Full text of "Annals and magazine of natural history : including zoology, botany and geology"

THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,

INCLUDING

ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, and GEOLOGY.

(being a continuation of the 'magazine of botany and zoology,' and of
loudon and charlesworth's 'magazine of natural history.')

CONDUCTED BY

Sir W. JARDINE, Bart.,F.L.S.— P. J. SELBY,Esq.,F.L.S.,

GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D.,

CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

J. H. BALFOUR, V M.D., Reg. Prof. Bot. Glasg.,

AND

RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., F.G.S.

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1844.

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CONTENTS OF VOL. XIV.

NUMBER LXXXVIII.

Page

I. On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform Crus-
tacea. By Harry D. S. Goodsir, M.W.S. (With a Plate.) 1

II. On some British species of the genus (Enanthe. By John Ball,
B.A., M.R.I.A. &c 4

III. Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during the
Voyage of H. M.S. Sulphur. By Richard Brinsley Hinds, Esq. ... 8

IV. Contributions to British Jungermannice. By Thomas Taylor,
M.D., F.L.S. &c 11

V. Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, collected by
George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S 14

VI. Descriptions of some British Chalcidites. By Francis Walker,
Esq., F.L.S 18

VII. Characters of a new species of Axolotl. By Prof. Owen,
F.R.S 23

VIII. On Ova believed to be those of the Large Spotted Dog-fish,
Scyllium Catulus, Linn 23

IX. Description of a minute Alga from the coast of Ireland. By
Wm. Henry Harvey, Esq. (With a Plate.) 27

X. Researches on the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals of
the Western Coast of France. By M. de Quatrefages. Communi-
cated by Alfred Tulk, M.R.C.S 28

XI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood
of Calcutta. By Edward Blyth, Curator to the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Strickland, M.A. . 34

Proceedings of the Linnaean Society ; Zoological Society ; Geological

Society 48 74

On a new species of Cervus, Cervus Dimorphe, by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq. ; On a supposed new species of Hippopotamus, by S. G.
Morton, M.D. ; Kentish Birds ; Scientific Appointments in Trinity
College, Dublin ; Habits of the Mantis ; Ethnology ; Saurian Fos-
sils; Meteorological Observations and Table 74—80

IV CONTENTS.

Page
NUMBER LXXXIX.

XII. An Account of some enormous Fossil Bones of an unknown
species of the Class Aves, lately discovered in New Zealand. By the
Rev. William Colenso 81

XIII. On some British species of (Enanthe. By Charles C. Babing-
ton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c 96

XIV. On Cardinia, Agassiz, a Fossil Genus of Mollusca character-
istic of the Lias. By H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.G.S 100

XV. On the Marine Algae of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G. Dickie,
M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King's College of
Aberdeen. (With a Plate.) (Continued.) 108

XVI. Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbour-
hood of Calcutta. By Edward Blyth, Curator to the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Strickland, M.A. . 114

XVII. Remarks on the genus Eolidina of M. de Quatrefages. By
Joshua Alder and Albany Hancock, Esqrs 125

New Books : — Annales des Sciences Naturelles, February 1844. —

Giornale Botanico Italiano 129, 130

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Geological Society ; Ashmo-

lean Society 130—147

Description of a new species of Cuscuta ; Observations on the Habits
of the Python Natalensis, by Thomas S. Savage, M.D., of Cape
Palmas, Western Africa ; On the place of Isoetes in the System ;
Meteorological Observations and Table 147 — 152

NUMBER XC.

XVIII. Some Observations on the Genus Serpula, with an Enume-
ration of the Species observed with the Animal in the Mediterranean.

By Dr. A. Philippi. (With a Plate.) 153

XIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O'Bryen
Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) 162

XX. On the Fructification of Polgsiphonia parasitica, Grev. By the
Rev. David Landsborough. (With a Plate.) 166

XXI. Note on the Fructification of Cutleria. By G. Dickie, M.D.,
Lecturer on Botany in the University and King's College of Aberdeen. 168

Correction (subsequently received) 225

XXII. On Microscopic Life in the Ocean at the South Pole, and

at considerable depths. By Prof. Ehrenberg 169

XXIII. Descriptions of some British Chalcidites. By Francis
Walker, Esq., F.L.S 181

XXIV. Description of a new British species of Callithamnion . By

W. H. Harvey, Esq., Trinity College, Dublin. (With a Plate.) 186

CONTENTS. V

Page

XXV. On the British DesmidiecF. By John Ralfs, Esq., M.R C.S.,
Penzance. (With a Plate.) 187

XXVI. Caroli Linnjei Exercitatio Botanico-Physica de Nuptiis
et Sexu Plantarum. Edidit et Latine vertit M. Johannes Arv. Af-

ZELIUS 194

New Book : — Annales des Sciences Naturelles for March, April and

May 1844 204

Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Linnaean Society; Botanical

Society of Edinburgh 205—225

Cutleria multifield (Additional Note by Dr. Dickie) ; M. Montagne on
the Colouring of the Waters of the Red Sea ; M. de Quatrefages
on Gasteropod Mollusca ; Of the Sexes in Holothuria, Asterias,
and Planaria, — Nervous System of Planarice ; On the Chrysan-
themum leucanthemum, as a specific remedy against Fleas, by Prof.
Cantraine ; Drayton, on the Birds of Lincolnshire and the Fens ;
Meteorological Observations and Table 225 — 232

NUMBER XCI.

XXVII. Upon the Development of Star-fishes. ByM.SARs. (With

a Plate.) 233

XXVIII. On the Fructification of Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm.

By the Rev. David Landsborough. (With a Plate.) 240

XXIX. Brief Descriptions of several Terrestrial Planarice, and of
some remarkable Marine Species, with an Account of their Habits. By
Charles Darwin, F.R.S., V.P. Geol. Soc. (With a Plate.) 241

XXX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O'Bryen
Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) 251

XXXI. On the British Desmidiece. By John Ralfs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,
Penzance. (With a Plate.) 256

XXXII. On the genus Xiphophora, and, in connexion with it, Ob-
servations on this question : Do we find in the Fucacece the two Modes

of Propagation which we observe in the Floridecel By Dr. Montagne. 261

XXXIII. Further Observations on Ctenodus Labillardieri. By C.
Montagne, D.M., in a Letter to the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A.,
F.L.S 265

XXXIV. Description of a Fossil Molar Tooth of a Mastodon disco-
vered by Count Strzlecki in Australia. By Prof. Owen, F.R.S 268

XXXV. An Attempt to Classify the Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods.
By William King, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History
Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 271

XXXVI. Generic characters of an undescribed Australian Fish.
By John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c, Medical Inspector of Naval
Hospitals 280

VI CONTENTS.

Page
New Booh : — Plantae Javanicae Rariores, descriptae iconibusque illus-
tratae, quas in Insula Java, annis 1802 — 1818, legit et investigavit
Thomas Horsfield, M.D., e siccis descriptiones et characteres
plurimarum elaboravit Joannes J. Bennett ; observationes struc-
turam et affinitates praesertim respicientes passim adjecit Robertus
Brown t 281

Proceedings of the Linnaean Society; Zoological Society 292 — 309

Cirsium setosum, M. Bieb. ; Alsine stricta, Wahl. ; Teguments of Gas-
teropod Mollusca; Nest of the Dinornis ; Meteorological Observa-
tions and Table 309—312

NUMBER XCII.

XXXVII. On a new Genus of Palaeozoic Shells. By William
King, Curator of the Museum of the Natural History Society of North-
umberland, Durham, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne 313

XXXVIII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By
O'Bryen Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) 317

XXXIX. On the Evidence of the former Existence of Struthious
Birds distinct from the Dodo in the islands near Mauritius. By H. E.
Strickland, Esq., M.A 324

XL. Description of a new Fungus from British Guiana. By the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) 327

XLI. On a new Genus of Diatomacece. By the Rev. M. J. Ber-
keley and J. Ralfs, Esq. (With a Plate.) 328

XLII. Descriptions of Pterochilus, a new genus of Nudibranchiate
Mollusca, and two new species of Doris. By Joshua Alder and Al-
bany Hancock, Esqrs 329

XLIII. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic Region.
By Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S 331

XLIV. Observations on the Gasteropod Mollusca, designated by the
name of Phlebenterata by M. de Quatrefages. By M. Souleyet 342

XLV. On Thalassidroma melitensis, Schembri, a supposed new spe-
cies of Stormy Petrel. By H. E. Strickland, M.A 348

XLVI. Record of the discovery of an Alligator with several new
Mammalia in the Freshwater Strata at Hordwell. By Searles Wood,
Esq., F.G.S 349

New Books : — Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der ess-
baren, schadlichen und verdachtigen Schwamme, von J. V.
Krombholz. — Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'lle de
Cuba, par M. Ramon de la Sagra. — Botanique : Plantes Cellulaires,
par Camille Montagne, M.D 351 — 354

Proceedings of the Linnaean Society ; Zoological Society ; Botanical

Society of London ; Geological Society 354 — 381

CONTENTS. Vll

Page
The genus Chiton found in the Magnesian Limestone of Durham ; On
the Habits of the Godwit; Batarrea phalloides; Meteorological
Observations and Table 381—384

NUMBER XCIII.

XL VII. On the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Ser-
tularian Zoophyte, and its analogy with the Reproductive System of
the Flowering Plant. By Prof. E. Forbes of King's College, London.
(With a Plate.) 385

XLVIII. On the British Besmidiece. By John Ralfs, Esq.,M.R.C.S.,
Penzance. (With a Plate.) 391

XLIX. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O'Bryen
Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. {Concluded.) 396

L. Observations on the Organogeny of the Flower, and particularly
of the Ovary, in Plants with a free central Placenta. By M. Gaudi-
chaud 403

LI. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. By
Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S. (Continued.) 407

LI I. Notice of some additions to the British Fauna discovered by
Robert Mac Andrew, Esq., during the year 1844. By Professor
Edward Forbes of King's College, London. (With a Plate.) 410

LIII. Descriptions of some new Species of Butterflies in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Edward Doubleday, Esq., F.L.S.... 415

LIV. Descriptions of some new Species of Coleoptera and Homo-
ptera from China. By Adam White, Esq., M.E.S. Lond. and France 422

New Books : — A History of British Ferns and Allied Plants, by Ed-
ward Newman, F.L.S., Z.S. &c. — Faune Ornithologique de la Si-
cile, par Alfred Malherbe. — Uber die Verwandlung der Infusorien
in niedere Algenformen, von Dr. F. T. Kiitzing. — Annales des
Sciences Naturelles for June, July and August 427 — 436

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Entomological Society ; Geo-
logical Society 436—459

Capture of Hemipodius tachydromus in Britain ; Elatine Hydropiper ;
Hura crepitans ; Formation of Cells in the Apices of Roots ; On
the Demerara Pink-root, or Spigelia Anthelmia y by Dr. George
R. Bonyun ; Meteorological Observations and Table 459 — 464

NUMBER XCIV. SUPPLEMENT.

LV. On the British Besmidiece. By John Ralfs, Esq., M.R.C.S.,
Penzance. (With a Plate.) 465

LVI. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O'Bryen

Vlll CONTENTS.

Page
Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c 471

LVII. On the Antheridia and Spores of some species of Fucus. By
MM. J. Decaisne and Gustave Thuret 480

LVIII. On the Development, Structure and OZconomy of the Ace-
phalocysts of Authors ; with an account of the Natural Analogies of the
Entozoa in general. By Harry D. S. Goodsir, Cons. Mus. R.C.S.E. 481

New Book: — Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Geschiedenis en Physiologie,

by Professors Van der Hoeven and De Vriese 484

Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Botanical Society of London ;

Geological Society 486 — 514

Helianthemum guttatwn, Mill.; Elatine hexandra and Hydropiper;

Pedicellina echinata 514

Index , 515

PLATES IN VOL. XIV.

Plate I. Generic Characters of Araneiform Crustacea.

II. Rhododermis Drummondii. — Fructification of Marine Algae.

III. Mediterranean Serpulae. — Development of Star-fishes.

IV. Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica and of Gloiosiphonia

capillaris.
V. Planarise. — Callithamnion Pollexfenii.

VI 1
VII. > British Desmidieae, — Micrasterias, Euastrum, Tetmemorus.

VIII.J

N.B. — The figures of Micrasterias are half the length of the
original drawings. The figures of Euastrum are engraved one-
third less than the drawings, except E. rostratum, E. spino-
sum and E. binale, which should be reduced in the same pro-
portion to compare them with the other species, all of which
are naturally larger than these three, and the original draw-
ings were in true proportion.
IX. Dickieia ulvoides. — Stereum hydrophorum.
X. New British Shells. — Morphology of Sertularian Zoophytes.

ytt' [-British Desmidieae, — Cosmarium, Xanthidium, Pediastrum.

ERRATUM IN VOL. XIII.

In the plate (PI. IV.) to illustrate Mr. Babington's paper on Cuscuta (p. 249) the numbers have
been misplaced by the engraver. Fig. 2. is C. approximata, and fig. 3. is C.Trifolii ; not as referred
to in the text.

IN VOL. XIV.
Page 109, line 14, for "slices," read "series."

jtnn.d .M^/.AWl JfrstYol. i ', HI

'J*

2* \ 26

Goods ir dt'7-.

Artxn-eifbrrn, Crustacea

• /// ( u farenfy /cufy>.

THE ANNALS

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

" per litora spargite museum,

Naiades, et circum vitreos considite foutes :
Pollice virgineo teneros hlc carpite flores :
Floribus et pictum, divas, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphae Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Deae pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo."

Parthenii EcU \.

No. 88. • JULY 1844.

I. — On the Specific and Generic Characters of the Araneiform
Crustacea. By Harry D. S. Goodsir, M.W.S.

[With a Plate.]

AFTER a careful examination, the parts of the Pycnogonida
which are found to afford the most decisive characters for the
proper classification of the species are — the ocular tubercle, the
palpi, oviferous legs, and tarsi. The first of these organs affords
very valuable and sure characters, especially in the determination
of the genera, but unfortunately has never been properly studied.
It is therefore the object of the present communication to illus-
trate the characters of this organ. These animals, when examined
by the naturalist, are generally lying in such a way as to hide this
organ altogether. To see it properly the animal must be viewed
in profile.

In Pycnogonum and all the other nonpalpate genera, we find
the ocular tubercle standing at right angles with the segment of
the thorax from which it arises, and with one exception (Phocci-
chilidium), in a line between the first pair of legs. In Phoxichilus
the tubercle is pointed, but in all the others it is truncated.

Pycnogonum Balamarum.

This Pycnogonum when viewed in profile presents the appear-
ance shown in PI. I. fig. 1. The rostrum is flask-shaped, and
the anterior extremity slightly bulging and rounded. The ocular

Ann. §■ Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. B

2 Mr. H. D. S. Goodsir on the Specific and Generic

tubercle is situated about the middle of the first thoracic segment
and is squared or truncated, bearing four small dots or eyes of a
jet-black colour, which are situated in the form of a square round
its superior edge.

Phoxichilus.

Phoxichilus has the ocular tubercle situated a little before the
middle of the first thoracic segment ; it is of considerable size,
erect, and pointed at its extremity. The eyes are four in number,
and are placed rather above the middle of the tubercle. The
rostrum is clavate with a slight bulge before the middle ; a fine
line runs along its centre on each side from its base to the tip,
which is crossed at right angles by another near the extremity
(PL I. fig. 8).

The last joint of the tarsus is bent and serrate on its inferior
edge (fig. 5).

The ovigerous legs of Phoxichilus are seven-jointed ; the first,
third, fourth and sixth are almost all of equal length ; the second
and fifth are equal (fig. 4).

Phoxichilidium coccineum.

The ocular tubercle of Phoxichilidium is situated on a projec-
tion which extends forwards from the first thoracic segment above
the rostrum, and which likewise supports the mandibles. The
ocular tubercle is conoid, truncated, with four eyes surrounding
it at regular intervals, and which are situated at a little distance
from the top. The rostrum is large and clavate, and with the
crucial lines as in Phoxichilus (PI. I. fig. 6).

The last joint of the tarsus is semilunar, with four spines
arising from its basal and inferior edge (fig. 8) . The oviferous legs
are five-jointed, the first two and last being almost all of equal
length, and the third as long as any of the other two conjoined
(PL I. fig. 7).

In Pallene circularise the ocular tubercle is situated at the pos-
terior edge of the first thoracic segment, and is very slightly raised
above the surface of the segment. The eyes are situated round
its superior edges (PI. I. fig. 9).

The last tarsal joint is slightly curved, but the edges are par-
allel; the claw is blunted (fig. 10).

Pasithoe vesiculosa^ ;

By Pasithoe we are gradually led from the nonpalpate to the
palpate genera of the order, and at the same time we find these
organs in a maximum state of development. In Pasithoe the ocular

* Jameson's Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 137. pi. 3. fig. 2.
t lb. vol. xxxiii. p. 370. pi. 6. fig. 17.

characters of the Araneiform Crustacea. 3

tubercle arises from the centre of the first thoracic segment and
projects forward, inclining very considerably over the rostrum ;
its extremity is blunted, and the eyes, which are four in number,
are placed near the apex. A thin narrow projection arises from
the anterior edge of the first segment immediately before the tu-
bercle, and is continued beyond the middle of the rostrum. The
palpi are eight-jointed (PL I. fig. 10).

NympJwn Johnstoni*.

The ocular tubercle in Nymphon arises in all the species from
the posterior edge of the segment. In this species it is bent from
the middle backwards, at which point the eyes are situated ; the
apex is pointed. The palpi are four-jointed (fig. 14). The ovi-
ferous legs are eleven-jointed, including the claw (PL I. fig. 15).
The two tarsal joints are of equal length (fig. 16).

NympJwn spinosumf.

In this species the ocular tubercle projects backwards from the
base, the superior extremity is rounded, and the eyes are arranged
round a projecting edge (PL I. fig. 17).

The first joint of the tarsus is about half the length of the se-
cond (PL I. fig. 18).

Nymphon pellucidum % .

The ocular tubercle in this species is rather short, its extre-
mity is obtuse and rounded, and the eyes are situated a little di-
stance from the top (fig. 19).

Nymphon similis (n. s. mihi) .

The ocular tubercle is depressed and projects backwards (PL I.
fig. 21). It will be observed that this organ, in all the species of
the genus Nymphon, is situated at the posterior extremity of the
first thoracic segment, and also that it never projects forwards.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Profile of the rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pycnogonum

BaUenarum.
Fig. 2. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side.
Fig. 3. Profile of Phoxichilus.

Fig. 4. Under or abdominal surface of same parts in Phoxichilus.
Fig, 5. Tarsus of Phoxichilus with portion of last tibial joint.
Fig. 6. Profile of Phoxichilidium coccineum.
Fig. 7. Abdominal surface of same parts with the oviferous leg of one side.

* Jameson's Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pi. 3. fig. 5. Through
some error, the proper references to the plate in the journal quoted have
been misplaced.

f Jameson's Edinb. Phil. Journ. vol. xxxii. p. 139. pi. 3. fig. 3.

X lb. vol. xxxii. p. 138. pi. 3. fig. 6.

4 Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus (Enanthe.

Fig. 8. Tarsus of Phoxichilidium coccineum.

Fig. 9. Profile of Pallene circularis.

Fig. 10. Tarsus.

Fig. 1 1 . Profile of Pasithoe vesiculosa.

Fig. 12. Tarsal and tibial joints of Pasithoe.

Fig. 13. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Pasithoe.

Fig. 14. Profile of Nymphon Johnstoni.

Fig. 15. Abdominal surface of rostrum and first thoracic segment of Nym-
phon Johnstoni.

Fig. 16. Tarsal joints and part of last tibial joint.

Fig. 17. Profile of Nymphon spinosum.

Fig. 18. Tarsal joints with portion of last tibial of Nymphon spinosum.

Fig. 19. Profile of Nymphon pellucidum.

Fig. 20. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of
one side.

Fig. 21. Profile of Nymphon similis.

Fig. 21. Abdominal surface with oviferous leg of one side.

Fig. 23. Tarsal joints with small portion of tibial joint.

Fig. 24. Abdominal surface of first thoracic segment with oviferous leg of
one side in Nymphon minutum.

Fig. 25. Tarsal joints of Nymphon minutum with small portion of last tibial
joint.

II. — On some British species of the genus (Enanthe. By
John Ball, B.A., M.R.I.A. &c*

The paper by Mr. Coleman (Annals, xiii. p. 188) has induced me
to endeavour to throw light upon some of the doubtful species of
(Enanthe. The (E. fluviatilis, Colem., I gathered six years since
near Cambridge, and also near Ely, but never having found a
flowering specimen was at a loss how to denominate it. It cer-
tainly has much the appearance of a distinct species, but I do not
think the characters assigned very satisfactory. I find the fruit
of the ordinary (E. Phellandrium to vary from elliptical to ovate,
assuming quite the form figured in Mr. Coleman's plate; the
upper leaf in the figure is also seen in CE. Phellandrium.

I proceed to describe what I believe to be the true (E. pimpi-
nelloides of Linnseus and the continental botanists. This appears
to be rare in Britain, as I have only seen specimens, wanting
fruit, gathered in a dry meadow upon red marl near Forthamp-
ton, Gloucestershire, by Mr. Edwin Lees. I give the description
in Latin.

(Enanthe pimpinelloides. — Radix e fibris plurimis lignosis fasciculatis
inferne in napulos parvulos ovoideos incrassatis. Caulis teres, stri-
atus, sulcatus, farctus, sesqui-tripedalis, alterne ramosus. Folia
radicalia bipinnata : pinnulis inciso-dentatis trifidisve, omnibus
acutis, petiolo sesqui-bipollicari basi in vaginam expanso ; caulina
infra pedunculum imum conformia pinnulis angustioribus ; se-

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 11th April 1844.

Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus (Enanthe. 5

quentia pedunculos elongatos rigidos amplectentia vagina petiolari
successive breviori, pinnata pinnulis linearibus tripartitis simpli-
cibusve, inferioribus valde elongatis ; suprema caulis et peduncu-
lorum linearia elongata. Pinnules foliorum omnium margine carti-
lagineo minute denticulato in mucronem producto. Umbellae soli-
tariae, terminales, 6 — 15-radiatse, convexse ; accessorise primarium
sequantes aut superantes. Involucrum universale nunc nullum,
nunc 1 — 6-phyllum ; foliis setaceis, inaequalibus, umbella multo
brevioribus. Umbellulse multiflorae, densae ; floribus externis
saepe sterilibus longius pedicellatis, internis subsessilibus. Invo-
lucella polyphylla ; foliolis lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inaequa-
libus, pedicellos florigeros exteriores subaequantibus. Petala in-
aequalia, praesertim florarum sterilium, lata, obcordata, ad medium
fissa, alba nervis coloratis : segmenta marginis calycini liberi lato-
lanceolata, inaequalia, duo exteriora longiora. Diachenium

An (Enanthe gathered in the island of Ischia, which seems to
be the (E. pimpinelloides of Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. in. 236), differs
in having the pinnules of all the stem-leaves linear, the sheaths
longer, and sometimes wants the sterile external florets. The
diachenium is of nearly equal thickness throughout, crowned with
the erect persistent calyx, and somewhat longer than the stiff,
slightly diverging styles ; the very short adpressed pedicels form-
ing a callous ring at the base. I have this form also from near
Pisa.

What principally distinguishes this plant is the mucronate
pinnules of all the leaves ; besides which it differs from (E. La-
chenalii in the fruit and the involucella, and from (E. silaifolia
and <E. peucedanifolia in many obvious points. (E. Jordani, Ten.,
which I have gathered near Psestum, differs mainly by the very
crowded umbel, and the longer sheathing petioles. I do not find
all the leaves bipinnate, as Bertoloni describes them, the upper-
stem leaves being pinnate with very long linear segments, and
ultimately simple linear elongate ; my plant, so far, looking like
an intermediate variety.

I have no doubt as to the identity of the Gloucestershire plant
with the foreign ones above mentioned, and the Toulouse speci-
men referred to by Mr. Babington (Man. Br. Bot. 130) seems
to agree with my description, so that (E. pimpinelloides must re-
sume its place in the flora of Britain.

I next come to the (E. peucedanifolia of Smith, Hooker, Ba-
bington, and all British botanists, but not of Pollich, or the
principal foreign writers. I agree with Bertoloni in confirming
the opinion of Bieberstein (Fl. Tauro-Caucas. iii. 232), that his
(E. silaifolia is the (E. peucedanifolia of Smith (Eng. Bot. t. 348).
I found this plant in a salt-marsh near Portmarnoch, county
Dublin, Ireland, and have received it from the banks of the

6 Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus (Enanthe.

Severn at Deerhurst, Gloucestershire, where it was gathered by
Mr. E. Lees. The following description will establish the
identity : —

(Enanthe silaifolia. — Radix e napulis oblongis clavatis fasciculatis
in nbrillam desinentibus. Caulis teres, striatus, fistulosus, alterne

ramosus, 1 — 2-pedalis. Folia radicalia ; csetera omnia sub-

conformia, bipinnata ; foliolis fere sequalibus ; pinnulis acutis, in-
tegerrimis, inferiorura lanceolatis, superiorum linearibus ; folia
suprema pinnata. Petioli inferiores elongati basi vaginantes, supe-
riores omnes breves 1 — 2-pollicares. Umbellse solitaria?, 5 — 8-ra-
diatae, primaria (in speciminibus nostris) subsessilis, accessorise ra-
morum terminates longiuscule pedunculatse. Involucrum universale
nullum seu foliolis 1 — 7, setaceis, umbellam sub mediam longis.
Umbellulse multiflorse, densse, floribus externis longius pedicellatis,
saepe (semper ?) sterilibus ; internis subsessilibus. Involucella e
foliolis plurimis, latiusculis, albo-marginatis, nonnullis basi con-
natis, umbellula florigera exigua paulo brevior. Marginis calycini
liberi segmenta prse corollam magna, lanceolata, tria exteriora
longiora. Petala minuta, parum insequalia, late obcordata, ad
tertium fissa. Styli divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, coni-
cum. Diachenium (haud omnino maturum) exiguum, clavatum
(ad basin ut videtur haud incrassatum), inferne quidquam con-
tractum.

Comparing the description of Bieberstein, referred to above,
with those of Koch and Bertoloni, there can be but little doubt
that this plant is the (E. silaifolia of those writers. The two
latter authors differ in one respect, Koch describing the fruit as
cylindrical and " basi callo cinctis," as noticed by Babington ; it
is probable however that the same plant is intended by both these
distinguished writers. This species, which differs from all its
allies by the similarity of structure in all the leaves and the
shorter and uniform leaflets, is further distinguished from the
true (E. peucedanifolia by its very much smaller petals and fruit,
and from (E. Lachenalii by the structure of the root.

By far the most common species of this group is the (E. La-
chenalii of Babington, and apparently the plant of Gmelin, Koch,
DeCandolle and Bertoloni. I may premise that there is some
difference in the various descriptions of the root, upon which,
owing to the general neglect of this portion of most plants
amongst British botanists, my specimens do not allow me to give
an opinion. The exact Bertoloni says, "fibris inferne incrassatis
in napulos cylindraceo-clavatis fibrilla terminatis," whilst Koch
and Babington seem to intend fibres thickened and tuberous from
the top. I have specimens of this plant from several parts of
England, from the coast of Galloway and from near Dunbar in
Scotland. I do not find the difference which Mr. Babington

Mr. J. Ball on some British species of the genus (Enanthe. 7

suspects between the fresh and salt water forms*. The following
is the description : —

(Enanthe Lachenalii. — Radix. . . Caulis erectus, striatus, fistulosus seu
subfarctus, alterne ramosus, 1 — 3-pedalis. Folia radicalia pinnata,
pinnis pinnatifidis trifidisve insequalibus, segmentis obverse lanceo-
latis obtusis venosis, petioli mediocris longitudinis basi vaginante ;
caulina pinnata longe petiolata pinnis trifidis segmentis linearibus
acutis valde elongatis ; successiva minora, demum simplicia, seg-
mentis semper insequalia. Umbellse solitarise, terminales, 5 — 15-
radiatse, longe pedunculatse. Involucrum universale 0, seu 1 — 6-
phyllum, foliolis linearibus acutis, umbella multo brevioribus.
Umbellulse multiflorse, floribus externis sterilibus longius pedicel-
latis, internis subsessilibus in fructu fastigiatae. Involucella um-
bellula brevior e foliolis lanceolatis margine pallentibus nonnullis
basi connatis. Petala radiantia quam in (E. silaifolia paululum
majora profundius obcordata. Styli diachenio breviores, parum
divergentes. Stylopodium majusculum, conicum. Diachenium
basi non calloso semper angustatum, variat tamen magnitudine
et forma; interdum majus usque ad summum dilatatum quasi
obconicum, interdum (prse siccitate ut videtur) minus, sub calyce
(diviso in segmenta erecta insequalia) constrictum.

In foreign specimens from the Bolognese Apennines, the fruit is
more exactly as described by Koch. The form of the lower leaves
is very constant in all the forms of this otherwise variable species.
The variation in the form of the fruit is very singular, but with
the specimens before me I cannot refuse to believe it.

A word as to the value of the characters of these species. The
position and size of the tubers of the root are, I suspect, of doubt-
ful constancy ; observation must determine their importance. The
general disposition and proportions of the leaves are probably
much to be depended upon here and throughout the whole order.
The hollowness or solidity of the stem depends, I believe, almost
wholly on the place of growth, and is of no moment. The invo-
lucre is most variable. The petals vary somewhat in size but
scarcely in form, those of the outer sterile floret being always
compared with each other. The form of the fruit seems not so
constant as might be expected. The presence or absence of the
incrassated summit of the pedicel I have never seen to vary.

I need scarcely add, that the above descriptions are taken ex-
clusively from the British specimens referred to.

Dublin, March 10, 1844.

* No difference exists between them. — C. C. Babington.

8 Mr. It. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania.

III. — Descriptions of new species of Melania collected during
the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. By Richard Brinsley
Hinds, Esq.

1. Melania fumosa. Testa elongata, crassiuscula, laevigata, olivaceo-
fusea, unicolore, vel junioribus infra suturam strigis longitudina-
libus rufis ornata ; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis, superne late
subconcave coarctatis, lineis impressis sparsim et obsolete cinctis ;
spira erosa apud anfractum quartum ; apertura caerulescente. Axis
truncatus 29 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams about Port Carteret.

2. Melania aspirans. Testa elongate subulata, laevigata, fusca, uni-
colore * anfractibus numerosis, subplanulatis, lineis arcuatis incre-
menti fere minute pliciformibus, ultimo ad basin striato ; sutura
lineis impressis comitata ; apertura caerulescente ; columella albida.
Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

3. Melania Plutonis. Testa pyramidato-subulata, subturrita, laevi-
gata, nitida, aterrima, unicolore ; anfractibus paulisper rotundatis,
ultimo magno, rotundato ; apertura caerulescente. Axis 23 lin.
Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

Very pyramidal in its shape, and the last whorl displays a far
greater proportion than is usual ; otherwise its characters are per-
fectly passive. The apex is erose to the fifth or six whorl.

4. Melania figurata. Testa elongate subulata, laevigata, polita, fulva ;
anfractibus numerosis subrotundatis, superne strigis rufis longitu-
dinalibus, infra lineis interrupts transversis seriatim dispositis
ornatis, infra suturam pliciferis, ultimo ad basin striato ; apice
eroso ; apertura caerulescente. Axis 22 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

The ornation of this species is eminently distinguishing ; other-
wise it is a smooth, elongated, tawny shell, like many others. The
middle and inferior portions of each whorl are adorned with trans-
verse rufous interrupted lines, disposed in regular series round
the shell, and present a pretty appearance on its pale yellow
semitransparent surface.

5. Melania picta. Testa elongate subulata, fusca; anfractibus nu-
merosis, subplanulatis, plicatis, transversim sulcatis, strigis rufis
longitudinalibus ornatis, infra suturam uniseriatim tuberculatis ;
apertura caerulescente. Axis 19 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

This species closely resembles M. subulata of Sowerby's ' Genera/
not of Lamarck ; the figure there given does not represent some
of the characters dwelt on in the above description, and I am not
aware that a diagnosis anywhere exists.

Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania. 9

6. Melania luctuosa. Testa subulata, turrita, fusca ; anfractibus pla-
nulatis, fere subconcavis, transversim lineis impressis cinctis, stri-
gis rufis longitudinalibus interruptis ornatis ; spira paulisper erosa ;
apertura cserulescente. Axis 13 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

So contracted are the whorls here as in some cases to be not
only flattened but even concave, particularly towards the last
whorl.

7. Melania perpinguis . Testa elongata, fusca, strigis runs longitu-
dinalibus plerumque ornata ; anfractibus rotundatis, subturritis,
lineis transversis impressis exculptis ; spira subplicata, apud extre-
mitatem erosa ; apertura cserulescente, ad peripheriam ustulata.
Axis 14 lin.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

8. Melania occata. Testa ovata, elongata, lutescente ; anfractibus
paucis, rotundatis, exaratis, lyris intermediis angustis acutis ; spira
apud anfractum quartura erosa ; apertura caerulescente. Axis 12 lin.
Hab. River Sacramento, California.

The rounded whorls are ploughed into numerous furrows, and
the intervening ridges are comparatively narrow and keel-shaped ;
the lower part of the aperture is somewhat dilated, and slightly
disposed to elongate in the manner of Io.

9. Melania moesta. Testa ovata, elongata, fuliginea, infra epider-
midem albida ; anfractibus rotundatis, superne angulatis et exca-
vatis, transversim lineis impressis striatis ; spira apud extremitatem
erosa; apertura ustulata, ad basin subtruncata. Axis 15 lin.
Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.

The slightly concave area of the whorl beneath the suture,
which occurs in this species, is shared with a few others. In the
present, it influences the shape of the aperture, straightens the
outer lip, provides it with an angle above, and truncates it be-
low. The margins of the aperture have the colour of burnt
umber.

10. Melania verrucosa. Testa subulata, subturrita, lutea ; anfrac-
tibus octonis planulatis, longitrorsum obtuse plicatis, lineis tribus
transversis intersectis, harum intervallis obtusis, quadratis, tuber-
culosis ; apice vix eroso ; apertura elongata, lutescente. Axis 10 lin.
Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

11. Melania fulgurans . Testa obeso-subulata, laevigata, polita, lu-
tescente, strigis runs angulatis fulmen simulantibus conferta ; an-
fractibus decenis subrotundatis ; spira lseviter plicata, exserta, vix
erosa; apertura ovali, cserulescente. Axis 13 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

Few species of Melania have the pretensions to beauty of this.

10 Mr. R. B. Hinds on some new species of Melania.

The shell is subulate, with the inferior whorls obese, smooth and
polished ; the whorls about ten in number and slightly rounded ;
those towards the apex indistinctly plicated ; spire exserted and
scarcely eroded. The base colour is a pale yellow, densely crowded
with transverse angular dark red markings.

12. Melania florata. Testa ovato-elongata, polita, cornea, tessellata ;
anfractibus paucis, subrotundatis, seriebus tribus macularum rufa-
rum quadratarum eleganter ornatis ; serie suprema praecipue max-
ima, intermedia minima ; anfractu ultimo ad basin punctato ; spira
erosa ; apertura cornea. Axis 6^ lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

This also is a pretty species with a pale surface, each whorl
being ornamented by three series of transverse reddish spots, of
which the superior is the largest and most deeply coloured ; the
two others are punctations of reddish spots, the inferior being in-
termediate in size. Very delicate strise, not easily recognizable,
traverse the shell transversely.

13. Melania gaudiosa. Testa ovato-elongata, laevigata, polita, cornea;
anfractibus octonis subplanulatis, unicoloribus ; spira oblique pli-
cata, ad extremitatem erosa ; apertura ovali, cornea. Axis 9 lin.
Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

Approaches somewhat closely, in general character, the Ame-
rican shell, M. plicifera.

14. Melania pyramidata. Testa elongate subulata, gracili, nitida,
cornea ; anfractibus decern subplanulatis, transversim distanter
striatis, superne intra suturam fusco anguste fasciato, ultimo ad
basin puncticulato ; spira versus extremitatem plicata, erosa ; aper-
tura ovali. Axis 9 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

15. Melania latebrosa. Testa ovata, elongata, sordide fusca ; anfrac-
tibus perpaucis, rotundatis, lineis impressis transversis instructis,
erosis usque ad penultimum ; apertura parva, ovali, caerulescente.
Axis 8 lin.

Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

A small obese shell, with little to distinguish it beyond its few
rounded whorls furrowed transversely with parallel impressed
lines, and its comparatively small, neat, oval aperture.

16. Melania pugilis. Testa spinosa, elongate ovata, fulva ; anfrac-
tibus circa novem, rotundatis, superne spiniferis, infra suturam
serie unica macularum rufarum, inferne seriebus duabus minoribus
cinctis, ultimo ad basin multiseriato, spinis distantibus, ad peri-
pheriam quinque, truncatis, linea angulata alligatis ; spira subtrun-
cata ; apertura oblique ovali, subattenuata, albida. Axis 14 lin.
Hab. New Ireland ; in the streams.

Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermannise. 11

Shell ovate, pale yellow ; whorls ventricose, spiniferous, of an
uniform colour in the middle, above adorned with a single series
of red markings, longitudinal or nearly square, below with two
series of smaller spots placed on bands slightly paler than the
neighbouring shell ; the last whorl exhibits at its base several
series of these articulated bands ; the spines are distant and trun-
cated to near their base ; about five occupy the circumference of
a whorl, and an angular line connects each with its neighbours ;
the spire has scarcely lost more than its extreme whorl by ero-
sion ; and the aperture is white, and in a slight degree attenuated
at its base.

17. Melania bellicosa. Testa spinosa, ovata, valde truncata, fusca;
anfractibus tribus rotundatis, transversim striatis, spiniferis, fre-
quenter erosis ; spinis aculeiformibus, subrectis, ad basin decur-
rentibus ; spira apud anfractum antepenultimum truncata ; apertura
elongate ovali, subfusca. Axis 9 lin.
Hab. Feejee Islands ; in the rivers.
Nearly allied to M. spinulosa, Lamarck, which is found in the

rivers of Timor.

IV. — Contributions to British Jungermannise. By Thomas
Taylor, M.D., F.L.S. &c*

1 . Jungermannia NiMBosA.Tay/. MSS. Caule laxe caespitoso, erecto,
subramoso ; foliis laxis subsquarrosis ; lobo inferiori obovato, sub-
acute, patenti, superiori minori, obovato, erectiusculo, subimbri-
cato, cauli adpresso, utrisque margine ciliatis, subeonnexis.
On the summit of Brandon mountain, county of Kerry, 1813.

Stems growing up through tufts of Musci, reddish brown, 2 —
4 inches long ; leaves, except at the very base, nearly of the same
size ; the lower lobe patent or denexed, and so the shoots have a
squarrose appearance : their texture is of very minute cells, their
cilice distant and large ; the connexion between the upper and
lower lobes is very short.

This was taken for Jung, nemorosa, L., when first brought
down from Brandon Hill. It differs, however, by the taller size,
the more denexed lower lobes of the leaves, the slight joining
between their lobes, and by the more considerable and more
distant cilia of their margins.

From Jung, planifolia, Hook., which accompanied it, the pre-
sent is known by the more squarrose leaves, the stronger ciliation
of their margins, the more considerable connexion between the
lobes, and the more concave and less imbricated leaves. The calyx

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 9th May 1844.

12 Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermannise.

has not been seen, nor indeed has the plant been found again by
the numerous acute observers that have ascended its native
mountain.

2. Jungermannia curta, Martius. Caule subcaespitoso, abbreviate,
adscendente ; foliis inferioribus multo minoribus, subimbricatis,
apice dentatis ; lobo inferiori obovato, planiusculo, superiori mi-
nori, acuto, inferiorum subquadrato.

Scapania curta, Nees, Lindenberg et Gottsche, Synopsis Hepaticarum,
p. 69 ; Hooker's Brit. Jung. t. 21. figs. 17, 18 and 19.

So variable is this species, that in the l Synopsis ' no less than
nine varieties are distinguished. This will account, in some de-
gree, for the late period of recognizing this species in Britain.
In Ireland it occurs in a great variety of situations, on stones on
mountain sides facing the north ; but its most favourite locality is
in old woods on damp rocks, as at Cromaglown near Killarney.
The size is so variable, that some states closely resemble Jung,
nemorosa, L., a species, perhaps, the most difficult to understand
of any of the genus.

3. Jungermannia Thuja, Dicks. Caule caespitoso, adscendente,
subpinnatim ramoso, supra convexo, glabro ; foliis arete imbricatis,
lobo inferiori patenti, oblongo, recurvo, integerrimo, inferiori
ovato, obtusiusculo, margine reflexo ; stipulis oblongis, acutis, in-
tegerrimis, margine reflexis, apice recurvis ; perichaetii lateralis,
emergentis foliis majoribus ciliato-serratis.

On stones ; side of Lough Finnehy, near Dunkerron, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, olive-green, the older parts purplish brown, shining,
the shoots acuminated. In plants with perichatia the branches
are very short. Mr. Dickson long since found this plant on the
sides of mountain lakes in Scotland, and very properly judged it
to be distinct from Jung, platyphylla, L. He gave, however, no
diagnosis, whence the two have been confounded by all subse-
quent writers.

It may be known by its greater size, its shining surface, its
acuminate shoots, its denser structure, its perichatia prominent
beyond the cauline leaves, its perichsetial leaves larger, wider,
more divergent, and always ciliato- serrate, its divisions less regu-
larly pinnate, the closer imbrication of the leaves, and the more
patent position of their inferior lobes.

4. Jungermannia rivularis, Nees. Caule caespitoso, subpinnatim
ramoso, adscendente ; foliis approximatis, patentibus, lobo supe-
riori ovato-rotundato, piano, inferiori minuto, ovato, obtuso, utro-
que integerrimo : stipulis minutis obovatis integerrimis.

On stones in streams at Dunkerron, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, loose, dark green, the younger shoots of a lively

Dr. Taylor on some new British Jungermannise. 13

green. Stems 1 — 2 inches long, irregularly branched, scarcely
pinnate, branches short, patent. Leaves oblongo-rotundate, some-
times a little narrower at the top, quite entire ; their structure
densely and minutely cellular. The lower lobe is more minute
in proportion to the upper than in any of the congeners : the sti-
pules are scarcely wider than the stems.

Through the kindness of Dr. Gottsche, who sent me specimens
from Hercynia, I have been enabled to identify this species, which
I had long considered something more than a variety of Jung,
platyphylla, L. The fructification I have not seen.

5. Jungermannia Dillenii, Tayl. MSS. Caule csespitoso, erecto,
apice incurvo, subraraoso ; foliis imbricatis, semiverticalibus,
erecto-patentibus, secundis, obovatis, dentatis, margine utroque
recurvo, basi decurrentibus ; calycibus ex angusta elongata basi
oblongis, compressis, ore truncatis, crenatis, segmentis dentatis.

Lichenastrum, no. 6, Dillenii Muscologia, p. 483. t. 69. f. 6. A, B, C.
On sandy banks of streams in woods, at Gortagaree and Black-
water, co. of Kerry.

Tufts wide, dark green. Stems about an inch high, sparingly
branched, curved at the top. Leaves convex towards the anterior
margin.

Dillenius distinguished the present from Jung, asplenioides, L. ;
they have been confounded by all succeeding writers. This spe-
cies may be recognized by the obovate leaves, which have no ap-
pearance of being truncate at their tops ; by their being more
crowded, nearly vertical, dentate throughout ; by both their mar-
gins being recurved, and hence appearing convex in front ; by
their less patent position, by the greater length of their decurrent
bases, very essentially by their smaller cellules ; and by the mouth
of the calyx having large crenulations, which are themselves den-
ticulate. Besides, the tufts are of a darker green, and the shoots
more slender.

6. Jungermannia Aqvilegi a, Tayl. MSS. Caule csespitoso, prostrato,
subpinnato ; ramis complanatis ; foliis imbricatis, erectiusculis,
convexis, integerrimis, lobo superiori obovato-rotundato margine
recurvo ; inferiori minori subquadrato ex tumida involuta basi apice
adpresso ; perichsetialibus oblongis transversalibus deflexis ; caly-
cibus elongate obconicis truncatis integerrimis.

Jung, complanata, /3 minor, Hook. Brit. Jung. t. 81. f. 17.
On rocks over which water continually trickles.

Patches wide, shallow, brownish olive. Stems 1 — 4 inches
long, irregularly pinnate ; the branches nearly at right angles to
the stem. Leaves from a narrow base, flatly cup-shaped; their
lower lobe swelling out at its involution, while their angulate tops
lie closely adpressed to the inside of the upper lobe.

14 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America.

This species differs from Jung, complanata, L., by the smaller
and more convex leaves, their olive-brown colour, their lesser lobe
not sharply reflected upon the upper but having a tumid base,
by the denexed perichsetial leaves, by the perigonia occurring
usually at the termination of the shoot and not on proper short
lateral branches, and by the angulate portion of the lower lobes
of the leaves being shorter. This species prefers very wet surfaces
of mural rocks, while Jung, complanata, L., is partial to trees.

V. — Descriptions of some Chalcidites of North America, col-
lected by George Barnston, Esq. By Francis Walker, Esq.,
F.L.S.
The two hemispheres of the earth are said to be represented in
their climate and productions by the higher mountains, whose
tops are compared to the poles, and the plains whence they arise
to the equatorial line. The vegetation and animals on one side
of a mountain range are often very different from those of the
other side, while on its summit they are alike. Thus also in
proportion as we are more remote from the poles and nearer to
the tropics, we find creatures more numerous and more various,
due allowance being made for the soil, elevation, size and form of
the land. In entomology, the land within the Arctic circle
comprises one insect region, and of the territories surrounding it
have been formed three regions, that of North America, that of
Europe, and that of Siberia. The insects here described were
taken at Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay*, which is
contained in the North American region. I am indebted to
G. Barnston, Esq., for this opportunity of adding to the know-
ledge of the geography of the Chalcidites.

Callimome splendidus, Barnston* s MSS. fem. Viridis cupreo varius,
abdomine purpureo, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis, alis subfulvis.
(Corp. long. lin. 2 ; alar. lin. 3.)

Body convex, thinly clothed with hairs : head and thorax mi-
nutely squameous ; the scales on the head and on the fore part of the
thorax so disposed as to form little transverse undulations : head
green, seneous in front, as broad as the thorax : eyes and ocelli red :
mandibles fulvous : antennae black, clavate, pubescent, shorter than
the thorax; first joint fulvous, long, slender; second long-cyathiform ;
third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the eleventh
successively shorter and broader ; club linear, conical at the tip, more
than twice the length of the eleventh joint : thorax elliptical, green :
prothorax transverse, forming beneath in front a slender neck which
joins the head, its breadth more than twice its length : scutum of the

* See " Observations on the progress of the seasons as affecting animals
and vegetables at Martin's Falls, Albany River, Hudson's Bay," by G.
Barnston, Esq., in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxx.
1840-41.

Mr. P. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. 15

mesothorax long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each
other ; axillae large, triangular, not conniving; scutellum nearly rhom-
boidal : metathorax cupreous, transverse, very short : propodeon cu-
preous, large, subquadrate, almost horizontal, having a few little ridges
along the middle : podeon extremely short : abdomen elliptical, pur-
ple, very minutely squameous, varied with green on each side, nearly
as long and as broad as the thorax ; metapodeon occupying more than
one- third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent on the middle of the hind
border, having a little channel at the base ; octoon a little shorter
than the metapodeon ; ennaton much shorter than the octoon ; de-
caton still shorter ; protelum, paratelum and telum very short : seg-
ments of the thorax beneath partly cupreous, very minutely squa-
meous, having a suture along the middle : ventral segments of the
abdomen concealed by those of the dorsum : sheaths of the oviduct
black, pubescent, a little longer than the abdomen : legs pale red ;
coxae green, scaly : wings slightly tinged with yellow ; nervures ful-
vous ; humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna
much shorter than the humerus; radius much shorter than one-
fourth of the length of the ulna ; cubitus not half the length of the
radius ; stigma of moderate size, emitting a thick branch towards
the tip of the radius.

Callimome Cecidomyae, fern. Aureo-viridis, antennis nigris, pedibus
flavis viridi etfusco vittatis, alis Umpidis. (Corp. long. lin. 1^;
alar. lin. 2.)

Body bright golden-green, convex : head and thorax finely squa-
meous, the scales on the head and on the fore part of the thorax so
disposed as to form little transverse undulations : head as broad as
the thorax : antennae black, subclavate, pubescent, shorter than the
thorax ; first joint long, slender, green, fulvous at the base ; second
cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute; fifth and following joints
to the eleventh successively but very slightly shorter and broader ;
club linear, conical at the tip, a little broader than the eleventh joint
and more than twice its length : thorax elliptical : prothorax trans-
verse, narrower in front, its breadth more than twice its length :
scutum of the mesothorax long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct,
approaching each other; axillae large, triangular, not conniving;
scutellum somewhat rhomboidal : metathorax transverse, very short :
propodeon transverse, rather short, very slightly decumbent : podeon
extremely short : abdomen fusiform, smooth, shining, narrower, but
not longer than the thorax, blue towards the base ; the segments,
excepting the metapodeon, very minutely squameous ; metapodeon
occupying less than one-third of the dorsum, slightly dehiscent
on the middle of the hind border ; octoon and ennaton of moderate
length; decaton longer than the ennaton; protelum shorter than
the ennaton ; paratelum still shorter ; telum very short : sheaths of
the oviduct black, pubescent, much longer than the abdomen : legs
yellow ; coxae green ; a longitudinal stripe of green on each of the
metafemora, and the same of fuscous on each metatibia ; mesotarsi
and metatarsi straw-colour, fuscous at the tips : wings limpid, broad,

16 Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America.

very long, reaching when at rest to half the length of the sheaths of
the oviduct ; nervures piceous ; humerus much less than half the
length of the wing ; ulna much shorter than the humerus ; radius
hardly longer than one-sixth of the ulna ; cubitus half the length of
the radius ; stigma small, emitting a very short branch.
Parasitic on Cecidomya communis, Barnston's MSS.

Lamprotatus Diaeus, fern. Mneus, antennis nigris, pedibus rufis,
femoribus viridibus, alls limpidis, (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar.
lin. If.)

Body convex, aeneous : head and thorax finely squameous :
head transverse, short, a little broader than the thorax : antennae
black, subclavate, a little shorter than the thorax ; first joint long,
slender, aeneous ; second cyathiform, aeneous ; third and fourth joints
very minute ; fifth and following joints to the tenth transverse, suc-
cessively shorter and slightly increasing in breadth ; club conical,
more than twice the length of the tenth joint : thorax elliptical : pro-
thorax transverse, very short, rounded in front, much narrower than
the mesothorax : scutum of the mesothorax broad ; sutures of the
parapsides very distinct, approaching each other ; axillae large, tri-
angular, not conniving ; scutellum narrow, somewhat rhomboidal :
metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon transverse, obconic,
decumbent : podeon very short : abdomen elliptical, slightly keeled
beneath, a little narrower but not longer than the thorax ; metapo-
deon occupying less than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon not half
the length of the metapodeon ; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; de-
caton a little longer than the ennaton ; protelum and paratelum each
as long as the decaton ; telum very short ; ventral segments hidden
by those of the dorsum : oviduct concealed : legs dull red ; coxae
aeneous ; thighs aeneous green ; mesotarsi and metatarsi pale red,
their tips fuscous : wings limpid ; nervures fuscous ; humerus much
less than half the length of the wing ; ulna not more than half the
length of the humerus ; radius longer than the ulna ; cubitus much
shorter than the ulna ; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Pteromalus puparum, Linn. &c.

Female. — Scales of the scutellum more minute than those of the
scutum of the metathorax : propodeon having a rim on each side :
abdomen oval, concave above, pilose towards the tip ; metapodeon
smooth, occupying more than one-third of the dorsum ; octoon of
moderate size, very minutely squameous, as are all the following
segments ; ennaton shorter than the octoon ; decaton shorter than
the ennaton ; protelum, paratelum and telum of equal length, each a
little longer than the decaton ; dorsal segments hiding those beneath
the abdomen, leaving a passage for the oviduct.

Reared from the pupa of Vanessa Cardui by Mr. Barnston. This
insect inhabits Europe, and has been found in Finmark, within the
Arctic circle. It is a means ordained by Providence to counteract
the otherwise too great increase of butterflies belonging to the genera
Pontia and Vanessa.

Mr. F. Walker on some Chalcidites of North America. 17

Encyrtus Bolus, fem. Ater, antennis pedibusque nigris, genubus fuU
vis, tarsis piceis, alis albis. (Corp. long. lin. \ ; alar. lin. }.)

Body black, convex, shining, slightly punctured : head transverse,
short, vertical, as broad as the thorax : antennae clavate, black, as
long as the thorax ; first joint long, stout ; second cyathiform ; third
and following joints to the ninth small, successively shorter and
broader ; club fusiform, nearly as long as all the joints from the third
to the ninth : thorax elliptical : prothorax transverse, extremely
short, not visible above : scutum of the mesothorax large, having a
slight channel along its disc ; parapsides united with the scutum ;
axillae triangular ; scutellum small : metathorax transverse, very
short ; propodeon obconic, declining : podeon extremely short : ab-
domen fusiform, concave above, longer and narrower than the thorax :
legs black ; knees fulvous ; tarsi piceous ; middle legs having the
tibiae and tarsi long and large as usual : wings white, rather small ;
nervures fuscous ; humerus less than half the length of the wing ;
ulna thick, very short ; radius still shorter than the ulna ; cubitus
much longer than the ulna ; stigma small, emitting no branch.

Reared from a species of Coccus ? that infests willow-twigs.

Tetrastichus granulatus, fem., Barnston's MSS. Tetrastichus Aga-
thocles ? A. N. H. 1. JEneo-viridis, antennis fuscis , pedibus flavis ,
femoribus viridibus, tibiis nonnunquam fuscis, alis limpidis. (Corp.
long. lin. \ — §• ; alar. lin. 1 — 1J.)

Body aeneous-green, shining, slightly convex, very minutely squa-
meous, thinly pubescent : head very short, impressed between the
eyes, as broad as the thorax : eyes and ocelli red, one of the latter
in advance on a line between the other two: antennae fuscous, clavate,
pubescent, shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender; second
cyathiform ; fourth joint shorter and broader than the third, but
longer and narrower than the fifth ; club elliptic, broader than the
fifth joint and about twice its length : thorax elliptical : prothorax
transverse, very short : scutum of the mesothorax very large, having
a slight furrow along the middle ; sutures of the parapsides very
distinct, approaching each other ; axillae rather large, not conniving ;
scutellum somewhat rhomboidal, having a longitudinal furrow on
each side : metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon transverse,
rather short, slightly decumbent : podeon extremely short : abdomen
oval, depressed, shorter and a little broader than the thorax ; meta-
podeon large ; octoon and following segments to the telum succes-
sively shorter ? : oviduct concealed : legs yellow ; coxae and thighs
green ; tibiae sometimes fuscous ; tips of the tarsi fuscous : wings
limpid ; nervures fulvous, not much more than half the length of the
wing ; humerus rather short ; ulna as long as the humerus ; radius
extremely short ; cubitus long, rather less than half the length of
the ulna but more than twice the length of the radius ; stigma very
small, emitting a short branch.

Ann. §• Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. C

18 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

VI. — Descriptions of some British Chalcidites. By Francis
Walker, Esq., F.L.S.

Eurytoma tumida, mas et fern. Atra, brevis, gibbosa, alta, anten-
nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsisque rufis, alis limpidis, nervis
piceis. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. If.)
Male. — Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head
a little broader than the thorax : antennae setaceous, nodose, verti-
cillate- pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second
cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints
hardly dilated, appearing more approximate than in the following
species, verticillata, Serratula, curta, Abrotani, apicalis, collaris, annu-
lipes, atra and Argele : thorax somewhat obconic : prothorax a little
narrower than the head, quadrate ; its breadth rather more than
twice its length : mesothorax more convex than that of the follow-
ing species, verticillata, Serratula, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna
and Sittace ; scutum large, broader than long ; sutures of the par-
apsides very distinct, approaching each other ; axillae or paraptera
large, triangular, separated above by a space nearly equal to the
scutum between the base of the parapsides; scutellum somewhat
conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent behind, and thus form-
ing nearly a right angle : metathorax very short, appearing trans-
versely after the hind border of the scutum : propodeon (usually
termed metathorax) large, obconic, furrowed distinctly along the
middle, but less clearly on each side, more abruptly decumbent than
in the following species, verticillata, Serratula, curta, Abrotani, an-
nulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace ; podeon slender, cylindrical,
punctured, as long as the propodeon : abdomen short-oval, smooth,
shining, much compressed, hardly longer than high, subtriangular
when viewed sideways (being flat beneath and forming above an
angle whose sides are convex), shorter than that of verticillata, Ser-
ratula and curta ; metapodeon large, having no channel ; octoon,
ennaton and decaton of moderate size; protelum, paratelum and telum
very short : wings broad ; humerus slender, much less than half the
length of the wing ; ulna thick, much less than half the length of
the humerus ; radius much shorter than the ulna ; cubitus as long
as the radius ; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Female. — Head as broad as the thorax : antennae shorter than the
thorax, thicker, shorter and more clavate than in the following species,
verticillata, Serratula, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Sittace and Argele ;
fifth and following joints to the ninth long, successively decreasing
in length ; club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint : podeon
much shorter than the propodeon : abdomen much longer than that
of the male, shorter than that of verticillata, Serratula and collaris,
fusiform, convex and keeled beneath, slightly compressed, its length
considerably exceeding its height ; segments from the metapodeon to
the decaton large above, much contracted on each side, approximate
and conniving together beneath ; metapodeon of moderate size ; oc-
toon, ennaton and decaton large ; protelum very short above, much
dilated on each side and concealing the ventral segments ; paratelum
and telum very short above but broader on each side.

Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 19

Eurytoma Argele, mas et fern. Atra, convexa, vix gibbosa, anten-
nis pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque rufis, alls limpi-
dis, nervisfuscis. (Corp. long. lin. 1^; alar. lin. 2£.)

Male. — Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head
a little broader than the thorax : antennse setaceous, nodose, verti-
cillate-pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second
cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints
subquadrate, dilated, successively decreasing in size, each having a
narrow stem about half its length : thorax nearly obconic, less con-
vex than that of verticillata, Serratulce, rufipes, tumida and platy-
ptera : prothorax quadrate, a little narrower than the head ; its breadth
rather more than twice its length : scutum large, broader than long ;
sutures of the parapsides very distinct, approaching each other ; par-
aptera large, triangular, separated by a space nearly equal to the
scutum between the base of the parapsides ; scutellum nearly conical,
truncate in front, less decumbent behind than that of verticillata,
Serratulae, curta, annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna, Sittace, tumida, fumi-
pennis, platyptera and Abrotani : metathorax very short, appearing
transversely behind the scutellum : propodeon large, obconic, more
horizontal than that of verticillata, Serratulce, curta, Abrotani, annu-
lipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, having only one broad shallow
channel along the middle : podeon slender, cylindrical, punctured,
longer than the propodeon : abdomen very short, smooth, shining,
not much more than half the length of the thorax, abruptly decum-
bent in front and near the tip ; its length slightly exceeds its height ;
metapodeon less than one-fourth of the length of the abdomen, ha-
ving a short longitudinal channel at the base ; octoon of moderate
size, nearly as long as the metapodeon ; ennaton very large ; decaton
small ; protelum, paratelum and telum very short : wings broad ;
humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna less than
half the length of the humerus, more slender than the ulna of verti-
cillata, Serratulce, curta, Abrotani, annulipes, rufipes, Micipsa, bre-
vicollis and nitida ; radius as long as the ulna ; cubitus nearly as
long as the ulna ; stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Female. — Head as broad as the thorax : antennae slightly clavate,
shorter than the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second cyathi-
form ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to
the ninth long but successively shorter; club fusiform, twice the
length of the ninth joint : podeon much shorter than the propodeon:
abdomen smooth, shining, slightly compressed, gradually decumbent
towards the base and towards the tip, somewhat shorter than the
thorax ; its height more than half its length ; segments not much
contracted beneath ; metapodeon rather large ; octoon and ennaton
of moderate size ; decaton large above, short beneath ; protelum,
paratelum and telum very short : oviduct concealed.

Eurytoma Sittace, fem. Atra, convexa, vix gibbosa, antennis pedi-
busque nigris, tibiis fuscis, genubus tarsis et protibiis rufis, alis
- limpidis, nervis fulvis . (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 2^.)
Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head as broad

20 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

as the thorax : antennae slightly clavate, shorter than the thorax ; first
joint long, slender ; second cyathiform ; third and fourth very minute ;
fifth and following joints to the ninth long, but successively shorter ;
club fusiform, twice the length of the ninth joint : thorax somewhat
obconic, less convex than that of verticillata, Serratulce, rufipes, tu-
mida and platyptera ; scutum of the mesothorax large, broader than
long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approaching each other ;
axillae large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum truncate-conical,
abruptly declining at the tip, where it forms nearly a right an-
gle : metathorax transverse, very short : propodeon large, obconic,
abruptly declining, furrowed distinctly along the middle but less
clearly on each side : podeon much shorter than the propodeon : ab-
domen oval, smooth, shining, slightly convex, not much compressed,
as long as the thorax ; its height little more than half its length ;
the segments gathered together beneath ; metapodeon, octoon and
ennaton of moderate size ; decaton very large ; protelum, paratelum
and telum very short : oviduct concealed : wings broad ; humerus
much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna less than half the
length of the humerus, slender like that of E. Argele ; radius shorter
than the ulna ; cubitus as long as the radius ; stigma small, emitting
a short branch.

Eurytoma Scultenna, mas. Atra, convexa, vix gibbosa, antennis
pedibusque nigris, genubus tarsis protibiisque flavis, alls limpidis,
nervis pallidefuscis. (Corp. long. lin. \\ ; alar. lin. If.)

Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head a little
broader than the thorax : antennae setaceous, nodose, verticillate-
pilose, as long as the thorax ; first joint long, slender ; second cya-
thiform ; third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints
subquadrate, hardly dilated, successively decreasing in size, joined
closely together like those of E. tumida : thorax somewhat obconic,
less convex than that of verticillata, Serratulce, rufipes, tumida or
platyptera : prothorax transverse, quadrate, not narrower in front ;
its breadth rather more than twice its length : scutum of the meso-
thorax broader than long ; sutures of the parapsides distinct, approach-
ing each other ; axillae large, triangular, not conniving ; scutellum
somewhat conical, truncate in front, abruptly decumbent at the tip,
where it nearly forms a right angle : mesothorax transverse, very
short : propodeon large, obconic, abruptly declining, furrowed indi-
stinctly along the middle and less clearly on each side : podeon
cylindrical, slender, dull, punctured, as long as the propodeon : ab-
domen oval, smooth, shining, compressed, abruptly decumbent in
front and towards the tip, little more than half the length of the
thorax ; its height does not equal its length ; metapodeon occupy-
ing more than one- third of the dorsum, having a longitudinal chan-
nel ; octoon rather large ; ennaton very large ; decaton of moderate
size ; protelum, paratelum and telum very short : wings broad j
humerus much less than half the length of the wing ; ulna thick,
not half the length of the humerus ; radius much shorter than the
ulna ; cubitus a little shorter than the radius ; stigma small, emit-
ting a short branch.

Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites. 21

Eurytoma Micipsa, mas. Atra, convexa, minime gibbosa, antennis
pedibusque nigris, genubus rufis, tarsis piceis, alis subfuscis.
(Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. lj.)

Body convex : head and thorax roughly punctured : head a little
broader than the thorax : antennae slender, setaceous, longer than
the thorax ; joints from the fifth to the ninth elliptical, hardly di-
lated, joined together by slender stalks about half the length of
each joint : thorax somewhat obconical, less convex than that of
verticillata, Serratulce, rufipes, tumida and platyptera : prothorax qua-
drate ; its breadth more than twice its length : scutum of the meso-
thorax broader than long; sutures of the parapsides distinct, ap-
proaching each other ; axillae large, triangular, not conniving ;
scutellum somewhat conical, truncate in front, not falling behind
so deep as in the species above-mentioned : metathorax trans-
verse, very short : propodeon large, obconic, more horizontal than
in the following species, verticillata, Serratulce, curta, Abrotani,
annulipes, rufipes, Scultenna and Sittace, and having only one broad
shallow channel along the middle : podeon cylindrical, slender, dull,
punctured, as long as the propodeon : abdomen oval, smooth, shining,
compressed, abruptly decumbent at the base and towards the tip,
little more than half the length of the thorax ; its height is not equal
to its length ; metapodeon less than one -third of the length of the
abdomen, decumbent in front ; octoon of moderate size ; ennaton
large ; decaton of moderate size ; protelum, paratelum and telum very
short : w T ings moderate ; humerus much less than half the length of
the wing ; ulna rather thick, less than half the length of the hume-
rus ; radius much shorter than the ulna ; cubitus as long as the radius ;
stigma small, emitting a short branch.

Isosoma Nepe, "mas. Atrum, prothoraci macula utrinque fulva,
antennis pedibusque Tiigris, genubus rufis, tarsis piceis, alis sub-
fuscis, nervis piceis. (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1|.)

Body black, convex, cylindrical : head and thorax punctured :
head a little broader than the thorax : antennae slender, filiform,
clothed with long hairs, somewhat shorter than the thorax ; first
joint slightly bent, dilated beneath; second short- cyathiform ; third
and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the eleventh
long, cylindrical, nearly equal in size, or successively, yet very
slightly, shorter and broader ; tip of the eleventh joint pointed : pro-
thorax very finely rugulose, somewhat shining, rather broader than
long, a little shorter and more slender than that of I. vacillans, from
which it differs also in having a smaller pale fulvous spot on each
fore- corner: mesothorax dull; sutures of the parapsides very distinct,
approaching each other; axillae large, triangular, not conniving;
scutellum obconic, having a rim round its hind border which is more
obtuse than that of /. longulum, petiolatum, and hyalipenne : meta-
thorax transverse, very short : propodeon dull, obconic, decumbent,
coarsely punctured, and having here and there some large shallow
excavations : podeon long, stout, cylindrical, dull, punctured : abdo-

22 Mr. F. Walker on some British Chalcidites.

men elliptical, smooth, shining, not compressed, scarcely more than
half the length of the thorax, a little narrower and less convex than
that of /. longulum and of /. longicorne ; metapodeon large, conical,
occupying about half the dorsum ; octoon scarce more than one-
fourth of the length of the metapodeon ; ennaton much longer than
the octoon ; decaton much longer than the ennaton ; protelum,
paratelum and telum very short : legs black ; knees fulvous ; tarsi
fuscous, paler beneath : wings slightly fuscous ; nervures fuscous ;
humerus much less than half the length of the wing, rejecting be-
neath a short branch ; ulna more than half the length of the humerus ;
radius less than half the length of the ulna ; cubitus a little shorter
than the radius ; stigma small.

Decatoma Nicaese, fern. Fulva, dorso antennisque nigris, pedibus
fiavis, tibiis fusco cinctis, alis subfuscis, nervis fiavis, ulna stig-
mateque fuscis . (Corp. long. lin. 1 ; alar. lin. 1^.)

Body convex : head and thorax rugulose, punctured, pubescent,
slightly shining : head yellow, piceous on the vertex, as broad as
the thorax : antennas dark piceous, clavate, shorter than the thorax ;
first joint long, slender ; second long-cyathiform, fulvous at the tip ;
third and fourth very minute ; fifth and following joints to the ninth
successively decreasing in length ; club broader than the ninth joint
and more than twice its length : thorax yellow, long-obconic, hardly
gibbous : prothorax large, quadrate, broader than long, fuscous on
the middle of the hind border : mesothorax piceous, varied with
yellow on each side ; scutum transverse ; parapsides prominent,
their sutures distinct ; axilla? large ; scutellum large, obconic,
abruptly declining "at the tip : metathorax transverse, very short :
propodeon short, obconic, abruptly declining, piceous before, behind
and along the middle : podeon minutely punctured, not one-sixth of
the length of the abdomen ; abdomen fulvous, elliptic, not gibbous,
keeled beneath, longer and slightly narrower than the thorax, having
the disc above and the hind borders of the segments piceous ; meta-
podeon shorter than one-fourth of the dorsum ; octoon much shorter
than the metapodeon ; ennaton longer than the octoon ; decaton
twice the length of the ennaton ; protelum more than half the length
of the decaton ; paratelum and telum very short : oviduct just pass-
ing the tip of the abdomen : legs yellow ; metatibise mostly fuscous :
wings limpid ; nervures fuscous ; humerus yellow, shorter than half
the wing ; ulna slender, not one-sixth of the length of the humerus ;
radius longer than the ulna ; cubitus as long as the radius ; stigma
of moderate size.

Prof. Owen on a new species of Axolotl. 23

VII. — Characters of a new Species of Axolotl.
By Prof. Owen, F.R.S.

Genus Axolotes*.
Gyrinus, Shaw ; Phyllhydrus, Brooks ; Siredon, Wagler ; Axolotl,
Humboldt and Cuvier.

Sp. 1. guttata. A. fusca, nigro-guttata, capite antice rotundato,
cauda compresso-lanceolata.

Shaw, Nat. Misc. no. 343, Gyrinus mexicanus ; Gen. Zool. iii.
p. 612. pi. 140, Siren pis ciformis.

Humboldt and Cuvier, Voyage de Humboldt, Zoologie, 2 eme partie,
Reptiles douteux, p. 109. pi. 1 2, Axolotl du Mexique.

Home, Phil. Trans. 1824, p. 419. pi. 22 and 23, Mexican Proteus.

Wagler, Icones Amphib. tab. 20, Siredon Axolotl.

Longitudo 7 unc. ad 14 unc.

Hab. In lacu juxta urbem Mexico.

Sp. 2. maculata. A. grisea, nigro-marmorata, subtus lac tea, capite

antice truncato, cauda compresso-rotundata.

Longitudo 3 unc. ad 5 unc.

Hab. In Mexico, in fluviis Sierra Madre, Chihuahua, lat. 26° 6' N.,
long. 106° 50' W.

Axolotes maculata, nat. size.

VIII. — On Ova believed to be those of the Large Spotted Dog-fish,
Scyllium Catulus, Linn. (sp.).

About the middle of the month of December last, there were sent to
the Belfast Museum two plants of the tangle (Laminaria digitata),

* This rendering of the Mexican word, first applied generically by Cuvier,
has long been adopted by Mayer and other German anatomists : the word
is inflected according to the third declension — Axolotes, is, em, ibus. The
characters of the first known species, for which the trivial names ' mexicana '
and ' pisciformis ' have ceased to be distinctive, are prefixed to render those
of the second species more intelligible.

24 On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish.

dredged together off Killinchy, Strangford lough, from a depth of be-
tween two and three fathoms, and having many large and remarkable
ova attached to them by tendrils like those on the well-known
" purses," as they are called, of the common dog-fish (Scyllium Ca-
nicula), though they evidently belonged to a different species. They
were new to me and interesting in several respects. To the one
plant of tangle were attached fourteen, to the other twelve of these
ova : of the fourteen, six were very old, six of " middle age," and
two quite fresh — of the twelve attached to the other plant, four
were very old, four of middle age, and four quite fresh. Those called
fresh had the " white and yelk " as in a newly laid' hen's egg ; from
those termed of middle age, the young fish had probably long since
escaped : none remained to bear testimony to its species. The age
of the different ova was denoted not only by their own appearance,
but by that of the mollusca, zoophytes, &c. parasitical upon them :
— on the oldest were Anomice an inch in diameter ; Discopora hispida,
Tubularia ramosa, Cellularia reptans, all full-grown ; and on them, and
those of middle age, were Lepralice (Johnston) of various species,
Nulliporte, and masses of the ova of Buccinum undatum.

The number of ova of different ages suggested certain points of in-
quiry. Their deposition at three different periods of time on the same
plant led to the suggestion that the fish may, like certain birds, as the
different species of Hirundines for example, return time after time to
the same spot to deposit its eggs. We can indeed only infer that
the same individual has deposited the ova on the different occasions,
but the probability is in favour of such inference That the salmon
(Salmo Salar) returns to its native river — if not to the same " bed "
to spawn — we have a notable example in the north of Ireland, where,
from the circumstance of the fish of the adjacent rivers Bann and
Bush being distinguished from each other by certain peculiarities,
those of every age from each river in returning to the fresh water from
the sea are known always to seek the ascent of their native stream.

Being unable to find any ova described like those under consider-
ation, I made a sketch of one and submitted it to my friend Mr. Yar-
rell for his opinion, together with several queries, remarking at the
same time, that as " the ova are evidently generically related to those
of S. Canicula, the first impression is, that they are those of the
most nearly allied species Scyllium Catulus, especially as we find
those of the next nearest ally, at least among British species — Squalus
annulatus, Nils. (Pristiurus melanostomus, Bonap.) — to be of a dif-
ferent form ; but, that if they belong to S. Catulus, which is said not
much to exceed S. Canicula in size, it will be singular that the ova
should so greatly exceed those belonging to that species as to be
double their size, and in consequence of their much greater strength,
about four times their weight. The transverse markings represented
in the drawing denote plaits, which give to the exterior a handsome
appearance ; but they are not of specific value, the surface of some
ova being quite smooth, of others partially or wholly plaited." It
was added — " Is it known how often the Scyllia deposit their ova ?

On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish.

how many are deposited at one time ? how long after deposition the
young fish bursts its prison ?" In the event of Mr. Yarrell's not know-
ing the ovum (which proved to be new to him likewise), he was re-
quested to send the drawing, &c. for Mr. Couch's opinion. With
respect to S. Canicula Mr. Yarrell remarked, —

" I never remember to have observed more than one egg in each
oviduct ready for exclusion, but there was frequently one other in
each oviduct at the upper end, or about to separate from the ovarium,
one on each side. How long they are in passing along the oviduct,

how often deposited, and how soon after deposition the young fish
leaves his cell, are points unknown to me ; but I suspect in reference
to gaining his liberty the young fish is rather in a hurry, for I have
more than once taken very small spotted sharks swimming at large
before the membranous bag of nutriment had been taken up into the
abdomen, and before the young shark had begun to take food by the
mouth. I will, however, send your sketch and queries to Mr. Couch."

This gentleman replied, —

"Polperro, Jan. 25, 1844.

" Dear Sir, — I feel an impression that the figure of a ■ purse '
which I received in your letter of the 24th of December is that of the
large spotted dog-fish, Scyllium Catulus. Both the British spotted
dog-fishes certainly spawn twice in the year, as do many other spe-

26 On the Ova of the Large Spotted Dog-fish.

cies of fishes that are not commonly supposed to do so, a fact which
I have ascertained by observation and dissection. But I have been
somewhat unfortunate in reference to the larger spotted dog-fish in
not being able to obtain the ova of that fish directly from the body ;
a circumstance which arises from this fish going into deep water at
the spawning time, when our fishermen do not find it convenient to
follow them. I have obtained specimens however which I have been
given to understand proceeded from this fish, and they very closely
resemble the pencil drawing in size, form, the raised ridge at the
sides, and in the lengthened tendrils at the corners ; the colour a
dark brown, but I never saw any specimen with transverse plaits,
which may throw doubt on the fact of its appropriation*.

" The ova of the Scyllia are deposited in pairs, an ovum descend-
ing at the same time to each corner of the uterus ; but I am not able
to say how many constitute one laying, except that they are nume-
rous. They certainly remain a considerable time before exclusion ;
a month or two at least, and perhaps more, for the corals to which
they have been attached, and especially the Gorgonice, are often seen
growing luxuriantly round the tendrils in a manner to show that most
of this growth must have taken place since the deposit. Sometimes
also their surface is studded with small shell-fish, as Anomice and
Pectens, of a size to render it probable that the time I have assigned
to them may even have been exceeded.

" Jonathan Couch."

As, reasoning from analogy, I came to the conclusion that the ova
must be those of S. Catulus, and as Mr. Couch has received similar
ones which were stated to be the produce of this fish, I have thought
it desirable to publish so much as we know of the subject, and to
give a figure of the ovum, although actual proof is still wanting as
to the species to which it appertains. Some of my queries to Mr.
Yarrell bore on the subject noticed in the conclusion of Mr. Couch's
letter. Were it known how long the ova of the dog-fish were de-
posited before the young fish escaped, we could say that the adherent
mollusca, zoophytes, &c. must have attained a certain growth within
a limited period, but our information is not yet sufficiently positive
on this head. The most newly-deposited ova under consideration
were externally quite free from all parasitical growth, which was at
first sight, or before they were opened, a good indication of their
freshness. But whatever the time may be in which the ovum of the
allied species S. Canicula is deposited before the exclusion of the fish,
proof is afforded by one in my collection containing a young dog-
fish of this species all but ready for its escape, that before its birth
would have taken place, the Discopora hispida attached to the out-
side of its case had arrived at full maturity t-

* As before mentioned, these plaits are not of specific value. — W. T.

f Since the above was written, I have seen in the collection of Mr. R. Ball,
Dublin, a similar case containing a young S. Canicula, on the exterior of
which were groups of Lepralice of the full ordinary size, and two specimens
of Serpula triquetra nearly an inch in length.

^nni&Jfay.JIfat.MszNol. ik Pl.H.

jRAodtfaterrrtLs ZJrismmomii'V

W%$30Q$

Fructification ofJfarmejita-oe.

JD.CLSowtrSyJe,

Mr. W. II. Harvey on a new Alga from the coast of Ireland. 27

Length of recent* ovum of Scyllium Catulus ? 4 inches 6 lines ;
breadth 1 inch 9 lines ; depth 3 — 4 lines ; surface smooth or plaited
transversely ; sides very strong and closely plaited throughout ; ten-
drils very strong. Colour a uniform brown, but differing in shade
in different ova.

Belfast, May 1844. Wm. Thompson.

IX. — Description of a minute Alga from the coast of Ireland.
By Wm. Henry Harvey, Esq.

[With a Plate.]

Rhododermis, Harv. MS.

Gen. Char. — Frons carnoso-membranacea, expansa, Crustacea,
facie inferiore adhserens, e cellulis polygonis sanguineis minutis for-
mata. Fructus ? verruca? pertusse in frondem sparsae.

R. Drummondii, Harv. MS.

Hab. At New Castle, co. Down, spreading over the rocky sides
and bases of maritime caves, in places where it is covered by the sea
at high water, but exposed, on the ebb of the tide, to the dripping
or trickling of fresh water. Dr. Drummond, May 1840.

Frond spreading in wide, concentric, but not regularly circular
patches of a dark blood or brick-red colour, when dry purplish
lake, closely adhering to the rocks on which it grows, and to
which it is attached by the whole of its lower surface ; of a fleshy-
membranous, very tenacious substance, glossy, about half a line
in thickness in the centre, but becoming gradually thinner to-
ward the margin, composed (as shown by the highest power of
the microscope) of strata of minute polygonal cellules closely
packed together, and filled with brilliant rosy endochrome. The
surface appears marked with wavy interrupted lines, and more or
less thickly furnished with wart-like dark-coloured tubercles,
which are either scattered or grouped together in linear masses.
These tubercles are hemispherical, prominent, of the same struc-
ture as the rest of the frond, deeply coloured at the margin, but
in the centre colourless, and generally pierced by a hole which
goes through the frond. It is doubtful whether they contain the
fructification. Dr. Drummond was not able to discover sporules
in any of them in the recent plant, nor have I been more fortu-
nate with the dried specimen. In outward aspect they much
resemble the fruit of Grateloupia, but a minute examination shows
them to be invariably empty.

Though undoubtedly of marine origin, the presence of some
fresh water in the absence of the tide seems favourable to the
growth of this Alga, as Dr. Drummond observed the colour to

* The specimens have dwindled in drying to about one-half their original
size.

28 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

be much more intense and brilliant in places where the fresh
water dripped or trickled over the rocks than where they were
comparatively dry. In the first of these the crust was of " a dark
blood-colour/' in the last " a brick-red." But among the former
he observed some patches which were " a bright orange." This
he attributed to a fuller state of fructification, but neglected to
put up specimens. It may, however, be doubted whether this
last colour did not originate in an excess of fresh water, which
we know changes to orange the red of many Floridece, as parti-
cularly observed in Nitophyllum versicolor.

Probably this production is common in similar situations on
other of the British coasts, but, with numerous others of the
crustaceous class of Algse (a neglected group, which will repay in
novelty an observer who has patience to look for them), has been
hitherto unnoticed or passed by. Though our information re-
specting it is still imperfect, its characters are such as to exclude
it from any established genus with which I am acquainted. The
brilliant red colour and substance sever it from Ralfsia, Berk.
(Padina ? deusta, Hook.), which in habit it more nearly resembles
than any other British plant ; but this is a resemblance of habit
alone, and therefore more one of analogy than affinity. With
the Mediterranean Peysonellia it has, seemingly, more affinity,
and it is in the neighbourhood of that genus that I propose, for
the present at least, to place it. W. H. H.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. 1 . Bhododermis Drummondii, natural size.
Fig. 2. Portion near the margin, magnified.
Figs. 3 and 4. Different views of tubercles.
Fig. 5. Portion of the surface highly magnified.

X. — Researches on the Organization of the Invertebrate Animals
of the Western Coast of France. By M. de Quatrefages.
Communicated by Alfred Tulk, M.B.C.S.

The admirable report of M. Milne Edwards upon this subject,
to which want of space in a recent number of this Journal ad-
mitted only of briefly directing the attention of the reader, con-
tains amongst others a most valuable series of observations by
M. Quatrefages relative to the organization of certain Gasteropoda,
which have hitherto been incorrectly associated with the genus
Doris under the general title of Nudibranchiata, but which differ
much, through the degradation of their internal structure, from
all the ordinary Mollusca. As regards the general form of their
body, the generative organs and the position of the central ner-
vous ganglia, these animals resemble the other Gasteropoda,

Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 29

but are widely separated from the normal type of that group by
the structural conditions under which the functions of circulation,
respiration and digestion are performed. The great physiological
distinction in the nature of the circulatory apparatus of the class
Mollusca and Articulata consists in its being provided in the
former with two systems of membranous vessels united at one
end by the intervention of a heart, and communicating at the
other by a network of capillaries, while in the latter one of these
systems (the afferent or venous) is always wanting, and is sup-
plied by lacunae or intervals between the different organs, within
which the blood flows. Some years ago M. Quatrefages had de-
termined the fact, that in the compound Ascidia and several other
molluscoid animals, the vascular system only existed in the tho-
racic region of the body, and was replaced throughout the abdo-
men by interstitial meatuses resembling those in the Articulata ;
and that in the Bryozoa the inferior representatives of the same
zoological type, there existed no blood-vessels whatever, and the
nutrient fluid was distributed through large cavities of the body.
Hitherto however no true mollusk was known in which the cir-
culation was not completely vascular, nor could it have been well
anticipated that one of the highest groups of the class should
present the contrary character ; still the Eolidians and other
analogous Gasteropoda have furnished such a structural degra-
dation in different degrees. In the first a well-developed heart
and arteries exist, but no proper veins, the blood being returned
by means of a system of irregular lacunae similar to those met
with in the Crustacea; while in other species both the heart and
arteries have disappeared, and the circulation becomes as incom-
plete as in the Bryozoa.

Corresponding modifications are entailed by the above in the
structure of the respiratory organs. There are no branchiae or
pulmonary sacs in the present Gasteropoda, as in the ordinary
Mollusca : respiration is either simply exercised by the general
surface of the integument, or limited to particular appendages
upon the back of the animal ; but even in the latter case no vas-
cular network enters into their composition, and to supply this
deficiency, nature has introduced a combination of the digestive
with the respiratory system, that was hitherto believed to occur
only in the Medusae and different Entozoa. The digestive cavity
gives off a system of canals, the ramifications of which penetrate
the branchiform dorsal appendages, and within these the nutri-
tive matters, being directly conveyed, are submitted to the influ-
ence of the air before being sent to the various parts of the body.
This complex vasculo-gastric system has been elaborately studied
by M. Quatrefages in the genus Eolidina ; in others it is con-
structed upon a more simple plan, reminding us of that of the

30 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

digestive cavity in some Hirudines and Planarim. In the genera
Pelta and Chalidis no ramified appendages are found, but only
two large sacs, into which the alimentary substances enter and
remain for some time.

The nervous system is also less perfect than in the ordinary
Gasteropoda, and approximates the Tunicata ; the postoesophageal
or ventral ganglia, and the transverse commissure uniting them
and completing the oesophageal ring posteriorly, being frequently
wanting, as are likewise the labial ganglia.

For the reception of these peculiarly-organized Gasteropoda,
M. Quatrefages proposes the establishment of a new order in
that class, to be called Phlebentera, and which, with the genera
already mentioned, must include the genus Actteon, confounded
hitherto with the Aphysians, and, in all probability, Glaucus, the
Placobranchiata, and all other Gasteropods deprived of lungs and
vascular branchiae. Lastly, certain Planaria may perhaps be in-
serted under the same group.

M. Quatrefages has also given to science a most instructive
memoir upon those polyps which, under the form apparently of
rugose amorphous crusts, are frequently found upon the whelk-
shells inhabited by the Paguri or hermit-crabs ; the species had
however always been confounded with the Hydra squamata of
Miiller, and neither its structure or mode of reproduction had
been studied. These polyps, designated by our author under
the name of Synhydra parasita, live attached by their base to a
common laminiform floor supported internally by a corneous net-
work and analogous to the polypary of the Gorgonia, but of a
more simple structure, resembling that of the skeleton of the
sponge. Thus associated simply in colonies by their bases, we
might suppose that each individual polyp exercised its functions
independently of another ; but they are in fact all united by a
system of capillary canals lodged deeply within the common ba-
silar tissue, and which establish ready communications between
their respective stomachs.

The same arrangement for rendering the alimentary matters
digested by a single polyp available to the nutrition of the entire
colony may be observed also in the Alcyonia, the Corallinea, the
Gorgonia, Cornularia, &c, but previous to the discovery of M.
Quatrefages was unknown to occur in the Hydras. Another
particularly interesting fact is the singular structure of a certain
number of these polyps thus united in a kind of tuft. The one
kind present the usual form of Hydras, having a mouth sur-
rounded by filiform tentacles, so that they can directly obtain
food ; while the others are destitute both of oral orifice or appen-
dages, and depend solely for nutrition upon the products of di-
gestion in the former being conveyed to them by the system of

Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 31

canals already mentioned. Living thus as parasites, they yet
perform important uses in the ceconomy of the polypary, since,
charged with the process of reproduction, they appear specially
destined to ensure the establishment of new colonies.

M. Quatrefages has seen the Synhydrce propagate by three
very distinct methods. In the one case the young individual
proceeds from a bud formed upon the surface of the common ba-
silar tissue, and which is developed nearly in the same manner as
the reproductive gemmules of the Hydras and Sertularias ; in
another, ovules like those of the sponge arise in this common
tissue ; and lastly, reproductive bodies {bulbilli) are met with upon
the free portion of the polyps, which cannot be likened either
to gemmae or ovules, for they grow by an extension of their tis-
sue like the first, and, like the second, separate completely from
the parent stem before becoming developed into new individuals.
The reproductive gemmules serve to increase the population of
the colony in the midst of which they are formed ; the ovules re-
main probably buried in the basilar tissue after the winter has
destroyed the polyps covering it, and produce other Hydras on
the following spring ; while lastly the bulbilli, becoming detached
and borne afar by the currents, fix themselves at length in some
appropriate spot, develope, and multiplying again by gemmae,
found a new colony, in a manner similar to that by which the
compound Ascidia disperse to a distance their sessile societies by
means of locomotive larva?. These bulbilli are exclusively pro-
duced by the astomatous polyps, around the summit of which
they are grouped, the polyps provided with a mouth appearing not
to participate in any degree in the work of generation. The first
then are the reproductive, the second the nutrition-serving indi-
viduals, and both exhibit corresponding differences of structure.
The tentacles of the reproductive polyps are represented only by
tubercles, and their digestive cavity resembles that of a polyp
whose development is not completed and the stomachic cavity not
yet open externally. Arrested as regards the functions of nutri-
tion and of animal life, all the energies of their organism seem
concentrated upon the exercise of the generative power ; for there
is nothing that could lead us to suppose that the nutritory indi-
viduals are males, and the astomatous females ; but rather that
the two great physiological acts, the one necessary to the preser-
vation of individual life, and the other destined to perpetuate the
existence of the species, are here exhibited under a separate and
independent form in the same community. This mode of pro-
pagation by bulbilli in the Synhydrce constitutes a form of repro-
duction not hitherto well determined to occur in the animal
kingdom, and we cannot therefore peruse the beautiful researches
of M. Quatrefages without feeling their interest no less as bear-

32 M. de Quatrefages on the Organization of

ing upon general physiology than upon the special history of the
polyps.

A third series of researches by the same author has been de-
voted to the study of the organization of the Annelida, with a
view of determining how the dominant type of that natural group is
modified or lowered either in the inferior species, or in those worms
which have been ranked by many zoologists among the Entozoa.
He has ascertained, in examining the comparative anatomy of the
nervous system in Eunice, Nereis, Phyllodoce, Glycera, and some
other newly discovered genera, that the ganglionic system is far
more complex than has been supposed, and exhibits specific mo-
difications analogous to those which have been observed in Insects
and Crustacea.

The vascular system in all the Annelida studied up to the pre-
sent time by anatomists has been found to present a very consi-
derable amount of development. In some however, as in certain
Tubicolce, M. Quatrefages has proved that the circulation is not
performed by vessels, but through lacunse situated between the dif-
ferent organs : thus, in a species of Amphicora, very nearly allied
to that discovered by M. Ehrenberg, the blood, easily recognisable
from its green colour, is not inclosed in vessels, but between the
subcutaneous muscular layer and the kind of mesentery that en-
velopes the alimentary canal ; and lastly, in a new genus of Anne-
lida Errantia allied to Syllis, and called by our author Doyeria,
there exist only imperfect rudiments of a vascular apparatus,
which is reduced to a simple dorsal vessel.

The genus Aphlebine of M. Quatrefages furnishes another
striking example of such organic degradation. In the ordinary
Annelida the circulation is performed as in the higher animals, by
the alternate contraction and dilatation of a part of the vascular
system ; but in the present genus, the blood, instead of being pro-
pelled by any organ analogous to a heart, is set in motion by the
repeated strokes of a series of microscopically minute palettes,
which are composed of vibratile cilia united in that form, and
placed upon the walls of the visceral cavity behind the base of
each foot. An analogous mechanism has been observed by Milne
Edwards in the Beroes.

The affinity of internal structure which previous observers had
perceived to exist between the Annelida and Rotatoria has been
rendered still more intimate by another discovery of M. Quatre-
fages, who found upon the coasts of Brittany an Annelide much
resembling in general conformation a young Syllis, but which sup-
ported upon either side of its body a series of locomotive organs
analogous to the vibratile discs of the Rotifers, and so disposed as
to simulate when in motion the revolutions of a paddle-wheel.
The feet in this singular Annelide, designated by the name of

Invertebrate Animals of the Western Coast of France. 33

Dujardinia, are furnished with bristles as in the other Annelida
Errantia ; but these are merely passive weapons of defence, since
they remain perfectly immoveable. Sometimes the animal changes
its position in the water by agitating its tail briskly like a long
oar, but in general it swims slowly by means of the above-men-
tioned lateral palettes, which consist of cilia circularly arranged
upon the edges of cup-shaped cavities, supported by papillae placed
upon the sides of the body and between the feet. In the form of
its digestive tube and the large size of its ova, Dujardinia also
approximates the Rotifera.

Some further details are of interest from tending to indicate
the links whereby the Annelida are connected to the Planaria
and Entozoa. Thus the Nemertce agree with the Annelida in the
general arrangement of their vascular system, but resemble much
the Hirudines in the structure of their buccal apparatus and
many other points of internal organization, while their reproduc-
tive organs are analogous to those of many Entozoa ; their ner-
vous system may be compared to that of the Lingula, and their
digestive tube, in place of extending the whole length of the body
and opening posteriorly by an anal orifice, as in all the typical
Annelida, terminates towards the anterior third of the body in
a cul-de-sac which communicates externally by the mouth alone,
as in some of the lower organized Entozoa and most Zoophyta.

The very singular observations made by M. Quatrefages upon
the propagation of the genus Syllis have already been given in a
previous number of this Journal. It remains only for us to add,
in respect to the Annelida, that in a large number of the Annelida
Errantia [and Tubicolce, and also in the Thalassemce and Nemerta,
which establish the passage between the ordinary Annelida and
Entozoa, he has recognised the existence of distinct male and female
individuals, has observed the formation of the spermatozoa in the
Nemertce, and by his remarks upon the development of the ova
in the Terebella, has extended to the class Annelida the import-
ant fact determined by Herold, Rathke, and other embryologists,
respecting the relation of the vitellus to the dorsal surface of the
embryo in Insects, Arachnida and Crustacea.

Lastly, M. Quatrefages, in examining the mechanism of motion
in the polyps of the genus Edwardsia, has arrived at the same
conclusions with Mr. Bowman relative to the theory of muscular
contraction j for he has observed that the fibres of one and the
same muscle do not all act simultaneously, but that those which
contract, drawing along with them the adjacent fibres in a state
of repose, give rise to the zigzag folds which have been considered
as the efficient cause of the shortening of the muscle.

Touching the subject of animal phosphorescence, our author has
been led, from the microscopic study of the small transparent

Ann. §• Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. D

34 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Annelida, to infer that its production depends very intimately
upon the influence exerted by the nervous system in giving rise
to muscular contraction. This, observes Milne Edwards, becomes
highly probable from the fact, that in the Beroes of the Mediter-
ranean Sea I have constantly remarked that their very brilliant
light emanated from the ciliated sides of the body, the principal
seat of the locomotive function.

XI. — Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood
of Calcutta. By Edward Blyth, Curator to the Museum of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes by H. E. Strick-
land, M.A.

Calcutta, March 18, 1844.
The cold season of 1843-44 having now terminated, and the time
for collecting specimens of the feathered class fast drawing to its
close, I shall again pass under review the various species of birds
which I have hitherto succeeded in procuring in this immediate
neighbourhood, a task to which I am partly impelled by perusal
of Mr. Strickland's interesting l Notes' (vol. xiii. pp. 32 et seq.,
ante) } which have just reached me.

Nos. 1 and 4*. Pal&ornis Alexandri and P. pondicerianus . Both of
these are strictly hill species, and I doubt if either of them is ever
met with in the vicinity of Calcutta. With reference to the enume-
ration of the species of this genus which I appended in a note, I may
remark that there is a " Psittacus (Conurus} himalayanus " of Lesson
described in the ' Zoologie du Voyage de M. Belanger/ p. 239, which
is doubtless a Palceornis, and would seem to resemble P. schisticeps,
except in having the under parts to ihe belly uniform ash-gray.
" Inhabits the valleys of the Himalaya." I have never seen it.

The Psittaculus vernalis appears also to be exclusively a hill spe-
cies.

Of the Raptores, I have prepared an elaborate monograph of the
Indian species, wherein a very considerable number of synonyms have
been reduced, and which is at present awaiting publication.

The whole of the true Falcons of India appear to visit this neigh-
bourhood during the cool season, with the exceptions of F. Aldro-
vandi, which I have only seen from the Himalaya, and the F. cherrug
of Hardwicke and Gray, which is evidently the lanner, F. lanarius,
and which is not yet well established as Indian, though the name F.
cherrug occurs in a MS. catalogue of the birds of Nepal prepared by
Mr. Hodgson. I have somewhere read that a large falcon called
Cherg or Cherrug is highly esteemed in Persia for flying at bustards
and other large game : and there can be little doubt that the lanner

* These numbers refer to Mr. Blyth 's paper, Annals, vol. xii. p. 90, and
vol. xiii. pp. 113, 175.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 35

exists along the Himalaya, especially towards the N.W. in the al-
pine Punjab. Of the rest, I have obtained F. shaheen, Jerdon, and
F. vespertinus, in addition to the species noticed in the catalogue ;
my friend Mr. Earle tells me that he has shot F. peregrinus ; and I
am satisfied of the occasional occurrence of F.juggur, Gray and
Hardwicke, vel F. luggur, Jerdon.

The word lerax I so spelt to distinguish it in a more marked man-
ner from the genus Hyrax among the mammalia. I have one species
from Assam, and another from Nepal and Arracan ; a third appears
peculiar to the Malay countries, and a fourth inhabits the Philippines.
The true Falco ccerulescens, Linn., founded on Edwards, pi. 108, is
certainly a distinct species from any of the four known to me. In
the Assamese /. melanoleucos , nobis, the tibial plumes are white ; in
the Nepalese /. eutolmus, Hodgson (Falco ccerulescens, var. a, Latham,
from near Sylhet), they are bright ferruginous ; and in the Malay
species deep black. Latham's description of Edwards's alleged
Bengal species agrees neither with i". eutolmus nor with /. melano-
leucos.

No. 9. I have instituted a division Nisastur for the reception of
Falco badius, Brown, and the species allied to it, conceiving that they
do not range satisfactorily either in Dcedalion (Astur, Bechstein) or
in Accipiter*.

No. 14. This I fully suspect will have to be recognised as a di-
stinct species from the European Circus ceruginosus, v. rufus, in which
case it will apparently stand as C. variegatus, Sykes ; and Latham's
Rufous-eared Falcon, no. 103, and Konta Falcon, no. 117, are both
referable to it. If I remember rightly, M. Lesson has some remarks
on the Indian " variety " of C. ceruginosus in the ■ Zoologie du Voyage
de M. Belanger.' The extreme frequency of specimens with ash-co-
loured tail and part of wings, as figured in Gould's ' Birds of Europe '
from a Himalayan specimen, first led me to entertain this suspicion,
and the Indian bird appears also to be always smaller, to have the
owl-like ruff more developed, and to be further distinguished by
having golden-yellow irides. Now of the considerable number of
European specimens which I have seen, I do not remember to have
met with one having the ash-coloured wings and tailf, nor do I think
the irides were ever pure yellow. Referring to M c Gillivray's ' Ra-
pacious Birds,' I observe he mentions the irides of the male to be
"orange," and those of the female to be "reddish-yellow." Mr.
Jenyns, without distinguishing the sex, describes the " adult in its

* A recent skin has just been brought to me of a small Accipiter shot a
few miles down the river, which is not improbably the Khandesra hawk
which Mr. Jerdon has been long trying to procure.

f It is however certain that specimens so coloured do occasionally occur
in Europe, as they have been accurately described by various authors from
Brisson to Yarrell. The scarcity of such specimens in Europe is probably
owing to the influence of man, who usually destroys these birds before they
become aged. I do not therefore think that there is at present sufficient evi-
dence to warrant the specific separation of the " Moor Buzzards" of India
from those of Europe. — H. E. S.

36 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

fourth year " to have " reddish -yellow " irides ; in the second year
"brown;" and in the young of the year " dusky-brown"; but Mon-
tagu describes a female before him to have " yellow " irides, in which
he is perhaps copied by Fleming. None of these authors mention the
presence of any ash-colour on the wings and tail ; but I observe that
Mr. Gould's Himalayan specimen is noticed as " showing a curious
change of plumage " by Sir W. Jardine in the ' Naturalist's Library/
So far from being unusual is it however in this neighbourhood, that
I have seen two or three in the course of a day's excursion, and
have had at least a dozen specimens thus coloured brought me within
the last few weeks, and two or three only with dark wings and tail.
With respect to the size, Mr. M c Giliivray assigns the following as
the respective dimensions of the sexes of the British species. Length
to end of tail 21 and 24 inches ; of wing 16J and 16J- in. ; of tail 10
and 9| in. (!); and alar expanse 50 and 52 in. The dimensions of
the Indian bird are 19 and 21 \ in. ; wing 15 and 16 in. ; tail 8 J to 9
and 9^ in. ; and alar expanse 45 and — ? In four gray-winged males
before me, the length of the wing varies from 14 j to 15^ in., and in
two dark- winged (young) males it is only 14 \ in. In the gray- winged
specimens, the pale head and throat never contrast remarkably with
the rest of the plumage, as in the young of both sexes, and com-
monly in the European species ; but the central dark lines to the
feathers are usually much developed, often leaving but a slight lateral
pale or rufous edge to each feather. For a minute description how-
ever, I must refer to my ' Synopsis ' of Indian Raptores *.

No. 15. This I suspect is the Falco bido, Horsfield, and the spe-
cies would accordingly now stand as Spilornis bido. Falco albidus of
Cuvier and Temminck, v. Buteo melanotis of Jerdon's ' Supplement/
is merely the young, as was first intimated to me by Mr. Jerdon, an
identification which I have since verified f.

No. 16. Mr. Strickland, following Mr. G. R. Gray, is quite in
error respecting the generic location of the birds which I formerly
referred to Spizaetus, and which must now be restored to Nisaetus of
Hodgson, a very distinct form, represented by the following Indian
species : — 1. N. caligatus (?) ; Falco caligatus (?), Raffles ; F. niveus,
Tern. ; N. nipalensis, Hodgson ; Bauj Eagle and probably Jerwied

* The European species may perhaps likewise be found here, in which
case, however, I think it likely that such closely allied races would be apt
to coalesce. While treating of this genus, I would also suggest that the sup-
posed female, C. Montagui, described by Mr. Selby to have the lower parts
" orange-brown, without spot or streak," may possibly be an adult female of
C. Swainsonii.

f Since the above was written, one of my shikarees has come in with a
fine collection of Raptores, procured during an excursion towards the Soon-
derbuns. Among them are two species which I have not procured before
in this neighbourhood ; — Circa'etus galliciis, and a remarkable specimen of
a crestless Pernis. which is the P. Ellioti of Jerdon's list, and doubtless also
that of Lesson in Belanger's ' Voyage' ; I am not sure also that it differs spe-
cifically from P. apivora. [In a note dated three days later, Mr. Blyth says,
" I have got two more specimens of the Pernis, and these lead me to suspect
that P. cristata, Ellioti, and maculosa of Lesson are all one and the same."]

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 37

Eagle of Latham, nos. 74 and 77 : this bird is very common in Lower
Bengal, and both sexes become wholly of a dusky black colour with
full maturity, which renders the name niveus bestowed by Temminck
peculiarly inappropriate * ; in Southern India it does not appear to
have been met with. 2. N. cirratus (Latham), founded on the
Crested Indian Falcon of Willughby ; F. cristatellns , Tem., but cer-
tainly not Spizaetus cristatellus of Jardine and Selby's ' Illustrations
of Ornithology ' ; N. nipalensis, crested variety, and since N. pal-
lidus, Hodgson : nearly allied to the last, but distinguished by its
splendid drooping occipital crest, which in a fine specimen before me
(procured so near as at Midnapore) measures 5^ inches in length,
whereas in N. caligatus (?) there is invariably but a slight indication
of the crest common to the three other Indian species of this group ;
the shape of the dorsal feathers also well distinguishes this species
from the preceding one. 3. N. pulcher, Hodgson ; and 4. N. Kie-
neri, which had already been thus identified by Mr. Jerdon.

To Limnaetus may be referred the Morphnus hastatus of Lesson,
v. Spizaetus punctatus of Jerdon's ' Supplement,' and Cawnpore Eagle,
Latham, of which I have recently obtained two specimens in this vi-
cinity, an adult and a young one ; and Mr. Jerdon informs me that
he also has lately procured several, among which are pale varieties
analogous to those of Aquila n&via (Vindhiana f).

I have also procured Aquila mogilnik (imperialist ; Aq. n&via (two
adults beautifully spotted, another adult totally devoid of spots, but
the feathers of both silky and finely glossed with purplish), the Aq.
fulvescens, Gray, is the young ; and several specimens of Aq. pennata,
vel Spizaetus milvoides of Jerdon. This last is of course the Indian
variety of Buteo lagopus noticed by Latham : and the reference of the
same author to the Kites of India, which occurs in his description of
the British kite, refers of course to the common Indian species, his
Cheela Eagle, nos. 66, 111, and 112.

Nos. 1 7 to 20, Fishing Eagles. I shot a specimen of Haliaetus Macei
a few days ago, in a transitional state of plumage, passing from the
H. lineatus of Hardwicke's drawings into the H. unicolor, ibid. ; which
latter I see is considered by Prof. Brandt as probably identical with
Falco leucoryphos, Latham : — vide vol. xi. p. 114, ante. That I have
rightly identified the H. unicolor, Gray, there can be no doubt what-
ever ; and I very strongly suspect that to the F. leucoryphos must be
referred the F. ichthyaetos, Horsfield, described in immature plumage,
and which would now accordingly rank as Ichthyaetus leucoryphos.
This bird is very common in the Bengal Soonderbuns. The Hal.
blagrus is considerably less so, at least to judge from the comparative
number of specimens which are brought me, but this also is far from
being rare : it is evidently the Maritime Eagle, no. 67, of Latham,

* This is analogous to the change which converts Buteo lagopus into the
B. Sancti Johannis, Auct. Mr. M c Gillivray was unaware of the occurrence
of this bird in the dark plumage within the British Islands, but a specimen
in the dress adverted to wa3 obtained in Epping Forest by Mr. Doubleday.

f On further consideration, I feel very doubtful respecting the distinctness
of this from F. limnaetus, Horsfield.

38 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

as well as his no. 82, and in second plumage it is his Kumpa-maur
Eagle, no. 72. Pandion haliaetus is also very common in the Soon-
derbuns, being of course the Bengal Osprey of Latham, but differing
in no respect from the European species. For Haliaetus pondice-
rianus must now be read Haliastur indus.

No. 22. The Elanus melanopterus of Bengal has always its outer-
most tail-feather from § to \ inch shorter than the rest, which is the
sole character upon which the Prince of Canino founded his American
E. dispar ; the adult is likewise always distinguished by a slaty-black
spot at the extremity of the white on the under surface of the wing,
and immediately impending the base of the first primaries. Does
this correspond to the oval spot of black mentioned as occurring in
Gould's Australian E. notatus * ?

Respecting the Indian Vultures, information concerning which is
sought by Mr. Strickland, I have already informed you (vide vol. xiii.
p. 115).

A superb living Vultur cinereus has been sent by Major Jenkins
from Assam, which enables me to refer to this species beyond all
doubt the so-called V. monachifs figured by Hardwicke, and the head
alone of which is published by Gray. Latham describes this draw-
ing under the head " Chocolate Vulture." My bird is now casting
its first primaries, and should therefore be in its second year, the
colouring of the head being nearly as represented on the plate. In
the breadth of skull and aquiline strongly hooked beak, this bird ap-
proaches the division Otogyps, and it has been separated by Mr.
Hodgson under the somewhat strange name of Polypteryx.

Of Owls, I have added to the catalogue Ketupa Leschenaulti,
which is by no means rare ; Urrua umbrata, nobis, which is less
common ; and Scops sunia, Hodgson, of which beautiful little spe-
cies I procured a pair that were taken with bird-lime. There are no
less than five Indian species of true Scops, exclusive of coromanda,
which is probably an Urrua, Hodgson. The U. coromanda, apud
Hodgson, is my U. umbrata ; and the same is evidently alluded to by
Latham in his description of Strix coromanda, as represented in a
drawing which he saw in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, the
figure measuring 20 inches in length ; but it cannot be the Strix co-
romanda of Hardwicke and Gray, being much darker in colour, in
addition to its very superior size. Mr. Jerdon has also recently ob-
tained U. umbrata in the south.

That Strix hirsuta, Tern., must be referred to the Sumatran Str.
scutulata of Raffles, I have this further evidence, that the Bengal
species is quite common about Singapore ; and it is also the Ominous
Owl of Latham, or Col pecha (death-owl) of the Bengalees, by
whom its cry is believed to forebode the death of any sick person
within whose hearing it is uttered.

* The above remarks are very important, as they seem to show that the
Elanus of America and of Australia is the same species as that of the old
world. The wing-spot in E. axillaris, Lath. (E. notatus, Gould), exactly
agrees with Mr. JBlyth's description, except in being sooty-black and not
" slaty-black"— -H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 39

No. 27. I observe that Sir W. Jardine remarks, in the ' Natura-
list's Library ' (British Birds, vol. i.), that — " Of the extra-European
specimens of birds which are considered to be identical with the En-
glish barn owl, the under-parts are always more tinged with ochra-
ceous." This, however, certainly does not apply to the common
Indian barn owl, which, as I before stated, differs neither in this re-
spect nor in any other from the bird of Europe. I have Calcutta
specimens with under-parts of the most pure snowy- white, and others
more or less coloured beneath, precisely as in those of England.

No. 27 a. I have obtained Ketupa Leschenaulti half- grown, and
from the analogy of plumage I feel confident that Strix coromanda,
as figured by Hardwicke, is the young of my umbrata, but certainly
not the true coromanda.

No. 31. This is Buceros albirostris of Shaw, a species which re-
presents B. malabaricus of the Indian peninsula, in Bengal, Nepal,
Assam, and to the eastward of the bay of Bengal. Latham, however,
has badly figured it as B. malabaricus in his vol. ii. pi. 38.

No. 32. I can perceive no good distinction between the Hoopoes
of Bengal and Southern India, further than that the latter are rather
smaller and considerably more deeply coloured. The Bengal bird is
decidedly the European hoopoe, and the position of the white bar
upon the tail varies in different specimens, being in some also much
more oblique than in others.

No. 33 a. I have obtained a single specimen of Merops phillipinus.

No. 34. This common species is replaced in Assam, Tipperah,
Arracan and the Tenasserim provinces by Coracias assamensis
(M'Clelland and Horsfield), which in those parts appears to be
equally common.

No. 37. Halcyon amauropterus is found at all seasons, and may
generally be met with in the Botanic Garden and one or two other
localities. I have also obtained H. atricapillus, which Mr. Jerdon
has likewise recently done in Southern India ; and Todirhamphus col-
laris. H. coromandus I have received from Nepal and from the east-
ern side of the bay.

No. 42. Bucco caniceps is common in the Soonderbuns, and to the
eastward abounds in Tipperah and in Arracan.

No. 43. Picas strictus appears to be the P. goensis of recent au-
thors, but does not well agree with Daubenton's orginal description.
This and some allied species constitute my division Chrysocolaptes
(Journ. As. Soc. B. no. 59. p. 1004), which I consider to be very
distinct from Mr. Strickland's Brachypternus, founded on P. auran-
tius, v. bengalensis.

No. 43 a. Picas (Gecinus) striolatus, nobis, J. A. S. B. vol. xii.
p. 1000, has been procured near here by W. Earle, Esq.

No. 48. I have obtained several specimens of Yunx torquilla.

No. 52. For notices of this extremely variable species, vide J. A.

S. B. xi. 908, and xii. 241 and 944, where also are described several

species of Centropus. I may remark that I have received Cuculus

Sonnerati from Singapore as well as from Southern India *. Eudy-

* Is not C. Sonnerati the young of some other species? — II. E. S.

40 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

namys orientalis was omitted by an oversight ; and another species to
be added to the list is Phoenicophaus tristis, the Ph. longicaudatus of
my monograph of oriental Cuculidte.

Nos. 56, 57 and 58 are true Caprimulgi.

No. 58 a. Caprimulgus indicus, apud Jerdon, procured in this
neighbourhood, and presented to the Society by my friend Willis
Earle, Esq. The same gentleman has also shown me part of ,a col-
lection formed in Monghyr, a range of hills at no great distance up
the river, among which I perceive various species that do not occur
in this immediate vicinity, e. g. Butastur (Hodgson) teesa ; Urrua ben-
galensis (Otus bengalensis, Franklin; Urrua cavearia, Hodgson) ; Picus
mahrattensis ; Zanclostomus sirkee ; Lanius lahtora, L. erythronotus,
L. Hardwickei ; Malacocercus chatarhaa ; Thamnobia fulicata (the
female of this is Saxicolides erythrurus, Lesson in Belanger's ' Voy-
age'); Motacilla variegata, Lath, (not of Vieillot ; M. picata, Frank-
lin) ; Sitta castaneoventris ; Columba cambayensis ; Philomachus ven-
tralis ; Cursorius asiaticus ; — and of species which are rare here, Cu-
culus canorus and Oriolus aureus of my list ; both the latter and 0.
chinensis I have also received from Midnapore. I have also reason to
believe that on the same range occurs the Garrulax ruficollis (Jardine)
(Ianthocincla lunata, M'Clell.), of which I lately received a few spe-
cimens from Tipperah.

No. 59 a. Add a Cypselus allied to C. australis, Gould, and iden-
tical with that received from the Deccan by Mr. Jerdon as noticed
in J. A. S. B. vol. xi. p. 886.

No. 61. Corvus macrorhynchos,v. culminatus. A pair of these birds
which I lately shot measured each 1 9| inches by 3 feet in alar ex-
panse ; wing 12 in. and tail 7-J in. Mr. Jerdon, however, gives length
21 in. ; of wing 13-^ in. ; tail 7f in. ; and Col. Sykes assigns, "length
14 in., and tail 7 in.," which, added together, gives the same total di-
mensions as are stated by Mr. Jerdon. It doubtless varies in dimen-
sions like the next species.

No. 62. The variations of size in this most common species are
very observable in the living birds. Picking out a large and a small
one, the former measured 17} in. by 2 ft. 8 in. ; wing 11 in., and
tail 1\ in. : the latter gave 15 in. by 2 ft. 5 in. ; wing 9^ in., and
tail 5f in.

No. 63. Latham terms this Corvus rufus, and rightly assigns to it
one of its Bengalee names, derived from its note ; but I think it is
more commonly styled Takka-chore, or "Rupee-thief."

Nos. 64 and 65. Gracula indica inhabits Southern India, and is
the Gr. religiosa of Mr. Jerdon's list. Gr. religiosa vera inhabits the
hilly parts of Bengal, and is common in Nepal and in the countries
eastward of the bay.

No. 70. Mr. Jerdon's Pastor malabaricus is probably the P. do-
minicanus, apud Lesson, in the Zoology of M. Belanger's ' Voyage ' :
vide J. A. S. B. no. 9. for a notice of the Indian Mynahs and some
additional species.

[My genus Trichastoma certainly appears to be identical with Mr.
J5y ton's Malacoptcron, and my Tr. ajfine is probably his M. cinereus ;

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 41

but TV. rostratum must be distinct from M. magnum, and I have other
members of this group which will require subgeneric division.]

No. 74. Malacocercus terricolor is badly figured by Edwards,
pi. 184, on which was founded Turdus canorus of Linnaeus, a name
which really cannot stand, as a more thoroughly songless bird does
not exist ; what cries it has are particularly harsh and chattering —
atch, atch, atch. The name Baniahbou (given it by Buffon) refers to
the black-headed oriole, this being called Saat bhye (seven brothers),
as they always go in families ; and Chatarhaa (though it is not the
Chatarhcca of Franklin), which is a much smaller bird, more striated,
and having a longer and more graduated tail.

No. 74 a. Add Malacocercus Earlei, nobis.

