer ne herdon.
Hwaet hi firenlusta frece ne waeron,
Buton sw& hi meahton gemetlfcost
pa gecynd began fe him Crist gesceop,
And hi aene on daege aeton symle
On aefen-tid eorSan-waestmas,
> Wudes and wyrta; nalles win druncon
Scir of steape. Nas fa scealca n&n,
pe mete ofctte drinc maengan cu$e
Waeter wi8 hunige; ne heora waeda fon m&
Sioloce siowian, ne hi siaro-craeftum
; Godweb giredon; ne hi gimreced
Setton searolice: ac hi simle him
124 From Alfred's Metres of Boethius.
Eallum tidum ute slepon
Under beam-sceade, druncon burnan waeter
Calde wellan. Naenig cepa ne seah
30 Ofer ear-geblond ellendne wearod;
Ne hum ymbe scip-hergas sae-tilcas ne herdon,
Ne furfcum fira n&n ymbe gefeoht sprecan.
Nses }>e6s eorBe besmiten awer J>& geta
Beornes blode, ne hi ne bil rude,
35 Ne furBum wundne wer weoruld-buende
Gesawan under sunnan. Naanig si$5an vraes
WeorB on weorulde gif man his willan begeat
Yfelne mid eldum, he waes seghwaem \&&.
Eala paat hit wurde, o$$e wolde God
40 paet on eorSan nu, ussa tfda,
Geond fas wfdan weoruld warren aeghwaer
Swelce under sunnan! Ac hit is saemre nu,
paet )>eos gitsung hafaS gumena gehwelces
M6d am erred, j?aet he maran ne recfc,
45 Ac hit on witte weallende byrnfc;
Efne se6 gitsung, J>e naenne grund hafaft,
Swearte swaafeft sumes onlice
Efne pam munte J>e nu manna beam
Etne hatafc, se on iglonde
50 Sicilia swefle byrne$,
past man helle fyr hatefc wide,
Forfaem hit simle bi8 sin-byrnende;
And ymbutan hit o$ra stowa
Blate forbsernft, biteran lege.
55 Eala, hwaet se forma feoh-gitsere
Wsere on worulde se ]tks wong-stedas
Gr6f sefler golde and aefter gim-cynnum;
Hwast he frecnu gestreon funde maenegum
Bewrigen on weorulde, waetere offie eoiiSaa.
From Alfred's Metres of Boetuius. i2j
II, 7. Sw& hwk sw& wilnige to habbenne fone idelan
nlisan and fone unnyttan gilp, behealde he on feower-
healfe his h6 widgille faes heofones hwealfa bi$, and hu
nearwa fsere eorSan stede is, feah heo us rfim fince:
fonne maeg hine scamian faere braedinge his hlisan, for
J>am he hine ne maeg furBum tobraedan ofer fa near wan
eorSan &ne. Eala, ofer-m6dan, hwi ge wilnigen fast ge
underlutan mid eowrum swiran faet deatflicne geoc?
ofifte hwi ge se6n on sw& idelan geswince, faet ge wold-
on eowerne hlisan tobrajdan ofer sw& manega feoda?
peah hit nu gebyrige faet fa utemestan feoda eowerne
nam an upahebban, and on manig feodisc eow herigen,
and feah hwfi, wexe mid micelre aefcelcundnesse his ge-
byrda, and feo on eallum welum and on eallum wlenc-
um, ne se deafl feah swelces ne red5. Ac he forsiehfi fa
aeftelo, and fone rican gelice and fone heanan ofswelgfi,
and sw4 geemnet fa rican and fa heanan. Hwaet sint
nu f aes foremaeran and f aes wisan goldsmittes b&n We-
londes? For fy ic cwaefc faes wfsan, for fy fam craefteg-
an ne maeg nsefre his crseft I6sigan, ne hine man ne maeg
fonne eft on him geniman fe man maeg fa sunnan
awendan of hire stede. Hwaer sint nu faes Welondes
b&n? oSSe hw& wat nu hwaer hi woeron? OSSe hwaer is
nu se foremaera and se araeda Romewara heretoga, se
waes hatan Brutus, o$re naman Cassius? ofrSe se wfsa
and faestraeda Cato, se waes eac Romana heretoga; se
waes openlice ufiwita. Hu ne waeran f&s gefyrn forgge-
witene, and nan man nat hwaer hi nu sint! Hwaet is
heora nu to l&fe, butan se lytla hlisa and se nama mid
feaum stafum awriten! And faet git wyrse is f aet we
witon manige foremaere and gemynd-wyiiSe weras forft-
gewitene fe swifte feawa manna & ongit. Ac manige
licgatS deade mid ealle forgitene, faet se hlisa hie furSum
cufce ne gedSS. peah ge nu wenen and wilnian faet ge
126 From Alfreds Metres of Boethius.
lange libban scylan her on worulde, hwaet bi8 eow ponne
py bet ? Hu ne cymtS se dea£, peah pe he late cume, and
ad£$ eow of pisse worulde? And hwaet forstent eow
ponne se gilp? huru pam pe se »fterra de&$ gegripfc and
on ecuesse gehaeft?
Gif nu haelefca hwone hlisan lyste,
Unnytne gelp &gan wille,
ponne ic hine wolde wordum biddan
paet he hine aeghwonon utan ymbe-pohte
5 Sweotole ymb-sawe su$, e£st and west,
Hu widgil sind wolcnum ymbutan
Heofones hwealfe. Hige-snotrum
Maeg eafce pincan fact )>e6s eorfle sie
Eall for paet ofter iingemet lytel,
10 peah heo unwisum wfdgel pince
On stede stronglic steorleasum men.
peah maeg pone wisan on gewit-locan
psere gitsunge gelpes scamian
ponne hine paes hlisan heard ost lysteft;
15 And he peah ne maeg pone tobredan
Ofer p&s nearowan nsenige pinga
EorSan-sceatas; is paet unnet gelp.
Eala, oferm6dan, hwi cow & lyste
Mid eowrum swiran, selfra willum,
20 paet swaere geoc symle underlutan?
Hwy ge ymb paet unnet ealnig swincen,
paet ge pone hlisan habban tiliaft,
Ofer pioda ma; ponne eow pearf sie?
peah eow nu gesaele paet eow suft o$$e nortS
25 pa ytmestan eorS-buende
On manig peodisc miclum herien,
Deah hw& aeSele sie eorl-gebyrdum
Welum geweorSad and on wlencum peo
DuguSum deore, de&8 paes ne scrifefc
From Alfred's Metres of Boethws. 127
go ponne him rum forlset rodora waldend ;
Ac he pone weligan wsedlum gelice
Efn maerne gede*8 selces pinges.
Hwaer sind nu paes wisan Welandes b&n,
paes gold-smi8es fe waes geo maerost?
35 Forpy ic cwaefc paes wisan Welandes b&n,
Forpy aengum ne maeg eorS-buendra
Se craeft losian pe him Crist onlaenfc.
Ne maeg man sefre py e$ aenne wraeccan
His craeftes beniman pe man oncerran maeg
40 Sunnan on swifan, and )>isne swiftan rodor
Of his riht-ryne rinca aenig.
Hwi wat nu paes wisan Welandes ban,
On hwelcum hi hlaewa hrusan peccen?
Hwaer is nu se wisa Romana wita
45 And se aroda pe we ymb sprecaft,
Heora heretoga se geh&ten waes
Mid paem burhwarum Brutus nemned?
Hwaer is eac se wisa and se weorS-georna
And se faest-raeda folces hyrde,
50 Se waes ufiwita aelces pinges
C£ne and cneftig, paem waes Caton nama?
Hi waeron gefyrn foiiS-gewitene ;
Nat naenig man hwaer hi nu 6indon.
Hwaet is heora here buton se hlisa an,
55 Se is eac to lytel swelcra lariowa,
Forpaem \k mago-rincas maran wyrSe
Waeron on worulde. Ac hit is wyrse nu
pat geond pas eorftan aeghwaer sindon
Heora gelican hwon ymb-spraece,
60 Sume openlice ealle forgitene
paet hi se hlisa hiw-cu$e ne maeg
Fore-maere weras fori* gebrengan.
Bean ge nu wenen and wilnigen
?2& From Alfred's Metres of Boethius.
pset ge lange tld libban moten,
65 Hwaet eow aefre fy bet be6 o$8e fince,
Forpaem )>e n&ne forlet peah hit lang fince
Dea$ after dogor-rime, )>onne he haeft Drihtnes
Hwaet ponne haebbe haeleSa aenig [leafe?
Guma aet paem gilpe, gif hine gegripan mot
70 Se eca de&8, aefter J>isum worulde?
Ill, 5. De J>e wille fullfce an weald &gan, he sceal tilian
aerest paet he haebbe an weald his &genes m6des, and ne
sie to ungerisenlice underpeod his unfteawum, and ado
of his m6de ungerisenlice ymbhogan, forlaete |>a seof-
unga his eormfca. Deah he nu rfesige ofer ealne mid-
dangeard, from easteweardum 08 westeweardne, from
Indeum, paet is se sufteast ende pisses middaneardes,
08 paet iland pe we hataft Thyle, paet is on pam norSwest
ende pisses middaneardes, paer ne bi$ nawfcer ne on sum-
era niht, ne on wintra daeg; peah he nu pass ealles
wealde, naeffc he no pe m&ran anweald, gif he his inge-
Sances anweald naeffc, and gif he hine ne warenafc wiC pa
unfceawas pe we aer ymbsprecon.
Se pe wille anwald &gan ponne sceal he aerest tilian
paet he his selfes on sefan 4ge
Anwald innan, py laes he aefre sie
His un$eawum eall underpyded;
5 Ado of his m6de mislicra fela
para ymbhogona pe him unnet sie;
Laete sume hwile seofunga
And ermSa pinra. Deah him eall sie
pes middangeard sw& sw& mere-streamas
10 Utan belicgaS on aeht gifen,
Efne sw& wide sw& sw4 westmest nu
An igland lig$, ut on garsecg
paer naengu bifl niht on sumera,
From. Alfred's Metres of Boethius. ug
Ne wuhte pon mk on wintra daeg,
15 Toteled tfdum, paet is Tile haten;
peah nu &nra hwa ealles wealde
pies iglandes and eac |K>nan
Ofc Indeas eastewearde,
peali he nu paet eall agan m6te,
20 Hwy bits his anwald auhte py mara,
Gif he sifrSan nah his selfes geweald
Ingepances and hine eorneste
Wei ne bewarenaft, wordum and daedum,
Wi$ fa unpeawas pe we y mbsprecaS ?
IV, 1. Ic haebbe swifte swifte fefcera, paet ic maeg
fleogan ofer pone hean hr6f paes heofones. Ac paer ic
nu moste pfn m6d gefiiSerigan mid pam fifcerum, paet pu
mihtest mid me fleogan; ponne miht pu oferseon ealle
p&s eorBlican ping. Gif pu mihtest tSe fleon ofer pam
rodore, ponne mihtest pu geseon pa wolcnu under pe",
and mihtest pe" fleogan ofer pam fyre pe is betwux pam
rodore and paere lyfte; and mihtest pe feran mid psere
sunnan betwyx pam tunglum, and ponne weorpan on pam
rodore, and sifcftan to pam cealdan steorran pe we hatafc
Saturnes steorra; se is eall isig; se wandraft ofer oSrum
steorrum ufor ponne aenig ofter tungol. Siftftan pu ponne
forft ofer pone bist aheibd, ponne bist pu bufan pam
swiftan rodore, and laetst ponne behindan pe pone hehstan
heofon. Siftfcan pu miht habban pine dael paes s6fcan
leohtes. paer rfcsafc kn cyning se haeffc anweald ealra
o8ra cyninga. Se gemetgaft pone bridel, and paet weald-
lefcer ealles ymbhweorftes heofenes and eorfcan. Se &n
dema is gestae$5ig and beorht. Se steorft pam hraed-
wsene eallra gesceafla. Ac gif pu aefre cymst on pone
weg, and to paere stowe pe pu nu geot forgiten hafst,
ponne wilt pu cweftan: Dis is min riht efcel; heonan ic
9
I
ijo From Alfred's Metres of Boethius.
was aer cumen, and heonan ic was acenned ; her ic wille
nu standan faeste ; nelle ic nu naefre heonan. Ic wat feah
gif pe ajfre gewyrfc pact pu wilt ofctSe most eft fandian
para peostra pisse worulde, ponne gesihst pu nu pa unriht-
wisan cyninga and ealle pa oferm6dan rfcan beon swffte
unmihtige and swffce earme wreccan: pa ilcan pe pis
earme folc nu heard ost ondraet.
Ic haebbe fiflru fugle swiftran,
Mid pam ic fleogan maeg feor fram eorftan
Ofer heane hi*6f heofones pisses;
Ac paer ic nu moste m6d gefefcran,
5 pinne fer5-locan, fefcrum minum,
OSpaet pu meahte pisne middangeard,
/Elc eorfclic ping eallunga forseon,
Meahtest ofer rodorum gereclice
Fefcerum lacan, feor up ofer
io Wolcnu windan, wlitan sifcftan
Ufan ofer ealle. Meahtest eac faran
Ofer paem fyre pe fela geara
F6r lange betweox lyfte and rodere,
Sw4 him aet frymSe faeder geteode.
15 Du meahtest pe sifcSan mid paere sunnan
Faran betweox oftrum tunglum.
Meahtest pe full recen on paem rodere ufan,
Siftflan weorSan, and ponne samtenges,
&t paem ael-cealdan anum steorran
20 Se yfemest is eallra tungla,
pone Saturnus sund-buende
Hatafc under heofonum; he is se cealda
Eall isig tungol, yfemest wandrafc
Ofer eallum ufan ofcrum steorrum.
25 Sifc$an pu ponne pone upahafast,
ForS ofer-farenne pu meaht feorsian;
ponne bist pu siSSan s6na ofer uppan
From Alfred's Metres of Boethius. 131
Rodere ryne-swiftum ; gif Jm riht faerest,
pu )K>ne hehstan heofon behindan laetst.
30 Donne meaht ]>u sifr&an s65es leohtes
Habban Jnnne dael; panon &n cyning
Rume rfcsaft ofer roderum up,
And under sw& same eallra gesceafta
Weorulde waldefc. Daet is wis cyning;
35 P 86 * ' s se V* waldeft geond wer-peoda
Ealra o$ra eorSan cyninga;
Se mid his bridle ymbebaeted haeftj
Ymbhwyrft ealne eorfcan and heofones.
He his geweald-lefcer wel gemctgafc;
40 Se steorefc & Jmrh \>a strongan meaht
paem hraedwaene heofones and eorSan;
Se &n d6ma is gestaeftSig
Unawendenlic wlitig and maere.
Gif J>u wyrfst on wege rihtum
45 Up to J>3em earde — J>aet is aefcele stow,
peah Jm hi nu geta forgiten haebbe, —
Gif Jm aefre eft paer an cymest,
ponne wilt Jm secgan and s6na cweSan :
pis is eallunga min &gen cyg,
50 Eard and e$el: ic waes aer heonan
Cumen and acenned; Jmrh pisses crseftgan meaht
Nylle ic aefre heonan ut witan;
Ac ic symle her softe wille
Mid faeder willan faeste stand an.
55 Gif fe ponne aefre eft geweorfcefc
paet pu wilt ofcfce most weorolde peostro
Eft fandian, pu meaht eafce geseon
Unrihtwise eorSan cyningas
And pa oferm6dan oftre rican
60 pe pis werige folc wyrst tuciaft,
pact hi symle beoft swifte earme,
ij2 From Alfred's Metres of Bobtkius.
Unmihtige aelces pinges,
Emne fa ilcan pe pis earme folc
Sutne hwile nu swffcost ondraedefc.
IV, 4. Forhwi drefe ge eowru m6d mid unrihtre
fiounge sw& sw& y$a for winde fa sae hrerafc? ofcfce for-
hwy aetwite ge eowerre wyrde paet heo nam geweald nam?
oStte hwf ne magon ge gebidan gecyndelices deaftes, nu
he eow aelce daeg toweardes onet? Hwi ne magon ge
geseon paet he spyraS aelce daeg aefter fuglum and aefter
deorum and aefter mannum, and ne forlaet nam swaefl aer
he gefehfc paet paet he aefter spyreft ? Wala wa paet pa
ungesaeligan men ne magon gebidon hwonne he him to
cume, ac foresceotafc hine foran, sw& sw& wilde deor will-
na$ o$er to acwellenne ! Ac hit naere no manna riht
paet heora aenig ofcerne fiode. Ac paet waere riht, pact
heora aelc guide ofcrum edlean aelces weorces aefter his
gevvyrhtum ; )>aet is paet man lufode pone g6dan, sw& sw&
riht is past man d6, and miltsige fam yfelum, swai we aer
cwaedon; lufie pone man, and hatige his unpeawas;
ceorfe him of sw4 he swifcost maeg.
Hwy ge aefre scylen unriht-fioungum
Eower m6d drefan sw& sw4 mere-fl6des
Yfca hreraS is-calde sae
WecgaS for winde? Hwy ofcwite ge
5 Wyrde eowre, paet heo geweald nafafc?
Hwy ge paes deattes, pe eow Drihten gesceop,
Gebidan ne magon, bitres gecyndes,
Nu he eow aelce daeg onet toweard?
Ne magon ge geseon paet he symle spyreS
10 JEfter seghwelcum eoiiSan tudre
Deorum and fuglum ? Dea# eac sw& same
^Efter man-cynne geond pisne middangeard,
Egeslic hunta, k bifc on wa$e;
From Alfred's Metres of Boethius. 133
Nyle he aenig swaefc aefre forlaetan
15 ALy he gehende faet he hwile aer
./Efter spyrede. Is paet earmlic ping
paet his gebidan ne magon burg-si ttende;
Ungesselige men hine aer willafc
Foran tosceotan ; sw& sw& fugla cy n
20 Ofr8e wildu deor fa winnafc betwuh,
./Eghwylc wolde ofcer acwellan?
Ac paet is unriht aeghwelcum men
paet he ofcerne inwit-pancum
Fioge on nerBe, sw& sw& fugle ofttte deor.
25 Ac paet wsere rihtost paette rinca gehwylc
Oflrum guide edlean on riht
WeorB be geweorhtum, weoruld-buendum
pinga gehwylces; past is paet he lufige
G6dra gehwilcne sw& he geornost maege;
30 Miltsige yflum .sw& we aer spraecon.
He sceal pone mannan m6de lufian,
And his unpeawas ealle hatian
And of-snifcan, sw& he swifcost maege.
Hwaet bifc paem welegan woruld-gitsere
On his m6de pe bet peah he micel age
Goldes and gimma and g6da gehwaes,
yEhta unrim and him mon erigan scyle
5 yfSghwylc daeg aecera J)iiseiid,
peah pes middangeard and pis manna cyn
Sy under sunnan sufi, west, and east,
His anwealde eall underpieded?
Ne mot he fara hyrsta hionane laedan
•$ Of fisse worulde wuhte foil mare
Hord-gestre6na )>onne he hider brohte 1
A DESCRIPTION OF PARADISE.
FROM A POEM ENTITLED THE PHCENIX.
Hsebbe ic gefrugnen f aette is feor heonan,
East-d&lum on, aefcelast londa,
F ; mm gefraSge. Nis se foldan sceat,
Ofer middan-geard, mongum gefere
3 Folc-agendra, ac he afyrred is
purh Meotudes meant m&n-fremmendum.
Wlitig is se wong eall, wynnum geblissad
Mid fam fsegrestum foldan stencum;
/Enlic is faet iglond, aeftele se wyrhta,
10 M6dig, meahtum spedig, se fa moldan gesette.
Daer biS oft open eadgum togeanes
Onhliden hle6f ra wyn — heofon-rices duru.
paet is wynsum wong, wealdas grene
Rume under roderum ; ne maeg f aer ren ne snaw
15 Ne forstes fnifest, ne fyres bl£st,
Ne haegles hryre, ne hrimes dryre,
Ne sunnan ha^tu, ne sin-caldu,
Ne wearm weder ne winter-scur,
Wihte gewyrdan; ac se wong seomaft
20 E&dig and onsund. Is paet aettele lond
Blostmum geblowen; beorgas faer ne muntas
Steppe ne stondaft, ne st&n-clifu
He&h hlifia$, swa her mid us;
Ne dene ne dalu, ne dun-scrafu,
25 Hlafewas ne hlincas; ne fair hleonafc 6
Unsmefies wiht, ac se aySela feld
Wridafc under wolcnum wynnum geblowen.
A Description of Paradise. 135
Is past torhte lond twelfum herra
Folde faetSm-rimes, swa us gefreogum gleawe
Witgan f urh wisd6m on gewrituin cyfcatS,
ponne aenig para beorga pe her beorhte mic 1 us
He& hlifiafc, under heofon-tunglum.
Smylte is se sige-wong, sun-bearo lixe<5,
Wudu-holt wynlfc; waestmas ne dre6sa<5,
Beorhte blede; ac fa beamas &
Grene stonda<5, swa him God bebe&d:
Wintres and sumeres wudu bit$ gelice
Bledurn gehongen; nsefre brosniaS
Leaf under lyfte, ne him lig scefceS,
./Efre to e aid re, aer pon edwenden
Worulde geweorfce. Swa iu waetres prym
Ealne middan-geard mere-flod peahte
Eorpan ymb-hwyrft, fa se seftela wong,
-^Eghwas onsund wi8 y$-fare
Gehealden stod, hre6ra wsega
Eadig unwemme purh est Godes;
Bideft swa geblowen 06 baeles cyme,
Dryhtnes d6mes; ponne de&ft-raeced,
Haelepa heolstor-cofan, onhliden weorpaft.
Nis paer on pam londe la#-geni$la,
Ne w6p, ne wracu, we&-taxen n&n,
Yldu ne yrmfiu, ne se enga deaft,
Ne llfes lyre, ne la]>es cyme,
Ne synn, ne sacu, ne sar wracu,
Ne waedle gewinn, ne welan onsyn,
Ne sorg, ne slaep, ne sw&r leger,
Ne winter-geweorp, ne wedra gebregd
Hreoh under heofonum, ne heard a forst
Caldum cyle-gicelum cnyseft aenigne.
paer ne hasgl ne hrfm hre6sa6 to foldan,
Ne windig wolcen, ne pasr waeter fealleS
ij6 A Description of Paradise.
Lyfte gebysgad ; ac paer lagu-stre&mas
Wundrum wraetlice, wyllan onspringaft,
Faegrum fl6d-wylmum; foldan leccaft
65 Water wynsumu, of pass wuda midle;
pa monpa gehwam of paere mold an tyrf,
Biim-cald brecafc, bearo ealne geond-faraft
pragum prymlice. Is |>aet )>e6dnes gebod
paette twelf sipum fact tirfaeste
70 Lond geond-laxe lagu-fl6da wynn.
Sindon )>a bearwas bledum gehongene,
Wlitigum waestmum ; J>aer no waniaS 6,
H&lge under heofonum, holtes fraetwe,
Ne feallaft faer on foldan fealwe blostman,
75 Wudu-beama wlite ; ac paer [be66] wraetlice
On pam treowum symle telgan gehladene,
Ofett edniwe, in ealle tid.
On fam graes-wonge, grene stondafc,
Gehroden hyhtlice, haliges meahtum
80 Beorhtast bearwa. No gebrocen weorpetS
Holt on hiwe; J>aer se halga stenc
Wunafc geond wyn-lond ; paet onwended ne bi8,
yEfre to ealdre, aer J>on endige
Fr6d fyrn-geweorc se hit on frympe gescop.
Bletsa, mine saVwle, blrSe Drihten
And eall mfn inneran his faene e"cean naman!
Bletsige, mine saVwle, bealde Drihten!
Ne wylt Jui ofer-geottul afefre weorSan
Ealra g6da ]>e he aer dyde.
He pinum mandsfcdum miltsade eallum
And fine adle ealle gehjfelde.
He alysede pin lif le6f of forwyrde,
Fylde pinne willan faegere mid g6de.
THE CREATION.
FROM OADMON'S GENESI8.
U.d. eso.]
Ne waes her fa giet, nymfe heolster-sceado,
Wiht geworden; ac fes wida grand
St6d de6p and dim, drihtne fremde,
Idel and tinny t; on pone eagum wlat
5 Stifc-frihfc cyning, and fa stowe beheold
Dreama lease; geseah deorc gesweorc
Semian sinnihte, sweart under roderum,
Wonn and weste, o$f aet feos woruld-gesceaft
purh word gewearfc wuldor-cyninges.
10 Her arrest gesce6p ece drihten,
Helm eall-wihta, heofon and eorSan,
Rodor araerde, and J>is rume land
G estate lode strangum mihtum,
Frea aelmihtig. Folde waes fa gyt
l S Graes ungr^ne; garsecg feahte
Sweart sinnihte, side and wide,
Wonne wegas. pa waes wuldor-torht
Heofon- weardes g&st ofer holm boren
Micclum sp£dum : Metod engla heht,
Lifes brytta, leoht forS-cuman
Ofer rumne grund. Rafce waes gefylled
Heah cyninges haes, him waes halig leoht
Ofer w^stenne, swa se wyrhta bebead.
pa gcsundrode sigora waldend
25 Ofer lago-fl6de leoht witS f eostrum,
Sceade wi$ sciman; sce6p fa bam naman,
Lifes brytta. Leoht waes aerest
I
ij8 The Creation.
Jhirh Drihtnes word daeg genemned :
Wlite-beorhte gesceaft. Wei licode
30 Fream set frymfce forS-baero tld.
Daeg aeresta geseah deorc sceado
Sweart swifcrian geond sldne grund.
Da com o$er daeg,
Leoht aefter J?e6strum : heht fa lifes weard,
35 On mere-fl6de, middum weorSan
Hytlic heofon-timber; hoi mas daelde
Waldend ure, and geworhte fa
Roderas faesten; fast se rica ah6f
Up from eor&an, Jmrh his &gen word,
40 Fre& aelmihtig. F16d waes adaeled
Under heah-rodore halgum mihtum,
Waeter of waetrum, f am )>e wuniafc gyt
Under faestenne folca hrdfes.
p& com ofer foldan ftis sfSian
45 Maere mergen pridda. Naeron metode pa gyt
Wid lond ne wegas nytte, ac st6d bewrigen faesl
Folde mid fl6de. Fre& engla heht
purh his word wesan waeter gemsene,
pa nu under roderum heora ryne healdaft
50 St6we gestefnde. pa st6d hrafce
Holm under heofonum, swa se Halga bebead,
Sfd aetsomne, )>a gesundrod waes
Lago witS lande. .
Ne puhte pa gerysne rodora wearde
55 past Adam leng 4na wsere
Neorxna-wonges niwre gesceal'te,
Hyrde and haldend; forpon him hedh-cyning,
Fred aelmihtig, fultum ti6de,
Wlf aweahte, and pa wraSe sealde,
60 Lifes leoht-fruma, leofum rince.
He paet andweorc of Adames
The Cbeation. 139
ice aleoSode, and him listutn ateah
^.ib of sfdan. He waes reste faest,
-Ajid softe swaef, sar ne wiste,
ISarfofca dafel; ne faer a&nig com
Bl6d of benne; ac him brego engla
Of lice ateah li6dende bam —
Wer unwundod — of pam worhte God
Freolicu faemnan, feorh in-gedyde,
Ece sawle.
Heo waeron englum gelfce. pa waes Adames br^d
G&ste gegearwod. Hie on ge6gofce ba
Wlite-beorht waeron on woruld cenned
Metodes mihtum. Man ne cufcon
D6n ne dreogan; ac him Drihtnes waes
B&m on breostum byrnende lufu.
Da sceawode Scyppend ure
His weorca wlite and his waestma blafed
Niwra gesceafta. Neorxna-wang st6d
G6d and g&stlic, gifena gefylled,
Fremum forSweardum. Faegere leohte
paet lifce land lago yrnende,
Wy lle-burne : nalles wolcnu tSa giet
Ofer ramne grund regnas baeron
Wann mid winde : hwaefcre waestmum st6d
Folde gefraetwod
. He let heo paet land buan :
Hwaerf him fa to heofenum halig Drihten
Stifc-ferhfc cyning. St6d his hand-geweorc
Samod on sande; nyston sorga wiht
To begrornianne, butan heo Godes willan
Lengest laesten; heo waeron le6f Gode
penden heo his h&lige word healdan woldon.
SATAN'S REBELLION AND PUNISHMEN1
FROM OADMOITS GENESIS.
[a.d. 680 ]
De6re waes he Drihtne urum;
ne mihte him bedyrned wyrft
paet his engyl ongan oferm6d wesan,
Ah6f hine wi$ his hearran, sohte hete-spraece,
Gylp-word ongean, nolde Gode peowian,
5 CwasiS J>aet his lfc wafere le6ht and sc£ne,
Hwft and hiow-beorht; ne meahte he aet his hyj
past he Gode wolde ge6ngerd6me [finds
pe6dne peowian; Jmhte him sylfum
paet he maegin and craeft maran haefde,
io ponne se halga God habban mihte
Folc-gestealna. Fela worda gespraec
Se engel oferm6des; J>ohte furh his &nes craeft,
Hti he him strenglicran st6l geworhte [speon
He&hran on heofonum ; cwaeiS paet hine his hy|
15 paet he west and nor$ wyrcean ongunne,
Trymede getimbro; cwaefc him twe6 Jmhte
paet he Gode wolde geongra weorftan. [pea:
" Hwaet sceal ic winnan ? " cwaeS he " nis me wih
Hearran to habbanne ; ic maeg mid handum swa fe
20 Wundra gewyrcean; ic haebbe geweald micel
Geara to gyrwanne godlicran st61 [peowi*
Hearran on heofne. Hwy sceal ic aefter his hylc
Bugan him swylces geongord6mes?
ic maeg wesan god swa h«
BigstandatS me strange geneatas
fa ne willaft me act pam strftSe geswfca
Satan's Rebellion and Punishment. 14*
*5 Haelejas heard m6de;
hie habbaft me to hearran gecorene
R6fe rincas! mid swylcum nueg man rafed gefencean,
F6n mid swylcum folc-gesteallan;
frynd sind hie mine georne,
Holde on hyra hyge-sceaftum;
ic maeg hyra hearra wesan,
Rsfcdan on J>ys rice. Swa me past riht ne pinceS
30 paet ic oleccan awiht purfe [geongra wurSan."
Gode aefter g6de aenigum; ne wille ic leng his
pa hit se Allwalda eall gehyrde,
past his engyl ongan oferme"de micel
Ahebban wi$ his hearran and spree healic *- >rd
35 DolUce wit$ Drihten sinne,
sceolde he pa died ongildan,
Wore fas gewinnes gedaelan
and sceolde his wfte habban
Ealra morSra msest Sw4 de"8 monna gehwyle
pe wi<5 his W aid end winnan onginneS,
Mid mane wi$ J>one m£ran Drihten.
pa wearS se mihtiga gebolgen,
40 Hehsta heofones Waldend
wearp hine of pam hean st6le:
Hete haefde he set his hearran gewunnen
hyld haefde his forlorene;
Gram wearS him se G6da on his m6de;
forpon he sceolde grund gesecan
Heardes helle-wites
paes pe he wann wf5 heofnes Waldend.
Acwaefc hine fa fram his hyldo
and hine on helle wearp,
+5 On pa deopan dalo paer he to deofle wearft.
Se fe6nd mid his geferum eallum feollon pa of
purh-longe swa pre6 niht and dagas [heofnum
t42 Satan's Rebellion and Punishment.
pa englas ufon on helle, and heo ealle forsceop
Drihten to deoflum; forfon fe heo his difed
50 And word noldon weorSian forfon heo on wyr:
Under eorSan neofcan aelmihtig God [leol
Sette sigelease . on fa sweartan helle.
par habbafc heo on afcfyn ungemet lange
Ealra fe6nda gehwylc fyr edneowe ;
55 ponne cymfc on uhtan easterne wind
Forst fyrnum cald, symble fyr o$5e gar;
Sum heard geswinc habban sceoldon.
Worhte man hit him to wite ; hy ra woruld w*
Forman sf$e fylde helle [gehwyrfe
Go Mid fam andsacum. He61don englas forS
Heofon-rfces hehfle f e sfcr Godes hyldo gelafesto
Lagon fa oftre fynd on fam fyre,
f e aer swa feala hsefdc
Gewinnes wi$ heora Waldend ; wlte f oliaft,
Hatne heafto-welm helle to middes,
65 Brand and br&de lfgas swilce e&c fa biteran r6a
prosm and fystro, forfon hie fegnscipe
Godes forg^mdon; hie hyra gal besw&c
Engles oferhygd; noldon Alwealdan
Word weorSian. Haefdon wite micel,
70 Waeron fa befeallene fyre to botme,
On fa hatan helle f urh hygeleaste
And furh ofermetto; sohton ofter land,
past waes leohtes le&s and waes liges full,
Fyres fafcr micel; fynd ongeaton
75 paet hie haefdon gewrixled wita unrim
purh heora miclan m6d and furh miht Godes,
And furh ofermetto ealra swiftost. [scynos
pa spraec se oferm6da cyning fe sfer waes eng]
Hwitost on heofne and his hearran le6f,
•80 Drihtne dyre, ot5 hie to dole wurdon,
Satan's Rebellion and Punishment. 143
paet him for galscipe God sylfa wearB, [in nan
Mihtig on m6de yrre, wearp hine on paet morSer
Ntfter on paet ni6-bed and sce6p him naman siftSan
Cwasfc paet se hehsta hatan sceolde
85 Satan siftSan; h6t hine paere sweartan helle
Grundes gyman nales wifl God winnan.
Satan mafcelode — sorgiende spraec
Sefce helle forS healdan sceolde,
Gyman paes grundes. Waes aer Godes engel,
90 Hwit on heofne, ofc hine his hyge forspe6n,
And his ofermetto ealra swifcost,
paet he ne wolde wereda Drihtnes
Word wuriSian. We611 him on innan
Hyge ymb his heortan; hat was him utau
95 Wr&Slic wite; he fa worde cwaefc: [afcr cufton,
" Is pes enga stede ungelic swifce pam otSrum pe we
He&n on heofon-rice, p e me min hearra onlag,
peah we hine for pam Alwealdan &gan ne moston,
R6migan ures rices; naef5 he peah riht ged6n,
'00 paet he us haeffc befylled fyre to botme
Helle paere hatan, heofon-rfce benumen, —
Hafaft hit gemearcod mid mon-cynne
To gesettanne. paet me is sorga maest,
paet Adam sceal, pe waes of eorSan geworht,
l o^ Minne stronglican st61 behealdan,
Wesan him on wynne, and we pis wite polien,
Hearm on pisse helle. Wa 14 ! ahte ic minrahanda
And moste &ne tid ute weorSan, [geweald,
Wesan ane winter-stunde, ponne ic mid pys we-
* 10 Ac licgafl me ymbe iren-bendas, [rode —
Ridefc racentan sal; ic eom rices leas!
Habbafc me sw4 hearde helle clommas
Faeste befangen ! her is fyr micel
Ufan and neofcone, ic & ne geseah
144 Satan's Rebellion and Punishment.
115 L&ttran landscipc; lSg ne as warn a$
Hat ofer helle. Me habbaS hringa gespong,
Sli$-hearda sal siftes amy r red,
Afyrred me min fe$e; f6t sind gebundene,
Handa gehaefte; synt pissa hel-dora
120 Wegas forworhte, swa ic mid wihte ne maeg
Of pissum liofto-bendum ; licgaft me ymbutan
Heardes frenes hate geslaegene
Grindlas greate, mid py me God hafa$
Gehaefted be pam healse. Swa ic wat he mfnne
125 And paet wiste eac weroda Drihten, [byge cufce
paet sceolde unc Adame yfele gewurfcan [weald.
Ymb paet heofon-rice paer ic ahte minra handa ge-
Ac poliaS we nu pre& on helle ; past sindon pystro and
Grimme, grundlease; hafaft us God sylfa [haeto,
130 Forswapen on pas sweartan mistas.
Swa he us ne maeg aenige synne gestaelan,
past we him on pam lande \£6 gefremedon,
he haeftS us peah pais le6htes bescyrede,
Beworpen on ealra wita maeste.
Nu magon we p aes wrace gefremman,
Geleanian mid lafles wihte
paet he us hafafc paes leohtes bescyrede.
He haeffc nu gemearcod anne middangeard
paer he haeffc mon geworhtne
135 ^Efter his onlfcnesse mid pam he wile eft gesettan
Heofona rice mid hluttrum sawlum.
Hycgafc his ealle,
Hu ge hi beswfcen! sit5$an ic me softe maeg
Restan on pyssum racentum gif him paet rice losaS.
140 Se pe paet gelsesteft him bi$ le&n gearo
JEficr to aldre paes we her inne magon
On J>yssum fyre forS fremena gewinnan.
THE FLOOD.
FROM OflDMON'S GENESIS.
U.D.680.]
Noe waes g6d, Nergende leof,
SwfSe gesaelig sunu Lamechea
D6mfaest and ged^fe. Drihten wiste
paet paes atSelinges ellen dohte
5 Breost-gehygdum; forSon him Brego saegde
Halig set hleofcre, helm allwihta,
Hwaet he f&h werum fremman wolde.
Geseah unrihte eorftan fulle;
Side s&l-wongas synnum gehladene,
o Widlum gewemde. pa Waldend spraec,
Nergend usser, and to Noe cwaeS:
" Ic wille mid fl6de folce acwellan,
And cynna gehwilc cucra wuhta,
para ]>e lyft and fl6d lsfedaS and fedaS,
5 Feoh and fuglas: pu scealt fri$ habban
Mid sunum pinum, ponne sweart water
Wonne wael-streamas werodum swelgafc,
Sceaftum scyldfullum. Ongyn pe scip wyrcan^
Mere-hus micel, on pam pu monegum scealt
^ Reste geryman, and rihte setl
victim sefter &genum, eorSan tudre.
Gescype scylfan on scipes b6sme;
pu paet fasr gewyrc fifliges wid,
prittiges he&h, pre6 hund lang,
*5 Eln-gemeta; and, wiS y$a, gewyrc
Gefeg faeste. paer sceal faesl wesan
Cwic-lifigendra cynna gehwilces
On paet wudu-faesten wocor gelsfeded
10
/#* The Flood.
Eorfcan tudres; earc sceal py mare.
30 Noe fremcde, swa hine Nergend h£ht,
Hyrde Jam hilgan Heofon-cyninge,
Ongan ofostlice yft-hof wyrcan,
Micle mere-cieste; magura saegde
past waes pre&lic ping |>eodum toweard,
35 ReSe wite: hie ne rohton paes.
Geseah J>a ymb wintra worn waerfaest metod
Geofon-husa maest gearo hlifigean;
Innan and utan, eorfian lime,
Gefsestnod wi6 fl6de fabr Noes
40 py selestan; paet is syndrig cynn, —
Symle biC py heard ra pe hit hreoh waeter
Swearte saVstreamas swlfcor beataft.
Da to Noe cwaefc Nergend usser: —
" Ic pe |>aes mine, monna leofost,
45 Wafcre gesylle fast pu weg nimest,
And feora faesl, )>e pu ferian scealt
Geond deop waeter, daeg-rimes worn,
On lides bosme : laed swa ic pe hate,
Under earce-bord eaforan fine,
50 Frum-garan fry, and eower feower wff ;
And pu seofone genim on past sund-reced
Tudra gehwilces, geteled rimes,
para pe to mete mannum lifige,
And para oSera aelces tw&;
55 Swilce pu of eallum eorftan waestmum
Wiste under wafcg-b6rd werodum gelaede
pam pe mid sceolon mere-fl6d neosan.
Fexl fre6lice feora w6cre,
OS ic paere laie lago-si5a eft
60 Reorde under roderum ryman wille.
Gewlt pu nu mid hiwum on past hof gangan
Gasta werode; ic pe g6dne wat,
The Flood. 147
Faest-hydigne — )m eart freoflo wyrBe,
Ara, mid eaforum. Ic on andwlitan
65 Nu ofer seofon niht ' sigan lsfete
Wael-regn ufan wfdre eorSan;
Feowertig daga faehtie ic wille
On weras staMan, and mid waeg-preate
yEhta and agend eall acwellan
7° pa be-utan beoft earce bordum,
ponne stream-racu 6 tig an onginneft.
Him fa. Noe gewat, swa hine Nergcnd he't,
Under earce-bord, eaforan lz&dan,
Weras on wsbg-pel and heora wif samod,
75 And eall paet to faesle Frea aelmihtig
Habban wolde, under hr6f gef6r
To heora ast-gifan; swa him aelmihtig
Weroda Drihten ]>urh his word abead.
Him on h6h beleac heofon-rices Weard
80 Mere-huses mu$ mundum sinum,
Sigora Waldend, and segnade
Earce innan agenum spedum,
Nergend usser. Noe haefde,
Sunu Lameches, six hund wintra
**5 pa he mid bearnum under bord gestah,
Gleaw mid ge6go$e, be Godes hsese
Dugufcum dyrum. Drihten sende
Regn from roderum, and eac rume I6t
Wille-burnan on woruld fringan
9o Of asdra gehwsere. Egor-streamas
Sw'earte sw6gan ; safes up stigon
Ofer staefc-weallas ; Strang waes and re$e
SetSe waetrum we61d, wreah and peahte
Man-faehfcu beam middan-geardes
95 Wonnan waege; wera dSel-land,
Hof hergode; hyge-teonan wraec
Z4$ The Flood.
Metod on monnum: mere swffe gr&p
On faege folc feowertig daga
Nihta o$er swilc ; ni$ waes re$e,
100 Waell-grim werum: Wuldor-cyninges
Y$a wraecon arleasra feorh
Of flaesc-homan. F16d ealle wreah —
Hreoh under heofonum — he& beorgas
Geond sidne grand, and on sund ah6f
105 Earce from eorSan, and pa asftelo mid,
pa segnade selfa Drihten,
Scyppend usser, fa he f aat scip bele&c.
Sitftan wide rad wolcnum under
Ofer holmes hrincg, hof seleste
no F6r mid fearme; faere ne moston
Wafeg-lifcendum, waetres brogan,
Haeste hrinan; ac hie halig God
Ferede and nerede. Fiftena st6d
Deop ofer dunum se drence-fl6d
115 Monnes elna. paet is maero wyrd;
pam at nehstan waes n&n to gedale,
Nymf e he& waes ahafen on fa hean lyft,
pa se egor-here eorSan-tuddor
Eall acwealde; buton faet earce-b6rd
120 He6ld heofona Fred, fa hine halig God
Ece up forlet, edniowne
Streamum stigan, stift-ferhS cyning.
Da gemunde God mere-lit5ende,
Sigora Waldend, sunu Lameches,
125 And ealle fa w6cre fe he wi$ waetre bele&c,
Lifes leoht-fruma, on lides b6sme.
Gelsfedde fa wigend weroda Drihten
Worde ofer wid land ; will-fl6d ongan
Lytligan eft, lago ebbade
130 Sweart under swegle; haefde s6$ Metod
The Flood. i49
Eaforum eg-stream eft gecyrred,
[Rodor]-torht ryne regn gestilled.
F6r famig scip fiftig and hund
Nihta under roderum, si$$an naegied bord,
K35 Faer seleste, fl6d up-ah6f,
0$f set rf m-getael retire f rage
Daga fort$ gewat. pa on dunum gesaet,-
Heah mid hlasste, holm-aerna msst,
Earc Noes — fe Armenia
140 Hatene sindon; faer se halga bad
Sunu Lameches s6$ra geh&ta,
Lange frage, hwonne him lifes weard,
Frefi, aelmihtig, frecenra sffca
Reste ageafe, faere he rume dreah,
145 pa hine on sunde geond sidne grund
Wonne y$a wide b&ron.
Holm waes heonon- weard ; haeletS langode
Waeg-lttSende swilce wif heora,
Hwonne hie of nearwe, ofer naegled bord,
^50 Ofer stream-static staeppan mosten,
And of enge ut sehta l£dan.
pa fandode forfcweard scipes
HwasSer sincende saVfl6d fa gyt
Wsere under wolcnum : 16 1 fa ymb worn daga
155 paes fe he4h hliofto horde onfengon
And aeSelum eac eorSan tudres,
Sunu Lameches sweartne fle6gan
Hrefn ofer heah-fl6d of huse ut,
Noe tealde fast he on neod hine—
160 Gif he on faere lade land ne funde
Ofer sid waeter — secan wolde
On \*£g-fele eft. Him seo w6n geleah;
Ac se fe6nd gespearn fle6tende hreaw—
Salwig fe$era secan nolde.
iS° The Flood.
165 He pa ymb seofon niht sweartum hrefhe
Of earce forl6t aefter fleogan
Ofer heah water, haswe culfran
On fandunga hwaefcer fa-mig safe,
Deop fa gyta, dael aenigne
170 Gr6nre eor&an ofgifen haefde.
Heo wide hire willan sohte,
And rume fleah; no hwefcere reste fand,
past heo for fl6de f6tum ne meahte
Land gespornan, ne on leaf treowes
175 Steppan for streamum, ac waeron steap hleot
Bewrigen mid waetrum. Gewat se wilda fug
On aefenne earce s£can
Ofer wonne wafeg, werig sigan
Hungri to handa halgum rince.
180 Da waes culfre eft of cofan sended
Ymb wucan wilde; seo wide fleah,
Oftpaet heo rum-gal reste stowe
Faegere funde and fa f6tum st6p
On beam hyre; gefeah blifce-m6d
185, paes J>e heo gesette, swifce werig,
On treowes telgum torhtum moste;
Heo fefcera onsceoc ; gewat fleogan eft
Mid l&cum hire; liSend brohte
Ele-beames twig &n to handa,
190 Gr6ne blaede. pa ongeat hrafte
Fl6t-monna fre&, paet waes frofor cumen,
EarfoS-sifca b6t. pa gyt se eadiga wer,
Ymb wucan priddan, wilde culfran
Ane sende, se6 eft ne com
195 To lide fle6gan, ac heo land begeat,
Grene bearwas; nolde gladu aefre
Under sal wed bord siftfcan aetywan,
On p ell-faestene, pa hire pearf ne waes.
THE ESCAPE OF THE ISRAELITES.
FROM CiBDMOH'S EXODUS.
^•l>. 680.]
Fyrd waes gefysed, from seSe laedde —
M6dig mago-raeswa — mseg-burh heora.
Oferf6r he mid py folce faestena worn,
Land and leod-weard, la$ra manna —
5 Enge anpaflas, uncuft gelad,
Ofcpaet hie on gu$-myrce gearwe baeron.
Waeron land heora lyft-helme bepeaht,
Mearc-hofu m6r-heald. Moyses ofer fa
Fela meoringa fyrde gelaedde.
*o Nearwe genyddon on nor5-wegas;
Wiston him be sutian sigel-wara land,
Forbserned beorh-hleoSu — brune leode
H&tum heofon-colum ; paer halig God
Wi$ fsfer-bryne folc gescylde,
*S Baelce ofer-braedde byrnendne heofon,
Halgan nette hat wend ne lyfl.
Haefde weder-wolcen, widum fae&mum,
EorSan and up-rodor efne gedafcled;
Laedde leod-werod ; If g-fyr adr&nc
^^> Hat heofon-torht. HaeleS wafedon,
Drihta gedrymost; daeg-scealdes hleo
Wand ofer wolcnum. Haefde witig God
Sunnan sitS-faet segle ofer-tolden;
Swa fa maest-rapas men ne cufton,
^5 Ne tSa segl-r6de gese6n meahton,
EorS-buende ealle craefte,
<
rj2 The Escape of the Israelites.
Hu afaestnod waes feld-husa maest.
pa wses pridda wic,
Folce to frofre. Fyrd eall geseah
30 Hu faer hlifedon halige seglas,
Lyft-wundor leoht Leode ong&on,
Dugoft Israhela, J>aet J>aer Drihten cwom,
Weroda Drihten, wlc-steal metan:
Him beforan f6ran ffr and wolcen
35 In beorht-rodor, beam as twegen,
para sghwsetSer efn-ged&lde
Heah-penunga haliges Gastes,
Deor-m6dra sift dagum and nihtum.
Heofon-beacen ast&h
40 yEfena gehwam. OtSer wundor
Syllic aefter sunnan setl-rade, behe6ld
Ofer le6d-werum lige scinan,
Byrnende beam; bl&ce st6don
Ofer sce6tendum scire le6man,
45 Scinon scyld-hreoftan ; sceado swiiSredon;
Neowle niht-scuwan neah ne mihton
Heolstor ahydan; heofon-candel barn;
Niwe niht-weard nyde sceolde
Wlcian ofer weredum, J>y laes him w£sten«
«;o Har h£ft holmegum wederum
O fe'rclamme, — ferhfc getwa^fde.
Hsefde foregenga fyrene loccas
Bl&ce beamas; ba^l-egsan hwe6p
In J>am here-f reate hatan Hge,
55 P 26 * ^ e on we"stenne werod forbsernde,
Nymfte hie m6d-hwate Moyses hyrde.
Scean scir werod, scyldas lixton;
Gesawon rand-wigan rihtre stra^te
Segn ofer swe6tum, offset ssfe-faesten
60 Landes set ende leod-maegne forst6d
The Escape of the Israelites. ijj
Fus on for8-weg. Fyrd-wlc ar&s;
Wyrpton hie werige; wiste genaegdon
M6dige mete-J>egnas hyra maegen bgtan : —
Brseddon setter beorgum, sifrSan byme sang,
5 Flotan feld-husum. pa waes feortte wic,
Rand-wigena raest, be fam Readan Safe.
Daer on fyrd hyra fser-spell becwom,
Oht inlende; egsan st6dan,
Wael-gryre weroda; wraec-mon gebad
) Laflne last-weard, setSe him lange afer
Eftel-leasum oht-nied gescraf
Wean witum faest. ...
pa him eorla mod ortrywe weartJ,
Sitftan hie gesawon of suft-wegum
; Fyrd Faraonis for5 ongangan,
Ofer-holt wegan — eored lixan,
pufas punian, peod mearc tredan,
G&ras trymedon, gu5 hwearfode,
Blicon bord-hreoftan, byman sungon.
> On hwael hre6pon here-fugolas,
Hilde grafcdige, [hraefen g61]
Deawig-fefcere ofer driht-neum,
Wonn wael-ce&siga. Wulfas sungon
Atol aefen-leoft aetes on w6nan,
; Carleasan de6r, cwyld-r6f beodan
On l&ftra last leod-maegnes fyll,
Hre6pon mearc- weardas middum nihtum:
Fleah fafege g&st, folc was genaeged.
Hwilum of pam werode wlance pegnas
> MaEton mil-pa$as meara bogum.
Him paer segn-cyning wi8 pone segn foran
Manna pengcl mearc-preate rad ;
Gu$-weard gumena grim-helm gespeon,
Cining cin-berge — cumbol lixton —
154 The Escape of the Israelites.
95 Wiges on wenum, wael-hlencan sceoc,
H6ht his here-ciste healdan georne
Faest fyrd-getrum. Feond onsegon
L&ftum eagum land-manna cyme.
Ymb hine waegon wigend unforhte;
ioo Hare heoro-wulfas hilde gretton
purstige praec-wiges feoden holde. ^
Haefde him alesen leoda dugefte
Tir-eadigra tw& fusendo,
pact waeron cyningas and cneow-magas
105 On faet eade riht aeftelum deore;
For]K>n anra gehwilc tit alaedde
Waepned-cynnes wigan aeghwilcne
para fe he on Cam fy rste findan mihte.
Waeron inge men ealle aetgaedere
1 10 Cyningas on corSre : cutfost gebead
Horn on heape, to hwaes hsegsteald-men
GuS-preat gumena gearwe baeron.
Swa paer eorp werod ecan laeddon
LalS aefter l&5um leod-maegnes worn
115 pusend-msfelum, fider waeron f&se:
Haefdon hie gemynted to fam maegen-heapum
To f am aer-daege Israhela cynn
Billum abreotan on hyra broftor-gyld.
Forfon waes in wicum w6p up-ahafen,
120 Atol aefen-leofi. Egesan st6don,
Weredon wael-net; fa se woma cwora,
Flugon frecne spel. Feond waes anm6d,
Weorod waes wig-blax, ofcpaet wlance forsceaf
Mihtig engel, se pa menigeo behe6ld,
125 paet paer gelafte mid him leng ne mihton
Gese6n tosomne : si$ waes gedaeled.
Haefde nyd-fara niht-langne fyrst,
peah J>e him on healfa gehwam hettend seomedoo
The Escape of the Israelites. 155
Maegen ottfte mere-stream. Nahton maran hwyrft,
130 Waeron orwenan eiSel-rihtes, —
Saeton aefter beorgum in blacum reafum
Wean on wenum. Waeccende b&d
Kail se6 sib-gedriht samod aetgaedere
Maran maegenes, 08 Moyses bebe&d
1 35 Eorlas on uht-tid aernum bgmum
Folc somnigean, frecan arfsan,
Habban heora hlencan, hycgan on ellen,
Beran beorht searo, beacnum clgean
Sweot sande near. Snelle gemundon
140 Weardas wfg-leotS; werod waes gefysed;
Brudon ofer beorgum — by man gehyrdou —
Flotan feld-husum. Fyrd.waes on ofste,
SifrSan hie getealdon witS pam te6n-hete
On J>am forfc-herge feftan twelfe
45 M6de r6fa: maegen was onhre'red.
Waes on &nra gehwam aettelan cynnes
Alesen under lindum leoda duguSe
On folc-getael fiftig cista;
Haefde cista gehwile cuSes werodes
150 G&r-berendra guS-fremmendra
Tyn-hund geteled tlr-eadigra.
paet waes wiglfc werod; waxe ne gretton
In paet rinc-getael raeswan herges,
pa pe for geogufce gyt ne mihton
155 Under bord-hreo$an, breost-net wera,
Wit$ flame feond folmum werigeari,
Ne him bealu benne gebiden haefdon,
Ofer linde laerig, lfc-wunde swor,
Gylp-plegan gares. Gamele ne moston
160 Hare heafto-rincas hilde onpeon,
Gif him m6d-heapum maegen swiSrade.
Ac hie be waestmum wigr curon,
ij6 The Escape of the Israelites.
Hik in leodscipe laestan wolde
M6d mid Aran, eac fan maegnes crseft
165 [Geg&n mihte] g&r-beames feng.
pa waes hand-rofra here aetgaedere
Fus forS-wegas. Fana up-rad
Beama beorhtest; bidon ealle fa gen,
Hwonne sift-boda safe-streamum neah
170 Leoht ofer lindum lyft-edoras braec.
Ahle6p fa for haeleCum hilde-calla,
Beald beot-hata, bord up-ahof,
H6ht fa folc-togan fyrde gestillan,
penden modiges meftel monige gehyrdon.
175 Wolde reordigean rices hyrde
Ofer here-ciste h&lgan stefne;
Werodes wfsa wurSmyndum spraec:
" Ne beoft ge f y forhtan, f eah f e Faraon brohte
Sweord-wfgendra sfde hergas,
180 Eorla unrf m : him eallum wile
Mihtig Drihten furh mine hand
To daege fissum daed-le&n gifan,
paet hie lifigende leng ne moton
yEgnian mid yrmftum Israhela cyn.
185 Ne willaft eow ondraedan deade fefcan —
Faege ferhfc-locan! fyrst is at ende
Laenes lifes. Eow is lar Godes
Abroden of breostum ; ic on beteran rafed,
paet ge gewurfcien Wuldres aldor
190 And eow lff-frean lissa bidde,
Sigora gesynto f aer ge siftien.
pis is se €cea Abrahames God,
Framsceafta Fre&, se $as fyrd were$
M6dig and masgen-r6f mid faere miclan hand.**
195 H6f fa for hergum hlude stefne
Lifigendra le6d, fa he to le6dum spraec:
The Escape of the Israelites. 157
** Hwaet ge nu eagum to onlociaft,
Folca leofost, fafer-wundra sum,
Hu ic sylfa sl6h and f cos swftSre hand
o Grene t&ne g&r-secges de6p:
Y$ up faerefc, ofstum wyrceft
Waeter weal-faesten. Wegas syndon dr^ge,
Haswe here-stra&ta, holm gerymed,
Ealde staftolas, fa ic ±r ne gefrasgn
05 Ofer middangeard men geferan
F&mge feldas, fa for5 heonon
In e*ce y$e feahton,
SaMde saVgrundas: suft-wind fornam
Baefc-weges blaest, brim is areafod,
o Sand saVcir spaw. Ic wat s68 gere,
paet eow mihtig^ God miltse gecySde,
Eorlas, jfer glade! ofest is selost,
past ge of feonda fseftme weorSen,
Nu se Agend up arafcrde
5 Reade streamas in rand-gebeorh :
Syndon fa foreweallas faegre gestepte
Wraetlicu waSg-faru 08 wolcna hr6f. ,,
^fter fam wordum werod eall aras,
M6digra maegen : mere stille bad.
o H6fon here-cyste hwfte linde,
Segnas on sande. Sae-weall astah,
Uplang gest6d wi8 Israhelum
Andaegne fyrst; waes se6 eorla gedriht
Anes m6des: [yfta weall]
15 Faestum faeftmum freofio-wasre he6ld.
Folc waes afafcred flod-egsa becwom
G&stas geomre, geofon deafte hwe6p.
Waeron beorh-hliftu bl6de best^med,
Holm heolfre spaw, hream waes on ytSum,
-,<s
■'S
15 s The Escape of the Israelites.
230 Waeter waepna ful, wael-mist ast&h
Wseron Egypte eft oncyrde,
Flugon forhtigende, faer ong6ton,
Woldon here-bleatte h&mas findan:
Gylp weaiiS gnornra! Him ongen gehn&p
235 Atol yfta gewealc; ne faer senig becwom
Herges to h&me, ac hie hindan beleac
Wyrd mid wsfcge. paer aer wegas lagon,
Mere m6dgode, maegen waes adrenced.
Streamas st6don; storm up gewat
240 Heah to heofonum, here-w6pa msest;
L&Se cyrmdon; lyft up geswearc:
Fsegum staefnum fl6d bl6d gew6d.
Rand-byrig waeron rofene, rodor swipode
Mere-dea5a msfest: m6dige swulton
245 Cyningas on corftre, cyrr swiSrode
Wseges a3t ende. Wlgbord scinon.
Heah ofer haeleSum holm-weall ast&h,
Mere-stream m6dig: maegen waes on c weal me
Fasste gefeterod, forftganges n6p
50 Searwum assfcled. Sand basnode
On witodre fy rde hwonne waftema stream
Sincalda sse sealtum ySum
-^flastum gewuna 6ce staftulas
Nacud nyd-boda neosan come,
»55 F&h feSe-gast, se J?e feondum gene6p.
Waes se6 haewene lyft heolfre geblanden;
Brim berstende bl6d-egsan hwe6p,
SaVmanna sift, ofipaet s6$ Metod
purh Moyses hand m6dge rymde:
160 Wide wa?Sde wael-faeSmum swe6p,
Fl6d famgode, fsfege crungon,
Lagu land gefe61, lyft waes onhrered,
Wicon weall-faesten, waegas burston, j
"<J
^
The Escape of the Israelites.
Multon mere-torras, pa se Mihtiga sl6h
™5 Mid h&lige hand heofon-rfces wcard
Wer-beamas, wlance feode.
Ne mihton forhabban helpendra pafc
Mere-strcames m6d, ac he manegum gesceod
Gyllende gryre: g&rsecg wedde,
2jc Up ateah, on sleap: egesan st6don,
We6llon waM-benna. Witrod gefe6l
Heah of heofonum, handweorc Godes.
F&mig-bosma fl6d-wearde sl6h
Unhleowan waeg aide mece,
275 paet py deaft-drepe drihte swafefon,
Synfullra swe6t, s&wlum lunnon
Faeste befarene, fl6d-bl&c here,
Siftftan hie onbugon brun yppinge,
Mod-waega ma&st. Maegen eall gedre&s,
280 pa he gedrencte dugoB Egypta,
Faraon mid his folcum : he onfond hrafce*
Sitftan [grund] gest&h, Godes andsaca,
paet J>aer mihtigra mere-fl6des weard
Wolde heoru-faeftmum hilde gesceadan
285 Yrre and egesfull. E gy ptum wearfc
pass daeg-weorces deop learn gesceod ;
Forfam paes hedges hhxn eft ne com
Ealles ungrundes aenig to lafe,
paette sift heora secgan moste,
290 Bodigean sefter burgum bealo-spella maest,
Hord-wearda hryre halefta cwenum,
Ac |>a maegen-preatas mere-deafc geswealh,
Spilde spel-bodan, se )>e sp£d abte,
Age&t gylp wera: hie wit* God wunnon!
*59
EXPLANATORY NOTES.
EXPLANATORY NOTES.
The Reading Selections have been taken from tbe following editions : The
Sermon on the Mount, from Bosworth's edition of the Gospels; the Selections
from the Chronicle, from tho edition edited by Thorpe for the Rolls scries; the
Xarrative of Ohthere, from Thorpo's Orosius; the selections from xElfiic's
Homilies, from the edition published by tbe JElfric Society ; tho selections from
Bede, from Ettmueller's ScCpas and Boceras, and Thorpe's Analccta ; tho prose
of Alfred's Metres, from Fox's edition; the noetic extracts are from G rein's
A.-S. Bibl. The orthography and accentuation in Anglo-Saxon are extremely
Irregular; in the earlier extracts I have attempted to present somewhat of a
uniformity; the later ones stand as in the editions mentioned above.
P. 49, 1. 13. hyra is, of them (theirs) is. 20. maeg, is of value.
50, 1. 10. writera, supply rihtwisnys. ddmc, dat. after scyl-
dig. 13. br&Ser, dat. after yrsaft. 1G. fyres, gen. after
scyldig. 21. wiSerwinnan, dat. after onbugende. 30. $e*,
dat. after betere.
52, 1. 8. eow gebiddon; this verb is used reflexivcly. 13. Mnre
dura belocenre, dat. absolute. 19. c6\v, dat. after >earf .
51, 1. 25. hyne bit hlafes, verbs of asking take ace. and gen.
55, 1. 3. gelaedt, for gelsedet, usually contracted to gelset. 7.
cwyst fcu — a sign of interrogation.
56, JElfred, Alfred, the Great: reigned from 871 to 901. Ae$-
elwulnng, son of AeSelwulf : ing is the A.-S patronymic.
West Scaxna, gen. pi. longe on dseg, a good part of the
day.
67. mid sumum lam here, with part of the army, hine bestsel
se here, the army stole away. Here denotes the invading
host: fyrd, the militia. Se gehorsadc here must be con-
strued as in apposition with hi. they then, notwithstanding
this (under J am) — the mounted army — stole away by night
from the militia (of K. Alfred), to ne mcahte, with to
supply a verb of motion.