No. 75 a. My friend Mr. Frith, a most accurate observer, assures
me that Timalia pileata, Horsfield, is to be met with. Mr. Hodgson
has sent it from Nepal, and it is included in Dr. M'Clelland's cata-
logue of the birds procured by him in Assam.

No. 76. Several common Taylor-birds were brought me the other
day, on the authority of which I can now safely assert that the Or-
thotomus sepium of Sykes is merely the young of 0. longicauda (his
0. Bennett).

No. 76 a. Prima inornata is common in grass-jungle and reeds,
and it occurs also in Nepal. This and other Indian Prima are de-
cidedly congeneric with the Drymoic&(Sw.) of Dr. A.Smith's ' South
African Zoology.'

No. 76 b. Prinia flaviventris is obtained within a short distance of
this place. This is the Orthotomus flaviventris of Delessert, and I
suspect Motacilla olivacea of Raffles ; I had previously received it
from Singapore and Tenasserim.

No. 77. Iora tiphia ; distinct both from /. zeylonica of Southern
India, and from /. scapularis of the Malay countries. In reply to
Mr. Strickland's request, I may briefly remark that the anatomy of
this bird is on the usual passerine type : its food small insects, which
it constantly seeks among the foliage and small twigs of trees, where
it is ever in motion, attracting attention by its lively yellow colour,
and more so by the great variety of its notes ; these latter are much
as in the Pari, and are so various as not unfrequently to occasion dis-
appointment to the ornithologist, who had been thus led to suspect
the presence of some unusual species ; but its only proper song- note
is a very peculiar one, whence is derived one of the native appella-
tions of the bird— futteekjou, the second syllable of this being exces-
sively prolonged. The nest is a beautiful structure, one before me
being of a cup- shape, resting upon and bound to a twig of guava,
from which a slight stem branches off" obliquely upward on one side,
and the base of this is bound into the lower half of the nest ; the rim
and cupped portion are surprisingly thin, but still very compact, the
nest being chiefly constructed of fine cocoa-nut fibres, which form the
interior lining, whilst the outside is bound and fastened with a pro-
fusion of delicate webs of leaf-rolling caterpillars and spiders : the
eggs I have not seen. This genus is undoubtedly very isolated in

42 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

its affinities ; but it certainly belongs to the great and much-varied
Timalia series*.

No. 78 a. Turdus unicolor, Gould, must be added to the list, as I
have obtained two specimens in this neighbourhood. I have exten-
sive materials on hand for a monograph on Indian Thrushes.

No. 79, The specific name rubecula was a slip of the pen on my
part for citrina, though the former name is also erroneously included
in the list of Assamese birds collected by Dr. M'Clelland. This spe-
cies is the Turdus Macei of Vieillot, and also (as Mr. Jerdon informs
me) the T. albonotatus, Cuvier.

No. 81. Of a number of Dhyals received from Singapore, I can
perceive no difference from the Bengal bird in the male sex, but the
females have a black head and back, nearly as deep as in the males,
whereas in the Bengal females the upper parts are always ash-gray.
Mr. Swainson has subdivided the saularis into two or three species.

No. 82. In connexion with the Shahmour, I may notice the night-
ingale, termed Bulbul Bhostah, which is imported from the countries
west of the Indus, and many are kept by some of the wealthy baboos,
who purchase them at an enormous price. These are carried about
by their servants of a morning, according to native custom, and for
these two or three months past some eight or ten have been thus
daily brought to the fish-bazar, in cages wrapped round and round
with cloth, where the incessant noise and clamour excite them to
sing : the note I at once recognised, of course, though it scarcely
seems to be equal to that of our English nightingale ; but I had some
trouble to obtain a sight of one of the captives, and then only by
main force, when through the darkened cage I could perceive
clearly enough that the bird was a true nightingale, and as far as I
could make out, it was the British species, but of this I will not be
positive f. An ornithologist will, I am sure, appreciate the annoy-
ance of continually hearing the note of some fine song-bird in a
closely covered cage, and to be constantly refused a sight of it ; to
have hookum nai (" no orders ") as the invariable reply to your most
civil requests to be allowed to view it : there remained but one prac-
ticable alternative, and of that I availed myself ; the bird proving to
be so perfectly tame and void of fear that there was no occasion
whatever for covering it over ; but it is the custom to do so, and that
is sufficient reason to a Bengalee.

Nos. 84 to 88. Eight species of this group have been described by

* I am rather disposed to place Ibra among the Oriolince. The form of
the beak and feet, and the disposition of the colours, are very similar to
those of Oriolus, and Dr. Horsfield has lately obtained a new Ibra equal in
size to the small Oriolus xanthonotus. This view is now confirmed by the
interesting account given by Mr. Blyth of the nidification of Ibra. Mr.
Jerdon has given me a similar account of /. zeylonica : he says it lays four
eggs, pale reddish, with darker spots like those of Hcematornis (Pycnonotus),
and its chief food is spiders. — H. E. S.

f Since writing the above, I have looked at another, which I could see to
more advantage ; the bird sung lustily all the while, and it decidedly ap-
peared to be the British species.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 43

me in J. A. S. B. no. 59. p. 963 et seq. as occurring in the vicinity
of Calcutta.

No. 88 a. I have just procured a second specimen of Phylloscopus
nitidus, so that I have now confirmed all my described new species
of this genus on a plurality of specimens.

No. 90 a. Add a smaller species of Acrocephalus, allied to A.
montanus, and which I believe is the Sylvia rama of Sykes.

Nos. 92 and 93. These are species of true Sphenura, vel Dasy-
ornis. Of Sph. colluriceps I have recently obtained two fine speci-
mens, and Mr. Jerdon has procured additional examples of Sph. stri-
ata. These birds frequent the densest grass-jungle, and Mr. Frith
has well suggested to me that the remarkable firm and elastic ant-
orbital bristles are designed to protect the eyes when the bird is
pushing its way through the grass- stems. This intent is, indeed,
obvious enough when once suggested.

No. 95. This, with some allied species, now constitutes my genus
Cy ornis, of which I know four Indian representatives, viz. C. rubecu-
loides, C. banyumas, C. Tickellice*, nobis (Muscicapa hyacintha, apud
Tickell), and C. unicolor, nobis.

No. 97. Add Muscicapa bilineata, Lesson, to the synonyms of this
species.

No. 98 is, I now think, the true Saxicola rubicola, and no. 99 also
occurs in this neighbourhood.

No. 99 a. A splendid living specimen of Orocetes cinclorhyncha
was brought to me, and kept some time in a cage, when the care-
lessness of a servant suffered it to escape. It was impossible to look
at this beautiful bird alive without being convinced of its close affinity
to the Stone-chats, and not to the Petrocinclce ; and with the Saxico-
line birds it must be arranged. In this neighbourhood it seems to be
a rare and accidental bird.

No. 101. Respecting Muscipeta paradisi, I have to observe that
both sexes are rufous, with short tails, and merely an indication of the
black hood, in nestling plumage ; that during the following year both
sexes continue rufous, with the crested black hood, the male being al-
ready distinguished by its lengthened middle tail-feathers ; that after
this the males, I think generally, but the females not until a later pe-
riod, assume the white dress, wherein the sexes are still distinguished
by the difference of tail. I am informed that the males breed in the
rufous plumage, and I have repeatedly seen a white male paired with
a rufous female : white females are indeed rare ; and I possess one
specimen of this sex with rufous upper-parts and white under-parts,
which however is not moulting, but had thrown out this parti -coloured
plumage at its last change : a similar parti-coloured male is figured
by Mr. Jerdon in the first number of his ' Illustrations of Indian Or-
nithology,' published a few weeks ago.

* I have described this species as C. Tickellice, but I now suspect that the
Muscicapa rubecula, Sw. (Nat. Libr., Flycatchers), is the female of this
one rather than of C. banyumas, in which case the name rubecula must be
retained for it.

44 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

No. 104. I have procured but one more example of Cryptolopha
poiocephala.

No. 109. Graucalus papuensis of India generally and the Malay
countries (Ceblepyris javensis, Horsfield, and Gr. nipalensis, Hodg-
son) certainly appears to accord with Latham's description of the
Papuan Crow, excepting that the loral region is not black, but merely
of a darker ash-colour than the rest. Length about 12 inches, of
wing 6£ to 6^ in., and of tail 5 to 5^ in. Although, in the few cases
which I have examined, the females have been distinguished by ha-
ving the under-parts transversely striated from the throat, yet I have
received two or three skins marked as female which had the lower
parts as in the male. Of several specimens before me, none equals
the dimensions of those assigned by Mr. Hodgson, though I have
received specimens from him marked as nipalensis, which were per-
fectly identical in species with those of Bengal, Southern India, &c.

No. 111. Lalage Sykesi, as described by Mr. Strickland, is the
adult male of the species referred by Mr. Jerdon and myself, after
Col. Sykes, to Ceblepyris fimbriatus *. No. 110 should also probably
be placed as a Lalage, but the divisions of this group do not appear
to be generally well-defined.

No. 112. Mr. Strickland is right in his identification of this shrike,
which is also the L. phoznicurus of India, apud Latham, and his L.
lucionensis, L . melanotis , Valenciennes, L.ferrugiceps, Hodgson; and
it is further noticed by Latham as the " Curcutia, said to be found
about Calcutta, making a harsh noise," as mentioned in his account
of L. rufus. Mr. Swainson erroneously refers the L. erythronotus,
Vigors, to L. superciliosus. The latter is described to inhabit Java
as well as India, and Raffles includes it in his catalogue of Sumatran
birds ; I have also received it from Singapore, where, however,
another species with analogous plumage appears to be more common,
the L. magnirostris of Lesson (Bel. Voy.), v. L. sirigatus, Eytonf.

Two other species are met with in this vicinity, the L. antiguanus,

* If my Lalage Sykesi be the male of the Ceblepyris fimbriatus of Sykes,
Jerdon and Blyth, the latter name must be incorrectly used. In my speci-
mens of what I consider the true C. fimbriatus of Temminck, the wing is
4 inches 8 lines long, while in L. Sykesi it is 4 inches 1 line. Moreover my
C. fimbriatus has the rump-feathers spiny, proving it to be a true Campephaga,
while in L. Sykesi they are soft, which was my chief reason for placing it
in the genus Lalage. — H. E. S.

f I formerly supposed with Mr. Blyth that the Lanius lucionensis, Linn.,
from the Philippine Islands, the L. superciliosus, Lath., from the Malay
countries, and theZ. cristatus, Linn., from Bengal, were one and the same;
but having now obtained specimens from all these countries, I find that these
form three distinct though closely allied species. L. lucionensis has the front
gray, passing into grayish-brown on the crown and rich rufous-brown on the
back and tail ; L. superciliosus has the front white, the crown and upper
parts rufous, and is I presume the L. magnirostris of Belanger, but I cannot
at the moment refer to his work ; L. cristatus has the whole front and upper
parts rufous, and a smaller beak than the other two ; it must I suppose be
called melanotis, the name cristatus being n likely to propagate an import-
ant error." — H. E. S.

Calcutta j with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 45

Latham (v. nigriceps, Franklin, v. tricolor, Hodgson, and Indian
Shrike, Latham), and L. tephronotus, Vigors (v. nipalensis, Hodgson,
and Grey -backed Shrike of Latham).

No. 115. This is Ocypterus leucorhynchos of Mr. Jerdon's cata-
logue, and also the Assamese leucorhynchos of Messrs. M'Clelland
and Horsfield.

No. 116. Chibia hottentotta, v. Cometes krishna; the former spe-
cific name, according to Mr. Strickland, being "expressive of its
black plumage ;" the Hottentots, however, are not a black race ; and
the name (of which Mr. Martin failed to learn the derivation) is
evidently a corruption of heiden-staat, the Dutch equivalent for
" heathen state*." Corvus hottentottus is also stated to have been
observed by Thunberg in CafFraria, which, if true, indicates another
meaning for the specific name ; but the description certainly applies
to the young of the Indian species.

With respect to the other Indian Drongos, there is no difficulty
about the birds themselves, but only as regards their synonymy. I
have endeavoured to reduce this in J. A. S. B. xi. 799 et seq., to
which I have subsequently added, that D. aeratus, Stephens, is iden-
tical with ceneus, and that I have received the true balicassius from
Mr. Hodgson as his annectens. But I had not Latham's work to refer
to at the time of preparing the synopsis of the birds alluded to, and
now that it is before me, I will endeavour to advance another step
towards their complete determination.

The name Edolius I limit to those species which have prolonged
stems to their outer rectrices, whereof the twirled extremities are
barbed only on the outer sidef; the Bhringa (subsequently Melisseus)
tectirostris of Hodgson, founded on E. remifer, auct., differs consi-
derably from the others, and has the extremities of its outer rectrices
barbed on both sides and not twirled. I now think that there are
as many as four species of these restricted Edolii, for a Singapore
specimen without any crest which I saw lately in the possession of a
friend, and which is doubtless Gould's rangoonensis, appeared to differ
from that with a slight frontal crest which I described in J. A. S. B.
xi. 172, and of which I figured the bill and forehead in the plate an-
nexed to p. 802 of the same volume ; but on sending for my friend's
specimen to compare it with that in the museum, I regret to learn
that he has shipped it for France. The following appears to me to
be the synonymy of the species.

* Such at least is the opinion of a friend, tolerably well versed in philo-
logy ; but another friend of mine, who is familiar with the Dutch language,
will not admit it ; and referring to the ' Encyclopaedia Britannica,' I find it
remarked, that " The natives of this country are called Hottentots, in their
own language ; a word of which it is vain to inquire the meaning, since the
language of this country can scarce be learned by any other nation."

f This is not quite correct ; the long webs are on the inner, not the outer
side. Moreover both sides of these feathers are furnished with webs, though
the external ones are very short. These species Bhould therefore be placed
in the same genus as Bhringa remifer; and as Cuvier's name. Edolius cannot
be retained (being a mere synonym of Dicrurus, Vieill.), the term Bhringa
should be extended to all these racket-tailed Dicrurince. — H. E. S.

46 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

1 . E. grandis, Gould ; malabaricus, Shaw and Stephens, and as
figured by Latham, doubtless from Lady Impey's drawing described
by him ; malabaroides , Hodgson ; and perhaps, rather than the next,
the Cuculus paradiseus, Linn. Nepal, Tenasserim.

2. E. paradiseus ? (Linn.) ; retifer, Tern. ; platurus, Vieillot ; ma-
labaricus, Gould ; cristatellus , nobis ; Assamese grandis, apud Hors-
field, as identified from Dr. M'Clelland's drawing of the specimen.
Bengal, Southern India, Tenasserim. From Nepal I have only seen
the preceding species*.

3. E. rangoonensis, apud nos. Tenasserim.

4. E. rangoonensis, Gould ; perhaps the Malabar Shrike or Drongo
of Sonnerat and Buffon, but a crestless species remains to be verified
as inhabiting Southern India. Rangoon, Singapore.

Of Bhringa (subsequently Melisseus), Hodgson, I know only —

Bhr. remifer (Tem.) ; tectirostris, Hodgson ; Assamese rangoo-
nensis (?), apud Horsfield. Himalaya, Assam.

Next to this might be placed the Chaptia (since Prepopterus) ,
Hodgson, founded on —

Ch. eeneus (Vieillot) ; aeratus, Stephens ; muscipetoides, Hodgson ;
Butchanga of the Bengalees, a name which Mr. Hodgson assigns to
the Bengal Fingah ; Bronzed Shrike of Latham. India generally.

There now remain the restricted Dicruri, of which I am well ac-
quainted with four Indian species.

1. D. balicassius (Linn.); Javanese forficatus (?), apud Horsfield ;
annectens, Hodgson. Bill more crow-like than in the others, and tail
much less deeply forked. Malay countries, Nepal.

2. D. indicus, Stephens ; albirictus, Hodgson, figured by him in
As. Res. xviii. pi. 2 ; Fingah of the Bengalees ; Indian balicassius,
auctorum : the beak of this species is much more shrike-like than in
the others. India generally, being everywhere the most common
species f.

3. D. macrocercus, Vieillot; biloba, Licht. (if these names should
not be rather referred to the preceding species, both having the
tail equally forked in fine specimens ; perhaps also cineraceus, Hors-
field, of Java, and leucopheeus, Vieillot, of Ceylon, founded on the
Drongri of Levaillant, as very ashy specimens are not unfrequent) ;
Neel Fingah of the Bengalees. About the same size as the preceding,

* The Cuculus paradiseus of Linnaeus is founded on a description by
Brisson of a bird from Siam with a short crest, measuring, according to
Brisson's figure, one inch from its extremity to the base of the beak. There
is therefore no doubt that this is the cristatellus of Mr. Blyth. I should
rather doubt the distinctness of the rangoonensis of Mr. Gould from that of
Mr. Blyth : they may perhaps be different ages of the same bird. — H. E. S.

f Mr. Blyth's second species is certainly the Drongolon of Levaillant,
the basis of macrocercus, Vieillot, bilobus, Licht., and indicus, Steph., and
Vieillot's specific name must be used for it. Mr. Bly th's third species is not
cineraceus of Dr. Horsfield (as that bird is uniform pale cinereous), and it
is probably not the leucophceus, Vieill. {ceylonensis, Steph., cinereus, Swains.),
as that is described as wholly silvery gray, and is therefore probably the
same as cineraceus, Horsf. Should this be so, Mr, Blyth's third species will
require a new specific name. — H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 47

but readily distinguished from it by the ashy tinge of its plumage,
especially on the under-parts, which have never much dark gloss, and
often scarcely a trace of it (whereas in the two preceding the gloss
is very nearly as bright below as above) ; likewise by the shape of
the beak, which is much less shrike-like, being less strongly and
abruptly hooked at tip, also much less compressed, with the ridge of
the upper mandible distinctly angulated, instead of being obtusely
rounded ; and the tarsi are shorter, scarcely exceeding five -eighths of
an inch. Irides bright brownish red. Inhabits Bengal, Nepal and
Southern India.

4. D. ccerulescens, apud Jerdon, and of myself, ante. This is the true
Lanius ccerulescens of Linnaeus, founded on pi. 56 of Edwards's birds *.
Distinguished from the last species by its inferior size, and by always
having the belly, vent and lower tail-coverts pure white, not merely
tipped with white as in the immature plumage of the rest. Struc-
ture and colouring in other respects precisely as in the last species,
and irides also the same. Length of wing4| to 5 inches ; of middle
tail-feathers 4 in., and outermost (in a particularly fine specimen) 1 jin.
more, being generally less. I have only obtained two specimens of
this bird here, but have received it from Bengal and Central India,
and Mr. Jerdon meets with it in the south. It is obviously distinct
as a species.

Of these four Dicruri, I have forwarded specimens to the India-
house. The D. leucogaster, Vieillot, vel albiventris, Stephens (a
name that would apply excellently to no. 4), founded on the Drongri
a ventre blanc of Levaillant, said to have " all the under-parts, from
chin to vent, white," and to inhabit Batavia, requires, I think, veri-
fication ; and D. viridescens, Gould, is a good species, inhabiting the
Indo-Chinese and probably the Malay countries.

No. 122. Pycnonotus hcemorrhousa, v. Ixos pseudocafer, nobis,
passim, is also common in Arracan. I have a considerable number
of Bulbuls to determine, several being evidently new ; but the clas-
sification of them is far from being easy. The common Bengal species,
which I have regarded as cqfer, resembles hcemorrhousa, except in its
larger size, in having the nape and entire breast black, and the back
also darker. It measures 9^ inches by 12^ in. ; wing 4 in., and tail
the same or nearly sof.

No. 124. Mr. Strickland is right in supposing this to be the spe-
cies figured by Gould as Pitta brachyura ; it being the Corvus bra-
chyurus, var. B and var. F of Latham, and also, as I fully suspect,
the P. abdominalis, Wagler ; while the Linnsean bird I conceive to
be also Latham's var. E, described from Sonnerat, P. malaccensis,
Scopoli, &c, a common Malayan species extending northward to
Arracan, and which has always a black chin. For some descriptions
of Pitta, vide J. A. S. B. no. 59. n. s. p. 960 et seq. J

* It is also the Lanius jing ah of Shaw, which is founded on the same
plate of Edwards.— H. E. S.

f It hence appears that the cafer of Bengal is identical with that of South
Africa.— H. E. S.

% Several species of Pitta are here confounded : — 1. The true Corvus bra-

48 Linnaan Society.

No. 126. The bird here referred to, Oriolus galbula, is, I am now
satisfied, the young male O. kundoo, as I have received specimens
from Central India precisely similar in colouring which were deci-
dedly that species. The Bengal example referred to has imperfect
wings and tail, or the dimensions of the former would have proved
it to be distinct from O. galbula. It is still the only example of the
species which I have met with here, though others have been sent
me from Midnapore. In a notice which I gave of the Asiatic spe-
cies of this genus in J. A. S. B. two corrections are necessary, the
O. acrorhynchus, Vigors, being distinct from 0. chinensis, and the
0. castanopterus, nobis, being merely the second plumage of O. leu-
cogaster, v. xanthonotus .

[To be continued.]

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

LINNJ1AN SOCIETY.

March 5, 1844.— E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read a paper " On Spiranthes gemmipara." By Charles Cardale
Babington, Esq., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c.

Two specimens of this very rare plant were first found by Mr.
James Drummond in or about the year 1810, near Castletown, Bear-
haven, in the county of Cork, " opposite the western redoubt, grow-
ing in a salt-marsh near the shore." One of these was communi-
cated to Sir James E. Smith, who published it in his « English Flora '
under the name of Neottia gemmipara, with a description furnished
by Mr. Drummond. Within these few years the plant has been again
discovered near to, but probably not in exactly the original spot, by
Dr. P. A. Armstrong, who on the 30th of September 1843 con-
ducted Mr. Babington and Mr. E. Winterbottom to the station,
where they saw about twelve specimens, several of which had been
destroyed by cattle, and all were in rather an advanced state of
flowering.

From the specimens then collected Mr. Babington gives a detailed
description of the plant, which differs in a slight degree from that
furnished to Sir J. E. Smith by Mr. Drummond. He thinks it may
fairly be referred to the genus Spiranthes, although differing from
the other European species in some particulars ; the most remarkable
of these differences consisting in the connexion of all the sepals with

chyurus of Linnaeus (founded on Turdus viridis moluccensis of Brisson),with
throat black and lower parts fulvous, from the Moluccas ; 2. the " com-
mon Malayan species which has always a black chin " is probably P. cucul-
lata, figured in the last Number of the ' Annals ' ; 3. Pitta brachyura of
Gould, with a black beak and white throat, from the Himalaya and Bengal,
and which wants a specific name ; 4. a species with yellowish beak, white
throat, and a white or bluish-white streak over the eye : this is the P. ma-
laccensis (Scop.) (superciliari.<i,Wag\.), founded en Sonn. ' Voy. Ind.'pl. 1 10,
and is also the abdominalis, Wagl., founded on Edwards, pi. 324. — H. E. S.

Linnaan Society. 49

the two lateral petals. The difference in -habit is considerable in
consequence of the great density of the spike, and the arrangement
of the flowers in three spiral lines*.

A notice of a specimen of this plant, exhibited before the Society
on the 7th of February 1843, by the Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S.
&c, will be found at p. 462 of vol. xi. of this Journal.

Read also a continuation of Mr. Griffith's memoir, comprehending
the parts relating to Cytinus and to Mystropetalon.

March 19.— E. Forster, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Read the commencement of a " Monograph on the Class Myria-
poda, Order Chilopoda; with observations on the general arrange-
ment of the Articulata" By George Newport, Esq., Fellow of the
Royal College of Surgeons, President of the Entomological Society,
&c. Communicated by the Secretary.

April 2.— R. Brown, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Read a continuation of Mr. Newport's " Monograph on the My-
riapoda Chilopoda."

April 16.— E. Forster, Esq., V.P ., in the Chair.

Read the conclusion of Mr. Newport's " Monograph on the My-
riapoda Chilopoda."

Mr. Newport commences his memoir by remarking on the smaller
degree of attention which has been paid to Myriapoda than to any
other class of Articulata. His inability, from this circumstance, sa-
tisfactorily to identify the specimens in the anatomical examination
of which he was engaged, induced him to undertake a complete re-
vision of the class, as far as the materials within his reach, and con-
tained in the cabinets of the Rev. F. W. Hope, the British Museum,
the United Service Museum, that of the Zoological Society, and in
the Linnean and Banksian collections in the possession of the Society,
would admit.

After passing in review the characters of the class, and noticing
the different views of authors with respect to its classification as a
whole, Mr. Newport enters at length into the reasons which induce
him, in accordance with Leach,. Latreille and others, and in oppo-
sition to Professor Brandt, to separate the Myriapoda from true in-
sects, and to place them, as a class, immediately before the Annelida.

He details his motives for preferring, with reference to the classi-
fication of the Invertebrata, a system founded on the skeleton and
organs of locomotion, together with the nervous system, to that
which is usually adopted, based on the organs of nutrition. Guided
by these views he proposes to place the sub-kingdom Articulata at
the head of the Invertebrata, and (following in the steps of our di-
stinguished countrymen Kirby and Spence) to commence with the
Hexapods or true Insects, placing after these the Octopods or Arach-

* In a subsequent communication Mr. Babington states that he lias iden-
tified the Irish plant with specimens of Spiranthes cernua, Rich., from North
America, in the herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker.

Ann. $ Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. E

50 Limuean Society.

nida, and the Decapods or Crustacea, to be followed by the Myria-
poda, the Annelida, and the remainder of the Articulata.

The more important objections to this mode of arrangement are
considered and answered ; and the author next proceeds to examine
the division of the Myriapoda into tribes and genera, on which sub-
ject he agrees, to a considerable extent, with Professor Brandt,
whose plan he has followed closely in the formation of the families,
sections and genera, and in the characters assigned to them, but
whose division of the class into masticating and sucking Myriapoda
he has been unable to adopt. The following is a synoptic table of
the genera of the whole class : —

Class MYRIAPODA, Leach.

Ord. I. CHILOPODA, Latr. — Caput latum, prominens. Corporis seg-
menta inaequalia ; singula par unicum pedum ad segmentorum latera
insertorum gerentia. Mandibulae prominentes, acutae, falciformes. Or-
ganorum sexualium apertura ad extremitatem analem.

Trib. 1. Schizotausia, Brandt. — Antennae pluri-articulatae, graciles,
corpore longiores. Tarsi longi, pluri-articulati, inaequales. Oculi
compositi, prominentes, globosi.

Fam. ]. Cermatiidce, Leach. — Scuta dorsalia 8; singula segmenta
2 ventralia obtegentia. Stigmata median a.

Gen. 1. Cermatia, Illig. — Oculi prominentes. Caput trans-
versum. Scuta dorsalia emarginata. Stomatum latera in-
crassata.

Trib. 2. Holotarsia, Brandt. — Tarsi 3-articulati. Caput e segmentis
2 mobilibus efformatum. Antennae corpore haud longiores, setaceae
vel filiformes, 14 — 60-articulatae. Oculi stemmatosi, aggregati,
simplices vel nulli.

Fam. 2. Lithobiidce, N.ewp. — Scuta dorsalia 15, subquadrata, in-
aequalia ; angulis elongatis, acutis. Coxae posteriores excava-
tionibus ovatis.

Gen. 2. Lithobius, Leach. — Ocelli numerosi. Caput latum,

depressum. Labrum denticulatum.
Gen. 3. Henicops, Newp. — Segmentum cephalicum latum;
ocellorum pari unico.

Fam. 3. Scolopendridce, Leach. — Segmenta podophora 21 vel 23.
Pedes posteriores incrassati; articulo primo vel secundo spinoso.

Gen. 4. Scolopendra, L. — Segmentum cephalicum cordatum,
imbricaturn. Ocellorum paria 4. Spiraculorum valvularium
paria 9.

Gen. 5. Cormocephalus, Newp. — Segmentum cephalicum
posticfc truncatum. Spiracula valvularia.

Gen. 6. Rhombocephalus, Newp. — Segmentum cephalicum
basilareque rhomboidea. Labium angustatum.

Gen. 7. Heterostoma, Newp. — Segmentum cephalicum trun-
catum. Dentesmagni. Spiracula cribriformia, in paribus 10.

Gen. 8. Scolopendropsis, Brandt. — Segmentum cephalicum
truncatum. Pedum paria 23.

Gen. 9. Theatops, Newp. — Ocelli distincti. Antennae 17-

Linnaan Society. 5i

articulatae, subulatae. Pedes posteriores clavati. Labium
dentatum.
Gen. 10. Cryptops, Leach. — Ocelli nulli vel absconditi. An-
tennae 1 7-articulatae. Labium haud denticulatum.

Fam. 4. Geophilidce, Leach. — Segmenta subaequalia, singula e
subsegmentis 2 completis sed inaequalibus efFormata. Segmen-
tum anale pedibus brevibus styliformibus.

Sub/am. 1. Scolopendrellince, Newp. — Corpus breve, crassum.
Antennae 14 — 20-articulatae.

Gen. 11. Scolopendrella, Gervais. — Pedum paria 10.
Antennae moniliformes, 14 — 20-articulatae.

Subfam. 2. Geophilinae, Newp. — Segmenta numerosa. An-
tennae 14-articulatae.

Gen. 12. Mecistocephalus, Newp. — Segmentum cepha-

licum angustissimum, elongatum. Corpus attenuatum.

Labium latum, integrum.
Gen. 13. Arthronomalus, Newp. — Segmentum cephali-

cum subquadratum. Antennarum articuli inaequales.

Labium angustum, emarginatum.
Gen. 14. Gonibregmatus, Newp. — Segmentum cephali-

cum cordiforme, acutum. Antennae filiformes. Cor-
pus lineare.
Gen. 15. Geophilus, Leach. — Caput subtriangulare.

Corpus depressum, gradatim incrassatum. Segmenta

pedesque numerosi.

Ord.2. CHILOGNATHA, Latr. — Caput verticale, rotundatum; mandi-
bulae crassae, robustae, vel cum labio coalitae et elongatae ; segmenta nu-
merosa. Corporis segmenta inaequalia. Pedes superficiei ventrali affixi.
Organorum sexualium aperturae in segmenti 4ti et 7 mi superficie ventrali.

Trib. 3. Pentazonia, Brandt. — Corpus ovale, in globum contractile,
dorso valde convexo, ventre complanato. Pedes laminis liberis
mobilibus affixi.

Fam. 5. Glomerida, Leach. — Corpus laeve, in globum contractile.
Oculi distincti.

Gen. 16. Glomeris, Latr. — Ocelli 8, in linea, laterali curvata.

Segmenta 13. Pedum paria 17.
Gen. 17. Zephronia, Gray. — Ocelli numerosi, aggregati.

Antennae 6 — 7-articulatae, clavatae. Pedum paria 21.
Gen. 18. Sphaerotherium, Brandt. — Ocelli aggregati. An-
tennae 7-articulatae, clavatae. Pedum paria 2 1 .

Trib. 4. Monozonia, Brandt. — Corpus vermiforme, elongatum. Seg-
menti singuli dimidia pars anterior cylindrica, posterior lateribus di-
latata; lamina ventrali duplici coalita, pedum paria 2 gerenti.

Fam. 6. Polyxenida, Newp. — Caput arcuatum, prominens. Cor-
pus latum. Pedes attenuati ; coxis maximis. Segmentum anale
fasciculis longis.

Gen. 19. Polyxenus, Latr. — Corpus breve, squamis parvis
penicillatis vestitum. Pedum paria 13.

Fam. 7. Polydesmidee, Leach.

52 Linnaean Society.

Sub/am 1. Polydesmince, Newp. Oculi nulli vel obscuri.

Gen. 20. Fontaria, Gray. — Corpus convexum. Segmenta
imbricata ; laminis lateralibus defiexis.

Gen. 21. Polydesmus, Latr. — Corpus depressum, subcon-
vexum ; laminis lateralibus horizontalibus.

Gen. 22. Strongylosoma, Brandt. — Corpus cylindricum. Seg-
menta tumida; laminis lateralibus rotundatis subnullis.
Subfam. 2. Craspedosomince, Newp. Oculi distincti.

Gen. 23. Craspedosoma, Leach. — Ocelli numerosi, aggregati.
Corpus depressum ; laminis lateralibus prominentibus.

Gen. 24. Platydesmus, Lucas. — Ocelli duo, magni, promi-
nentes. Corpus depressum ; laminis lateralibus prominen-
tibus.

Gen. 25. Cambala, Gray. — Ocelli serie simplici curvata.
Corpus cylindricum; laminis lateralibus brevissimis, in
porcam simplicem desinentibus.

Trib. 5. Bizonia, Newp. — Corpus subcylindricum ; laminis nullis mar-
ginalibus. Antennae 7-articulatae, clavatse. Segmenta numerosa ;
singula e subsegmentis 2 coalitis efformata, pedumque paria 2 ge-
rentia.

Fam. 8. Iulidce, Leach. — Corpus cylindricum ; laminis lateralibus
nullis. Segmenta e subsegmentis 2 coalitis efformata.

Subfam. 1. Synpodopetalince, Newp. Pedes laminis immobi-

libus affixi.

Gen. 26. Platops, Newp. — Caput parvum, complanatum
vel concavum. Pedes graciles, elongati. Corpus pyra-
midale, elongatum.

Gen. 27. lulus, L. — Caput convexum. Corpus cylindri-
cum. Prothoracis latera triangularia. Antennae elon-
gates.

Gen. 28. Unciger, Brandt. — Squama inferior analis mu-
cronata. Corpus cylindricum,

Gen. 29. Spirobolus, Brandt. — Caput convexum. Oculi
subtetragoni. Corpus subpyramidale. Prothoracis la-
tera triangularia. Antennae breves.

Gen. 30. Spiropceus, Brandt.

Gen.3\. Spirocyclistus, Brandt. — Antennae breves. Oculi
elongati, triangulares. Thoracis latera brevia, triangu-
laria.

Gen. 32. Spirostreptus, Brandt. — Antennae breves, arti-
culis infundibulatis. Oculi transversi. Prothoracis la-
tera elongata vel dilatata.

Subfam. 2. Lysiopetalina?, Newp. Pedes laminis mobilibus
affixi.

Gen. 33. Lysiopetalum, Brandt. — Frons dilatata. Pedes
laminis liberis mobilibus affixi.

Fam. 9. Polyzonida?, Newp. (Ommatophora, Brandt). — Ocelli
conspicui, fronti inter antennas in seriebus transversis inserti.
Gen. 34. Polyzonium, Brandt. — Ocelli 6 parvi, in seriebus
2 transversis. Corpus depressum.

Zoological Society. 53

Gen. 35. Siphonotus, Brandt. — Ocelli 2, in serie simplici
transversa.

Fam. 10. Siphonophoridce, Newp. (Typhlogena, Brandt.) — Oculi
nulli.

Gen. 36. Siphonophora, Brandt.— Caput conicum, elonga-
tum. Nutritionis organa rostriformia, elongata.

The author then proceeds to treat at considerable length of the
external anatomy of the Myriapoda, commencing with the composi-
tion and mode of development of the segments and their appendages,
and comparing them in these particulars with Insects. The variations
in the several genera of Myriapoda are particularly noticed ; and the
principles on which their development, in its various modifications,
depends, are elucidated by numerous observations on their mode of
growth. The structure and development of the head are next treated
of in detail in the different families and genera of the Chilopoda ; and
the organs of nutrition are especially examined with reference to their
development and analogies. This branch of the subject is concluded
by an appreciation of the relative value of the different parts of the
skeleton in furnishing generic and specific characters.

The systematic description of the families, genera and species of
the Myriapoda Chilopoda completes the memoir ; which was accom-
panied by a series of drawings, illustrative of their external anatomy
and generic characters.

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Oct. 24, 1843 — William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Bridges on the habits, &c. of some of the smaller species of
Chilian Rodents..

" Mus longicaudatus, Bennett. — I found this mouse in the valley
of Quillota, fourteen leagues distant from Valparaiso, in the vicinity
of brooks and rivulets, amongst weeds and long grass, although from
its appearance I should imagine it seldom takes the water. In that
part of Chile it is not rare, but it cannot be considered a common
species. In the province of Colchagua I have found another species
approaching M. longicaudatus and more abundant, differing slightly
in the length of its tail, and in being somewhat less in size. At first
sight the two species are liable to be confounded. Probably this is
the same species mentioned in p. 40 of the ■ Zool. of the Voyage of
the Beagle ' by Mr. Darwin as being so numerous in the province of
Concepcion.

"Mus longipilis — Waterh., ' Voy. of theBeagle,' — inhabits the pro-
vinces of Aconcagua, Valparaiso and Colchagua. Its favourite haunts
are the hedges made of bushes of Mimosa Cavenia and Trevoa tru
nervis, also other shrubs used indiscriminately for that purpose. It is
necessary to explain that the hedges of the fields of Chile are renewed
every year by throwing on each side of them new layers of bushes,
and that they are frequently two or three yards across, forming thus
a mass of decomposing wood, which gives excellent shelter for the

54 Zoological Society.

numerous small Rodents inhabiting that country, which is so rich in
this interesting group. The Muslongipilis is without a native name
to distinguish it from the other species found in Chile. All the small
species belonging to different families are known and called by the
natives by the name of Llaucha, pronounced Yaw-cha, a term in
the language of the Auracarian Indians signifying a mouse, and this
name is current in the present day in the parts of the country occu-
pied by the descendants of the Spaniards. The general term applied
to the large species is ' Ratones.' There is a species found near
the town of Quillota, fourteen leagues distant from Valparaiso, and
probably not yet known to naturalists, called ' Pericote.' This
animal lives in common in the caves with Octodon Cumingii.

" Myopotamus Coypus, Auct., — Mus Coypus, Molina, — inhabits the
margins of rivers and lakes in the southern provinces of Chile, abound-
ing more in the lakes than in the rivers, where the Typha latifolia
and Scirpus species are plentiful to give them shelter. During the
time of copulation, which takes place in September and October, the
Coypo makes a mournful kind of cry, which somewhat resembles
that of a young child. I was once riding along the margins of one
of the streams which enters the river Teno in the province of Col-
chagua, and my attention was roused by a most melancholy sound,
which I fancied was from a child in the water, and to my surprise I
found it arose from a Coypo seated on a dead stump almost on a
level with the water. I could not help listening for a few minutes
at the singular noise, till on a sudden, when the Coypo saw me, it
disappeared under water. The Coypo possesses a strong attach-
ment for its young, and swims with them on its back till they are
sufficiently large to follow the old ones in pursuit of their food. The
places where the Coypo most abounds in Chile are the borders of
the river Maypo near Santiago, the capital of the country, also in
the lakes of 'Aculeo' and Quintero. The natives, especially the
husbandmen, use the skin of this animal to make tobacco-pouches.

" Octodon Cumingii, Bennett, — Sciurus Degus, Molina, — Dondro-
bins Degus, Meyen, — is the most common of all the Chile Rodents.
It is found in the hedges of the central provinces of Chile, and may
be seen during the day, but more generally in the afternoon. In
habits it is tame, and at first sight distinguished from all other spe-
cies from its activity and by its carrying the tail curved upwards like
the mountain Lagotis or Viscacha. This little animal has a very ex-
tended range : I have seen it as far north as lat. 28°, and in south
35°, and it may probably extend further, but I do not remember seeing
it in the provinces of Chiloe or Valdivia. In the province Coquimbo,
where hedges do not abound, owing to the sterility of the country,
it inhabits rocky situations, living amongst the loose stones on the
slopes of mountains ; and it is frequently found in the caves or bur-
rows of the Chinchilla. The natives employed in killing the ■ Chin-
chillas,' which are not uncommon about Coquimbo and Huasco,
before they commence following the burrows, which they do with
crow-bars, examine the dung of the animals about the caves, and
from their practical knowledge they distinguish at once if the caves

Zoological Society. 55

are inhabited by the Chinchilla or the Octodon. Nevertheless, as
both animals often inhabit the same cave, they frequently after great
labour find it only occupied by the Octodon. From observations
which my long residence in Chile has given me, I am inclined to
believe that the Octodon Cumingii does not breed more than twice
during the year, viz. in spring and autumn, producing from four to six
young at a birth. The favourite food of the Octodon is herbage near
the hedges : but in the winter months, when pressed by hunger, it feeds
on the tender bark of Mimosa Cavenia, also that of Cestrum Palqui.

" Schizodonfuscus — Waterh. 'Proc. Zool. Soc. for November 1841
— is found in the Valle de las Cuevas, on the eastern side of the
Andes, about six leagues from the slopes of the volcano of Peteroa, at
an elevation of from 5 — 7000 feet, in S. lat. 35°. Its favourite abode
is near the mountain streams in grassy situations. There are cer-
tain places in the valley completely undermined by the workings of
this animal; and whilst we were riding over these districts, our
horses frequently plunged almost up to their knees in the burrows.
Whilst rambling in search of the beautiful alpine plants I could not
help feeling surprise at finding animals of this order in such a locality
as those elevated valleys, which are covered with snow at least four
months during the year. The question is, do they on the approach
of snow-storms migrate towards the verge of the Pampas, or make a
provision of dried grass and roots for the winter months ? I should
give my opinion in favour of the latter, judging from their enormous
burrows. The Schizodonfuscus is nocturnal like Poephagomys ater :
those I procured were shot in the evening near the entrances of their
caves. I have seen them burrowing and throwing the sand out of
their caves during the day ; but the moment they hear a noise their
labours cease and they retire deeper into their caves.

" Notice of the new animal allied to Octodon. — This animal is found
in the vicinity of the town of Curico, in the province of Colchagua ;
it inhabits the hedges made of dead bushes, and does not appear to
burrow, like many other species. The present species may be known
by the singular chirping or whistling noise which it makes. It forms
its nest in the decomposing bushes and sometimes on the surface of
the ground, of dried grass, and appears to live in small communities
of one or two families. This animal appears to be more rare than
many other Rodents, as I have never been able to find it in any other
locality, except the one above mentioned.

" Poephagomys ater, F. Cuvier ; Mus cyanus, Molina. — The Poe-
phagomys ater is undoubtedly the animal alluded to by Molina under
the name Mus cyanus ; his long description of its habits agrees in
most respects with the habits of this little animal ; but I have never
yet heard it called by the natives ' Guanque' : it is generally known
in Chile by the name of Cururo and Cuyeita ; Guanque is the ver-
nacular name of a species of Dioscorea on which the 'Cururo' subsists.
Molina is perfectly correct in saying that it stores up a considerable
quantity of provisions, which consist of the Dioscorea, Conanthera,
Ornithogalum, Brodicea, and other bulbs and tubers which abound in
the country. The poorer class of inhabitants being aware of its

56 Zoological Society.

habits, sound the caves or burrows, and rob them of their store,
which they eat. The jaws of the Cururo are capable of extraordi-
nary expansion, and by this provision of nature it is enabled to carry
bulbs and tubers of a large size to its granary.

" The work of this little animal would surprise a person unac-
quainted with its habits ; I have frequently seen a considerable sur-
face of ground completely undermined by its burrows. It generally
selects the slopes of hills and mountains, where bulbs are found,
especially in the interior parts of the country : its caves are carried
in a horizontal course, at the depth of eight or ten inches, or rather
about the depth in which they meet their food.

'*. This little animal may be considered nocturnal, seldom or ever
making its appearance during the day ; those which I procured were
obtained by waiting for them in the evening, and shooting them when
their head scarcely emerged from their caves.

" Whilst residing in the elevated valleys of the Andes, on the
eastern side, I observed on the dry slopes of the mountains the la-
bours of a Rodent (probably a species of Ctenomys or Poephagomys)
different from any I had previously met with ; the chief difference
consisted in the mouth of the cave never being left open. Its mode of
burrowing is similar to Poephagomys ater, in being near the surface ;
but as I was unfortunately unprovided with traps, I could not obtain
one,

" Lag otis pallipes, Bennett. — This is the mountain ' Vis each a' ;
the specimen brought home by me, and now in the British Museum,
was taken on the east side of the Andes, at an elevation of 4000
to 5000 feet, between Villavicencia and Uspallata. The specimen
alluded to I found soon after sunrise near Uspallata, in a rocky val-
ley ; I saw four of these animals feeding on the scanty herbage, and
at first took them to be young foxes, but my men assured me to the
contrary. I gave my dog in charge of one of the men, so that I might
approach them ; but, unfortunately, before I got within gunshot the
dog got loose. It was amusing to see these animals bound over the
rugged and rocky side of the mountain, swinging their beautiful
brushy tail and endeavouring to regain the caves in the rock.

" There is a mountain ■ Viscacha' on the west side of the Andes,
but not having seen it, I am unable to say if it be the Lagotis pallipes
or another species of the same genus. This animal avails itself of
caves in the rock or situations extremely rugged, where large stones
lie tumbled one on another, leaving spaces between them sufficiently
large to admit the body of the Lagotis.

" Notice of a new species of Didelphys. — In looking over the beau-
tiful plates of the ' Zoology of the Voyage of H. M.S. Beagle,' I find
three species of Didelphys figured, and I feel pleasure in stating that
I am acquainted with another species in Chile, inhabiting the pro-
vince of Colchagua. It is known to the natives by the name of
' Llaca,' pronounced ' Yacu.' In its appearance it resembles D.
elegans, but is larger in size and possesses an extraordinary fleshy
tail. In 1835, whilst some men were taking down a cottage on an
estate near Curico, two of those beautiful little animals were found

Zoological Society. 57

in the thatch ; one was taken alive, and after having it several days
in my possession it by some means made its escape. It appears to
be rare, although, from its having a native name, it might be imagined
to the contrary ; I frequently offered a reward to the natives to in-
duce them to obtain another specimen, but never was able to pro-
cure one."

Nov. 28. — William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following papers were read : —

" Descriptions of new species of the genus Narica, discovered by
Hugh Cuming, Esq.," by M. Recluz.

Genre Narica, Recluz.
Nerita species, Chemnitz ; Sigaretus species, Lamarck ; genre Va-
nicoro, Quoy et Gaimard olim ; Narica, Recluz, in litteris ; D'Orbigny
(Alcide), Moll. Cuba ; Merria, Gray in Beechey's Voyage.

1. Narica cidaris. Nar. testd orbiculato-ovatd, ventricosd, antice
dilatatd, superne depresso-pland, solidiusculd, lacted, plicis longi-
tudinalibus antice laxioribus, subregularibus , lineis elevatis trans-
versis eequidistantibus reticulatd, scabriusculd ; spird prominuld,
semisphcericd, apice retusd ; aperturd subrotundd, patuld ; labio
arcuato ; umbilico parvo, pro/undo ; canali oblongo, angusto et vix
arcuato.

Hab. "From the island of Masbate, Philippines; found under
stones at low water." H. Cuming.

2. Narica ligata. Nar. testd ventricoso-ovatd, tenuiusculd, albd,
longitudinaliter superneque tenuiter plicatd, lineis transversis ele-
vatis intermediis minoribus ligatd ; spird prominenti, rotundatd,
radiatim plicatd, apice obtusiusculd ; aperturd subrotundd, parvd ;
umbilico pervio, spirali, pro/undo, latiusculo ; canali brevi, largo ;
columelld subrectd, medio ad basim arcuatim rotundato.

Hab. " From Catanuam, province of Tayabas, isle of Luzon ; found
under stones at low water." H. Cuming.

3. Narica Deshayesiana. Nar. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui,
fragili, subepidermide lutescente tenuissimd exalbidd sive albd, Ice-

viter ac creberrime transversim striatd ; anfractibus subsenis, su-
perrie rotundatis, longitudinaliter argute plicatis : plicis in ultimo
postice validis, remotiusculis, anticam partem versus evanescentibus ;
spird semirotundd, angusfe plicatd, subacutd ; aperturd subsemi-
lunari ; umbilico magno, patulo ; canali semilunari ad sinistram et
interne carinato, exterrie radiatim profunde ac eleganter plicato ;
columelld intus et ad basim sinuatd.
Var. /3. Testd ventricoso-ovatd, subglobosd, plicis obsoletis ; infimo

anfractu angustiore.
Hab. " From St. Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines ; found
under stones at low water : and var. /3 from Catanauan, province of
Tayabas, isle of Luzon ; found under stones at low water." H. Cuming.

4. Narica Petitiana. Nar. testd orbiculato-ovatd seu semiglobosd,
crassd, albidd, oblique et crebre plicatd, lineis elevatis transversis,

58 Zoological Society.

irregularibus, angustioribus et remotioribus reticulata 4 ; anfractibus
depresso-rotundatis ; spird semisphcericd, obtusatd, postice incum-
bente ; radiatim plicatd ; aperturd subrotundd, dilatatd ; labio vix
arcuato, margine in senioribus externe complanato, submedio vix
anguloso ; umbilico parvo ; canali angusto, elongato, parum arcuato
et angulo angusto cincto.
Hab. '' From the island of Masbate, Philippines; found under stones
at low water with Narica cidaris." H. Cuming.

Var. ft. Testd tenuiore, plicis angustis regulariter dispositis, lineis
transversis cequidistantibus clathratd, scabriusculd ; umbilico magno,
prof undo, spiraliter contorto ; canali latiusculo, pro/undo, falciformi.

5. Narica Cumingiana. Nar. testd semiglobosd, ventricosd, te-
nuiusculd, exalbidd, transversim regulariter sulcatd, longitudina-
liter ac oblique lineatd, cancellatd, scabriusculd, ad sectiones gra-
nulatd ; spird prominuld, suprbl pland, latere carinatd, sulcis re-
ticulatd et punctis valde impressd ; apice posteriori, acuto ; aper-
turd dilatatd, semilunari ; umbilico prof undo, coarctato, canali
semilunari-oblongo, extus annulo acuto cincto ; labio superne tenui,
inferne incrassato ; labro intus submarginato .

Hab. "From Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines ; found iu
coarse sand at ten fathoms." H. Cuming.

6. Narica plicata. Nar. testd ventricoso-ovatd, subglobosd, so-
lidd, albd, longitudinaliter grosse plicatd, lineis elevatis crebriori-
bus costas decussantibus circumcinctd ; anfractibus superne de-
presso-planiusculis ; spird prominuld, laterali, subacutd; aperturd
subrotundd ; umbilico latiusculo, profundo, spirali ; canali semilu-
nari, crenulis profundis extus cincto ; columelld arcuatd, basi et
antice gibbosiusculd.

Hab. " From the island of Ticao ; found under stones at low water.
H. Cuming.

7. Narica Gueriniana. Nar. testd orbiculato-ovatd, depressd,
subconoided, subtus pland, crassd, albido-lutescente, oblique cos-
tatd ; costis rotundatis sulcis majoribus, interdum cequalibus, lineis
transversis creberrimis eleganter cinctd ; spird semiglobosd, obtu-
siusculd; aperturd semilunari, patuld ; umbilico profundo, extus
dilatato, in canalem latum, semisphcericum, extus angulatum ex-
planato ; columelld rectd, supra lined tenuiter impressd instructd.

Hab. " From the island of Capul, Philippines ; found under stones
at low water." H. Cuming.

8. Narica distans. Nar. testd parvd, orbiculato-conicd, tenuius-
culd, pellucidd, albidd, costis longitudinalibus obliquis, angustis
acutis valde remotis, regulariter radiatd, interstitiis sub lente te-
nuissime et creberrime striatis ; spird exsertiusculd, gradatd,
conico-acutd ; aperturd semirotundd; umbilico dilatato, profundo ;
canali largo, semicirculari, intus striato, extus angulo acuto cir-
cumdato.

Hab. " From Jacna, isle of Bohol, Philippines ; found under stones
at low water." H. Cuming.

9. Narica rosea. Nar. testd minimd, semiglobosd, rosed, tenui,

Zoological Society. 59

striato-cancellatd, regulariter granosd • anfractibus tribus, superne
depresso-planiusculis ; spird prominuld, apice lavi, mammillatd,
rubicundd ; aperturd semirotundd ; columella rectiusculd, albidd,
umbilico largo, extus in canalem latiusculum, semiorbicularem pro-
ducto ; labro intus striato.
Hab. The Moluccas (M. Hardouin-Michelin).

10. Narica granulosa. Nar. testd parvd, semiglobosd, tenui,
subpellucidd, albd sive albido-lutescente ; anfractibus superne pla-
nulatis, fere gradatis, transversim regulariter striato- costatis ;
costis angustioribus oblique striatis ac cancellato-granosis ; spird
prominuld, semiglobosd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd, vitred ; co-
lumelld tenui vix arcuatd ; umbilico profundo ; canali latiusculo,
semicirculari.

Var. (3. Testd albo-vitred, hyalind.
Hab. The Moluccas and New Holland.

11. Narica Orbignyana. Nar. testd ovato-globosd, crassiusculd,
lacted, transversim cingulatd : cingulis 5-6 obtusis, majoribus,
lineis longitudinalibus decussantibus, cancellato-granosd ; spird
planissimd, ad peripheriam tricarinatd : carinis obtusis, infimis ma-
joribus ; apice valde later all, acuto, hyalino, lavissimo ; aperturd
ovato-rotundatd ; columelld basi crassiusculd et antice calloso-gibbd,
superne tenuissimd ; umbilico minimo, subclauso ; canali lineari
subrecto.

Coll. M. Recluz.

Hab. New Holland, on the coast of the island Maria.

12. Narica Blainvilleana. Nar. testd ovato-globosd, antice
dilatatd, striis transversis incequalibus aratd, postice tenuiter pli-
catd : plicis antice obsoletis ; spird parvuld, semisphcericd, regu-
lariter plicatd, later ali, apice fused ; aperturd subrotundd, lacted;
columelld arcuatd, basi et intus subcompressd ; umbilico profundo,
angusto, in canalem semilunarem producto ; labro rotundato, intus
Itevissime striato.

Hab. The Moluccas.

13. Narica Sigaretiformis. Nar. testd globoso-acutd, tenui, ex-
albidd,pellucidd,fragili; anfractibus 5-6 transversim subtilissime
striatis; spird prominenti, conico - acutd ; apice elongato, corneo-
fusco ; aperturd semirotundd ; columelld tenuissimd, vix rectd ;
umbilico rotundato, dilatato, profundo, spirali, in canalem subsenis
oblongum producto.

Velutina Sigaretiformis, Potier, Gal. Moll. Mus. Douai, pi. 39.
f. 21, 22, malce.

Hab. New Holland.

Prof. Owen read the second and concluding part of his memoir on
the Dinornis *.

The arrival of the second hox of specimens of the bones collected

by the Rev. W. Williams in Poverty Bay, New Zealand, which had

been placed by Dr. Buckland in Mr. Owen's hands, had enabled him

to confirm his former account of the generic characters and ordinal

* See vol. xii. p. 444.

60 Zoological Society.

affinities of the apparently extinct Dinornis, and also to distinguish
remains of five species of that genus.

The bones of the foot, and especially the tarso-metatarsal bone,
established three distinct species, the largest of which the author
proposed to call Dinornis giganteus ; the next in point of size he
termed Din. struthioides , and the third Din. didiformis. The com-
mon generic characters of the tarso-metatarsi of these species were
first pointed out, and then their specific differences of proportion and
figure. The maturity of the different- sized bones indicating the
above species was demonstrated by reference to the long retention
of immature characters in the same bone of existing Strut hionidte,
and by the fact of a tarso-metatarsal bone of a half-grown Dinornis
giganteus manifesting the same incomplete coalescence of its primi-
tively distinct elements ; showing that the Dinornis, like the Ostrich,
had a tardy ossification of the skeleton, as compared with birds of
flight. The tibiae were next described ; one of these, belonging to a
mature bird, established a species smaller than the Din. didiformis,
and which, from its similarity of stature to the great Bustard (Otis
tarda), Prof. Owen proposed to call Dinornis otidiformis. The
largest tibia, belonging to the Din. giganteus, presented the extra-
ordinary dimensions of two feet eleven inches. The shaft of a
smaller tibia, about two feet long when entire, was referred to the
Din. struthioides, and there were four entire tibiae of the Din. didi-
formis. In the series of femora, after the description of the generic
characters of the bone, the specimens were pointed out which be-
longed to the Dinornithes giganteus, struthioides, didiformis, and oti-
diformis, and two other entire femora were described and their di-
stinctive characters shown, which indicated, unequivocally in the
author's opinion, a fifth species of Dinornis, of the size of the Emeu,
and which was, therefore, named Din. dromceoides.

Three pelves, more or less perfect, and portions of two others,
were described, and were referred to the Din. giganteus, dromceoides,
and didiformis. Three cervical and two dorsal vertebrae also indi-
cated three distinct species of Dinornis, and all of them presented
the common character of unusual strength of the spinous and trans-
verse processes. Comparative dimensions of most of the bones ex-
hibited were given. No part of the skull, sternum, ribs or wing-
bones had been transmitted, but Prof. Owen proceeded to point out
the physiological grounds for concluding that the development of
the anterior extremities must have presented in the Dinornis an in-
termediate condition between that in the Emeu and that in the
Apteryx.

The author then gave his calculations, from the analogies of
existing Struthious birds, of the height of the different species of
Dinornis. The largest, Din. giganteus, according to the proportions
of the Ostrich, must have stood ten feet five inches, but according
to those of the Cassowary, nine feet five inches ; its average stature
might be taken at ten feet. A diagram of the great extinct bird,
restored according to these proportions, was exhibited.

The Dinornis struthioides was seven feet high, which is the average
stature of the Struthio Camelus.

Zoological Society. 61

The length of the tibia and metatarsus of the Din. dromceoides not
yet being known, the height of five feet was assigned to it as a pro-
bable one ; its femur corresponds in size with that of the Emeu,
whose average measurement in captivity is between five and six feet.