164 Explanatory Notes.
P. 58. |:o hire bchconan s» wass. See 1. 31, p. 57. hrittiga sum,
Jara manna. § 27. N. 1. 23. And his se cyning, and the
king received him.
CO. so oft-jr here jet Apuldre, i. c. built a fort at A. Swa hwa&S-
crc cfese, on whatever part, maestra daga aelec, nearly every
day — literally, on each of most days. o"Sre si'Sc — oflre
sifcc once — a second time, genotudnc/ar genotodne.
01. hiora woes o$cr. One of them teas his godson, and the other
Ethelred, the alderman's. Tliey liad received tliem, i. e. at iho
font
05. Da lict sc cyning faran, etc. Tlien the king commanded nine
of Hie new ships to go and blockade tlu port to tliem without
on the sea. on drygenam, on dry land, on )>a healfc fcw
dcopes, on that side of the deep. Da com J>am Dcniscum,
etc. Tlien came tlte flood-tide to the Danish ships.
60. Ealra haligra maessan, all-hallow mass, to willan, at pict-
ure. And wena$. And foolish ween Viat Vie Glory-kitty
Almighty God will ever hear f hem.
68. Tid waes ta$s geares, (83, n.) Dissum bus ged6nc, § 90,
n, cerer he hit aroMe, etc. , he had selected it before, and
had afterwards richly endowed it.
69. ^Elc man hwaet his hade, etc., that each man that would fol-
lowed wliat belonged to his condition.
70. To eacan J>am cynge, next to the king, pe himself alit w&rc,
who was anybody, his gewrit, the Domesday-book, deor
fri$, a deer-park.
72. Oht-here sailed along the west coast of Norway, while Wulf-
stan sailed eastward from Denmark along the south coast
of the Baltic sea. Their course can be traced on the map.
Wcst-sse, the German Ocean.
74. 1. 5. Eall 1 set his man, etc., all of it that one either, etc.
8. wiS uppon emnlange, parallel to. 11. mila. Alfred here
uses the Norse measure, one mile of which = five Eng-
lish miles. 27. Here begins O.'s account of his voyage
south. 20. pam landc, i. c. Norway. Sciringesheal, the
port of Skene, on the Skager Hack.
75. tissum landc, England.
76. Jronne benimS Wisle, etc., then the Vistula deprives the
Ilfing of its name.
77. Mid l^am langan legere, 6y the dead man'i lying so long
Explanatory Notes. idj
within, and because they place along Vie way that which
strangers run to and take. Modor ne radetS. A mother
cannot tell.
78. Historia Angl6rum. Bcdc's Ecclesiastical History of £l£.
land.
79. And hinc to gefylstan gcscttc. The object of gescttc fo
Line in the line above, with which also gcendebyrdnc,
ordained, agrees.
80. Dcre, as though the Latin de ira.
81. pe we on fler towcardc, tlwt we before ought to have dreaded
as coming.
83. To )>ain swifte, so exceedingly; na to J>ces hw6n, by no means.
84. pact he him and his geferan bigleofan >enian wolde: him
and geferan are datives after J>enian, and bigleofan instru-
mental. Be j>am J>e hi tsehton sylfe lybbende, themselves
living in accordance with wliat tliey taught.
87. In this extract and the next the spelling varies somewhat
from the regular orthography. We frequently have on, om,
for an, am; o for u in terminations; a for G, as a connect-
ing vowel in verbs, and e for i, as eadegan for eadigan.
Eac swylce on halsunge, as tliough by divination. The fol-
lowing is the Latin of Bede : Cui videlicet regi, in auspi-
cium suscipienda? ficlei et regni coelestis, potestatis et ter-
reni crevcrat imperii, ita ut, quod nemo Anglorum ante
eum fecit, omnes Brittanioe fines, qua vel ipsorum vel Brit-
onum provincial habitabantur, sub ditionem accepit. Swa
J>a3t namig, etc. So that what no one of tlie English kings
ere him, took under tlieirsway — all the British boundaries —
on which either their tribes {English) or tlie Britons dwell;
all this lie received under his sway.
38. ^Eftcr >on J>c, in accordance with what they Imd before agreed
upon. To bon >e, for this purpose. Sw& swd he woere,
supply cumen. Mid ]>y lis J: a se Biscop. When he then —
the Bishop — he being used as a demonstrative, aeghwae-
£er ge, the correlative is and.
10. And >a ylcan his dohtor, and this same daughter, [and that
same his daughter.]
K). In stepe, in haste, a of tide, forthwith, and he samod for
his hJelo, etc., he not only for the salvation of the king but
also of tlie people.
{
t66 Explanatory Notes.
P. 01. And wees foreweard niht, and it was well on into the night
On )>ancc me, etc., / am thankful for.
92. Mid manegum \\&i\m\,with many anxieties — geJ>ohta, gen.
pi. Mid J>y blindan fyre sodcn waes, and was agitated by
the hidden fire. Sec preceding note. Soden is from scoftan.
Ne tala >u me, do not imagine me. Gif hwylc s^, if any
one there may be. ^Etecte, from oet^can. Nales >aet on,
not only.
93. his-se! e, of him who. Wolde j^set he on >am onge&te fcaet,
he wished that he should understand by this.
97. Mid If h3 J& se cyuing fram tarn foresprecenan, etc.,
when then the Ling sought and asked from the aforesaid
Bishop of the [their] religion which they before practised.
99. 1. 14 Mid Vy cyninge he, He (Hereric), together with the
king, at the preaching and the lore of Paulinus, of blessed
memory, etc.
100. pasre byscnc, etc., whose example she was imitating in the
design of living abroad. Hasfd waes, was detained.
101. Ac nsenig hwasflere, etc., but yet no one could do this like him.
para heord him, etc., the care of which was tliat night en-
trusted to him. Hwaeftere >u meaht me singan, yet tlwu
must sing to me.
102. Swa he wundra gehwaes, as he of every wonder, everlasting
Lord, established t/ie beginning. Monig word, many words
of song worthy of God in tlie same measure, paet he him
sum sunge, that ne snoutxt sing some to them ana turn it
into tlie melody of song.
103. Canones, of the canon. Nealecte, for nealsehte.
105. Throni, etc., thrones, dominions, principalities, powers, vir-
tues, clierubim, seraphim — a sort of classification of the
angels.
106. And let bcfeallan, supply hi. Ne hi ne magon nu, nor can
they now, nor do they wish.
107. 1 25. lytles lunges him forwyrnan (101).
111. Weland him be wurman, etc. W eland by himself [his
own experience] knew concerning the pain of exile. Daes
ofereode, etc., that he overcame ; so may I this.
•
The following extracts are from King Alfred's translation of
The Consolation of Philosophy, by Boethins, a Roman
senator and philosopher , w\\o v?as im^rv&crcisA otl *. O^ax^e
of treason against tha Etnpevor TWAwva >&ya CW0a..«w&k
Explanatory Notes. i67
finally executed in 524. While in prison he wrote this
hook, which King Alfred translated in a free paraphrase.
P. 121. JErhwilum fonder fand; and heora- blisse from, supply
wende with from ; for hire, in comparison with her ; snryl-
ton , for smy 1 tan .
122. Fsegen J set hi raoton, supply weaxan.
124. Sse-tilcas, some read scealcas, sailors, but sse-tilcas may be
used figuratively in the same sense. Ne hi ne bil rude.
Grein reads J?e hine bil rude. Fox reads }e hi ne Ili
refers to weoruld-buende : gesawan^/br gesawon, past tense
of gesecn. Sumes onlice efne, somewhat like even that
mount. Ussa tida (83, n).
125. TVeland — the Vulcan of the Northern Mythology, for J>y
>am crseftcgan ne mseg nasfre his craft 16sigarj,/?r never
may his craft depart from tlie skilful. On him geniman :
construe on with geniman — nor may any one deprive him
of it any easier than.
126. Gif nu hselefta, etc., if fame now pleases any one of men.
Lyste is used impersonally, governing hwone directly in
the ace, and hlisan in the gen. ; the subject of wille must
be understood from haelefta. See 1. 14, for the same con-
struction with lystcB. 1. 16. nsenigc Mnga, by no means.
127, 1. 32. iElces Hngcs, by all means. 36. iEngum contracted,
for aenigum. 43. " In which one of sepulchres does the
earth cover them?" 50. JSlccs Mngcs, assuredly. 8ee
1. 32. 61. " That fame cannot keep illustrious men well-
known."
128. Thyle, probably Iceland.
129, 1. 15. Toteled tidum, reckoned by hours. $e fle6n — (89)
is here used reflexively. SiSSan J>u J>onne forfl, after thou
art then elevated above it: for5 implies motion.
130» Ic wat >eah gif, etc. Yet> 1 know, if it ever happen to thee.
pe, ace. after gewyrS impersonal. See 1. 55.
132. iEtwite, modern twit.
135, 1. 28. "That bright land is higher by twelve fold of fathom
measure, as wise sages, by investigation through wisdom,
make known to us in writings, than any of the moun-
tains," etc. 40. iEfre to ealdre, forever, ser J>on cd wen-
den, before the renewal of the world happens. See 1. 47.
o8 bseles cyme. 45. hreora, gen. pi. of bredh.
*68 Explanatory Notes.
P 137, 1. 15. Gnes, definitive ace. peahtc, from |>eccan.
138, 1. 38. Roderas, for rodores, genitive. 45. Metode, for tht
Lord. 59. And >a wraSc sealdc, and gate her for an aid.
139, 1. 08. AVer unwundod, noni. independent.
140, 1. 11. Folc-gcslcalna, gen. pi. 18. Wihtc, inst, used ad-
vcrbidlj'.
141, 1. 33. Ofcrmede, ace. after ahebban.
112, 1. 54. Fyr cdncowc, fire renewed, ace. 59. "For the
first time ho filled hell. ,,
143, 1. 97. "Which my Lord granted to me, though we could
not hold it because of the Almighty, could not wield oar
realm.
144, 1. 12G. Unc Adame, to me and Adam. A noun so connect*
ed with a dual is used partitivcly. 130. " So he may not
charge any sin upon us."
14C, 1. 38. Eoi"5un lime, bitumen. 40. py selestan, supply lime.
44. " I thee, for this, dearest of men, my covenant will
give." GO. Reorde, by my word.
147, 1. 04. Andwlitan is limited by widrc corftan. 79. Him on
hoh, behind him; literally, to him at the heel (hough). 86.
" The wise with the young."
148, 1. 110. "The terrors of the water might not with violence
touch the wave-traversing ship." 120. Hine refers to egor-
here, above.
119. " The sky-bright course stopped the rain." 136. Rim-ge-
tscl, limited by daga. 140. Se halga sunu Lamechcs, i. c.,
Noah. 141. S65ra gehata, gen. pi. after bad. 155. "After
that the high hills had received with the treasure and the
nobles also the offspring of the earth." 1C3. " But he re-
joicing lighted on the floating corpses — the swarthy
(bird) would not seek his feathers (wings)."
150, 1. 180. culfre modified by loilde in next line. 184. "Blithe-
hearted that she, seated, very weary, might rest on the
bright (sunny) branches of a tree." With moste supply
eiltan. This extract illustrates the A.-S. tendency to the
use of appositives — there being no less than thirteen dif-
ferent words used to denote the ark, viz : scip, fan*, care,
hof, merc-hus, mere-cieste, geofon-hus, yS-hof, carce-bord,
waeg-bord, naegled-bord, wo3g->el, J>el-fa?stcn.
151, 1. 6. GuS-rnyrce, Grein considers as an epithet referring to
Explanatory Notes. 169
the Ethiopians. Thorpe translates Iwstile frontier. 7
"Their land was covered by an air-covering, a moor-hold-
ing boundary-castle " — that is : their camp was concealed
by a fog, rising from the moor. 23. Seglc. The j>illar of
cloud in the distance is likened to a sail, or a ship under sail.
P. 152, 1.43. "bright stood the bright lights over the warriors;
shields shone, the shadows fled, the deep night-shades
might not wholly hide the caverns." 49. " lest than the
desert horror, the hoar heath with its raging storms ever
with sudden onset should deprive of life."
153, 1. C4. " Behind the ramparts, after the trumpet sounded,
the sailors spread the tents." Called sailors, because the
pillar of cloud was likened to a ship under sail: feld-
hiisum is instr. C8. oht inlendc,/<?ar occasioned by t/ie in-
habitants of Vie land. 90. " measured milc-paths with the
legs of horses."
154, 1. 105. on ]>aet cade riht, to tliat important duty. 113. corp
werod, the Egyptians. 125. gelafcc, hostile hosts.
155, 1. 134. Maran msegenes, gen. after bad. 142. " The sailors
struck their tents." 154. "who on account of youth
might not yet under the shield, the breast-net of men,
against the weapon, ward off the enemy with their hands."
For fcond, Thorpe would read feonda. 1G2. " But they
chose the battle according to their strength, how in the
host courage midlife endure with honor, also how great
strength [might exercise itself], might seize the war-
beam " [i. c. the spear-shaft].
156, 1. 167. Fiis forS-wegas, ready to go forward. 169. siSboda,
i. e. the pillar of fire. 174. modiges, supply chief.
157, 1. 216. pa foreweallas, t7ie toalls on each side. At line 226
the account of the destruction of Pharaoh's host begins.
158, 1. 242. flod blod gewod, blood stained the sea. 243. Rand-
byrig, tJie protecting walls ofxeater. 250. " The sea-bottom
waited for the (coming of the) destined host, when the
stream of waves, the cold sea, with salt waves used to
wandering, a naked messenger of death, should come to
visit its everlasting foundations, a hostile comer who
should fall upon the enemy."
159, 1. 272. handweorc Godes, i. c. the walls of water. 274. aide
niece, referring to the Flood.
'"J2j
frt*
VOCABULARY.
(
VOCABULARY.
***
A*ue figures after Nouns indicate the Declension, and the letters, m., f. % n.,
^ Gender. The figures after Verbs indicate the Case under the Second
v €v
^njugation. Tho Past Tcnso of tho First Conjugation is given after the
*irb. The figures in parentheses rofcr to sections of the Grammar.
A.
^., ever y always.
-^Vbbod, 1 m., an abbot
-A.bboclrice, 1 n., an abbey.
-Abbudissc, 4 f., an abbess.
-Abeodaii, G, to command.
-Abitmi, 4, to bite, eat.
-Abluwan, 1, to blow, breatJie.
Ablendian, de, to blind.
Ablinnan, 5, to cease.
Abrccan, 3, to atomic break down.
Abredan, p. braid, pp. broden,
to take away.
Abreotan, abre<V8an, C, to break.
destroy, recolt.
Abugaii, 0, to bow, submit.
Abysgan, ode, to be busy, to oc-
cupy.
Ac, but.
Accnnan, de, to bring forth.
Accorfan. See ccorfan, to cut off.
Acigan, do, to call out.
Acsian, ode, to ask.
Acwellan, 3, to kill.
AcwcSan, to prohibit, to sentence
to be deprived of.
Ad, lm, a funeral pile.
AiUfelan, de, to dicide.
idl, 2 f., disease.
Adilegian, ode, to blot out, de-
stroy.
Aden, to take out, destroy, kill.
Adn&fan, de, to expel.
Adrencan, te, to drown.
Adreogan, C, to tolerate.
Adrifan, 4, to drive away, expel.
•
Adrincan, 5, to quencJi.
M, f. (ind.), law.
^Ebbian, ode, to ebb.
iEcer, 1 m., a field, acre.
^dre, 4 f., g. pi. tedra, a vein.
pilcst, pious.
Sttastnys, tfsfestiics, 2 f., reli-
gion.
JEtt'ii, (Xifyn, 1 in., the evening.
^Efeu-leo'6', 1 n., an evening song.
<d£fentid, 2 f., evening.
JEthv, ajfre, ever.
J£t\'dsU 1 m., ic-nndcring.
JESUir (adj.), after, last (prep.,
d.,ac ) aftir, behind, to, through
(adv.) after.
JSfter-fyligan, de, to follow.
iEfter-genga, 4 m., a successor.
^Eghwa, every one.
^Eghwajs, everything.
^EghwajSer, both; gc . . go
both . . and.
^Eghwanon, on all sides.
iEghwylc, each one, every one.
^Bgniaii, to vex.
.rfEgfter, either — ge . . ge.
either . . or; both . . and-
-<£lit, 2 f., property, riches, pos-
sessions.
iElan, de, to set on fire.
-<Elc, each, eveiy, any, one.
^El-ceald, all-cold.
^lcor, otlienoise.
^Elfrenied, foreign, strange.
^Elnies-georn, benevolent.
^Elmcsse, 4 f., alms.
^Elmihtig, almighty.
*74
Vocabulary.
4Smetta, 4 m., leisure.
JEn. See an, one.
ifine, once
Mngbr own (?)
.dfinig any.
^nlic, singular, incomparable.
tali pig, individual.
Enlipige, individually.
Br, before, exceedingly ; tercr,
formerly; rfrest, first; certain,
(J>au), sooner than.
iEr-daeg, 1 ni., morning.
JSren, brazen.
JSrend, 2 f., an errand.
iEreudian, de, (od), to go on an
errand.
-JSrendraca, 4 m., a messenger.
^Erfaest, pious.
^Erist, 1 m., resurrection.
^Ernan. See yrnau, to run.
^Ernemerigen, 1 m M early morn-
ing.
Irwacol, early awake.
!r-)>am, before, sooner than.
J^r^om \>e (>aet), before that.
Msc, 1 in., a boat, spear (things
made of ash).
M\., 1 m.,food.
JEt (dat.), at, by, near.
^Et-bredan, 3, to rescue, take
away, set free.
JStecan, te, to add to.
^Eteowian, de, to show, appear.
^Etforan, (dat.), before.
JStgadere, oetgaedere, together.
.JStgifa, 4 m., a provider.
JSthwega, something.
JStliitian, ode, to lie hid.
^Etsomne, together.
^Ettrian, ode, to poison.
^Etwitan, ode, to blame.
^Et^wian, ode, to sJiow, appear.
^<E$andtin, 2 f., Heddington.
^E^el, 1 m., a country.
JE$e\(e), noble.
^E^el-boren, nobly-born.
^E^el-borennys, 2 f., noble birth.
iEfleling, 1 in., a prince, noble.
iESelcundnes, 2 f., nobility.
iESelinga ig, 2 f., the Island of
Athelney.
iESellic, noble.
JEttellice, nobly.
.£ftelo, nobility.
Aft&ran, de, to affright.
Aftestnian, ode, to fasten.
Afandian, ode, to try, experience*
Afaran, 2, to depart.
Afedan, de, to feed.
Aflyrran, ede, to remove, deprive.
Aflfean, de, to put to flight.
Afyllan, de, to fill; to fell, destroy.
Alyrht, affrighted.
Agj&lan, de, to hinder.
Agan, p. dht, pp. agen (53), te
own, to keep possession of.
Agan. See gan, to go away.
Agen, (ace), against.
Agen, own.
Agend, 1 mi., an owner, Lord.
Ageotan, 6, to pour out.
Agifan. See gifan, to restore,
give up.
Agilan. See j;itan, 3, to know.
Agitan, p., geat, to destroy.
Agyldan. See gyldan, to pay.
Agyltan, te, to become guilty.
Ahebban, p. hefde (hdf ,/?/?. hafen),
to elevate, lift up, exalt.
Ahleapan, 1, to leap.
Aholian, ode, to pluck out.
Ahon. See lion, to hang.
Ahreddan, de, to rescue, retake,
deliver.
Aht, awiht, aught, anything.
Ahtfdan, de, to hide.
ASdlian, ode, to make void, pro-
fane.
Akedan, de, to lead out, carry
away.
Aid. See eald, old.
Aldor, 1 m., a pHnce, lord.
Aldre, to — forever.
Alecgan, de, pp. aled, to lay
down, pervert.
AleoSian, ode, to take out, die*
member.
Alesan, 3, to choose.
All-walda, 4 in., Hie All-powerful.
Aire, Aller.
Altar, 1 m., an altar.
Alyfan, de, to allow.
Aly'san, ede, to free, redeem, de
liver.
Vocabulary.
*7d
Amber, 1 m. (a measure), four
busliels.
Ambrync wind, a favorable
wind.
Ainyrran, amerran, de, to debase,
impede.
An (28), one, an.
Ana, alone.
Anbidan, 4, to await.
Ancer-setl, 1 n., a Jiermitage.
Anda, 4 m. t malice.
Andaege, one day's.
Andefh, worthy an equality.
Andetnys, 2 f., confession.
Andettan, te, to confess.
Andgit, 1 n., the understanding.
Andgitfullice, intelligibly.
Andlang (gen.), along, during.
Andsaca, 4 in., an apostate, de-
nier.
Andswarian, ode, to answer.
Andswaru, 2 f., an answer.
And weald, 1 m., power.
Andweard, andwerd, present.
Andweardnes, 2 f., presence.
Andweorc, 1 n., material.
And wl ft a, 4 m., tlieface, counte-
nance.
Andwyrdan, de, to answer.
Anfeald, single.
Angin, 1 n., a beginning.
Angle-cyn, In., t?ie English.
Angsuni, narrow, difficult.
ihydig, stout-minded.
depnes, 2 f., solitude.
ilicnes, 2 f., likeness, stature.
Anlipig, single, solitary.
Anni6a, unamimous.
Anmodlice, unanimously.
Anpatt, 1 m., a pass, narrow
path.
Anrflednys, 2 f., constancy.
Anstandan, 2, to be alone.
Anstreces, continually.
Ansund, whole.
Ansundnys, 2 f., soundness.
Ansfn, 2 i., Hie countenance, face.
Antimber, In., subt>tance,matter.
Anweald, anwald, 1 m., power,
dominion.
AnJ>nec, horrible.
Apostol, 1 m., an apostle.
Apostolic, apostolic.
Apuldrc, Appledore.
Ar, g., d.< a., are, pi, n., a., dra, g^
arna, ara, d., arum, 2 f., glory,
mercy, use, wealth.
Ar, 2 f., an oar.
Arcfeda, 4 m., a patriot.
Anedan, de, to choose, select.
Aneran, areran, de, to raise, ex-
act.
Arce-biscop, 1 m., an arch-
bislvvp.
Are, 4 f., honor.
Areafian, ode, to drive away.
Arecan. See recan, hte, to reck-
on, tell.
Arfaest, merciful pious.
Arfaestnes, 2 f., piety.
Arian, ede (ode), to honor, spare,
forgive.
Arisan, 4, to arise, rouse.
Arleas, impious.
ArwurSc, venerable.
ArwurSian, ode, to reverence.
Aseelan, de, to impede.
Ascian, ode, to ask, learn.
Ascufan, 6, to shove off.
Asecgan, si&de, to say.
Asendan, do, to *<tnd.
Asettan, te, to place, set.
Asingan, 5, to sing.
Asittan, 3, to be fixed, aground.
Aspendan, de, to spend.
Aspringan, 5, to spring up, rise.
Astandan, 2, to start up.
Astigan, 4, to ascend.
Astreccan, hte, to prostrate,
stretch.
Astyrian, de, to stir.
Aswamian, ode, to go out.
Aswican. See swican.
Ateallan, de, to reckon, tell.
Atelic, foul, liateful.
Ate6n, 6, to draw out, rise.
Atol, dire.
Attor, 1 n., poison.
Auht, aht, anything.
Aweccan, hie, to awake, create.
Awedan, de, to rage.
Aweg, away.
Awegan, de, to weigh.
Awcndan, de to turn, translate.
Ifd
Vocabulary.
Aweorpan, tf, to cast away.
Aweor&an (59, n. 2), to spoil,
vanisli.
Awer, anywhere.
Awerian. See werian, to defend,
Awestan, te, to destroy,
Awesle, deserted, toasts
Awiht, anything, at all.
Aworden, cursed.
Awrcccan, lite, to awake.
Awritan, 4, to write.
Awyrigan, dc, to curse.
Axian, ode, to ask, learn.
A#, 1 m., an oath.
Aftelborennys, 2 f., noble birth.
A>eostriau, atystrian, ode, to
d'trken.
Ahistrod, obscured.
AJ>or, a]>or, oftSc, eitfier.
B.
Bcec, 1 n., a back.
Bsec-bord, 1 n., larboard.
Bs61, 1 n., a burning fire.
Baelc, 1 m., a covering (cloud).
B&l-egcsa, 4 m., fire-terror.
B&r, 2 f., a bier.
Bternan, de, to burn,
BseS, ln.,a bath.
Bse&wog, 1 m., tlie sea.
Baius, Bayeaux.
Bam, dat of begen.
Ban, 1 n., a bone.
Bar, 1 m M a boar.
Basil ian, ode, to await.
Be, bi, big (dak), by, near to, at,
in, concerning.
Beacen, 1 n., a beacon.
Beah (12, 0), a ring, bracelet.
Bealcian, te, to emit, utter.
Beald, bold, miglUy.
Bealdlicc, boldly.
Bealo, g., bcalwes, 1 m. (n.), bale,
mischief.
Bealo-spell, 1 n., a deadly tale.
Benin, dire.
Beam, 1 m., a beam, tree.
Beam-fleot, 1 m M Bamfieet.
Beam-sceado, 2 f., tree-shade.
Beam. 1 n., a child.
Bearo(u), 1 m., a grove.
Berftan, 1 to beat.
Bebeodan, C, to command, at
trust.
Bcbod, 1 n., a command.
Bebrccan, 3, to break.
Bcbycgan (can) bolite, to tell.
Beceapian, ode, to sell.
Bcceorian, ode, to murmur.
Bccunian. See cuman, to be-
come, come, seize, arrice.
Bccweflan (48), to bequeath.
BedaMan, de, to deprive of.
Bed-clyfa, 4 in., a bedroom.
Beclrf fan, 4, to drive.
Bcdyrnan, de, to conceal.
Be-ebbian, ode, to strand.
Bef&stan, te, to commit, entrust,
betroth.
Befangan. See befon.
Befaran, to surround
Bcfeallau, 1, to fall, befal
Befon, p., befeng, 1, to seize,
clothe.
Beforan (dat. ace), before.
Befrinan, 5, to ask.
Belyllan, de, to hurl.
Began, eode, to practise.
Begen (28, n., 2), both.
Bcgeondan (ace), beyond.
Begitan, 3 (65, n.), to get, obtain,
Bcgrornian, ode, to bewail.
Bcgyman, de, to keep, observe,
attend to.
Bcgyrdan, de, to begird.
Begytan. See begitan.
Behat, 1 n., a promise.
Behawian, ode, to see.
Bchealdan, 1, to beliold, hold.
Behelan, 3, to hide.
Beheonan (dat.), on this side.
Behindan (ace), behind.
Behofian, ede (ode), to need.
Behorsian, ode. See gchorsian.
Bchreowsian, ode, to repent.
Bchreowswi", 2 f., repentance
Behwyrfan, cle, to turn.
Behyaan, de, to hide.
Belicgan, 3, to enomipass.
Belimpan, 5, to belong, happen
Belocan, 6, to lock.
Beine, 4 f., a trumpet.
Vocabulary.
'77
Ben, 2 f., a wound.
Ben, 2 f., /* prayer.
Bend, 1 in. (3 1*.), a to/wf, prison.
Beniman. £«* niinan, to de-
prive of.
Beodun, G, to 6»'cf, t^Ter; to com-
maud, announce, await*
Beon (59), to be.
Beorgan, C, to protect.
Beorii, 1 m, a hill, rampart.
Bcorh-lileoft, 1 n, a mountain-
top.
Bcorbt, bright, excellent.
Beorhtnys, 2 t\, brightness.
Bc6t, 1 ii., a threat, promise.
Bcot-bata, 4 ni., a commander.
Bepoecan, btc, to entice, seduce.
Bera, 4 in., a bear.
Beran, 3, pp.* borcn, to bear, lead,
carry, come upon.
Bcreatian, ode, to wb.
Beren, belonging to a bear.
Berc6wsung, 2 f., repentance.
Bern, 1 n., a barn.
Berowan, 1, to row.
Berstan, C, to burst.
Berypan, tc, to spoil, rob.
Besceawian, ode, to consider, ob-
serve.
Bescufan, C, to thrust.
Bcscyrian, cde, to deprive.
Beseon, to look.
Besittan, 3, to beset.
Besinitan, 4, to defile.
Besniittennys, 2 I., defilement
. Bestandan, 2, to surround, stand
by.
Bestelan, 3, to steal away.
Besteinan, dc, to besteam, dew.
Besvvapen, 1, to persuade, cleanse.
Beswican, 4 (beswican, ode), to
deceive, escape.
BeOfecan, btc, to give up, betake.
Bet, betera, better, betst, best.
Betan, te, to restore.
Bctwih, betwyx, betuh (dat
ace), between, among.
Betynan, de, to close, end.
Bewarenian, ode, to beware.
Beweorpan, 0, to throw.
Bewepan, 1, to bewail.
Bewician, ode, to encamp.
12
Bewissian, te, to govern.
Bewriban, 8 (ea, cb) pp. wrigen,
to cover.
Beyrnan. See yrnan, to go to
meet.
BeJ>earf (54, 2), to need.
Bcjnjccan. See >eccan, to cover.
Bidan, 4, to bide, await.
Bicldan, 3 (pp. beden), to ask,
pray (rcfl.)
Bigan, be6gan, 6 (de), to bow,
submit.
Bigang, bigeng, biggeng, 1 m^
practise, worship.
Bigleofa, 4 in., provision.
Bigstandan, 2, to stand by, sup*
port.
Bil, bill, 1 n., a weapon, sword.
Bilewit, innocent.
Bilewitnys, 2 t\, innocence.
Bindan, 5, to bind.
Binnan (dat.), within.
Birbtncs, beorhtnes, 2 f., bright*
ness.
Birhtu, beorktu, 2 f., briglUness.
Biscop, 1 m., a bislwp.
Biscoprice, a bislwprick.
Biscop-stol, 1 in., cathedral.
Bisegu, bisgu, 2 f., business,
Bisgian, ode, to occupy.
Biter, bitter, bitter.
Bitere, bitterly.
Blac, black.
Blac, pale, bright.
Blaxl, 1 iii M Jiappiness, success.
Blied, 2 f., a branch.
Bkest, 1 m., a blast.
Blat, livid; blate, lividly.
Blawan, 1, to blow.
Bled, 2 f., blossom, fruit.
Blendian, ode, to blind.
Ble6 r g. bleowes, 1 n., a color.
Blctsian, ode, to consecrate, bless.
Blind, blind, hidden.
Blis, blys, 2 f., bliss, pleasure.
Blissian, ode, to rejoice, bless.
BlrSc, cheerful* kind, gentle.
BlrSe-mod, well-disposed.
Blod, 1 n., blood.
Blod-egesa, 4 m., bloody-terror.
Blosma, blostma, 4 ra., a blossom.
Blowian, ode, to bloom.
*7»
Vocabulary.
B6c (15), 2 f, a book, writing.
Bocere. 1 m., a writer.
Boc ledcn, 1 n., Latin, (book-
speech).
B6c-lic, literary.
Bodiau, ede (ode), to preach, tell.
Bodung, 2 f n preaching.
Bog, 1 in., a limb* leg.
Bolster, 1 u., a bolster.
Bord, 1 n., a board, shield.
Bord-hreofta, 4 m M a Meld.
Borgiau, ode, to borrow, pledge.
B6sm, bosuni, 1 m., bosom.
Bo tin, 1 m , a bottom.
Brad, broad.
BnMnn, p. brsede, brudon, to
spread.
Breeding, 2 f., spreading.
Brand, 1 m., Iieat.
Brastlian, ode, to crackle.
Brccan, 3, to break.
Brego, m., lord.
Brcmel (bcl), 1 ra., a briar.
Breost, 2 f., tlie breast.
Brc6st-gehygd, 1 m.. breast-
llwught.
Breost-net, 1 n., a coat of mail,
armor.
Brc6wan, 6, to brew.
Br ice, 1 in., a fragment.
Brfdel, 1 m., a bridle.
Brim, 1 n., the sea.
Briin-cald, sea-cold.
Bringan (5), brengan, brohte, to
bring.
Broga, 4 m., terror, fear.
Brosnian, ode, to decay.
Brofior (19), a brother.
BroSor-gyld, 1 n., revenge for a
brollter.
Brucan, 6, to enjoy.
Briin, brown, dark.
Br^d, 2 f., a bride.
Brylitm, breabtm, 1 m., a twink-
ling.
Bry tta, 4 m., a dispenser, autlwr.
Buan, biigian, de (51), to dwell,
cultivate.
Bufan (dat.), above, from above,
(adv.), above, beyond.
Bugan, be6gan, 0, to bow, bend,
recede.
Btigigend, 1 m., an inhabitant
Bunne, 4 f , Boulogne.
Buxgendaland, Bornhoim.
Burg-sittend, 1 m n a citizen.
Barb, 2 f., a town, city, castle.
Burbware, 1 m., citizens.
Burne, 4 f., a brook.
Biitan, buton (dat ), except, with-
out.
Buttingtiin, Buttington.
Butu, both.
Bycgan, p. bobte, to buy.
Bydel, 1 m., a preacher,
Byme, 4 f., a trumpet.
Byn, bun, gcbun. See btian,
cultivated.
Byrdest, highest -born, noblest,
richest.
Byrgan (ian), ede, to bury*
Byrgen, 2 f., a sepulchre.
Byrig, dative of burlu
Byrigean, de, to bury.
Byrnan, 5, to burn.
ByrSen, 2 f., a burden, load.
Byscn, 2 f., an example.
c.
Cald, ccald, cold.
Candcl-steef, 1 in., a candlestick.
Carfull, mindful.
Carian, ceariau, ode, to care.
Carleas, careless.
Casere, 1 m., emperor (Caesar).
Castel, 1 n. (acc.pl, casteles), a
castle.
Ceald, cold.
Ceap, 1 m., a bargain, chattel,
cattle.
Ceaster, cester, 2 f., city, fort,
(castra).
Ceaster-gewaran, citizens.
Cene, keen, bold.
Cennan, de, to bring forth.
Cent, Kent.
Ceorfan, 6, to cut, carve.
Ccorl, 1 in., a churl, husband'
man.
Ceorlisc, churlish.
Ce6san, 0, pp. c6ren, to choose
Cepa, 4m,a merchant.
Vocabulary.
179
Cepan, to, to attempt
Ccrran, cirran, cde, to turn, sub-
due.
Cigan (can), cygan, dc, to call,
summon.
Cilcl, 1 n., a child (18, n. 4).
Cild-had, 1 m., c1tildhood s
Cin-berg, 1 111., a visor (chin-de-
fence).
Cine-helm, 1 in., crown.
Cirlisc, churlish.
Cisseceaster, Chichester.
Cist, cyst, 2 f., a cohort, band.
CIS, 1 in., a shoot, blade.
Chen, clean, pure.
Cken-heorta, clean-hearted.
Clingan, 5, to witter.
Clom, lui,a clasp, cfiain.
Cludig, stony, rocky.
Clyppan, tc, to embrace, make
much of.
Cnapa, 4 m., a boy.
Cnawan, 1, to know.
Cneow-niceg, lm.,a relative.
Cniht, 1 m., a youth, a knight.
Cnucian, ode, to knock.
Cnysian, edc, to strike.
Cofa, 4 111., a cave, cJtamber,hold
of a ship.
Col, 1 n., a coal.
Colne, Cotne.
Corn, 1 n. t corn, a grain.
CorSor, 1 n., a host.
Costnung, 2 f., temptation.
CotS (u), 2 f., disease, plague.
Craft, 1 m. (2 f.), craft, strength.
Craeftig, strong, crafty.
Cneftega, 4 m., a workman.
Cringan, 5, to cringe, die.
Crisin-l^sing, 2 f , laying aside
the baptismal fillet.
Crist, 1 111., Christ.
Cristcn, 1 in., a cliristian.
Cristendoin, 1 in., Christian-
ity.
Cue, cucu, alive, living.
Culfrc, 4. f., a dove.
Cunian (58, n. 4), to come, go.
Cumbol, ln.,A standard.
Cuintpasder, 1 111., godfather.
Cannan (30), to know.
Cunnian, ode, to prove, try.
CilS. See cunnan, icnown, fa
miliar.
CiiJSlic, certain; cufllicc, cer-
tainly.
Cwal (u), 2 f., death.
Cwat-brycg, 2 f., Bridgenorth.
Cwcalm, l^m., destruction
Cweman, de, to please.
Cwen, 2 f., a wife, queen.
Cwena land, Owe aland.
Cwertern, 1 n., a prison.
Cwic, living.
Cwic-lifigend, living.
Cwyde, cwiflc, 1 m., a speech,
saying.
Cwyld, 2 f. , destruction, slaugh-
ter.
Cwyld-r6f, famed for slaughter.
Cwyst, — used as a sign of in-
terrogation.
Cj;f, 2 1., a vessel, hogsJiead.
Cyle, cold.
Cyie, 1 111., coldness, chill.
Cyme, 1 111., a coming.
Cyn, In., kin.
Cyne\ic,royal ; cyr\c\icc,royally.
Cyneiice, 1 n., a kingdom.
Cyning, cyng, 1 m., a king.
Cype-cniht, I m., a youth for sale.
Cypman, 1 m M a merchant.
Cyppanham, 1 111., Chippenliam.
Cyr, 1 111., a time.
Cyrc, 1 111., a clwicc.
Cyrice, circc, 4 t\, a clturch.
Cvrnian, de, to clamor, cry.
Cyrr, 1 m., a return.
Cyrran, dc, to turn.
Cyrtel, 1 m., a garment, kirtle.
Cystig, liberal.
Cy8, 2 f.,knowledge,acqmintance.
Cy$, cyflflu, 2 f., c>rS5c, 4 f., a
liome.
CySan, dc, to sJiow, tell, make
known.
D.
Djfed, 2 f., a deed.
DiM-betan, te, to repent.
DiEd-bot, 2 f., repentant*.
Dsed-lean, 1 n., a requital.
t8o
Vocabulast.
Dreg, 1 m., a day.
Dajgh warn lie daily.
Dieg-rim, 1 m., a course of
days
Dajgderlic, present.
bit* I, 1 in., a part, portion.
Da: I an, de, to divide, allot.
Dal ui mail, 3, to sJiare.
Dulu, 2 f M a dale, dell.
Dead, dead.
Dead lie, mortal.
Dear (54), to dare.
Deawig-feSere, dewy -feathered,
(with glistening leathers).
DeaiS, 1 m., deatli.
Deatf-drepe, 1 m., a fatal blow.
DeaS-ifficed, 1 n., a death
house.
Dcfenascyrc, 2 f., Devonshire.
Detene (pi.), I m., Devon.
Degoluys, 2 f., secresy.
Del tan, 0, to dig, delce.
Dema, 4 in., a judge.
Dcman, de, to judge, deem, deter-
mine.
Denamearc, Denmark.
Denisca, 4 m., a Dane.
Demi, 2 f., a vale.
Deufol, deofl, 1 m., the devil.
Dcofolgild, 1 n., idolatry.
Deofollic, deoflic, devilish.
Deop, deep.
Deor, ln.,A wild animal, deer.
Deorc, dark.
Deor cyn, 1 n., wild animals.
Deorc, dear, high in price.
Deor-friiS, 1 n., a deer-park.
Deor-mod, brave.
Deorwurfi, precious.
DcorwurSnes, 2 f., precious-
11C88.
Dorian (igan), edc, to injure.
Diaconhad, 1 m., diaconate.
Digel, 2 £, a secret.
Digle, secret, on diglum, se-
cretly.
Dim, dark.
Dogor-riin, 1 in., a number of
days.
Dohte. See dugan.
Doh tor (19), a daughter.
Dol, 1 n., folly.
TM, foolish.
TkiWvcJbolish; doYlice.fooltshly
D6ra, 1 m., doom, judgment.
Domftest, just.
D6n (51), to do, cause.
Dor. See duru, a door.
Dorccceaster, DorcJuster.
Draca, 4 in., a dragon.
Dream, 1 m.,joy.
Dreamleas, joyless.
Drecan, lite, to vex, oppress.
Drefan, de, to disturb,
Drcnc, 1 m., a drink.
Drence-fl6d, a drowning flood.
Dreogan, 6, to suffer.
Dreoran, dreosan, 6, to perish.
Dre6rig, sad; dreorige, sadly.
Dreorignys, 2 f., sadness.
Drif, 1 in., a fever.
Drifan, 4, to drive.
Drig, dryg, dri, dry.
Drilit, dryht, 2 f., a people, an
army.
Drihten, 1 m., the Lord.
Drih ten lie, divine.
Drihtguma, 4 m., a noble.
Driht-neas (pi.), 1 in., the slain
in battle.
Drinc, 1 m., a drink.
Drincan, 5, to drink.
Droh tnian, ode, to lice.
Drohtnung, 2 f., conduct, life
Dugan, p. ddhte (54), to avail,
be good for.
DugutS, 2 f, prosperity, the no*
bility. people.
Dun, 2 f., a mountain.
Dun-scrajf, 1 n., a mountain
cave.
Duru, 2 f., a door, gate.
Dust, 1 m., dust.
Dyni-kof, 1 n., a hiding place.
Dyre. See deor, dear.
Dyrling, deorling, 1 m., a dar-
ling.
Dyrstig, bold.
Dyrstignys, 2 f., presumption.
DyrwurS, precious.
Dysig, foolish.
Dgsignys, 2 f.,folly. f •
Dyslic, foolish; dyslicc, fool'
ishly.
Vocabulary.
181
E.
Ea (sing, inclecl.), f., a river.
Eac, also; cue swa, swilce, so
also; euc J>an, moreover.
Eaca, 4 m., /mi addition.
Ead, 1 n M a possession, good.
Ead, Eadig, blessed, important,
happy, rich.
Eddignys, blessedness.
Euclmod, humble.
Eudmodlic, humble, -lice, hum-
Eadm6dnes, 2 f., humility.
Eafora, 4 in., offspring.
Edge, 4 n., Md eye.
Eaht. to ajht.
Eahta, eight; caktatig, eighty;
calitatyne, eighteen.
Eal, «W.
Eald, to/
EalaS (o3), 2 f., afe.
Eald, old; to, on, caldrc, eo«r.
Ealdor, 1 in., an elder, ruler,
prince.
Ealdor-biscop, 1 ni., chief
bishop.
Ealdor-botl, 1 n., a royal village.
Ealdorman, 1 in., an alderman.
Eallnig, always.
Eallunga (c), altogether, wholly.
Ealo (u), g. ealewcs, 1 n, ale,
beer.
Ealswa, so, also, even as.
Earc, 2 t\, carc-bord, 1 n., an
ark.
Eard, 1 m., a country, land.
Eardian, ode, to dwell.
Earfo'S, 2 f, difficulty, grief, suf-
fering.
Earfofl, difficult,
EarfoSnys, 2 f., trouble.
E'lrfbfl-rimc, difficult to number.
EarfrvSsitf, 1 m. f a difficult jour-
ney.
Eargeblond, 1 n., the sea (water-
blending).
Earm, miserable.
Eanning, 1 m., a wretch.
Earm lie, miserable, -lice, mis-
erably.
Earnian, ode, to earn, receive.
East, east ; eastan, easterly; bo-
eastan, to the east of.
East-djel, 1 m., the east part.
East-cnde, 1 m., the east end.
East-englc (pi.), 1 in., the East
Angles.
Easter, 2 f., Eastre, 4 f., Easter
Easter-dieg, 1 m., Easter-day.
East-healf, 2 f. , the east side.
East-lang, towards the east.
East rice, 1 n., tlie east kingdom.
East-rihtc, towards tlie east.
Eastweard, eastward.
Eawfaest, pious, orthodox.
Ea$e, cp. e v S, easily.
EiVSelic, easy.
EaSmodnes, 2 f., humility.
Ebbian, ode, to ebb.
j&ce, eternal, everlasting, (adv.)
always.
Ecelic, eternal; lice, eternally.
ficuys, 2 f., eternity.
Edlean, 1 n., a reward.
Edniwc (neowe), renewed.
Edniwian, ode, to renew.
Edwendcn, 2 f., an end, renewal.
Eten-laican, lite, to imitate.
Efenlic, even; -lice, evenly.
Efennehft, 2 f., neighborhood, vi-
cinity.
Efes, 2 f., a border.
Erne, to/ behold! even.
Efn-gedaelan, de, to divide
evenly.
Efstau, te, to hasten.
"Eft, again, back, after.
Egc, 1 m., terror, awe.
£gesa, egsa, 4 m., lwrror, alarm.
figesfnll, terrible.
lSgcslic, teirible; -lice, terribly.
Eglan (ian) ode, to ail s suffer,
, (impers.) to inflict pain.
Egor, 1 in., the sea,
Kgor-licre, 1 m., the sea host.
Ag-streain, 1 m., the sea.
Ehtcre, 1 m., a persecutor.
Ehtian, te, to persecute
Ehtnys, 2 f., persecution.
Eld, yldo, 2 f., age, an elder, a
man.
Ele, 1 in., oil.
Ele-be&m, 1 m., the olive tree.
i
182
Vocabulary.
a cubit, (ell-
f n residence
f., resident*
Ellen, i d., emtrage.
Ellend, foreign.
Ellenwodnes, 2 f., zeal,
Elles, else.
Eln, 2 f., <m tft.
Eln-gemet, 1 m.,
measure).
El>eodignes, 2
abroad.
El>e6dung, 2
abroad.
Embe. See ymbe, about.
Emne, even.
Emniht, 2 f M equinox.
Emnlang, equally long,
Ende, 1 m., part, end.
Endebyrdan, de, to ordain, ar-
range.
Endebyrdnes, 2 f. f order.
Endian (igan) ode, to end.
Endlifa, eleven; cndlyfta, the
eleventh.
Engc r narrow.
Engel, 1 m., an angel.
Englisc, English.
En<ju, 2 f., a narrow place.
Eodorcan, te, to ruminate.
Eored. See werod.
Eorl, 1 m., a man, an earl.
Eorld6m, 1 m., an earldom.
Eorl-gcbyrd, 2 f., the nobility.
EormS. See yrmfl.
Eoraost (est), earnest.
Eornoste, eornostlice, earnestly,
truly.
Eorp, dark, swarthy.
EorS-bngigend, 1 in., an earth-
dweller.
EorSe, 4 f, the earth, ground.
EorSlic, earthly.
Eower, your.
Ercebiscop, 1 m., an archbishop.
Ercehad, the archepiscopal office.
Erian, ede, to plow, till.
7}rnriS. See yrm'S.
Est, 1 m., liberality, favor, devo-
tion.
fsta, 4 m., an Esthonian.
stfiill, devout.
iSstfnllic, devout; -lice, devoutly.
Est-mere, the Frische Haff.
Eton, 3, to eat.
Ettan. See etan, to pasture.
Exanccastrc, Exeter.
feS, more easily.
Zffcl, lm,fl country.
E^el-land, 1 n., a native land.
goel-lcas, countryless.
Eflel-rilit, 1 n., land-right (p.
155, I. 130, the Promised
Land).
F.
Facn, 1 n., deceit.
Facn, deceitful.
Face, 1 n., a portion of time, a
space.
Fader (19), father.
Ftfegc, devoted to death, fated.
Fregen, glad.
Fregcr, fsegr,/at>.
Fregere, fairly.
Faegernys, 2 f., fairness, beauty.
Fregnian, ode, to rejoice, exult.
FifchS, 2 f., deadly wrath.
Foenine, 4 f, a woman.
Far, 1 m., a ship.
Fier, 1 m., terror.
Fcer, 1 m., (faBr, fara, 2 f.), a
journey; on ftere, on the way.
Fteran. See far an, to go.
Far-bryne, 1 in., a terrible-
heat.
Ftereld, 1 m., a journey.
Falrlic, sudden; -lice, suddenly.
Far-spell, 1 n., terrible news.
Fser-wundor, 1 n., a stupendous
miracle.
FaerS, 1 m , the mind.
Faesel, 1 m., offspring, seed,
F&st, fa st.
Faestan, te, to fast.
Faesten, 1 n., a fastness, firma-
ment.
Fasten, 1 n., a fast.
Faisthafel, retentive.
Fsest-hydig, firm minded.
Fsestlic, firm ; -Wee, firmly.
Faestrokl, inflexible.
Faet, 1 n. (13), a vat, vessel^
plate.
Faeteis, 1 m M a vessel.
Vocabulary.
183
Fseftm, 1 m., a fathom, an em-
brace, grasp.
FarSm-rim, a fathom-measure.
Fah, hostile.
Famgian, ode, to foam.
Faniig, foamy.
Fana, 4 m., a standard.
Fandian, ode, to try, prove,
tempt.
Fandung, 2 f., trial.
Fangau (ton), 1, to take, seize.
Faran 2, to go.
Feallan, 1, to fall, run back.
Fealo, se fealwa, fallow, yellow.
Fealwian, ode, to grow yellow.
Fearm, 1 in., a ship-load.
Fearuhain, Farnham.
Feaw, fea (indecl.),/<«0.
Feccao, p., feante, to bring.
Fedan, de, to feed.
Fela (indecl), many, much.
Feld, 1 in., afield, tlie open coun-
try.
Feld-kus, 1 n., a tent.
Fell, 1 11., a hide, skin.
Fenn, 1 n., a fen, marsh.
Feogitsung, 2 f., avarice, riches,
property.
Feoh, (dat. fe6), 1 n., cattle,
beasts, money.
Feohan, p., feah, to rejoice.
Feohgitsere, 1 m M a miser.
Feoh-leas, moneyless, poor.
Feoh tan, 6, to fight.
Feola. See fela, many.
Feond, (pi. #nd, 13 11., 7), 1 m.,
an enemy, fiend.
Feor, cp., fyrre, sp., fyrrest,/ar.
Feorh (g. feores), 1 n., life, a liv-
ing being.
Feorn-uirde, 1 m., a life-guard.
Feorsian, fyrsian, ode, to go on.
FeorSling, 1 m., a farthing.
Feower, four; feowertig, forty;
feowertyne, fourteen.
Feran, de, to go; forS, to die.
Ferclam, 1 m., a sudden onset.
Ferh«, 1 m., the life.
Ferhft-loca, 4 m., the body.
Ferian, ode (ede), to bear, lead,
conduct.
Fers, 1 n., a verse.
Fersc,//wA.
Fefta, 4 ni., a phalanx.
Fetfe, 1 m., activity, power of
motion.
Fefle-gast, 1 m., a visitor (foot-
guest).
FeSer, 2 f., a feather.
Fian, ode, to hate.
Ffc-aeppel, 1 111., a fig.
Fif, five; fitta, the fifth; fiftig,
fifty; fiftyne, fifteen.
Fmdan, 5, to invent, find, deter-
mine.
Fiogan, ode. See fian, to hate.
Fioung, 2 f., hatred.
Fir, 1 m., a man.
Firen, 2 f., a sin, crime.
First, fyrst, 2 f. (1 m.), time, an
interval.
Fisc, 1 m. (13 n., 5), a fish.
Fiscere, 1 m., a fisher
FiscoS, 1 ni., fishing.
FiSer, 2 f., a feather.
Fla, crafty, hostile.
Flsesc, 1 n., flesh.
Flriesc-hoina, 4 m., the body.
Flan, 2 f., a dart.
Fleam, 1 m., flight.
Fleon (fleogan), 6, to fly, flee.
Fleotan, 6, to float.
Fleswian, ode, to mutter.
Flint, 2 f., flight.
Flitan, 4, to contend.
Floe, 1 ni., a company, division.
Floe r&dum, by companies.
Flod, 1 n. (2 f.), a flood, flood-
tide.
F16d-blac, flood-pale.
F16d-egsa, 4 m., flood-terror.
Flocl-weard, 2 f., a flood-bulwark.
Flod-wylm, a flood-wave.
Flota, 4 m., a sailor.
Flot-man, 1 m., a sailor.
Flowan, 1, tofloto.
Fl^ma, 4 m., a fugitive.
Flyman, de, to put to flight.
Fnoest, 1 m., a blast, rage.
Folc, 1 n., folk, people, multi-
tude.
Folc-agende, inhabited.
Folc-gefeoht, 2 f., general
battle.
184
VOCABVLABY.
Folc-gestcalla, 4 m., a compan-
ion.
Folc-toga, 4 m., a lender.
Fold (a termination), /<;&/, times.
Foldc, 4 i\, the ettrth, ground.
Folde-buend, 1 m., earth-dwel-
lers
Folirian, oclc, to follow.
Folin, 2 f., a hand.
Fon (fangan), 1 (58, n., 2), ic
loh, \>u fehst, he felr5; we
fo5, to take, seize.
Fond, /<>?•, fand. See findan.
For (Uat. ace), for, because, as
regards.
For >y, >e, because; for J>am,
because; for hwain, hwon,
uhy.-
Foran, before.
Forbairnan, dc, to burn up.
Forbeodan, G, to prohibit.
Forbyrnan, 5, to burn up.
Forceorfan. See ceorfan, to cut
down.
Fore 6$, wicked.
Ford, 1 m., a ford.
Fordeman, dc, to condemn.
Fordon, to destroy.
Fordrifan, 4, to drive away.
Fore, before.
Force wefian, 3, to foretell.
Foregangan, to precede.
Forcgenga, 4 ni., an ancestor ',
forerunner.
Foregisel, 1 m., a hostage.
Forcmiera, illustrious.
Foresceawung, 2 f., procidence.
Foresccotau, 0, to anticipate.
Foresecgau, to foretell; loresaed,
aforesaid.
Foresetnes, 2 f., resolution.
Forcsprecena, tlie aforesaid.
Foresteppan, 2, to precede.
Foreweall, 1 in., a bulwark, pro-
tecting wall.
Forcwcard, well along.
Forfaran, 2, to close, prevent
exit.
Forfleon (fleogan), G, to flee from.
Forgun, to forego.
ForgilHn. See gifan, to forgive,
give.
Forgifenes, 2 f. y forgiveness.
Forgitan. See gitan, to forget
Forgitol, forgetful. >
Forgyman, de, to neglect, de*
spise.
Forhabban, to hinder.
Forhifcfednys, 2 f., abstinence.
Forhogian, ode, to despise.
Forhohnes, 2 f., contempt.
Forhradian, ode, to prevent,
overtake.
Forht, afraid
Forhtian, ode, to fear.
Forhtung, 2 f.,fear.
Forhwsega, at least, at last.
Forhwi, forhwon, why.
Forl&dan, de, to seduce.
Forl&ran, de, to deceive.
Forhfetan, to abandon, permit.
Forlegenys, 2 f., adultery.
Forleoran, de, to forsake.
Forlcosan, 6 (58, n., 7), to aband-
on, lose.
Forma (se), early, former, first.
Forniman, to deform, destroy.
For-oft, very often.
For-ridan, 4, to outride, ride
down.
Forsccpan (sce6pan), p. sc6p,
sceop, to transform.
Forscufan, 6, to cast down.
Forscyldian (igan), ode, to con-
demn.
Forseon, to despise.
Forsewcnnys, 2 f., contempt.
Forslean, to kill.
Forspanan, 2 (1), to seduce.
Forspendan, de, to spend, use up.
Forspillednes, 2 f M destruction.
Forst. See frost.
Forstandan, 2, to benefit, impede.
Forstelan. See stelan, to steal.
Forswapan, 1, to sweep away.
Forswcrian, to forswear.
ForswiSe, exceedingly, very
much.
Fortredan, 3, to tread under foot.
Forwcl, very many. much.
Forwcornian, cdo, to wear out,
wither, grow old.
ForweorSian. See weorSan, to
perish.
Vocabulast.
**S
Forwundian, to wound.
Forwyrcan, to obstruct, close.
Forwyrd, 2 f., destruction.
Forwyrnan, de, to deprice, re-
fuse.
For5, forth (often requires a
verb).
Forftain, because.
ForS-baero, 2 f., creation.
For5-bringan, to bring forth.
Forfc-curaan, to come forth.
ForS-faran, 2, to die.
For3-for, 2 f., departure, death.
ForS-gang, 1 m., forth-going.
ForS-gangan, to go forth.
ForS-gewitan, 4, to depart, die.
For&here (herge), 1 m., the van.
For \>\, tlterefore.
ForSluedan, de, to bring forth.
For5-srS, 1 m., death.
ForS-weard, forward, future.
ForS-weg, 1 m., departure,
march.
Fot, 1 m., (12, 5), afoot.
F6t-scamcl (ol, ul), 1 in., afoot '
stool.
F6t-swa$u, 2 f , a footstep.
F68. See tangan.
Frcetwc (uwe), pi., 2 f., orna-
ments, decorations.
Frcetwian, ode, to adorn.
Frain (dat., gen., ace.), by, from.
Francan, pi., 4 in., Vie Franks.
Francland, France.
Frca, 4 in., the Lord.
Free, wicked, vile, bold.
Freca, 4 m., a bold man.
Frccednvs, 2 f., calamity.
Frecen, 2 f., peril (g. irecne).
Frecene, dangerous, dire.
Frefrian, de, to comfort.
Fregnan, 5, p., frsegn, to ask,
learn.
Freme, 4 f. (fremu, 2 f.), advan-
tage, gain.
Fremed, strange, foreign.
Fremian, ede, to profit.
Frcniman, to do.
Frcmsumnes, 2 f., kindness.
Freo {\\),frce.
Fre61ic, free, noble; fre61ice,
freely.
Fre6nd, pi., fr^nd, 1 m., a
friend.
Frcosan (58, n., 7), to freeze.
FreoSo, 2 i'., protection.
Frco'So-woer, 2 f , a safeguard.
Fretan, 3, to detour, eat up.
Fv\g,free.
Friguan, p., frag, frungon ; pp.,
frungen, to ask, to learn by
asking.
Frignes, 2 f., questioning.
Frisa, 4 m., a Frisian.
FriS, 1 m., fri«u, 2 f., fritte, 1 n.,
peace.
Frod, wise, old.
Frofer (or), 2 f., comfort.
From (dat.), from.
From-gewitan, 4, to depart.
Frost, 1 m., frost
¥yw\\\, first.
Fruma', 4 n., author, beginning.
Frum-gara, 4 in., a patriarch*
Frunisceaft, 2 i'., creation.
Fry nitS, 1 in., a beginning.
Fugcl (ol), 1 in., a fowl.
Fugel-cyn, 1 n., fowls.
Fugelere, 1 m., a fowler.
Ful, full, /a W.
Fulfrenied, peifect.
Fulfremedlice, perfectly.
Fulfreraian, ode, to perfect,
fulfil.
Fulgan. See gan, to gratify.
Fiilian, ode, to foul, decay.
Fullanham, 1 m., Fulhm.
Fullian, ode, to baptize.
YxiWiQe, fully.
Fulneiib, almost.
Fultuin, 1 m., aid, lielp, an
army.
Fultuuiian, ode, to aid.
Fulwibt, fulluht, 1 m., baptism.
Furlang, 1 in., a furlong.
FurSan (on, urn), also, even, al
ready.
Fiis, swifts eager.
Fyligan, de, to follow.
Fyll, 1 ni., a fall, death.
Fyllan, de, to fill, satisfy.
Fylst, 2 f, aid.
Fynd. See fe6nd.
F^r, 1 n.,fire.
i86
Vocabulary.
Fyrd, 2 f M the militia, an army,
a march.
Fyrd-gctrum, 1 n., a band of
soldiers.
Fyrdian, ede, to march, war,
Fyrdleas, without an army.
Fy rcn, fiery.
Fyrenlust, 1 m., sinful desire,
Fyrhto, 2 f., dread.
Fyrlen, distant.
Fyrmest, foremost.
Fyrn, ancient, old.
Fyrnum, horribly.
Fyrst, 2 f. (1 in.}, a space, an in-
terval.
G.
Gaderian, ode, to gather.
Gee st (12, 2), gast, 1 in., a guest.
Gafol, 1 n., tax, tribute.
Gal, 1 n., folly, wantonness.
Gamenian, ode, to joke, sport,
Gamol, old, aged.
Gan (gangan), (51), to go.
Gar, 1 m., stoivn, a weapon.
Gar-beam, 1 m., a spear.
Gar-berend, 1 in., a soldier.
Garsecg, 1 in., the ocean.
Gast, 1 in., breath, spirit, ghost.
Gastlic, glwstly, spiritual.
Ge,and; ge . . ga,both . . and.
Geacsian, ode, to learn by ask-
ing.
Gcrcrnian. fite'earnian.
Gcagan. See agan.
Geapscipe, 1 m., shrewdness.
Gear, 1 m., a year.
Gearcian, ode, to make ready.
Geare, long ago.
Gearian (igian), ode, to pardon.
Gcaro, ready, prepared.
Gearwian, ede (ode), to prepare,
furnish, make ready.
Gear w iu"5ian, ode, to reverence.
Geat, 1 n., a gate, door.
Ge banian, de, to drive.
Gcbaiinan, 1, to convoke, call out.
Gebcd, 1 n., prayer.
Gebelgan, C, to be angry.
Gebeodan, G, to command.
Gebeorscipe, 1 m., company.
Gebetan, te, to atone for, make
good.
Gebidan, 4, to await.
Gebiddan, to pray.
Gebigan, de, to subject, bow.
Gebisnung, 2 f., example,
Gcblanden, infected.
Gebletsian, ode, to bless,
Gebod, 1 n., a command.
Gebrecan, to break.
Gebregan, de, to frighten.
Gebregd, 1 n., a violent motion.
Gebringan. See bringan.
Gebro'Sra (19), brethren.
Gebugan, 6, to swerve from, to
yield to.
Gebyrd, 2 f., birth,family, on ge-
byrd far an, to die.
Gebyrian, ede, to befitting.
Gebyrtid, 2 f., birtlUime, birth-
day.
Gebysgian, ode, to disturb, vex.
Gebytle, 1 n., a building.
Gecamp, 1 in., warfare.
Gecegan, de, to call.
Geceosan, 6, to choose.
Gecerran (cirran), de, to turn,
return.
Gecneordlsecan, lite, to study.
Gecneovcllic, diligent; -lice, diU
igently.
Gecnyrdnys, 2 f., diligence, fer-
vor, study.
Gecope,^.
Gecoplic, fit; -lice, fitly.
Gecostan, ode, to try, prove.
Gecristnad, christened.
Gecweinan, de, to please.
Gecwerae, pleasant, pleasing.
Gecygan, de, to call.
Gecynd (cind), 1 n. (2 f.), nature.
Gecynde, natural, by natural
right.
Gecyndelic, natural.
Gecyrran, de, to turn.
Gec^rrednys, 2 f., conversion.
Gecyfian, de, to manifest.
Ged. See gyd, a song.
Gedafenian, ode, to behave, fit,
Gedal, 1 m., separation; to-
gedal, exempt.
Gcdsfclan. do, to than, divide.
i i r- . j ; !. 1 h. e j :ii-, mitalik.