The height of the Din. didiformis was four feet ; exceeding, there-
fore, the extinct Dodo (Didus ineptus), but evidently resembling it
in its stouter proportions and shorter metatarsus, as compared with
the other species of Dinornis.

Prof. Owen next proceeded to consider the evidences of tridactyle
birds afforded by the impressions in the New Red Sandstone of Con-
necticut, called ' Ornithichnites,' and having pointed out the propor-
tions of the tarso-metatarsal bone in existing Struthious birds to
their foot-prints, indicated thereby the size of the same bone in dif-
ferent Ornithichnites, and reciprocally the sizes of the foot-prints of
the different Dinornithes, from those of their tarso-metatarsal bones.

The two phalanges of the Dinornis, which were described and
compared in this section of the memoir, afforded pretty clear indi-
cations of the form and proportions of the toes in the two species
(giganteus and didiformis) to which they were referred. These data
showed that the trifid foot-print of the Dinornis giganteus must have
exceeded in size the Ornithichnites giganteus and O. ingens of Prof.
Hitchcock, and that the Din. didiformis must have left impressions
as large as those called Ornithichnites tuberosus. The author warned
his hearers against inferring identity of species or even genus between
the extinct Struthionidce of the alluvium of New Zealand and those
of the trias of North America, on account of correspondence of size
and number of toes, which the modern genera Casuarius, Rhea, &c.
proved to be insufficient grounds. He concluded by a comparative
review of recent and extinct Struthionidte, remarking on their peculiar
geographical distribution, on the conditions which favoured the for-
mer existence of so rich a development of the family in New Zealand,
and on the probable causes of their extermination. Evidence of the
recent character of the bones described was afforded by the great
proportion of animal matter which they retained, and the details of
the analysis of the earthy salts were promised for a future Meeting.

December 12.— William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Gould laid before the Meeting an extensive series of Tou-
cans, and called attention to two species which had not hitherto
been characterized, viz.: —

Ramphastos citreoljsmus. Ramp, rostro nigro, vittd latd basali,

et culmine olivaceo-viridibus, hoc colore gradatim cumflavido apud

apicem mandibulce utriusque se commiscente ; ptilose nigra ; guld

alba ; pectore sulphureo, vittd splendide coccined cincto ; tectrici-

bus caudce superioribus sulphureis.

Bill black, with a very broad basal band, and the culmen of an

olive-green, passing into pale yellow on the points of both mandibles,

and deepening into orange at the gape ; the ridge round the base of

the bill black ; crown of the head, back of the neck, all the upper

surface, wings, tail, breast, abdomen and thighs deep black ; throat

62 Zoological Society.

white ; chest sulphur- yellow, bounded below by a band of rich deep
scarlet ; upper tail-coverts sulphur-yellow ; under tail-coverts rich
deep scarlet. •

Total length, 21 inches; bill, 5^; wing, 8 J ; tail, 7|-; tarsi, If.
Hab. Santa Fe de Bogota.

In the collection of Prince Massena at Paris, and in my own.

Pteroglossus po3cilosternus. Pt. culmine rostri, strigd angustd

ad basim mandibulce superioris ; sic et mandibuld inferiore totd

nigerrimis ; mandibulis utrisque ad basim lined prominente angustd

aurantiacd circumdatis ; mandibul<e superioris lateribus belie au-

rantiacis ; capite et guld splendide nigerrimis ; dorso, alis cau-

ddque saturate viridi-olivaceis ; corpore inferiore sulphur eo, vittd

pectorali nigrd, alterd sanguined.

Culmen, a narrow band down the base of the upper mandible and

the whole of the under mandible deep black; narrow elevated ridge

surrounding the base of both mandibles orange ; sides of the upper

mandible beautiful orange, fading into white towards the tip, which

is stained with red ; head and throat deep glossy black ; back, wings

and tail dark olive-green; rump and upper tail-coverts rich deep

blood-red; all the under surface sulphur-yellow, crossed on the chest

by an irregular band of black, and on the breast by another of deep

blood-red ; the interspaces stained with scarlet ; thighs chestnut, each

feather slightly fringed with sulphur- yellow.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 4 J ; wing, 6; tail, 7 J ; tarsi, If.

Hab. Santa Fe de Bogota.

In the collection of Prince Massena at Paris.

Professor Owen read a communication on the Rudimental Mar-
supial Bones in the Thylacinus : —

The marsupial bones, as bones, do not exist in the Dog-headed
Opossum or Hyaena of the Tasmanian colonists {Thylacinus Harrisii,
Temm.) ; they are represented by two small, oblong, flattened fibro-
cartilages, imbedded in the internal pillars of the abdominal rings,
and appear each as a thickened part of the tendon of the external
oblique abdominal muscle, which forms the above pillar. The length
of the marsupial fibro- cartilage is six lines, its breadth from three
to four lines, its thickness one line and a half.

This was the condition of the rudimental marsupial bones in two
full-grown females and one male specimen of the Thylacinus : in a
fourth large and old male a few particles of the bone-salts were de-
posited in the centre of the fibro -cartilage, occasioning a gritty feel-
ing when cut across by the knife.

This unexpected and very remarkable modification of the most
characteristic part of the skeleton of the Marsupialia, in one of the
largest of that order, has many important bearings upon the physio-
logy of the problematical * ossa marsupialia/ They have been most
commonly supposed to serve for the support of the marsupial pouch
and young ; but this pouch is well developed in the female Thylacine,
and in one of the specimens which I dissected four well- developed
teats, each two inches long, indicated that it had contained four

Zoological Society. 63

young ones when, or shortly before, it was killed. The existence
of the marsupial bones in the male as well as the female sex in other
marsupial animals had already invalidated the above physiological
explanation, and it equally opposes the idea of the use of the mar-
supial bones, propounded by M. de Blainville, — that they aid in the
compression required to expel the embryo. Besides, it is not in the
females of those animals which give birth to the smallest young that
we should expect to find auxiliary bones for increasing the power of
the muscles concerned in parturition. My view of the uses of the
marsupial bones, as explained in the ' Philosophical Transactions ' for
1834, is, that they relate more immediately to an increase of power
in the muscles {cremasteres) which wind round them, than of those
implanted in them : and to the extent to which the cartilaginous
representatives of the ossa marsupialia in the Thylacine strengthen
the pillars of the abdominal ring, they must increase the contractile
force of the compressors of the mammary glands and teats, which
are situated and surrounded by the cremasteres in the Thylacine, as
in other Marsupialia. Nevertheless, the almost obsolete condition of
the ossa marsupialia in the Thylacine, and their very various relative
sizes in other Marsupialia, are circumstances which seem incompa-
tible with the same kind and degree of use in all the species : they
are very slender, and not above half an inch in length in the Myr-
mecobius, whilst in the Koala they nearly equal the iliac bones in size.
The so-called ' pyramidales' muscles, which derive a great proportion
of their origin from the ossa marsupialia, bear a direct ratio to
those bones in size ; and an attentive observation of the habits and
modes of locomotion of the different marsupial species is still want-
ing for a complete elucidation of the function of the marsupial bones.
It is important to the palaeontologist that the cartilaginous condition
of the marsupial bones in the Thylacine should be borne in mind in
regard to the evidences of the marsupial order that may be yielded
by fossil remains : the fossil pelvis of the Thylacine, for example,
had that species been long ago, as it soon is likely to be, extinct,
would never have afforded the triumphant evidence to which Cuvier
appealed in demonstration of the Didelphys of the gypsum quarries
at Montmartre ; yet the Thylacine would not therefore have been
less essentially a marsupial animal. This may teach us to pause
before drawing a conclusion against the marsupial character of the
small Stonesfield mammalia, if their pelves should ever be found
without trace of the ossa marsupialia.

" Descriptions of new Shells, collected during the voyage of the
Sulphur, and in Mr. Cuming's late visit to the Philippines," by Mr.
Hinds.

Abstract of the accompanying descriptions of shells : —
The number of well- authenticated species of Terebra hitherto on
record is about sixty. In the present paper exactly fifty more are
added, all of which are presumed to have been hitherto unrecorded.
Of this number sixteen are from the Indian seas, six are from the
African seas, twelve are from the American seas, and five are from

64 Zoological Society.

the Pacific ; and the whole, without exception, from within the Tro-
pics. The localities of eleven are unknown.

They most usually occur under a small incumbent pressure, gene-
rally at a depth of from five to eighteen fathoms. Some are found
about low water, and with much constancy they affect situations
where the floor of the ocean is composed of sandy mud.

Terebra, Bruguiere.
Terebra robusta. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, solidd, ponderosd,
albidd,flammeis longitudinalibus interrupts pictd ; anfractibus infe-
rioribus rotundatis, indivisis, Icevigatis, superioribus versus extre-
mitatem spirce subplanulatis, unocinguliferis, longitrorsum plicatis ;
anfractu ultimo rotundato triseriatim picto, ad basin coarctato ;
aperturd elongatd; columelld arcuatd, subcallosd; epidermide luteo-
fuscd ; operculo parvo, crasso. Axis 57 lin.
Hob. West coast of America, between 8° 57' and 21° 32' north
latitude ; namely at Panama, Gulf of Nicoya, Gulf of Papagayo, and
San Bias : in from four to eighteen fathoms, sandy mud.
Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Terebra succinea. Ter. testd subulatd, acuminatd, succined, lae-
vigata ; anfractibus planulatis , lined impressd divisis, longitrorsum
plicis obsoletis vel lineis arcuatis incrementi minutis, transversim
infrd lineam impressam, leviter striatis ; area subconcavi, punctis
parvis fuscis distantibus biseriatim cinctd, versus margines tuber-
culato-incrassatd. Axis 54 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

Two specimens of this elegant species are in the above collection,
without any history attached to them; they have evidently been
highly cleaned, but retain the appearance of having been once covered
by an epidermis.

Terebra consors. Ter. testd gradatim subulatd, Icevigatd, politd,
albidd, flammexs pallidis fuscis ornatd ; anfractibus subplanulatis,
superne lined impressd divisis, ared superiore spirce leviter tuber-
culatd ; anfractu ultimo prope basin fasciato ; aperturd inferne
subeffusd ; columelld breviusculd. Axis 31 lin.
Hab. Tahiti, Society Islands.
Cab. Cuming.

Its nearest ally is T. dimidiata, than which it is far more gradually
subulate ; the upper area of the divided whorl is raised and somewhat
rounded ; the white is the base colour of the shell, and the last whorl
is distinctly banded.

Terebra spectabilis. Ter. testd subulatd, Icevigatd, politd ; an-
fractibus superne sulco impresso divisis, infra longitrorsum pli-
catis, interstitiis Icevigatis, medio saturate castaneis, inferne albis ;
cingulo tuberculato, albido ; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; columelld
elongatd. Axis 13^ lin.
Hab. Guinea, on the sands : Humphrey. Sumatra, on the sands :
Ellis.

Cab. Cuming.

Zoological Society. 65

Terebra bicincta. Ter. testd subulata, laevigatd, nitidd; anfracti-
bus rotundatis, indivisis, longitrorsum plicatis, superne ared coarc-
tatd, transversim biseriatim super plicas minute tuber culatis ; plicis
tenuibus, acutis, interstitiis Icevigatis ; anfractu ultimo concolore.
Ay

Hab.

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

Remarkably and very distinctly characterized by the two rows of
small tubercles which encircle the whorls. The shell is otherwise
of an uniform white glassy colour, which might be attributable to its
condition.

Terebra fatua. Ter. testd turrit o-subulatd, albidd, laevigata, po-
litd ; anfractibus subplanulatis , superioribus lined impressd cinctis,
maculis fuscis pallidis distantibus biseriatim ornatis ; spird obso-
lete plicatd ; anfractu ultimo elongato, maculis exceptis, unicolore.
Axis 34 lin.

Hab. St. Christopher, West Indies; on the sand: Mr. Miller, 1799.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra nimbosa. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, acuminata,
lacted, strigis longitudinalibus nubeculatd ; anfractibus planulatis,
Icevigatis, politis, integris, inferne prope suturam alba, anguste
fasciatd, ultimo fasciato ; columella Icevi, truncatd. Axis 25 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra copula. Ter. testd elongate turrito- subulata, acuminata,
laevigata, nitidd, saturate castaned ; anfractibus subrotundatis,
superne cingulo tuberculato cinctis, infra plico-costatis ; cingulo
atro-castaneo fasciato, rarb intervallis tantum maculato, inter-
stitiis Icevigatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, rotundato, prope basin
duabus fasciis albis angustis ornato. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Guinea, on the sands : Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra alveolata. Ter. testd turrit o-subulatd, attenuate acumi-
natd, nitidd, fused; anfractibus subplanulatis, superne cingulo
tuberculato cinctis, infrd plico-costatis, interstitiis striatis ; cin-
gulo et anfractu ultimo alb o fasciato, maculis quadratis rufis ar-
ticulato. Axis 16 lin.
Hab. Straits of Malacca; in seventeen fathoms, among mud.
Cab. Belcher.

The description is drawn up from a somewhat young specimen,
and the mouth and last whorl have not yet attained their full deve-
lopment. The character of the shell is however very conspicuous.
In this genus the last whorl will be found very frequently to offer
decided features, and becomes a valuable aid in the diagnosis.

Terebra pulchra. Ter. testd turritd, conico-subulatd, acuminatd,
nitidd, pallidd; anfractibus subplanulatis , longitrorsum recte plico-
costatis, superne lined impressd cinctis, interstitiis Icevigatis ; an-
fractu ultimo pallide lineato. Axis 11 lin.
Ann. fy Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. F

66 Zoological Society.

Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

Perhaps more nearly resembling T. plicata than any other species,
from which, with a little care, the description will suffice to distin-
guish it. The specimens were collected at the Marquesas group of
islands, which scarcely offer any particular novelty in any depart-
ment of natural history ; and the greatest exception will be found
among Terebra, of which it has a few peculiar species, and also some
interesting varieties of other well-known kinds. Indeed, though the
group is by no means the metropolis of the genus, the species would
seem to exist here under some peculiar circumstances.

Terebra columellaris. Ter. testd elongatd, subcylindraced, tur-
rito-subulatd, aurantiacd albo nebulosd ; anfractibus subrotundatis,
longitrorsum undate plico-costatis, superrie lined impressd cinctis ;
interstitiis rufis, striatis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, rotundato,
albo fasciato . Axis 19 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

Remarkable from its great similarity to T. undulata, which is itself
a peculiar species. The grounds of distinction are its decidedly
cylindrical shape, different distribution of the colour, and its short,
abrupt, rounded and banded last whorl.

Terebra nitiua. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminatd, pallide
plumbed, politd ; anfractibus subplanulatis , recte plico-costatis, su-
perrie interstitiis lined punctatd cinctis, ultimo parvo subattenuato,
unicolore , plicis evanidis ; labio interno producto ; labro antice sub-
sinuoso. Axis 10 lin.
Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.
Cab. Belcher.

An excellent diagnostic character exists in this species, in the cir-
cumstance that the girdling line which traverses the upper part of
each whorl does not cross the ribs, but is confined to the interstices.

Terebra varicosa. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, acumi-
natd, nitidd ; anfractibus subplanulatis, plico-costatis, superrie cin-
gulo tuberculato contractato cinctis ; costis subdistantibus albidis,
interstitiis striatis fuscis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo, rotundato,
albo fasciato ; columelld contortd. Axis 11 lin.

Hab. Gulf of Papagayo, west coast of Central America ; in twenty-
three fathoms, mud.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra laurina. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, acuminatd, Icevi-
gatd, politd, olivaced ; anfractibus planulatis, plicis tenuibus sinu-
osis, capillaribus, infra evanidis, superrie lined impressd obsoletd
cinctis, ultimo unicolore, lavigato ; aperturd fused ; columelld
lavi, subtruncatd. Axis 32 lin.

Hab. Western Africa ; in sandy mud : Rev. W. V. Hennah.

Cab. Cuming.

The impressed line is always faint, and sometimes not at all visible.

Zoological Society. 67

The specimens are nearly of an uniform colour, but a band of some-
what deeper colour traverses the upper portion of each whorl.

Terebra stylata. Ter. testd subulatd, acuminata, politd, olivaced ;
anfractibus subplanulatis, integris, numerose plicatis, infrct evani-
dis, prope suturam albidis maculis fuscis interrupts fasciatis , ulti-
mo leevigato, in/erne albo anguste fasciato ; aper turd fused ; colu-
melld Icevi, subtruncatd. Axis 21 lin.

Hab. Japan ; Philippine Islands.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra tuberosa. Ter. testd turrito -subulatd, saturate fulvd,
nitidd ; anfractibus rotundatis, longitrorsum costatis, superne cin-
gulo numerose tuberculato ; costis brevibus ; nodulosis striis decus-
santibus ; columelld contortd. Axis 11 lin.

Hah. Ticao, Philippines.

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

In this characteristic species the girdle consists of a number of
small tubercles, superior in number to the vertical ribs.

Terebra conspersa. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, nitidd, albd ;
anfractibus subrotundatis , plico- costatis, superne lined impressd,
prtecipue inter stitiali, cinctis, prope suturam punctis rufis rarb
conspersis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo ad basin fulvo.
Axis 10 lin.
Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines; eight fathoms,
sandy mud.
Cab. Cuming.

A pretty little species, only known to me through the two speci-
mens in the above collection ; and it will readily be distinguished by
its sparsely scattered rufous spots and orange base.

Terebra lingualis. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, albidd, flammeis
atro -fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd; anfractibus planulatis , duabus
lineis impressis divisis, infra suturam tuberculatis ; ared inferiore
Icevigatd; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, leevigato, fasciato; aperturd
quadrat d ; columelld contortd. Axis 30 lin.
Hab. Gulf of Papagayo, Bay of Montejo, west coast of America;
ten to seventeen fathoms, sandy mud.
Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

The whorls, particularly those of the spire, are divided into three
spaces by two girdling lines ; the lower area is smooth, but the two
others, particularly the most superior, is tubercled. It is a handsome
species, from the deep reddish-brown flames with which it is covered.

Terebra ligata. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, acuminatd ; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, transversim striatis, cingulis duobus tuberculatis,
cingulo superior e et area inferiore maculis quadrat is fuscis trans-
versis ornatd, cingulo inferiore minore albidd concolore ; anfractu
ultimo parvo, biseriatim maculate Axis 15J lin.

Hab. Marquesas ; in seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra funiculata. Ter. testd elongate subulatd, nitidd, fulvd;

Y 2

68 Zoological Society.

anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, superne cingulo Icevi lined im-
pressd diviso, infra cingulo minore, ared inferiore transversim
striata ; anfractu ultimo brevi, medio sulco unico ; aperturd parvd,
concolore ; labio interno subcalloso, producto. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Terebra fenestrata. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, pallide
fulvd ; anfractibus planulatis , superne cingulo nodulifero, infra se-
cundo minore, inferne cancellatis ; apice subpapillari ; anfractu
ultimo quadrato ad basin abrupte contractato ; aperturd parvd ;
labio interno subcalloso, producto. Axis 15 lin.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines ; sandy mud at
low water.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra eburnea. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, albd ; anfractibus
Icevigatis, nitidis, superne lined impressd, inferne uni- vel biseriatim
lineis punctatis cinctis ; anfractu ultimo quinis seriebus linearum
punctarum ; aperturd elongatd ; columella Icevi, breviusculd. Axis
16 lin.

Hab. Seychelles.

Cab. Belcher. Unique.

Terebra amanda. Ter. testd elongate conico-subulatd, nitidd;
anfractibus planulatis, superne cingulo tuberculato margaritaceo
cinctis, infrd secundo minore concolore, inferne aurantiacis bise-
riatim punctato-lineatis, ultimo brevi ; columelld contortd. Axis
11 lin.

Hab. Straits of Macassar; in eleven fathoms, coarse sand.

Cab. Belcher.

An uncommonly pretty shell, offering an elegant contrast between
the row of pearly tubercles and the general orange colour.

Terebra violascens. Ter. testd turritd, cylindraceo-subulatd,
violaced; anfractibus rotundatis, longitrorsum oblique plico-costa-
tis, superne lined impressd obsolete cinctis ; costis subconfertis,
interstitiis crebre striatis ; aperturd parvd, elongatd; labio interno
producto. Axis 15 lin.

Hab. New Guinea ; in seven fathoms, mud. San Nicholas, Zebu,
and Mindanao, Philippines ; in twenty to thirty fathoms.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Tne Philippine specimens are of a different colour, and disposed
to be banded, but they have the appearance of dead shells. The
species is very like an American fossil from Alabama, T. venusta, Lea.

Terebra armillata. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, acuminata, fused;
anfractibus planulatis, longitrorsum subdistanter plico-costatis,
transversim lineis definitis impressis, superne cingulo noduloso,
cetate valde notabili; anfractu ultimo subquadrato, ad basin albo
fasciato ; aperturd atro-fuscd ; columelld contortd. Axis 22 lin.

Hab. Abundant in various localities on the west coast of America
between Panama and the Bay of Magdalena in Lower California,
in from five to thirteen fathoms ; also at the Galapagos, in ten fa-

Zoological Society. 69

thorns : chiefly in sandy situations. It was also found imbedded in
the fossiliferous cliffs which surround a portion of the Bay of Mag-
dalena.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Terebra aspera. Ter. testa turrit o-subulatd, acuminatd, pallidd,
aurantiacd vel fused ; anfractibus subrotundatis, longitrorsum sub-
conferte plico-costatis, nodulosis liris transversis decussantibus ,
superne cingulo plico-nodulifero sparsimfusco maculato ; anfractu
ultimo rotundato, ad basin albo fasciato ; aperturd colorem testes
simulante; columella plicatd. Axis 23 lin.

Hab. Panama, Monte Christi, St. Elena, west coast of America ;
in from six to ten fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra tuberculosa. Ter. testa turrito-subulatd, acuminatd,
olivaced ; anfractibus planulatis, leevigatis, politis, superne cingulo
tuberculato, area inferiore triseriatim tuberculato, seriebus duabus
super ioribus frequenter subevanidis ; anfractu ultimo subquadrato,
unicolore, multiseriatim tuberculato; columella contortd. Axis
24 lin.

Hab. Panama, Gulf of Papagayo, and San Bias ; in from four to
eleven fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra specillata. Ter. testd gracile turrito-subulatd, valde
acuminatd, alba, rufo sparsim maculatd et nebulosd ; anfractibus
subplanulatis longitrorsum subdistanter tenue plico-costatis, trans-
versim leviter striatis, superne cingulo tuberculato, interstitiis
tuberculorum prcecipue pictis ; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; aperturd
parvd; columella subrectd. Axis 20 lin.

Hab. San Bias ; from seven fathoms, sandy mud.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra intertincta. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, pallidd vel
ccerulescente ; anfractibus planulatis, politis, duabus vel tribus
lineis transversis, superne cingulo tuberculato, inferne obsolete
tuber culo-plicatis, interstitiis tuberculorum fusco maculatis ; an-
fractu ultimo subrotundato, uniseriatim tuberculato, interstitiis
nebulosis ; aperturd ovali. Axis 20 lin.

Hab. Gambia ; among sandy mud.

Cab. Cuming and Saul.

Terebra radula. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, fulvd, nitidd ; an-,
fractibus rotundatis, plicis tuberculatis longitudinalibus et trans-
versis cancellatis, prope suturam serie tuberculorum majusculorum ;
anfractu ultimo ad basin albo anguste fasciato ; aperturd oblong d,
concolore. Axis 19 lin.

Hab. Puerto Portrero, west coast of America ; in thirteen fathoms,
coral sand.

Cab. Cuming. A single specimen.

Terebra bifrons. Ter. testd turrito-subulatd, Icevigatd, fused;
anfractibus rotundatis, inferioribus multiseriatim tuberculatis, su-

70 Zoological Society.

perioribus longitrorsum biseriatim tuber culo-plicatis ; tuberculis
parvis approximatis, inter stitiis Icevibus ; aperturd oblong a ; colu-
mella rectiusculd, subtruncatd. Axis 23 lin.
Hab. Japan ; sandy mud : Dr. Siebold.
Cab. Cuming. Unique.

Terebra glauca. Ter. testd turritosubulatd, acuminatd, glauces-
cente ; anfractibus rotundatis, eleganter cancellatis, prope sutu-
ram cingulo albido tuber culato ; anfractu ultimo elongato, pallida
fasciato ; aperturd ovali ; columelld contortd. Axis 14 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

Terebra larv^eformis. Ter. testd subcylindraced,turrito-subulatd,
fused, nitidd ; anfractibus brevibus rotundatis, longitrorsum plico-
costatis, superne lined impressd contractatis ; costis rotundatis vel
varicosis, interstitiis leviter striatis ; anfractu ultimo breviusculo,
pallide fasciato ; aperturd pallidd. Axis 23 lin.
Hab. St. Elena, Monte Christi, west coast of America ; in from
six to fifteen fathoms, sandy mud.
Cab. Cuming.

I have examined a number of specimens of this shell, all of which
I refer to this species, and find them vary much in the general and
relative proportion of their outline and width of whorls.

Terebra elata. Ter. testd subcylindraced, elongate turritosubulatd,
pallide fulvd ; anfractibus fere planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis,
superne lined impressd cinctis ; plicis approximatis, interstitiis
striatis, anfractu ultimo ad basin et prope suturam fusco ; aper-
turd elongatd. Axis 12 lin.
Hab. Bay of Montijo, west coast of America ; in fifteen fathoms,
coarse sand.
Cab. Cuming.

Terebra textilis. Ter. testa turritosubulatd, pallide luted; an-
fractibus fere planulatis, longitrorsum plicatis , superne lined punc-
tato-impressd cinctis, serie tuber culorum deinde excisd albidd; pli-
cis approximatis, interstitiis striatis ; anfractu ultimo parvo, uni-
colore ; columelld plicatd, labio interno producto. Axis 11^ lin.
Hab. Sorsogon, Bay of Manila, Philippines ; Straits of Macassar ;
in from six to thirteen fathoms, sand and coarse gravel.
Cab. Cuming and Belcher.

This Asiatic species very closely resembles the American just de-
scribed, and furnishes another of those instances of affinity, whilst
still retaining unquestionable distinctness, which occur so frequently
in the shells of the tropics of the two hemispheres ; and thus whilst
both are enriched by similar forms, these present themselves under
slight but constant differences.

Terebra picta. Ter. testd subcylindraced, turritosubulatd, nitidd,
pallide aurantiacd, atro -fusco longitrorsum maculatd vel nebulosd ;
anfractibus rotundatis, superne cingulo tuber culato, infrd plico-
costatis, interstitiis striatis; anfractu ultimo fasciato ; aperturd
parvd, atro-fuscd; columelld subrectd. Axis 15 lin.

Zoological Society. 71

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, Philippines.
Cab. Cuming.

Terebra casta. Ter. testa turrito-subulatd, albescente, Icevigatd,
politd ; anfractibus integris, planulatis, superne plicatis et lacteo
fasciatis, infra lecvigatis, strigis longitudinalibus pallide fuscis
nebulosis ; anfractu ultimo subelongato, lacteo fasciato ; columelld
brevi, subrectd. Axis 13 lin.

Hab. Ilo-ilo, island of Panay, Philippines, at low water.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra inconstans. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminatd, lividd
vel pallidd, politd ; anfractibus integris, subrotundatis , longitror-
sum plicatis, inter stitiis Icevigatis ; infra suturam et ad basin an-
fractds ultimi pallide fasciatd ; aperturd effusd ; columelld trun-
catd, subcallosd. Axis 16 lin.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

Cab. Cuming.

This species has much of the general character of T. anomala, but
the whorls are constantly entire, and the shells are more acuminate
and obese. ♦

Terebra penicillata. Ter. testd turritd, obeso-subulatd, Icevigatd,
politd, albd lineis undatis rufis longitrorsum dispositis ; anfracti-
bus integris, ultimo elongato, efasciato; spird obsolete plicatd;
aperturd elongatd ; columelld Icevi. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Seychelles.

Cab. Belcher and Cuming.

Terebra venosa. Ter. testd subcylindraceo-subulatd, Icevigatd,
politd; anfractibus integris, subplanulatis, superne albo, infrd.
purpureo cinctis, strigis rufis longitudinalibus flexuosis ; spird pli-
catd, anfractu ultimo subrotundato, rariils transversim fasciato vel
lineato ; aperturd elongatd, albd. Axis 16 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

The only species in this now extensive genus where the fasciation
of the last whorl is not to be relied on as a character.

These two species have been united by M. Kiener with T. lanceata,
but I cannot help regarding them as most unquestionably distinct.

Terebra luctuosa. Ter. testd gracile acuminatd, Icevigatd, politd,
atro-fuscd, rariils castaned vel olivaced; anfractibus subplanulatis,
integris, superne plicis parvis undatis, infra evanidis, ultimo elon-
gato, concolore ; columelld Icevi, breviusculd. Axis 17 lin.

Hab. Gulf of Nicoya ; Puerto Portrero, west coast of America; in
twelve fathoms, coral sand.

Cab. Cuming and Belcher.

Terebra cuspidata. Ter. testd gracile et elongate subulatd, valde
acuminatd, Icevigatd, politd, nitidd ,• anfractibus planulatis, integris,
superne plicatis , infrd, evanidis, pallidis cceruleo anguste fasciatis ;
anfractu ultimo Icevigato, subdiaphano, ad basin fascia rufd ornato.
Axis 13 lin.

Hab. Cape Coast, Africa : Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

72 Zoological Society.

Terebra micans. Ter. testd conico-subulatd, acuminatd, semiopacd,
pallide fulvd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, integris, longitrorsum
plicis capillaribus , superne cceruleo et ad basin anfractds ultimi
fusco fasciatis j aperturd in/erne effusd ; columelld truncatd.
Axis 13 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

The specific name I find in use as a cabinet name, but I am igno-
rant who is the originator.

Terebra lepida. Ter. testd obeso- vel rariils subcylindraceo-subu-
latd, acuminatd, Icevigatd, politd, albidd vel pallide fulvd ; anfrac-
tibus planulatis, integris, plicis longitudinalibus acutis, interstitiis
lavigatis, superne maculis rufis cinctis ; anfractu ultimo subcylin-
draceo, pallide fasciato. Axis 10 lin.

Hab. Guinea ; on the sands : Humphrey.

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra obesa. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, Icevigatd, albidd, ma-
culis fuscis longitudinalibus pallide ornatd^ anfractibus paucis,
subrotundatis , integris, ultimo biseriatim rmkulato ; spird obsolete
plicatd; aperturd oblongd; columelld truncatd. Axis 6 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming. Unique.

In this singular little shell the last whorl occupies nearly one half
of the entire length.

Terebra nassoides. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, Icevigatd, nitidd,
anfractibus planulatis, integris, superne albo, medio fusco cinctis,
ultimo unicolore ; aperturd inferne effusd. Axis 6 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Cuming.

Terebra rustica. Ter. testd obeso-subulatd, acuminatd, fused,
nitidd, striis transversis scabrd; anfractibus subrotundatis, longi-
trorsum plico-costatis, superne infra suturam luteis ; plicis sub-
distantibus , fere continuis ; anfractu ultimo elongato, concolore ;
aperturd elongatd ; columelld Icevi, subrectd. Axis 8 lin.

Hab. ?

Cab. Metcalfe.

Terebra tenera. Ter. testd parvd, obeso-subulatd, Icevigatd, ni-
tidd, anfractibus plico-costatis, pallide fulvis , superne prope sutu-
ram rufo fasciatis, ultimo ad basin rufo; plicis continuis; colu-
melld contortd. Axis 4 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms ; Ceylon.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra mera. Ter. testd subcylindraceo-subulatd, Icevigatd, ni-
tidd, albidd, vel pallide rufo late fasciatd ; anfractibus subplanu-
latis, superne plicis parvis numerosis obliquis, infra evanidis ;
aperturd parvd, elongatd; columelld subtruncatd. Axis 1\ lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

Terebra pygm^ea. Ter. testd purpured, obeso-subulatd ; anfrac-

Geological Society. 73

tibus paucis, subrotundatis , longitrorsum minute plico-costatis, su-
perrie insigniter fascid angustd atro-purpured cinctis, ultimo prope
basin fasciato ; aperturd parvd, fused ; labio interno subproducto.
Axis 3 lin.

Hab. Straits of Malacca, in seventeen fathoms.

Cab. Belcher.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

June 21, 1843. — The following papers were read : —

1. " Supplement to a Memoir on the Fossil species of Chimara."
By Sir P. Grey Egerton, M.P., F.G.S.

Since the author's former memoir was communicated to the So-
ciety*, he has seen in the collection of Mr. Dixon a new and striking
addition to the genus Ischyodus. The specimen is from the chalk
of Southeram, and presents two dental plates only slightly dislocated
from their natural juxtaposition. At first sight these would appear
to be the dental armature of the lower jaw, corresponding nearly in
size to the lower mandibles of Ischyodus Manteili. A closer exami-
nation has satisfied Sir Philip Egerton that they are in reality the
intermaxillary plates of the upper jaw of a most gigantic chimaeroid.
They exceed in size the corresponding teeth of Ischyodus Townshendi,
the largest species hitherto found, by one third. As compared with
the intermaxillaries of that species they are broader, more compressed
and less robust in antero-posterior diameter, and less hooked at the
extremity. The form of the cutting edge is not truncate, as in the
recent Chimtera, but prolonged to an acute angle, and bent down-
wards like the upper mandible of a bird of prey. The symphysis is
smooth and slightly hollowed. The thin polished investing lamina
of compact dentine is seen adhering to the surface of the tooth. On
the interior surface this is marked with broad transverse irregulari-
ties similar to, although less distinct than, those seen in the recent
Chimcera. A fragment in Mr. Dixon's collection gives evidence of
having belonged to an individual of much larger size than that which
furnished the specimens here described. Sir Philip Egerton proposes
to name this species Ischyodus Gigas.

2. " On the occurrence of the remains of Insects in the Upper Lias
of the county of Gloucester." By James Buckman, F.G.S.

The remains described in this paper were discovered by Mr. Buck-
man in a thin seam of argillaceous limestone in the upper lias beds
at Dumbleton, a village twelve miles from Cheltenham, to which his
attention had been directed by Mr. Brodie, who had suspected the
existence of insect remains in the stratum. The section of Dum-
bleton Hill, which is a liassic outlier, presents the following beds.

ft. in.

1. Sandy debris from the oolite, about 10

2. Upper lias shale : this is traversed at twelve feet from

its base by the thin bed of fissile limestone five inches

in thickness 60

3. Lias marlstone, about 20

90
* See vol. xii. p. 467.

74 Miscellaneous.

The thin seam of limestone included in No. 2 is remarkable for
containing many organic remains not found in any other part of the
lias, and most of them new, comprising land as well as marine ani-
mals and traces of plants. Among them are two undetermined
species offish with numerous fish-scales and coprolites, two species
of Crustacea, the one allied to Astacus (Fabr.), the other to Hippo-
lyte (Leach). A species of Loligo, a new Belemnite, a new Ammo-
nite (which Mr. Buckman has named A. Murleyi), A. corrugatus
and ovatus, a small univalve in great abundance, and Inoceramus du-
bius. The remains of insects comprise one species of Libellula,
which, from the reticulations of the fine wings, seems to belong to
the genus &schna, Fabr., and has been named by Mr. Buckman
JE. Brodiei, in honour of Mr. Brodie ; two species of Coleoptera of
undetermined genera, and a wing supposed to belong to Tipula.
None of these are of the same species with the insects found by Mr.
Brodie in the lower lias.

From the presence of a similar band of stone with that containing
the above mentioned fossils at Churchdown and Robin Hood Hill,
liassic outliers presenting the same section as that of Dumbleton
Hill, Mr. Buckman supposes that this thin seam is of constant oc-
currence in the upper lias of the neighbourhood. He concludes that
the period, which the state of things which produced it continued, was
not of long duration, and that its deposition was of a quiescent kind.

MISCELLANEOUS.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF CERVUS, CERVUS DIMORPHE.
BY B. H. HODGSON, ESQ.

In January last I procured from the Saul forest of the Morung a
young stag rising two years, having horns of a unique character,
and a stature and other attributes seeming to place him between the
Axines and Rusans. I considered this animal to belong to a new
species, but as he was young and had the horns imperfect, I deter-
mined to wait awhile before noticing him to the Society. The ani-
mal since his arrival has lived and flourished in my stable. He is
now nearly three years old, and his horns are perfect ; but his pelage
is in course of moult or change. I will not, however, longer defer
giving a summary description and sketch of what I apprehend to
be an undescribed, though large and handsome species of deer. This
animal, like Cervus Wallichii and Cervus Elapho'ides vel Duvancellii,
possesses a mixed character, so that I hesitate to class it with any
known group at present, and shall merely indicate this attribute by
assigning to it the trivial name of Dimorphe. My specimen has been
reared in confinement ; yet it approaches the Rusans in size and
stature, but retains, in youth at least, a good deal of the graceful
Axine type. Its horns are small, owing to confinement perhaps, and
it is possible that maturer age may develope more snags or antlers.
At present there is but one on each beam, and it has a very forward

Miscellaneous. 75

direction, as in FAaphus and our affinis, species to which the present
one is also allied by its short tail and moderate suborbitar sinus.

Cervus Dimorphe, mihi. Deer with moderate, pale, smooth horns.
Axine in the general style, but more bent in the middle of the beam,
more divergent, and possessed of only one basal antler, which is
directed very forward ; small, or moderate, and vertical suborbital
sinuses ; interdigital pores ; broad spreading ears and short stag-like
tail. Stature and aspect mediate between the Axines and Rusans.
In youth bright fawn-red, spotted with white ; in age nigrescent bay
with blackish neck and belly ; a dark list round the muzzle and white
chin ; limbs pale. Habitat the Saul forest. — Journal of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, No. 58, p. 897.

ON A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES OF HIPPOPOTAMUS.
BY S. G. MORTON, M.D.

It is about six months since I received from my friend Dr. Goheen
an extensive series of skulls of mammiferous and other animals from
Western Africa : they had been obtained by him during a residence
of several years at Monrovia, where he had officiated as colonial
physician ; a situation which gave him great advantages for procuring
the natural productions of that region. Among these crania were
two of a hippopotamus of small size, from the river St. Paul's.
Although nothing could be more manifest than the difference be-
tween the head of this animal and that of the common species, I
have hesitated to publish it, from a fear that some one else may
already have done so ; for I could hardly convince myself that so
remarkable a species was wholly unnoticed in the systems. Having,
however, searched the latest European works on zoology without
finding any account of this interesting animal, I venture to submit
the following facts in relation to it : —

Hippopotamus minor.

cis
Dental Formula :

T . 4 2-2 . 1-1

Incisors — or — - ; canmes - — -.

£i 1 — 1 1 — 1

False molars ; — - ; molars _ _.

4 — 4 3—3

Inches.
Length of the skull, measured from the anterior extremity to the

notch between the condyles of the occipital bone 12*3

Zygomatic diameter 8*

Parietal diameter 3*5

Distance between the orbits over the surface of the skull ... 3*9

Vertical diameter of orbit 2*

Horizontal diameter of orbit 1*8

These measurements have been taken from a very old individual,
in which the sutures are entirely obsolete, and the teeth worn almost
to the level of the jaw ; and the contrast in size between this and the
large or common species (familiar to every one as the H. amphibius,
but recently divided into two species, the H. capensis and H. sene-

76 Miscellaneous.

galensis) will be manifest to every one. The difference, however, is
not only in size, but in all the proportions of the head.

In the H. minor there is a uniform convexity of the upper surface
of the cranium from orbit to orbit, and between the occiput and ossa
nasi ; while in the common species the orbits are remarkably ele-
vated, and the intermediate surface is concave. The orbit is placed
about midway between the occiput and snout, and the latter is
consequently short ; while in the large species the orbits are placed
about one-third the distance between the occiput and snout. The
H. minor has only two canines in the lower jaw ; the false molars are
proximate to the canines ; and the base of the zygomata is in the
same plane with the upper maxilla.

The second skull of this species (which is of the same length as
the other) is that of a younger animal ; for the sutures are open, and
the teeth in the process of changing from the deciduous to the per-
manent set. The posterior molars are only partially protruded, and
rise obliquely from the jaws, like those of the elephant and mas-
todon.

Dr. Goheen, who assured me from the first that he could find no
notice of this animal in the systematic works, has obligingly favoured
me with the following memorandum in relation to it : — " This animal
abounds in the river St. Paul's, and varies in weight from 400 to
700 pounds. They are slow and heavy in their motions, yet will
sometimes stray two or three miles from the river, in which situation
they are killed by the natives. They are extremely tenacious of life,
and almost invulnerable, excepting when shot or otherwise wounded
in the heart. When injured they become irritable and dangerous,
but are said by the natives never to attack them when in their
canoes. The negroes are very fond of the flesh, which seems to be
intermediate in flavour between beef and veal."

My comparisons with the common hippopotamus have been made
on four specimens (three of which are fully grown) ; two from the vi-
cinity of the Cape of Good Hope, and two from the Senegal river. —
Proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, Feb. 27, 1844.

KENTISH BIRDS.

To the Editors of the Annals of Natural History.

Gentlemen, — In my last letter I complained of not having the
wind N.E. by E., which for the Kentish coast is the best wind for col-
lecting birds. It has been in that direction for some time and produced
a good supply, particularly the Whimbrel, which has oocurred in im-
mense numbers, and so tame, that on their first arrival there was no
difficulty in getting a good shot at them. Greenshanks rather thinner
this year than usual, but the Redshank in great abundance. I have
also got two specimens of the Wood Sandpiper : I only saw three,
and succeeded in killing two, male and female. About the 8th of
last month I shot four beautiful specimens of the Purple Sandpiper,
which are in good condition. I have also some very fine specimens
of the Lesser Tern, Common Tern and Sandwich Tern, with all of

Miscellaneous, 77

which the coast has been plentifully supplied during the easterly
winds.

About the 14th of last month I shot a very fine old male black Red-
start in perfect plumage. A pair of Golden Orioles have been in the
large gardens at Kingsgate, which were there for nearly a week, but
I could not get a shot at them, being so very wild. On Saturday
last I also succeeded in shooting, at about five miles from Margate, a
good specimen of the Rose-coloured Pastor : there were two of them,
one escaped ; that which I shot is a male. I have also a good
specimen of the Spotted Sandpiper, which was killed last year.

144 High Street, Margate. S. Mummery.

SCIENTIFIC APPOINTMENTS IN TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

It affords us very high gratification, more especially at the present
time, when some of our English Universities seem disposed to make
a retrograde movement in science, to be able to announce that se-
veral appointments for the promotion of Natural Science have recently
been made in Ireland's only University. A chair of geology has been
founded, and the distinguished Assistant Secretary of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science, Mr. John Phillips —
who for some time filled the chair of geology in King's College,
London — has been appointed to it. With Trinity College a museum
has always been connected, but in these days of progress it had be-
come quite of an antiquated character, With the view of making it
as extensively useful as possible, particularly in objects of science, a
new office — Director of the Museum — has been formed, and Mr.
Robert Ball, the well-known Secretary of the Royal Zoological So-
ciety of Ireland, elected to fill it, this gentleman making over to the
College his own most valuable and extensive collection of natural
history. To secure to the College the large collection of plants made
by Dr. Coulter in California and Mexico, and to have the benefit of
his botanical services, that distinguished traveller was a few years
since appointed Curator of the herbarium, and his collection became
the property of the University. After his lamented death, which
occurred about six months ago, a successor to the new office was
sought for, and that most able botanist Mr. William Henry Harvey
was elected, the College, as in the case of Dr. Coulter, securing the
whole of his very large and important herbarium.

About the same time the chair of botany became vacant, and Dr.
George J. Allman, the most rising philosophical naturalist in Ireland,
was elected to it. Better appointments than these, individually and
collectively, could not have been made, and the enlightened and
liberal spirit with which they have been carried out is worthy of all
admiration. The best men, without reference to any previous con-
nexion by education with the College, or to any of those external
influences which even at great seats of learning will affect elections,
were appointed, their eminent fitness alone for the respective offices,
without any of the ordinary alloy, deciding the election.

When mentioning these appointments, it is justly due to the me-

78 Miscellaneous.

mory of the late Dr. Lloyd, Provost of Trinity College, to state that
it was his anxious wish to found a school of Natural History in the
University over which he presided, and that it was in immediate
course of being carried into effect in the year 1837 when interrupted
by his sudden death.

HABITS OF THE MANTIS.

In a letter from Herr Chr. Zimmerman in Rockingham in North
Carolina to Dr. Erichson, editor of the ' Archivfur Naturgeschichte/
in which he quaintly retorts upon the latter for incredulity respecting
some former statements of his relative to the food of Mantis Caro-
lina consisting of amphibia, this fact is fully confirmed by the fol-
lowing additional observations : — Your report having come to hand
last September, just the time when the Mantides begin to make their
appearance, I had abundant opportunities of repeating my experi-
ments. Instead of the little striped lizard (Scincus 5-lineatus) as
heretofore, I made use of a species of newt (Salamandra cirrhigera,
Holbri) equally active and more abundant. Its fate was as I anti-
cipated. One newt after the other was seized, and to a greater or
less extent devoured. In vain did they endeavour, by rapid contor-
tions of the body and blows with the tail, to elude the grasp of the
mantis, which, with the head depressed and the hinder part of the
body tilted upwards, kept a firm hold of its victim, and ate until it
could eat no more. I send you the very specimen of mantis with
which these experiments were performed. Whenever a mantis seizes
another insect or small animal, the anterior fang-like extremities are
brought down to below the level of the head, so as to avoid having
to sustain the weight of the prey. — A. T.

ETHNOLOGY.

A tract has been published by M. d'Omalius d'Halloy " Sur les
Races Humaines," of which the following is the account given by the
author when presenting it to the Academy of Sciences. He states
that he had endeavoured to show, that in classing the modifications
of the human race, the natural characters, such as form and colour,
ought to take the precedence of language, historical filiation, and
other social considerations. He then points out that the application
of this principle leads him to remove the Hindoos and Abyssinians
from the whites and to add them to the brown race, which thus be-
comes composed of three geographical groups, separated respectively
by the Sea of Oman and the Gulf of Bengal. He concludes with
remarking upon the constantly progressive development of the
whiter varieties of the human race, whilst the coloured races, and
also the least fair of the white race, are stationary or retrograde ;
whence it may be said, that notwithstanding the stability which now
characterizes organic nature, there is yet in progress a phenomenon
of a like kind with that which is revealed to us in the palseontolo-
gical study of the terrestrial globe, which exhibits the successive
appearance of species more and more perfect ; fish having preceded

Meteorological Observations. 79

reptiles, reptiles the didelphous mammalia, and these latter the mo-
nodelphous ; man having come last, to crown the series. — Comptes
Rendus, April 15, 1844.

SAURIAN FOSSILS.

For the following information we are indebted to Prof. Bronn of
Heidelberg.

A collection of two Mystriosauri and six or seven Ichthyosauri,
from the lias of Germany, will be sold, together or separately, at
Heidelberg, on the 1st of October 1844. All possess perfect heads
(the bones being separate in the Ichthyosauri), the body complete as
far as the tail, and at least a portion of the extremities more or less
perfect. The Mystriosauri are of the species M. Mandelslohi, n. sp.,
with 48 vertebrae, 11 feet long ; and M. longipes, n. sp., with 53 ver-
tebrae, and 5 feet long. Five specimens of Ichthyosaurus acutirostris,
Ow., are respectively perfect as far as the 65th, 102nd, 117th, 122nd
and 123rd vertebrae, and one, I. communis (if it is not a new species),
perfect to the 66th vertebra. The Ichthyosauri (from 4 to 9 feet
long) have been described in the * Neue Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie,'
1844, p. 385-408, pi. 3 and 4; the Mystriosauri in the Supple-
ment to the ' Gavials Fossiles du Lias' by Bronn and Kaup, p. 37-
47, pi. 5 and 6.

Persons wishing for further information may obtain it from Prof.
H. G. Bronn of Heidelberg.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR MAY 1844.
Chiswick. — May 1. Dry haze : excessively dry : clear and fine. 2, 3. Cloud-
less : excessively dry. 4. Slight rain. 5 — 7. Overcast and fine. 8. Dry haze.
9. Sultry. 10. Overcast: very fine. 11,12. Very fine. 13. Sultry. 14, 15.
Very fine. 16. Cloudy and fine. 17. Cloudy and windy. 18,19. Boisterous.

20. Boisterous: cold and dry. 21. Drizzly. 22. Dry haze : very fine. 23.
Cold haze. 24. Cloudy and cold: fine. 25. Overcast: fine: clear. 26,27.
Cloudy and cold. 28. Cloudy. 29. Overcast : slight drizzle : rain at night.
30. Cloudy. 31. Overcast: fine: clear. — Mean temperature of the month 1 0, 2
below the average.

Boston.— May 1—3. Fine. 4. Cloudy. 5—7. Fine. 8, 9. Cloudy. 10.
Cloudy: rain p.m. 11. Fine. }2. Cloudy. 13,14. Fine. 15. Cloudy. 16.
Fine. 17. Rain. 18. Cloudy: rain p.m., with rainbow. 19. Windy. 20,21.
Windy: rain p.m. 22,23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy : rain p.m. 25— 31. Cloudy.

Sandwich Manse, Orkney. — May 1. Bright: clear. 2. Bright : cloudy. 3.
Damp : clear. 4. Bright : clear. 5. Bright : cloudy. 6. Bright : rain. 7, 8.
Bright: clear. 9. Damp: rain. 10. Drizzle: damp. 11, 12. Cloudy: clear,
13. Clear : showers. 14. Bright: cleared. 15. Cloudy. 16. Cloudy: showers.
17. Showers. 18. Clear: showers. 19. Bright: clear. 20. Bright: cloudy.

21, 22. Bright: damp. 23. Cloudy. 24. Cloudy: clear. 25. Bright: clear.
26,27. Bright : cloudy. 28,29. Cloudy. 30,31. Cloudy : damp.

Applegarth Manse, Dumfries-shire. — May 1 — 3. Fine, but parching. 4 — 6.
Very droughty. 7. One slight shower a.m. 8. Fair. 9, 10. Showers, slight.
11. Fair, but cloudy. 12, 13. Fair and clear. 14. Cool. 15 — 17. Fair and
withering, 18. Hoar-frost a.m. 19, 20. Fair and very dry. 21. Very high
wind. 22—28. Very withering. 29. Hoar-frost. 30. Hoar-frost : dry. 31.
A few drops of rain.

Mean temperature of May 52°*3

Mean temperature of May 1843 49 '4

Mean temperature of spring water 48 *1

Mean temperature of ditto May 1843 ... 48 '0

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THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY

No. 89. AUGUST 1844.

XII. — An Account of some enormous Fossil Bones of an
unknown species of the Class Aves, lately discovered in New
Zealand. By the Rev. William Colenso.

It was during the summer of 1838 that I accompanied the Rev.
W. Williams on a visit to the tribes inhabiting the East Cape
district. Whilst at Waiapu (a thickly inhabited locality about
twenty miles S.W. from the East Cape), I heard from the
natives of a certain monstrous animal, which, while some said it
was a bird, and others " a person," all agreed that it was called
a Moa ; that in general appearance it somewhat resembled an
immense domestic cock, with the difference, however, of its
possessing a "face like a man;" that it dwelt in a cavern in
the precipitous side of a mountain ; that it lived on air, and was
attended or guarded by two immense Tuataras*, who, Argus-
like, kept incessant watch while the Moa slept ; and that if any
one possessing temerity sufficient dared to approach the dwelling
of this wonderful creature, he would be infallibly killed by it : an
act which it was said to execute much in the same manner as that
by which those unhappy criminals are summarily punished in
the dominions of the native Indian princes, by the trampling of
an elephant, and at which feat this celebrated Moa was quite
expert.

A mountain, named Wakapunake, at least eighty miles distant
in a southerly direction, was spoken of as the residence of this
creature; where however only one existed, which one, it was
contended by the many, was the sole survivor of the Moa race,
although they could not assign any possible reason why it should
have become all but extinct.

While, however, the existence of the Moa was universally be-
lieved, (in fact, to dare to doubt of such a being amounted in the
native estimation to a very high crime,) no one person could be
found who could positively testify to his having had ocular proof
of the existence of the animal ; for while with every one it was
a matter of the profoundest credence, that belief only rested on
the bare and unsupported assertion of others. Many of the
* See Note A., Appendix.

Ann. §• Mag. N. Hist. Vol xiv. G

82 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

natives, however, had from time to time seen very large bones ;
larger, from their account, than those of an ox ; these bones they
cut up into small pieces for the purpose of fastening to their
fish-hooks as a lure instead of the Haliotis shell*, it answering
that purpose much better, from its going more equably through
the water.

It was almost ludicrous, whilst at the same time it showed the
powerful effect which this belief of theirs had over them, to wit-
ness their unconcealed fear, almost amounting to horror, on
being requested to go to the residence of the Moa to procure it,
or as a guide thither for that purpose. Unlike, too, what has been
very frequently observed in savage nations, this fear seemed not
to arise from any degree of superstitious dread, but merely from
an abiding conviction of the physical powers of this prodigious
animal ; as well as from their belief of the moral certainty of
such powers being put into immediate action, if they dared to
intrude within the precincts of his resort.

As a matter of course, I treated the whole story (as far as re-
lated to the present existence of such an animal) as fabulous;
looking on it as one more of those many peculiar tales and
legends which so abounded in the " olden time," and which every
nation under heaven invariably possesses ; and I could but think
what an excellent companion for the celebrated roc\ of oriental
story and fairy-tale for the nursery it would have made, had it
but been known a little earlier.

On our return to the Bay of Islands, several natives from the
East Cape district accompanied us. From them I subsequently
received pretty nearly the same detail concerning the Moa, as I
had given me before when in that neighbourhood.

In the following year, 1839, the Rev. W. Williams again
visited that district, accompanied by the Rev. R. Taylor. The
non-arrival, by the time appointed, of the vessel by which these
gentlemen were to return to the Bay of Islands, (and through
which cause they were detained a fortnight at the East Cape,)
afforded them much more leisure time than I had when there.
Mr. Taylor, hearing of this Moa, prosecuted his inquiries, and
was subsequently rewarded with the discovery of (what appeared
to be) a part of a fossil toe (or rather claw ?) of some gigantic
bird of former days.

In the summer of 1841-2, I again visited those parts. At
Waiapu I gained the information, that Wakapunake (the moun-
tain where the Moa was said to reside) had been visited by some
baptized natives, purposely, to ascertain the truth of the common
belief, and which they declared to be altogether without founda-

* See Note B., Appendix. f See Note C, Appendix.

of an unknown species of Bird. 83

tion ; finding neither cavern, nor lizard-guards, nor Moa, nor
any signs of such uncommon lusus natures. But what was of
far greater interest to me than this relation of theirs, were some
bones which I had the good fortune to procure from them, and
which were declared by the natives to be true Moa bones. These
bones, seven in number, were all imperfect, and comprised five
femora, one tibia, and one which I have not yet been able satis-
factorily to determine. The largest femur, consisting of the dia-
physis only without the processes, measured 8 inches in length,
and 4| inches in girth in the narrowest part. The portion of
the tibia, which like the femur consisted only of the middle part,
measured in length 6 inches, and in circumference 4 inches at
the narrowest and 5 inches at the widest part. The remaining
bone, the largest of all, which was merely a section, measured in
length 6 inches, and in circumference 7\ inches at the smallest
part. These bones were all (excepting the last-mentioned) of a
very dark colour, almost a ferruginous brown, and appeared to
have entirely lost their oily matter. They were very stout, espe-
cially the tibia, and were strongly marked and indented on the
outside with muscular impressions. What little remained within
of the reticulated cells appeared to be nearly perfect. They were
all found by the natives in the Waiapu river, and were collected
by them for the purpose of cutting up and attaching to their
fish-hooks, in order to fish. The portion of tibia which I ob-
tained had been sawn across by the native in whose possession it
was, for that purpose. I also obtained several hooks, each having
portions of Moa's bone attached to it. I could not however
ascertain, from the smallness of the slips, whether these had been
originally cut out of such bones as those I had just procured, or
whether they had not been sawn from bones of a different de-
scription and larger size.

Leaving Waiapu, and proceeding by the coast towards the
south, I arrived at Poverty Bay, where the Rev. W. Williams
resided. This gentleman had had the good fortune to procure a
nearly whole tibia of an immense bird, without however the
entire processes of either end. This bone measured about 18
inches in length, and was proportionably thick. Mr. Williams
wishing to send this unique relic to Oxford, I left a pair of femora
to accompany it, in order, if possible, to obtain from that seat of
learning some light on these increasingly interesting remains.
At Poverty Bay I made several inquiries after Moa bones, but
to little purpose, as I could not obtain any.

Quitting Poverty Bay, and still travelling in a southern direc-
tion, I soon came within sight of Wakapunake, the mountain
celebrated as the residence of the only surviving Moa. As
natives lived about its base, among whom my route lay, I looked

84 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

forward with no small degree of interest to the obtaining at least
some Moa relics in this locality; in this however I was dis-
appointed. At the close of the second clay's travel we arrived
at " Te Reinga" (a village situated at the foot of the mountain),
where, as opportunity offered, I inquired of the natives relative
to the Moa. In reply to my reiterated queries, they said that
he lived there in the mountain, although they had never seen
him, but that the Moa bones were very commonly found after
floods occasioned by heavy rains, when they would be washed
up on the banks of gravel in the sides of the rivers and exposed
to their view ; still they had not any at that time by them. I
offered large rewards for any that should be found hereafter, and
which were to be taken to Mr. Williams at Poverty Bay. Here,
as at Waiapu, no one person could be found who possessed the
hardihood positively to assert that he had seen the Moa, although
this neighbourhood had ever been the dwelling-place of that
tribe. The mountain, too, it appeared was by no means unknown
to them ; for, during a war between themselves and the Urewera
tribe a few years ago, they had fled for refuge to their stronghold
on the top of Wakapunake, where they had lived for some time,
and where many of their relatives eventually fell into the hands
of the enemy, who starved them into a surrender and took the
place. Here then was still further proof (if proof was wanting),
that no such colossal animal could possibly at this time be exist-
ing in this place. The spot, however, was well-chosen for the
fiction of such a creature's residence : a huge, table-topped and
lofty mountain, covered with primaeval forests of gloomy pines ;
its brow singularly adorned with a horizontal stratum of whitish
sandstone, which ran continuously and precipitously for more
than two miles. At the base of the mountain ran the river
Wangaroa, down which we paddled in canoes for some distance.
This river is a branch of the Wairoa river, which disembogues
into Hawkes' Bay.

These natives further informed me that a Moa resided at a
certain high mountain in Te 'Waiti district, nearly five days'
journey into the interior, in a N.W. direction from the place
where we now were, and that there I should find people who
had actually seen the animal. If I was little inclined to believe
in the story of its existence before, I was much less inclined to
do so now ; however, as my route lay that way, I determined to
make every possible inquiry after it.

Fifteen days after this I arrived at Te 'Waiti, the principal
village of that district and not far from the residence of the
second Moa. Here however, as before, the people had never
seen a Moa, although they had always heard of, and invariably
believed in, the existence of such a creature at that place. They,

of an unknown species of Bird. 85

too, had not any bones in their possession ; though such, they
said, were very commonly seen after heavy floods. The following
day I passed close by the mountain where this Moa had resided for
so many years, but noticed nothing more than usual (although
I availed myself to the utmost of the use of my pocket telescope),
save that this part of the country had a much more barren and
desolate appearance than any I had hitherto witnessed.

I returned in the autumn to the Bay of Islands, without
gleaning any further information relative to the Moa.

It should however appear (from information which I have
recently received from the Rev. W. Williams), that very shortly
after my leaving Poverty Bay, a Moa bone was brought him by
a native which he immediately purchased. The natives in the
neighbourhood hearing of a price being given for such an article
as a bone, which they had ever considered as of little worth, were
stimulated to exertion, and a great number, perhaps more than
a hundred persons, were soon engaged in the field, actively
searching after Moa bones ; the result was, that Mr. Williams
soon had the pleasure of receiving a large quantity of fossil bones,
some of which were of an enormous size, and in a good state of
preservation. The bones, though numerous, were not in any
great variety, chiefly comprising such as I have already men-
tioned, i. e. those of the femur and tibia, together with those of
the tarsus, the lower part of the dorsal vertebrae, and a portion of
the pelvis. Altogether, the bones of nearly thirty birds, appa-
rently of one species only, must have been brought to Mr. Wil-
liams. From the great difference in the sizes of some of them
when compared with each other, Mr. Williams came to the con-
clusion, that the animal to which they once belonged must have
been very long-lived. Whilst, however, I do not perceive how far
this inference is to be correctly deduced from the mere difference
in the size of the bones, we know that longevity is common to
very many of the feathered race, particularly to those of the
larger kinds. One of the bones, a tibia*, measured 2 feet 10
inches in length, and was proportionably thick. Two others
measured, each, 2 feet 6 inches in length. Another, a section
of a femur, measured 8 inches in circumference in the smallest
part ! On putting together the bones of the leg and thigh
(although none of them exactly fitted), and making the neces-
sary allowance for the portions deficient of the processes of the
joints, the intermediate cartilages, and lower tendons and integu-
ments of the foot, we obtain at least six feet of the lower ex-
tremities of a bird ; which, supposing its upper parts to accord
in size with the lower ones, must have measured in altitude when

* This has been sent by Mr. Williams with several others to Prof. Buckland.

86 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

alive, at the lowest rate of calculation, from 14 to 16 feet ! ! An
enormous feathered monster, well worthy, from its gigantic size,
of being classed with the Megalosaurus of Buckland and the
Mastodon of Cuvier.

It so happened that about this time a mechanic, who had
been living at Cloudy Bay in the Middle Island, came to reside
at Poverty Bay. He stated that this bird now existed in the
high hills near Cloudy Bay ; and that two Americans, residents
at that place, hearing from a native that such a bird lived on the
mountainous and snowy heights, provided themselves with arms,
and thus equipped, went in high expectation of shooting one,
taking the native with them as their guide. They ascended the
mountain to the place where these birds resort, and, at the
native's request, hid themselves behind some bushes. Presently
they saw the monster majestically stalking down in search of
food ; they were, however, so petrified with horror at the sight
as to be utterly unable to fire on him. They observed him for
near an hour, ere he retired, and were glad enough at last to
make their escape. They described this animal as being about
14 or 16 feet in height.

The bones from which the annexed drawings* were made,
were all found at Turanga (Poverty Bay). They comprise a
tibia, a femur, a tarsus, and fragments of a pelvis and dorsal
vertebra of a Moa. They are very stout, are deeply marked
with muscular impressions, and are in a good state of preserva-
tion. 1. The tibia, which is nearly perfect, measures 30 inches
in length, and in girth, at the largest end, (where it was much
broken away at the edges of the processes, and consequently re-
duced in size,) 16 1 - inches ; at the smallest end 12^ inches, and
in the smallest part, near the middle of the bone, 5^ inches.
There are not any remains of a fibula, however rudimentary,
attached to the tibia, nor is there any apparent mark of attach-
ment to indicate that such formerly adhered thereto. The largest
tibia yet found in nearly a perfect state, measured 4 inches more
in length than thisf. 2. The femur, which also is nearly per-
fect, measures in length 13 inches; in girth, at the one end over the
head of the femur, Il-J inches, at the thickest end 12^ inches,
and in the smallest part 5^ inches : the reticulated muscular
impressions on this bone are very numerous and well-defined. I
have seen a portion of a femur, the small part of which measured

* Drawings of these bones were sent to the Tasmanian Society, together
with the original monographs.

f I much regret that 1 had not an opportunity of inspecting the largest
and most perfect bones ere they were sent to England. A vessel sailing
from Turanga for Port Nicholson, by which opportunity they were sent,
was the reason of my not seeing them.

of an unknown species of Bird. 87

in girth 8 inches ! 3. The tarsus (a small one), nearly perfect,
measures in length 10 inches, and in girth at one end 9 inches,
and at the opposite end 8 inches, and in the smallest part 4
inches : this bone is comparatively very short and flat, and has
articulations for only three toes. 4. The portion of the bone of
the back and pelvis is not so perfect, being a much-broken frag-
ment, comprising from the upper outer edge of the acetabulum
of the os innominatum to the lower joint of the dorsal vertebra,
in which the canal for the medulla spinalis is perfect. This
bone, or rather fragment, measures, from the outer edge of
the reticulation of the head of the osfemoris to the outer broken
edge of the bone (which is that portion approaching towards
the upper part of the bone of the pelvis), 11 inches; and across
the inner and smallest part of the bone, immediately beneath
the last of the doysal vertebra, where it was most perfect, 7
inches: a correct idea cannot however be given of such a frag-
ment as this, through the medium of a written description.
This bone evidently differs very considerably from such bones in
other birds, in its peculiar carinated shape in that portion of it
which must have formed the highest part of the lumbar region;
it must have been also considerably larger when entire, as the
whole of the upper ridge is much broken. This bone is also
very deeply indented with muscular impressions.

Having thus given, it is to be feared, rather a tedious detail of
the Moa, and of the bones hitherto found, little more remains,
at present, for the writer, than deferentially to offer a few remarks
on the bones in question ; and these suggestions which he has
to submit may be noticed under two general heads. First, does
the Moa now exist ? or, at what period of time is it probable
that it existed ? Secondly, to what order or family can we rea-
sonably suppose the Moa to belong ?

It is very true that at this time we have but little to assist us
in our search ; nevertheless, let us commence and prosecute our
inquiry, judiciously considering such aids as may present themr
selves to our notice in the course of our investigation at all bear-
ing on the subject before us.

Our first inquiry then will be, does the Moa now exist ? or, at
what period of time is it probable that it did exist ? To the first
of these queries I reply, that it is my opinion that the species of
bird whose bones we have now before us does no longer exist,
at least in New Zealand : a few reasons for this opinion of mine
I will here adduce.

From my knowledge of the New Zealander, I can but believe
that there is no part of his native land which has not been trod
by him, at one time or other, however mountainous or dreary it
may be. As a proof of this, I might mention their having pro-

88 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

per names for every portion of land and water, whether hill or
dale, lake or running stream ; and their never being at a loss in
describing distant or unfrequented parts of their own country, some
one or other present among the " listening crowd M having either
visited the places spoken of, or received a narration from some
one who had. Now, as no New Zealander is to be found who can
positively state that he has actually seen such a bird, and as
every nook and corner of the land is well known to the natives,
I conclude that the animal in question no longer exists in New
Zealand. In recording this opinion, it will be seen that I pay
no attention whatever to the strange and fearful account given of
the Moa by some natives, a relation which carries with it its
own proof of being false ; as I know full well the powers of the
New Zealander for romance, of which description of stories they
have not a few among them. The account, too, furnished the
Rev. W. Williams from the two American settlers, I also, in
like manner, reject ; but only as far as the bird whose bones we
have before us is concerned. A very large and peculiar bird
may exist in the mountainous district of the Middle Island ; in
fact, we know that several large birds well known to the natives,
though hitherto unknown to science, live on the high hills in the
Northern Island. But I cannot persuade myself to receive one
man's relation as perfectly correct in every particular, against the
united testimony of those persons from among the different tribes
of the Northern Island with whom I have conversed on the sub-
ject; that person, too, an unscientific man, receiving his relation
from others, who, by their own account, were not only powerfully
operated on by fear, but who are also from that country in the
" far west " whose natives are proverbially famed for their " long
yarns."

In thus, however, disposing of that part of the question rela-
tive to the present existence of the Moa, we have still to inquire,
at what period of time is it probable that this bird existed ? And
here, I think, we have to consider, first, the situation in which
the bones are found ; and secondly, any additional evidence which
native tradition may be able to afford us.

The Moa bones, as far as I have been able to ascertain, have
hitherto been only found within the waters and channels of those
rivers which disembogue into the southern ocean, between the
East Cape and the S. head of Hawkes' Bay, on the E. coast of
the Northern Island of New Zealand. And, as I have before
observed, they are only, when wanted, sought for after floods
occasioned by heavy rains, when, on the subsiding of the waters,
they are found deposited on the banks of gravel, &c. in the
shallowest parts of the rivers. These rivers are, in several places,
at a considerable depth below the present surface of the soil,

of an unknown species of Bird. 89

often possessing a great inclination, at once perceived by the
rapidity of their waters. They all have more or less of a delta
near their mouths, from a slight inspection of which it is known
that their channels have, in those places at least, considerably
changed. The rocks and strata in these localities indicate gene-
rally both secondary and tertiary formations; consisting, the
former of argillaceous schist, sandstone, conglomerate, green -
sand, &c. ; the latter of clay, marl, calcareous tufa, sand, gravel,
and alluvial deposits. The real depositum, however, of the Moa
bones is not certainly known.

From native tradition we gain nothing to aid us in our in-
quiries after the probable age in which this animal lived ; for
although the New Zealander abounds in traditionary lore, both
natural and supernatural, he appears to be totally ignorant of
anything concerning the Moa, save the fabulous stories already
referred to. If such an animal ever existed within the times of
the present race of New Zealanders, surely, to a people possessing
no quadruped*, and but very scantily supplied with both animal
and vegetable food, the chase and capture of such a creature would
not only be a grand achievement, but one also, from its im-
portance, not likely ever to be forgotten ; seeing too that many
things of comparative minor importance are by them handed
down from father to son in continued succession, from the very
night of history. Even fishes, birds and plants, (anciently
sought after with avidity as articles of food, and now if not alto-
gether, very nearly extinct,) although never having been seen by
either the passing or the rising generation of aborigines, are,
notwithstanding, both in habit and uses, well known to them
from the descriptive accounts repeatedly rehearsed in their hear-
ing by the old men of the villages. This very silence, however,
I embrace as a valuable auxiliary evidence, bearing me out not a
little in my conjecture, that the bones of the Moa will probably
be found lying either in the upper stratum of the secondary or
the lower strata of the tertiary formation. In fact, unless we
suppose this immense bird to have existed at a period prior to
the peopling of these islands by their present aboriginal inhabit-
ants, how are we to account for its becoming extinct, and, like
the Dodo, blotted out of the list of the feathered race ? From
the bones of about thirty birds found at Turanga in a very short
time and with very little labour, we can but infer that it once
lived in some considerable numbers ; and, from the size of those
bones, we conclude the animal to have been powerful as well as
numerous. What enemies then had it to contend with in these
islands, where, from its colossal size, it must have been para-

* See Note D., Appendix.

90 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

mount lord of the creation, that it should have ceased to be ?
Man, the only antagonist at all able to cope with it, we have
already shown as being entirely ignorant of its habits, use, and
manner of capture, as well as utterly unable to assign any
reason why it should have thus perished.

The period of time then in which I venture to conceive it
most probable the Moa existed, was certainly either antecedent
or coetaneous to the peopling of these islands by the present race
of New Zealanders.

But we will proceed, and endeavour to ascertain (as we pro-
posed in the second place to do) to what order or family is it
likely that the Moa belongs ? In making this inquiry, we have
little to assist us but the bones before us ; from an attentive con-
sideration of which we are necessarily led to conclude that the
animal must have been of large size and great strength ; and, from
the shortness of the tarsus (when compared with the length of
the tibia) j we also perceive it to have been short-legged. From
its size, we shall naturally be led to seek for its affinities among
either the Raptorial or Rasorial orders ; but from its tarsi pos-
sessing only articulations for three toes, we are at once precluded
from supposing that it belonged to the former order ; to which
we may also add, first, the (so to speak) evidence of negation, of
not a single specimen or fragment of a wing-bone having yet
been found ; and, secondly, the judicious observation of Cuvier (in
reference to the family of Strut hionidce), that it would be morally
impossible to fit such heavy bodies with wings sufficient to enable
them to fly*. In the latter, however (the Gallinaceous or Ra •
sorial order), we have the largest and stoutest birds known;
these too are terrestrial in their habits, some exclusively so, and
very often possess only three toes. It is true, that in general the
different known members of the family containing the largest
birds have their tarsi long, (whereas those of the Moa, as we
have already seen, are short,) yet to this we have exceptions in
the Dodo (alas ! no more) and the Apteryx. And I think it
is highly worthy of notice, that the latter, the only known exist-
ing genus of the family possessing short tarsi, is entirely con-
fined to these islands.

From a conviction, then, that it is in this order only that the
affinities of the Moa are to be sought with any prospect of sue-

* The Baron's words are, " It appears as if all the muscular power which
is at the command of nature would he insufficient to move such immense
wings as would be required to support their massive bodies in the air." —
' Regne Animal,' Class Aves, ord. 5. fam. 1. — If such were the spontaneous
remarks made by that illustrious naturalist on contemplating the size of the
known members of that family, what would he not have said, had he but
lived to examine the colossal structure of the Moa !

of an unknown species of Bird. 91

cess, and that it is in the family Strut hionidce where they will,
doubtless, eventually be found, we are induced, for the present
at least, to place the Moa in that gigantic group. In the ab-
sence, however, of a specimen of an Apteryx* with which to
compare the few bones we at present possess of the Moa, I should,
I confess, be hazarding an opinion in saying that it was most
nearly allied to that peculiar genus ; yet when we consider, that
out of the five existing genera of this family, three at least, ap-
parently possessing the nearest affinities to the remains of the
bird before us, belong exclusively to the southernmost parts of
the southern hemispheref, and that a connecting link is, as it
were, wanting between the Rhea of the Straits of Magellan, the
Dromiceus of New Holland, the Casuarius of the Indian Archi-
pelago, and the Apteryx of New Zealand, and that this connect-
ing link may, in all probability, be supplied in the Moa ; I think
we shall be constrained to assign our Moa a place between the
genera Casuarius and Apteryx, possessing as it does (only in a
much greater degree) the immense size and strength of the
former, combined with the short tarsi, and probably wingless
structure of the latter.

I venture however to suppose, that we may gain an addi-
tional gleam of light, both upon the probable period at which
the Moa existed, and also on the family to which it may be allied,
by a consideration of the etymology of its name. The word
Moa, whence is it derived? I confess, I know not any New
Zealand word from which it may be supposed to have derived its
origin. And this will seem the more remarkable when we con-
sider, that a very great number of New Zealand appellatives
are not only derived and easily traceable, but are also generally
highly expressive of some action or quality of the thing itself;
chiefly too is this to be observed when such action or quality
is peculiar or uncommon. But in the Moa, the most uncom-
mon animal New Zealand has ever produced (especially in the
estimation of a native), we have a cognomen which seems an
entire exception to the common rule ; for, as far I understand it
at present, it has, in reference to this immense animal, no mean-
ing whatever. Further, it may not be amiss also to notice en
passant, that it is of rare occurrence in the language to find
anything bearing so very short an appellative as the bird in
question. In the Friendly, Society, and Sandwich groups, the
term " Moa " has been, I believe, invariably given by the natives
of those islands to the domestic cock, and used as the proper

* It lias been my good fortune to have at different times several speci-
mens of the Jpteryx in my possession ; at present, however, I have not one,
nor do I know in whose possession one is to be found in New Zealand.

f See Note E., Appendix.

92 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

name for that animal by the missionaries there. The New Zea-
lander, in relating his fabulous account of the Moa, almost in-
variably said, it was like a " tikaokao," i. e. a cock, (they having
given the cock that name from its crow, which to them sounded
like those letters when drawn out and pronounced after their
manner,) and that it was adorned with wattles, &c. Without at
all, at present, entering into the question as to what country or
countries the existing race of New Zealanders emigrated from to
these islands, the popular belief, that at least a portion of them
is of Malay origin, is, I think, in connexion with the name of
this bird, worthy of notice; for whilst we know the term " Moa "
is used to denote the cock in the Friendly Islands and other
groups, it is only in the isles of the Indian Archipelago that the
cassowary (Casuarius Casoar, Briss.) is to be found, and this
bird too is " heavy and stoutly built," and the only one of the
whole family of Struthionida possessing wattles; for, according
to Cuvier, it " has the skin of its head and top of the neck naked,
of an azure-blue and fiery-red colour, with pendent caruncles
like those of the turkey, and is the largest of all birds next to
the ostrich*." May we not, I would ask, be allowed to conjecture,
that in that now long-past period, when the forefathers of the
present race of aborigines first landed on these shores, a few of
those New Zealand birds might still be found in the most
secluded and mountainous retreats, having hitherto escaped the
repeated inroads of the original inhabitants (or, we may suppose
that the bones only were seen and identified to belong to a bird
by those new-comers), to which, from their real or supposed re-
semblance to those of the cassowary, they gave the name of Moa ;
the name which that giant bird bore in their fathers' land ?

This conjecture, however, may be much more fully established,
on ascertaining the name by which the cassowary is known to
the present inhabitants of the islands of the Indian Sea.

The ornithology of New Zealand, now that these islands are
become a British colony, will soon be known ; and we may rest
assured, that if such an animal exists, it cannot much longer
remain concealed. And, it is further to be hoped, that ere long
we shall be enabled to find somewhat more of the fossil remains
of the Mo a j so as not merely to form in part conjectural opinions
on its size, habits and affinities, but so as to be well assured of
what this prodigious creature really was.

William Colenso.

Paihia, Bay Islands, New Zealand, May 1, 1842.

* Vide Cuvier, ' Regne Animal,' class Aves, gen. Casuarius.

of an unknown species of Bird. 93

APPENDIX.

Note A., page 81.
The Tuatara is an animal belonging to the class Reptilia, order
Sauria ; but to which of the families composing the same, I cannot, in
the absence of books of reference, at present determine. It appears to
possess characters common to Lacertinidcc and Iguanidm, in its having
the thin and extensible tongue of the former, combined with the un-
divided one of the latter. It is common in some parts of New Zea-
land, particularly on rocky headlands and islets lying off the coast.
I have one at present in spirits, which I had alive for nearly three
of the winter months ; during which time, although I repeatedly
tried to get it to take some kind of food, I could not succeed. From
its habits I supposed it to be a hybernating animal. It measured
19 inches in length, had a row of elevated spines (or rather recurved
scales) nearly the whole length of its back, and appeared a perfectly
harmless creature. It was taken, with two others, on Karewa islet,
off Tauranga harbour, in the Bay of Plenty. The natives speak of
another species possessing a forked tail ! and assert that a larger
species, which inhabits swampy places, has been seen six feet in
length, and as thick as a man's thigh. The largest, however, that
I have ever heard of did not measure above two feet in length.

Note B., page 82.
The shells of several species of Haliotis, Ostrea, and other na-
crescent genera, are commonly used by the natives inhabiting the
isles of the South Pacific for this purpose. A narrow slip of the
shell is firmly fastened to the back of the hook, the barb of which is
generally concealed by a tuft of metallic -surfaced blue feathers, pro-
cured either from the Korora (Aptenodytes minor) or the Kotaretare
(Dacelo Leachii). The hook thus prepared and attached to a stout
line, composed of the fibres of the Korari (Phormium tenax), which,
after being cleaned from the parenchymatous parts, are twisted to-
gether with the hand, is drawn quickly through the water by a per-
son paddling a small canoe ; the larger fish, believing this glittering
lure to be their prey, eagerly pursue it, and greedily catching at the
same are taken. In favourable weather a great number of fine fish
are soon captured by this method. Among the New Zealanders it
is a very favourite sport, and one that is not a little animating, when
several canoes are engaged. I have seen upwards of twenty small
canoes thus employed on a fine summer's evening, on the beautiful
sheet of water in the Bay of Islands. I may here mention, that
previous to the introduction of the Gospel among the New Zealanders,
their hooks were often composed of human bone; those of their
enemies being used for that purpose. Sometimes they formed their
hooks from the tough stalks and branches of Tauhinu (Pomaderris
ericifolia) and Mangemange (Lygodium volubile), hardening them
by the aid of fire. At present they invariably prefer the hooks which
they make from iron nails to those of our manufacture, the latter,
they allege, being much too brittle.

94 Rev. W. Colenso on some enormous Fossil Bones

Note C., page 82.

Whoever has read the marvellous ' Thousand-and-one Nights '
must be well acquainted with the monstrous stories related of this
extraordinary bird ; its celebrity, however, is not confined to that
work. "Rukh" says the author of the Arabic Dictionary, " is the
name of a monstrous bird which is said to have powers sufficient to
carry off a live rhinoceros." To this animal Marco Polo also refers,
in his relation of the story of the ambassadors : — " The rukh is said,
by persons who have seen it, to measure sixteen paces across the
wings from tip to tip, the feathers of which are eight paces in length,
and thick in proportion. A feather of the rukh was brought by those
messengers who were sent by the Grand Khan for the purpose of
making inquiries respecting it, which feather is positively affirmed
to have measured ninety spans, and the quill part to have been two
palms in circumference." The existence of this immense bird seems
to have obtained universal credence throughout all the eastern na-
tions ; and while ancient historians make mention of certain enor-
mous and peculiar animals as common to the Orientals, scientific
men of modern times have wisely omitted such relations from their
nomenclature.

Note D., page 89.

The only quadrupeds indigenous to New Zealand are a dog, a
small rat, a few Saurians, a bat, and on the coast, one or two species
of seal. The dog (Kuri*) is a small animal (somewhat resembling
the variety known as the pricked-ear shepherd's cwr) with erect ears
and flowing tail ; its cry is a peculiar kind of whining howl, which,
when in a state of domestication, it utters in concert at a signal
given by its master, and is most unpleasant. Of the skins of these
animals the New Zealanders make a durable garment, which when
composed of alternate strips of black and white fur has a handsome
appearance. Its flesh was formerly eaten. This variety of dog has
however become very scarce in consequence of the continued intro-
duction of other and larger varieties.

The rat (Kiore) is a small field species of Arvicola, Cuv., now
seldom met with. Its place unfortunately is more than supplied
with the common species of Mus (M. musculus, M. rattus, and M.
decumanus\), which everywhere abound, to the infinite annoyance of

* The natives have several names for the dog in addition to that of kuri,
such as moimoi, kirehe, peropero, and the general appellative of kararehe. M.
Balbi, ' Introd. a l'Atlas,' p. lxix, mentions pero, the New Zealand term for
dog, as being derived from the Spanish perro, and as affording a proof that
the animal was originally of foreign introduction, and obtained in com-
paratively recent times ; the natives however invariably assert their always
having had this animal among them.

f These species are severally distinguished by the natives : the indigenous
animal is termed kiore maori (i. e. native rat) ; M. musculus, kiore iti (i. e.
little rat) ; M. rattus, kiore mangu (i. e. black rat), or kiore pakeha (i. e.
foreign rat) ; and M. decumanus, maunga rua (i. e. barn abider.)

of an unknown species of Bird. 95

the natives. The indigenous species was used as an article of food
by the New Zealanders, being when fat in high repute as a delicious
morceau.

Of the order Sauria, at least six distinct species are now in my
possession. They are all (with the exception of the Tuatara already
mentioned) small animals. Two beautiful species, one a light green
with a long tail, the other a darker green, with white oblong and
subreniform spots, are called by the natives Kakariki and Kaka-
wariki. These are often found basking in the sun stretched on
the upper branches of some shrub. Two other species of an ash
colour, elegantly marked with gray and brown waterings, called by
the natives Papa, are found in rotten and hollow trees. These four
species are broad and flat, and have small scales which are not
imbricated. Two other graceful species, with bodies much narrower
and more elongated, of a brown colour with numerous light and dark
coloured markings and dots, are called by the natives Mokomoko.
One of these last-mentioned species is very common, and may be
obtained in abundance in the summer season on the shores among
the dry algae and other light substances a few feet above high-water
mark. The other of these last-mentioned species is very scarce, I
having only casually seen it in decayed trees in forests. All the spe-
cies are harmless, and are objects of superstitious dread to the New
Zealander ; chiefly so however to the old and ignorant. The flesh of
the Tuatara alone is made use of by the natives as an article of food;
only however by one or two tribes inhabiting the interior of the
island, for which they have been often spoken contemptuously of
by their countrymen.

The bat I have never had an opportunity of closely examining.
It is however a small species, and like its European relative, is com-
monly seen flitting its tortuous maze on a fine summer's evening.
The natives call it Pekapeka.

The seals (PIiocce) I have never seen ; they are, nevertheless, well-
known to the natives, who call them Kekeno, and assert that they
come on shore at night to browse on thistles ! When captured, as
they sometimes are, they afford the New Zealander a rich repast.
They in all probability comprise the species Ph. leptonyx, Blainv.,
and Ph. leonina, Linn.

Pigs, dogs, cats, rats and mice are now both wild and numerous
throughout the whole island. Even the dense forests of the interior,
far away from the residence of men, are infested with the smaller
vermin. The natives attribute the destruction and all but extinction
of the Kiwi {Apteryx australis), the Koitareke (a species of Tetrao),
the ' Weka (a large and unknown bird with short wings, probably
allied to the genus Ardea), the Kiore maori, and other terrestrial
animals, to the voracity and numbers of those foreign pests.

Note E., page 91.

It may not be amiss to give here an outline of the genera com-
posing the family of Struthionidte, seeing they are but few. Each

96 Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species &/ (Enanthe.

genus contains but a single species. In the present state of our
knowledge the group may be thus arranged : —

Class AVES.
Order IV. Rasores, Vigors.
Family IV. StruthionidjE.

1. Genus Strvthio, Linnaeus. (Type of the group), Ostrich of South
Africa : possessing two toes.

2. Genus Casuarius, Brisson. Cassowary of the Indian Archipelago :
three toes.

3. Genus Dromiceius, Vieillot. Emeu of N. S. Wales : three toes.

4. Rhea, Vieill. Nandu of Straits of Magellan : three toes.

5. -. Didus, Linn. Dodo, formerly an inhabitant of the Isles of

Mauritius and Bourbon : three toes: extinct!

6. Genus Apteryx, Shaw. Kiwi of New Zealand : three toes and a
rudimentary one.

7. ? ?* Moa of New Zealand: three toes: sup-
posed to be extinct.

XIII. — On some British species o/ (Enanthe. By Charles
€. Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c.f
My friend Mr. Ball having most kindly allowed me to read his
paper upon (Enanthe (p. 4 of the present volume) before its pub-
lication, I have availed myself of his permission, and prepared
the present memoir upon the same subject, which, it will be seen,
is one which presents very considerable difficulty.

To my valued friend the Rev. W. L. P. Garnons I am indebted
for specimens of (Enanthe from " a marsh between Weymouth and
Portland Island n which agree very well with Mr. BalFs descrip-
tion of (E. pimpinelloides, but want the radical leaves. All the
stem leaves that remain (the lowest alone being wanting) have
linear simple pinnules. The diachenia are unripe, as is also un-
fortunately the case in all my foreign specimens of (E. pimpinel-
loides ; but still they show a considerable difference of form from
those of (E. Lachenalii, narrowing in a slight degree from the
summit downwards, and being furnished at the base (as far as I
can judge from unripe dried specimens) with the fleshy prominent
ring found in the true (E. pimpinelloides ; they are crowned with
the erect persistent limb of the calyx, and about equal the length
of the rigid, slightly divergent styles. The leaflets of the involucels
differ slightly in form and proportions, being linear-subulate or

* Prof. Owen's observations on this subject are given at p. 444, vol. xii.,
and p. 59, vol. xiv. of this Journal ; the generic name of Dinornis has been
assigned by Prof. Owen to this monster bird, and no less than five species
distinguished. — Ed.

f Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 9th iMay, 1844.

Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species of (Enanthe. 97

almost setaceous on one of the specimens from Mr. Garnons, but
linear-lanceolate on the other ; and in both cases shorter than the
outer barren pedicels. On the Toulouse specimen of (E. pimpi-
nelloides, gathered and named by M. Serre, and already referred
to by Mr. Ball and myself (Man. 130), the involucels have linear-
subulate leaflets which are shorter than the outer pedicels j whilst
on another from Dr. Noe, found near Fiume (Reich. Fl. Germ,
exsic. 1359), those organs are very narrow and extend beyond
the barren florets. I think therefore that the character drawn
from the involucels can hardly be depended upon, and that the
differences between this plant and (E. Lachenalii must be founded
upon their very different roots, the remarkable callosity at the
base of the diachenium, and the mucronate pinnules of all its
leaves. Owing to the absence of the radical leaves and of ripe
fruit, I cannot absolutely say that the Weymouth plant is (E.pim-
pinelloides, although I have great reason to believe it to belong
to that species. Its root consists of long fibres abruptly enlarged
at about two-thirds of their length into nearly spherical knobs.
Although these specimens must remain slightly doubtful, those
which are referred to by Mr. Ball seem to admit of no ambiguity,
and will therefore add the true (E. pimpinelloides to the flora of
Britain.

(E. peucedanifolia of Smith presents much more difficulty than
we have met with in the consideration of the preceding plant,
owing to the probability that more than one species is included
under the name of (E. silaifolia; for its root keeps it distinct
from the (E. peucedanifolia. If we examine the works of authors
of authority who have described plants under the name of (E. si-
laifolia, we find the following differing descriptions, viz. "napulis
radicalibus fasciculatis oblongis," Bertoloni (Fl. Ital. iii. 241) ;
" radice fasciculata fibris oblongo- vel elongato -clavatis," and
"fructibus cylindricis basi callo cinctis," Koch (Syn. Fl. Germ,
ed. 2. 322) ; " radicis fibris oblongo-fusiformibus tuberosis cylin-
dricisve n and " fructibus ovatis," DeCandolle (Prodr. iv. 137) ;
(t radicis fibris cylindrico-fusiformibus," Reichenbach (Fl. excurs.
463); " radicis fibris cylindraceo-fusiformibus," Bluff and Finger-
huth (Comp. Fl. Germ. ed. 2. i. 495) ; " tuberibus fusiformibus,"
Bieberstein (Fl. Tauro-Cauc. iii. 232). Taking the last as the
plant to which this name correctly belongs, we find the descrip-
tions by DeCandolle, Reichenbach, and Bluff and Fingerhuth,
and the figure in ' Eng. Bot/ (tab. 348), to agree with it in the
form of the thickened fibres of the root ; but none of these authors
give any useful description of the fruit except DeCandolle, who
calls it " ovate ;" and as in other species he speaks of the callous
ring at the base, it is clear that he does not understand it to be
present in this plant. It seems then that Smith's (E. peuceda-

Ann. $ Map. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. H

98 Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species of (Enanthe.

nifolia must be referred to (E. silaifolia (Bieb.) until it can be
shown that the fruit is different. Owing to the want of authentic
specimens of Bieberstein' s plant, and of ripe fruit of Smith's, I
am unable to do this, although it will be seen below that several
authors consider it to possess a totally different form from that
described by DeCandolle. The descriptions published by Ber-
toloni and Koch remain to be considered, and it will be seen that
they both describe the root in such a manner as to convey the
idea of a quite different form of fibre from that possessed by the
plant of Bieberstein ; but that in their account of the fruit, totally
different plants must be intended.

I now come to the latest author who has written concerning
these plants, namely Grisebach. In his f Spicilegium Florae Ru-
melicse et Bithynicse' (i. 352 — 357) he has described several new
species of (Enanthe, and appended a tabular synopsis of all the
European species belonging to the genus. Here we find that
(E. media (Griseb.) has "radicis napulis sessilibus oblongis utrin-

que attenuatis," and " fructibus cylindricis annulo calloso

ad basin cinctis f and he afterwards adds, that it is " species
media inter G£. peucedanifoliam (Poll.), quacum foliis et petalis
convenit, et (E. silaifoliam (M. B.), cujus fructum radicemque
imitatur." Here then we have an express declaration that the
true (E. silaifolia has roots similar to Sowerby's figure in ' Eng.
Bot.,' but that its fruit has the enlarged callous ring at the base.

Concerning (E. peucedanifolia there is very little difference of
opinion ; most authors considering it to possess sessile, more or
less clavate radical knobs, which contract abruptly into a long
slender fibre, and fruits which are narrowed at the base.

If now we refer to Mr. Ball's description of his specimens
named (E. silaifolia from Portmarnock and Deerhurst, we find
that they possess oblong-clavate radical knobs terminating in a
fibre — a structure which I consider to belong to the (E. silaifolia
of Bertoloni and Koch, but not of Bieberstein, and the (E. peu-
cedanifolia of most authors — but then he describes the fruit as
" clavatum inferne quidquam contractum." In both these re-
spects, therefore, it would appear that his plants might have been
considered as the (E. peucedanifolia, had he not stated that all
their leaves are similar, the leaflets of the lower leaves being lan-
ceolate and of the upper ones linear, which I believe not to be the
case in (E. peucedanifolia. Thus his plant is not (E. peucedani-
folia from its leaves, not (E. silaifolia of Bieberstein, DeCandolle,
Reichenbach nor Bluff, from its root. It is probably the plant
of Bertoloni but not that of Koch, if " the presence or absence of
the incrassated summit of the pedicel/' by which I understand
what most authors call the callous ring at the base of the fruit,
" is never seen to vary."

Mr. C. C. Babington on some British species cf (Enanthe. 99

I now proceed to notice two English plants contained in my
own herbarium, but previously take the opportunity of suggest-
ing that, as it is not improbable that the form of the radical
knobs varies in different states of the same plant or at different
seasons of the year, it would be advisable that they should always
be examined at the same stage of the plant's development, namely,
when the fruit of the primary umbel is well-formed but the se-
condary umbels still bear flowers. One of my English specimens
was gathered ten years since at Cambridge, and unfortunately does
not possess the root or fruits ; in other respects it agrees pretty
well with Mr. Ball's description of (E. silaifolia, although not
quite with sufficient exactness to allow me to state with certainty
that they are the same plant. The other English specimens in
my possession have been given to me by the Rev. A. Bloxam, by
whom they were gathered at Sutton Wharf in Leicestershire.
These possess the roots of (E. peucedanifolia ; the radical and
lowest stem leaves are absent, but all the others have short, linear,
acute segments, and the lower ones are bipinnate, whilst the
upper are nearly, and the uppermost quite, simply pinnate. Un-
fortunately the fruit is very young, but yet shows very decided
marks of having a thickened base. On the whole, I am inclined
to consider all my English specimens as referable to the (E. silai-
folia of Koch but not of Bieberstein.

From the above it seems to me that we are authorized to con-
clude that more than one species passes under the name of (E.
peucedanifolia of Smith, and I trust that I may venture to ask
English botanists to favour me by the communication of speci-
mens possessing both fruit and roots, in order to enable me to
endeavour to clear up this difficulty in a future edition of my
c Manual of British Botany/

The root of (E. Lachenalii, which, as Mr. Ball justly observes,
is by far the most common of these plants in Britain, appears
to differ considerably according to the state of the plant ; young
seedlings and the offsets of old plants having slender branched
fibrous roots. On flowering plants the fibres are simple, stout,
and pretty uniformly thick throughout the greater part of their
length; not clavate nor fusiform, nor nodulose. The radical
fibres of fruiting individuals usually thicken gradually, but not
very greatly through a considerable portion of their length, and
are then narrowed quickly, but not abruptly, into the slender
fibrous extremity. Old plants which, late in the autumn, have
perfected their fruit and are dying down to the ground, have
their radical fibres irregularly thickened throughout at least half
of their length, not at all clavate, and too irregular to deserve the
name of cylindrical or fusiform.

I have but little objection to make to Mr. Ball's description of

H 2

100 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

(E. Lachenalii, but find the lowest leaves to be occasionally even
tripinnate, and the leaflets are quickly rounded off at the end to
an acute angle. I suspect that Mr. Ball is not acquainted with
the radical leaves of seedling plants or young offsets : they are
once or twice pinnate, with ovate or wedge-shaped, obtusely inciso-
apiculato-crenate segments.

It only now remains for me to add, that I fully concur with my
friend in the observations with which he concludes his paper,
but think that the position, form, and relative size of the radical
knobs are of more value for the discrimination of species than
they appear to possess in his estimation.

St. John's College, Cambridge, April 25, 1844.

XIV. — On Cardinia, Agassiz, a Fossil Genus of Mollusca cha-
racteristic of the Lias. By H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.G.S.

There are few groups of fossils which, both in their generic and
specific relations, have been involved in greater confusion than
the very natural and characteristic genus of which I am about to
speak. Having resided for some years in a locality where several
species of this genus abound, and having, by the examination of
many hundreds, I might say thousands of specimens, aided by
the kindness of Mr. J. Morris, author of the valuable c Catalogue
of British Fossils/ been enabled to trace them through their
several varieties, and thus to circumscribe the boundaries of the
species, I hope to correct some of the errors into which other
authors have fallen.

The genus of Mollusks in question is evidently most nearly
allied to Astarte, Sow. (Crassina, Lamarck), a genus which most
authors agree in placing among the Venerida. From the great
strength of the shell, single valves are often preserved in a per-
fect state, and we are thus enabled to ascertain all its characters
with an accuracy that is rarely attainable in fossil bivalves, espe-
cially of the older formations. The genus may be described in
general terms as an Astarte with the addition of very strong
lateral teeth. The shell is longitudinally oval, very thick, equi-
valve, inequilateral, perfectly closed ; the hinge very strong ; the
right valve with two oblique converging cardinal teeth as in
Astarte, but these teeth are flat, and only divided by a slight
groove, which is sometimes obsolete. Below these teeth and im-
mediately behind the lunule is a depression extending in front of
the anterior lateral tooth, with a corresponding elevation in the left
valve, in which the true cardinal teeth are almost wholly obso-
lete. Above the cardinal teeth in both valves is a deep narrow
groove, evidently for the reception of an external ligament, as in

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Carclinia. 101

Astarte. In front of the hinge is a deep and distinct lunnle. The
lateral teeth are remote and very strong ; the anterior one of the
right valve obtusely conical, the posterior one of the left valve
elongated, and both mutually entering deep pits in the opposite
valves. Umbones approximate. Muscular impressions very deep,
placed immediately below the lateral teeth, their surfaces smooth ;
the posterior impression round, the anterior one ovate. Above
the latter in both valves is a small oval detached muscular im-
pression placed on the hinder surface of the lateral tooth, for the
insertion of the retractor muscle of the foot. Pallial impression
entire, parallel to the margin, which is not crenated. External
surface of the shell more or less irregularly imbricated by the
lines of growth. The geographical distribution of this genus is
as yet confined to Northern Europe ; its geological range is from
the base of the lias up to the inferior oolite.

Several species of this genus were described by Sowerby in his
f Mineral Conchology/ under the genus Unio. They differ how-
ever from the whole of the Unionidce in many respects, especially
in the want of the small accessory muscular impression behind
the anterior one (which occurs in the Unionidce, and to which a
branch of the retractor muscle of the foot is attached), in the
presence of the lunule, in the shell not being nacreous, and in the
habitat having been marine, as is sufficiently proved by the other
fossil animals whose remains invariably accompany these shells.
M. Goldfuss has been no more successful than Mr. Sowerby
in detecting the true generic relations of these shells, having in
his f Petrefacten' referred different species of them to the genera
Unio, Cytherea and Lucina, without detecting the essential cha-
racters which distinguish them from all these genera.

M. Agassiz was the first to combine the different species of
this group into one genus, though he failed to perceive that they
are much more closely allied to the Veneridce than to the Unionidce.
To this genus he gave the name of Cardinia in a paper read to the
Helvetic Society at their meeting at Basle in 1838, and in 1840
he published the characters of the genus in his translation of
Sowerby' s ' Mineral Conchology/ In 1840 Mr. J. E. Gray gave
the name Ginorga to this genus in the ' Synopsis of the British
Museum/ p. 154 ; but this mere name, destitute alike of ety-
mology and of definition, can have no claim for adoption. In
January 1841, M. de Christol defined a genus Sinemuria in the
' Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de la France/ which from the
characters assigned is evidently identical with the genus before us,
though he errs in supposing the ligament to have been internal
instead of external. Lastly, in March 1842 Mr. S. Stutchbury
described this group in great detail in the f Annals of Natural
History/ and bestowed on it the name of Pachyodon, a name

102 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

which had been used four years before by M. von Meyer for a
genus of Mammals.

It appears from this historical statement, that as M. Agassiz
was the first to publish the characters of the genus, so his generic
name Cardinia must supersede all later ones.

Some authors have been disposed to extend the geological
range of this genus, by including in it those numerous species
from the coal-measures which Sowerby and most other palaeonto-
logists have regarded as true Unionidce. Whether Agassiz ori-
ginally proposed this extension of the genus I am not aware,
having never yet been able to meet with his translation of the
' Mineral Conchology/ in which the group is first defined ; but
in his last work on the subject, the ' Etudes critiques sur les
Mollusques Fossiles/ he seems to regard Cardinia as exclusively
confined to the lias and lower oolite. De Koninck however, in
his ' Description des Animaux Fossiles du terrain houillier de la
Belgique/ classes these coal-measure shells as Cardinia, and pre-
fixes a definition of the genus which seems to be chiefly copied
from De Christol's definition of Sinemuria, and we may therefore
conclude that De Koninck had not been able to examine the in-
terior of the fossils which he describes. He seems to have made a
compromise between the real characters of Cardinia and the er-
roneous statement of De Christol as to the internal ligament ; for
he says that the shell had two ligaments, one internal and the
other external, a statement which I believe to be wholly incorrect.

Capt. Thomas Brown also seems to regard the coal-measure
fossils as genencally identical with the lias ones, since he has de-
scribed, under Mr. Stutchbury's name Pachyodon, no less than
twenty-six species of shells from the coal-measures, which he has
illustrated with very accurate figures in the f Annals of Natural
History ' for Dec. 1843, and in his own ' Fossil Conchology of
Great Britain/ plate 73.

There are however many reasons for regarding as doubtful the
supposed affinity between the Unioniform shells of the coal-mea-
sures and the true Cardinia of the lias, although it must be ad-
mitted that there is much general resemblance in their external
forms. In the first place, I believe no author has yet seen or de-
scribed the interior of any of the coal-measure shells, and there is
consequently no positive evidence whatever as to the structure of
their hinges. Secondly, although the general characters of the
muscular and pallial impressions, as exhibited by the casts in both
these sets of species, are very similar, yet in the coal-measure shells
the muscular impressions are much smaller and shallower than
in those of the lias, and the lateral teeth, if present at all, are evi-
dently much less developed. Thirdly, in conformity with this
greater feebleness of the connecting muscles, we find that the

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 103

shells of the coal-measure fossils are much thinner and weaker
than in those from the lias. Fourthly, the shells from the coal-
measures rarely exhibit any trace of a lunule, and when present
it is more diffused and indistinct than in the liassic species.
Lastly, the Cardinia from the lias were wholly marine in their
habits, while there are strong grounds for believing that the spe-
cies from the coal-beds inhabited fresh, or at most brackish water.
This is shown by the fact that these Unio-likc shells are almost
invariably found in the beds of shale accompanying the coal, and
not in the really marine formations of the same age. Now whe-
ther we suppose the coal to have grown in situ like peat, or to
have been washed by currents into certain localities (both which
theories are no doubt true in certain cases), we cannot deny the
coal to be a terrestrial production ; and therefore when we find a
particular family of mollusks constantly, and almost always ex-
clusively, accompanying the beds of coal, we have a very strong
presumption that these animals had a lacustrine or estuarine
habitat.

It is true that in some cases, as in Coalbrook Dale, at Halifax,
at Glasgow, and in Belgium, the coal-measures contain an admix-
ture of these bivalves with various marine genera ; but this does not
necessarily prove them to be marine species, for they may either
(as suggested by Mr. Prestwich in his memoir on Coalbrook Dale,
f Geol. Proceedings/ vol. ii. p. 405) have been washed down into an
estuary and there become mixed with marine shells, or by a depres-
sion of the land the sea may have washed the marine shells into
the marshes tenanted by these supposed freshwater species. And
it is important to remark, that in the carboniferous limestone, a
strictly marine formation immediately preceding, and in some
cases alternating with the coal-measures, these peculiar bivalves
rarely if ever occur.

Por these reasons I think we ought to abstain from classing
the shells of the coal-measures with the well-marked and clearly-
defined genus Cardinia of the lias. I do not indeed mean to as-
sert that the carboniferous group of shells really belong to the
Unionidce, where they were formerly classed, for they want the
supplementary anterior muscular impression which distinguishes
that family* ; but I think they may be for the present regarded
as a distinct family, probably lacustrine, and possibly allied to
Unionida, but the precise characters of which, and especially the
structure of the hinge, are as yet unascertained. Perhaps Dr. Car-
penter, whose researches on the microscopic structure of shells
have opened to us a new element for the determination of fossil

* Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his ' Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,' stairs
that he could find no difference between the casts from the coal -measures
and those which he made from the inside of recent Unios, but he had perhaps
overlooked the supplementary muscle of the latter.

104 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

Mollusca, may be able to throw further light on the affinities of
these ambiguous yet characteristic fossils.

Confining our attention therefore to the shells of the lias and
lower oolite, we will proceed to examine the species of Cardinia
which really exist in nature, as well as those which have been
described in books.

I. Ascertained species of Cardinia.
1. Cardinia Listeri, Sow. (sp.)
Bonax ? Park. Org. Rem. pi. 13. f. 7.
Unio Listeri, Sow.Min. Con. pi. 154. f. 1, 3, 4.
Pachyodon Listeri, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist, vol.viii. pi. 9. f. 1, 2.

Var. 1. Subelongate.
Cytherea latiplexa, Goldf. Petref. pi. 149. f. 6.
Unio hybrida, Sow. Min. Con. pi. 154. f. 2.

Pachyodon hybridus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 9.
f. 3, 4.

Cardinia hybrida, Agass. Et. Crit. Moil. pi. 12.

Var. 2. Subcompressed.
Cytherea lamellosa, Goldf. Petref. pi. 149. f. 8.

Var. 3. Lines of growth very numerous.
Pachyodon imbricatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 9.
f. 5, 6.

Var. 4. Small-sized (probably young).
Pachyodon cuneatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 10.
f. 11,12. .

Var. 5.
Cardinia amygdala, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12. f. 10—12.

Formation : lower lias.

Localities : Whitby, Yorkshire ; Grantham ; Langar, Nottingham-
shire ; Cropthorn, Defford and Eckmgton, Worcestershire ; Frethern,
Gloucestershire ; Wurtemburg.

In Worcestershire and Gloucestershire this species is very abun-
dant in a zone of the lower lias, about 150 feet above the base of
that formation. Single valves are frequent. It is subject to much
variation in the thickness of the shell, the frequency and regula-
rity of the imbrications, and the length or shortness of the pos-
terior extremity. Having examined a very extensive series of
specimens, I have little doubt of the correctness of the above
synonyms.

2. Cardinia crassissima, Sow. (sp.)

Unio crassissima, Sow. Min. Col. pi. 153.

Pachyodon crassissimus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 9.
f. 7.

Lower oolite : Dundry ; Wick near Bath.

Marlstonc : Dumbleton, Worcestershire.

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 105

3. Cardinia crassiuscula, Sow. (sp.)

Unio crassiusculus, Sow. Min. Con. pi. 185 ; Zieten, Verst. Wurt.
pi. 60. f. 1.

Pachyodon crassiusculus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 9.
f.8.

Pullastra antiqua, Phill. Geol. Yorksh. pi. 13. f. 16.

Var. 1. Small-sized, perhaps young.

Cardinia elUptica, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll.pl. 12. f. 16, 17.

Var. 2.

Cardinia similis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12. f.23.

Formation : lias.

Localities : Pocklington and Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire ; Not-
tinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire.

Wurtemburg ; Stuttgard. Var. 1. Argovie ; var. 2. Soleure.

After a careful comparison of specimens, I have little doubt of
the specific identity of the above references.

4. Cardinia lanceolata, Stutchb. (sp.)
Pachyodon lanceolatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. p. 484.
Formation : lower lias.

Locality : Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire.

The figure intended for this species by M. Agassiz was taken
from a specimen of C. attenuata which I sent him.

5. Cardinia attenuata, Stutchb. (sp.)
Pachyodon attenuatus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 10.

f. 13, 14.

Cardinia lanceolata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". f. 1 — 3.

Formation : top of lower lias, just below the marlstone.

Localities : Hewlets near Cheltenham ; Bourton-on-the-Water,
Gloucestershire.

M. Agassiz's figure above-quoted is taken from a specimen
which I sent him, and I am therefore satisfied that it belongs to
the present species.

6. Cardinia concinna, Sow. (sp.)

Unio concinnus, Sow. Min. Con. pi. 223. f. 1, 2; Zieten, Verst.
Wurt. pi. 60. f. 2 to 5 ; Goldf. Petref. pi. 132. f. 2 ; Bronn, Lethsea
Geogn. p. 361.

Pachyodon concinnus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 10.
f. 15, 16.

Cardinia concinna, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12. f. 21, 22.

Formations : marlstone and lias.

Localities : Yorkshire ; Langar, Nottinghamshire ; Daventry,
Northamptonshire ; Saltford and Weston near Bath ; Wurtemberg,
Fachsenfeld ; Mogglingen ; Staffelegg in Argau.

This is the largest species of the genus. I have a specimen

106 Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia.

from the marlstone of Byfield in Northamptonshire which is 5|
inches long by 3 inches broad.

7. Cardinia ovalis, Stutchb. (sp.)
Lucina leevis, Goldf. Petref. pi. 146. f. 11.

Pachyodon ovalis, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 10.
f. 17, 18, 19.

Cardinia unionides, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". f. 7 — 9.

Var. 1.

C. cyprina, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". f. 4—6.

Formation : lower lias.

Localities : Dunhamstead and Coltknap hill, Worcestershire ; Ash-
leworth and Frethem, Gloucestershire ; Watchet, Somersetshire ;
Blumenroth, Coburg.

M. Goldfuss's specific name lavis is prior to the other two ; but
as it is founded on an erroneous identification with the Cordis
Icevis of Sowerby, which is a very different shell, I retain Mr.
Stutchbury's name ovalis. The two supposed species figured by
M. Agassiz are both founded on specimens which I sent to that
learned naturalist myself, and I am therefore able to identify them
positively with the present species. In Worcestershire this fossil
abounds about 100 feet above the base of the lower lias. Single
valves are very rare.

8. Cardinia sulcata, Ag.
Cardinia sulcata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12. f. 1—9.
Formation : " Calcaire a Gryphites."
Locality : Soleure.

Judging from the figure and description, the above seems to be
a distinct species.

9. Cardinia aptychus, Goldf. (sp.)
Cytherea aptychus, Goldf. Petref. pi. 149. f. 7.
Formation : lias.
Locality : Amberg.

I have seen and examined specimens of all the above species
except nos. 8 and 9.

II. Species referable to this genus, but whose specific characters
require further investigation.

1. Pachyodon abductus, Stutchb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. viii. pi. 9.
f. 9, 10.

I think this is probably one of the numerous varieties of C.
Listeri. I agree with M. Agassiz that it is not the Unio abductus
of Phillips.

2. Cardinia oblonga, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12. f. 13—15.
From the lower oolite of Normandy. Described from a cast,

Mr. H. E. Strickland on the genus Cardinia. 107

an authority on which it must be very unsafe to found specific
distinctions.

3. Cardinia lavis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". 1 13—15.

From Mulhausen. It is not the Lucina Icevis of Goldfuss.
Perhaps a variety of C. Listeri or crassiuscula.

4. Cardinia securiformis, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". f. 16—18.
From Soleure ; described from a cast, and perhaps only a va-
riety of C. concinna.

5. Sinemuria Dufrenii, De Christol, Bullet. Soc. Geol. de la France,
Jan. 11, 1841.

From " fer oligiste " of Semur. It is impossible to say, from
the brief description given, whether this shell be a distinct species
or not.

6. Unio depressus, Zieten, Verst. Wurt. pi. 61. f. 1.

From Dejerloch near Stuttgard. Probably referable to variety 1.
of C. Listeri.

III. Species apparently referable to other genera.

1. Venulites trigonellaris, Schloth. Petref. p. 198; Cytherea trigo-
nellaris, Goldf. Petref. pi. 149. f.5.

From the lias of Alsace ; perhaps not a Cardinia.

2. Unio abductus, Phillips, Geol. of Yorksh. pi. 11. f.42.

From inferior oolite of Glaizedale. Possibly a Cardinia, but
M. Agassiz regards it as a Gresslya.

3. Cardinia quadrata, Ag. Et. Crit. Moll. pi. 12". f. 10—12.
From lias of Lower Rhine. The above figure appears to re-
present an Astarte, and much resembles A. lurida, Sow.

4. Unio Listeri, Goldf. Petref. pi. 132. f. 1.

This seems to be the Amphidesma donaciforme or rotundatum
of Phillips, and belongs to the genus Gresslya, Agassiz.

5. Unio uniformis, Sow. Min. Con. pi. 33. f. 4.

6. Unio acuta, Sow. Min. Con. pi. 33. f. 5, 6, 7.

The last two species, said by Sowerby to be from the middle
oolite, are referred to Cardinia by Agassiz, in his translation of
the ' Mineral Conchology.'

7. Pachyodon hamatus, Brown in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. pi. 16.
f. 6.

From Oxford clay of Gristhorpe Bay, and certainly not a Car-
dinia.

8. Pachyodon vetustus, Brown in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. xi. pi. 16.
f. 7.

From shale at Gristhorpe Bay, and probably not a Cardinia.

108 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alga

9. Unto striatus, Goldf. Petref. pi. 132. f. 3.
From coral rag, Nattheim.

10. Unio Uasinus, Zieten, Verst.Wurt. pi. 61. f . 2 ; Bronn, Lethsea
Geogn.pl. 19. f. 17.

From Fildres near Stuttgard. This is evidently a Gresslya,
allied to Amphidesma rotundatum, Phillips.

XV. — On the Marine Algce of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G.
Dickie, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and
King's College of Aberdeen*.

[Continued from vol. xiii. p. 335.]
[With a Plate.]

Previous to entering on the remaining species of the olive-
coloured Algse found in this vicinity, it will be necessary to direct
attention to the difference usually understood between the repro-
ductive bodies called spores and sporidia.

The remarks already made on the acrosperms [sporidia) of Fu-
cus, &c, and the accompanying figures, will sufficiently explain
their structure ; it must be observed, that up to the time of ma-
turity they are enclosed in cells (asci), from which, when ripe,
they are readily emitted. It is more than probable, however,
that there are instances in which there is an intimate adhesion
between the sporidia and their asci, so that both drop off
together.

The observations recorded in the first part of this communica-
tion, on the development of the seeds oiFucus serratus, will explain
the nature of spores ; the latter are not necessarily enclosed in cells
up to the time of maturity, but usually become free.

A difference exists in many Algse between the appearance of
the contents of the spores and sporidia : in the latter, the granu-
lar matter has a tendency to cohere in masses, which often assume
a definite arrangement; the contents of the spores are more
abundant, so much so that these bodies are generally dark-co-
loured and almost opake, — hence the expression Melanospermea>,
and the granular matter probably never (?) assumes a definite
arrangement.

Sporochnoideje.

Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour. — This species appears to be of
rare occurrence, strictly confined to deep water, and only found
cast up after storms. The first specimens were found by Dr.
Andrew Fleming in October last, on the beach near Don mouth,

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, 11th April 1844.

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 109

after a gale, and a few days subsequently I found some very large
examples near the mouth of the Dee.