Gtdei'e, mild.
Gedeorf, 1 n., labor, toil
i.Ji-ililitnn, cc, in ■•■•m pone, ordain.
Gedou. See don, to reach, effect,
make, cause, treat.
Gcilit'lkn. ill', to trouble.
(k'.livtl-tlnYs. 2 f, trouble.
Gedrcncan, te, to drown.
Gedreosan, to fail.
Gedriht, 2 f., a host.
Gedrinc, lu,» banquet.
GtAt^xa, joyful.
Gedwotuiau, 1 m., an. heretic.
Ge-e&cmau, ode, to increase.
Ge-eurmau, ode, to earn..
Ge-earnuiig, 2 f., merit.
(it'-ii'dslii'Vlian. iwie, to restore.
Ge-eleiiirfiCHn, hie, to imitate.
Ge-e lime tun, te, to make equal.
Ge-cncluiig, 2 f., death, ending.
Ge-fiEilera, 4 ra., a cousin,
OeAegoa, glad, joyful.
Geffestnian, ode, to fatten, con-
firm.
Giliiiui], 2, to die.
Gefeallan, 1, to fill upon.
German (ino), dc, to join, make.
f-ii'tViiJuin, to rejoice.
Gefu'iht, i a., tear.
(jcit-iijidc, jiJjtfVti.
Gefera, 4 m., a companion.
Gefere, easy »f w«m.
Gct'iiU'rimi, ode, to bind.
Gefetian, te (ed), to take potses-
Gefuxod, haired.
GefrSerian {feSerian), ode, to
G< f6n, to take.
Gefriege. known.
Gefrajtewian, ode, to adorn.
Gelrewiaii, ode, to commit.
Gefremman, de, to perf-rm, tic-
eomplith.
Gefrige, 1 n. (daL pi., frcoguw),
invettigalion.
Gefrignan, 5, p., frag, to learn
by inquiry.
Gefyllan, de, to accomplish,
make got d, -ilftl.
Gejylsla, 4 m., an assistant.
Gefyril, long ago.
Gcfys&D, de, to hasten.
dHWlill II HIL 2 f., a meeting.
Gegan (gangan) (51), to mMM
Uegripau, 4, to seize.
Gegyrela,4 in., agnrmerU.
Gehadian, ode, to ordain.
Gelissfuni (pp. ed), to confine,
ho'.d captive.
(.!eli:i.'Uui, dc, to heal.
Gelialgian, ode, to dedicate.
Gehat, 1 n., a promise.
GeliiUan. See ttttaa to call,
prtitnixc, be called.
Geliat.land, I tl., promised-land.
Ueliawian, ode, to ohserce.
Gehealdaii, I, to held, keep.
Gelicnduii, lo seize.
Gelierau. See geliyran.
GclieiDCs, 3 ('., a hearing.
Gchnipan, 4, to rise darkly, to
becloud.
Gehroden, adorned.
Geliwa, liw«t, g., 1iwjj>8, every
Gehw»dc, little, small.
Geliwer, every inhere.
Geliwlle, evciy one.
GdnvilUlil, M/iiH-tiiiM*.
Geliuyrliin, dc, ta turn. •
Gi-liyran, de, to liear, obey.
Gi-hvisuii], obedient.
(ti.1i\ I'suniiiiu, ode, to ■ibey.
Gcliyrsumiiys, 2 f, obedience,
Geiiinian, ode, to supply.
Gelad, 1 n., a way.
Gelasccan, lite, to take, seize.
Gekedan. See liMan, to lead.
Geliferan, de, to learn.
Geliestau, te, to hold to, observe,
effect.
Gelati, hostile.
QehtSian, ode, to invite.
GeltiSung, 2 I'., congregation,
Gelcafa, 4 m.. faith, belief.
Geicailull, believing, faithful.
Gclciiiiiiui, ckIl', to repay.
GHend. See lendmu.
Gelendian, de, to endoie.
Geluogan, 6, to deceive.
i$8
Vocabulary.
Geleornian, ode, to learn.
Gelic, like to; se gelica, an
equal.
Geliciau, ode, to please.
Gelitftestan, te, to make alive.
Gel ill tan, te, to alight.
Gelimpan, 5, to Jiappen.
Gel i in plic, fit, suitable.
Gelonie, frequent.
Gelomlic, frequent; -lice, fre-
quently.
Gel ust full iiin, ode, to delight.
Gelyfan, de, to bnlieve.
Gclyfed, of mature years; of
great faith.
Gemaca, 4 m., a mate.
Gemcene, common, togetlier.
Gemteran, de, to Iionor.
Geniiere, 1 n., a limit, bound-
ary.
Geinaglic, geraahlic, persever-
ing.
Geniagnys, gemahnys, 2 f., per-
severance.
Gemana, 4 m., marriage, com-
pany.
Gemet, 1 n., manner, way; —
measure, bound.
Gernetan, te (ed), to find, meet.
Gemetegian, ode, to control.
Gemetlic, moderate; -lice, fitly.
Gemiltsian, ode, to pity.
Gemunan, de, to call to mind.
Geinynd, 1 n., memory, mind,2f.
Gemynd-wyrfie, venerable.
Gemyntan, te, to purpose.
Gen, moreover, then.
Gen£egan,fo draw near to, press.
Genamian, ode, to name.
Genapan, 1, to fall on.
Geneadian, ode, to compel.
Geneahe, enough, oft enough.
Genealfiecan, 2 (46), to draw
near.
Geneat, 1 in., a vassal, supporter.
Genemnian, ode, to name.
Generian, ode (ede), to save.
Geniht, 2 f., abundance.
Genii) tsum, genii) tsumlic. abun-
dant.
Genilitsumian, ode, to suffice.
Genihtsumlice, abundantly.
Genihtsumnys, 2 f., abundant*
Geniman. See niman, to take.
Geniftla, 4 m., a foe.
GentSle, 4 f., enmity.
Genok, enough.
Genotian, ode, to use, use up.
Gent, Ghent.
Genydan, de, to compel, press.
Geo, formerly.
Geoc, 1 n., a yoke.
Geocsa, 4 m., a sobbing.
Geoffrian, ode, to offer.
Geofon, In., the sea.
Geofon-hus, I n., a ship.
Geogofl, 2 f., youth.
Geonior, sad.
Geond (ace.), around.
Geond-faran, to surround, per~
vade.
Geond-l&can, to flow around.
Geoug (25), young.
Geongerdoin, 1 in., obedience*
vassalage.
Geonglic, youthful.
Geongra, 4 m., a follower.
Gcopenian, ode, to open.
Georn, anxious, eager, zealous.
Georne, diligently, earnestly.
Geornfullic, earnestly.
Geornfullnes, 2 f., zeal.
Georn lie, earnest; -lice, earn-
estly.
Geortruwian, ode, to despair,
distrust
Ger. See gear, a year.
Gerad, proper.
Geraecan, lite, to seize, overtake,
conquer.
Gere, Geare, certainly.
Gerec, 1 n., a rule.
Gereccan, lite, to relate.
Gereclic, steadfast; -lice, stead
fastly.
Gerefa, 4 m., a reeve, steward.
Gereord, 2 f., language.
Gereordung, 2 f., a repast.
Gere stan, te, to rest.
Geriht, In., duty.
Geriht-kecan, lite, to correct.
Geripan, 4, to reap.
Gen* a n, 4, to befit.
Gi'ifeene, proper, fit.
VoCABULAXr.
2X9
Gerlsenlic, suitable; -lice, suit-
ably .
Gersume, 1 m. (4 f.), a treasure.
Geiyman, de, to give place to.
Geryne, ln.,a mystery.
Ges&lan, de, to happen.
Qes&lig, happy.
Gesfieliglice, happily.
GesaMS, 2 f., happiness.
Gesamnian (ora), ode, to collect.
Gesamnung (om), 2 f., an as-
sembly.
Qescatian, 1, to decide, repay.
Qescapan (58, n. 3), to create.
Qcsceadwisnes, 2 f., wisdom.
Ctesceaft, 2 f., creation, creature.
Oesceap, 1 n., creation.
Ctesceapennys, 2 f., creation.
Ctesceaftan, p., sce6d, to destroy
(dat).
Ctescildan, de, to shield.
Gescipan, ode, to take ship, em-
bark.
Gescrifan, 4, to impose.
Gescyldnys, 2 f., protection.
Qescyppan. Bee scapan, to
make.
Gescyrped, equipped.
Geseglian, ode (ede), to sail.
Geseon. Bee se6n, to see.
Gesetnys, 2 f., a decree.
Gesettan, te, to settle, place, oc-
cupy, possess.
Gesewen, op., of se6n.
Gesetfan, ae, to verify.
Gesibsurn, peaceful.
Gesibsumian, ode, to be recon-
ciled.
GesihS, 2 f., sight.
Gesittan, 3, to abide.
Gears, 1 m., a companion.
GesiScundllc, social.
Gespannan, 1, to join, close.
Gespong (spang), 1 n., a chain.
Gespornan, 6, to perch on.
Gesprsec, 2 f., discourse, conver-
sation.
Gesfefelan, de, to impute, charge.
GestajflSig, steadfast.
Gestandan, 2, to attack.
Gestatfelfrestan, te, to confirm
Gestaftelian, ode, to fix, establish.
Gestedhors, 1 n., a stallion,
steed.
Gestefnde, fixed.
Gestepan, te, to raise.
Gestlgan, 4, to ascend, descend,
(with ace. of place).
Gestillan, de, to restrain, stop.
Gestreon, 1 n., property, wealth.
Gestrynan, de, to gain.
Gesund, safe, well.
Gesundfull, gesundfullic, pros-
perous.
Gesundfullice, prosperously.
Geswefian, ode, to put to sleep
Geswelgan, 6, to swallow.
Gesweorc, 1 n., a cloud, mist.
Gesweorcan, 6, to grow dark.
Geswican, 4, to cease, fail, de
ceive.
Geswinc, 1 n., affliction, toil.
Geswipp, crafty.
Geswutelian, ode, to reveal.
Gesyllan, p., sealde, to give.
Gesynto, 2 f., profit, prosperity
Get, yet.
Getel, get&l, 1 n., a number.
Getellan, p., tealde, pp., geteled,
to number.
Getemprian, ode, to temper.
Geteohan (teon), 6, to draw out,
educate.
Geteohian, ode, to determine.
Getigan, ede, to tie, bind.
Getimbre, 1 11., a building.
Getiinbrung, 2 f., building.
Getimian, ode, to happen.
GetiSian, ode, to grant.
Getrymmian, ede, to strengthen.
Getw&fan, de, to deprive of.
Geuferan, ode, to exalt.
Geunnan (50, n.), to grant.
Gewadan, 2, to invade, penetrate.
Gewflegan, de, to oppress.
Gewanian, ede, to wane.
Gewealc, 1 n., surging, rolling.
Geweald, 2 f., power, possession.
Gewealdan, 1, to wield, rule.
GewealdcD, strong.
Gewearnian, ode, to admonish
Gewemman, de, to seduce.
Gewemmednys, 2 f., a stain.
Ge wend an, de, to turn, go.
Geweorc, wore, 1 n., a fortrtM,
Gewcorp, 1 o., a dart.
Ch'wvorSiui. SM wcortian, (06*
roiw, twppen.
Gcwilnian, (Hie, (0 wi«A desire.
Gewilnung, 2 f„ desire.
Gewinn, 1 n., contest toil.
Gum- in nan, B, to conquer, fight,
Gewissian, ode, to instruct, com-
mand.
Gewisslic, gewisslice. certainly.
Gewila, 4 m.. 11 witness, a tag*.
Gewiian, 4, to depart, die, up
n gejr
in, <<>«.
GewfU'iines, 2 I'., departure.
Gewil-loca, 4 m, the mind.
Gewilnian, ode, to punish.
Gcwrit, 1 ]]., a aril, record.
G i' wuii, accustomed.
Gcwuda, 4 111., -1 ciutom.
Gcwmiciic, common; -lice, com-
monly.
Gewiiniiiu (ieiin), ode, to re-
main, to be. nccii*t'»ncd.
GewurHaii. See weorSao.
GowurBian, ode, to honor.
Gewyrc, 1 d., a work.
Gewyrcau, worlue, to make,
Gewyidan, de, (0 injure.
Gewyrht, 1 n., desert, work.
Geycan, to, to increase, add to.
Gtyrsian, ode. to be angry with.
Oe Mian, ode, to permit.
ilcl'iit'uii;:, '■! \., rotiuent-
Ui'hllc, 1 111., thought.
O'h'iiht, 2 1'., council.
Getealitian, ode, to advise.
G< Mi-eim {ma). Bee K'ncan, to
consider, decise.
Getvodan, de, to join, associate,
GeRdde, 1 n., language, idiom.
GcRfidoua, 2 f, desire.
Geheon, to flourish, grow up.
GeHncS, 2 f., dignity.
G<i>iDgian, ode, to inteicede.
determination.
G(+6lit,
Ge)>reatinn, odt to oppresi
Getungen, excellent, noble.
Gejywan, de, to press, thnut-
Gicel, 1 m., an icicle.
Qiddian, ode, to ting.
Giet, gieta, gel, yet.
Gif, if-
GifHji,3(58 > n.4),toatM
Gilo, 2 f., grace, gift (pL op
tials).
Gilp, 1 111., pride, glory.
n omamtsld
Glm, . „
Gim-reced, 1
Girdiui, gvrdaD, de, to gird.
G Irian, eae, to prepare.
Girnan, de, to yearn for.
Giscian, ode, to lob.
Gisel, I m., a pledge, hoitogi.
Git. yet.
Gjtaii, 8 (53, a. 4), p.,geat,to ft
GitBian, ode, to cocet,
Gilsung, 2 L, desire, avarice.
Giu, long ago.
i;i;nli:m, ih!c. to rejoice.
Uln.-d, du'dlic, piirf.
(•hftllier, •fhtdly.
Gl.'iiw, sagacious.
Glengau, lie, (a nrforn.
Gleowiaii, ode, to jest, be merrg.
Gnom, MAf gnorjira, sadder.
Gnoraiau, ode, to grieve.
God, 1 m., Qod.
Gild, go-id ; n. p]., goods.
G'l'l'iiii'i, divine.
i.ii"lriiiiiliii's/J i.dicin.ity, deity*
Godeweli, 1 n, jSn« clothing.
Godiiui, ode, to endow.
God lie, divine.
God nes, 2 (., goodness.
Godspel, 1 n. T a gospel.
Godspellero, 1 m„ an. evangelist.
Goil-spnec (ge-spnec), 2 t, a
■Htcwiyt- from Gwl.
God-sunu, il m., a god-son.
Gt'il. -;.l. greedy.
Gold, 1 n.. gold.
Gold-liord, 1 m., treasure.
Gold-hordiau, ede, to lay vp
Gold-smiiS, 1 m.. a goldsmith.
Gotland, Gothland, Jutland.
Gr^dig, greedy.
:, greedily.
■s, 2 f., greediness.
to dig.
tensed, angry.
in., anger, wrath.
T-cjr, 2 f , Cambridge.
2 {., lamentation.
I ( p. £), (o weep.
\ to greet, call.
arp, j&rc*, fcjrWMe,
bitterly.
I in., « net-work, grate.
, to seize, gripe.
in., a bottom, alyw,
4 in ., a battle-Jtag.
mend, 1 m., a jJpAf
;e, (ftn Ethiopian!.
; to pay, restore.
olden.
le, (« shriek, howl.
;«, 4 m, »«,,,<„<.
!, <<i <«, (.■!■ pr .-■■■ guilty,
[f, to wjii'-h. curt for.
, 1 a., jewelry.
it, 2f., carelessnes, neg-
h!a, 4 m., a jeweller.
a., clothing.
sde, to prepare.
Habban (59), to have, hold, de-
tain.
Iliil, 1 in., a person; — order,
Hitdor, clear.
Hsduug, 2 1'., consecration.
Hwftuiiin, ede, to hold by fore*.
Il.-cl'tnun.c. 2 f,. captivity.
Hrcgn], liiiijul, 1 ui., hail.
HiGgsteald'-uian, 1 in., a youth.
JirJ'ism, dc, (oSeni.
Hit lend, 1 in., (fto Savior.
HieleS, I m., a tm, people.
IL-elu (n), 2 ['., salcatioii, health.
Hfertl'sr, 1 in., hareett.
HtiTlV'Sllie, autumnal.
Hits, 2 f., mmojoaii.
Hji'-lc, f annuity.
ITicio (u), 2 t; bajie, 4 f., A*rf,
pansion.
Tln'u.n, w we cerulean.
HAH, 2 T., a heath.
IlitStu, heathen, pagan.
H:£-Seii-seine, 1 ui., heathen
practices.
HiuSum (ml), Rehiring.
Hnldend, lienldeiiii. I hi., o tord,
occupant.
Halettan, tc, (o praet.
Hfilga, 4 m,, a taint.
H&lgitiD, ode, to hallow, const-
]];iluu:i.-,2f.,Cl
ili'ilk', si' Uii]pi,hoty.
Halibuts, 2 f., religion, holiness.
Hidswn, ode, to beseech.
IlilsuiiiT, '' f , an augury.
Hilweiidc, healthful.
Ham, 1 in., Aom«,"o Tillage.
Hum pi un scire, 2 f., Hampshire.
Hum wen nl e(B), homeward, on
the way home.
Hancitfea, l m.. eock-eroaing.
Hand, a f„ (ft* toil; gan on
Hiiud-gewcorc, 1 n„ handiwork
Hand-ref, strnng-haiided.
Hand-sens, 1 □., a cutlas.
Har, hoar.
Hara, 4 m ., a Sara.
rpa Vo
Haso, *e hnswH, dark blue, livid.
Hat, t 111., heat.
Hut, fob
llainii, 1 (p. C'l, to be called, call;
— to towamntl, promise.
Ilium, to, to a<ll, be called.
Ilatiiui, mil-, to hate.
Hat-svende, torrid, hot.
Ilea, liculi (35), high.
ilcittmi, 1 li., a head.
HouliiU Iwrli, 2 1'., a metropolis.
Hi'itli. See Uea.
ll'-ih il'.'v. beadeor, 1 □.,<> «/aj.
I li-iij irp.Tt'i'ii. 1 m., hiijh officer.
lli : :ili -grslri-oii, 1 ii., #r«i< treat-
IIiulit>ungcD, famous, illustri-
Ileal, 2 (., a hall, palace.
lleabbui, 1, to hold, keep.
Ilfali'. a i, the half, side, part.
Hi-nir, Aa/jr
Healic, ;>ifo»m/j(ufat.
Heals, bate, 1 m., (/« n«A.
ilcn
j, beabnes, 2 f., highness,
Ili'itl), 1 in., on army.
Heard, hard; liearue, hardly.
Heard-bemt, hard-hearted.
ih';Li-iliii(id, stern.
Htarduys, 3 t'., /vtrdness.
Hearii (g), 2 f. (1 in.), on irfoi.
II twill, 1 in., Aarwi, minery.
Hearpe, 4 1'., <i Aorp.
llc-arra, 4 m., n tord (lierr).
Hcawun, 1, ('> &«4 cut dawn.
HeaiSo-rliic, 1 in., a warrior.
Hen'5o-wclm, 1 in., a heatitorm.
Hebban 2 (LiefS), pp., liafcu, to
,„,»« <u;S, a, ii.).
JlHVlie, imllc, /wviny, »«)«■«.
Ilrli.ii-iiiu, .>.!■ ta afflict.
Hege, 1 in., a 7ied(re.
Hebt, p. o/ Mian.
HeliS, 2 f, height.
Hel, 2 f., taH.
Helle-wite, 1 n„ Aftt-formen*.
Helm, 1 m., a defence, head, pro.
Heofon (en), 1 in., heofone, 4 [,
heaven.
Heofon- beam, 1 nl, a ftww-
Heolbn-beorlit, henren-MgU.
Hcol'o a -tan del , /tatvenl]/- light.
Hvofotilic, hearenly.
Heofon-riee, 1 n., /leavenly-kinf
HeoTung, 2 f., grieving, sighing
Heolfor, 1 n., yore.
llcoleler, 1 n., a cave, caver*
lleolsler-eofa, 4 m^adarkr.
H eon an, hence.
Het
Heord, 1
Heoro-feBin, 1 m., "a deadly t* I
Ht.-oro-wu.lf, 1 m., a warrior, 1
{sword-wolf). 1
Heort, 1 in., a hart, ttag.
Heorle, 4 f., the heart.
Her, here.
Here, 1 m., an army, host.
Hore, 2 I'., praise. Itunor.
Hi-rc;-b1<-iiS, panic stricken.
Here-cist, 2 I'., a cohort.
line I'lmul, 1 m„ a racenCMt^
He-fowl).
Hore-hyB, 2 f.. plunder, booty.
Hereue's, 2 f., prime. ^
Urn .'-slrsct, 2 t., an army road.
Hurewga, 4 m., a general.
He.re-w6p, 1 m., a battle-cry.
Herg-iis, 1 m., a plundering ex-
pedition.
Herge. Sec liere, 1 m., an
Herian (giao), ode, (o ravage,
Iiarry,
Herian, ede, to honor, praise.
Heripe (dative of here), an
army.
HGrigendlfc, laudable ; -lice,
laudably.
Ilena, for helira, higher.
lliimiie. ? I'., praise.
Hel, wiled (liatau).
H6te, 1 in., hate.
i., a pursuer.
! I'., a skin, hide,
if land).
tile, carnage.
i in., 11 man of war.
nd.
c, to hunger, (refi.)
, handsome,
'umily, household,
form, face, family,
miliar, welt-known.
yl'U'fantily.
loiicl, drink.
freight, lading,
a tcptiUhre, slope.
>af, bread.
., lord.
a eoat of mail.
( shade.
iniiiii, ode, to lean,
m., a revelation,
.n), ode, to tower.
!, 1 [i., a dig, peak.
baud (of robbers).
i), I (p. 6), toltang.
JLABY. *93
Horn, 1 a. . a trumpet, horn.
Hon, 1 n.,a hortt.
HorM-tiwScI, 1 in., (A* a«a ftorwi,
wolrift.
Horsiau, ode, to t»umni,^trn*rt
■oitt /no-ie*.
Hors-l*gn, 1 m., a Kane-thane,
marshal.
Ro#p, 1 d., reproach.
llr;t'i.Uii'f, quickly.
Hr&dmfcu, l in., a ai&iele.
Hrarti-n, lira'fn, I ra., a. rate*.
Hrage), 1 in., clothing.
IIi-lL'.Mkt, quickly.
Hraa, I rn., a madeer,
HraSe, quickly.
Hrcam, 1 m., wailing.
Hrcow, 1 ni., a corpse.
tinSa, brajlVu, 1 m., a iuml
1 1 nun n mil, de, to disquiet.
lliT'ili (g), rough.
I[ri' t )|tL'd"iIn, 2 I., Itepton.
llrfOsstii (iia, n. 7), to ruth.
liivOwlir, pitiable.
Hreowsuiig, 2 "
Hrcoffa, 4 111.,
Hrepan, 1, tote
Hn riian, ixU', to touch.
H reran, d..', to ran*.
Hrim, 1, m., rime, f rait.
Hrinan, 4, to touch (gen.)
Hring (eg), 1 m., a ring, eir-
Hrot','1 ui., aroof.
>I riirfscfusior, Rochester.
Hruse, 4 f., ear(A.
Hrjre, 1 m,ariMWny, i /5iH,«tb-
HrySor (pi. u), 1 ra., cattle.
Ha, burnetii, Aow.
Hiind, 1 ra., a dog.
Hund, 1 d., a hiihdnd.
Jhiiiil-iiijiinilig, ninety.
Hund-twtlftig, one It a ndred and
Hunger, 1 m., hunger, famine.
Hungrig, hungry.
Hunig, 1 a., honey.
Hunig-swete, honey-su it.
Hunta, 4 ai., a hunter.
HimtifB, 1 in., hunting.
Huru, at least
iy+
VOCABVLARI .
Hiis, 1 n., a house.
Hiisel, 1 n., sacrament.
Hiisel-gang, 1 m., communion.
II wa, hwaet, who, any one, what.
Hwa'l, on hwael, around.
llwt&l, 1 m., a whale.
Hw&l-hunta, 4 m., a whale
hunter.
HwuM-huntaft, 1 m., whale-hunt-
ing.
Hwffis, to hwaes, whither, p. 155,
/. 111.
Hwaet, how, why, ah!
Hwaefler, whether \ which of
two.
Hwae'Ser . . J>e, hwaefter >e, . .
)>e, whether, . . or.
Hwaefiere, yet.
Hwanon, whence.
Hwa^swa-hwa, whosoever.
Hvvcalf, 1 m M a canopy (2 f.).
Hwearfian, ode, to advance.
Hweue, somewhat.
Hweorfan, 6, to turn, return.
Hwi, to hwi, why.
Hw icier, whither.
Hwil, 1 1'., hwile, 4 f., a while,
time.
Hwilendlic, temporary; - lice,
temporarily.
Hwilum, jwt now, once, whilom.
II wit, white.
Hwon, somewJiat, a little.
Hwone. See hwa.
Hwopan, 1, to threaten (instr.)
Hw) Ice, what? what sort oft
Hwyrft, 1 m., a circuit, apace.
Hycgan, p., hogode, to think.
Hydan, de, to hide.
Hyge, hige, 1 m., the mind.
Hyge-geomor, sorrowful.
Hyge] east, 2 f., rashness.
Hygesceatl, 2 f., thought.
Hyge-snoter, wise.
Hyge-te6na, 4 m., an offence.
Hyht, 2 f., hope, joy.
Hyhtlic, hytlic, pleasant, glo-
rious.
Hylitlice, gloriously.
Hyld, 2 f., \\y\do, favor.
liyran, de, gehyran, to hear,
obey, belong to.
Hyrde, hirde, 1 m., a guardiawrm,
shepherd.
Hyrne, 4m.,an angle, corner.
Hyrst, 2 f., treasure. j
Hjrrsum, obedient.
Hyrsumian, ode, to obey.
T.
del, idle, vain.
ge (p., igge), 2 f., an island.
gland, 1 n., an island.
glea, lm, I ley.
Tc, the same.
lfing, flie Elbing river.
nbryrdnes, 2 f., feeling.
nca, 4 m., blame.
ncund, internal.
nfaer, 1 m , an entrance.
ng, geong, young.
ngan. Bee gan, to enter.
ngang, lm., entrance.
ngedon. See don, to put in.
ngehyd (hygd), 1 n., an inten-
tion.
ngerec, 1 m., a tumult.
ngeflanc, 1 m., mind.
nl sedan, de, to lead in.
nlifian, de, to live in.
nnan, inne (dat. ace.), within.
nnane, within.
nne, inn, 1 n., an inn, a house.
nnera, interior; eall min in-
neran, all that is within me.
nneweard, inward.
nstepe, in staepe, immediately,
suddenly.
ntinga, 4 m., a cause.
nwit-J?anc, 1 in., an evil
thought.
ren, isen, 1 n M iron.
ren-bend, 1 m., an iron bond.
s, 1 n., ice.
s-ceald, ice-cold.
sig, icy.
u, formerly, long ago.
L.
La, to!
Lac, ln.,a gift.
Lacan, p., leolc (lee), to play, fly.
l, 2 f., a nay, journey.
Jin, 1 m,. medicine.
ile, to lead, produce.
de, to leave,
'mil, xlcndcr.
de, to teach.
1 in., margin of a ehicld.
:ssa, (ets, smaller.
, te, (o observe, practice,
. last.
1 (p. 6), CO (rf, (MB*, fei
e, 1 ui., n Utnny.
«, Zi?#, ftnt clerical.
'., a remnant.
oil, I n„ a tea-jlood.
ticf. liepm.
:S, 1 in., a water-nay.
ig, lull, 3 f„ a law.
1 in., lag", 2 1', mater.
ream, 1 m., a wn(*r-
in., torn, earth.
r, 2 f„ landed estate.
■6il, 1 in., inhabitants,
;ipe, 1 m,, a landscape.
!5], (oflj.
liiinrlii.'i'. /.ir (i !rw,7 'iW.
er, lusting, lutiy-dttriiiJ}.
a, ode, (h lengthen, tang.
in, f".'<ff, tedioat.
'., tore, doctrine.
, 1 ui., « tear/ier.
!i., «» enil.an, enemy, hot-
■teful, hostile.
it,e. lauding —lest
icceterc, 1 in., a flypo-
Leccan, p., leolite (lehte), to
Lecgiia, p., Iicgde finale), (n fay
fiow.
Leden, 1 n., speech.
Leden, Latin.
Leg, lig, 1 d., aflame.
Leger, 1 n., a lying, tie
Lenc, lengu, 2 f., length.
Lenclun-lic, vernal.
Lenctentld, 2 f„ spring-time.
Leudiiui, de, to land, attack.
Lefid-cniegen, 1 n., an army.
Lcod-scipe, 1 m,, a nation.
Le6dwer, 1 m., people.
Lc6f, dear, tir! beloved.
Leogan, 6, to lie.
Leoht, 1 »., a light.
Leolir, light, easy.
Leolite. See leccan.
Lcout-iaet, 1 n., a lamp (light.
vat).
Leoht-fruma, 4 in., creator of
light.
Le6ina, 4 m., a beam, ray,
lieoraa, de, to depart
Leornere, 1 m. , a learner, pupil.
Leornian, ode, to learn.
Lcoming-cnHit,l at., a ditciple.
Ijcosiui, fl, to lose, go away,de-
partfrom.
LeoS, lio-S, 1 n., a poem, song.
Leo&cittft, 1 in. (8 f.J, poetic
thill.
LcoiS-song (saug), 1 m., a poem.
Lesao, 8, to laoie.
Libban (S, 3, lecu'-}, ode, to lite.
Lie, 1 n., n body,fnrm.fiyure.
Liccetan, te, to dissemble.
Liccetcre, 1 m., an hypocrite.
Licgan, 3, (■ lie, extend.
Licliaina, 4 m., a lady.
Licharalic, licumlic, bodily.
Liciao, ode, to be plumed with,
like.
tgd
Vocabulary.
Lid, 1 n., a ship.
Lif, In., life.
Lilfiest, life-giving.
Li'fian (igan), leofode, to live.
Liflic, of life; -lice, lively.
Lig, 1 n., aflame^fiie.
Liga, 4 f., the river Lea.
Lig-ffr, In., aflame.
Line, 4 f., a lily.
Liin, 1 n., a limb.
Lim, 1 m., cement.
Limene-muft, the Limene mouth.
Lind, 2 f., a shield (of linden).
Lindes, 2 f., Lindsey.
Lfne, 4 f., a line.
Linnan, 5, to lose (instr.)
Liodan, le6dan, to grow, pp.,
liodend, grown, perfect.
Liofto-bend, 2 f. (1 m.), a limb-
bond, fetter.
Liss, 2 r., favor.
Lissan, to catch (?)
List, 2 t\, science.
Listum, carefully.
Lixan, te, to shine, glitter.
LI'S, mild, gentle.
Lift. See licgan.
Li'San, 4, to go, travel, sail,
flow.
Locan, 6, to lock, shut.
L6can, ode, to look.
Locc, 1 m., a lock of hair.
L6f. 1 in., praise.
Logian, ode, to lodge.
Land, for land.
Longaft, 1 m., weariness.
Longe, for a long time.
Losian (igan), ode, to lose, to
pa 8 8 away from.
Luf, lufu, 2 f., lute, 4 f., love.
Lufian, ode (ede), to love.
Luftyme, charitable.
Lundenburh, London.
Lust, 1 m., desire.
Lust-baerlic, diligent.
Lust-bserlice, diligently.
Lust-boernes, 2 f., delight.
Lustfullian, ode, to delight.
Lustlic, glad; -lice, gladly.
Lybban, ode, to live.
Lyft, 2 f., the atmosphere, the
lieavens.
LyfUklor, \ m.,an aerial dweV ■
ling.
Lyft-helm, 1 m., a cloud.
Lyre, 1 in., loss.
Lystan, te, to wish, will, desire.
Lyt, lytel (25), little, small.
Lytligan, ode, to decrease.
M.
Ma, more.
Macian, ode, to make.
Madine-hiis, 1 n., a treasury.
Mfieden, 1 n , a maiden.
Maeg, 1 in., a son, kinsman.
Maeg, 2 f., a maid, woman.
Maeg-burg, 2f^a family, tribe
Maegen(in), 1 n., strength, vir
tue, might y force.
Maegenfaest, strong.
Maegen-heap, 1 m., a strong***
band.
Maegen-r6f, great in strength.
Maegen-J>ryin, 1 in., magesty.
Maegeste, greatest.
Maegsib, 2 f., relationship.
Maegfl, 2 f., a tribe, family.
Mfiel, 2 f., a portion, time.
Mcenan, de, to complain.
Mamgan. See mengan, to mix. —
Maenig. See manig.
Msera, great, illustrious, high.
Miersian, ode, to magnify.
Mfiersung, 2 f., celebration.
Maese, 2 f., tlie river Mase.
Maesse, 4 f., the mass.
Maesse-daeg, mass-day.
Maesse-reaf, 1 n., a clerical robe.
Maest-rap, 1 m., a mast-rope.
Maeft, 2 f., measure.
Maga, 4 in., a son.
Magan (53), to be able.
Mago-raeswa, 4 m., a chief of a
clan.
Mago-rinc, 1 m., a citizen.
Mai, In., tribute.
Man, 1 ni. (13 n.), manna, 4 m. t
man.
Man (35), some one, any one.
Man, 1 n., sin.
Man-cwealni, 1 m., a pestilence.
Vocabulary.
'97
Mancyn, 1 n., mankind, a na-
tion.
H&n-cUed, 2 f., sin, wickedness.
Man-faek$u, 2 f., wickedness.
M&n-fremman, to do evil.
Manfull, manful lie, sinful,
wicked.
f Man full ice, wickedly.
' Hani an, ode, to admonish, ad-
vise.
Afanig, many.
3&anigfeald, manifold.
-ftf anna, 4 m., manna.
Jtlara, more, greater; — great.
3Vf arc, 1 n., a mark (of money).
JVlarii. See morgen, morning.
HVla'Selian, ode, to speak.
UlaiSm, 1 m., a treasure.
Ifileaht, 2 f., jwwer, might.
Mearc, 2 f ., a line of battle,
boundary (of the camp).
Mearc-h6f, 1 n., a tent.
Mearcian, ode, to determine, des-
ignate.
^learc-weard, 1 m., a wolf.
3iearc-)>reat, 1 m., a battle-host.
Mearh, 1 m., a horse.
Mearfi, 1 m., a marten.
Mece, 1 m., a sword.
Med, 2 f., meed, reward.
Medmicel, little.
Medo (u), 3 m., mead.
Meltan, 6, to melt.
Mengian, de, to mingle.
Menig. See manig.
Menigu, 2 f. (15, n. 2), a multi-
tude.
Mennisa, 1 n M a race, people.
Menniscnes, 2 f., incarnation.
Meolc, 2 f., milk.
Meoring, 2 f., an impediment.
Meotud (od), 1 ra., the Creator.
Mere, 1 m., a lake, sea.
Mere-ciest, 2 f., a sea-chest.
Mere-gr6t, 1 n M a pearl.
Meresig, tlie river Mersey.
Merestream, 1 m., tJie ocean.
Mere-tor, 1 m., a sea-tower.
Mergen . See morgen, morning.
Metau, 3, to mete, measure.
Metan, te, to meet, meet with.
Mete, mette, meat, food.
Meteleast, 2 f., want of food.
MeteJ>egn, 1 m., a purveyor*
Metod, 1 m., the Creator.
Me$el, 1 n., an address.
Miceluys, 2 f., greatness.
Mid (dat. ace.), with; mid ealle,
withal, altogether; mid \>f,
when, since.
Middaneard (geard), 1 m., the
earth.
Middaneardlice, earthly.
Midde, se midda, middle, mid.
MiddeL middle.
Middeltiin, Middleton.
Middeniht, 2 f., midnight.
Middeweard, towards the mid-
dle.
Mint, 2 f., might, (pi.) miracles,
Mihtig, mighty.
Mil, 2 f., a mile.
Mild, mild.
Mild-heort, mild-hearted, mer-
ciful.
Mild-heortnys, 2 f., mercy,
Mil-paS, 1 m., a mile.
Milts, 2 f., mercy.
Miltsian, ode, to pity.
Miltsung, 2 f., mercy, pity.
Minster, 1 n., a minster,
church, cathedral.
Miscyrran, de, to err.
Misfon, to mistake.
Mislic, mistlic, missenlic, va-
rious; -lice, variously.
Mist, 1 m., darkness.
Mod, 1 n., mind, passion, cour-
age.
Moddrie, 4 f., an aunt.
Mod-gefianc, 1 in., thought.
M6d-heap, wise.
Mud-nwaet, zealous.
M6dig, proud, high-minded.
M6digan, ode, to rage, be into*
lent.
M6dignys, 2 f., pride.
Mo'dor (19), a mother.
M6d-wffig, 1 m., a fierce wave.
Molde, 4 f., mould, earth, land.
Mona, 4 in., the moon.
M6na$, 1 m., a month.
Monig. See manig.
Monung, 2 f., admonition.
ig8
Vocabulary.
M6r, 1 m., a moor, mountain,
(waste land).
Mor-fresten, 1 n., a fastness.
Morgen, morn, 1 ni., morning.
Morgen lie, daily.
M6r-heakl, moor occupying.
MorSor, 1 in., misery.
Mot, 1 n., a mote.
Mot (53, 2), must.
M< >S$e, 4 f., a moth.
Mund, 2 f., the hand.
Munt, 1 m., a mountain.
Munuc (ec), 1 in., a monk.
Muuuc-had, 1 m., monastic life.
Munuclic, monastic.
Munuclif, 1 n., a monastery.
Mu"5, 1 m., the mouth.
Mu'Sa, 4 in., mouth (of a river).
Mycclum, very much.
Mycel (25), great, much, many.
Mynegung, 2 f., admonition.
Myngian, ode, to meditate.
Myrce (pi.), 1 m., tlte Mercians.
Myrdra, myrflra, 4 m., a mur-
derer.
Myre, 4 f., a mare.
MyrhS, myr5, 2 f., joy, mirth.
N.
N&, not.
Nabban, nsebban (59, n. 1), not
to have.
Kacod (ed), naked.
Naeddre, 4 f., an adder, a serpent.
Naefre, never.
Ntegled, nailed.
Nifengu, nom.f of naenig.
Namig, none.
Nagan (ne-agan) (53), not to own.
Naht (ue-aht), nothing.
Nales, nalles, not at all, not;
nales >aet on, not only.
Nama, 4 m., a name.
Nan, none, no one.
Nat (ne-wat), knows not.
Nawiht, nanuht, naught.
Naflor, nawfter, neitlier.
Ne, neither, nor: — not, by no
means.
Nead, ri£d, n^ T d, ne6d, 2 f., need.
Neadlic, earnest; -lice, ear*
nestly.
Neah, neh (nearra; nyhst,
n^hst), near, wholly.
Neah-l£ecan, hte, to approach.
Neahnys, 2 f., nearness.
Nearo, se nearwa, narrow.
Nearones, 2 f., anxiety, perplex-
ity.
Neat, In., cattle.
Neawest, neighborhood.
Nefa, 4 m., a nephew.
Nefe, 4 f., a neice.
Neh. See neah ; at nehstan, at
last.
Nemnan, de, to name, cull.
Ne6d, nead, 2 f., need, want.
Neorxna-wang, 1 m., paradise.
Neosan, ede, to visit, approach.
Neosian, ode, to visit.
Ne6sung, 2 f., visitation.
Neowel, profound, deep.
Neoflan, neo$ ne, beneath.
Nep, 1 n., motion, advance.
Nergend, 1 in., the Preserver,
Savior.
Nerian, ede, to save, preserve.
Net, 1 n., a net.
Next, nearest, next; nexta, a
neighbor; aet nextan, at last.
Nig-hworfen, newly-converted.
Nigon, nine.
Niht, 2 f., nigM; nihtes, by
night.
Niht-lang, night-long.
Niht-scuwa, 4 m., night-shade.
Niman (58, n. 4), 3, to take.
Niniveisc, Ninevite.
Nio-bed, 1 n., a death-bed.
Nitan, nytan (ne-witan), not to
know.
Niwe, se niwa, new.
Niwelnys, neowelnys, 2 f., an
abyss.
Ni<\ 1 m., wickedness, hatred.
Ni$, 1 m. , a man.
Nl&'er, down.
Nigerian, ode, to condemn.
No, ne, not at all.
Nor$, the north, north; norSan,
from the north, northerly;
norSan-eastan, nctrtheast.
Vocabulary.
igg
forS-dael. 1 m., the north part,
rorSliynibre, tlie Nortlihum-
brians.
^^KorSinan, 1 m., a Northman.
3Kor5mest, northmost.
^^TorSrihte, to tlie norths due
north.
3f orSwseg, Norway.
ZNorSweala, NorSwealcyn, the
North Welsh,
ZNor5wearde(s), northward,
3*or5weardum, nortlierly.
]Nd, now.
N^d, nead, 2 f., need.
Nydan, ne&dian, de, to compel.
Nyd-boda, a messenger of need.
Nyd-fara, 4 m., a fugitive.
Nyllan (50, n.), to be unwilling.
Nym"5e, except.
Nyt, useful.
Nyten, 1 d., an animal,
Nyten, ignorant.
Nytcn-cyn, 1 n., animals.
Nytnes, 2 f., use, advantage.
NytweorS, useful, convenient.
O.
0, see a, ever.
Of (dat. gen.),/rom, out of.
Ofafeallan, 1, to fall from.
Ofali&dan, de, to lead from.
Ofaxian, ode, to learn by asking.
Ofcuman, ofacuman. See cu-
man, to come of.
Ofen, 1 in., an oxen, a furnace.
Ofer (dat. ace), over, on, upon,
contrary to, after.
Oferbidan, 4, to outlast.
Ofer-braklan, de, to stretch over.
Ofer-cuman, to come to an end,
overcome.
Ofer-eaca, 4 m., overplus.
Ofer-faran, to go over.
Ofer-feran, to go over.
Ofer-fre6san, to freeze over.
Ofer-gan, to swmount.
Ofer-geottul, forgetful.
Ofer-Iiolt, In., a shield.
Ofer-bragen, to cover.
Oler-liygd, 1 in., pride.
Ofer-mede, 1 n., pride.
Ofer-mut, In., arrogance.
Ofer-mod, proud, arrogant.
Ofer-seon, to oversee, overlook.
Ofer-stfean, 4, to surpass.
Ofer-swrSe, very much.
Ofer-teldan, to hide.
Ofer-wlgan, ode, to conquer.
Ofer-wrigan (-han), 4, to clothe.
Ofest, 2 f., Jiaste; ofstum,
hastily.
Cfet, ofoest, 1 n., fruit.
Of-iaran, 2, to pursue, overtake.
Of-gan, to gain.
Of-gifan, to give up.
Of-hreowan, 6, to pity.
Ofostlice, speedily.
Of-ridan, 4, to overtake.
Of-se6n, to observe.
Of-settan, te, to oppress.
Of sle&n, to kill, strike.
Of-snfSan, to cutoff.
Of-spring, 1 m., posterity.
Of-swelgan, 6, to swallow-
Oft (oftor, oftost), often.
Oht, 2 f., terror; oht iiJende,
fear of the natives.
Out-nied, 2 f. oppression
Oleccan, elite, to fawn, o %.
<3m, 1 m., rust.
On (dat. ace), on, u WtfA,
among.
OnaMan, de, to kindle.
Onbsernan, de, to inflam\
Onbe6dan, 6, to promise.
Onbryrdnys, 2 f M inspiration,
instigation.
Onbdgau, 6, to submit, over-
whelm.
Onbyrigan, de, to taste (gen.)
Oncnawan, to recognize.
Oncyrran, de, to change, turn
away.
Ond, and.
OndnMan, 1 {p. e), to dreadjear.
Onettan, te, to hasten.
Onfengnes, 2 f., reception.
Onfinclan, 5, to experience.
On fon, to receive, to find out,
(«ren. dat.)
Onfo'ran, before.
Ongan, to come on.
200
Vocabulary.
On iron, ongean (dat. ace),
against.
Ongeniman, to spoil, deprive.
Ongildan (gyldan),6, to expiate.
Onginnan, 5, to begin.
Ongitan {p., geat), to under-
stand, feel, perceive.
Ongitenys, 2 f., knowledge.
Onhlidan, 4, to open.
O nh reran, de, to rouse, agitate.
Onhyldan, de, to incline, lay
down.
Onhvrian, de, to imitate.
Onli&nan, de, to lend to.
On lie, like.
Onlicncs, 2 f., a likeness.
Onlihan, 4, to grant.
Onlihtan, te, to lighten, shine on.
Onlocan (liican), 6, to unlock.
Onl6cian, ode, to behold.
Onlyhtnes, 2 f, illumination.
Onridau, 4, to ride on.
Onsccacan, 1 [2 J, to shake.
Onsegon, p. of onse6n.
Onsendan, de, to send on.
Onse6n, to behold. •
Onsigan, 4, to impend, approaclt.
Onskepan, te, to sleep.
Onspring, 5, to spring forth.
Onstellan (p. stealde), to ap-
point.
Onstyrian, ode, to agitate.
Onsund, liealthy, wJiole.
Onswifan, 4, to turn away.
Onsyllc, unhappy.
Onsyn, 2 f., lack.
Ontynan, de, to open.
Onweald, 1 in., power.
Onweg, away.
Onwendan, de, to change.
Onwreon, 6, to uncover, reveal.
Onwrigenes, 2 f., revelation.
OnJ>eon, 6, to engage in.
Openian, ode, to open.
Openlic, open; -lice, openly,
manifestly.
Ord, 1 in., a beginning.
Ord-fruma, 4 in., beginning.
Orlegstund, 2 f., fatal Iwur.
Orsorh, secure.
Ortrywe, despondent.
Orwen, hopeless.
OrtSian, ode, to breathe, aspireto.
0$, until.
Offer, other, second, tits ether;
se o$er, the rest.
0"Sr6wan, 1, to row back.
Oftwindan, 5, to escape.
OSwitan, ode, to blame.
0«$«t, until.
OttSe, or; o$5e, . . o$5e, either,
• . or.
P.
Peell, 1 m., a pall, cloak.
Paellen, purple.
Pallium, 1 in., a bishop's paU.
Papa, 4 m., the pope.
Papan-h&d, 1 m., papal office.
Papoistan, 1 m., a pebble.
PafS, 1 m., a path.
Pedreda, 4 m., the river Pond*
Penig, pening, 1 m., a penny.
Pentecosten, 1 in., Pentecost.
Peohtas, pi., the Picts.
Pistol, 1 m., a letter.
Plega, 4 m., play, sport.
Port, 1 in., a port, haven.
Preost, 1 m., a priest.
Pre6st-had, priesthood.
Prica, 4 m., a prick, point.
Pund, 1 n., a pound.
R.
Racenta, 4 m M a chain.
Raceuteage, 1 m., a chain.
Rad, 2 f., a raid, journey.
Rsed, 1 m., counsel, advice.
Raedan, 1 (p. 6), to consider;
with dat., to advise.
Rjfedan, de, to read, rule, deter-
mine.
R«eran, de, to raise, rear.
Rjfesan, de, to attack, rush on.
Raest. See rest.
Raeswa, 4 m., a leader.
RaeS, hraeft, quick, wrathful.
Rand, 1 m., a shield.
Rand-burg, 2 f., a protecting
wall.
VOCABULARY.
20J
ftand-gebeorh, 1 n., a protecting
shield.^
Ifcand-wiga, 4 m., a warrior.
Italian, ode, to roar, cry.
Itafle, quickly.
Xiead, red.
Ifeading, 2 f., Reading.
Iteaf, 1 n., a robe, clothing.
Heafian, ode, to rob, plunder.
Hec, reac, 1 m., smoke.
Hecan, j?., r6hte, to reck, care for.
Pecan, reccan, p., rente, pp.,
realit, to say, tell, recite.
Recan, 3, to order, direct.
Reced, 1 n., a house, hall.
Recen, quick, prompt.
Reft, ryft, 1 n., a veil, garment.
Regen, regn, ren, 1 in., rain.
Regol £ul), 1 in., a rule, law,
Regollice, regularly.
Reliquias, relics.
Ren. See regen.
Ren-scur, 1 m., a shower.
Reofan, 6, to break, dissolve.
Reord, 2 f., a voice.
Reordian (igean), ode, to ad-
dress.
Rest, 2 f., rest.
Restan, te, pp. ed, to remain, rest.
Re$e, hiefte, fierce, cruel.
Rib, 1 m. (2 f.), a rib.
Rice, 1 n., a kingdom, power,
reign.
Rice, riclic, rich, great.
Riclice, powerfully.
Ricsian, ode, to reign.
Ridan, 4, to ride, press.
Riht, 1 n., a right, duty.
Riht, right, just, fitting.
Rihte, rightly, due (of direc-
tion).
Rihtlice, rightly.
Riht ryne, 1 m., a right-course.
Rihtwis, righteous.
Rihtwisnys, 2 f., righteousness.
Rim, 1 m., a number.
Riman, de, to number, count.
Rini-getsel, 1 n., a number.
Rinan, de, to rain.
Rinc, 1 m., a man., hero.
Rip, 1 n., a harvest.
Ripan, 4, to reap.
Ripung, 2 f., ripening, reaping.
Rfxian, ode, to reign.
Rod, 2 f M the cross.
Rocle-hengen, 2 f., the cross.
Rode-taccn, 1 n., sign of tlu
cross.
Rodor, 1 m M the firmament, the
heavens.
Rot, brave, illustrious, famed.
Romanise, Roman.
R6 origan, ode, to hold (gcin.)
Romware, 1 m., citizens of
Rome.
Rose, 4 f., a rose.
Rot, r6tlic, splendid, cheerful.
Rotlice, cheerfully.
Rud, red.
Rum, broad, large, roomy.
Runie, widely, greatly.
Rumgal, rejoicing in freedom.
R^man, de, to make ready, to
open a way.
R^met 1 n., room.
Ryne, 1 m., a course.
Ryne-swift, swiftly running.
S.
Sac, sacu, 2 f., strife.
Sacerd, 1 m., a priest.
Sfle, 1 m., the sea.
SaVcir, 1 m., the reflux of the sea.
Ssefern, 2 f., the river Severn.
Ssefern- steelS, Severn-bank.
Saegan, de. See secgan, to say.
Ssel, sal, 1 n M a hall, palace.
S&l, 2 f., a time, prosperity.
Seel an, de, to bind, seal.
SaMfl, 2 f., happiness.
Sfiel-wong, 1 m., a fertile plain.
Sffitae, bad, weak.
SaVriuia, 4 m., seashore.
SaVstrand, 1 m., the sea-shore.
Seat, 1 m., a camp.
Sfie-tilc, 1 m, navigation (sailor).
Sastning (ung), 2 f., a snare.
Sal, 1 m., a band, fetter.
Sal wig, swarthy, sallow.
Salwed, pitchy.
Salwed-bord, the pitched board,
the ship.
202
Vocabulary.
8am, whether; sam . . sam,
whether . . or.
Sainnian, somnian, ode, to
gatlur.
8a mod, together, also.
Samtenges, immediately.
Samworht, Jialfmadc.
Sanctus, holy, saint (Lat.)
Sand, 2 1'., a mission sending.
Sand, 1 n., the earth, sand, shore.
Sand-ceosel, 1 m., sand-, gravel.
Sar, 1 n. (2 i\), pain, sorrow.
Sar, sore, severe.
Sar-cwide, 1 m., a lament.
S&rgian, ode, to grieve, lament.
Sarnys, 2 f., sorrow.
Sawan, 1, to sow.
Sawel, sawl, 2 f , the soul, life.
Scamian, sceamian, ode, to
shame, feel ashamed.
Scapan, 2 (pp. also sceapen), to
make, shape, create.
Sceado, 2 f., a shadow.
Scealc, 1 m., a servant.
Sceald, scyld, 1 in., a shield.
Scean, p. of scinan, to shine.
Sceap, 1 n., a sheep.
Scearp, slunp.
Scearpnys, 2 f., sharpness.
fcceat, 1 in., a garment, skirt.
feceat, 1 in., a region.
Sceawian, ode, to look at, view.
Sceawung, 2 f., sight, observa-
tion.
Sceafla., 4 m., a thief, robber,
sinner.
Scene, sceone, beautiful, bright.
Sceoburg, JShoebury.
Sceop-gereord, 2 f., poetic lan-
guage.
Sceortian, ode, to shorten.
Sceotan, 6, to s/wot.
Sce6tend, 1 m., an archer.
3ceSan, ede, to injure.
Scild, 1 m., a shield.
feci nan, 4, to shine.
Scip, 1 n., a ship.
Scip-herc (lierge), 1 m., a navy.
Scip-hlaest, 1 n., a ship-load*
crew.
8cip-rap, 1 m., a cable, cord-
age.
Scir, clear, pure, bright, glo-
rious.
Scir, 2 f., scire, 4 f., a shire,
county, share.
Scirman, 1 in., a shireman.
Scomu, scamu, sceamu, 2 £,
shame.
Scop, sceop, 1 m., a poet.
ScortlSce, briefly.
Scrifan, 4, to shrive, enjoin,
grant; with gen., to care for.
Scrtid, 1 n., a garment.
Scrydan, de, to clothe, put on.
Scucca, sceocca, 4 m., the devil
Sciir, 1 m., a shower, storm.
Scyld, 1 m., a shield.
Scyldful, guilty.
Scyld-hreo'Sa, 4 m., a shield.
Scyldig, guilty.
Scylfe, 4 f., a shelf.
Scyne. See scene, beautiful.
Scypen, 2 f., a stall.
Scyppend, 1 m., tlie Creator.
Sealwudu, JSelwood.
Sealt, 1 n., salt.
Sealt, briny, salt.
Searo, 1 n., a weapon, armor.
Searo-crseft, 1 in. (2 t\), cunning.
Searolice, cunningly.
Secan (48, n.), p., solite, to seek.
Secg, 1 m., a warrior.
Secgan r p., sakle, to nay.
Sefa, 4 in., mind, disposition.
SegJ, segel, 1 m. (n;, a sail.
Seglian, ode (ede), to sail.
Segl-rod, 2 f., sail-cross, spar.
Segn, 1 in., a sign, banner.
Selit, saht,2 f., friendship, peace.
Sel, good, blessed.
Sellan. See syllan, to give, sett.
Scmian, seman, ode, to appear,
seem.
Semninga, suddenly.
Sendan, de (48), to send.
Senian, segnian, ode, to sign,
bless.
Seofon, syfan, seven; seofofta,
seventh; seofonfeald, seven-
fold.
Seofung, 2 f., lamentation, sigh-
ing.
Seol, 1 m. } a seal.
Vocabulary.
20J
>lfer, 1 n., silver.
'*>loce(n), silken.
^oinian,ode,to remain,rest,toait.
fc*^Sn (65, n.), p., sell, seah (he
sawe, we sdwon), to see.
S^ondan. £«« sendan.
S*-ono-bcnd, 2 f., a sinew-bond.
SedSan, 6, pp., soden, to seethe,
boil, agitate.
Setl, 1 n., a seat.
Seil-r&i, 2 f., a setting.
Settan, te (s«tte), to set, place.
Sib-gedriht, 2 f, « kindred-band.
Siceetung, 2 f, sighing.
Sid, teufc, «a«£/ side, widely.
Side, 4 f., a side.
Sigan, 4, to fall.
Sige, sigor, 1 m., victory, tri-
umph.
Sigei'ast, victorious.
Sige-leas, triumphless.
Sigel-ware, 1 m., Ethiopians.
SSigen, lAe r?wr £e*>i4.
Sige-wong, 1 in., a glorious
plain.
SSillend, 1m, Zealand.
Simle, always.
Bin (a prefix), continual, great.
Sincald, wry coW.
Sincan, 5, to «*/i&.
Singal, singallic, constant, con-
tinual.
Singallice, perpetually.
Slogan, 5, to sing.
Sin-niht, 2 f., continual night,
always.
Siofian, seofian, ode, to lament.
Sioloce, silken.
Sittan, 3 (05, n.), to sit, remain.
Six , sex, six; sixta, the sixth;
sixtig, sixty; sixtyne, sixteen.
Siwian, siowian, ode, to sew.
SI'S, 1 m.,away, path: — ajour-
. ney: — a time: — lot, chance;
o"5re sr5e, . . o*6re s!5e, once,
. . again.
SIS-boda, 4 m., a journey-signal.
8i"5-ftet, 1 m., a way, course.
Siftian, ode, to come, go, journey.
SittSan, siftfta, afterwards.
Sleep, 1 m., sleep.
Skepan, 1 (p. e), to sleep.
Slean, 2 (58, n. 3), pp., slegen,
slagen, to strike, slay, forge.
Siege, slaege, 1 m., a stroke,
death.
Slidan, sliftan, 4, to slide.
SI ill t, 2 f., a stroke.
SlrS-heaid, oppressive.
Slupan, 6, to glide.
Smael, small, narrow.
Smean, smeagan, de, to inquire,
Smenung, 2 f., contemplation.
SmrS, 1 m., a smith.
Smolt, smylt, serene, friendly.
Snivlte, serenely.
Snaw, 1 in., snow.
Snawan, 4 (de), to snow.
Snell, quick; snelle, quickly.
Snoter (or), wise, prudent.
Snyttro, 2 f M wisdom.
Soden. See sedSan.
Soft, soft; sotie, softly.
Somnian (igian), ode, to collect,
gather.
Sona, soon, immediately ; s« i
>ses Jhj, «« *oo» as.
Song-crajft, 1 in., art of song.
Sorgian, ode, to sorrow, be
anxious.
Sorh (gen. sorge), 2 f. (1 m.),
sorrow, anxiety.
Sorhful, sorrowful.
86$, 1 ii., truth.
86*5, true; truly.
S6ft-cwi'8c, 1 ni., a proverb,
S6$es, truly.
SoSfsestnys, 2 f., truth.
SdSlice, truly, verily.
Spanan, 1, to urge, allure.
Spanan, 2, to entice.
Sparian, ode, to spare.
Spearwa, 4 in., a sparrow.
Specan, 3. See sprecan, to speak.
Sped, 2 f , apeed, wealth, power.
Spedig, rich, powerful.
Spell, 1 n., a story, tidings, Ian*
guage.
Spell-boda, 4 m., a messenger.
Spere, 1 n., a spear
Spildan, de, to destroy.
Spin nan, 5, to spin.
Spiwan, 4, p., spaw, spiwon, pp.,
spiwen, to foam, spue.
ao4 vocai
Sprite, 2 C, speech, talk, laying.
Sprecsn, 3, to tpeok, say.
Spnngau, 5, to spring, tpread.
Spyrian, spirian, ede, to hunt
after.
Stref, 1 m., a staf, letter (pi.)
writings.
8t*1an. See st61an, (0 «faai.
Stil-lierge, 1 m., a predatory
Wtiul-liran, 1 m., a decoy reindeer.
jiiivlwyrfi ( woorS), icti-tlt Uking.
Slaj>, 1 m, a «(ep.
Stajppan. S« »U:ppan, to step.
Stair, 1 ii., a history.
StarS, 1 ii., a nAore, eotut.
SleeS-weall, 1 m., a shore-aall.
Stan, I m., a sfon*.
Stan-clif, 1 □., a root.
Standau, 3, (o afomf.
Siatiol, 1 m., a foundation.
Steap, 1 iu., a cup.
Steal), »'«y, '"/';'■
Stearc, strong, harsh, severe.
Stella, 4 in., a *fe«I
Stede, 1 m, a place.
Stefn, stefen, 1 in., the prow; —
a trunk, body.
Steltui, !Me rfeaf.
Stcmn, 2 f., a voice, a set time.
Stenc, 1 m., an odor, stench.
Steoran, de, to rule, steer.
Steoi -bord, ii., Ai starboard.
Ste6r-li>is, ignorant.
Steorra, 4 ra., a star.
Sluppan, stapan, 2, to step, go.
StiluaD, te, to arrange, order.
Sting, 1 m., a ttroke, stab.
Sti^. firm, stern, austere.
Stf«.irili-5 (fVrh'S), firm-minded.
Sti'S-lic./rm, severe; -lice, firm-
ly, severely.
BtoJ, 1 m., a throne, seat.
Storm, 1 m., a storm.
Btnw, 2 f., a pUtce.
Stnfct, 2 f.. a street, a count.
Stneicludwcalas, The Britons
on the. ricer Clyde.
Slraug, 5treng;slruiif;!ic,streng-
lic. strong.
Ktraiiijilii'.e, strongly, vehemently.
Stream, 1 va., a stream.
Stream-racn, 2 f., a flood
Streara-slteS, 1 n., »
Stiec, powerful, stern.
Srivi] L ',Vi:, i 1., stivitylh
StriS, 1 Hi., *(/■//■'. b'Uttt.
Sliviuiii, ill 1 , to beget.
StulV, 2 ("., the rimr Slot.
Sl.und, 2 f., an hour.
Stum, foolish; ae atu
fool.
Srvk-, styl, lm., tteet.
Stynnan, de, to storm.
Sum, some, one, a; sum .
one . . another.
8umtr(ur), 1 ra., summei
Smut.'*, somewhat.
t<inii"\lit.:, belonging to i
Sumorsite, men of 8
Sun.bcaro, t m., a sunn
Sund, 1 ui,, the iea.
SuihI-IhuthI, 1 m.,asai
Suiukir-liiiljra, 4ni,*.P
Suml-rcm!, I d., an oct
Siiadriau, ode, to separa
Bunnandteg, 1 in., Sun*
Sunnanulita,4m.,Suiw/ii
ing.
SuS, south.
Sii'San, southerly; be
BdSrihte, to the south.
Su'S-stasIS, 1 n., a south si
SiiSweiird, southward.
Swa, iu ; sua . . swa, to
swa teak, however; sw
swa, whosoeter.
Swifefan, lu, (o rvije, roll ■
Swiesend, 1 n,/oud, a b
SwiE-Se, 4 I'., swa-Bu, 2 f., .
Swan aw ic, Swanwich.
S»'ii|)iin, 1, tn sweep.
laweurt, sir,irttii/, Uncle.
Sivciiric, tlitrkly.
Sivefaii, 8, to step.
Swcli-I. 1 in., sulphur.
S\yi:[Vji, 1 ii.. /i dream.
Vocabulary.
205
1, de, to sound, to mean,
l, 1 n., the sky.
an, 6, to swallow.
in, 6, to die.
;an (ian), te, (pp., ed), to
ress.
land, Sweden.
n (pi.), 4, Sweden.
>rd, swurd, 1 n., a sword.