D. aculeata, Lamour. — Is very abundant, and, like the former,
an inhabitant mostly of deep water ; on one occasion only have I
seen it in situ at low-water mark.

Owing to the localities in which these species grow, no oppor-
tunity has been afforded of procuring them at different seasons
in states favourable for microscopic examination. The fructifica-
tion has by some been supposed to be connected with the pencils
of filaments which are plentifully produced. The structure of
these filaments differs essentially from that of the simple or
branched filaments which usually accompany the spores and spo-
ridia in other Algae ; in Desmarestia they are generally flattened,
being composed of several slices of cells on the same plane, and
often appear like fronds in miniature. It is by no means impro-
bable that they afford one way by which the plants are propa-
gated. The very fact that these filaments (miniature fronds ?) are
so copiously produced, may be the very reason that neither true
spores nor sporidia have hitherto been found. Among Phseno-
gamous plants there are examples of what may be an analogous
mode of reproduction, as in Saxifraga foliolosa, Br., of the Arctic
regions, and others; in mosses, as Macromitrium Leprieurii, Mon-
tagne. The same is no doubt true of some Lichens, and why
not also of Algse ?

Mr. Lyell has presented me with specimens of D. aculeata
picked up on the beach of Cockburn Island, lat. 64° 12' S. : in
this desolate region the temperature may be unfavourable to the
development of true fructification, and the viviparous (?) mode
alluded to may be legitimately inferred.

From the structure of the frond in our two species of Desma-
restia, I should be inclined to predict that the fructification, when
detected, will be found to consist of spores.

Dictyote^e.

Padina Pavonia, Lamour. — This beautiful plant is stated, in
Dr. GrevihVs 'Algse/ and in Sir W. J. Hooker's ' Flora/ to have
been found at Aberdeen. The statement, I believe, was first
made by Lightfoot, on the authority of Dr. Cargill ; I have often
searched for it, but in vain.

Dictyosiphon fceniculaceus, Grev. — It occurs in pools between
high- and low-water mark, but nearer the former, in great profu-
sion and of large size. It may be reckoned among the most
common species. The fructification is stated, in ( Harvey's
Manual/ to be rare ; I have found it not unfrequently, but only
on distorted specimens, not exceeding three or four inches in
length.

110 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alga

Punctaria plantaginea, Grev. — Is not uncommon in summer
in pools near high-water mark.

Asperococcus echinatus, Grev. — Not uncommon along with the
former.

A. pusillus, Hook. — A plant corresponding to the description
usually given, and resembling in structure authentic specimens
sent me by Mr. Thompson of Belfast, occurs here, though rarely ;
it is usually parasitical on Polysiphonia nigrescens, but very small.

Chorda lomentaria, Grev. — Not unfrequent in pools near high-
water mark.

C.filum, Lamour. — This species, so common on many parts of
the British coast, and attaining so great a size as that mentioned
in the 'Alga? Britannicae/ is comparatively a rare plant in this
vicinity, occurring only in deep pools at high-water mark, and
seldom exceeding two feet in length. I have seen it in the small
harbour of Stonehaven attached to stones imbedded in mud, and
attaining a greater size than at Aberdeen. Dr. Greville describes
the fructification as consisting of " external masses of pear-shaped
seeds fixed by their base," and gives a figure of these ; he how-
ever alludes to a second kind, composed of " sessile ovate cap-
sales scattered among clavate articulated filaments," discovered
by Captain Carmichael and figured in ' Flora Londinensis/ The
bodies described and figured in the ' Algae Britannicse' constitute
merely the cortical tissue of the plant ; the true fruit, consisting
of asci and sporidia, is imbedded in that tissue, and probably
identical with the bodies seen by Carmichael and represented in
the l Flora Londinensis/ which I have no opportunity of con-
sulting. I consider it unnecessary to give any representation of
this true fructification, since it exactly resembles that of Alaria
and Laminaria already figured.

Ectocarpe^e.

Cladostephus verticillatus, Lyngb., and C. spongiosus, Ag., are
both not uncommon in pools within high-water mark.

Sphacelaria plumosa, Lyngb. — Is one of the rarest of our olive-
coloured Algae ; only a few small plants, not exceeding an inch
in height, have been found in pools within high-water mark.

S. cirrhosa, Ag. — At least two of the varieties of this species
occur abundantly in pools.

S. olivacea, Ag. — Appears to be rather local ; it occurs on per-
pendicular faces of rocks near low-water mark.

Ectocarpus littoralis, Lyngb. — Is very common on the coast,
and found abundantly about the mouths of the Dee and Don ; it
passes more than a mile up the former river, and often grows
luxuriantly in places where at low-tide it is freely exposed to a
strong current of fresh water.

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. Ill

E. siliculosus, Lyngb. — Very common in pools near high-
water mark.

E. Hincksice. — This species, of which, as stated in his f Ma-
nual/ Mr. Harvey had only seen one specimen, is very abundant
on the fronds of Laminaria digitata, and sometimes on Rhodo-
menia palmata, in the latter end of April and in May. It appears
to be a very distinct species.

E. tomentosus, Lyngb. — Very common on different species of
Fucus near low-water mark.

E. granulosus, Ag. — Parasitical on other Algae in pools near
high-water mark, but rare.

E. sphcerophorus, Carm. — In June 1843 this species was found
abundantly, parasitical on one of the most abundant of our Rho-
dospermece, viz. Calithamnion spongiosum. It bears fruit co-
piously, and never exceeds, in this vicinity, an inch in height,
and usually is much less.

Myriotrichia filiformis. — Is not unfrequent in pools at high-
water mark, attached to small specimens of Chorda lomentaria.

ChORDARIEjE.

Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag. — Is very abundant and generally
distributed. The fructification, according to Turner, consists of
" oblong or pyriform seeds lying among the concentrical fila-
ments." I have not been able hitherto clearly to ascertain the
true structure of the fructification in this species, but should,
from analogy, infer it to consist of spores.

Helminthocladia virescens. — Is in some seasons very abundant
on rocks about half way between high- and low-water marks, and
straggling specimens occur in pools at the latter.

Corynephora marina, Ag. — This remarkable plant is plentiful
in summer, attached to other Algse and corallines. In Harvey's
1 Manual' a passage is quoted from Carmichael in reference to its
fructification, the term " sporidia" being made use of : it ought
to be " spores."

In the first part of this communication it was stated that " the
coast here is much exposed to the action of heavy seas, and pre-
sents few sheltered coves or even calm pools of any extent, and
hence probably we may account for the absence of some of the
more delicate species;" it must not, however, be inferred that
this is the only reason why certain Algse are entirely absent from
our coast ; the influence of temperature must be far greater. At
least two other species may yet be expected to be found, viz.
Laminaria bulbosa and Dichloria viridis ; the former being of such
general occurrence on the British coasts, and the latter having
been seen in the Moray Frith.

Scarcely one-half of the Melanospermous Algse enumerated in

112 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alga

Harvey's t Manual ' as occurring in Britain are found here; the
proportions will be best seen from the following tabular view.

Aberdeen. Britain.

Fucoideae 7 16

Lichineae 1 2

Laminarieae 3 7

Sporocbnoideas 2 7

Dictyoteae 6 18

Ectocarpeae 12 25

Chordarieae 3 5

Total number of species 34 80

Among the Fucoidece the total absence of Cystoseira will be
observed, and scarcely one-half of the British species occur ; of
LaminariecB scarcely one-half ; of Sporochnoidece only one-third,
the two species of Desmarestia being generally distributed in
Britain. There is also a great deficiency in the Dictyoteae, Cut-
leria, Halyseris, Padina, Dictyota and Striaria being totally
absent. Of Ectocarpece about one-half of the British species are
found, and three out of five Chordariece.

It is proposed at an early opportunity to communicate observa-
tions similar to the present on the Rhodospermece of this coast.

The results obtained from careful dissections of the fructifica-
tion of our Melanospermece have led to similar examinations of
species from other parts of Britain, of which I possess and have
only seen dried specimens. These may now be recorded, allow-
ance being necessary for the disadvantageous circumstances un-
der which the dissections have been made.

Dichloria viridis, Grev. — On this plant Dr. Greville states that
he has seen no pencils of filaments. On a dried specimen received
through the liberality of Mrs. Griffiths they certainly are present ;
it also appears to have nearly the same structure as Desmarestia,
and not such as is represented in the ' Algse Britannicse' ; drying
and pressure have, however, probably produced some change. If
pencils of filaments (miniature fronds ?) are usually produced by
it, the remarks already made in reference to Desmarestia will also
be applicable here.

Sporochnus pedunculatus, Ag. — Described in Harvey's ' Ma-
nual' thus : " Fructification club-shaped moniliform filaments,
radiating in scattered warts or concentrical in distinct (mostly
clavate, stalked) receptacles, often terminated by a deciduous
tuft of filaments." The clavate receptacles consist of a central
tissue continuous with the short stem, and a cortical, composed
of branched filaments placed perpendicularly to the former, and
concrete. The pencils of filaments consist of the free ends of the
central fibrous tissue. The cortical part (branched filaments)
contains distinct asci and sporidia ; these were very evident in a

of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 113

fragment of an Irish specimen sent me by Mr. Thompson of Bel-
fast. To observe this structure, it is best to employ pressure in
a drop of sea- water ; the asci and sporidia are very minute. See
Plate II. figs. 1, 2, 3.

Sporochnus rhizodes, Ag. — Having only examined dried speci-
mens of this species, it is with much diffidence that I venture to
describe its fructification as differing essentially from that of the
last, and consequently requiring to be removed from the same
genus. Those who may have opportunities of examining fresh
specimens in different stages can alone be entitled finally to decide
this question.

The warts are composed of moniliform simple filaments, at the
bases of which pear-shaped spores will be seen nestling. The
resemblance to the fructification of Asperococcus echinatus (and
probably also to that of Chordaria flagelliformis) is most striking.
Figs. 4 & 5 represent the structure described.

Elaionema villosum, Berk. — The fructification of this plant was
first pointed out by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and a figure given in
the 'Gleanings of British Algse/ The structure seen in dried speci-
mens is represented at PL II. fig. 7, and differing somewhat from
Mr. Berkeley's representation : in fig. 6 is shown the fructifica-
tion at an early stage ; the asci, enclosing several sporidia, are at
that time distinct. I believe, that in a more advanced stage an
adhesion takes place between the asci and enclosed sporidia,
fig. 8.

The results above stated have prompted the following " Sug-
gestions towards an Arrangement of the British Melanospermece."

1. MeLANOSPERMEjE.

Spores and sporidia on the same or on different plants, and in
the same or in different conceptacles.

a. Heterospermea\

Corynephora.

Cystoseira.

■

Halidrys.

Cladostephus.

Fucus.

Lichina.

Himanthalia.

Sphacelaria.

b. Sporiferce.

Ectocarpus.

Halyseris.

Padina.

Desmarestia.

Dictyota.

Dichloria.

Punctaria.

c. Sporidiferee.

Striaria.

Alaria.

Asperococcus.

Laminaria.

Dictyosiphon.

Cutleria.

Sporochnus (rhizodes).

Chorda.

Chordaria.

Sporochnus (pedunculatus)

Myriotrichia.

Elaionema.

Helminthocladia.

Ann. $ Mag. N, Hist. Vol. xiv

114 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

From an examination of Cystoseira under very unfavourable
circumstances, viz. of dried specimens, and the fruit probably
immature, I am inclined to believe that spores and sporidia occur
in the same conceptacles. There is some reason to believe that
the same arrangement prevails in Halidrys.

In the Sporiferce other subdivisions suggest themselves : in
some the spores are erumpent, breaking out beneath the cuticle
as in Padina ; in others, as Striaria, the spores are unaccompanied
by filaments, and Asperoccocus may be cited where the spores
are so accompanied. Should Desmarestia and Dichloria be found
sporiferous, they will be properly placed beside Halyseris.

In Sporidiferce, as in Sporiferce, there occur membranous and
filamentous species.

A question may arise as to the relative importance of spores
and sporidia; there cannot be a doubt that both are equally
capable of propagating the species.

The above can only be considered an imperfect attempt, a
mere outline or suggestion ; those who possess a thorough know-
ledge of foreign as well as British species are alone entitled to
speak with confidence on the subject, and to such knowledge the
author of this attempt can lay no claim, and must leave his sug-
gestions to be added to and amended by more experienced algo-
logists.

XVI. — Further Observations on the Ornithology of the neighbour-
hood of Calcutta. By Edward Blyth, Curator to the Mu-
seum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. With Notes byH. E.
Strickland, M.A.

[Concluded from p. 48.]

No. 127. (vol. xii. p. 165, supra) I observed great numbers of Hi-
rundo rustica a few weeks ago, skimming over the salt-water lake a
little above Calcutta.

No. 127 a. Hirundo daurica (erythropygia, Sykes) was observed in
considerable numbers in the middle of April upon the Calcutta espla-
nade.

No. 128. This is also the M. dukhunensis of Sykes. I observe
that the M. picata of Franklin, which is the M. variegata, Latham,
is mentioned as having been received from Calcutta in the ' Rev.
Zool. par la Soc. Cuv.' 1839, pp. 40 and 138 (this being the only
volume of the useful work in question which I have for reference) ;
but I have never heard of the species being obtained in this neigh-
bourhood, having only received it from Central and Southern India.

No. 130. This remarkable species, which is the type of my genus
Nemoricola, is the Bergeronette grise des Indes of Sonnerat, upon
which Latham founds his Motacilla indica. I obtained one beautiful
specimen during last cold season.

Calcutta, with Notes by II. E. Strickland. 115

No. 130 a, b. The genus Budytes was strangely omitted in my
catalogue, though two species are common : B. citreola, which is less
abundant, and of which 1 have one example with a jetty-black back,
and B. beema, Sykes, which is extremely common, and approximates
the B. neglecta, Gould. The sexes of this bird appear to assemble in
separate flocks ; at least I have two or three times vainly sought to
pick out a female from among a flock of males, and I think that I
have also observed a flock of females only. The note of this bird is
much weaker and less articulate than that of B.flava of Britain. The
young males assume yellow under-parts in February and March, and
a dull leaden-blue cap and nape, having a strongly defined whitish
supercilium ; in old males the under-parts are much brighter yellow,
and the head and nape are fine dark ashy-gray, with no trace of su-
percilium, the throat continuing white at all ages, spreading laterally
to contrast with the dark ear-coverts. A black cap I have never
seen, though Mr. Jerdon includes B. melanocephala among the spe-
cies of Southern India, and doubts its distinctness from B. beema,
which he identifies with B. neglecta. See also Mr. Drummond's re-
marks on the species of the Ionian Islands, vol. xii. p. 416 ante. Spe-
cimens with the supercilium slightly developed, or with only a trace
of it, are also here common *.

Of Anthi I have an extensive series of Indian species, but have ob-
tained no additional ones in this vicinity.

No. 134. This lark I heard singing delightfully, soaring over the
dry rice-stubble along the banks of the river during a late excursion ;
its song and mode of delivery closely resembling that of the British
skylark. No. 135 appears to be identical with A. gulgula, apud
Jerdon, and I have not obtained a second example of it in this part.
I have also a very extensive series of Indian larks and Mirafrce to
describe, as soon as I can get leisure to do so.

No. 139 is also Alauda gingica of Latham, after Sonnerat.

No. 141. I observed a large flock of this species during my late
excursion, feeding upon the seeds of the reeds, &c. which choke up
the moat surrounding the old fort at Budge Budge, a most capital
locale for the researches of the ornithologist.

No. 142. I have now obtained wild specimens of Euplectes striatus,
which I had previously procured only in the bird- shops f.

No. 145. Spermestes malacca, auct.

No. 149. For a monographic notice of the species of Phyllornis,

* The species of Budytes are as yet by no means satisfactorily made out.
It appears clear however that the gray-headed species of India and Malasia
(Motacilla bistrigata, Raffles) is the same with the cinereocapilla of South-
ern Europe. The young of this in Europe has a yellow superciliary streak,
and I have a similar specimen from India. It appears from Mr. Blyth's
account that the Indian bird with a white supercilium (B. beema, Sykes) is
also the young of the bistrigata ; and if this be certainly the case, the true
B.flava of North Europe (B. neglecta, Gould) must be distinct, as the gray-
headed birds without a white supercilium are never found in the North of
Europe.— H. E. S.

f E. striatus, Blyth, seems to be the E.flaviceps, Swainson, ' Animals in
Menageries,' p. 310.— H. E. S.

I 2

116 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

v. Chloropsis, vide J. A. S. B. no. 59. p. 955 et seq. I cannot just now
enlighten Mr. Strickland on the subject of the structure of these
birds, further than by remarking that the species with a curved and
pointed bill have also a meliphagous conformation of tongue, by-
means of which, when caged, they will sip at sweets, but they re-
quire to be fed on the usual diet given to insectivorous birds. Vide
Tickell's list for a slight notice of their habits *.

No. 153. Dicaum Tickellice has a pale flesh-coloured bill with
dusky tip. Vide J. A. S. B. no. 59. n. s. p. 983f.

Nos. 154 and 155. My Vinago militaris is the species so designated
by Gould, having an ash- coloured belly, and which abounds in Bengal
and Nepal. That of Southern India, V. (or Treron) chlorig aster,
nobis, I have once only obtained in this part, and have received spe-
cimens of it from Mr. Jerdon and others. I cannot recognise, how-
ever, the difference of size and structure of bill mentioned by Mr.
Strickland \, the only distinctions consisting in the green or yellowish-
green belly of TV. chlorig aster , the absence of this colour on the basal
half of the tail, and there is also at most but a faint trace of the same
hue upon the forehead. TV. bicinctus of India generally, and also
Arracan, differs from TV. vernans of the Malay countries, in having
the forehead to beyond the eyes, the throat and sides of the neck
bright green, the occiput alone gray, and the pinkish lilac hue sur-
mounting the orange-colour of the breast diminished in quantity,
and not spreading to the sides of the neck, while in TV. vernans it
quite surrounds the neck ; the tail also is broadly tipped with ash-
colour, appearing as ashy-white beneath, this character serving at
once to distinguish the females, while the female TV. aromaticus may
be known from that of TV. bicinctus by its ash-coloured forehead.

The Sphenocercus (G. R. Gray) cantillans, nobis, J. A. S. B. xii.
166, is said to occur in the Soonderbuns, though I rather doubt it,

* Having lately procured specimens of Phyllornis in which the tongue
is preserved, I am now satisfied that they belong to the Tenuirostres and not
to the Pycnonotince. — H. E. S.

f There can now be no doubt that Diceum Tickellice is the Certhia ery-
throrhyncha of Latham, and the latter specific name should be adopted. —
H.E.S.

\ This was owing to my having (at p. 38, supra) assumed as the true
militaris a Malayan bird which now appears to be distinct and undescribed.
It is the largest species of Treron known, with the beak very strong and
almost Vulturine in form. Total length 14 inches; beak to gape 1 inch
4 lines ; height 5* lines ; wing 7f inches ; medial rectrices 5 inches, ex-
ternal 4£. My specimens are wholly greenish-gray above, greater covers
and quills slaty-black, the middle covers and tertials margined externally
with bright yellow, four medial rectrices greenish-gray, the rest slate-co-
loured tinged with green, and broadly tipped with light gray. Below pale
grayish-green, a large patch on the breast of dull orange. Lower tail-covers
chocolate (in a younger specimen gray, tipped with buff); beak plumbeous,
pale yellow towards the end ; legs flesh-colour. This species may be called
Treron magnirostris. The true militaris of Temminck and Gould, which is
the phcenicoptera of Latham, inhabits Northern India, as shown by Mr. Blyth,
and the chlorigaster, Blyth (which name is prior to mine oi Treron Jerdoni),
occurs in the South of India. — H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H.E. Strickland. 117

as the group to which it belongs appears to be monticolous. The
Sph. oxyurus, in addition to Sph. sphenurus, inhabits Bengal and
Assam.

Respecting the Columba risoria group, I consider that I have three
distinct species before me : — 1 . that so commonly kept in cages, both
here and in Europe, and which I presume is the North African species,
of a pale isabelline colour ; 2. the South African Turtur vinaceus ; and
3. that common throughout India, with bluish-gray wings and tail,
and altogether more resembling no. 2, but having the general hue
paler, the under-parts much paler, and no dusky tinge upon the rump ;
its note or coo also differing from that of no. 1. I am not acquainted
with the two varieties of size mentioned by Major Franklin, but the
Bengal species measures 12 j to 13 inches long, by 19§ to 20 in. in
alar extent ; wing from bend 6§ to 6£ in., and middle tail-feathers
5^ to 5| in.*

No. 161. I am not satisfied that Mr. Strickland is correct in re-
garding the wild pigeons which I mentioned as being brought some-
what abundantly to the London markets as the young of C. livia.
The bird I alluded to is well known to Mr. Bartlett, who could pro-
cure any number of specimens ; and it is remarkable that individuals
with barred wings appear never to occur among them. It is not im-
probably the blue rockier pigeon noticed by Gilbert White.

No. 163. This is the Perdix gular is of Temminck, and Chickore
of Bengal sportsmen, so termed from its call, which much resembles
that of the red-legged P. chukar of the Himalaya. It abounds in all
the heavy jungles eastward of the Ganges, extending northward to
the Malda range of hills, if not beyond.

The Francolinus or Perdix lunulatus of Valenciennes is evidently
identical with the Curria partridge of Hardwicke, termed F. Hard-
wickii by Gray, and recently F. nivosus in the ' Mag. de Zoologie.'
It comes chiefly from the country westward of Agra, and Mr. Jerdon
has also recently obtained it in the south ; but an experienced sports-
man assures me that he doubts exceedingly the existence of this bird
in Bengal, though I observe that a double- spurred partridge is men-
tioned to occur in the Monghyr district, which I must inquire about.

No. 166. Coturnix coromandelica is, I am told, very abundant du-
ring the rains, at which season it breeds.

No. 168. This I now consider must have been the young of Co-
turnix chinensis.

Nos. 169 and 170. Mr. Jerdon has now ascertained, for certain,
that the Hemipodius taigoor of Sykes is the male of his H. pugnax,
the latter only having the black stripe down the throat and breast,
besides being larger. This corresponds with what I have also ob-
served of its Bengal representative, which appears always to be some-
what smaller than that of Southern India, and decidedly less rufous :

* The pale turtle-dove kept in cages is a domestic variety unknown in
a wild state. The North African bird is the same as the Indian ; it is the
true Turtur risorius, Linn, (sp.), and differs from T. vinaceus of S. Africa
in having the lower wing-covers light and the lower tail-covers dark, while
in T. vinaceus they are the reverse. — H. E. S.

118 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

from Nepal I have received a third closely- allied species, the H. atro-
gularis of Eyton, but which will bear the prior name of plumbipes,
Hodgson, published in 1837, and which abounds in the Tenasserim
provinces, and also in the vicinity of Singapore. There are two
other Bengal species, additional also to Dussumieri ; one of them the
Turnix tanki of Buchanan, which likewise inhabits Nepal, and the
other undescribed, which Mr. Jerdon has also obtained in the south.
I believe that he has yet another Indian species of this group, col-
lected by Lord Arthur Hay.

No. 171 a, Add Gallus bankiva, brought to me fresh from the
vicinity.

No. 173 et seq. Herons, Bitterns, &c. Add Ardea nobilis, nobis,
and Botaurus sinensis (Ardea sinensis, Lath., and A. lepida, Horsf.);
I have also obtained two other specimens of Botaurus stellaris, and
likewise the B. flavicollis {Ardea flavicollis, Lath., and A. nigra,
Vieillot).

The Indian white Egrets are difficult to understand. There are
three sizes of them, of which the smallest is the common A. gar-
zetta, which is very abundant. The A. orientalis of Hardwicke's pub-
lished drawings may, I suspect, be safely referred to this species,
although the beak is represented to be wholly black, and the toes
are coloured much too orange instead of greenish yellow. This
species always sheds its crest prior to dropping its dorsal plumes ;
and the colour of its toes, contrasting with its black tarsi, at once
distinguishes it.

The large white Egrets have, at all ages, the bill sometimes
orange-yellow, sometimes wholly black, and sometimes the basal
part of the bill is yellow and its terminal part black, varying in pro-
portions. In one fine adult before me, with a fully developed train,
the bill is about half yellow and half black ; in another there is a
yellowish ring only near the base ; and I have observed the same
differences in birds of the first year. The yellow-billed specimens
constitute the A.flavirostris, Wagler, and the black-billed are pro-
bably the A. modesta, Gray, though I have never seen the train
elongated as in Hardwicke's figure*.

Of the third size, which is intermediate, I once had several dozens
of the young brought me, all of which had yellow bills, slightly
tipped with dusky-black ; what few adults (with dorsal trains) I have
seen had the bill wholly yellow, with one exception only, wherein
the terminal two-thirds are black ; and the A. nigrirostris of Hard-
wicke and Gray appears to represent a specimen with bill wholly
black. In the Egrets of this size, the wings measure 11 or 1 11 inches
in length, bill to forehead 3 in., tarsi 4^ in., the claws straighter and
more elongated than in the great Egrets. The yellow-billed speci-
mens constitute the A. putea, Buch. Hamilton MS.

The members of this group are now putting forth their nuptial

* What are the measurements of these large Indian Egrets ? and do all
the varieties referred to present the same dimensions ? The Egrets of South-
ern Europe are almost as puzzling as those of India, and we shall look with
interest for any light which Mr. Blyth can throw upon them. — H. E. S.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 119

dress, and I trust this season to come to some distinct understanding
of the variations here noticed.

No. 188. I did not observe a single specimen of this ' Adjutant '
during the last period of the sojourn of the common great species.

No. 189. A young male of the Bengal jabiru, moulting into the
adult plumage, measured 4 ft. 5 inches in total length by 7£ ft. in
alar expanse ; wing 23^ in. ; tail 8 J in. ; beak to forehead 13 in., and
2 in. deep at base ; bare part of tibia 9 in. ; tarsi 13 in.; middle toe
and claw 4^ in. Another male, in full plumage, but retaining a few
scattered nestling feathers, showing its age to be about the same as
that of the last, corresponds exactly in its dimensions. An old fe-
male is smaller, especially its legs, the bare part of the tibia measuring
but 7\ inches; tarsi scarcely 11^ in., and middle toe and claw 4 in. ;
bill to forehead 12j in., and closed wing 22 in. Bill black ; irides
of young dark, and legs dark brownish-lake ; but the latter appear,
in the adults, to have been coral-red (referring however to Mr. Jer-
don's catalogue, I perceive that he assigns " rosy-red " as the colour
of the legs of this species). The mouth, anterior scapularies, smaller
wing-coverts, primaries and secondaries, and the entire under-parts,
are white : head and neck brilliant steel- black, with green reflections ;
the crown reddish-purple, margined with brownish-green, and sur-
rounded by steel-purple : posterior scapularies, tertiaries, the two
greater ranges of wing-coverts, and the tail, bright green-black, va-
ried with steel-blue. The young have the neck and upper parts brown,
a little green-glossed, and indications of white upon the smaller
wing-coverts. This bird is easily tamed, and if brought up from the
nest may be suffered to range at large with impunity ; but it is apt
to attack strangers, its beak constituting a most formidable thrust-
ing weapon*.

No. 196 is perfectly identical with the European species, of which
I have received a specimen from England, and have obtained two
others in this neighbourhood, besides several from various parts of
India.

No. 198 a. I have obtained one specimen of a lapwing, closely
resembling the Vanellus leucurus (Licht.) figured by Savigny, and
which is stated in Griffith's work also to inhabit Tartary ; but it has
not the rufous-isabelline hue of the Egyptian bird, according to the
figure alluded to, nor the defined ash-coloured patch on the breast :
being chiefly of a grayish-brown, glossed with purplish-red upon the
back, the breast inclining to cinereous, throat white, and belly dull
rosy-white or somewhat deeply blushed ; tail pure white ; primaries
black, and the greater wing-coverts broadly tipped with white, the
next range more narrowly so ; bill black, and legs bright yellow ; no
trace of crest, wattles, or of spurs on the wing ; the irides reddish-
amber. Length (of a female) 1 1 inches by 23 in. in spread of wing,
the closed wing 6| in. ; bill 1J in., and tarsi 2|- in.

* It appears from the above description that the Indian Mycteria is the
same with the M. australis from Australia. It cannot I think be referred
to the M. asiatica, Lath., as I before conjectured, and we have yet to learn
what bird is indicated by the latter name. — II. E. S.

120 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Of the Lobivanellus cinereus, nobis, I procured many examples du-
ing the late cold season.

Nos. 201 and 202 I presume to be Ch. Geoffroyi and Ch. Lesche-
naultii.

No. 204. Also several specimens of Charadrius Cantianus.

No. 206. This is called Himantopus asiaticus by M. Lesson, in the
erroneous supposition that the bird has never a black cap, as in the
European species.

No. 209 is Totanus stagnatilis, Bechstein ; also T. tenuirostris,
Horsfield, and figured by two or three names in Hardwicke's pub-
lished drawings. Respecting the greenshank, no. 208, I certainly
was never satisfied of the alleged distinctness of the so-called glot-
toides, of which I have seen many specimens from the Himalaya, all
of which were decidedly T. glottis, as Mr. Strickland suggests.

No. 212 is the European wood -sandpiper, commonly measuring
8J by 16 inches ; wing 5 or 5£ in. Dr. Horsfield's T. affinis is pro-
bably a stretched skin of the same*. Judging from the few specimens
brought to the bazar, I was greatly astray in asserting T. ochropus
and Ti hypoleucos to be somewhat rare. The latter is excessively
abundant a little way down the river, along its banks, on those of
the nullahol (natural or artificial canals) communicating with it, and
about the jheels or marshy lakes ; the latter being also favourite
haunts of T. ochropus.

No. 216 et seq. Terekia javanica was rather plentiful at the com-
mencement of last cold season ; Tringa platyrhyncha less numerous
than during the preceding season ; Tr. Temminckii common ; Tr. al-
pina obtained once only, a single specimen. I have mentioned that
Tr. canutus has been once obtained by Mr. Jerdon, who has also pro-
cured a single example of Calidris arenaria. Towards the mouth of
the river, Strepsilas interpres occurs, and probably also Hcemaiopus
longirostris , which, with Numenius phaopus , I have received from both
sides of the bay. The Eurhinorhynchus orientalis, nobis, has never yet
occurred to me. I have procured one fine fresh specimen of a com-
mon woodcock, which species is probably not so rare as its haunts
are inaccessible ; and as regards the snipe referred to gallinago, it
appears always to have fourteen rectricesf. Hardwicke's figure of
Scolopax Horsfieldi, Gray, has certainly not much the appearance of
Sc. stenura, but I doubt its being a peculiar species.

No. 231. I shall describe the Indian Porphyrio, which I cannot
exactly satisfy myself is Dr. Horsfield's Javanese species, and also
another undetermined Porphyrio in the museum. The former mea-
sures 17 or 18 inches by 30 to 33 in. ; wing 8| to 9^ in. ; tail 4 in. ;
bill to gape 1^ in. ; tarsi 3J to 3 J in. ; middle toe and claw averaging
4^ in. ; frontal shield large and broad, extending beyond the eyes,

* I have lately examined the original specimen of Dr. Horsfield's T. affi-
nis, which is certainly the glareola. It measures about 8 inches in length,
the published measurement of 10 inches having been an error. — H. E. S.

f Be it remembered that the number of tail-feathers is subject to varia-
tion in the British wild swans, a fact I have observed both in Cygnus mu~
sicus and C. Bewickii.

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 121

and squared posteriorly. General colour purple, the fore-neck and
breast verditer, and wings the same inclining to greenish ; crown
somewhat dusky, the sides of the face and immediately around the
frontal shield dull white ; lower tail- coverts pure white ; the medial
portion of the belly dusky-slate ; irides bright red-brown ; bill and
frontal disc dark coral-red ; and legs and toes reddish carneous, with
dusky lead- coloured joints *.

The other species is probably either from the Moluccas or from
China. Its size is rather superior to that of the Indian one, the bill
larger and more robust, but the frontal shield smaller, rounded pos-
teriorly, and not reaching beyond the eyes. In colour it is distin-
guished by having the back and scapularies green, the wings purple,
the sides of the face dark, passing into verditer, and the crown, occi-
put and hind-neck dusky-purplish ; all the purple of this species being
darker and less vivid than that of the other. If undescribed, I pro-
pose to term it P. dorsalis f.

No. 232. Gallinula parvifrons, nobis. Distinguished from the Eu-
ropean species by its inferior size and much less developed frontal
shield ; in other respects quite similar, as are also its habits and note.
This bird is the G. akool of Mr. Jerdon's list ; but I have also ob-
tained the true Porzana akool {Rallus akool of Sykes) in this neigh-
bourhood, a species having dark under tail-coverts, and the legs dark
reddish-brown.

Nos. 234 and 235. These are identical ; the Rallus rufescens, Jer-
don, referring to the young female Gal. lugubris, Horsfield, vel G.
plumbea, Vieillot, of which I have obtained several examples J.

Nos. 239 and 240. Both of these are common.

No. 241. The only flamingo which I have myself obtained here
is Phoenicopterus minor, but there is a Calcutta specimen of Ph. anti-
quorum, Tern., in the museum, and I have received others from the
upper provinces, &c.

Of Ducks, the only additional species to be mentioned is the Anas
formosa, Gmelin, of which I procured a splendid male, shot on the
salt-water lake §. Length 16^ by 27 inches. Bill black ; feet dingy
yellowish-olive, darker on the webs ; irides dark ; the tracheal os-
seous vesicle small. Anas boschas has not yet occurred, though Mr.

* It is evident from the above description that the Indian Porphyrio is
not the smaragnotus, in which the back is of a pure olive-green. Neither
can it, I think, be the indicus of Dr. Horsfield (smaragdinus, Temm.), which
is only 15 (not 19) inches long, and in which Jthe back is described as nearly
black with a greenish tinge. The Indian bird appears from the description
to approach most nearly to the European P. antiquorum, Edwards, pi. 87,
in which however the frontal shield is said to be rounded. Mr. Blyth's
second species seems to be the smaragnotus of Temminck, in which case the
specimen was probably brought from S. Africa. — H. E. S.

f This approaches the P. erythropus of Stephens, which that author iden-
tifies with P. smaragnotus, Tern.

% Dr. Horsfield's Gallinula gularis is also the young of his lugubris. —
H. E. S.

§ This is a widely different species from the ' bimaculated duck' of English
authors.

122 Mr. E. Blyth on the Ornithology of the neighbourhood of

Hodgson has met with it in Nepal, where, however, I have reason to
suspect that it is very rare. On the Indus it appears to be tolerably-
common. This bird is represented in India generally and in the Bur-
mese countries by A. pcecilorhyncha, which in many parts is extremely
common, and here is more so than I formerly supposed.

No. 262. This is the true Podiceps minor, though referred to P.
phillipensis by Mr. Jerdon. P. cristatus is also found in the upper
provinces.

Nos. 265 and 266. Both of these pelicans are common in suitable
localities, and they both vary exceedingly in size, as much so as Nu-
menius arquata and Limosa melanura. I suspect that the females are
always much smaller, but cannot pronounce upon this subject at pre-
sent, as I find that I omitted to add the sex, when subsequently as-
certained, to my notes on a number of recent specimens. Two ex-
amples of P. onocrotalus measured respectively 5y ft. by 8 ft. 10 in. ;
wing 26 ; tail 8 ; bill to forehead 14^ in., and tarsi 5^- in. ; and 4 ft.
8 in. by 7 ft. 10 in., 23, 7, 11 and 5. Another stuffed specimen,
which appears conspicuously larger than the first of these, has the
bill 15^ in., and wing 27 in. The small one has the supplementary
glistening reddish-brown feathers on the breast, analogous to the
supplementary feathers of the cormorants when in breeding costume.
Of the other species, which I term rufescens with considerable doubt.,
an adult female measured 4^ ft. by 7^ ft. ; wing 21 in. ; tail 7 in. ;
bill to forehead 12^ in. : a young female is still smaller, and a young
male much larger, the bill measuring 14^ in., and the wing 23^ in.
This species has a row of dark spots along each lateral half of its
upper mandible, more or less developed ; the pouch also is commonly
more or less spotted, sometimes very thickly so : the feathers of the
head and neck are very different from those of P. onocrotalus, being
larger, of lax and disunited texture and inclining upwards, as does
also the occipital crest ; irides pearly- white in the adult, those of the
other being bright brownish- red. Colour of the adult white, slightly
blushed, and more conspicuously tinged with yellow, especially also
the wings, which have lengthened slender hackles impending their
coverts of a strongly marked yellowish cast ; back and rump dull
brownish-rosy ; head and neck tinged with ashy, from the bases of
the feathers appearing externally; and breast also covered with dingy-
yellowish or yellowish-brown hackles : pouch ashy ; and legs leaden-
black, slightly tinged with greenish ; the claws white. The young
have the upper parts brown, the feathers edged paler. I have sent
specimens to the museum of the India-house.

Nos. 270 and 271. These must both be referred to Gelochelidon of
Brehm. Both are numerous ; the former being nos. 400 and 403 of
Mr. Jerdon's list, and the latter nos. 398 and 404 of the same. Add
Anous tenuirostris and Rhynchops flavirostris.

No. 274. Of this I have since procured a second specimen.

On casting my eye over the original list, bearing in mind all the
additions and corrections which have been here noticed, I find that
I have obtained about 293 species of birds in this immediate neigh-
bourhood during a sojourn of two years and a half; and not count-

Calcutta, with Notes by H. E. Strickland. 123

ing nos. 1, 4, 26, 45, 65, 67, 73, 82, 94, 117, 143, 149, 163, 171,
195 and 272, several of which might however be safely added. Mr.
Jerdon's original list of the peninsular species generally (of the hills
as well as of the plains) numbered 407 species ; but of these several
are merely nominal, though he has since added very considerably to
that number. If I had included all which I know to inhabit Bengal,
my list would have been much more extensive ; but I have confined
myself exclusively to the species which I have procured within a few
miles of Calcutta : and so far are even these from being yet exhausted,
that I have obtained no less than three additional Raptores while
writing out the present paper, namely Pernis maculosa y Lesson (for
certain), Circaetus gallicus and a small Accipiter, which is probably
the Khandesra hawk long sought for by Mr. Jerdon. With respect
to my own opportunities for out-door observation, I may here repeat
that they have been hitherto extremely few, for during the whole of
the past year I was only one day absent from the museum ; but I
have now just returned from a week's excursion in the direction of
the Soonderbuns, and have no intention of remaining quite so much
at home for the future. Even in that short trip I found species of
fish to be quite plentiful, which I had never, or but very rarely, seen
in the bazar ; among them a splendid undescribed Scicena, taken in
abundance in the middle of the stream, which I had only once or
twice previously met with : and so far as birds are concerned, the ex-
treme plentifulness of Totanus hypoleucos, and also the commonness
of T. ochropus I was previously unaware of ; having formed a judge-
ment from the few brought by the bazar shikarees in comparison to
the multitudes which they bring of T. glareola and some others.

Postscript. — Since the above was in type, a letter has been re-
ceived from Mr. Blyth, dated Calcutta, May 9, 1844, of which the
following are extracts : —

I avail myself of a steamer's departure direct from this to Suez, to
forward another communication to you on zoological matters. The
season is now over for collecting many things, but still I continue to
pick up a little, and have received some valuable contributions from
Arracan, &c. since I last wrote. I have also just received a very in-
teresting letter from Jerdon, announcing a valuable collection on its
way to me, containing various novelties from Southern India, and I
likewise expect two other collections from the peninsula shortly. In
this neighbourhood I have just obtained another Cuculus canorus,
also Phoenicophaust ristis (Less, the longicaudatus of my first mono-
graph on Cuculidce), and one specimen of an Iora, which proves, after
all, that typhia and zeylonica are one and the same. This bird had
about half acquired the black cap and back of zeylonica, the change
of colour taking place in the feathers themselves without a moult.
Yet it is strange, that of the great number of these birds which I
have obtained both before and since, I have never procured another
specimen with any trace of this zeylonica plumage. Add Rhipidura
albofrontata to the number of birds not found in this vicinity, but
which occur on the eastern side of the mountains of Central India,

124 Ornithology of the Neighbourhood of Calcutta.

extending to the Monghyr and Rajmahl hills. In my last letter I
stated that the " Misham Yak," so called, was merely a S. African
Gnoo, the frontlet of which had found its way to that distant locale ;
but a friend who has travelled in the Misham mountains, N.E. As-
sam, assures me that he saw there two or three similar frontlets, and
I have just seen a female head of this " Assam Gnoo," shot by the late
Lieut. Seppings of the Bengal Artillery to the northward of Bish-
nath, one of our frontier stations towards Bootan ; this settles the
question of the animal being Asiatic, and I shall now have the male
and female frontlets figured without further delay. Is it not an ex-
traordinary discovery to get a Gnoo in this part of the world ? —
perhaps more so even than that of the Shan Bison. [Ann. Nat. Hist,
vol. xiii. p. 312.] It will not, however, inhabit the Misham moun-
tains, which are densely covered with jungle, but the elevated plain
beyond them. I shall come out very strong shortly, with a long list
of new mammalia ; and there seems no end to the number of new
birds which I have now by me to describe. Among a variety of in-
teresting specimens in spirits, chiefly of reptiles and fishes, and com-
prising no less than three new Varani among the former, are various
bats, comprising the genus Rhinopoma from Agra and Mirzapore. I
had previously been quite convinced, from the descriptions of people,
that a bat of this genus was abundant in the Taj at Agra. Phayre
has now sent me, chiefly from the vicinity of Sandowa, Arracan, as
many as 139 species of birds, and several capital Mammalia. In the
collection just arrived from him are two new monkeys, which are
doubtless, and one of them certainly, the two Cercopitheci mentioned
by Heifer. One is a small Macacus, most allied to M. cynomolgus,
and with a similar long tail ; this I shall call M. cancrivorus, from its
habit of feeding principally on Crustacea. The other is a tremen-
dously muscular fellow, closely allied to the pigtailed Macacus of
Java (nemestrinus), and to the arctoides of Is. Geoffroy : it has a
copious mane on its fore-quarters, from which I shall style it M . leo-
ninus. I have also from the same quarter a new Paradoxurus, some
new Sciuridcc, and more specimens of the new Manis, some of which
I shall soon forward to Dr. Horsfield. Among the birds is a magni-
ficent Lyncornis, Gould, which if new may be called L. splendidus.
Length about 15 inches ; of wing 1 1J, and tail 8£ in. ; the latter very
broad, and the markings of it are superb, having alternate mottled
ashy and mottled fulvous bands set off with black ; there are no
rictal vibrissas, the feet are as in Caprimulgus, the wings firm and of
considerable length, and the aigrette-like feathers on the sides of the
head are, I know, as in Gould's genus. Do the other characters I
have named also accord ? The colour is difficult to describe without
going much into detail ; but the throat and breast are principally
black, the shoulders of the wings bright bay, the head and tertiaries
minutely mottled, with no large spots except along the middle of the
crown. Does this brief description tally with either of Gould's spe-
cies ? Phayre has also sent a new genus resembling Pomatorhinus
in all but the beak, which is straight and much less compressed, also
not so much elongated : this I shall name Orthorhinus. Likewise

Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Eolidina. 125

several new Bulbuls ; and of Nectariniida:, Arachnothera inornata,
Nect. goolpariensis, Phayrei (vel Hasseltii ?), mahrattensis, jugularis,
lepida (v. javanica), and phoenicotis, Diceum cruentatum, cantillans,
and chrysochlorum, nobis, &c. &c. A shikaree in my employ has just
come in with three specimens of Phcenicophaus tristis, a live young
Nisaetus caligatus, &c.

XVII. — Remarks on the genus Eolidina of M. de Quatrefages.
By Joshua Alder and Albany Hancock, Esqrs.

In a former communication on the Nudibranchiate Mollusca, we
took occasion to express an opinion that the genus Eolidina of
M. de Quatrefages was not a good one, the species on which it
was founded being, in our opinion, nothing more than an Eolis
imperfectly observed. It was irrelevant to the object of our former
paper to enter into detail on the reasons which induced us to
form such an opinion, but as its accuracy is doubted by M. de
Quatrefages, we shall now take the liberty of stating more fully
our objections to his genus, in order that the facts connected
with it may be more thoroughly investigated. It is not our wish
to enter into personal controversy, but the validity of a genus is
a matter of sufficient importance in zoology to justify our remarks,
more especially as there are some anomalous facts in comparative
anatomy connected with it.

On a careful examination of the description and figure which
M. de Quatrefages has given of his new genus, we must again
assert, that we can find no external character to distinguish it
from Eolis. With reference to this he remarks, "that Eolidina
wants the lateral or labial tentacles, and that all zoologists at pre-
sent consider the presence or absence of these appendages as fur-
nishing true generic characters." We must confess our inability
exactly to understand what is here meant by " lateral or labial
tentacles." Cuvier, in establishing the genus Eolis ; described it
to have four to six tentacles ; but subsequent observations have
proved that the third pair of tentacles of Cuvier are nothing more
than prolongations of the sides of the foot, varying in length in
each species and frequently entirely wanting. Later zoologists
have therefore, we think very properly, considered Eolis to have
no more than four tentacles, two dorsal, and two oral or labial.
Now the species on which the genus Eolidina is founded has
just this number of tentacles placed in the usual manner ; it has
also the anterior angles of the foot slightly produced, exactly as
they appear in several species of Eolis ; indeed so nearly does
it approach to some of the English species, that doubts might be
raised of its specific distinctness. If then Eolidina is a distinct
genus, it must depend upon anatomical characters alone. We are

126 Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Eolidina.

well aware that it would be wrong to infer, in every case, the cor-
respondence of internal characters from a similarity of outward
form ; but at the same time, when the external characters are so
very similar as they are in the present instance, we should be led
to expect, that if any difference in the anatomy did exist, it would
not be such as to affect the most important animal functions.
The two remarkable deviations from the typical organization of
the family which M. de Quatrefages points out, are however of
this kind. We consider ourselves justified, therefore, in scruti-
nizing more narrowly the accuracy of his observations. He com-
plains that in asserting that the anus in Eolis is placed in the
side, we do not enter into the details which are necessary to un-
derstand the relations of this orifice and the intestine proceeding
from it with the gastro-vascular system.

This relationship is very simple. Our observations lead us to
the conclusion, that the whole of the food which enters into the
stomach does not pass into the gastro-vascular apparatus ; indeed
very little of the solid aliment enters it, and such as does is
always driven back to the stomach, nothing being allowed to re-
main in this complicated system of vessels but the most refined
portion of the products of digestion ; such, in fact, as are capable
of being converted into nutrition ; and the mass of the grosser
particles is conveyed by a short intestinal canal, crossing diago-
nally from the left to the right side of the body where the anus
is situated. It is placed a short way behind, and generally a little
above the orifice of generation : this we have ascertained beyond
a doubt. It is difficult to see the anus when in a state of repose ;
but when the intestine is filled with coloured matter, or during
the expulsion of the excrement, it may be very readily observed.
In the latter case it is considerably enlarged and protruded into
a nipple-shape. Let us now turn to M. de Quatrefages* descrip-
tion of these parts in Eolidina. According to his views, the anus
is situated posteriorly at the termination of the central vessel of
the gastro-vascular system, and connected with it : this central
vessel he considers the intestinal canal. It is evident however,
that as very little of the solid portions of the nutriment is admitted
into those vessels, and as never any of it is allowed to remain
there, the anus so placed is not available for the expulsion of the
grosser excrementitious matter, and cannot in fact be considered a
true anus ; indeed M. de Quatrefages himself does not seem to
consider it so. If therefore this aperture (which we have not
detected in Eolis) does exist, it can only be considered as an ex-
cretory orifice, somewhat similar to those that we have found at
the ends of the papillae*.

* Since the publication of our last paper, we have had the opportunity of
confirming our observations on the ejection of small bodies from the ends of

Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Eolidina. 127

How then does M. de Quatrefages consider that the excrement
is disposed of in Eolidina ? If we understand him rightly, he has
recourse to the idea that it is voided again by the mouth, as in
some of the Radiata and Zoophytes. Is not such a supposition
contrary to all analogy in an animal so highly organized as this
mollusk ? And is it not, we would ask, much more probable that
M. de Quatrefages has overlooked the true intestine and anus,
which, from the minuteness of the subject and the delicacy of its
tissues, are difficult to detect, than that such an anomaly in orga-
nization should exist ? That we admit the possibility of a pos-
terior dorsal anus in this family will be seen in our description of
Proctonotus, in which such an arrangement is found ; and we
have since been favoured by a friend with the examination of an
undescribed animal of this family belonging to a new genus which
has a similar post-dorsal vent ; but in both instances, this part,
which is prominent and tubular, we believe to be a true anus,
connected with the intestine, and not an appendage to the gastro-
vascular system. In the animal observed by M. Milne Edwards
it is probably the same.

The other point of anatomy which we dispute is the absence
of a male intromittent organ in the generative apparatus, and the
consequent androgenous mode of reproduction, widely different
from that of the family to which it belongs. Here again we think
that M. de Quatrefages has overlooked the part in question. We
observe that he has also failed to discover this organ in his genus
Zephyrina, and considers that circumstance a proof of the cor-
rectness of his observation in Eolidina. In another place he ex-
presses an opinion that his Zephyrina is the same as our Venilia
{Proctonotus), in which we are inclined to agree, though, from the
vagueness of his description of the former, we are unable to say
so with certainty*.

the papillae as there described. The contents of the ovate vesicle at the ex-
tremity of the papillae are in most cases distinctly visible, and its action
during the expulsion of the minute bodies is not at all obscure. When this
takes place the sides of the vesicle are drawn towards each other, and the
extremity, becoming tubular, is thrust into the very tip of the papilla where
the orifice is placed. This action is generally repeated several times ; each
effort forcing the contents nearer the orifice, through which masses of small
elliptical bodies are ejected at intervals with considerable violence, and oc-
casionally to some distance. This certainly is very unlike disaggregation or
diffluence from pressure, by which M. de Quatrefages supposes we may have
been deceived. We used however during these examinations so little pressure
that the papillae could move freely about, and in one instance the animal
crawled from one side of the compressor to the other while we were exami-
ning it.

* In the generic character of Zephyrina, as given by M. de Quatrefages,
there is nothing to distinguish it from Eolis, excepting that it has respira-

128 Messrs. Alder and Hancock on the genus Eolidina.

Allowing their identity, we can assure him that Proctonotus has
an intromittent organ similar to that of Eolis, as we have had the
opportunity of seeing it exserted, and have a drawing of it in that
state. The argument therefore turns on the other side ; for if
M. de Quatrefages has failed to detect it in one animal where it
does exist, may he not also have done so in the other ? These
are our principal reasons for doubting the existence of the genus
Eolidina. We would, however, urge upon M. de Quatrefages the
desirableness of again procuring the animal for further examina-
tion*.

M. de. Quatrefages has detached Eolis and the allied genera
from the Nudibranchiata in order to unite them with Acteon and
some other animals low in the scale of organization, and which
seem to form a link between the Mollusca and Planaricef. We
suspect that that gentleman, having prematurely determined on
this apparently incongruous union, has been hurried too rapidly

tory appendages on the head, " but forming only one row on each side of
the head."

The number of rows of papillae, however, can only be considered as afford-
ing a specific character in this family, and several of the Bolides have the
papillae extending in front as far as the sides of the dorsal tentacula. We
mention this, not from any doubt that this animal is really distinct from
Eolis, but as an example of the deficiency of the characters given as generic.
We afterwards learn that the respiratory appendages are continued round
the head ; which, with the character of those appendages and other minor
points of resemblance, induce us to believe that Zephyrina and Proctonotus
are the same, though the latter has two rows of appendages on the sides and
round the head, which, according to M. de Quatrefages' views of generic
characters, would make them distinct. Our observations on the internal
anatomy, however, are much more at variance. In the gastro-vascular sy-
stem, our animal had not the longitudinal vessels down the sides of the
body, as represented by that gentleman ; yet as all the vessels of that system
were coloured in our species, we could not have overlooked them.

* There are some other points of the anatomy of Eolidina which require
further elucidation : for instance, the stomach, according to the figure, is
placed remarkably far forward in the system ; nearly in the position, before
the dorsal tentacles, which we find the mouth to occupy in Eolis. M. de
Quatrefages says that he is confirmed in the opinion of its being the stomach,
by having seen in this mass of an analogous animal the back-bone of a small
fish. More recently, in his description of Acteon elegans, when speaking of
its tongue, which closely resembles that curious organ in Eolis, he says, that
at first sight he mistook it for the back-bone of a small fish. Coupling these
observations together, are there not grounds for supposing that M. de Qua-
trefages has really mistaken the buccal mass for the stomach 1 If so, the
diagram representing its connexion with the gastro-vascular system cannot
be correct. That Eolidina has a tongue similar to the rest of the family we
cannot for a moment doubt, and this, as well as the corneous jaws, will most
likely be detected on a re-examination.

f Of the new genera described, Acteonia is the Limapontia of Johnston
(Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. ix. p. 79), and Amphorina appears not to
differ from Eolis, except in the gastro-vascular system.

Bibliographical Notices. 129

to his conclusions ; and perhaps has been too much inclined to
form a low estimate of the characters of the Eolidina*, thus making
them correspond more nearly with their new allies. Some of the
statements that we have now attempted to controvert are of this
nature j and M. de Quatrefages is also inclined to disallow the
existence of a heart and blood-vessels in Zephyrina, in which we
suspect he is equally mistaken.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICES.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles.

February 1844. — Zoology. — Considerations on some principles re-
lating to the natural classification of animals, and especially on the
methodical arrangement of the Mammalia, by M. Milne Edwards.
A very important and highly philosophical essay, embodying the di-
stinguished author's ideas on zoological classification, the publication
of which has been suggested by the paper of Mr. Waterhouse in the
79th Number of the ' Annals of Natural History.' — On some fossil
Fish-teeth found in the neighbourhood of Staoulli, in the province of
Algeria, by M. Valenciennes. The formation in which these teeth
were found is tertiary (miocene ?) : they belong to three species of
Sargus, a Chrysophrys and an Oxyrhina, and are all extinct forms. —
On the Trypanosoma sanguinis, a new species of Hamatozoon, by M.
Gruby f. This supposed animal (on the individual nature of which a
doubt is thrown by M. Milne Edwards) was found circulating in the
blood of frogs in spring and summer. Its body is long, flattened,
transparent and twisted. The cephalic extremity is terminated by
slender elongated filaments, and its caudal end terminates also in
pointed filaments. It moves rapidly in a screw-like fashion. — A
translation of Mr. Harry Goodsir's important paper on the Reproduc-
tion of Cirripeda. — A translation of an abstract of Dr. Carpenter's
paper on the Microscopic Structure of Shells. — Researches on Osteo-
genesis, by Dr. Lebert.

Botany. — Continuation of the monograph of the Nidularice, by
MM. L. and C. Tulasne (with admirable plates). — Observations on
the genus Aponogeton, and on its natural affinities, by M. E. E.
Planchon. The author proposes to place Aponogeton either among
the Alismacea, as the type of a suborder intermediate between the
Alismaceae proper and the Juncaginece, or to consider it as the type of
a new family of Aponogetacete, characterized by the absence of a
perianth, by the ovaries being distinct and definite in number, by its
few anatropous ovules attached to the base of the cell, and above all

* We use this word here, as employed by Mr. MacGillivray, to designate
the subfamily of which Eolis is the type. Eolidina had previously been
employed in this enlarged sense, of which fact M. de Quatrefages does not
appear to be aware.

f See Annals, vol. xiii. p. 158.
Ann. $ Mag. N. Hist. Vol xiv. K

130 Zoological Society.

by the free gemmule, of -which the primordial leaves sheath only at
the base. Embryological figures illustrate the paper. — Boissier,
Plantae Aucherianse (Umbelliferce) .

Giornale Botanico Italiano.

A new botanical journal, which promises to be a valuable addition
to our sources of information, has been established in Italy by the
Botanical Section of the Scientific Congress ; Prof. Parlatore of
Florence having undertaken the editorship, under the direction of a
committee of the botanists resident in Tuscany.

It is divided into three portions, under the separate titles of ' Ori-
ginal Memoirs,' ' Botanical Literature,' and ' Botanical Intelligence,'
each part being separately paged.

The first two numbers contain : preface, plan of the work, collabo-
rators. — Original memoirs : Meneghini on Gaudichaud's theory of the
merithallus ; Savi on some Microscopic organs of Plants, especially of
Chrysanthema ; Parlatore on the spirit of the last and present centu-
ries in regard to natural science ; Parlatore, Monograph of the Fu-
marias ; Meneghini and Savi on the appendages of Acacia cornigera ;
Savi, Morphological considerations on the leaf of Arduina bispinosa ;
Puccinelli, Additamentum ad Synopsin plantarum in agro Lucensi
sponte nascentium.

Literature-. Gussone, Florae Siculae Synopsis, 1842 ; Todaro, Or-
chidese Siculse, 1842 ; Puccinelli, Synopsis plantarum in agro Lucensi
sponte nascentium, 1842 ; Tarsi, on the Irritability of the Pollen ves-
sels of some plants.

Miscellanea : Parlatore, Intelligence respecting the Italian central
Herbarium at Florence, and the consignments received there ; on the
Italian meteorological Archiv ; various short notices and intelligence.

Books Received.

The Medals of Creation, or First Lessons in Geology and in the Study
of Organic Remains. By Dr. G. A. Mantell.

Essays on Natural History , chiefly Ornithology. By C. Waterton, Esq.

A History of British Ferns. By Edward Newman. Second edition.

Elements of Comparative Anatomy. By Rudolph Wagner, M.D. ;
edited by Alfred Tulk. Part I. Mammalia; Part II. Birds.

PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.

ZOOLOGICAL, SOCIETY.

Dec. 12, 1843.— William Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.
" Descriptions of new species of Navicella, Neritina, Nerita, and
Nalica, in the cabinet of H. Cuming, Esq.," by C. A. Recluz.

Navicella, Lamarck.
1. Navtcella Cookii. Nav. testd ellipticd, antice angustatd,

■Zoological Society. 131

convexd, tenuiusculd, transversim crebre striatd, subepidermide
olivaceo-lutescente, superne earned, lineolis transversis creberrimis
tineas latiusculas efformantibus reticulatd ; interstitiis maculis
oblongo-acutis lutescentibus, superioribus interdum latioribus
pictd ; apice submarginali, integerrimo; aperturd ccerulescente,
intus croced ; labio luteo -fusee scente.

Var. /3. Testd carneo-violacescente,fasciis nigris radiantibus, bast
ac later aliter ramosis, lineis transversis nullis ; aperturd intus
croceo maculatd ; maculd nigra late marginald.

Hab. " Island of Johanna, one of the Coinmoro islands; found in
a small stream by the Rev. W. V. Hennah." H. Cuming.

2. Navicella lineata, Lamarck.

Var. y. Testd lineolis transversis tenuissimis, undulatis, creberrimis,

olivaceis, et maculis oblongis ac linearibus, luiescentibus pictd ;

apice fere marginali, subviolaceo, supra albido, Icevissime bi-

radiato.
Hab. " Ganges, Bengal." H. Cuming.

Nerita, Linnaeus.

Sect. A. Labro intus integerrimo ; labio superne nee emarginato.

Gen. Neritina, Lamarck, Ferussac, &c.

1. Nerita Siquijorensis. Ner. testd ovato-transversd, postice
angustatd, dorso-convexd, superne planulald, solidd, longitudi-
naliter tenuiter et crebre striatd, spadiceo-reticulatd, interstitiis
maculis oblongis, antice acutis, albidis sen lutescentibus pictd ;
anfractibus \\; apice retuso ; aperturd extus ovatd, intus lutes-
cente ; labio piano, margine et in medio vix arcuato et tenuiter
crenato ; labro subcontinuo, lateralibus rectiusculo.

Var. p. Testd spadiceo-reticulatd, fasciis albidis 2-3 cinctd ; labio

externe fuscescente tincto.
Hab. " Isle of Siquijor, in a small stream." H. Cuming.

2. Nerita africana. Ner. testd ovato-conoided, subepidermide
nigrescente strigis nigris longitudinalibus creberrimis et maculis
oblongis vel ovatis transversis, luteis, antice acutis et nigro mar-
ginatis, subregularibus, undique pictd; anfractibus tribus sub-
conicis ; infimo superne rugis raris notato ; spird vix prominuld,
apice erosd ; aperturd obliqud, extus semi-oblongd, intils albido-
cinerascente ; labio convexiusculo superrfe calloso, antice piano,
rcctiusculo et icevissime crenato.

Var. o. Anfractu infimo depresso ; labro superne vix fornicato et

antrorsilm jjroductiusculo ; labio postice lutescente.
Var. (d. Anfractu infimo dorso convexo ; labio postice aurantio.
Hab. " Island of Fernando Po, west coast of Africa ; found in a
small stream by Capt. Downs, R.N." H. Cuming.

3. Nerita (Clithon) Da Cost^e. Ner. testd subglobosd, supra
medium vix angulosd, muticd, olivaced, maculis triangularibus
albidis, antice acute nigris pictd et fasciis palfidissime interdum
obsoletis cinctd ; anfractibus quaternis plano-declivis ; spird sub-

K 2

132 Zoological Society.

conicdy apice erosd ; aperturd subrotundd, mills albd et pallide
ccerulescente 3-4 fasciatd ; labio compresso, angusto, valde de-
clivi, superne transversim calloso, margine crenato et in medio
tenuiter arcuato ; labro inferne dilatato, superne subfornicato.
Hab. " Isle of Negros, in a mountain- stream." H. Cuming.

4. Nkrita Leachii, Recluz in Guerin, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 312.
no. 33.

Var. /3. Testd subglobosd, pallide fused, luteo-bifasciatd.

Var. y. ? Testd subglobosd, nigerrimd, maculis punctiformibus vix

triangularibus obsitd, nee fasciatd.
An var. Neritce guttata, Recluz in Rev. Cuv. 1841 , p. 316. no. 40 ?
Var. d. ? Testd semiglobosd, tenuiore, striis longitudinalibus regu-

laribus creberrimis, transversis, tenuissimis, nigerrimd, maculis

sparsis, raris, et fasciis angustis binis, lutescentibus , maculis par -

vulis triangularibus pallidioribus confertis pictd.
Hab. " Isle of Bohol ; found in a small stream." H. Cuming.

5. Nerita Sayana. Ner. testd ventricoso-ovatd, longitudinaliter
substriatd, tenuiusculd, nitiduld, nigratd, maculis fuscis seu lutes-
centibus, diversiformibus, variegatd aut fused et nigrescent e nebu-
latd ; anfractibus duobus ; primo partim deroso, infimo superne
depresso ; aperturd subrotundd, intus albd ; labio calloso, piano,
declivi, margine recto, in medio tenuissime crenato.

Hab. " Island of Guimaras, Philippines ; in small streams." H.
Cuming.

6. Nerita (Clithon) subpunctata. Ner. testd semiglobosd, oli-
vaceo-fuscd, tenuiter rugatd ; rugis punctis nigrescentibus seriatis
notatis, sub epidermide albd, nigro reticulatd ; anfractu unico, suprd
medium anguloso ; apice perforato ; aperturd extus subrotundd, in-
tus albo-cinerascente ; labio semilunari, piano, superne calloso,
margine in medio tenuiter arcuato et crenulato ; dente cardinali
majore, truncato.

Hab. " Sinait, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon ; in a small
mountain-stream." H. Cuming,

Sect. B. Labro intus scepius sulcato ; labio superne emarginato.

7. Nerita Grayana. Ner. testd ovato-globosd, dorso oblique
conoided, transversim sulcatd ; sulcis costis latioribus, striis longi-
tudinalibus creberrimis sculptd ; anfractibus sordide nigro-vio-
laceis, obsolete albo maculatis ; spird prominuld, conico-depressd,
acutd ; aperturd pallide fuscescente ; labio planulato, margine
tridentato, supra rugis confertis valde impresso ; labro intus regu-
lariter sulcato, superne unidentato.

Hab. " Port Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon ; on
the rocks at low water." H. Cuming.

8. Nerita Panayensis. Ner. testd parvd, ovato-conicd, aurantid,
transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter crebre striatd ; costis subter
lente subgranosis ; spird conico-acutd ; labio piano, lacteo, dentibus
tribus remotis instructo ; labro margine crenato, intiis calloso,
lacteo, plane Icevissimo.

Zoological Society. 133

Var. (3. Testd ventricoso-globosd, spird vix exsertd, minimd, labio

basi ruguloso et margine crenulis plurimis notato.
Hab. "Ilo-Uo, province of Panay; under stones at low water."
H. Cuming.

9. Nerita Beaniana. Ner. testd ovatd, postice angustatd, trans-
versim crebre et tenuiter sulcatd, nigrd sive olivaceo-nigricante,
fasciis croceis cinctd; spird obtusd, decorticatd ; aperturd albd,
fauce luted; labio compresso-plano, luteo-fuscescente, granulis
nigris signato, margine Icevissime arcuatim excavato, subedentulo ;
labro intils striis tenuissimis elongatis, nigris instructo.

Var. /3. Testd olivaceo-nigricante, lineis nigris et lutescentibus , cequi-
distantibus fasciatd ; labio supra rugoso, medio nigro granuloso,
labro intils Iceviter incrasso et Icevissimo.

Var. y. Testd costis subnullis, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis, ob-
soletisque.

Operculum nigrescens, minime granulatum, subtiis cameo -lutescente,
fasciis tribus griseis pictum, costuld pland, obsoletd, antice margi-
natum. Dente apicali brevi, truncato, infimo transverso, arcuato,
piano, postice dilatato, truncato, superficie substriatd.

Hab. " Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila ; under stones at low
water." H. Cuming.

10. Nerita Hindsii. Ner. testd semiglobosd, solidd, cinered sive
albidd, nigro obscure articulatd, transversim lecviter sulcatd, striis
longitudinalibus undulatis sulcis inter dum decussantibus insculptd ;
spird parvd, convexo-depressd, vix exsertd ; aperturd dilute stra-
mined ; labio angusto, compresso-subconcavo, rugoso et granuloso,
margine in medio 2-4-denticulato ; labro intiis valde calloso et
longe sulcato. Operculum pallide cinereo-fuscescens, granulosum,
obsolete biangulosum, albido-viridescens, antice angulum planissi-
mum circumdatum. Dente apicali piano, superne laviter incras-
sato, brevi, truncato, basi maculd fused notatd ; infimo arcuato,
substriato, postice parum dilatato, truncato.

Hab. "Ilo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water." H.
Cuming.

11. Nerita Spengleriana. Ner. testd orbiculato-conicd, trans-
versim Itfvissime sulcatd; sulcis basi obsoletis, albidd, nigro-
zonatd ; spird conico-acutd, lutescente, nigro -punctatd, sulcis pro-

fundioribus ; labio albo, Icevigato, margine subbidentato ; labro
intils incrassato, Icevissimo. Operculum pallide fuscum., tenuissime
granulosum, subtiis pallide rufum. Dente apicali obsoleto, infimo ar-
cuato, transversim substriato , postice superficie dilatatd et truncatd.
Hab. " Ilo-Ilo, isle of Panay; under stones at low water." H.
Cuming.

12. Nerita Rumphii, Recluz, Rev. Cuvier. 1841, p. 147. no. 10.
Var. 1. Recluz, loco citato, Nerita polita oceani australis, Chem-
nitz, Conch, v. p. 321. tab. 193. f. 2013 et 2014.

Hab. " Trenate, Molucca Islands ; under stones at low water." H.
Cuming.
Fauce nitidissime rubro-sanguinea.

134 Zoological Society.

Var. 2. Testd striis transversis nullis,fasciis viridescentibus imma-
culatis, alternis albis sive pallide rufescentibus, nigro articulatis ;
aperturd sanguined; labio bidentato ; labro intus crebre sulcato.

Chemnitz, Conch, v. p. 319. pi. 193. f. 2010.

" Island of Trenate, Molucca Islands ; on the reefs."

Operculum Nerite Rumphii. Forma Ner. Orbignyancc accedens,
sed diversa.

Var. 3. Testd albd maculis nigris latis seriatis unifasciatd.

" Isle of Ticao ; under stones at low water."

Var. 4. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro late unifasciatd.

" Isle of Ticao, &c."

Var. 5. Testd nigrescente, ravido-fasciatd.

" Isle of Masbate ; under stones at low water."

Var. 6. Testd nigrd, albo anguste trifasciatd.

" Isle of Corregidor, off Manila; under stones."

Var. 7. Testd olivaced, nigro-varid, in medio albo-unifasciatdfascid
lineis angustis olivaceis articulatd.

" Isle of Masbate ; under stones."

Var. 8. Testd lutescente, cceruleo-undatd, fasciis tribus e maculis
rubris articulatis.

" St. Nicolas, island of Zebu ; under stones."

Var. 9. Testd nigrd, venis albis et maculis concoloribus pictd.

" Trenate, Molucca Islands ; under stones."

Var. 10. Testd rufescente aut cinered, maculis nigris hastatis trans-
versis pictd.

An Chemnitz, v. p. 320. pi. 193. f. 2011 ? Nerita pennata, Des-
hayes in Lamarck, ed. alt. t. viii. p. 613. no. 23j\ (vidi in collectione
ejus) non Born, Nerita pennata. (Ha?c est Ner. piper ina, Chemnitz,
Conch, xi. p. 73. tab. 197. f. 1905, 1906; Lister, Conch. Synops.
pi. 604. f. 29; Neritina piperata, Sow. Conch. Illust. f. 18.)

" Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon ; under
stones."

Var. 11. Testd rufescente aut albidd, roseo-trifasciatd et maculis
viridibus parvis seu nebulis varid.

" Isle of Masbate ; under stones."

Var. 12. Testd violaced, albo anguste trifasciatd.

" Isle of Corregidor, &c."

Var. 13. Testd luteo-rufescente, albo-trifasciatd; fasciis nigro sive
viridescente articulatis.

*' Isle of Burias ; under stones."

Var. 14. Testd fusco-nigrescente pallidd, fasciis tribus nigris, et
maculis albis sparsis pictd.

" Isle of Siquijor, under stones ; and port of Curimao, province of
North Ilocos, isle of Luzon."

Var. 15. Testd luteo-rufescente, maculis albis transversis parvulis
pictd, nigrescente obsolete trifasciatd.

" Trenate, Molucca Islands."

Zoological Society. 135

Var. 16. Testd nigro, ravido et albido-fuscescente fasciatd.

M Isle of Siquijor, &c."

Var. 17. Testd tenui, striis cancellatd, fusco-rufescente, interdum

maculis nigris parvulis hastatis pictd ; labio pianissimo antice valde

denticulato.
" Isle of Siquijor, &c."

Var. 18. Testd albd, rufescente fulguratd sive roseo-trifasciatd.
" St. Nicolas, isle of Zebu, &c."
Var. 19. Testd lutescente, fasciis viridescentibus zonisque albis nigro-

maculatis marginatis.
" Isle of Ticao ; under stones."
Var. 20. Testd albo-vinosd, nigro late bi/asciatd et in interstitiis

interdum viridescente zonatd.
" Isle of Corregidor, bay of Manila."
Var. 21. Testd albd aut fuscescente, venis nigris longitudinalibus

pictd et albo unifasciatd.
" Isle of Corregidor, &c."
Var. 22. Testd sordid e vinosd seu fusco-violaced, fasciis tribus albis

cinereo articulatis seu nebulosis.
" Isle of Burias,"
Var. 23. Testd purpureo-nigrescente, fuscescente nigro -punctatd sive

albo-bifasciatd ; fasciis cinereo nebulosis.
" Port of Curimao, province of North Ilocos, isle of Luzon."
Var. 24. Testd albido-lutescente, nigro anguste bifasciatd.
" Isle of Corregidor."

Var. 25 . Testd virescente, albo anguste trifasciatd.
" Isle of Corregidor."
Var. 26. Testd cancellatd, totd nigrd.
" Isle of Corregidor."
Var. 27. Testd fusco-nigricante, maculis nigris transversis inten-

sioribus pictd.
" From Pasacos, isle of Luzon."
Var. 28. Testd grised, maculis albis obsolete tessellatd.
" Isle of Ticao."
Var. 29. Testd pallide fusco-rubelld trifasciatd, venis albis lineatd,

interstitiis albo anguste marginatis ; fascid albd spiram decurrente.
" St. Estevan, province of South Ilocos, isle of Luzon."
Var. 30. Testd dilute chocolatd, albido -fasciatd.
" Isle of Burias."
Var. 31. Testd luteo-castaned, albo anguste trifasciatd, transversim

regulariter sulcatd, seu lavissime ad spiram tantum spiraliter cin-

gulatd.
" Isle of Corregidor."
Var. 32. Testd omnino aurantid.
" Jimmamaylan, isle of Negros."

136 Zoological Society.

Natica, Adanson.

A. Umbilicum funiculatum.

Obs. — Funiculus. Columna callosa auctorum, columella adhaerens
et in umbilico spiraliter contorta, apice plus minusve dilatato, trun-
cate-, rariiis convexo aut rotundato.

* Testa subglobosa; operculum testaceum. Gen. Nacca, Risso.

1. Natica picta. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenuiusculd, Icevi-
gatd luteo-rufescente, albo anguste 3—4 fasciatd : fasciis remotis
maculis spadiceis sagittatis articulatis, superd ad suturam spadiceo-
marginatd; spird convexo-conicd, apice spadiced ; aperturd intus

fulvd ; columelld rectd, basim versus concaviusculd, superne breviter
reflexd ; umbilico coarctato, quadrato ; canali arcuato, extiis zond
albd maculis spadiceis undulatis radiate ; funiculo crasso canalem
angustante.
Hab. "Basey, island of Samar, Philippines ; found on the reefs."
H. Cuming.

Testd f undo pallide chccolato, fascid supremd rarb maculis supremis
majoribus et intensioribus ; anfractibus quinis, convexis, superne
depressiusculis .

2. Natica euzona. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, albd,
lineolis creberrimis longitudinalibus luteo -spadiceis et fasciis tribus
e maculis sagittiformibus concoloribus, in supremd angulatis pictd ■
spird convexo-acutd ; aperturd albidd, basi et externe subacutd ;
labio rectiusculo, superne breviter reflexo et tenuissimo ; umbilico
rotundato extus zond albd maculis spadiceis circumdato ; funiculo
angusto, superne inter dum rotundato et dilatato cavitates angus-
tante ; labro fragili.

Operculum testaceum, tenue, lineolis elevatis 2-3 antice cinctum.

An Nat. zebra, var. ?

Hab. "With Natica zebra from Cagayan, province of Misamis,
island of Mindanao ; found in sandy mud at twenty-five fathoms :
and with Natica areolata from the isle of Capul, Philippines ; on the
reefs." H. Cuming.

3. Natica orientalis, Gmelin.

Var. y. Testd rufd, suturd anguste canaliculatd, albd.

Var. h. Testd subepidermide fuscescente albidd, suturd canaliculatd,

epidermide fusco creberrime striatd.
Var. e. ? Testd minor, subepidermide pallide fusco -albd, zonis binis e

maculis elongato-quadratis spadiceis seriatim pictd ; suturd pro-

fundd, epidermide fusco creberrime striatd; aperturd basi minus

auctd et acutd ; funiculo coarctato.
Hab. " Singapore ; found in sandy mud." H. Cuming.

4. Natica Broderipiana. Nat. testd globoso-ovatd, solidiusculd,
luted seu pallide fused, zonis albis spadiceo maculatis cinctd, lon-
gitudinaliter tenuiter sulcatd : sulcis superne et inferne profun-
dioribus ; spird conico-acutd, apice fusco- spadiced ; suturd fasciold
albo marginatd ; aperturd basi et externe angulosd ; columelld in

Zoological Society. 137

medio arcuatim concavd, superne et inferne incrassatd ; umbilico
dilatato, pro/undo, zond albd, laevigata circumdato ; canali umbilico
lineari ; funiculo crasso, largo, depresso.

Testa anfractibus 5-6 convexis, subcostatis. Macula fasciarum nunc
quadratic, nunc transversim oblongae seu arcuatae ; fasciae mediance
macula biseriata, infimce parvulce. Labrum solidum. Operculum
testaceum, antice striis tribus aratum, in medio costd arcuatd valde,
exsertd sculptatum ; apice puncto calloso notato ; postice inferne
ad marginem crebre rugoso seu crenulato et in medio ventri-
coso.

Hab. " Xipixapi, West Colombia ; sandy mud, sixteen fathoms."
H. Cuming.

5. Natica Elen,e. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, postice angustatd,
tenui, longitudinalitcr striis eequidistantibus superne et inferne
profundioribus, striolis transversis creberrimis subcancellatis
sculptd ; albido-stramined, lineolis crebris undulatis longitudina-
libus pictd ; anfractu infimo superne planulato ; spird convexo-
conicd, subacutd ; aperturd basi subangulosd, superne rotundatd ;
labio subrecto, in medio subarcuato, superne calloso ; umbilico
dilatato, profundo, spirali ; canali lineari; funiculo lato, superne
crasso et oblique truncato ; labro fragili.
Var. /3. ? Testd minori, ventricoso-ovatd, anfractibus senis, superne
planatis, gradatis, superioribus longitudinaliter striatis, infimo
Icevigato, lineis spadiceis remotiusculis submidulaiis picto ; spird
conico-acutd ; columelld rectd, superne et inferne incrassatd ;
canali umbilico prof unde arcuato, valde latiore ; funiculo angusto;
aperturd semi-oblongd.
Hab. " St. Elena, West Colombia ; found in sandy mud at six
fathoms." H. Cuming.

Testd tenuiori, sulcis longitudinalibus striceformibus ; anfractu in-
fimo transverso, antice dilatato posticeque angustato, fasciis nul-
lis, lineis spadiceis crebris undulatis angulatisque ; spird minori ;
columelld minus concavd ; funiculo crassiore a Natica Broderi-
piana differt.
Var. jS. Forma Natica Fanel Adansonii accedens sed diversa ; an

species nova ?
Umbilicus testaceus, antice triangulatus, in medio costd laid, crassd,
exsertd, sulco antice cinctd et postice revolutd insculptus, area posticd
arcuatim sulcatd. Margo postica transversim crenulata : cretiis infe-
rior ibus valde impressis.

6. Natica areolata. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, tenui, parvd,
subpellucidd, glaucind seu luted, lineis angulato-fiexuosis, sape basi
latioribus arcuatisque pictd, ornatis ; spird convexo-conicd, apice
fused; aperturd subviolaced ; labio oblique rectiusculo, ad umbi-
licum subconvexo, basim versus arcuatim rotundatd ; funiculo
crasso, superne rotundato, piano umbilicum canalemque valde an-
gustante.
Var. (3. Testa minor, maculis luteis antice albo marginatis ac arcu-
atis subseriebus S-4-cincta, interdum confluent ibus ; anfractibus
superne zond dilute aurantid lined albd marginatd ornatis.

138 Zoological Society.

Rumph. Mus. tab. 22. fig. G. bona, non Natica zebra, Lamk.
Hab. " Island of Capul : found on the reefs, Philippines." H. Cu-
ming. Amboina (Mus. Paris et Rumphius).

7. Natica fulgurans. Nat. testd ovatd, ventricosd, tenuiter striatd,
albd, flammeis fulgurantibus spadiceo-nigris inter dum conjluentibus
pictd ; spird conicd, acutd ; aperturd albd; columelld obliqud,
rectiusculd, umbilico pro/undo ; canali latiusculo ; funiculo de-
presso, superne basique compresso ; labro basi oblique rectiusculo,
crasso, compresso.

Hab. " Le Senegal (Mme Dupont)."

Testa alba sen dilute ravida; flammis interrupts in zonas trans-
versas efformantibus scepe dispositis.

8. Natica Colliei. Nat. testd ventricoso-globosd, albd, maculis spa-
diceo-fuscis quinque seriatis : seriebus duabus maculis rufis qua-
dratis interdum angulatis alteris punctiformibus cinctd; spird
convexd, apice acutd; anfractibus superne planiusculis, radiatim
breviter striatis ; aperturd albidd, intus subflammulatd ; umbilico
arcuato, pro/undo; funiculo parvo ; columelld oblique rectius-
culd.

Var. ft. Testa maculis quadratis quinque seriatis cincta; seriebus
tribus medianis maculis majoribus interdum conjluentibus ; aper-
turd intus rosed ; funiculo crasso extus ad sinistram oblique pla-
nulato, basi canali propinquiori.
Hab. " Swan River, Australia ; found on stones, low water, by-
Lieut. Collie, R.N. Var. from the island of Ticao found on the
reefs." H. Cuming.

9. Natica Fanel, Adanson.

Var. (3. Testa alba, seu albo-subvinosa, maculis rotundatis atropur-
pureis, paucis interdum conjluentibus picta.

Natica variolaria, nobis olim.

Hab. "Zanzebar, east coast of Africa, collected by Mr. Thomas
Thorre." H. Cuming.

Testa subglobosa, ovata, ventricosa, nitidissima, Icevigata. Anfracti-
bus senis, convexis, superne depresso-planis, radiatim tenuiter stri-
atis, fere gradatis. Spira conica ; apice acutiusculo. Apertura
semirotunda, alba, obliquata. Columella oblique recta, angusta, su-
perne breviter reflexa, adnata, basi in labro continuato et incrassato.
Umbilicum semirotundum, fuscum, profundum. Funiculum depres-
sum, latiusculum, rufum, superne vix callosum, semiovatum, colu-
mella adnatum. Operculum ?

10. Natica Gambia. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, interdum sub-
globosd, crassd, albidd seu dilute carneolatd ; anfractibus convexis,
lavigatis, superne longe radiatim striatis, superioribus suprti de-
presso -planiusculis ; spird conico-depressd, acutd; aperturd ob-
liqud, albd ; columelld redd, superne incrassatd, callosd ; umbilico
parvo ; canali arcuato, prof undo ; funiculo magno, superne dila-
tato, piano, semiovato ; labro crasso.

Var. ft. Testd ovatd, substriatd, superne cinereo-fuscescente, fusco

Zoological Society. 139

obscure zonatd, in/erne albidd, submedio zond pallidd cincld ;
spird glaucescente ; aperturd intits fusco-purpurascente.
Operculum testaceum, solidum, ad apicem tenuiusculum, lacteum,
postice marginem versus fuscum, lavigatum, antice lined angustd
circumdatum. Varietates innumerce Naticae maroccanse Chem-
nitzii (Nat. marochiensis Lamk. non Menke nee Philippi, quae
est Nerita (Natica) glaucina Linne certe) differt, formd, facie,
consistentid, umbilico, funiculo et operculo. Rara.
Hab. "River Gambia; found on the sands by Mr. Beale of Jer-
sey." H. Cuming.

11. Natica canrena, Lamk.

Nerita canrena, Linn., Mus. L. U. p. 674. no. 383. Synonymis
et variet. exclusis.

Var. /3. Minor, tenuior, magnitudinis avellance, zonis tribus albis et
totidem fuscis pallidis cincta ; zonis albis medio ventris lineis
arcuatis spadiceis ornatis, superd maculis spadiceis arcuatis pictd ;
suturd fascid angustd luted marginatd, striis radiatis crebris
sculptd ; umbilico parvo ; canali pro/undo, arcuato, zond latissimd
albd circumdato et maculis spadiceis remotis notatd.

Hab. " Jacna, isle of Bohol, Philippines ; twelve fathoms, sandy
mud." H. Cuming.

An eadem ut typus Linnei ?

Var. y. Testd, omninb albd, ad suturam lacteo fasciatd ; labrofra-
gili.

Hab. " Island of St. Vincent, North America." H. Cuming.

12. Natica pavimentum. Nat. testd ovato-obtusd, subglobosd, par-
vuld,exalbidd,lacteo-quadrifasciatd, supremd latd lineis rufis radia-
tis, tribus inferioribus angustioribus maculis quadratis rufis seriatis
articulatis pictd ; spird convexo-rotundatd, parvd, vix prominenti;
aperturd albd, obliqud ; columelld rectd, solidd ; funiculo semi-
rotundo, umbilico parvulo omninb occultante.

Var. /3. Testd fascid medii ventris maculis longitudinaliter oblongo-
quadratis remotioribus pictd.

Testd anfractibus quinis, convexo-depressis, infimo convexiore ; su-
turd vix impressd. Operculum ?

Hab. ** The island of Ticao, Philippines ; found on the reefs."
H. Cuming.

13. Natica Gualteriana. iVatf. testd subovatd, semigloboso-acutd,
tenui, subepidermide fuscescente albidd, punctis quadratis spadi-
ceis seriatis in medio ventris trifasciatd, superne lineis concolori-
bus obsoletisque decurrentibus ornatd ; anfractibus ventricosis, ad
suturam longe et crebre striatis, fascid albd circumdatis ; spird
conico-acutd ; aperturd dilatatd, basi subproductd et angulosd;
umbilico parvo ; funiculo semiovato, suprd oblique piano, umbi-
licum et canalem valde occultante.

Var. /3. Testa minor, f asciis punctorum in medio ventris ultimi duabus.
Hab. " Sual, province of Pangasinan, island of Luzon ; found at
five to seven fathoms, on sand." H. Cuming.

140 Zoological Society,

** Testa subovata seu ovata ; operculum cartilaginosum, Gen. Natica,

Risso.

Mamillat^s, Recluz.

14. Natica Panamaensis. Nat. testd ovato-globosd,ventricosd, pon-
derosd, albidd ; anfractibus septenis, supremis depresso-convexis,
infimo ad periphariam depresso-planulato, supra subanguloso, de-
clivi seu convexiusculo, striis tenuissimis impresso ; spird corded,
acutd; aperturd obliqud, oblong o-semilunari ; columelld superne
et antice ventricosd, valde incrassatd, calloso-laeted, convexd, sub
umbilico productiusculd ; umbilico prof undo ; funiculo intus sub-
obsoleto, externe oblongo, calloso et cum callo columella consoli-
date ; labro tenuiusculo.

Operculum cartilaginosum, radiatim tenuiter striatum, dilute f us cum.
Sinu Panama propria.

Hab. " Panama ; found at ten fathoms in fine sand." H. Cuming.

15. Natica Flemingiana. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, crassiusculd,
lacted, nitidd, politd, lavisshrie striatd, anfractibus senis, depresso-
convexiusculis, infimo ovato-convexo, superne subconico ; spird de-
presso-conicd, apice exalbido ; aperturd angustd, semirotundd ;
columelld oblique rectiusculd, in medio subconvexd, externe callosd,
crassd ; umbilico prof undo, superne partim tecto, externe angulo
vix notato circumdato, basi in canalem profundum arcuatum pro-
longate a funiculo modificato.

Junior. Canali umbilico subconsolidato, lineari.

Operculum cartilagineum, luteum, tenuissimum, margine antico hyalino
zonatum, fascid latd, purpureo-rvfd, apice revolutd, superficie eleganter
radiatim striatd valde divert. Testa interdum albo dilute straminea
seu ferrugineo partim tincta.

Hab. " Sorsogon, isle of Luzon ; found in sand and small stones."
H. Cuming.

Nerita mamilla, var. lactece, Linnaei valde affinis, sed spira, acuta
et umbilico aperto differt. Naticce vavaoi Le Guillou proxima, sed
columella convexiore, basi et interne non angulata, rotundato-con-
cava, angulo umbilici remotiore et lineaeformi, canali umbilici an-
gustiore et columella supra medium convexiuscula transversim nee
sulco obsoleto instructs dissimilis est. Natica uber, Valenciennes,
fere simillima, sed in hac operculum cartilagineum omnino luteum
et striis tenuioribus, in Nat. Flemingiand.

16. Natica dubia. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd seu globoso-acutd,
Imvigatd, crassd, ponderosd, albido-stramined, ad suturam obscure
fasciatd et transversim obsolete striatd ; spird conico-depressd,
plus minusve prominuld, acutd; aperturd semirotundd, intus sub-
margaritaced ; labio antice recto, basi incrassato, superne valde
calloso : callo suprtl medium convexo ; umbilico spirali, in cana-
lem profundum arcuatumque prolongatum et funiculo modificatum
sivefere sive omnino obtecto ; labro solido.

Hab. "Chili?" H. Cuming.

Natica Flemingiana proxima, sed solidiore, ventricosiore, ponde-

Zoological Society. 141

rosa columella nee antice convexa, superne valde convexa, umbilico
interdum occultato, differt.

17. Natica uberina, Valenciennes in M6m. Geol. de Humboldt.
Var. (3. Testd ovato-conicd, obsoletissime cancellatd ; anfractibus

superne conicis ; spird elongatd, conicd ; canali umbilici et capite
funiculi magis elongati.
Hab. " Casma, Peru ; found in muddy sand, five fathoms." H.
Cuming.

18. Natica Cumingiana. Nat. testd ovato-ventricosd, luteo-auran-
tid, ponderosd, superne tenuiter et crebre striatd, nitidissimd ; an-
fractibus senis conico-depressis, infimo ventricoso, suprct lavissime

conico ; spird conico-depressd, acutd, partim albd ; suturd sub-

obliteratd; aperturd oblong o-semilunari, albd; columelld lacted,

rectiusculd, in medio subconvexd, superne et externe incrassatd,

callosd ; umbilico patulo, spirali ; canali largo, semirotundo, lac-

teo, bianguloso ; angulo interno spirali, externo postice carinato ;

funiculo lacteo, crasso, externe semirotundato, interne depresso,

spirali, umbilicum modificante.

Junior. Testd tenuiore, carneolatd, spird lacted, angulis umbilici ob-

soletis ; callo columella supra umbilicum sulco transverso notato,

in adulto vix conspicuo.

Operculum rubicundum striis radiatum et tenuissime longitudinaliter

arcuatimque impressum, antice zond hyalind circumdatum. Natica au-

rantia, var. lutea, nobis (Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linne), proxima

sed ventricosiori, majori et umbilico patulo, funiculato, diversa est. Na-

ticse porcelanse, D Orbigny multb major, ventricosior, aurantid ac non

stramined dissimilis.

Hab. " Island of Cayo, Philippines ; found in sandy mud, deep
water." H. Cuming.

Junior. Naticcefuscatce, nobis (Nerita mamma veneris fuscata sen
lutea, Chemnitz, Conch., p. 282. pi. 189. f. 1932, 1933) accedens sed
diversa.

19. Natica Powisiana. Nat. testd ventricoso-ovatd, crassd, nitidd,
rufo-purpurascente, interdum rufo obscure fasciatis anfractibus
senis convexo-depressis ; infimo fascid suturali luted, latd, ornato ;
spird conico-depressd, albd seu luteo tinctd, acutd ; aperturd semi-
rotunda, intus albido-cinerascente ; columelld albd, rectiusculd,
in medio subconvexd, basi crassd et oblique rectd, superne callosd ;
umbilico patulo, albo, spirali, in canalem latum extus desinente ;
canali intus subangulato, externe costuld convexiusculd, basin ver-
sus sensim crescente, superne in umbilicum decurrente ; funiculo
semiovato, piano, intus convexiusculo.

Var. /3. Testd aurantio-rufescente.

Hab. "Moluccas." H.Cuming.

Natica Cumingiana valde affinis, basi columellas crassiori extus ob-
lique truncata, angulo externo umbilici costseformi, rotundato, ob-
tuso et in perforatione decurrente, angulo interno canalis majore et
depressiore, apertura semirotunda, antice dilatata sed non oblonga, et
superne aucta diifert.

142 Zoological Society.

20. Natica Salangonensis. Nat. testd ovatd seu oblongd, caruleo-
fuscd seu fulvd, substriatd ; anfractibus quaternis depresso-con-

vexis, superne conicis et zond aurantid marginatis ; spird conicd,

obtusiusculd, pallide ccerulescente et albo fasciatd ; aperturd semi-

rotundd, fulvo-castaned ; columelld rectd, in medio vix convexd,

supra, crassd, superrie angulo transverso calloso instructd, ad um-

bilicum sulco notatd ; umbilico profundo, coarctato,fulvo-aurantio ;

canali arcuato, largo, funiculo superrie oblongo, basi sensim atte-

nuato modificato.

Operculum pallide fulvum, radiatim striatum, tenue, et cartilagi-

neum. Naticae mamillaris, Lamk. (Natica fuscata, nobis) proxima

sed diver sa.

Hab. " Salango, West Colombia ; found in sandy mud." H. Cu-
ming.

21. Natica pyriformis. Nat. testd oblong o-pyriformi, lacted, sub-
striatd, nitidd ; anfractibus 5—6 convexiusculis, elongatis, superne
declivis : infimo ventricoso-conico, superne depresso ; spird elon-
gatd, conicd, apice puncto fusco-notatd ; aperturd obliqud, sub-
semilunari, angustatd; columelld rectiusculd, extus superne callosd,
basi cum funiculo supra compresso consolidatd, umbilico parvo,
externe occultante et canali arcuato profundo angustante ; labro
tenuiusculo, subpellucido.

Spird interdum superne lutescente. Anfractus ultimus scepe tenuiter
striatus : striis inter oculum et lumen hyalinis.

Hab. " Ilo-Ilo, island of Panay ; found on the sand at low water,"
H. Cuming : '* and from Huan river, Australia ; found in sandy mud
by Lieut. Collie, R.N., ten fathoms."

22. Natica aurantia, Lamk.

Var. /3. Lutea seu straminea, Nerita mamilla, var. lutea, Linne",
Mus. Lud. Olr. p. 675. no. 386. Natica straminea, nobis olim.
Natica sulphurea, quorundam.

Hab. " Philippines ; found on the reefs." H. Cuming. Var. /3.
Amboina, Timor (Mus. Paris).

B. Umbilicum nudum, pervium, nee funiculatum.
* Testa subglobosa, operculum cartilagineum.

23. Natica violacea, Sowerby, Tankerville Catal.
Natica amethystina, Lamarck's collection.

Var. /3. Testd globoso- ovatd, ventricosd, albd seu lacted, maculis
luteis seu dilute chocolatis superioribus characteriformibus, medi-
anis quadratis, inferioribus oblongis quinque seriatis pictd ; colu-
melld intus et extils pulchre roseo-violaced.
Hab. " Island of Ticao, Philippines ; found in coral sand at four
fathoms. Var. a. from the island of Masbate, Philippines ; sandy
mud." H. Cuming.

24. Natica Buriasiensis. Nat. testd parvuld, ventricoso-globosd t
subepidermide luteo-olivaceo albd, nitidd, Icevigatd, lineis luteis
longitudinalibus undulatis crebris, interdum maculis albis majoribus

Zoological Society. 143

superrie et in medio ventris subtriseriatis pictd ; spird parvd, sub-
conicd, acutd; aperturd semirotundd, in f undo violaced ; columelld
redd, bast crassiusculd, superrie callosd, callo fusco-rubente, supra
umbilicum parvum, exterrie refiexum, curvum, et angulatum, partim
occultante.

Var. (3. Testd ad suturam fascid albd, latd, spirant decurrente pictd ;
spird apice fusco-violascente.

Operculum testaceum, album, striis obsoletis ornatum,postice margine
tenuiter crenatum, antice lined elevatd cinctum, apicem versus la-
vissime callosum.

Natica intricata (Nerita intricata, Donovan) minor, minus globosa,
umbilicus nee funiculatus differt.

Hab. " Island of Burias, Philippines ; found in sandy mud at seven
fathoms." H. Cuming.

25. Natica Raynoldiana. Nat. testd subglobosd, crassiusculd,
tenuis sime et dense striatd, albd seu dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo
trifasciatd et seepe reticulatd ; anfractibus spirce depresso-convexis,
infimo rotundato ; spird depresso-conicd, subacutd, fused ; aperturd
semirotundd, albd; columelld subrectd, utrinque arcuatd, superrie
callosd, incrassatd ; callo albo, umbilicum exttts albo-zonatum par-
tim occultante.

Var. /3. Testd dilute aurantio-fulvd, spadiceo -trifasciatd nee reticu-
latd.
Var. y. Testd albd seu albidd maculis spadiceis triseriaiis cinctd

interdum lineis reticulatd, seu lineis confiuentibus subjlammulatd.
Var. S. ? Testd globoso-ovatd, albd seu pallide aurantid, lineis reti-

culatis pictd, nee fasciatd.
An Nerita arachnoidea, Gmelin, p. 3674. no. 17 ? Chemnitz, Conch.
v. pi. 188. fig. 1915, 1916, optima (Mus. Paris), non Natica arach-
noidea, Lamarck (Natica cruentata, var. trifasciata, nobis).

Hab. " Zanzebar, East Africa; found on the sands by Mr. T.
Thorre. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao ; found
on sandy mud." H. Cuming. Trincomalee, bay of Ceylon, by M 8
Raynaud (Mus. Paris). Var. L patriam ignore

26. Natica gallapagosa. Nat. testd globoso-acutd, subepider-
mide dilute olivaceo- albd, fascid largd carneo-rufescente aut viri-
descente, superrie fascid pallide rufd cinctd ; anfractibus quinis
subplanis : infimo ventricoso, superrie declivi, planiusculo ; spird
parvuld, conico-depressd, rufo-fulvd, acutd ; aperturd semirotundd,
albd, obliqud; columelld oblique redd, superne calloso-angulatd,
ad umbilicum parvum, partim occultante refiexd.

Operculum cartilagineum, olivaceo-fuscum tenuissime radiatim stria-
tum, aperturd testce minus.
Hab. " Gallapagos Islands; found in coral sand at Albemarle
island." H. Cuming.

27. Natica pisiformis. Nat. testd minimd, subglobosd, albido-
viridescente, subpellucidd ; anfractibus depressis, infimo ventricoso,
superrie scepius subanguloso, Icevigatis ; spird depresso-conicd seu
planulatd, vix exsertd ; aperturd semirotundd; columelld redd,

144 Zoological Society.

superne breve refiexd, adnatd ; umbilico punctiformi, subfuniculato.
Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiatim striatum, lutescens, in

medio rubicundum ? Tale ego vidi in aperturd eddem testce.
Hab. "Valparaiso, Chili; found in coarse sand at forty-five fa-
thoms." H. Cuming.

** Testd ovato-acutd, tenuiusculd, scepissime zonatd ; columelld nigro
aut fusco-purpurascente pictd ; operculo cartilagineo , oblong o ;
aperturd angustiore.

28. Natica Zanzebarica. Nat. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, subepi-
dermide olivaceo-albd, maculis fusco-purpureis elongatis inter dum
confluentibus trifasciatd ; anfractibus senis, convexis, tenuiter et
crebre striatis : penultimo maculis bifasciato, infimo ovato ; spird
conico-acutd, albd; apice fusco, minimo ; aperturd ovato-acutd,
columelld suprcL umbilicum adnatd, refiexd, fusco-purpurascente,
antice vix arcuatd ; umbilico prof undo, extus partim occultato.

Hab. u Zanzebar." Mr. Thorre.

29. Natica Priamus. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, ventricosd, nitidis-
simd, tenue striatd, zond pallidiore in medio cinctd : zond later aliter
maculis spadicsis serialis, scepius remotis et quadratis marginatd ;
spird parvd, conico-acutd, maculis fasciatd, apice albo et puncto
fusco notato ; aperturd ovatd, basi et antice dilatatd, albido-fuscd ;
columelld supra umbilicum adnatd, chocolatd, subarcuatd, externe
in medio albo unimaculatd et refiexd, umbilicum profundum zond
extus decurrente rufd partim occultante ; funiculo valde depresso,
vix conspicuo, in umbilicum continuato.

Var. /3. pallidiore.

Hab. " Moluccas," H. Cuming : Isle of France, M. Le Colonel
Mathieu (Mus. Paris).

Natica maura, Lamarck's Encyclop., Sowerby, Tankerville Cat.,
proxima sed major, ventricosior, tenuior, fasciata, columella tenuior
valde differt.

30. Natica Samarensis. Nat. testd ovato-acutd, albido et cceru-
lescente longitudinaliter pallide zonatd, fusco-spadiceo transversim
quadrifasciatd : fasciarum maculis interdum flammceformibus aut
confluentibus; spird conico-acutd, albo cinctd; aperturd ovatd,
spadiceo-flammulatd ; columelld omnino rufo-fuscd, subrectd, basi
obtuse emarginatd, superne refiexd, suprd, umbilicum externe auctd ;
umbilico fere tecto, intus spadiceo.

Operculum cartilagineum, tenuiter radiato-striatum, angulo circulari
in medio notatum, luteo-fuscescens, aperturd testce multo minus.

Hab. " Catbalonga, island of Samar, Philippines ; under stones at
low water." H. Cuming.

Natica Simice, Deshayes in Lamarck, An. s. vert. viii. p. 652. no. 45.
(Lister, Conch, pi. 142. f. 36. Ner. fasciatus e museo Oxoniensi),
proxima, sed major, solidior , fasciis dissimilibus, columelld omnino rufo-
fuscd differt.

31. Natica seb^:, Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, pi. 35. fig. 6, 7. optime ;
Seba Mus., iii. pi. 41. f. 21. optima.

Geological Society. 1 15

Var. ft. Testd tenui, subepidermide strummed, exalhidd, anfractibus

superne lacteo marginatis, columella et umbilico rufo-fuscis.
Operculum tenue, rubrum, longitudinaUter creberrime transversim

radiathn valde striatum.
Hub. "St. Nicolas, island of Zebu, Philippines ; found under stones.
This species is remarkable for the smallness of the operculum ; the
animal covers a part of the shell when at rest." H. Cuming.

Var. /3. "Loon, isle of Bohol, Philippines; found under stones."
H. Cuming.

GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Nov. 1, 1843. — The following communications were read : —

1. " On the Fossil Remains of Star-fishes of the Order Uphiuridce,
found in Britain." By Prof. Edward Forbes.

After enumerating the several Opkiurida recorded as British fos-
sils, the author described four new species, viz. 1. Ophioderma tenui-
brachiata, and 2. Opkiura Murravi, discovered by Dr. Murray in the
lias near Scarborough; 3. Amphiura Pratti, discovered by Mr. Pratt
in the Oxford clay ; and 4. Ophiura cretaceo, communicated by Mr.
Tennant, from the chalk. The animals of this order appear to have
commenced their existence in the earliest periods of organic life, and
to have continued to the present day without any great modifications
of form, of family or generic value. They seem at present to be much
more numerous than at any former period. None of the fossil spe-
cies is identical with the existing.

2. " On the Geology of Malta and Gozo." By Lieut. Spratt, R.N.,
Assistant Surveyor H.M.S. Beacon.

The formations composing these islands are tertiary, and appear,
from the author's researches, to belong to one geological epoch.
They are all of marine origin, and very regularly deposited in parallel
strata, but little inclined from the horizontal. They may be grouped
under four divisions : — 1. Coral limestone ; 2. Yellow sandstone and
blue clay; 3. Yellow and white calcareous sandy freestone; and 4.
Yellowish white semi-crystalline limestone. Each of these groups
is characterized by peculiar fossils, some of which are common to
more than one. By a careful examination of the organic remains in
each, the author was enabled to detect several extensive faults in
both islands. These displacements amount generally to about half
the present height of the islands above the sea, viz. about 300 feet,
and the direction of the faults is transverse to the line of elevation,
or the direction of the islands, that is, N.E. and S.W., the chain of
islands running N.W. and S.E. Advantage of the irregularities of
surface caused by these faults has been taken in constructing the
military defences of the island. The author concludes with a de-
tailed account of the several strata and their subdivisions, describing
the distribution of the contained fossils, a collection of which accom-
panied the paper.

Nov. 15. — The following papers were read : —

1. " On some Fossil Remains of an Anoplotherium, and two spe-
cies of Giraffe, from the tertiary strata of the Sewalik Hills in India."
By Dr. Falconer and Capt. Cautley.
Ann. k Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. L

1 10 Ashmulean Society.

The Anoplotherium is an undescribed species, differing from those
of the Paris basin, and much larger, its size being between that of
the horse and of the Sumatran rhinoceros. It is founded on two
upper jaws, with the near molars perfect. It is a true Anoplothe-
rium, as distinguished from the subgenera of Xiphodon and Dicho-
bune. The discoverers have named it Anoplotherium Stvalense. The
remains were dug out of a bed of clay in the tertiary strata of the
Sewaiik hills, mixed up with bones of Sivatherium, Camelus Siva-
l nsis, Antelope, Crocodile, &c. The authors describe two species
of giraffe. The first, which they designate Camelopardalis Sivalensis,
is founded on the third cervical vertebrae of an old animal, and they
infer it to have been one-third smaller than the existing species. The
bone is very perfect, and completely silicified. It measures 8 inches,
while the same vertebra of the existing species is 11| to 12 inches.
The bone is more slender in its proportions than the existing one,
and exhibits a series of specific differences in addition to the size.
The second species they name Camelopardalis affinis, provisionally,
from its close resemblance to the existing Cape Giraffe, in form and
size of teeth, &c. The species is founded on two fragments of the
upper jaw, with the back molars, and a fragment of lower jaw con-
taining the last molar. The dimensions agree to within the tenth
of an inch with those of a female head in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons. The giraffe bones were found along with those of
Anoplotherium, Camel, Crocodilus biporcatus, &c, in a clay bed in the
Sevvalik hills*.

2. Prof. Sedgwick commenced the reading of a paper, in continua-
tion of his former memoir, " On the Geology of North Wales," and
described a section across the Berwyns.

ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY.

Oxford, June 3. — Prof. Twiss read a paper in illustration of a
collection of specimens of the Ova and Fry of the Salmon, presented
to the Ashmolean Museum by Mr. A. Young, the manager of the
Duke of Sutherland's fisheries on the river Shin, in Sutherlandshire.
The collection consists of thirteen specimens of the ova, selected at
intervals varying from twenty to one hundred and thirty-three days
from the time of their being deposited, and ten specimens of the young
fry from the day on which they were hatched, the one hundred and
thirty-fifth after impregnation, to the time when they assume the
silvery character of the smolt and descend to the sea, which in this
case was one year and nine days after exclusion from the egg. The
experiments of Mr. Young, which have now been carried on through
a period of three years with the greatest care, confirm the previous
observations of Mr. Shaw, in the Nith river in Dumfriesshire, in
their general bearings, with such slight variations as the different
characters of the respective rivers may account for. Mr. Young has
ascertained that the average period required for hatching the ova
of the salmon of the Shin river varies from one hundred to one hun-

* The first announcement of the fossil remains of the Giraffe was made
by Capt. Cautley in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. vii
p. 658 (15th July, 1838).

Miscellaneous. 147

dred and forty days, according to the greater or less warmth of the
weather. Mr. Young considers that the fish passes through the
condition of parr, whose characteristics are the transverse bands, and
assumes the silvery appearance of the smolt in about twelve months
from the time of being hatched ; and he is disposed to think, that
some of the young fish which have been deposited as ova, and there-
fore hatched late in the season, do not assume the smolt appearance,
nor go down to the sea at the end of the first year. Prof. Twiss
called attention to the importance of these observations in connexion
with the preservation of the young fish, which have hitherto not
unfrequently been taken and destroyed, as if a distinct species of
trout ; to the increased facility of propagating peculiar breeds or
races of fish, by transporting the ova, when impregnated, in water
from one river to another ; and to the great value of careful notices
as to the spawning-seasons of the fish of different rivers, in con-
nexion with a more discriminating system of legal regulations as to
the fence months. Dr. Buckland gave some account of his visit to
the experimental ponds at Drumlanrig,in company with Prof. Agassiz,
who was himself conducting a series of analogous experiments on
the trout of the lake of Neufchatel. He alluded to the great proba-
ble advantages of hatching the ova in artificial ponds, with a view to
the preservation of the young fry. In the experiments of Agassiz,
and Sir F. Mackenzie, Bart., it was found necessary to feed the
young fry with the paunches of sheep.

Prof. Twiss afterwards read a letter from Mr. Young, of Invershin
Bonar Bridge, N.B., respecting the propagation of Eels. The fol-
lowing are the more important conclusions : — The adults spawn in
the summer months, in sand and gravel banks in the rivers, and do
not descend to brackish water to deposit their spawn. The spawn
becomes vivid in the following September and October, but remains
under the gravel, in the spawning-beds, until the following April or
May, depending entirely upon the heat and cold of the weather ;
and the adult eels, in place of emigrating, get into holes in the
banks of the rivers, and underneath large stones, as soon as the water
turns cold, and remain stationary until the warmth of summer again
heats the water of the rivers.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF CUSCTJTA.

The following description of a new Cuscuta by Dr. L. Pfeiffer of
Cassel, occurs in the ' Botanische Zeitung' of Oct. 13, 1843. As
some of the plants on which it is found are common with us, it is
not improbable it may be met with in this county.

Cuscuta hassiaca, Pfr. Caule ramoso, floribus irregulariter/ascsctt-
latis, pedunculatis , fasciculis et floribus singulis bractea fultis, ca-
lyce campanulato 5-fido, tubo corolla? campanulato, limbum
sequante, squamis convergentibus clauso, 5-fido, laciniis expansis,
apice subcorniculato inflexis ; stamin. 5 anthera brevioribus ; sty lis
2 filiformibus, stigmatibus capitatis.

1 48 Miscellaneous.

This plant was collected on a very dry and sunny bank near Cassel,
parasitical on Anthemis Cotula, Barkhausia fcetida, Sonctius asper,
Galium verum, Torilis nodosa, &c, sometimes twining round them
and adhering by lateral tubercles like C. Europaa, and at others
lying detached in dense yellow masses on the ground. It is distin-
guished by its pedunculated flowers and capitate stigmas from all
the other German Cuscutas. On referring to Dietrich's ' Synopsis '
(1840), Dr. PfeifFer found the characters of C. Americana, Pers., to
come pretty near to it, but to differ in the umbellate flowers. From the
Bengal C. sulcata, Roxb., it is distinguished by the absence of the
furrows in the calyx, &c. The orange-yellow colour of the stems ren-
ders it very conspicuous when growing in any quantity — A. Henfrey.

Observations on the Habits of the Python Natalensis. By Thomas
S. Savage, M.D., of Cape Palmas, Western Africa.

This serpent, when spoken of by travellers and residents, has been
erroneously called ' Boa/ and thus confounded with the South Ame-
rican genus. There is a striking similarity, however, between the
two, both in structure and habits, so that were it not for the arrange-
ment of the subcaudal scales, one would be identified with the other.

During my residence here, which has been five years, I have seen
a number of individuals of the serpent, but one however alive, which
is the specimen I now send.

The first of which I had any authentic account was one that ap-
peared on the Mission premises of the A. B. C. F. Missions. The
facts in the case have been kindly furnished by my friend the Rev.
J. L. Wilson. He informed me that it was attracted into the yard
by a dog. He says in answer to my inquiries, " He w r as 14 feet long,
and held the dog not more than two minutes before the natives came
to his relief. I suppose that the snake had stretched himself across
the path, and seized the dog in the act of jumping over him. I was
too much frightened to observe what was the shape of the snake while
he held the dog in his folds. I am inclined to think that he had
nothing to fasten his tail to while he held the dog. None of the
bones of the dog were broken, and I am inclined to think that he
received no injury whatever.

" The snake did not let go his hold till he had received a fatal blow
from a bill-hook. The dog then leaped up suddenly several times,
as if he were not sure of having been extricated, ran around and
entered the back-yard, but for some time appeared afraid of every-
thing and everybody. His back only was slimed, and this could not
be washed off, but gradually wore away in the course of a week or
ten days."

The next individual of which I have heard was attracted into the
house of a colonist, an old woman, by a h^n and her chickens. An
nnusual noise was heard under the bed in the night, which awakened
the woman. By a light she discovered the serpent in the act of
seizing its prey ; affrighted, she fled to the house of a neighbour,
who came and captured him with his gun.

The third individual appeared upon my own premises early in 1837.
An antelope was discovered by some workmen a short distance from

Miscellaneous. 149

my house. Upon the first sight, the natives as usual raised a cry,
when he suddenly disappeared among the bushes. They started in
pursuit. But a few moments elapsed before they heard a cry from
the antelope, which directed them to the spot, where they beheld the
animal struggling in the folds of a large Python. They all fired si-
multaneously, and shot at the same instant both the serpent and its
victim. The former I measured, and found it over 14 feet. The an-
telope was a large one, and it was difficult to believe that it could
have been received through the throat of the serpent, comparatively so
small. The head had been cut off and the body greatly mutilated
before I saw it ; but taking a section of the skin where the abdomen
begins to expand above the vent, and not including the greatest
volume, I stretched it moderately. It was very easily distended ;
and I soon satisfied myself, that without going beyond the natural
power of expansion, it would have taken the body of the antelope.

It was skinned by the natives, and the flesh when denuded was of
the most delicate white. It was divided among them, and not a par-
ticle, whether of skin or any other part, was lost. All was carried
home, cooked and eaten. From the skin was made a soup. I was
extremely disgusted at the sight of a man carrying off in his hand,
with an air of great satisfaction, a string of the intestines. This and
other serpents are eagerly sought by the natives for food.

I have seen two other individuals in the course of the present year :
they were captured by natives who were clearing up their land for
rice-farms. They were much mutilated by transverse gashes from
these " bill-hooks." Three more, I was informed, were found upon
the same piece of land, which led the individual to abandon it, from
the superstitious notion that it could not yield a crop.

The next specimen is the one before me. It measured 10 feet in
length, is young, and was captured on the 22nd of February by my
associate, the Rev. Joshua Smith, on the premises of one of our out-
stations. His account, in answer to my inquiries, is as follows : " I
had retired for the night, but was wakeful and unable to get to sleep.
About twelve o'clock I heard Fanny (a favourite dog) barking vio-
lently in the girls' school-house. The barking soon ended in a cry of
distress. I thought it probable thnt a leopard had attacked her, as
they often do carry off dogs and other domestic animals. I went down
and walked around the house where there was a hole, affording Fanny
ingress and egress. The moon shone brightly, but I could not see the
cause of trouble, nor hear any noise. I called the dog by name, but
she did not appear, nor could I hear anything except what I thought
to be the hiss of some ducks that were shut up there. I opened the
door, but still I could see nothing. I then went back to my chamber
for a lantern, and returning opened again the door, when I disco-
vered the dog in the folds of a serpent with her back downwards,
and seemingly motionless. I went back to my chamber for a weapon,
and finding only a country dagger, I returned accompanied by some
men, and entered the school-house again with the lantern in my
hand. The serpent was coiled twice or thrice around the dog, his
tail grasping the foot of a bench, and his jaws fastened on her throat.
His motion in compressing his prey may be compared to that of a
cord when tightened around anything, and some one pulling first at

150 Miscellaneous.

one end and then at the other. I thought it best to thrust the dag-
ger into the snake as near the head as possible ; but as that was
hidden by the bench I could not see it, and I made a thrust through
the lungs. It started and Fanny was thrown from its folds with a
jerk, when its aim was to retreat by the way it had entered. I then
withdrew the dagger and thrust it into the snake furtiier back, so as
to hold him till the men on the outside could disable him. As his
head appeared they beat him with sticks, so as to prevent him from
running away entirely."