>ster, swyster (19), a *&ter.
3t, 1 m., a multitude.
otol, ctear.
dtole, sweotolice, clearly.
•rian, 2, (58, n. 8), (atoo ede),
> swear.
etnys, 2 f., sweetness.
lean, 4, to deceive.
/icdoin, 1 m., deception.
rfcian, ode, to deceive.
rffan, 4, to item away.
wift, at^/J.
wigean, ode, to 5« *t7«at.
iwilce, a* though.
iwincan, 5, to to*7, to&or.
Swingel, 2 f., a w/tfp, scourge.
dwinsung, 2 f., melody.
©wipian, ode, to to*A, scourge.
Swira, sweora, swura, 4 in., a
8wi$e, very much; to J>am swtSe,
so much; swiSor, swiflost, most
of all, especially.
Swiflrian, ode, to vanish.
©wogan, 1 (p. e), to c<ww ow-
with a roar.
Swonc, tough.
Swot-mette, lm, sweetmeats.
Swiitelian, ode, to reveal.
Swutelice, manifestly.
Swylc, swile, such as.
Swylce, such as; as it were,
as if
Sw^n, swin, ln,a swine, pig.
SwySre, the right hand, eye.
Sylf, self se sylfa, the same.
Sylf-willes, voluntary.
Syllan, sellan, p., sealde, to give,
sell.
Syllic, wonderful.
Syltan, te, to salt.
Symbel, 1 n., a meeting.
Symle, symble, always.
Syn, sin, 2 f., sir*
Synderlic, sepoyrate, peculiar;
-lice, separately, peculiarly.
Syncing, separate, extraordi-
nary.
Synfull, sinful.
Synlic, sinful; -lice, sinfully.
Syrian, ede, to conspire.
SySftan, afterwards, after thai.
T.
Tacen, 1 n., a sign.
Tacnian, ode, to betoken.
Tsecan, lite, to teach.
Tselan, de, to accuse, blame, in-
sult.
Talian, ode, to think.
Tarn, tame.
Tan, 1 m., a rod.
Teallan, de, to reckon, esteem.
Tear, 1 m., a tear.
Teian, ode, to create.
Tela, well.
Telga, 4 in., a branch.
Tell an, p., tealde, to tell, reckon,
esteem.
Temes, 2 f., the Thames.
Tempel, 1 n., a temple.
Temprian, ode, to temper.
Teolung, tiling, 2 f., tilling.
Te6n (teohan), 6, to draw, tug,
entice.
Te6n, tion, ode, to create.
Teona, 4 m., wrong, injury.
Te6n-hete, 1 m., dire-hate — the
enemy.
Teofta, the tenth.
Tid, 2 f., time, hour, season.
Tihtan, te, to incite, persuade.
Tib ting, 1 m n persuasion, insti-
gation.
Tilian, teolian, ode, to till, toil,
strive.
Tima, 4 m., a time, season.
Timber, 1 n., timber, a frame.
Timbrian, ode, to build.
Tina, 4 m., the river Tyne.
Tintreg, 1 m., tintrega, 4 m.
torment.
Tintreglic, tormenting.
2o6
Vocabulary.
Tir, tvr, 1 in., splendor, glory.
Tir-eadig, illustrious, glorious.
Tir-hest, glorious.
To (dat), to: — too.
To-bn&dnn, p., bro»de, brudon,
to publish abroad.
To hrccnn, 3, to break to pieces.
To-brcdan, 3, to spread.
To-cnawan, 1, to know.
To-cuman. See cunian, to hap-
pen.
To-cwysan, de, to crush.
Ty-cwysednys, 2 f., brokenness.
To-daeg, to-day.
To-dtulan, de, to divide.
To-drit'an, 4, to drive away.
To-eacan, besides.
To-emnes, along.
To-faran, 2, to break up, depart.
To-foran, (dat), before.
To-gcane9 (dat ace), against,
towards.
To-geK'odan, de, to join to.
To-lecgan. See lecgan, to sepa-
rate.
To-morgen, to-morrow.
T< >-ni m an, to divide.
Torht, lorhtlic, bright.
To-sceotan, G, to rush upon.
To-slitan, 4, to slit, rend, tear.
To-sommc, together.
To-tellan, to enumerate, reckon.
To-teran, 3, to tear to pieces.
To-weard (dat.), towards; — se,
se6, hret towcard, approach-
ing, future.
To-wendan, de, to turn to.
To-weorpan (wurpan), 6, to de-
stroy.
T6S (13, n.), 1 m., a tooth.
Traht-boc, 2 f., a commentary.
Tredan, 3, to tread.
Treow, ln.,« tree, wood.
Treow, 2 f., tre6we, 4 f., a pledge,
an agreement.
Trcowfc, 2 f., truth, treaty.
Triiwa, 4 in., trust, faith.
Tniwian, ode, to trust.
Trymiau, ede, to encourage, fix,
fasten, strengthen.
Try nines, 2 f., exJtortation.
TuciaD, ode, to torment.
Tuddor, tudor, tydor, 1 m., <f
spring.
Tugon. See tc6n.
Tun, 1 in., a field, dwelling,
Tuncce, 4 f., a tunic, coat.
Tunge, 4 i\; the tongue.
Tungel (ol), 1 n., a star.
Tun-gcrefa, 4 ni M a steward.
Turcesig, 2 f., Torkesey.
Turf (15), f., turf, sod
Tuwa, twice.
TV*}, two.
Twegen, two, twain.
Twelf, twelve; se twelfta, twetfik
Twentig, twenty.
Twco (gen., dat, ace., tweon,
tw^n), 4 m., doubt.
Twig, twih, 1 n., a twig.
Twigecged, two-edged.
Tyan, de, to instruct, imbue.
Tynian, de, to propagate.
Tyn, ten.
u.
Ufan, ufon, above, from above.
Ufeweard, upward, highest.
Ufor, higher.
Uhta, 4 m., the morning.
Uhtsang, 1 m., tlie nocturne.
Uht-tid, 2 f., before dawn.
UnarSele, base, ignoble.
Unasecgendlic, unspeakable.
Unawendenlic, untliangeable.
Unbeboht, unsold.
Unco$, sick.
Uncutf, strange, unknown.
Uncyst, 2 f., uncyste, 4 f., vice.
Undeadlic, immortal.
Unde&dlicnys, 2 f., immortality.
Under (dat., ace), under.
Underton, to accept, receive.
Undergitan, to understand.
Underhitan, 6, t*» bear.
Undern, 1 in., nine o'clock.
Understandan, 2. to understand.
Under>eodan, Hedan, J>jfdan de,
to svhjrct.
Uneaflelic, unyflelic, difficult.
Uneatfolico, with difficulty.
Unforboerned, unburned.
Vocabulary.
207
pnforht, fearless.
JJnjHS, 1 ni., hostility.
JJngedered, unharmed.
Unge-endod, eternal, without
end.
TJngefohige, inconeeicahly.
Ungelirepod, untouched.
Uageli^rsum, disobedient.
Ungeh^rsumnys, 2 f., disobedi-
ence.
Ungeleafsum, unbelieving.
Ungelic, unlike, unequal.
Ungeliinp, 1 n., misfortune.
Ungeinet, immeasurably, incon-
ceivably.
TJnger&d, unbefitting.
Ungerfsenlic, unworthy.
TJngen'senlicc, unworthily.
Unges&lig, unhappy.
Ungetreowe, unfaithful.
Ungewemmed, unharmed.
LJngewiderang, 2 f., bad-
weather.
UngeJ>eabtendlice, rashly.
Ungrene, not green.
TJngrund, immense.
TJnhle<5w, unsheltering.
Unhold, faithless.
XJnlfied, base* wicked.
XJnlaga, unlawful.
XJnlesan, 3, to release.
XJnmiktig, powerless.
XJnnan (50, n.), to grant.
XJnnyt, unnet, vain, useless.
XJnnht, 1 n., injustice.
TJnriht, unjust, wrong.
TJnriht-hseinan, de, to commit
adultery.
Tnrihtwis, unrighteous.
"Unnm, unnumbered, innumer-
able.
Uiirot, sad.
Unrotnes, 2 t, sadness.
Uns&lijr, unhappy.
Unwepig, sapless.
Unscaffig, innocent.
Unsinefte, rough.
Unspedig, poor.
Unteallendlic, innumerable.
Untrum, sick.
Untrumnys, untrymnes, 2 f M
illness, sickness.
Unwifer, unwary.
Unwserscipe, 1 m., unwariness.
Unwealt, steady.
Unwem, pure, inviolate.
Unwemme, purely.
Unwindan, 5, to unwind.
Unwis,/00Ji*A t unwise.
UnwiSnietenlic, incomparable.
UnwiSmetenlicc, incomparably.
Unwrest,/ra*7, transitory.
Unwundod, unwounded.
UnJ>ancwur5, ungrateful.
UnJ>eaw, 1 m., vice.
Upahebban, 2, to raise up, snr*
mount.
Upahefednys, 2 f, arrogance.
Uparseran, de, to heighten, exalt.
Upastigenes, 2 f., ascension.
Uplang, erect.
Uppan, appe (dat, ace), upon.
Upplic, upper.
Upridan, 4, to ride up, mount.
Upstig, 2 f., ascension.
User, (31, 2), our.
Ut, lite, out, without.
Ut-ad6n, to take out.
tJtan, (dat, ace), without.
Ut-awegan, 8, to carry away.
Uteweardan,/r<wi without.
Utgan, to go out, leave.
Utgang, 1 in., Exodus, out-go-
ing.
Uton, let us.
Utsetl, 1 n., a sitting apart.
Uflwita, 4 m , a philosopher.
W.
Wac, waclic, humble, poor, weak,
feeble.
Wacian, ode, to wake, watch.
Wrijelice, wretchedly.
Wacnys, 2 f., worthlessness.
Wacol, watchful; -lice, watch
W fully.
aeon, 2 f., watchfulness.
Waeccan, to watch.
Wsecce, 4 f., watching, vigil.
Wi£d, 2 f, a garment.
Wcedl. 2 f.. ptroerty.
Wsedla, pom*; 4 in., a poor man.
20S
Vocabulary.
Wsed.ian, ode, to beg.
Wsefels, 1 m., a cloak, garment.
Wafers^n, 2 f., a spectacle.
Wtfeg, 1 m., a wave.
Wfieg-bord, 1 n., wave-board, a
Mp.
Wceg-faru, 2 f., the sea-path.
Wfieg-liSend, wave-traversing.
Waeg-Kl, 1 n M a ship.
Wfleg-j>reat, 1 m., a wave-host.
Wal, 1 n., slaughter.
Wael-ben, 2 f., a death wound.
Wsel-ceasiga, 4 m., a slaughter-
chooser.
Wsel-freflm, 1 m., a deadly-em-
brace.
Wsel-grim, fatally-fierce.
Wael-gryre, 1 m., deadly-terror.
Wael-hlence, 4 f., a coat of mail.
Wsel-hreow, cruel.
Wael-mist, 1 in., a death mist.
Wael-net, 1 n., a death-net.
Wael-regn, 1 m., a fatal-rain.
Wael-stow, 2 f., a battle-field.
Wael-streara, 1 m., a death
stream.
WaBpn (en), 1 n,, a weapon.
Waipned-cyn, 1 n., males.
Waepned-man, 1 m., a man.
Waer, 2 f., wcere, 4 f., a covenant.
Wtferfaest, faithful.
Wsestm, 1 m., fruit, growth, size,
strength, creation, production.
Wi£st in bi£re, fruitful.
Wifit, wet, moist.
Waeta, 4 in., wet, moisture, a
liquid.
Waeter, In., water.
Wieter - fajsten, 1 n., a water -
fastness.
WarSan, de, to wander.
Wafian, ede, to be amazed.
Wala wa, alas!
Waldan. See wealdan, to rule.
Waldend, 1 m., Lord, ruler.
Wandrian, ode, to wander.
Wang, wong, 1 m., afield, land.
Wanhoga, foolish.
Wanian, ode, to wane.
Wannspedig, poor.
Wamb, 2 i'., the belly, womb.
Warenian, ode, to beware (refl.)
Warnian, wearnian, ode, to be-
ware (refl.)
Waru, 2 / f., wares, merchandise
W^S, wa$u, 2 f., a way.
Waflum, 1 in., a wave.
Wea\ 4 m., wo, affliction.
Weal, weall, wall, 1 m., a wall
Weald, wald, 1 m., a forat,
grove.
Wealdan, 1, to govern, wield.
Weald-le$er, 1 n., a rein.
Wealhst6d, wealstod, 1 m.,an
interpreter.
Weal Ian, 1, to boil, wave, surge.
Weard, 2 f., a guard.
Weardian, ode, to guard.
Wearm, warm.
We ax an, wexan, \,to grow,ua&
Wecg, 1 m., a wedge.
Wecgan, de, to agitate.
Wed, wedd, 1 n., a pledge.
W6dan, de, to be mad, rage.
Weder, 1 n , a storm* weather.
Weder-wolcen, 1 n., a cloud.
Weg, weig, 1 m., a way.
Wegan, 3, to carry, move.
Wegnest, 2 1, food for a journey,
viaticum.
Wei (bet, betst), well, much.
Wela, 4 m., weal, happiness,
wealth.
Wel-kwar, everywliere.
Welig, rich.
Well, wyl, 1 m., wella, wylla, 4
in., a well.
Weinman, de, to defile, stain.
Wen, 2 f., hope.
Wena, 4 m., expectation.
Wen an, de, to ween, hope, think.
Wendan, de, to go, turn, inter-
pret.
Weng, 2 f., the jaw, cheek.
Weod, 1, grass, an herb, a weed.
Weofod, 1 n., an altar.
Weonodland, the land along the
Vistula, land of the Wends.
Weorc, In., work, labor.
Weorpan, wyrpan, 6, to throw,
cant.
Weoruld. See woruld.
Weor5, In., worth, price.
WeorSan (59, n. 2), to become, le
VOCABVLARY.
20Q
Weor$e, wyrfle, wui"5e, worthy,
honorable.
Weorflgeorn, desirous of honor,
ambitious.
WeorSian, ode, to honor.
WeorBscipe, 2 f., honor % wor-
ship.
Wepan, 1, to weep.
Wependlic, sorrowful.
Wer, 1 m., a man.
VFer-beam, 1 m.,t7ieraceofman,
a warrior.
Werhain, 1 m., Wareliam.
Werian, ede, to keep off, parry.
Werian, ode, to defend: — to
wear.
Werig, weary.
Werod, wearod, weorod, wered,
1 n., a multitude, host.
Wero^waroS, 1 m., tlie sea-shore.
Werscipe, 1 m., valor, manhood.
Wer-J>eod, 2 f., the human race.
Wesan (59), to be.
West, west; westan, from the
west, westward.
Weste, waste, desert.
Westen, 1 n., a desert, waste.
Westen-gryre, 1 m., desert ter-
ror.
Westlang, west, towards the west.
Westmest, westefrnmost.
West-seaxan, pi., 4 ra., W.-seaxe,
3 m., tlie West-Saxons.
Wetmoi, 1 in., Wedmore.
Wic, 2 f., a dwelling, street: — a
castle, fortress, station.
Wican, 4, t" give way, yield.
Wic-gereia (wicgefera), 4 m., a
governor.
Wician, ode, to dwell, encamp.
Wicing, 1 in., a viking, pirate.
Wic-steal, 1 in., cr camp.
Wid, wide, broad, great.
Wide, widely.
Widgil, large.
Widl, 1 m., pollution.
Wid-sae, 1 m., the open sea.
Wid-sifi, 1 m., a pilgrimage.
Wif, ln.,a wife, woman.
Wit 111 an, 1 in., a woman.
Wiir, 1 n., battle.
Wiga, 4 in., a warrior.
'4
Wig-bed, 1 n., an altar.
Wig blac, glittering in armor
Wig-bord, 1 n., a battle-shield.
Wi'gend, 1 m., a warrior.
Wig-leoS, 1 n., a war-song.
Wig-lie, warlike.
Wiglung, 2 f., witchcraft.
Wiht, 1 n., weight.
Wiht, 2 f., a creature, a whit
Wiht, 1 n., the isle of Wight.
Wilcumian, ode, to welcome.
Wild, wild.
Wiide6r, 1 11., a wild animal.
Willa, 4 m., will, pleasure.
Willan (50), to will, wish.
Wille-burne, 4 f., a spring, well-
stream.
Willsumnes, 2 f., willingness.
Wiln, 2 f., desire, joy.
Wilnian, ode, to wish.
Wilstfete (pi.), 1 m., the people of
Wiltshire.
Win, In., wine.
Win-berie, 4 f., a grape.
Wind, 1 m., the wind.
Windan, 5, to wind, whirl, roll.
Windig, windy.
Winnan, 5, to contend, win, la-
bor, fight.
Winteceaster, Winchester.
Winter, 1 m., a winter, year.
Winter-ceald, wintef-cold.
Winter-kecan, lite, to become
winter.
Winter-lie, wintry, belonging to
winter.
Winter-setl, 1 n., winter-quar-
ters.
Winter-tid, 2 f., winter-time.
Wirheal, Wirhall.
Wis, wise.
Wisa, 4 m., a leader, wise man.
Wiscan, te, to wish.
Wisd6m, 1 in., wisdom.
Wise, 4 f., a guise, manner^
thing.
Wisle, 2 f., the Vistula.
Wislic, wise; -lice, wisely.
Wist, 2 f.,food, repast.
Wistfullian, ode, to feast.
Wit (t), 1 n., the mind.
Wita, 4 in., a senator.
2IO
Vocabulary.
Witan, 4, to know.
Witan, witian, ode, to blame.
Witan. JSee gewitan, to depart.
Wite, 1 n., affliction, punishment.
Witega, 4 in., a prophet, wise
man.
Witegian, ode, to prophesy.
Witian, ode, to decree, destine.
Witig, wise.
Wit! and, the country east of the
Vistula.
Wi tod lice, certainly.
Witrod, 2 f., a march, a march-
ing Iw. t.
Wi$ (gen., dat., ace), against,
for, near, with; wi$ j>am >e,
to the end that.
WificwcSan, to oppose.
Wiflerian, wiflrian, ode, to op-
Vpose.
itfe-rweardes, against.
Wiflerweardlic, perverse.
Widerweardnys, 2 f., perversity.
Witferwinna, 4 m., an adversary.
WrSinnan (ace.), within.
Wifimetenes, 2 f. , a compariaon.
WrSsacan, 2, to refuse.
WiSstandan, 2, to withstand.
Wiftiitan (dat., ace), without.
Wlanc, spirited.
Wlance, wlence, 2 f., riches,
pride, wealth.
Wlitan, 4, to look.
Wlite, 1 m., beauty.
Wlite-beorht, beautiful.
Wlitig, beautiful
Wodensdceg, 1 m., Wednesday.
YVocor (er)^l in., offspring.
Wol - berendlic, deadly, pest-
bringing.
Wolcen, 1 n., sky, cloud, heaven.
Woma, 4 m., an alarm.
Wong. See wang, 1 m., a plain,
Wong-stede, 1 m., afield.
Wonn, wan, wan, dark.
Wop, 1 in., weeping.
Word, 1 n., a word.
Word-hord, 1 m., the mouth.
Worn, 1 n.,a multitudes number.
Woruld, 2 f.. Vie world.
Woruld-buend, 1 m., an inhab-
itant of the world.
Woruld-gebyrd, 2 f., a family.
Woruld-gesffilS, 2 f., worldly-
happiness.
Woruld-gesceaft, 2 f., a creature,
creation.
Woruld- had, 1 m., a secular
state.
Woruldlic, worldly.
Woruld-wela, 4 m., riches.
Woruld >ing, 1 n., a worldly
thing.
Wracu, 2 f., revenge.
Wraec, 2 f M exile.
Wraec, wrec, wretched, exiled.
Wrsec-man, 1 m., an exile.
Wraec-siS, 1 m., exile.
Wraetlic, beautiful, wonderful.
Wrafl, 2 f., a helpmeet, support.
WraSlic, clinging.
Wrecan, 3, to avenge, punish,
drive out.
Wrecca, wreccea, 4 m., an exile,
a wretch.
Wreccan, elite, to speak.
Wridian, wrlSian, ode, to bloom,
flourish.
Wrihan, p., wreah, wraegon, pp^
wrigen, to cove?:
Wriian, 4, to write.
Writere, 1 m., a writer, scribe.
Wrixlian, ode, to exchange.
Wrixendlic, mutual.
Wrixendlice, in turn.
Wuce, 4 r., wucu, 2 f., a week.
Wudu, 3 in., wude, 1 in., a wood,
W forest.
udu-fsesten, 1 n., a wood for-
tress. •
Wuduwe, widewe, 4 f., a widow.
Wuht, wiht, 2 f., auglit, j, crea-
ture.
Wuldor (er), 1 m., glory, honor.
Wnldor-cyning, 1 m., the Glory-
King.
Wuldorfullic, wonderful, -lice,
won dei fully..
Wuldrian, ode, to glorify.
Wulf, 1 in., a wolf.
Wiind, 2 f., a wound.
Wiind, wounded.
Wiindian, ode, to wound.
Wundor, ln,/i miracle.
Vocabulary.
211
Wundrian, ode, to admire, won-
der.
Wundrum, wonderfully.
Wunian, ode, to dwell, continue.
WunuDg, 2 f., a dwelling.
Wurnia, 4m., grief, a worm.
Wui"8, 1 n., worth, value.
Wur& (adj.), worth.
WurSful, Iwnorable. worthy.
"Wurftlic, worthy; -\iZQ,worihily.
WurSmynt (d), 1 m., honor.
WurSscipe, 1 in., dignity.
Wyl, 1 m., wylla, 4 m., wylle, 4
i., a spring, well.
Wylfen, wolf-like.
Wylle-burne, 4 f., a spring.
Wyil-fl6d, 1 m., a raging flood.
Wylm, 1 m., fervor.
Wyn, 2 f., delight.
Wynlic, delightful.
Wyn-lond, 1 n., a pleasant land.
Wynstre, the left hand.
Wynsum, pleasant.
Wyrcan (ean), p., worhte, to
work, make. do.
Wyrd, gewyrd, 2 f.,fate, destiny.
Wyrfan. See kweorfan, to turn,
return.
Wyrlita, 4 m., a workman,
maker.
Wyrian (igan), ode, to curse.
Wyrman, de, to warm.
Wyrnan, de, to refuse.
"Wyrpan, te, to turn, to throw
one's self down.
"Wyrrest, wyrst, worst.
"Wyrse, worse.
"Wyrt, 2 f., an herb, plant.
"Wyrfie, weorSe, worthy.
Wyrcan. See wise an.
. Y.
Ydel, idle.
Yfel, 1 n., evil, sickness.
Yfel ian, ode, to do evil; — afflict :
— ■ to suffer evil, be afflicted,
Yfemest, ufemest, higlust.
Ylc, same, the same.
Yldan, de, to delay.
Yldest, eldest.
Ylding, 2 f., delay.
Ylda, 2 f. (15. n. 2), yldo, age
Yldra (cp. </ eald), older : — (in
pi.), parents, elders.
Ymb(e),(acc), about, concerning.
Ymbe-bsetan, te, to restrain
Ymbkoga, 4 m., care, anxiety.
Ymbhwyrft, hweorit, 1 in., an
orbit, the world.
Ymbhvdig, anxious.
Yymbnyped, attacked.
Ymbscrydan, de, to clothe.
Ymbsedn, to look around.
Ymbsettan, te, to surround.
Ynibsittan, 2, to besiege.
Ymbspn&c, 2 f., remark.
Ymbsprjece (ac(j.), spoken of.
Yinbsprecan, to mention.
Yrabutan, round about; (prep.
ace), around.
YmbJ>encan, to consider.
Ypping, 2 f., an expanse.
Yrfenuwa, 4 in., an heir.
Yrm'5, 2 f., yrm'So(u), distress.
Yrnan, 5, to run.
Yrre, angry.
Yst, 1 m., the east, east wind: —
storm, tempest.
Yte #tere, ytemest), out, outer*
utter, utmost.
Yteren, made of otter skin.
Y"8, y$u, 2 f., a wave.
Y8-faru, 2 f., a wave-course.
Y'S-hof, 1 n., a wave-house, skip
p. D.
pd, then, when; >a gyt, moreover;
\>i J>6, when, then, wlun.
pser, there; ►ser to, tiiereto, be-
sides; >aer rihte, immediately;
J>aer >eer, there wlierc; J«i
wi'S, therewith, concerning.
pees, tJcus, then, therefore; J«s
J>e, after that, because, after-
wards.
pseslic, ,JU; -lice, fitly.
peet (adv.), until.
pafian, ode, to permit, grant.
pane, 1 m., a favor, tJuink,
thought, wish; bances, tluuik-
fully, voluntarily.
pancian, ode, to tfuM\fc.
I
212
Vocabulary.
paneling, 2 f., thanksgiving.
panon, Fonan(e), thence,
pa. than, or; J>c, . Jhj, eitlier, . or.
peak, though, yet, however; J>cah
>e, although; beali hwttfScrt. 1 ,
yrt nevertheless; J>eah git, a«
y«f, hitherto.
pcahtcre, 1 in., a counsellor,
peahtian, ode, to consult.
pearf, 2 1'., /norf, necessity.
pearf, needful, necessary.
pearfa, 4 m., a poor man.
pearfan, p., )>orfte, *td>;\, )>urfe,
(54, 2), to need.
pcaw, 1 m., custom; pi., morals,
virtues.
peccan, p., J>eahte, )>6kt, |>p., ge-
>ealit, to eowr, overwhelm.
pegen, K'gn, >en, 1 in., a servant,
thane.
pegn-scipe, 1 m., service.
pel, 2 f., a ptoaA.
pel ftesten, 1 n., a *Atp.
pc-lfles J>e, lest.
pen can, p., \>6hte, to think.
penden, while, so long as.
pengel, 1 m., a prince.
pen i an, ode, to serve.
penung, 2 f., service.
peod, 2 f., a nation, people, host;
— the gentiles.
pe6dan, de, to serve.
peoden, 1 m., the Lord, a prince.
pe6dcn-hold,/a#A/i/J, loyal.
peodisc, ln.,a native, people.
peodscipc, 1 m., a community.
peof, 1 m., )>e6fa, 4 m., a thief.
pe6n, 6, to flourish.
peonde, powerful, flourishing.
peoster, dark.
pi'osterful, dark, gloomy.
peostru, 2 f., darkness.
peow, 1 m., )>eowa, 4 m., J>eowe,
4 f., a servant.
peowdom, 1 m., service.
peowian, ode, to serve.
pincan, p., buhte, to think, seem.
ping, 1 n., a thing, state; >ing-
um, because of.
pingian, ode, to pray, intercede.
pingung, 2 f., intercession.
P61ian, ode, to suffer.
ponne, then, when.
p.)rn, byrn, 1 m., a thorn.
poterung, 2 f., wailing.
frag, 2 t, a season, time.
prage, long, for a long time.
praec-wig, 1 in., a battle.
prea, 3 m. (f.), punisltmeni.
preagan, de, to chide.
prealic, direful.
preat, 1 in., a host.
pri, three; >ridda, third.
pringan, 5, to rush, throng.
prittig, britig, thirty.
pri wa, thrice.
protu, 2 f., the throat.
prowian, ode, to suffer.
prowung, 2 f., suffering.
pryecan, te, to oppress.
prym, 1 m., strength, a mass.
prymlic, glorious; - lice, glori-
ously.
prym-setl, 1 n., a throne*
prynnys, 2 f., trinity.
puf(e), lm.,a standard.
punian, ede, to thunder.
purh (ace), through.
purhfle6n, 6, to fly through.
purhlonge, so long.
purhsceotan, 6, to pierce through.
purhsmean, smeagan, de, to
inquire into.
purhstingan, 5, to stab, pierce.
purhteoo, to make, complete.
purhwunian, ode, to continue.
purstig, thirsty.
pus, thus
ptisend, a thousand.
piisend mflelum, by thousands.
pwean, 2, to wash.
pwyrnys, bweornys, 2 f., perver-
sity.
pf, on this account; >y laes, lest.
pyder, thither; byderweard, >y.
derwearde(s), thitherward, on
the way thitlier.
pyrn-cyn, 1 n., thorn-kind, a
thorn.
pyrstan, te, to thirst.
pyslic, such.
pysteriul, dark.
pystre,. J>e6stre, dark, obscure.
ADDITIONS TO VOCABULARY.
Adydan de, to kill.
Adwaescan, ede, to quench, ap-
pease.
Ahefod, p.p. of ahebban.
Ahredsan, 6, to rush.
Anig, any. f
Aroda. See arseda.
Beorn, 1 m., a man, prince.
Betweonan, between, among.
Blican, 4, to glitter.
Brocian, ode, to destroy afflict.
Clypian (cleopian), ode, to
speak, call.
Cwefian, 3, p. pi cwaedon, p.p.
cweden, to speak, say, call.
Cwiraan. See cuman.
Dryre, 1 m., a fall.
Dwelian, ede, Dwolian, ode,
to err.
Ealand, In., an island.
Earmian, ode, to pity.
Fordrifen, fever-smitten.
Forhon. See for^am.
Galscipe, 1 m., wantonness.
Gehladan, 2, to load.
Gelp. See gilp.
Genedd. See genydan.
Geot. See get.
Geweorht. See gewyrht.
Gewyldan, p. gewealde, to
subdue, conquer.
Gio. See giu.
Haeftned, 2 f. (1 m.), captivity,
control.
Hilde-wrsesen, a war-chain.
Hlud, loud.
HySian, to devastate.
Hand. See igland.
Nanwuht. See nawiht.
Raecan, -hte, to reach.
Saettan. See settan.
Scacan, 2, to shake, brandish.
Sci'ma, 4 m., brightness.
Smyrian, ede, to anoint.
Staefen (stefen), 2 f., a sound,
voice.
Sticcemselnm, here and there.
Stigan, 4, to ascend.
SwfS, strong, powerful, great.
SwfSrian, ode, to increase, pre-
• vail.
Sylen, 2 f., a gift.
Tdl (-les), 1 m., tribute, toll.
Unateallendlfc, innumerable.
Untredwa, 4 m., falsehood,
perfidy.
Weorod. See werod.
Yrsian, ode, to be angry at, to
anger.
pon. See para,
ponne, then, than.
Prosm, 1 m., smoke.
■1
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The principles which underlie the method employed in this work are the
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1. Geometrical instruction for beginners should proceed from the concrete
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8. It should seek to develop the intellectual powers, and especially the
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activitv of the learner.
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Principal of Brooklyn, N. Y., High School.
(SELECTIONS FBOM THE LESS-KNOWN LATIN POETS — viz., Ca-
"^ tullus, Lucretius, the Elegiac Writers, Lucan and Martial. By E. P.
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PARALLEL SYNTAX OF THE HOODS IN GREEK AND. LATIN.
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ment of Williston Seminary, at Easthampton, Mass. (Ready in June.)
A NEW AND COMPLETE VIBGIL. This Edition will be printed fro
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Greenoutjh, Harvard University. It will also have numerous illust' self-
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Boston,
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* W. F. Allen, Professor of Latin in University of Wisconsin.
GREEK.
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* duction. by Frederick D. Allen, Professor of Greek in the Universi ty -
of Cincinnati.
{SELECT ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES. Edited by Frank B. Tar— =
■* bell, Yale College. This work will contain the three Philippics
the Oration On the Chersonese, from the Zurich Edition of the Text, wit!
an Extended Historical Introduction and Explanatory Notes.
rTlHE PUBLIC HARANGUES OF DEMOSTHENES. Edited by Isaacs
* Flagg, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in Cornell University, Ithaca^-
N.T.