To the above I will add, that Mr. Smith displayed great fearless-
ness on the occasion ; for though there were on the spot a number
of men, both colonists and natives, yet not one could be induced to
follow him into the house. An attack from the serpent might have
been apprehended, for he was evidently in a state of extreme hunger.

The general habit of this serpent in seeking for its prey is to lie
in ambush near a frequented path or watering-place, and suspended
from a tree, or with its tail fixed to some other object, suddenly dart
upon the unwary animal. The attack is so sudden and violent that
the victim is often prostrated and stunned, and then begins the
dreadful process of constriction. A bullock was so much injured in a
recent attack, as to be supposed beyond the possibility of recovery.

In making the onset, it is not always necessary that the tail should
be coiled around a fixed object. The hooks or claws near the anus
are sometimes protruded, it is said (and the evidence is wholly satis-
factory), and inserted in the ground or under roots, thus affording a
fulcrum which gives inconceivable force to the blow.

These horny processes, or rudimental feet as they have been called,
are also serviceable in ascending trees : they are inserted into the
ground and bark of the tree, constituting fixed points, which greatly
facilitate the ascent. We have satisfactory testimony in proof of
another habit that I have never seen mentioned, in which these hooks
must be highly serviceable. It is said, that in fields more or less open
they often raise their heads above the surrounding grass and shrub-
bery in search of prey ; their application then in this act must be evi-
dent ; protruded and penetrating the ground beneath the roots, they
must afford great support to the body. In this position birds have
been known to attempt to alight, mistaking it, in its motionless at-
titude, for a stick or stump, and thus to have fallen unwarily into its
distended jaws.

Instances of its attack upon men are very rare, and never, pro-
bably, except when it is in a state of extreme hunger.

The natives fear them single-handed, but not in numbers. They
seek them for food, esteeming them very highly on their bill of fare.

Its places of resort are streams and damp places. Almost all ani-
mals constitute its prey. It is not poisonous, as is well known. Its
constrictive power is all that renders it formidable. — From the Boston
(U. S.) Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. iv. No. 2.

ON THE PLACE OF ISOETES IN THE SYSTEM.

Following the opinion of C. Richard, M. Bory de St. Vincent con-
siders that the Linnscan genus Isoetes has such distinct characters
that it must be regarded as a natural family ; to this it has been ob-

Meteorological Observations. 151

jected, that it would be unadvisable to increase the number of fami-
lies by forming one containing only one or two species.

The Isoetes are certainly not ferns, neither can they be classed
with the Lycopodiacea, as some have proposed. In the flora resulting
from the botanical explorations of the scientific commission of Al-
geria, the family of the Isoctacece has not only been firmly established,
but at least two or three species have been added.

In the first instance only two Isoetes were known, both aquatic ;
the lacustris of the north, and /. Coromandelia of Hindostan. Prof.
Delile found the Isoetes of the pool of Gramont near Montpellier so
different from the lacustris of Linnaeus, that he has characterized it as
a new species under the name of /. setacea. It is essentially south-
ern, and has been found by Dr. Mogent in the Geradmer, an elevated
lake of the Vosges. Subsequently a fourth Isoetes was found in Brazil,
and several others have been found in N. America, New Holland and
the islands of the Pacific. Those which have been found in Algeria
are of two kinds, and might be separated into two very distinct sub-
genera : the first composed of two or three species, like all previously
known Isoetes, aquatic ; the second of two terrestrial species, which
instead of growing at the bottom of lakes, are found in the driest and

most exposed parts of the country. The Isoetes of Algeria are

*Aquaticse : 1. J. setacea, Del., a Delilei, /S Peyrremondii ; 2. /. Ion-
gissima (n. sp.) : ** Terrestres : S.I. Duriei(n. sp.), and 4. /. hystrix
(n. sp.). — Comptes Rendus, June 24, 1844.

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR JUNE 1844.
Chiswick. — June 1. Clear and fine. 2. Overcast and cold : fine: cloudy. 3.
Light clouds and very fine. 4, 5. Very fine. 6. Slight rain: cloudy. 7. Over-
cast : hoisterous. 8. Very fine. 9. Slight rain: very fine. 10. Fine: cloudy.
11 — 16'. Very fine. 17. Hot and dry • cloudy. 18. liain : fine. 19. Overcast:
heavy clouds, with showers. 20. Overcast. 21, 22. Very fine. 23. Exceed-
ingly clear : sultry. 24. Cloudy: hot and sultry. 25 Constant heavy rain.
26. Cloudy: fine. 27. Cloudy. 28, 29. Very fine. 30. Dry haze : overcast and
fine. — Mean temperature of the month 2 0, 19 above the average.

Boston. — June I. Fine. 2, 3. Cloudy. 4. Fine. 5. Cloudy. 6. Rain
early a.m.: rain a.m. 7. Cloudy. 8. Cloudy: thermometer at 4 o'clock 75°.
9. Cloudy. 10. Fine : rain a.m. 11. Fine. 12. Fine : thermometer 4 o'clock
75°. 1:3. Fine : stormy all day. 14,15. Stormy. 16,17. Fine. 18. Cloudy.
19,20. Cloudy : rain a.m. and p.m. 21. Cloudy. 22. Fine. 23. Fine : ther-
mometer at noon 81°. 24. Fine: rain early a.m., with thunder and lightning:
thermometer at noon 80°. 25. Cloudy: rain a.m. and p.m. 26,27. Cloudy.
28-30. Fine.

Sandtvick Manse, Orkney. — June I. Cloudy. 2, 3. Bright: cloudy. 4. Showers:
cloudy. 5 — 7. Showers: rain. 8. Bright : cloudy. 9. Cloudy : showers. 10,
11. Bright : drops. 12. Bright : rain. 13. Showers : bright. 14,15. Showers.
16. Bright: clear. 17. Clear. 18. Drizzle. 19. Drizzle: drops. 20. Showers:
drops. 21. Clear. 22. Fog. 23. Drops: clear. 24. Hazy: clear. 25. Clear:
cloudy. 26, 27. Cloudy. 28. Cloudy : damp. 29, 30. Cloudy.

Apptegarlk Manse, J )u m fries -shire.— June I. Dry and withering. 2. Dry and
withering: cloudy. 3. Fine. 4. Cloudy and threatening ram. 5 t 6. Rain.
7. Very wet. 8. Fair, but cloudy. 9. Fair: threatening. 10. Showers. 11.
One slight shower. 12, 13. Heavy rain. 14, 15. Fair. 16. Fair and fine.
17,18. Rain. 19. Fair. 20, 21. Rain. 22. Fair. 23. Fair and warm:
thunder. 24. Rain. 9.5. Showery. 26 — 30. Fair and fine.

Mean temperature of the month 55°-l

Mean temperature of June 1843 54 >7

Mean temperature of spring-water 51 *6

Mean temperature of ditto June 1843 50 -7

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THE ANNALS

AND

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

No. 90. SEPTEMBER 1844.

XVIII. — Some Observations on the Genus Serpula, with an Enu-
meration of the Species observed with the Animal in the Medi-
terranean. By Dr. A. Philippi*.

. [With a Plate.]

Few animals have been so much neglected by naturalists as the
Serpulce, frequent proofs of which assertion will occur in the
course of these observations ; it is on this account that I consider
it advantageous to lay before the zoological public the results of
my observations made on twenty-five species relative to the ex-
ternal structure of the animal; I shall reserve for a separate
work more detailed descriptions, which will be accompanied by
drawings.

Linnseus, in the 12th edition of his ' Systema Naturae/ p. 1264,
characterizes the genus Serpula thus : "Animal Terebella. Testa
univalvis, tubulosa, adhserens (ssepe isthmis integris intercepta) "
By the words " animal Terebella/' Linnaeus, although he has ad-
mitted several species of Vermetus among Serpula from his being
unacquainted with the animals, has nevertheless excluded Adan-
son's Vermetus. The words w saepe isthmis integris intercepta "
refer solely to the shell of Vermetus, and must therefore be ex-
cluded from the diagnosis. Lamarck likewise adopts this false
characteristic ; but Blainville has correctly stated in the ' Diet, des
Sciences Naturelles/ vol. xlviii. p. 550, that it is precisely in the
absence of septa that the shell of Serpula differs from that of
Vermetus. My former supposition, that the shell of Vermetus
possessed exclusively a porcellanous nature, while that of the spe-
cies of Serpula was calcareous, I must now retract, having become
acquainted with true Serpula with a vitreous shell.

The true Serpulce have been divided by modern zoologists into
the following genera : Serpula, Lamk. ; Vermilia, Lamk. ; Galeo-
laria, Lamk. ; Cymospira, Savigny, Blainville ; Spirorbis, Lamk. ;
Filograna, Berkeley ; Protula, Risso ; Spiromella, Savigny, Blain-

* From Wiegmann's Archiv, Part 2. 1844. Translated by W. Francis,
Ph.D.

Ann. §• Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xiv. M

154 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula.

ville. The characters on which these separations are founded are of
different value. Vermilia and Galeolaria differ from Serpula solely
by the structure of the operculum ; according to Lamarck, Serpula
possesses an ' operculum pedicellatum infundibuliforme aut cla-
vatum (corneum)'; for some lines further he says, " cette opercule,
par consequent, n } est point calcaire. ,J (2nd ed. An. sans vertebres,v.
p. 361.) Vermilia, on the contrary, has an ' operculum testaceum
orbiculatum, simplex'; and further on, 'a dos convexe, leplus souvent
conique. 3 (Ibid. p. 368.) Galeolaria, lastly, is said to possess an
f operculum testaceum compositum/ which, according to my obser-
vations however, does not consist of five to nine but of fifteen
pieces ; the number however may differ in the various species ; at
all events, the drawing in the 'Diet, des Sciences Naturelles' is
decidedly bad. Filograna, Berkeley, is said to possess constantly
two opercula, which has likewise been observed exceptionally in
other species. Protula, Bisso, and Spiromella, Blainv., have no
operculum : Cuvier refers them curiously enough to Sabella.

The genera Cymospira and Spirorbis have been established
according to the number of filaments into which the branchiae
are divided and according to their arrangement. In Cymospira
the branchiae are on each side divided into numerous filaments and
rolled up spirally; in Spirorbis they consist only of three filaments ;
but these characters are of very slight value. The different spe-
cies of Serpula which I have observed with the animal have 3,
4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 18, 30, 40, and more filaments to each
branchia, and the larger their number the more requisite is it for
them to adopt a spiral arrangement. I have likewise found in
Vermilia triquetra and Pomatoceros tricuspis (see below), that the
filaments of the branchiae describe a spiral of one convolution of
the kind represented *) when they are expanded. It appears
therefore to me that no very accurate limits exist between spiral
and non-spiral branchiae. According to Blainville, the branchial
filaments of the Vermilia have cirrhi only on one side, which I
look upon as an error.

The mode of growth has likewise been taken into consideration,
and those species with a spiral growth have been referred to Spi-
rorbis ; yet the likewise remarkably spirally wound S. cereolus, the
animal of which is still unknown, is excluded. One of the prin-
cipal results of my observations is, that no relation exists between
the nature of the animal and the shell, except perhaps in the
genus Galeolaria ; this indeed is a sad result : thus, for instance,
we have a three-ridged shell in three different sections, an orbi-
cular shell in still more ; in one division there are smooth orbicular,
orbicular with longitudinal bands, triangular, quadrangular, &c.
From what has been stated above, the structure of the oper-
culum is the best character upon which to form the subdivisions

Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 155

of Serpula ; this character has moreover the advantage that it may
still be frequently observed in dried specimens preserved in mu-
seums. The structure however of the operculum is far more va-
ried than hitherto supposed, and several new subdivisions must
be made, of which the following are the characters : —

A. Animal with opercula. On each side of the neck a short
membrane, broad above and narrow beneath, bearing seven fasciculi
of bristles, the upper one being generally directed anteriorly (this
structure is not known of Galeolaria). Serpula, Cuv.

a. Operculum horny, shallow or infundibuliform, mmmd at
the margin, radiately striped above ; supported on a subconical
fleshy petiole. Serpula in the restricted sense.

b. Operculum calcareous, forming a shallow disc, margin
entire. Placostegus, Ph. This operculum calls most to mind
that of a gasteropod.

c. Operculum calcareous, conical, shortened or elongated,
without appendage. Vermilia, Lamarck.

d. Operculum calcareous, hemispherical, with appendages
(which are interiorly hollow). Pomatoceros, Ph.

e. Operculum calcareous ? horny ? consisting of an elliptical
shallow plate which supports on the hinder portion two rami-
fied horns, but on the anterior margin uncinate bristles ; the
branchiae are rolled up spirally. Cymospira, Savigny, Blainv.
The Serpula gig ant ea, 6m., which forms this division, I am not
acquainted with from the original essays of Pallas and Home,
but only from Blainville's ' Diet/ and from the copy of Home's
figure given by Blumenbach (Abbildungen Naturhist. Gegen-
stande, no. 67).

/. Operculum horny, almost as in a, but provided on the
upper side in the centre with moveable points, which (at least
in one species) are likewise horny. Eupomatus, Ph.

g. Operculum calcareous? obliquely truncated?; shell small,
always spirally wound?; branchiae constantly? composed of few
filaments. Spirorbis, Lamk. [The form of the operculum ex-
hibited by the figure in the ' Diet, des Sciences Nat/ 1. fig. 2.
is, precisely as in Placostegus, different from the form which I
have observed in another species.]

h. Operculum calcareous, composed of very many pieces.
Galeolaria, Lamk.

B. No operculum. The lateral membrane continued for half
the length of the body, equally broad. Apomatus, Ph.

a. Branchiae spiral. Protula, Risso ; Spiromella, Blainv,

156 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula.

1 Diet/ xlviii. p. 560*. [The description which Risso gives in
his 'Hist, de PEur. Merid/ iv. p. 405. is quite romantic, and
does not in the least agree with the statements of Cuvier in
'Regne Animal/ ed. 2. vol. iii. p. 192, whose description is
exactly in accordance with my own observations, which will be
detailed under b.']

b. The branchiae simply fan-shaped. Psygmobranchus, Ph.

I cannot agree with Cuvier in referring the last section, to which
I have applied the name Apomatus, to Sabella. I would not lay
any great stress on the fact that the Sabellm form a membranous
or coriaceous tube, while Apomatus forms a calcareous one ; but
I consider of great importance the fact, that in the Sabella all the
rings of the body are formed alike and are provided with similar
bundles of bristles, while in Apomatus, precisely as in Serpula,
the first seven fasciculi of bristles are fixed in a membranous ex-
pansion, of which not a trace was indicated in the Sabella ob-
served by me.

I will now pass on to the characters of the individual species.

1. Serpula, L. (sensu strictiori).

1. S. echinata, Gm., testa teretiuscula, protensa, flexuosa, rosea,
transversim rugosa, carinis denticulatis, echinata. Diam. 2'".

Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum (in utraque) 30
et ultra, operculo rubro. Gm. p. 3744 ; Gualt. t. 10 R. ; Mar-
tini, 1. f.8.

2. S. pallida, Ph., testa teretiuscula, protensa, flexuosa, pallide rosea,
carina mediana conspicua, laterali utrinque obsoleta, striisque in-
crement! tenuibus subaspera. Diam. 1^'".

Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum pauciorum quam
in antecedente, operculo albido.

3. S. triquetra, L. ? ? testa triquetra, flexuosa, alba, altero, latere tota
adnata. Diam. 2'".

Animal branchiis albo coccineoque fasciatis, filorum circa 30 ; oper-
culo coccineo, crenis circa 24 (according to the drawing ; I forgot
to notice the number of folds).

I do not however think that is the Linnaean species. Linnaeus
has not described the animal, and only saw small individuals ; the
subsequent citations of Baster, copied by Martini, Gualtieri and
others, do not exactly correspond to my species, as they represent
the shell much thinner. It should also be observed, that the shells
of Serpula triquetra, Vermilia triquetra, and Pomatoceros tricus-
pis are difficult to distinguish without the animals. Would it
therefore not be better to banish entirely the name Serpula tri-
quetra of Linnaeus ?

* The figure of Seba (i. t. 29. fig. 1, 2) does not agree, as already ob-
served by Cuvier, with the diagnosis ; it wants the disque of Cuvier or the
thorax, " egalant au moins la moitiS de Pabdomen."

Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 157

4. S. vermicularis, L. ? testa tereti, flexuosa, lseviuscula, apice libero
protensa, rosea ; ore patulo ; carina denticulata dorsali deraum
ohsoleta. Diam. 2£"'.

Animal branchiis omnino coccineis, filorum multorum ; operculo coc-
cineo, crenis plurimis. (Fig. A. Plate III.)

This species shows with how little judgement the Serpula have
been investigated. Blainville, ( Diet/ /. c. p. 553/ assigns to each
branchia seven to eight digitations, while in the drawing we find
on each side twenty-six ! In the description he terms the oper-
culum clavate with two minute horns ; but this is the case, ac-
cording to pi. 1. fig. 3, with the operculum of Vermilia trique-
tral; and the figure of Serpula vermicularis, pi. 1. fig. 1, exhibits a
totally different form of operculum, being according to the defi-
nition I have given above, that of a true Serpula. Is it possible
to commit greater contradictions ? Thus then, according to Blain-
ville' s description of the operculum, the animal is not a Serpula
but must be a Vermilia, Lamarck, which genus Blainville adopts.
Cuvier likewise states in the c Begne Animal/ ed. 2. iii. p. 191,
(according to Mull. Z. D.,) that the operculum has two or three
small points, in which his species and Mullens would be a Poma-
toceros.

[It is possible that nos. 1, 2 and 4 should be considered as mere
varieties of one species.]

5. S. aspera, Ph., testa teretiuscula costis circa 7, crenulatis ornata,
alba. Diam. 1'".

Animal branchiis fuscescentibus aut rubentibus, filorum 8 utrinque ;

operculo albido, crenis 16 — 24. (Fig. B.)

An Vermilia scabra, Lam. ? The figure in Delessert's ' Recueil/
&c. is thoroughly bad, and the text in this work is, as is well known,
of no assistance whatever.

6. S. suiquadrangula, Ph., testa elongata, subquadrangula, angulis
crenato-dentatis, carinis tribus, singulis in medio laterum libero-
rum. Diam. f".

Animal albidum, branchiis filorum 8 utrinque ; operculo basi aucto,
fuscescente, crenis admodum profundis, circa 24. (Fig. C.)

The fleshy petiole is not simply conically thickened at the ex-
tremity, but first cylindrically and then obconically.

7. S. venusta, Ph., testa tereti, transversim striata, varicibus pluribus
ornata; alba, ore patulo. Diam. 3'".

Animal coccineum ; branchiis filorum frequentium ; operculi crenis
circa 60.

The largest species which I have observed and preserved in
spirits. The animal is 28'" in length, and 3'" in thickness.

2. Placostegus, Ph.
1. PL crystallinus, Scac, testa vitrea, triquetra, demum libera, et

158 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula.

carinis omnibus excurrentibus tricuspidata ; carina dorsali serrata.

Diam. li"\
Animal album; fasciis duabus fuscis in branchiis ; filis circa 9 in

utraque ; pedunculo operculi simplici. (Fig. D.)
Serpula crystallina, Scac. Catalogo, p. 18.

Lives in great depths upon corals.
2. PL fimbriatus, Delle Chiaje, testa teretiuscula, seriebus 4 — 7 lon-

gitudinalibus appendicum falcatarum, pectinatarum, confertissi-

marum ornata. Diam. 1 — 1^'".
Animal album ; branchiarum coccinearum filis utrinque circa 9 ; pe-
dunculo operculi appendice aucto. (Fig. E.)
Serpula fimbriata, D. Ch. Memorie, iii. p. 226. t.48. f. 19, 20, testa

(animal cl. auctori non innotuit),

3. Vermilia, Lamk.

1. V. triquetra, Lamk., testa triquetra, flexuosa, alba, altero latere
adnata. Diam. 1"'.

Animal branchiarum albarum, fusco-articulatarum filis numerosis ?
(saltern ultra 7); operculo elongato, subcylindrico, obtuso ; pedun-
culo utrinque filum gerente. (Fig, F.)

Vermilia triquetra, Lamk. nr. 2. " Son opercule est conique."

Rare. See the previous observation respecting Linnseus's Ser-
pula triquetra.

2. V. infundibulum, Gm., testa tereti, alba, multoties varicosa, quas
ex infundibulis sese recipientibus conflata ; ore quam maxime pa-
tulo. Diam. (oris) 4£"".

Animal branchiarum albo coccineoque fasciatarum filis multis ; oper-
culo elongato -conico. (Fig. G.)

Serpula infundibulum, Gm. p. 3745 ; Lamk. nr. 9. excl. var. ; Deles-
sert, Recueil, 1. fig. 8. ad specimen malum.

3. V. clavigera, Ph., testa tereti, lineis longitudinalibus elevatis quin-
que ornata. Diam. f "".

Animal .... operculo valde elongato, subcylindrico. (Fig. H.)
The dry animal did not exhibit the branchiae distinctly on being
softened.

4. V. calyptrata, Ph., testa tereti, crassa, transversim corrugata.
Diam. 1^'".

Animal fuscescens, collari lineaque in filis branchiarum viridibus,
filis branchiarum 1 1 ; ciliis rufo-fuscis ; operculo conum obliquum
truncatum referente. (Fig. J.)

5. V. multicristata, Ph., testa tereti, lamellis 5, longitudinalibus,
plerumque pectinatim incisis cristata. Diam. J"".

Animal albidum ; operculo parvo, conico, basi carnosse, multo cras-

riori, subglobosae insidente. (Fig. K.)

I likewise possessed only a dried specimen of this species, the
branchiae of which could not be disentangled.

6. V. elongata, Ph., testa obscure quandrangula, crassa, transversim
rugosa, linea impressa dorsali. Diam. %"".

Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 159

Animal rubrum ; branchiarum utrinque filis 6 — 8 ; operculo elongato-
conico; pedunculo utrinque filum gerente [ut in V. triquetra'].
(Fig. L.)

7. V. quinquelineata, Ph., testa tereti, lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus,
laevibus, quinque ornata [ut in V. clavigerd] . Diam. -j"" — |"".

Animal branchiarum lutescentium filis utrinque 8, rubro maculatis ;
operculo conum brevem obliquum referente [fere ut in S. calyp-
trata~\. (Fig. M.)

8. V. polytrema, Ph., testa triquetra adnata ; carinis foris frequen-
tibus perforatis. Diam. 1|-"".

Animal coccineum, branchiarum filis utrinque c. 6 ; operculo forma
coni obliqui brevissimi ; pedunculo albido annulis tribus fuscis
ornato et utrinque filum gerente [ut in nr. 1 et 6]. (Fig. N.)

In Vermilia triquetra and other triangular Serpula, the keels
consist when broken through of a series of cells ; in this species
only the septa as it were of the cells are developed, and the three
keels perforated by the rows of their apertures are highly elegant
in appearance. The diameter of the tubes is very small, from the
lateral adherent margins occupying the greater portion of the
diameter.

9. V. emarginata, Ph., testa tereti, alba, carinis 3 — 4 ssepe in dentes
antrorsum directos, dorso incisos elevatis. Diam. 1"".

Animal filis branchiarum utrinque 6 — 7 ; operculo formam coni ob-
liqui truncati referente ; pagina superiore marginata, antice emar-
ginata, obscure bidentata. (Fig. O.)
I examined a softened specimen of the animal in Cassel.

4. PoMATOCEROS, Ph.

1. P. tricuspis, Ph., testa triquetra, ssepe in gyrum contorta, alba.

Diam. 2"".
Animal branchiis albo et coccineo, sive albo et fusco fasciatis ; filis
ultra 18; operculo hemisphserico, vertice cornubus tribus acutis
instructo ; pedunculo utrinque filum gerente. (Fig. P.)
Very common. This appears to be the Serpula triquetra, Fr.
Hoffmann, ' Verhandl. Berl. Gesells/ vol. iii. p. 150. It may pro-
bably likewise be S. triquetroides (!), Delle Chiaje, Mem. iv. t. 67.
f. 15. without description. Does S. vermicularis, Cuv., f Regne
Anim.' ed. 2. iii. p. 191, likewise belong here ? " son opercule en
massue est armee de deux ou trois petites pointes."

Vermilia triquetra, ( Diet, des Sc. Nat/ pi. 1. fig. 3, appears
to form a second species, the operculum of which, supposing the
figure to be correct, consists of two appendages and supports a
forked appendage, the two ends of the fork being obtuse.

5. Cymospira, Savigny.

No species belonging to this genus occurs, as far as I am aware,
in the Mediterranean.

160 Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula.

6. Eupomatus, Ph.

1. E. uncinatus, Ph., testa tereti, transversim rugosa. Diam. 1"".
Animal fuscescens ; branchiarum albarum, fusco-fasciatarum fills

utrinque 13 ; margine operculi inciso-dentato ; cornubus octo ;

apice incurvo uncinatis. (Fig. Q.)

Not rare. Delle Chiaje, ' Memorie/ vol. iii. t. 48. fig. 21,
figures a perfectly similar animal with two opercula, but calls it
Sabella euplceana, and asserts that its sbell consists of grains of
sand ! !

2. E . pectinatus , Ph., testa tereti, transversim rugosa, lineisque lon-
gitudinalibus obsoletis. Diam. j"".

Animal fulvum ; branchiarum filis utrinque decern, punctis coccineis
ornatis ; operculi margine crenato ; cornubus duodecim, rectis,
utrinque pectinatis, dentibus tribus acutis. (Fig. R.)
A specimen which I examined possessed two perfectly similar

opercula.

7. Spirorbis, Lamk.

1. Sp. Cornu Arietis, Ph., testa spirali, tereti, concen trice striata;

anfractu ultimo reliquos abscondente. Diam. totus gyri 4"".
Animal pallide aurantiacum, branchiarum albarum filis utrinque qua-

tuor ; operculo obliquo, subspathulato, in parte postica appendice

brevi aucto. (Fig. S.)

The operculum is placed obliquely on the petiole as in Cymo-
spira ; the inferior or hinder margin is thicker, and supports a
short, weak, bifid appendage ; the upper or anterior margin is
thin and simple. Spirorbis nautiloides, Lamk., is extremely com-
mon ; I have not however had occasion to examine the animal.

8. Filograna, Berkeley.

I have not been able to observe the animal of this section.
According to the short notice, without any statement respecting
the source, in Lam. ' Hist/ &c. ed. 2. v. p. 621, "le nombredes
appendices tentaculaires est de huit, dont deux garnis d'un oper-
cule infundibuliforme." Are there really eight tentacular appen-
dages instead of two ? That would be highly remarkable. Or
are the other six appendices tentaculaires the branchise ?

9. Protula, Risso (ex emendatione Cuvieri) .

1. Pr. intestinum,h'dmk., testa magna, tereti, undato-torta, lsevi, pri-

mum repente, deinde libera. Diam. 5"".
Animal (secundum Cuvier) branchiis aurantiacis.

Rare. I have never been able to obtain the animal. The syn-
onyma are : Serpula intestinum, Lamk., no. 3 ; Delessert, Recueil,
1. 1. fig. 7. bene. — Protula Rudolphii, Risso, Hist. Eur. Merid. iv.
p. 406. [Risso's description is so different from Cuvier's state-

Dr. A. Philippi on the genus Serpula. 161

ments, that notwithstanding the authority of Cuvier, and notwith-
standing the great mistakes which so frequently occur in Basso's
descriptions, we are inclined to doubt the identity.] — Sabella
Protula, Cuv. Regne Anim., ed. 2. iii. p. 192.

10. PsYGMOBRANCHUS, Ph.

1. Ps. protensus, Gm., testa tereti, laevi, protensa, elongata, parum
versus finem attenuata. Diam. 2 J"".

Animal flavescens ; branchiarum fills utrinque ultra 40, albis rubro
annulatis ; membrana laterali lutea, maculis septem rubris.

Serpula protensa, Gm. p. 3744; Rumph. t. 41. f . 3 ; Martini, 1.
fig. 12 A.
Although Rumphius's figure represents a species from Am-

boina, I cannot detect in the figure any difference between it and

my species.

2. Ps. cinereus, Forsk., testa filiformi, glabra, varie flexa. Diam. 4

i mi
— * *
Animal pallide aurantiacum, branchiarum coccinearum filis utrinque

quatuor.
Serpula cinerea, Forsk. fn. arab. p. 128 ; Gm. p. 3747.

3. Ps. intricatus, L., testa filiformi, flexuosa, tereti, scabra, medio
subcarinata, valde rugosa. Diam. ^ — J"".

Animal aurantiacum ; branchiarum albarum filis utrinque tribus.
Serpula intricata, L., ed. 12. p. 1265 ; Gm. p. 3741. Very common.
I am in doubt about the following species, having only seen a
single specimen.
Apomatus ampulliferus, Ph., testa transverse rugata, dorso sulcis

duobus longitudinalibus, approximatis bipartite Diam.

Uin

Animal operculo nullo ; branchiis flavidis, filis utrinque 7, punctis
purpureis ornatis ; filo uno in vesiculam sphcericam terminate
I should have looked upon this curious formation without he-
sitation as a monstrosity, if my friend Scacchi had not observed,
a few years previously, the animal likewise with the vesicle.

Observation. — In the work f Actinien, Echinodermen und Wiir-
mer des Adriatischen und Mittelmeeres/ by Dr. Grube, there is
represented in fig. 11 the bristle of Serpula latisetosa. This
name does not occur at all in the text p. 90, but there is a Sa-
bella latisetosa ; and in my copy, pages 57 to 64 are wanting.
According to the catalogue, p. 90, the author collected the fol-
lowing species : —
Serpula intricata, L.
— glomerata, L. The Linnsean species is, according to the

authorities quoted, Vermetus triquetra, Born.

plicaria, Lam.

infundibulum, Gm.

— — vermicularis, L.

162 Dr. O'Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa.

Serpula proboscidea, Gm. Founded on two figures of Martini which

I do not venture to explain.

protensa, Gm.

echinata, Gm.

contortuplicata, L.

decussata, Gm. Founded on Lister, t. 547. f. 4. (copied in

Martini, 2. f. 17.) from Barbadoes, and is probably a Vermetus : I

suspect that Dr. Grube has conceived under this name Vermetus

subcancellatus, Born.
Spirorbis nautiloides, Lam.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. A. The operculum of Serpula vermicular is, L.

Fig. B. — aspera, Ph.

pig, c. subquadrangula, Ph.

Fig. D. The operculum of Placostegus crystallinus, Sc.

Fig. E. * fimbriatus, D. Ch.

Fig. F. The operculum of Vermilia triquetra, Lam.

Fig, Q t infundibulum,, Gm.

pig, n # clavigera, Ph.

Fig. J. calyptrata, Ph.

jp^ t K. multicristata, Ph.

jF^ t L. elongata, Ph.

i^'tf. M. quinquelineata, Ph.

jPjjU. N. polytrema, Ph.

jF^. o. emarginata, Ph.

Z'fy. P. The operculum of Pomatoceros tricuspid, Ph.

jp^ # q # Eupomatus uncinatus, Ph.

^rt R # pectinatus, Ph.

jRjy. S. The operculum of Spirorbis Cornu Arietis, Ph.

Fig. T. The operculum of Vermilia triquetra, BJainv., according to the ' Diet,
d. Sci. Nat/ planches. From the description, it would be the oper-
culum of Serpula vermicularis.

XIX. — Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By
O'Bryen Bellingham, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of
Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Member
of the Royal Zoological, Geological and Natural History So-
cieties of Dublin, &c.

[Continued from vol. xiii. p. 430.]

Genus 13. Pentastoma.

(Derived from 7reVre, quinque, and aropa, os.)

Gen. Char. — Body flattened or slightly cylindrical. Mouth situated
between two pores upon each side, each pore having a hook-like
process projecting from it. The five orifices placed in a lunate
manner upon the head.

The genus Pentastoma is named so from the presence of five
pores upon the head, the central one being regarded as the
mouth. Rudolphi separated it from the genus Polystoma with

Dr. O'Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 163

which it had been previously united ; he likewise removed it from
the order Cestoidea to Trematoda, to which it properly belongs.
The species are not numerous ; they inhabit the frontal sinus,
the lungs or peritonseal cavity, and never occur in the alimentary
canal. Hitherto species of this genus have been found only in
a few mammalia and reptiles ; they have never been detected in
either birds or fish.
Pentastoma tanioides*. Frontal sinus of dog (Canis familiaris).

Order 4. CESTOIDEA.
(Derived from Keorbs, cingulum, and eitios, forma.)

The order Cestoidea is characterized as follows. Body elon-
gated, flattened, soft, continuous or articulated. Head very sel-
dom provided with simple lips, but in almost all cases furnished
with two or four bothrii, depressions or suckers : all the indivi-
duals hermaphrodite.

The Entozoa included in the order Cestoidea do not form a
very natural family ; the head differs so much in the several ge-
nera ; in some being flattened, pyramidal or tetragonal, with two
or four opposite depressions, while in others it is truncate, hemi-
spherical or globular, and provided with a proboscis which is
often armed with a circle of hook-like processes. The neck is as
frequently absent as present. The body is elongated, flat, soft,
continuous or articulated, with .marginal or central pores. The
species occur in mammalia, birds, reptiles and fish. They inhabit
almost exclusively the alimentary canal.

Genus 14. Scolex.
(Derived from (tkwXt)^, vermis.)
Gen.Char. — Body flattened, soft and continuous, without any trace of
articulation, enlarging into a head anteriorly, posteriorly attenu-
ated. Head tetragonal, provided with four ear-shaped depressions.

This genus was established by Miiller, and has been adopted

* The Pentastoma ttenioides was named so from its resemblance to
the Taenia : it is not a common species ; I possess but a single speci-
men.

It measures upwards of 2^ inches in length, and half an inch in
breadth at its widest part. Colour whitish, of a dirty yellow-brown
along the median line. Body flattened, anteriorly broad, and dimi-
nishing gradually to the posterior extremity ; marked with numerous
transverse elevated lines, resembling the joints of the Taenia when
contracted ; margin crenate j dorsal surface prominent along the me-
dian line. Pores live in number, small, and placed in the form of a
half- moon upon the abdominal surface of the anterior extremity. The
two lateral pores upon each side of the mouth of an ovate shape,
with a little, sharp, hook-like process projecting from each.

164 Dr. (VBryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa.

by all zoologists since. It contains but a single species, and is
confined almost exclusively to fish, never occurring in either
mammalia, birds or reptiles ; the alimentary canal is the usual
habitat, rarely the abdominal cavity.

M. Leuchart looks upon the Scolex as the young of the An-
thocephaluSj but without reason. De Blainville, amongst other
characters, describes two red spots as seen at the posterior part
of the head of the animal ; I have only observed this in the Scolex
from the sole (Solea vulgaris) . Rudolphi in his first work, ' En-
tozoorum Historia Naturalis/ distinguished six species of Scolex
(four of which were doubtful) ; but in his last work, ' Synopsis
Entozoorum/ he admits but one species, the Scolex polymorphus.

"Intestines of turbot (Pleuronectes maximus).

Intestines and pyloric appendages of holibut

(Hippoglossus vulgaris}.

Intestines of sole (Solea vulgaris).

• Stomach and intestines of dab (Platessa Li-
Scolex polymorphus. <

Pyloric appendages of ling (Lota Molva).
Intestines of conger-eel (Anguilla Conger).
Intestines of lump-sucker (Cyclopterus Lum-
pus).

Genus 15. Tetrarhynchus.

(Derived from rerpas, quatuor, and pvyx<*s, proboscis.)

Gen. Char. — Body flat, continuous, without articulations, terminating

teriorly in a simple or forked extremity. Head provided
with two lateral bipartite depressions (appearing at times to con-
stitute four), and with four short retractile tentacula armed with
recurved hooks.

This genus was established by Bosc under the name Hepa-
toxylon ; subsequently Rudolphi changed it to Tetrarhynchus. It
is not numerous in species, twelve only being enumerated by
Rudolphi. The species are almost confined to fish ; one occurred
in the turtle, but they have never been found in either mammalia
or birds. They seldom inhabit the alimentary canal.

1. Tetrarhynchus grossus*. | Abdominal cavity of salmon (&/mo &-

n tj j, /t\ j\ f Abdominal cavity of sal-

2 - sobdus t ( Drammond )- { mon (Salmo Salar).

* The Tetrarhynchus grossus I have inserted on Dr. Drummond's
authority, as I have not met with it. He has given a figure and de-
scription of this species in the second vol. of the new series of the
■ Magazine of Nat. History/ p. 571.

t The Tetrarhynchus solidus was discovered and named by my friend

Dr. O'Bryen Bellingham on Irish Entozoa. 165

Genus 16. Ligula.
(Derived from ligula, a strap.)
Gen. Char. — In the first degree of its development. Body very long,
flat, continuous, without articulations, having a central longitu-
dinal depression ; without any appearance of head or of organs of
generation.

In the perfect state. Body very long, flat, continuous, with-
out articulations. Head provided with a simple depression upon
each side ; ovaries in a single or double series, with the lemnisci
in the median line.

The genus Ligula was established by Bloch and Goetze, and
has been adopted by zoologists since. The species are not nu-
merous, seven only being enumerated by Rudolphi. They occur
in birds and fish (principally the fresh-water species) ; one spe-
cies has been found in the seal (Phoca vitulina). They inhabit
the abdominal cavity of fish, and the alimentary canal of birds.

The opinion put forward by Rudolphi of the mode of develop-
ment of the Ligula is curious, viz. that it begins life in fish, and
arrives at its perfect state of development in birds which feed
upon these fish. He founds his conclusion upon the fact, that
the Ligula occurs only in the peritonseal cavity of fish and in the
intestinal canal of birds ; in addition, he has never, in the Ligula
of fish, found the ovaries developed as they are in birds ; and in
Austria, where the fish which commonly contain Ligula do not
occur, he never could discover the Ligula in the aquatic birds.
However, Bremser does not coincide with Rudolphi upon this
point ; and De Blainville asks very naturally, what is the use of
the ova being developed in the ovaries of the Ligula of birds ?
and how do these find their way into the abdominal cavity of fish ?
The Ligula appears to be the only species of Entozoon ever
used as food by man. I have learned from my friend Dr. Scouler,
that in some parts of Italy where the Ligula is particularly abun-
dant in the fish, this species affords a favourite food to the people.

T . 7 f Small intestines of crested grebe (Podiceps crista-

Liigula sparsa. < x ° v r

Dr. Drummond of Belfast, who was kind enough to communicate
specimens to me ; recently I found a single specimen of this species
in the abdominal cavity of the salmon (Salmo Salar) ; it lay loosely
attached to the peritonseal coat of the intestines by the proboscides
of the head. I can bear testimony to the accuracy of the description
given of it by Dr. Drummond, which is contained in the same vol. of
the ' Mag. of Nat. Hist/ as that last noticed, and is illustrated by
several figures. I shall only add, that in the recent animal a num-
ber of bodies like ova were seen, with the assistance of a lens, upon
each side of the depressions on the head, lying apparently under the
integuments.

166 Rev. D. Landsborough on the Fructification

XX. — On the Fructification of Polysiphonia parasitica, Grev.
By the Rev. David Landsborough*.

[With a Plate.]

Were I to be asked by a friend to point out the richest field on
our Ayrshire coast for a botanical ramble, I would without hesi-
tation point to Portincross in the parish of West Kilbride. It is
however a place of so much beauty and interest, that I would
advise my friend to spend an hour at least in enjoying the scene
before he enters on his botanical researches.

The name of the place carries us back to olden times. It was
called Portincross, it is said, from being the harbour from which
it was usual to sail, when the body of any of the kings of Scot-
land was to be carried to Iona, where the remains of so many of
our Scottish monarchs were deposited. The ancient castle on the
rocky shore carries us back also to a remote age ; for though it
is of more recent date than the period when Iona was a place of
note for learning and religion and royal sepulture, yet it is so
antique that we have no sure history of its erection. An ancient
cannon, seen at the castle, brings us within the range of histo-
rical memorabilia, for it was brought up from the deep after the
wreck of one of the vessels of the Spanish Armada, when Provi-
dence so evidently interposed in behalf of our land. The name
of the proprietor of the castle and of the adjoining lands awakens
pleasing recollections. Crawford of Auchenames sounds well in
the ears of every lover of Scottish song, as an ancestor of the
present proprietor wrote some of those sweet pastorals which have
been rendered still more precious by being married for several
generations to some of the sweetest of our Scottish airs.

I shall not attempt to describe the scenery, for that would re-
quire a gifted pen to do it any justice. Let our botanist feast
his eyes for a little, and then let him enter on his pleasant work.
Is he in search of Phsenogamous plants ? In rambling along the
sunny ' banks and braes/ he will not be long in filling his vas-
culum. Is he a muscologist ? There, some half-score years ago,
along with Mr. George Gardner, now in Ceylon, and well known
in the botanical world, I for the first time met with Hookeria
lucens and Neckera crispa, which though not the rarest are among
the most beautiful of our mosses. TJiere, are muscosi fontes, and
shaded rocks, and veteran stone-dykes, and decaying stumps of
trees, favourite habitats of the mossy tribes. And when he has
perambulated the sunny braes, and explored every pendent cliff
and crevice of the rocks, and robbed of its golden garniture every

* Read to the Botanical Section of the Glasgow Philosophical Society,
25th June, 1844, by William Gourlie, Jun.

Jn?i& Ma$.A r al.HistNo\. J4.P1 Br

l^olysiphoru.a parasitica

Gfoiosiphonia. capiilaris.

JJJ. C*S<r#erb\ /rti b

of Polysiphonia parasitica. 167

stone and stump, let him as a happy algologist turn to the sea,
and he will there find a rich and inexhaustible field before him.
There, are many Algse to be found in a live state on the rocks
and in the pools of the rocks ; but he will find that the little
creek or harbour acts as a decoy to wile within his reach many
of the precious floating wanderers of the deep ; and that by every
tide it is replenished with fresh variety, amidst which he may
luxuriate and pick and choose at will.

I do not mean at present to luxuriate on Algse, nor even to at-
tempt to enumerate the various species that, in their season, may
be there found. I shall limit my few remarks to one which,
though considered rare, is met with during summer in consi-
derable abundance amongst the rejectamenta in the little creek :
I mean the beautiful little Polysiphonia parasitica. I have fixed
on it, because I have observed on it a kind of fructification which
I think has hitherto been unnoticed. I am quite aware that I
am on dangerous ground ; that a person with few scientific books,
and scarcely any leisure to read those he has, in proclaiming dis-
coveries, is in very great danger of treading on a touchy toe, or
of stealing some person's thunder. Now, if this should be my
unfortunate case, I can only respectfully say, " Pardonnez-moi, I
really did not intend it." However, I am at all events entitled to
say that the fruit of Polysiphonia parasitica is rare, when so di-
stinguished a botanist as Mr. Harvey says he has never seen the
capsules. A few days ago my youngsters, who have more leisure
than I have, brought me specimens from Portincross with three
kinds of fructification ! Two kinds they had detected with the
naked eye, but the third, and as I think new kind, I detected on
using a lens. The fine large dark-coloured capsules (PL IV. fig. 1)
were very conspicuous, being large in proportion to the size of the
plant. On a distinct plant from that which bore the capsules,
the second kind of fructification was very visible, viz. large red-
dish brown granules imbedded not only in the ultimate ramuli,
giving them a knotted as well as spotted appearance, but also
imbedded in single longitudinal rows in several of the branches
(fig. 2 a). The kind which I detected on the same plant which
had the granular fructification consisted of capsules also, but of
quite a different form from the large dark brown capsules, and
resembling the capsules of Rhodomela subfusca, or of R. lycopo-
dioides, or rather something intermediate between these two
(fig. 2 b). They seem nearly of the same colour and substance
as the branches on which they are placed, whereas the other cap-
sules are different from the branches both in colour and texture.
It is this sameness of substance and colour with the branches
which makes them less easily detected, for they are of sufficient
size to be seen on close examination even with the naked eye. I

168 Dr. G. Dickie on the Fructification of Cutleria.

might have been led to conjecture that they were only the com-
mon capsules in an immature state, had they not been on the
plants that bore granular fruit, and had I not found it stated in
Harvey's f Manual/ that the two kinds of fructification, capsules
and granules, are on distinct plants. It is fair to state however
that I have observed two granules, and only two, in one of the
ramuli of a plant with the large dark-coloured capsules, so that
it may turn out that where the granules abound the capsules are
dwarfed, and that where there are scarcely any granules in the
branches and ramuli, there the capsules swell and are perfected.

I must now conclude my lengthy note. I am glad of anything
that attracts attention to this beautiful little Polysiphonia.

Rockvale, Saltcoats, June 1844.

XXI. — Note on the Fructification of Cutleria. By G. Dickie,
M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King's Col-
lege of Aberdeen*.

The results of observations which have already been communi-
cated to the Society on the fructification of the Algae found in
this vicinity, led to an examination of other genera not growing
here, but of which I possess dried specimens ; and at present re-
ference is specially made to Cutleria multifida, Grev. In Harvey's

1 Manual/ Dr. Greville's account of the fructification is quoted,

viz. " minute tufts of capsules scattered on both sides of the frond ;

the capsules pedicellate, containing several distinct granules." I

* Read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, April 11th, 1844.

Ehrenberg on Infuswia from the South Pole, 169

have in vain searched for such a structure as is represented in
the ' Algae Britannicse'; from a careful examination it appears that
the fructification of this species is essentially the same as that
which has been called acrospermal. It was remarked in a former
communication that Asperococcus presents the basisperms and
their accompanying simple filaments completely exposed; so of
Cutleria it may be probably legitimate to say, that its fructifica-
tion represents the acrospermal arrangement of a Fucus also
placed on the surface, without any inflexion of the frond to form
conceptacles. The accompanying figures represent the structure
of the fruit in the genus alluded to. In this genus the asci and
sporidia are exceedingly delicate and transparent : figs. 1, 2, 3
represent both ; fig. 4, one of the latter separated.

XXII. — On Microscopic Life in the Ocean at the South Pole, and
at considerable depths* By Prof. Ehrenberg*.

The following is the substance of a paper laid by Prof. Ehren-
berg, May 23rd, 1844, before the Berlin Academy, and contain-
ing some of the results derived from his recent investigations
upon materials furnished from the South Polar expedition of
Captain Ross and the voyages of Messrs. Darwin and Schayer ;
their object being to determine the relation of minute organic
life in the ocean, and at the greatest depths hitherto accessible.
Last year the author submitted to the Academy a survey of
the geographical distribution of such organisms over the entire
crust of the earth ; but the field of these inquiries being one of
such vast extent and importance, it became evident to him, that
to arrive at any positive general results, it was necessary to exa-
mine the subject under a more special point of view, and under
this conviction, two different courses of investigation suggested
themselves as best adapted to fulfill that purpose ; viz. first, to
* ascertain both the constant and periodical proportion which mi-
nute organisms bear to the surface of the ocean in different lati-
tudes; and secondly, to examine submarine soil or sea-bottom
raised from the greatest possible depths. It is an easy matter,
generally, to collect materials of this kind; but before applying
to them the test of philosophic criticism and research, the author
feels that it is essentially requisite to retrace the contributions of
other writers upon the same subject ; premising, however, that
their value will always be enhanced in so far as the materials col-
lected have been obtained with due care and reference to their
several localities.

* From the Proceedings of the Berlin Academy for May, and communi-
cated by the Author.

Ann. $ Mag. N. Hist. Fo/.xiv. N

170 Prof. Ehrenberg on Microscopic Life

I. The South Polar Voyage from 1841 to 1843.

Very essential progress was made in our knowledge of the mi-
nute and invisible forms of organic life during the years devoted
to this expedition by Captain Ross. In the year 1840, the Royal
Society of London appointed a committee to prepare a series of
physical and meteorological questions to be solved by the pro-
posed expedition j and it was at the express desire of the author
that Alex. v. Humboldt undertook to suggest to that body the
importance of attention being paid to the study of the relations
under which minute organisms exist, as one likely to throw con-
siderable light upon the principal questions now agitated, in-
volved in the recent history of the earth's crust, and also to
recommend that the directions given by the author as to the
methods of collecting them should be adopted throughout the
whole voyage. Through the scientific ardour of Dr. J. Hooker,
son of the well-known botanist and a voyager on board the ship
Erebus, a variety of valuable materials were collected during the
expedition, and a short time back about forty packages and three
glasses of water were transmitted to Germany from the neighbour-
hood of Cape Horn and Victoria Land. About the same time also,
Mr. Darwin, the profound observer upon the formation of coral
reefs in the South-seas, contributed objects from other localities.

The author set about examining carefully without delay, as
such an opportunity might not again recur, water which had
been taken from the South Polar sea of from 75° to 78° 10'
south latitude, and 162° west longitude, with a view of deter-
mining its relative amount of minute organic life. Of the dry
materials some packets only have as yet been examined, those
namely which from their localities appear to possess the great-
est interest, and among these were specimens of the remains of
melted polar ice and sea-bottom, taken under south latitudes
63° and 78°, from depths of 190 to 270 fathoms (i. e. 1140—
1620 feet), the greatest depths that have been hitherto sounded.

The relations of minute organic life were found, as the author
had anticipated, to be the same at the south as at the north pole,
and generally of great extent and intensity at the greatest depths
of the ocean.

Previous observations upon those loftiest mountains whose pin-
nacles are capped with eternal ice, had determined that a gradual
progressive disappearance of organic life takes place from the base
to their summit, and that too in accordance with particular laws ;
to the tree succeeding the lowly shrub, next grass and lichens,
till finally we arrive at the regions of perpetual snow, where there
is a complete absence of all life. In like manner the development
of organized beings has been conceived to diminish from the equa-
tor to the arctic regions of the earth, the latter becoming first

in the Ocean at the South Pole. 171

destitute of trees, then of grass, lastly of lichens and algse, until
at the poles ice and death hold solemn reign.

The greatest depths in the ocean at which Mollusca had been
found to exist were, according to the observations of Mr. Cuming
in the year 1834, the genera Venus, Cytherea and Venericardia at
50, Byssoarca at 75, and Terebratula in 90 fathom water. Ac-
cording to Milne-Edwards and Elie de Beaumont, 244 metres, or
732 foot, formed the extreme range for the growth of corals and
the development of organic matter in the sea off the coast of
Barbary. From a 100-fathom depth, Peron drew up in the year
1800, off New Holland, Sertularice and a variety of corallines,
which were all luminous, and on an average three degrees higher
in temperature than the surface of the sea. In 1824 and 1825
Quoy and Gaimard, in their valuable researches upon the struc-
ture of corals, asserted that branched corallines could occur only
in a depth of from 40 to 50 fathom, and that in a 100 fathom
of water Retepora alone existed. According to Ellis and Mylius,
who wrote in 1753, the greatest known depth from which a living
animal had been taken was the Umbellaria Encrinus, which was
fished up by Captain Adrian in Greenland from 236 fathom of
water, equal to a depth of 1416 foot. Specimens, however, of the
sea-bottom have been drawn up from still greater depths ; for at
Gibraltar, Captain Smith found in 950 fathom, or 5700 foot of
water, sand containing fragments of shells ; and Captain Vidal,
according to Mr. Lyell, detected in the mud of Galway Firth,
from a depth of 240 fathom, only some Dentalia, the remainder
of the sea-bottom from the same depth consisting of pulverized
shells and other organic remains devoid of life.

According to the calculations of Parrot, a column of sea- water
at a depth of 1500 foot exercises a pressure of 750 pound, or
1\ hundredweight, upon the square inch ; and since the atmo-
spheric air inclosed in these animals of a delicate cellular struc-
ture descending from the surface of the ocean would produce
alternately such extremes of expansion and contraction as to ap-
pear destructive to such organisms, just doubts have been raised
whether organic life could actually subsist at great depths.

Wollaston, moreover, in 1840 proved that at the great depth of
670 fathom, in the Mediterranean Sea off Gibraltar, the propor-
tion of salt in the water was four times greater than at the surface.
Very accurate and scientific investigations upon the amount of
salts of the sea had been already published by Lenz in Peters-
burg during 1830 ; and Mr. Lyell, in his ( Geology ' of 1840, was
induced to regard the observations of Wollaston not as simply in-
dicating a local phenomenon, but to conclude that at still greater
depths the relative proportion of saline matter would be still more
remarkable, and must progress in a similar advancing ratio.

172

Prof. Ehrenberg on Microscopic Life

Lastly, Elie de Beaumont, in 1 841, adopted the opinion, that
the limits to which the waters of the sea had been found by Siau
capable of being set in motion, must be also those at which ses-
sile marine animals could exist, since these have to wait for their
food, which in this way only could be conveyed to them, and that
consequently the limits of stationary organic life, taken in con-
junction with the depth of the waves, could not much exceed
200 metres or 600 foot.

Such considerations, deeply affecting the general science of
geology, and to which must be added observations upon the in-
crease of temperature towards the centre of the earth, have ever
suggested as an interesting matter for inquiry to the author, to
examine minute organic life in relation to the depth of the ele-
ment in which it could exist.

Science indeed owes a great debt of gratitude to those travel-
lers who have so industriously provided the materials of this
investigation ; in respect of which materials it may be observed
generally, that they are very rich in quite new typical forms,
particularly in genera, of which some contain several species;
these, occasionally with some mud and fragments of small crus-
taceans, form the chief part of the mass. The new genera* and
species are here recorded, and of these the Asteromphali are very
remarkable, from their particularly beautiful stellate forms.

Analysis of the various materials furnished by Dr. Hooker from
the South Polar Voyage,

1. Residue from some melted Pancake Icef at the barrier in
78° W S. lat., 162° W. long.

A. SILICEOUS POLYGASTRICA.

1. Actinoplychus biternarius.

15.

Coscinodiscu8 Lunce.

2. Aster omph alus Hookerii.

16.

— Oculus Iridis,

3. —

RossiL

17.

— radiolatus.

4. —

Buchii.

18.

— subtilis.

5. —

Beaumontii.

19.

— velatus.

6. —

Humboldtii.

20.

Dicladia antennata.

7. —

Cuvierii.

21.

— bulbosa.

8. Co8cinodiscus actinochilus.

22.

Dictyocha aculeata.

9. —

Apollinis.

23.

— Binoculus.

10. —

cingulatus.

24.

— biternaria.

11. —

eccentricus.

25.

— • Epiodon.

12. —

gemmifer.

26.

— octonaria.

13. —

limbatus.

27.

— Ornamentum.

14. —

lineatus.

28.

— septenaria.

* Of the 7 new genera of Polygastrica, viz. Anaulus, Aster omphalus, Chce-
toceros, Halionyx, Hemiaulus, Hemizoster, and JYiaulacias, short characters
are given in the Proceedings of the Academy: also of the 71 new species.

f Thin and level fragments of ice found floating in the ocean.

in the Ocean at the South Pole.

173

29.

Dictyocha Speculum.

41.

Pyxidicula dentata.

30.

Flustrella concentrica.

42.

—

hellenica.

31.

Fragilaria acuta.

43.

Rhizosolenia Calyptra.

32.

— Amphiceros.

44.

—

Ornithoqlossa.

33.

Gallionella pileata.

45.

Symbolophora Microtrias.

34.

— sulcata ?

46.

—

Tetras.

35.

Halionyx senarius.

47.

—

Pentas.

36.

— duodenarius.

48.

—

Hexas.

37.

Hemiaulus antarcticus.

49.

Synedra Ulna ?

38.

Hemi zoster tubulosus.

50.

Triceratium Pileolus.

39.

Lithobotrys denticulata.

51.

Zyyoceroi

t australis.

40.

Lithocampe australis.

B. SILICEOUS

PHYTOLITHARIA.

52.

Amphidiscus Agaricus.

64.

Spongolithis Heteroconus.

53.

— clavatus.

65.

—

inflexa.

54.

— Helvetia.

66.

—

Leptostauron.

55.

Lithasteriscus bulbosus.

67.

—

mesogongyla.

56.

Spongolithis acicularis.

68.

—

neptunia.

57.

— aspera.

69.

—

radiata.

58.

— brachiata.

70.

—

trachelotyla.

59.

— Caput serpentis.

71.

—

Trachystauron.

CO.

— cenocephala.

72.

—

Trianchora.

61.

— Clavus.

73.

—

vaginata.

62.

— collaris.

74.

—

verticillata.

63.

— Fustis.

75.

—

uncinata.

76. Grammostomum diver gens.
77> Rotalia antarctica.

CALCAREOUS POLYTHALAMIA.

78. Rotalia Erebi.

79- Spiroloculina — ?

In several forms of the genus Coscinodiscus their green ovaries
were recognizable, consequently they must have been alive.

2. Residue from melted ice, while the ship sailed through a
broad tract of brown pancake ice, in 74° to 78° south latitude.
(Materials from 75° S. lat., 170° W. long.)

A. SILICEOUS POLYGASTRICA.

1. ASTEROMPHALUS BuchU.

Dictyocha aculeata.

2. — Rossii.

Eunotia gibberula.

3. Coscinodiscus lineatus.

10.

Fragilaria acuta.

4. — Luna.

11.

— pinnulata.

5. — Oculus Iridis.

12.

— rotundata.

6. — radiolatus.

13.

Hemiaulus antarcticus,

7. — subtilis.

14.

Hemizoster tubulosus.

B. SILICEOUS PHYTOLITHARIA.
15. Spongolithis Fustis} Fragm.

These and the former specimens were sent over in bottles of
water. They were the same sealed bottles in which they were col-
lected in the year 1842. In the first little bottle, in which the
sediment was considerable, almost every atom being a distinct sili-

174 Prof. Ehrenberg on Microscopic Life

ceous organism,