Tli is work has been undertaken in view of the fxct that several speech*
belonging to this head, of great merit and importance, have not as yet
peared in a form convenient for college reading. The commentary, ap— —
pended to a carefully edited text, will be adapted to the requirements of*"
students well advanced in Greek. Part First, forming a small volume by
itself, will contain the three Hellenic Orations, Symmories, Megafopotitant,
and Rluxlians.
(SELECTIONS FBOM THE GREEK LYEIC POETS, with an Historical
•^ Introduction and Explanatory Notes. By Henry M. Tyler, Professor
of Greek and Latin in Smith College, Northampton, Mass. {Ready in
June.)
SELECTIONS FSOM PINDAR AND THE BUCOLIC POETS, Contain-
"* jng six Odes of Pindar, four Idylls of Theocritus, a Hymn of CalH*
ma eh in, a Hymn of Clcanlhes, and one of the Homeric Hymns; in all
thirteen hundred lines. Edited bv Professor T. D. Sevmour. Western Reserve
College, Ohio. (Ready in January, 1880.)
rjuatE FIRST THEEE BOOKS OF HOMER 1 S ILIAD. By Professor F.
* E- Anderson, of Harvard University.
T RST TWELVE BOOKS OF HOMERS 0D7SSE7. With Tntrodue-
•on. Notes, and Tables of Homeric Forms, for School Use, By W.
7, A.M., Fellow and Lecturer of Lincoln College, Oxford, England.
HEATH, Publisher*, Boston, Ytow Y«fc, w*& (Mca^
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS. 8
V EIGHTON'S NEW GREEK LESSONS. With notes, references, and
-" full vocabulary ; and references to Hadley's Greek Grammar, as well as
^o Goodwin's New Greek Grammar. The Lessons have been rewritten and
■
.■arranged on the plan of the author's Latin Lessons, introducing the verb
Crom the first.
About sixty easy and well graded lessons, both Greek and English (one
flterm's work), introduces the pupil to the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis.
ZOefinite directions are given in regard to the amount of the Grammar to be
learned. The pupil is given a clear idea of noun and verb stems, and also some
insight into the formation of words from stems and roots by means of signifi-
cant endings. Questions for Review and examination as in the first edition.
"The amount of matter to be translated into Greek is sufficient to prepare a
student in Greek composition for any American college. In preparing
"these lessons, considerable use has been made of the excellent exercises
"wised in most of the German Gymnasiums, prepared by Dr. Wasener to ac-
company Professor Curtius' Greek Grammar.
A NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION OF WHITOFS LYSIAS. Two
^* new orations will be added to those which the book now contains
4,Ready in September. )
MATHEMATICS.
A SERIES OF ARITHMETICS, Consisting of two books, Primary and
** Written. By Dr. Thomas Hill, ex-President of Harvard College, and
George A. Went worth, Professor of Mathematics in Phillips Exeter Acad*
emy.
A DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS. With numerous Examples and Ap-
** plications. Designed for use as a College Text-book. By W. E.
Byerly, Ph.D., Harvard University. This book has been used two years
in Harvard in manuscript form. {Ready in July.)
AN ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. By George A. Wentworth, Professor
of Mathematics in Phillips Exeter Academy.
A GEOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. Adapted to Lower and Grammar
School Work. By G. A. Hill, Harvard University. (Ready in Sep-
tember. )
The principles which underlie the method employed in this work are the
following : —
1. Geometrical instruction for beginners should proceed from the concrete
to the abstract.
2. It should seek to develop the intellectual powers, and especially the
geometric imagination and the inventive faculty, by stimulating the self-
activity of the learner.
GDW & EEATH, Publishers, Boston, "Hot* YotY. w& ^assw^
4 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
3. It should be practical, — that is to say, it should seize every fittfcft
opportunity to illustrate and explain the material uses of Geometry.
Agreeably to the first of these principles, in the beginning the disti<* c "
tion between a body, a surface, a line, and a point, is shown by the use °
models, and later they are again employed to give clear ideas respecti**&
the regular solids. Many conceptions and simple relations — such as occ«-* T '
for instance, in the subject of parallels, of perpendiculars, of angles, *-*\
intersecting lines and planes, of equal figures, of similar figures,,
polygons, &c. — are illustrated by reference to well-known object
and, a variety of questions are asked, which the learner can answer
reflecting upon what he has seen. Throughout the work, definitions
not stated in an abstract form until the ideas which they involve are alreadS
known.
In proving theorems, instead of the formal method which begins wit
the theorem and follows with the proof, unfolded step by step in syllogistic
reasoning, the method here adopted begins with the study of a figure an^*"
the relations of its parts, and proceeds to the theorem, by the compariso^^*
and combination of ideas, much in the same way as the discoverer of tm^
theorem might have done. Care has been taken to select theorems -
which are simple, and which at the same time form a basis for usefu -^
problems and applications. In a few cases, where a theorem was very de — •*
sirable on account of its applications, while its rigorous proof was clearly - * 2 "
beyond the capacity of those for whom the book is designed, the author has^
not hesitated to substitute a less rigorous proof, or probable reasons of a^
simple kind. Why it should be thought that, in Geometry, the choice^
must, in each case, lie between the most refined product of the humane
intellect and nothing at all, the author is unable to see.
The idea of ratio is made to arise naturally from that of addition ; and-i
that of units of measure from that of ratio.
Special stress has been laid upon the laws of the equality and of the sim-
ilarity of triangles; because, apart from their simple character, they are*
the keys to nine-tenths at least of the rest of Geometry, both theoretical
and practical.
Great pains have been taken to explain, by examples, how geometrical
problems are to be attacked and solved; and numerous easy con-
structions are given, as exercises for the learner.
Exercises are appended to almost ever} r section, and to the end of each
chapter, and form one of the chief features of the book. They supply the
means of real intellectual training, by throwing the learner on his own
resources, and leading him to invent and to generalize for himself. They
have, been very carefully selected and graded, and, where necessary, hints
for their solution have been added.
Among the applications of Geometry which find a place in the work may
be mentioned the testing of vertical and horizontal directions, drawing lines
GINN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago.
f
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS. 5
to scale, the construction of perpendicular lines and of angles on the
*3r*-«ond, the application of the laws of the equality and similarity of tri-
to the measurement of inaccessible distances, and a great number
variety of practical exercises upon the computation of lengths, areas,
volumes.
It is a great mistake to suppose that it requires any peculiar talent to
Understand the elements of Geometry. On the contrary, it is easier to tractf*
simple relations of forms and magnitudes than to trace, for example,
of numbers, because forms and magnitudes are concrete things
^*iiile numbers are abstract ; and Frobei, the founder of the kindergarten,
v^cognized this fact by choosing the most important means of object teach-
ig out of the field of Geometry.
Everything depends on the method. Pestalozzi first showed how to
Geometry an easy, interesting, and profitable subject of study, in
rly education. His method, modified and improved by his successors, is
>w to be found under various forms in many excellent German text-
I, and is now taught in German schools.
This method, in the main, is here adopted. The author has made a
careful study of the best French and German text-books, and has seen
"^he method in actual operation in the German schools. He is convinced
"*hat it is the true and only method for beginners.
The present work is adapted to ordinary pupils from twelve to fifteen
^rears of age. It forms a suitable introduction to higher works on the
same subject, and at the same time contains so much of Geometry as
«very one, women not excepted, may study with the greatest interest
and profit. Had this method of teaching Geometry found the same foot-
hold here that it has in Germany, there is little doubt in the author's
mind that before now the subject would be here as it is in Germany, and
ought to be everywhere, a part of common-school education.
/GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES AND KEY TO EXERCISES DT WEKT-
**^ WORTH 1 S GEOMETRY. ( Ready in July. )
OMALLER FOUR-PLACE TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. By James
^ Mills Peirce, University Professor of Mathematics in Harvard College.
Under this name, the principal tables of the author's Three and Four-
Place Tables, with some additions (among which are tables of the Hyper-
bolic Functions and of Squares and Reciprocals), are published in a
duodecimo form, but in a clear, handsome, and good-sized type, cast for the
purpose. The main features of the Three and Four-Place Tables are re-
tained, so far as the size of the page permits ; but the arrangement is in
some respects improved, and is made readily intelligible to beginners in the
use of logarithms. Full explanations are given with the tables.
The book may be had either separately or bound with the author's " Ele-
ments of Logarithms," or with " Wheeler's Trigonometry."
GINK & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago,
6
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
SCIENCE.
HIDES FOB SCIENCE-TEACHING. Designed to supplement 1^*"
tures given to Teachers of the Public Schools of Boston, by t^- 1
Boston Society of Natural History. They are intended for the use of TeaC^ **
»
"ere who desire to practically instruct classes in Natural History. Besid
simple illustrations and instructions as to the modes of presentation as
study, there are, in each pamphlet, hints which will be found useful in pr
serving, preparing, collecting and purchasing specimens.
No. I. About Pebblei. By Alpheus Hyatt, Custodian of the Bost<
Society of Natural History, and Professor of Zoology and Paleontology
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This pamphlet is an illusti
tion of the way in which a common object may be used profitably in teacl
ing. This was the opening lecture of the course, and the one which ga\
rise to these little books. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 15 cents.
No. II. Concerning a Few Common Plants. By George L. Goodalc
Professor of Botany in Harvard University. This is complete in two part*
(which are bound together), and gives an account of the organs or *'hel]
ful parts" of plants, and how these can be cultivated and used in th«
schoolroom for the mental training of children. Price to Teachers, post- ^^ "
paid, 25 cents.
No. III. Commercial and other Spongei. By Professor Alpheu!^ ^
Hyatt. This gives an account of the Sponges in common use, and of theu^ -^ B
Structure, &c. Illustrated by 7 plates. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 30 cents-
No. IV. A First Lesson in Natural History. By Mrs. Elizabetl
Agassiz. Illustrated by woodcuts and 4 plates. Price to Teachers, post
paid, 35 cents.
No. V. Corals and Echinoderms. By Professor Alpheus Hyatt—
Illustrated. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 30 cents.
The remaining numbers of the Series cannot be issued until the coming
fall, beginning in October. There will be eight more numbers, at the same .
average prices (ranging from 20 cents to 40 cents). The number on In- / j|
sects may exceed this price, if the different orders are illustrated. J ^,
No. VI. Mollusca. Oyster, Clam, and Snail.
No.VII. Worms and Crustacea. Earth Worm, Lobster, Common Crab,
No.VIII. Insects. Grasshopper.
No. IX. Fishes. Yellow Perch.
No. X. Frogs. Common Frog and Toad.
No. XI. Reptiles. Alligators and Tortoises.
No. XII. Birds.
No. XIII. Mammals. Common Eat.
GBTN & HEATH, PuWiataia, "Brctaia, "*«« ^^ «^^&s»^
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
LEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. A Text-Book for Common
1 and High Schools. By Professor A. E. Dolbear, A.M., of Tufts
•liege, and A. P. Gage, Instructor in Physics in English High School,
»ton. (Ready in September.)
The treatise will differ from most text-books on Natural Philosophy in
sing based upon the doctrine of the conservation of energy. This will be
ade prominent in every department of it. Whenever it is practicable, the
■>— ^perimental part will precede the statements of the laws, — that is to say,
t- Vme laws are to be deduced from the experiments performed.
ENGLISH.
ISOITS REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITIONS OF SHAKE-
SPEARE'S PLAYS. Containing a Critical Analysis of the Play and
5. ts Characters. Expurgated Text, and copious Notes. By Professor H. N.
^Kudson, of the School of Oratory, Boston University.
Hamlet I (Just Published.)
Eichard Second. )
Macbeth. (Ready in July.)
Xing Lear. (Ready in August.)
Julius Caesar. (Ready in September.)
Merchant of Venice. (Ready in October.)
The Tempest. (Ready in November.)
"This edition embodies the study of years, and cannot fail to be of great
ralue, inasmuch as Professor Hudson is one of the first of living Shake-
spearian scholars." — Publishers 1 Weekly.
mHE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF MILTON'S PARADISE LOST. With
* Explanatory Notes and Diagrams. These books, the sublimest of
Milton's poetry, are here prepared for class use, as well as for private read-
ing. The edition differs, it is believed, from all other school editions, —
(1 ) In containing the results of the most recent studies and criticisms.
(2. ) In being illustrated by diagrams needful for the proper understand-
ing of the poem.
(3.) In omitting fifteen or twenty objectionable lines that need not be
read in school, and that have often and properly caused the exclusion of
the book from the class-room.
(4.) More convenient and suggestive notes, with better type and arrange-
ment.
The author's edition of Milton's " Lycidas " will be bound with the above.
OEM & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, Sot XatY, ss& <Sra»2§t*
8 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
£
LKMENTABT LESSONS IN ENGLISH, For Home and School TTse.
By W. D. Whitney, of Yale College, and Mrs. N. L. Knox.
This book is in two parts. Part I. contains no technical grammar. It
is designed to give children such a knowledge of the English Language as
will enable them to speak, write, and use it with accuracy and force. It
is made up of exercises to increase and improve the vocabulary, lessons
in enunciation, pronunciation, spelling, sentence-making, punctuation,
the use of capitals, abbreviations, drill in writing number-forms, gender-
forms, and the possessive-form, letter-writing, and such other matters per-
taining to the art of the language as may be taught simply, clearly, and
profitably. Many and varied oral and written exercises supplement every
lesson. Part II. is an introduction to the " Essentials of English Gram-
mar."
The Teacher'i Edition, prepared by Mrs. N. L. Knox, contains, beside «
the text, plans for developing the lessons in the book, matter for oraU
lessons and methods of giving them, impromptu test-exercises, dictations
lessons, plans for conducting reviews, and other valuable aids to the easy, «
attractive, and successful teaching of Language.
WANUAL TO ACCOMPANY " WHITNEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ENG- -
-™ 1 LISH GRAXMAB," for the use of Teachers. Prepared by Mrs. -
N. L. Knox. The Manual is designed to supply methods of developin
and emphasizing the lessons of the text, to furnish material for every-
day application and practice, questions and tests for review, and tabular*
views and outlines (for the black-board) to guide the pupils in study,
recitation, and review.
"EIMANTTEL GETBELS BBUNHILD. Translated by Professor G. Theo.
*** Dippold, of Boston University (formerly of Harvard University), and
preceded by a brief account of the Nibelung Saga. (Just Issued.)
Professor Dippold — whose lecture on the Nibelung Sagas was received
with such favor — will present a translation of the famous tragedy " Brun-
hild," faithful to the original, both in spirit and in form. From the grow-
ing interest in the subject of early German literature, it seems that an
English edition of " Brunhild " will be very desirable.
From F. J. Child, Professor of English Literature, Harvard University.
Cambridge, May 1, 1879.
Mr. Dippold has made an excellent translation of Geibel's tragedy of
" Brunhild," and has prefixed to it the translation of the poem, a very lucid
and interesting account of the Nibelungen story. y^/ ',
It is a very well executed piece of work, and worthy of attention^ 1
n TM & HEATH, PuWistaia, "Boaton, !&«* "TstY, *a& Cftasswgk
[
'*1
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
A REVISED EDITION OF ALLEN'S LATIN COMPOSITION. SimpT
** tied, carefully Graded, and Adapted (o the New Allen & Greenough*"
Latin Grammar. By W. F. Allen, Professor of Latin and History at Unf
versity of Wisconsin and Lecturer at Johns Hopkins University. {Read
in September. )
ma A8RIC0LA OF TACITUS. Edited for School and Collcgt Use by~^
* W. F. Allen, Professor of Latin in University of Wisconsin.
GREEK.
mHE PBOMETHETTS OF AESCHYLUS. Edited, with Notes and Inti
* duction, by Frederick D. Allen, Professor of Greek in the Unirersitr— ^
of Cincinnati.
OELECT ORATIONS OF DEMOSTHENES. Edited by Frank B. Tar
^ bell, Yale College. This work will contain the three Philippics and -2
the Oration On the Chersonese, from the Zurich Edition of the Text, with -J
an Extended Historical Introduction and Explanatory Notes.
mHE PUBLIC HARANGUES OF DEMOSTHENES. Edited by Isaac
* Flagg, Ph. D., Professor of Greek in Cornell University, Ithaca,
N.T.
This work has been undertaken in view of the fret that several speeches
belonging to this head, of great merit and importance, have not as yet ap-
peared in a form convenient for college reading. The commentary, ap-
pended to a carefully edited text, will be adapted to the requirements of
students well advanced in Greek. Part First, forming a small volume by
itself, will contain the three Hellenic Orations, Symmories, McgalopolUan*,
and Rhodium.
SELECTIONS FROM THE GREEK LYRIC POETS, with an Historical
" Introduction and Explanatory Notes. By Henry M. Tyler, Professor
of Greek and Latin in Smith College, Northampton, Mass. (Ready in
June.)
SELECTIONS FBOM PINDAR AND THE BUCOLIC POETS, Contain-
"* jng six Odes of Pindar, four Idylls of Theocritus, a Hymn of CallU
machus, a Hymn of Clcanthes, and one of the Homeric Hymns; in all
thirteen hundred lines. Edited by Professor T. D. Seymour. Western Reserve
College, Ohio. (Ready in January, 1880.)
If 43 FIRST THREE BOOKS OF HOMERS ILIAD. By Professor F.
E. Anderson, of Harvard University.
"RST TWELVE BOOKS OF HOMER'S ODYSSEY. With Introdne-
•on, Notes, and Tables of Homeric Forms, for School Use. By W.
P 1 * n% A.M., Fellow and Lecturer of Lincoln College, Oxford. England,
ping *
*>61ian, HEATH, Publiahftia, Boston, T&«* TstV, *s& <3&<»©k
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS. 8
^ ^^^^^^— ■■■ — ■ ■ '■■■■in ■■ ^■■»»» i^»^— ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i^^^»^^B^t^^"^^w^^^wp^a^— ^mp— w— ■— — w^^»
W EIGHTON'S NEW GREEK LESSONS. With notes, references, and
"*^ full vocabulary ; and references to Had lev's Greek Grammar, as well as
^o Goodwin's New Greek Grammar. The Lessons have been rewritten and
.arranged on the plan of the author's Latin Lessons, introducing the verb
:£rom the first.
About sixty easy and well graded lessons, both Greek and English (one
■term's work), introduces the pupil to the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis.
^Definite directions are given in regard to the amount of the Grammar to be
learned. The pupil is given a clear idea of noun and verb stems, and also some
dnsight into the formation of words from stems and roots by means of signifi-
cant endings. Questions for Review and examination as in the first edition.
The amount of matter to be translated into Greek is sufficient to prepare a
student in Greek composition for an}' American college. In preparing
these lessons, considerable use has been made of the excellent exercises
used in most of the German Gymnasiums, prepared by Dr. Wasener to ac-
company Professor Curtius' Greek Grammar.
A NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION OF WHITOFS LYSIAS. Two
A new orations will be added to those which the book now contains
{Ready in September. )
MATHEMATICS.
A SERIES OF ARITHMETICS, Consisting of two books, Primary and
** Written. By Dr. Thomas Hill, ex-President of Harvard College, and
George A. Wentworth, Professor of Mathematics in Phillips Exeter Acad-
emy.
A DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS. With numerous Examples and Ap-
** plications. Designed for use as a College Text-book. By W. E.
Byerly, Ph.D., Harvard University. This book has been used two years
in Harvard in manuscript form. (Ready in July.)
AN ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. By George A. Wentworth, Professor
** of Mathematics in Phillips Exeter Academy.
A GEOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. Adapted to Lower and Grammar
**• School Work. By G. A. Hill, Harvard University. ( Ready in Sep-
tember. )
The principles which underlie the method employed in this work are the
following : —
1. Geometrical instruction for beginners, should proceed from the concrete
to the abstract.
2. It should seek to develop the intellectual powers, and especially the
geometric imagination and the inventive faculty, by stimulating the self-
activitv of the learner.
ffHTN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, "Sero XstY. ss& ^s»j^
4 ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
■
3. It should be practical, — that is to say, it should seize every fittm*-
opportunitv to illustrate and explain the material uses of Geometry.
Agreeably to the first of these principles, in the beginning the
tion between a body, a surface, a line, and a point, is shown by the use o~
models, and later they are again employed to give clear ideas respectin
the regular solids. Many conceptions and simple relations — such as occur,
for instance, in the subject of parallels, of perpendiculars, of angles, oi
intersecting lines and planes, of equal figures, of similar figures,, o
l>olvgons, &c. — are illustrated by reference to well-known objects
and, a variety of questions are asked, which the learner can answer b;
reflecting upon what he has seen. Throughout the work, definitions
not stated in an abstract form until the ideas which they involve are alread
known.
In proving theorems, instead of the formal method which begins with
the theorem and follows with the proof, unfolded step by step in syllogistic
reasoning, the method here adopted begins with the study of a figure and
the relations of its parts, and proceeds to the theorem, by the comparison
and combination of ideas, much in the same way as the discoverer of the
theorem might have done. Care has been taken to select theorems
which are simple, and which at the same time form a basis for useful
problems and applications. In a few cases, where a theorem was very de-
sirable on account of its applications, while its rigorous proof was clearly
beyond the capacity of those for whom the book is designed, the author has
not hesitated to substitute a less rigorous proof, or probable reasons of a
simple kind. Why it should be thought that, in Geometry, the choice
must, in each case, lie between the most refined product of the human
intellect and nothing at all, the author is unable to see.
The idea of ratio is made to arise naturally from that of addition; and
that of units of measure from that of ratio.
Special stress has been laid upon the laws of the equality and of the sim-
ilarity of triangles; because, apart from their simple character, they are
the keys to nine-tenths at least of the rest of Geometry, both theoretical
and practical.
Great pains have been taken to explain, by examples, how geometrical
problems are to be attacked and solved; and numerous easy con-
structions are given, as exercises for the learner. \
Exercises are appended to almost every section, and to the end of each
chapter, and form one of the chief features of the book. They supply the i
means of real intellectual training, by throwing the learner on his own *
resources, and leading him to invent and to generalize for himself. They *
have been very carefully selected and graded, and, where necessary, hints '*"
for their solution have been added.
Among the applications of Geometry which find a place in the work may j
be mentioned the testing of vertical and horizontal directions, drawing lines
GINN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS. 5
scale, the construction of perpendicular lines and of angles on the
ound, the application of the laws of the equality and similarity of tri-
gles to the measurement of inaccessible distances, and a great number
d variety of practical exercises upon the computation of lengths, areas,
d volumes.
It is a great mistake to suppose that it requires any peculiar talent to
derstand the elements of Geometry. On the contrary, it is easier to trace*
3 simple relations of forms and magnitudes than to trace, for example,
>se of numbers, because forms and magnitudes are concrete things
tile numbers are abstract; and Frbbei, the founder of the kindergarten,
:ognized this fact by choosing the most important means of object teach-
5 out of the field of Geometry.
Everything depends on the method. Pestalozzi first showed how to
ike Geometry an easy, interesting, and profitable subject of study, in
rly education. His method, modified and improved by his successors, is
w to be found under various forms in many excellent German text-
oks, and is now taught in German schools.
This method, in the main, is here adopted. The author has made a
reful study of the best French and German text-books, and has seen
e method in actual operation in the German schools. He is convinced
at it is the true and only method for beginners.
The present work is adapted to ordinary pupils from twelve to fifteen
ars of age. It forms a suitable introduction to higher works on the
me subject, and at the same time contains so much of Geometry as
ery one, women not excepted, may study with the greatest interest
d profit. Had this method of teaching Geometry found the same foot-
ed here that it has in Germany, there is little doubt in the author's
ind that before now the subject would be here as it is in Germany, and
ght to be everywhere, a part of common-school education.
I EOMETRICAL EXEBCISES AND KEY TO EXEBCISES Iff WENT-
r WOBTH'S GEOMETRY. (Ready in July.)
MALLEB FOTO-PLACE TABLES OF LOGARITHMS. By James
Mills Peirce, University Professor of Mathematics in Harvard College.
Under this name, the principal tables of the author's Three and Four-
bce Tables, with some additions (among which are tables of the Hyper-
lic Functions and of Squares and Reciprocals), are published in a
lodecimo form, but in a clear, handsome, and good-sized type, cast for the
irpose. The main features of the Three and Four-Place Tables are re-
ined, so far as the size of the page permits; but the arrangement is in
me respects improved, and is made readily intelligible to beginners in the
e of logarithms. Full explanations are given with the tables.
The book may be had either separately or bound with the author's " Ele-
ents of Logarithms," or with " Wheeler's Trigonometry."
INN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, TJew Tori, *$& Q&ssw^
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
SCIENCE.
tf
/GUIDES FOB SCIENCE-TEACHING. Designed to supplement \jeCr
** tures given to Teachers of the Public Schools of Boston, by tk^ e
Boston Society of Natural History. They are intended for the use of Teacr *-**
"ters who desire to practically instruct classes in Natural History. Besid
simple illustrations and instructions as to the modes of presentation ar
study, there are, in each pamphlet, hints which will be found useful in pi
serving, preparing, collecting and purchasing specimens.
No. I. About Pebblei. By Alpheus Hyatt, Custodian of the Bost<
Society of Natural History, and Professor of Zoology and Paleontology
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This pamphlet is an illusti
tion of the way in which a common object may be used profitably in teacl
ing. This was the opening lecture of the course, and the one which gav
rise to these little books. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 15 cents.
No. II. Concerning a Few Common Plants. By George L. Goodalc
Professor of Botany in Harvard University. This is complete in two parte
(which are bound together), and gives an account of the organs or "hel]
ful parts" of plants, and how these can be cultivated and used in th^
schoolroom for the mental training of children. Price to Teachers, post-
paid, 25 cents.
No. III. Commercial and other Spongei. By Professor Alpheu*-*' s
Hyatt. This gives an account of the Sponges in common use, and of theii^^ 1 f
Structure, &c. Illustrated by 7 plates. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 30 cents-~
No. IV. A First Lesson in Natural History. By Mrs. Elizabetl
Agassiz. Illustrated by woodcuts and 4 plates. Price to Teachers, post-
paid, 35 cents.
No. V. Corals and Echinoderms. By Professor Alpheus Hyatt-.
Illustrated. Price to Teachers, postpaid, 30 cents.
The remaining numbers of the Series cannot be issued until the coming
fall, beginning in October. There will be eight more numbers, at the same
average prices (ranging from 20 cents to 40 cents). The number on In-
sects may exceed this price, if the different orders are illustrated.
No. VI. Mollusca. Oyster, Clam, and Snail.
No. VII. Worms and Crustacea. Earth Worm, Lobster, Common Crab,
No.VIII. Insects. Grasshopper.
No. IX. Fishes. Yellow Perch.
No. X. Frogs. Common Frog and Toad.
No. XI. Reptiles. Alligators and Tortoises.
No. Xn. Birds.
No. XIII. Mammals. Common Rat.
GISU & HEATH, PuWistata, "Bra^ "*«* "*^ «A <Sk*«^
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
LEMENTS OF NATTOAL PHILOSOPHY. A Text-Book for Common
1 and High Schools. By Professor A. E. Dolbear, A.M., of Tufts
ollege, and A. P. Gage, Instructor in Physics in English High School,
ston. {Ready in September.)
The treatise will differ from most text-books on Natural Philosophy in
eing based upon the doctrine of the conservation of energy. This will be
nade prominent in every department of it. Whenever it is practicable, the
■xperimental part will precede the statements of the laws, — that is to say,
he laws are to be deduced from the experiments performed.
-H
ENGLISH.
UDSOirS REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITIONS OF SHAKE-
SPEARE'S PLAYS. Containing a Critical Analysis of the Play and
its Characters. Expurgated Text, and copious Notes. By Professor H. N.
Hudson, of the School of Oratory, Boston University.
Hamlet. ">
juuuxot . ( ^ Published.)
Bichard Second. >
Macbeth. {Ready in July.)
King Lear. {Ready in August.)
Julius Caesar. {Ready in September.)
Merchant of Venice. {Ready in October.)
The Tempest. {Ready in November.)
"This edition embodies the study of j'ears, and cannot fail to be of great
ralue, inasmuch as Professor Hudson is one of the first of living Shake-
spearian scholars." — Publishers' Weekly.
mHE FIRST TWO BOOKS OF MILTON'S PARADISE LOST. With
* Explanatory Notes and Diagrams. These books, the sublimest of
Milton's poetry, are here prepared for class use, as well as for private read-
ing. The edition differs, it is believed, from all other school editions, —
(1 ) In containing the results of the most recent studies and criticisms.
(2. ) In being illustrated by diagrams needful for the proper understand-
ing of the poem.
(3.) In omitting fifteen or twenty objectionable lines that need not be
read in school, and that have often and properly caused the exclusion of
the book from the class-room.
(4.) More convenient and suggestive notes, with better type and arrange-
ment.
The author's edition of Milton's "Lycidas " will be bound with the above.
QMN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, Son XrcY, tsA Qtooi^
g ANNOUNCEMENTS OF NEW BOOKS.
IJiLSMENTAEY LESSON IS EHGLISH, For Home and School Use.
*• By W. D. Whitney, of Yale College, and Mrs. N. L. Knox.
This book is in two parts. Part I. contains no technical grammar. It
is designed to give children such a knowledge of the English Language as
will enable them to speak, write, and we it with accuracy and force. It
is made up of exercises to increase and improve the vocabulary, lessons
in enunciation, pronunciation, spelling, sentence-making, punctuation,
the use of capitals, abbreviations, drill in writing number-forms, gender-
forms, and the possessive-form, letter-writing, and such other matters per-
taining to the art of the language as may be taught simply, clearly, and
profitably. Many and varied oral and written exercises supplement every
lesson. Part II. is an introduction to the " Essentials of English Gram-
mar."
The Teacher's Edition, prepared by Mrs. N. L. Knox, contains, beside
the text, plans for developing the lessons in the book, matter for oral
lessons and methods of giving them, impromptu test-exercises, dictation
lessons, plans for conducting reviews, and other valuable aids to the easy,
attractive, and successful teaching of Language.
WA1TOAL TO ACCOMPANY " WHITNEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ENG-
JU LISH GBAMMAB," for the use of Teachers. Prepared by Mrs.
N. L. Knox. The Manual is designed to supply methods of developing
and emphasizing the lessons of the text, to furnish material for every-
day application and practice, questions and tests for review, and tabular
views and outlines (for the black-board) to guide the pupils in study,
recitation, and review.
JJtKANTJEL GEIBEL'S BETTNHILD. Translated by Professor G. Theo.
*^ Dippold, of Boston University (formerly of Harvard University), and
preceded by a brief account of the Nibelung Saga. ( Just Issued.)
Professor Dippold — whose lecture on the Ni'>elung Sagas was received
with such favor — will present a translation of the famous tragedy u Brun-
hild," faithful to the original, both in spirit and in form. From the grow-
ing interest in the subject of early German literature, it seems that an
English edition of " Brunhild " will be very desirable.
From F. J. Child, Professor of English Literature, Harvard University.
Cambridge, May 1, 1879.
Mr. Dippold has made an excellent translation of Geibel's tragedy of
44 Brunhild," and has prefixed to it the translation of the poem, a very lucid
and interesting account of the Nibelungen story. yy/
It is a very well executed piece of work, and worthy of attention^
GIO & HEATH, Futti&m, "Boston T&*w Tot^ vx& CSfeiow^
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